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Talk:Modoc people

Untitled section
This isn't right. It'd be like the article for Mexico redirecting to Mexican American War. I'll get a stubby article about the Modoc up in a little bit. Gentgeen 08:38, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Categories
I think only the tribes in those states that don't have a Category:Native Americans tribes in XX, should be in the main category Category:Native American tribes. That is how most other categories are sorted. If there is a difference with the native tribes articles, could you show me where it has been discussed? Thanks! Katr67 00:30, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This is aimed mostly at RhymeNotStutter, who reverted my category cleanup, though it fits in with what Katr67 asked about above.
 * Normal usage for categories, as shown at Categorization, third bullet, is that, while there are exceptions, articles generally should not be placed in both a category and any parent/grandparent/etc category of the first category. All categories above the first are automatically implied by the placement in the first category.  So, unless you can describe why this article should qualify as an exception, then it does not belong in any of the state categories, because all those categories, as well as the main tribes category, are implied by the presence of the Modoc tribe category.  Whether it's intuitive or not to you, that is how categories work here on the project.
 * In the end, the goal I'm currently working towards is to depopulate, as much as possible, Category:Native American tribes by either clearing it off of articles already in subcategories, or pushing the articles down into the subcategories myself. Category:Native American tribes had well over 400 articles when I started working on it yesterday.  I've got it down to a bit above 200 by doing the easy stuff, finding those already in the sub-cats.  Now I just have the harder task of pushing as many of the remainder down into the sub-cats as I can. - TexasAndroid 16:56, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi. My message above was in response to this edit. I can see both both RhymeNotStutter's and TexasAndroid's points in the more recent matter. You might want to see if User:Cuchullain, has an opinion. I was also going to suggest contacting Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Indigenous peoples of North America, but I see you have already done that. Let's keep the communication going. Katr67 18:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, my contact to that wikiproject really had nothing to do with the above issue, but rather had to do with renaming a couple of the state categories, particularly California and Virginia, which have names in a different format from the rest of the similar categories. - TexasAndroid 19:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, I see that now. I was going to revise my post, but too late. Anyway, you might want to ask about this there too. Katr67 19:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't object to eliminating membership in "grandparent" categories (like "Native American tribes"). I didn't revert TexasAndroids's numerous other category deletions for California tribes. But the job needs to be done with a little discrimination. "Modoc" is genuinely a first-level subordinate member of the category "California tribes" (as well as the parallel categories for "Native American tribes in Oregon" and "Native American tribes in Oklahoma"). It doesn't make any sense to consider "Modoc" a member of the category "Modoc tribe". The latter category should probably be eliminated, with the individuals listed in it being moved to a section such as "Notable Modoc people" inside the "Modoc" article. Leaving the reader of "Modoc" with only "Modoc tribe" as a category link isn't helpful. Any other primary articles on Native California groups should also keep their "California tribe" category memberships, although deleting "North American tribes" is perhaps okay. (Although even that is perhaps debatable. The number of distinct ethnolinguistic groups in Native North America is large, but not that large. A reader might very well appreciate being able to browse through a category listing of all those groups, rather than just seeing a depleted list of the ones that haven't yet been grouped into a state category, or having to choose an individual state listing to look at. But that's another issue.) RhymeNotStutter 02:33, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that in some way we may have to agree to disagree. You have a vision of how you think categories should work that IMHO is in conflict with the project policy of how they do work.  Big, overloaded categories, like Category:Native American tribes was before I started working on it are discouraged.  The guidelines for category use specifically encourage pushing articles down into the sub-categories in order to prevent having huge categories like the one you say people might want to see.  I'm not going to argue how things should be.  That's a discussion for the talk page of the categorization policy.
 * OTOH, I am also not going to get into an edit war over this. It is far from worth it.  My time is much, much better spent working on more clean-up.  I got the Category:Native American tribes category down to around 140 articles yesterday, and it would be nice if I can give the remaining articles at least a once over each before I head for holiday.  At the current rate, I'm guessing I should be able to get the category under 50 entries when I'm done.  The remainder will likely just need to stay, as some I cannot see from the article easily where to move it, and some would need to be in a large number of state sub-cats to be effectively moved, at which point the cure becomes worse than the problem. - TexasAndroid 14:32, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Architect Timothy Bailey
I suppose it's Timothy; his brother Willy referred to him as Timmy; both were from Redding and had a parallel life in Quesnel, British Columbia where their mother works; through her they are descendants of Kintpuash and Willy was a friend of mine - I know this isn't a social networking site but if a Modoc happens to know Willy I'd almost say he's notable too, although his career in Saudi royal security I guess isn't a matter of public record/newsworthiness. But from what I know about Tim, he was possibly notable as a Native American professional - a rising architect whose death at the hands of some State Troopers on the "back way" through Idaho/Eastern Washington to California from Quesnel outraged Willy whenever he talked about it (he maintained his brother was targeted for being too successful); not sure how "high" Timmy got in architecture, but if there's someone who knows this story has legs please write it up; I haven't heard from Willy in years but in respect for his friendship and what he taught me about the Modoc people and Captain Jack I'd like to honour the family by at least proposing that a bio of Timmy be written, if he's suitably notable; their mother Sharon Bailey may also be, for all I know (I don't know here even though I'm in BC).Skookum1 18:52, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Post forwarded from WP:CITE
This was posted at WP:CITE. Could anyone here help this person? CharlesGillingham (talk) 06:20, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Does this person know that you've moved the discussion here? Katr67 (talk) 18:03, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that person has any intention of coming back to Wikipedia. I think they are hoping someone will write or email them. There's a small chance someone here will help.  CharlesGillingham (talk) 04:54, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Looking For Modoc Scroll Of Indians
I am new at this so please bare with me. I am Modoc Indian. My mother had all the paperwork i.e. scroll, type of Indian, ect. When she passed away, I could not find any of the paperwork she had. We all were paid a certain amount for our land, but still being able to use it. I would like to know how I can find out where the scrolls are located and ask for information regarding how to get myself and my childrens names on the scrolls. I know we are on them. Need a phone number or address to get me started. I have been looking all over the net and cannot seem to find anything regarding this information. If you could be of any help I would surely appreciate it.

Thanking you in advance. Pat Roth aka Rambo and Maloney Rambo from Mom, Irish from Dad. Personal information commented out I was born in Klamath Falls, lived in Merill till I was 5, then moved with Mom to San Francisco. Still in California, am located in the beginning of the Sierra Mountains.

I look forward to hearing from those who have any info I can get.

Thanks, Pat 173.16.63.222 (talk) 16:09, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi. Wikipedia isn't really here to help people with questions such as these and talk pages are to be used to discuss improvements to Wikipedia articles. However, I'll leave a note in a couple of places and see if anyone can direct you to a place where you can find help. You might try our Reference Desk. Also, have you checked in with the Klamath Tribes and the Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma about their tribal rolls? (links to the tribal websites should be on those pages) Good luck! Katr67 (talk) 18:03, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

What you are looking for are not scrolls. You are looking for Tribal Rolls, Contact the Klamath Tribes Tribal Office at P.O. Box 436 501 Chiloquin Blvd. Chiloquin, OR 97624

Phone: (800) 524-9787 or (541) 783-2219.

The Modoc, Yahooskins and Klamath Tribes were all joined together by the U.S. Government in years past. All rolls are housed in the same Tribal Office. http://www.klamathtribes.org/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwindwalker (talk • contribs) 01:08, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Circular Sourcing
One of the perils of failing to correctly cite sources is determining later what the original source was, after everybody and his brother has scraped the content from Wikipedia, either first-hand or second-hand.

For example, the only source clearly attributed for this section: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modoc#Treaty_with_the_United_States is: http://www.oklahoma-tribes.com/modoc-tribe-of-oklahoma/

Attempting to learn when this content was published, I did a dated Google search of what should have been a unique phrase from that page, whic shows that this phrase appeared on AbsoluteAstronomy.com as early as April 1, 2000: |Google Dated Search. Therefore, if AbsoluteAstronomy.com had scraped this content from Oklahoma-Tribes.com, that would mean that they had this content at least that early.

However, AbsoluteAstronomy.com DID NOT scrape that content from Oklahoma-Tribes.com! Rather, they credit Wikipedia as their source. Further, the first mention of Modoc Google can find on Oklahoma-Tribes.com only dates to February 1, 2001: |Google Dated Search

Returning to this very Wikipedia article, I find that it is indeed the source of the unique phrase quoted from Oklahoma-Tribes.com - a fact that I could have recognized with much less fuss, if only I had been paranoid enough to search for such duplicity.

I'm removing the circular citations, tagging the section as unreferenced, and tagging paragraphs with citation needed. To avoid further circular sourcing, it would be best to cite sources older than Y2K. Downstrike (talk) 17:55, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chipewyan people which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:45, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved There was a consensus that, absent a centralized discussion about the naming of ethnicity articles, and without primacy of topic being proven, the article should not be moved. Note that the nominator is currently blocked for RM-related disruption. DavidLeighEllis (talk) 19:54, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

Modoc people → Modoc – target page is a dab page, started as "Modoc (disambiguation)" on April 25 2006 by Dpv, then moved to "Modoc" by Parsecboy on June 21 2011, citing "fixing dab location"; the people article was originally at Modoc but was moved by Kwami on May 15 2011 in violation of WP:UNDAB and WP:Conciseness. A survey of what's on the dab page shows nothing that could be construed as a more PRIMARYTOPIC than the people. Skookum1 (talk) 15:03, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose until the issue is addressed properly. These should be discussed at a centralized location.
 * There was a discussion once on whether the ethnicity should have precedence for the name, and it was decided it shouldn't. That could be revisited.  But it really should be one discussion on the principle, not thousands of separate discussions at every ethnicity in the world over whether it should be at "X", "Xs", or "X people".  — kwami (talk) 12:53, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose absent evidence of primary topic. Modoc County, California and environs are the first things that come to mind when I hear the term. That's largely borne out by a glance at, though there are several other uses there as well. The tribe fares better in a Google Book search, but still falls short IMO. Google Scholar results also support there not being a primary topic. --BDD (talk) 17:43, 9 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Modoc County is a two-word title and not eligible for PT per the guidelines there; I'll run view stats on all that's on the dab page but as noted, "Modoc" was the title here for five years before being arbitrarily changed per NCL, which needs revision so that it is not in conflict with TITLE/PRECISION/etc and more. Suffice to say that Modoc County is not referred to as "Modoc" but always with its full name.Skookum1 (talk) 07:27, 11 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this is a difference between Canadian and American English, but it's absolutely incorrect to say that a county is never referred to without "county." In official contexts? Yes, you're more likely to see Foo County for clarity. That's why we wouldn't title a county without "County" in the name. But in common usage, counties can definitely be referred to by name alone, especially when they are relatively unique. It's analogous to the Mississippi River case described at WP:PTM. --BDD (talk) 17:55, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

 * re "There was a consensus that, absent a centralized discussion about the naming of ethnicity articles, and without primacy of topic being proven, the article should not be moved. " = there was no such consensus, and as CambridgeBayWeather has repeatedly observed in other RMs that have resulted in closed/moved and in some where his point has been rationalized away by wiki-lawyering that were not moved, the guidelines mandating such moves already exist (and I mean TITLE and NCDAB and more, not just NCET, which is a spin-off of NCP).Skookum1 (talk) 02:23, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Lutuanian ?
Are the Modoc people relations of the Lutuanian people ? Tjlynnjr (talk) 09:51, 7 September 2014 (UTC).

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:16, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Modoc people


text:
List of Ontario general elections

[[File:ON elections.gif|thumb|right|350px|Number of seats won by major parties at each election

This article provides a summary of results for the general elections to the Canadian province of Ontario's unicameral legislative body, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The number of seats has varied over time, from 82 for the first election in 1867, to a high of 130 for 1987, 1990 and 1995 elections. There are currently 124 seats. , Ontario elections are held every 4 years on the first Thursday in June.

Prior to 1867, Canada's confederation, elections had been held in Ontario to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, starting in 1792.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Ontario general elections


text:
Battle of Agrigentum

The Battle of Agrigentum (Sicily, 262 BC) was the first pitched battle of the First Punic War and the first large-scale military confrontation between Carthage and the Roman Republic. The battle was fought after a long siege which started in 262 BC and resulted both in a Roman victory and the beginning of Roman control of Sicily.

City
Agrigentum is a city on the island of Sicily, 2+1/2 mi from the southern coast. It is on a plateau, surrounded by steep slopes on all sides except the west. The city was protected by the Hypsas River (Drago) to the west and the Akragas River to the east. The natural barriers meant the only way to attack the city was from the west, making the city easily defensible. The city commanded a main route along the southern coast and also routes leading northwards and eastwards to other cities. The major status of Agrigentum meant that it was a target for invading forces, and in 262 BC the Romans attacked the city to prevent the Carthaginians from holding it and using it as a staging ground for an attack on Rome.

Prelude to the Siege of Agrigentum
In 288 BC, the Mamertines, Italian mercenaries that were hired to attack the Carthaginians, went to the city of Messana to protect it but instead massacred its men, took the land, and forced the women to become their wives. They then used the city as a base of operations for raiding neighboring cities. Hiero II, then leader of Syracuse, campaigned against the Mamertines. At some time between 268 and 265, Hiero II decisively defeated the Mamertines at the Longanus River, which caused the Mamertines to appeal to Carthage and Rome, the other major powers in the region besides Syracuse, for military aid. A Carthaginian commander in Sicily responded and sent a small force to garrison Messana’s citadel. Hiero II did not want openly to attack the Carthaginians and invite a war, so he retreated back to Syracuse.

Carthage had already been trying to control Sicily for centuries, and their main opposition had been the Greek colonies spread around the island. Syracuse, the wealthiest and most powerful of the Greek colonies in Sicily, had always been Carthage's main opposition. Taking control of Messana allowed Carthage to decrease Syracuse's power, and since Carthage already controlled North Africa, parts of Spain, Sardinia, and some small islands in the Mediterranean, control of Messana could lead to the conquest of Sicily. Additionally, Messana was an excellent staging area if the Carthaginians wanted to invade Italy and attack Rome.

While the Romans had been steadily expanding their territory for over a century, their army had never fought a battle outside of the Italian Peninsula. Carthage's control of an invasion route into Italy threatened Rome's newly conquered territory in southern Italy as well as Rome itself. In 264 BC, the Roman Senate voted to send an expedition to Sicily under the command of Appius Claudius Caudex, one of the consuls for that year. Whether the Centuriate Assembly of Rome formally declared war is disputed. Adrian Goldsworthy has maintained that it was highly unlikely, and that, although the Romans knew war with Syracuse was almost a certainty, they believed their military would deter or swiftly defeat any opposition in Sicily.

The Romans intended to send two legions to Sicily in 262 BC, and were probably willing to negotiate peace with Carthage. Since 264 BC, when they had declared war on Carthage, there had not been much serious fighting between the two except for a small battle in the straits of Messana. Eventually, in 264 BC, the Romans took Messana and defeated the Syracusan and Carthaginian armies around the town. In 263 BC, the Syracusans, who had initially opposed the Roman takeover of Messana, made peace with them and began supplying their troops. Following the defection of Syracuse, several small Carthaginian dependencies switched to the Romans. The Carthaginians made conciliatory gestures at the start of the war, but by 262 BC, they started to increase their forces in Sicily. Once the Carthaginians started increasing their forces on the island, the Romans sent consuls there. The consuls were the generals of the Roman army, and with them came several legions. The Carthaginians hired Ligurian, Celtic, and Spanish mercenaries to encourage their enemies in Sicily to attack the Romans on the half of the island which the Romans controlled. After the loss of Messana and the arrival of numerous Carthaginian reinforcements, Agrigentum became the main base of operations for the Carthaginian military on the island.

The Carthaginians began sending forces to Sardinia using sea power, but most of their army was in Sicily. It seemed that they planned to use the island as a base for attacks on Italy. The Roman consuls, Lucius Postumius Megellus and Quintus Mamilius Vitulus focused their forces on Agrigentum. The consuls commanded a combined force of 40,000 men. Hannibal Gisco, the commander of Agrigentum and the son of Gisgo, gathered many of the people who lived in the area surrounding the city behind the city walls, swelling the population of the city to about 50,000; his garrison was relatively small. Hannibal refused to fight outside the city walls, which the Romans might have seen as a sign of weakness. The Romans then set up their camp about a mile from the city and harvested the crops from the area.

Siege
Hannibal finally attacked the Romans while they were harvesting the crops in the fields. The Romans, outnumbered and unarmed, fled the area. The picket guarding their camp was the Romans' only fortification, and although they lost many men, they were able to defeat another Carthaginian contingent that was attempting to penetrate the camp. This first skirmish made Hannibal realise that he could not afford to lose any more men. He became increasingly reluctant to attack again, and the Romans realised they had underestimated their enemy.

The Roman consuls realised that they had to cut off Agrigentum from the outside world and blockade the city to cause starvation in order to force its inhabitants to surrender. The Romans began digging a system of ditches and small forts surrounding the city to prevent the inhabitants from preparing for the siege. The consuls divided their forces, with one force near the Temple of Asklepios to the south of the city and the other force stationed to the west of the city. There was a stalemate for five months until November 262 BC when supplies began to run out in Agrigentum. Hannibal became increasingly concerned over the limited resources, so he sent urgent messages to Carthage appealing for help. Carthage sent a relief force from Africa commanded by Hanno, whom historians believe to have been the son of Hannibal. There are varying accounts as to the details of Hanno’s army. Polybius, the Greek historian, stated that there were about 50 elephants, Numidian cavalry, and mercenaries. Diodoros, another historian, wrote there were 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants. Yet another historian, Orosius refers to 30,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry, and 30 elephants.

Hanno first advanced and concentrated his troops at Heraclea Minoa, about 25 mi west of Agrigentum. Hanno managed to capture the Roman supply base at Herbesos, causing shortages in supplies in the Roman camp, which led to disease and privation. This seizure of the Roman supplies also cut off the Roman lines of communication. Hanno then marched on, telling his Numidian cavalry to attack the Roman cavalry and then feign retreat. The Romans pursued the Numidians as they retreated and were brought to the main Carthaginian column. The Romans suffered many losses. Hanno then took a position on Toros (Torus), a hill about a mile from the Romans camp, where further skirmishes took place for two months, causing the siege to last from six to seven months.

With Hanno camped outside their own camp, the Roman supply lines from Syracuse were no longer available. With their own army at risk of starvation, the consuls chose to offer battle. This time it was Hanno's turn to refuse, probably with the intention of defeating the Romans by hunger. Meanwhile, the situation inside Agrigentum after more than six months of siege was close to desperate. Hannibal, communicating with the outside by smoke signals, sent urgent pleas for relief, and Hanno was forced to accept a pitched battle. While there are several accounts giving details of the actual fighting, they are—as is common with ancient records—inconsistent and difficult to reconcile.

Battle
The Greek historian Polybius says that for two months, the two enemies were stationed close together outside the city without any direct conflict. Hannibal, still in the city, was sending a constant flow of messages and fire-signals stressing the city’s food shortages and desertion of the enemy which caused Hanno to fight. The Romans, who were also close to starvation, accepted the fight. After a long struggle, the Romans killed most of the Carthaginians; the Carthaginians lost 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry killed, as well as 4,000 prisoners and eight elephants killed and 33 disabled. Throughout the whole siege, the Romans lost 30,000 infantry and 540 cavalry or more plausibly, one-third of their 40,000–50,000 troops. The high Roman losses and the escape of the Carthaginian army meant that no triumph was awarded for either consul.

Byzantine writer Zonaras wrote that Hanno deployed his army to battle but the Romans declined to fight because of the previous defeat of their cavalry. As food shortages became more severe, the consuls finally decided to fight, but Hanno was deterred by their confidence. Hanno originally wanted to co-ordinate his attack with Hannibal’s, but the Romans became aware of the plan. The Romans then ambushed the Carthaginian rear, so when Hanno attacked them, he was taken from both front and rear. The Romans also defeated an attack by the Carthaginian garrison.

A more likely version of the battle is that Hanno deployed the Carthaginian infantry in two lines, with the elephants and reinforcements in the second and the cavalry probably placed in the wings. The Romans battle plan is unknown but they typically organized in their triplex acies formation. All the sources agree that the fighting was long and that it was the Romans who managed to break the Carthaginian front. This provoked panic in the rear and the reserves fled the battlefield. It is also possible that the elephants also panicked and in their flight disorganized the Carthaginian formation. The Romans routed the enemy and were victorious. Their cavalry managed to attack the Carthaginian camp and capture several elephants. But this was not a complete success. Most of the enemy army fled and Hannibal Gisco, together with the garrison of Agrigentum, also managed to break the Roman line and escape for security.

No matter which of the three versions is correct, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and forced Hanno to retreat. The night after the battle, Hannibal managed to escape Agrigentum with his mercenaries by filling the Roman trenches with straw. The next morning, the Romans pursued Hannibal and his garrison, and attacked the rear-guard, but eventually turned back to take control of Agrigentum. While seizing the city without opposition, they plundered the city and sold 25,000 inhabitants into slavery.

Aftermath
Following this battle (the first among four pitched land battles fought in the First Punic War), the Romans occupied Agrigentum and sold the whole population into slavery. Though acts of brutality like this were commonplace, it proved counterproductive. It hardened the attitude of many other towns which might otherwise have proven friendly to Rome. The taking of Agrigentum was a significant victory for the Romans, although they came close to disaster on multiple occasions. Because Hannibal and his garrison managed to escape relatively unharmed, there was no Roman triumph for the two consuls, and it detracted from the success of the battle.

After 261 BC, Rome controlled most of Sicily and secured the grain harvest for its own use. This victory in the first large-scale campaign fought outside Italy gave the Romans extra confidence to pursue overseas interests.

title: Battle of Agrigentum


text:
User talk:A-research~enwiki

Hi A-research :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
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 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Please note that just an external link is not a stub article, which is the minimum for articles entered to the Wikipedia. Thanks, and keep contributing :) Dysprosia 08:47, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks!A-research 23:49, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called A-research. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name A-research~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:A-research~enwiki


text:
John T. Thompson

John Taliaferro (anglicized to "Tolliver" ) Thompson (December 31, 1860 – June 21, 1940) was a United States Army officer best remembered as the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun.

Early life
Born on December 31, 1860, in Newport, Kentucky, Thompson grew up on a succession of Army posts and had decided on the military as a career by the age of sixteen. His father was Lt. Col. James Thompson, his mother was Maria Taliaferro. He attended Indiana University and was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. After a year of class, in 1877, he gained an appointment to the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, from where he graduated in June 1882. Among his classmates there at the academy were several men who would, like Thompson himself (who graduated 11th in a class of 37), eventually attain the rank of brigadier general or higher during their military careers, such as Edward Burr, Lansing H. Beach, Adelbert Cronkhite, Charles Treat, Edward A. Millar, Richard W. Young, Benjamin Alvord Jr., George W. McIver, Henry T. Allen, William H. Sage, Thomas B. Dugan, and William H. Allaire.

His first duty station was at Newport Barracks (near in his birthplace of Newport, Kentucky), where he was assigned to the 2nd Artillery as a second lieutenant. He then attended engineering and artillery schools and was finally assigned to the Army's Ordnance Department in 1890, where he spent the rest of his military career. During this period he began his specialization in small arms.

Spanish–American War
With the beginning of the Spanish–American War, Thompson was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to Tampa, Florida as Chief Ordnance Officer for the commander of the Cuban campaign, General William R. Shafter. While the rest of the Army was plagued with logistical problems, Thompson managed ordnance supply operations to Cuba efficiently. More than 18,000 tons of munitions were transferred to the battlefield from his Tampa command without any accidents. Thompson was promoted to colonel, the youngest such in the Army at the time.

It was also this war that offered Thompson his first exposure to automatic weapons. At the request of Lt. John H. Parker, Thompson arranged for the informal formation of a Gatling gun unit, with fifteen weapons and a generous supply of ammunition, all shipped to Cuba on Thompson's sole authority. This unit later played a significant role in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

After the war, Thompson was appointed the chief of the Small Arms Division for the Ordnance Department. While in this position he supervised the development of the M1903 Springfield rifle and chaired the ordnance board that approved the M1911 pistol. For the latter, he devised unusual tests involving firing the weapon at donated human cadavers and live cattle to assess ammunition effectiveness.

World War I
World War I began in Europe in 1914, and Thompson was sympathetic to the Allied cause. Since the U.S. did not immediately enter the war, and because he recognized a significant need for small arms in Europe (as well as an opportunity to make a substantial profit), Thompson retired from the Army in November of that year and took a job as Chief Engineer of the Remington Arms Company. While with the company he supervised the construction of the Eddystone Arsenal in Chester, Pennsylvania, at that time the largest small arms plant in the world. It manufactured Pattern 1914 Enfield rifles for British forces, and Mosin–Nagant rifles for Russia.

The introduction of trench warfare in the war changed tactics substantially, and by 1916 Thompson was experimenting again with automatic small arms, this time attempting to design a weapon that troops could use to clear an enemy trench—what he called a "trench broom." Thompson studied several designs and was impressed with a delayed-blowback breech system designed by John Blish, a commander in the United States Navy. With Blish as a partner, Thompson obtained the necessary venture capital to form the Auto-Ordnance Company, and began working on the design of what eventually became the Thompson submachine gun.

When the United States finally entered the war in April 1917, Thompson returned to the Army and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. He served as Director of Arsenals throughout the remainder of the war, in which capacity he supervised all small-arms production for the Army. For this service he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Ordnance Corps) John Taliaferro Thompson, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as Chief of the Small Arms Division of the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, in which capacity he was charged with the design and production of all small arms and ammunition thereby supplied to the United States Army, which results he achieved with such signal success that serviceable rifles and ample ammunition therefore were at all times available for all troops ready to receive and use them."

He retired again after the war, in December 1918, and resumed work perfecting the "Tommy Gun."

Thompson originally pursued the Autorifle concept: a rifle utilizing the Blish principle delayed-blowback action to avoid the complexity of recoil-operated and gas-operated actions. Testing found that the military issue .30-06 cartridge was too powerful to work satisfactorily using the Blish system.

Thompson eventually decided to use the same .45 caliber ammunition in the Thompson submachine gun that he had vetted for use in the M1911 while in the Army. The weapon was patented in 1920, but the major source for contracts had ended with the armistice. Thompson, therefore, marketed the weapon to civilian law enforcement agencies, who bought it in respectable quantities. However, by 1928, low sales had led the company to the financial crisis, and Thompson was replaced as head of the Auto-Ordnance Company.

Personal life
Thompson married Juliet Estelle Hagans. Their son Marcellus Hagans Thompson was a 1906 West Point graduate who retired from the Army in 1919 as a captain to join his father's automatic weapons business.

Death
Thompson died at the age of 79 on June 21, 1940, and is buried on the grounds of the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. Shortly after his death, the looming entry of the U.S. into World War II prompted the Army to order the Thompson submachine gun in large quantities, and it was used extensively during that conflict in both original and modified versions.

title: John T. Thompson


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M1903 Springfield

The M1903 Springfield, officially the U. S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1903, is an American five-round magazine-fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century.

The M1903 was first used in combat during the Philippine–American War, and it was officially adopted by the United States as the standard infantry rifle on June 19, 1903, where it saw service in World War I, and was replaced by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1 Garand starting in 1936. However, the M1903 remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient M1 rifles to arm all troops. It also remained in service as a sniper rifle during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. It remains popular as a civilian firearm, historical collector's piece, a competitive shooting rifle, and as a military drill rifle.

Background
During the 1898 war with Spain, the Mauser M1893 used by the Spanish Army gained a deadly reputation, particularly from the Battle of San Juan Hill, where 750 Spanish regulars significantly delayed the advance of 15,000 US troops armed with outclassed Springfield Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifles and older single-shot Springfield model 1873 trapdoor rifles. The Spanish soldiers inflicted 1,400 casualties on the US in a matter of minutes. Likewise, earlier in the day, a Spanish force of 540 regulars armed with the same Mauser rifles, under Spanish general Vara Del Rey, held off General Henry Ware Lawton's Second Division of 6,653 American soldiers and an independent brigade of 1,800 men for ten hours in the nearby town of El Caney, keeping that division from assisting in the attack on the San Juan Heights. A US Army board of investigation was commissioned as a direct result of both battles. They recommended replacement of the Krag.

The 1903 adoption of the M1903 was preceded by nearly 30 years of struggle and politics, using lessons learned from the recently adopted Krag–Jørgensen and contemporary German Mauser Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifles. The design itself is largely based on the Mauser M1893 and its successive models up to the Gewehr 98 rifle. The M1903's forward receiver ring diameter is 1.305 in, slightly over the 33 mm ring diameter of the older "small ring" Mauser models and less than the "large ring" 35.8 mm Gewehr 98s. The US military licensed many of the Mauser Company's and other German patents, including the spitzer bullet, later modified into the .30-06 Springfield. The M1903 not only replaced the various versions of the U.S. Army's Krag, but also the Lee M1895 and M1885 Remington–Lee used by the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps, as well as all remaining single-shot trapdoor rifles. While the Krag had been issued with barrel lengths of both 30-inch rifle and 22-inch carbine models, the Springfield was issued only as a short 24-inch-barrel rifle in keeping with current trends in Switzerland and Great Britain to eliminate the need for both long rifles and carbines.

The two main problems usually cited with the Krag were its slow-to-load magazine and its inability to handle higher chamber pressures for high-velocity rounds. The United States Army attempted to introduce a higher-velocity cartridge in 1899 for the existing Krags, but its single locking lug on the bolt could not withstand the extra chamber pressure. Though a stripper-clip or charger loading modification to the Krag was designed, it was clear to Army authorities that a new rifle was required. After the U.S. military's experience with the Mauser rifle in the 1898 Spanish–American War, authorities decided to adopt a stronger Mauser-derived bolt-action design equipped with a charger- or stripper clip-loaded box magazine.

Advances in small arms technology
In 1882, the bolt action Remington Lee rifle design of 1879, with its newly invented detachable box magazine, was purchased in limited numbers by the U.S. Navy. Several hundred M1882 Lee Navy models (M1882 Remington-Lee) were also subjected to trials by the U.S. Army during the 1880s, though the rifle was not formally adopted. The Navy adopted the M1885, and later different style Lee M1895 (a 6 mm straight pull bolt), which saw service in the Boxer Rebellion. In Army service, both the M1885 and M1895 6 mm Lee were used in the Spanish–American War, along with the .30-40 Krag and the .45-70. The Lee rifle's detachable box magazine was invented by James Paris Lee, and was very influential on later rifle designs. Other advancements had made it clear that the Army needed a replacement. In 1892, the U.S. military held a series of rifle trials, resulting in the adoption of the .30-40 Krag–Jørgensen rifle. The Krag officially entered U.S. service in 1894, only to be replaced nine years later by the M1903.

Development
Thousands of Spanish Mauser M1893 rifles, surrendered by Spanish troops in Cuba, were returned to the US and extensively studied at Springfield Armory, where it was decided that the Mauser was the superior design.

U.S. rifle Model 1900 .30 prototype
A prototype rifle was produced in 1900; it was very similar to rifle No. 5, the final Mauser M92 prototype in the U.S. Army rifle trials of 1892. This design was rejected, and a new design combining features of the M1898 Krag rifle and the Spanish Mauser M1893 was developed.

U.S. rifle Model 1901 .30 prototype
Springfield began work on creating a rifle that could handle higher loads around the turn of the 20th century. The Springfield Model 1901 prototype combined the Krag–Jørgensen's cock-on-opening bolt, 30-inch barrel, magazine cutoff, stock and sights with the Mauser M1893's dual locking lugs, external claw extractor, and staggered-column magazine. Taking a cue from the Mauser Gewehr 98, a large safety lug was added to the side of the bolt behind the extractor, which engaged the receiver bridge and prevented the bolt from moving rearwards. The bolt handle was also bent downwards, to make it faster to operate. The Model 1901 almost entered production. Springfield was sure enough that the Model 1901 prototype would be accepted that they began making some of the parts for it, but it was not accepted; further changes were asked for.

Adoption
Following then-current trends in service rifles, the barrel was shortened to 24 inches after it was discovered that a longer barrel offered no appreciable ballistic advantage, and the shorter barrel was lighter and easier to handle. This "short rifle" also eliminated the need of a shorter carbine for mounted troops or cavalry. A spike-type bayonet with storage in the forend of the stock was added to the design. This new design was accepted, type classified and officially adopted as the United States Rifle, Caliber .30, Model 1903 and entered production in 1903. The M1903 became commonly known among its users as the "aught-three" in reference to the year, 1903, of first production.

Despite Springfield Armory's use of a two-piece firing pin and other slight design alterations, the M1903 was, in fact, a Mauser design, and after that company brought suit, the U.S. government was judged to pay $250,000 in royalties to Mauser Werke.

By January 1905, over 80,000 of these rifles had been produced at the federally-owned Springfield Armory. However, President Theodore Roosevelt objected to the design of the sliding rod-type bayonet used as being too flimsy for combat. In a letter to the secretary of war, he said:

"I must say that I think that ramrod bayonet is about as poor an invention as I ever saw. As you observed, it broke short off as soon as hit with even moderate violence. It would have no moral effect and mighty little physical effect."

All the rifles to that point consequently had to be re-tooled for a blade-type bayonet, called the "M1905". The sights were also an area of concern, so the new improved Model 1904 sight was also added.

The retooling was almost complete when it was decided another change would be made. It was to incorporate improvements discovered during experimentation in the interim, most notably the use of pointed ammunition, first adopted by the French in the 1890s and later other countries. The round itself was based on the .30-03, but rather than a 220-grain (14 g) round-tip bullet fired at 2300 ft/s, it had a 150-grain (9.7 g) pointed bullet fired at 2800 ft/s; the case neck was a fraction of an inch shorter as well. The new American cartridge was designated Cartridge, Ball, Caliber .30, Model of 1906. The M1906 cartridge is better known as the .30-06 Springfield round, used in many rifles and machine guns, and is still a popular civilian cartridge to the present day. The rifle's sights were again re-tooled to compensate for the speed and trajectory of the new cartridge.

By the time of the 1916 Pancho Villa Expedition, the M1903 was the standard issue service rifle of US forces. Some rifles were fitted with both the Warner & Swasey Model 1913 and 1908 "musket sights" during the campaign, "musket sights" being the vernacular at the time for telescopic sights. The Warner & Swasey Model 1913 musket sight continued to see service after the Pancho Villa Expedition and during World War I but was eventually deemed inadequate and was removed from the US Army's inventory by the 1920s.

The military tested several M1903 rifles with Maxim suppressors starting in 1909, and requisitioned 500 in 1910 to be used for recruit training. Anecdotal evidence indicates that some of the M1903 rifles during the Pancho Villa Expedition were fitted with Maxim suppressors, possibly making them the first suppressed rifles used in the field by the US military; however, during World War I American M1903s were not fitted with suppressors due to opposition from officers and the fact that suppressors would preclude the use of bayonets.

World War I and interwar use

By the time of US entry into World War I, 843,239 M1903 rifles had been produced at Springfield Armory and Rock Island Arsenal. Pre-war production utilized questionable metallurgy. Some receivers constructed of single-heat-treated case-hardened steel were improperly subjected to excessive temperatures during the forging process. The carbon could be "burnt" out of the steel, producing a brittle receiver. Despite documented evidence indicating some early rifles were improperly forged, actual cases of failure were very rare. Although several cases of serious injury from receiver failure were documented, the U.S. Army never reported any fatalities. Many failures were attributed to use of incorrect cartridges, such as the 7.92×57mm Mauser. Evidence also seems to suggest that improperly forged brass cartridge cases could have further exacerbated receiver failure.

Pyrometers were installed in December 1917 to accurately measure temperatures during the forging process. The change was made at approximately serial number 800,000 for rifles made at Springfield Armory and at serial number 285,507 at Rock Island Arsenal. Lower serial numbers are known as "low-number" M1903 rifles. Higher serial numbers are said to be "double-heat-treated".

Toward the end of the war, Springfield turned out the Model 1903 Mark I. The Mark I has a cut on the left hand side of the receiver meant to act as an ejection port for the Pedersen device, a modified sear and cutoff to operate the Pedersen device; a specialized insert that replaced the bolt and allowed the user to fire .30 caliber pistol cartridges semi-automatically from a 40-round detachable magazine. The stock was also slightly cut down on the left side to clear the ejection port. In all other respects, the Mark I is identical to the M1903. Temperature control during forging was improved prior to Mark I production. The receiver alloy was toughened by addition of nickel after Mark I production.

In 1926, after experiencing the effect of long-range German 7.92×57mm rifle and machine gun fire during the war, the U.S. Army adopted the heavy, 174-grain, boat-tail bullet for its .30-06 cartridge, standardized as Cartridge, Ball, caliber 30, M1. M1 ammunition, intended primarily for long-range machine gun use, soon became known by Army rifle competition teams and expert riflemen for its considerably greater accuracy over that of the M1906-round; the new M1 ammunition was issued to infantrymen with the Springfield rifle as well as to machine gun teams. However, during the late 1930s, it became apparent that, with the development of mortars, high-angle artillery, and the .50 caliber M2 Browning machine gun, the need for extreme long-range, rifle-caliber machine-gun fire was decreasing. In 1938, the US Army reverted to a .30-06 cartridge with a 152-grain flat-base bullet, now termed "M2 ball", for all rifles and machine guns.

In the 1920s and the 1930s, M1903s were delivered to US allies in Central America, such as Cuba, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Costa Rica troops were equipped with Springfields during the Coto War and some rifles were captured by the opposing Panamanians. The Cuban Springfields were used by Batista forces after WW2 and later by the Revolutionary Armed Forces, for instance during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation acquired some M1903 rifles configured like National Rifle Association sporter models in response to the 1933 Kansas City Massacre.

In service, the Springfield was generally prized for its reliability and accuracy, though some problems remained. The precision rear aperture sight was located too far from the eye for efficient use, and the narrow, unprotected front sight was both difficult to see in poor light and easily damaged. The Marine Corps issued the Springfield with a sight hood to protect the front sight, along with a thicker front blade. The two-piece firing pin-striker also proved to be no improvement over the original one-piece Mauser design, and was a cause of numerous ordnance repairs, along with occasional reports of jammed magazine followers.

World War II
World War II saw new production of the Springfield at private manufacturers such as the Remington Arms and Smith-Corona Typewriter companies. Remington began production of the M1903 in September 1941, at serial number 3,000,000, using old tooling from the Rock Island Arsenal which had been in storage since 1919. The very early Remington-made rifles are almost indistinguishable from 1919-made Rock Island rifles. As the already worn tooling began to wear beyond use Remington began seeking Army approval for a continuously increasing number of changes and simplifications to both speed up manufacture and improve performance. The milled parts on the Remington M1903 were gradually replaced with stamped parts until, at about serial number 3,330,000, the Army and Remington recognized that a new model name was appropriate. Other features of the M1903, such as high-grade walnut stocks with finger grooves, were replaced with less expensive but serviceable substitutes. Most milled parts made by Remington were marked with an "R".

Production of the M1903 was discontinued in favor of the M1903A3. The most noticeable visual difference in the M1903A3 was the replacement of the barrel-mounted rear sight with a smaller, simpler aperture rear sight mounted on the rear of the receiver which was designed by Remington; it was primarily adopted in order to speed familiarization by soldiers already trained on the M1 Garand, which had a similar sighting system. However, the leaf spring providing tension to the elevation adjustment on the new aperture sight tended to weaken with continued use over time, causing the rifle to lose its preset range elevation setting. Other modifications included a new stamped cartridge follower; the rounded edges of the new design largely alleviated the "fourth-round jam" complaints of the earlier machined part. All stock furniture was also redesigned in stamped metal.

In late 1942, Smith-Corona Typewriter Company began production of the M1903A3 at its plant in Syracuse, New York. Smith-Corona parts are mostly identified by the absence of markings, except for occasions when time permitting during manufacture, on early to mid-production rifles, and also only on certain parts.

To speed up production output, two-groove rifled barrels were adopted, and steel alloy specifications were relaxed under "war emergency steel" criteria for both rifle actions and barrels. All M1903A3 rifles with two-groove "war emergency" barrels were shipped with a printed notation stating that the reduction in rifling grooves did not affect accuracy. As the war progressed, various machining and finishing operations were eliminated on the M1903A3 in order to increase production levels.

Original production rifles at Remington and Smith-Corona had a dark gray-black finish similar to the bluing of late World War I. Beginning in late 1943 a lighter gray-green parkerizing finish was used. This later finish was also used on arsenal repaired weapons.

It is somewhat unusual to find a World War I or early World War II M1903 with its original dated barrel. Most, if not all, World War II .30-06 ammunition used a corrosive primer which left corrosive salts in the barrel. If not removed by frequent and proper barrel cleaning, these residues could cause pitting and excessive wear. Cleaning was sometimes lax when fighting in the jungle on various Pacific islands, and the higher moisture levels compounded the corrosive action of the residue.

The M1903 and the M1903A3 rifles were used in combat alongside the M1 Garand by the US military during World War II and saw extensive use and action in the hands of US troops in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific. The US Marines were initially armed with M1903 rifles in early battles in the Pacific, such as the Battle of Guadalcanal, but the jungle battle environment generally favored self-loading rifles; later Army units arriving to the island were armed with M1 Garands. The U.S. Army Rangers were also a major user of the M1903 and the M1903A3 during World War II with the Springfield being preferred over the M1 Garand for certain commando missions.

According to Bruce Canfield's U.S. Infantry Weapons of WW II, final variants of the M1903 (the A3 and A4) were delivered in February 1944. By then, most American combat troops had been re-equipped with the M1 Garand. However, some front-line infantry units in both the U.S. Army and Marine Corps retained M1903s as infantry rifles beyond that date and continued to use them alongside the M1 Garand until the end of the war in 1945. The Springfield remained in service for snipers (using the M1903A4), grenadiers (using a spigot type rifle 22 mm with the M1 grenade launcher until the M7 grenade launcher was available for the M1 rifle in late 1943), and Marine scout sniper units.

Sniper rifle
The M1903A4 was the U.S. Army's sniper rifle of choice during the Second World War. The M1903A4 was a variation of the M1903A3. The only difference between receivers was that the model and serial number on the receiver were split on M1903A4 to make room for the Redfield scope mount. The Redfield scope mount removed the rear peep sight that was standard on the M1903A3. The scope used on the M1903A4 was a Weaver Model 330 or 330C, which was a 2.75x telescopic sight. The receivers were tested by Remington Arms and those that were deemed best, meaning those closest to design specifications were selected to become M1903A4s. The barrels were also selected specifically to be added to the M1903A4 rifle only if they were within almost exact specifications for the design. The front sight on the barrel was never installed on the A4 barrels, however, the notch for it was still in place. Barrel specifications were, in general, unchanged between the M1903A3 and M1903A4, however, the War Department did start installing barrels with 2 groove rifling instead of 4 groove, despite the lack of clear changes from the 4 groove rifling that was the standard up until 1942.

By some accounts, the M1903A4 was inadequate as a sniper rifle. The M1903A4 was a relatively accurate rifle with an effective range of about 600 yd. These limitations on long-range targeting were due to the limited field of view present in both the Weaver scopes. From its adoption in 1943 until the end of the war it was used extensively in every theater of operation by both the US Army and the USMC. The Weaver scopes (later standardized as the M73 and M73B1) were not only low-powered in magnification, they were not waterproofed, and frequently fogged over or became waterlogged during humidity changes. In addition, the M81/82 optional scopes also had significant flaws. They most notably had less power (2.2x vs. 2.75x) and, like the other scopes on the M1903A4, had serious issues with the field of view. The USMC and the US Army would eventually switch to a large 8x scope that spanned the length of the rifle designed by John Unertl.

Foreign users
The US Army Military Police (MP) and the US Navy Shore Patrol also used M1903s and M1903A3s throughout the war. Various US allies and friendly irregular forces were also equipped with the weapon. The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB), operating in the 5th Army in Italy, was equipped with M1903 rifles. In August 1943, the Free French Forces of General Charles de Gaulle were re-equipped by the United States, primarily with M1903 Springfield and M1917 Enfield rifles. The M1903 became one of the primary rifles used by French forces until the end of the war, and was afterwards used in Indochina and by local militia and security forces in French Algeria. Large numbers of M1903 rifles were sent to China. During the Korean War, South Korean Marines used the M1903A3. The M1903 rifles captured by the Germans were designated Gewehr 249(a).

Korean War
The M1903A4 was slowly phased out during the Korean war by the Army, but saw extensive use in the Marine Corps in the form of the M1941 Sniper rifle. This new rifle was simply equipped with a very long and powerful Unertl 7.8x (as compared to the M73B1 2.5X telescopic sights issued with the army's M1903A4) variant type scope. It was used in situations when the range to the target simply exceeded that of the Marines' M1C and M1D sniper rifles, which were effective to about 500 yd. In some rare cases, kills from up to 1000 yd were reported by Marines using the M1941 sniper rifles. Marine Corps armorers continued to rebuild some M1903 sniper rifles as late as the early stages of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Post–Korean War service
After the Korean War, active service (as opposed to drill) use of the M1903 was rare. Still, some M1903A4s remained in sniper use as late as the Vietnam War; and technical manuals for them were printed as late as 1970. The U.S. Navy also continued to carry some stocks of M1903A3s on board ships for use as anti-mine rifles.

Today

Due to its balance, the M1903 is still popular with various military drill teams and color guards, most notably the U.S. Army Drill Team. M1903 rifles (along with the M1 Garand, M1917 Enfield and M14 rifles) are also common at high school Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) units to teach weapons handling and military drill procedures to the cadets. JROTC units use M1903s for regular and inter-school competition drills, including elaborate exhibition spinning routines. Exhibition teams often use fiberglass stocks in place of wooden stocks, which are heavier and more prone to breakage when dropped. JROTC Color Guards still favor wooden stocks over fiberglass because of their weight characteristics and appearance. The M1903 is the standard parade rifle of the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets, which has over six hundred M1903s, a very small percentage of which are still fireable. The Summerall Guards of The Citadel also use the M1903 Springfield for their silent drill performances.

U.S. Naval Sea Cadet Corps color guard rifles bear many similarities to the Springfield.

In 1977, the U.S. Army located a rather large cache of unissued M1903A3 rifles which were demilitarized and then issued to JROTC units as a replacement for their previously issued M1 Garand and M14 rifles, which were then returned to Army custody due to concerns about potential break-ins at high school JROTC armories.

For safety reasons, the JROTC M1903s are made permanently unable to fire by plugging the barrel with a steel rod, or having it filled with lead, soldering the bolt and welding the magazine cutoff switch in the "on" position. To plug the barrel, a very cold steel rod was inserted; after it warmed up it was too tight to remove.

Specifications

The US rifle, Model of 1903 is 44+7/8 in long and weighs 8 lb. A bayonet can be attached; the M1905 bayonet blade is 16 in long and weighs 1 lb. From 1906, the rifle was chambered to fire the .30 caliber M1906 cartridge (.30-06 cartridge), later the M1 (1926) and M2 ball (1938) rounds. There were four standard types of cartridge:

 * Ball: consists of a brass case or shell, primer, a charge of smokeless powder, and the bullet. The bullet has a sharp point called a spitzer, and is composed of a lead core and a jacket of cupro-nickel (later gilding metal), and in the M1906 design, weighs 150 grains (9.7 g). The bullet of the M1906 cartridge, when fired from the rifle, has an initial velocity of 2700 ft/s.
 * Blank: contains a paper cup instead of a bullet. It is dangerous up to 33 yd.
 * Guard: has a smaller charge of powder than the ball cartridge, and five cannelures encircle the body of the shell at about the middle to distinguish it from ball cartridges. It was intended for use on guard or in riot duty, and it gives good results up to 200 yd. The range of 100 yd requires a sight elevation of 450 yd, and the range of 200 yd requires an elevation of 645 yd.
 * Dummy: this is tin-plated and the shell is provided with six longitudinal corrugations and three circular holes. The primer contains no percussion composition. It was intended for drill purposes to accustom the soldier to the operation of loading the rifle.

The rifle is a magazine-fed clip-loader and can fire at a rate of 20 shots per minute. Each stripper clip contains five cartridges, and standard issue consisted of 12 clips carried in a cloth bandoleer. When full the bandoleer weighs about 3 lb. Bandoleers were packed 20 in a box, for a total of 1,200 rounds. The full box weighs 100 lb.

The bore of the rifle is 0.30 inches (7.62 mm) in diameter. It was then rifled 0.004 in (0.1 mm) deep, making the diameter from the bottom of one groove to the bottom of the opposite groove 0.30787 in (7.82 mm) of the barrel.

The M1903 rifle included a rear sight leaf that can be used to adjust for elevation and windage. This type of rear sight was previously designed by Adelbert R. Buffington of the U.S. Army Ordnance Department. The M1905 rear sight was calibrated to match the trajectory of M1906 service ammunition and offers several sighting options. When the leaf and slider are down, the battle sight notch appears on top. This was set for 547 yd for the down position of the slide, and is not adjustable. When the leaf is raised its range slider can be adjusted to a maximum range of 2850 yd. The .30-06 Springfield M1906 service ammunition long-range performance was originally overstated. When the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1800 yd; distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The external ballistic discrepancy at long-ranges became evident during World War I. The M1905 rear sight can also be adjusted for windage.

The M1903A3 introduced a ramp-type rear aperture sight adjustable both for elevation and windage. It can be adjusted from 100 to 800 yd. This new sightline also lengthened the sight radius.

A feature inherent to the M1903 and not found on the Mauser M98 is the cocking piece, a conspicuous knob at the rear of the bolt, allowing the rifle's striker to be released without dry firing, or to cock the rifle if necessary, for example to attempt a second strike on a round that failed to fire. This was implemented from the U.S. model of the Krag–Jørgensen rifle.

Variants

There were four main variants given official nomenclature, though there are a number of important sub-variants:

 * M1903 (1903): developed for the .30-03 (also known as the .30-45) cartridge. Used original Type S stock.
 * M1903 bullpup (1903): experimental bullpup conversion for the USMC.
 * M1903 (1905): changed from a rod type bayonet to the knife type Model 1905 bayonet and to the improved Model 1905 sight.
 * M1903 (1906): modified again to specifically fire the new M1906 .30-06 cartridge ("ball cartridge, caliber 30, Model of 1906").
 * M1903 NRA (1915–1917): sold to National Rifle Association members and stamped "NRA" on the forward tang of the trigger guard.
 * M1903 air service (1918): issued to aircrew with permanent 25-round magazine and modified Type S stock forend designed as backup if a plane's machine gun jammed in combat.
 * M1903 Mark I (1918–1920): modified with an ejection port on the left side of the receiver for specific use with the Pedersen device.
 * M1903 NM (1921–1940): selected rifles produced at Springfield Armory for National Match shooting competition. Production barrels were measured with star-gauges, and those meeting specified tolerances were stamped with an asterisk shaped star on the muzzle crown. These barrels were fitted to selected receivers with hand-fitted and polished parts. The bolt was left unblued while the receiver and barrel were finished with a black Parkerizing process. Some bolts have the safety direction reversed to prevent it from striking the nose of a right-handed shooter and those made from 1924 to 1929 have the knurled cocking piece removed to decrease lock time. Early rifles used the type S stock until the type C stock became standard in 1929. Rifles made for sale to NRA members (priced at $40.44) were drilled and tapped for a Lyman 48 receiver sight and had either a type B (or NB) stock with no grasping grooves and a noticeable drop at the heel for a long pistol grip, or a special National Match stock with a high comb and pistol grip. Total production was 28,907. Most were issued to service teams and 25,377 were reconditioned at Springfield Armory after one year of match use. Reconditioned rifles have a large gas-escape port drilled into the left side of the receiver.
 * M1903 Bushmaster carbine (1940s): the barrel and stock were cut down to 18 in for easier use in Panama; 4,725 such rifles were made. It was a training rifle and saw no action. After World War II most were dumped into the ocean and surviving pieces are rare.
 * M1903 with "scant" stock (1942): in late 1941, before the M1903A3 was standardized, Army ordnance wanted to standardize on a pistol-grip stock for all M1903 rifles. There were thousands of stock blanks that had been sized for the old straight stock. They were not deep enough for the full pistol grip of the Type C stock, so they were modified to allow a "scant" grip that was the largest grip they could form. These "scant" stocks would only fit on a M1903, and would not fit an 03A3. Springfield only rebuilt existing M1903 rifles using this stock in 1942 and marked the cut-off seat with a small "s".
 * M1903A1 (1929–1939): changed from a straight stock to a pistol grip type stock (Type C stock). The pistol grip stock was conducive to improved marksmanship and was fitted to National Match rifles until World War II. Pistol grip stocks became standard for later M1903 production and were subsequently fitted to older rifles. The Army considered any rifle with a pistol grip stock an M1903A1, but M1903 receiver markings were unchanged.
 * M1903A2 (1930s–1940s): basically a stripped A1 or A3 used as a subcaliber rifle with artillery pieces.
 * M1903A3 (1942–1944): sights were changed to an aperture (peep) system mounted on the receiver, and the rifle was modified for easier production with stamped metal parts and somewhat different grip and stock (late model Type S stock; no finger grooves).
 * M1903 (modified) (1941–1942): transition production of M1903 rifles by Remington Arms until the M1903A3 design was implemented involved modification of various parts creating a hybrid between the M1903 and M1903A3.
 * M1903A4 (1942): an M1903A3 modified to be a sniper rifle using an M73 or M73B1 2.5× Weaver telescopic sight and different stock, and omitting the iron sights. USMC versions instead used the 8x Unertl scope.

There are two main other types, various training types, and competition versions such as the National Match types. Aside from these there are some other civilian versions, experimental versions, and other miscellaneous types. Due to the duration of its service, there is also a range of smaller differences among ones from different periods and manufacturers.

In military use it was outnumbered by the M1917 Enfield for much of the war. Also, during World War II many remained in use early on, especially in the Pacific (generally replaced as M1s became available), in addition to service (along with other weapons) as a sniper rifle and to launch rifle grenades.

 * Bannerman Springfield: After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Scottish-born military surplus magnate Francis Bannerman VI assembled 1,000 M1903 rifles from surplus parts which were rebored to accept .303 British ammunition. He presented these to the British Army together with bayonets, pouches and webbing as a patriotic gesture. However, the conversion was not a success and it was found that rimmed .303 cartridges would not feed properly from the magazine. The rifles were stamped "DP," i.e., fit for "drill purposes" only, and presented to the City of London's Volunteer Training Corps, who were otherwise without any weapons.

In popular culture
Ernest Hemingway used an M1903 to shoot big game, including lions, on his first African safari in 1933. His experiences during the safari is the subject of Green Hills of Africa, published in 1935.

An M1903A4 is used by Private Daniel Jackson in the film Saving Private Ryan.

Users

 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * undefined: Received after World War II.
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Nazi Germany: Captured rifles from American soldiers designated the Gewehr 249(a). Captured rifles from Commonwealth soldiers designated the Gewehr 249(e).
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇭🇹 Haiti:Issued to Gendarmerie
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras: Equipped with 2,083 M1903s in 1950.
 * Italian Partisans: Supplied to partisans operating in the vicinity of American troops.
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Captured during World War II. Used by National Police Reserve after the war.
 * undefined
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Used by the Netherlands Marine Corps during the Indonesian National Revolution.
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * North Vietnam
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * undefined
 * undefined
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea : Equipped with 216 M1903A3s before the Korean War. The number in service peaked at 3,611 in 1951, and was reduced to 393 by the end of the war. The military also received 100 and 109 M1903A4s in 1952 and 1953, respectively.
 * South Vietnam
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * Still in use with Junior ROTC units for ceremonial purposes.

General sources

 * Ball, Robert W. D., Springfield Armory Shoulder Weapons 1795–1968. Norfolk, VA: Antique Trader Books, 1997. ISBN 0-930625-74-9
 * Engineer Field Manual, War Department, Document No. 355, 1909.
 * Manual for Noncommissioned Officers and Privates of Infantry of the Army of the United States, War Department, Document No. 574, 1917.
 * "Bushmaster '03 Carbine", American Rifle magazine, April 2005, p. 40.
 * U.S. Infantry Weapons of World War II. Bruce N. Canfield, Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 1994.
 * Operation Requirements for an Infantry Hand Weapon. Norman Hitchman, Operations Research Office, 1952
 * "Bushmaster '03 Carbine", American Rifle magazine, April 2005, p. 40.
 * U.S. Infantry Weapons of World War II. Bruce N. Canfield, Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 1994.
 * Operation Requirements for an Infantry Hand Weapon. Norman Hitchman, Operations Research Office, 1952

title: M1903 Springfield


text: User talk:68.41.139.245

title: User talk:68.41.139.245


text:
Talk:William James

Published works
THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY (1890) http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/ was published about the time Freud first published and was used as a text at Harvard.

PRAGMATISM: A New Name For Some Old Ways of Thinking http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5116 was a series of lectures delivered at Lowell Institute, Boston (November and December, 1906), and at Columbia University, New York (January, 1907).

ESSAYS IN RADICAL EMPIRICISM needs a mention.

Popular Culture reference
Captain Picard makes a brief reference to a William James in Star Trek The Next Generation, episode Samaritan Snare. Found a clip on youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO8LnGDKcdk I might add it in but it doesn't seem noteworthy, and I might be biased being a ST fan. Walkingstick3 (talk) 16:45, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

epistolary talent
Under Early Life the family of William James is described to have "epistolary" talent. The use of this adjective appears pretentious. The explanatory pop-up window refers to epistolary novels and makes sense for novels, but not as an explanation for talents. It is not clear to me what the author intends to say and either ought to be deleted of improved upon. Hskoppek (talk) 07:35, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

psychology
what are voluminous aspect of personality 45.215.255.238 (talk) 19:44, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

School of thoughts 58.27.213.34 (talk) 07:28, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:William James


text:
User:Thurstan

Interests: pure mathematics (finite group theory), computing, genealogy, medieval & renaissance dance.

title: User:Thurstan


text:
User:Hottstuffj914

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title: User:Hottstuffj914


text:
Shawnee (disambiguation)

The Shawnee are a Native American people.

Shawnee may also refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Shawnee, Colorado, an unincorporated community
 * Shawnee, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Shawnee, Kansas, a city in Johnson County
 * Shawnee County, Kansas
 * Shawnee, Louisville, Kentucky, a neighborhood
 * Shawnee, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Shawnee, Hamilton County, Ohio, a census-designated place
 * Shawnee, Perry County, Ohio, a village
 * Shawnee, Oklahoma, a city
 * Shawnee, Wyoming, an unincorporated community
 * Shawnee Cave, Spring Mill State Park, Indiana
 * Shawnee Creek (Apple Creek), a stream in Missouri
 * Shawnee Creek (Baileys Creek), a stream in Missouri
 * Shawnee Falls, one of 24 named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park in Pennsylvania
 * Lake Shawnee (New Jersey), a private lake
 * Shawnee National Forest, Illinois
 * Shawnee Park, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Shawnee State Park (Ohio)
 * Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania)
 * Shawnee Peak (Alaska)
 * Shawnee Peak (Colorado)
 * Shawnee Run, a stream in West Virginia
 * Shawnee Township (disambiguation)

American businesses

 * Shawnee Fossil Plant, a coal-fired power plant near Paducah, Kentucky
 * Shawnee Hotel, Springfield, Ohio, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Shawnee Mower Factor, original name of the defunct Worthington Mower Company
 * Shawnee Pottery, a pottery manufacturer from 1937 to 1961
 * Shawnee Press, a former music publisher

People

 * Shawnee Kish, Canadian Mohawk singer-songwriter
 * Shawnee Smith (born 1969), American actress

Schools

 * Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio, United States
 * Shawnee Community College, Ullin, Illinois
 * Shawnee High School (disambiguation)

Sports

 * Shawnee Blues, a former minor league baseball team based in Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Shawnee Hawks, a former minor league baseball team based in Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Shawnee Indians (baseball), a former minor league baseball team based in Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Shawnee Open, a golf tournament, formerly a PGA tournament
 * Shawnee Mountain Ski Area, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
 * Shawnee Peak Ski Area, Bridgton, Maine
 * Shawnee Stakes, a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares

Transportation

 * Shawnee (Amtrak train), an Amtrak train
 * Shawnee (IC train), an Illinois Central train
 * Shawnee Field, an airport in Bloomfield, Indiana
 * Shawnee Regional Airport, near Shawnee, Oklahoma
 * Piasecki H-21/CH-21 Shawnee helicopter
 * SS Shawnee, a 1927 passenger steamship
 * Shawnee Expressway (Kentucky)
 * Shawnee Parkway, a proposed highway in West Virginia

Other uses

 * Shawnee language, spoken by the Native American tribe
 * USS Shawnee, a monitor constructed during the American Civil War
 * Shawnee Correctional Center, Vienna, Illinois, a medium-security state prison for men
 * Shawnee Lodge, a Boy Scout lodge in the Greater St. Louis Area Council area

title: Shawnee (disambiguation)


text:
Cricketer (disambiguation)

A cricketer is a person who plays cricket.

Cricketer may also refer to:
 * The Cricketer, a British magazine
 * The Wisden Cricketer, as it was known 2003–2011
 * The Cricketer (Pakistani magazine)

title: Cricketer (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Keith from Calgary

Hi Keith, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for adding your comment to Talk:Palestinian refugee. However, you really should sign your messages, especially when offering an opinion on a complex topic such as that one, so that people know who is saying what. The easiest way to do that is by entering four tildes. The system automatically converts this to your user ID and gives it a datestamp.

If you need any further help on editing pages, visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. For pointers on how we title pages see Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project, check out Help, add a question to the Village pump, or leave a message on my Talk page. Enjoy, -- Viajero 09:38, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keith from Calgary


text:
International Air Transport Association code

IATA codes are abbreviations that the International Air Transport Association (IATA) publishes to facilitate air travel. They are typically 1, 2, 3, or 4 character combinations (referred to as unigrams, digrams, trigrams, or tetragrams, respectively) that uniquely identify locations, equipment, companies, and times to standardize international flight operations. All codes within each group follow a pattern (same number of characters, and using either all letters or letter/digit combinations) to reduce the potential for error.

Airport codes
IATA airport codes are trigram letter designations for airports, like "ORY" (Paris-Orly Airport), "CPT" (Cape Town International Airport), OTP (Otopeni International Airport) and "BCN" (Barcelona-El Prat).

Airline designators
IATA airline designators are digram letter/digit codes for airline companies, like "M6" (Amerijet), "NH" (All Nippon Airways), and "4A" (Air Kiribati).

Aircraft type designators
IATA aircraft type designators are trigram letter/digit codes used for aircraft models, like "J41" (British Aerospace Jetstream 41) and "744" (Boeing 747-400).

Country codes
Digram letter codes are used for countries as specified in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2. One additional code is used:
 * code XU is used to specify part of Russia east of (but not including) the Ural Mountains.

Currency codes
Trigram letter codes are used for currencies as specified in ISO 4217.

IATA time zone codes
IATA time zone is a country or a part of a country, where local time is the same. IATA time zone code is constructed of 2–4 characters (letters and digits) as follows:
 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code is always used as first and second characters of time zone code.
 * If country is not divided into separate time zones – no more characters added. Just 2 characters used.
 * If country is divided into time zones – 3rd character of time zone code is a digit – number of time zone in country. Note: Russia is divided into 11 time zones, so number of time zone in country is specified by 2 digits – RU01, RU02, ... RU11.
 * If some territories have the same local time, but different rules on daylight saving time – a letter can be added as 4th character to make unique codes for all such territories.

Example: Time zone code AU2 is used for Australian states New South Wales and Victoria (local time is UTC + 10 hours, DST begins at end of October). Time zone code AU2A is used for Tasmania (local time is UTC + 10 hours, DST begins at end of September). Time zone code AU2B is used for Queensland (local time is UTC + 10 hours, no DST).

IATA region codes
IATA region codes trigram letters codes used to specify large territories, consisting of several countries.

Following codes are used:

 * AFR - Africa
 * CAR - Caribbean Sea countries
 * CEM - Central America
 * EUR - Europe
 * TC1 - IATA American Traffic Conference (includes NOA, CEM, SOA and CAR)
 * TC3 - IATA Asian Traffic Conference (includes JAK, SAS, SEA, SWP)
 * TC2 - IATA European and African Traffic Conference (includes AFR, EUR, MDE)
 * JAK - Japan and Korea
 * MDE - Middle East
 * NOA - North America
 * SCH - Schengen agreement countries
 * SOA - South America
 * SAS - South Asia
 * SEA - South-Eastern Asia
 * SWP - South-West Pacific

Speaking on region codes and countries, country code RU is used to specify part of Russia west from (and including of) Ural Mountains and country code XU is used to specify part of Russia east from (and not including of) Ural Mountains. Country RU is in EUR region, country XU is in SEA region. For all other purposes only country code RU is used to specify all the territory of Russia.

Country code AQ is used to specify Antarctica. Country AQ is not in any of regions listed here.

IATA meal codes
IATA Cabin Operations Safety Best Practices Guide - 19.7 Special Meals defines the following standard meal codes:

 * AVML - Asian Vegetarian Meal
 * BBML - Baby Meal
 * BLML - Bland Meal
 * CHML - Child Meal
 * DBML - Diabetic Meal
 * FPML - Fruit Platter Meal
 * GFML - Gluten Intolerant Meal
 * HNML - Hindu Meal
 * KSML - Kosher Meal
 * LCML - Low-Calorie Meal
 * LSML - Low Sodium Meal
 * MOML - Muslim Meal
 * NLML - Non-Lactose Meal
 * RVML - Raw Vegetarian Meal
 * LFML - Low Fat Meal
 * SFML - Seafood Meal
 * VGML - Vegan Meal
 * VJML - Vegetarian Jain Meal
 * VLML - Vegetarian Lacto-ovo Meal
 * VOML - Vegetarian Oriental Meal

Codes used by other airlines include:

 * ALML - Allergen Meal
 * CLML - Celebration Cake Meal
 * HFML - High Fibre Meal
 * OBML - Japanese Obento Meal (on United Airlines)
 * JPML - Japanese Meal (on Japan Airlines)
 * JNML - Junior Meal
 * KSMLS - Kosher Meal (Snack)
 * NBML - No Beef Meal (on China Airlines)
 * NFML - No Fish Meal (on Lufthansa)
 * LPML - Low Protein Meal
 * PRML - Low Purin Meal
 * ORML - Oriental Meal
 * PFML - Peanut Free Meal
 * SPML - Special Meal, Specify Food

Name class codes
The trigram is composed of the first letter of first name and the first two letters of the names (ISO 9625)

IATA class codes
IATA class codes are 1-letter codes created to help airlines standardize conditions of travel on passenger tickets and other traffic documents.

IATA tax codes
List of ticket and airport tax codes:

 * AB - Government Tax
 * AC - Value Added Tax
 * AE - Passenger Service Charge (International)
 * AF - Airport Departure Fee (Domestic/International)
 * AG - Ticket Tax
 * AH - Airport Tax
 * AI - Baggage Security Screening Fee
 * AJ - Airport Exit Tax (International)
 * AK - Airport Departure Tax (International)
 * AL - Passenger Service Charge (Domestic/International)


text:
Hanno

Hanno may refer to:

People

 * Hanno (given name)

 * Hanunu (8th century BC), Philistine king previously rendered by scholars as "Hanno"

 * Hanno (, ; Ἄννων, Hannōn), common Carthaginian name
 * Hanno the Navigator, Carthaginian explorer
 * Hanno the Elder (died 204 BC), Carthaginian general
 * Hanno I the Great (4th century BC), Carthaginian politician and military leader
 * Hanno II the Great (3rd century BC), wealthy Carthaginian aristocrat
 * Hanno III the Great (2nd century BC), Carthaginian politician
 * Hanno, son of Hannibal, Carthaginian general in the First Punic War
 * Hanno, Messana garrison commander, Carthaginian general in The First Punic War
 * Hanno, son of Bomilcar, Carthaginian officer in the Second Punic War

 * Saint Anno or Saint Hanno of Cologne
 * Carl von Hanno (1901–1953), Norwegian painter
 * Dennis M. Hanno, U.S. college president
 * Lillemor von Hanno (1900–1984), Norwegian actress, novelist and playwright
 * Wilhelm von Hanno (1826–1882), German-born Norwegian architect, sculptor and painter

Fictional characters

 * Hanno, a Carthaginian character in the play Poenulus by the Roman playwright Plautus
 * Hanno, fictional character in The Boat of a Million Years, an immortal Phoenician living to our times and beyond
 * Hanno Tauber, often called Noah, is a character in the TV series Dark

Other uses

 * Hannō, Saitama, Honshū, Japan
 * Hanno (crater), a lunar crater
 * Hanno (elephant), the pet white elephant of Pope Leo X
 * G-AAUD Hanno, a named Handley Page H.P.42 airliner

title: Hanno