text:
User talk:Catbar

Hello there, honored vistor. If you're so inclined, please leave a new message.

Hello Brian, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for adding the note to your website about Egyptian Mau cat. I've removed the copyright violation notice now.

Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 03:28, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Brian, I made some minor changes to your Woodward Tornado article. While the referenced Web page is similar in outline and some content, I don't believe that we are in danger of copyright violation. Lou I 17:37, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Re: George W Bush: I didn't read back as far as Hephaestos's edit, I was just reverting the comment that he was responsible for millions of deaths worldwide... Graham :) 00:54, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * If he wins the Nobel I'll volunteer to eat him... Graham :) 11:39, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Regarding rabies, it certainly sounds like a reasonable hypothesis, I just don't want to imply it's a verified one (unless it is), or the standard, accepted one (unless it is), since one can think of other reasonable hypotheses as well. I always thought it was a difference in biological susceptibility, but that could just my own peculiar hypothesis. - Nunh-huh 03:23, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

copied from my own talk page:

Aw, ya bagged Alexander Woollcott! He was on my 'get to him if nobody beats you to it' list. You beat me to it. Congratulations.

Somewhere, I've read a lot about him. I don't think I've read the Teichmann bio, but I have read a Dorothy Parker bio, and Harpo's autobiography. I think I've also got a book on the Algonquin Round Table - that might have been where I read a lot about him. A very interesting, mostly forgotten character. I'll root throught the stacks and see what I find.

Thanks!

Brian Rock 00:27, 2004 Mar 9 (UTC)

 * I didn't address his sexuality, though I didn't mention his island in Vermont, though, or a buncha other things; there's plenty left to do, and I owe the library a small fortune in fines, so I can't to do it.

 * Besides, you got Black 47, and thank the Lord I didn't have to cover that. --Charles A. L. 02:25, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, Brian! With cases like ALFRED NOBEL, it's easier to just turn it into a redirect. We don't keep duplicate articles. You also might want to read up on speedy deletions. All the best, Woodrow 02:14, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Brian - I note you've called the ZMC-2 as "only metalclad blimp ever built". Does David Schwarz's and Carl Berg's Metallballon of 1897 belong to a different class of airship? Lighter-than-air's not my area... --Rlandmann 02:24, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * hello, David Schwarz's Airship was a rigid. It has had a wooden frame inside. This ship was the first time aluminium was used in aviation ever.

greetings hadhuey from german wiki

Brian, Thanks for your vote on my admin nomination. I was surprised there was support as a result of the only feline edit I've done on WP!

I take it that you know, and like, Tonks? I would have included the oddest thing I know about them, but it might have been applicable only to the one I knew best. She loved green pea soup and didn't like milk. Go figure?!

Thanks again. ww 20:43, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Brian,

 * I'm glad you think it's been on the whole good work. I'm not sure I can be as sure, as the holes and patches mostly stand out. And thanks for figuring out how to vote. Always good to pick up new skills...

 * Anyway, Keuda??!! Thanks for pointing them out to me. I'll be on the lookout for one at the next show I go to.

 * If you're willing to dive into something, I could use some perspective and comment in the crypto corner, from a non specialist. The really technical articles (algorithm innards and such) are a lot easier to do than the more general overview articles, partly because it's hard for an author (and crypto person) to see the places that just won't make sense to a general reader. And of course there are the dumb typos too -- but those are easier to find. If you'd be willing to dip into some of the overview crypto articles and point out places that just don't make any sense, I'd be grateful. Of course, I'll be glad to return the favor for articles you'd like a newish eye on. Maybe together we can exterminate a few opacities.

 * ww 17:02, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Brian,
 * thanks for being wiliing to lend an eye. It's not my work that I was looking to overview (needy of such as it is, I'm sure), it's crypto generally. You might look into Topics in Cryptography for an annotated list of many (most?) articles in the corner and start there. You might consider secure channel or diplomatic bag or key or ... It's exactly your non specialist eye which I was hoping to snag as opacity/obscurity and such are hard to see when you're too close to something.

 * Of course, if you'd like to correct a typo here and there... As for the mathematics, it's a specialized corner, but you might enjoy some of it. General readers aren't so likely to tolerate that sort of article though, so it's not so much of a problem in re opacity.

 * Anyway, I'd love to hear your comments and reactions. They will give those of us in the crypto corner a fresh perspective and help clean up a technical (but of general interest -- eg trusted computing and Digital Rights management) subject area.

 * ww 15:23, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I nominated you for adminship. Good luck, and keep up the good work. Meelar 04:49, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Dioxin
Hello Brian

I see that your illustration of the structure of 2,3,7,8 tetrachloro-dibenzo-para-dioxin is marked 2,4,7,8 and I don't know how to go about correcting it. Nothing I can do but let you know, I guess. UninvitedCompany

adminship
A consensus has been reached by your peers that you should be an admin. I have made it so. Please review Administrators' reading list and keep up the great work. Sincerely, Kingturtle 06:57, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Congratulations, Brian! Cribcage 16:07, 2 May 2004 (UTC)

Re: Flint-Worcester Tornadoes
Dear Brian,

It is okay with me to redirect this article since it talks about two tornadoes anyway.

BigT27 08:00, 5 May 2004 (UTC)

By all means, "be bold". I'm still trying to decide if "tornado" ought to be capitalized in those or not. :) - Hephaestos|§ 00:54, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Dot Project
(*evil cackling laugh*) Y'know, sooner or later I ought to post more detailed instructions... Essentially, I just take the maps already generated for the county articles, edit them so there's no red, and then go town by town using Mapquest to plot the locations and paste the dot in the right location manually. The little red circle is five pixels in diameter.

As far as finding the cities, there are the articles like List of cities in Arizona that list all of the municipalities with articles (usually), but I find it most useful to go county by county -- the rambot county articles also contain listings of towns. That's pretty much it. Let me know what state(s) you decide to start with, and I'll make a note of it. -- Seth Ilys 01:33, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you mean by "fixing up" the county maps -- so far as I know, they already exist and have been inserted into the Rambot articles. Are the county maps inaccurate? -- Seth Ilys 01:50, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, never mind. I understand now. Yes, that would be very useful! -- Seth Ilys 01:50, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Groovy. I'll be sure to watch for them. You're always welcome to help with the Dot Project, too. :) -- Seth Ilys 02:03, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

From the WikiProject article:
 * "The U.S. county maps are generated from scanned public domain originals, which have then been modified by User:Wapcaplet and User:Jdforrester to indicate the counties and licensed under the GFDL."

You might want to ask them if they still have the originals. -- The Anome 08:53, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Gee willikers, do you plan to upload a map of that nature for every town in Missouri? --Smack 00:07, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, regarding the existence of blank US state maps, I'm afraid the only surviving copies I had were backed up to a CD-R that has since ceased to be functional. A shame, since I had them all in a higher-resolution format that would have made better source material for your project; but it looks like you're on your own for creating blank ones from the ones that are already posted. You could probably just flood-fill the red regions with white (and maybe desaturate the image to get rid of any residual red tinges) to get pristine versions from them. If you do that, you may consider doing what I ought to have done the first time, and post the blank ones to the Wiki for the benefit of future editors. Good luck! -- Wapcaplet 21:37, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

Re: Where to put the blank maps: I've just created WikiProject Maps/Source materials for the purpose of listing and linking such images. Might be helpful to list them there as well. -- Wapcaplet 20:01, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

When I've been creating the blank county maps as templates for the city dot-maps, I usually just take two county maps from counties on opposite sides of the state, then cut and paste them together to create one entirely blank map. Maybe that will work for you... -- Seth Ilys 03:17, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Re: possible copyright on the maps. The ones I downloaded can be found in this directory; they are all copyrighted "U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census." AFAIK, all Census Bureau publications are public-domain. I did lots of editing to remove various guidelines, county names, pieces of lint, etc. If you are doing this all over again, I would recommend using the current U.S. Census county maps, which are here, and are in general nicer-looking (though they may require just as much editing). They are probably more up-to-date, as well. Ideally, we should have some nice SVG maps to work from, so if you find public-domain SVG state maps, they'd probably make the best source material. -- Wapcaplet 22:22, 18 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi there, nice work on the maps! I got to trying to think of a way to automate the producing the maps. I know here in canada there is a standard grid for topographic maps. Given certain lat/long positions, you can pull up the corresponding map at varying scales (though the map doesn't need to be topographical, it could be a line drawing as yours are). Also because of the projection of those maps, it is easy to determine where to place a mark given those lat/long positions. Somewhere out there has to be a list of towns with their corresponding gps/lat+long data which could be fed into a small program which would then load the appropriate map, place the dot, and output the file with the filename being the name of the town into some directory; you could then simply pick a map as you needed it. The hardest part would be in finding properly-calibrated public-domain maps that looked good. I'll look into it some more. --Vanchuck 07:31, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll be writing a bit more about this on my user page if you're interested. --Vanchuck 08:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Maps...
I noticed you've been busy making municipal maps... Well I have been too! I was wondering if there was any sort of coordinated project? --"D ICK " C HENEY 01:00, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I'll be sure to save Kansas and Ohio for you (and mark it as such), if you'd want to claim them. Have you finished Missouri, or are you taking a break from that with Arizona? -- Seth Ilys 01:19, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds fine to me; I just thought I'd ask, since you mentioned them on HCheney's user page. I really do appreciate other people working on the project; it gives me some confidence that I'm not crazy in attempting it. :) -- Seth Ilys 01:35, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, and feel free to update the project section of my user page as appropriate. I don't mind at all. -- Seth Ilys 01:38, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

png maps
If you're going to be posting large numbers of pngs (those maps), could you recompress them first?

I found this app awhile back, been using it on my images and now on images on wikipedia. Called pngcrush, it cycles though every possible style of compression on the image through different filters and compression levels. I tested several of your maps and got 30% reductions in filesize. Here's a link to the project with pngcrush: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pmt/

Best way to use it is 'pngcrush -brute infile.png outfile.png' If its a large file and you've got a slow computer, expect to be waiting awhile since it will go through around 110 compression styles. It ends by saying the % change in file size. You can mess with some other options too.

Hope you find that program helpful in making the wiki more image efficent.

name that butte (redux)
Thanks for your help with identifying Monument Valley. I'm going to upload an annotated version, the work-in-progress version of which is at. Before I update it proper, I'd appreciate your comments. Thanks. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 19:58, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Colors of Stub links
Brian,

I saw your post on Meta:Help talk:Preferences about how to change stub colorings. I don't know any way to do this currently, but it sounds like a very reasonable request. In the last few weeks, Wikimedia started up a Wikimedia Bugzilla; if you're not familiar with it, Bugzilla is a tool used to track bug reports and feature requests in software. I think you should add a request for this feature to the Bugzilla. If you haven't used Bugzilla before, I'd be happy to help you file a request.

Have fun,
 * Creidieki 17:07, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

msg: no longer needed
I see that you've spent some time uploading maps showing the location of US towns, which is great. What I noticed from you uploads streaming past in the RecentChanges is that the summary includes, and it is good to properly tag images; however you might be interested to know that since the upgrade of the wiki software a few months ago, one only needs to type. The msg: part is no longer mandatory. You don't have to use the new syntax, although on the plus side it will save a few keystroken.

Oak Hill
Nope, I live in Florida. I've never even been to Kansas. :) [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality (hopefully!)]] 00:43, Oct 22, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
I was looking at the U.S. city/state articles and noticed that you've made a number of bot changes specifically regarding the amazing dot project. I've chosen to multi-license all of the rambot contributions under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Licence. I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all your contributions (or at minimum those on the geographic articles) so that we can keep most of the articles available under the multi-license. Many users use the   template on their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. If you only prefer using the GFDL, I understand, but I thought I'd at least ask, just in case. -- Ram-Man 18:31, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm fuzzy, too. The way I understand your note on my page, if I put the dual license template   on my User Page, I'll grant the CreativeCommons license to all my work on Wikipedia. I have no problem with that. Should I do something to current (and future) maps? By the way, I'm not using a bot; it's manual. Thanks. Catbar (Brian Rock) 00:50, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * To answer your questions: Yes, put that template on your user page and you will grant the usage of the license for all your work on Wikipedia (unless you specifically state any exclusions). Of course that is limited to only those changes which you are legally allowed to dual-license.  If you copied text from one Wikipedia page to another, that would be only under the GFDL as you were not the author, but any eligible changes would be dual-licensed.  As for the maps, they originally came from the public domain, however they were release exclusively into the GFDL by User:Wapcaplet and User:Jdforrester.  Since the dot project has used their images, as a derivative work they must also be licensed under the GFDL.  For the images to be dual-licensed, I must first get them to dual-license the original pictures.  Then if that is successful, I can ask all the dot-project people to dual-license their pictures.  But for now, you can't dual-license the pictures. -- Ram-Man 00:56, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Update: The source county images for the dot-project have all been multi-licensed by James F. and Wapcaplet into the CC-by, which is apparently one-way compatible with the CC-by-sa. I've am asking all of the dot-project contributors to multi-license their dot-project images under this license as well.  Would you be agreeable to doing this as well?  I know you already multi-license your contributions.  I will use the rambot to update the copyright tags in the same way that it updated the tags in the source county images. Thanks!    – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)   21:29, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

RFC pages on VfD
Should RFC pages be placed on VfD to be deleted? I'm considering removing Requests for comment/Slrubenstein, Requests for comment/Jwrosenzweig and Requests for comment/John Kenney from WP:VFD. Each of them was listed by CheeseDreams. Your comments on whether I should do this would be appreciated. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image recreation requests
Greetings. I just started the Image recreation requests project, and I thought you might be interested. Your help would be greatly appreciated. (I got your name from the list at Wikipedians/Cartographers.) Best regards, – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 03:20, Jan 30, 2005 (UTC)

Your LA images
I've taken the liberty of copyright-tagging your Louisiana "doton" images with GFDL tags, like the rest of them. If this is incorrect, let me know and I'll fix them. grendel|khan 05:27, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)

Egyptain Mau
Hi Brian, I saw your Maus, I'm a proud owner of an Emau Egyptian Mau wondering if our paths have crossed and need your help. I was hoping to speak with you privately, I tried to email you via your website but the email was returned. How might I email you?

DystopianAngel 18:56, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Show cat and genetic helth problems
I noticed that you have edited a section of the article show cat regarding the frequency of serious health problems in purebred cats. There is currently a discussion on the talk page about this section as to weather the article should state that this is a problem (the position I have taken) or weather the article should state that this is a misconception which is not true. Your input would we appreciated. Dalf | Talk 23:29, 3 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanks for weighing in. Dalf | Talk 02:00, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like we managed a compromised version of the paragraph. Go have a look. :) Dalf | Talk 06:19, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Map?
Hello,

I was wondering if you could tell me how one creates a city map with the red dot on the site of the U.S. state. I see you've made one for Odessa, Missouri. Thanks! Badagnani 08:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Oh, that's complicated! I thought it was an automatic thing where you input the coordinates and out it comes. That shouldn't be too difficult but I guess for now it must be done by hand. Thanks for taking the time to explain the process. I was working on a new article on the small town of Eulonia, Georgia but couldn't get a map to come out, and now I know why. By the way, it looks like you're only a few minutes west of me; I'm finishing a music degree at Kent State. Best, Badagnani 21:57, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Discussion page of Cabot, Arkansas
Thank you for your defense of Wikipedia on the discussion page of Cabot, Arkansas. I've corrected the false inputs, only a few months after they were made! InvictaHOG 19:47, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No relationship to Goodyear other than using the tires. InvictaHOG seems to be a motorcycle club in England, too. No relationship to that, either. Just my backpack and alma mater...InvictaHOG 03:22, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Stink.inc
Hi, just a reminder that when you speedy something that has already gone to afd, you still need to close out the afd. I've done this one. brenneman (t) (c) 00:55, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

NFPA triangles
Thanks for correcting the NFPA triangles on acetone, acetaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide: I don't know why I missed these errors in such high-profile articles! For reference, WP:Chem tends to use the NFPA values given on the International Chemical Safety Card (where these are available) rather than values provided by manufacturers: there is no problem for the changes you have made, as the ICSC values are identical to the ones you put in the tables. Physchim62 (talk) 12:04, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
I know that you don't know me, but I just want to wish you a Happy Birthday! JaredW 12:05, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Dots on Maps
What's the easiest way to do the dots on the maps for the cities, towns, and villages? I see that you've done quite a few. I'm interested in filling out the ones you missed in southern Louisiana. Any help is appreciated.

Ja Braud

Nova Episode List
Thanks for helping out. I've been very busy and unable to give the page the attention I initially intended. pattersonc 05:08, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, ! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. AmiDaniel (Talk) 00:18, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Um... 'scuse me?
Hope I didn't do anything too bad :\   _-M     o     P-_     22:34, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Aha! :) That's ok, I was just a bit taken off guard. And don't worry yourself, we all make mistakes. :) Take care,   _-M     o     P-_     22:37, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Archiving
Hi there - I have a small query - Is it ok to archive discussion pages on articles with a lot of discussion, or is archiving only allowed on userpage talk pages? Benjaminstewart05 12:43, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

VandalProof 1.2 Now Available
 After a lenghty, but much-needed Wikibreak, I'm happy to announce that version 1.2 of VandalProof is now available for download! Beyond fixing some of the most obnoxious bugs, like the persistent crash on start-up that many have experienced, version 1.2 also offers a wide variety of new features, including a stub-sorter, a global user whitelist and blacklist, navigational controls, and greater customization. You can find a full list of the new features here. While I believe this release to be a significant improvement over the last, it's nonetheless nowhere near the end of the line for VandalProof. Thanks to Rob Church, I now have an account on test.wikipedia.org with SysOp rights and have already been hard at work incorporating administrative tools into VandalProof, which I plan to make available in the near future. An example of one such SysOp tool that I'm working on incorporating is my simple history merge tool, which simplifies the process of performing history merges from one article into another. Anyway, if you haven't already, I'd encourage you to download and install version 1.2 and take it out for a test-drive. As always, your suggestions for improvement are always appreciated, and I hope that you will find this new version useful. Happy editing! --AmiDaniel (talk) 02:12, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Redirects
You're completely wrong - there's nothing wrong with linking to a redirect. Please show me the "standard Wikipedia conventions" that you are applying. --SPUI (T - C) 18:22, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Rolla Buddy
Hey there Catbar. My father's name is indeed David.

I'll ask him about you the next time I get the chance. The internet makes it a small, small world. Have a great day! Benzene 09:18, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Maps
Hallo Catbar;

would you consider to upload your maps into commons for further use in other languages ?--84.142.53.113 18:39, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Vandal editing after blocks
I was going through Recent changes and was ran into an editor who according to thier page is blocked user IP 72.135.196.106 they were blocked and even appealed and denined appeal on the 18th yet posted a bunch more vandalism on the 19th? How can they do that if the IP is blocked? The reason I ask you is you were the one who rightly blocked the vandal to begin with. Thanks for listening.--Xiahou 04:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:OHMap-doton-Ada.png
I copied this file on commons. Do you can delete this file on en-wiki? Mario58 21:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 03:49, 4 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

Blatant Vandalism
Hi. I read your message about blatant vandalism on Xiahou's talk page. Since you are an administrator, I can trust you to know about Wikipedia's polices, make a judgement, and act as an arbitrator on this situation. I was unsure becasue I have recently made the mistake by assuming no good-faith and biting the newbies, but now I know in the case of this IP, there is no good faith to assume. If there's anything else I should know regarding this, could you please let me know. Thanks.--User: (talk • contribs) 00:30, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh sure he puts it on your page and not mine! just kidding. Thanks for the input. I see by your picture you are a gentleman of 'age' aka not a kid. I to am past 30. So I guess maybe seeing 'kids' go nuts and putting blatant vandalism everywhere just irks me so much. Which is honestly why I enjoy cleaning it up for those who want to use wiki for one of its major purposes - to read and learn. Its how I came here. I've been reading wiki since its early days. Didn't at first understand I could edit then later, didn't feel I should but after seeing enough vandalism I thought I could help 'stem the tide' somewhat. To make a long post short I agree when you see obscene word after obscene word, hate comments and the like you don't need to assume anything but pure vandalism. Call em as I see em. Common sense with age I guess. See you around --Xiahou 01:56, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

I absolutely accept, but I didn't think there was anything to apologize about. I'm the one who needs to work on not biting the newbies, and I wanted to just be able to accomplish that and approprietely warn users about vandalism and blatant vandalism at the same time.--User: (talk • contribs) 20:31, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Image:ARMap-doton-Little_Rock.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:ARMap-doton-Little_Rock.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT ( 416 ) 00:26, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:BritishAntiLewisite.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:BritishAntiLewisite.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BigDT 04:41, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:WhatDoYouWantFromLive.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:WhatDoYouWantFromLive.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Videmus Omnia 03:21, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Hey. Just wanted to know how to change a picture in the Article about the cat breed "Norwegian Forest Cat" (not the English version but the article in Norwegian) since the image there aren't a "good" example of the breed Norwegian Forest Car. This is a scanned image of a poster of a lot of car breeds, so here you can really see a good example of the breed: http://two.xthost.info/Default/Norwegian_Forest_Car.png Thats not the image I want to upload since I don't have the right to use it. I myself "own" a cat which is a Norwegian Forest Cat, and it's so much alike the picture above it's scary. Therefor I have a lot of pictures and wish to upload one and replace the example in this article: http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_skogkatt (The picture there might be a cat of the breed Norwegian Forest Cat, but not a good example. Believe me, in Norway no-one believes that to be a Norwegian Forest Cat)

Could you tell me how or maybe do it for me? :-)Teh.yellow.duck 14:32, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

More help needed
Thanks, but the thing I need help to is the part where I change the picture thats all ready there. The article is "Semi-Protected" and even if if wasn't I don't think there would be an "edit image" on the Image, even though it is on each of the other sections of the article. The upload thing I can do. If you see on the English version of the article (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Forest_Cat) I've actually uploaded the last image in the section that has a lot of examples of the breed. How to take a picture and make it the main picture in an article is therefore what I need to know.Teh.yellow.duck 13:13, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

New photo
I was always going to use a new photograph in the article, and today I took a lot of new photos of my cat, and here's the best I managed to take of my active cat: http://i19.tinypic.com/4plvv9i.png And as you can see, it's almost identical to the poster i bought as a child: http://i12.tinypic.com/54jtxkk.png

Should I continue uploading the original (http://i19.tinypic.com/4plvv9i.png is a resized version for uploading purposes)Teh.yellow.duck 22:50, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:TheTubesAlbum.png
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Can you Please help ?
Hello, I know Iam new to wikipedi but Im am five seconds away from crying since I posted what i considered a useful pice of information to an article I have been ganged up on had My user page deleted! I have been Block for no reason! I have been restored only to recive abuse from the same people I was keeping a record of all there actions till i could find someone to help me ! Its been deleted. Can you help what should i do :( thanks kate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 100%freehuman (talk • contribs) 11:38, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

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American Keuda
Just thought I'd tip you - due to lack of sources, someone tagged the American Keuda page you made a while back as a possible hoax. It's fairly clear to me that the Keuda exists, but I can't find that much more about it; you might want to drop by and put a word in. Coanda-1910 (talk) 18:55, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

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High Weirdness By Mail
Hi Brian. Saw you added a link to the article - I'm thinking about trying to expand it. Trouble is, I've been and gone and lost my copy (actually I rather think some tosspot nicked it because I'd NEVER have got rid of such a precious volume knowingly). What I was hoping for are more links - Sub Genius page is good on the contents but I'd like to see if I could find some sources which reviewed it or mentioned it or any cultural references, you know the things. Any clues or hints as to where to start would be most welcome, if you have any...also, must say big up on doing pages on Must (someone's given me a bottle of grappa...), Phossy Jaw and the Klaus Nomi stuff - coincidentally, all of which I visited just today (Louis Slotin was last week, though). Ta. All the Best, Plutonium27 (talk) 07:22, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

An invitation to join WikiProject Ohio
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The first Wikipedian meetup in Ohio
Thanks! --Rkitko (talk) 19:28, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of American Keuda
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Ohio Map
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title: User talk:Catbar


text:
Ise Province

Ise Province (伊勢国) was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today includes most of modern Mie Prefecture. Ise bordered on Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Seishū (勢州).

History
The name of Ise appears in the earliest written records of Japan, and was the site of numerous religious and folkloric events connected with the Shinto religion and Yamato court. Ise province was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code, when the former princely state of Ise was divided into Ise, Iga and Shima. The original capital of the province was located in what is now the city of Suzuka, and was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. The site was proclaimed a national historic landmark in 1986. The remains of the Ise kokubunji have also been found within the boundaries of modern Suzuka. Under the Engishiki classification system, Ise was ranked as a "great country" (大国) and a "close country" (近国).

Two Shinto shrines in Ise Province compete for the title of Ichinomiya: Tsubaki Grand Shrine and the Tsubaki Jinja, both of which are located in Suzuka. The Ise Grand Shrine, located in what is now the city of Ise was the destination of pilgrims from the Heian period through modern times.

During the Muromachi period, Ise was ruled nominally by the Kitabatake clan. After the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Ise was divided into several feudal han, the largest of which was Tsu Domain. During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road from Edo to Kyoto passed through northern Ise, with post stations at several locations.

At the time of the Bakumatsu period, the feudal domains within Ise Province included the following:

After the start of the Meiji period, with the abolition of the han system in 1871, Ise was joined with former Iga and Shima provinces to form the new Mie Prefecture formally created on April 18, 1876.

The name "Ise Province" continued to exist as a geographical anachronism for certain official purposes. For example, Ise is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.

The World War II JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Ise and modern helicopter carrier Ise are named after this province.

Historical districts

 * Mie Prefecture
 * Anki District (奄芸郡) – merged with Kawawa District to become Kawage District (河芸郡) on March 29, 1896; which it merged with Anō District to become Age District (安芸郡) on September 30, 1956
 * Anō District (安濃郡) – merged with Kawage District to become Age District on September 30, 1956
 * Asake District (朝明郡) – merged into Mie District on March 29, 1896
 * Ichishi District (一志郡) – dissolved
 * Iino District (飯野郡) – merged with Iitaka District to become Iinan District (飯南郡) on March 29, 1896
 * Iitaka District (飯高郡) – merged with Iino District to become Iinan District on March 29, 1896
 * Inabe District (員弁郡)
 * Kawawa District (河曲郡) – merged with Anki District to become Kawage District on March 29, 1896; which it merged with Anō District to become Age District on September 30, 1956
 * Kuwana District (桑名郡)
 * Mie District (三重郡) – absorbed Asake District on March 29, 1896
 * Suzuka District (鈴鹿郡) – dissolved
 * Taki District (多気郡)
 * Watarai District (度会郡)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ise Province


text:
Kaesong

Kaesong is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea and contains the remains of the Manwoldae palace. Called Songdo while it was the ancient capital of Goryeo, the city prospered as a trade centre that produced Korean ginseng. Kaesong now functions as North Korea's light industry centre.

During the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, "Kaijō". Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control. During the Korean War, North Korea captured the city, and the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's proximity to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted cross-border economic exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run Kaesong Industrial Region.

As of 2009, the city had a population of 192,578.

History
The earliest archaeological signs of habitation in the Kaesong area date from the Neolithic. Artifacts such as Jeulmun pottery, stone ware, and stone axes have been excavated from Osongsan and Kaesong Nasong, the double-walled fortress of Kaesong. As Kaesong has been occupied by various states throughout centuries, its name has changed. It was in the realm of Mahan confederacy, and was referred to as Busogap during the rule of Goguryeo. Before the strength of Baekje was retreated to the southwest of Jungnyeong, Mungyeong Saejae, and Asan Bay in 475, the area had been a part of Baekje for about 100 years.

However, it became a territory of Silla in 555, the 16th year of Jinheung of Silla's reign, and its name was changed to Song'ak-gun during the period. According to the Samguk Sagi, when a castle was built in the site in 694, the third year of Hyoso of Silla's reign, Kaesong was referred to as "Song'ak (송악; 松嶽)". Therefore, it is assumed that the name Song'ak had been used at least before the time.

Goryeo
Silla began to decline in the late 9th century, and a period of rival warlords ensued. In 898, Kaesong fell under the hand of Gung Ye, the founder of his short-lived state, Taebong, and then became a part of Goryeo in 919 by its founder, Wang Geon, who was enthroned as Taejo of Goryeo. Taejo established the capital in the south of Song'ak, and incorporated Kaesong into Song'ak under the name of "Gaeju". In 919, Kaesong became the national capital. In 960, the 11th year of Gwangjong of Goryeo's reign, the city was renamed Gaegyeong, and in 995, the 14th year of Seonjong of Goryeo's reign, it was elevated to "Gaesong-bu". The Gaeseong-bu is a combined term of Song'ak-gun, and Gaesong-gun, which is different from the region of the pre-1945 Gaesong-ri, Seo-myeon, Kaepung-gun. In 1010, the first year of Hyeonjong of Goryeo's reign, the palace and houses were almost burnt down during the second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War, so in 1018, Gaesong-bu was relegated for the "bu" system, and became to govern the three hyeon unites of Jeongju, Deoksu, and Gangeum.

In the late 12th century, there was instability in both the government and the countryside. A slave named Manjǒk (or Manjeok) (만적; 萬積) led a group of slaves who gathered outside Kaesong in 1198. The revolt plot was suppressed by Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn. When Yi Song-gye overthrew Goryeo in 1392 and established Joseon as Taejo of Joseon, he moved the Korean capital from Kaesong to Hanyang (modern-day Seoul) in 1394.

20th century

Kaesong remained a part of Gyeonggi Province until the Korean War. When Korea was partitioned at the 38th parallel after World War II, Kaesong was on the southern side of the line (within South Korea).

However, the battle of Kaesong-Munsan was won by the Korean People's Army (KPA) in the first days of the Korean War. The city was recaptured by UN Forces on 9 October 1950 during the pursuit of the KPA that followed the successful Inchon landings. UN Forces abandoned the city on 16 December 1950 during the withdrawal to the Imjin River following the Chinese People's Volunteer Army intervention in the war. Kaesong would remain under Chinese/North Korean control until the end of the war.

Ceasefire negotiations began in Kaesong on 10 July 1951, but were moved to Panmunjom, southeast of the city, on 25 October 1951. The Korean Armistice Agreement signed on 27 July 1953 recognised North Korean control over Kaesong making it the only city to change control from South Korea to North Korea as a result of the war. Postwar Kaesong and the part of Kyonggi Province that came to be occupied was organized into "Kaesong Region" (Kaesŏng Chigu; 개성 지구; 開城 地區). In 1957, Kaesong became a "Directly Governed City" (Kaesŏng Chikhalsi; 개성 직할시; 開城 直轄市).

21st century
In 2002, Kaesŏng Industrial Region was formed from part of Kaesong. In 2003, the remaining part of Kaesong (excluding the Industrial Region) became part of North Hwanghae Province. The city is close to the Demilitarized Zone that divides North and South Korea.

In October 2019, Kaesong became a "Special City".

Geography
Located in the center of Korea, Kaesong is the southernmost city of North Korea. It is bordered by Kaepung, Changpung, Panmun, and Kumchon counties. Kanghwa Island of Incheon Municipality lies just south, beyond a narrow channel. It covers an area of 1,309 km2, the urban district is surrounded by Songak (Songak-san; 송악산; 松嶽山) (489 m) and Pongmyong mountains. The city center surrounds the much smaller Mt. Janam (103 m), on which is located the city's Kim Il Sung statue.

In the northern part of Kaesong, the end of the Ahobiryŏng range creates the northernmost border of Kaesong City. This range consists of Mts. Chŏnma (757 m), Sŏnggŏ, Myoji (764 m), Suryong (716 m), Chesŏk (749 m), Hwajang (558 m), and Ogwan. With the exception of the mountainous northeastern region, however, most areas of Kaesong consist of low hills with heights less than 100 meters A.S.L.

The Imjin River flows along the northeastern border line of the city and the Ryesong River (禮成江) (Ryeseong-gang; 례성강) (transliterated in South Korea as Yeseong-gang; 예성강) runs along the western border to the mouth of the Han River. In addition to the two rivers, small and large rivers and streams such as the Samich'ŏn, Wŏlamch'ŏn, Chukbaech'ŏn, Kŭmsŏngch'ŏn, and Sach'ŏn rivers drain into the Han. The river basin located in the southwest of Kaesong has spacious alluvial plains such as P'ungdŏkbŏl, Singwangbŏl, and Samsŏngbŏl.

The geology consists of the Proterozoic, Cenozoic, and Paleozoic strata and Mesozoic intrusive granite. The underground resources include gold, zinc, copper, fluorspar, limestone, granite, and kaolin. The soil comprises generally brown forest soil while the areas drained by Yesŏng, Imjin, and Han rivers consist of mostly alluvial and saline soil. The climate is generally warm and moderate, with an average annual temperature of around 10 °C. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of −5.9 °C, while the hottest month is August, with an average temperature of 24.7 °C. The average annual rainfall ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 millimeters. The duration of frost-free period is 180 days—the longest in North Korea. About 55% of Kaesong is forested (80% of the trees are pines), and 40 species of mammals and 250 birds inhabit the area.

Climate
Kaesong has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa), with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers with abundant rainfall.

Administrative divisions
Before 2002, what is now Kaesong Directly Governed City was divided into one city (Kaesŏng itself) and one county and two wards: Changpung County, Kaepung-guyok and Panmun-guyok. In 2003, P'anmun-gun and part of Kaesong-si were separated from Kaesŏng Directly Governed City and merged to form Kaesong Industrial Region. The remaining part of Kaesŏng joined North Hwanghae Province in 2002. Kaesong is currently divided into 24 administrative districts known as Dong, as well as three villages ("ri"). After Kaesong promoted to Special City, Changpung County, Kaepung-guyok and Panmun-guyok return to Kaesong.

 * Koryŏ-dong (고려동/): Anhwasa temple is located here.
 * Haeun-dong (해운동/): Named after pavilion called Haeunru.
 * Chanam-dong (자남동/): Named after Mount Chanam.
 * Kwanhun-dong (관훈동/): The place was named as such due to the fact that the place had a 'Hunryonwon' (an institution that hired military officials and soldiers during the Joseon dynasty) and Gwaegwanhyon (also called, 'Gatgoljae', a place where Goryeo scholars protested by refusing to take the Gwageo and take off their gat hats).
 * Manwŏl-dong (만월동/): Named after Manwoldae.
 * Naesŏng-dong (내성동/): Named after Naeseong of Kaesong city walls.
 * Nam'an-dong (남안동/): Named as such because it was comfortably in the southern plains of Namdaemun (Kaesong).
 * Nammun-dong (남문동/): Named after Namdaemun (Kaesong). The Bell of Yonbok Temple is located here.
 * Namsan-dong (남산동/)
 * Pangjik-tong (방직동/)
 * Posŏn-dong (보선동/)
 * Pug'an-dong (북안동/): Named as such because it was comfortably in the northern plains of Namdaemun (Kaesong). Kaesong Students' and Children's Palace is located here.
 * Pusan-dong (부산동/)
 * Ryonghŭng-dong (룡흥동/)
 * Ryongsan-dong (룡산동/)
 * Song'ak-tong (송악동/)
 * Sŏngnam-dong (성남동/)
 * Sŏnjuk-tong (선죽동/)
 * Sŭngjŏn-dong (승전동/)
 * Tonghŭng-dong (동흥동/)
 * Tonghyŏn-dong (동현동/)
 * Ŭndŏk-tong (은덕동/)
 * Ŭnhak-tong (운학동/)
 * Yŏkchŏn-dong (역전동/)
 * Pak'yŏl-li (박연리/)
 * Samgŏ-ri (삼거리/)
 * Tog'am-ri (덕암리/)

Landmarks

Kaesong is home to the World Heritage Site Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong. Koryo Songgyungwan University (Light Industry), Communist University and Art College are located in Kaesong. The Koryo Museum, housed in the city's old Confucian academy, contains many priceless Goryeo arts and cultural relics (although many are copies, with the originals held in the vaults of the Korean Central History Museum in Pyongyang).

As the former capital of Goryeo, the tombs of almost all of the Goryeo kings are located in the area, though most are not accessible; the heavily reconstructed Tomb of King Wanggon, belonging to the dynasty's founder, Taejo of Goryeo, is located to the west of the city in Kaepung-gun. Other notable tombs include those of kings Hyejong of Goryeo (the Sollung Royal Tomb), Gyeongjong of Goryeo (Yongrung Royal Tomb), Seongjong of Goryeo (Kangrung Royal Tomb), Hyeonjong of Goryeo (Sollung Royal Tomb), Munjong of Goryeo (Kyongrung Royal Tomb), and Gongmin of Goryeo (Tomb of King Kongmin). Kaesong also contains North Korea's only two royal tombs dating to the Joseon: the Hurung Royal Tomb, belonging to the dynasty's second king, Jeongjong of Joseon, and the Cherung Royal Tomb, containing the remains of Queen Sinui, wife of the dynasty's founder, Yi Songgye (Taejo of Joseon). The two final tombs, despite belonging to members of the Joseon royal family, were excluded from the World Heritage Site Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty because of their location in North Korea.

Cuisine

Since Kaesong was the capital of Goryeo for 487 years, its culinary culture was highly developed. The luxurious style of Kaesong cuisine is frequently compared with Seoul cuisine and Jeolla cuisine. Kaesong cuisine was traditionally treated as part of Gyeonggi cuisine, since Kaesong belonged to Gyeonggi Province until 1950. However, it has been incorporated into the administration of North Korea after the Korean War while Gyeonggi Province is in South Korea. Bossam kimchi (wrapped kimchi), pyeonsu (square-shaped summer mandu), sinseollo (royal casserole), seolleongtang (ox bone soup), chueotang (mudfish soup), joraengi tteokguk (rice cake soup), umegi (tteok covered with syrup), and gyeongdan (ball-shaped tteok) are representative Kaesong dishes. Umegi, also called Kaesong juak, is a holiday food of Kaesong, and known for the delicate style with the sweet and nutty taste. The dish is made by kneading a mixture of rice flour and glutinous rice flour with warm water, by shaping the dough into balls with either one pine nut or jujube, by frying and coating them with syrup.

Economy
With its topography, climate and soil, Kaesong has advantageous natural conditions for agricultural productions. The water supply system is established with 18 reservoirs, including Songdo Reservoir, built for agricultural advances and about 150 pumping stations as well as hundreds of dammed pools. The cultivated land accounts for 27% of Kaesong's area. Rice, maize, soybeans, wheat, and barley are the main crops. Among them, rice production accounts for 60% of the whole grain production, and Kaepung and Panmun are the two primary regions, producing more than 70% of the rice production. In addition, vegetable and fruit cultivation including peach, apple and persimmon, livestock farming, and sericulture are active. Peach is a local specialty of Kaesong, especially white peach, which accounts for more than 25% of the total fruit production. The counties of Kaepung-gun and Panmun-gun are also known for cultivating the quality Korean ginseng called Goryeo Insam.

Kaesong is North Korea's light industry centre. The urban district is equipped with a jewel processing factory, ginseng processing factory and an embroidery factory. Since the Goryeo period, Kaesong had been a center of handcrafts such as Goryeo ware and commerce while the textile industry has been the primary business along with the production of grocery goods, daily general goods, and ginseng products after the division into the two states. The food processing industry ranks next to the textile business, mainly producing jang (soybean-based condiments), oil, canned foods, alcoholic beverages, soft drinks and others. In addition, resin, timber, handicrafts, pottery, shoes, school supplies, musical instruments, and glass are produced. Kaesong has factories for producing agricultural machines and tractor repair.

As of 2002, the city contained the headquarters of the Central Bank of North Korea, with branches also in Kapung and Panmun counties.

North Korea and South Korea jointly operate an industrial complex in the Kaesong Industrial Region. The industrial park, built around 2005, employs over 53,400 North Koreans at over 120 South Korean textile and other labor-intensive factories. In early 2013, approximately 887 South Koreans worked in the complex, which produced an estimated $470 million of goods in 2012, and the complex employed a sixth of Kaesong's working people.

Amid tensions in 2013, the industrial park was temporarily closed. It was closed again in 2016.

Tourism

Kaesong is a major destination for foreign visitors to North Korea. Many Goryeo-era sites are located in Kaesong, including the Kaesong Namdaemun gate, the Songgyungwan Confucian Academy, now the Koryo Museum, and the Sonjuk Bridge and Pyochung Pavilion. Less-known sites include Kwandok Pavilion, the ruined Goryeo-era Manwoldae Palace, Anhwa Temple, Sungyang Hall, Mokchong Hall, and the Kaesong Chomsongdae (개성 첨성대; 開城 瞻星臺) observatory. Located to the west of the city are the tombs of Kings Kongmin and Wanggon; twenty-four km north of Kaesong is Taehungsan Fortress, a Koguryo satellite fortress built to protect Pyongyang. This castle contains the Kwanum and Taehung Temples. The famous Pakyon Falls are located in the area, as well as a large, recently discovered Goryeo-era Buddha carved into the stone on Mt. Chonma. Most tourists to Kaesong are put in the traditional Kaesong Folk Hotel, housed in 19 traditional hanok courtyard houses.

Education
Sungkyunkwan, one kilometer north of Seonjukgyo bridge is a representative traditional educational institution in Kaesong. It was founded in the neighborhood of Gukja-dong with the name Gukjagam (국자감; 國子監) in 992 during the reign of King Seongjong of Goryeo, which ignited Korean Confucianism. Its name was changed to Gukhak (국학; 國學) in the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo and was referred to as Seonggyungwan. In 1367, the 16th year of Gongmin of Goryeo's reign, the structure was revamped and Yi Saek, and Chŏng Mong-ju, Confucian scholars of the time taught there as professors. In 1592, the 25th year of Seonjo of Joseon's reign, Kim Yuk reconstructed the institution which was burned down by the Japanese during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).

The first modern school that appeared in Kaesong was Hanyeong Seowon (한영서원; 韓英書院), or Anglo-Korean School established by Yun Chi-ho in 1906, with the help of American missionaries Mr. Wasson, and Mr. Candler. It obtained authorization as Songdo High School from Governor-General of Korea in 1917, and expanded to the Songdo School Foundation in 1950 with the accreditation for the establishment of Songdo Middle School and Songdo College of Pharmacy, the latter of which produced 40 graduates. However, when the Korean War occurred, the foundation was moved to Incheon, and reconstructed Songdo Middle and High Schools in 1953 which still exist to the present.

By 1950, there were two public high schools: Kaeseong High School (개성중학교; 開城中學校) and Kaeseong Girls' High School (개성고등여학교; 開城高等女學校) and three private high schools: Songdo High School (송도중학교; 松都中學校), Jeonghwa Girls' School (정화여학교;貞和女學校) and Hosudon Girls' School (호수돈여학교; 好壽敦女學校). Like Songdo High School, Jeonghwa and Hosudon Girls' Schools, with the teachers and most students, evacuated south during the Korean War and their campuses now are located in Seoul and Daejeon respectively.

There were also eight public elementary schools (국민학교) in Kaeseong by 1950, they were the Manwol (만월; 滿月), Donghyun (동현; 銅峴), Seonjuk (선죽; 善竹), Koryo (고려; 高麗), Songdo (송도; 松都), Junggyeong (중경; 中京), Namsan (남산; 南山) and Deokam (덕암; 德岩) elementary schools.

As of 2002, Kaesong had 80 each public elementary schools which scattered in each unit of ri (village), 60 middle-high schools, 3 colleges and 3 universities such as Songdo University of Politics, Kaesong University of Education, and Kaesong Communist University.

Transportation
Kaesong is connected to Pyongyang and other cities by rail and highways. The city's main railway station is Kaesong Station, which is on the Pyongbu Line.

There was a plan to build a trolleybus line in this city, but it never came to fruition.

Sister cities

 * 🇵🇪 Cusco (1990)

People born in Kaesong

 * Uicheon (1055–1191), founder of the Cheontae Buddhist sect
 * Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn (1149–1219), a military ruler of Korea during the Goryeo
 * Ch'oe U (died 1249), general of the Goryeo, son of Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn
 * Hwang Hui (1363–1452), prime minister of Joseon
 * Hwang Jin-i (1515–1550), famous Kisaeng and poet
 * Lee Jong soo (Chong Lee) (1938–2017), Father of Taekwondo in Canada
 * K. W. Lee (1928–), Korean-American print journalist
 * Won Pyong Oh (1926–2020), South Korean zoologist
 * Chin Byung Ho (1909–1972), Dean of Seoul National University Medical School
 * Youn Yuh-jung (1947–), South Korean actress and Academy Award winner
 * Woo In-hee (died 1981), North Korean actress and a mistress of Kim Jong Il.

title: Kaesong


text:
Talk:Imperium

Untitled
Pompeius were invested with imperium maius to remove nad destroy all the pirates of the "Mare Nostrum", not to fight in Spain against Sertorius. I changed it on the entry.

Has anyone seen claims that Caesar was attended by 72 lictors toward the end of his career? I remember such claims, but I cannot find any documented source. -- Publius

 * No. Every source i know (Suetonius and Plutarch) refer only to the 24 lictors of a dictator. Neither seems likely that Caesar, who despite all liked to play by the rules, would use such an amount. Muriel Victoria 08:33, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Yes, it seemed remarkably out of character for him, but then, he did behave somewhat curiously toward the end of his life (e.g., the high red Alban boots), and the Senate certainly got extravagant in awarding him honours, didn't it? I was always impressed by Plutarch's account that he informed the Senate that his honours needed to be retrenched, not augmented. Apparently, from what I've been able to find on line -- all undocumented, of course -- Caesar is reputed to have been accompanied in one of his triumphal parades by the lictors of all his dictatorates, past, present, and future. I'm still looking for documentation on that, but as it is, I don't really think it'd belong in the article, anyway. -- Publius

Since Curule aedili held Imperium, is there an example in the Roman history of an aedile actually commanding an army? --Chino 06:29, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Is it correct that the Master of the Horse held Praetorian imperium? If that is true, then that means that a standing Consul would out rank the Dictator's second-in-command, meaning that a Consul could veto any action or proposal made by the Master of the Horse. Yet it would seem that as the Dictator's second was the second most powerful man in Rome. How is this so? Did the Master of the Horse hold higher imperium then Praetorian, or was it the fear of the Dictator that made him so "powerful"?

 * If I understand correctly, Master of the Horse did have six lictors, representing praetorian imperium theoretically below that of a consul. However, the consuls gave up their power when dictator was appointed. --Chino 04:47, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Imperium
I was under the impression that there were two types of positions in the Roman magistrates.. those that had no imperium, or other stations, which owned imperium. Individuals required imperium to command an army of any form.

Nudas veritas 09:35, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The curule magistrates were considered to have imperium, while other officials did not. - Khepidjemwa'atnefru 23:40, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

kinds of imperium
This article used to go into the different kinds of imperium, and included a section on maius imperium (which is critical because the article on roman emperors links to this page via maius imperium). Was this changed for a reason?96.237.158.86 (talk) 23:07, 24 December 2012 (UTC)

Definition of Power
I am disambiguating the Power page, and I believe the word 'power' near the beginning of the article means power as described in the Power (sociology) article. I believe it will be helpful to readers to not have to wade through the other possibilities on the Power page. Gerry Ashton 14:39, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Thomas Cromwell
As far as I am aware, Thomas Cromwell was never Archbishop of Canterbury, though he was Vicar-General. The first Anglican archbishop would have been Matthew Parker: although Cranmer was an avowed Protestant, he was still in communion with rome. ps im cool holybands22 pss on scratch —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.115.13.28 (talk) 02:29, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Imperium and immunity
Does holding imperium shield the imperator from prosecution during his term of holding imperium? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.124.230.149 (talk) 08:02, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

unofficially proposed merge?
Strongly oppose merging imperium and imperator. Obviously the two are related, but the imperator was not the only person to hold imperium, and the imperator takes on a life of his own, apart from the concept of imperium in the early Republic. I often need to link to imperium, rarely to imperator. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:28, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Magistrates list
Aren't quaestors, censors, and tribunes also curule magistrates? And can we get that list to be higher up on the page and/or somewhere where it looks less like it was thrown in at random? Thank you.--24.246.112.51 (talk) 15:23, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Censors were of curule rank, especially since anybody who held that position had already held a curule magistracy. I seem to recall that they actually placed their curule chairs at the Altar of Mars when they took the census. Tribune, not; that's part of the tribunate's plebeian character. Quaestors weren't of curule rank, either. I could be wrong, though. Cynwolfe (talk) 18:50, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Cynwolfe (talk) 18:54, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Suggestion - Move last section
The last section has nothing to do with the Roman concept of imperium being discussed in the article. It needs to be moved somewhere or just deleted. Any suggestions? I've also split it into two, to try to retain some of the historical relevance of the usage by the Byzantine empire and popes, though I'm not happy with some of the material in there. This article really needs to be re-written.- Eponymous-Archon (talk) 01:48, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

 * While the article starts with discussing the purely Roman concept of imperium, I don't know that it's necessarily out of place to discuss the extension/translation of the concept into Christian theology and other matters. Dhtwiki (talk) 07:41, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

WP:NAD
This article as written seems to be a WP:NAD violation (a common problem). That is, it is written to be about the word imperium only tangentially discussing the concept of a Roman imperium. The word by itself is not notable enough to merit an article, but the concept is. I would suggest a rewrite to focus on the concept. (Discussion of the term itself could be a short sub-section).

-- MC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.131.2.3 (talk) 19:11, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I think that the article does more than "tangentially" discuss the concept of Roman imperium, and is more than just a dictionary definition. What the article does lack is references that support its statements. Dhtwiki (talk) 22:16, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imperium


text:
Duchy of Oldenburg

The Duchy of Oldenburg (Herzogtum Oldenburg) named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany. The counts of Oldenburg died out in 1667, after which it became a duchy until 1810, when it was annexed by the First French Empire. It was located near the mouth of the River Weser.

When the main lineage of the House of Oldenburg died out in 1667 with Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg, it fell to the Frederick III of Denmark of the line of the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp, who married Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, daughter of Peter the Great. Another, his first cousin, Frederick August I, became Duke of Oldenburg in 1774. One of his brothers, Adolf Frederick, became King of Sweden. Another brother, Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Gottorp, was father of Peter I, who became Grand Duke of Oldenburg in 1823. Subsequent Rulers of Oldenburg were all his descendants.

Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece and Russia. The heirs of a junior line of the Greek branch are, through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, are the rulers in thrones of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms after the passing of Queen Elizabeth II.

History
The first known count of Oldenburg was Elimar I (d. 1108). Elimar's descendants appear as vassals, though sometimes rebellious ones, of the dukes of Saxony; but they attained the dignity of princes of the empire when the emperor Frederick I dismembered the Saxon duchy in 1180. At this time, the county of Delmenhorst formed part of the dominions of the counts of Oldenburg, but afterwards it was on several occasions separated from them to form an appanage for younger branches of the family. This was the case between 1262 and 1447, between 1463 and 1547, and between 1577 and 1617.

During the early part of the 13th century, the counts carried on a series of wars with independent, or semi-independent, Frisian princes to the north and west of the county, which resulted in a gradual expansion of the Oldenburgian territory. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and the bishop of Münster were also frequently at war with the counts of Oldenburg.

In 1440, Christian succeeded his father Dietrich, called Fortunatus, as Count of Oldenburg. In 1448 Christian was elected king of Denmark as Christian I, partly based on his maternal descent from previous Danish kings. Although far away from the Danish borders, Oldenburg was now a Danish exclave. The control over the town was left to the king's brothers, who established a short reign of tyranny.

In 1450, Christian became king of Norway and in 1457, king of Sweden. In 1460, he inherited the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein, an event of high importance for the future history of Oldenburg. In 1454, he handed over Oldenburg to his brother Gerhard (about 1430–99), a wild prince, who was constantly at war with the prince-bishop of Bremen and other neighbors. In 1483, Gerhard was compelled to abdicate in favor of his sons, and he died while on pilgrimage in Spain.

Early in the 16th century, Oldenburg was again enlarged at the expense of the Frisians. Lutheranism was introduced into the county by Anthony I (1505–73, r. from 1529), who also suppressed the monasteries; however, he remained loyal to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the Schmalkaldic War, and was able thus to increase his territories, obtaining Delmenhorst in 1547. One of Anthony's brothers, Christopher (about 1506–60), won some reputation as a soldier.

Anthony's grandson, Anthony Günther (1583–1667), who succeeded in 1603, considered himself the wisest prince who had yet ruled Oldenburg. Jever had been acquired before he became count, but in 1624 he added Kniphausen and Varel to his lands, with which in 1647 Delmenhorst was finally united. By his neutrality during the Thirty Years' War and by donating valuable horses to the warlord, the Count of Tilly, Anthony Günther secured for his dominions an immunity from the terrible devastation to which nearly all the other states of Germany were exposed. He also obtained from the emperor the right to levy tolls on vessels passing along the Weser, a lucrative grant which soon formed a material addition to his resources. In 1607 he erected a Renaissance schloss. After the death of Anthony Günther, Oldenburg fell again under Danish authority.

Under the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, Christian VII of Denmark surrendered the county to Catherine the Great in exchange for her son and heir Paul's share in the condominial royal-ducal government of the Duchy of Holstein and his claims to the ducal share in the government of the Duchy of Schleswig; Oldenburg went to Frederick August, Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, the representative of a younger branch of the family, and in 1777 the county was raised to the rank of a duchy. The duke's son William, who succeeded his father in 1785, was a man of weak intellect, and his cousin Peter, Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, acted as regent and eventually, in 1823, inherited the throne, holding the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck and Oldenburg in personal union.

By the German Mediatisation of 1803, Oldenburg acquired the Oldenburg Münsterland and the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck. Between 1810 and 1814, Oldenburg was occupied by Napoleonic France. Its annexation into the French Empire, in 1810, was one of the causes for the diplomatic rift between former allies France and Russia, a dispute that would lead to war in 1812 and eventually to Napoleon's downfall.

Jewish history
The oldest documentation of Jews living in the Duchy of Oldenburg is dated to the Middle Ages. The Jewish grand community of the Duchy consisted of the Delmenhorst, Jever, Varel, Vechta and Wildeshausen communities. Other documentations report of a Jewish deportation from Wildeshausen at around 1348, during the time of the Black death, though they came back short after, as mentioned in other documents Jewish presence continued to be reported, especially in the main city of Oldenburg but also in the villages surrounding it, and the total Jewish community of the area of the duchy in 1900 raised to 1359, but declined to 1015 in 1925. By 1933, only 279 Jews were left in the area, and the most of them were annihilated during the Holocaust, though some survived and returned after the war.

The duchy was the last part of Napoleon's conquered lands to complete his 1808 decree that the Jews adopt surnames. The names picked at that time are the ones popular nowadays among Ashkenazi Jews.

Aftermath
In 1815, the Duchy acquired the Principality of Birkenfeld and became a grand duchy. In 1871, Oldenburg joined the German Empire, and in 1918, it became a free state within the Weimar Republic.

In 1937 (with the Greater Hamburg Act), it lost the exclave districts of Eutin near the Baltic coast and Birkenfeld in southwestern Germany to Prussia and gained the City of Wilhelmshaven. However, this was a formality, as the Hitler régime had de facto abolished the federal states in 1934. By the beginning of World War II in 1939, as a result of these territorial changes, Oldenburg had an area of 5375 km2 and 580,000 inhabitants.

In 1946, after World War II, Oldenburg merged into the newly founded state of Lower Saxony and formed, territorially unchanged, the administrative region (Verwaltungsbezirk) of Oldenburg. The Region and State both became a part of West Germany in 1949. The administrative region was abolished in 1978 and merged with neighbouring governorates (Regierungsbezirke) into the new region of Weser-Ems, which was dissolved in 2004.

title: Duchy of Oldenburg


text:
Talk:Lictor

Has anyone seen documentation of the claim that Caesar was escorted by 72 lictors toward the end of his career? I can remember having seen such a claim, but I cannot document it. -- Publius

 * Such a claim was confirmed in Adrian Goldsworthy's text. --The veritas 01:28, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

The number of lictores is no direct information from the sources - but a calculated one: Jehne, M.: Der Staat des Dictators Caesar, 1987, page 318, footnote 127. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.34.182.60 (talk) 08:34, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

 * In Talk:Imperium Muriel Victoria 08:34, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Does anyone know about a connection between the Lctors and Fascist use of them as symbols? Mussolini refers to the fascism choosing "as its emblem the Lictor's rods, the symbol of unity, strength, and justice" on pg 14 of the doctrine of fascism. Not very important but good for cross referencing anyway.

Dwelling Place
Where did the lictors stay? In the home of their superiors? Or their own personal houses?

Type freedmen
What does the word freedmen mean? Men who had been set free?DanielDemaret 10:05, 13 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does mean men who have been freed. It is different from the word 'freemen' because the latter term does not imply a condition of prior servitude. If you want to look up words in the future you might find Wiktionary helpful. Best of wishes. :-) Galanskov 07:38, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Number of Lictors
The number of lictors for promagistrates is in this article listed as one less than the corresponding magistrate (eg. a proconsul has 11 lictors while a consul has 12), which makes sense. However, this disagrees with the Imperium article, which says thay have the same number. I'm not changing anything, but I put up a request for sources. If you know which is true, please change the applicable article and add sources. Thanks. Trainik 15:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Revision/Revert
Somebody took out the sections on the Lictor's task and the Lictor curiatus. From what I read they seemed like well written, largely accurate sections. Then somebody left this fragment "They have the most power". I don't know why it was left like this, but it looks like an incomplete revision, as though someone had deleted the things to rearrange them, but never finished. If there was a good reason for the deletions, and somehow I missed it, then I apologize for reverting the article (I didn't actually revert it per se, I just copied applicable sections and edited the current one, since some positive changes had also occurred), and I would appreciate it if someone would point out what it was I missed. Otherwise, I hope that this version is better than the last. Trainik 04:28, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Latin word order ("primus lictor").
I'm no expert on this topic, so I don't feel quite sure enough of this to edit it: but shouldn't "Primus lictor" (principal lictor) instead be "Lictor primus"? It's just that I seem to remember from my Latin classes at school that adjectives in Latin normally come after the nouns they qualify, not before as in English. So, unless there is a specific reason for this case to be an exception, I would think this should be changed. M.J.E. 19:42, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

When the lictors diappeared?
I wonder.--79.111.94.22 (talk) 16:35, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

The senat seal has fascism symbol
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Senate_Seal.svg&filetimestamp=20080117100844 as you can see there are 2 fasces at the bottom of the seal. It should be mentioned in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.84.244.9 (talk) 21:24, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

When lictors ceased to be used?
When lictors ceased to be used?--MathFacts (talk) 03:25, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

Salary explanation ?
"... received a fixed salary (of 600 sesterces, in the beginning of the Empire)". per year ? needs clarification. Also, what was this worth in spending poiwer or compared to today's currency, it's meaningless as stated. Rcbutcher (talk) 22:37, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

Same number of lictors for promagistrates
Proconsuls get 12 lictors. Propraetors get 6. It's only the legati Augusti pro praetore who get 5. Ifly6 (talk) 05:09, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lictor