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British Aerospace 146

The British Aerospace 146 (also BAe 146) is a short-haul and regional airliner that was manufactured in the United Kingdom by British Aerospace, later part of BAE Systems. Production ran from 1983 until 2001. Avro International Aerospace manufactured an improved version known as the Avro RJ. Production for the Avro RJ version began in 1992. Later on, a further-improved version with new engines, the Avro RJX, was announced in 1997, but only two prototypes and one production aircraft were built before production ceased in 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 is the most successful British civil jet airliner program.

The BAe 146/Avro RJ is a high-wing cantilever monoplane with a T-tail. It has four geared turbofan engines mounted on pylons underneath the wings, and has a retractable tricycle landing gear. The aircraft operates very quietly, and as such has been marketed under the name Whisperjet. It sees wide usage at small, city-based airports such as London City Airport. In its primary role, it serves as a regional jet, short-haul airliner, or regional airliner, while examples of the type are also in use as private jets.

The BAe 146 was produced in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalent Avro RJ versions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100. The freight-carrying version carries the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), and a convertible passenger-or-freight model is designated as "QC" (Quick Change). A "gravel kit" can be fitted to aircraft to enable operations from rough, unprepared airstrips.

Origins

In August 1973, Hawker Siddeley launched a new 70-seat regional airliner project, the HS.146, to fill the gap between turboprop-powered airliners such as the Hawker Siddeley HS.748 and the Fokker F27 Friendship and small jet airliners such as the BAC One-Eleven and Boeing 737. The concept of a feeder jet had, however, been "one of the many speculative ideas on the drawing boards of British aircraft manufacturers" as far back as 1958.

The chosen configuration had a high wing and a T-tail to give good short-field performance, while the aircraft was to be powered by four 6,500 lbf thrust Avco Lycoming ALF 502H turbofan engines. There were several reasons why a twin engine configuration was not chosen, this being a controversial decision for a relatively small aircraft and dictated by the choice of engine which, despite its "rugged, quiet and fuel efficient" characteristics, needed to be deployed in a four-engine configuration to provide the power and range required by the concept. Such a configuration was considered by British Aerospace to be advantageous in the event of a single engine failure, offering "exceptional three-engine performance" that would appeal to operators in mountainous environments and from "high, hot or poor grade airfields".

The programme was initially launched with backing from the UK government, which agreed to contribute 50% of the development costs in return for a share of the revenues from each aircraft sold. In October 1974, all work on the project was halted as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the 1973 oil crisis.

Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978, British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, relaunched the project. British Aerospace marketed the aircraft as a quiet, low-consumption, turbofan aircraft, which would be effective at replacing the previous generation of turboprop-powered feeder aircraft. The first order for the BAe 146 was placed by Líneas Aéreas Privadas Argentinas in June 1981. Prior to the first flight, British Aerospace had forecast that the smaller 146-100 would significantly outsell the 146-200 variant; however, airlines showed a higher level of interest in the larger 146-200.

By 1981, a large assembly line had been completed at British Aerospace's Hatfield site, and the first completed aircraft flew that year, quickly followed by two more prototypes. By then, the unit cost of the 146-200 was £11 million, and the program cost was £350 million. Initial flight results showed better-than-predicted takeoff and climb performance. In 1982, British Aerospace stated that the sale of a total 250 aircraft was necessary for the venture to break even. The BAe 146 received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 8 February 1983. Upon its launch into service, it was hailed as being "the world's quietest jetliner".

Production

Early production aircraft were built at Hatfield, which had originally been a de Havilland factory. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was assembled at the Avro International (BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Centre) at Woodford Aerodrome in Greater Manchester, England. Production of various sections of the aircraft was carried out at different BAE plants: the rear fuselage section was manufactured at the former Avro site at Chadderton, Greater Manchester; the centre fuselage section was manufactured at Filton; the vertical stabilizer came from Brough; the engine pylons were made at Prestwick; and the nose section was manufactured at Hatfield, where the assembly line for the early aircraft was located. Some manufacturing was subcontracted outside the UK; the wings were made by Textron in the United States and the tailplane and control surfaces were made by Saab-Scania in Sweden.

Due to the sales performance of the BAe 146, British Aerospace announced a development project in early 1991 to produce a new variant of the type, powered by two turbofan engines instead of four, that was offered to airlines as a regional jet aircraft. Dubbed the new regional aircraft (NRA), other proposed alterations from the BAe 146 included the adoption of a new enlarged wing and a lengthened fuselage.

In 1993, the upgraded Avro RJ series superseded the BAe 146. Changes included the replacement of the original Lycoming ALF 502 turbofan engines by higher-thrust LF 507 turbofan engines, which were housed in redesigned nacelles. The Avro RJ series also featured a modernised cockpit with EFIS replacing the analogue ADI, HSI, and engine instrumentation. An arrangement between British Aerospace and Khazanah Nasional would have opened an Avro RJ production line in Malaysia, but this deal collapsed in 1997.

In 2000, British Aerospace announced that it was to replace the Avro RJ series with a further-improved Avro RJX series, however on 27 November 2001 BAE announced the cancellation of the RJX programme as part of the closure of its regional aircraft business. BAE also announced 1,669 job losses and a £400m charge as part of the decision. The Financial Times stated that BAE had "draw[n] a line under a business that once threatened to destroy the whole group. In 1992, the regional aircraft operation blew a hole in the then British Aerospace's balance sheet, forcing it to take a £1bn write-off."

Production of the Avro RJ ended with the final four aircraft being delivered in late 2003; a total of 173 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 and 2003.

Overview

British Aerospace promoted the BAe 146 to airlines as a "feederliner" and short-haul regional airliner. The airframe of the aircraft and many other key areas were designed to be as simple as possible. The engines lack thrust reversers due to their perceived reduced effectiveness in anticipated conditions. Instead, the BAe 146 features a large airbrake with two petals below the tail rudder at the rear of the fuselage, which has the advantage of being usable during flight and allowing for steep descent rates if required. In addition, the aircraft has full-width wing spoilers, which are deployed immediately on landing.

The aircraft proved to be useful on "high-density" regional and short-haul routes. In economy class, the BAe 146 can either be configured in a standard five-abreast layout or a high-density six-abreast layout, making it one of few regional jets that can use a six-abreast layout in economy class. Reportedly, the aircraft is profitable on most routes with only marginally more than half the seats occupied.

The BAe 146 is also renowned for its relatively quiet operation, a positive feature that appealed to those operators that wanted to provide services to noise-sensitive airports within cities. The aircraft is one of only a few types that can be used on flights to London City Airport, which has a steep approach and short runway; for several years, the BAe 146 was the only conventional jet aircraft capable of flying from London City Airport.

Features
According to the BAe 146's chief designer, Bob Grigg, making the aircraft as easy to maintain as possible and keeping operators' running costs as low as possible were considered high priorities from the start of the design process. Grigg highlighted factors such as design simplicity, using off-the-shelf components where possible, and the internal use of firm cost targets and continuous monitoring. British Aerospace also adopted a system of cost guarantees between component suppliers and the operators of the BAe 146 to enforce stringent requirements.

Drawing on experience from the Hawker Siddeley Trident and the Airbus A300, both the fuselage and wing were carefully designed for a reduced part-count and complexity. A high-mounted wing was adopted with an uninterrupted top surface; the BAe 146's wing did not make use of leading-edge extensions, which also enabled a simplified fixed tailplane. The undercarriage of the aircraft is toughened to resist damage and stability is maximised by the placement of landing gear, of particular value when operating from rough airstrips.

The engines are not fitted with thrust reversers, instead the aircraft has a clamshell air brake in the tail and full width spoilers on the wings.

The BAe 146 was the second aircraft, after the Concorde, to use carbon brakes. The aircraft features a low amount of composite material, used in parts of the secondary structure only. Initial production aircraft featured a conventional cockpit and manual flight controls. At launch, the onboard auxiliary power unit consumed only half the fuel and weighed only a third as much as other contemporary models.

The aircraft can be fitted with auxiliary fuel tanks to extend its range. So-called "pannier tanks" fit in the inner wing either side of the fuselage, while more tankage can be fitted in the under-floor baggage compartment, fore and aft of the undercarriage bay.

Engines
The BAe 146 is a quadjet powered by four Avco Lycoming ALF 502 turbofan engines, which are fixed on pylons underneath the aircraft's high wing. The ALF 502 was derived from the Lycoming T55 turboshaft powerplant that powers the Chinook heavy-transport helicopter. Notably, the BAe 146 has a very low level of operational noise, much lower than most competing aircraft. This was achieved largely through the use of the geared turbofan ALF 502; the gearbox allows the fan blade tip speed to stay below the speed of sound, dramatically reducing the aircraft's noise. Additionally, other sound-deadening measures include a high bypass ratio compared to contemporary aircraft and additional sound-damping layers built into the engine.

Early on, the decision to adopt four engines for a feeder airliner rather than two was viewed as atypical by some commentators. Advantages of adopting the four-engine configuration include greater redundancy and superior takeoff performance from short runways, as well as in hot and high conditions. Electrical power is primarily provided by generators located on each of the outboard engines. For ease of maintenance and reduced operator costs, the ALF 502 is of a modular design and makes minimum use of specialist tooling.

The ALF 502 has experienced multiple issues. Its internal electronics could overheat, triggering an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option for inflight restart, and certain rare atmospheric conditions could cause a loss of engine thrust due to internal icing. Additionally, the BAe 146 experienced some issues with its bleed air and cabin pressurization systems, leading to a number of fume events where irritant fumes were introduced into the cabin by the pressurizing system.

Operational history

In May 1983, British airline Dan-Air became the first carrier to launch services using British Aerospace's new 146; the first revenue-earning service was flown between London Gatwick Airport and Bern Airport. On 1 July 1984, the first of 20 BAe 146s ordered by Pacific Southwest Airlines was officially delivered. Air Wisconsin was another major US operator of the 146, replacing their fleet of turboprop Fokker F27 Friendships with the type. In 1985, Aspen Airways inaugurated the first scheduled jet service into Aspen, Colorado, in the Rocky Mountains of the western U.S. with a BAe 146-100 operating from an airfield with an elevation of 7,820 feet. The BAe 146 was announced in January 1987 to have been selected to launch the first jet services from London City Airport; it was chosen due to its unmatched flying characteristics and ability to operate from so-called STOLports.

The 146 was introduced into Royal Air Force service in 1986 until 2022 as a VIP transport and was operated by 32 (The Royal) Squadron. According to Flight International, at least 25 executive aircraft have been produced for various customers; many of these had undergone conversions following airline operations.

From the late 1980s until the early 2000s, the 146 was widely used for passenger services in Australia, where the type was suited to long-distance, low-volume routes; 18 were in service with Ansett Australia in 1999. The BAe 146 was also operated by East-West, taking delivery of eight from 1990, until the company was absorbed into Ansett. National Jet Systems began operations under the Airlink brand on behalf of Australian Airlines (and later Qantas) in 1990, with Airlink's successor QantasLink continuing to use the type until 2005. In 2005, National Jet Systems transferred operations of the BAe 146 and Avro RJ fleet to its subsidiary National Jet Express, which continued to operate 15 aircraft of the type in varying specification for scheduled charter operations, and whose fleet included the second production airframe, a -100 model converted to QT specification, which first flew in January 1982 as part of the testing and certification program. National Jet Express ceased BAe 146 and Avro RJ passenger operations in June 2022 after 32 years and having operated 33 different aircraft of the type.

The initial customer for the BAe RJ85 series was Crossair, which took delivery of its first aircraft on 23 April 1993.

Several major cargo operators have operated the type. As of 2012, the BAe 146 QT is the most numerous aircraft in TNT Airways's air freighter fleet. In 2012, the Royal Air Force (RAF) announced it would acquire the BAe 146M as an interim transport aircraft between the retirement of the Lockheed C-130 Hercules and the introduction of the larger Airbus A400M Atlas, to supplement its air transport activities in Afghanistan. In 2013, the RAF acquired two converted BAe146-200s, designated BAe146C Mk3, capable of carrying 10.6 tons of load, and fitted with a large 3.33- × 1.93-m side door. The RAF also operates the BAe146 CC Mk2 in No. 32 Squadron RAF.

At present, Pionair Australia, operates a mix of -200 and -300 BAe-146 aircraft, in both freight and passenger variants, on scheduled freight charters, ad-hoc passenger charter, and pre booked air tours around Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific. National Jet Express also continues to operate a fleet of BAe 146-300QT freighters on behalf of Qantas Freight, providing overnight services to and from curfew-restricted Sydney Airport under a type-specific exemption.

On 3 May 2017, an Airlink Avro RJ85 made the first commercial airline flight in history to Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, a charter flight from Cape Town, South Africa, via Moçâmedes, Angola, to Saint Helena Airport to pick up passengers stranded when the island's only link with the outside world, the British Royal Mail Ship RMS St Helena, suffered propeller damage. The flight returned to Cape Town the same day with a stop at Windhoek, Namibia. It was the only commercial flight ever made to Saint Helena until Airlink began the first scheduled commercial airline service in the island's history in October 2017.

BAe 146-100 / Avro RJ70

The first flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September 1981, with deliveries commencing in 1983. The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air. From 1986, The Queen's Flight of the RAF acquired a total of three 146-100s, designated BAe 146 CC2. These aircraft were fitted with a luxurious bespoke interior and operated in a VIP configuration with a capacity of 19 passengers and six crew. The BAe 146-100QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-100QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

The -100 was the last of the 146 series designs to be developed into the Avro RJ standard with first deliveries of the Avro RJ70 in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having LF 507 engines with FADEC and digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers five abreast, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration.

BAe 146-200 / Avro RJ85

The 146-200 features a 2.41-m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reduced cost per seat mile. The -200 first flew in August 1982 and entered service six months later. The BAe 146-200QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-200QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version. Two BAe 146-200QC aircraft, designated BAe 146 C3, were converted for the RAF, with infrared countermeasures systems and flare dispensers, for use in Afghanistan.

The Avro RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 engines. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. It seats up to 112 passengers.

BAe 146-300 / Avro RJ100

British Aerospace announced its initial proposals for the -300 at the 1984 Farnborough Air Show. The aircraft's fuselage was to be stretched by 3.2 m compared with the -200, allowing 122 passengers to be carried at 32-inch seat pitch and 134 at 29-inch seat pitch. More powerful (7500 lbf) ALF 502R-7 engines would be used, and winglets were to be fitted to the aircraft's wingtips. However, due to airlines favouring a lower initial price rather than minimising seat-mile costs, the definitive 146-300 emerged as a less extreme development. Ultimately, the fuselage was stretched by 2.34 m, giving a capacity of 100 passengers seated five-abreast at a 31-inch seat pitch, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7. Deliveries began in December 1988. A modified BAe 146-301 is used as the UK's Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements. The BAe 146-300QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-300QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

The Avro RJ version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the Avro RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine, and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. An RJ115 variant, the same physical size, but with an increased MTOW and different emergency exits, was marketed, but never entered production; it seated 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout.

BAe 146STA
Throughout the production life of the BAe 146, British Aerospace proposed a number of specialised military versions, including side- and rear-loading transports, an airborne tanker version, and a carrier onboard delivery version. Out of these proposals came the BAe 146STA (Sideloading Tactical Airlifter), based on the BAe 146QT cargo aircraft and sharing its cargo door on the left side of the rear fuselage. This military-transport version has a refuelling probe protruding from the nose; a demonstrator, fitted with a dummy refuelling probe and an air-openable paratroop door, was displayed at the 1989 Paris Air Show and carried out extensive demonstration tours, but no orders resulted.

BAe 146M
BAE Systems announced the BAe 146M programme in 2009, designed to provide ex-civilian BAe 146-200 and -300 aircraft to military operators, available either in passenger or freighter configurations. Upgrades and alterations made to the type include new glass cockpit avionics, additional fuel tanks, increased steep approach, and unpaved runway operation capabilities, and being outfitted with defensive aids; however, a rear cargo door was not introduced. BAE has stated that the 146M is suitable for performing airlift, medical evacuation, para-drop, surveillance, and inflight refueling operations.

Avro RJX series
The RJX-70, RJX-85, and RJX-100 variants represented advanced versions of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX series used Honeywell AS977 turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance, and 20% lower maintenance costs. Bhutan carrier Drukair ordered two RJX-85s, while British European placed firm orders for 12 RJX-100s and eight options. However, BAE Systems terminated the project in November 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft—a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, but British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.

Firefighting air tanker conversions

Firefighting air tanker versions of both the BAe 146 and the Avro RJ85 have been manufactured by the conversion of aircraft previously operated by airlines in scheduled passenger service. Several organizations carry out such conversions, including U.S.-based Minden Air Corporation, Neptune Aviation Services, and Aero-Flite, a U.S. subsidiary of Canadian-based Conair Group. In January 2012, Conair Group announced its arrangements to market and promote the Avro RJ85 as a major air tanker platform. In October 2012, Air Spray Aviation of Alberta, Canada, purchased its first BAe 146 for conversion into an air tanker. Air Spray purchased a second airframe for conversion in October 2013.

According to the 3 April 2017, edition of SpeedNews-The Windshield, an on-line aviation publication, 14 BAE Systems-built BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85 jets are in service in North America as aerial firefighting air tankers, with Conair flying seven Avro RJ85 aircraft and Neptune Aviation operating seven BAe 146-200 aircraft. The article also states that Conair is converting an eighth Avro RJ85 for use as an air tanker, while Neptune is converting two more BAe 146-200s for aerial firefighting use. In addition, Air Spray is mentioned in this article as having acquired five BAe 146-200s for conversion to air tankers.

Airbus E-Fan X
The Airbus/Rolls-Royce/Siemens E-Fan X was a hybrid electric aircraft demonstrator being developed by a partnership of Airbus, Rolls-Royce plc and Siemens.

Announced on 28 November 2017, it followed previous electric flight demonstrators towards sustainable transport for the European Commission's Flightpath 2050 Vision.

An Avro RJ100 flying testbed would have one of its four Honeywell LF507 turbofans replaced by a Rolls-Royce 2 MW electric motor, adapted by Rolls-Royce and powered by its AE2100 turboshaft, controlled and integrated by Airbus with a 2 t battery. Airbus and Rolls-Royce abandoned the E-Fan X programme several months before the planned first flight as the commercial aircraft industry changed its priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Operators
In July 2020, 54 aircraft were in airline service, 27 BAe 146s and 27 Avro RJs, with additional 17 BAe 146s and 47 Avro RJs in storage

Accidents and incidents
The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in 14 hull-loss accidents with a total of 294 fatalities and one criminal occurrence with 43 fatalities.

Accidents with fatalities

 * On 7 December 1987, Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771, a BAe 146-200A registration N350PS, crashed after a recently-terminated, disgruntled USAir employee with a .44 Magnum revolver killed the flight crew and his former boss. He then pushed the aircraft into a steep nosedive, causing the aircraft to pick up speed to 770 mph, the flight going supersonic just before impact. The aircraft crashed into a hillside near Cayucos, California, United States, killing all 43 passengers and crew. At the time, airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints.

 * On 20 February 1991, LAN Chile Flight 1069 (registration CC-CET), a BAe 146-200A, overran Runway 8 while landing at Puerto Williams Airport, Chile, killing 20 of the 73 people on board.

 * On 23 July 1993, China Northwest Flight 2119, a BAe 146-300 (registration B-2716), crashed while departing Yinchuan Airport, China, killing 55 of the 113 passengers and crew.

 * On 25 September 1998, PauknAir Flight 4101, a BAe 146-100 (registration EC-GEO), crashed on approach to Runway 15 at Melilla Airport, Spain, killing all 38 passengers and crew.

 * On 24 November 2001, Crossair Flight 3597, operated by Avro RJ-100 registration HB-IXM, crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to Runway 28 at Zürich-Kloten Airport, Switzerland, killing 24 of the 33 passengers and crew.

 * On 8 January 2003, Turkish Airlines Flight 634, an Avro RJ-100 (registration TC-THG) crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to Runway 34 at Diyarbakır Airport, Turkey; 75 of the 80 passengers and crew were killed.

 * On 10 October 2006, Atlantic Airways Flight 670, a BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG), skidded off the runway while landing at Stord Airport, Norway. The spoilers did not deploy when the aircraft touched down. Sixteen people were on board; three passengers and one crew member were killed.

 * On 9 April 2009, a BAe 146-300 belonging to Aviastar Mandiri, an Indonesian charter operator, crashed into Pike Mountain, Wamena, and burst into flames, killing all six crew after being ordered by the air traffic controller to abort the initial landing attempt.

 * On 28 November 2016, a chartered Avro RJ85 registration CP-2933, flying from Viru Viru International Airport in Bolivia to Medellín, Colombia, as LaMia Flight 2933, crashed 10.5 miles (17 km) south of José María Córdova International Airport. Among the passengers were members of the Brazilian football team, Associação Chapecoense de Futebol, who were travelling to play their away-leg of the Final of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana in Medellín. Of the 77 people on board, 71 died.

Other incidents

 * On 29 June 1994, a BAe-146-100, registration ZE700, overran the runway and suffered damages while trying to land at Islay Airport in the Inner Hebrides. The incident is notable because then-Prince Charles was at the controls but was not blamed because, despite being a licensed pilot, he was a passenger who was invited to fly the aircraft. Following the incident, Prince Charles forewent flying royal flights.

Australia

 * 3213 – BAe 146-300 forward fuselage on static display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Adelaide, South Australia.

China

 * E1019 (B-2701) – BAe 146-100 on static display at the Civil Aviation Museum of China in Cuigezhuang, Chaoyang District, Beijing

United Kingdom

 * 1010 – BAe 146-100 fuselage on static display at the de Havilland Aircraft Museum in London Colney, Hertfordshire
 * E2351 – Avro RJ85 at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum in Horsham St Faith, Norfolk
 * E3378 – RJX100 on static display at the Runway Visitor Park at Manchester Airport in Ringway, Greater Manchester
 * ZE700 – BAe 146 CC2 on static display at the South Wales Aviation Museum in St Athan, South Glamorgan
 * ZE701 – BAe 146 CC2 on static display at the IWM Duxford in Duxford, Cambridgeshire

title: British Aerospace 146


text:
Chen Yi

Chen Yi may refer to:

 * Xuanzang (602–664), born as Chen Yi, Chinese Buddhist monk in Tang Dynasty
 * Chen Yi (Kuomintang) (1883–1950), Chief Executive of Taiwan Province
 * Chen Yi (marshal) (1901–1972), Chinese Communist Party military commander and politician
 * Chen Yi (composer) (born 1953), Chinese composer
 * Rola Chen (born 1987), Japan-based Chinese gravure idol

Sportspeople

 * Chen Yi (tennis) (born 1986), Taiwanese tennis player
 * Chen Yi (footballer) (born 1997), Chinese football player
 * Chen Yi (field hockey, born 1997), Chinese field hockey player
 * Chen Yi (field hockey, born 1998), Chinese field hockey player
 * Chen Yi (swimmer) (born 2001), Chinese swimmer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chen Yi


text:
Talk:Chen Yi

-- Couldn't we disambiguate between Chen Yi (pinyin) and Ch'en Yi (WG) instead? --Jiang 05:52, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The Wade-Giles is Ch'en I, but there's no Google hit: . I came across 2 or 3 lists, they say Chen Yi. --Menchi 05:59, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nevermind then...can you fix all the links to this page, since you created the disamb? --Jiang

 * Sure. I'm writing about the Taiwanese Chen Yi first. --Menchi 06:07, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Couldn't we put the two people in one page, just as Paul O'Neill. kt2 06:02, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Agree. Just as Zhang Liang. wshun 06:04, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The Chinese interlinks won't work then. There's already an interlink at the Mainlander's article. Also, the disambiguation says that if the two (or more) entries on a page are more than stubs, they should separate. --Menchi 06:07, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I realize that it is almost 3 and a half years after the fact, but I have fixed all of the links to this disambiguation page.--Danaman5 04:16, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chen Yi


text:
Acer

Acer may refer to:
 * Acer (plant), the genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples
 * Acer Inc., a computer company in Taiwan
 * Acer Laboratories Incorporated, a subsidiary company of Acer, Inc., that designs and manufactures integrated circuits
 * David Acer (born 1970), stand-up comedian and Canadian close-up magician
 * David J. Acer (1949–1990), American dentist

People

 * Ebru Acer (born 2002), Turkish female para table tennis player

Acronyms

 * Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), an agency of the European Union
 * Armored Combat Engineer Robot (ACER), a military robot created by Mesa Robotics
 * Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER), research organization based in Camberwell, Victoria

title: Acer


text:
Long ton

The long ton, also known as the imperial ton or displacement ton, is a measurement unit equal to 2,240 pounds (1,016.0 kg). It is the name for the unit called the "ton" in the avoirdupois system of weights or Imperial system of measurements. It was standardised in the 13th century. It is used in the United States for bulk commodities.

It is not to be confused with the short ton, a unit of weight equal to 2000 lb used in the United States, and Canada before metrication, also referred to simply as a "ton".

Unit definition
A long ton is defined as exactly 2,240 pounds. The long ton arises from the traditional British measurement system: A long ton is 20 long hundredweight (cwt), each of which is 8 stone Thus, a long ton is 20 × 8 × 14 lb = 2,240 lb.

Unit equivalences
A long ton, also called the weight ton (W/T), imperial ton, or displacement ton, is equal to:
 * 2240 lb
 * exactly 12% more than the 2,000 pounds of the North American short ton, being 20 long hundredweight (112 lb) rather than 20 short hundredweight (100 lb)
 * the weight of 35 ft3 of salt water with a density of 64 lb/ft3

United Kingdom
To comply with the practices of the European Union, the British Imperial ton was explicitly excluded from use for trade by the United Kingdom's Weights and Measures Act of 1985. The measure used since then is the metric ton of 1000 kilograms, identified through the word "tonne".

If still used for measurement, then the word "ton" is taken to refer to an imperial or long ton.

United States
In the United States, the long ton is commonly used in measuring the displacement of ships and the shipping of baled commodities and bulk goods like iron ore and elemental sulfur.

International
The long ton was the unit prescribed for warships by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922; for example, battleships were limited to a displacement of 35000 LT. The long ton is traditionally used as the unit of weight in international contracts for many bulk goods and commodities.

title: Long ton


text:
Talk:Chen Yi (marshal)

Untitled
Jiang, "See also: Chen Yi (Kuomintang)" isn't meant to be a comparison. It's like a block disambiguation to guide the reader if they stumbled to the wrong article. --Menchi 06:11, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

But isn't that avoided by the "(communist)" disambiguation? Why not link to the main Chen Yi article then? --Jiang

 * That works. --Menchi 06:34, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Spelling in Chinese
The page for Chen Yi (communist) use 陈毅 (simplified) and 陳毅 (traditional), the one for Chen Yi (Kuomintang) use 陳儀 (traditional?) and the one for Chen Yi (composer) use 陈怡 (simplified?). Are all of these spellings correct?

62.113.159.156 17:23, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I'm not sure the tag (communist) is particularly appropriate as a disambiguation remark, given that the standard practice tends more towards occupation or notability criteria rather than political affiliation. Perhaps (politician) or (general)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pirate pete (talk • contribs) 20:45, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chen Yi (marshal)


text:
Talk:November 11

Untitled
Removed: Release of Elder Scrolls (Skyrim) 2011 Not relevant. If you wanted to add this, you would have to list all the games and movies coming out on 11/11/11

- Rthmn3021 (talk) 07:41, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. It shouldn't be there. Including it means we must also include other things like the PS3's release, or the release of music singles and albums that came out on November 11th. Such things are certainly not historically defining events. Either they have their own section or be excluded altogether. --Djsujitsu (talk) 03:21, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

Removed:
 * 308 - Congress of Carnuntum: Diocletian came out of retirement to attempt to negotiate an agreement to preserve the Tetrarchy.

Could not be confirmed at this date. --mav 06:16, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)~

Removed:
 * 1969 - Simon and Garfunkel perform in concert at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.

So what? What is so special about this particular concert? --mav 07:59, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Removed:
 * 1648 - France and the Netherlands agree to divide the island of Sint Maarten/Saint Martin.

Clear doubts if this is the date of the treaty between France and the Netherlands, see Talk:Saint_Martin -- Emvee 28 June 2005 20:49 (UTC)

"Eleven Day"
1111 - the famous "Eleven Day" was held in various countries in Europe. Is this true? I can't seem to find any references to it anywhere else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.200.200 (talk • contribs) 02:29, 11 November 2005

 * In Germany it's the traditional day for the "Elferrat" (Council of Eleven) to meet in most towns — a volunteer committee of eleven gentlemen who plan and organize the tomfoolery, er, events for the next Fasching or Karneval, just before Lent begins. They meet on November 11 at 11:11 a.m., wearing fool's caps as their official headgear.  See Carnival.  If you can read German, also see Elferrat.  It supposedly was started in 1823. —QuicksilverT @ 07:33, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * For the honour of this date, I have translated the German article into the article Elferrat, because I fortunately have a fairly good knowledge of German. J I P  | Talk 19:26, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

about anniversaries
In Latvia anniversary of liberation of Riga is celebreated. It refers to latvian freedom fights in 1919. Shouldn`t that be mentioned somewhere ?
 * Agree, should 62.85.82.130 16:42, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

PS3
PS3 is released in japan current event?

Robert Musil
According to the articles in English and German Wikipedias Robert Musil was born on 6th November, not 11th. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.184.43.17 (talk) 19:24, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

Norton Fitzwarren
I see that my addition of the Norton Fitzwarren rail crash (1890) has been removed. Of course, it didn't happen in America, did it, and it's _obviously_ less important than an American war memorial or an American college fraternity or the weather being a bit cold in America. What the heck. My decision to leave this godforsaken site was the right one, and this is _definitely_ the last posting I'll make here. Nothing personal to the admin involved, you're just enforcing the hyper-anal rules. Goodbye. Tevildo (talk) 23:06, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This event does not seem to rise to the level of global notability necessary for inclusion. It wouldn't be notable if it happened in the United States or anywhere else.  An event that occurred 118 years ago, resulted in a small number of fatalities, and had little impact on the world, doesn't seem like it would be something that can be considered notable in the long term.  It is a relatively minor accident that occurred at a time when rail accidents were relatively commonplace.  I am sorry that you have decided to abandon your efforts here, but we all have to deal with having our work unceremoniously hacked to pieces.  Just part of the project.  And the hyper-anal rules that you refer to are always subject to change if editors like you make a compelling argument against them.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 23:27, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I apologize for the tone of my previous message - and for logging-on again, despite promising to myself not to. I must admit that I hadn't read the criteria at WP:DOY; perhaps a more prominent link to this on the relevant article talk pages would be an idea?  I therefore accept that I shouldn't have added the entry.  Reading the criteria, I don't see how the entries for 1930 (non-notable invention - certainly less notable than chewing gum, which is specifically excluded), 2001 (non-notable deaths in wartime) and the 2004 death of Arafat (non-assassination) can be held to meet them.  There doesn't seem to be an exception for executions (rather than assassinations) in the "Deaths" section, which would suggest that the entries for 1724, 1831, 1880, and 1887 should go.  According to its article, Operation Commando Hunt began on the 15th, not the 11th, and I don't see why it, and the Atlantis incident of 1940, are sufficiently significant in their own right to escape the "every significant battle in a war" exclusion.  However, this list probably only goes to show why my approach to this, and other similar issues, make me an unsuitable Wikipedia editor.  I don't grok the rules; those people who do are the ones to continue the project. Tevildo (talk) 00:48, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll be the first to point out that there are a lot of items listed that do not belong, but the newest entries get noticed first. There aren't many editors who check facts and remove non-notable items from these lists, but we do what we can.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 01:45, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Martin of tours
it says that he died on this day but thats wrong, he was buried on st martins day99.149.127.22 (talk) 22:05, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Intro of these date articles
We have to be consistant here. September 11 is mentioned in the intro due to obvious reasons. Wallie (talk) 12:36, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * 'We' are being consistent: you, on the other hand, have picked some random historic events, made some entirely unsourced and suspect claims about the date being best-known for that event, and have placed these claims as being among the very first things that the reader should associate with said date. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 13:17, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

Black Sabbath Reunion
This is fact! You should add it!

11.11.11 Official Black Sabbath reunion with Ozzy after 33 years of separation, they are back with new album in 2012. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.10.129.72 (talk) 19:40, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Mayflower Compact
Why is the Mayflower Compact listed on this page when November 11 is the Julian calendar (old style) date of the event? We don't list the birthday of Abigail Adams on this page, which is also an event occurring on 11/11 (old style). Seems inconsistent to me. Krychek (talk) 20:16, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The document was signed under the Old Style Julian calendar, since England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 22:48, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I understand that. Similarly, Abigail Adams' birth certificate was signed under the Old Style calendar.  Yet for some reason, we treat her birthday as its Gregorian equivalent, while the Mayflower Compact's Julian date is left as-is.  Inconsistent. Krychek (talk) 21:38, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

holidays and observations women's day Belgium
I believe anything listed here needs a Wiki article to link to. There is no link for Women's Day. --142.163.194.179 (talk) 13:30, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Comment
So you keep the movie in the pop culture section, remove the game, and in the same breath you say that "we'd have to list all movies and games released that day"? On top of this, someone else states that Skyrim isn't historically relevant, but a movie most people have forgotten about IS relevant? Where's the logic? 107.77.207.53 (talk) 16:51, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Well? I’m still waiting on an answer. Freerey (talk) 19:35, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I guess you're referring to the edit done by IP 107.77.207.53 on 16 June 2021. If so, it was (quite correctly) reverted by due to the entry having no citation. But exactly what your question is is not clear, at least to me. Cheers, Kiwipete (talk) 08:39, 22 April 2022 (UTC)

See, that answer actually makes sense. That’s not what I was given but ty for responding ✌ Freerey (talk) 22:04, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Date of Birth of Karthik Madeshwaran
He is born in 1995 at Tamil Nadu. 106.207.207.211 (talk) 13:00, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There is no wiki article for him, so he can't be added. Kiwipete (talk) 03:23, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 11


text:
Talk:Munkar and Nakir

Belief in Allah
Is the only criteria for your final destination the fact you believe in Allah? Does how you led your life have anything to do with going to heaven or not?

 * You'll have to know those answers "hearthfully", in order to give them that day. More specifically, the way you spent your life and the way you beleived will determine if you'll be able to speak the answers clearly, or you'll be unable to do so.

 * It's better not to thing in the terms of your "ability" in your lifetime.
 * Sukru

Heaven or Hell
According to Islam, if you have even the slightest belief in God equal to a mustard seed, you will eventually enter heaven. However, it is all up to God, we cannot speak for Him, and He will take into account extenuating circumstances such as if a person never heard of God before they died. How you led your life will affect how you are judged on Judgment Day, and will affect where you are placed in heaven or hell. mr100percent 2005.02.07

Prophet
"depending on what time period they live in, they will name their prophet"

Could someone, please, elaborate this statement?

 * According to Islam, Muhammed is not the only prophet, but is one of them and is the Seal of the Prophets. There have been earlier ones, starting from Adam, including Moses, Abraham, to Jesus (actual number is more than 100,000).

 * So even if you did not live after the time of Muhammed, you'll be able to speak the name of the prophet of your time or region and will gain salvation.

 * Note: As far as I know, according to Christianity there is no chance for salvation for those who lived before Jesus, is this true?

 * Sukru

 * See Harrowing of Hell, for a start, for more information on Christian beliefs about this. 86.136.7.160 17:40, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that article helped too much. Obviously Christians believe people who lived before Jesus had salvation too, or else Abraham and all those guys are outta luck. The most logical explanation is that they still believed in the messiah, but in the future-tense instead of in the past-tense as we do now. Interpretation of many Old Testament passages as telling of the eventual coming of the christ is the basis of that.

Coincidence?
All-mighty Allah sent down to the people prophets from amongst themselves, (from their own tribes and peoples). And all of these prophets lead the people on one path, the path pf Islam.

In Russian: <>: "...Он ниспосылал им пророков из них же самих (из их же племен и народов), которые вели людей по одному, (широченному и) единому пути (понимания, восприятия жизни)...."

Is it just a coincidence that the word "wrong" is also "Munkar" - in Arabic?

Use of the number 40
Is is appropriate to use the number 40 when discussing distance from the grave given that the number 40 is used in many Middle Eastern traditions to describe a large but indefinite amount? While it represents the literal translation, it misrepresents the meaning of the term.

184.171.152.180 (talk) 01:49, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

Nergal Disputation
Dear Tarasayni,

I am currently tied up at work and have not had an opportunity to address your edits or your issues in full. Please give me a few days, and I'll get back to you. Thanks.

Maqdisi117 (talk) 03:57, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

Dear Maqdisi117,

Thank you for understanding and also for editing! Greetings --Tarasyani (talk) 02:22, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

Dear Maqdisi117,

You add it again: "In stark contrast, scholar A. J. Wensinck found the association of Munkar and Nakir to the root NKR to be unlikely, thus rendering any relationship with Nergal tenuous at best".

Of course, you may add Wensinck's views on the names Munkar and Nakir. However, I suggest you not add your personal comment that there is no connection between Nergal's epithet and the names Munkar and Nakir. This is not honest! First of all, this is just your personal interpretation and you have no scientific references. Nobody claimed that the names Munkar and Nakir had an etymological connection with Nergal's epithet nakru; because this argument about Nergal and Munkar and Nakir is still new and has not come under any criticism in the literature. Furthermore, on the contrary, as I wrote earlier, Munkar and Nakir derive linguistically and semantically from the Semitic root n-k-r, and its relation to Nergal and his epithet nakru proves this. Also, these angels are sometimes varied, and there is also another angel who takes the name Nakur besides Nakir. Even this reveals the importance of Nakru which is an epithet of god Nergal.

If any researcher hesitates to attribute the names of Munkar and Nakir to the root n-k-r, this is not about linguistic justification; because all these researchers found the angels' names strange. Unable to explain this, they turned to the idea that there is no etymological relationship between them (Nakir-Nkr) as the easiest way. In Aksoy's work, you can find a detailed etymological analysis of these names and their connection with the n-k-r root!

I repeat; You can write down the idea of Wensinck or any other researcher that repeats it. But this is just a claim. Moreover, it is a great contradiction to say that these names don't come from n-k-r after giving negative meanings. Most researchers say that Munkar and Nakir means "the Denied and the Deniers." Or even if they give these names some other meanings, these often carries negative content. So they accept that these names come from the root n-k-r. Please put an end to this meaningless stubbornness and edit your related sentence! Please, just add Wensinck's statement as a claim! --Tarasyani (talk) 20:50, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Munkar and Nakir derive linguistically and semantically from the Semitic n-k-r root, and his association with both the functions of Nergal and his epithet nakru proves this. From a linguistic point of view, there is no other option. If there is an opposite explanation, you can find it by adding the reference and adding it here. No problem! But you don't have to delete and break the textual meaning on the article. Tirmidhi is the first to mention them by names; however, these figures previously existed in the Islamic tradition. Wensinck found these names strange because of their known meaning and he could not identify their origin. Wensinck is an great name, but his texts should also be read critically; just as you critically grasp Aksoy's claim. There are no prophets in science, and what they say is not hadith. Moreover, even the accuracy of hadiths is reasonably debated today. Please do not interfere with the text except for reasonable modifications. I would like you to know that I will be welcoming new information. Greetings--Tarasyani (talk) 23:58, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Dear Maqdisi117,

What did you write on the revision history, let's look; because each time you write something different on revision history, is paradoxical. I don't want to believe you're doing this on purpose!

21 September 2020 (22: 40): "Gurdal Askoy never implies this in his paper, he just makes a general note that the earliest mention of Munkar and Nakir go back to Tirmidhi. If his paper is translated into English, he notes that the words munkar and nakir were already present in pre-Islamic Arabia, and those not necessarily introduced into the Islamic faith".

27 September 2020 (04:00): "This is incorrect, as I've read the Turkish and even contacted the researcher myself. He proposes a theory, although there is by no means a consensus on this issue. From an epistemological standpoint this a difficult argument to make, and is mostly conjecture".

30 September 2020 (04:43): "Again, please settle this dispute in the Talk section, not here. Please abide the rules and observe good nettiquette. Gurdal Askoy’s is neither independently he peer-reviewed not has it been accepted in any noteworthy journals. (P.S. Refrain from making assumptions about what I read and didn’t read and making this personal".

Dear Maqdisi117,

If it was so important... Did you write anything about this subject? Where is your publications which are published in any noteworthy journals ? Even though you have no scientific publications, you think you have the right to easily remove something here which is from a scientific study. So! It's not fair! Moreover; did Spinoza have articles published in a highly peer-reviewed journal? You could say there were no scientific journals in his day, but this is just example and my intention is something else. Hierarchy cannot determine science or philosophy, and academia is not everything. You think science cannot live outside the academy. It is absolutely incorrect.

On the other hand, academia can be organized hierarchically, but science does not worship to hierarchy and power. Sometimes even a PhD student can demonstrate that the determination of a professor or an expert is wrong.

These are my last statements, the rest is up to your conscience ...

I do not want to start a scientific discussion here. I will only transfer my note here which I wrote it on your personal talkpage, but you could not reply to what I wrote there:

"Dear Maqdisi007,

Obviously, you are new here and you have created a nickname to be able to change this page. First of all, welcome! I will have a few words about what you add to this page. I hope it works.

You say that you are contacted to Aksoy and according to you, he confirm what you say!!! First, let me say that personal contacts are not important. It doesn't mean anything in the scientific area or context. Even if you claim to have seen Munkar and Nakir, this fact does not change. ;) Moreover, it is not possible for the researcher to tell you something completely different from his text. Here is a link to his work and it is very clear what he is saying there. There is also an abstract in English! Therefore it is uncorrect what you wrote here (in the balk for notes about adding and changing). If you could read Turkish, you could not write the researcher's surname incorrectly.

Secondly; A.J. Wensinck is a great name in Islamology. That's true. But the point is different. About a hundred years ago he wrote very short text about Munkar and Nakir -even not two pages- in the Encyclopedia of Islam and he said that the origins of these figures are unknown. Aksoy's research shows us that they are transformations of Nergal. At least he provides convincing information and connections. Second study is from 2017, just new. Therefore, Wensinck couldn't say something about Aksoy's thesis as you tried to mean. Since you have not read text by Aksoy, you are writing wrong or unnecessary points here. You may only say that Wensinck was unclear about the origin of these figures or he said nothing about their origins. But if you write that "in stark contrast, scholar A. J. Wensinck found the association of Munkar and Nakir to the root NKR to be unlikely, thus rendering any relationship with Nergal tenuous at best," it means you just want to manipulate readers. One more time, of course Wensinck is certainly a great name, but like everyone else, he is not infallible...

On the other hand, I urge you not only to look at Wensinck's short article, which says 'their origin is unknown', before coming to a conclusion about Munkar and Nekir. Find an acquaintance and read Aksoy's extensive research in Turkish. If you re-do this kind of manipulation, you can be sure I don't argue with you anymore. This is nothing but a friendly explanation. I hope you understand it. Please don't change the page as you did before! Greetings Tarasyani (talk) 18:38, 29 September 2020" --Tarasyani (talk) 18:16, 30 September 2020 (UTC)

Wensinck and the thesis by S.R. Burge are quality references, and they should not be neglected simply because of the recency of Askoy's publication, of which only his abstract is accessible in English, and is for the most part difficult to comprehend due to his poor writing. On the other hand, I have read the entire article in full, not just the abstract. Furthermore, assertions do not constitute evidence, he merely drew upon on tenuous relationships. As such, it would be intellectually dishonest to herald them as proof when his paper has not been proofread or approved by any respectable peer-reviewed journal.

Bottom line: independent research does not take precedence over attested scholarship.

Maqdisi117 (talk) 23:02, 29 September 2020 (UTC)Maqdisi117

Continuity of Nakir from Nergal and the Turkish Researchers work.
Tirmidhi going to Iraq (if true) is completely irrelevant as that’s not how hadith science works in the Sunni school. Tirmidhi was a Sunni hadith scholar and the basics of their scholarship is that people in Medina and Mecca are truthful, people in Syria are somewhat disputed, and the people of Iraq are liars (Ibn Taymiyyah, The People of Madina). None of the narrators of the sahih hadiths in Tirmidhi are Iraqi or Mesopotamian. As all were Muslim and people the Prophet knew (whom were mostly Arab and previously followed Arab Polytheism). This would have to mean that A) A person the Prophet knew went to Iraq, went against all convictions and contemporary knowledge that he was truthful, honest and pious to insert one Mesopotamian God into Islamic Eschatology for no discernible reason (as many of the Mesopotamians were already converting) without 1400 years of scholarship noticing or B) a follower of this religion somehow infiltrated Hadith sciences and perfectly understanding Qurayshi Arabic created an accurate and biographically sufficient chain of narrators (knowing them by name even the ones in places he’s never been) knowing all of them to be truthful and pious and then tricking tirmidhi into writing it in his Sahih (which never occured with his other hadiths). Just so that he can have a figure in Islam that has the same semantic root as a figure whom wasn’t even worshipped by the majority in Iraq? Forgive me, but that doesn’t seem accurate or historical, and it’s relevance is strongly questionable.

There’s also the case of whether linguistic analysis can actually show theological similarities. As Nergal and Nakir aren’t similar in any theological way, unless you focus on things that are beyond the scope of the hadith literature (like the article does with claiming stories from certain cultures, that previously worshipped Nergal). I believe it to be hearsay, and until it is subject to literary and historical criticism I say it should be put on hold or looked at critically in the article. 2001:1970:5163:1200:0:0:0:D48B (talk) 19:55, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Intentional False Information under the "History and Origins" Section
@VenusFeuerFalle This article contains blatant lies under "History and Origins" section. For example the article falsely claims that "There is no reference to Munkar and Nakir in the Quran" this is of course a blatant lie as the grave questions are clearly mentioned in Quran 14:27 and it is explained in both Tafsir al-Tabari and Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Also the same section is talking about Zoroastrian figures which is completely irrelevant even the currently survived Avesta was written 200 years after Islam. You reverted my edits and I will not waste my time with you again. I suggest you fix it yourself because this section is a complete joke especially the part talking about Tirmidhi otherwise you will be helping in publishing a bunch of false information. Terminator 5505 (talk) 23:04, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Tafsir are an interpretation of the Quran. The relevance of the Zorastrian spirits seem undue to me, as well. I also regard the extention of historical influence as undie weight, since the main-focus is on Munkar and Nakir, not the general idea of angels of the grave in various religions. VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 13:12, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Munkar and Nakir


text:
Substitution matrix

In bioinformatics and evolutionary biology, a substitution matrix describes the frequency at which a character in a nucleotide sequence or a protein sequence changes to other character states over evolutionary time. The information is often in the form of log odds of finding two specific character states aligned and depends on the assumed number of evolutionary changes or sequence dissimilarity between compared sequences. It is an application of a stochastic matrix. Substitution matrices are usually seen in the context of amino acid or DNA sequence alignments, where they are used to calculate similarity scores between the aligned sequences.

Background
In the process of evolution, from one generation to the next the amino acid sequences of an organism's proteins are gradually altered through the action of DNA mutations. For example, the sequence

ALEIRYLRD

could mutate into the sequence

ALEINYLRD

in one step, and possibly

AQEINYQRD

over a longer period of evolutionary time. Each amino acid is more or less likely to mutate into various other amino acids. For instance, a hydrophilic residue such as arginine is more likely to be replaced by another hydrophilic residue such as glutamine, than it is to be mutated into a hydrophobic residue such as leucine. (Here, a residue refers to an amino acid stripped of a hydrogen and/or a hydroxyl group and inserted in the polymeric chain of a protein.) This is primarily due to redundancy in the genetic code, which translates similar codons into similar amino acids. Furthermore, mutating an amino acid to a residue with significantly different properties could affect the folding and/or activity of the protein. This type of disruptive substitution is likely to be removed from populations by the action of purifying selection because the substitution has a higher likelihood of rendering a protein nonfunctional.

If we have two amino acid sequences in front of us, we should be able to say something about how likely they are to be derived from a common ancestor, or homologous. If we can line up the two sequences using a sequence alignment algorithm such that the mutations required to transform a hypothetical ancestor sequence into both of the current sequences would be evolutionarily plausible, then we'd like to assign a high score to the comparison of the sequences.

To this end, we will construct a 20x20 matrix where the $$(i,j)$$th entry is equal to the probability of the $$i$$th amino acid being transformed into the $$j$$th amino acid in a certain amount of evolutionary time. There are many different ways to construct such a matrix, called a substitution matrix. Here are the most commonly used ones:

Identity matrix
The simplest possible substitution matrix would be one in which each amino acid is considered maximally similar to itself, but not able to transform into any other amino acid. This matrix would look like

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 &       & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & & \ddots & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 &       & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$

This identity matrix will succeed in the alignment of very similar amino acid sequences but will be miserable at aligning two distantly related sequences. We need to figure out all the probabilities in a more rigorous fashion. It turns out that an empirical examination of previously aligned sequences works best.

Log-odds matrices
We express the probabilities of transformation in what are called log-odds scores. The scores matrix S is defined as

 * $$S_{i,j} = \log \frac{p_i \cdot M_{i,j}}{p_i \cdot p_j} = \log \frac{M_{i,j}}{p_j} = \log \frac{\text{observed frequency}}{\text{expected frequency}},$$

where $$M_{i,j}$$ is the probability that amino acid $$i$$ transforms into amino acid $$j$$, and $$p_i$$, $$p_j$$ are the frequencies of amino acids i and j. The base of the logarithm is not important, and the same substitution matrix is often expressed in different bases.

PAM
One of the first amino acid substitution matrices, the PAM (Point Accepted Mutation) matrix was developed by Margaret Dayhoff in the 1970s. This matrix is calculated by observing the differences in closely related proteins. Because the use of very closely related homologs, the observed mutations are not expected to significantly change the common functions of the proteins. Thus the observed substitutions (by point mutations) are considered to be accepted by natural selection.

One PAM unit is defined as 1% of the amino acid positions that have been changed. To create a PAM1 substitution matrix, a group of very closely related sequences with mutation frequencies corresponding to one PAM unit is chosen. Based on collected mutational data from this group of sequences, a substitution matrix can be derived. This PAM1 matrix estimates what rate of substitution would be expected if 1% of the amino acids had changed.

The PAM1 matrix is used as the basis for calculating other matrices by assuming that repeated mutations would follow the same pattern as those in the PAM1 matrix, and multiple substitutions can occur at the same site. With this assumption, the PAM2 matrix can estimated by squaring the probabilities. Using this logic, Dayhoff derived matrices as high as PAM250. Usually the PAM 30 and the PAM70 are used.

BLOSUM
Dayhoff's methodology of comparing closely related species turned out not to work very well for aligning evolutionarily divergent sequences. Sequence changes over long evolutionary time scales are not well approximated by compounding small changes that occur over short time scales. The BLOSUM (BLOck SUbstitution Matrix) series of matrices rectifies this problem. Henikoff & Henikoff constructed these matrices using multiple alignments of evolutionarily divergent proteins. The probabilities used in the matrix calculation are computed by looking at "blocks" of conserved sequences found in multiple protein alignments. These conserved sequences are assumed to be of functional importance within related proteins and will therefore have lower substitution rates than less conserved regions. To reduce bias from closely related sequences on substitution rates, segments in a block with a sequence identity above a certain threshold were clustered, reducing the weight of each such cluster (Henikoff and Henikoff). For the BLOSUM62 matrix, this threshold was set at 62%. Pairs frequencies were then counted between clusters, hence pairs were only counted between segments less than 62% identical. One would use a higher numbered BLOSUM matrix for aligning two closely related sequences and a lower number for more divergent sequences.

It turns out that the BLOSUM62 matrix does an excellent job detecting similarities in distant sequences, and this is the matrix used by default in most recent alignment applications such as BLAST.

Differences between PAM and BLOSUM

 * 1) PAM matrices are based on an explicit evolutionary model (i.e. replacements are counted on the branches of a phylogenetic tree: maximum parismony), whereas the BLOSUM matrices are based on an implicit model of evolution.
 * 2) The PAM matrices are based on mutations observed throughout a global alignment, this includes both highly conserved and highly mutable regions. The BLOSUM matrices are based only on highly conserved regions in series of alignments forbidden to contain gaps.
 * 3) The method used to count the replacements is different:  unlike the PAM matrix, the BLOSUM procedure uses groups of sequences within which not all mutations are counted the same.
 * 4) Higher numbers in the PAM matrix naming scheme denote larger evolutionary distance, while larger numbers in the BLOSUM matrix naming scheme denote higher sequence similarity and therefore smaller evolutionary distance. Example: PAM150 is used for more distant sequences than PAM100; BLOSUM62 is used for closer sequences than BLOSUM50.

Newer matrices
A number of newer substitution matrices have been proposed to deal with inadequacies in earlier designs.
 * JTT, published in the same year as BLOSOM, also performs clustering and uses an implicit model. This may help reduce the systematic error from maximum parismony (MP), but also wastes sequence information.
 * WAG (Wheelan And Goldman), published in 2001, uses a maximum likelihood estimating procedure instead of any form of MP. The substitution scores are calculated based on the likelihood of a change considering multiple tree topologies derived using neighbor-joining. The scores correspond to an substitution model which includes also amino-acid stationary frequencies and a scaling factor in the similarity scoring. There are two versions of the matrix: WAG matrix based on the assumption of the same amino-acid stationary frequencies across all the compared protein and WAG* matrix with different frequencies for each of included protein families.

Specialized substitution matrices and their extensions
The real substitution rates in a protein depends not only on the identity of the amino acid, but also on the specific structural or sequence context it is in. Many specialized matrices have been developed for these contexts, such as in transmembrane alpha helices, for combinations of secondary structure states and solvent accessibility states,  or for local sequence-structure contexts. These context-specific substitution matrices lead to generally improved alignment quality at some cost of speed but are not yet widely used.

Recently, sequence context-specific amino acid similarities have been derived that do not need substitution matrices but that rely on a library of sequence contexts instead. Using this idea, a context-specific extension of the popular BLAST program has been demonstrated to achieve a twofold sensitivity improvement for remotely related sequences over BLAST at similar speeds (CS-BLAST).

Terminology
Although "transition matrix" is often used interchangeably with "substitution matrix" in fields other than bioinformatics, the former term is problematic in bioinformatics. With regards to nucleotide substitutions, "transition" is also used to indicate those substitutions that are between the two-ring purines (A → G and G → A) or are between the one-ring pyrimidines (C → T and T → C). Because these substitutions do not require a change in the number of rings, they occur more frequently than the other substitutions. "Transversion" is the term used to indicate the slower-rate substitutions that change a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa (A ↔ C, A ↔ T, G ↔ C, and G ↔ T).

title: Substitution matrix


text:
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes

The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is a valley within Katmai National Park and Preserve in Alaska which is filled with ash flow from the eruption of Novarupta on June 6–8, 1912. Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash. Robert F. Griggs, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the National Geographic Society in 1916, gave the valley its name, saying that "the whole valley as far as the eye could reach was full of hundreds, no thousands—literally, tens of thousands—of smokes curling up from its fissured floor."

Prior to the eruption, the area now called the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was an unremarkable and unnamed portion of the Ukak River valley. Although never permanently inhabited by humans, it served as a pass for the Alutiiq people, as well as animals such as grizzly bears.

The 1912 eruption was the largest eruption by volume in the 20th century, erupting a magma volume of about 13 km3. As many as 14 major earthquakes between $M_\text{s}$ 6 to 7, and over 100 earthquakes greater than $$M_\text{s}$$ 5, resulted from the collapse of the caldera at Mount Katmai and movement within the magmatic plumbing system.

The ash-filled valley covers a 40 sqmi area. The ash can be up to 700 ft deep. In places deep canyons have been cut by the River Lethe, allowing observers to see the ash flow strata. Since the ash has cooled, most of the fumaroles are now extinct and despite its name the valley is no longer filled with 'smoke' (i.e. steam). Vegetation still does not grow in the valley. The signs of volcanic activity are still visible on nearby hills.

Katmai's most recent eruption was in 1927, but there have been non-eruptive events as recently as 2003. The Alaska Volcano Observatory still monitors Katmai's activity as part of the Katmai Cluster, where there are five active stratovolcanos within 15 km of Katmai.

Visitors to the valley most commonly arrive via bus along the 20 mi road from Brooks Camp, which is the only road in Katmai Park. The valley is a source of creative exploration by photographers and naturalists.

Geology
Basement rocks in the area consist of the Late Jurassic Naknek Formation, which is composed of siltstones, and arkosic sandstones 1.7–2 km thick deposited in a marine shelf and submarine fan delta environment during the Oxfordian-Tithonian. Some 20 dioritic and granodioritic Tertiary plutons pierce the formation. Most prevalent though are the Quaternary stratovolcanoes along the Aleutian Arc associated with the Aleutian subduction zone.

The 1912 Novarupta eruption was characterized by three main episodes spanning 60 hours. Episode I included both a rhyolitic ignimbrite and a simultaneous Plinian dispersal of rhyolitic tephra fallout. The ignimbrite consisted of 9 separate packages of pumiceous pyroclastic flow deposits, radiating outward 9 km, and which filled 11 km3 of the valley to a depth of 100–200 m in the upper portion and 35 m in the lower over the span of 16 hours. It is indurated in the upper valley while nonwelded in the lower. The ignimbrite is noted for its fumaroles, phreatic craters, welded tuff, and flattened fiamme. At the same time, a Plinian dispersal of 8.8 km3 of rhyolitic tephra occurred depositing layers A and B. Episode II consisted of a second Plinian dispersal, but one consisting of dacite tephra, depositing 4.8 km3 of layers C and D.  Episode III was also a Plinian dispersal of dacite tephra depositing 3.4 km3 of layers F and G.

The explosion from the eruption was heard as far away as Fairbanks and Juneau, while earthquakes continued until mid-Aug. Ball lightning near the ground was noted in addition to regular thunder and lightning, rare in South Alaska, while severe static disrupted wireless transmissions. Volcanic dust reached Wisconsin on June 8, Algeria on June 19 and California on June 21. Fields of pumice were seen floating in Katmai Bay, 241 km to the southwest, in 1913. Griggs noted 1000 fumarolic plumes over 500 feet high in 1916. In 1917, diffuse steam emanations were still evident and temperatures were 97 °C just 1 m below the surface. In 1918, Jasper Sayre and Paul Hagelbarger noted 86 vents with temperatures greater than 190 °C, the hottest being 432 °C. The steam was measured to be 99.5% water vapor with some acidic gases of HCl, CO2, H2S and HF. Only a few hundred emanations were seen by 1929, and just 10 were left by 1940.

Astronaut training
The Katmai Peninsula in general, and the valley in particular, were used by NASA and the USGS to geologically train the Apollo astronauts in recognizing volcanic features, landforms and materials, especially fumaroles and vents. Two separate groups of astronauts trained here, the first in June–July 1965 and a second group in August 1966. Their field exercises included simulating a lunar mission. "Playing the Moon game", involved pairing up astronauts and placing them in a location with very little prior information. They then planned traverses and collected representative samples. They communicated with their geologist instructors via radio. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 11's Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 12's Alan Bean, Apollo 14's Edgar Mitchell, Apollo 15's James Irwin, Apollo 16's Charlie Duke, and Apollo 17's Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt. Notable geologist instructors included Garniss Curtis and Gene Shoemaker.

title: Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes


text:
Talk:Substitution matrix

193.51.83.104 (talk) 16:35, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
This sentence is wrong :

"This is primarily due to redundancy in the genetic code, which translates similar codons into similar amino acids."

Because :

"Summarizing, it would appear that, with the exception of synonymous codon transitions, the overall consequences arising from minimal base substitutions favor protein structural diversification rather than structural preservation." (Salemme, PNAS, 1977)

"According to the physicochemical theory of the genetic code (1, 2), allocations of codon domains for the 20 amino acids have been determined by the advantage of assigning to amino acids that are similar in physicochemical properties neighboring codons that differ from one another only in a single base. Such assignments would minimize the chemical distances between different amino acids encoded by neighboring codons and, therefore, offer protection against damage due to mutational or translational errors involving a single base change." (Wong, PNAS, 1980)

and

"These findings, together with those of Salemme et al. (8), do not support the physicochemical theory of the genetic code, which considers distance minimization to be the predominant factor shaping the evolution of the genetic code." (Wong, PNAS, 1980)

---

There is a serious confusion in this article about the concepts of substitution and mutation. When sequences evolve neutraly, the substitution rate is the same as the mutation rate, when selection intervines, then the substitution rates are altered with respect to the mutation rates. For example, if strong purifying selection is operative, then the substitution rate will be reduced, while under positive diversifying selection, the substitution rates are increased when compared to the mutation rates. When we analyze a sequence alignment, the differences observed among the sequences are the substitutions that became fixed after the action of selection (if any) and stochastic factors (random drift). Because we cannot measure mutation directly from the alignment, we usually try to model the substitutions instead. If a comprenhensive population model is avaible for the system under study, then the substitution matrix can be written as a function of selection, effective population size, and the true mutation rates. Then we can use the observed substitutions in the alignment to estimate the substitution rate parameters, and decomposed them into the corresponding population parameters. Generally, it is hard to describe substitution matrices in terms of population genetics models, so most of the time the substitution models implemente are phenomenological, and they tend to be descriptive rather than analytic.

80.47.149.180 22:35, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

A stab by someone who's more a student of the topic than an expert on it =)

Please feel very very free to make any changes you want.

 * Well, what is the i-j entry of the matrix? At least you should write down the definition! -wshun 06:29, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Good point. I've now included a definition of log-odds scores.

Reorganisation of Molecular Evolution

I noticed several overlaps and missing aspects in these molecular evolution articles:

Substitution model

Substitution matrix

Models of DNA evolution

Models of protein evolution

When there are no objections, I will reorganize, partly rewrite and extend these articles in the next few days. I would welcome any advice, especially on other related articles that I am not yet aware of.

My concept looks as follows:

 * Substitution model as the main article will discuss the mathematical background. Here I will explain also the Markovian model of evolution which is common to most models and is the basis of several aspects already mentioned on this page. The description of the DNA models will be moved to Models of DNA evolution and only briefly be summarized in the general article. The Models of protein evolution will also be summarized and explained in all detail in the new Models of protein evolution article.

 * The Substitution matrix article should focus on the log-odds matrices and their applications, mostly for dynamic programming/alignments. The description of the different matrices needs to be extended (JTT, Gonnet and GTR at least) and will be moved to the new Models of protein evolution article.

09:13, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. Well, your idea is logically sound, but I think most people (at least the biology-bioinformatics crowd I hang out with) don't like too many subdivisions, my original idea when I made those stubs was to have both the Markov models and the particular DNA models in one article.  I agree that there will be duplication with the article on Substitution models, but there are ways to manage duplication (for example, one could be more mathematically detailed and the other more perspective based).  Why don't we do the following:  give me until this Sunday.  I will write my version of the models of DNA evolution article, in the way that I originally envisaged it.  We can then compare notes and decide the next step in terms of reorganization etc. Will that be OK? Sanjay Tiwari 11:58, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * PS And I mean the same for the article Models of protein evolution.  When I created the template for Topics in molecular evolution, I had a certain approach to models of protein evolution in mind.  I will attend to that early next week.  Once that is in place, we can discuss it, how to amend it.  Will that too be OK?  At the worst, what I will write will be thrown out in its entirety, but that will be fine.  Sanjay Tiwari 12:07, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your comment. I also prefer comprehensive, longer articles. My concern was that having Markov models and DNA models and protein models all in one article might be too much. But your suggestion sounds reasonable. So I'm looking forward to see your version early next week. Then we can discuss the details. wild8oar 07:06, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comments and for your original note above. It got me off my butt and working!  Otherwise, it might have lain unattended for who knows how long.  Talk to you next week. Sanjay Tiwari 20:58, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

PAM proteins
Does anyone know what proteins the original PAM matrix was generated from? Aaadddaaammm 03:25, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Confusion between substitution chemistry and selection pressure
''Each amino acid is more or less likely to mutate into various other amino acids. For instance, a hydrophilic residue such as arginine is more likely to be replaced by another hydrophilic residue such as glutamine, than it is to be mutated into a hydrophobic residue such as leucine. (Here, a residue refers to an amino acid stripped of a hydrogen and/or a hydroxyl group and inserted in the polymeric chain of a protein.) This is primarily due to redundancy in the genetic code, which translates similar codons into similar amino acids. Furthermore, mutating an amino acid to a residue with significantly different properties could affect the folding and/or activity of the protein.'' There is therefore usually strong selective pressure to remove such mutations quickly from a population.

There is a big difference between the probability of a substitution (or a point mutation) occurring -- which depends on chemistry and cannot be prevented by selection, except perhaps very indirectly -- and the substitution being discouraged through differential reproductive success, over a much longer time scale.

Maybe it intended as a parenthetical remark outside the primary line of argument, but it doesn't read that way. So, please reword, cite an expert, or remove. 84.227.252.224 (talk) 16:52, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Substitution matrix


text:
Samuel Mockbee

Samuel "Sambo" Mockbee (December 23, 1944 – December 30, 2001) was an American architect and a co-founder of the Auburn University Rural Studio program in Hale County, Alabama. After establishing a regular architectural practice in his native Mississippi, Mockbee became interested in the design and construction problems associated with rural housing in Alabama and Mississippi. Soon after joining the faculty of Auburn, Mockbee established the Rural Studio with educator Dennis K. Ruth to provide practical training for architecture students in an environment where their efforts could address the problems of poverty and substandard housing in underserved areas of the southern United States. Mockbee went on to receive numerous awards for his work, including a MacArthur Foundation grant that he used to further the work of the Rural Studio.

Early life, education and design practice
Mockbee was born on December 23, 1944, in Meridian, Mississippi, to Samuel Norman Mockbee and Margaret Sale Berry Mockbee. His father, an alcoholic, contracted tuberculosis when Mockbee was twelve, and was unable to work from that time until he died. Mockbee's father and mother both succumbed to cancer, as did his sister. Mockbee's sister Martha Ann first referred to Sam as "Sambo," the name by which he was referred by colleagues and students throughout his life.

Mockbee served two years in the U.S. Army beginning in 1957. Following his discharge, he married Jacquelyn Lee Johnson in 1970. He enrolled at Auburn University and graduated from the School of Architecture in 1974 with a Bachelor of Architecture degree. Mockbee interned in Columbus, Georgia before returning to Mississippi in 1977, where he formed a partnership with his classmate and friend, Thomas Goodman. A few years later he partnered with Coleman Coker, forming Mockbee/Coker. The firm's work in local vernacular attracted notice, and was recognized with a monograph published by the Architectural League of New York in 1990, followed in 1995 by Mockbee Coker: Thought and Process, published by the Princeton Architectural Press. Mockbee Coker's work emphasized local forms and materials, often with broadly-overhanging pitched roofs suited to the Mississippi and Alabama climate.

Charity work and transition to academic instruction
In 1982 Mockbee became involved in renovating houses for Catholic charities in Madison County, Mississippi. An initial project, executed for $7,000, drew Mockbee into a plan for three new houses under the auspices of Madison Countians Allied Against Poverty. The project received an award from Progressive Architecture, but remained unbuilt for lack of funding. Instead, Mockbee began a series of paintings depicting local families that had experienced poverty, including the family of the woman who had nursed his cancer-stricken sister. Mockbee continued to paint and draw as an avocation, as he had since childhood.

By 1990 Mockbee had been hired as professor of architecture at Auburn University by Auburn architecture department chairman Dennis K. Ruth. Ruth initiated a focus on practical field work, including hands-on experience in construction, and supported Mockbee's initiative to work with students to restore a house in Opelika, Alabama in 1992.

Rural Studio
Mockbee searched for a location in which to expand the program of working with architecture students to give them practical experience while actively addressing poverty and substandard housing. In order to remove students from the distractions of campus life and to fully immerse them in the rural environment, Mockbee and Ruth set up the Rural Studio in 1992 in Hale County, Alabama, about two hours' drive from Auburn, and between Mockbee's home in Canton, Mississippi and Auburn. Hale County, in the Black Warrior River valley of the Alabama Black Belt, was a deeply disadvantaged area. It was the setting of James Agee and Walker Evans's 1941 book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, which sought to document white rural poverty in prose and images. The work of the Rural Studio would be focused on assistance to the area's black community. Hale County's lack of building code enforcement allowed Mockbee and his students to experiment with unusual and innovative materials and construction techniques, including the use of straw-bale construction and salvaged automobile windows, to create durable, well-designed structures at minimal cost, which would require documentation and certifications in a more structured regulatory environment.

Students lived in a series of donated lodgings, eventually settling at Morrisette House in Newbern, Alabama. Second-year students lodged at Morrisette, while fifth-year students' lived in nearby towns. Mockbee maintained his family's residence in Canton and spent the work week at the Newbern studio.

The Rural Studio program received acclaim for introducing students to the social responsibilities of architectural practice and for providing safe, well-constructed, and inspirational buildings to the communities of West Alabama. In many cases these buildings, designed and built by students, incorporated novel materials which otherwise would be considered waste. The buildings often consisted of a combination of vernacular architecture with modernist forms.

While he headed the Rural Studio, Mockbee also acted as a visiting professor of architecture at Harvard University in 1996, the University of Virginia and Yale University in 1997, and the University of California at Berkeley in 1998.

Death
Mockbee was diagnosed with leukemia in 1998. After treatment, in which his sister donated bone marrow, Mockbee recovered and returned to the work of the Rural Studio, In 2001 the cancer returned. Mockbee died on December 30, 2001, aged 57.

Acclaim
Mockbee was elected to the American Institute of Architecture's College of Fellows in 1989.

In 1993, Mockbee was awarded a grant from the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts to work toward the publication of his book, The Nurturing of Culture in the Rural South An Architectonic Documentary.

Mockbee was awarded a MacArthur Foundation fellowship, informally known as the "Genius Grant", in 2000. He put the $500,000 award toward Rural Studio projects.

Mockbee was nominated posthumously in 2003 for the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Gold Medal. No Gold Medal was awarded that year, but the following year, the medal was awarded to Mockbee.

Some of Mockbee's work was selected by Lawrence Rinder to be part of the Whitney Museum of Art 2002 Biennial. A series of exhibits and lectures on the Rural Studio were hosted in Vienna and Barcelona.

David Moos curated an exhibition on Mockbee at the Birmingham Museum of Art in Birmingham, Alabama, which was in its planning stages when Mockbee died. The exhibition was named, Samuel Mockbee and the Rural Studio: Community Architecture. This retrospective was intended to be a celebration but, because of Mockbee's death, became a memorial and tribute.

Mockbee's drawings and paintings are included in the permanent collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art the Cooper Hewitt Museum, and the Carnegie Museum of Art.

Notable projects

 * Barton House, Madison County, Mississippi (1991) (Mockbee/Coker)
 * Cook House, Oxford, Mississippi (1991) (Mockbee/Coker)
 * Bryant House, Hale County, Alabama (1994) (Rural Studio)
 * Harris House, Hale County, Alabama (1994) (Rural Studio)
 * Yancey Chapel, Sawyerville, Alabama (1995) (Rural Studio)
 * Akron Pavilion, Akron, Alabama (1996) (Rural Studio)
 * Goat House, Sawyerville, Alabama (1998) (Rural Studio)
 * Hero Children's Center, Greensboro, Alabama (1999) (Rural Studio)
 * Thomaston Farmer's Market, Thomaston, Alabama (2000) (Rural Studio)
 * Supershed and Pods, Newbern, Alabama (1997-2001) (Rural Studio)
 * Akron Boys and Girls Club, Akron, Alabama (2001) (Rural Studio)
 * Sanders-Dudley House, Sawyerville, Alabama (2001) (Rural Studio)
 * Mason's Bend Community Center (2000) (Rural Studio)

Projects associated with Rural Studio were jointly designed by architecture students under Mockbee's supervision.

title: Samuel Mockbee


text:
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Please comment on Chris Capoccia
We are having the same problems with Wikipedian Chris Capoccia's bibliographic edits that you had cited months ago for a different but similar edit. These repeated edit efforts are on Emily Ying Yang Chan, an article I've been watching carefully. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Chris_Capoccia MaynardClark (talk) 20:36, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

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