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Talk:Papa John's

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 * List of pizza varieties by country — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.240.16.249 (talk) 05:53, 31 May 2018 (UTC)

3rd largest Pizza chain?
Both this article and Little Cesars say that they are the 3rd largest pizza chain in the US. Something isn't right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8805:4200:8e20:e860:9ba7:1a66:ef0a (talk) 20:51, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * This article's assertion is unsourced; the little caesars one has a source, which supports their claim - looks like pizza hut is number four. Much as it pains me to give a damn, I'll make the change... Cheers Girth Summit  (blether)  20:56, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * 2018 numbers has them at #4th. Here's an MSN "FoodNews" article. https://www.msn.com/en-us/foodanddrink/foodnews/the-top-10-pizza-chains-in-america/ar-BBKhlbg. P37307 (talk) 23:44, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 27 January 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: move to Papa John's. (closed by non-admin page mover) feminist🇺🇦 (talk) 08:11, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Papa John's Pizza → Papa Johns – New common name Mvcg66b3r (talk) 14:53, 27 January 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 17:59, 3 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. The new corporate branding does not have the apostrophe and the accepted common name has long been Papa Johns (previously Papa John's) anyway--Lahti213 (talk) 15:55, 27 January 2022 (UTC)
 *  Skeptical  (replaced with "Oppose" below) : The lack of an apostrophe may match the latest corporate marketing initiative, but where is the evidence that this is the WP:common name used by independent reliable sources? — BarrelProof (talk) 00:25, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Fair point. Taking a step back, as it’s commonly used (which is mostly be in conversation) I don’t think people distinguish much between no apostrophe and apostrophe. They use and hear the pronunciation. Given that, should we at least get the spelling (or punctuation?) right here? Also I noticed it was widely covered back in November (you can source many outlets online if you want). I thought it was quirky because I never realized there was an apostrophe before Lahti213 (talk) 03:22, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Per MOS:TM, if a company does something unusual that does not fit the ordinary way of writing things in English, we follow ordinary English unless the other styling is consistently followed in independent reliable sources. If the usage is mixed, we follow ordinary English. In this case the inclusion of an apostrophe is a very common form for the name of a restaurant or other establishment established by a particular (fictional or real) person. If a woman named Alice creates a restaurant, it would conventionally be called "Alice's Restaurant", not "Alices Restaurant" (which is a red link, because that's not what people would write as the name of the restaurant). The only way it might end up being called "Alices Restaurant" might be if it was some sort of grammatical trick to indicate that the restaurant involved more than one Alice. — BarrelProof (talk) 10:14, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per MOS:TM: The Google Ngram viewer shows that the apostrophe is usually included. As outlined above, that is the form that most closely resembles ordinary English formatting for a pizza shop founded by someone named Papa John. This is a posessive expression, not a plural. Moreover, their own website's title bar shows up as "Papa John's Pizza Delivery & Carryout – Best Deals on Pizza, Sides & More" and there are many other instances of "Papa John's Pizza" right on the front page of the company's own website, and the name of the company, "Papa John's International, Inc.", includes the apostrophe. In fact it looks like the company always includes the apostrophe when it refers to itself, except in its logo. I see "Papa John's Gift Cards" and "Join the Papa John's Team" and a footer that lists "Papa John's Pizza Stores in The United States", and "Papa John's Pizza Stores in Canada". — BarrelProof (talk) 11:09, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Got it, good points. Briefly, it’s not John’s restaurant, and since November reliable sources use no apostrophe (vs. the website/corporate gift cards/picture…but if those are also seen as relevant then it’s more because the company is still working through the change…the prominent pics have no apostrophe). Important we get this right!--Lahti213 (talk) 12:22, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It may not actually be John's restaurant anymore, but that is the way such establishments are typically referred to in English even when the original operators are no longer associated with the business. Indeed, an auto shop called "Mike's Auto Repair" may never have been owned by someone named Mike, but that is OK. The idea that the company is just too incompetent to remove apostrophes and the word "Pizza" from its own main website page is sad. Unless we determine that the less natural name is being used consistently in independent reliable sources (not just some sources, but the vast majority of them), we should leave this the way it is. An announcement of a rebranding campaign is not enough. Wikipedia is not an extension of corporate marketing, and in this case even the corporation is still using the current name and punctuation. — BarrelProof (talk) 15:14, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Support The name change was only a couple months ago and it will take a while for RS to catch up, but much like, say, Bojangles (restaurant) or Tim Hortons, the current apostrophe-less version is correct. 162 etc. (talk) 16:14, 28 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia follows the sources, we don't lead. If the company's own website hasn't "caught up", then it's too soon to move the article. Rreagan007 (talk) 01:32, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose for now. Their own website still has references to "Papa John's Pizza" and "Papa John's International". Rreagan007 (talk) 04:44, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Corporate website lists everything with an apostrophe, website browser title (what appears as the name in the tab) also retains the apostrophe.-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(ring-ring)  00:19, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Papa John's. Keep the apostrophe, but this is its clear common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:54, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Papa John's.--Ortizesp (talk) 00:51, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Papa John's per others. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 14:14, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Papa John's with the apostrophe. The company's own marketing still uses both, and everyone else spells it with the apostrophe. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 23:26, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Just to nitpick, this is definitely an exaggeration. For example, searching "Papa Johns" on Google News finds 6 pages of results (i.e. ~60 articles) from the last week (here's the first story that comes up, as an example). But the spelling with the apostrophe is more common in RS, and has WP:TITLETM on its side. Colin M (talk) 19:22, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

Headquarters is listed wrong
One part of this article says Papa John's HQ is (a) near Atlanta; another part says it's (b) near Louisville; another part says it's (c) both. What's true? a? b? c? Or is it (d) something else? It would be nice for the article to be correct and to agree with itself. TooManyFingers (talk) 21:35, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This source cited in the article states that Papa Johns has headquarters in both Atlanta and Louisville. 162 etc. (talk) 05:23, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Obviously, other sources say something different, or the conflicting information wouldn't be here. That's the point. TooManyFingers (talk) 06:26, 15 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've updated the article to clarify the two HQ situation. 162 etc. (talk) 15:21, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 15 September 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 17:03, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Papa John's → Papa Johns – Papa Johns updated their brand name to exclude the apostrophe, citing https://www.restaurantbusinessonline.com/marketing/papa-johns-ditches-apostrophe. This change should be implemented to follow the new brand name as of last year. Andrewwintl (talk) 20:11, 15 September 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Strong oppose. This is just repeating the proposal of six months ago (closed 1 March 2022), and the provided rationale has absolutely no relationship to Wikipedia policies and guidelines. Wikipedia is under no obligation to follow the lead of corporate advertising campaigns. — BarrelProof (talk) 03:35, 17 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per previous RM. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:52, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papa John's


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Landscaping

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following: Landscaping requires a certain understanding of horticulture and artistic design, but is not limited to plants and horticulture. Sculpting land to enhance usability (patio, walkways, ponds, water features) are also examples of landscaping being used. When intended as purely an aesthetic change, the term Ornamental Landscaping is used.
 * 1) Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape.
 * 2) Natural abiotic elements, such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water.
 * 3) Abstract elements, such as the weather and lighting conditions.

Often, designers refer to landscaping as an extension of rooms in your house (each one has a function). Outdoor spaces have a vast amount of flexibility as far as materials and function. It is often said the only limitation to outdoor space is one's imagination.

Understanding the land
Construction requires both study and observation, and the process varies in different parts of the world. Landscaping varies according to different regions. Therefore, normally local natural experts are recommended if it is done for the first time. Understanding of the site is one of the chief essentials for successful landscaping. Different natural features and phenomena, like the position of the sun, terrain, topography, soil qualities, prevailing winds, depth of the frost line, and the system of native flora and fauna must be taken into account. Sometimes the land is not fit for landscaping. In order to landscape it, the land must be reshaped to direct water for appropriate drainage. This reshaping of land is called grading. Sometimes in large landscaping projects for example, parks, sports fields and reserves soil may need to be improved by adding nutrients for growth of plants or turf, this process is called soil amelioration.

Removal of earth from the land is called cutting while when earth is added to the slope, it is called filling. Sometimes the grading process may involve removal of excessive waste (landfills), soil and rocks, so designers should take into account while in the planning stage.

Additional information
At the start, the landscaping contractor issues a statement which is a rough design and layout of what could be done with the land in order to achieve the desired outcome. Different pencils are required to make graphics of the picture. Landscaping has become more technological than natural, as few projects begin without bulldozers, lawnmowers, or chainsaws. Different areas have different qualities of plants. When growing new grass, it should ideally be done in the spring and the fall seasons to maximize growth and to minimize the spread of weeds. It is generally agreed that organic or chemical fertilizers are required for good plant growth. Some landscapers prefer to use mix gravel with rocks of varying sizes to add interest in large areas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Landscaping


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Snow Hill tunnel (London)

Snow Hill tunnel is a railway tunnel on the northern edge of the City of London which carries the up and down Snow Hill lines between City Thameslink and Farringdon stations. The tunnel runs beneath the Smithfield meat market and was constructed, using the cut-and-cover method, immediately prior to the building of the market. The tunnel opened on 1 January 1866.

History
Snow Hill tunnel was constructed by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) to connect its line from Herne Hill to the recently opened Metropolitan Railway's Widened Lines, south of Farringdon station. To the north-west, the Widened Lines in turn connected to the tracks of the Great Northern Railway at King's Cross, and the Midland Railway at St Pancras, via tunnels running beneath the two main line termini. Snow Hill tunnel thus provided the crucial link in the only north–south railway route through central London, enabling a number of main line railway companies to run cross-London passenger and goods services.

In 1871, an additional, eastwards tunnel was opened, which had connection to the Metropolitan Railway's tracks, enabling trains from the south to also serve Aldersgate (now Barbican) and Moorgate Street (now Moorgate) stations. The eastward curve also connected to an extensive Great Western Railway goods station beneath Smithfield market (now a car park). This Smithfield Curve (which had a very tight radius and could not be used by bogie stock) closed in 1916. The goods station, like those of the GNR, Midland Railway and the Metropolitan Railway, all located nearby, is no longer in use.

A station, also named Snow Hill, was opened in the tunnel in 1874, providing an interchange with the LC&DR's adjacent terminus at Holborn Viaduct station. Snow Hill station closed in 1916, although the tunnel remained in use for goods traffic until the end of the 1960s.

The tracks were lifted in 1971 and the tunnel was abandoned for fifteen years.

Revival
Works began in 1986 to bring the north–south route back into operation as part of the Thameslink route. New tracks were laid in 1988 and services reopened in 1990. Initially, it was expected that a new station would be built at the site, but this was transferred to what is now City Thameslink (originally called St Paul's Thameslink).

The southern end of the tunnel was originally adjacent to Holborn Viaduct station, with trains running on a viaduct between there and Blackfriars. As part of the Thameslink works, the viaduct was demolished and replaced with a new section of cut-and-cover tunnel running most of the way to Blackfriars, incorporating City Thameslink station. To provide clearance for the new tunnel below, road levels at the western end of Ludgate Hill and in the adjacent junction of Ludgate Circus were raised several feet.

title: Snow Hill tunnel (London)


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Seibal

Seibal, known as El Ceibal in Spanish, is a Classic Period archaeological site of the Maya civilization located in the northern Petén Department of Guatemala, about 100 km SW of Tikal. It was the largest city in the Pasión River region.

The site was occupied from the Preclassic Period through to the Terminal Classic, with a significant hiatus. The principal phase of occupation dates to the Late Preclassic (400 BC – AD 200), followed by a decline in the Early Classic (AD 200–600). Seibal experienced a significant recovery in the Terminal Classic immediately prior to its complete abandonment, reaching its second peak from about 830 to 890, with a population estimated at 8–10,000 people. The dates on the stelae at Seibal are unusually late, with monuments still being dedicated after the Classic Maya collapse had engulfed most of the Petén region. Many of Seibal's late monuments show artistic influence from central Mexico and from the Gulf Coast of Mexico.

The early history of the site is lost due to the catastrophic defeat of the polity in AD 735 by the nearby Petexbatun kingdom with its capital at Dos Pilas, resulting in the destruction of its earlier sculpted monuments. Seibal was reduced to being a vassal state until the destruction of the Petexbatun kingdom in the late 8th century AD. In AD 830 a new elite installed itself at the site with the arrival of Wat'ul Chatel from Ucanal to the east. This new arrival reinvigorated Seibal and allowed it to last to the dawn of the 10th century, well after the Classic Maya collapse had engulfed most of the region.

Etymology
Seibal is a corruption of the Spanish word ceibal, meaning "place where many ceiba trees grow". El Ceibal was the name of a lumber camp near the ruins at the time of their discovery. The change in spelling originated with a publication by Teoberto Maler in 1908, which used a German form with initial "s".

Location
Seibal is located on bluffs about 100 m above the Pasión River, a major tributary of the Usumacinta River. About 100 km downstream, the Pasión River joins with the Salinas River to form the Usumacinta, which flows northwards to the Gulf of Mexico. The site lies in the Petén department of northern Guatemala, 16 km east of the modern town of Sayaxché. Seibal lay 27 km east of the Late Classic city of Dos Pilas and 100 km south of Tikal. Lake Petén Itzá lies 60 km to the north of the ruins.

Seibal lies among tropical rainforest on a limestone plain that is intermittently hilly and flat.

Population
Surveys have revealed an average of 436 structures per square kilometer (1118 per square mile) in the site core, falling to 244 structures/km2 (626/square mile) in the periphery. At its height in the Late Preclassic, the population has been estimated at 1600 in the site core with a further 8000 dispersed through the periphery, to produce an estimated total population of almost ten thousand. In the Early Classic the population suffered a severe decline, population is estimated to have dropped to 34% of peak population. In the Late to Terminal Classic the population increased to 85% of its Late Preclassic level, an expansion that appears to have occurred rapidly and spread to all parts of the site, perhaps as the result of an influx of refugees arriving from other sites around AD 830. This was followed by a population crash to 14% of peak Preclassic population in the Early Postclassic (AD 900–1200) prior to the complete abandonment of the site.

Social Stratification
The social stratification of Seibal was that of priest-kings, as well as nobility and elites living in the main ceremonial center, with the common people living in the peripheries of the city. During the 1964-68 excavations, 34 of the 45 found burials were from the peripheral zone, showing the distribution of population by class.

Known rulers
All dates A.D.

History
The site was occupied by the Middle Preclassic, then declined from the Late Preclassic through to the Early Classic, with a renewed expansion in the Late to Terminal Classic before being completely abandoned.

Preclassic
Seibal was first settled around 900 BC in the Preclassic Period. It reached its peak population in the Late Preclassic around 200 BC, at the end of the Cantuse ceramic phase (300-200 CE). Ceramics from the deep Middle Preclassic levels at Seibal belong to the little-known Real/Xe phase, found in the western Petén region. A cruciform Olmec-style cache consisting of a bloodletter and jade celts is similar to those found in the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast of Mexico, and the artifacts were probably manufactured at La Venta. This cache dates to approximately 900 BC. After the Real/Xe complex, came the Escoba period, dating to approximately 600CE-300CE. The ceramics between these two periods are similar, but Escoba ceramics are more extensive and stratigraphically separated. There is also evidence during this time of the population increase that would peak at the end of the Cantutse period.

The earliest settlement in the Middle Preclassic was mostly confined to Group A. After 300 BC, in the Late Preclassic, settlement expanded to include Group D. During this period, there is evidence of ceremonial structures being built both in Group A and D.

By the end of the Late Preclassic (or Protoclassic), Seibal experienced an unexplained decline in population.

Early Classic
During the Early Classic, the decline that began in the Late Preclassic continued unabated until the site was all but abandoned around AD 300 for unknown reasons.

Late Classic
Seibal underwent a revival in the Late Classic with an expansion of occupation linked to the great city of Tikal. About AD 650 new inhabitants moved into the city in order to found a new kingdom. Groups A and D saw new construction, with a particular emphasis on Group D, which became an important part of the ceremonial centre. Any monuments raised by the Late Classic rulers responsible for this renewed occupation were defaced when the city suffered a catastrophic defeat in the 8th century AD. After the defeat of Seibal, foreign influences can be seen from Central Mexico in the art and stelae of the site dating to the Bayal phase (mid-700 CE-post-classic).

The earliest mention of Seibal in hieroglyphic inscriptions is on Stela 15 at Dos Pilas, dated to 13 October 721, and refers to Seibal becoming involved in the long-running war between the great cities of Tikal and Calakmul and their respective allies and vassals. Dos Pilas was a newly founded city in the Petexbatún region, established by Tikal to exert its control over the Pasión River, a strategy that backfired when Calakmul seized control of the fledgling kingdom.

Defeat
In AD 735 Ucha'an K'in B'alam, the third king of Dos Pilas, attacked Seibal, capturing Yich'aak B'alam. The captive king was not executed but rather became a vassal of his more powerful neighbour. Ucha'an K'in B'alam raised monuments to his victory over Seibal at Dos Pilas, Aguateca and Seibal itself. Yich'aak B'alam is shown under the feet of Ucha'an K'in B'alam on Aguateca Stela 2. At Seibal a hieroglyphic stairway was built recording the city's new status as a vassal of Dos Pilas. At the same time as he erected these monuments to his victory, Ucha'an K'in B'alam ordered the destruction of the hieroglyphic records on the earlier monuments of Seibal, with inscriptions at Dos Pilas and Aguateca specifically recording the destruction of Seibal's previously recorded history using phrases that translate as "they destroyed the writing" and "they chopped the writing off the statues that were made".

Yich'aak B'alam continued as a vassal under the next king of Dos Pilas, K'awiil Chan K'inich, who presided over rituals at Seibal in 745 and 747.

Seibal regained its independence in the late 8th century with the destruction of the Dos Pilas kingdom. Ajaw B'ot acceded to the throne in AD 771, restoring Seibal as an independent capital. After AD 800 Seibal fell into a thirty-year hiatus during which no new monuments were erected.

Terminal Classic
With its independence came a new apogee, and for a brief time Seibal became a prominent regional capital located on the important Pasión River trade route. The architecture and ceramics from this period demonstrate connections with the northern Yucatán Peninsula and the Gulf Coast of Mexico. Seventeen stelae carved between AD 849 and 889 show a mix of Maya and foreign styles, including a lord wearing the beaked mask of Ehecatl, the central Mexican wind god, with a Mexican-style speech scroll emerging from the mouth, carvings of foreign-style foot slippers, and squared cartouches. Some of these stelae have a stylistic affinity with the painted murals at Cacaxtla, a site in the central Mexican state of Tlaxcala. This hybrid style seem to indicate that the new lords of Seibal were Maya lords adapting to changing political conditions by adopting a mix of symbols originating from both lowland Maya and central Mexican sources. Some of the more foreign-looking stelae even bear non-Maya calendrical glyphs. Changes at Seibal at this time are associated with the Chontal-controlled trade flowing along the Pasión River. The Chontal Maya themselves were warrior-merchants originating from the Gulf Coast of Mexico who displayed a mixture of Maya and non-Maya characteristics.

Hieroglyphic texts at Seibal indicate that the city's newly refound vigour was sponsored by a new alliance formed by the cities of Caracol and Ucanal in the east, two sites that had so far survived the spreading Classic Maya collapse. It is likely that they were attempting to reopen the old Pasión-Usumacinta trade route and were drawn to Seibal by its defensible location overlooking the Pasión River. Seibal's refounding took place in AD 830 with the installation of Wat'ul Chatel as a vassal of Chan Ek' Hopet of Ucanal. The new king dedicated a new building and stelae in 849, overseen by Jewel K'awil of Tikal, and Chan Pet, king of Calakmul. Wat'ul Chatel built an innovative new temple-stelae arrangement to the south of the Central Plaza of Group A. Structure A-3 consists of a low radial pyramid with an inventive arrangement of sculpted monuments.

Wat'ul Chatel's last monument was erected in 889. This stela is also the last dated monument raised at Seibal and by 900 the city was all but abandoned, the whole region had been engulfed by the Classic Maya collapse and trade no longer flowed along the Pasión-Usumacinta route. Most Classic Maya capitals had already been abandoned and whatever external support Seibal had received from its overlord had vanished. By 930 AD, the site was completely abandoned. It was left relatively undisturbed until around 1890 when Federico Artes was informed of the city's ruins.

The late stelae at Seibal show a marked reduction in quality over a span of about forty years, with the loss of Classic Period traits, and bearing flatter and cruder representations than earlier stelae. This may reflect the loss of expertise in the Terminal Classic, with craftsmen less able to work monuments and large structures as time progressed.

Modern history
The ruins of Seibal were probably discovered around 1890 by loggers working for the Hamett Mahogany Company. Federico Arthes, an owner of logging company Arthes and Sons, first reported the existence of the ruins of Saxtanquiqui, the Maya name of the site, in 1892 in a public article for the Guatemala City paper. He resided and did business in the Peten. The Guatemalan government nominated Senor Arthes Comisionado Especial to collect material to be displayed in the Guatemalan exhibit for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He was having very little luck getting satisfactory material at Tikal due to lack of available water for the plaster casting at which point he traveled to Saxtanquiqui with Gorgonio Lopez Toledo, a former assistant to Alfred Maudley. He took molds from some of the stelae and the resulting casts were displayed in the Exposition, bringing the recent discovery of the ruins to the attention of archaeologists for the first time. After the exposition closed, the casts were given to the Peabody Museum. Photographs of the stelae are still catalogued under the name "Sactankiki", the western spelling used by Maler after his expedition but a name he later wrote about with derision.

Two years later, in July 1895, Seibal was explored by Teoberto Maler on behalf of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. He made a site plan and discovered a new stela to add to those already discovered. He returned to the site for further investigations in August 1905 but discovered no new monuments. The Peabody Museum published Maler's work in 1908, including good quality photos of the stelae.

Seibal was next investigated by Sylvanus Morley in 1914 on behalf of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Dr Barnum Brown visited the ruins in 1948, and members of the Altar de Sacrificios Expedition of the Peabody Museum made visits in 1961, 1962 and 1963.

In 1964, the Peabody Museum returned to the site with a thorough investigation that continued until 1968, led by Gordon R. Willey as director and A. Ledyard Smith as field director. Further excavations were carried out from May to June in 2006 by the Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatun (Seibal-Petexbatun Archaeological Project).

Site description
Seibal is a medium-sized site. The site core is divided into three principal hilltop groups (Groups A, C and D) connected by causeways and covers a little over 1 km2. The causeways were faced with masonry and had parapets in places. Causeway I is the western causeway, Causeway II is the south causeway and Causeway III is the eastern causeway. Group D is a fortress refuge concealed above the river frontage. Group B is a small complex located about 3 km from the site core. Group A is smaller than Group D but has most of the sculptured monuments. Various small housemound groups lie beyond the site core. They are spaced between 50 and 100 m apart, extending for several kilometers to the north, south and west.

Only two structures have been restored at Seibal, the A-3 temple platform and the C-79 circular platform, topped with the Jaguar Altar. Both were restored during the investigations carried out by the Peabody Museum in the 1960s.

Seibal possesses a satellite site located to the north, known as El Anonal. This site has large structures built from clay that date to the Middle Preclassic period.

Architecture
Group A is in the site core. It features three plazas, the North, South and Central Plazas and lies at the west end of Causeway I. Group A has more than fifty mounds arranged around the three plazas. Monuments dating to the period when Seibal was a vassal of Dos Pilas (AD 735–761) are situated in the Central Plaza of the group. In this group, there is also a ball court that is dated to the Terminal Classic and stylistically resembles that at Uxmal.

Group C lies on Causeway II, which passes through it to end at the circular Structure C-79. Group C has over forty mounds.

Group D is a compact group at the east end of Causeway III, it is perched in an easily defensible position at the edge of the bluffs overlooking the Pasión river. It has more than seventy structures crowded around five plazas. Group D only had one stela, which was a plain monument erected in front of a 20 m high stepped pyramid.

The East Patio of Group A is part of an acropolis complex located behind Structure A-14. The complex is situated upon a massive platform raised almost 7 m above the natural surface level. The patio was accessed by a stairway on the south side. It includes Structures A-15 and A-16.

Structure A-3 is a temple platform located in the centre of the south plaza. It has a stairway ascending each of its four sides. Five stelae are associated with this structure, one located at the base of each stairway and a fifth inside the building surmounting the platform. Three large jade cobbles were interred under the central stela. This structure and its associated stelae were dedicated in AD 849 by king Wat'ul Chatel (also known as Aj B'olon Haab'tal). Structure A-3 has the remains of a corbeled vault, the only surviving example at Seibal. The arrangement of the radial pyramid with its associated stelae was highly innovative. The radial temple form was ancient in the Maya region, dating back to the Late Preclassic, but Wat'ul Chatel placed upon it a square shrine with four doors, one opening onto each of the stairways. The temple building contained three vaulted chambers oriented north–south, with doors joining each chamber along an east–west axis. The cornice of the temple supported a brightly coloured stucco frieze. The frieze collapsed with the temple in ancient times. Archaeologists were able to recover portions of the fallen frieze and attempt a reconstruction of how it originally appeared. Each of the four doors was originally topped by a larger-than-life sculpture of king Wat'ul Chatel. Twelve smaller figures were spaced around the cornice, one at each corner with an additional figure positioned half-way between each corner and the central figure of the king. It is not known who these smaller figures represented. The spaces between the figures were occupied by panels with cross-hatch designs and sculpted vegetation and animals. Old gods sat in the centre of each of the sixteen panels, including Itzamna and Pawatun. Structure A-3 was built over an earlier platform structure.

Structure A-10, a 28 m tall temple-pyramid, is the tallest structure at the site.

Structure A-13 is a radial pyramid. Excavations uncovered a mass burial (Burial 4) with parts of eleven people, including two women and a child. This was not a traditional Classic Maya burial and has been dated to AD 930, very late in the occupation of the site.

Structure A-14 is covered by the forest that has overgrown the northern part of the Central Plaza. It is a range structure running north–south and once had a hieroglyphic stairway detailing Seibal's defeat by Dos Pilas, although the inscriptions have now been removed to the old project camp. The structure was found to contain an elite female burial, labelled as Burial 1.

Structure A-15 is located on the north side of the East Patio of the North Plaza. It is a long, low structure running east–west and closing the patio on the north side. It measures 24 by by 1.5 m tall. The building contained a long room with a wide entrance opening southwards onto the patio, raised from the patio by a step. The room contained a stone bench built from reused blocks. The structure was superimposed upon two earlier substructures, the earliest of which had a different orientation to the final building. All three periods of construction appear to date to the Terminal Classic, with the last phase perhaps dating to about the time of the fall of the city.

Structure A-16 is located on the northeast side of the East Patio of the North Plaza. It is a rectangular structure measuring 16 by, running north–south and facing to the west. The remains of the structure stand 2.7 m high. The western side of the building had been damaged by looters prior to archaeological investigation. The looters' trench measured 5 by by 3.5 m deep and cut through the structure's floor, bench and rear wall but did not uncover any burials or offerings. Fallen limestone blocks and slabs reveal that the structure once had a corbel-vaulted chamber. Fragments of stucco were also recovered, they once made up a colourful frieze above the front of the building that included modelled human figures. The stucco still had traces of orange, green and yellow paint. The building was a palace-type structure with perhaps six rooms, three on the west side and three on the east, and it was originally roofed in stone. The interior had an L-shaped bench. The structure was built of finely cut limestone blocks and the walls were coated with stucco painted orange and turquoise. It is believed that the building was part of a Terminal Classic royal palace with architectural features similar to those of the temple Structure A-3.

Structure A-19 and Structure C-9 are ballcourts. They have a resemblance to ballcourts at Chichen Itza. Both ballcourts are aligned east–west, an unusual feature in the Maya area, although the topography of the site severely restricted the layout of the city to a principally east–west orientation. Ballcourt A-19 lies on the west side on the north plaza.

Structure C-79 is a circular three-tiered platform built during the Terminal Classic on top of a pre-existing structure dating to the Late Preclassic Period. Circular structures such as this have their origin in central Mexico, where they are typically temples of Ehecatl, the god of wind. However, the structure at Seibal was surmounted by a rectangular building platform, whereas the temple buildings of Ehecatl were also circular. Structure C-79 has two stairways, the larger ascends the west side, the smaller is on the east side. A circular jaguar altar rests on three pedestals before the structure, two of these are crouching figures that originally supported the altar, the third central column is modern and was put in place as an additional support during restoration of the ruins. The altar has the crude representation of a jaguar's head carved onto its edge. Structure C-79 and the associated altar are dated to about AD 870.

Monuments
The monuments of Seibal include a number of stelae, carved stone shafts, often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs. The monuments at Seibal are fashioned from a hard limestone, accounting for their generally excellent preservation. During excavations in the 1960s, 57 stelae were identified. Of these 22 were sculpted and 35 were plain.

Hieroglyphic Stairway 1 was located on the front of Structure A-14. The stairway was installed by king Ucha'an K'in B'alam of Dos Pilas to record Seibal's status as a vassal after its defeat by that city. The stones are no longer in situ, having been removed to the area of the camp of the old archaeological project.

Stela 1, on the north side of the South Plaza near Structure A-3, names someone called "Knife-Wing", who is also known at distant Chichen Itza. It is dated to AD 869.

Stela 2 is believed to date to around AD 870 although it bears no hieroglyphic text. It depicts the frontal view of a masked figure and is the only monument at Seibal to show a frontal portrayal. It was broken into six or seven pieces and has been restored.

Stela 3 bears a non-Maya calendrical date, one of the glyphs is cipactli, a crocodile head used to represent the first day of the 260-day calendar in central Mexico. This stela once stood next to Stela 2 but was removed to a museum in Guatemala City.

Stela 4 is badly damaged, having been broken into pieces by a falling tree. It was lost for sixty years before being rediscovered. It currently remains buried under a thin covering of soil.

Stela 5 lies to the north of the South Plaza and is badly damaged. The broken middle section of the stela is all that is left, it bears the representation of a ballplayer and dates to about AD 780.

Stela 6 is slightly to the north of Stela 5, bearing hieroglyphic text. This stela was damaged in antiquity when the upper part was broken off and erected by an altar nearby.

Stela 7 stands to the north of stelae 5 and 6. It is in a reasonable state of preservation and bears the image of a ruler dressed as a ballplayer. This monument was probably dedicated in AD 780, although it records the accession of a king of Seibal in AD 771.

Stela 8 is a well-preserved monument on the south side of Structure A-3. Here king Wat'ul Chatel wears jaguar claws on his hands and feet, together with other attributes of the Bearded Jaguar God. In one hand the king holds the head of the god K'awiil. The text describes a visitor named Hakawitzil, an early form of Jacawitz, the name of one of the patron gods of the Postclassic K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj in the Guatemalan Highlands. Schele and Mathews propose that the event depicted on this stela gave rise to the foundation legends of the K'iche' people.

Stela 9 was erected on the west side of Structure A-3. It is badly damaged and one section is missing. The stela depicts Wat'ul Chatel with the attributes of the Maize God and describes him invoking the Vision Serpent.

Stela 10 is on the north side of Structure A-3. It depicts Wat'ul Chatel, dressed in Terminal Classic Maya style, although his foreign-looking face bears a moustache, which is not a typically Mayan characteristic. The text on this stela displays the emblem glyphs of Tikal, Calakmul and Motul de San José, describing how he received visitors from those cities. Among the visitors are named Kan-Pet of Calakmul and Kan Ek' of Motul. Wat'ul Chatel wears a headdress associated with the patron gods of Seibal, the heron god and K'awiil, deities that were also the patrons of Palenque. This appears to be an attempt by this foreign king to identify himself more closely with the city he came to rule.

Stela 11 is on the east side of Structure A-3 and describes the refounding of Seibal on 14 March 830 and the installation of its new lord, Wat'ul Chatel, as a vassal of Chan Ek' Hopet of Ucanal. A panel beneath the portrait of the ruler depicts a bound captive. The hieroglyphic inscription describes how Wat'ul Chatel arrived with his palanquins and his patron deities.

Stela 13 stands a little to the west of the South Plaza. It dates to AD 870.

Stela 14 dates to about AD 870 and stands at the junction of two causeways and is in a good state of preservation. It has stylistic similarities with sculptures at distant Chichen Itza in the extreme north of the Yucatán Peninsula.

Stela 18 is one of the last stelae to be erected at Seibal, it lies 20 m west of the group of monuments consisting of Stelae 5, 6 and 7.

Stela 19 demonstrates the foreign influences prevalent at Seibal during the Late Classic. It depicts a lord wearing a mask representing the central Mexican wind god Ehecatl.

Stela 20 stands to the west of the South Plaza. It was one of the last monuments to be erected at Seibal, dating to AD 889.

Stela 21 is located inside the chamber at the top of Structure A-3. This stela was badly damaged when the vaulted chamber collapsed on top of it and has also suffered from erosion. The monument has been restored and depicts the lord of Seibal Wat'ul Chatel bearing a manikin sceptre. Like Stela 8, the king wears attributes of the Bearded Jaguar God, although without the jaguar claws. The king holds a K'awiil sceptre raised in his right hand, from his other hand hands a shield with the face of the sun god. The inscription on the monument is largely illegible.

title: Seibal


text:
Ceibal

Ceibal can refer to:

 * Ceibal project, the Uruguayan counterpart of the One Laptop Per Child project
 * Seibal (in Spanish "Ceibal"), a ruined site of the Maya civilization

title: Ceibal


text:
User:Serge~enwiki

About me
My passion for learning and technologies (I try to avoid the term learning technologies) goes back to 1985 when I was working at Honeywell Bull. I had the chance to be invited to join the team that would introduce computer simulations for the training of engineers in the maintenance of mainframe computers, before which simulations used paper, pencils and micro-films! It was during that period that I also learned about competency-based training. Developing training and simulations was my main work until 1994 when I decided to create Dimension Compétence a consultancy aiming at promoting competency-based education and qualifications based on what I learned from the UK system of National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs). Although not exactly successful (1), this experience would contribute to establishing the foundations of my future work — ePortfolios. I learned about competency frameworks design, assessment (I am a qualified assessor) and quality assurance. I also learned that it is not enough to have a forward looking idea: it has also to be be acceptable (or have the funds to make people believe that it is desirable).

In 1998 I had the opportunity to move back into the field of learning and technologies when I was invited to join Le Préau, the Paris Chamber of Commerce centre for eLearning and pedagogic innovation. In 2001 I decided to create EIfEL, the European Institute for E-Learning which became instrumental in the promotion of learning technologies in Europe, in particular the ePortfolio.

Technologies & Identities
My interest in digital technologies and identities (I try to avoid the term digital identities) started as an offspring of the work I led with EIfEL on ePortfolios, and the subsequent organisation of the first International ePortfolio Conference in Poitiers (2003) where we had the privilege to convene among the best experts in the field. Since then the conference was rechristened ePIC, the ePortfolio & Identity conference and its 12th edition will be held at Greenwich University in July 2014.

I initially saw ePortfolios as an opportunity to connect my experience with digital technologies and competency-based education. One of my main interests at the time was how digital technologies could create a seamless space across individual, community and organisational learning: what technologies for a learning organisation? What technologies for a learning region?

Reformulated with ePortfolios, the question became: if there is such a thing as a learning ePortfolio, then what would a learning community ePortfolio or learning organisation ePortfolio look like? The work from Nonaka (learning organisations) and Florida (learning regions) inspired the work we did with the Espace Mendès France and the Knowledge Industries project that led to the eLearning Regions and Cities conferences in Lisbon (2003) La Rochelle (2004) and Oxford (2005).

It was during the 2004 ePortfolio conference that I asked whether ePortfolios are either a by-product of the identity construction process or could become the preferred tool to manage this process.

It was after having the opportunity to contribute to a major European project on digital identity and trust (TAS3), that I eventually published the Internet of Subjects Manifesto in 2009, calling for the recognition of our right to be fully emancipated citizens (netizens) on the Internet, not simply clients behind a browser, but an autonomous Internet Subject represented by a proxy (a kind of personal agent). Each of our identities being represented by such a proxy, communications could be established directly between peers in all trust and confidence — something the NSA might probably object to…

This led to the creation of ADPIOS, with the objective of making the Internet of Subjects a reality.

ePortfolios
When I started working on ePortfolio, the main issue for many of the professionals working in the field of eLearning was: how to put learning contents into the right shape to enter into the brains of the learners (c.f. picture)? At the opposite side of this vision, ePortfolios were not interested in how to push contents into the brains of learners but in how to pull contents from them to support reflective learning and practice: what do you know? How did you learn it? What can I learn from you? How can you contribute to learning communities? What can you teach me? What are your aspirations?…

While the ultimate goal of most learning technologies was the personalisation of the learning experience (i.e. adjust it based on the analysis of learners’ behaviour against a set of pre-defined parameters) the ultimate goal of ePortfolios was individuation (2), i.e. the social construction of one’s identity.

In 2004, confident about the promise of ePortfolios, I formulated a (not-self-fulfilling) wish: “by 2010 every citizen will have an ePortfolio.” That optimistic view was based on the observation of the emergence of initiatives like Career Wales, it’s goal to provide every Welsh citizen with a progress file, to record and plan their learning and career. Later in 2007, the Dutch Committee on Labour Market Participation formulated a series of recommendations, one of them being about providing every worker with an ePortfolio: “Every member of the labour force will be entitled to a digital e-portfolio, i.e. an electronic inventory of their competencies, diplomas, experience, and accreditation of prior learning (APL). This will give people a better understanding of their position on the labour market and their career prospects, and of any need they have for further training.”

Despite the progress accomplished, in 2012 we had to recognise that the term that probably best described the current state of ePortfolio was still fragmentation: fragmentation of information, fragmentation of actors and fragmentation of technologies. We still did not have anything we could call an ePortfolio infrastructure or even interoperability. It is to address this issue that the Europortfolio initiative was launched in January 2013.

Quality and learning
My professional journey is tightly connected to my reflections on quality and learning: the creation of Dimension Compétence in 1994 was to promote competency education and qualifications based on a sound quality assurance framework, the NVQs. The very first conference organised by EIfEL in 2003 in Poitiers was about the quality in eLearning. The first European project won by EIfEL, SEEL (supporting excellence in e-learning) was also about quality and eLearning. In 2005, this work led to the creation of EFQUEL, the European Foundation for Quality of e-Learning. I would have preferred to call it the European Foundation for eQuality in Learning, to put the emphasis on the use of technology to support quality assurance mechanisms, rather than on the quality of eLearning (a term too polysemic).

In 2007, I published From quality of eLearning to eQuality of learning (link), a green paper where I challenged the dominant approach to quality and eLearning:

we suggest moving the reflection from “how do we improve the quality of eLearning” to “how do we use technology to improve the quality of all learning“, i.e. what we will refer to later as eQuality of learning.

The crux of the argument was that Quality is about learning and reflection, it is related to organisational learning, and in the context of education, it is learning about learning. It was an attempt to sublate the differences between those who believed that there was such a well defined object called eLearning (there is none!) and those, like me, who understood eLearning as being the eTransformation of all learnings, individual, community, organisationa (quality assurance)l, territorial.

As this green paper did not have the expected effect on the EFQUEL community and as its implicit conclusion was that the concept of quality of eLearning was ill-formed and irrelevant, I felt that there was no point in continuing as a member of the board of the organisation I contributed to creating.

And when I witness the current discussions on quality and Open Educational Resources (OER), I see yet again evidence that history can stutter…

Open Badges
When in 2012 I learned about the Open Badges initiatives, I could not believe my eyes. I immediately saw in Open Badges the opportunity to bring together my work on ePortfolios (the initiators of Open badges have the vision of Open Badges as distributed ePortfolio), competency, quality assurance, identity and trust (the Open Badge Infrastructure is a trust infrastructure).This is when this blog starts., with a slight delay……. it is now in September 2013……

title: User:Serge~enwiki


text:
The Adventures of Pete & Pete

The Adventures of Pete & Pete is an American coming of age sitcom created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi for Nickelodeon. It focuses on two brothers, both named Pete Wrigley, and their humorous and surreal adventures in suburbia among their equally eccentric friends, enemies, and neighbors.

The Adventures of Pete & Pete began on Nickelodeon in 1989 as minute-long and 30-second shorts that aired as interstitials. Because of the popularity of the shorts, five half-hour specials were made, followed by a regular half-hour series that ran for three seasons from 1993 to 1996. As of October 5, 2015, reruns of the shorts and the shows run on TeenNick as part of the NickSplat block. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic called the series "the greatest children's show ever", while IGN called it "one of the most well-written kids shows ever". The first two seasons were released on DVD in 2005; the third was planned for 2006 but was indefinitely postponed.

Setting
Pete & Pete is set in Wellsville, a fictional town in the U.S. whose exact geography is never specified. License plates in the show refer to "The Sideburn State", and according to the series' canon, the Wrigley house is set miles from the Canadian border, 500 miles from Hoover Dam and "not far from the beach". The name of the town is also a nod to The Embarrassment's song "Wellsville". Certain locations were fictionalized for the purposes of the show; Glurt County, mentioned in "Yellow Fever" and "The Good, the Bad and the Lucky", does not exist in any state.

The show was filmed largely in Leonia, New Jersey, with location shots done in a variety of other spots around northern New Jersey, including the Willowbrook Mall in Wayne, New Jersey, and the Wrigley House in Cranford, New Jersey. The exteriors of Pete & Pete's house (as seen in the credit sequence and other shots) were filmed on Vreeland Avenue in Leonia. The football field used for various episodes is that of Bayonne High School in Bayonne, New Jersey. The fictional Wellsville High School's mascot is a squid.

Family

 * "Big" Pete Wrigley (Michael Maronna): The show's narrator, Big Pete often acts as a voice of reason in contrast to the strange occurrences and people around him. However, he also grapples with the problem of growing up and thus losing sight of the simple happiness of childhood, often to the disappointment of Little Pete. Aside from typical sibling rivalry, he and his brother are best friends. Big Pete plays trombone in the school marching band. Big Pete's nemeses are "Endless" Mike Hellstrom and Open Face. He and Little Pete shared enemies in both Hat Head and Lifeguard Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger.
 * "Little" Pete Wrigley (Danny Tamberelli): Four years younger than his brother, Little Pete is often engaged in struggles against adults and other authority figures. He is also known to make irrational decisions in response to problems, like selling the house because his brother hung out with a girl instead of him, without taking responsibility for it (the only exception was in 'Grounded for Life'). Little Pete has various enemies, including Papercut (who was originally Artie's main enemy, besides John McFlemp). He showed defiance in throwing scissors, instead of rock, which angered Papercut to swear revenge on him and destroy him in the rematch. Little Pete's primary nemeses are Pit Stain (for insulting his glandular disorder) and Principal Ken Schwinger (the principal at his school). He and Big Pete share enemies in Hat Head and Lifeguard Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger.
 * "Petunia": A tattoo on Little Pete's forearm depicting a prone woman in a red dress, Petunia receives her own credit in the show's opening sequence. Little Pete likes to make Petunia "dance" by flexing his forearm. In the series, Petunia's origins are a mystery and a cause of bafflement for Big Pete, though in an early Pete & Pete short, it is explained that Little Pete originally got the tattoo as a Mother's Day gift, infuriating his father and causing his mother to faint. Little Pete has a second tattoo of a sailing ship on his back, although the origins of this tattoo are never explained.
 * Joyce Wrigley (Judy Grafe): The Petes' mother, usually just called "Mom". She tends to be the more stern, conventional parent, but also tends to be more reasonable than her husband, agreeing to compromise with her sons when the need arises. She also tends to intervene when her husband goes too far.
 * Mom's Plate: The plate in Joyce's head, which, like Petunia, gets its own opening credit via an X-ray. It can pick up radio stations, and, in the case of Little Pete's radio station WART, can also broadcast them. Though it is stated that Joyce got the plate due to a childhood accident, the nature of the accident is never explained.
 * Donald "Don" Wrigley (Hardy Rawls): Usually known as "Dad", Don is the Petes' father. He and Joyce met when the metal detector he was using on a beach led him to the metal plate in her head. He is extremely competitive against practically everyone, including his own sons (particularly Little Pete, who seems to have gotten his own stubborn streak from his father), his neighbors, and other local parents. His hobbies include obsessive lawn care, bowling, and fishing, particularly for "Old Bob", a legendary striped bass.

Friends

 * Ellen Josephine Hickle (Alison Fanelli): Ellen is Big Pete's best friend; though romance develops between the two on rare occasions, Pete generally sees Ellen as "a girl and a friend, but not a girlfriend". Over the course of the show, she demonstrates some obsessive tendencies. In the pre-season 1 short "The Dot", as well as the season one episode "Day of the Dot" she is assigned the position of the letter "I" in "Squids" as part of the school marching band and attempts to hypnotize herself into "perfect dot-ness". She played French horn in the band. Ellen is also a huge fan of Greco-Roman wrestling and has vast knowledge on the subject, as seen in the episode "Pinned" where she tries to coach Big Pete.

 * Artie, the Strongest Man in the World (Toby Huss):Toby Huss @ Bowery Ballroom (February, 2012).jpg played Artie, Little Pete's personal superhero.]] Little Pete's personal superhero and one of the few adults for whom he holds any respect. His catchphrase is "I am Artie – the strongest man ... in the world!" He wears a costume of a tight-fitting red-white-and-blue striped shirt, red long johns, and black running shoes without socks (claiming the lack of socks allows him to run at super-speeds, with the drawback of blisters). Artie claims an array of eccentric but apparently legitimate superpowers: he can skip stones on Neptune, move an entire house by an inch, turn Hat Head into a jack-o'-lantern, and hit a golf ball 300,003 yards, among other feats. In the two-parter "Farewell, My Little Viking" the villainous John McFlemp, wanting to allow the International Adult Conspiracy to take charge of Wellsville, decided to run Artie out of town and manipulated Don into persuading him to leave. Don did this despite misgivings, but finally saw sense when Joyce made him see how miserable Little Pete was without him. Upon returning, Artie saw Little Pete standing up to his personal nemesis, Paper Cut, on his own and realized he was no longer needed. He bid farewell to Little Pete and left Wellsville to find another little boy in need of a superhero. His spot in the opening credits would later be replaced in the third season with Nona.

 * Theodore "Teddy" L. Forzman (David Martel): Teddy is one of Big Pete's three friends (the others being Ellen and Bill). Teddy is a perpetually cheerful dork who is also in marching band and is known for bringing up odd trivia, then remarking "what, you guys didn't know that?" He also loves to exclaim "Excelente!" while raising his finger and give "soul shakes" (an elaborate handshake punctuated by hissing "Soul!") to friends. Teddy's cheerful personality once drove Endless Mike to a complete emotional breakdown.

 * Bill Korn (Rick Barbarette): Bill is Big Pete's friend, who has a knack for practical jokes and sarcasm. He was renowned for getting Teddy to shoot milk out of his ears and getting Bus Driver Stu accused of kidnapping a busload of kids. He also admitted to once eating snot in the episode "Field of Pete". Bill did not appear after the second season.

 * Nona F. Mecklenberg (Michelle Trachtenberg):Michelle Trachtenberg Julie Halpern Pete & Pete 1995.jpg pictured in 1995 dressed as her character, Nona F. Mecklenberg (Little Pete's best friend).]] Little Pete's best friend. Her middle initial "F" stands for Frances, but she wants to change it to Frank, Fahrvergnügen, or Forklift. She wears a cast, not because she has a broken arm but because it causes an annoying, itchy feeling on her arm which she enjoys scratching. She had a brief crush on Little Pete once or twice in the series.

 * Natasha (Heather Matarazzo): A neighborhood kid and Little Pete's friend. She was a member of the Nightcrawlers, who forced herself to stay awake by pulling her pigtails.

 * Monica Perling (Maris Hudson): One of Little Pete's friends, Monica is the resident Kreb Scout. Her unfortunate luck with pets has given her a reputation as the "Girl Scout of Death", and she even has a graveyard for them. She has excellent hearing, supposedly because one of her ancestors married a bloodhound.

 * Wayne Pardue (Justin Restivo): Also known as "Wayne the Pain". First appearing in the third season, Wayne tended to tag along with Little Pete and his friends, but as his nickname implied, Little Pete found him annoying due to his cluelessness and his tendency to spout phrases like "geez louise!" Wayne had an unrequited crush on Monica, who found him as irritating as everyone else.

 * Clem LaNelle (Aaron Schwartz): He was in several episodes as a friend of Little Pete. He served as the drummer of Little Pete's band, The Blowholes, and was a member of the Nightcrawlers, staying awake longer than anyone other than Little Pete and Artie. Tamberelli and Schwartz appeared together in the film The Mighty Ducks, but neither appeared in the sequels.

 * Libby Hurley (Winnie Zhang): Appeared in the "Nightcrawlers" and "The Call" episodes as a friend of Little Pete. Libby was adopted by the Hurley family. She stays awake via solar-powered sneezes, but flagged once the sun went down.

Enemies

 * "Endless" Mike Hellstrom (Rick Gomez): Endless Mike is the mortal enemy of Big Pete. The origins of his nickname are unknown, though it is speculated it was due to his perpetually repeating the same year of high school; it has also been stated that his nickname comes from the fact that "his hatred of Big Pete is endless". Endless Mike reigns over shop class and loves Neapolitan ice cream. Although his relationship with Big Pete is largely antagonistic, the two have joined forces on rare occasions. The neighborhood kids hate and despise Endless Mike, but also envy him because he owns his own car. He hates Little Pete in "Time Tunnel" for humiliating him at the drive-in theater by showing everyone their home movies of him as a toddler and making him a laughingstock. In "Halloweenie" he foils Endless Mike's attempt to make Big Pete hate the holiday like him by putting a jack-o'-lantern over his head.

 * "Hat Head" (Chris Leveille): Hat Head draws his name from the fact that his hair perpetually looks as if it has been flattened by a hat, even though he is never actually seen wearing a hat. He originally appeared on several of the original shorts, making him the first bully in the Pete & Pete world. Hat Head hates Halloween and plots with Endless Mike to ruin it for the neighborhood kids, in part because Halloween is too frightening for him. He is frequently defeated by Artie, who protects both Petes from him and even made him into a man-made jack-o'-lantern with his proton push.

 * "Open-Face" (Jason Late): One of Big Pete's enemies. A boy who is always shown eating open-faced sandwiches, even in church. Ellen dated him briefly in one episode.

 * Fran "Pit Stain" Jones (Eric Kushnick): Little Pete's primary antagonist in season 3, he has a glandular disorder that gives him huge, smelly armpit stains. Little Pete gave him the nickname, which was quickly adopted by everyone in school (including the teachers), causing Pit Stain to swear revenge against Little Pete. He has a secret crush on Nona, which often distracts him to the point of abandoning his pursuit of Little Pete. He is also often seen with his goons, "Hairnet" (Helen Davidson) and "Drawstring" (Yull Neri Borda). Drawstring was later replaced by "Nightbrace" (Robert Whitfield). During episode 3.07, "The Last Laugh", Little Pete and Pit Stain worked together to mastermind a prank on Principal Schwinger and the "Up With Personal Hygiene Singers".

 * "Paper Cut" (Christopher Conte): Artie's original enemy in the season 2 episode "Farewell, My Little Viking" (parts 1 and 2). A boy who grew up in a copy shop, he is covered with lacerations and scars from paper cuts. Paper Cut can fold paper into hundreds of origami shapes, including makeshift weapons. According to Big Pete, the numerous paper cuts did "some kind of origami number on his brain." Paper Cut enjoyed making life miserable for the helpless students by forcing them to throw "rock" while playing rock paper scissors (since he always throws "paper"). When Little Pete defied him by throwing scissors, he became Paper Cut's enemy. He swore to destroy Little Pete in the rematch. Little Pete repeatedly defies him, and the other students, finally seeing how helpless Paper Cut is when he isn't allowed to get his way, gang up and drive Paper Cut out of Wellsville forever.

 * Principal Ken Schwinger (Adam West): The principal of Little Pete's school who always tries to stop his pranks, to no avail. Schwinger has earned the title of Most Despised Principal in Wellsville. According to Big Pete it wasn't just the mandatory regime of squat thrusts in gym class and ordering that the school serve creamed corn (Schwinger's favorite food) for every meal that earned him that reputation, it was his continuous inviting a singing group called "Up With Personal Hygiene" Singers to perform every year. This reflected both his strange obsession with personal hygiene that stemmed from childhood and his tyrannical control over the student body. This last caused Little Pete to make a truce with his mortal enemy Pit Stain to orchestrate a prank that ruins Schwinger's reputation and frees the school from his control. In turn, the humiliated singers revoke Schwinger's honorary giant cotton swab and swear off the school forever.

 * Matt "The Urinator" Uplinger (Christopher Cooke): The lifeguard at the Wellsville swimming pool, he appears in ("Splashdown") as an antagonist to both Petes. When Little Pete and his friends threaten adult swim with their "atomic splash", Uplinger conspires to undermine them by giving Big Pete a lifeguard whistle and power over the pool. Big Pete is won over by his new authority and tries to do a good job by enforcing the pool rules, including kicking his brother and friends out of the pool. However, Big Pete realizes that Uplinger has been using him and soon joins Little Pete in defying Uplinger by performing the Atomic Splash, causing even the adults to join them in the forbidden dive. Uplinger is finally defeated, and he is exposed as having broken the primary pool rule: never urinate in the pool's filter. Monica proved this by using a chemical known as Weewee See, which exposes his inability to hold his bladder after drinking too much coffee. Uplinger is humiliated further as everyone chases him out of the pool for good.

Neighbors

 * Phil Hickle (Steve Buscemi): Ellen's father and guidance counselor of Big Pete's high school. Once an enemy of Don Wrigley in "Apocalypse Pete".
 * James "Pop" Mecklenberg (Iggy Pop): Nona's loving and occasionally overprotective dad. One of the many adults who feared Artie due to his strange ways, until Artie stood up for him against his mortal enemy, John McFlemp. He is very proud of his home and his neighborhood. After the Pumpkin Eater gang was exposed, Mr. Mecklenberg forced the gang to clean the entire neighborhood with cotton swabs.
 * Mr. Tastee (Toby Huss):A parody of Mister Softee, Mr. Tastee is a mysterious ice cream vendor who never removes his mascot costume head. Mr. Tastee comes to symbolizes summer for the neighborhood kids, who become caught up in the mystery of who he is and why he seems so lonely. When the Petes' attempts to strike up a friendship cause Tastee to flee, the Petes and Ellen spend the summer tracking him down via his holiday photographs, learning that he was once married to a beautiful blind heiress who called him "Leonard". The kids eventually find Mr. Tastee, who confesses that he has commitment issues. They agree to allow Mr. Tastee his privacy as long as he returns to the neighborhood.
 * Stu Benedict (Damian Young): An eccentric and emotionally unstable bus driver who was once in love with fellow bus driver Sally Knorp. His longing for Knorp causes him to drive his charges in endless loops through town, pointing out significant locations in his and Sally's relationship, while the children are forced to listen in frustration. Finally, Endless Mike comes to the trapped kids' rescue by reporting Stu for kidnapping, while Ellen and Big Pete arrange a reconciliation with Sally. Stu does play protector to Little Pete in the season 2 finale episode "Sick Day" when he helps him avoid getting caught skipping school, and in the season 3 episode "The Good, The Bad and the Lucky", where he puts Pit Stain and his gang under bus arrest.
 * Frank Gulcher (Jim Lally): A crossing guard who defends the crosswalk with his life, abiding by "the code of the crosswalk". Frank is haunted by the memory of the time he failed to save Little Pete's pet lizard Gary from death by oncoming traffic. Despite this, Gulcher is one of the few adults who Little Pete is friends with.

Guest stars
The many guest stars that appeared on Pete & Pete include:

 * Selma Blair – Penelope Ghiruto, school bus passenger from whose name Big Pete can make 27 words. ("Das Bus")
 * Elizabeth Bogush – Diane Senski, love interest of Big Pete who loses interest due to Big Pete's friendship with Teddy, whom she finds too annoying. ("The Trouble With Teddy")
 * Golden Brooks – Heather, captain of the tennis team and Big Pete's love interest. ("Crisis in the Love Zone")
 * Drew Carey (uncredited) – Veteran at 4 July picnic launching fireworks. ("Grounded for Life")
 * Jude Ciccolella – Mr. Slurm, high school shop teacher with a claw for a hand. ("Tool and Die")
 * Matthew G. Cliff – Roger SanGreco, known as "Chalkface" due to his pale skin and the fact that he smells like classroom chalk. He is a short-lived enemy of Little Pete. ("The Call", "Dance Fever")
 * Ellen Cleghorne – Bus driver Sally Knorp, on-again/off-again girlfriend of Stu Benedict. (Appears in "Day of the Dot" and "Yellow Fever", though she is mentioned in other episodes)
 * Marshall Crenshaw – "Lightning" Mel Ratner, a meter reader who joins Little Pete's band. ("A Hard Day's Pete")
 * Art Donovan – As himself, talking to Big Pete about playing with Johnny Unitas. ("Space, Geeks, and Johnny Unitas")
 * Martin Donovan – Crossing guard Kenneth G. Keegan who passes messages between Big Pete and Ellen in "Apocalypse Pete"; also Smith ("Smitty"), a security guard whom Little Pete and Petunia distract in "Space, Geeks, and Johnny Unitas".
 * Richard Edson – School janitor and field chalker, Mr. Beverly. ("Valentine's Day Massacre")
 * Chris Elliott – Meterman Ray, a meter reader who foretells Little Pete's future. ("Sick Day")
 * Gordon Gano – Mr. Zank, the first of many substitute math teachers. ("X=Why?")
 * Janeane Garofalo – Ms. Brackett, an English teacher. ("X=Why?")
 * Frank Gifford – As himself, a customer at Dad's driving range. ("Rangeboy")
 * Ellen Greene – Abilene Jones, drive-in film operator. ("Time Tunnel")
 * Debbie Harry – A neighbor whose lawn the Petes sweep for land mines. ("New Year's Pete")
 * Eliza Harris – Girl in the straitjacket. ("Last Laugh")
 * Juliana Hatfield – Lunchlady Emma. ("Don't Tread on Pete")
 * Patty Hearst – Mrs. Kretchmar, a member of the family that moves into the Wrigley house. ("35 Hours")
 * William Hickey – Grandpa Wrigley, Dad's dad. ("When Petes Collide")
 * David Johansen – Park Ranger Thorsen, who scrutinizes Dad's activities until learning he is hunting for Old Bob. ("On Golden Pete")
 * LL Cool J – Mr. Thornberry, Little Pete's teacher. ("Sick Day")
 * Luscious Jackson – The band that plays at the school dance. ("Dance Fever")
 * Alicia Keys – A student ("Tool and Die")
 * Ann Magnuson – Eunice Puell, mail carrier and object of Little Pete's affection. ("Crisis in the Love Zone")
 * John McLaughlin – As himself, devoting a portion of his show to support Big Pete's bid for Dad's bowling ball. ("When Petes Collide")
 * Miracle Legion – The four-piece version of Polaris that Little Pete sees in a garage ("A Hard Day's Pete"). Polaris, in turn, was Miracle Legion minus guitarist Mr. Ray.
 * Bebe Neuwirth – Mail Lady McGintee, a mail carrier whom Little Pete comes across on his sick day adventure. ("The Call", "Sick Day")
 * Larisa Oleynik – A nurse who rushes Little Pete through the hospital. ("Dance Fever")
 * Vincent Pastore – Vincent Park, a neighbor and bowling agent who is impressed with Artie's bowling skills and gets him to sign a bowling contract.
 * Geoff Pierson – Mr. Perfect, dad's competition on a family trip to the Hoover Dam. ("The King of the Road")
 * Kate Pierson – Mysterious blind millionaire Mrs. Vanderveer, who was once married to Mr. Tastee. ("What We Did on Our Summer Vacation")
 * John Ottavino – Inspector 34, inspector of Kreb of the Loom underwear and Little Pete's guardian angel. ("Inspector 34")
 * Suzzy Roche – PEO MacMillan, meter maid and Inspector 34's love interest. ("Inspector 34")
 * James Rebhorn – Supervillain John McFlemp, who rallies the neighborhood to turn Artie into a respectable adult. ("Farewell My Little Viking" (parts 1 and 2))
 * Sarah Shannon – A grocery store employee who gives Little Pete a label from an expired can of tapioca pudding. ("Sick Day")
 * J. K. Simmons – Barber Dan, who refuses to talk to Big Pete. ("Saturday")
 * Michael Stipe – Captain Scrummy, a disliked rival ice-cream vendor to Mr. Tastee. ("What We Did On Our Summer Vacation")
 * Syd Straw – Math teacher Miss Fingerwood. Played bass in the Blowholes. ("Hard Day's Pete", "X=Why", "Valentine's Day Massacre")
 * Liza Weil – Margie Corsell, a girl for whom Big Pete abandons his brother ("35 Hours"). Weil also played a bully in "Yellow Fever", with her mother Lisa as a teacher in the same episode.

One widely reported guest appearance – Hunter S. Thompson in "New Year's Pete" – has been described as "apocryphal" by show creator Will McRobb, who has said the Hunter Thompson listed in the credits is instead a similarly named extra.

Music
The show featured music by such artists as Luscious Jackson, Nice, Drop Nineteens, Racecar, Chug, Poi Dog Pondering, Syd Straw, and The Apples in Stereo. The music of Stephin Merritt can also be heard throughout the series, including songs from his projects The Magnetic Fields, The 6ths, and The Gothic Archies. On the DVD commentaries, the director and the creators revealed that they tried to use a song by the Pixies, but could not afford the rights.

Polaris, a side project of Mark Mulcahy's Miracle Legion, served as the show's "house band", providing the theme song and many other tunes heard throughout the series and even appearing in "Hard Day's Pete" as a local four-piece playing out of a garage. Some of the Polaris' music from the show was released as a CD, Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete, including the theme song "Hey Sandy".

Polaris' music for the show was released on vinyl on Record Store Day 2015. The album tracks are:
 * 1) "Hey Sandy"
 * 2) "She Is Staggering"
 * 3) "Waiting For October"
 * 4) "Saturnine"
 * 5) "Everywhere"
 * 6) "Ivy Boy"
 * 7) "Summerbaby"
 * 8) "Coronado II"
 * 9) "Ashamed Of The Story I Told"
 * 10) "As Usual"
 * 11) "Recently"
 * 12) "The Monster's Loose"

With a total of 2100 pressings, the album sold out promptly and was considered a must-own by many reputable collector sites, such as Modern Vinyl, Consequence of Sound, and Paste.

Music from the show was also available in 1995 on a promotional cassette mini album, titled Happily Deranged, available by sending in UPC symbols from Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats. This cassette includes the Polaris songs "Hey Sandy", "She is Staggering" (listed on the cassette as "Staggering"), and "Coronado II". The cassette includes a short introduction and closing read by Big Pete.

Robert Agnello was the writer and creator of numerous pieces of music for Pete & Pete and wrote the Blowholes music for the "Hard Day's Pete" episode. The show runners originally intended to use the song "Mississippi Queen" by Mountain for the episode, but could not afford the song rights and instead asked Agnello to write a "sound-alike" version. Agnello's sound-alike song, "Marmalade Cream", was so catchy that he was asked to produce three other songs for the episode: "Summer Wind", "Piledriver", and "You Color My World". He also wrote "One Lousy" Dance which was sung by Iggy Pop and the Garbageman theme sung by David Johanson. Many incidental songs in the series were performed by Agnello and his band Lamb to Slaughter.

Production music
The show also used music from standard production music libraries.

 * "Blood in the Gutter" by Laurie Johnson
 * "Drama Link (d)" by Hubert Clifford
 * "Dramatic Impact #3" by Ivor Slaney
 * "Fisticuffs" by Laurie Johnson
 * "Ballata Per Un Pistolero (Ballad of a Gunman)" A notable Western theme in the style of Ennio Morricone, it was used whenever there was a showdown between characters, for example Little Pete and the ringing phone in "The Call".
 * "Lonely Stranger" by Laurie Johnson
 * "Maniac Pursuit" by Trevor Duncan
 * "Aloha" by Dick Stephen Walter
 * "The Pilgrim" by Jan Cyrka

VHS
Nickelodeon VHS tapes were first released through Sony Wonder, then through Paramount.

 * "Snick Vol. 1: Nick Snicks Friendship" – Includes one episode from each show in the early SNICK lineup: Clarissa Explains It All, Roundhouse, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Are You Afraid of the Dark?. A pre-series Pete & Pete short is included in between each show. This tape includes the shorts "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World", "X-Ray Man", and "Route 34".
 * "Snick Vol. 2: Nick Snicks the Family" – Includes the same lineup as "Friendship". The Pete & Pete shorts are "The Burping Room", "Mom's Plate", and "The Punishment".
 * "Classic Petes" – Includes the episodes "What We Did on Our Summer Vacation" and "Apocalypse Pete", plus the bonus short "Artie's Workout". (with an accompanying "Petunia" Tattoo)
 * "School Dazed" – Includes the episodes "Day of the Dot" and "Tool and Die", plus the bonus short "StareMaster" (with an accompanying "Magic Motion Eyeball Card").
 * "Farewell, My Little Viking" – Includes both parts of the story, edited into one long episode. Also includes the short "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World".

DVD
Nickelodeon DVDs are released through Paramount.

Season Releases

Broadcast
The Adventures of Pete & Pete first ran on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996. Reruns continued to air from 1996 to 1999, and again from 2003 to 2004 on U-Pick Live. It also aired reruns on Noggin's teen block, The N, from 2002 to 2003.

The Adventures of Pete & Pete was one of the series mentioned as a potential future series that would air on The '90s Are All That. Despite images of the show appearing in the often-shown The '90s Are All That commercial promos, no episodes of the series have aired on the block. The 1989 shorts began airing on the block in 2013. When the block expanded into The Splat (now NickSplat) in 2015, Pete & Pete was listed as part of the block's lineup, but had yet to be scheduled (only the shorts have been aired on the block).

On May 28, 2017, it was announced that Mike Maronna and Danny Tamberelli would take part in a weekend-long event on NickSplat called "The Adventures of Pete & Pete: The Strongest Reunion in the World" on June 17 & 18, where classic episodes were replayed while they share various moments from making the series.

Reunion
In late 2011 and early 2012 a series of cast and crew reunions took place in Los Angeles and New York City respectively. Tamberelli, Syd Straw and Marshall Crenshaw performed a rendition of the theme song "Hey Sandy" in addition to other Pete & Pete compositions. Creators McRobb, Viscardi, along with Michael Maronna, Hardy Rawls, Judy Grafe, Alison Fanelli, Toby Huss, and director Katherine Dieckmann were all in attendance.

The 2011 Los Angeles reunion was billed by the Cinefamily as the "KrebStar Film Festival", a reference to the show's own brand. Additionally, many products from the show were available, including Krebex, Kreb Scouts, KrebStore 24 and Krebgate Toothpaste. Staff members also handed out "performance-enhanced" Orange Lazarus.

Since September 2013 Danny Tamberelli and Mike Maronna release a monthly podcast, The Adventures of Danny and Mike, on the Last Podcast Network (produced and edited by Seltzer Kings). Maronna has occasionally appeared on Tamberelli's stage show Nostalgia Personified. The two have remained close friends since the end of the series.

title: The Adventures of Pete & Pete


text:
Dance crazes

Novelty and fad dances are dances which are typically characterized by a short burst of popularity. Some of them, like the Twist, Y.M.C.A. and the Hokey Pokey, have shown much longer-lasting lives. They are also called dance fads or dance crazes.

Fad dances
As the pop music market exploded in the late 1950s, dance fads were commercialized and exploited. From the 1950s to the 1970s, new dance fads appeared almost every week. Many were popularized (or commercialized) versions of new styles or steps created by African-American dancers who frequented the clubs and discothèques in major U.S. cities like New York, Philadelphia and Detroit. Among these were the Madison, "The Swim", the "Mashed Potato", "The Twist", "The Frug" (pronounced ), "The Watusi", "The Shake" and "The Hitch hike". Many 1950s and 1960s dance crazes had animal names, including "The Chicken" (not to be confused with the Chicken Dance), "The Pony" and "The Dog".

In 1965, Latin group Cannibal and the Headhunters had a hit with the 1962 Chris Kenner song Land of a Thousand Dances which included the names of such dances. One list of Fad Dances compiled in 1971 named over ninety dances. Standardized versions of dance moves were published in dance and teen magazines, often choreographed to popular songs. Songs such as "The Loco-Motion" were specifically written with the intention of creating a new dance and many more pop hits, such as "Mashed Potato Time" by Dee Dee Sharp, were written to cash in recent successful novelties.

In the early 1970s, disco spawned a succession of dance fads including the Bump, the Hustle, and the Y.M.C.A. This continued in the 1980s with the popular song "Walk like an Egyptian", in the 1990s with the "Macarena", in the 2000s with "The Ketchup Song" and in the 2010s with "Gangnam Style". Contemporary sources for dance crazes include music videos and movies.

There are fad dances which are meant to be danced individually as solo, others are partner dances, and yet others are danced in groups. Some of them were of freestyle type, i.e., there were no particular step patterns and they were distinguished by the style of the dance movement (Twist, Shake, Swim, Pony, Hitch hike). Only some have remained to the modern day-era, sometimes only as the name of a step (Suzie Q, Shimmy) or of a style (Mashed Potato) in a recognized dance. Fad dances are in fashion at the time of their popularity. They come to be associated with a specific time period, and can evoke particular forms of nostalgia when revived.

title: Dance crazes


text:
Jerusalem, New Zealand

Jerusalem, named for the Biblical Jerusalem (in Māori, Hiruhārama), is a settlement 66 km up the Whanganui River from Whanganui, New Zealand. Originally called Patiarero, it was one of the largest settlements on the Whanganui River in the 1840s with several hundred Ngāti Hau inhabitants of the iwi Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi. Unlike other Whanganui River settlements given transliterated place names by Reverend Richard Taylor in the 1850s, Jerusalem is usually referred to using the English version of its name. It grew into several small settlements, including Roma (named for Rome) and Peterehama (named for Bethlehem), founded by the remains of Taylor's congregation after the majority converted to Catholicism when a Roman Catholic mission was built in 1854.

Jerusalem was the isolated site where, in 1892, Suzanne Aubert (better known as Mother Mary Joseph) established the congregation of the Sisters of Compassion. They became a highly respected charitable nursing/religious order. A convent remains on the mission property, as well as the church which replaced the original building destroyed by fire in 1888, and Sisters of Compassion still care for them. Wiremu Te Āwhitu was the priest at the church from 1968 to 1989.

New Zealand poet James K. Baxter and many of his followers formed a community at Jerusalem in 1970, which disbanded in 1972 after Baxter's death. Baxter is buried there.

There are two Ngāti Hau marae grounds in Jerusalem: Hiruhārama or Patiarero Marae and Whiritaunoka meeting house, and Peterehema Marae and Upokotauaki meeting house.

Demographics
Jerusalem is in Upper Whanganui statistical area, which covers 1849.89 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Upper Whanganui had a population of 1,155 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3 people (0.3%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 60 people (−4.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 429 households, comprising 597 males and 555 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female. The median age was 42.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 246 people (21.3%) aged under 15 years, 189 (16.4%) aged 15 to 29, 540 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 180 (15.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 73.2% European/Pākehā, 40.5% Māori, 2.9% Pacific peoples, 0.5% Asian, and 0.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 6.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46.8% had no religion, 40.0% were Christian, 3.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 126 (13.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 198 (21.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $25,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 102 people (11.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15-years-old was that 453 (49.8%) people were employed full-time, 171 (18.8%) were part-time, and 39 (4.3%) were unemployed.

Jerusalem Foundling Home

From 1891, the Jerusalem settlement took in some abandoned children from around New Zealand, the majority of whom had unmarried or widowed parents and were sometimes anonymously sent to the convent. In 1896 the Jerusalem Foundling Home was formally established.

Children of school age went to the settlement school run by the Sisters of Compassion, which was also attended by children from the local marae. Unable to attain classification as an Industrial School (which would allow the Home to receive Government funding for the orphaned children), from 1891 to 1895 children were placed on the roll of Industrial Schools in Nelson and Upper Hutt but remained at the convent.

From 1885, the Jerusalem settlement began taking in newborn babies. This came at a time when there was widespread publicity about and condemnation of baby farming, in particular, the case of Minnie Dean. Against legislation and popular opinion at the time, Suzanne Aubert, as leader of the Jerusalem Foundling Home, believed firmly that the anonymity of parents was essential to ensuring the safety of both them and their children. The register of children kept at the Home did not publicly list the names of parents, although Aubert herself kept a private register with parental information in case parents wished to reconnect with their children later in life. However, this meant the Home was ineligible for state funding at the time, due to ignoring legislation which required registers to list the names of parents and submit these to Government inspection.

In 1898, an inquest took place into the death of seven babies at the Home, with doctors at the time concluding that the cause of death was either measles or unsterilised cows milk. During this inquest, the Home was criticised for its secrecy around Government inspection.

Notable people

 * Suzanne Aubert established a religious community at Jerusalem in 1892

 * Earl Bamber (born 1990), racing driver, learned to drive at Jerusalem

 * James K. Baxter, poet and playwright, established a community at Jerusalem in 1970 (without his wife, Jacquie Sturm) and was later buried there

 * Wiremu Te Āwhitu (28 July 1914 – 29 July 1994), the first Māori to be ordained a Roman Catholic priest, lived at Jerusalem from 1968 till 1989

title: Jerusalem, New Zealand


text:
Peyote song

Peyote songs are a form of Native American music, now most often performed as part of services in the Native American Church. They are typically accompanied by a rattle and water drum, and are used in a ceremonial aspect during the sacramental taking of peyote.

History
Peyote songs began with the blend of the Ute music style with Navajo singing. Ed Tiendle Yeahquo composed over 120 peyote songs, many are still sung in NAC today. Vocal style, melodic contour, and rhythm in Peyote songs is closer to Apache than Plains, featuring only two durational values, predominating thirds and fifths of Apache music with the tile-type melodic contour, incomplete repetitions, and isorhythmic tendencies of Plains-Pueblo music. The cadential formula use is also probably of Apache origin.

In recent years, modernized peyote songs have been popularized by Verdell Primeaux, a Sioux, and Johnny Mike, a Navajo. Jim Pepper, who came from a Kaw and Creek family, used a peyote song he learned from his grandfather as the basis for the 1969 popular song "Witchi Tai To", which has since gone on to become a jazz and pop standard.

Usage
Peyote music is often associated with the consumption of peyote cactus. Its consumption can be used in religious sacrament among North American native peoples.

Peyote music is largely associated with healing rituals as well as major life events in the peyote community.

title: Peyote song


text:
Iwato scale

The iwato scale is a musical scale that is similar to the Locrian mode (spelled 1 b2 b3 4 b5 b6 b7), seventh mode of the major scale, different in that it has no 3rd or 6th notes, thus making it pentatonic. Its spelling is therefore 1 b2 4 b5 b7. It is used in traditional Japanese music for the koto. It is a mode of the Hirajōshi scale.

title: Iwato scale


text:
User:Torstein (usurped)

Torstein is a not too common european male name. In Norway, for example, out of a population of ca 2.3 million males there are currently about 4000 males named Torstein. Variants of the same name are "Thorstein", "Thorsten" and "Torsten".

"Tor" and "Thor" is the name of a famous Nordic good of thunder. "Stein" and "Sten" means "rock" in many European languages.

title: User:Torstein (usurped)