text:
Nambaryn Enkhbayar

Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Намбарын Энхбаяр; born 1 June 1958) is a Mongolian politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Mongolia from 2000 to 2004, as Chairman of the State Great Khural from 2004 to 2005, and as President of Mongolia from 2005 to 2009. He is the first person to have held all of the top three positions in the Mongolian government. He was the chairman of the Mongolian People’s Party from 1997 to 2005 and head of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 2010 to 2021. His eldest son, Batshugar Enkhbayar is a member of the State Great Khural from Mongolian People's Party. Due to his corruption scandal he is regarded as the godfather of corruption in Mongolian politics by the public media.

Early life and education
Nambaryn Enkhbayar was born on 1 June 1958 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. He finished a secondary school in 1975, and earned an undergraduate degree majoring in literature and language studies from Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, Russia in 1980. He studied at an English language and literature course at Leeds University in the United Kingdom in 1985–1986. As a young man, he translated the works of Mongolian poet Mend-Ooyo Gombojav into English. Enkhbayar became the chairman of the Association of Mongolian Writers in 1990. He is married to Onongiin Tsolmon since 1987 and they have four children.

Legislative career
In 1992, as a member of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) Enkhbayar was elected to the State Great Khural (Mongolian Parliament). Mongolia voted to retain former communist MPRP during its first venture into democratic elections, and Enkhbayar was appointed to serve as the country's Minister of Culture. He held that post until 1996, when the Democratic Party ousted the MPRP in the parliamentary elections that year. In 1996 Enkhbayar became the secretary general of the MPRP and led the opposition MPRP group in the Parliament. In 1997 he was elected as the chairman of the MPRP.

Prime Minister
In 1999, the country was hit by one of its infamous zud spells, when summer drought and cold weather blizzards resulted in severe food shortages and loss of thousands of livestock. The government responded poorly to the disaster and the MPRP received an unexpected boost from the climatological disaster. In 2000, the MPRP won 72 out of 76 seats in parliamentary elections. With the MPRP controlling the parliament, Enkhbayar became the country's Prime Minister. He initiated an ambitious Millennium Road project to connect Mongolian territory from east to west. During Enkhbayar's time as Prime Minister, he successfully eliminated Mongolia's debt to the former Soviet Union; this was the first time since the 1920s that Mongolia did not owe debt to its northern neighbor. The debt was controversial due to Mongolia being a raw material supplier to the Soviet Union pricing the materials almost free for former USSR. International exposure of Mongolia's vast mineral resources led to the economy experiencing 10% real GDP growth in 2004.

Speaker of Parliament
In 2004, MPRP lost to Motherland Democratic Coalition-a coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party. Due to election result where none of the coalition and the MPRP became the enough majority to hold the government, grand coalition government was formed and Enkhbayar became the Speaker of the Parliament and served on this post in 2004–2005.

President
He won the 2005 presidential election and became the Mongolian President. He welcomed U.S. President George W. Bush who paid an official visit to Mongolia. It was the first visit of a U.S president to the country. Mongolia received US$285 million aid from the United States' Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) which United States President George W. Bush signed with Enkhbayar in 2007.

In the 2009 Mongolian presidential election, incumbent President Enkhbayar was defeated by Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj of Democratic Party. Elbegdorj won 51.21% of total votes while Enkhbayar got 47.41%. Thus Enkhbayar became the first Mongolian President to lose re-election.

New political party establishment
In 2010, Enkhbayar established a political party and named it Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The party received approval to use the previous name of the Mongolian People's Party from the Supreme Court of Mongolia on 26 June 2011. Enkhbayar became the chairman of his established party.

Convicted of corruption
The Independent Authority Against Corruption (IAAC) arrested Enkhbayar at the dawn of 13 April 2012. The IAAC stated that it arrested Enkhbayar for questioning in a graft case involving the illegal privatization of a government-owned hotel because he never showed up for questioning.

Over 1000 members of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and Enkhbayar's supporters participated in Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's organized demonstration demanding Enkhbayar's release on the same day of his arrest. On 4 May 2012, Enkhbayar announced a dry hunger strike demanding his release. He lost around 12 kilograms in 16 days. Amnesty International issued a statement demanding the Mongolian authority to respect human rights of Enkhbayar compatible to international standards. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made a phone call to President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj expressing concern over Enkhbayar's health. Enkhbayar was released on bail on 14 May 2012. United States Senator Dianne Feinstein expressed to the U.S.Senate her pleasure for Enkhbayar's release on bail and said "For any democracy, due process and the rule of law are essential."

On 8 June 2012, the General Elections Committee (GEC) refused to register Enkhbayar as a candidate for the 2012 parliamentary elections in the MPRP party list listed as number one. It stated that the official documents sent from the Prosecutor's Office and Sukhbaatar District Court of Ulaanbaatar required the rejection of Enkhbayar's application pending the case. However, Enkhbayar and his lawyers argue that the incumbent president, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, who took office in 2009, engineered the corruption case to keep him from running in the coming elections. They claim that the court gave them insufficient time to review the prosecutors' evidence and witness statements. The election authorities' denial of Enkhbayar's candidacy on 6 June, they say, violates his constitutional right to be considered innocent until proven guilty. According to a US-based independent trial observer, the five charges leveled against Enkhbayar seem overblown and unsubstantiated. One accuses him of misappropriating TV equipment that was intended for a Buddhist monastery. Another alleges that he illegally shipped eight copies of his autobiography to South Korea on a government plane.

On 2 August 2012, after a three-day trial Sukhbaatar District Court convicted Enkhbayar of corruption and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment, three of which was pardoned and then gave four years prison term and fined with over MNT 1.7 billion for misusing state properties and government power. Enkhbayar's sentence was reduced to two and a half year prison term without the fine by the Supreme Court of Mongolia-the highest court in Mongolia.

On 1 August 2013, President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj issued a decree to pardon Enkhbayar thus releasing him from the rest of his jail term effective on the decree date.

Sports
Enkhbayar climbed the highest peak in Mongolia, Khüiten Peak, with mountaineers of the Mongolian Mountaineering Federation and the Nepal Mountaineering Association on 23 June 2011.

Religion
Enkhbayar is a follower of Tibetan Buddhism. He translated several Buddhist texts into Mongolian.

title: Nambaryn Enkhbayar


text:
Driss Jettou

Driss Jettou (إدريس جطو, ; born 24 May 1945) is a Moroccan politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Morocco from 2002 to 2007.

Early life and education
Jettou was born in the town of El Jadida on 24 May 1945. After secondary studies at El Khawarizmi college in Casablanca, he obtained a technical Baccalauréat in mathematics in 1964. He then joined the Faculty of Sciences of Rabat University where he graduated in physics and chemistry in 1966. He also received a diploma of adjustment and management of company of Cordwainers Colleges of London in 1967.

Career
Between 1968 and 1993, Jettou occupied many managerial positions of several Moroccan companies. He then chaired the Moroccan Federation of industries of leather (FEDIC) and was a member of the General Confederation of the Companies in Morocco (CGEM) and later became the vice-president of the Moroccan Association of Exporters (ASMEX).

He holds the Wissam of the Throne (Grand Chevalier).

In 2008, he was decorated at the Throne Festival, the grand cordon of Wissam Al Arch by King Mohammed VI. In 2005, on the eve of the visit of King Juan Carlos I of Spain to Morocco, he was elevated to the dignity of Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella (High Spanish distinction). In 2010, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III. It is the highest civil distinction in Spain, created by Carlos III of Spain in a royal decree of 19 September 1771. The decoration aims at "recognition of the citizens who, by their efforts, their initiative and work, have rendered a service extraordinary to the Spanish Nation".

Political career
Jettou started his political career in 1993 when King Hassan II appointed him to be Minister of Trade and Industry. He was Minister of Economy and Finance from August 1997 to March 1998. Then he served as Minister of Interior from 2001 in the cabinet of Abderrahmane Youssoufi until he was appointed as Prime Minister by King Mohammed VI on 6 October 2002. His appointment was controversial as he was not then a member of any party, although he governed with a coalition that held a parliamentary majority. The Socialist Union of Forces for Progress and Istiqlal Party were the major parties of this coalition. In late 2004, he successfully led Morocco into a historic free trade agreement with the United States.

Following the September 2007 parliamentary election, Mohammed VI named Istiqlal leader Abbas El Fassi as Jettou's successor as Prime Minister on 19 September 2007.

Jettou was appointed as President of the Audits Court on 9 August 2012, a move interpreted as meaning that King Mohammed would take full control of managing corruption cases.

In December 2019, he was appointed by the king of Morocco in the Special Committee on Model of Development.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Driss Jettou


text:
'Salem's Lot

'Salem's Lot is a 1975 horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, where he lived from the age of five through nine, only to discover that the residents are becoming vampires. The town is revisited in the short stories "Jerusalem's Lot" and "One for the Road", both from King's story collection Night Shift (1978). The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award in 1976 and the Locus Award for the All-Time Best Fantasy Novel in 1987.

In two separate interviews in the 1980s, King said that, of all his books, 'Salem's Lot was his favorite. In his June 1983 Playboy interview, the interviewer mentioned that because it was his favorite, King was planning a sequel, but King has said on his website that because The Dark Tower series already continued the narrative in Wolves of the Calla and Song of Susannah, he felt there was no longer a need for a sequel. In 1987, he told Phil Konstantin in The Highway Patrolman magazine: "In a way it is my favorite story, mostly because of what it says about small towns. They are kind of a dying organism right now. The story seems sort of down home to me. I have a special cold spot in my heart for it!"

'Salem's Lot has been adapted into a 1979 two-part miniseries directed by Tobe Hooper and a 2004 television miniseries directed by Mikael Salomon. A new feature film adaptation written and directed by Gary Dauberman has also been completed and is set to be released by Max in 2024.

Plot
Ben Mears, a writer, has returned to Jerusalem's Lot, Maine after 25 years to try to write his next novel. He quickly becomes friends with high school teacher Matt Burke and strikes up a romantic relationship with Susan Norton, a young college graduate with ambitions of leaving town. Ben has returned to "the Lot" to write a book about the long-abandoned Marsten House, where he had a bad experience as a child when he saw a hanging ghost. He learns that the house—the former home of Depression-era hitman Hubert "Hubie" Marsten—has been purchased by Kurt Barlow, ostensibly an Austrian immigrant who has arrived in the Lot to open an antique furniture store. Barlow is supposedly on an extended buying trip; only his business partner, Richard Straker, is seen in public. The truth, however, is that Barlow is an ancient vampire and Straker is his human familiar.

The duo's arrival coincides with the disappearance of a young boy, Ralphie Glick, and the death of his 12-year-old brother, Danny, who becomes the town's first vampire turned by Barlow. Barlow also turns town dump custodian Dud Rogers and telephone repairman Corey Bryant. Danny turns other locals into vampires, including the graveyard digger, Mike Ryerson; a newborn baby, Randy McDougall; a man named Jack Griffen; and Danny's mother, Marjorie. Danny fails to turn his classmate Mark Petrie, who resists him by holding a plastic cross in Danny's face. To fight the spread of the new vampires, Ben and Susan are joined by Matt Burke and his doctor, Jimmy Cody, along with Mark and the local priest, Father Callahan. Susan is captured by Barlow, who turns her. She is eventually staked through the heart by Ben.

When Father Callahan and Mark go to Mark's parents' house to explain the danger that the family is in, the power is suddenly cut off and Barlow appears. After killing Mark's parents, Barlow takes the boy hostage. Callahan pulls out his cross in an attempt to drive him off, and it works until Barlow challenges him to throw the cross away. Callahan, not having faith enough to do so, is soon overwhelmed by Barlow, who forces Callahan to drink his blood, making him "unclean". When Callahan tries to re-enter his church, he receives an electric shock, preventing him from going inside. Defeated, Callahan leaves Jerusalem's Lot.

Matt suffers a fatal heart attack while Jimmy is killed when he falls from a rigged staircase and is impaled by knives set up by the vampires. Ben and Mark destroy Barlow, but are lucky to escape with their lives and are forced to leave the town to the now-leaderless vampires. Ben returns the following day to retrieve and bury the bodies of Mark's parents and Jimmy Cody in a clearing behind the Petrie residence. The novel's prologue, which is set shortly after the end of the story proper, describes Ben and Mark's flight across the country to a seaside town in Mexico, where they attempt to recover from their ordeal. Mark is received into the Catholic Church by a friendly local priest and confesses for the first time what they have experienced. An epilogue reveals the two return to the town a year later, intending to renew the battle. Ben, knowing that there are too many hiding places for the vampires, starts a brush fire in the nearby woods with the intent of destroying the town.

Background
While teaching a course on fantasy and science fiction for students at Hampden Academy, King was inspired by Dracula, one of the books covered in the class. "One night over supper I wondered aloud what would happen if Dracula came back in the twentieth century, to America. 'He'd probably be run over by a Yellow Cab on Park Avenue and killed,' my wife said. [In the Introduction to the 2004 audiobook recording that Stephen King read himself, he says it was he who said, "Probably he'd land in New York and be killed by a Taxi Cab, like Margaret Mitchell in Atlanta" and that it was his wife who suggested a rural setting for the book. ] That closed the discussion, but in the following days, my mind kept returning to the idea. It occurred to me that my wife was probably right – if the legendary Count came to New York, that is. But if he were to show up in a sleepy little country town, what then? I decided I wanted to find out, so I wrote 'Salem's Lot, which was originally titled Second Coming." Though King initially planned to title the novel Second Coming, he changed it to Jerusalem's Lot on the advice of his wife, novelist Tabitha King, who thought the original title sounded too much like a "bad sex story." King's publishers then shortened it to the current title, thinking the author's choice sounded too religious. King's paperback publisher bought the book for $550,000.

King expands on this thought of the 20th-century vampire in his essay for Adeline Magazine, "On Becoming a Brand Name" (February 1980): "I began to turn the idea over in my mind, and it began to coalesce into a possible novel. I thought it would make a good one, if I could create a fictional town with enough prosaic reality about it to offset the comic-book menace of a bunch of vampires." Yet the inspirations for 'Salem's Lot go back even farther. In Danse Macabre, a non-fiction overview of the modern horror genre, King recalls a dream he had when he was eight years old. In the dream, he saw the body of a hanged man dangling from the arm of a scaffold on a hill. "The corpse bore a sign: ROBERT BURNS. But when the wind caused the corpse to turn in the air, I saw that it was my face – rotted and picked by birds, but obviously mine. And then the corpse opened its eyes and looked at me. I woke up screaming, sure that a dead face would be leaning over me in the dark. Sixteen years later, I was able to use the dream as one of the central images in my novel 'Salem's Lot. I just changed the name of the corpse to Hubie Marsten."

King first wrote of Jerusalem's Lot in the short story "Jerusalem's Lot", penned in college, but not published until years later in the short story collection Night Shift. In a 1969 installment of "The Garbage Truck", a column King wrote for the University of Maine at Orono's campus newspaper, King foreshadowed the coming of 'Salem's Lot by writing: "In the early 1800s a whole sect of Shakers, a rather strange, religious persuasion at best, disappeared from their village (Jeremiah's Lot) in Vermont. The town remains uninhabited to this day."

Politics during the time influenced King's writing of the story. The corruption in the government was a significant factor in the inspiration of the story. Of this he recalls, "I wrote Salem's Lot during the period when the Ervin committee was sitting. That was also the period when we first learned of the Ellsberg break-in, the White House tapes, the connection between Gordon Liddy and the CIA, the news of enemies lists, and other fearful intelligence. During the spring, summer and fall of 1973, it seemed that the Federal Government had been involved in so much subterfuge and so many covert operations that, like the bodies of the faceless wetbacks that Juan Corona was convicted of slaughtering in California, the horror would never end ... Every novel is to some extent an inadvertent psychological portrait of the novelist, and I think that the unspeakable obscenity in Salem's Lot has to do with my own disillusionment and consequent fear for the future. In a way, it is more closely related to Invasion of the Body Snatchers than it is to Dracula. The fear behind 'Salem's Lot seems to be that the Government has invaded everybody."

Illustrated edition

In 2005, Centipede Press released a deluxe limited edition of 'Salem's Lot with black and white photographs by Jerry Uelsmann and the two short stories "Jerusalem's Lot" and "One for the Road", as well as over 50 pages of deleted material. The book was limited to 315 copies, each signed by Stephen King and Jerry Uelsmann. The book was printed on 100# Mohawk Superfine paper, measured 9 x, was over 4+1/4 in thick, and weighed more than 13 lb. The book included a ribbon marker, head and tail bands, three-piece cloth construction, and a slipcase. An unsigned hardcover edition limited to 600 copies was later released. Both the signed and unsigned editions sold out. In an interview with the printed trade journal Fine Books & Collections, King said of the illustrated folio version of his 'Salem's Lot, "I think it's beautiful!" A trade edition was later released.

Reception
In the short story anthology A Century of Great Suspense Stories, editor Jeffery Deaver noted that King "singlehandedly made popular fiction grow up. While there were many good best-selling writers before him, King, more than anybody since John D. MacDonald, brought reality to genre novels. He's often remarked that Salem's Lot was Peyton Place meets Dracula, and so it was. The rich characterization, the careful and caring social eye, the interplay of story line and character development announced that writers could take worn themes such as vampires and make them fresh again."Peter Straub recalls that "One day I wandered into a very good book store and saw Salem’s Lot on the main table. If I had known that the book was about vampires, I might not have bought it. But I did buy it, and when I learned that one of the main characters was a vampire, it hit me like a ton of bricks. I thought, 'Oh my God, this guy is working with a very tired, almost exhausted, trope and he’s making something really vibrant out of it.' So I became a huge Stephen King fan on the spot." Neil Gaiman recalls that "My first encounter with Stephen King, long before I met him in the flesh, was on East Croydon station in about 1975. I was fourteen. I picked up a book with an all-black cover. It was called Salem's Lot... I stayed up late finishing Salem's Lot, loving the Dickensian portrait of a small American town destroyed by the arrival of a vampire. Not a nice vampire, a proper vampire. Dracula meets Peyton Place. After that I bought everything King wrote as it came out. Some books were great, and some weren't. It was okay. I trusted him."

Film and television
In 1979, 'Salem's Lot was adapted to a two-part television miniseries of the same name that aired on CBS. It stars David Soul as Ben Mears, and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and an Edgar Award. It was filmed on location in Ferndale, California. A truncated two-hour version was also released in cinemas in some countries. In 1987, Larry Cohen directed the film A Return to Salem's Lot. Marketed as a sequel to the 1979 miniseries, the film does not include any of the original characters despite using the image of Barlow from the 1979 version on the poster. In 2004, TNT premiered a new television adaptation of 'Salem's Lot starring Rob Lowe as Ben Mears, which also received a Primetime Emmy nomination.

In 2018, the eighth episode of the Castle Rock TV series (centered around the fictional town created by King) entitled "Past Perfect" was aired, which briefly showed a present-day bus stop in Jerusalem's Lot. A traffic sign indicated that the town was located 24 miles away from Castle Rock. The Marsten House is featured in the show's second season. The 2021 Epix television series Chapelwaite, starring Adrien Brody and Emily Hampshire, is based on the short story "Jerusalem's Lot", a prequel to 'Salem's Lot set in the 19th century. A theatrical film adaptation of 'Salem's Lot, from New Line Cinema, was announced in April 2019, with Gary Dauberman set to write and direct, and James Wan attached to produce. Filming began in Boston in September 2021. Lewis Pullman stars as Ben Mears, while Spencer Treat Clark and Makenzie Leigh will co-star as Mike Ryerson and Susan Norton respectively. The film was originally scheduled to be released in cinemas on September 9, 2022, but was pushed back to April 21, 2023, before being pulled from Warner Bros. release schedule indefinitely. The film has been completed, with a running time released, for a release by Max in 2024.

Radio
The novel was adapted in the U.K. as a radio drama on BBC Radio 4 in 1995.

title: 'Salem's Lot


text:
Pascoal Mocumbi

Pascoal Manuel Mocumbi (10 April 1941 – 25 March 2023) was a Mozambican politician who served as Prime Minister from 1994 until 2004. His traditional name was Mahykete.

Education
Mocumbi was born on 10 April 1941, as the son of Manuel Mocumbi Malume and Leta Alson Cuhle. He began his studies at the Missão de Mocumbi (Mocumbi Mission), Inharrime district, Inhambane province, Portuguese East Africa, where he completed primary school, in 1952. He attended secondary school at the Liceu Salazar (Salazar High School), in Lourenço Marques (current day Maputo), between 1953 and 1960. From the end of the 1950s, Mocumbi was a board member of the Núcleo de Estudantes Secundários Africanos de Moçambique (NESAM).

By 1961, he was a founding member of the União Nacional dos Estudantes Moçambicanos (UNEMO) and, successively, General secretary and Vice-president of this student organisation. Having left for Lisbon, Mainland Portugal, he enrolled in the University of Lisbon's Medical School, in 1960 and 1961; subsequently, he left Portugal for political reasons, and enrolled in the University of Poitiers in France, where he stayed up until 1963.

In 1962, Mocumbi participated in the creation of Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO), in Tanzania, and he participated in the elaboration of their Statutes, Program and Resolutions. In 1963, for the cause of nationalist, he interrupted his studies and went to Tanzania, where he was designated member of Comité Central of FRELIMO and led the Department of Information and Propaganda of FRELIMO. From 1965 to 1967, he was the permanent representative of FRELIMO in Algeria.

In 1967, Mocumbi resumed his studies at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, where he graduated as doctor, in 1973. During his medicine studies he received training in nursing at the Cantonal University Hospital, which enabled him to work as a nurse and further his studies.

After concluding his studies, he worked in Switzerland, as Assistant Doctor at St. Loup Hospital from 1973 to 1975, having passed his internship (surgery, obstetrics, medicine and paediatrics). He had a Diploma in Sanitary Planning obtained in Dakar, Senegal, in 1975.

Medical career
Having returned to Mozambique, Mocumbi assumed Doctor's responsibilities in the Obstetrics-gynecology section of the Hospital Central of Maputo, at the same time that was Director of the Hospital José Macamo, from 1975 to 1976; Obstetrician-gynecologist of the Central Hospital of Beira, accumulating Chief Provincial Doctor's positions and Provincial Director of Health of Sofala, from 1976 to 1980.

During his career, Mocumbi participated, in the quality of Coordinator of the National Base in Beira, of the National campaign of Vaccinations, that culminated with the qualification of Mozambique for the eradication of measles. Between 1976 and 1979, he participated in the elaboration of the report about the Health in the World. OMS, 1978–79.

Political career
Mocumbi was called to be part of the Government of the Republic of Mozambique in 1980, having assumed the office of Minister of Health up to 1987. He dedicated a special interest to the maternal-infantile health, having given personal contribution, while Minister of health, for the creation of the nurses' maternal-infantile health basic level course. He also participated in the creation and training of the surgery technicians' course, a fact that contributed to improve the service of obstetric urgencies, as well as of the surgical urgencies, at national level. He was co-author of publications such as "Practical Obstetrics", of 1987, and "Interventions in Obstetrics", of 1992.

In 1987, Mocumbi assumed the office of Minister of the Foreign Affairs, a position in which he remained up to 1994. As holder of the diplomacy brief, he contributed enough to the neutralisation of the external factors of the destabilisation and normalisation of the relationships of Mozambique with the West, in the peace process then in course in the country. He gave a special contribution in the co-ordination of the Government's effort for the reconstruction, control of the inflation and economic growth, between 1994 and 1999.

Nominated by Mozambique's government, Mocumbi was among the five final candidates for the position of director-general of WHO in 2003, alongside Julio Frenk, Lee Jong-wook, Peter Piot and Ismail Sallam; the post eventually went to Lee.

Mocumbi left office in February 2004 in a government reshuffle.

Mocumbi was a founding member of FRELIMO and the National Liberation Veterans' Association. He was also member of the Associação Moçambicana of Health Public (AMOSAPU), of the Associação Moçambicana of Defense of the Family (AMODEFA) and of the Association of the Combatants of the Fight of National (ACLLN) Liberation.

Life after politics
Mocumbi had a special interest in the World Health Organization and AIDS. He was a strong supporter of the South African Malaria Initiative, launched in Pretoria, South Africa, by South African minister of science and technology Mosibudi Mangena. The initiative emphasises the need for wide-ranging partnerships to launch an attack on poverty and ill-health to stem the spread of disease. The South African Malaria Initiative was initiated in 2005 by the African Centre for Gene Technologies, a joint venture between the Universities of Pretoria and Witwatersrand, as well as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Africa's single biggest research organisation.

Between 2004 and 2013, Mocumbi served as the High Representative of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP).

Other activities

 * International Women’s Health Coalition (IWHC), Member of the Board (since 1995)
 * Medical Association of Mozambique, Member (since 1993)
 * Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Member of the Board of Directors (1999–2010)
 * WHO Task Forces on Health and Development (1990–1999)

Recognition
Mocumbi was awarded, nationally, the medals of "Trabalho Socialista", "20 Anos da FRELIMO", "Veterano da Luta de Libertação Nacional", and abroad, with other honours such as "Ordem Grande Cruzeiro do Sul" from Brazil, in 1992, and "Grau Cruz – Ordem de Bernardo O'Higgins" from Chile, in 1993.

Personal life and death
Mocumbi was married to Adelina Isabel Bernardino Paindane Mocumbi and was the father of six children. He was a Presbyterian. He spoke Cicopi, Citsonga, Portuguese, French, and English, and his hobbies were reading and jogging.

Mocumbi died on 25 March 2023, at the age of 81, after several years of poor health.

title: Pascoal Mocumbi


text: User talk:207.28.0.5

title: User talk:207.28.0.5


text:
List of rivers of Poland

Following is a list of rivers, which are at least partially, if not predominantly located within Poland.

Rivers by length
For list of rivers in alphabetical order, please use table-sort buttons.

River system
Baltic Sea

 * Oder (Odra)
 * Warta
 * Ner
 * Noteć
 * Drawa
 * Obra
 * Prosna
 * Widawka
 * Nysa Łużycka
 * Bóbr
 * Cegielinka
 * Diabelnica
 * Nysa Kłodzka
 * Świniec
 * Niemica
 * Wołcza
 * Stuchowska Struga
 * Rega
 * Parsęta
 * Wieprza
 * Słupia
 * Łeba
 * Reda
 * Pasłęka

Baltic Sea
 * Vistula (Wisła)
 * Wda
 * Brda
 * Drwęca
 * Bzura
 * Narew
 * Wkra
 * Bug
 * Biebrza
 * Pilica
 * Wieprz
 * San
 * Złota
 * Wisłok
 * Wisłoka
 * Nida
 * Dunajec
 * Poprad

title: List of rivers of Poland


text:
Khin Nyunt

Khin Nyunt (born 23 October 1939)  is a retired Burmese army general widely recognized for his influential role in shaping Myanmar's political dynamics. Serving as the Chief of Intelligence and Prime Minister of Myanmar from 25 August 2003 to 18 October 2004, he played a crucial part in the nation's history. During his tenure, Khin Nyunt oversaw significant developments in Myanmar's intelligence and apparatus and government policies. He was instrumental in implementing reforms aimed at modernizing intelligence operations and promoting national security interests. However his leadership faced challenges, and he was eventually removed from power in 2004 amid political reshuffles within the ruling military junta. Despite his removal from office, Khin Nyunt's legacy continued to be debated, with some viewing him as a reformist figure and others critiquing his approach to governance.

Born on 23 October 1939 in Kyauktan Township, near Rangoon (now Yangon), His early life was marked by a unique cultural heritage. Hailing from a family of Burmese Chinese descent, his parents were Hakkas from Meixian, Meizhou, Guangdong, China. Khin Nyunt played a significant role in Myanmar's political landscape. Khin Nyunt graduated from the 25th batch of the Officers Training School, Bahtoo, in 1960, after he dropped out of Yankin College in the 1950's, forging a path that would intertwine with intelligence operations and key political roles. His military career led him to the position of Chief of Intelligence, where he played a crucial role in the country's internal security. His political journey reached its pinnacle when he assumed the office of Prime Minister of Myanmar on 25 August 2003, succeeding Senior General Than Shwe. However, his tenure was short-lived, lasting until 18 October 2004. As Prime Minister, Khin Nyunt faced challenges and controversies, including the proposal of a seven-point roadmap to democracy, criticized for its perceived lack of clarity and military involvement. His leadership oversaw the recalling of the suspended National Convention, influencing Myanmar's political trajectory. Dismissed from power on 18 October 2004 amid internal military struggles, Khin Nyunt faced corruption charges and received a 44-year prison sentence. Released from house arrest on 13 January 2012, he entered a new phase, establishing a presence in Mayangone Township with a coffee shop, art gallery, and souvenir shop.

Early life and education

Khin Nyunt was born on 23 October 1939, in Kyauktan Township, near Rangoon (now Yangon). He is of Burmese Chinese descent, with parents who were Hakkas from Meixian, Meizhou, Guangdong, China.

Khin Nyunt graduated from the 25th batch of the Officers Training School, Bahtoo in 1960, after dropping out of Yankin College in the late 1950s.

Political career
After his military career, he was ordered back to Rangoon in 1984 after an attack on a visiting South Korean delegation. Twenty-one people, including three South Korean cabinet ministers, died during the attack, which occurred on 9 October 1983 and was perpetrated by terrorists sent from North Korea. Khin Nyunt was then appointed Chief of Intelligence. From the mid-1980s to the late 1990s Khin Nyunt was considered to be a protégé of General Ne Win, who supposedly retired from politics in 23 July 1988 but who is thought to have continued to be an influential figure behind the scenes until about the late 1990s.

The 1988 uprising that occurred from March to September 1988 was quelled by the military when the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) was formed on 18 September 1988. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) was renamed as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) in 15 November 1997, and Khin Nyunt was appointed as its first secretary (Secretary −1), a post which he held until his appointment as Prime Minister in 25 August 2003.

Shortly after Khin Nyunt was appointed as Prime Minister, he announced a seven-point roadmap to democracy on 30 August 2003; this roadmap was heavily criticized by the Burmese opposition as well as by many foreign governments especially Western ones as it envisaged a permanent military participation in the government. The so-called 'systematic and step-by-step implementation of the road-map to democracy' also contained no time-line.

The first 'step' of the road map was the recalling of the suspended National Convention which first met in January 1993. The NC was supposed to 'lay down' the basic principles for a new Constitution. The NC met sporadically until the approval of a new constitution in 2008 by what many observers considered the rigged 2008 constitutional referendum.

Prime Minister
After Khin Nyunt's appointment as Prime Minister of Myanmar, his role in the government gave rise to some hope and speculation that there might be some 'liberalization', as Khin Nyunt was considered a moderate pragmatist who saw the need of a dialogue with the democratic opposition. The SPDC Chairman Senior General Than Shwe and his deputy, Vice-Senior General Maung Aye, were seen as hardliners who opposed any relaxation of the military's iron grip of the country.

Controversy
From 1988 until his purge in 2004, Khin Nyunt oversaw the arrest of around 10,000 people. Many were subjected to torture and farcical trials that resulted in decades-long prison sentences. Dozens of his military intelligence units harassed, intimidated and detained opposition activists. His military intelligence units infiltrated almost every organization in the country and maintained networks of spies in almost every neighbourhood. Their agents were placed in customs, immigration and police departments, and officers military intelligence even monitored other senior military officials, including top generals.

Khin Nyunt was instrumental in closing the universities, then reopening them after they had been relocated to remote, ill-equipped campuses where students could no longer organise protests or get a meaningful education.

Arrest and release
On 18 October 2004, in a one-sentence announcement signed by SPDC Chairman Than Shwe, Khin Nyunt was "permitted to retire on health grounds". However, he was immediately arrested and placed under protective custody.

Allegations of Khin Nyunt's corruption were officially made several days later. His dismissal and arrest were the result of a power struggle in which the junta's strongman, Than Shwe, successfully managed to clip the power of the "intelligence faction" of the Myanmar Armed Forces which Khin Nyunt led. Most of the Generals and military officers in the SPDC, like Senior General Than Shwe, did not want to negotiate with Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD).

On 5 July 2005, Khin Nyunt was tried by a Special Tribunal inside Insein Prison near Rangoon on various corruption charges. On 21 July 2005, he was sentenced to 44 years in prison, though it is believed that he is ostensibly serving his sentence under house arrest instead of in prison. His sons were also sentenced to 51 and 68 years respectively. It is unclear whether his wife was also indicted.

In July 2009, a video of Khin Nyunt at the home of former Burmese minister Brigadier-General Tint Swe, taken on 7 July 2009, was leaked to the public and there have been reports that Khin Nyunt and his wife have been able to travel outside their home on occasion, since March 2008. In December 2010, another 16-minute video of Khin Nyunt meeting with the Chief of Police Khin Yi and other senior police officers was circulated on YouTube.

Khin Nyunt's brother-in-law was Than Nyein, a long-term political prisoner under military regime and founder of National Democratic Force Party, who died of lung cancer in Yangon on 21 May 2014. Tin Htut, his son in law, has been in prison since October 2004. Khin Nyunt was released from house arrest on 13 January 2012 by the order of President Thein Sein.

Later life
After his release from house arrest, Khin Nyunt resettled in a villa in Mayangone Township. There, he established a coffee shop, art gallery, and a souvenir shop featuring items like wood carvings for tourists. On 2 March 2015, Khin Nyunt published a 657-page autobiography, providing insights into various aspects of his life. On 5 December 2021, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, the current Commander-in-Chief of the Tatmadaw, visited Khin Nyunt's home. It has been reported that the former general is facing health challenges, specifically from Alzheimer's disease.

Personal life
Khin Nyunt is married to Khin Win Shwe, a medical doctor, and has a daughter, Thin Le Le Win, two sons, Lieutenant Colonel Zaw Naing Oo and Dr. Ye Naing Wynn, a doctor and entrepreneur who owns Aroma Gourmet Concepts Ltd, a pioneer of coffee culture in Myanmar since 1998 and Bagan Cybertech, one of the earliest internet service providers in Myanmar, as well as various café, apparel and sportswear chains. He reportedly has seven grandchildren, some of which are doctors and a few are said to be studying overseas.

title: Khin Nyunt


text:
Boiling frog

The boiling frog is an apologue describing a frog being slowly boiled alive. The premise is that if a frog is put suddenly into boiling water, it will jump out, but if the frog is put in tepid water which is then brought to a boil slowly, it will not perceive the danger and will be cooked to death. The story is often used as a metaphor for the inability or unwillingness of people to react to or be aware of sinister threats that arise gradually rather than suddenly.

While some 19th-century experiments suggested that the underlying premise is true if the heating is sufficiently gradual, according to modern biologists the premise is false: changing location is a natural thermoregulation strategy for frogs and other ectotherms, and is necessary for survival in the wild. A frog that is gradually heated will jump out. Furthermore, a frog placed into already boiling water will die immediately, not jump out.

As metaphor
The boiling frog story is generally offered as a metaphor cautioning people to be aware of even gradual change lest they suffer eventual undesirable consequences. It may be invoked in support of a slippery slope argument as a caution against creeping normality. It is also used in business to reinforce that change needs to be gradual to be accepted. The term "boiling frog syndrome" is a metaphor used to describe the failure to act against a problematic situation which will increase in severity until reaching catastrophic proportions. It thereby encapsulates the barely noticeable impact of slow environmental degradation that has been described by Daniel Pauly as shifting baselines.

The story has been retold many times and used to illustrate widely varying viewpoints: in 1960 about warning against those who wished for detente during the Cold War; in 1980 about the impending collapse of civilization anticipated by survivalists; in the 1990s about inaction in response to climate change and staying in abusive relationships. It has also been used by libertarians to warn about the slow erosion of civil liberties.

In the 1996 novel The Story of B, environmentalist author Daniel Quinn spends a chapter on the metaphor of the boiling frog, using it to describe human history, population growth and food surplus. Pierce Brosnan's character Harry Dalton mentioned it in the 1997 disaster movie Dante's Peak in reference to the accumulating warning signs of the volcano's reawakening. Al Gore used a version of the story in a New York Times op-ed, in his presentations and the 2006 movie An Inconvenient Truth to describe ignorance about global warming. In the movie version the frog is rescued before it is harmed. This use of the story was referenced by writer/director Jon Cooksey in the title of his 2010 comedic documentary How to Boil a Frog.

Law professor and legal commentator Eugene Volokh commented in 2003 that regardless of the behavior of real frogs, the boiling frog story is useful as a metaphor, comparing it to the metaphor of an ostrich with its head in the sand. Economics Nobel laureate and New York Times op-ed writer Paul Krugman used the story as a metaphor in a July 2009 column, while pointing out that real frogs behave differently. Journalist James Fallows has been advocating since 2006 for people to stop retelling the story, describing it as a "stupid canard" and a "myth". After Krugman's column appeared, however, he declared "peace on the boiled frog front" and said that using the story is acceptable if the writer points out that it is not literally true.

In philosophy
In philosophy, the boiling frog story has been used as a way of explaining the sorites paradox. It describes a hypothetical heap of sand from which individual grains are removed one at a time, and asks if there is a specific point when it can no longer be defined as a heap.

Experiments and analysis
During the 19th century, several experiments were performed to observe the reaction of frogs to slowly heated water. In 1869, while doing experiments searching for the location of the soul, German physiologist Friedrich Goltz demonstrated that a frog that has had its brain removed will remain in slowly heated water, but an intact frog attempted to escape the water when it reached 25 °C.

Other 19th-century experiments were purported to show that frogs did not attempt to escape gradually heated water. An 1872 experiment by Heinzmann was said to show that a normal frog would not attempt to escape if the water was heated slowly enough, which was corroborated in 1875 by Fratscher.

In 1888, William Thompson Sedgwick said that the apparent contradiction between the results of these experiments was a consequence of different heating rates used in the experiments: "The truth appears to be that if the heating be sufficiently gradual, no reflex movements will be produced even in the normal frog; if it be more rapid, yet take place at such a rate as to be fairly called 'gradual', it will not secure the response of the normal frog under any circumstances". Goltz had raised the temperature of the water from 17.5 °C to 56 °C in about ten minutes, or 3.8 °C per minute, in his experiment, whereas Heinzmann heated the frogs over the course of 90 minutes from about 21 °C to 37.5 °C, a rate of less than 0.2 °C per minute. Edward Wheeler Scripture recounted this conclusion in The New Psychology (1897): "a live frog can actually be boiled without a movement if the water is heated slowly enough; in one experiment the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002°C per second, and the frog was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without having moved."

Modern scientific sources report that the alleged phenomenon is not real. In 1995, Douglas Melton, a biologist at Harvard University, said, "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot—they don't sit still for you." George R. Zug, curator of reptiles and amphibians at the National Museum of Natural History, also rejected the suggestion, saying that "If a frog had a means of getting out, it certainly would get out." In 2002, Victor H. Hutchison, a retired zoologist at the University of Oklahoma with a research interest in thermal relations of amphibians, said that "The legend is entirely incorrect!" He described how a critical thermal maximum for many frog species has been determined by contemporary research experiments: as the water is heated by about 2 °F (about 1 °C), per minute, the frog becomes increasingly active as it tries to escape, and eventually jumps out if it can.

title: Boiling frog


text:
Help talk:Protection

A "short" while
The page says "With the exception of several pages which are permanently protected — namely those in the MediaWiki namespace which provide text for the user interface, system administration and copyright/license pages, and the Main Page, which is highly visible, making it a vulnerable target for vandalism — you should be able to edit the page when it is unprotected in a short while."

This is not entirely true. For example, Brian Peppers will not be unprotected until at least 21 February 2007. I don't think this can be considered "a short while". The page should be updated to mention that there are some pages in the main namespace which are protected for a long time.

I understand the reason behind protecting that particular article, but I think Wikipedia is taking it too far by hiding the fact that the issue (and other similar issues) even exist. Jibjibjib 07:43, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

"Article" to "page"
Referring to the following sentence in this version: In the meantime, please feel free to discuss the changes you want to make on the talk page of the article in question." Many pages, such as MediaWiki and highly vulnerable pages in the WP namespace, are not in the namespace. Therefore, article should be changed to page.-- Ed  ¿Cómo estás? 03:16, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Made sense. ^ demon [omg plz] 04:25, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Question
Can one of you administrators add another shortcut? It's called Why are some pages protected?

High-risk templates
The page should mention that High-risk templates get long term protection. — Randall Bart (talk) 11:34, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Add iw
The Norwegian language page at no:Wikipedia:Denne siden er beskyttet. Nsaa 20:29, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Singapore
This page begins w/ something about "singapore"; had this person attempted to place a similar comment on a Singapore page? If so, maybe they could say "This is what I had wanted to say on that page,..."

Well, I wanted to comment @ talk : Jeff Garlin; but, that is blocked,...

 * What I had wanted to say:

signature
[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 04:09, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

On
Daily Show, did he say something about "Don't ever trust anything on wikipedia."?

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 04:09, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

The first part would be a signature reminder, partly that I do not want my comment to be mixed-into the previous comment.

The second part would be about what I had thought that I had heard.

Now, I've said it here because it is completely blocked.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 04:09, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Please do note that on the discussionpage there are no protectionlinks; further, the links on the primary page, in the protection-warning-box, are convoluted; there are no instructions, like, "While the page is protected, here is a place to store what you've written, so that you can add it in next week, or whenever the restrictions are loosened."

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 04:20, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

I've located the timestamps f/ two odd edits:

< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:This_page_is_protected&diff=130130237&oldid=129657753 >;

< http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:This_page_is_protected&diff=137536293&oldid=136290787 >.

Thank You,

[[ hopiakuta Please do  sign  your  signature  on your  message. %7e%7e  Thank You. -]] 12:45, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Today's featured article
This page says that today's featured article is protected indefinitely. However, both Today's featured article and the actual featured article are not protected, and (certainly in the latter case) this is on purpose. Shouldn't this be corrected? Fram (talk) 15:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC) kdaskl; —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.212.250.35 (talk) 05:46, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Until the beginning or end of the day?
2015 Mina stampede: "This article is currently protected from editing until October 13, 2015". What precisely does this mean, until October 13 starts, or up to and including October 13? I found the article protected at about 12UTC on 13 October; is that the way protection works or has someone forgotten? I'd suggest:
 * Option 1 (preferred): "This article is currently protected from editing until 0:00 [or 23:59] on October 13, 2015"
 * Option 2: the articles on protection and protection policy should clarify at what time on a given date protection expires. Pol098 (talk) 12:42, 13 October 2015 (UTC)
 * It's like that because someone didn't bother adding the time to the protection template. To be fair most people don't add the time; the template advises users to consult the protection log for further details. This information is available in two places: the page history, and the page log. The time of expiry is based on the time of protection. Most of the time it will be a round number of days. In this case it's going to expire at 23:21 UTC, precisely 3 days after it was protected. -- zzuuzz (talk) 13:02, 13 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That needs to be documented; I'll add a brief comment in this Help page, maybe it also belongs elsewhere. Pol098 (talk) 14:11, 13 October 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 October 2019
"Wikipedia:Protection" doesn’t redirect here. 2605:8D80:480:6B31:4964:A141:33DB:9299 (talk) 22:06, 2 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Yes check.svg Done Hatnote changed. Sceptre (talk) 22:13, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Important change
There's no reason anybody can just edit this except for admins --LolShadowIsSmurt (talk) 00:42, 6 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 00:54, 6 October 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 May 2024
add Wikipedia to article title 98.110.81.233 (talk) 02:56, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: You might be looking for Protection_policy RudolfRed (talk) 03:49, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Help talk:Protection


text:
Bernard Makuza

Bernard Makuza (born 30 September 1962) is a Rwandan politician who was Prime Minister of Rwanda from 8 March 2000 to 6 October 2011. He also served as President of the Senate of Rwanda from 14 October 2014 to 17 October 2019.

Background
Makuza's father was Anastase Makuza, who served as a minister during Grégoire Kayibanda's presidency. Like his father, Bernard Makuza attended Saint Léon Minor Seminary of Kabgayi.

Career
Makuza was a member of the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) before the party was dissolved on 14 April 2003 because of its history of promoting genocide ideology. Makuza resigned his membership in the MDR before being appointed prime minister. In 2006, during his term as prime minister, Makuza identified as belonging to no party.

Prime Minister
Makuza was the Rwandan Ambassador to Burundi and then Ambassador to Germany before being appointed as prime minister in March 2000. His appointment to the latter post by President Pasteur Bizimungu followed the resignation of Prime Minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, who had been heavily criticized in the Rwandan press and by some parliamentarians.

Makuza remained at the head of a new government named on March 8, 2008, which was composed of 21 ministers and six secretaries of state.

Senate
On 6 October 2011, President Kagame appointed Pierre Habumuremyi to replace Makuza as prime minister. Makuza was instead appointed to the Senate. In the Senate, Makuza served as Vice-President for Legislation and Government Oversight. He was subsequently elected as President of the Senate, with 25 out of 26 votes in favor and no opposing candidate, and sworn in on 14 October 2014.

title: Bernard Makuza


text:
1919 in Canada

Events from the year 1919 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – George V

Federal government

 * Governor General – Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire
 * Prime Minister – Robert Borden
 * Chief Justice – Louis Henry Davies (Prince Edward Island)
 * Parliament – 13th

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – Robert Brett
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Francis S. Barnard (until December 9) then Edward Gawler Prior
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – James Albert Manning Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – William Pugsley
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – MacCallum Grant
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – John Strathearn Hendrie (until November 20) then Lionel Herbert Clarke
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Augustine Colin Macdonald (until July 16) then Murdock MacKinnon (from September 2)
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Charles Fitzpatrick
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Richard Stuart Lake

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Charles Stewart
 * Premier of British Columbia – John Oliver
 * Premier of Manitoba – Tobias Norris
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Walter Foster
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – George Henry Murray
 * Premier of Ontario – William Hearst (until November 14) then Ernest Drury
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Aubin Arsenault (until September 9) then John Howatt Bell
 * Premier of Quebec – Lomer Gouin
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – William Melville Martin

Commissioners

 * Gold Commissioner of Yukon – George P. MacKenzie
 * Commissioner of Northwest Territories – William Wallace Cory

January to June

 * January 19 – Canadian troops take part in the Battle of Shenkursk, part of the Russian Civil War.
 * February 17 – Wilfrid Laurier, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and former prime minister of Canada, dies in office.
 * April 17 – New Brunswick women are permitted to vote.
 * April 10 – The Quebec referendum on the prohibition of alcohol.
 * May 3 – Yukon women are permitted to vote.
 * May 15 – June 25 – Winnipeg General Strike of 1919.
 * May 22 – The House of Commons passes the Nickle Resolution.
 * June – Rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bronc chute is designed and made by rodeo cowboy Earl W. Bascom at the Bascom Ranch in Lethbridge, Alberta
 * June 6 – The government-owned Canadian National Railway is formed out of a number of financially troubled private railways.
 * June 28 – Canada signs the Treaty of Versailles, formally ending the First World War

July to December

 * September 1 – Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, opens the third session of the 13th Canadian Parliament
 * September 6 – George-Étienne Cartier Monument unveiled
 * September 9 – John Howatt Bell becomes premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing Aubin Arsenault.
 * October 20 – Ontario election: Ernest C. Drury's United Farmers of Ontario win a majority, defeating Sir William Hearst's Conservatives.
 * November 14 – Ernest Drury becomes premier of Ontario, replacing Sir William Hearst.

Full date unknown

 * Influenza epidemic in Alberta.
 * Monument aux braves de N.D.G. unveiled

Arts and literature

 * February 27 – Robert Harris, Canadian painter (b. 1848)

Sport

 * December 22 – Toronto Arenas become the Toronto St. Patricks
 * March 19–22 – Ontario Hockey Association's University of Toronto Schools win the first Memorial Cup by defeating the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association's Regina Pats 29–8 in a two-game aggregate at the Arena Gardens in Toronto

January to June

 * January 13 – Igor Gouzenko, Russian defector (d. 1982)
 * January 23 – Frances Bay, actress (d. 2011)
 * February 17 – J. M. S. Careless, historian (d. 2009)
 * February 20
 * Thomas Ide, educator and the founding Chairman of TVOntario (d. 1996)
 * Joe Krol, Canadian football player (d. 2008)
 * March 21 – Victor Copps, politician and Mayor of Hamilton (d. 1988)
 * March 26 – Vernon Singer, politician (d. 2003)
 * April 16 – Louis Harrington Lewry, politician and reporter (d. 1992)
 * April 21 – William Perehudoff, painter (d. 2013)
 * May 27 – Francess Halpenny, editor and professor (d. 2017)
 * May 29 – Jacques Genest, physician and academic (d. 2018)
 * June 18 – Gordon A. Smith, artist and teacher (d. 2020)
 * June 19
 * Gérard Dionne, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020)
 * Simon Reisman, civil servant and chief negotiator of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (d. 2008)
 * June 21 – Gérard Pelletier, journalist, editor, politician and Minister (d. 1997)

July to December

 * July 5 – Gordon Towers, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta (d. 1999)
 * August 1 – Jack Butterfield, President of the American Hockey League (1969–1994) (d. 2010)
 * August 9 – Edmund Hockridge, singer and actor (d. 2009)
 * August 19 – Margaret Marquis, Canadian-American actress (d. 1993)
 * August 21 – Marcel Lambert, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (d. 2000)
 * September 1 – Gladys Davis, professional baseball player (d. 1991)
 * September 11 – Daphne Odjig, artist (d. 2016)
 * October 12 – Gilles Beaudoin, politician and mayor of Trois-Rivières (d. 2007)
 * October 17 – Violet Milstead, World War II aviator and bush pilot (d. 2014)
 * October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, politician and 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
 * November 1 – Russell Bannock, aviator and test pilot (d. 2020)
 * November 14 – Albert Ludwig, politician (d. 2019)
 * November 21 – Eleanor Collins, jazz singer (d. 2024)
 * December 10 – Vincent Brassard, politician (d. 1974)
 * December 25 – Paul David, cardiologist and founder of the Montreal Heart Institute (d. 1999)

Deaths

 * January 30 – Sam Steele, soldier and member of the North-West Mounted Police (b. 1849)
 * February 17 – Wilfrid Laurier, politician and 7th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1841)
 * July 29 – Frederick Peters, lawyer, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (b. 1851)
 * August 18 – Joseph E. Seagram, distillery founder, politician, philanthropist and racehorse owner (b. 1841)
 * October 14 – Simon Hugh Holmes, publisher, lawyer, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1831)
 * November 10 – Charles Mickle, politician (b. 1849)
 * November 11 – George Haddow, politician and merchant (b. 1833)
 * December 10 – Arthur Boyle, politician (b. 1842)
 * December 29 – William Osler, physician (b. 1849)

Historical documents
Canada and other dominions demand full status in League of Nations

J.W. Dafoe hears about Canadian researchers whose weapon helped to end First World War

Getting soldiers from France to England to Canada and their dispersal stations for discharge

Returning veteran longs for home, especially to escape English hostility and disdain

Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment vocational officer reports 30% of trainees not prepared enough to get jobs, and 60% won't keep jobs

Film: tractor use on farm and roadwork

Film: highlights of tour by Edward, Prince of Wales to Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Ontario

Prince of Wales makes very successful postwar visit to Regina (Note: racial stereotypes)

Chronic illness resulting from influenza epidemic includes "Great White Plague" of tuberculosis

Debate on creation of federal health ministry brings up infant mortality, tuberculosis and venereal disease as well as influenza

Newspaper published "in the interest of the Citizens" opposes Winnipeg General Strike

Solicitor-General says legislation against sedition targets "insidious agencies of crime and revolt," not Winnipeg General Strike

Editorial insists Winnipeg General Strike leaders rightly charged with sedition, and trial will decide their guilt or innocence

Indictment for seditious libel against J.S. Woodsworth quotes his newspaper's coverage of police attack on Winnipeg General Strikers

Royal commission reports on causes and events of Winnipeg General Strike

Alberta labour leader reports on convention discussing discrimination at home and internationalism abroad

Communist Party of Canada program calls for rejection of reform in favour of revolution

Professor says chemistry graduates will keep leaving Canada until domestic chemical industry is induced to exploit their research talent

Stern warnings and instruction from Saskatoon Fire Department to combat "national disgrace of fire waste"

Boy Scouts provide courier service after Maritimes storm breaks telegraph connection between Western and Eastern Hemispheres

Opinion and possible legislation supports Canadian content in film-making

title: 1919 in Canada


text:
User talk:Hoodz

Hello Hoodz, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 20:21, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Please do not vandalize or your account will be blocked. Dori | Talk 20:47, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hoodz


text:
User talk:Waimingl

Hello Waimingl, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 20:21, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Waimingl


text:
User talk:Chrisa~enwiki

Hello Chrisa, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 20:22, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chrisa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chrisa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:04, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:35, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisa~enwiki


text:
User talk:AlexM~enwiki

Hello Alex, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 20:22, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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title: User talk:AlexM~enwiki


text:
User talk:MichelleP

Hello Michelle, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 20:22, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichelleP


text:
User talk:Dipset

Hello Dipset, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela

Please stop vandalising Their Eyes Were Watching God or you may be temporarily suspended from editing. Angela. 20:25, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

If you vandalize again, your account will be blocked. Dori | Talk 20:33, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dipset


text:
Theo-Ben Gurirab

Theo-Ben Gurirab (23 January 1938 – 14 July 2018) was a Namibian politician who served in various senior government positions. He served as the second Prime Minister of Namibia from 28 August 2002 to 20 March 2005, following the demotion and subsequent resignation of Hage Geingob. Previously he was the country's first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1990 to 2002, and was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1999 to 2000. He was Speaker of the National Assembly of Namibia from 2005 to 2015, when he was replaced by Peter Katjavivi. Gurirab ultimately resigned from politics in 2015.

Early life and education
Gurirab was born on 23 January 1938 in Usakos in the Erongo Region. In 1960 he obtained a teaching diploma from the Augustineum Training College in Okahandja, and in 1964 while in exile in the United States he graduated with a degree in political science from Temple University in Pennsylvania.

Political career
Gurirab was in exile from 1962 to 1989. He fled first to Tanganyika, where he won a United Nations study fellowship and relocated to the United States. He was Associate Representative of the SWAPO Mission to United Nations and United States from 1964 to 1972, then Head of the SWAPO Mission to the United Nations from 1972 to 1986. Subsequently he was SWAPO's Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1986 to 1990.

He was a SWAPO member of the Constituent Assembly which was in place from November 1989 to March 1990, immediately prior to independence, and the "key drafter" of Namibia's Constitution. From 1990 to 2015 he was a member of the National Assembly, and he also served on the Central Committee and Politburo of SWAPO. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from independence in 1990 until he was appointed as Prime Minister by President Sam Nujoma on 27 August 2002, replacing Hage Geingob.

While serving as Foreign Minister, he was elected as the President of the United Nations General Assembly on 14 September 1999, serving in that position until September 2000. Among Gurirab's achievements at the UN was chairing the negotiations that brought about the reintegration of Walvis Bay into Namibian territory, in fulfilment of Security Council resolution 432.

Following the 2004 election, Gurirab was elected as Speaker of the National Assembly at the beginning of the new parliamentary term on 20 March 2005.

He received the sixth highest number of votes—377—in the election to the Central Committee of SWAPO at the party's August 2002 congress. He was again one of the highest scoring candidates in the election to the Central Committee at SWAPO's November 2007 congress.

From 2008 to 2011, Gurirab was the President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), an international organisation of parliaments of sovereign states.

Gurirab was re-elected to the National Assembly in the November 2009 parliamentary election, in which SWAPO retained a large majority of seats. When the MPs took their seats for the new parliamentary term on 19 March 2010, they unanimously re-elected Gurirab to his post as Speaker of the National Assembly. Speaking on that occasion, Guiriab stressed the importance of the Constitution: "As one of its authors, and among the longest serving public officials, and founders of our Republic, I know of the highest vision the Constitution provides for Namibia, as well as the promise of national unity, reconciliation, democracy, the rule of law, human dignity, socio-economic emancipation and the commitment to protect the gains of our long and bitter struggle for liberation and independence."

In late August 2014, when SWAPO chose its list of parliamentary candidates for the November 2014 general election, Gurirab was not on the list. When the National Assembly began meeting for its new term on 20 March 2015, Gurirab was succeeded as Speaker by Peter Katjavivi.

Death
Gurirab died at a Windhoek hospital on 14 July 2018 of natural causes. He is buried at Heroes' Acre.

Awards

 * 1999: Doctorate of Law honoris causa, University of Namibia
 * Order of the Sun First Class
 * since 2002: member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation
 * 2000: Honorary Professorship of Foreign Affairs, China Foreign Affairs University, Beijing. Gurirab was only the third foreigner to be bestowed with this title.
 * 2000: Founding member of the Olympic Truce Foundation in Athens
 * 2011: Honorary President of the IPU

title: Theo-Ben Gurirab


text:
Hama Amadou

Hama Amadou (born 1950 ) is a Nigerien politician who was Prime Minister of Niger from 1995 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2007. He was also Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD-Nassara) from 1991 to 2001 and President of the MNSD-Nassara from 2001 to 2009. Amadou is from the Kurtey, a Fula sub-group, and was raised in the Tillaberi Region, in the Niger River valley, north of Niamey.

Following corruption allegations against his government, he was removed from office as Prime Minister through a 2007 no-confidence vote in the National Assembly. In 2008, he became the target of a corruption investigation which saw him arrested to face criminal charges at the Nigerien High Court of Justice and removed from his post as MNSD President.

From 2011 to 2014, Amadou was President of the National Assembly of Niger. He was elected to that post as an ally of President Mahamadou Issoufou, but in 2013 he went into opposition. He fled Niger in August 2014 to escape arrest on charges related to a baby-trafficking investigation. Upon those charges, Amadou was sentenced to one year in prison, in March 2017, by the Niamey Court of Appeals. Amadou was tried in absentia, since he was exiled in France.

Under Kountché and Saibou
During the regime of Seyni Kountché, Amadou was Director-General of the Office of Radio Broadcasting and Television of Niger (ORTN) from 1983 to 1985 and became Director of the Cabinet in 1985. Following Kountché's death, Amadou was named Minister of Information under his successor, Ali Saibou, on 15 July 1988, serving until 20 December 1989.

Third Republic
At an MNSD congress held in November 1991, Amadou was elected as its Secretary-General, while Tandja Mamadou was elected as the President of the MNSD.

Amadou was elected to the National Assembly in the February 1993 parliamentary election as an MNSD candidate in Niamey.

In another election held in January 1995, an opposition alliance, primarily composed of the MNSD and the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS), won a majority of seats, resulting in cohabitation between the government, led by Amadou, and President Mahamane Ousmane. Initially, the parliamentary majority put forward Amadou as its sole candidate for the position of prime minister, rather than submit three candidates from which Ousmane would choose the prime minister. Ousmane rejected this and appointed Amadou Cissé, also an MNSD member, as prime minister, but the parliamentary majority would not accept Cissé. Ousmane backed down and appointed Amadou as prime minister after two weeks, on 21 February 1995. Amadou and Ousmane came into sharp conflict with one another, and the political system became paralyzed by the dispute. Beginning in April 1995, Ousmane refused to attend meetings of the Council of Ministers; Amadou replaced parastatal managers in July despite Ousmane's objections, and Amadou attempted to assume the presidential role with regard to the Council of Ministers.

Under Maïnassara
On 27 January 1996, a military coup led by Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara ousted both Amadou and Ousmane, and they were both placed under house arrest for several months.

On 2 January 1998, Amadou was arrested for allegedly leading a plot to assassinate Maïnassara. He was released on bail on 8 January, but was charged with forming an illegal militia. Amadou denied the charge and said that the arrest was political harassment and a means to distract the people.

Fourth Republic
Maïnassara was assassinated in an April 1999 coup, and new elections were held in late 1999. The MNSD's presidential candidate, Tandja Mamadou, won the presidential election. In the parliamentary election, held in November, the MNSD again won the largest number of seats, and through an alliance with Ousmane's party, the Democratic and Social Convention (CDS-Rahama), it held a majority in the new parliament.

Amadou was again elected to the National Assembly in the 1999 parliamentary election as an MNSD candidate from Niamey, but left his seat to become Prime Minister on 3 January 2000. On this occasion he told the deputies of the National Assembly that Niger faced a "disastrous" financial situation and that "the coffers are absolutely empty", asking them to temporarily go without their salaries as deputies.

As President of Niger, Tandja had to give up his position as President of the MNSD. Hamidou Sékou acted as interim president of the party until Amadou, who was until that point the party's Secretary-General, was elected as President of the MNSD on 21 December 2001.

While Amadou was campaigning for the July 2004 municipal elections, the helicopter in which he was travelling reportedly crashed on 14 July 2004 at Magaria in eastern Niger. Amadou survived the crash. He refused to rely on UN food aid in 2005, stating that the harvest was enough and that such aid was an insult to Niger's dignity.

2007 no-confidence vote
Amadou's government lost a no-confidence vote on 31 May 2007, with 62 deputies out of 113 deputies in favor of the motion. The vote was prompted by allegations of corruption regarding embezzled funds that had been intended for education. Although supported by the MNSD deputies, two other groups, including the CDS, joined the opposition Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS) to form a majority against the government. Amadou submitted his government's resignation immediately afterward; he called the vote an "expression of democracy" while also noting that the government had survived past no-confidence votes.

As a result of the no-confidence vote, President Tandja Mamadou had the choice of naming a new prime minister or calling new elections. He named Seyni Oumarou, one of three candidates selected by parliament, as prime minister on 3 June; Oumarou had previously been part of Amadou's government as Minister of State for Equipment.

2008 corruption charges
Amadou retained his post as President of MNSD-Nassara, but in 2008 faced another challenge. The Gendarmerie Nationale of Niger opened another investigation into the former prime minister, this time on charges he had embezzled 100 million CFA (Euros152,500) of foreign aid for independent press and communications development during the 2000 to 2006 period. Subsequent High Court investigations reduced the alleged amount by two-thirds. Mamadou Tandja called a special session of the National Assembly on 14 June 2008 to examine the case, as all sitting members of parliament hold immunity from prosecution. While the men had previously been close political allies, with Amadou seen as Tandja's chosen successor, their relationship had deteriorated during Amadou's years in office, and it was rumoured that the two had become rivals. Amadou publicly claimed that the charges were a "political plot" by portions of his own party. Amadou faced both a jail term and the loss of his right to hold political office in Niger if convicted.

A 14-member special panel examined the charges, and passed censure motions to the National Assembly; after over 24 hours of debate, the National Assembly voted 72 to 28 to strip Amadou of his immunity and passed the case on to the Nigerien High Court of Justice. On 26 June 2008, Amadou was arrested, and later transported to the civil prison at Koutoukaté, north of Niamey. His first appearance before the commission d'instruction of the High Court was pushed back from 29 July to 6 August 2008, at which time his request for release on bail was rejected by Bouba Mahamane, the procureur général of the High Court. In early August 2008 Zinder and Tillaberi sections of the MNSD proposed that Amadou be removed as party President. Amadou, his legal team, and his remaining supporters with the MNSD-Nassara charged the President and the government with inventing these charges to prevent Amadou from standing as a presidential candidate in the December 2009 election. They pointed to the removal of two of his political allies, Amadou Sala and Omar Hamidou Tchiana, from high political posts following Amadou's arrest.

Thousands of Amadou supporters protested his imprisonment at a rally in Niamey on 19 October 2008. Another pro-Amadou rally was planned for 26 October, but it was banned by the authorities.

Loss of MNSD leadership
Due to his imprisonment, Amadou designated Habi Mahamadou Salissou, the MNSD Secretary-General, as the party's Interim President. This decision was not accepted by Amadou's opponents in the party, who voted to instead install Hamidou Sékou as Interim President on 7 September 2008.

Despite ongoing support for Amadou from sections of the MNSD, especially from his political base in Tillabery, Amadou was stripped of the formal leadership of the ruling party in early 2009. A special congress of the MNSD-Nassara held in Zinder on 21 February 2009 elected Prime Minister Oumarou to succeed Amadou as MNSD President. Minister of the Interior Albadé Abouba was voted Secretary-General of the party, replacing Salissou. This result came after months of wrangling between pro-Tandja and pro-Amadou elements in the party that threatened to split the MNSD and saw pro-Amadou groups join opposition protests against a floated plan to extend Tandja's term beyond 2009.

Illness
Amadou was transferred from Koutoukalé prison to the National Hospital in Niamey in early March 2009, suffering from an unidentified illness, which the government stated was not life-threatening. Three weeks later, at the beginning of April, he was transferred back to prison, despite protests and a march by his supporters in Niamey, and legal action by his lawyers. Agence France-Presse reported that government medical experts brought to clear him for release back to prison had recommended he be transferred instead to a hospital in France, but were overruled. According to his wife, his poor health condition was related to low blood pressure and hypoglycaemia.

High Court trial and return to politics
Amadou's lawyers announced in April 2009 that the instruction and formation of the High Court of Justice was complete and they expected a trial to commence. The High Court is a provisional institution for the trial of political figures, overseen by the Supreme Court of Niger but formed from seven sitting deputies of the National Assembly of Niger. On 23 April 2009, the High Court of Justice ordered that Amadou be conditionally released for health reasons; in accordance with the High Court's decision, he was promptly released from prison after being detained for 10 months. Amadou complained that conditions in prison were poor and said that they should be improved.

Following his release, Amadou left Niger for medical treatment. Pointing to an inquiry that alleged Amadou held 15,000 shares in Ecobank, Nigerien authorities issued an international warrant for his arrest on 30 July 2009. Amadou spoke on Radio France Internationale on 31 July, deriding the corruption allegations as absurd: "Do you think someone is capable of stealing 16 billion CFA francs from the budget of Niger? If I had stolen 16 billion then why haven't the ministers who helped me steal it been named in the file?" He also said that Tandja simply wanted him imprisoned "for some reason or another".

Tandja was ousted in a February 2010 military coup, and a new junta initiated a transition to elections. Amadou returned from exile in France in March 2010 and created a new party, the Nigerien Democratic Movement (MDN). On 11 July 2010, he publicly announced his desire to stand as the MDN's candidate for the January 2011 presidential election and vowed to "fight as hard as I can to win power".

Placing third in the presidential election, Amadou then threw his support behind Mahamadou Issoufou, who had placed first. Issoufou prevailed in the second round. Amadou also won a seat in the 2011 parliamentary election, and he was elected as President of the National Assembly on 19 April 2011. The vote was nearly unanimous: there were 103 votes in favor and one vote against.

In 2013, Amadou joined the opposition to President Issoufou, although he remained in his post as President of the National Assembly. On 27 August 2014, the National Assembly's leadership, in response to a request from the government, decided to allow the arrest of Amadou, who was not present, in connection with an investigation into an illegal network trafficking infants from Nigeria. One of his wives had already been arrested. Within hours of the decision, Amadou fled to Burkina Faso. He had denounced the investigation, and his supporters argued that constitutionally he could only be arrested if his parliamentary immunity was removed through a vote of the National Assembly as a whole.

On 24 November 2014, the National Assembly elected Amadou Salifou to replace Hama Amadou as President of the National Assembly.

2016 presidential election
Amadou returned to Niger on 14 November 2015, planning to stand as a candidate in the 2016 presidential election, but he was immediately arrested upon arrival at the airport in Niamey. Although he was still in jail, he was cleared to stand as a presidential candidate by the Constitutional Court in January 2016. An appeals court refused Amadou's request to be released on 11 January. Speaking through his lawyer, Amadou said afterward that he was a political prisoner and would not pursue any further appeal.

Provisional results released on 26 February 2016 showed President Issoufou with about 48% of the vote, falling just short of a first round majority. Hama Amadou, still in jail, placed second with 17.8% of the vote. With no candidate winning an outright majority, a second round was planned to be held on 20 March 2016. Although Amadou received a much smaller percentage of the first round vote, most of the other major opposition candidates were expected to support him in the second round.

Speaking on behalf of COPA 2016, the opposition coalition supporting Amadou, Seyni Oumarou (who placed third and backed Amadou for the second round), announced on 8 March that the coalition was boycotting the vote and withdrawing its representatives from the electoral commission. Nevertheless, Amadou's lawyer said on 11 March that he would still be a candidate.

Subsequent events were dominated by Amadou's health problems. After a medical crisis in which he was said to have briefly lost consciousness, he was moved from the prison in Filingue to Niamey; he was then taken to Paris for treatment on 16 March. COPA again called for a boycott on 18 March.

The second round was held on 20 March 2016 amidst an opposition boycott. Given the boycott, results announced on 22 March showed an unsurprisingly large victory for President Issoufou, who was credited with 92.5% of the vote. COPA denounced the election as fraudulent and rejected the results, saying that Niger would "have no legitimate president" after Issoufou's first term ended. The Niamey Court of Appeal issued an order for the "provisional release" of Amadou on 29 March 2016, although by that point he had already been out of the country for nearly two weeks.

A year later, on 13 March 2017, Hama Amadou was sentenced to one year in prison for his alleged involvement in the scheme to sell infants from Nigeria. Amadou remained in France and was not present.

title: Hama Amadou


text:
Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane

Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane (born 6 October 1939 ) is a Gabonese politician who was Prime Minister of Gabon from 23 January 1999 to 20 January 2006. He was Mayor of Libreville, the capital, from 2008 to 2014.

Life and career
Ntoutoume Emane is a member of the Fang ethnic group from Estuaire Province. After working at the Ministry of Finance, Ntoutoume Emane was Personal Adviser to President Omar Bongo from 1976 to 1990. On 13 July 1977, he was appointed as Minister and Personal Adviser to the President, responsible for the coordination of the economic and financial affairs of the Presidency as well as civil and commercial aviation. He served as Minister of Civil and Commercial Aviation until 1984, then as Minister of Commerce and Consumer Affairs from 1984 to 1987. In 1990, he was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), defeating opposition leader Paul M'ba Abessole in the Libreville residential riding of Lalala. He was appointed to the government of Prime Minister Casimir Oyé-Mba on 25 March 1994 as Minister of State Control, Decentralization, Territorial Administration and Regional Integration, but he declined the position.

Ntoutoume Emane led negotiations with the opposition in 1994 that resulted in the Paris Accords. Standing as a PDG candidate in the fifth arrondissement of Libreville, he again defeated Mba Abessole in the December 1996 parliamentary election. He was appointed as Minister of State for the Land-Survey Register, Housing, Lodgings, Urban Affairs, and Spatial Planning in the government of Prime Minister Paulin Obame-Nguema on 28 January 1997. Although he had been passed over for the post of Prime Minister earlier in the 1990s, Ntoutoume Emane was appointed as prime minister in January 1999, after serving as the campaign manager for President Omar Bongo during his successful re-election campaign for the December 1998 presidential election. He won a seat from Libreville as a PDG candidate in the December 2001 parliamentary election. After seven years as prime minister, Ntoutoume Emane was replaced by Jean Eyeghe Ndong after Bongo was sworn in for another term in January 2006.

Ntoutoume Emane won a seat in the December 2006 parliamentary election, but on 31 March 2007 his victory was annulled by the Constitutional Court due to irregularities. New elections for his seat and others with invalidated results were planned, but Ntoutoume Emane decided not to participate in the re-vote, and Gisele Akoghé took his place as the PDG candidate.

In the April 2008 local elections, Ntoutoume Emane—a Vice-President of the PDG —headed the PDG list in the 5th arrondissement of Libreville, the capital. In the 5th arrondissement the PDG achieved its best result in Libreville, with 12 out of 16 councillors; however, the party fell short of an overall majority in the city with 42 out of 98 councillors. Ntoutoume Emane was presented by the PDG as its candidate for Mayor of Libreville, and on 23 May he was elected unopposed as Mayor for a five-year term. He received 84 votes; the remaining 14 votes were invalid.

At the PDG's 9th Ordinary Congress in September 2008, Ntoutoume Emane was named as one of two Honorary Vice-Presidents of the PDG.

Reacting to the inauguration of United States President Barack Obama on 20 January 2009, Ntoutoume Emane said the event fulfilled the dream of Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King Jr., and he said that he had read Obama's books. He expressed optimism that Obama "has the ambition and potential to foster a real momentum for development".

After the death of President Bongo on 8 June 2009, Ntoutoume Emane ordered the closure of all nightclubs and bars in Libreville to reflect a spirit of national mourning.

Following local elections held in December 2013, Ntoutoume Emane was succeeded as Mayor by Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda on 10 February 2014. He announced his resignation from the ruling PDG on 2 October 2015 and said that he was creating a new party, the Patriotic and Democratic Movement for the Refoundation of the Republic (Mouvement patriotique et démocratique pour la refondation de la République, MPDR).

title: Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane