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Skint Records

Skint Records is a Brighton and Hove based dance music record label owned by JC Reid, Tim Jeffery and Damian Harris. It was created as a sublabel of Loaded Records, also founded by Reid and Jeffery. Along with Wall of Sound, the label was a leader in the big beat music scene of the mid to late 1990s.

The label's roster at this time included big beat scene leaders Fatboy Slim, Hardknox, Indian Ropeman, Freq Nasty and X-Press 2. Towards the end of the 1990s and at the start of the 21st century the label expanded its range of releases to include more house based songs. The most prominent example was "Lazy" by X-Press 2, which charted at number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. There were also releases by electronic music artist Dave Clarke as well as artists as diverse as Lucky Jim, Freq Nasty, FC Kahuna, Bentley Rhythm Ace, REQ and Ralfe Band. One mainstay band of the label has been the Lo-Fidelity Allstars who have changed and diversified their style along with the label.

Skint were the main kit sponsor for Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. for nine years until the relationship ended in 2008, one of the longest football league sponsorship deals. The Skint name does not appear consistently across all the Brighton and Hove shirts, with some variation in logo and even the complete replacement of the company's name with Palookaville on one of the shirt designs.

Skint also have a sub-label for more underground releases called "Under 5's", which originally ran from 1997–2001, but was re-launched as a digital only label in 2009 to host new artists such as Linton Brown, Kinzy and Rory Hoy.

In 2002, Skint released a compilation album, We Are Skint, featuring tracks from the label's artists. From 1996-1998, Skint released a series of albums, Brassic Beats, also containing songs from the label, but all of the songs were new, therefore not being a compilation album series.

Skint Records had one UK number one album, Fatboy Slim's You've Come a Long Way, Baby (1998), and also brought about short-lived "intelligent big beat" pioneered by albums such as REQ's One and Lo-Fidelity Allstars' How to Operate with a Blown Mind.

In April 2014, BMG Rights Management acquired Skint Records. Before the BMG acquisition, Skint Records was distributed by Sony Music Entertainment internationally.

Fatboy Slim's catalogue is owned by Skint and BMG internationally, except in USA and Canada, where it is owned by Universal Music Group under the Astralwerks label.

title: Skint Records


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Goheung County

Goheung County is a county in Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea.

Naro Space Center
The Naro Space Center was completed during 2008 in southern Goheung 34.43187°N, 127.53507°W and is operated by the state-run Korea Aerospace Research Institute. The space center includes a launch pad, a control tower, rocket assembly and test facilities, facilities for satellite control testing and assembly, a media center, an electric power station, a space experience hall (visitor center) and a landing field.

Modern history
On New Year's Day in 1963, some of the townships were classed from Bongrae-myeon to other myeons such as Dohwa-myeon, Podu-myeon and so on. In 1973 and 1979, two of the townships were promoted to eups (towns)

Symbols

 * City Tree : Citron tree
 * County flower : Camellia blossom
 * County bird : Dove

Location
Goheung is located in one of the southernmost areas of the Korean peninsula. It is surrounded by ocean on three sides with 19 inhabited islands and 152 uninhabited islands. The depth is not that low and its land spreads along the coast so many shellfish and seaweed industries have developed.

Twin towns – sister cities
Goheung is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇷 Geumcheon-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Changwon, South Korea

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Goheung County


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1975 World Series

The 1975 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1975 season. The 72nd edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox and the National League (NL) champion Cincinnati Reds. The Reds won the series, four games to three. In 2003, ESPN ranked it the second-greatest World Series ever played, trailing only the series, while in 2020, Sam Miller of ESPN named it the best World Series ever.

The Reds, at the height of their Big Red Machine dynasty, recorded a franchise-high 108 victories in 1975 and won the NL West division by 20 games over the Los Angeles Dodgers, then defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates, three games to none, in the NL Championship Series. The Red Sox won the AL East division by $4 1/2$ games over the Baltimore Orioles, then defeated the three-time defending World Series champion Oakland Athletics, three games to none, in the AL Championship Series. The sixth game of the World Series was a 12-inning classic at Boston's Fenway Park, which culminated with a walk-off home run by Carlton Fisk to extend the series to seven games. The Reds rallied from a 3–0 deficit to win the seventh and deciding game of the series on a ninth-inning single by Joe Morgan.

It was Cincinnati's third World Series appearance in six years, losing in 1970 to Baltimore and in 1972 to Oakland. It was the first of back-to-back championships for the Reds. For the Red Sox, the 1975 World Series was their first World Series appearance since losing to St. Louis in seven games in 1967. It would be 11 more years until Boston returned to the World Series in 1986, in which they suffered another seven-game loss to the New York Mets.

This was the fourth time in five years that a seven-game World Series winner (following Pittsburgh in 1971, and Oakland in 1972 and 1973) was outscored.

Reds third baseman Pete Rose was named World Series MVP. Rose batted .370 with 10 hits and two RBIs and scored 3 runs.

Summary
† : postponed from October 18 due to rain

Game 1

Ace pitchers Luis Tiant and Don Gullett were locked in a scoreless duel until the seventh inning. Tiant led off with a single and later scored Boston's first run on a single by Carl Yastrzemski. Then the floodgates opened: Reds reliever Clay Carroll walked Carlton Fisk to force in a run, Rico Petrocelli slapped a two-run single, Rick Burleson had an RBI single, and Cecil Cooper ended the scoring with a sacrifice fly. Tiant finished with a five-hitter against a team that had scored an MLB high 840 runs during the regular season.

Game 2

Game 2 proved to be a very pivotal game as the Reds were on the brink of being down two games before rallying for victory in the ninth inning. Red Sox starter Bill Lee held the Reds to four hits and a run through eight innings. Johnny Bench led off the ninth with a double to right field. Lee was then replaced by right-handed closer Dick Drago. Bench moved to third on a groundout by Tony Pérez. After George Foster popped out for the second out, Dave Concepción hit a clutch single up the middle that Boston second baseman Denny Doyle fielded behind second base, but had no play at first as Bench scored to tie the game. After Concepcion stole second base, Ken Griffey hit a double into left-center field scoring Concepcion with the game-winner. Rawly Eastwick retired the Sox in the ninth to get the win and even the series.

The Reds' only other run scored in the fourth when Joe Morgan walked, went to third on a Bench single, and scored on a Pérez force out.

The Red Sox sandwiched the Reds' run with single tallies of their own in the first inning on an RBI single by Carlton Fisk, and in the sixth on an RBI single by Rico Petrocelli.

Game 3

At home, the Reds prevailed in another squeaker in a game that featured the first major controversy of the series that involved the umpires.

For nine innings, the game was a homer-fest as each team put three over the wall. Fisk put the Sox on the board in the second with a homer off Reds starter Gary Nolan. The Reds countered by taking a 2–1 lead in the fourth when Tony Pérez walked and Johnny Bench hit a two-run shot off Sox starter Rick Wise. The Reds then chased Wise in the fifth when Dave Concepción and César Gerónimo hit back-to-back home runs. Pete Rose followed with a one-out triple and scored on Joe Morgan's sacrifice fly to give the Reds a 5–1 lead. The Sox scratched back in the sixth when Reds reliever Pat Darcy issued consecutive walks to Carl Yastrzemski and Fisk, wild-pitched Yastrzemski to third, and then gave up a sacrifice fly to Fred Lynn. In the seventh, former Cincinnati Red Bernie Carbo closed the gap to 5–3 with a pinch-hit homer off Clay Carroll. In the top of the ninth, with Reds closer Eastwick on the mound, Rico Petrocelli singled and Evans hit the game-tying home run, sending the game into extra innings.

After the Red Sox failed to score in the tenth, the Reds sent the bottom of the order to lead off the bottom of the tenth. Cesar Geronimo led off with a single off Jim Willoughby. Reds manager Sparky Anderson then sent pinch-hitter Ed Armbrister up to sacrifice in place of reliever Rawly Eastwick. Armbrister's bunt bounced high near the plate toward the first-base line. Boston catcher Carlton Fisk was quick to pounce on the ball in front of the plate as Armbrister was slow to get out of the box. He hesitated before running and appeared to collide with (or at least impede) Fisk as he was retrieving the ball. Fisk's hurried throw to second base to force out Geronimo sailed over shortstop Rick Burleson into center field as Geronimo went to third base and Armbrister to second. Fisk and Boston manager Darrell Johnson argued that Armbrister should have been ruled out for interference, but home plate umpire Larry Barnett ruled otherwise. The play stood and the Reds had the potential winning run on third with no outs. Willoughby then intentionally walked Pete Rose to load the bases and set up a force play at any base. Johnson then brought in left-hander Roger Moret, to face Ken Griffey, but Anderson countered with right-handed hitting Merv Rettenmund. Rettenmund struck out for out No. 1, but Joe Morgan knocked in Geronimo with the game-winner by hitting a deep fly to center over a drawn in outfield.

Game 4

With the Reds leading the series 2–1, Luis Tiant pitched his second complete game win of the Series. More importantly, this win forced the Reds to win at least one of two games at Fenway Park to win the Series.

The Reds struck first off Tiant in the first on RBI doubles by Ken Griffey and Johnny Bench. The Sox, however, would get all the runs they needed in the fourth. Dwight Evans tied the game with a two-run triple, then Rick Burleson put the Sox ahead by doubling in Evans off Reds starter Fred Norman. Tiant, continuing his surprising hitting, singled Burleson to third. Burleson then scored on a Tony Pérez error on a ball hit by Juan Beníquez, while Tiant went to second. Carl Yastrzemski drove in Tiant with a single for what would turn out to be the winning run.

The Reds were able to counter with two runs in their half of the fourth on an RBI double by Dave Concepción and an RBI triple by César Gerónimo. The Reds had a shot at winning the game in the bottom of the ninth when, with two on and one out, Ken Griffey sent a deep drive into left-center that Fred Lynn made an over the shoulder catch. Joe Morgan then popped out to first on Tiant's 163rd pitch of the game. Boston's win tied the series at two games apiece and guaranteed a return to Fenway.

Game 5

Reds' lefty Don Gullett pitched like an ace as the Reds won their final home game in Game 5 to put Cincinnati on the brink of their first World Series championship in 35 years. Cincinnati first baseman and cleanup hitter Tony Pérez broke out of an 0–for–15 World Series slump with a pair of home runs while driving in four runs off Boston starter Reggie Cleveland. Pete Rose contributed an RBI double and Dave Concepción hit a sacrifice fly for the other Reds runs, while Gullett pitched $4 1/2$ innings, limiting the powerful Boston lineup to five hits. Reds closer Rawly Eastwick came on to strike out Boston third baseman Rico Petrocelli for the game's final out.

Game 6

With a travel day followed by three days of heavy rain in Boston, both pitching staffs got four days of rest. Red Sox manager Darrell Johnson was afforded the luxury of having his top two starting pitchers, Luis Tiant and Bill Lee, available for Games 6 and 7, respectively, while the Reds were able to have their ace, Don Gullett, available for a potential Game 7 after pitching a gem in Game 5.

With the Red Sox in a must win situation, Boston's Fred Lynn opened the scoring in the first with a two-out, three-run homer off Reds starter Gary Nolan. Meanwhile, Tiant breezed through the first four innings, holding the Reds scoreless. The Reds finally broke through in the fifth. With Ed Armbrister on third and Pete Rose on first, Ken Griffey tripled to deep center field on a ball that Lynn just missed making a leaping catch against the wall. He suffered a rib injury, but remained in the game; Lynn told moderator Bob Costas during MLB Network's "Top 20 games in the last 50 years" that, for a short time, he was barely conscious and couldn't feel his legs. Johnny Bench singled Griffey home to tie the game at 3–3.

With two outs in the seventh, George Foster put the Reds ahead with a two-run double high off the center field wall. In the top of the eighth, César Gerónimo led off and hit the first pitch down the right-field line for a home run to chase Tiant and give the Reds a 6–3 lead.

In the bottom of the eighth, Reds reliever Pedro Borbón gave up an infield single off his leg to Lynn, and then walked Rico Petrocelli to bring the tying run to the plate. Rawly Eastwick replaced Borbón, struck out Dwight Evans, and retired Rick Burleson on a line-out to left. Bernie Carbo was called on to bat for reliever Roger Moret. Sparky Anderson was on the top step of the dugout, ready to call in left-hander Will McEnaney to pitch to the left-hand hitting Carbo. Anderson said later that he was concerned that the Sox would call on right-handed Juan Beníquez to pinch hit for Carbo if he made the move. Carbo looked overmatched by Eastwick, missing on a swing for a 2–2 count; he fouled off two more pitches late, the latter just barely fought off to avoid a strikeout. On the next pitch, Carbo tied the game with a three-run home run to center field. It was his second pinch-hit homer in the series, tying the record set by Chuck Essegian in.

As Carbo approached third base on his home run trot, Carbo yelled out to former teammate Rose, "Hey, Pete, don't you wish you were that strong?" To which Rose replied, "This is fun."

In the bottom of the ninth, the Red Sox appeared poised to win. Denny Doyle walked on four pitches and went to third on a Carl Yastrzemski single; McEnaney, the Reds' seventh pitcher, replaced Eastwick and intentionally walked Carlton Fisk, loading the bases with no outs to face the left-handed hitting Lynn. He flied out to Foster in foul territory in left; Doyle tagged up and attempted to score but was thrown out as Bench caught the ball on a bounce and made a sweeping tag from fair territory to nip him just before his hand touched the plate. With runners at first and third, McEnaney retired Petrocelli with a ground ball to end the jam.

Rose led off the top of the 11th and was awarded first base after a pitch lightly grazed him. Griffey bunted, but Fisk's throw forced out Rose at second base. Joe Morgan hit a deep drive to right off Dick Drago that looked to be for extra bases. Evans made a leaping catch near the visitors bullpen in deep right to rob Morgan and doubled-up Griffey at first.

In the top of the 12th, Boston's Rick Wise caught Gerónimo looking with two men on to end the threat. In the bottom of the inning, Pat Darcy, the Reds' eighth pitcher, remained in the game after retiring the previous six batters in order. As the game passed four hours, Fisk led off; with a 1–0 count, he lifted a sinker down the left-field line and the ball struck the foul pole well above the Green Monster. In what has now become an iconic baseball film highlight, NBC's left-field game camera (in the scoreboard) caught Fisk wildly waving his arms to his right after hitting the ball and watching its path while drifting down the first base line, as if he was trying to coax the ball to "stay fair." The ball indeed stayed fair and Fisk triumphantly leaped into the air as the Red Sox tied the Series. (The cameraman in the scoreboard was supposed to follow the flight of the ball but was distracted by a nearby rat and ended up capturing Fisk instead.) This would be the last time in World Series play that a catcher hit a home run in extra innings until J. T. Realmuto did so in the 2022 World Series, 47 years later. To date, this is the last World Series game the Reds have lost.

This game ranked No. 7 in ESPN SportsCentury Greatest Games of the 20th Century in 1999.

Game 7

The game was scoreless until the third inning when Reds starter Don Gullett experienced control problems. After giving up an RBI single to Carl Yastrzemski, Gullett walked Carlton Fisk to load the bases. He then walked Rico Petrocelli and Dwight Evans to force in two more runs before striking out Rick Burleson for the final out. Gullett pitched a scoreless fourth before being relieved by Jack Billingham. The Reds bullpen pitched five scoreless innings to give the offense a chance to rally.

Boston starter Bill Lee was again sharp, as he shut out the Reds through five innings. In the sixth, with Pete Rose on first base and one out, Johnny Bench hit a routine grounder that appeared would be an inning-ending double play. Shortstop Burleson fielded the grounder and under-handed the ball to Denny Doyle covering second base to force Rose out at second. But as Doyle pivoted to make a throw to first base, Rose slid high and hard into Doyle to force an errant throw that sailed into the Boston dugout preventing the double play as Bench moved onto second base. On a 1–0 count, Lee threw a blooper pitch to Tony Pérez who slammed the ball over the Green Monster and onto Lansdowne Street for a two-run home run, his third home run in the final three Series games, to draw the Reds to within 3–2.

The Reds tied it in the seventh when Ken Griffey walked, stole second, and scored on a two-out single to centerfield by Rose.

In the ninth, Griffey led off with a walk, was sacrificed to second by César Gerónimo, and went to third on a groundout by Dan Driessen. Boston left-handed reliever Jim Burton then walked Rose to set up a forceout, but Joe Morgan reached down and blooped a low breaking ball into center field to score Griffey with the go-ahead run. It was the second time in the series Rose was intentionally walked prior to Morgan driving in the game-winning run. Morgan, the 1975 National League MVP, also knocked in the game-winner in Game 3.

Will McEnaney retired the Sox in order, with Yastrzemski flying out to center fielder Geronimo to end the game, clinching a World Series championship that had eluded the Reds for 35 years, and extending the Curse of the Bambino to 57 years. It would not be broken until 2004, after the Red Sox went 86 years without a championship.

Composite line score
1975 World Series (4–3): Cincinnati Reds (N.L.) beat Boston Red Sox (A.L.).

For the fourth time in five years, the Series went a full seven games and the champions were outscored.

Batting
Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage

Pitching
Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; BB=Walks; R=Runs; ER=Earned Runs; SO=Strikeouts; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; ERA=Earned Run Average

Batting
Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage

Pitching
Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; BB=Walks; R=Runs; ER=Earned Runs; SO=Strikeouts; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; ERA=Earned Run Average

Broadcasting
NBC broadcast the series on television and radio, with Curt Gowdy and Joe Garagiola alternating play-by-play on both media along with local team announcers Dick Stockton and Ned Martin (Red Sox) and Marty Brennaman (Reds). Tony Kubek provided color commentary on the telecasts.

This was the final World Series play-by-play assignment for Gowdy, who had been NBC's lead baseball announcer since 1966. Garagiola took over full-time as the network's primary play-by-play voice for baseball the following season. It was the only World Series broadcast for Stockton (who became a prominent national sportscaster for CBS, Fox, and TNT) and for Martin.

This was also the final Series broadcast for NBC Radio, which had retained exclusive rights to the event since 1957. CBS Radio would become the exclusive national radio network for MLB beginning the following season.

This is the earliest World Series telecast for which all games survive today in their entirety. Portions of many previous Series telecasts also survive, but the general practice of the networks in the past was to reuse old tapes to save money and space. All subsequent World Series telecasts since this one also have had all their games preserved.

title: 1975 World Series


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Greenberg

Greenberg is a surname common in North America, with anglicized spelling of the German Grünberg (green mountain) or the Jewish Ashkenazi Yiddish Grinberg, an artificial surname.

Notable people with the surname Greenberg include:

A–D

 * Abraham Greenberg (1881–1941), New York politician
 * Adam Greenberg (disambiguation), several people
 * Aharon-Ya'akov Greenberg (1900–1963), Israeli politician
 * Alan Greenberg (disambiguation), several people
 * Albert Greenberg, American software engineer
 * Allan Greenberg (born 1938), American new classical architect
 * Andrew Greenberg, American video game designer
 * Andrew C. Greenberg (born 1957), video game designer
 * Ari Greenberg (born 1981), American bridge player
 * Bernard Greenberg, American programmer and computer scientist
 * Brad Greenberg (born 1954), American basketball coach, brother of Seth Greenberg
 * Bryan Greenberg (born 1978), American actor
 * Brooke Greenberg (1993–2013), American with "Syndrome X" condition
 * Carl Greenberg (1908–1984), American journalist
 * Charles Greenberg (born 1953) American composer
 * Clement Greenberg (1909–1994), American art critic
 * Craig Greenberg (born 1973), American politician
 * Dan Greenberg (born 1965), American lawyer and politician
 * Daniel Greenberg (educator), American columnist and educator
 * Daniel Greenberg (game designer), role-playing and video game designer
 * Daniel S. Greenberg (1931–2020), American journalist, editor and author
 * David Aaron Greenberg (born 1971), American poet, songwriter, artist and art critic
 * David Greenberg (historian), American historian

E–L

 * Eliezer Greenberg (1896–1977), American Yiddish poet
 * Elinor Miller Greenberg (1932–2021), American adult education pioneer
 * Ellen Rae Greenberg (1983–2011), American teacher
 * Evan G. Greenberg (born 1955), American business executive
 * Everett Peter Greenberg (born 1948), American microbiologist
 * Gail Greenberg (born 1938), American bridge player
 * Gerald B. Greenberg (1936–2017), American film editor
 * Gary Greenberg, American TV writer, author and comedian
 * Hank Greenberg (1911–1986), American Hall of Fame baseball player
 * Harold Greenberg (1930–1996), Canadian film producer
 * Hayim Greenberg (1889–1953), American philosopher of Judaism
 * Ivan Greenberg (1896–1966), English journalist
 * Irving Greenberg (born 1933), American Modern Orthodox rabbi and author
 * Jack Greenberg (1924–2016), American attorney and legal scholar
 * Jack M. Greenberg (born 1942), American executive at McDonald's
 * Jay Greenberg (composer) (born 1991), American composer and cellist
 * Jay Greenberg (psychoanalyst) (born 1942), American psychoanalyst and psychologist
 * Jeffrey W. Greenberg (born 1951), American lawyer and business executive
 * Jill Greenberg (born 1967), American photographer
 * Joanne Greenberg (born 1932), American writer
 * Joseph Greenberg (1915–2001), American linguist
 * Joshua Greenberg (born 1976), American academic
 * L. J. Greenberg (1861–1931), British Jewish journalist

M–R

 * Martin Greenberg (publisher) (1918–2013), American science fiction anthologist and publisher
 * Martin Greenberg (poet) (1918–2021), American poet and translator
 * Martin H. Greenberg (1941–2011), American speculative fiction anthologist
 * Maurice R. Greenberg (born 1925), American business executive
 * Michael Greenberg (economist) (1914–1992), British economic historian
 * Michael Greenberg (lawyer), American lawyer
 * Michael Greenberg (writer) (born 1952), American writer
 * Mike Greenberg (born 1967), American television and radio host
 * Morton Ira Greenberg (1933–2021), United States Circuit Court judge
 * Moshe Greenberg (1928–2010), American rabbi and Biblical scholar
 * Noah Greenberg, (1919–1966), American choral conductor
 * Oscar W. Greenberg (born 1932), American physicist
 * Ralph Greenberg (born 1944), American mathematician
 * Richard Greenberg (born 1958), American playwright and television writer
 * Robert Greenberg (born 1954), American composer, pianist, and musicologist
 * Roman Greenberg (born 1982), Israeli heavyweight boxer

S–Z

 * Samuel Greenberg (1893–1917), American poet
 * Samuel L. Greenberg (1898–1992), New York state senator
 * Sanford Greenberg American philanthropist most well known for his efforts toward the goal of ending blindness
 * Seth Greenberg, American coach of the Virginia Tech Hokies basketball team, brother of Brad Greenberg
 * Seymour Greenberg (1920–2006), American tennis player
 * Shawn Greenberg, Manitoba judge
 * Stan Greenberg, American political strategist
 * Steve Greenberg (record producer), American noted for "discovering" popular musical acts such as Hanson, Baha Men and Joss Stone
 * Steven Greenberg (musician), American musician best known for writing the 1980 hit song "Funkytown", performed by Lipps Inc.
 * Steven Greenberg (rabbi), American rabbi, educator and author

title: Greenberg


text:
Gokseong County

Gokseong County is a county in Jeollanam-do, South Korea and the least densely populated subdivision of the province.

Attractions

 * Taeansa Temple
 * Neungpa Tower
 * Seomjin River
 * Dongli mountain valley
 * Gok-song Haneulnari Village (a farming-themed village)
 * Gokseong Train Village (site of historical steam engine train where folks can take a ride on an old fashioned train)

Train
Jeolla Line comes into Gokseong station. The Saemaul and Mugunghwa trains all stop on the way to Gokseong.

Bus
Buses to Gwangju and Gurye take 30 minutes and to Namwon takes one hour. However, it is quite difficult to go to southern parts of Jeollas like Suncheon, Jeonnam.

Car
There are 3 interchanges on the Honam Expressway. These interactions are joined with other roads.

Festival

 * Gokseong World Rose Festival - Every May, the World Rose Festival is held in Gokseong, Jeollanam-do. In the train town of Gokseong Seomjin River, tourists can enjoy a variety of attractions and experience programs including a steam locomotive and a rail bike.
 * Gokseong Shimcheong Children's Grand Festival (2021–) - The town of Gokseong in Jeollanam-do hosts the annual Sim Cheong Festival  (2001–2020) in an attempt to celebrate Sim Cheong's filial piety and reinterpret the meaning of filial piety in modern society. Gokseong is considered to be the setting for Gwaneunsa yeongi seolhwa, which is known to be the original story on which The Tale of Sim Chong is based.

Twin towns – sister cities
Gokseong is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇷 Gangdong-gu, South Korea (1996)
 * 🇰🇷 Geochang, South Korea (1998)
 * 🇰🇷 Seo-gu, South Korea (2000)
 * 🇰🇷 Uijeongbu, South Korea (2010)

title: Gokseong County


text:
User:Jhi

Just another Tolkienist.

title: User:Jhi


text:
Stilt sandpiper

The stilt sandpiper (Calidris himantopus) is a small shorebird. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus name kalidris or skalidris is a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific himantopus means "strap foot" or "thong foot".

Taxonomy
This sandpiper bears some resemblance to the smaller calidrid sandpipers or "stints". DNA sequence information is incapable of determining whether it should be placed in Calidris or in the monotypic genus Micropalama. It appears most closely allied with the curlew sandpiper, which is another aberrant species only tentatively placed in Calidris and could conceivably be separated with it in Erolia.

Range & habitat
The stilt sandpiper breeds in the open arctic tundra of North America. It is a long-distance migrant, wintering mainly in northern South America. It occurs as a rare vagrant in western Europe, Japan and northern Australia.

Breeding
This species nests on the ground, laying three or four eggs. The male has a display flight. Outside the breeding season, this bird is normally found on inland waters, rather than open coasts.

Description
This species resembles the curlew sandpiper in its curved bill, long neck, pale supercilium and white rump. It is readily distinguished from that species by its much longer and paler legs, which give rise to its common and scientific names. It also lacks an obvious wing bar in flight. Breeding adults are distinctive, heavily barred beneath, and with reddish patches above and below the supercilium. The back is brown with darker feather centres. Winter plumage is basically gray above and white below. Juvenile stilt sandpipers resemble the adults in their strong head pattern and brownish back, but they are not barred below, and show white fringes on the back feathering.

Measurements:

 * Length: 7.9-9.1 in (20–23 cm)
 * Weight: 1.8-2.5 oz (50-70 g)
 * Wingspan: 38–41 cm

Diet
These birds forage on muddy, picking up food by sight, often jabbing like the dowitchers with which they often associate. They mainly eat insects, other invertebrates (such as molluscs), seeds, and the leaves and roots of aquatic plants.

title: Stilt sandpiper


text:
Shi Nai'an

Shi Nai'an (, c. 1296–1372) was a Chinese writer from the Yuan and early Ming periods. Shuihu zhuan (Water Margin), one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, is traditionally attributed to him. There are few reliable sources for his biography, much less his literary activity.

Biography
Little is known about Shi. Traditionally, it was believed that he was a teacher of Luo Guanzhong, the editor or author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, another of the Four Great Classical Novels. The recent Chinese scholar Ge Liangyan writes that little is known about Luo, and about Shi even less. Late Ming and early Qing scholars claimed that Shi lived near the end of the Yuan dynasty and that he was a native of Hangzhou, but they may have been echoing each other or citing the conjectures that they did not endorse. The early 20th century scholar Lu Xun thought that the name "Shi Nai'an" might have been invented by composers of a later edition of the novel.

Shortly after World War II, a memorial tablet bearing Shi's name was found in Xinghua county, Jiangsu, and in the early 1950s a team of researches was sent to investigate. The chief investigator declared "Not even the faintest vestige of Shi Nai'an was found to be there." Evidence in a family genealogy seemed to affirm his identity, but it is not clear that the genealogy was authentic. Ge Liangyan concludes that the debate over the existence of Shi will "never lead to a conclusive end." He adds that in any case, we will not be able to determine whether either Luo or Shi, if they existed, were involved with the compilation of Shuihu zhuan.

The Shi Nai'an Literary Prize is named in his honour.

title: Shi Nai'an


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Metaprogramming

Metaprogramming is a computer programming technique in which computer programs have the ability to treat other programs as their data. It means that a program can be designed to read, generate, analyse, or transform other programs, and even modify itself, while running. In some cases, this allows programmers to minimize the number of lines of code to express a solution, in turn reducing development time. It also allows programs more flexibility to efficiently handle new situations with no recompiling.

Metaprogramming can be used to move computations from runtime to compile time, to generate code using compile time computations, and to enable self-modifying code. The ability of a programming language to be its own metalanguage allows reflective programming, and is termed reflection. Reflection is a valuable language feature to facilitate metaprogramming.

Metaprogramming was popular in the 1970s and 1980s using list processing languages such as Lisp. Lisp machine hardware gained some notice in the 1980s, and enabled applications that could process code. They were often used for artificial intelligence applications.

Approaches
Metaprogramming enables developers to write programs and develop code that falls under the generic programming paradigm. Having the programming language itself as a first-class data type (as in Lisp, Prolog, SNOBOL, or Rebol) is also very useful; this is known as homoiconicity. Generic programming invokes a metaprogramming facility within a language by allowing one to write code without the concern of specifying data types since they can be supplied as parameters when used.

Metaprogramming usually works in one of three ways.
 * 1) The first approach is to expose the internals of the runtime system (engine) to the programming code through application programming interfaces (APIs) like that for the .NET Common Intermediate Language (CIL) emitter.
 * 2) The second approach is dynamic execution of expressions that contain programming commands, often composed from strings, but can also be from other methods using arguments or context, like JavaScript. Thus, "programs can write programs." Although both approaches can be used in the same language, most languages tend to lean toward one or the other.
 * 3) The third approach is to step outside the language entirely. General purpose program transformation systems such as compilers, which accept language descriptions and carry out arbitrary transformations on those languages, are direct implementations of general metaprogramming. This allows metaprogramming to be applied to virtually any target language without regard to whether that target language has any metaprogramming abilities of its own. One can see this at work with Scheme and how it allows tackling some limits faced in C by using constructs that are part of the Scheme language to extend C.

Lisp is probably the quintessential language with metaprogramming facilities, both because of its historical precedence and because of the simplicity and power of its metaprogramming. In Lisp metaprogramming, the unquote operator (typically a comma) introduces code that is evaluated at program definition time rather than at run time. The metaprogramming language is thus identical to the host programming language, and existing Lisp routines can be directly reused for metaprogramming if desired. This approach has been implemented in other languages by incorporating an interpreter in the program, which works directly with the program's data. There are implementations of this kind for some common high-level languages, such as RemObjects’ Pascal Script for Object Pascal.

Code generation
A simple example of a metaprogram is this POSIX Shell script, which is an example of generative programming:

This script (or program) generates a new 993-line program that prints out the numbers 1–992. This is only an illustration of how to use code to write more code; it is not the most efficient way to print out a list of numbers. Nonetheless, a programmer can write and execute this metaprogram in less than a minute, and will have generated over 1000 lines of code in that amount of time.

A quine is a special kind of metaprogram that produces its own source code as its output. Quines are generally of recreational or theoretical interest only.

Not all metaprogramming involves generative programming. If programs are modifiable at runtime, or if incremental compiling is available (such as in C#, Forth, Frink, Groovy, JavaScript, Lisp, Elixir, Lua, Nim, Perl, PHP, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Rust, R, SAS, Smalltalk, and Tcl), then techniques can be used to perform metaprogramming without generating source code.

One style of generative approach is to employ domain-specific languages (DSLs). A fairly common example of using DSLs involves generative metaprogramming: lex and yacc, two tools used to generate lexical analysers and parsers, let the user describe the language using regular expressions and context-free grammars, and embed the complex algorithms required to efficiently parse the language.

Code instrumentation
One usage of metaprogramming is to instrument programs in order to do dynamic program analysis.

Challenges
Some argue that there is a sharp learning curve to make complete use of metaprogramming features. Since metaprogramming gives more flexibility and configurability at runtime, misuse or incorrect use of metaprogramming can result in unwarranted and unexpected errors that can be extremely difficult to debug to an average developer. It can introduce risks in the system and make it more vulnerable if not used with care. Some of the common problems, which can occur due to wrong use of metaprogramming are inability of the compiler to identify missing configuration parameters, invalid or incorrect data can result in unknown exception or different results. Due to this, some believe that only high-skilled developers should work on developing features which exercise metaprogramming in a language or platform and average developers must learn how to use these features as part of convention.

Macro systems

 * Lisp, most dialects
 * Clojure
 * Common Lisp
 * Racket
 * Scheme hygienic macros
 * MacroML
 * Template Haskell
 * Scala
 * Nim
 * Rust
 * Haxe
 * Julia
 * Elixir

Macro assemblers
The IBM/360 and derivatives had powerful macro assembler facilities that were often used to generate complete assembly language programs or sections of programs (for different operating systems for instance). Macros provided with CICS transaction processing system had assembler macros that generated COBOL statements as a pre-processing step.

Other assemblers, such as MASM, also support macros.

Metaclasses
Metaclasses are provided by the following programming languages:
 * Common Lisp
 * Python
 * Nil
 * Groovy
 * Ruby
 * Smalltalk
 * Lua

Template metaprogramming

 * C "X Macros"
 * C++ Templates
 * D
 * Common Lisp, Scheme and most Lisp dialects by using the quasiquote ("backquote") operator.
 * Nim

Staged metaprogramming

 * MetaML
 * MetaOCaml
 * Scala natively or using the Lightweight Modular Staging Framework
 * Terra

Dependent types
Use of dependent types allows proving that generated code is never invalid. However, this approach is leading-edge and rarely found outside of research programming languages.

Implementations
The list of notable metaprogramming systems is maintained at List of program transformation systems.

title: Metaprogramming


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User:Jrincayc/Wikipedia Growth Paper

I have printed out this version and will hand it in. Mutilate at will, tell me what I did wrong, what to do next ect.

Abstract
I use a model of Wikipedia to attempt to explain the growth of it. Unfortunately, while the model I use does have explanatory power, I am unable to explain many of the coefficients.

Introduction to Wikipedia
Wikipedia, in a nutshell, is an online, multilingual, encyclopedia which can be edited by anyone with an internet connection. It was begun on January 15, 2001 as an experiment to determine whether a less formal encyclopedia (compared to the more formal Nupedia) could be developed in an `open source' manner (see Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias, http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121 ). The most unique aspect of it is that almost every page on the site has a edit this page link (exceptions being pages like the front page that are especially prone to vandalism). If you click on this link, you are taken to a page where you can edit the article and make any changes that you want. New articles are created by following a link to a article that has no text.

Of course, this also means that vandalism is very easy. Hence, detecting and undoing vandalism must correspondingly be easy. There are two major features that help this. The first is that a complete record of every edit and every version of any article is kept and made available. As part of this, it is very easy to go to a article and choose one of the older versions and make it the current version, thereby removing the subsequent vandalism (called a revert). The other feature is each person who is logged in gets a watchlist that shows when articles they are interested in change. They can then see the exact words that have been changed in the article. This allows edits to Wikipedia to be carefully examined and reverted if they are vandalisms without incurring a large time cost.

Wikipedia currently has over 350,000 articles and there are 10 languages with more than 10,000 articles. It is gaining hundreds of new articles a day and there are around 10,000 edits every day. These are impressive figures for a encyclopedia that depends entirely on volunteer effort. The fact that the entire database of edits is downloadable makes examining Wikipedia further very interesting.

Coase's Penguin
The only mention of Wikipedia in a journal that I have found is the paper Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm (Yochai Benkler, Yale Law Journal, Volume 112, Number 3, December 2002). This paper examines several instances of creation of freely available informational and cultural works that anyone can contribute to, called peer production. The paper concludes that a major factor in helping these works get created is that transaction costs have been cut substantially compared to firm production or market production. In the context of Wikipedia, the relevant cost that has been cut is determining who is best to work on a given encyclopedia article. Each person who uses Wikipedia has a very good idea of their individual cost and the benefit of improving a particular article. If their individual cost is less then their individual benefit, then the individual can make the improvement. Wikipedia has access to far more individuals than a firm, so it is much more likely that a low cost, high benefit individual can be found. Also the firm will not be able to costlessly determine the best individual in the firm. Trying to replicate Wikipedia with a market, would either involve contracting less optimal individuals, or trying to contract thousands of people for small amounts of work. The search costs and the contracting costs involved with the latter would be huge. So, the peer production that occurs in Wikipedia may very well be the most efficient way to produce an encyclopedia since the transaction costs of producing it with a firm or by a market are substantially greater.

Effect of edits and authors, Costs and Benefits
A edit that improves an article has two effects
 * 1) Increases the overall quality of Encyclopedia
 * 2) Increases quality of Article

The first effect is expected to increase visitors and hence edits. The second effect is expected to decrease visitors that are capable of improving the article. An edit that is done by a different author is expected to have even more of an effect, since it will bring new ideas and perspectives.

So, as an article gets closer to the perfect article, the benefit of an additional edit will decrease. The cost will still be similar, or may even go up as the number of people capable of improving the article decreases and the amount of rewriting work increases.

The effect on the encyclopedia should be that more quality articles will bring in more people to read and potentially edit articles. This effect is in the opposite direction of the effect on the article.

Data gathered
The first thing that was done with the entire Wikipedia download was that it was run through a fast preprocessing program to remove the information that I was not interested in. The only information that was left for each edit was article title, author name, article checksum, number of links in article, edit date/time, and flags for the type of the edit and article (such as name-space, redirect, minor edit). The main thing that this removed was the article text which greatly

reduced the amount of data that needed to be dealt with.

The next processes continued to remove extra information that was not needed. First, all non-articles where removed. The definition of an article is the standard Wikipedia definition, a article has at least one internal link, is not a redirect and is in the main name-space (as in is not an image, a talk page or otherwise). Next reverts were removed. Any article that had the pattern A,B,C where A and C had the same checksum and length, and B and C had different authors, was considered a revert, and changes B and C where not counted for any subsequent statistics. The numbers of reverts were kept track of by month and encyclopedia.

The last processing was to get the data into a form that could have OLS done to it. For each month, the total number of articles in various categories was calculated (an example category would be articles that had 2 to 5 authors and 5 to 10 edits and would be written as AE:2to5_5to10). Also the number of bot edits was calculated (any edit by a user listed on Wikipedia:Bots) so that this could be figured into the calculation and disregarded.

This produced data with the following summary statistics:

Here are the averages in a table ordered by the number of authors going down and the number of edits going right. Note that the categories were chosen based on trying to make sure that each one had a reasonable number of articles and some were combined to ensure this (for example AE:0to1_6toplus is a combined article).

Equation and Coefficients
Δtotal = Beta0 + Beta1bot_create + Beta2AE:0to1_0to1 + Beta3AE:0to1_2to3 + Beta4AE:0to1_4to5 + Beta5AE:0to1_6toplus + Beta6AE:2to4_2to3 + Beta7AE:2to4_4to5 + Beta8AE:2to4_6to10 + Beta9AE:2to4_11toplus + Beta10AE:5to10_4to5 + Beta11AE:5to10_6to10 + Beta12AE:5to10_11to20 + Beta13AE:5to10_21toplus + Beta14AE:11toplus_11to20 + Beta15AE:11toplus_21toplus

On the left is Δtotal. This is the change in the total number of articles in a month for a given encyclopedia. The intercept is expected to be positive, since the data is only on encyclopedias that have actually been started, and to get started they need to go from zero pages to some pages, even though all the variables are zero. The next variable, bot_create, is the number of articles that were created that month by computer programs, referred to as bots. This should be close to one since one bot created article in the month will result in one more article being created. (It might possibly spur on human authors, but that is unlikely in a month's time.)

The rest of the variables are variables that are dependent on the structure of the articles. These variables are expected to have coefficients that increase as the number of authors and edits increases, since based on the model of Wikipedia growth, articles with more authors and/or more edits are expected to be of higher quality, and so should draw in more readers, some of whom then proceed to create new articles. On the other hand, as the article ages, more of the links that it has to other articles will be to already existing articles, so I would expect that there will be some decrease in the value of the coefficients as the number of authors and edits increases.

Δedits = Beta0 + Beta1bot_total + Beta2AE:0to1_0to1 + Beta3AE:0to1_2to3 + Beta4AE:0to1_4to5 + Beta5AE:0to1_6toplus + Beta6AE:2to4_2to3 + Beta7AE:2to4_4to5 + Beta8AE:2to4_6to10 + Beta9AE:2to4_11toplus + Beta10AE:5to10_4to5 + Beta11AE:5to10_6to10 + Beta12AE:5to10_11to20 + Beta13AE:5to10_21toplus + Beta14AE:11toplus_11to20 + Beta15AE:11toplus_21toplus

The second equation is trying to predict Δedits, or the number of new edits done in a month. The only different variable is that instead of bot_create, bot_total, or the number of edits done by bots, is used. This should have a coefficient of one since one edit by a bot should create approximately one edit in that month (plus or minus any discouragement or encouragement of humans factor). The coefficients on the article categories should be somewhat similar to the ones on the Δtotals equation since some of the same effects are occuring. Of course, the coefficients should be greater in magnitude than the ones on Δtotals equation since you only have to create an article once, but you have to edit it multiple times to get it to become a high quality article.

In general, I would expect that coefficients should be positive except when one of two things is happening. They both depend on the fact that new authors are joining and old authors are leaving. If the current mix of articles decreases the amount of new authors entering, then that is actually having a negative effect on the number of new edits done. So, if the current mix of articles is of poor quality, more potential authors might get discouraged with the poor quality of Wikipedia, and never join. On the other hand, this might just cause them to start editing. The way to tell would be that the low quality articles would possibly cause more edits to be done and less new articles to be created. The other possible cause of negative coefficients is high quality articles. These would tend to discourage new authors since no improvements that can be made will be found.

The Regression
Both equations were regressed on the data. Below is the Δtotals result:

R2 = 0.8664

Well, it has a reasonably high R2, the intercept is positive and the value for bot_create is close to one. Other than that, I have to say the values on the coefficients surprise me and I have no good story to explain them. The only two that are significant at a 95% confidence level and are positive are one author, 2 to 3 edits and 11 or more authors, 21 or more edits. It is possible that the former demonstrates some kind of new article with lots of empty links, and the latter demonstrates the high quality encyclopedia attraction effect, but it's also possible that the data is just biased on something else. Some other ones that are significant and negative such as AE:5to10_21toplus and AE:11toplus_11to20 do not follow a pattern that I can see.

Below are the structural coefficients arranged is a table:

The Δedits regression yielded similarly puzzling results presented below:

R2 = 0.9597

Well, it has an even higher R2, a positive intercept, and the right value on the coefficient for bot_total. On the other hand, I can't think of a good explanation for the coefficients on AE:5to10_4to5 (+), AE:5to10_6to10 (-), AE:5to10_11to20 (+), AE:5to10_21toplus (-), and AE:11toplus_11to20 (-). Also, the value on AE:5to10_21toplus seems much lower than I would expect. I am quite suspicious that some of the coefficients are picking up an excluded variable bias since they seem inexplicable. My best guess for a candidate is some kind of large encyclopedia effect is affecting the higher edit and author counts.

Conclusions
Something odd is happening with the data. It seems to explain quite a bit of the variation, but on the other hand, I would not have expected the signs on the coefficients that I have seen. I suspect that I will have to examine the article level data very carefully to try and explain the values that I am getting. The aggregate data that I am using does not give sufficient insight into the data to try and give a good explanation of it. I suspect that I will have to work closer with individual articles to explain some of the effects seen.

 * the data
 * the programs used

title: User:Jrincayc/Wikipedia Growth Paper


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Talk:Nitty-gritty

Untitled
Move to Wiktionary.

title: Talk:Nitty-gritty


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Ford Festiva

The Ford Festiva is a subcompact car that was designed and manufactured by Mazda for Ford between 1986 and 2002. Festiva was sold in Japan, the Americas, and Australia. The name "Festiva" is derived from the Spanish word for "festive". It was not related to the similarly sized and named Ford Fiesta, and was not replaced by the Ford Ka, which is smaller.

Designed by Mazda using the DA platform and B series inline-four engines, the Festiva continued the trend of Fords built and designed by Mazda for the Asia-Pacific market such as the Laser and Telstar.

South Korean first generation sales began in 1987 under the name Kia Pride, assembled by Kia under license. Australasia and Europe received the first version between 1987 and 1991 as the "Mazda 121". After 1991, Australasian sales occurred under the "Ford Festiva" name, while European sales continued under the name "Kia Pride". Kia ended production of the Pride in 2000. This ongoing production has been in parallel to the second generation Festiva introduced in 1993, sold as the Ford Aspire in North America and Kia Avella in South Korea and other markets. Although these second generation models were withdrawn in 2000, a third generation was sold between 1996 and 2002 in Japan as a badge-engineered version of the Mazda Demio.

First generation (WA; 1986)
The first generation Ford Festiva was designed by Mazda in Japan at the request of parent company Ford. The Mazda-designed and built three-door hatchback was launched in Japan in February 1986 under the name "Ford Festiva", with the 1.1 and 1.3-liter engines. Festiva utilized the front-wheel drive layout, and its mechanicals consisted of rack and pinion steering, independent front suspension with struts, coil springs and sway bar, and a torsion beam rear suspension. The Festiva was facelifted in 1989, receiving a redesigned grille insert and tail lamp lenses. In Japan at launch, the Festiva three-door was offered in L, L Special, S, Ghia, and Canvas Top specification levels. Ford retailed the Japanese market Festiva via the Autorama dealership network. At the 1986 Tokyo Motor Show, the sporty GT and GT-X models were shown, with a unique twin-cam 1.3-liter engine (BJ). It has a special body kit and a prominent bonnet bulge, and went on sale on 1 December 1986. By then, the Festiva Cargo L (commercial version) had also been added to the lineup, in either a two- or a five-seat version.

Beginning in 1989, Autorama also began selling left-hand drive, Korean-assembled five-door hatchbacks (and later the four-door sedan as well). The Hatchback was sold as the Ford Festiva 5, while the four-door sedan was called the Festiva β. Neither version sold particularly well in Japan. 973 cars were brought in during 1989, with the aim of selling 2,000 the following year. Production of the Japanese market Ford Festiva ended in December 1992, with sales from stock continuing for another month.

North America
In mid-1986, another Ford partner, Kia Motors in South Korea began production of the Festiva under license as the "Kia Pride". Starting from late 1987 for the 1988 model year, Kia began exports to the United States under the "Ford Festiva" name. Canadian sales began in January 1989, with the car being sold through Ford as well as Mercury dealerships. Ford offered a single 1.3-liter B3 four-cylinder engine and three trim levels: L, L Plus, and LX. The two base models featured a four-speed manual overdrive transmission, with the LX upgraded to a five-speed unit. A tachometer and tilt steering wheel also featured on the LX trim, as did alloy wheels, remote mirrors, cloth interior seating, and an AM/FM cassette radio.

Ford released a minor facelift in North America for the 1990 model year. At the same time, the engine's fuel delivery system transitioned from carburetor to fuel injection, and transmission choices were revised with a standard five-speed manual transmission and optional three-speed automatic. Ford also replaced the manual front seat belts with motorized versions (Canadian market models kept the manual front seat belts), and fitted manual rear seat belts as standard. For the 1991 model year, the L Plus and LX models were combined into a single GL trim. Optional power steering was deleted for 1992, and the GL gained alloy wheels and the availability of a "sport" package. The final 1993 model year brought no changes. Over the life of the Festiva in the United States, Kia exported roughly 350,000 units. The agreement with Ford materialized in accordance with Kia's strategy implemented in the mid-1980s to progressively fill the void at the low-cost end of the market slowly being abdicated by the Japanese brands pursuing more expensive models with higher profit margins. Compared to rival automakers in Japan, and also Europe and North America, Kia's main competitive advantage was its lower-paid South Korean workforce—which translated into lower-priced cars.

The 2008 edition of Monash University's Used Car Safety Ratings (UCSR), found that the first generation Festiva provides a "worse than average" (two out of five stars) level of safety in the event of an accident, in a comparison to other "light cars". The safety rating was not calculated solely on the basis of the protection of the vehicle's occupants, with protection for "cyclists, pedestrians and drivers of other vehicles" included to give a "better guide to the total community impact of vehicle safety."

In 1990, racer/journalist Rick Titus and engineer Chuck Beck (creator of the Beck Roadster kit car) built the Festiva Shogun. Inspired by the Australian Giocattolo project, they started a company called Special Editions, Inc., to produce a limited run of 250 cars. These cars were powered by a mid-mounted Yamaha V6 sourced from the first generation Ford Taurus SHO, producing 220 hp. The Festiva Shogun was displayed in the Ford tent at the 1990 Monterey Historics and Ford was considering providing SHO engines directly; the deal fell through after executives test drove the car and deemed it a little too raucous for the company to put their imprimatur on. With the car not being an official Ford product, Special Editions had to buy SHOs from dealers and remove the engines, increasing the price by over ten percent. The price increase, the cancellation of a Japanese order, and the economy slowing down because of the first Gulf War, conspired against the project taking off and only seven cars (plus the prototype) were built.

Australia
Mazda began producing the Festiva as the "Mazda 121" for Australia (and Europe) in 1987, but this model was never retailed in Japan. The 121 ended production in 1990, and was officially discontinued by Mazda Australia in February 1991. From October 1991, Ford Australia began importing the car as the "Ford Festiva" from Kia's South Korean production facility. Where the Mazda was sold as a three-door hatchback, the Ford was sold initially as a five-door only. From January 1993, a Festiva three-door, badged "Festiva Trio" was launched in Australia. Both versions were powered by the overhead camshaft carbureted 1.3-liter B3 engine with the five-speed manual transmission; a three-speed automatic was optional for the five-door. Standard equipment in Australia included an AM/FM radio, tachometer, intermittent windscreen wipers, remote releases for the rear door and fuel tank filler door, with air-conditioning available as an option. Ford discontinued the WA Festiva in the Australian market in March 1994 in way for the WB Festiva.

Ford Australia's action was paralleled in Europe where Kia started exporting three- and five-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and five-door wagon variants of the Kia Pride in 1991 under their own name. These additional sedan and five-door hatchback body variants were also imported from South Korea to Japan in left-hand drive form (Japan officially being a right-hand drive market) as the "Ford Festiva 5" (from May 1991) and "Festiva β", respectively.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, it was assembled using complete knock-down kits from 1989 via the local joint venture Ford Lio Ho.

Mazda 121 (DA)
Mazda began selling the 121 as a single three-door hatchback body variant in 1987 to sit below the larger 323 model. Despite being manufactured there, the 121 was not sold in Japan under the "Mazda" brand. Australian specification 121s were fitted with the 1.3-liter B3 engine, mated to a five-speed manual transmission. European markets also received the 55 PS 1.1-liter B1 engine with a four-speed manual transmission.

The 121 was sold in Australia from March 1987. It featured a sliding rear bench seat, which increased cargo space by as much as 180 mm. Levels of trim in Australia comprised the base-line "deluxe", the "super deluxe", and the "fun top" (based on the super deluxe), featuring a large electric sliding canvas sunroof. From October 1988, the super deluxe was discontinued and replaced by the "shades" trim. The European premiere for the 121 was at the Geneva Auto Salon in March 1988. The 1.1-liter version was added in July 1989. Trim levels were L and LX, with an SR version also available in the UK. In Europe, the car's ventilation system, developed with American consumers in mind, was notable for its refinement for the class. An interesting design feature was that the rear seat back could be reclined somewhat, and the seat could be moved longitudinally, adding up to 50 L of space to the otherwise very small luggage compartment.

Mazda issued an update for the 121 (released in October 1989 for the Australian market) with a new grille insert, body-hued exterior trim, redesigned instrumentation and interior seats and trim. The Mazda variant was discontinued in 1991, being replaced by a new generation Mazda 121, based on the Japanese market Autozam Revue.

Kia Pride (Y)
The Kia Pride badged version of the Festiva was manufactured in South Korea by Kia Motors from March 1987 to January 2000. Prior to its South Korean market release, exports as the Festiva had begun in December 1986 to Japan and the United States. The Pride was sold in four-door sedan form (in LX, GTX, and β trim levels), as well as three- and five-door hatchback forms (the CD-5) and five-door wagon body styles. The original Pride was only available as a three-door hatchback, while the five-door was added in June 1988. The four-door sedan model, the Pride Beta, arrived in November 1990, and the range was completed by the three-door van and five-door wagon in February 1992. In November 1993 the Pride received a minor facelift and production was also moved to Kia's Asia Motors subsidiary's Gwangju plant as Kia focused on the new Avella (Ford Aspire/WB Festiva). Until the Mazda 121 was replaced in late 1990, Kia-badged cars were only exported to certain tertiary markets. The Pride was replaced by the Rio beginning in 1999.

The Pride launched in the United Kingdom in June 1991, fitted with either the 1.1- B1 or 1.3-litre B3 engines. The 1.1 was only available as a three-door in the basic L trim (whitewall tyres were a commonplace feature on them). There was also a panel van two-seater version in the UK and some other markets. Fuel injection appeared on the 1.3-litre-engined models in November 1994, referred to as the "1.3i". At this time, the 1.1-litre version was deleted. December 1995 saw the Start 1.3i three-door replace the L, and the Pride was then briefly discontinued in the UK in January 1999. In June 1999, it was relaunched in an entry-level three-door now called S with the higher-level three- and five-doors known as the SX. Sales of the relaunched model ended in June 2000.

SAIPA Pride
SAIPA has built the Kia Pride in Iran under license since 1993 and using up to 85 percent local parts as the SAIPA Pride from 2001 to 2005. Since 2003, SAIPA has produced a new five-door liftback model based on the Pride called the SAIPA 141, while continuing to sell the Iranian version of the Pride under the names SAIPA Saba GLXi (four-door sedan), SAIPA Nasim Safari (five-door wagon) and SAIPA Nasim DMi (five-door hatchback). Compared to these versions, the SAIPA 141 features revised rear styling with a longer liftback tail, and different interior design. Beginning in 2007, the SAIPA 141 was assembled and sold in Venezuela under the name Venirauto Turpial. The plan was to reach 92 percent local parts content, but this was generally regarded as unrealistic and Venirauto's total annual production generally hovered around 2,000 cars.

Another variant, known as the SAIPA 132 began production in 2008 and differs from the Saba with its revised front and rear styling. The company introduced a coupe utility body style in 2008 under the name SAIPA 151, with a 500 kg payload. The platform/engine of the Kia Pride also formed the basis for the Iranian P.K (2000 to 2005) and New P.K (2005 to 2007) models, which utilize Renault 5 bodies. In Iran, the Pride continues to be the most common car with approximately 40 percent of vehicles in the country being a Pride-derived SAIPA.

Arab American Vehicles (AAV) manufactured the Pride in Cairo, Egypt, circa 1998.

Kia Pride in China
The Kia Pride firstly involved in a joint venture in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province with automobile company Guangtong Motors, where they were producing cars under a licence. The batch of cars would firstly be imported into China where parts are brought in later and the company would assemble the finished product. Jiangsu Yueda Auto Works (later Yueda Kia Motors, currently Dongfeng Yueda Kia Motors) began assembly of the Pride in 1997. The sedan was called the Yueda Kia Pride YQZ6390, the hatchback either YQZ6370 or YQZ7141. Chinese production ended in December 2003.

Second generation (WB, WD, WF; 1993)
The second model Ford Festiva, launched in 1993, was jointly developed between Kia and Ford, retaining most of the drivetrain of the previous model with a more rounded body style. This new Festiva was slightly longer, wider, more aerodynamic, and suspended by MacPherson struts in the front and a torsion beam axle in the rear. While it was sold in certain markets as a second generation Festiva, Ford renamed it the "Aspire" in North American markets, where the five-door model was offered for the first time. In South Korea, the car was badged "Kia Avella". The sedan version was mainly restricted to the South Korean market, although it was also available with Festiva badging in Taiwan.

Depending on the market, some retained the SOHC, throttle-body injected motor, while others received an engine with a DOHC cylinder head and MPI also designed by Mazda. These engines were:
 * B3 EGi: 1.3 L (1,323 cc) fuel injected 8-valve I4 making 63 hp at 5000 rpm and 74 lbft at 3000 rpm
 * B5 EGi: 1.5 L (1,498 cc) fuel injected 16-valve I4 making 88.4 hp at 5000 rpm and 99 lbft at 4000 rpm (Asia and Oceania only)

Transmission options comprised a 5-speed manual transmission, although all models could be optioned with a 4-speed automatic. Australian and U.S. models were equipped with a 3-speed automatic.

In 1997, the Festiva received a new front bumper with an oval grille, reshaped headlamps, and other minor changes. The Aspire was dropped from the Ford range in the United States after 1997.

The second generation Festiva continued to be sold in Australia until 2000 when it was replaced by the Ford Ka. Australian second-generation Festivas have U.S. side marker light cut-outs on each side of the vehicle (driver-side and passenger-side) at the front and rear. Instead of housing orange reflectors/lights at the front sides and red reflectors/lights at the rear sides, there are non-lit orange reflectors at all four locations. These redundant reflectors, coupled with the orange side indicator repeater (which is not required in the U.S., and was not included on the Aspire) make for a unique side profile.

Kia developed their following model, the Kia Rio, completely independently, and finished their relationship with Ford.

Like the first generation, the 2008 edition of the Used Car Safety Ratings (UCSR) by Monash University in Australia found the second series Festiva to provide a "worse than average" (two out of five stars) safety protection level in the event of an accident. In the 2010 edition, the scoring was downgraded to "very poor" (equivalent to one of five stars, or the "significantly worse than average" terminology used in 2008).

Ford Aspire

The Ford Aspire was sold in North America from 1994 until 1997. It was the replacement for the Ford Festiva. It was the first car in its class to have dual airbags standard and anti-lock brakes optional. It came in two and four door body styles, both hatchbacks. The 2-door was available in base and SE trim while the 4-door was only available in base trim. The SE model offered a sporting package that consisted of fog lights, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, blue face instrument cluster with tachometer, and upgraded interior trim. The Aspire had very few options for the base model: cassette player, automatic transmission, rear defrost and wiper, alloy wheels, and a comfort and convenience package that had several minor interior upgrades. Due to slow sales the SE model was dropped after 1995 along with all of its optional equipment. The base model also lost its optional alloy wheels and rear wiper. The performance with the automatic was slower than the manual, with 0–60 mph times of 16.2 seconds. Power steering was only available with the 5-door automatic. The Aspire was given a facelift in 1997 with redesigned front and rear bumpers, a new radio, and new seat facings. The Aspire was discontinued after 1997, due to slow sales.

Kia Avella
The version of the Festiva sold in Korea, from March 1994, was badged "Kia Avella". "Avella" was a made-up portmanteau word, combining aveo (Latin for "desire") and ella (Spanish for "she"). Available in sedan (Avella Delta), three-door and five-door hatchback body styles. Sales of the Kia Avella totalled 115,576 between 1994 and 1995 but dropped to only 27,850 in 1998. The Avella was primarily intended for export markets carrying Ford badging, as South Korean customers tended to prefer sedans over hatchbacks. It was sold in a very few export markets with Kia badging, such as Malta and Russia. The Kia Avella was discontinued in 1999 although production for some export markets continued until 2000; it and the Pride (first generation Festiva) were collectively replaced by the Kia Rio in 1999.

All Avellas came standard with 13 inch wheels, a four-speaker stereo, heated rear glass, anti-lock brakes (ABS), driver's side airbag, and door impact beams. Optional equipment included air conditioning, power locks, power mirrors, power windows, folding rear seats, dimming interior mirror, a tachometer, and aluminum wheels. The Avella was the first South Korean car in its class to offer dual airbags and ABS-brakes. The Delta version received a slightly reworked front end from its hatchback siblings.

While the standard Avellas received the 73 PS 1.3 liter Mazda B3 engine, higher spec versions were available both with an SOHC and a more powerful DOHC version of the 1.5 liter B5 engine. The 105 PS DOHC version was only available in the four-door Avella Delta. Five-speed manuals as well as three- or four-speed automatic transmissions were available.

Third generation (1996)
Sales of the second generation Festiva ended in 1996 for the Japanese market, being replaced by generation three—a badge engineered Mazda Demio (DW). Known as the "Ford Festiva Mini Wagon", the Japanese-only model range consisted of a single five-door hatchback body style available with either a 1.3- or 1.5-liter engine. Transmission options were a three-speed or four-speed automatic and a five-speed manual. Production continued until Mazda ceased manufacture of the equivalent Demio in 2002.

title: Ford Festiva


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Southland Conference

The Southland Conference, abbreviated as SLC, is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States (specifically Texas and Louisiana). It participates in the NCAA's Division I for all sports; for football, it participates in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The Southland sponsors 18 sports, 10 for women and eight for men, and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators. Chris Grant became the Southland's seventh commissioner on April 5, 2022. From 1996 to 2002, for football only, the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League. The conference's offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco, Texas. According to a press release from April 11, 2022, the conference was to undergo a rebrand in 2022 that included a new name and logo. The rebranding was unveiled in March 2023, with a new logo but no change to the conference name.

Chronological timeline
Founded in 1963, its members were Abilene Christian College (now Abilene Christian University; departed in 1973 for NCAA Division II, but moved to Division I and rejoined the Southland in 2013), Arkansas State College (now Arkansas State University; departed in 1987, now a member of the Sun Belt Conference), Arlington State College (now The University of Texas at Arlington, departed in 2012 and now in the Western Athletic Conference), Lamar State College of Technology (now Lamar University; departed in 1987, rejoined in 1999, left again in 2021, returned in 2022), and Trinity University (departed in 1972, now participating in NCAA Division III).

Since its founding, the Southland Conference has been the home for 18 college and university all-sports programs (see membership timeline below). In addition, the conference has also been home to some schools for one sport only. In the case of football, Troy University fielded a team from 1996 to 2000 and Jacksonville State University did so from 1997 to 2002. This has also been the case for some Olympic sports like men's tennis, in which the University of Texas–Pan American (UTPA; since merged into the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, or UTRGV) and the University of New Orleans (UNO) fielded teams as affiliate members before 2013, when UTPA joined the WAC and UNO became a full Southland member.

The Southland underwent major turmoil in 2021, losing five members. On January 14, the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) announced that four Southland members—Abilene Christian, Lamar, Sam Houston, and Stephen F. Austin—would join that conference in July 2022. Within a week, the Southland expelled those four schools, leading the WAC to move their entry up to July 2021. A fifth member, Central Arkansas, announced on January 29 that it would join the ASUN Conference effective that July. At the time, the ASUN was a non-football conference, but soon entered into a football partnership with the WAC that gave Central Arkansas and two other incoming ASUN members a football home until an ASUN football league was established.

The Southland began the process of rebuilding its core membership in September 2021, announcing that Texas A&M University–Commerce would start a transition from NCAA Division II and join the conference in July 2022. The SLC also announced a football scheduling alliance with the Ohio Valley Conference, another FCS league that had experienced major membership losses during the early-2020s realignment cycle, for the 2022 and 2023 seasons. However, shortly after A&M–Commerce was announced as a future member, the SLC was set to experience further attrition when the University of the Incarnate Word (UIW) announced that it would leave for the WAC after the 2021–22 school year. Ultimately, however, this did not come to pass, as UIW announced it would be staying in the SLC only 7 months after announcing its departure. McNeese was also courted by the WAC, and also flirted with a move to Conference USA, but eventually stayed in the SLC. According to the American Press, the daily newspaper of McNeese's home of Lake Charles, Louisiana, McNeese became "the de facto lead school in the league". It was set to host the SLC's football media day through at least the 2026 season, as well as the conference tournaments in men's and women's basketball, baseball, and softball through 2026.

More recently, Lamar announced it would return to the SLC effective in 2023–24. In addition, on April 11, 2022 the conference announced in a press release that it had partnered with Troika Media Group to institute a rebrand to be implemented before the end of the calendar year. The release stated that the rebrand would include, among other things, a new name for the conference. On July 11, 2022, Lamar and the Southland Conference announced Lamar's accelerated return to the SLC effective immediately. The following day saw the SLC lose two of its women's golf associates when the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and Northeast Conference (NEC) announced a partnership for baseball and men's and women's golf that saw all MEAC schools that sponsored those sports become NEC associates. Accordingly, Delaware State and Maryland Eastern Shore, which had joined SLC women's golf just a year earlier, moved that sport to the NEC.

On March 25, 2024, the Southland expanded again with the announcement that UTRGV would join the conference effective July 1, 2024, joining Lamar from the WAC. Two months later, multiple media reports indicated that Stephen F. Austin would return to the SLC in July 2024; this move was officially announced on May 29.

Current full members

 * Notes

Associate members
The Southland added four associate members in golf effective with the 2021–22 school year. One school joined in men's golf only, two in women's golf only, and one in both. A fifth school joined at the same time for both men's and women's tennis, and two more schools joined in July 2022, one for men's and women's golf and tennis and the other for beach volleyball. However, as noted previously, two of these schools left a year later when their full-time home of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference entered into a women's golf partnership with the Northeast Conference. The Southland Conference announced UIC joining the conference as an affiliate in men's tennis for the 2022–23 season on July 14. San Jose State was added as a multi-year beach volleyball affiliate beginning with the 2023 season (2022–23 school year). UIC would only spend one season in SLC men's tennis, moving that sport to the Mid-American Conference in July 2023.

 * Notes

Former full members
School names and nicknames listed here reflect those in use in each institution's final school year of Southland Conference membership.

 * Notes

Former associate members

 * Notes:

Membership timeline
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1. - Southwestern Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Lafayette (Louisiana–Lafayette, now athletically branded as simply Louisiana) in 1999.

2. - Northeast Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Monroe (Louisiana–Monroe) in 1999.

3. - UTPA merged with the University of Texas at Brownsville to become the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) in 2015.

Sports
The Southland Conference sponsors championship competition in eight men's and 10 women's NCAA sanctioned sports. The most recently added sport is beach volleyball, with SLC competition starting in 2019–20.

Men's sponsored sports by school
Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the Southland Conference which are played by SLC schools:

Notes

Women's sponsored sports by school
Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the Southland Conference which are played by SLC schools:

Notes

Football
Former and current players from the Southland that would go on to star in the National Football League include Gary Barbaro, Mike Barber, Fred Barnett, Bill Bergey, Derrick Blaylock, Bubby Brister, Ray Brown, Roger Carr, Mark Carrier, Larry Centers, Bruce Collie, Keith Davis, Fred Dean, Jackie Harris, Stan Humphries, Buford Jordan, Wade Key, Josh McCown, Tim McKyer, Jeff Novak, Kavika Pittman, Mike Quinn, Billy Ryckman, Ricky Sanders, Eugene Seale, Rafael Septién, Terrance Shaw, Marcus Spears, Chad Stanley, Pat Tilley, Jeremiah Trotter, Marvin Upshaw, Lardarius Webb and Spergon Wynn. The Southland was instrumental in founding the Independence Bowl, and the Southland champion served as the automatic home team for that bowl from 1976–1980. On May 21, 2014, the Southland Conference approved the use of instant replay at all its home games becoming the first FCS league to fully commit to having all games utilize instant replay.

Men's basketball
Among notable NBA stars attending Southland Conference schools include Karl Malone (Louisiana Tech), Joe Dumars (McNeese), Jeff Foster (Southwest Texas State, now known as Texas State), and Andrew Toney (Southwestern Louisiana, now known as Louisiana).

Women's basketball
Former member Louisiana–Monroe (then Northeast Louisiana) advanced to the 1985 NCAA Women's Final Four.

Championships

 * Southland Conference men's basketball tournament
 * Southland Conference women's basketball tournament
 * Southland Conference baseball tournament
 * Southland Conference women's soccer tournament
 * Southland Conference softball tournament

Spending and revenue
Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights/licensing, student fees, school funds and all other sources including TV income, camp income, food and novelties. Total expenses includes coaching/staff, scholarships, buildings/ground, maintenance, utilities and rental fees and all other costs including recruiting, team travel, equipment and uniforms, conference dues and insurance costs.

Facilities

 * Notes:

Southland Conference Television Network
The Conference began its own syndicated broadcast entity in 2008, the Southland Conference Television Network. It aired in over 25 markets in the league's four-state region, plus on national networks such as Fox College Sports, ESPN GamePlan, and ESPN3. In 2008-09, the network featured 35 broadcasts, and over 30 in each of the next four seasons.

For 2013 and 2014, the syndicated network was restricted to only regular season football games. The remainder of the schedule was available on ESPN3 or regional sports networks, including regular season and tournament basketball as well as championships in soccer, volleyball, softball and baseball. ESPN3 also carried an exclusive package of football games beyond the syndicated network's schedule.

SLCTV dissolved on July 1, 2015. Beginning with the 2015–16 school year, the Southland Conference entered into an agreement with the American Sports Network to syndicate and televise selected games, while also continuing its association with ESPN3. A separate deal will allow for Louisiana-based Cox Sports Television to air select games.

After ASN folded following the 2016–17 academic year, the Southland announced a television agreement with Eleven Sports. During 2017-18, conference-controlled games aired on ESPN3, Eleven Sports, Fox Sports Southwest and Cox Sports Television. For 2018-19, ESPN productions began to be split between ESPN3 and ESPN+ platforms. On October 8, 2020, the Southland Conference announced a multi-year extension through the 2024–25 academic year as well as an expansion of its media rights agreement with ESPN.

title: Southland Conference


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Talk:List of Royal Titles of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

For reasons I'm not quite sure of, in the UK title Queen goes at the end rather than the foront of 'of the united Kingdom...' -- Chrism 17:40, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I didn't see the point in having quotation marks in certain places but not in others, it just made the article look messy. -- Chrism 12:33, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I see no reason in keeping this separate from List of Titles and Honours of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. I will merge. --Jia ng 22:51, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)


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Archibald Lampman

Archibald Lampman (17 November 1861 – 10 February 1899) was a Canadian poet. "He has been described as 'the Canadian Keats;' and he is perhaps the most outstanding exponent of the Canadian school of nature poets." The Canadian Encyclopedia says that he is "generally considered the finest of Canada's late 19th-century poets in English."

Lampman is classed as one of Canada's Confederation Poets, a group which also includes Charles G.D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Duncan Campbell Scott.

Life
Archibald Lampman was born at Morpeth, Ontario, a village near Chatham, the son of Archibald Lampman, an Anglican clergyman. "The Morpeth that Lampman knew was a small town set in the rolling farm country of what is now western Ontario, not far from the shores of Lake Erie. The little red church just east of the town, on the Talbot Road, was his father's charge."

In 1867 the family moved to Gore's Landing on Rice Lake, where young Archie Lampman attended at the Barron's School. In 1868 he contracted rheumatic fever, which left him lame for some years and with a permanently weakened heart.

Lampman attended Cobourg Collegiate, followed by Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, and then Trinity College in Toronto, Ontario (now part of the University of Toronto), graduating in 1882, with only second-class standing. While at university, he published early poems in Acta Victoriana, the literary journal of Victoria College. In 1883, after a frustrating attempt to teach high school in Orangeville, Ontario, he took an appointment as a low-paid clerk in the Post Office Department in Ottawa, a position he held for the rest of his life.

Lampman "was slight of form and of middle height. He was quiet and undemonstrative in manner, but had a fascinating personality. Sincerity and high ideals characterized his life and work."

On Sep. 3, 1887, Lampman married 20-year-old Maude Emma Playter. "They had a daughter, Natalie Charlotte, born in 1892. Arnold Gesner, born May 1894, was the first boy, but he died in August. A third child, Archibald Otto, was born in 1898."

In Ottawa, Lampman befriended poet William Wilfred Campbell. He also became a close friend of Indian Affairs bureaucrat Duncan Campbell Scott; Scott introduced him to camping, and Lampman introduced Scott to writing poetry. One of their early camping trips inspired Lampman's classic Morning on the Lièvre which, in 1961, became the text for, and subject of, an award-winning National Film Board of Canada film of the same name.

Lampman, Campbell, and Scott together wrote a literary column, "At the Mermaid Inn," for the Toronto Globe from February 1892 until July 1893. (The name was a reference to the Elizabethan-era Mermaid Tavern.) As Lampman wrote to a friend:

"Campbell is deplorably poor.... Partly in order to help his pockets a little Mr. Scott and I decided to see if we could get the Toronto 'Globe' to give us space for a couple of columns of paragraphs & short articles, at whatever pay we could get for them. They agreed to it; and Campbell, Scott and I have been carrying on the thing for several weeks now."

"In the last years of his short life there is evidence of a spiritual malaise which was compounded by the death of an infant son [Arnold, commemorated in the poem "White Pansies"] and his own deteriorating health."

Lampman died in Ottawa at the age of 37, due to his weakened heart. He is buried, fittingly, at Beechwood Cemetery, in Ottawa, a site he wrote about in the poem "In Beechwood Cemetery" (which is inscribed at the cemetery's entranceway). His grave is marked by a natural stone on which is carved only one word: Lampman. A plaque on the site carries a few lines from his poem "In November":

Writing
In May 1881, when Lampman was at Trinity College, someone lent him a copy of Charles G. D. Roberts's recently published first book, Orion and Other Poems. The effect on the 19-year-old student was immediate and profound:

"I sat up most of the night reading and re-reading 'Orion' in a state of the wildest excitement and when I went to bed I could not sleep. It seemed to me a wonderful thing that such work could be done by a Canadian, by a young man, one of ourselves. It was like a voice from some new paradise of art, calling to us to be up and doing. A little after sunrise I got up and went out into the college grounds ... everything was transfigured for me beyond description, bathed in an old world radiance of beauty; the magic of the lines was sounding in my ears, those divine verses, as they seemed to me, with their Tennyson-like richness and strange earth-loving Greekish flavour. I have never forgotten that morning, and its influence has always remained with me."

Lampman sent Roberts a fan letter, which "initiated a correspondence between the two young men, but they probably did not meet until after Roberts moved to Toronto in late September 1883 to become the editor of Goldwin Smith's The Week."

Inspired, Lampman also began writing poetry, and soon after began publishing it: first "in the pages of his college magazine, Rouge et Noir;" then "graduating to the more presitigious pages of The Week" – (his sonnet "A Monition," later retitled "The Coming of Winter," appeared in its first issue ) – and finally, by the late 1880s "winning an audience in the major magazines of the day, such as Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, and Scribner's."

Lampman published mainly nature poetry in the current late-Romantic style. "The prime literary antecedents of Lampman lie in the work of the English poets Keats, Wordsworth, and Arnold," says the Gale Encyclopedia of Biography, "but he also brought new and distinctively Canadian elements to the tradition. Lampman, like others of his school, relied on the Canadian landscape to provide him with much of the imagery, stimulus, and philosophy which characterize his work.... Acutely observant in his method, Lampman created out of the minutiae of nature careful compositions of color, sound, and subtle movement. Evocatively rich, his poems are frequently sustained by a mood of revery and withdrawal, while their themes are those of beauty, wisdom, and reassurance, which the poet discovered in his contemplation of the changing seasons and the harmony of the countryside."

The Canadian Encyclopedia calls his poems "for the most part close-packed melancholy meditations on natural objects, emphasizing the calm of country life in contrast to the restlessness of city living. Limited in range, they are nonetheless remarkable for descriptive precision and emotional restraint. Although characterized by a skilful control of rhythm and sound, they tend to display a sameness of thought."

"Lampman wrote more than 300 poems in this last period of his life, although scarcely half of these were published prior to his death. For single poems or groups of poems he found outlets in the literary magazines of the day: in Canada, chiefly the Week; in the United States, Scribner's Magazine, The Youth's Companion, the Independent, the Atlantic Monthly, and Harper's Magazine. In 1888, with the help of a legacy left to his wife, he published Among the millet and other poems," his first book, at his own expense. The book is notable for the poems "Morning on the Lièvre," "Heat," the sonnet "In November," and the long sonnet sequence "The Frogs"

"By this time he had achieved a literary reputation, and his work appeared regularly in Canadian periodicals and prestigious American magazines.... In 1895 Lampman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and his second collection of poems, Lyrics of Earth, was brought out by a Boston publisher."

The book was not a success. "The sales of Lyrics of Earth were disappointing and the only critical notices were four brief though favourable reviews. In size, the volume is slighter than Among the Millet — twenty-nine poems in contrast to forty-eight — and in quality fails to surpass the earlier work." (Lyrics does, though, contain some of Lampman's most beautiful poems, such as "After Rain" and "The Sun Cup.")

"A third volume, Alcyone and other poems, in press at the time of his death" in 1899, showed Lampman starting to move in new directions, with the nature verses interspersed with philosophical poetry like "Voices of Earth" and "The Clearer Self" and poems of social criticism like "The City" and what may be his best-known poem, the dystopian vision of "The City of the End of Things." "As a corollary to his preoccupation with nature," notes the Gale Encyclopedia, "Lampman [had] developed a critical stance toward an emerging urban civilization and a social order against which he pitted his own idealism. He was an outspoken socialist, a feminist, and a social critic." Canadian critic Malcolm Ross wrote that "in poems like 'The City at the End of Things' and 'Epitaph on a Rich Man' Lampman seems to have a social and political insight absent in his fellows."

However, Lampman died before Alcyone appeared, and it "was held back by Scott (12 specimen copies were printed posthumously in Ottawa in 1899) in favour of a comprehensive memorial volume planned for 1900." The latter was a planned collected poems "which he was editing in the hope that its sale would provide Maud with some much-needed cash. Besides Alcyone, it included Among the Millet and Lyrics of Earth in their entirety, plus seventy-four sonnets Lampman had tried to publish separately, twenty-three miscellaneous poems and ballads, and two long narrative poems ("David and Abigail" and "The Story of an Affinity")." Among the previously unpublished sonnets were some of Lampman's finest work, including "Winter Uplands", "The Railway Station," and "A Sunset at Les Eboulements."

"Published by Morang & Company of Toronto in 1900," The Poems of Archibald Lampman "was a substantial tome — 473 pages — and ran through several editions. Scott's 'Memoir,' which prefaces the volume, would prove to be an invaluable source of information about the poet's life and personality."

Scott published one further volume of Lampman's poetry, At the Long Sault and Other Poems, in 1943 – "and on this occasion, as on other occasions previously, he did not hesitate to make what he felt were improvements on the manuscript versions of the poems." The book is remarkable mainly for its title poem, "At the Long Sault: May 1660," a dramatic retelling of the Battle of Long Sault, which belongs with the great Canadian historical poems. It was co-edited by E.K. Brown, who the same year published his own volume On Canadian Poetry: a book that was a major boost to Lampman's reputation. Brown considered Lampman and Scott the top Confederation Poets, well ahead of Roberts and Carman, and his view came to predominate over the next few decades.

Lampman never considered himself more than a minor poet, as he once confessed in a letter to a friend: "I am not a great poet and I never was. Greatness in poetry must proceed from greatness of character — from force, fearlessness, brightness. I have none of those qualities. I am, if anything, the very opposite, I am weak, I am a coward, I am a hypochondriac. I am a minor poet of a superior order, and that is all." However, others' opinion of his work has been higher than his own.

Malcolm Ross, for instance, considered him to be the best of all the Confederation Poets:

"Lampman, it is true, has the camera eye. But Lampman is no mere photographer. With Scott (and more completely than Scott), he has, poetically, met the demands of his place and his time.... Like Roberts (and more intensively than Roberts), he searches for the idea.... Ideas are germinal for him, infecting the tissue of his thought.... Like the existentialist of our day, Lampman is not so much 'in search of himself' as engaged strenuously in the creation of the self. Every idea is approached as potentially the substance of a 'clearer self.' Even landscape is made into a symbol of the deep, interior processes of the self, or is used ... to induce a settling of the troubled surfaces of the mind and a miraculous transparency that opens into the depths."

Recognition
Lampman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1895.

He was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 1920.

A literary prize, the Archibald Lampman Award, is awarded annually by Ottawa-area poetry magazine Arc in Lampman's honour.

Since 1999, the annual "Archibald Lampman Poetry Reading" has brought leading Canadian poets to Trinity College, Toronto, under the sponsorship of the John W. Graham Library and the Friends of the Library, Trinity College.

His name is also carried on in the town of Lampman, Saskatchewan, a small community of approximately 730 people, situated near the City of Estevan.

Canada Post issued a postage stamp in his honour on July 7, 1989. The stamp depicts Lampman's portrait on a backdrop of nature.

Canadian singer/songwriter Loreena McKennitt adapted Lampman's poem "Snow" as a song, writing original music while keeping as the lyrics the poem verbatim. This adaptation appears on McKennitt's album To Drive the Cold Winter Away (1987) and, with a different arrangement, on her 1995 EP, A Winter Garden: Five Songs for the Season, which was replaced in 2008 by the album A Midwinter Night's Dream.

Toronto choir the Upper Canada Choristers commissioned a setting of three of Lampman's poems ("The Bird and the Hour," "Snow" and "Voices of Earth") from Canadian composer Stephen Chatman.

title: Archibald Lampman