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Wisconsin Public Radio

Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR) is a network of 38 public radio stations in the state of Wisconsin. WPR's network is divided into two distinct services, the WPR News Network and the WPR Music Network, as well as the All Classical Network, a digital-only, full-time classical music service.

History
In 1932, WHA in Madison and WLBL in Stevens Point started limited simulcasting of certain programs. However, the first real steps toward the building of what would become Wisconsin Public Radio began in 1947, with the sign-on of WHA-FM (now WERN) as a sister station to WHA. Between 1948 and 1965, seven more FM stations signed on as part of what was initially dubbed Wisconsin Educational Radio. The network became Wisconsin Public Radio in 1971, when it became a charter member of National Public Radio. Shortly afterward, the merger of the University of Wisconsin and Wisconsin State University systems into the present-day University of Wisconsin System greatly increased WPR's reach.

On April 9, 2024, WPR announced a substantial overhaul to its network, impacting all 38 network stations. Beginning May 20, the Ideas Network will be replaced with WPR News, which will air NPR flagship and local WPR programs. The News & Classical Network will be replaced with WPR Music and will air expanded schedules of classical music throughout the week, with jazz, world, and folk music heard on the weekends. Some former Ideas Network stations will switch to the WPR Music format, including WHHI 91.3 in Highland, KUWS 91.3 Superior, WHAA 89.1 Adams, WLBL 930 AM Auburndale, and WHAD 90.7 Delafield-Milwaukee. This change will greatly expand classical music offerings throughout the state, and will mark the return of the classical music format to the Milwaukee FM dial after WFMR dropped the format in 2007. In Madison, WHA and WERN will join WPR News, with the low powered FM translators currently carrying the Ideas Network from WHA airing WPR Music going forward.

Ideas Network
The Ideas Network is devoted mostly to discussion and call-in shows, focusing on the state of Wisconsin and issues involving the state. The name of the network comes from the Wisconsin Idea concept associated with the UW System.

During the week, the Ideas Network airs locally produced talk programming, longtime daily reading showcase Chapter a Day, and WBUR's On Point in mid-mornings, WAMU's 1A Monday-Thursdays and National Public Radio's Science Friday in early afternoons, while at night broadcasting Q and As It Happens from CBC Radio One, along with a mix of national programs including Reveal, Latino USA and The Moth Radio Hour, as well as repeats of Chapter a Day, and overnight, the BBC World Service. In election years, expanded political coverage occurs, along with WPR often coordinating in part political debates for the state's highest offices such as Governor and Attorney General, often with PBS Wisconsin (formerly Wisconsin Public Television).

On the weekend, it airs WPR-produced shows, such as Zorba Paster On Your Health and To the Best of Our Knowledge. Weekends also include NPR/PRI/APM entertainment programming such as Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, Ask Me Another, Radiolab and Live from Here (the former A Prairie Home Companion) on Saturdays, with Says You!, A Way with Words, Milk Street Radio, Bullseye with Jesse Thorn, and This American Life on Sundays. Other WPR-originated programming on the weekends include: University of the Air, the folk music focused Simply Folk, and PRX Remix. Higher Ground, a program of world music hosted by Dr. Jonathan Overby, is broadcast on Saturday night on WHAD, WPR's Ideas Network station in Milwaukee, and otherwise heard on WPR's News & Classical Music stations around the state. Formerly the network carried old time radio programming on weekend evenings, but discontinued doing so in June 2020 due to the racial and sexist views of the era proving outdated and offensive to general audiences.

The flagship station of the Ideas Network is WHA 970 AM in Madison, one of the oldest existing radio stations in the world. All Ideas Network stations broadcast in analog monaural sound to provide those signals the largest coverage areas possible, while the HD Radio and Internet streaming feeds broadcast in stereo.

Personalities hosting call-in talk shows on the Ideas Network (as of November 2017) include Kate Archer Kent (early morning weekdays), Larry Meiller (late morning and early afternoon weekdays) and Central Time with Rob Ferrett and various co-hosts (afternoon drive time). On the typical weekday, the Ideas Network broadcasts over seven hours of live, Wisconsin-produced call-in talk shows.

NPR News & Music Network
The NPR News & Music Network, formerly the NPR News & Classical Network, was originally devoted to classical music, along with carrying the national NPR News programs Morning Edition and All Things Considered, though its news and talk programs have increased since the early 2000s with the public radio industry's overall shift away from all-music programming. As of 2020, it carries the syndicated Classical 24 network in non-prime hours, while daily classical programming originates from Madison. The flagship station of the NPR News & Music Network is WERN in Madison.

In addition to the programs above, this network carries Fresh Air, Weekend Edition, APM's Marketplace, the BBC World Service's Newshour, and Live from Here. Live from the Met is offered during the opera's concert season. WPR also produces specialty programming on the weekend, such as a listener request program and a local music program titled Wisconsin Classical. The network also carries weekend jazz, folk and world music programming - including Higher Ground, hosted by Dr. Jonathan Overby on Saturday nights (this program is also heard on WPR's Milwaukee-based Ideas Network Station WHAD). Other forms of music such as blues, new-age, and Native American music can be heard regionally. A few Ideas Network stations in areas not served by this network carry the above programs in place of the master Ideas Network schedule.

The NPR News & Music network does not have a presence in Milwaukee. Flagship NPR programming is aired on WUWM, which is independent from Wisconsin Public Radio. Programming from the NPR News & Music feed can be heard in Milwaukee on WHAD HD-2 from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.. The network is partially available in western suburbs from WERN and in south shore suburbs from WGTD.

Forthcoming restructuring
In April 2024, WPR announced a restructuring of its two analog networks, to take place on May 20 of that year. The Ideas Network would be retired and its staff and most of its programming transferred to a new service called WPR News, while a new WPR Music service will feature expanded schedules of classical music throughout the week, with jazz, world, and folk music heard on the weekends. Many WPR stations are scheduled to switch programming services; in Milwaukee, WHAD will join the WPR Music service (with NPR News programming continuing on WUWM) while WHA and WERN in Madison will join WPR News, with the low powered FM translators currently carrying the Ideas Network from WHA airing WPR Music going forward.

Most syndicated NPR programming will continue on WPR News. However, 1A Plus, As It Happens, Q, and Milk Street Radio will be removed from the network. WPR network programs The Morning Show and Central Time will be replaced with a one-hour show called Wisconsin Today. WPR regional news programs Route 51, Simply Superior, and Newsmakers will be replaced with regional news updates during Morning edition on their local network stations. Syndicated classical programming Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin and Classical 24 will be removed from the program schedule, while Chapter a Day will move to WPR Music.

At the time of the announcement, no information was provided by WPR on changes to the All Classical Network or any of its HD radio services.

Gateway Technical College's WGTD affiliate confirmed its general alignment to WPR News, but stated all local programming will be preserved with slight schedule adjustments. Their Radio Reading Service would be preserved as well. WGTD also announced plans to create a new HD3 station, which would simulcast programming from WPR Music.

The All Classical Network and other digital services
The All Classical Network service is available as an online stream and through HD Radio in select markets. The All Classical Network exclusively features classical music. The network includes a simulcast of locally produced daytime classical programming, Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin, and syndicated Classical 24 programming. Stations with this HD-2 service include WERN Madison, WHAD Milwaukee, WHRM Wausau, WPNE Green Bay, WHHI Highland, and WHLA La Crosse. It was also available on analog translator W272CN 102.3FM in Ashland, rebroadcasting WHSA HD-2. W272CN, originally W275AF/102.9, was no longer needed after WPR constructed two full-power stations in the Chequamegon Bay area and was discontinued in June 2016. On October 19, 2020, WPR discontinued HD service on KUWS Superior, WHSA Brule-Superior, WUWS Ashland, WHBM Park Falls, WHWC Menomonie, WHAA Wisconsin Rapids, and WHDI Sister Bay, due to low listenership.

The All Classical Network streams real-time live over most Internet streaming venues, along with WPR's mobile app and website. Downloadable versions of WPR shows in MP3 are available, but are restricted to certain downloading guidelines and timeframes.

A few stations broadcast an HD-3 service within the network. WHRM airs the Ideas Network on HD-3 to serve the Wausau area, due to WLBL-FM being a time-share operation with Rhinelander's WXPR as WXPW (as of September 2017, WLBL-HD3 is rebroadcast full-time in the Wausau area via analog translator W267BB (101.3)). WHHI airs the News/Classical Network on HD-3 to fill in coverage gaps of WERN and WSSW. WHLA airs News/Classical on HD-3 to fill in coverage gaps of WLSU. WERN also has an HD-3, which is the audio of Ideas Network station WHA to feed translator W215AQ 90.9 in Madison.

WPR affiliate station WGTD HD-2 offers a 24/7 jazz, big band and blues service, and WGTD HD-3 provides a reading service for the blind and visually impaired.

Network stations
WPR's stations are licensed to several different organizations. Most stations are owned by either the University of Wisconsin System or by the Wisconsin Educational Communications Board, a state agency. The University of Wisconsin System and Wisconsin Educational Communications Board stations are administered by WHA Radio, a department of the University of Wisconsin – Madison, for the UW System Board of Regents. Other stations are affiliates, owned by local school districts or colleges.

The network's headquarters are located on the Madison campus where the majority of programs are produced. Some of WPR's regional studios produce local programming. Not all UW-owned stations are part of Wisconsin Public Radio's network; some are student-run, and others, like WUWM, are part of the UW-system, but not part of WPR. Two high school radio stations (one, WEPS, is located in the northwest Chicago suburb of Elgin, and its signal does not reach the Wisconsin state line) carry the network outside of school hours and summer periods, providing a form of license protection to those stations (WEPS began to program the Ideas Network in order to fend off a license challenge due to being off-air after school hours), while WLBL-FM in Wausau shares time on its frequency with WXPW, a repeater of independently owned NPR member WXPR in Rhinelander; it broadcasts full-time via an FM translator of WHRM-HD3.

Ethics and community guidelines
Wisconsin Public Radio states that it "is committed to the highest standards of journalistic ethics and excellence" on its website and that it ascribes to the RTDNA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.

Listeners and the broader public are invited to share their views of programs, topics and guests during radio broadcasts, on social media and wpr.org web forums and through WPR's Audience Services phone and email contacts. WPR posts guidelines for talk-show callers and online community members on its website. The guidelines are enforced through call-screeners during broadcast programs and online forums are regularly monitored by WPR staff.

Current

 * To the Best of Our Knowledge
 * Zorba Paster On Your Health

Former

 * Michael Feldman's Whad'Ya Know?

title: Wisconsin Public Radio


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Betty Boothroyd

Betty Boothroyd, Baroness Boothroyd, (8 October 1929 – 26 February 2023) was a British politician who served as a member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich and West Bromwich West from 1973 to 2000. A member of the Labour Party, she served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1992 to 2000. She was previously a Deputy Speaker from 1987 to 1992. She was the first and to date only woman to serve as Speaker. Boothroyd later sat in the House of Lords as, in accordance with tradition, a crossbench peer.

Early life
Boothroyd was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, in 1929, as the only child of Ben Archibald Boothroyd (1886–1948) and his second wife Mary (née Butterfield, 1901–1982), both textile workers. She was educated at council schools and went on to study at Dewsbury College of Commerce and Art (now Kirklees College). From 1946 to 1952, she worked as a dancer, as a member of the Tiller Girls dancing troupe, briefly appearing at the London Palladium. A foot infection brought an end to her dancing career and she entered politics, something then unusual, as the political world was heavily male-dominated and mostly aristocratic.

During the mid-to-late 1950s, Boothroyd worked as secretary to Labour MPs Barbara Castle and Geoffrey de Freitas. In 1960, she travelled to the United States to see the Kennedy campaign. She subsequently worked in Washington, DC as a legislative assistant to American Congressman Silvio Conte, between 1960 and 1962. When she returned to London, she resumed her work as a secretary and political assistant to various senior Labour politicians including Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Harry Walston. In 1965, she was elected to a seat on Hammersmith Borough Council, in Gibbs Green ward, where she remained until 1968.

Member of Parliament
Running for the Labour Party, Boothroyd contested several seats – Leicester South East in 1957, Peterborough in 1959, Nelson and Colne in 1968, and Rossendale in 1970 – before being elected Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich in a by-election in 1973. She represented the constituency for 27 years.

In 1974, Boothroyd was appointed an assistant Government Whip. In 1975, she became a Government-appointed member of the then European Common Assembly (ECSC) until she was discharged in 1977. In 1979, she became a member of the Select committee on Foreign Affairs, until 1981, and of the Speaker's Panel of Chairmen, until 1 January 2000. She was a member of the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) from 1981 to 1987, and the House of Commons Commission from 1983 to 1987.

Deputy Speaker and Speaker
Following the 1987 general election Boothroyd became a Deputy Speaker to the Speaker Bernard Weatherill. She was the second female Deputy Speaker in British history after Betty Harvie Anderson. In 1992 she was elected Speaker, becoming the first woman to hold the position. There was debate about whether Boothroyd should wear the traditional Speaker's Wig. She chose not to but stated that any subsequent Speakers would be free to choose to wear the wig or not; none have since done so. In answer to the debate as to how she should be addressed as Speaker, Boothroyd said: "Call me Madam".

In 1993, the Government won a vote on the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty due to her casting vote (exercised in accordance with Speaker Denison's rule). It was subsequently discovered that her casting vote had not been required, as the votes had been miscounted, and the Government had won by one vote. She was keen to get young people interested in politics, and in the 1990s appeared as a special guest on the BBC's Saturday morning children's programme Live & Kicking. Her signature catchphrase in closing Prime Minister's Questions each week was "Time's up!"

On 12 July 2000, following Prime Minister's Questions, Boothroyd announced to the House of Commons she would resign as Speaker after the summer recess. Tony Blair, then prime minister, paid tribute to her as "something of a national institution". Blair's predecessor, John Major, described her as an "outstanding Speaker". She stepped down as Speaker and resigned as an MP on 23 October 2000.

Life peerage and later activity
Boothroyd was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Civil Law (Hon DCL) by the City University London in 1993. She was chancellor of the Open University from 1994 until October 2006 and donated some of her personal papers to the University's archives. In March 1995, she was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the University (DUniv). In 1999 she was made an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's College, Oxford. Two portraits of Boothroyd have been part of the parliamentary art collection since 1994 and 1999, respectively.

On 15 January 2001, she was created a life peer, taking as her title Baroness Boothroyd of Sandwell in the County of West Midlands. Her autobiography was published in the same year. In April 2005, she was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM), an honour in the personal gift of the Queen.

Boothroyd was made an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Light and Lighting (Hon. FSLL) in 2009, and she was an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's College, Oxford, and of St Edmund's College, Cambridge. She was Patron of the Jo Richardson Community School in Dagenham, East London, and President of NBFA Assisting the Elderly. She was, for a period, Vice President of the Industry and Parliament Trust.

In January 2011, Boothroyd posited that Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg's plans for some members of the upper house to be directly elected could leave Britain in constitutional disarray: "It is wantonly destructive. It is destruction that hasn't been thought through properly." She was concerned that an elected Lords would rival the Commons, risking power-struggles between the two.

Personal life and death
Boothroyd neither married nor had children. She took up paragliding while on holiday in Cyprus in her 60s. She described the hobby as both "lovely and peaceful" and "exhilarating". In April 1995, whilst on holiday in Morocco, Boothroyd became trapped in the Atlas Mountains in the country's biggest storm in 20 years. Her vehicle was immobilised by a landslide; she and a group of hikers walked through mud and rubble for nine hours before they were rescued.

Boothroyd died at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge on 26 February 2023, at the age of 93. Her death was announced the following day by Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House. Her funeral was held on 29 March at St George's Church, Thriplow, Cambridgeshire; she had lived in the village in her later years. Hoyle, the Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak and Leader of the Opposition Keir Starmer were among those in attendance, and her close friend, actress Dame Patricia Routledge, sang.

Honorary degrees
Boothroyd received at least eight honorary degrees in recognition of her political career, including:
 * 6 December 1993: Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from City, University of London
 * 1994: Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of Cambridge
 * 18 March 1995: Doctor of the University (D.Univ.) from the Open University
 * 1995: Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) from the University of Oxford
 * 26 June 2003: Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of St Andrews

Boothroyd was additionally made an Honorary Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1994.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Betty Boothroyd


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Pierre DuPont

Pierre DuPont may refer to:

 * Pierre DuPont (carpet maker) (1560–1640), founder of French carpet making
 * Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (1739–1817), French-American entrepreneur and founder of the du Pont family dynasty
 * Pierre Dupont de l'Étang (1765–1840), French general
 * Pierre Dupont (1821–1870), French songwriter
 * Pierre S. du Pont (1870–1954), Du Pont Company and General Motors executive
 * Pierre S. du Pont IV (born 1935), American lawyer and politician, Governor of Delaware
 * Pierre Dupont (Tomb Raider), fictional character from the Tomb Raider video game series

title: Pierre DuPont


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Talk:Kosteletzkya pentacarpos

November 2003
More info would be nice, of course. Is this "herb" as plant, or as culinary/medicinal. Which part of the seashore? Et cetera, as usual. Vicki Rosenzweig 23:54, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Since no pages link here, who will find this entry? What if entries such as this were generally headed by their scientific names, viz:  Hibiscus virginicus  ('Sweat weed') is an herb found in marshes along the east seashore of the United States. Of course with widely-known 'common names' there'd be exceptions, e.g. Marijuana, or even that could be automatically forwarded to  Cannabis sativa ... User:Wetman

title: Talk:Kosteletzkya pentacarpos


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List of mathematical examples

This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of an isolated but particularly striking fact, as opposed to a proof of a general theorem, could perhaps be considered an "example"). The discussion page for list of mathematical topics has some comments on this. Eventually this page may have its own discussion page. This page links to itself in order that edits to this page will be included among related changes when the user clicks on that button.

The concrete example within the article titled Rao-Blackwell theorem is perhaps one of the best ways for a probabilist ignorant of statistical inference to get a quick impression of the flavor of that subject.

Uncategorized examples, alphabetized

 * Alexander horned sphere
 * All horses are the same color
 * Cantor function
 * Cantor set
 * Checking if a coin is biased
 * Concrete illustration of the central limit theorem
 * Differential equations of mathematical physics
 * Dirichlet function
 * Discontinuous linear map
 * Efron's non-transitive dice
 * Example of a game without a value
 * Examples of contour integration
 * Examples of differential equations
 * Examples of generating functions
 * Examples of groups
 * List of the 230 crystallographic 3D space groups
 * Examples of Markov chains
 * Examples of vector spaces
 * Fano plane
 * Frieze group
 * Gray graph
 * Hall–Janko graph
 * Higman–Sims graph
 * Hilbert matrix
 * Illustration of a low-discrepancy sequence
 * Illustration of the central limit theorem
 * An infinitely differentiable function that is not analytic
 * Leech lattice
 * Lewy's example on PDEs
 * List of finite simple groups
 * Long line
 * Normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent
 * Pairwise independence of random variables need not imply mutual independence.
 * Petersen graph
 * Sierpinski space
 * Simple example of Azuma's inequality for coin flips
 * Proof that 22/7 exceeds π
 * Solenoid (mathematics)
 * Sorgenfrey plane
 * Stein's example
 * Three cards and a top hat
 * Topologist's sine curve
 * Tsirelson space
 * Tutte eight cage
 * Weierstrass function
 * Wilkinson's polynomial
 * Wallpaper group
 * Uses of trigonometry (The "examples" in that article are not mathematical objects, i.e., numbers, functions, equations, sets, etc., but applications of trigonometry or scientific fields to which trigonometry is applied.)

Specialized lists of mathematical examples

 * List of algebraic surfaces
 * List of curves
 * List of complexity classes
 * List of examples in general topology
 * List of finite simple groups
 * List of Fourier-related transforms
 * List of mathematical functions
 * List of knots
 * List of mathematical knots and links
 * List of manifolds
 * List of mathematical shapes
 * List of matrices
 * List of numbers
 * List of polygons, polyhedra and polytopes
 * List of prime numbers —not merely a numerical table, but a list of various kinds of prime numbers, each with a table
 * List of regular polytopes
 * List of surfaces
 * List of small groups
 * Table of Lie groups

Sporadic groups

 * See also list of finite simple groups.

 * Baby Monster group
 * Conway group
 * Fischer groups
 * Harada–Norton group
 * Held group
 * Higman–Sims group
 * Janko groups
 * Lyons group
 * The Mathieu groups
 * McLaughlin group
 * Monster group
 * O'Nan group
 * Rudvalis group
 * Suzuki sporadic group
 * Thompson group

title: List of mathematical examples


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Mr. Scruff

Andrew Carthy (born 10 February 1972), known professionally as Mr. Scruff, is an English record producer and DJ. He lives in Stretford, Greater Manchester and studied fine art at the Psalter Lane campus of Sheffield Hallam University. Before he could make a living from his music alone, he worked as a shelf stocker in the Hazel Grove branch of Kwik Save.

His stage name was inspired by his scruffy facial hair as well as his trademark loose-lined drawing style. He has been DJing since 1992, at first in and around Manchester, then nationwide. He is known for DJing in marathon sets (often exceeding six hours), his eclectic musical taste, his love of a "nice cup of tea," and the quirky home-produced visuals and animations associated with his music. In an interview, he said, "It's about putting a lot of effort in and paying attention to detail. I get annoyed if I don't take risks. I'm very hard on myself."

Career
In his twenties, Mr. Scruff's first 12" vinyl, "Hocus Pocus," was released on the small Manchester-based label Robs Records. Subsequent singles and his first album (Mr. Scruff) followed, released on Robs Records subsidiary Pleasure Music. After a brief spell working with Mark Rae, he moved to the larger Ninja Tune label and subsequently released the albums Keep It Unreal and Trouser Jazz.

His most notable hit, "Get a Move On!", is built around "Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)" by Moondog and has been used in several commercials, ranging from Lincoln and Volvo automobiles to France Télécom and GEICO insurance. The song also samples Shifty Henry's "Hyping Woman Blues" and led to a renewal of interest in Henry's compositions.

In 2004, Mr. Scruff released Keep It Solid Steel Volume 1, the first of what is intended to be a series of several DJ mixed compilation CDs for Ninja Tune's Solid Steel series of artist mixes. These mixes are designed to recreate the eclectic genres one would expect to hear at a Mr. Scruff club night. In November 2006, Ninja Tune confirmed that the eighth Solid Steel record would be mixed by J Rocc and the ninth would be Volume 2 from Mr. Scruff. Other Solid Steel mixes have been released by fellow Ninja Tune artists including The Herbaliser, Hexstatic, DJ Food, and Amon Tobin.

He has a wide array of remixes to his name and has also produced tracks for others – notably "Echo of Quiet and Green" for sometimes-collaborator Niko on her 2004 album Life on Earth. Niko returned the favour by appearing on the track "Come Alive" from the Trouser Jazz album.

Having performed regularly at The Big Chill Festival in Eastnor Castle deer park, Ledbury, Herefordshire, Mr. Scruff was asked in 2006 to select the tracks for the compilation album, Big Chill Classics.

July 2008 saw the release of Southport Weekender Volume 7, a double album released in the Southport Weekender series, recorded in a purpose-built holiday village in Southport, Merseyside. The first disc was mixed by German nu jazz DJs Jazzanova, and the second was mixed by Mr. Scruff, whose contribution is a mix of soul music.

In 2008, a new independent record label, Ninja Tuna, was founded, a collaboration between Mr. Scruff and the Ninja Tune label. Mr. Scruff's most recent singles and the album Ninja Tuna were all released on the new label.

A US-only release of the album on MP3 came with 10 additional tracks from the Ninja Tuna recording sessions, under the title Bonus Bait. A CD version of this supplementary album was released in the UK in February 2009.

On 19 May 2014, Ninja Tuna released Mr. Scruff's fifth studio album, Friendly Bacteria.

Artwork
Mr. Scruff's album and single cover art, music videos, merchandise and his official website are noted for their whimsical cartoonish look; the cartoons are drawn by Mr. Scruff himself in what he calls "potato style." The images and animations are also projected onto large screens during his gigs. Scruff also drew cartoons for music magazines such as Jockey Slut in the 1990s.

Tea
Mr. Scruff began selling tea from a small room at the Manchester club, the Music Box (where he was resident DJ around 2000), with the proceeds going to charity. When he started touring, Mr. Scruff took the enterprise with him and gained a reputation for being the DJ with the teashop. When appearing at festivals, such as Big Chill and WOMAD, tea stalls or tents were erected and were open for the duration of the festivals. Mr. Scruff subsequently started an online tea company, Make Us a Brew, and produced his own range of fair trade teabags which used to be sold in department store chains Selfridges, Waitrose and Booths. His official website still sells branded tea-related paraphernalia including teapots, mugs and tea towels, but the tea is no longer sold as the Make Us a Brew company was dissolved in September 2013.

He was the joint owner (with his manager Gary McClarnan) of Teacup Kitchen, located in Thomas Street, Manchester, though this closed in March 2020 with the first COVID-19 lockdown and never reopened.

Fish
Most of Mr. Scruff's studio albums contain tracks about fish, whales and other sea-life, which cut up recordings of voiceovers from children's stories and nature documentaries to create surreal and silly stories. They began with the track "Sea Mammal" (featuring a sample from Boogie Down Productions' track "Part Time Sucker"), released on the single "Hocus Pocus" (1995). It is also the opening track on Scruff's first album. This was followed by "Wail" (as a homophone for "Whale"), also on his first album. Keep It Unreal (1999) featured the tracks "Shanty Town" and "Fish," the latter of which features samples from the likes of David Attenborough and David Bellamy. The album Trouser Jazz (2002) closes with another cut-up track, "Ahoy There!", noted as featuring an appearance from "Albert Ross" (albatross).

Mr. Scruff has stated that he is unlikely to record any further fish-based cut-up tracks. However, marine references continue in his work, including the track "Shrimp" from Trouser Jazz and the title and cover art of his albums, especially Ninja Tuna (2008) and its companion release, Bonus Bait (2009).

Hot Pot
Mr. Scruff and Treva Whateva (his Ninja Tune label-mate and friend from Stockport) recorded a weekly hour-long radio show (with frequent guest, Jon Hill), some episodes of which can still be found on samurai.fm.

Studio albums

 * Mr. Scruff (Pleasure Music, 9 May 1997)
 * Keep It Unreal (Ninja Tune, 14 July 1999) UK #175
 * Trouser Jazz (Ninja Tune, 16 September 2002) UK #29
 * Mrs. Cruff (Ninja Tune, reissue of Mr. Scruff with additional tracks, 5 May 2005) UK #195
 * Ninja Tuna (Ninja Tune, 6 October 2008) UK #60
 * Bonus Bait (Ninja Tune, 9 February 2009)
 * Friendly Bacteria (Ninja Tune, 19 May 2014)

Mix and compilation albums

 * Heavyweight Rib Ticklers (Compilation album, Unfold Recordings, 11 February 2002)
 * Keep It Solid Steel Volume 1 (DJ mix album, Ninja Tune, 1 January 2004)
 * Big Chill Classics (Compilation album, Resist Music, 21 August 2006)
 * Southport Weekender Volume 7 (DJ mix album – Disc 2 mixed by Mr. Scruff, Concept Records, 21 July 2008)
 * Mr. Scruff Feat. Alice Russell (Music Takes Me Up, 2008)

Singles

 * "Hocus Pocus" (Robs Records, March 1995)
 * "The Frolic EP Part 1" (Pleasure Music / Pinnacle Records, 15 January 1996)
 * "The Frolic EP Part 2" (Pleasure Music / Pinnacle Records, 16 February 1996)
 * "Limbic Funk" (Pleasure Music, 29 July 1996)
 * "Large Pies EP" (Cup of Tea Records, 7 April 1997)
 * "How Sweet it Is" / "Is it Worth It?" (with Spikey T) (Grand Central Records, 13 June 1997)
 * "Pigeon" (Pinnacle Records, 6 June 1997)
 * "Chipmunk / Fish / Happy Band" (Ninja Tune, 10 March 1998)
 * "Get a Move On!" (Ninja Tune, 26 April 1999) UK #139
 * "Honeydew" (Ninja Tune, 22 October 1999) UK #129
 * "Hocus Pocus" (re-release, Robs Records, 7 May 2001)
 * "Get a Move On! / Ug" (re-release, Ninja Tune, 6 August 2001) UK #83
 * "Shrimp!" (Ninja Tune, 27 May 2002) UK #78
 * "Beyond / Champion Nibble" (Ninja Tune, 23 September 2002) UK #125
 * "Sweetsmoke" (Ninja Tune, December 2002) UK #75
 * "Sweetsmoke Remixes" (Ninja Tune, April 2003) UK #91
 * "Giffin" (Ninja Tune, 20 October 2003)
 * "Chicken in a Box / Spandex Man" (Ltd edition, Ninja Tune, 11 April 2005)
 * "Donkey Ride / Giant Pickle" (with Quantic, Ninja Tuna, 12 May 2008)
 * "Kalimba / Give Up To Get" (Ninja Tuna, 14 July 2008) (featured as sample music in Windows 7)
 * "Music Takes Me Up" (Ninja Tuna, 15 September 2008)
 * "Get on Down / Hold On" (Ninja Tuna, 1 December 2008)
 * "Whiplash / Bang The Floor / Cat & Mouse" (Ninja Tuna, 9 February 2009)
 * "This Way / Hairy Bumpercress" (Ninja Tuna, 9 March 2009)
 * "Nice Up The Function / Listen Up" (Ninja Tuna, 6 April 2009)
 * "Bunch of Keys / Cat & Mouse Version 2" (Ninja Tuna, 8 June 2009)
 * Mr Scruff Vs Kirsty Almeida – "Pickled Spider" (Ninja Tuna, 14 June 2010)
 * "Wobble Control" (Ninja Tuna, 9 May 2011)
 * "Feel It / Bounce" (Ninja Tuna, 3 October 2011)
 * "Be The Music" (Ninja Tuna, 28 September 2012)
 * "Render Me (Remixes)" (with Denis Jones, Ninja Tune, 2 June 2014)
 * "Feel Free (Scruff’s 12" Re-Tweak)” (Ninja Tune, 8 August 2014)
 * "We Are Coming (Max Graef Remix)” (Ninja Tune, 8 September 2014)
 * "Joy of Brass Remixes (Mr. Scruff vs Phil France)” (Gondwana Records, 29 September 2017)
 * "Kalimba (Petko Turner Edit)” (Ninja Tune, 10 January 2018)

Collaborations
Mr. Scruff has collaborated with:
 * DJ Spooky – "Murderah Style" appeared on the compilation album Tribal Gathering 96 (Universe, 1 October 1996)
 * Mark Rae – "How Sweet It Is" and "Gotta Have Her" both appeared on the compilation album Central Heating (Grand Central Records, 25 November 1996)
 * Tony D – "Flavour" featuring Mark Rae, Mark 1 and Mr. Scruff, from the album Pound For Pound (Grand Central Records, 15 September 1997)
 * Mark Rae – "The Squirrel" appeared on the compilation album Central Heating 2 (Grand Central Records, 17 April 2000)
 * Peter Nice Trio vs. Mr. Scruff – "Harp of Gold" from the compilation album Out Patients (Hospital Records, 30 May 2000)
 * Fingathing – "Just Practice" featuring Mr. Scruff, from the album The Main Event (Grand Central Records, 20 November 2000)
 * Quantic – "It's Dancing Time" from the compilation album Shapes One (Tru Thoughts, 1 September 2003)
 * Quantic – "Giraffe Walk" from Quantic's album, One Off's Remixes and B Sides (Tru Thoughts, 6 February 2006)
 * Swell Sessions – "No No" from the album Swell Communications (Freerange Records, 24 September 2007)
 * Quantic – "Donkey Ride" (Ninja Tune, 12 May 2008)
 * Kaidi Tatham – "Fresh Noodles" (Prime Numbers, 30 November 2009)
 * Kirsty Almeida – "Pickled Spider" (Ninja Tune, 30 April 2010)

Several of Mr. Scruff's records also feature guest vocalists and musicians. These include Sneaky (from Fingathing), Roots Manuva, Niko, Braintax, Alice Russell and Danny Breaks. Both Scruff and Roots Manuva have expressed an interest in recording a full album together, though the artists' schedules have prevented this from happening.

Covers by other artists

 * "Get a Move On" was covered by Will Holland's side project, The Quantic Soul Orchestra, on the album Pushin' On (Tru Thoughts, 5 May 2005).

Song appearances

 * The last segment from the documentary movie Scratch (2001), entitled "Full Circle," features a different mix of "Spandex Man" with additional samples.
 * The opening scene of the Malcolm in the Middle episode "Evacuation" features "Blackpool Roll".
 * Episodes of the Channel 4 TV comedy show Spaced featured the tracks "Spandex Man," "Chipmunk" and "Blackpool Roll" from the Keep It Unreal album.
 * "Spandex Man" was also used on the BBC series Top Gear, is often used on the BBC Three show The Real Hustle and features in the films SW9 and Gumball Rally 3000.
 * The song "Ug" from the album Trouser Jazz is used in numerous Weebl and Bob cartoons, including the very first one entitled "Pie." The pie as a motif later recurred in one of Mr. Scruff's videos ("Sweetsmoke").
 * "Get a Move On" has been used in advertisements (including Volvo and Lincoln automobiles), television shows (like the BBC's snooker highlights, Bargain Hunt and The Apprentice), and Kenny Anderson's section of the skateboarding video One Step Beyond. The song was chosen by Victoria Wood as one of her eight favourite records on Desert Island Discs.
 * "Blackpool Roll" was used in New Zealand by television network TV ONE (now TVNZ 1) as background music as part of their branded channel advertising and show listings. It also appears in the game Rolando 2.
 * "Fish" was used in episode 4 of Diane Morgan's sitcom Mandy. The song is also used by Nexus Studios for the Virgin Atlantic safety video, which features the voices of Vic Reeves and Dani Behr and by Thomson Reuters for their UK Customer Service hold music.
 * Several Mr. Scruff tracks appeared on Rolando, a game for Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch devices in 2008. The game, developed by HandCircus and published by Ngmoco, features the tracks "Ug," "Stockport Carnival," "Spandex Man," "Donkey Ride," "Kalimba," "Shrimp," and "Mice at the Organ."
 * The track "Kalimba" (from the album Ninja Tuna) is included in the sample music folder on computers running Windows 7.
 * "So Long" and "Get a Move On" (from the album Keep it Unreal) have been featured on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim during commercial breaks.
 * "Pickled Spider" was featured in the Solid Steel podcast episode "Revenge of The Nerd" as part of a mash-up by DJ Cheeba.
 * "Champion Nibble" from Trouser Jazz was used in the video game Forza Horizon 2.
 * A poster for "Beyond (feat. Seaming To)" appears on the office wall in the British television comedy The IT Crowd.

title: Mr. Scruff


text:
Taylor Hanson

Jordan Taylor Hanson (born March 14, 1983) is an American musician best known as a member of the eponymous pop rock band Hanson. He was born in Jenks, Oklahoma, a suburb of Tulsa. He sings both lead and back-up vocals, and plays keyboard, percussion (including drums, bongos and the tambourine), guitar, harmonica, and piano. Taylor was the lead singer of supergroup Tinted Windows.

Early life
Hanson was born in a suburb of Tulsa, Oklahoma, the second of seven children born to Clarke Walker Hanson and Diana Frances (née Lawyer) Hanson. He has partial Danish ancestry.

Music career
Hanson sings and plays keyboard and the piano with the band Hanson. He and his older brother, Isaac, started the band with younger brother Zac in 1992, and were initially known as The Hanson Brothers (later changed to just Hanson). At the time, Isaac was eleven, Taylor was nine, and Zac was six. They performed as an a cappella group outside clubs in Tulsa. On May 6, 1997, the band released their first major studio album, Middle of Nowhere, with Mercury Records. The first single, "MMMBop", made it to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

May 6 has been declared Hanson Day in Tulsa in honor of the release of Middle of Nowhere. Each year on this day the band hosts concerts and celebrations in Tulsa, and fans travel from around the world to attend.

In 2003 Taylor Hanson co-founded 3CG Records with brothers Isaac and Zac Hanson.

It was announced in early 2009 that Taylor Hanson, along with former Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha, Cheap Trick drummer Bun E. Carlos and Fountains of Wayne bassist Adam Schlesinger, formed a new band called Tinted Windows. The band played their first publicized gig at SXSW in Austin, Texas on March 20, 2009. Their first album was released on April 21, 2009. Adam Schlesinger died in 2020 from COVID-19. A few months after Schlesinger's death, Hanson mentioned that a Tinted Windows reunion had been in the works.

Personal life
On June 8, 2002, Hanson married Natalie Anne Bryant, whom he met in 2000. They have seven children; sons born in 2002, 2006, 2008, and 2018 and daughters born in 2005, 2012, and 2020.

In 2014, Taylor Hanson founded Food on the Move, a Tulsa based volunteer organization that acts to end food insecurity in the community. Food On The Move offers fresh produce, prepared meals, and access to community and health resources.

In 2021, as part of The Sound of Black Wall Street musical project, Taylor Hanson contributed to an album paying homage to the hundredth anniversary of the Tulsa race massacre. His non-Hanson solo song, "Sound Like Joy", was recorded in historic Vernon AME Church at the heart of Tulsa's Black Wall Street.

with Tinted Windows

 * Tinted Windows (2009)

Solo

 * "Sound Like Joy" — The Black Wall Street Music Project Album with Various Artists (2022)

title: Taylor Hanson


text:
Talk:Pekeapoo

Untitled
Also due to the nature of their breeding there several defining characteristics that is desirable for house pet. They shed very little, once a week brushing is sufficient to remove any loose fur. The pekeapoo we have o rarely barks, even when seeing another dog. As for temperament they are they are mild mannered and excellent with children. Amazingly our pekeapoo "Baby" shared the house with two cats. We know several other pekeapoo owners who agree.

title: Talk:Pekeapoo


text:
Simon of Cyrene

Simon of Cyrene (, Standard Hebrew Šimʿon, Tiberian Hebrew Šimʿôn;, Simōn Kyrēnaios) was the man compelled by the Romans to carry the cross of Jesus of Nazareth as Jesus was taken to his crucifixion, according to all three Synoptic Gospels: "And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross." He was also the father of the disciples Rufus and Alexander.

Simon is not mentioned in the Gospel of John.

Background
Cyrene was a Greek city in the province of Cyrenaica, in eastern Libya, in northern Africa. It had a Jewish community, where 100,000 Judean Jews had been forced to settle during the reign of Ptolemy Soter (323–285 BC), and was an early center of Christianity.

The Cyrenian Jews had a synagogue in Jerusalem, where many went for annual feasts.

Biblical accounts
Simon's act of carrying the cross, patibulum (crossbeam in Latin), for Jesus is the fifth station of the Stations of the Cross. Some interpret the passage as indicating that Simon was chosen because he may have shown sympathy with Jesus. Others point out that the text itself says nothing, that he had no choice, and that there is no basis to consider the carrying of the cross an act of sympathetic generosity.

Mark 15:21 identifies Simon as "the father of Alexander and Rufus". Tradition states that they became missionaries; the inclusion of their names may suggest that they were of some standing in the Early Christian community at Rome. Mark's Gospel, which was written for a Roman audience, seems to suggest that the audience knew who these men were. It has also been suggested that the Rufus (in Greek: Ῥοῦφον or Rhouphon) mentioned by Paul in Romans is the son of Simon of Cyrene. Some also link Simon himself with the "men of Cyrene" who preached the Gospel to the Greeks in Acts. On the other hand, Simon's name alone does not prove he was Jewish, and Alexander and Rufus were both common names and may have referred to others.

A burial cave in the Kidron Valley discovered in 1941 by E. L. Sukenik, belonging to Cyrenian Jews and dating before AD 70, was found to have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek "Alexander son of Simon". It cannot, however, be certain that this refers to the same person.

Gnostic
According to some Gnostic traditions, Simon of Cyrene, by mistaken identity, suffered the events leading up to the crucifixion. This is the story presented in the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, although it is unclear whether Simon or another actually died on the cross. This is part of a belief held by some Gnostics that Jesus was not of flesh, but only took on the appearance of flesh (see also Basilides, and Swoon hypothesis).

Basilides, in his gospel of Basilides, is reported by Irenaeus as having taught a docetic doctrine of Christ's passion. He states the teaching that Christ, in Jesus, as a wholly divine being, could not suffer bodily pain and did not die on the cross; but that the person crucified was, in fact, Simon of Cyrene. Irenaeus quotes Basiledes:

"He appeared on earth as a man and performed miracles. Thus he himself did not suffer. Rather, a certain Simon of Cyrene was compelled to carry his cross for him. It was he who was ignorantly and erroneously crucified, being transfigured by him, so that he might be thought to be Jesus. Moreover, Jesus assumed the form of Simon, and stood by laughing at them. Irenaeus, Against Heresies"

Islamic
Orthodox Muslim theology teaches Jesus ascended to Heaven without being put on the cross and God transformed Simon to appear exactly like Jesus who was crucified instead of Jesus (cf. Irenaeus' description of the heresy of Basilides, Book I, ch. XXIV, 4.).

In popular culture
According to the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, Simon was a pagan. The Romans recognized he was not a Jew by his clothes and then chose him to oblige him to help Jesus carry the cross.

Poet Ridgely Torrence wrote a play about him titled Simon the Cyrenian. A 1920 YWCA production of this play was directed by Dora Cole, sister of composer Bob Cole, and starred Paul Robeson.

Sidney Poitier was cast as Simon of Cyrene in The Greatest Story Ever Told that was directed by George Stevens and released in 1965.

In the 1979 comedy film Monty Python's Life of Brian is a vignette alluding to Simon of Cyrene. A seemingly pious and generous man offers to one of the condemned carrying a cross, "Brother, let me shoulder your burden." Upon doing so, the condemned man runs off, leaving the generous man stuck with the cross and future crucifixion.

The film The Passion of the Christ portrays Simon as a Jew who, having been forced by the Romans to carry the cross, is initially unwilling but comes to show compassion to Jesus and helps him.

French singer-poet Georges Brassens mentioned Simon in one of the verses of his famous song-poem La prière (The prayer): "Comme la croix du fils sur Simon de Cyrène" (Like the son's cross on Simon of Cyrene). The song is based on an original poem called Rosaire by French poet Francis Jammes that also contains this verse.

Movements
Both the Simon Community, and the Cyrenian movement (which provides services to homeless and other disadvantaged groups in the UK) take their name from Simon of Cyrene.

title: Simon of Cyrene


text:
User talk:Daniel Quinlan/redirects

Just fyi, I've currently been resolving middle name issues as follows:
 * Prefer Firstname Lastname, with a redirect from Firstname M. Lastname and/or Firstname Middle Lastname,
 * Unless the name with the initial or the middle name is known to me to be the most common (like with John F. Kennedy), or appears significantly more often in a google search. In that case redirect Firstname Lastname to that version.

Does that sound reasonable? --Delirium 00:25, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * That's close to what I've been doing, but not quite the same. I generally try to put the actual article at the most common (or clearest) rendering and use redirects for less common renderings.  If it's not clear what is most common or I don't know or care, then I've just been adding a redirect for the broken link (since the odds favor the broken link not being the most common one).  I'm not saying your way is wrong, though.  Daniel Quinlan 00:36, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

Is there a way to automatically make redirects out of the pairs that mismatch solely on the case? I was looking at some of those, and I found some that were not talking about the same subject, but it was not obvious from the title. For these pages there should probably be disambiguation pages anyway. But we can't do that unless there is an article and/or someone really knows what they are about. In the meantime we could just make them redirects (which would fix the ones that are the same) and if someone wants to write an article, (s)he will just make the disambiguation page. that's what I think anyway, Dori 04:20, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)

--User:Docu
 * A few of the misspellings I tried to fix were in Talk or User namespaces. I tend to think we could limit the selection to the main namespace.
 * An easy way to fix links/articles with punctuation as the last character of the link would be neat.
 * Too bad "What links here" isn't available on the edit screen for new articles with the Cologne Blue skin. One needs to add a redirect first and check later if disambiguation is now needed ..
 * Maybe the charset for article names should be more limited ..

Not to sound overwhelming, but when we've finished all these (I know, there's still a lot to do), I would like to add some rules for finding links on "foreign"ish names. For example, sometimes it's the last name and not the middle name that's missing (Mohammed Daoud vs. Mohammed Daoud Khan; Vicente Fox vs. Vicente Fox Quezada''); sometimes it's that plus we don't have a consistent transliteration of "Mohammed" (or should I say "Mohammad" or "Muhammed"). DanKeshet 01:05, Nov 18, 2003 (UTC)

In addition to links to typos in Talk and User pages, I have also encountered number of links to Deletion Log. Since new articles will also mean new typos, we probably have to run the check again some time in the future so could script be set to ignore links in those pages? - Nilmerg 11:14, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I've just added a note to the top of each of the sub-pages explaining what they are, as they are quite easy to come across from elsewhere in the wiki. I included a link back to this page as well. HappyDog 07:03, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I'm assuming that links from talk or user pages aren't important. I'll strike them, but make a note of the links. Is that all right? Silverfish 14:57, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Proposed Project Change
Daniel has been gone fo almost two months...sigh :-( ...I'd like to suggest that we change one of Daniel's original rules: Don't delete a line or link. I propose instead something like:
 * When you have resolved a situation, by creating a redirect, adjusting a link, or adding an article; then remove the line or link from these lists.

My reasoning is that two fold. First, those who regularly try to update the list can see progress better. Second, if I create or move an article and see the redirect project in what links here, I assume I've got some more work to do. It is frustrating to come here and find the referring link already fixed. This check is agggravated by the length of some of these lists. If you actively clean up some of these problem links, please comment. Depending on results, I'll update the meta page describing the project. I normally wouldn't do it since I view user space as the property of the individual, but if Daniel's leave continues I'll rsk his ire when he (hopefully) returns. Thanks.... Lou I 17:47, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there is a value in retaining a list of the checked links. It helps if content is moved or added, and if we rerun the project at a later stage we can automatically remove unrelated links.  I guess if the page history is used then we can get back the edits, but this is a fair bit more work and sometimes the history is lost or removed.

 * I don't think the fact that the what links here page links back to these project is a problem - it's easy to ignore them, and also helps lead people to the project (I think that's how I found it, but if not it's definitely brought me back a few times). So really the question is about making editing easier and clearer (and less depressing).  I've been dividing pages into sections and indicating which sections were complete, and I think this helps a lot.  If you want to do something worthwhile you might want to do this for all the pages I haven't done. --HappyDog 18:24, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Continue or not?
It seems that this particular project has been somewhat quiet. Althought Quinlan is still gone, is anyone willing to renew the lists? - Nilmerg 10:19, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Hornsby
Fixed

Tutelelake
The only pages linking to Tutelelake are your list of broken redirects number 6o and the lists of requested pages. The significance is, the Tutelelake link appears on the list of pages requested for more than two years. You must've created your list before someone else fixed their typo in whatever original page they wrote with the broken link. So I'm going to strike the one out of your list and let this ghost finally rest in peace. Blair P. Houghton 22:15, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

If this runs again...
Then might be good to add it to Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects. -- All the best, Nickj (t) 03:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Woodland/ Woodlands
This one is basically done, I think - they're essentially the same thing for disambig purposes. -- BD2412 talk 00:19, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

Categorization
On Paper Wikipedia, I've advocated using the redirect categories to cull printworthy redirects from unprintworthy ones. I've put Category:Printworthy redirects or its opposite in several of the categorization templates, but I'd like these categories to become more widely used. Would you mind adding a categorization procedure (can be condensed from and/or refer to Redirect) as an optional part of the procedure for fixing broken links?--Joel 01:47, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Redirect Help
I see something that I'd like to fix, but I'm afraid I'd mess it up and cause a war. So, I'm wondering if you can help me. I see that searching WP on FAH redirects immediately to Folding@home. The top of this latter article includes referencs to the gene fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase which currently does not have an article. I'd like to see a search on FAH bring users to a page where they then choose whether they want the article on Folding@home or the gene FAH. Does that make sense? If you can clean that up, or describe how I can do it myself, I'll then look in to adding information pertaining to the FAH gene. Regards, Keesiewonder 22:29, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniel Quinlan/redirects


text:
Edward Wilson

Edward Wilson may refer to:

 * Ed Wilson (artist) (1925–1996), African American sculptor
 * Ed Wilson (baseball) (1875–?), American baseball player
 * Ed Wilson (singer) (1945–2010), Brazilian singer-songwriter
 * Ed Wilson, American television executive
 * Ed Wilson, Australian jazz musician, co-leader of Daly-Wilson Big Band
 * Edward Wilson, clergyman and the founder of Wilson's School, originally in Camberwell, London
 * E. O. Wilson (Edward Osborne Wilson, 1929–2021), American entomologist and biologist
 * Tug Wilson (British Army officer) (Edward Bearby Wilson, 1921–2009), founder and first commander of the Abu Dhabi Defence Force
 * Edward Wilson (explorer) (1872–1912), English Antarctic explorer
 * Edward A. Wilson (illustrator) (1886–1970), American illustrator, printmaker and commercial artist
 * Edward E. Wilson (1867–1952), African American lawyer
 * Edward Junior Wilson (born 1984), Liberian footballer
 * Edward L. Wilson (born 1931), American civil engineer
 * Edward Livingston Wilson (1838–1903), American photographer, writer and publisher
 * Edward Wilson (MP) (1719–1764), English MP for Westmorland
 * Edward Wilson (actor) (1947–2008), English actor and theatre director
 * Edward Wilson (engineer) (1820–1877), railway engineer in England
 * Edward Wilson (journalist) (1813–1878), 19th-century Australian journalist
 * Edward Wilson (novelist), 21st century British writer of spy novels
 * Edward Francis Wilson (1844–1915), Canadian Anglican missionary and clergyman
 * Edward Pellew Wilson Jr. (1832–1899), British-Brazilian businessman
 * Tay Wilson (Tennant Edward Wilson, 1925–2014), member of the International Olympic Committee from New Zealand
 * Edward H. C. Wilson (1820–1870), justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
 * Edward Meryon Wilson (1906–1977), English Hispanist and bibliographer

Fictional character

 * Edward Wilson, the character played by Matt Damon in The Good Shepherd

title: Edward Wilson


text:
Talk:Trishul

Neutrality
Can't see why there ought to be an entry devoted to a mythological Indian trident. Questionable topic at the very least, unless one wishes to cover the philosophy and spirituality behind the Trishul.

If that is so, the references to Vishwa Hindu Parishad or VHP are entirely superflous and irrelevant. The distribution of symbolic tridents was one of thousands of political gimmicks that occur in a country such as India. It most certainly doesn't warrant an entry in an encyclopedia. One strongly suspects the contributor either has a political agenda, or lacks a basic familiarity with the country in question. In this respect, the outlandish comparison of the VHP to a "paramilitary security force" is particularly hilarious and lacking in perspective.

The neutrality of this entry is highly suspect as not a single incident of violence has been attributed to the use of a symbolic "trishul". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Conradx (talk • contribs) 01:06, 8 November 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trishul


text:
Pergolesi

Pergolesi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, (1710–1736), Italian composer, violinist, and organist
 * Michael Angelo Pergolesi, 18th-century Italian decorative artist

title: Pergolesi


text:
Crash Holly

Michael John Lockwood (August 25, 1971 – November 6, 2003) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) / World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 1999 to 2003 under the ring names Crash Holly or simply Crash.

Lockwood debuted in 1989 and spent a decade wrestling on the independent circuit before signing with the World Wrestling Federation in 1998, debuting the following year as Crash Holly. He formed a tag team with his kayfabe cousin Hardcore Holly, with whom he won the WWF World Tag Team Championship. The Holly Cousins was expanded into a stable with the addition of Molly Holly in 2000. During his WWF/WWE career, Holly established himself in the hardcore division by winning the WWF Hardcore Championship on 22 occasions, with many of his reigns coming during a period when the title was defended "24/7". After being released from WWE in June 2003, Holly joined NWA Total Nonstop Action as Mad Mikey, where he remained until his death later that year.

Holly was also a one-time WWF European Champion and a one-time WWF Light Heavyweight Champion. In total, Holly had over 25 championship reigns in the WWF.

Early life
Lockwood was born on August 25, 1971, in San Francisco, California. He was raised in Pacifica, California, where he graduated from Terra Nova High School. He became interested in professional wrestling in the eighth grade, inspired by Brady Boone. While training as a wrestler and working on the independent circuit, he worked a second job at Safeway.

Early career (1989–1998)
Lockwood debuted in 1989, as "Johnny Pearson" in Bay Area Wrestling for Woody Farmer, where he wrestled until 1994. He dislocated his shoulder about five times and took 18 months off to recover. He then wrestled on the independent circuit as "'Irish' Erin O'Grady". In 1995, he appeared in Mexico with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre as "Super Diablo". In 1996, he joined All Pro Wrestling (APW), where he became known as "'The Leprechaun' Erin O'Grady" and had several matches with Vic Grimes.

Lockwood joined the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania-based Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion in November 1997 after ECW wrestler Taz viewed a tape of a match between O'Grady and Michael Modest and referred him to ECW owner Paul Heyman. Erin O'Grady lost four untelevised matches in ECW, including a dark match at November to Remember. Following his stint in ECW, Lockwood returned to APW where he performed until October 1998.

Developmental territories (1998–1999)
O'Grady wrestled Vic Grimes in a try-out match for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on January 20, 1998, and both were signed to contracts. In November 1998, Lockwood was sent to Power Pro Wrestling, the WWF's developmental promotion, to train. Here, he won the Power Pro Wrestling Young Guns Championship and the PPW Tag Team Championship. WWF Talent Coordinator Bruce Prichard sent Lockwood to Mexico, to prepare him for the style of the WWF's lucha libre show, WWF Super Astros. He wrestled in Monterrey for three months, under a mask, as "The Green Ghost" (a play on the word "gringo").

Holly Cousins (1999–2000)
Lockwood debuted on WWF television as "Crash Holly", the storyline cousin of Bob "Hardcore" Holly, on the August 16, 1999, episode of Raw is War They became known as the Holly Cousins. Their relationship was a strained one, and Hardcore frequently threatened Crash. When they took the gimmick of claiming to be "super heavyweights", over 400 lb each, Crash would carry a scale to ringside to "weigh in" before matches.

Crash made his pay-per-view debut at SummerSlam in August, where the Holly Cousins wrestled in a Tag Team Turmoil match, won by the Acolytes Protection Agency. At Rebellion, the Holly Cousins competed against APA and Edge and Christian in a triangle match, which Edge and Christian won. On October 17, at No Mercy, the Holly Cousins defeated The New Age Outlaws by disqualification. The next night on Raw is War, they defeated the Rock 'n' Sock Connection for the WWF Tag Team Championship. They held the title until the November 4 SmackDown!, when they lost it to Mankind and his new partner, Al Snow.

At Survivor Series on November 14, the Holly Cousins teamed with Too Cool to defeat Edge & Christian and the Hardy Boyz in a survivor series match. Later that month, the Holly Cousins began a short feud with Too Cool and Rikishi Phatu. At Armageddon on December 12, 1999, they defeated Phatu and Viscera. The feud continued into February 2000. At the Royal Rumble on January 23, 2000, both Hollys took part in the titular Royal Rumble match, with Crash Holly being eliminated by The Rock.

Championship reigns (2000–2001)
In February 2000, Crash Holly joined the hardcore division. On the February 24 episode of SmackDown!, he defeated Test to begin his first of 22 Hardcore Championship reigns. He decreed that he must defend the championship twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, which later became known as the "24/7 Rule". This meant that the title was permanently contested, not just in sanctioned matches, and could change hands anywhere, anytime anyone pinned the champion, so long as a WWF referee counted the fall. Holly was frequently attacked by other wrestlers in unlikely locations, including an airport, a funhouse, a circus, and his hotel room. Although he was often pinned, he usually immediately regained the title. His most common tactic was to sneak a pin, often after the champion had been beaten down by someone else, and quickly run backstage, away from possible challengers. This turned him into a crowd favorite and earned him the nickname "The Houdini of Hardcore". He frequently defended the championship against non-wrestlers, including referees and road agents, like Gerald Brisco and Pat Patterson. He had a long feud with The Mean Street Posse (Pete Gas, Rodney and Joey Abs) over the title. He even lost, and quickly regained, the title against one of the Godfather's hos.

At Rebellion, Crash defeated William Regal to win the European Championship. He lost the title to Regal two days later. In late 2000, another of Crash's storyline cousins, Molly Holly, was introduced. In 2001, The Holly Cousins feuded with The Dudley Boyz. In the course of this feud, Molly began a romantic relationship with Spike Dudley, leading to internal disputes within each family, as well as a Romeo and Juliet-style angle between the six of them. On the March 18, 2001, episode of Heat, Crash defeated Dean Malenko to win the Light Heavyweight Championship. He defended it on two episodes of Heat, against Funaki and Grandmaster Sexay, before dropping it to the debuting Jerry Lynn on the April 29 episode. In April 2001, Holly and Hardcore briefly reunited as a lower card team until December of that year.

In July 2001, Holly appeared with the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico, briefly holding the IWA Hardcore Championship and IWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship. Throughout late 2001, he wrestled primarily on house shows and on Jakked and Sunday Night Heat. At Survivor Series on November 18, 2001, Holly took part in a battle royal that would guarantee the winner immunity from being fired that was won by Test. Throughout the remainder of 2001 and early 2002, Holly continued to wrestle primarily on house shows and the WWF's secondary television shows.

Mattitude Follower (2002–2003)
When the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment and divided into two Raw and SmackDown! brands, Holly was assigned to the Raw roster, where he had little success. He jumped ship to SmackDown! on the September 2, 2002, episode of Raw during a match with Jeff Hardy. Earlier, Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff was informed that a Raw wrestler would leave to reunite with a relative on SmackDown!, and ordered a beatdown by 3-Minute Warning on Hardy, who he wrongly suspected of planning to join his brother, Matt Hardy, until Crash revealed that he was the one who was leaving, planning to join his cousin Hardcore Holly on SmackDown!. In his first SmackDown! match, on September 5, he defeated The Hurricane. He then feuded with Cruiserweight Champion Jamie Noble. On the October 3 SmackDown!, Noble defeated Holly to retain the title.

On the December 19 SmackDown!, Holly teamed with Bill DeMott to defeat Noble and Nunzio. After the match, DeMott turned on Holly and attacked him. This led to a match on the next SmackDown!, which DeMott won. After being sidelined for three months, Holly returned on the April 24, 2003, episode of SmackDown!. He soon joined Matt Hardy and Shannon Moore in the Mattitude Followers (abbreviated "MF'er") stable. As Crash was Moore's alleged apprentice, Hardy also referred to him as a "Moore-on". His last several matches with the company were tag matches with Moore, as well as house show matches against newcomer Orlando Jordan. On June 30, 2003, Lockwood was released from WWE.

NWA Total Nonstop Action; independent circuit (2003)
Lockwood signed a contract with NWA Total Nonstop Action in July 2003 and debuted as "Mad Mikey" on July 23, accepting an open challenge from Elix Skipper and losing the match. Mad Mikey was angry at many things, on which he elaborated in promos. He wrestled on nine NWA-TNA weekly PPVs, lastly on October 1. He briefly wrestled for Pro Wrestling Iron in Hayward, California. On November 1, 2003, Mad Mikey and Rory Fox defeated Quiten Lee and The Human Time Bomb with Ricky Steamboat as the special guest referee for the Heartland Wrestling Association in what turned out to be Lockwood's final match.

Personal life
Lockwood met his wife, Christeena Wheeler, when she escorted Mark Henry to the ring at Unforgiven 1999, in Charlotte, North Carolina. They married on New Year's Eve, 1999. The couple had one child together, a daughter. In 2002, he opened "Crash Holly's School of Professional Wrestling" in Salisbury, North Carolina, where Wheeler grew up.

Death
Lockwood died on November 6, 2003, at his friend and fellow wrestler Stevie Richards' house in Florida. He was 32 years old. He was found partially clothed with a pool of vomit around his face. Empty bottles of the prescription drug carisoprodol and a partially consumed bottle of alcohol were found nearby. He had recently received divorce papers from his wife. His death, caused by choking on his own vomit, was officially ruled a suicide. He was buried in China Grove in Rowan County, North Carolina.

In August 2005, Nora Greenwald, who performed alongside Lockwood as Molly Holly, released an autobiographical DVD titled "Nora Greenwald: Shootin' the Shi Crap", and a portion of the profits from the sale of the DVD went to Lockwood's daughter's education fund. In March 2005, the New Breed Wrestling Association held the "Mike Lockwood Memorial Tournament", which was won by Michael Modest. At ECW One Night Stand in 2005, Lockwood was one of the deceased former ECW wrestlers honored in a video package.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Pro Wrestling
 * APW Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * IWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * UWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
 * MEWF Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * Power Pro Wrestling
 * PPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Vic Grimes
 * PPW Young Guns Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 36 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2000
 * Supreme Pro Wrestling
 * SPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hook Bomberry
 * World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWF/E Hardcore Championship (22 times)
 * WWF European Championship (1 time)
 * WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hardcore Holly

title: Crash Holly


text:
Peter Hansen

Peter Hansen may refer to:

 * Peter Hansen (painter) (1868–1928), Danish painter
 * Peter Hansen (UN) (born 1941), Danish relief worker
 * Peter Andreas Hansen (1795–1874), Danish astronomer
 * Peter Hansen (actor) (1921–2017), American actor
 * Peter Hansen (politician), New Hampshire politician
 * Peter Hansen (rower) (born 1921), Danish rower
 * Peter O. Hansen (1818–1895), translator of the Book of Mormon into Danish
 * Peter Reinhard Hansen (born 1968), Danish economist at the Stanford University
 * Peter Hansen (SS officer), SS soldier, commander of the 29th and 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
 * Peter Hansen (American football), American football coach at Stanford University
 * Peter Allan Hansen (1944–2012), Danish classical philologist
 * Peter J. Hansen (born 1956), American animal scientist

title: Peter Hansen


text:
Butterfly stroke

The butterfly (shortened to fly ) is a swimming stroke swum on the chest, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest. It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1930s and originating out of the breaststroke.

Speed and ergonomics
The butterfly stroke boasts a higher peak velocity than the front crawl, owing to the synchronous propulsion generated by the simultaneous pull/push of both arms and legs. However, due to the pronounced drop in speed during the recovery phase, it is marginally slower than the front crawl, especially over extended distances. Furthermore, the butterfly stroke demands a different level of physical exertion, contributing to its slower overall pace than the front crawl.

Origins of the butterfly kick
The earliest mention of the butterfly kick can be attributed to George Corsan, who, according to the International Swimming Hall of Fame introduced it by demonstration to David Armbruster in 1911. Corsan called it a "fishtail kick". A perhaps independent discovery of the fishtail kick was made by Volney Wilson some time before 1938, Wilson was a young physicist and swimmer who had analyzed the motions of swimming fish. Another discovery of the butterfly kick was made by Jack Sieg, who, while being watched by David Armbruster, went underwater, lay on his side and performed the butterfly kick in imitation of a fish. Armbruster was reminded of the time in 1911 when George Corsan had previously demonstrated it to him, and noticed the speed that Sieg was able to achieve. Armbruster got Sieg to demonstrate it on his front, and Sieg was even faster. Sieg was even able to beat the best flutter kickers at the University of Iowa using the fishtail kick. Initially, Corsan and Armbruster thought that the "fishtail kick" could be a possible alternative to the flutter kick in freestyle, but in 1933 it began to dawn on Armbruster that it would perhaps be more effective in breaststroke. Armbruster began to experiment with Sieg on using the butterfly kick in breaststroke and had excellent results. Presumably to reflect this, he also began referring to the previously named "fishtail kick" as the "dolphin breaststroke kick". He published his results in 1935 in an article called "The Dolphin Breast Stroke" in The Journal of Health and Physical Education where, due to its potential to be faster than the traditional whip kick, Armbruster was enthusiastic to have it legalized within the breaststroke rules, to "offer this new type of stroke for exploitation as a competitive racing-speed stroke". Armbruster followed this appeal with another longer article in the 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide called "The New Dolphin Breast Stroke on Trial", which further urged the NCAA to allow the kick in the rules for the extra speed. Unfortunately for Armbruster, this would not come to fruition, as in a FINA meeting in October 1938, the bureau unanimously agreed to prohibit up-and-down movements of the legs in the vertical plane.

Origins of the butterfly arm
Prior to 1935, the breaststroke rules from both FINA and the NCAA stated that the arms had to be simultaneously pushed forward on recovery. Since the rules did not state that the arm recovery had to be underwater, a few swimmers came up with the idea of an overarm recovery, which was initially called the "flying fish". The International Swimming Hall of Fame credits Sydney Cavill with creating the overarm recovery, but it is also possible that Erich Rademacher independently discovered it in 1927 Germany. Rademacher generally used the flying fish coming out of the turns, which was dubbed the "flying breaststroke turn" and at the end of the race, which was dubbed the "flying finish". Rademacher insisted that this did not break the rules, and continued to use it in the late 1920s and early 1930s in the US. Sources conflict as to whether he used it in the 1928 Olympics, with the International Swimming Hall of Fame saying he did but Francois Oppenheim's book "The History of Swimming" saying he didn't. In 1935, presumably for the removal of ambiguity, the NCAA changed the rule regarding the breaststroke recovery to use the word "moved", rather than "pushed". Other early adoptees of the "flying breaststroke turn" were Walter Spence and then Wallace Spence, who went on to dominate the breaststroke events using it. The next notable swimmer to further innovate on the butterfly arms was Henry Myers, who in early December 1933 used the flying fish for the whole of the breaststroke leg of a three-stroke medley head, winning against Wallace Spence in spectacular fashion. The reaction to this performance was mixed. Though the officials did not disqualify him, the Brooklyn Central YMCA's magazine wrote a "vitriolic article" that made disparaging remarks about "the sportsmanship of young Myers who observed the letter but not the spirit of the breaststroke rules". Furthermore, Wallace Spence withdrew from the finals of the event alleging that Myers was swimming freestyle and he should "learn how to swim breaststroke properly". Despite this, Myers was very proud of his creation, saying: "It [is] uninteresting to watch a breaststroke race, in time, the old breaststroke would have become as passe as the English sidestroke, as far as racing is concerned. A butterfly-breaststroke race is a very exciting race to watch. The splashing and violent arm-motion seems to be quite conducive to spectator enthusiasm." Myers interested two teammates of his: Lester Kaplan and Paul Friesel, in the overarm recovery. Kaplan and Friesel went on to set new personal bests in breaststroke by over 3 seconds using it. As the overarm recovery caught on more, a swimmer called John Herbert Higgins, in February 1936 at the 1936 National AAU Indoor Swimming Championships swam a time of 1:10.8 for the 100 metre breaststroke event, and became the first swimmer to set a world record using exclusively the flying fish. This technique of continuous flying fish would come to be known as "butterfly-breaststroke". Later at the 1936 US Olympic Trials, Higgins set a new 200 metre American Record of 2:44.1. In the 1936 Berlin Olympic 200m breaststroke finals, Higgins finished fourth while using the butterfly-breaststroke technique. Though the butterfly-breaststroke was gaining traction, it was almost prohibited as a style of breaststroke in an October 1938 FINA Executive Bureau meeting where it was "supported by four votes out of seven to prohibit the butterfly arm recovery in the breaststroke event. However, since alterations to the technical rules required a two-thirds majority before adoption, the motion was declared not carried". In the 1948 London Olympics, all but one of the finalists used the butterfly-breaststroke technique, and the only finalist who did not use it (Bob Bonte of the Netherlands) finished last. This dominant display of butterfly-breaststroke led to the idea of separating breaststroke into two breaststroke events, consisting of traditional breaststroke and butterfly-breaststroke. However, the IOC president Sigfrid Edstrom decided not to add any events to the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, due to the chaotic situation after World War II. Despite this, FINA did add a definition of the two styles of breaststroke to the rules which named traditional breaststroke style "A" and butterfly-breaststroke style "B". A consequence of this was competitors were not able to swim both of the styles in the same race.

Origins of the full butterfly stroke
By 1952, the argument for separating the "A" and "B" styles of breaststroke was gaining momentum, and hence in 1953, breaststroke was separated into two different events. Furthermore, while traditional breaststroke required the whip kick, the new butterfly stroke allowed the use of butterfly kick. Now the butterfly stroke was its own separate event. The butterfly stroke was first seen in the Olympics at the 1956 games, where the Men's 200 metre butterfly event was won by William Yorzyk, and the Women's 100 metre Butterfly event was won by Shelley Mann.

Technique
The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant in creating propulsion, as this is the key to easy synchronous over-water recovery and breathing.

The swimmer is face down at the start, arms out front, and legs extended behind.

Arm movement
The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery. These can also be further subdivided. The arm movement starts very similarly to the breaststroke from the initial position. In the beginning, the hands sink a little bit with the palms facing outwards, and slightly down at shoulder width, then the hands move out to create a Y. This is called catching the water. The pull movement follows a semicircle with the elbow higher than the hand and the hand pointing towards the center of the body and downward to form the traditionally taught "keyhole".

The push propels the palm backwards through the water, starting beneath and ending at the side of the body. The swimmer only pushes the arms 1/3 of the way to the hips, making it easier to enter into the recovery and making the recovery shorter and making the breathing window shorter. The movement increases speed throughout the pull-push phase until the hand is the fastest at the end of the push. This step is called the release and is crucial for recovery. The speed at the end of the push is used to help with the recovery.

In the recovery, the arms are swung sideways across the water surface to the front, with the elbows straight. The arms should be swung forward from the end of the underwater movement; the extension of the triceps in combination with the butterfly kick will allow the arm to be brought forward quickly and relaxedly. In contrast to the front crawl recovery, the arm recovery is a ballistic shot, letting gravity and momentum do most of the work. The only way to lift the arms and the shoulders out of the water would be by dropping one's hips. Therefore, the recovery, at least the acceleration of the arms, is in no way relaxed. It is important not to enter the water too early because this would generate extra resistance as the arms move forward against the swimming direction. However, during longer distances, this is not easy to avoid, and it is more important to avoid dropping one's hips. A high elbow recovery, akin to that observed in the front crawl, would prove detrimental to the efficiency of the butterfly stroke due to the resultant undulations and the diminution of momentum generated by the triceps extension. Limitations of shoulder movement in the human body make such a move unlikely. The hands should enter the water with a narrow V shape (at 11 and 1 o'clock, if viewed like a clock) with thumbs entering first and pinkies last.

The arms enter the water with the thumbs first at shoulder width. A wider entry loses movement in the next pull phase, and if the hands touch, it will waste energy. The cycle repeats with the pull phase. However, some swimmers prefer to touch in front as it assists them in grasping the water. As long as they can perform this action efficiently, they do not incur any disadvantage.

Leg movement
The legs move together using different muscles. The shoulders rise with a strong up and medium down kick, then lower with a strong down and up kick. A fluid undulation connects the motion.

The feet are pressed together to avoid loss of water pressure. The feet naturally point downwards, give thrust downwards, move up the feet, and press down the head.

There is no stipulation in competitive butterfly rules that a swimmer makes a fixed number of pulses in butterfly–the swimmer may kick as little or as much as they wish. While competitive rules allow such a choice, the typical method of swimming butterfly is with two kicks.

As butterfly originated as a variant of breaststroke, it would be performed with a breaststroke or whip kick by some swimmers. While breaststroke was separated from butterfly in 1953, the breaststroke kick in butterfly was not officially outlawed until 2001. However several Masters swimmers were upset with the change since they came from a time when butterfly was usually swum with a breaststroke kick. FINA was then convinced to allow a breaststroke kick in Masters swimming. Given the option, most swimmers use a dolphin-kicking action. However, there still is a small minority of swimmers who prefer the breaststroke kick for recreational swimming and even for competition.

Breathing
There is only a short window for breathing in the butterfly. If this window is missed, swimming becomes very difficult. Optimally, a butterfly swimmer synchronizes the taking of breaths with the undulation of the body to simplify the breathing process; doing this well requires some attention to butterfly stroke technique. The breathing process begins during the stroke's underwater "press" portion. The body naturally rises toward the water's surface as the hands and forearms move underneath the chest. The swimmer can lift the head to fully break the surface with minimum effort. The swimmer breathes in through the mouth. The head goes back in the water after the arms come out of the water as they swing forward over the surface. If the head stays out too long, the recovery is hindered.

Normally, swimmers take a breath every other stroke, which can be maintained over long distances. Often, breathing every stroke slows the swimmer down. (At a certain level, a breathing stroke becomes just as fast as a nonbreathing stroke; therefore, highly experienced competitors, such as Michael Phelps, may breathe every stroke.) Elite swimmers practice breathing intervals such as the "two up, one down" approach. They breathe for two successive strokes, then keep their head in the water on the next stroke for easier breathing. Swimmers with good lung capacity might also breathe every 3rd stroke during sprints for the finish. Some swimmers can even hold their breaths for an entire race (assuming it is short). To swim with the best results, keeping one's head down when taking a breath is important. If the swimmer lifts their head too high, the swimmer's hips often drop, creating drag, thus slowing the swimmer down. The closer one's head is to the water; the better one swims the general technique used by swimmers.

Body movement
The proper utilization of the core muscles, in conjunction with precise timing and fluid body movement, greatly facilitates the execution of the butterfly stroke. The body moves in a wave-like fashion, controlled by the core, and as the chest is pressed down, the hips go up, and the posterior breaks the water surface and transfers into a fluid kick. During the push phase, the chest goes up, and the hips are at their lowest position. In this style, the second pulse in the cycle is stronger than the first one, as the second one is more in flow with the body movement.

Although butterfly is very compatible with diving, the resulting reduction in wave drag does not lead to an overall drag reduction. In the modern style of the butterfly stroke, one does only a little vertical movement of the body.

Start
Butterfly uses the regular start for swimming, if in a competition the swimmer would start off a diving block. After the start, a gliding phase follows underwater, followed by dolphin kicks swimming underwater. Swimming underwater reduces the drag from breaking the surface and is very economical. Rules allow for 15 m underwater swimming before the head breaks the surface and regular swimming begins.

Turn and finish
The turn and finish requires the swimmer to touch the wall "with both hands separated and simultaneously". Both hands must simultaneously touch the wall during turns and finish while the swimmer remains swimming face down. The swimmer touches the wall with both hands while bending the elbows slightly. The bent elbows allow the swimmer to push themself away from the wall and turn sideways. One hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front underwater. At the same time, the legs are pulled closer and moved underneath the body towards the wall. The second hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front over water. It is commonly referred to as an "over/under turn" or an "open turn". The legs touch the wall, and the hands are at the front. The swimmer sinks underwater and lies on the breast, or nearly so. Then the swimmer pushes off the wall, keeping a streamlined position with the hands to the front. Like the start, the swimmer is allowed to swim 15 metres underwater before the head breaks the surface. Most swimmers dolphin kick after an initial gliding phase.

Styles
There are four styles of the butterfly stroke.

Two main styles of butterfly stroke seen today are: "arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick" and "arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick".

"Arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater but are still higher than the head. After the first dolphin kick, pull both arms immediately with downward motion. While pulling, arms and legs are relaxed, and both knees and waist are slightly bent to prepare the dolphin kick. After the arms push the water backwards, pull the arms up simultaneously with a dolphin kick. In this style, the turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of downward arm motion.

"Arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater until lower than the head. After the first dolphin kick, raise both arms with relax. While rising arms, bend both knees and waist to send the body back to the surface and prepare a dolphin kick. Pull both arms downward while executing the dolphin kick. After this sequence, immediately push the water backward. In this style, a turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of the waist bend.

Two additional styles of butterfly stroke are similar to the two styles above but without a "second" dolphin kick. This allows the swimmer to conserve energy and be more relaxed.

FINA butterfly stroke rules
As of the 1st January 2023, the FINA rules for the butterfly stroke state the following rules:

SW 8.1 From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and each turn, the body shall be kept on the breast. It is not permitted to roll onto the back at any time, except at the turn after the touch of the wall where it is permissible to turn in any manner as long as the body is on the breast when leaving the wall.

SW 8.2 Both arms shall be brought forward simultaneously over the water and brought backward simultaneously under the water throughout the race, subject to SW 8.5.

SW 8.3 All up and down movements of the legs must be simultaneous. The legs or the feet need not be on the same level, but they shall not alternate in relation to each other. A breaststroke kicking movement is not permitted.

SW 8.4 At each turn and at the finish of the race, the touch shall be made with both hands separated and simultaneously, at, above or below the water surface.

SW 8.5 At the start and at turns, a swimmer is permitted one or more leg kicks and one arm pull under the water, which must bring him to the surface. It shall be permissible for a swimmer to be completely submerged for a distance of not more than 15 metres after the start and after each turn. By that point, the head must have broken the surface. The swimmer must remain on the surface until the next turn or finish.

title: Butterfly stroke


text:
Lakeview

Lakeview may refer to:

Australia

 * Lake View, South Australia, or Lakeview
 * Lakeview Homestead Complex, a homestead located in the Eurobodalla Shire

Canada

 * Lakeview, Alberta
 * Lakeview, Calgary, Alberta

 * Lakeview Heights, West Kelowna, British Columbia
 * Lakeview, Manitoba

 * Lakeview, New Brunswick
 * Lakeview, Halifax, Nova Scotia

 * Lakeview, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Lakeview, Elgin County, Ontario
 * Lakeview, Mississauga in Peel Region, Ontario
 * Lakeview, Simcoe County, Ontario
 * Lakeview Beach, Ontario
 * Lakeview Heights, Ontario
 * Lakeview Park (Nepean), Nepean, Ontario
 * Lakeview, Harrington, Quebec
 * Lakeview-Terrasse, Quebec, Deschênes District, Gatineau, Quebec
 * Rural Municipality of Lakeview No. 337, Saskatchewan
 * Lakeview, Regina, Saskatchewan, a residential neighbourhood
 * Lakeview, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, a residential neighbourhood
 * Lakeview Beach, Saskatchewan, Rural Municipality of North Qu'Appelle No. 187

United Kingdom

 * Lakeview Estate, Bethnal Green, London
 * Lakeview, an area of the Wixams new town development in Bedfordshire

United States

 * Lakeview, Alabama
 * Lakeview, Arkansas
 * Lakeview, California, in Riverside County
 * Lakeview, Georgia
 * Lakeview, Illinois
 * Lake View, Chicago, or Lakeview, Illinois
 * Lakeview, Kentucky, since annexed by Fort Wright
 * Lakeview, Louisiana, a suburb of Shreveport
 * Lakeview, New Orleans, Louisiana, a neighborhood of New Orleans
 * Lakeview, Michigan
 * Lakeview, Missouri
 * Lakeview, Paterson, New Jersey
 * Lakeview, New York
 * Lakeview, Ohio
 * Lakeview, Oregon
 * Lakeview, South Dakota
 * Lakeview, Texas
 * Lakeview, Washington
 * Lacy Lakeview, Texas
 * Lakeview Mountain, a subfeature of Diamond Peak, Oregon

Schools

 * Lakeview High School (disambiguation), multiple schools
 * Lakeview Jr. High School, Downers Grove, Illinois, U.S.
 * Lakeview Middle School (disambiguation), multiple schools
 * Lakeview Public Schools (Michigan)
 * École Lakeview School, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

title: Lakeview


text:
HK (disambiguation)

HK is a common abbreviation for Hong Kong, a former British crown colony and current special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.

HK may also refer to:

Businesses and organisations

 * HK Magazine, a Hong Kong-based English-language weekly
 * HKScan, formerly Helsingin Kauppiaat, a Finnish meat producer
 * Handel og Kontor I Norge, the Union of Employees in Commerce and Offices in Norway
 * Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark, the National Union of Commercial and Clerical Employees in Denmark
 * Handknattleiksfélag Kópavogs, an Icelandic sports club
 * Harman Kardon, a manufacturer of home and car audio equipment
 * Heckler & Koch, a German firearms company
 * Four Star Aviation (IATA airline designator)
 * HKExpress, a low-cost carrier based in Hong Kong owned by Cathay Pacific

In science and technology

 * Metric horsepower, a measure of power (1 hk = 0.9863 hp (UK, US) = 0.7355 kW)
 * Hefnerkerze, an old photometric unit of luminous intensity
 * Hexokinase, an enzyme
 * Sobolev space Hk, in mathematics

Other uses

 * .hk, Hong Kong's country top-level Internet domain
 * HK$, the Hong Kong dollar
 * HK-47, a fictional assassin droid from Star Wars video games
 * Hello Kitty, a cartoon character by Sanrio
 * School of Hard Knocks
 * Hell's Kitchen (disambiguation)
 * Hunter-killer (disambiguation)
 * Henock "HK" Sileshi, a member of the group Brockhampton
 * Hollow Knight, a game by Team Cherry
 * Horowhenua-Kāpiti, a region of New Zealand's North Island

title: HK (disambiguation)