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Algonquin language

Algonquin (also spelled Algonkin; in Algonquin: Anicinàbemowin or Anishinàbemiwin) is either a distinct Algonquian language closely related to the Ojibwe language or a particularly divergent Ojibwe dialect. It is spoken, alongside French and to some extent English, by the Algonquin First Nations of Quebec and Ontario. As of 2006, there were 2,680 Algonquin speakers, less than 10% of whom were monolingual. Algonquin is the language for which the entire Algonquian language subgroup is named; the similarity among the names often causes considerable confusion. Like many Native American languages, it is strongly verb-based, with most meaning being incorporated into verbs instead of using separate words for prepositions, tense, etc.

Classification
Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) is an Algonquian language, of the Algic family of languages, and is descended from Proto-Algonquian. It is considered a particularly divergent dialect of Ojibwe by many. But, although the speakers call themselves Omàmìwininì or Anicinàbe, the Ojibwe call them ('those at the end of the lake'). Among Omàmìwininì (Algonquins), however, the Nipissing are called Otickwàgamì (the Algonquin orthography for the Ojibwe ) and their language as Otickwàgamìmowin. The rest of the Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin) communities call themselves Omàmiwininiwak ('down-stream men'), and the language Omàmiwininìmowin ('speech of the down-stream men').

Other than Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin), languages considered as particularly divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe language include Mississauga (often called "Eastern Ojibwe") and Odawa. The Potawatomi language was considered a divergent dialect of Anishinaabemowin (the Anishinaabe language) but now is considered a separate language. Culturally, Omàmìwininì (Algonquin) and the Michi Saagiig (Mississaugas) were not part of the Ojibwe–Odawa–Potawatomi alliance known as the Council of Three Fires. The Omàmìwininìwak (Algonquins) maintained stronger cultural ties with the Abenaki, Atikamekw and Cree.

Among sister Algonquian languages are Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Cree, Fox, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Shawnee. The Algic family contains the Algonquian languages and the so-called "Ritwan" languages, Wiyot and Yurok. Ojibwe and its similar languages are frequently referred to as a "Central Algonquian" language; however, Central Algonquian is an areal grouping rather than a genetic one. Among Algonquian languages, only the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a true genetic subgroup.

The northern Omàmìwininìmowin (Algonquin language) dialect of Anishinabemowin as spoken at Winneway, Quebec (Long Point), and Timiskaming First Nation, Quebec, is a similar dialect to the Oji-Cree dialect (Severn/Anishininimowin) of northwestern Ontario, despite being geographically separated by 800 km.

Dialects
There are several dialects of Omàmìwininìmowin (the Algonquin language), generally grouped broadly as Northern Algonquin and Western Algonquin. Speakers at Kitigan Zibi consider their language to be Southern Algonquin, though linguistically it is a dialect of Nipissing Ojibwa which, together with Mississauga Ojibwa and Odawa, form the Nishnaabemwin (Eastern Ojibwa) group of the Ojibwa dialect continuum.

Consonants
The consonant phonemes and major allophones of Algonquin in Cuoq spelling, one of several common orthographies, and its common variants are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):

In an older orthography still popular in some of the Algonquin communities, known as the Malhiot spelling, which the above Cuoq spelling was based upon, are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):

Aspiration and allophony
The Algonquin consonants p, t and k are unaspirated when they are pronounced between two vowels or after an m or n; plain voiceless and voiceless aspirated stops in Algonquin are thus allophones. So kìjig ('day') is pronounced, but anokì kìjig ('working day') is pronounced.

Nasal vowels
Algonquin does have nasal vowels, but they are allophonic variants (similar to how in English vowels are sometimes nasalized before m and n). In Algonquin, vowels automatically become nasal before nd, ndj, ng, nh, nhi, nj or nz. For example, kìgònz ('fish') is pronounced, not.

Stress
Word stress in Algonquin is complex but regular. Words are divided into iambic feet (an iambic foot being a sequence of one "weak" syllable plus one "strong" syllable), counting long vowels (à, è, ì, ò) as a full foot (a foot consisting of a single "strong" syllable). The primary stress is then normally on the strong syllable of the third foot from the end of the word—which, in words that are five syllables long or less, usually translates in practical terms to the first syllable (if it has a long vowel) or the second syllable (if not). The strong syllables of the remaining iambic feet each carry secondary stress, as do any final weak syllables. For example:, , ,.

title: Algonquin language


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Calgary Dinos

The Calgary Dinos are the athletic teams that represent the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. They were known as the "Dinosaurs" but usually referred to as the "Dinos" until 1999, when the name was officially shortened. Some of its venues are the Jack Simpson Gymnasium (basketball m/w, volleyball m/w, track and field m/w), McMahon Stadium (football, soccer m/w), Hawkings Field (field hockey), University of Calgary Aquatic Centre (swimming, often shortened to Aquatic Centre) and a 200m Running Track (cross-country and track & field practices).

The men and women hockey teams play at Father David Bauer Olympic Arena. Historically in the rare case of scheduling conflicts, both men's and women's hockey have used the Max Bell Centre for games.

Teams
Calgary Dinos teams compete in:
 * Baseball (m)
 * Basketball (m/w)
 * Cross country running (m/w)
 * Curling (m/w)
 * Field hockey (w)
 * Football (m)
 * Golf (m/w)
 * Ice hockey (m/w)
 * Ringette
 * Rowing (m/w)
 * Rugby (m/w)
 * Soccer (m/w)
 * Softball (w)
 * Swimming (m/w)
 * Tennis (m/w)
 * Track and field (m/w)
 * Volleyball (m/w)
 * Wrestling (m/w)

Men's basketball
The Calgary Dinos men's basketball team has won eight Canada West conference championships, in 1966, 1976, 1993, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2018, and 2019. The team has won a national championship, which occurred in 2018. The team's head coach, Dan Vanhooren, has led the team since May 2000.

Women's basketball
The Calgary Dinos women's basketball team has won eight Canada West conference championships and one national championships, in 1989.

Football
The Calgary Dinos football team has won 18 Canada West conference championships, including six consecutive from 2008 to 2013. The team has also won five national championships, in 1983, 1985, 1988, 1995, and 2019. The team is led by head coach Ryan Sheahan.

Men's ice hockey
The Calgary Dinos men's ice hockey team has won nine Canada West conference championships, in 1974, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1996, and 2023. The team has been led by Mark Howell since the 2009–10 season.

Women's ice hockey
The Calgary Dinos women's ice hockey team has won eight Canada West conference championships, in 1970, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2005, and 2018. The team has also won four national championships, in 1970, 1989, 1994, and 2004. The team's head coach, Christine Biggs, has led the team since January 2021.

Ringette
The 2003-04 season marked the inaugural year for the Calgary Dinos university ringette team. The Dinos became Calgary's first university ringette team and proceeded to win the gold medal at the 2004 University Challenge Cup in Winnipeg for its inaugural appearance. The Canadian University and College Ringette Association (CUCRA) is responsible for organizing university and college ringette in Canada.

The addition of the Dinos team was considered a significant step in the development of ringette by aiding in the development of a national intercollegiate ringette league and also gave post-secondary aged players opportunities they never previously had. The University of Calgary team competed in the Ringette Calgary league in what was then the Deb/Intermediate division. The team was coached by Beth Veale, Bob Kerr and Bruce Hammond. Beth Veale was considered the individual who was largely responsible for getting the program off the ground and getting success.

University Challenge Cup record

 * 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2018, 2019

Men's volleyball
The Calgary Dinos men's volleyball team has won nine Canada West conference championships, in 1973, 1978, 1982, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 2011. The team has also won four national championships, in 1982, 1989, 1993, and 2010. The team's head coach, Rod Durrant, has led the team since June 2006.

Women's volleyball
The Calgary Dinos women's volleyball team has won eight Canada West conference championships, in 1970, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2005, and 2018. The team has also won four national championships, in 1970, 1989, 1994, and 2004. The team's head coach, Christine Biggs, has led the team since January 2021.

Canada West Hall of Fame

 * Hayley Wickenheiser, Ice Hockey: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2021 Inductee
 * Jodi Evans, Basketball: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2021 Inductee
 * Leighann Reimer, Basketball: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2020 Inductee
 * Theresa Maxwell, Basketball: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2019 Inductee
 * Stephanie Gawlinski, Soccer: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2019 Inductee
 * Kathy Truscott, Soccer: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2019 Inductee

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calgary Dinos


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Western Mustangs

The Western Mustangs are the athletic teams that represent Western University in London, Ontario, Canada. The school's athletic program supports 46 varsity teams. Their mascot is a Mustang named J.W. and the school colours are purple and white. The university's varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference and the national U Sports organization. Western University offers 21 varsity sports for men and 19 for women which compete in the OUA conference. The university also offers cheerleading (co-ed and all-girls), women's ringette, women's softball, table tennis (men's and women's) and ultimate frisbee (open-class and women's), which compete outside the OUA conference, in sport-specific conferences and divisions.

The current athletic director is Christine Stapleton, who started at the university in 2017. Her predecessor, Therese Quigley, held the role for 8 years starting in 2009.

Many Western varsity programs lead Canadian universities in the number of championships won. The women's volleyball team has won 10 provincial championships, the rowing team has won 23 provincial championships, the basketball teams have won 24 provincial championships, the football team has won 31 provincial championships and the men's squash team has won 45 provincial championships, with 36 being consecutive. The Western Mustangs football team has won eight Vanier Cup national championships, in 1971, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1989, 1994, 2017 and 2021.

Additionally, the cheerleading team has won the national championship 33 times, including 24 consecutive. The university also has the largest university marching band in Canada.

Varsity teams
The University of Western Ontario's Athletics program currently supports 26 varsity programs.

While technically not considered a varsity team, Western has a university ringette team which competes annually in the Canadian national University Challenge Cup.

Badminton
Badminton started in the early 1930s at Western as a club, but transitioned to a varsity sport once recognized in the OUA. The team consistently places in the top 3 during OUA championships, and has won 10 OUA championships, with the last one being in 2014.

During the 1970s, the team saw much acclaim. Jamie Paulson attended Western at this time and dominated in both singles and doubles at OUAA tournaments in the 1970–71 season, winning 33 out of 36 matches. This streak continued even after Paulson's departure, and Western won the OUAA badminton championships in 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, and 1977–78 seasons. More recently, former alumni Alex Bruce competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics as well as win a gold medal at the 2011 Pan American Games.

Baseball
The OUA adopted baseball into the conference in 2001 and since then, the men's baseball team have won 6 total OUA championships in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015 and 2016. The current head coach is Mike Lumley, a former Detroit Tigers fifth round draft pick. Lumley has been named OUA Coach of the Year in 2001, 2004, 2005, and 2009.

Men's basketball
The men's basketball team plays its home games in Alumni Hall gymnasium. The Mustangs last won a conference championship in 2001–02, for a total of 25 OUA conference titles since 1908. The men's team has won 1 national championship in the 1990–91 season. The current head coach of the Mustangs is Brad Campbell, who has been the head coach since 2006. Campbell took over after the previous coach Craig Boydell. Boydell had a 16-year reign and brought the team to their only national title in the 1990–91 season.

Men's basketball originally started in 1903 as a team of medical school students. The team entered into the Ontario Amateur Basketball Association in 1911. Western arts students started a team in 1912. Western officially formed a unified Athletic Association and created one central team to represent the university as a whole in 1914.

Women's basketball
Western's women's basketball team has won 3 conference championships, in 1971–72, 1972–73 and 1973–74. The 1973–74 season became notable as the team was undefeated in league play.

Football
The Western Mustangs football team first started in 1929 and has become one of the most successful football teams in Canadian university sports. The team has won 8 Vanier Cup national titles and appeared 15 times at the championship, with the last win being in 2021. The Mustangs have also won 33 provincial Yates Cup titles, with 49 appearances.

Notable former players include: Joe Krol, Frank Cosentino, Andy Fantuz, Dick Suderman, Bob McFarlane, Frank Turville, Vaughn Martin, Daryl Waud and Tim Tindale.

The current coach is Greg Marshall and has been with the team since 2007. As of recent years, the team has been posting a 76-11 regular season record between 2008 and 2018.

Rowing
Both the men's and women's team compete in the OUA provincial league as well as a part of the national Canadian University Rowing Association. These teams have become dominating powers in Canadian university rowing, achieving 56 provincial OUA titles and 14 national titles combined. The program has also included over 45 Canadian Olympic team members as athletes, coaching staff and trainers.

The teams are based out of the Doug Wells Rowing Centre on Fanshawe Lake.

In 2019, it was announced that Western will be the hosting university for the 2022 International University Sports Federation (FISU) World University Rowing Championship. The competition will be based out of Fanshawe Lake in London, Ontario.

Men's rowing
The men's varsity rowing team joined the OUA in 1957 and since then has become a dominating team in the league. The team has won 29 provincial OUA championships, with the last one being in the 2018–19 season. The team competes nationally as part of the Canadian University Rowing Association and has won 6 national titles since 1997.

Over 20 Western rowing athletes and coaching staff have competed in the Olympics. Notable Western rowing Olympians include Roger Jackson, Al Morrow, Mike Murphy, and Phil Monckton.

On February 8, 2019, 10 members of the team won a rowing world record for the fastest time to row 1 million meters. This group rowed on an indoor erg machine for 62 hours, 27 minutes and 7 seconds, with an average pace of 1:52.4. The record category was for men's 19-and-under age group.

Women's rowing
The women's rowing team is the most decorated team in the OUA women's rowing league and has won 27 provincial titles, with the longest consecutive win-streak of 6 from 2013 to 2019. The team first started in 1969 as a recreational club, but then joined the OUA as a varsity program in 1973, once the league added the sport. They have also won 8 national titles, with the last one being in 2016.

Notable Olympians include Lesley Thompson-Willie, Heather Clarke, Angela Schneider, Silken Laumann, Marnie McBean, Heather Mandoli, Rachelle Viinberg, and Wendy Wiebe.

Men's volleyball
The men's volleyball team first joined the OUA in the league's inaugural 1965-66 volleyball season and are currently part of the West division. They currently play home games in Alumni Hall. The team has won 5 provincial OUA conference championships, in 1967–68, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1975–76, and 1978–79. In 2013–14, the Mustangs won an OUA silver medal, then lost to Alberta in the Canadian U Sports championship final, bringing home a national silver medal.

The current coach of the Mustangs volleyball team is Jim Sage, who has been coaching the team since 1997. He won the OUA Coach of the Year title in 2003.

Women's volleyball
The women's volleyball team plays in the OUA West division. The team has won 11 provincial OUA conference championships, with the last one being in 2010–11. They have also won three national U Sports championships, in 1971–72, 1974–75, and 1975–76.

Prior to the OUA and U Sports recognizing women's volleyball in 1971–72, Western was known to be successful in the national Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union. The team joined this league in 1949 and won 13 national titles from 1953 to 1970. Former Western Mustangs athletic director Therese Quigley played on the 1973-74 championship team.

Sport clubs
The Recreation Sport Clubs at Western are administered by the Western Campus Recreation, a division of the Athletics Department. There are 18 sport clubs and include alternative sports such as martial arts. Each club is a student-led organization, with some additional assistance from the Athletics Department. The clubs are sanctioned under the department and have student executive leadership teams who handle all club operations, financing, activities, and equipment.

The sport clubs at Western include:

 * Aikido
 * Badminton
 * Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
 * Cricket
 * Curling
 * Dragon Boat
 * Equestrian
 * Fencing
 * Judo
 * Karate
 * Kendo
 * Outdoors

 * Seikido
 * Squash
 * Table Tennis
 * Taekwondo
 * Triathlon
 * Tennis

Athletic facilities
There are a number of gyms, facilities, and rooms that teams use for practicing and games.

TD Stadium
The TD Stadium was built in 2000 and has a capacity of 8,000. It is the home of the Western Mustangs football team. The field size abides by CFL regulations and features an infill turf playing surface with a 2" rubberized e-layer. Surrounding the field is an eight-lane, 400m outdoor track and long-jump pit.

Mustangs Field
Mustangs Field was opened in 2013 and acts as the playing surface for the soccer and lacrosse teams. The field can seat up to 600 people in the stand-alone bleachers.

Alumni Field
Alumni Field was opened in 2013 and is the primary field for the men's and women's rugby teams. It is one of a few fields in Canada that is certified through the International Rugby Board. The field can seat up to 600 people in stand-alone bleachers.

Alumni Hall
Alumni Hall is a multi-sport auditorium and gym. It is currently has the playing court for the Western basketball and volleyball teams. It was originally opened in 1968 and is where the John P Metras Sports Museum is located. In addition to the main gymnasium, the lower floors of the building house the gym for the wrestling teams as well as a dance studio. There are several classroom facilities within the building. The Western Mustang Band is also housed in Alumni Hall.

In addition to the gym, the main auditorium has a large stage and is used as the primary location for convocation and other official University ceremonies. The auditorium can seat 1,200 in the mezzanine seats, and 2,274 total if additional chairs are set up on the court.

Thompson Arena and Indoor Track
The Thompson Arena was built in 1971 and has an NHL-sized ice rink as well as an indoor track around the rink. The men's and women's ice hockey teams use the arena alongside the ringette and figure skating teams, while the track and field team use the 200m Mondo indoor track surface. The arena seating capacity is 3,615.

The indoor track is used primarily by sprinters, distance runners, throwers, and jumpers. During indoor track and field meets, the ice surface is covered and the inner rink becomes a field surface for activities such as pole vault and high jump. As of September 2019, the track was re-surfaced and updated. This update was following criticism on the previous track's degrading condition and overuse.

The annual Don Wright track meet is hosted in the Thompson Arena.

Western Student Recreation Centre
The Western Student Recreation Centre (known as the Rec Centre or Western Rec) is a multi-level gymnasium facility and aquatic centre. It houses multiple basketball courts, volleyball courts, and squash courts, as well as a large fitness area with two floors of weight training equipment, treadmills, and fitness studios. The facility was opened in February 2009. It is directly attached to the Thompson Arena.

The Western varsity swim team and water polo team uses the 8-lane, 50m pool for training as well as hosting swim meets and competitions.

The Athletic Department offices and administration is housed within the Rec Centre.

This large facility comes as a result of a student-led initiative in 2006. Western students held a referendum to fund a majority of the building's $35.7-million cost. From this, the undergraduate and graduate students pledged to donate a total of $101-million over 30 years for the initial purchase, building maintenance and support, with $14.8-million specifically funding undergraduate and graduate student bursaries. This was announced as the largest contribution ever from a student body to a Canadian university.

Thames Hall

Thames Hall was completed in 1949, led by planning and fundraising efforts of J. Howard Crocker, the director of the university's physical education department.

Before the Western Rec Centre was completed in 2009, Thames Hall was the facility used for athletic department and had a pool, gymnasium, and athletic training facilities. After completion, Thames Hall was refurbished to convert the pool into classrooms. As of 2019, Thames Hall is undergoing major renovations and they are set to be complete June 2021. The newly renovated building will house Student Health and Psychological Services, Sports and Recreation, and Student Learning and Engagement, as well as house the Kinesiology department.

title: Western Mustangs


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McDonnell Douglas MD-11

The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American tri-jet wide-body airliner manufactured by American manufacturer McDonnell Douglas (MDC) and later by Boeing.

Following DC-10 development studies, the MD-11 program was launched on December 30, 1986. Assembly of the first prototype began on March 9, 1988. Its maiden flight occurred on January 10, 1990, and it achieved Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification on November 8. The first delivery was to Finnair on December 7 and it entered service on December 20, 1990.

It retains the basic trijet configuration of the DC-10 with updated GE CF6-80C2 or PW4000 turbofan engines. Its wingspan is slightly larger than the DC-10 and it has winglets. Its maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is increased by % to 630500 lb. Its fuselage is stretched by % to 61.6 m to accommodate 298 passengers in three classes over a range of up to 7130 nmi. It features a glass cockpit that eliminates the need for a flight engineer.

The MD-11 failed to meet its range and fuel burn targets, which resulted in the aircraft selling poorly, with only 200 examples built, of which roughly a quarter were freight aircraft. After retirement from passenger service (last flight being by KLM in November 2014), many of the MD-11 passenger fleet were converted into freighter specification, many of which are still in service today. The last of 200 aircraft was built in October 2000 after Boeing merged with McDonnell Douglas in 1997.

Origins
Although the MD-11 program was launched in 1986, McDonnell Douglas had started to search for a DC-10 derivative as early as 1976. Two versions were considered then: a DC-10-10 with a fuselage stretch of 40 ft and a DC-10-30 stretched by 30 ft. The latter version would have been capable of transporting up to 340 passengers in a multi-class configuration, or 277 passengers and their luggage over 5300 nmi. At the same time, the manufacturer was seeking to reduce wing and engine drag on the trijet. Another version of the aircraft was also envisaged, the "DC-10 global", aimed to counter the risks of loss of orders for the DC-10-30 that the Boeing 747SP and its range were causing. The DC-10 global would have incorporated more fuel tanks.

While continuing their research for a new aircraft, McDonnell Douglas designated the program DC-10 Super 60, previously known for a short time as DC-10 Super 50. The Super 60 was to be an intercontinental aircraft incorporating many aerodynamic improvements in the wings, and a fuselage lengthened by 26 ft to allow for up to 350 passengers to be seated in a mixed-class layout, compared to 275 in the same configuration of the DC-10.

Following more refinements, in 1979 the DC-10 Super 60 was proposed in three distinct versions like the DC-8. The DC-10-61 was designed to be a high-capacity medium-range aircraft. It would have a fuselage stretch of 40 ft over the earlier DC-10 models, enabling it to carry 390 passengers in a mixed class or 550 passengers in an all-economy layout, similar to Boeing's later 777-300 and Airbus A340-600. Like the DC-8, the series 62 was proposed for long-range routes. It would feature a more modest fuselage stretch of 26 ft, along with an increased wingspan and fuel capacity. It would be capable of carrying up to 350 passengers (mixed class) or 440 passengers (all-economy), similar to the later Boeing 777-200 or the Airbus A330-300/A340-300/500. Finally, the series 63 would have incorporated the same fuselage as the DC-10-61 as well as the larger wing of the -62. After high-profile accidents in the 1970s, such as Turkish Airlines Flight 981 and American Airlines Flight 191, the trijet's reputation was seriously damaged by doubts regarding its structural integrity. For these reasons, and due to a downturn in the airline industry, all work on the Super 60 was stopped.

In August 1981, a Continental Airlines DC-10-10 (registration number N68048) was leased to conduct more research, particularly on the effects the newly designed winglets would have on aircraft performance. Different types of winglets were tested during that time in conjunction with NASA at the McDonnell Douglas flight test facility in Yuma, Arizona and Edwards Air Force Base. McDonnell Douglas was again planning new DC-10 versions that could incorporate winglets and more efficient engines developed at the time by Pratt & Whitney (PW2037) and Rolls-Royce (RB.211-535F4). The manufacturer finally rationalized all these studies under the MD-EEE (Ecology-Economy-Efficiency) designation, which was later modified to the MD-100 following some more changes. The MD-100 was proposed in two versions: the Series 10, having an airframe shorter by 6 ft compared to the DC-10 and seating up to 270 passengers in a mixed-class configuration; and the Series 20, incorporating a fuselage stretch of 20 ft over the DC-10 and able to seat up to 333 passengers in the same kind of configuration as the Series 10. Both versions could be powered by the same engine families as the actual MD-11 plus the RB.211-600. However, the situation for the manufacturer, and the airline industry in general, did not look bright. No new DC-10 orders were received, and many observers and customers doubted that the manufacturer would stay in business much longer. Thus, the board of directors decided in November 1983 to once again cease all work on the projected new trijet.

The following year no new orders for the DC-10 were received. The production line was kept active thanks to earlier orders from the U.S. Air Force for 60 KC-10A tankers. McDonnell Douglas was still convinced that a new derivative for the DC-10 was needed, as shown by the second-hand market for their Series 30 and the heavier DC-10-30ER version. Thus, in 1984 a new derivative aircraft version of the DC-10 was designated MD-11. From the very beginning, the MD-11X was conceived in two different versions. The MD-11X-10, based on a DC-10-30 airframe, offered a range of 6500 nmi with passengers. That first version would have had a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 580000 lb and would have used CF6-80C2 or PW4000 engines. The MD-11X-20 was to have a longer fuselage, accommodating up to 331 passengers in a mixed-class layout, and a range of 6000 nmi.

As more orders for the DC-10 were received, McDonnell Douglas used the time gained before the end of DC-10 production to consult with potential customers and to refine the proposed new trijet. In July 1985, the board of directors authorized the Long Beach plant to offer the MD-11 to potential customers. At the time, the aircraft was still proposed in two versions, both with the same fuselage length, a stretch of 22 ft over the DC-10 airframe, as well as the same engine choice as the MD-11X. One version would have a range of 4780 nmi with a gross weight of 500000 lb and transport up to 337 passengers, while the second would carry 331 passengers over 6900 nmi. A year later, as several airlines had committed to the MD-11, the situation was looking optimistic. The aircraft was now a 320-seater baseline and defined as an 18 ft stretch over the DC-10-30 powered by the new advanced turbofans offered by the major engine manufacturers giving it a range of 6800 nmi. Other versions, such as a shortened ER with a range of 7500 nmi, an all-cargo offering a maximum payload of 200970 lb, and a Combi with a provision for ten freight pallets on the main deck, were proposed. Further growth of the aircraft was also foreseen, such as the MD-11 Advanced.

The lack of innovation from McDonnell Douglas during the MD-11's design had been attributed to the company's declining cash flow, as it struggled with problems with its military contracts and declining orders for its commercial jets. Limited company resources resulted in the MD-11 being developed as a refinement of the existing DC-10, in contrast to rivals Airbus and Boeing who during this period developed all-new aircraft designs that would become the Airbus A330/A340 and Boeing 777. As a trijet, the MD-11 was less fuel-efficient but had a greater range than its mid-size widebody contemporaries which were twinjets (the existing Boeing 767 and the upcoming Airbus A330 and Boeing 777). Aerospace consultant Scott Hamilton, in a 2014 article, said that the MD-11 was "classically ill-timed" as "it came at the end of the three- or four-engine era, just ahead of the real move to ETOPS with the 777". McDonnell Douglas's initiative to "outsource everything but design, final assembly, and flight testing and sales of the MD-11" was also seen as contributing to the end of their commercial airline business.

Launch and costs
On December 30, 1986, McDonnell Douglas launched the MD-11 with commitments for 52 firm orders and 40 options in three different versions (passenger, combi and freighter) from ten airlines (Alitalia, British Caledonian, Dragonair, Federal Express, Finnair, Korean Air, Scandinavian Airlines, Swissair, Thai Airways International, and VARIG) and two leasing companies (Guinness Peat Aviation and Mitsui). Orders from Dragonair, Scandinavian, and UTA, an undisclosed customer, were canceled by 1988.

In 1987, the program was to cost $1.5 billion (equivalent to $ in ) with $500 million for development and almost $1 billion for tooling and inventory. The first 52 firm orders totaled $5 billion, or $95 million each, while the A340 sold for $67 million. At certification in 1990, $2.5 billion were invested in initial production inventory, and $700 million for engineering, tools, and flight testing. While it was selling for $100 million, the initial MD-11 jets cost $120 to $150 million to produce but this was to reduce to $90 million with manufacturing experience over the program life for an 11% gross profit margin, less than the 15% to 20% Boeing obtains.

In 1992, the $1.7 billion development cost was to be spread over the first 301 aircraft produced for $100 million each. In 1995, because costs and revenues could not be reasonably estimated over the program life, MDC took a pre-tax charge of $1.838 billion (~$ in ) for deferred production costs and for reduced support and tooling value. In 1999, the unit cost was $132-$147.5 million (equivalent to $-$ million in dollars).

Production and performance issues

Assembly of the first MD-11 began on March 9, 1988 at McDonnell Douglas's Douglas Products Division in Long Beach, California, and the mating of the fuselage with wings occurred in October of that year. The first flight was originally planned to occur in March 1989, but numerous problems with the manufacturing, delays with suppliers producing essential components, and labor industrial actions delayed the ceremonial rollout of the prototype until September of that year.

Parts for the MD-11 were sourced from a global network of subcontractors and suppliers. Subassembly tasks were spread across the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, with the nose subassembly produced in St. Louis, Missouri, control surface assembly in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and structural rings fabricated in Torrance, California. The wings were manufactured by McDonnell Douglas Canada in Malton, Ontario, near Toronto's Lester B Pearson International Airport, before being shipped to Long Beach. Main fuselage sections for the MD-11, and previously for DC-10, KC-10 were built by General Dynamics' Convair Division in San Diego, which were transported by barge to Long Beach Harbor and then by truck to the assembly plant.

The following months of 1989 were used to prepare the prototype for its maiden flight, which finally happened on January 10, 1990. The first two aircraft manufactured were intended for FedEx and thus, were already fitted with the forward side cargo door. They remained with the manufacturer as test aircraft until 1991 before being completely converted to freighters and delivered to their customer. FAA certification was achieved on November 8, 1990, while the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) certified the MD-11 on October 17, 1991, after approximately 200 separate issues were resolved. Yugoslav Airlines, already flying several DC-10s, became the first customer of the MD-11. Three aircraft were manufactured but were never delivered due to the Yugoslav Wars. The first MD-11 was delivered to Finnair on December 7, 1990, and it accomplished the first revenue service by an MD-11 on December 20, 1990, carrying passengers from Helsinki to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. MD-11 service in the U.S. was inaugurated by Delta Air Lines the following year.

It was during this period that flaws in the MD-11's performance became apparent. It failed to meet its targets for range and fuel burn. American Airlines in particular was unimpressed with the 19 MD-11s that it received, as was Singapore Airlines who canceled their order for 20 MD-11s and instead ordered 20 Airbus A340-300s. American Airlines cited problems with the performance of the engines and airframe, while Singapore Airlines stated that the MD-11 could not operate on the airline's long-haul routes. Pre-flight estimates indicated that the P&W-powered MD-11 was to have a 7000 nmi range with 61000 lb of payload. With the Phase 1 drag reduction in place, the aircraft could only achieve its full range with 48500 lb of payload, or a reduced range of 6493 nmi with a full payload.

In 1990, McDonnell Douglas, along with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric began a modification program known as the Performance Improvement Program (PIP) to improve the aircraft's weight, fuel capacity, engine performance, and aerodynamics. McDonnell Douglas worked with NASA's Langley Research Center to study aerodynamic improvements. The PIP lasted until 1995 and recovered the range for the aircraft. However, by this point, sales of the MD-11 had already been significantly impacted. In 1995, American Airlines sold its 19 MD-11s to FedEx, as the PIP program was not sufficient for the aircraft to fly the Dallas–Fort Worth-Hong Kong route.

After McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing in 1997, the unified company decided that MD-11 production would continue exclusively with the freighter variant. In 1998, Boeing announced it would end MD-11 production after filling orders on hand due to lack of sufficient market demand.

The last passenger MD-11 built was delivered to Sabena in April 1998. Assembly of the last two MD-11s were completed in August and October 2000; they were delivered to Lufthansa Cargo on February 22 and January 25, 2001, respectively. Production ended because of a lack of sales, resulting from internal competition from the Boeing 767 and 777, as well as external competition from the Airbus A330/A340.

McDonnell Douglas originally had projected that it would sell more than 300 MD-11 aircraft, but only 200 were built. The MD-11 assembly plant in Long Beach, California later became Boeing's facility.

Design

The MD-11 is a medium- to long-range widebody airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer, which has a two-segment rudder for directional control. It is based on the DC-10 but features a stretched fuselage, increased wingspan winglets, refined airfoils on the wing and tailplane resulting in a reduced wetted area and form drag, new engines, and increased use of composites. The most significant change in the tail section is the MD-11's horizontal tail being 30% smaller than that of the DC-10-30. The horizontal tail area on the DC-10 is 1,338 square feet (120 square meters), while on the MD-11, it's reduced to 920 square feet (82.8 square meters). The MD11's winglets are credited with improving fuel efficiency by about 2.5%. The MD-11 has a smaller empennage than the DC-10 it is based upon.

The MD-11 features a two-crew cockpit that incorporates six 8-inch interchangeable cathode-ray tube (CRT) display units and advanced Honeywell VIA 2000 computers. The cockpit design is called Advanced Common Flightdeck (ACF) and is shared with the Boeing 717. Flight deck features include an Electronic Instrument System, a dual Flight Management System, a Central Fault Display System, and a Global Positioning System. Category IIIB automatic landing capability for bad-weather operations and Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS) are available.

The MD-11 had a neutral stability design and one of the first commercial designs to employ a computer-assisted pitch/longitudinal stability augmentation system (LSAS) that featured a fuel ballast tank in the tailplane, and a partly computer-driven horizontal stabilizer, to compensate for the comparatively short horizontal stabilizer. Updates to the software package made the airplane's handling characteristics in manual flight similar to those of the DC-10, despite a smaller tailplane to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency.

The MD-11 incorporates hydraulic fuses not included in the initial DC-10 design, to prevent catastrophic loss of control in the event of a hydraulic failure such as that which occurred on United Airlines Flight 232.

Variants

The MD-11 was manufactured in five variants.
 * MD-11 (131 built): the passenger variant, was produced from 1988 to 1998. It was the first version on offer at the aircraft's launch in 1986 and was delivered to American Airlines (19), Delta Air Lines (17), Swissair (16), Japan Airlines (10), KLM (10), and other airlines with fewer aircraft.
 * MD-11C (five built): this combi aircraft was the third variant on offer at launch in 1986 and was designed to accommodate both passengers and freight on the main deck, which featured a rear cargo compartment for up to ten pallets, each measuring 88 x or 96 x. The main deck cargo compartment was accessible by a large rear port-side cargo door, which measured 160 x. The main deck cargo volume was 10904 cuft. Additional freight was also carried in below-deck compartments. The MD-11C could also be configured as an all-passenger aircraft. All five aircraft were manufactured between 1991 and 1992 and delivered to Alitalia, the only customer for that variant. In 2005 and 2006 the airline converted them to full-freighter configurations to be operated by Alitalia's cargo division. Following that division's closure, the five aircraft were returned to their lessor in January 2009.

 * MD-11CF (six built): the Convertible Freighter variant was launched in 1991 by an order from Martinair for three aircraft plus two options. The MD-11CF features a large forward port-side cargo door (140 x) located between the first two passenger doors and can be used in an all-passenger or in an all-cargo configuration. As a freighter, it can transport 26 pallets of the same dimensions (88 x) or 96 x) as for the MD-11C and MD-11F for a main-deck cargo volume of 14508 cuft and offers a maximum payload of 196928 lb. All six MD-11CFs were delivered to Martinair (four) and World Airways (two) in 1995. The two World Airways aircraft were converted to freight-only in 2002.
 * MD-11ER (five built): the Extended Range version was launched by the manufacturer at the Singapore Air Show in February 1994. The MD-11ER incorporates all the Performance Improvement Program (PIP) options, including a maximum takeoff weight of 630500 lb and an extra fuel tank of 3000 USgal) in the forward cargo hold to offer a range of 7240 nmi, an increase of 400 nmi over the standard passenger variant. MD-11ERs were delivered between 1995 and 1997 to Garuda Indonesia (three) and World Airways (two). As of February 2007, only one Finnair MD-11ER has been converted to MD-11 with the removal of the extra fuel tank.

 * MD-11F (53 built): The freight transport aircraft was the second variant on offer at launch in 1986 and was the last and longest (1988–2000) manufactured version. The all-cargo aircraft features the same forward port-side cargo door (140 x) as the MD-11CF, a main-deck volume of 15530 cuft, a maximum payload of 200151 lb and can transport 26 pallets of the same dimensions (88 x or 96 x) as for the MD-11C and MD-11CF. The MD-11F was delivered between 1991 and 2001 to FedEx Express (22), Lufthansa Cargo (14), and other airlines with fewer aircraft.
 * MD-11 Boeing Converted Freighter (BCF) – Boeing and its group of international affiliates offer a conversion of used passenger airliners into freighters. The MD-11BCF is one of the models offered.

Note: Some or all the features of the MD-11ER, including the higher MTOW of 630500 lb, part or all of the PIPs aerodynamic improvements packages and composite panels were fitted to later-built MD-11s (except the extra fuel tank), and could be retrofitted to any of the variants, except for the PIP Phase IIIB larger aft-engine intake. Some airlines, such as Finnair, Martinair, and FedEx have made the structural changes required to allow their aircraft to have the higher MTOW. Swissair's 16 newest aircraft were retrofitted with all the features except for the extra fuel tank and were so-designated MD-11AH for Advanced Heavy.

Proposed tanker version
After McDonnell Douglas did the KDC-10 conversion for the Royal Netherlands Air Force in 1992, they proposed a tanker/transport version of the MD-11CF which had the in-house designation KMD-11. McDD offered either conversion of second-hand aircraft (KMD-11) or new built aircraft (KC-10B), the proposed KMD-11 offered 35,000 lbs more cargo capacity and 8,400 lbs more transferable fuel than the KC-10A. It was offered to the RNAF and Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) in the 1990s and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in the early 2000s.

Undeveloped variants
In 1993, 1995, and again in 1996, McDonnell Douglas performed studies on the feasibility of a twin-engine jet using MD-11 components, but nothing came of any of them. In August 1997, just after the merger with Boeing, a presentation was made pitching an MD-11 twin with a new Boeing wing to fill the gap between the 767 and the 777, but again the proposal came to nothing.

After ending the MD-12 program, McDonnell Douglas focused on 300–400-seat MD-11 derivatives. At the 1996 Farnborough International Air Show, the company presented plans for a new tri-jet with high seating and long range named "MD-XX". It was offered in the MD-XX Stretch and MD-XX LR versions. The MD-XX Stretch version was to have a longer fuselage than the MD-11 and seat 375 in a typical three-class arrangement. The MD-XX LR was to have a longer range and be the same length as the MD-11; it was to have typical three-class seating for 309. However, the MDC board of directors decided to end the MD-XX program in October 1996, because the financial investment was too large for the company.

Operators
As of March 1, 2001, 195 out of the 200 aircraft were still operational, serving 23 different operators worldwide.

Most of the airlines that ordered the MD-11 for their long-haul passenger flights had replaced it with Airbus A330, A340, and Boeing 777 aircraft by the end of 2004. Some carriers converted their MD-11s to freighters such as China Eastern Airlines and Korean Air. Korean Air announced as early as December 1994 its intention to convert its five passenger MD-11s to freighters for medium-range cargo routes. In 1995, American Airlines agreed to sell its 19 aircraft to FedEx, with the first MD-11 being transferred in 1996. Japan Airlines (JAL) announced the replacement of its 10 MD-11s in 2000; these aircraft were being converted into freighters and sold to UPS in 2004.

In February 2007, TAM Linhas Aéreas began operating the first of three leased passenger MD-11s, in a deal arranged by Boeing as an interim solution for TAM to quickly be able to operate newly granted intercontinental routes while waiting for four Boeing 777-300ERs to be delivered from late 2008. The last MD-11 was retired from TAM's fleet in July 2009, which ended its use by Brazilian airlines (Varig, VASP, and TAM).

In May 2007, Finnair announced the sale of their last two MD-11s to Aeroflot-Cargo to become part of the Russian airline cargo fleet in 2008 and 2009. KLM was the last airline to operate scheduled passenger flights with the passenger version of the MD-11. The final scheduled flight took place on October 26, 2014, from Montréal to Amsterdam, followed by three special roundtrip flights on November 11, 2014.

Two MD-11s were also operated in a VIP configuration, one by Saudia Royal Flight for members of the Royal family, and one by Mid East Jet for ASACO Aviation; both are now stored.

Lufthansa Cargo retired their last MD-11 on October 17, 2021.

Accidents and incidents
As of March 2024, the MD-11 has been involved in 49 aviation incidents, including ten hull-loss accidents with  fatalities.

Notable accidents and incidents

 * On April 6, 1993, China Eastern Airlines Flight 583, an MD-11 went into severe oscillations when a crew member accidentally deployed the slats while cruising over the Pacific Ocean near the Aleutian Islands. Two passengers were seriously injured and later died.
 * On July 31, 1997, FedEx Express Flight 14, MD-11 N611FE, crashed during a landing at Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey. The aircraft flipped onto its back and subsequently burned, following a landing attempt from an unstabilized flare. The five occupants survived with injuries.
 * On September 2, 1998, Swissair Flight 111, MD-11 HB-IWF, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Halifax, Nova Scotia while en route from New York City to Geneva, Switzerland. All 229 people on board perished. The cause of the crash was determined to have been a fire caused by improper wiring of passenger entertainment system units added by Swissair. The fire started at the front of the aircraft and quickly grew uncontrollable, attributed partly to the poor flame retardant properties of its metalized mylar insulation.
 * On April 15, 1999, Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316, MD-11 registration number HL7373, crashed shortly after takeoff while operating cargo flight KE6316 from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport to Seoul. After takeoff, the flight was cleared to climb to 1500 m. The aircraft climbed to 4500 ft. Due to confusion on the flight deck, the captain thought the aircraft was too high and needed to descend. The captain pushed the control column abruptly forward, causing the MD-11 to enter a rapid descent from which it could not be recovered. All three occupants on board and five people on the ground were killed.
 * On August 22, 1999, China Airlines Flight 642, an MD-11 operated by subsidiary Mandarin Airlines, crashed while landing at Hong Kong International Airport during Tropical Storm Sam that exceeded its crosswind specifications, also flipping onto its back and burning. Three passengers were killed.
 * On October 17, 1999, FedEx Express Flight 87, MD-11 N581FE, was written off after landing at Subic Bay International Airport, Philippines. The aircraft was operating from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. Upon landing, the aircraft rolled down the whole length of the runway before plunging into the bay where it was completely submerged except for the cockpit. An excessive approach and landing speed were pointed out as probable cause of the accident.
 * On March 23, 2009, FedEx Express Flight 80, MD-11F N526FE, crashed at Narita International Airport, Japan while landing in windy conditions. Airport surveillance video showed the aircraft becoming airborne again after the first touchdown, then impacting nose-first the second time and turning onto its left side, erupting into flames; the impact flipped the aircraft upside-down. The aircraft finally came to rest some distance left of the runway. The two flight crew members were killed.
 * On November 28, 2009, Avient Aviation Flight 324, MD-11F Z-BAV (c/n 48408), crashed on takeoff from Shanghai Pudong International Airport on a flight to Bishkek-Manas International Airport, Kyrgyzstan with the loss of three lives. The aircraft was written off.
 * On July 27, 2010, Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460, an MD-11F, crash-landed at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The captain and first officer evacuated the aircraft with injuries. This incident is very similar to FedEx Flight 80 and FedEx Flight 14.
 * On February 13, 2016, Western Global Airlines Flight 4425 was involved in a stowaway incident that was discovered when the plane had stopped in Harare Airport, Zimbabwe for a fuel stop en route to King Shaka International Airport, South Africa from Munich, Germany. The deceased stowaway was located in the plane’s cargo hold after ground staff at Harare noticed blood dripping from one of the MD-11’s cargo doors. The crew initially stated that they believed the blood to have come from a bird strike which had been noticed by ground staff at Munich Airport earlier in the plane's journey, but the body of a man who had stowed away on the flight was discovered shortly after the plane and its crew were seized by Zimbabwean authorities.
 * On June 6, 2016, UPS Airlines Flight 61, MD-11F N277UP suffered a runway excursion and nose gear collapse in a takeoff accident at Seoul-Incheon International Airport (ICN). Takeoff from runway 33L was aborted and the aircraft continued past the end of the runway. The nose gear collapsed and the no.1 and 3 engines contacted the grass. The flight was bound for Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. All 4 crew members survived without injury. The aircraft was written off.

Safety problems
The MD-11 had problems with its flight control systems that have resulted in multiple accidents and incidents since the aircraft's introduction. The initial design of the slat/flap lever in the cockpit left it prone to being accidentally dislodged by a crew in flight. The defect has been corrected since 1992. In the early 2000s, Boeing improved the flight control software at the urging of the FAA to reduce the possibility of violent unintentional pitch movements.

To improve fuel efficiency, McDonnell Douglas designed the MD-11's center of gravity to be much farther aft than that of other commercial aircraft. There was also a fuel-ballast tank in the MD-11's horizontal stabilizer since its tailplane was smaller than the DC-10's to improve fuel efficiency, but this was found to inhibit the MD-11's crosswind performance. These design features, coupled with standard landing speeds 20-30 kn faster than those of comparable aircraft, significantly reduce the MD-11's margin for error during the takeoff and landing phases, making it more difficult to handle than the smaller DC-10. Several operators have introduced special training to assist crews in safely handling the MD-11's critical phases of flight.

Deliveries
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 deliveries (by year):

title: McDonnell Douglas MD-11


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Queen's Golden Gaels

The Queen's Gaels (also known as the Queen's Golden Gaels) is the athletics program representing Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The main athletics facilities include Richardson Memorial Stadium, the Queen's Athletics and Recreation Centre, Nixon Field and Tindall Field. The team colours are gold, blue, and red.

Queen's teams have had a variety of successes both provincially and nationally. Their most recent U Sports National Championship was awarded to the Women's rugby program, who hoisted the Monilex Trophy on home soil at Nixon Field in 2021.

The Gaels football team is one of the oldest and most successful in Canada, including three straight Grey Cup victories in 1922, 1923, and 1924 and four Vanier Cup victories in 1968, 1978, 1992, and 2009. Queen's University hockey teams have competed on three occasions as Stanley Cup finalists in 1895, 1899, and 1906.

The Gaels have also won the 2010–11 U Sports Men's Curling Championship and the women's soccer team has won the national championship in 1988, 2010, and 2011.

The fight song is known as Oil Thigh which was written in 1891 and features Gaelic lyrics which can be heard at many sporting events. The mascot is Boo Hoo the Bear.

Name
Prior to 1947, Queen's teams were commonly referred to as "The Tricolour."

The "Golden Gaels" name was coined in 1947 by Kingston Whig-Standard sports reporter Cliff Bowering, after the football team traded its traditional uniform of red, gold, and blue bands for gold jerseys, gold helmets, and red pants. The name caught on and became the familiar term for Queen's teams by the 1950s. "Gaels" is a reference to Queen's Scottish heritage (Queen's University was established in 1841 by the Presbyterian church).

In September 2008, Queen's Athletics & Recreation Department began referring to the school's teams as "Queen's Gaels." Along with this change, the website was changed from goldengaels.com to gogaelsgo.com. The change was reportedly made to highlight the university's name in promoting the team; however, some have criticized the move as "change for the sake of change." Under media scrutiny, the department claimed it had not in fact officially changed the name of the team; thus, local media sources like the Kingston Whig-Standard and CKWS-TV continue to refer to the team as the "Golden Gaels".

Basketball
Men's

Queen's hosted McGill University at the Kingston YMCA on February 6, 1904, in the first-ever Canadian interuniversity basketball game. McGill won 9–7, after a ten-minute overtime period to break a 7–7 tie. The Queen's men's basketball team attended their first ever U SPORTS National Championship in 2022 after upsetting the undefeated Carleton Ravens in the OUA semi-final.

Women's

The Queen's Gaels women's basketball team had their strongest finish ever in 2021–22, placing third at the U SPORTS Final 8 tournament which took place at the Athletics & Recreation Centre on Queen's Campus.

Cross Country
The Queen's Gaels have a men's and women's cross country and distance track program which continually ranks highly on the national rankings. In 2021–22, the Gaels ranked 6th in the country for the men's program and 8th in the country for the women's program.

Football
The Queen's Gaels football program is one of the longest-lived and storied in Canada. The team began organized play in 1883 when the Ontario Rugby Football Union was first founded and won ORFU champions in 1893 and 1894. Queen's has competed continuously since 1882, celebrating its 125th anniversary in 2007. The first organized university football league in Canada, the Canadian Intercollegiate Rugby Football Union (CIRFU), was founded in Kingston in November, 1897, with charter members Queen's, McGill University, and the University of Toronto., the football squad showed continued success, winning three straight Grey Cups in 1922, 1923 and 1924. When the Grey Cup transitioned from amateur competition to the professional Canadian Football League in 1955, the Gaels turned their attention to the Vanier Cup, appearing in the U Sports championship game five times and winning four of those games in 1968, 1978, 1992 and 2009.

Men's
In 1886, Queen's challenged the Royal Military College of Canada to a game played on the frozen Kingston harbour; the two schools play annually for the Carr-Harris Cup, to continue the world's oldest hockey rivalry. Queen's hockey is one of the oldest hockey clubs in the world; only McGill University's team, started in 1875, is older among Canadian university teams. Queen's played its first season in 1883–84, with the first game for which records exist played against a team from Petawawa.

In the 1890s, Queen's played in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), winning its championship three times consecutively, taking the Cosby Cup into its permanent possession. Queen's won the inaugural J. Ross Robertson Cup during the 1898–99 season, as the senior ice hockey champion of the OHA. As Ontario champion, the Queen's hockey team was a regular in Stanley Cup Challenge Games by challenging in 1895, 1899 and 1906.

Queen's donated the Queen's Cup for annual Ontario University Athletics competition in 1898. In 1902, the Intercollegiate Hockey Union was formed and the Gaels won the title in 1904 and 1906. In 1909, Queen's won the Intercollegiate league and then won the Allan Cup national championship by defeating the Ottawa Cliffsides in a challenge. The 1910 team won the Allan Cup for a second time by winning the Intercollegiate title and a challenge before losing the Cup in a second challenge to Toronto St. Michael's.

Queen's operated a junior ice hockey team during the 1920s in the OHA. The junior team won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as the provincial champions in 1926, and had been finalists in 1921. Queen's reached the 1926 Memorial Cup finals, but lost to the Calgary Canadians for the national championship.

The varsity teams play at the Kingston Memorial Centre following the demolition of the Jock Harty Arena.

In 2018–19, the Gaels won their first Queen's Cup in 38 years, 4–1 over Guelph Gryphons in front of a 2,900 people at the Kingston Memorial Centre.

Playoff results

 * 1999-2000 Defeated Toronto Varsity Blues in first round, 2 games to 1.
 * Down 4-1 heading into the 3rd period of game 3. Scored 3 goals in 82 seconds to tie the game and another 74 secs later to take the lead. Won the game 6–4 with an empty net goal.
 * Defeated Guelph Gryphons in quarter-final, 2 games to 0.
 * Lost to UQTR in OUA Final Four, semi-final, 3–2.

 * 2000-2001 Lost to RMC Paladins in first round 2 games to 0
 * 2001-2002 Out of playoffs
 * 2002-2003 Defeated RMC Paladins in first round 2 games to 0
 * Lost to Toronto Varsity Blues in quarter-final 2 games to 1
 * 2003-2004 Defeated RMC Paladins in first round 2 games to 0
 * Lost to Toronto Varsity Blues in quarter-final 2 games to 0
 * 2004-2005 Out of playoffs
 * 2005-2006 Out of playoffs
 * 2006-2007 Lost to Ottawa Gee-Gees in quarter-final 2 games to 0
 * 2007-2008 Gained first round bye
 * Lost to McGill Redmen in semi-final 2 games to 0
 * 2008-2009 Did not qualify for playoffs
 * 2009-2010 Lost to Carleton in OUA first round 2 games to 1
 * 2010-2011 Lost to Nipissing in OUA first round 2 games to 0
 * 2013-2014 Lost to Carleton in OUA East semi-final 2 games to 1
 * 2014-2015 Lost to McGill in OUA East semi-final 2 games to 0
 * 2015-2016 Lost to UOIT in OUA first round 2 games to 1
 * 2016-2017 Lost to York in OUA final
 * 2017-2018 Lost to Concordia in OUA East semi-final 2 games to 1
 * 2018-2019 Defeated Concordia 2-0
 * Defeated Ottawa 2-1
 * Defeated Carleton 2-0
 * Defeated Guelph 4-1 (Won OUA Championship)
 * Lost to St. FX X-Men 5-3 (USports quarterfinals)

Women's
The Queen's women's hockey program captured their first OUA Championship in 2011. They went on to win it again in 2013. The program hosted the U Sports Championship in 2017.

Rowing
The Queen's Gaels rowing program is one of the leading programs in the province of Ontario. Their last team OUA Championship was won by the Women's program in 2012. The Women's rowing program also won the Championship in 2010.

Gavin Stone was named OUA Rower of the Year in 2021, also winning the award in 2018. Stone participated in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in the coxless four event.

Other OUA Rowers of the Year from Queen's include: Alex Bernst (2017), Louise Munro (2017), Matthew Christie (2013).

Men's
The men's rugby team is regarded as one of the most successful rugby programs in Ontario, and has won the OUA a record 23 times. Their home games are played on Nixon Field, at the heart of Queen's University campus, and crowds often top 2,000 spectators.

Men's rugby is not a U SPORTS designated sport, therefore they compete in a similar non-sanctioned format called the Canadian University Men's Rugby Championship (CUMRC).

The team won the OUA Championship in 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Other dynasties include the late 80s.

The team is currently coached by Dave Butcher, who took over from Gary Gilks and Peter Huigenbos in 2017.

Nationally capped players that have come through the program are current national captain, Lucas Rumball, Alistair Clark, Sean Duke, Dan Moor, Kainoa Lloyd and Matt Beukeboom.

Women's

The women's rugby program holds a very similar regard in the U SPORTS women's rugby scene, most notably winning the 2021 U SPORTS National Championship on home soil at Nixon Field.

The program has developed numerous national team athletes including Sophie de Goede, Chloe Daniels, McKinley Hunt and many more.

In OUA competition, the program has won the OUA Championship twice; in 2013 and 2019.

Soccer
Men's

The Queen's Gaels men's soccer program had their most successful season in 2012–13, making their way into the OUA final four, placing fourth overall.

Women's
The women's soccer team captured gold at the CIS national championship in 2010. They beat rival Wilfrid Laurier 1–0 in the CIS final. Striker Jacqueline Tessier led the CIS in scoring during the regular season, tallying 18 goals in 16 games.

In 2006, earned silver medals in the CIS national championships, thanks largely to striker Eilish McConville. McConville led all CIS players with 22 goals during the regular season, and was named the CIS Player of the year as a result.

Volleyball
Men's

The Queen's men's volleyball program has won nine OUA Championships, most recently in back-to-back years (2018–19, 2019–20). Their other provincial titles came in 1971–72, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2011–12).

Women's

The Queen's women's volleyball team won their only OUA Championship in 2011-12. Most recently, Arielle Palermo and Caroline Livingston of the Gaels have represented Canada on the Women's National team in the Volleyball Nations League.

Varsity clubs
Queen's Athletics & Recreation has almost 30 varsity clubs within their sport model. These include: artistic swimming (M/W), baseball (M), cheerleading (M/W), curling (M/W), cycling (M/W), fastpitch (W), fencing (M/W), field hockey (W), figure skating (M/W), golf (M/W), lacrosse (M/W), nordic skiing (M/W), rugby club (M), squash (M/W), sailing (M/W), swimming (M/W), track & field (M/W), triathlon (M/W), ultimate (M/W), water polo (M/W) and wrestling (M/W).

Baseball
The Queen's baseball team won their first OUA championship in 2022 against the University of Toronto Varsity Blues.

Curling
The men's curling team, in 2010, earned the gold medal at the CIS national championship in Edmonton, Alberta. The team led by Jonathan Beuk went 5–1 in Round Robin play before beating the Manitoba Bisons in the semi-final and the UPEI Panthers in the Championship. The Gaels qualified for the 2011 World University Games in Erzurum, Turkey where they represented Canada. The team finished fifth after losing a tie-breaker match to the Czech Republic.

Track and field
Track and field is reported as the first sport at Queen's University. It began in 1873, as competitions held annually to celebrate the university's inauguration on October 16 and included traditional Scottish competitions such as the caber toss. These competitions remained major university events into the early 20th century.

When the CIAU (now U Sports) began, the Queen's University track and field team was one of the only teams to participate in all three athletics sports – indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, and cross-country.

In 1963, Rolf Lund was named head coach of the team, marking a turning point in the team's history. Through the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the Queen's track and field team saw many successful athletes. Some notable athletes include Olympians Sheridon Baptiste, Anne Marie Malone, Victor Gooding, school 1500m record holder Bob McCormack, and past head coach and multiple CIS champion Melody Torcalacci.

Sailing
Co-ed

Early days
Sailing began as a competitive sport for Queen's in 1937 when the first regatta for Canadian universities was sponsored in Kingston. For many years Queen's Sailing operated as an AMS student club, unaffiliated with Queen’s Athletics. As such, in any given year the club existed based solely on the initiative of individuals attending the university. This resulted in ad hoc continuity from year-to-year with the club sometimes thriving and other times not. The governance structure was informal and membership, practice and regatta participation was done on a word-of-mouth basis. In those days there was no such thing as ‘tryouts’ or team ‘officials'. If you were a sailor or interested in sailing and were available, you competed. For the early years, funding was minimal and students paid much of the costs themselves. Regattas were typically no more than a car-drive away. Royal Military College (RMC), who had a fleet of small boats with a boathouse and regatta facilities, were generous in sharing these for practice and competitions. Races were often held in Kingston because of this, however sometimes entailed a road-trip to Toronto or Montreal and sometimes farther afield in Canada or to inter-collegiate regattas in Boston, Annapolis and elsewhere in New England.

In the late 1970's, still operating as a club, Queen's sailing caught the eye of Dr. Ronald Watts, Principal and Vice-Chancellor; and also a keen lifelong sailor. Dr. Watts helped increase the visibility of the team/club within the university sports community. This facilitated approval for athlete funds to offset some of the costs to compete. The Queen's sailing team began participating in more U.S. Intercollegiate Sailing Association (ICSA) regattas. The increased visibility and access to sailboats at RMC also helped promote more participation by New England Universities in Kingston regattas. The success and broadened participation by Queen's in these years led to their ranking in the top 10 amongst all ICSA universities. In 1977 and again in 1979 Terry McLaughlin, Queen's BA ‘79, was recognized as an All-American ICSA member. The successful performance of Queen's sailing club created a reputation amongst young sailors ready for university. It wasn’t abnormal to hear from students that the opportunity to participate on Queen's sailing team was an incentive to attend university there.

At some point in the 80s sailing at Queen’s faded. Whether this was a result of access to boats at RMC, a lack of funding, or other is unclear. This ebbing of interest began to turn around in the late 80’s and by 1992 things had changed. In that year, student funding through an optional AMS fee, and in particular the accumulation of alumni donations into the Queen’s Sailing Team Account allowed the team to purchase a membership at the Kingston Yacht Club (KYC) and enter into a cost-sharing arrangement with Kingston Yacht Club for the purchase of 10 new 420 sailboats. This resurgence brought more organization and formality than the team had known previously. Recruitment, tryouts and coaching became some of the new norms for the club. Along with the creation of executive positions with defined roles and responsibilities, the club was structured to last indefinitely. In 2001 two additional members of Queen’s sailing team were recognized as All-Americans, Oskar Johansson (BA Economics and BSc Mech Eng ‘02) and Bernard Luttmer (BSc Eng ’02).

More recent years
In 2008, the Queen's Journal newspaper wrote an article referring to Queen's sailing as, "... one of the Universities best-kept secrets". With multiple national titles in fleet racing, team racing, match racing and keelboat racing; as well as strong North American and international finishes that include a first in the 2016 Student Yachting World Cup Keelboat Championship, held in France as part of the student FISU Games, the club’s visibility has become much less of a secret over the years. Queen's Sailing is also one of the few Canadian Universities in the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association (ICSA), specifically within the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association (MAISA) district of the United States; this allows Queen's Sailing to compete against schools such as Georgetown, UPENN, Princeton, St. Mary's and the US Naval Academy.

Today,Queen's Sailing continues to operate as a student led sports team with the recognition of being a Varsity Club Team. It continues to maintain a governance model with defined positions identifying roles and responsibilities. Participation from the student body has increased significantly and both a Recreational group and Inter-Collegiate competitive group of sailors exist in any given year. Recruitment and on-the-water tryouts begin during Frosh Week. Despite, and possibly because of, these changes the success and reputation of Queen's Sailing has continued to grow. Participation continues both nationally and internationally and the winning success the team has seen also continues. Participants in some cases are sons or daughters of past Queen's sailors. This is due in part because the sailing legacy establish over the years at Queen's University helps to attract not only academically qualified students, but also students who want to sail for Queen's. Cha Geill!

Squash
The women's squash program has won eight OUA titles.

Athletes of the Year
The annual Athletic Awards gala is known as the Colour Awards for Varsity Teams and Clubs.

For a full list of award winners, go to https://gogaelsgo.com/sports/2011/8/7/GEN_0807111523.aspx.

Mascot
Boo Hoo the Bear is the mascot of Queen's University. Boo Hoo wears a vest and tam o' shanter in the Royal Stewart tartan.

Originally, Boo Hoo was a real bear which was paraded around at football games and kept in the basement of Grant Hall. The first bear was a pet of Bill Hughes who brought him to Queen's when he was hired as a boxing trainer. Music has been composed that was inspired by the Boo Hoo dynasty — "Boo-Hoo's march for piano", "Boo Hoo's Queen's Dominion Victory March" (1922) and "The Mascot: Boo Hoo's March to Queen's Rugby Team" — by Oscar Telgmann in Toronto in the 1920s.

This was the first of a succession of five bears who lived at the stadium until the 1950s. The story of each bear is still unknown, though no bear reached full size. The Queen's student government, the Alma Mater Society, was in charge of bears three and four.

The mascot was revived in its present form in the 1980s by the Queen's Bands Cheerleaders and is currently in his eighth incarnation, giving him the full title of "King Boo Hoo the Eighth". He is seen often around the Queen's campus, at the Queen's Gaels Canadian football games, frosh week and homecoming, and has been on the cover of several issues of Golden Words.

title: Queen's Golden Gaels


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Grosvenor Bridge

Grosvenor Bridge, originally known as, and alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. Originally constructed in 1860, and widened in 1865 and 1907, the bridge was extensively rebuilt and widened again in the 1960s as an array of ten parallel bridges. There are now eight tracks across the bridge.

History
The original bridge was constructed in the mid-nineteenth century in two stages: the first bridge was built by the Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway between 1859 and 1860 at a cost of £84,000 to carry two tracks into Victoria Station; it was the first railway bridge across the Thames in central London. The engineer was Sir John Fowler.

The bridge was widened by four tracks on the eastern side for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and London, Chatham and Dover Railway between 1865 and 1866, at a cost of £245,000. Sir Charles Fox was the engineer.

In 1907 the bridge was widened again with a further track, on the western side, for the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.

In 1963–1967, the structure of the bridge was completely renewed and modernized, leaving only the cores of the original piers. At the same time, a tenth track was added in a space formerly used for gas mains. To minimize disruption to traffic, each track was renewed separately, and put back into service before the next one was closed. The designer for this work was Freeman Fox & Partners, and the project engineer was A. H. Cantrell, chief civil engineer of the Southern Region of British Rail. It was said to be the busiest railway bridge in the world with 1000 trains crossing per day in 1968.

Location
On the north bank is Pimlico to the north and east and Chelsea to the west; the Lister Hospital and the Royal Chelsea Hospital lie immediately to the north west. On the south bank is Nine Elms to the east and Battersea to the west. Battersea Power Station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and Battersea Park to the south west.

title: Grosvenor Bridge


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DFW

DFW may refer to:

Businesses

 * Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke, an early twentieth century German aircraft manufacturer
 * Dutch FilmWorks, a film distributor
 * Duty Free World, a US-based in-flight shopping company

Government agencies

 * Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (Massachusetts)
 * Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
 * Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

Other uses

 * Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, in north Texas, United States
 * Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, IATA airport code and FAA location identifier
 * David Foster Wallace (1962–2008), American novelist
 * Dhaka Fashion Week, a clothing festival in Bangladesh
 * Diffusion welding
 * Cosworth DFW, an automobile racing engine
 * "DFW" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a television episode
 * Deborah Frances-White (fl. 1996–present), Australian-British comedian, author and screenwriter

title: DFW


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City Thameslink railway station

City Thameslink is a central London railway station within the City of London, with entrances on Ludgate Hill and Holborn Viaduct. The station is on the Thameslink route between Blackfriars to the south and Farringdon to the north.

The station opened in 1990 to replace Holborn Viaduct railway station. It was part of the Thameslink project that re-opened the Snow Hill Tunnel to provide a continuous north–south route across London. Originally named St. Paul's Thameslink, it was renamed City Thameslink the following year to avoid confusion with the nearby St Paul's tube station on the Central line (note that out-of-station interchange discount does not apply for changing between these two stations). The station was refurbished in 2010–11 to increase capacity, and the timetable was revised in 2018 with the introduction of automatic signalling.

Name and location
The station is near the western edge of the City of London, close to its border with the City of Westminster. It has two entrances, one on Ludgate Hill and another on Holborn Viaduct, both of which access the two platforms. It is one of the few main line stations in central London that does not have an interchange with the London Underground; it is roughly equidistant from Chancery Lane and on the Central line. A planned Tube station in the immediate area, to be named, was ultimately never built.

Although City Thameslink is a through station, for ticketing purposes it is classed as a London terminus for Thameslink services to and from the south; for services from the north it is a Thameslink Terminal station, which is a different fare. It is in Travelcard Zone 1 and one of the "core stations" on the Thameslink route, along with St Pancras, Farringdon and Blackfriars. The name has come in for criticism as being uninspiring.

London Buses routes 8, 15, 17, 25, 26, 40, 46, 59, 63, 76, 133, 341 and night routes N8, N15, N21, N25, N26, N63, N199, N242, N550 and N551 serve the station.

Opening
The Thameslink line opened in 1988 after the Snow Hill tunnel, closed to passengers since 1916, was re-opened to provide a through route to Farringdon and King's Cross from South London. Initially, trains used the approach viaduct for the now-closed Holborn Viaduct station. The new service was an immediate financial success, and it was decided to redevelop the Holborn Viaduct site with a new station and business complex. The work was part-financed by the London property developer Rosehaugh Stanhope.

Before Holborn Viaduct closed, a new line between Blackfriars and the tunnel was constructed on a different alignment slightly to the east and at a lower elevation, providing the opportunity to build 600000 sqft of office space above the station on a 4 acre site. City Thameslink was built to replace Holborn Viaduct s Station and is partly on the site of the old station.. The total cost was estimated at between £360 and £450 million. Because of a proposed routing for the second phase of the Jubilee line through the area, part of the station was built to allow for a future interchange.

Holborn Viaduct closed on 26 January 1990. All Thameslink services were suspended for 17 days the following May so that demolition work could be carried out.

The station was opened by British Rail on 29 May 1990 as St. Paul's Thameslink, and was renamed to City Thameslink on 30 September 1991 to avoid confusion with the Central line station on the London Underground, which is several hundred yards to the east, to the north of St Paul's Cathedral. It was the first mainline station built in central London in almost 100 years. The station was designed by SAS International, who designed the original walls and panelling.

In conjunction with construction of the new station, the area around the old Holborn Viaduct and Ludgate Hill stations was redeveloped and an old bridge across Ludgate Hill was removed. In 1992, following the demolition, an additional service tunnel was constructed connecting City Thameslink to Farringdon.

When the Thameslink franchise was awarded to First Capital Connect (FCC) in 2006, the Thameslink service was re-branded but City Thameslink was not renamed. By late 2010, FCC had reverted to the Thameslink name.

Recent events
As part of the Thameslink Programme, an upgrade of City Thameslink station was completed in 2010. The upgrade was important because the closure of Blackfriars later in the year would lead to increased footfall. The platforms were made ready for future 12-carriage trains, and the passenger information system improved. New lighting, ticket gates and CCTV cameras were installed, and the service announcement system was upgraded to provide more accurate train times. SAS retrofitted the station interior, as they had done for the original 1990 construction, with enamel wall panels that fitted the original design specification.

In a 2014 report, London TravelWatch suggested an underground passageway linking City Thameslink to St Paul's tube station to provide an interchange with the Central line that would benefit passengers travelling from the Central line catchment to Gatwick and Luton Airports.

In 2018, Govia Thameslink Railway announced a major timetable change, which was implemented that May. The changes included a half-hour service across Central London, connecting City Thameslink with Gatwick Airport and Luton Airport Parkway. The signalling was upgraded to support automatic train operation through the station, along with the rest of the core Thameslink route, and British Rail Class 700 trains were introduced into the service. The following January, several evening services from City Thameslink to St Albans and Harpenden were reinstated, after a six-month absence.

Services
City Thameslink is served by trains operated by Thameslink on the Thameslink Route which run Monday-Saturday only with the station being closed on Sundays. Train services are operated using Class 700 Desiro City EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to Brighton via Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Horsham via Redhill and Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Three Bridges via Redhill
 * 2 tph to Rainham via Greenwich, Woolwich Arsenal, Dartford and Gravesend
 * 4 tph to Sutton (two of these run via Mitcham Junction and two run via Wimbledon)
 * 4 tph to St Albans City (all stations)
 * 2 tph to Luton (all stations except Kentish Town, Cricklewood and Hendon)
 * 4 tph to Bedford (semi-fast)
 * 2 tph to Cambridge via Stevenage
 * 2 tph to Peterborough via Stevenage

City Thameslink serves as the lost property office of the Thameslink line. A fee is charged for retrieving property.

title: City Thameslink railway station


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Johann Peter Salomon

Johann Peter Salomon (20 February 1745 [baptized] – 28 November 1815) was a German violinist, composer, conductor and musical impresario. Although an accomplished violinist, he is best known for bringing Joseph Haydn to London and for conducting the symphonies that Haydn wrote during his stay in England. He also knew and worked with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.

Life
Johann Peter Salomon was born in January 1745 into a Jewish family in Bonn (but was baptized as an infant) and was the second son of Philipp Salomon, an oboist at the court in Bonn. His birth home was at Bonngasse 515, coincidentally the later birth home of Beethoven. In 1758, at the age of thirteen, he became a violinist in the orchestra of the Elector Clemens August at Bonn.

Seven years later, Salomon went on tour and traveled to Berlin and Frankfort. Following this he arrived in Rheinsberg where he soon became the concert master and composer for the orchestra of Prince Heinrich of Prussia. He composed several works for the court, including four operas and an oratorio. The orchestra of Prince Henrich was where Salomon premiered Joseph Haydn's works. He moved to London in the early 1780s, where he worked as a composer and played violin as a soloist and in a string quartet. In 1786 he orchestrated a series of performances at the Hanover Square Rooms, of which he introduced Haydn's and Mozart's symphonies.

While in London, Salomon composed two operas for the Royal Opera, several art songs, a number of concertos, and chamber music pieces. He is perhaps best known today, however, as a concert organizer and conductor.

In 1790 Salomon traveled through Europe to recruit singers for the Italian opera. He was specifically drawn to Vienna since Prince Eszterhazy had recently died. He was focused on coercing Haydn to travel to England, which he did in 1791–92 and 1794–95. Together with Haydn, Salomon premiered many works that Haydn composed while in England. Haydn wrote his symphonies numbers 93 to 104 for these trips, sometimes known as the Salomon symphonies (more widely known as the London symphonies). Salomon is also said to have provided Haydn with the original model for the text of The Creation. He was one of the founder-members of the Philharmonic Society and led the orchestra at its first concert on 8 March 1813.

Salomon is also believed to have given the Jupiter nickname to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 41.

Salomon died in London aged 70 on 28 November 1815, after being thrown from his horse. He is buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.

Assessment
Salomon's violin playing was highly regarded in his day; for a collection of reviews, see Robbins Landon (1976, 24–27). H.C. Robbins Landon also praises his personal qualities: "Salomon was not only a clever and sensitive impresario, he was also generous, scrupulously honest, and very efficient in business matters." Beethoven, who knew Salomon from his days in Bonn, wrote to Ries on hearing of his death, "Salomon's death grieves me much, for he was a noble man, and I remember him since I was a child."

Since 2011 the Royal Philharmonic Society has awarded the Salomon Prize to highlight talent and dedication within UK orchestras.

title: Johann Peter Salomon