text:
Talk:Coquitlam

Neighbourhoods
In the Maillardville article there is a list of Coquitlam neighbourhoods (which does not appear here and Ithink that page gets little traffic) which includes Hochaday and Coleman and a few others I have never heard of despite growing up in Coquitlam - could some of you other coquitlam folks check and tell me if you've heard of these places?

Photos
They are all of the Town Centre area - could some be added of the old part of town (I grew up knowing of it as Central Coquitlam, though I know now with the town centre that causes confusion - Austin Heights, Como Lake, Harbour Chines, Mundy Park, etc.) and Maillardville. It's a good chunk of the city, and not represented at all, the Town Centre new buildings are part, but only part, of the Coquitlam story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.44.98.34 (talk) 14:56, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, the article does contain photos of Minnekhada and the Chimo Aquatic Centre, neither of which are in the Town Centre area. When the weather turns nicer, I'll get something from Maillardville and perhaps Como Lake, and I'll be putting up something from the renovated Sports Centre when it's completed. But neither Austin Heights nor Mundy Park, while significant parts of the city, make for particularly notable photos. That's the nature of how city articles tend to work; they show the City Hall or other notable civic buildings. Check out the large articles for Vancouver, Calgary, or Edmonton: nearly every photo is of their downtown areas, sports venues, and so forth. This article one of only 57 places in all of North America that is rated as a Good Article, and I'd hate to lose that because we added non-notable photos of suburban houses, strip malls, and a park that is nearly all trees. Greg Salter (talk) 16:09, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Maybe photos could be added of Como Lake (you can get beautiful shots with the mountains in the background) or of Place des Arts and the Heritage area there, or even Riverview? It feels like the old part of Coquitlam is underepresented, and the photo of Chimo Pool doesn't currently show up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.180.218.83 (talk) 16:54, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Origin of the name "Coquitlam"
Why are people vandaliszing this article with a stinky fish (slime) quote? Coquitlam was named for the word in the coast salish language. after the latest vandal rv, i googled coquitalm and could find no other meanings than : little pink fish. If there is another meaning quote the proof here, or it will be a vandal rv. Moreover, this is an article on the CITY coquitlam, not the WORD. Coquitlam was named for the coast salish word. therefore if someone does find an alternative meaning for the word, that should go under a seperate article: Coquitlam.- Diskadia 22:48, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I dunno. I've seen many books and heard many people say it's smelly fish slime. You have to remember Google searches the most popular webpages first because of it's Pagerank system. One thing's for sure: We'd all like to think that the city means a little pink fish rather than having teenagers drive in yelling about slime Spyco 20:21, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Chuck Strahl, author of the "Greater Vancouver Book", says that Coquitlam stems from the Halkomelem word meaning 'stinking of fish slime' and attributes the following quote to B.C.-place-name experts Helen B. and G.P.V. Akrigg. "During a great winter famine,the Coquitlam people sold themselves into slavery to the more numerous and prosperous Kwantlen nation. The new slaves, while butchering large quantities of salmon for their masters, got covered with fish slime - hence the name."  Apparently, that quote is from the Akrigg's book "British Columbia Place Names", though I haven't double checked Chuck's research. --Echinda 23:31, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know who Chuck Strahl is, but if you go to The Greater Vancouver Book by Chuck Davis and click on the Coquitlam link, it says: "The name Coquitlam comes from the Salish word kwayhquitlum, referring to a small salmon, vital to the existence of the Coast Salish, the area’s first inhabitants." Yet if you go to "Place Names of the Lower Mainland", it does mention the stinky fish story. Because of this, I don't know how much of a reference The Greater Vancouver Book can be with these conflicting stories that don't reference each other. Therefore, I'm removing stinky fish from the article, and going with the reference from the actual Kwayhquitlum First Nation's web page, until anyone can provide a better, more-solid reference.Greg Salter (talk) 17:59, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I went to the Akrigg book and confirmed that "stinking of fish slime" is the meaning they give. Here is the quote: "Coquitlam, ... from the Halkomelem word meaning 'stinking of fish slime.' During a great winter famine,the Coquitlam people sold themselves into slavery to the more numerous and prosperous Kwantlen nation (whose name means tireless runners). The Coquitlams, while butchering large quantities of salmon for their masters, got covered with fish slime - hence the name." G. P. V. Akrigg and Helen B. Akrigg "British Columbia Place Names" (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997, 3rd Ed.) at p. 53.  I haven't updated the article because of the controversy, but would suggest that since this is a fairly authoritative source perhaps the alternate meanings should both be given.  Here is a link to the Google Books copy.  Akrigg Page 53  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.1.204.232 (talk) 01:37, 18 January 2010 (UTC)

 * But again, the Akrigg reference is the ONLY reference to this, which conflicts with the others, including that given by the Kwayhquitlum First Nation itself. I think it is reasonable to expect an independent corroborating reference before throwing information in the article which conflicts with those people who actually speak the language. Greg Salter (talk) 15:33, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

http://books.google.ca/books?id=zvrdVG44R-IC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=halkomelem+dictionary+coquitlam&source=bl&ots=R0NWHDntyu&sig=g-X09gp735HYAnsePTinwH7iI5k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R41kUszGJObAigLK2YGABQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=halkomelem%20dictionary%20coquitlam&f=false - Take a look at this — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.68.145.109 (talk) 02:13, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

Mathew Good and his Band Should be Under Another Entry
Self evident. He has his own entry. He should merely be recorded as coming from here. As Woody Allen is listed as coming from New York. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Canadaman1 (talk • contribs) 17:27, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Could you rephrase? I have absolutely no idea what point you're trying to make. Greg Salter (talk) 13:52, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

DMY
In referencing WP:DATERET, the article has since 2009 been using DMY. Looking at the article prior to my edit on 26 March 2015, the article used predominantly DMY, particularly in the reference section. In looking back at the article in January 2009, the same DMY format still exists providing the basis for the continuation of DMY. Mkdw talk 18:19, 31 March 2015 (UTC)

Is this site reliable?
According to this site https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/canada/coquitlam/historic?month=11&year=2016 the November record high was broken last year. I'm not sure if I should add it to the climate section. Does anyone know if it's reliable? Socialistboyy (talk) 00:01, 30 July 2017 (UTC)socialistboyy

 * It’s very much reliable 103.41.36.179 (talk) 12:08, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Record high from climate station.
It was broken in July 2009, but I'm not sure how to add another reference. Sorry. http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/almanac_e.html?txtStationName=glenayre&searchMethod=contains&month=7&day=29&timeframe=4&period=30&startRow=1&StationID=834&month=7&day=29# Alex of Canada (talk) 07:03, 21 August 2017 (UTC)Alex of Canada

 * In this situation it would be best to not use that data. Sometimes temperature data for certain days doesn't get vetted properly and thus doesn't get used for official purposes, like for declaring a new record. They passed over including this temperature in the 1981-2010 dataset and it wouldn't have been accidental. Air.light (talk) 23:33, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Hey, sorry for a late reply. What reason would there be for them not to include it, if not a mistake? If the temperature reading is inaccurate, why would they keep it there? Alex of Canada (talk) 11:55, 25 August 2017 (UTC)Alex of Canada

 * For them to not include that supposed record in the 1981–2010 dataset it may be because on that day the recording came, it wasn't verified by a human or there was some doubt about whether the recording was accurate. As for why they would keep it in the daily archive for that day, I don't know why they would keep it there. What I do know is that I have found a number of obvious errors over time in various Environment Canada climate charts. It could very well have to do with budget cuts and a lack of government funding. We should definitely defer to their judgement in this situation here in regards to this record in question. Air.light (talk) 21:49, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

Alright, thank you. Is there a way to delete this talk page section? Alex of Canada (talk) 00:18, 28 August 2017 (UTC)Alex of Canada

 * The standard protocol for these discussions is to just leave them as they are. They will eventually be archived by a bot. If anyone has a similar question in the future, they will be able to see what was discussed here. Air.light (talk) 08:14, 28 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Hey, sorry for bringing this back up, but I've seen other wikipedia pages do this, so would it really be a crime to edit the Coquitlam article? I know this is personal research, but I've seen it be 33 just this month. Alex of Canada (talk) 07:36, 6 September 2017 (UTC)Alex of Canada
 * Rather than lower our standards here we should fix those other pages up. If you contact Environment Canada and have them review and agree that their 1981–2010 climate normals are in fact incorrect and have them update the normals or you find a reliable secondary source then I will agree to the change. Air.light (talk) 20:53, 12 September 2017 (UTC)
 * The pages for Vancouver and Toronto have extra sources from individual days, and those pages get more traffic. If they are a bad thing they'd get noticed there first. Edit: The only reason that record isn't added is because the averages probably ended before that temperature was recorded. Alex of Canada (talk) 22:58, 1 November 2017 (UTC) Alex of Canada
 * The core of my concern here is that the averages (normals period) ended after the temperature was recorded, not before. The averages go to 2010 and this record you would like to have added in is from 2009. The Vancouver and Toronto pages have extra sources added for records that came after the normals period, as in since 2010. If you have a special example I would be happy to see it. Air.light (talk) 03:02, 3 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I know it says it's until 2010 but I believe they end during or at the end of 2007. Go to "station / element metadata" Extreme maximum and extreme minimum goes from 1970 to 2007. Alex of Canada (talk) 17:27, 4 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay, good point. It's fine with me if you want to go ahead with this. Air.light (talk) 23:17, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Alright. I'm sorry if I sounded rude ever. Have a nice day. Alex of Canada (talk) 02:45, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

December 2008 extreme weather section
Do we really want this section in the article? Sure, that month feels significant to us who live in the lower mainland and on the BC coast but the event happened almost 10 years ago and to an outsider, our primary audience, I don’t think it’s really all that worthy of mentioning here. Yes, it’s at the outer limits of what can be experienced here for weather but it comes across to me as a way that locals brag about the weather they experience. What do you think? Air.light (talk) 01:50, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:23, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Coquitlam evergreencentre.jpg

Local indigenous tribe
You added back to the article that Coquitlam is situated on the "traditional, ancestral and unceded territory" of a local Indigenous tribe. What is the difference between "traditional" and "ancestral", and could you please define "unceded" (in the context of this article)? Thank you. Magnolia677 (talk) 19:16, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * See below; we edit conflicted. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 19:21, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

Unceded territory
and, since you have attempted to remove the land acknowledgement from the article (twice now in the former case), let's discuss.

If you are not from Canada, especially from BC, you may not be aware that a great deal of the province - 95% in fact - is located on First Nations territory that was never ceded or signed away in any treaty. The land which Coquitlam is located on is part of that 95%, as asserted by the Kwikwetlem First Nation and acknowledged by the the City itself, its Heritage Organization, and its school district.

Magnolia, you argue that "whether the territory was "ancestral and unceded" 200+ years ago is irrelevant on this article". If the territory was unceded 200+ years ago, that means it's still unceded today - which is obviously relevant for the present day and therefore for the article. All the article does at present is state that. It would be an NPOV violation if our article attempted to assert some kind of moral or legal position about this, but it doesn't. It simply states a point of fact that is acknowledged by the relevant parties. Frankly, your insistence on removing it seems to me to indicate some kind of bias you may want to interrogate. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 19:19, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Friend, that "how dare you question orthodoxy, you must be biased" trope only works in undergrad. Could you please answer my question above? Thank you again. Magnolia677 (talk) 19:43, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Let's not do the condescending "friend" thing, okay buddy? :)
 * I have clearly defined unceded in my post here. Please advise if there is a specific portion of it that you feel is unclear. I do find it interesting that you claim to be questioning orthodoxy but you don't have a basic understanding of the concept being discussed. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 19:52, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * A minor historical issue such as this land acknowledgement is inappropriate in the first paragraph, per MOS:OPEN. This aboriginal tribe is barely mentioned in the article, and the acknowledgement is political and biased.  Two editors have removed it.  Please stop edit warring and seek a consensus. Magnolia677 (talk) 22:16, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I am attempting to discuss, right here, on this talk page. The issue of First Nations land ownership is not a minor historical issue, and you continuing to refer to it as such implies that you have minimal understanding of the topic of Indigenous land claims in Canada. If you don't like it in the lead, move it elsewhere in the article rather than removing it on spurious grounds of "bias" (against whom?). If the band is minimally mentioned in the article, that is an indication that the history portion of the article requires expansion, not that the land claim is unimportant. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 22:29, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @Magnolia677, were you planning to continue this discussion? I don't see the situation as resolved, given that you removed part of the sourced content when moving it, and you still have not actually provided any input as to why you object to the phrasing. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 19:32, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The historic Indian tribes that lived in Coquitlam (not in a 1000 km area around Coquitlam) are certainly notable on this city article, though any of their historic beefs with the settler-colonists...well, it just taints the article with biased out-of-scope advocacy per WP:NPOV, and would be of more benefit on an article about the tribe. Likewise, Coquitlam is located within the Cascadia subduction zone, a true but trivial detail which--if added to hundreds of articles within the Cascadia subduction zone--would certainly not be an improvement. Magnolia677 (talk) 21:43, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
 * "Indian" is an outdated term when referring to the First Nations of Canada. You continue to suggest that the inclusion of the First Nations land claim is biased advocacy, but you have refused at every turn to articulate what about it is biased. Where is the bias in stating a fact that the City of Coquitlam itself acknowledges is true? ♠PMC♠ (talk) 18:58, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Most cities in Canada also list garbage pickup days on their website, but that doesn't mean it merits inclusion in Wikipedia. Please take a moment to read WP:ONUS. Magnolia677 (talk) 20:45, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
 * So you view basic information as to the ownership of land as comparable to garbage day. Given that, and your continued refusal to articulate what about the information is biased, it's clear you have no policy-based objection to the content, and your opposition is based purely on a desire not to acknowledge the existence of First Nations people (who are not "historic tribes", by the way, they're still alive). I am going to restore the original wording. Please do not remove it again unless you can actually articulate a legitimate policy-based reason to not include the information. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 21:19, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

Land acknowledgements are political and should not be included. CBC states they are " political statements meant to recognize First Nations, Inuit, and Métis territory", and CNN states they are "an attempt to address the past, present and future of a particular location as it relates to Indigenous peoples as well as to understand one's own place within it". Wikipedia articles should be neutral in tone and not a place for advocacy or persuasion. Moreover, there is nothing stopping an agenda-driven editor from including an identical land claim on hundreds of geographic articles. These should not be included on city articles. Magnolia677 (talk) 22:53, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The wording in the article is a literal statement of fact - the territory has never been signed over or ceded under any treaty or other agreement. The fact that land acknowledgements are sometimes used in other contexts as political statements does not make the simple point of fact biased, undue, or otherwise unworthy of inclusion. Acknowledging the fact that the land is unceded may make some people uncomfortable, and certainly there are some complicated politics surrounding First Nations land claims and how to resolve them when the land is de facto considered a part of Canada. But the article does not get into those politics - it merely states the fact, accepted on all sides, that the territory was unceded by the people who occupied it until colonists showed up and took it over anyway. If the statement of fact can be sourced for other geographical articles, I see no reason why it should not be included in those articles. After all, 95% of British Columbia rests on unceded territory. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 23:02, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't want to get overly involved in this argument, but describing Coquitlam's land as 'unceded' has very clear negative and political connotations. I don't think it's the wisest to start a Canadian city's article with basically implying it's stolen land. I recognize it's all part of BC's history, but that should be reserved for the history section, not the lead. Koiramainen (talk) 10:45, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

RfC about First Nations land acknowledgement
Should a First Nations "land acknowledgement" be included on a Canadian city article? Magnolia677 (talk) 23:12, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * No - Land acknowledgements are political statements and should not be included. CBC states they are " political statements meant to recognize First Nations, Inuit, and Métis territory", and CNN states they are "an attempt to address the past, present and future of a particular location as it relates to Indigenous peoples as well as to understand one's own place within it". Wikipedia articles should be neutral in tone and not a place for advocacy or persuasion.  Whether the land on which the city was built was "ceded" or "unceded" is of little relevance on city articles, and should be placed on the article about that particular First Nation.  Moreover, there is nothing stopping an agenda-driven editor from spamming an identical land claim onto hundreds of geographic articles.  These are political statements and should not be placed onto city articles. Magnolia677 (talk) 23:20, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * This RfC statement fails WP:RFCNEUTRAL, unsurprisingly. It presupposes that the phrasing in the article is a land acknowledgement for political purposes, and not a simple statement of fact. It should be reworded. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 23:21, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The RfC statement does not mention politics. I know this topic is very important to you, but please, let's let others offer an opinion about this. Thank you for your cooperation. Magnolia677 (talk) 23:56, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes Put the indigenous history somewhere in the article. It's entirely neutral to start at beginning of human settlement. I dream of horses (Contribs) (Talk) 01:17, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * No The land acknowledgement are political statements (the wording is not encyclopedic, it's not clear what exactly traditional land and ancestral land means), however I do believe that in the history section, there should be information on the indigenous populations that inhabited the land before the city was founded, and whatever treaties were or were not made in relation to the founding of the city itself. I added the name of the indigenous peoples in the lead for this article but all further details belong in the history section, in my opinion. Mattximus (talk) 02:55, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , ancestral and traditional in this context are explained in the footnote I added. However, I could agree with removing those words, as long as we leave in "unceded", which would be sufficient to get the actual historical fact across. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:03, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes (to statement of facts) and no (to land acknowledgement language). By yes, I trust we all can agree on these three facts: 1) the City of Coquitlam has a geographic footprint; 2) the historical territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation has a geographic footprint; and 3) the smaller geographic footprint of the City of Coquitlam is within the larger geographic footprint of the historical territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation. Thus, it is entirely appropriate to, yes, include the third fact in the Geography section on the condition that it is worded neutrally without political slant and supported by a reliable source. (like a map of historical territories of Indigenous peoples in BC showing Coquitlam within that of Kwikwetlem First Nation). By no, if it reads like an actual land acknowledgement, it is impossible to detach from the non-neutral, politically-motivated language. Further, if it is elevated to the lead, it has WP:UNDUE weight and therefore appears politically motivated. Note: I do not endorse including it in the History section. The History section should be primarily focused on the history of the geographic footprint of the city as it has evolved over time, not a vastly larger area surrounding and including the city. If the Kwikwetlem First Nation has a historical settlement or event occur within (or even adjacent) to the historically evolving geographic footprint of the city, then by all means include neutral, referenced facts on the settlement/event(s) in the History section. In summary yes, in the Geography section if neutral and sourced, and no if using non-neutral, politically-motivated language and/or if in lead or History section. Side comment: it is absolutely disgusting to include an analogy in the previous discussion that compares the notable fact a city is within historical Indigenous territory to the trivial fact the same city has a garbage pickup schedule. It wreaks of xenophobia, intended or not. Hwy43 (talk) 03:59, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Not intended. Sloppy and insensitive analogy on my part. Magnolia677 (talk) 09:49, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , generally speaking I can agree with your proposal, and I appreciate your input. I was the one that moved the statement to Geography rather than History, so I agree that is where it belongs. I can agree with removing "ancestral and traditional" but as I said above, I believe it is factually correct to describe the land as "unceded", given that there is no treaty or other agreement handing over the land in any legal sense. I'm not a history expert, and obviously can't prove a negative, but I searched for Coquitlam treaty, Kwikwetlem treaty, etc, and found no evidence of any historical treaty, not even one that is disputed or otherwise disagreed with. Reliable institutions such as city governments and educational institutions specifically use the word unceded. This is not a case where a treaty was broken, but where none was ever made; "unceded" is the term of art generally used for such territory in Canada.
 * In terms of a map, page 15 of this agreement between the BC government and the Kwikwetlem Nation shows the Kwikwetlem traditional territory. As a government source I think this is sufficiently reliable. The BC Government website confirms the Nation is not currently engaged in a treaty process with the government, but do have some agreements about forestry in their area. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 19:37, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The map in Appendix A of the agreement is difficult to read but based on the placement of text that fuzzily resembles "Coquitlam" it is evident that this would be a sufficient source to backup up the fact that X is within Y. It can be the ref to support the starting point proposal I have offered below. Does the Government of BC publish higher quality base maps with the historical footprints of its Indigenous nations? Although most of adjacent Alberta is subject to treaties, this is an effective tool for determining which communities fall within which treaty area. Hwy43 (talk) 02:38, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment - The disputed text is the following:
 * "Coquitlam is situated on the ancestral, traditional, and unceded territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation (kʷikʷəƛ̓əm)." Magnolia677 (talk) 09:44, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Linking to Aboriginal title seems misleading since the Kwikwetlem tribe doesn't currently have legal authority over the city, as that link implies. If that link is removed, then this sentence appears to be informative, well-supported, and not unduly biased, and thus worth keeping in the History or Geography section. - LaetusStudiis (talk) 01:12, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I guess the starting point I am proposing is the following:
 * "Coquitlam is within the historical territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation."ref Hwy43 (talk) 02:27, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

 * No, not especially noteable that it's unceded. Mention it at some point in the body, but I don't think it should be in the lede.--Ortizesp (talk) 20:55, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes per I dream of horses. -SusanLesch (talk) 17:15, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Both these editors have confused a "land acknowledgement" with "indigenous history". They are not the same thing. Magnolia677 (talk) 11:03, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Ahem. Perhaps Magnolia677 will restore the indigenous history of Greater Massachusetts that he removed from more than 30 locations today (example). Then he might improve the article land acknowledgement, before starting an RfC like this. Wikipedia does not use the word politics as argued above except to say some find it to be PC. -SusanLesch (talk) 15:29, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there a policy requiring editors to improve certain articles before starting an RfC? Also, this is not the place to discuss the unrelated edits of RfC participants. Your comments are weirdly inappropriate for an RfC. Please assume good faith. Magnolia677 (talk) 15:59, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Magnolia677, WP:AAGF. You brought up two topics: Both these editors have confused a "land acknowledgement" with "indigenous history". -SusanLesch (talk) 16:35, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment. This page about Territory Acknowledgement has several helpful articles under "Learn More," including "Beyond territorial acknowledgments" by âpihtawikosisân, and a longer interview with Hayden King, where he explains how he'd change the one he said he regrets. -SusanLesch (talk) 02:01, 2 October 2022 (UTC)
 * No to "land acknowledgement", further comments as follows: I initially arrived here to review the discussion for possible closure. Due to muddled discussion here, I decided to instead offer my views and analysis as a participant. It should be noted that there is background discussion in the two sections above, and . I believe there is substantial agreement above that any relevant text belongs in the History or Geography section, not the lead. That is my position as well. There appears to be substantial agreement above that something should be said. Various comments above address this in varying ways, which I did not always find as clear as I would like.  The article currently contains the following: The Coast Salish people were the first to live in this area, and archaeology confirms continuous occupation of the territory for at least 9,000 years. The name Kwikwetlem is said to be derived from a Coast Salish term "kʷikʷəƛ̓əm" meaning "red fish up the river". That text, or something similar, is entirely appropriate. It appears to me that the debate is whether to include a particular type of statement in addition to that. The style of statement has been described as a "land acknowledgement". As I understand the situation, there has been a social movement seeking to highlight past injustice against native peoples in a way that goes above and beyond typical current practice. Support or opposition for any social movement should not influence us in our role as editors. Wikipedia is not a tool to Right Great Wrongs. Wikipedia does not lead, Wikipedia follows. As such, we should not include out-of-the-ordinary content to advance or oppose outside causes.The article currently contains a sentence Coquitlam is situated on the ancestral, traditional, and unceded territory of the Kwikwetlem First Nation as well as a triple-footnote defining "ancestral", "traditional", and "unceded territory". This is the "land acknowledgement" at issue. The fact that this text requires a triple explanatory footnote only highlights for me how far outside the expected bounds this sentence is. The very authors of the text anticipate that "ancestral" is neither expected nor commonly understood in this context, that "traditional" is neither expected nor commonly understood in this context, and that even wikilinking unceded territory isn't sufficient. I will note that the text also included an over-the-top (kʷikʷəƛ̓əm) pronunciation-parentetical, which I deleted. Such pronunciation-parenteticals should only appear in the specific article lead, not in the body of incidental articles. In summary: Our job is to accurately summarize how Reliable Sources normally cover a topic. It is fine to briefly mention prior habitation of the area before the city was founded, but we should not include "land acknowledgement"-type statement unless and until that is an accurate summary of typical Reliable Source coverage. The entire ancestral/traditional/unceded-territory/triple-footnote should be removed. Alsee (talk) 15:45, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coquitlam


text:
The Indian Express

The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932 by Ramnath Goenka with an investment by capitalist partner Raja Mohan Prasad. The company is held in a trust by current legal heirs for Prasad's family as per the trust deed given by Goenka to Prasad. It is published in Mumbai by the Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after Goenka's death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions took the name The New Indian Express, while the northern editions, based in Mumbai, retained the original Indian Express name with The prefixed to the title.

History
In 1932, the Indian Express was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, a national news agency. In 1933, the Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, Dinamani. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper. Faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Goenka as convertible debentures. In 1935, when The Free Press Journal finally collapsed, and after a protracted court battle with Goenka, Sadanand lost ownership of Indian Express. In 1939, Goenka bought Andhra Prabha, another prominent Telugu daily newspaper. The name Three Musketeers was often used for the three dailies, namely Indian Express, Dinamani and Andhra Prabha.

In 1940, the whole premises was gutted by fire. The Hindu, a rival newspaper, helped considerably in re-launching the paper, by getting it printed temporarily at one of its Swadesimithran's press and later offered its recently vacated premises at 2 Mount Road, on rent to Goenka, which later became the landmark Express Estates. This relocation also helped the Express obtain better high speed printing machines. The district judge who led the inquiry into the fire concluded that a short circuit or cigarette butt could have ignited the fire and said that the growing city had inadequate fire control support. In 1952, the paper had a circulation of 44,469.

After Goenka's death in 1991, two of his grandsons, Manoj Kumar Sonthalia and Viveck Goenka split the group into two. Indian Express Mumbai with all the North Indian editions went to Viveck Goenka, and all the Southern editions, which were grouped as Express Publications Madurai Limited and headquartered in Chennai, went to Sonthalia. Indian Express began publishing daily on the internet on 8 July 1996. Five months later, the website expressindia.com attracted "700,000 hits every day, excepting weekends when it fell to 60% of its normal levels".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Indian Express


text:
Grip (occupation)

In the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, grips are camera support equipment technicians in the filmmaking and video production industries. They constitute their own department on a film set and are directed by a key grip. Grips have two main functions: The first is to work closely with the camera department to provide camera support, especially if the camera is mounted to a dolly, crane, or in an unusual position, such as the top of a ladder. Some grips may specialize in operating camera dollies or camera cranes. The second function is to work closely with the electrical department to create lighting set-ups necessary for a shot under the direction of the director of photography.

"Grips' responsibility is to build and maintain all the equipment that supports cameras. This equipment, which includes tripods, dollies, tracks, jibs, cranes, and static rigs, is constructed of delicate yet heavy duty parts requiring a high level of experience to operate and move. Every scene in a feature film is shot using one or more cameras, each mounted on highly complex, extremely expensive, heavy duty equipment. Grips assemble this equipment according to meticulous specifications and push, pull, mount or hang it from a variety of settings. The equipment can be as basic as a tripod standing on a studio floor, to hazardous operations such as mounting a camera on a 100 ft crane, or hanging it from a helicopter swooping above a mountain range."

- Media Match Inc.

"Good Grips perform a crucial role in ensuring that the artifice of film is maintained, and that camera moves are as seamless as possible. Grips are usually requested by the DoP (Director of Photography) or the camera operator. Although the work is physically demanding and the hours are long, the work can be very rewarding. Many Grips work on both commercials and features."

- Media Match Inc.

In the UK, Australia and most parts of Europe, grips are not involved in lighting. In the "British System", adopted throughout Europe and the Commonwealth (excluding Canada), a grip is solely responsible for camera mounting and support.

The term "grip" is derived from an older term in U.S. theatre where it designated stagehands who moved scenery.

U.S. grips typically belong to the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). Canadian grips may also belong to IATSE or to Canada's other professional trade unions including Toronto's Nabet 700, or Vancouver's ACFC. British grips usually belong to BECTU (Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph & Theatre Union).

Lighting
On all union jobs, grips do not touch the lights themselves. The placement of lighting instruments and electric power distribution is handled by the electricians who work under a gaffer. Grips handle all the non-electrical equipment that modifies the light. This work is done by setting stands that hold flags, nets, diffusing materials or other gobos that control the quality, intensity, or shape of the light.

Grips also set "passive fill" which is a term for the reflected light that is "bounced" back onto a subject on the fill or non-key light side. The first choice for most film-makers' fill is a product known in the US as beadboard    and called "poly", short for polystyrene, in Europe. It is rigid insulation made for the construction trade, but was adopted by the film trade because of its "true-white" color and "soft" bounce.

Grips may also be called on to set "negative fill", which is the reduction of ambient or non-directional light, such as ambient sunlight, to raise contrast on the subject. This is achieved by setting "solids", made of black fabric, either flags (up to 4' × 4') or rags (6' × 6' or larger) on the non-key light side or wherever the negative fill is desired.

When shooting day exteriors, grips perform similar functions, but with the sun as the primary light source. Grips use overhead frames up to 20' × 20' or larger for the shaping or filtering of sunlight. The lighting set-ups for these exterior shots can become quite extensive, and the use of boom lifts (called "condors") is common. Condors are especially useful at night when they are rigged to raise lights or diffusing material (up to 120 feet in the air) to create moon-effect lighting.

Rigging
Grips also satisfy rigging needs on set. Examples of simple rigs include the menace arm, which allows a light to be boomed over set using one stand, or goalposts that span over top of set using two stands. More advanced rigs can include working with pulleys, steel cable or trusses. Grips also rig picture cars on process trailers, placing camera and lights around the vehicle for driving shots. This often includes the use of hood mounts, side mounts, suction cup mounts and proprietary clamps to attach film equipment to vehicles without causing damage.

Grips also do "blackouts" and "tenting-out" windows and doors. When shooting interiors day-for-night on location, grips need to eliminate all daylight entering the set. If windows or other openings are not visible in a shot, the light may be blacked out with a cloth known as duvetyne or rags, and in rare cases, plastic sheeting. When windows or doors are seen from camera, black out tents must be created outside of windows to allow lights to be placed outside, or green screens to be seen through the window, lit only by lights placed by electricians.

Safety
Grips are also responsible for safety on the set as it relates to the force of gravity. Insofar as stands, ladders, scaffolds, and overhead rigs are properly installed, grips are charged with making them safe because the other crew members must climb on, walk around, or otherwise negotiate the different grip set-ups. The key grip may even be held responsible for injuries that happen on set, especially if the injury is caused by a falling lighting instrument.

Tools
A grip uses some tools typically used by mechanics and construction workers. As in those vocations, grips need hand tools at the ready.(Tools such as ratchet straps, wedges and a normal tool box)

Common terms used by and for grips

 * Arm up (Arm down) – To raise (or lower) the arm of a crane.
 * Baby – Light fixtures between 750 and 1000 watts that are manufactured with a $5/8$-inch female receiver for attaching to mounting hardware.
 * Baby Plate – Used for mounting light fixtures that have a $5/8$-inch receiver, also known as a "baby", to a flat surface, such as a wall or floor.
 * Bar – A horizontal metal tube used to suspend lighting equipment.
 * Batten – A narrow length of wood or metal used to fasten or secure equipment.
 * Bar clamp (Furniture clamp) – A clamp with two jaws attached to a bar that can be used to mount a small light fixture. One jaw is fixed to the bar and the other can be adjusted with a screw mechanism. Often used on set along with a bar clamp adapter.
 * Beef – Refers to the power of a light, such as "beef it up".
 * BFL (Big F** Light or Big Fat Light) – Can refer to any of the large, heavy lights on a set.
 * Big Ben – Refers to a cheeseborough clamp with a $1 1/8$-inch pin attached and can be used for several options, including along with a pipe to create a temporary overhead grid.
 * Black wrap – A black aluminum foil generally used as a heat insulation or to shape the direction of light.
 * Blonde – 2,000 watt open-faced light fixtures usually made by an Italian manufacturer.
 * Boom Operator – The person who holds the microphone boom.
 * Boom up (Boom down) – To raise, or lower, a camera or microphone that is already mounted on a crane or dolly.
 * Butterfly frame – A large aluminum frame that filters light through a fabric stretched from edge to edge, often used during outdoor shoots.
 * C-47 - Clothespin used to hold gels on barndoors.
 * C-stand – Originally known as a century-stand, it is designed to take up very little space and is generally made up of four parts, including the base, a vertical leg with multiple stands, a gobo head and a gobo arm. One of the most common pieces of equipment on a film set, it can hold a variety of reflectors, lights, show cards or boom microphones.
 * Chain Vise Grip – A vise grip with a chain that is often used to hang a lighting fixtures or equipment.
 * Condor – Named after the company that originally made extendable boom arms, it now refers to a variety of lift devices, including cherry-pickers. Generally used on set to position light between 30 and 120 feet in the air.
 * Cookie (Cucoloris) – A perforated material used to break up light or project a shadow pattern. Random shapes cut out of plywood or poster board are known as hard cookies, while random shapes cut out of plastic impregnated screen, are known as soft cookies. Natural cookies are created by placing objects found in nature, such as tree limbs, between a light source and an actor or subject.
 * Craft services – The catering service that provides buffet style snacks and drinks that are available to cast and crew throughout the shooting day. Should not to be confused with other catering companies that may be hired to serve full, hot sit-down meals, such as lunch or dinner.
 * Cutters – Generally refers to flags larger than 30 inches by 36 inches as well as odd shaped ones such as 12 inches by 42 inches or 18 inches by 48 inches which are used to block light from specific areas of the set.
 * Dailies (or Rushes) – The unedited footage of the day's filming, often viewed by the director, director of photography and key production staff after shooting has wrapped for the day.
 * Dance floor – Not to be confused with a traditional dance floor used for weddings or special events. A production dance floor generally refers to putting down a double layer of 3/4 inch plywood with the seams offset, topped with Masonite, to allow a camera dolly to ride smoothly in any direction. This process usually occurs when a floor or surface area is not level.
 * Dot – A small round scrim, mesh, net or solid material used to dim or control the brightness of a light, commonly used when a light cannot be dimmed electronically. May also be used when dimming a light would cause it to change color, such as fluorescent bulbs changing to an orange hue.
 * Duvetyne – A black, cotton fabric used to make flags, cutters and butterflies. The opaque material can also be used to reduce reflected light.
 * Feathering – A process of slowing down and speeding up a camera dolly extremely smoothly. For example, starting from a full stop, still position, the camera dolly must smoothly move up to the desired speed to capture the shot and then ease equally smoothly back to a complete stop.
 * Flag – A Duvetyne-covered metal frame used to shield certain areas from unwanted light or to create shadow areas on the set. May also be known as a solid or a gobo.
 * Gobo – A commonly used acronym for "Go Between", "Go BlackOut" or "Goes Before Optics", it is a dark plate, screen or partial screen placed in front of a lighting source to shield a lens and control the shape of emitted light. Sometimes also called a flag.
 * Grip Head – A mount on the top of a stand used to attach flags or cutters.
 * Hi Roller Stand – A wide based stand that may extend up to 20 feet, it provides stability when used as support for butterflies and overheads on locations or supports large backdrops in a studio setting.
 * Junior – A 2,000 watt light fixture that usually includes a one and $1/8$-inch pin and is mounted into a female receiver on a stand.
 * Junior Plate – Used to mount light fixtures with a Junior pin to a flat surface, such as a wall.
 * Kill it – A command to turn off a light or cancel a lighting request.
 * Key light – The primary light source used during a scene.
 * Manmaker (Apple Box, Pancake, Half Apple, Quarter Apple) – A sturdy wooden box placed under an actor, crew member or object to make it taller or raise it up. Depending upon the height required, boxes are available in several options, including one inch, two inches, four inches and eight inches high.
 * Mafer Clamp – Featuring one flat and one v-notched jaw, both with padded grip surfaces, the clamp is used to attach equipment to an array of irregular surface, such as furniture.
 * Movie Slate – Clapperboard: A board placed in front of a camera at the beginning, and sometimes at the end, of each take of each scene. The board is usually black and white and is used to identify the scene and take numbers.
 * Offset Arm – A stand-mounted lighting fixture that can be extended off center over a wall or other object.
 * Redhead – Refers to 1,000 watt open-faced light fixtures.
 * Sandbag – Heavy cloth bags filled with sand that are used to secure equipment on set. Available in a variety of weights, sandbags commonly used by production companies are designed for ease of movement, such as draping over uneven objects like the legs of a lighting stand.
 * Side Arm – An extension tool that can be clamped onto a stand to allow for slightly offset positioning of a light or light control device. Available with baby or junior fittings, it is important to sandbag the opposite leg of the stand from the sidearm to prevent the stand from tipping over.
 * Snot Tape – A nickname for Adhesive Transfer Tape (ATG) 3M Scotch $1/2$-inch tape, which is used to affix lighting gels to their frames, a pressure-sensitive tape.
 * Storyboard – An illustrated outline of a scene or film plot sequence.
 * Triple Header Baby – A piece of equipment mounted on a light stand which allows multiple light fixtures to be hung on a single stand with baby pins.
 * Triple Header Junior – A piece of equipment mounted on a light stand which allows several light fixtures to be hung on a single stand with junior receivers.
 * Wrap – The completion of a shot, a day's filming or the entire production.

Types of grip

 * Key grip or first company grip: the boss or head of the grip department.
 * Best boy grip or second company grip: this is the key grip's right-hand person. He or she will act on behalf of the key grip in areas such as booking crew and equipment rental.
 * 3rd grip, company grip, hammer, or gang grip: the majority of grips fit into this category. They work on set under the direction of the key.
 * Construction grip: Constructs and dismantles the set. On the sound stage, construction grips are responsible for laying out, building, moving, and adjusting major set pieces (e.g. walls, ceiling flats) when something needs to be moved to get a camera or lights into position. Construction grips also build decks and platforms.
 * Dolly grip: operates the dollies and sometimes camera cranes.

title: Grip (occupation)


text:
User talk:Ascuola

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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title: User talk:Ascuola


text:
Nemours Jean-Baptiste

Nemours Jean-Baptiste (February 2, 1918 – May 18, 1985) was a Haitian saxophonist, writer, and band leader. He is credited with being the inventor of compas, also known as compas direct, a style of Haitian music.

Nemours nicknamed "maestro" married Marie-Félicité Olivier with whom he had two daughters, Yvrose, Marie-Denise and a son, Yves-Nemours. Nemours dedicated many songs to his friends and fans. The 1967 composition "Ti Carole", dedicated to his fan Kouri, became famous and is still a favorite.

In the early sixties, many of the Group Compas Direct's compositions were in praise of women and healthy relationships "Ti Carole" was one of the famous hit that remains amongst the Top ten list for over a year. Nemours and the Group performed at several New York night club in the early seventies.

Rivalry with Webert Sicot
During Jean-Baptiste's early career, he played in a band with fellow Haitian artist Webert Sicot called Conjunto Internacional. Years after the band dissolved, Webert Sicot introduced a new dance rhythm that bore many similarities to Jean-Baptiste's compas. During the period of argument and controversy that followed, the two took lyrical jabs at each other in their songs. The competition between the two culminated in a soccer match between the two artists and their respective bands, which ended in a 1–1 tie.

title: Nemours Jean-Baptiste


text:
Zhang Qian

Zhang Qian (died c. 114 BC) was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, and politician who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the late 2nd century BC during the Western Han dynasty. He was one of the first official diplomats to bring back valuable information about Central Asia, including the Greco-Bactrian remains of the Macedonian Empire as well as the Parthian Empire, to the Han dynasty imperial court, then ruled by Emperor Wu of Han.

He played an important pioneering role for the future Chinese conquest of lands west of Xinjiang, including swaths of Central Asia and even lands south of the Hindu Kush (see Protectorate of the Western Regions). This trip created the Silk Road that marked the beginning of globalization between the countries in the east and west.

Zhang Qian's travel was commissioned by Emperor Wu with the major goal of initiating transcontinental trade in the Silk Road, as well as create political protectorates by securing allies. His missions opened trade routes between East and West and exposed different products and kingdoms to each other through trade. Zhang's accounts were compiled by Sima Qian in the 1st century BC. The Central Asian parts of the Silk Road routes were expanded around 114 BC largely through the missions of and exploration by Zhang Qian. Today, Zhang is considered a Chinese national hero and revered for the key role he played in opening China and the countries of the known world to the wider opportunity of commercial trade and global alliances. Zhang Qian is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.

Zhang Qian's Missions
Zhang Qian was born in Chenggu district just east of Hanzhong in the north-central province of Shaanxi, China. He entered the capital, Chang'an, today's Xi'an, between 140 BC and 134 BC as a Gentleman (郎), serving Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty. At the time the nomadic Xiongnu tribes controlled what is now Inner Mongolia and dominated the Western Regions, Xiyu (西域), the areas neighbouring the territory of the Han dynasty. The Han emperor was interested in establishing commercial ties with distant lands but outside contact was prevented by the hostile Xiongnu.

The Han court dispatched Zhang Qian, a military officer who was familiar with the Xiongnu, to the Western Regions in 138 BC with a group of ninety-nine members to make contact and build an alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. He was accompanied by a guide named Ganfu (甘父), a Xiongnu who had been captured in war. The objective of Zhang Qian's first mission was to seek a military alliance with the Yuezhi, in modern Tajikistan. However to get to the territory of the Yuezhi he was forced to pass through land controlled by the Xiongnu who captured him (as well as Ganfu) and enslaved him for thirteen years. During this time he married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

Zhang and Ganfu (as well as Zhang's Xiongnu wife and son) were eventually able to escape and, passing Lop Nor and following the northern edge of the Tarim Basin, around the Kunlun Mountains and through small fortified areas in the middle of oases in what is now Xinjiang until they made their way to Dayuan and eventually to the land of the Yuezhi. The Yuezhi were agricultural people who produced strong horses and many unknown crops including alfalfa for animal fodder. However, the Yuezhi were too settled to desire war against the Xiongnu. Zhang spent a year in Yuezhi and the adjacent Bactrian territory, documenting their cultures, lifestyles and economy, before beginning his return trip to China, this time following the southern edge of the Tarim Basin. On his return trip he was again captured by the Xiongnu who again spared his life because they valued his sense of duty and composure in the face of death. Two years later the Xiongnu leader died and in the midst of chaos and infighting Zhang Qian escaped. Of the original mission of just over a hundred men, only Zhang Qian and Ganfu managed to return to China.

Zhang Qian returned in 125 BC with detailed news for the Emperor, showing that sophisticated civilizations existed to the West, with which China could advantageously develop relations. The Shiji relates that "the Emperor learned of the Dayuan (大宛), Daxia (大夏), Anxi (安息), and the others, all great states rich in unusual products whose people cultivated the land and made their living in much the same way as the Chinese. All these states, he was told, were militarily weak and prized Han goods and wealth". Upon Zhang Qian's return to China he was honoured with a position of palace counsellor. Although he was unable to develop commercial ties between China and these far-off lands, his efforts did eventually result in trade mission to the Wusun people in 119 BC which led to trade between China and Persia.

On his mission Zhang Qian had noticed products from an area now known as northern India. However, the task remained to find a trade route not obstructed by the Xiongnu to India. Zhang Qian set out on a second mission to forge a route from China to India via Sichuan, but after many attempts this effort proved unsuccessful. In 119–115 BC Zhang Qian was sent on a third mission by the emperor, to develop ties with the Wusun (烏孫) people.

Zhang Qian's reports
The reports of Zhang Qian's travels are quoted extensively in the 1st century BC Chinese historic chronicles "Records of the Great Historian" (Shiji) by Sima Qian. Zhang Qian visited directly the kingdom of Dayuan (大宛) in Fergana, the territories of the Yuezhi (月氏) in Transoxiana, the Bactrian country of Daxia (大夏) with its remnants of Greco-Bactrian rule, and Kangju (康居). He also made reports on neighbouring countries that he did not visit, such as Anxi (安息) (Arsacid territories), Tiaozhi (條支/条支) (Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia), Shendu (身毒) (India) and the Wusun (烏孫).

Dayuan (大宛, Ferghana)

After being released from captivity by Xiongnu, Zhang Qian visited Dayuan, located in the Fergana region west of the Tarim Basin. The people of Dayuan were being portrayed as sophisticated urban dwellers similar to the Parthians and the Bactrians. The name Dayuan is thought to be a transliteration of the word Yona, the Greek descendants that occupied the region from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE. It was during this stay that Zhang reported the famous tall and powerful "blood-sweating" Ferghana horse. The refusal by Dayuan to offer these horses to Emperor Wu of Han resulted in two punitive campaigns launched by the Han dynasty to acquire these horses by force.

 * "Dayuan lies south-west of the territory of the Xiongnu, some 10,000 li (5,000 kilometres) directly west of China. The people are settled on the land, ploughing the fields and growing rice and wheat. They also make wine out of grapes. The people live in houses in fortified cities, there being some seventy or more cities of various sizes in the region. The population numbers several hundred thousand" (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Later the Han dynasty conquered the region in the War of the Heavenly Horses.

Yuezhi (月氏)
After obtaining the help of the king of Dayuan, Zhang Qian went south-west to the territory of the Yuezhi, with whom he was supposed to obtain a military alliance against the Xiongnu.

 * "The Great Yuezhi live some 2,000 or 3,000 li (1,000 or 1,500 kilometres) west of Dayuan, north of the Gui (Oxus) river. They are bordered to the south by Daxia (Bactria), on the west by Anxi, and on the north by Kangju (康居). They are a nation of nomads, moving place to place with their herds and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors." (adapted from Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Zhang Qian also describes the origins of the Yuezhi, explaining they came from the eastern part of the Tarim Basin. This has encouraged some historians to connect them to the Caucasoid mummies of the Tarim. (The question of links between the Yuezhi and the Tocharians of the Tarim is still debatable.)

 * "The Yuezhi originally lived in the area between the Qilian or Heavenly Mountains (Tian Shan) and Dunhuang, but after they were defeated by the Xiongnu they moved far away to the west, beyond Dayuan (Ferghana), where they attacked the people of Daxia (Bactria) and set up the court of their king on the northern bank of the Gui (Oxus) river." (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

A smaller group of Yuezhi, the "Little Yuezhi", were not able to follow the exodus and reportedly found refuge among the "Qiang barbarians".

Zhang was the first Chinese to write about one humped dromedary camels which he saw in this region.

Daxia (大夏, Bactria)
Zhang Qian probably witnessed the last period of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, as it was being subjugated by the nomadic Yuezhi. Only small powerless chiefs remained, who were apparently vassals to the Yuezhi horde. Their civilization was urban, almost identical to the civilizations of Anxi and Dayuan, and the population was numerous.

 * "Daxia is situated over 2,000 li (1,000 kilometres) south-west of Dayuan (Ferghana), south of the Gui (Oxus) river. Its people cultivate the land, and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Dayuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked and conquered Daxia, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is Lanshi (Bactra) where all sorts of goods are bought and sold." (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, translation Burton Watson).

Cloth from Shu (Sichuan) was found there.

Shendu (身毒, India)
Zhang Qian also reports about the existence of India south-east of Bactria. The name Shendu (身毒) comes from the Sanskrit word "Sindhu", meaning the Indus river. Sindh was at the time ruled by Indo-Greek Kingdoms, which explains the reported cultural similarity between Bactria and India:

 * "Southeast of Daxia is the kingdom of Shendu (India)... Shendu, they told me, lies several thousand li south-east of Daxia (Bactria). The people cultivate the land and live much like the people of Daxia. The region is said to be hot and damp. The inhabitants ride elephants when they go in battle. The kingdom is situated on a great river (Indus)" (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Anxi (安息, Parthia)
Zhang Qian identifies "Anxi" as an advanced urban civilization, like Dayuan (Ferghana) and Daxia (Bactria). The name "Anxi" is a transcription of "Arshak" (Arsaces), the name of the founder of Arsacid Empire that ruled the regions along the Silk Road between the Tedzhen river in the east and the Tigris in the west, and running through Aria, Parthia proper, and Media proper.

 * "Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi. The people are settled on the land, cultivating the fields and growing rice and wheat. They also make wine out of grapes. They have walled cities like the people of Dayuan (Ferghana), the region contains several hundred cities of various sizes. The coins of the country are made of silver and bear the face of the king. When the king dies, the currency is immediately changed and new coins issued with the face of his successor. The people keep records by writing on horizontal strips of leather. To the west lies Tiaozhi (Mesopotamia) and to the north Yancai and Lixuan (Hyrcania)." (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Tiaozhi (条支, Seleucid Empire in Mesopotamia)
Zhang Qian's reports on Mesopotamia and the Seleucid Empire, or Tiaozhi (条支), are in tenuous terms. He did not himself visit the region, and was only able to report what others told him.

 * "Tiaozhi (Mesopotamia) is situated several thousand li west of Anxi (Arsacid territory) and borders the "Western Sea" (which could refer to the Persian Gulf or Mediterranean). It is hot and damp, and the people live by cultivating the fields and planting rice... The people are very numerous and are ruled by many petty chiefs. The ruler of Anxi (the Arsacids) give orders to these chiefs and regards them as vassals." (adapted from Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Kangju (康居) northwest of Sogdiana (粟特)
Zhang Qian also visited directly the area of Sogdiana (Kangju), home to the Sogdian nomads:

 * "Kangju is situated some 2,000 li (1,000 kilometres) north-west of Dayuan (Bactria). Its people are nomads and resemble the Yuezhi in their customs. They have 80,000 or 90,000 skilled archer fighters. The country is small, and borders Dayuan. It acknowledges sovereignty to the Yuezhi people in the South and the Xiongnu in the East." (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Yancai (奄蔡, Vast Steppe)

 * "Yancai lies some 2,000 li (832 km) north-west of Kangju (centered on Turkestan at Beitian). The people are nomads and their customs are generally similar to those of the people of Kangju. The country has over 100,000 archer warriors, and borders a great shore-less lake, perhaps what is now known as the Northern Sea (Aral Sea, distance between Tashkent to Aralsk is about 866 km)" (Shiji, 123, Zhang Qian quote, trans. Burton Watson).

Development of East-West contacts
Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial relations between China and Central as well as Western Asia flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the end of the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC, initiating the development of the Silk Road:
 * "The largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members... In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out." (Shiji, trans. Burton Watson).

Many objects were soon exchanged, and travelled as far as Guangzhou in the East, as suggested by the discovery of a Persian box and various artefacts from Central Asia in the 122 BC tomb of King Zhao Mo of Nanyue.

Murals in Mogao Caves in Dunhuang describe the Emperor Han Wudi (156–87 BC) worshipping Buddhist statues, explaining them as "golden men brought in 120 BC by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads", although there is no other mention of Han Wudi worshipping the Buddha in Chinese historical literature.

China also sent a mission to Anxi, which were followed up by reciprocal missions from Parthian envoys around 100 BC:
 * "When the Han envoy first visited the kingdom of Anxi, the king of Anxi (the Arsacid ruler) dispatched a party of 20,000 horsemen to meet them on the eastern border of the kingdom... When the Han envoys set out again to return to China, the king of Anxi dispatched envoys of his own to accompany them... The emperor was delighted at this." (adapted from Shiji, 123, trans. Burton Watson).

The Roman historian Florus describes the visit of numerous envoys, including Seres (Chinese or central Asians), to the first Roman Emperor Augustus, who reigned between 27 BC and 14:
 * "Even the rest of the nations of the world which were not subject to the imperial sway were sensible of its grandeur, and looked with reverence to the Roman people, the great conqueror of nations. Thus even Scythians and Sarmatians sent envoys to seek the friendship of Rome. Nay, the Seres came likewise, and the Indians who dwelt beneath the vertical sun, bringing presents of precious stones and pearls and elephants, but thinking all of less moment than the vastness of the journey which they had undertaken, and which they said had occupied four years. In truth it needed but to look at their complexion to see that they were people of another world than ours." ("Cathay and the way thither", Henry Yule).

In 97, the Chinese general Ban Chao dispatched an envoy to Rome in the person of Gan Ying.

Several Roman embassies to China followed from 166, and are officially recorded in Chinese historical chronicles.

Final years and legacy
The Shiji reports that Zhang Qian returned from his final expedition to the Wusun in 115 BC. After his return he "was honoured with the post of grand messenger, making him among the nine highest ministers of the government. A year or so later he died." "'The indications regarding the year of his passing differ, but Shih Chih-mien (1961), p. 268 shows beyond doubt that he died in 113 B.C. His tomb is situated in Chang-chia ts'un 張家村 near Ch'eng-ku . . . ; during repairs carried out in 1945 a clay mold with the inscription 博望家造 [Home of the Bowang (Marquis)] was found, as reported by Ch'en Chih (1959), p. 162.' Hulsewé and Loewe (1979), p. 218, note 819."

Other achievements
From his missions he brought back many important products, the most important being alfalfa seeds (for growing horse fodder), strong horses with hard hooves, and knowledge of the extensive existence of new products, peoples and technologies of the outside world. He died c. 114 BC after spending twenty-five years travelling on these dangerous and strategic missions. Although at a time in his life he was regarded with disgrace for being defeated by the Xiongnu, by the time of his passing he had been bestowed with great honours by the emperor.

Zhang Qian's journeys had promoted a great variety of economic and cultural exchanges between the Han dynasty and the Western Regions. Because silk became the dominant product traded from China, this great trade route later became known as the Silk Road.

title: Zhang Qian


text:
Three marks of existence

In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering" or "cause of suffering", "unsatisfactory", "unease"), and anattā (without a lasting essence). The concept of humans being subject to delusion about the three marks, this delusion resulting in suffering, and removal of that delusion resulting in the end of dukkha, is a central theme in the Buddhist Four Noble Truths and Noble Eightfold Path.

Description
There are different lists of the "marks of existence" found in the canons of the early Buddhist schools.

Three marks
In the Pali tradition of the Theravada school, the three marks are: The northern Buddhist Sarvāstivāda tradition meanwhile has the following in their Samyukta Agama:
 * sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā – all saṅkhāras (conditioned things) are impermanent
 * sabbe saṅkhārā dukkhā – all saṅkhāras are unsatisfactory, imperfect, unstable
 * sabbe dhammā anattā – all dharmas (conditioned or unconditioned things) have no unchanging self or soul
 * All conditioned things are impermanent (sarvasaṃskārā anityāḥ)
 * All dharmas are non-self (sarvadharmā anātmānaḥ)
 * Nirvāṇa is calm (śāntaṃ nirvāṇam)

Four marks
In the Ekottarika-āgama and in Mahayana sources like the Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra and The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (Sāgaranāgarājaparipṛcchā) however, four characteristics or “four seals of the Dharma” (Sanskrit: dharmoddāna-catuṣṭayaṃ or catvāri dharmapadāni, Chinese: 四法印) are described instead of three:
 * All compounded phenomena are impermanent (anitya)
 * All contaminated phenomena are without satisfaction (duḥkha)
 * All phenomena are without self (anātman)
 * Nirvana is peaceful/peace (śānta/śānti)

Anicca
Impermanence (Pali: anicca, Sanskrit: anitya) means that all things (saṅkhāra) are in a constant state of flux. Buddhism states that all physical and mental events come into being and dissolve. Human life embodies this flux in the aging process and the cycle of repeated birth and death (Samsara); nothing lasts, and everything decays. This is applicable to all beings and their environs, including beings who are reborn in deva (god) and naraka (hell) realms. This is in contrast to nirvana, the reality that is nicca, or knows no change, decay or death.

Dukkha
Dukkha (Sanskrit: duhkha) means "unsatisfactory", commonly translated as "suffering", "pain". Mahasi Sayadaw calls it 'unmanagable, uncontrollable'.

As the First Noble Truth, dukkha is explicated as the physical and mental dissatisfaction of changing conditions as in birth, aging, illness, death; getting what one wishes to avoid or not getting what one wants; and "in short, the five aggregates of clinging and grasping" (skandha). This, however, is a different context, not the Three Marks of Existence, and therefore 'suffering' may not be the best word for it.

The relationship between the three characteristics is explained in the Pali Canon as follows: What is anicca is dukkha. What is dukkha is anatta (Samyutta Nikaya.Vol4.Page1).
 * "That which is impermanent is dukkha (i.e. it cannot be made to last). That which is dukkha is not permanent."

Anatta
Anatta (Sanskrit: anatman) refers to there being no permanent essence in any thing or phenomena, including living beings.

While anicca and dukkha apply to "all conditioned phenomena" (saṅkhārā), anattā has a wider scope because it applies to all dhammās without the "conditioned, unconditioned" qualification. Thus, nirvana too is a state of without Self or anatta. The phrase "sabbe dhamma anatta" includes within its scope each skandha (group of aggregates, heaps) that compose any being, and the belief "I am" is a conceit which must be realized to be impermanent and without substance, to end all dukkha.

The anattā doctrine of Buddhism denies that there is anything permanent in any person to call one's Self, and that a belief in a Self is a source of dukkha. Some Buddhist traditions and scholars, however, interpret the anatta doctrine to be strictly in regard to the five aggregates rather than a universal truth, despite the Buddha affirming so in his first sermon. Religious studies scholar Alexander Wynne calls anattā a "not-self" teaching rather than a "no-self" teaching.

Application
In Buddhism, ignorance (avidyā, or moha; i.e. a failure to grasp directly) of the three marks of existence is regarded as the first link in the overall process of saṃsāra whereby a being is subject to repeated existences in an endless cycle of dukkha. As a consequence, dissolving that ignorance through direct insight into the three marks is said to bring an end to saṃsāra and, as a result, to that dukkha (dukkha nirodha or nirodha sacca, as described in the third of the Four Noble Truths).

Gautama Buddha taught that all beings conditioned by causes (saṅkhāra) are impermanent (anicca) and suffering (dukkha), and that not-self (anattā) characterises all dhammas, meaning there is no "I", "me", or "mine" in either the conditioned or the unconditioned (i.e. nibbāna). The teaching of three marks of existence in the Pali Canon is credited to the Buddha.

title: Three marks of existence


text:
Divisor function

In mathematics, and specifically in number theory, a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer. When referred to as the divisor function, it counts the number of divisors of an integer (including 1 and the number itself). It appears in a number of remarkable identities, including relationships on the Riemann zeta function and the Eisenstein series of modular forms. Divisor functions were studied by Ramanujan, who gave a number of important congruences and identities; these are treated separately in the article Ramanujan's sum.

A related function is the divisor summatory function, which, as the name implies, is a sum over the divisor function.

Definition
The sum of positive divisors function σz(n), for a real or complex number z, is defined as the sum of the zth powers of the positive divisors of n. It can be expressed in sigma notation as

 * $$\sigma_z(n)=\sum_{d\mid n} d^z\,\! ,$$

where $${d\mid n}$$ is shorthand for "d divides n". The notations d(n), ν(n) and τ(n) (for the German Teiler = divisors) are also used to denote σ0(n), or the number-of-divisors function. When z is 1, the function is called the sigma function or sum-of-divisors function, and the subscript is often omitted, so σ(n) is the same as σ1(n).

The aliquot sum s(n) of n is the sum of the proper divisors (that is, the divisors excluding n itself, ), and equals σ1(n) − n; the aliquot sequence of n is formed by repeatedly applying the aliquot sum function.

Example
For example, σ0(12) is the number of the divisors of 12:

\begin{align} \sigma_{0}(12) & = 1^0 + 2^0 + 3^0 + 4^0 + 6^0 + 12^0 \\ & = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 6, \end{align} $$

while σ1(12) is the sum of all the divisors:

\begin{align} \sigma_{1}(12) & = 1^1 + 2^1 + 3^1 + 4^1 + 6^1 + 12^1 \\ & = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 28, \end{align} $$

and the aliquot sum s(12) of proper divisors is:

\begin{align} s(12) & = 1^1 + 2^1 + 3^1 + 4^1 + 6^1 \\ & = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16. \end{align} $$

σ-1(n) is sometimes called the abundancy index of n, and we have:

\begin{align} \sigma_{-1}(12) & = 1^{-1} + 2^{-1} + 3^{-1} + 4^{-1} + 6^{-1} + 12^{-1} \\ & = \tfrac11 + \tfrac12 + \tfrac13 + \tfrac14 + \tfrac16 + \tfrac1{12} \\ & = \tfrac{12}{12} + \tfrac6{12} + \tfrac4{12} + \tfrac3{12} + \tfrac2{12} + \tfrac1{12} \\ & = \tfrac{12 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1}{12} = \tfrac{28}{12} = \tfrac73 = \tfrac{\sigma_1(12)}{12} \end{align} $$

Table of values
The cases x = 2 to 5 are listed in through, x = 6 to 24 are listed in  through.

Formulas at prime powers
For a prime number p,

 * $$\begin{align}

\sigma_0(p) & = 2 \\ \sigma_0(p^n) & = n+1 \\ \sigma_1(p) & = p+1 \end{align}$$

because by definition, the factors of a prime number are 1 and itself. Also, where pn# denotes the primorial,

 * $$ \sigma_0(p_n\#) = 2^n $$

since n prime factors allow a sequence of binary selection ($$p_{i}$$ or 1) from n terms for each proper divisor formed. However, these are not in general the smallest numbers whose number of divisors is a power of two; instead, the smallest such number may be obtained by multiplying together the first n Fermi–Dirac primes, prime powers whose exponent is a power of two.

Clearly, $$1 < \sigma_0(n) < n$$ for all $$n > 2$$, and $$\sigma_x(n) > n $$ for all $$n > 1$$, $$x > 0$$.

The divisor function is multiplicative (since each divisor c of the product mn with $$\gcd(m, n) = 1$$ distinctively correspond to a divisor a of m and a divisor b of n), but not completely multiplicative:

 * $$\gcd(a, b)=1 \Longrightarrow \sigma_x(ab)=\sigma_x(a)\sigma_x(b).$$

The consequence of this is that, if we write

 * $$n = \prod_{i=1}^r p_i^{a_i}$$

where r = ω(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n, pi is the ith prime factor, and ai is the maximum power of pi by which n is divisible, then we have:

 * $$\sigma_x(n) = \prod_{i=1}^r \sum_{j=0}^{a_i} p_i^{j x} = \prod_{i=1}^r \left (1 + p_i^x + p_i^{2x} + \cdots + p_i^{a_i x} \right ).$$

which, when x ≠ 0, is equivalent to the useful formula:

 * $$\sigma_x(n) = \prod_{i=1}^{r} \frac{p_{i}^{(a_{i}+1)x}-1}{p_{i}^x-1}.$$

When x = 0, $$\sigma_0(n)$$ is:

 * $$\sigma_0(n)=\prod_{i=1}^r (a_i+1).$$

This result can be directly deduced from the fact that all divisors of $$n$$ are uniquely determined by the distinct tuples $$(x_1, x_2, ..., x_i, ..., x_r)$$ of integers with $$0 \le x_i \le a_i$$ (i.e. $$a_i+1$$ independent choices for each $$x_i$$).

For example, if n is 24, there are two prime factors (p1 is 2; p2 is 3); noting that 24 is the product of 23×31, a1 is 3 and a2 is 1. Thus we can calculate $$\sigma_0(24)$$ as so:

 * $$\sigma_0(24) = \prod_{i=1}^{2} (a_i+1) = (3 + 1)(1 + 1) = 4 \cdot 2 = 8.$$

The eight divisors counted by this formula are 1, 2, 4, 8, 3, 6, 12, and 24.

Other properties and identities
Euler proved the remarkable recurrence:

 * $$\begin{align}

\sigma_1(n) &= \sigma_1(n-1)+\sigma_1(n-2)-\sigma_1(n-5)-\sigma_1(n-7)+\sigma_1(n-12)+\sigma_1(n-15)+ \cdots \\[12mu] &= \sum_{i\in\N} (-1)^{i+1}\left( \sigma_1 \left( n-\frac{1}{2} \left( 3i^2-i \right) \right) + \sigma_1 \left( n-\frac{1}{2} \left( 3i^2+i \right) \right) \right), \end{align}$$

where $$\sigma_1(0)=n$$ if it occurs and $$\sigma_1(x)=0$$ for $$x < 0$$, and $$\tfrac{1}{2} \left( 3i^2 \mp i \right)$$ are consecutive pairs of generalized pentagonal numbers (, starting at offset 1). Indeed, Euler proved this by logarithmic differentiation of the identity in his pentagonal number theorem.

For a non-square integer, n, every divisor, d, of n is paired with divisor n/d of n and $$\sigma_{0}(n)$$ is even; for a square integer, one divisor (namely $$\sqrt n$$) is not paired with a distinct divisor and $$\sigma_{0}(n)$$ is odd. Similarly, the number $$\sigma_{1}(n)$$ is odd if and only if n is a square or twice a square.

We also note s(n) = σ(n) − n. Here s(n) denotes the sum of the proper divisors of n, that is, the divisors of n excluding n itself. This function is used to recognize perfect numbers, which are the n such that s(n) = n. If s(n) > n, then n is an abundant number, and if s(n) < n, then n is a deficient number.

If $n$ is a power of 2, $$n = 2^k$$, then $$\sigma(n) = 2 \cdot 2^k - 1 = 2n - 1$$ and $$s(n) = n - 1$$, which makes n almost-perfect.

As an example, for two primes $$p,q:p<q$$, let

 * $$n = p\,q$$.

Then

 * $$\sigma(n) = (p+1)(q+1) = n + 1 + (p+q), $$
 * $$\varphi(n) = (p-1)(q-1) = n + 1 - (p+q), $$

and

 * $$n + 1 = (\sigma(n) + \varphi(n))/2, $$
 * $$p + q = (\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/2, $$

where $$\varphi(n)$$ is Euler's totient function.

Then, the roots of

 * $$(x-p)(x-q) = x^2 - (p+q)x + n = x^2 - [(\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/2]x + [(\sigma(n) + \varphi(n))/2 - 1] = 0 $$

express p and q in terms of σ(n) and φ(n) only, requiring no knowledge of n or $$p+q$$, as

 * $$p = (\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/4 - \sqrt{[(\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/4]^2 - [(\sigma(n) + \varphi(n))/2 - 1]}, $$
 * $$q = (\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/4 + \sqrt{[(\sigma(n) - \varphi(n))/4]^2 - [(\sigma(n) + \varphi(n))/2 - 1]}. $$

Also, knowing $n$ and either $$\sigma(n)$$ or $$\varphi(n)$$, or, alternatively, $$p+q$$ and either $$\sigma(n)$$ or $$\varphi(n)$$ allows an easy recovery of p and q.

In 1984, Roger Heath-Brown proved that the equality

 * $$\sigma_0(n) = \sigma_0(n + 1)$$

is true for infinitely many values of $n$, see.

Series relations
Two Dirichlet series involving the divisor function are:

 * $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sigma_{a}(n)}{n^s} = \zeta(s) \zeta(s-a)\quad\text{for}\quad s>1,s>a+1,$$

where $$\zeta$$ is the Riemann zeta function. The series for d(n) = σ0(n) gives:

 * $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{d(n)}{n^s} = \zeta^2(s)\quad\text{for}\quad s>1,$$

and a Ramanujan identity

 * $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\sigma_a(n)\sigma_b(n)}{n^s} = \frac{\zeta(s) \zeta(s-a) \zeta(s-b) \zeta(s-a-b)}{\zeta(2s-a-b)},$$

which is a special case of the Rankin–Selberg convolution.

A Lambert series involving the divisor function is:

 * $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty q^n \sigma_a(n) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \sum_{j=1}^\infty n^a q^{j\,n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n^a q^n}{1-q^n}$$

for arbitrary complex |q| ≤ 1 and a. This summation also appears as the Fourier series of the Eisenstein series and the invariants of the Weierstrass elliptic functions.

For $$k>0$$, there is an explicit series representation with Ramanujan sums $$ c_m(n) $$ as :
 * $$\sigma_k(n) = \zeta(k+1)n^k\sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac {c_m(n)}{m^{k+1}}.$$

The computation of the first terms of $$c_m(n)$$ shows its oscillations around the "average value" $$\zeta(k+1)n^k$$:
 * $$\sigma_k(n) = \zeta(k+1)n^k \left[ 1 + \frac{(-1)^n}{2^{k+1}} + \frac{2\cos\frac {2\pi n}{3}}{3^{k+1}} + \frac{2\cos\frac {\pi n}{2}}{4^{k+1}} + \cdots\right]$$

Growth rate
In little-o notation, the divisor function satisfies the inequality:
 * $$\mbox{for all }\varepsilon>0,\quad d(n)=o(n^\varepsilon).$$

More precisely, Severin Wigert showed that:
 * $$\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log d(n)}{\log n/\log\log n}=\log2.$$

On the other hand, since there are infinitely many prime numbers,
 * $$\liminf_{n\to\infty} d(n)=2.$$

In Big-O notation, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet showed that the average order of the divisor function satisfies the following inequality:
 * $$\mbox{for all } x\geq1, \sum_{n\leq x}d(n)=x\log x+(2\gamma-1)x+O(\sqrt{x}),$$

where $$\gamma$$ is Euler's gamma constant. Improving the bound $$O(\sqrt{x})$$ in this formula is known as Dirichlet's divisor problem.

The behaviour of the sigma function is irregular. The asymptotic growth rate of the sigma function can be expressed by:

\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\sigma(n)}{n\,\log \log n}=e^\gamma, $$

where lim sup is the limit superior. This result is Grönwall's theorem, published in 1913. His proof uses Mertens' third theorem, which says that:

 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{\log n}\prod_{p\le n}\frac{p}{p-1}=e^\gamma,$$

where p denotes a prime.

In 1915, Ramanujan proved that under the assumption of the Riemann hypothesis, Robin's inequality
 * $$\ \sigma(n) < e^\gamma n \log \log n $$ (where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant)

holds for all sufficiently large n. The largest known value that violates the inequality is n=5040. In 1984, Guy Robin proved that the inequality is true for all n > 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis is true. This is Robin's theorem and the inequality became known after him. Robin furthermore showed that if the Riemann hypothesis is false then there are an infinite number of values of n that violate the inequality, and it is known that the smallest such n > 5040 must be superabundant. It has been shown that the inequality holds for large odd and square-free integers, and that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the inequality just for n divisible by the fifth power of a prime.

Robin also proved, unconditionally, that the inequality:
 * $$\ \sigma(n) < e^\gamma n \log \log n + \frac{0.6483\ n}{\log \log n}$$

holds for all n ≥ 3.

A related bound was given by Jeffrey Lagarias in 2002, who proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that:
 * $$ \sigma(n) < H_n + e^{H_n}\log(H_n)$$

for every natural number n > 1, where $$H_n$$ is the nth harmonic number,.

title: Divisor function