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Heroic medicine

Heroic medicine, also referred to as heroic depletion theory, was a therapeutic method advocating for rigorous treatment of bloodletting, purging, and sweating to shock the body back to health after an illness caused by a humoral imbalance. Rising to the front of orthodox medical practice in the "Age of Heroic Medicine" (1780–1850), it fell out of favor in the mid-19th century as gentler treatments were shown to be more effective and the idea of palliative treatment began to develop.

History
Pockets of medical methodology that can be classified as "heroic" appear in the early 17th century with Parisian physician Guy Patin and French anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger. Patin, nicknamed "Le Grand Saigneur" (the Grand Bloodletter), was infamous for his rigorous procedure plans, which included intensive courses of bloodletting and application of senna. Because heroic medicine used popular techniques, it is difficult to absolutely classify a healer's therapeutic epistemology as heroic. Intensive bloodletting treatments can be identified throughout American history, with William Douglass in Massachusetts advocating for a heroic treatment plan in the early 18th century. While there were practitioners here and there who were particularly eager to perform aggressive treatment, heroic medicine did not become a concentrated school of thought until later in the 18th century.

Many associate Benjamin Rush with an abrupt acceptance of heroic techniques into the realm of mainstream medicine, especially in America. Founding father, creator of University of Pennsylvania’s medical school, and known as the "American Hippocrates," Rush was well respected and revered in the medical field. The Philadelphia Yellow Fever outbreak in 1793 is looked upon as a major event in the merging of heroic medicine into the course of best practices in the medical profession. Much of the city was left incapacitated by the rampant epidemic. As healers fled the city, Rush bravely remained to treat people, and ultimately himself, with drastic regimens of intensive bloodlettings and purgatives. He taught many students who then carried the tradition to other parts of the United States. Varied in its influence, heroic medicine was particularly concentrated around Pennsylvania and spread into other locations. The term "heroic medicine" was coined later in the mid-19th century to describe extreme treatment.

Heroic medicine was used to treat George Washington on his deathbed in 1799. He was bled repeatedly and given Mercury(I) chloride (calomel) and several blisters of cantharidin to induce sweating. Washington died shortly after receiving this rigorous heroic treatment.

Heroic medicine was very much in the hands of the professional, as the invasive interventions involved were beyond the capabilities of rustic practitioners. Symptoms were not regarded as the body's attempt to fight the disease, but were considered a complication that would exacerbate the patient's condition and do further harm. Practitioners believed that a fever should be suppressed and any drugs used should be powerful and given in large dosages. Under this onslaught, domestic medicine dwindled in importance; even treatments that had been found effective in the past were relegated to the realms of old-fashioned folk medicine.

Feminist co-authors Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English write that heroic medicine was created to justify medical billing. Traditional healing techniques, they say, were mostly practiced by women within a non-commercial family or village setting. Supposedly, as male doctors suppressed these techniques, they found it difficult to quantify various "amounts" of healing to charge for, and to convince patients to pay for it. Ehrenreich and English conclude that heroic medicine helped to convince patients that the doctor had something obvious and tangible to sell.

Practices
Heroic medicine does not have a definitive start date, as its treatments themselves were not new to the field of medicine. Bloodletting, purging, and sweating are cemented firmly in medical tradition back to the advent of humoral theory in the time of Hippocrates and Galen. With hopes of rebalancing the body's delicate homeostasis of four humors – black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood – the careful manipulation of bodily discharge, like bleeding and evacuation, was believed to nudge the body back to its healthy, natural state. The physician's role was always to monitor the path of the body's humoral levels back to normal.

Heroic medicine takes this methodology to the extreme, draining significant volumes of blood and ordering intensive regimens of evacuation. It was not uncommon for physicians to strive to drain up to 80 percent of a patient's blood volume. Likewise, dramatic evacuations, both by pharmacological emetics and laxatives, induced the forceful removal of bodily fluid. Commonly used emetics include senna and tartar emetic. General intestinal cleansing was instigated by massive doses of calomel, to the point of acute mercury poisoning. Sweating was also induced using blisters of cantharidin and diaphoretic.

Fall of heroic medicine
Heroic medicine became less favoured with the advent of medical science. Even during its heyday, heroic medicine faced criticism from physicians and alternative medicine healers like the Homeopaths, who pushed for more natural cures. In the modern day, there are few proponents of heroic medicine.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heroic medicine


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Freighthopping

Freighthopping or trainhopping is the act of surreptitiously boarding and riding a freightcar, which is usually illegal.

History
Illegally hopping a ride on a private freight car began with the invention of the train. In the United States, freighthopping became a common means of transportation following the American Civil War as the railroads began pushing westward, especially among migrant workers who became known as "hobos". It continued to be widely used by those unable to afford other transportation, especially during times of widespread economic dislocation such as the Great Depression. The practice was heralded in popular culture of 20th century America with songs such as "King of the Road", and films like Emperor of the North Pole. For a variety of reasons the practice is less common in the 21st century, although a community of freight-train riders still exists.

Typically, hoppers will go to a rail yard where trains stop to pick up and unload freight and switch out crew. They will either board a freight car in some fashion unseen or “catch one on the fly” once it has begun to move. Train surfing is a similar activity that involves the act of riding on the outside of a moving train, tram or another rail transport.

Riding the rods

Most train hoppers simply rode in or above freight cars. Another historic method was “riding the rods“. In the early 1900s days of wood frame freight car construction, steel truss rods were used to support the underside of the car in order to provide it with the strength to carry heavy loads. There could be four or more of these truss rods under the car floor running the length of the car, and hobos would “ride the rods”. Some would carry a board to place across the rods to lie on. Others would lie on just one rod and hold on tightly. Riding the rods was very dangerous. When a train moved at high speed, the cars could bounce and rock violently if the track was rough, and rock ballast might be tossed up which could strike a rider.

Dangers

Riding outside a freight car, whether atop or underneath, is dangerous. Being in a loaded car with shifting, heavy cargo can also be dangerous.

The 1944 Balvano train disaster in Italy involved hundreds of freighthoppers.

Today
Hopping trains happens all over the world and varies from place to place. Some places are more critical and consider freight hopping a crime, and other places are more lenient.

Despite increased deterrent measures, would-be migrants use the Eurostar and Eurotunnel Shuttle to cross the English Channel from France to England.
 * Europe

Union Pacific Railroad in the United States encourages people who witness transients on freight trains to report them to its dispatch center. According to a sheriff's deputy from Lincoln County, Nebraska train hoppers no longer write symbols on trees and buildings, but there is still a network of train hoppers that occurs mostly online.
 * United States

 * Mexico

It is estimated that yearly between 400,000 and 500,000 migrants—the majority of whom are from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—hop freight trains in the effort to reach the United States. The freight trains are known as La Bestia.

In the Mauritania Railway, freighthoppers can ride with their cargo freely due to the lack of road between Zouérat and Nouadhibou.
 * Mauritania

title: Freighthopping


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User:Indigo~enwiki

Squirrelium The stuff of dreams.

title: User:Indigo~enwiki


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Dom Mintoff

Dominic Mintoff (Duminku Mintoff, ; often called il-Perit, "the Architect"; 6 August 1916 – 20 August 2012) was a Maltese socialist politician, architect, and civil engineer who was leader of the Labour Party from 1949 to 1984, and was 8th Prime Minister of Malta from 1955 to 1958, when Malta was still a British colony, and again, following independence, from 1971 to 1984. His tenure as Prime Minister saw the creation of a comprehensive welfare state, nationalisation of large corporations, a substantial increase in the general standard of living and the establishment of the Maltese republic, but was later on marred by a stagnant economy, a rise in authoritarianism and outbreaks of political violence.

Early life and education
Mintoff was born on 6 August 1916, the third-born and eldest male sibling of nine, born to Lawrence (or Laurence) "Wenzu" Mintoff (who hailed from an old Gozitan family) and his wife, Concetta Farrugia (known in Maltese as Ċetta tax-Xiħ). He was baptised the next day in his hometown Bormla in the Sanctuary of the Immaculate Conception. His father was a local cook employed by the British Royal Navy and his mother was reputed to have been a pawn broker or money lender. He attended a seminary but did not join the priesthood. One of his brothers did become a priest, however, and one of his sisters became a nun. Dom enrolled at the University of Malta. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science and, later, as an architect and civil engineer (1937). That same year he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and pursued his studies at Hertford College, Oxford, where he earned a Masters in Science and Engineering in 1939.

Early political career (1935–1949)
After a brief stint as an official of the Bormla Labour Party club, Mintoff was Labour's Secretary General between 1935 and 1945 (resigning briefly to pursue his studies abroad). He was first elected to public office in 1945 to the Government Council. In the same year, Mintoff was elected Deputy Leader of the Party with a wide margin that placed him in an indisputable position as the successor, if not a challenger, to party leader Paul Boffa. After Labour's victory at the polls in 1947, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Works and Reconstruction, overseeing large post-War public projects.

Leader of the Labour Party (1949–1984)
Mintoff's strong position and ambition led to a series of Cabinet crises. A split in the Labour Party came about when Boffa, who was ready for compromise and moderation with the colonial authorities, resigned and formed the Malta Workers Party and Mintoff refounded the Labour Party as the "Malta Labour Party" of which he assumed leadership. The split resulted in the weakening of both parties and it was not until 1955 after remaining out of government for three consecutive legislatures, that the Labour Party was elected to office with Mintoff as Prime Minister. This government's main political platform – integration with the UK – led to a deterioration of the Party's relations with the Catholic Church, leading to interdiction by the Church which resulted in voting Labour being declared a mortal sin leading all who defied the Church to be informally known as "Suldati tal-Azzar" ("Soldiers of Steel"). The Labour Party lost the subsequent two elections in 1962 and 1966, and boycotted the Independence celebrations in 1964 due to disagreements with the Independence agreements which still gave a good amount of power to the British Government.
 * First two mandates

Following the lift of the interdiction in 1964, and the improvement of relationship with the Catholic Church in 1969, Dom Mintoff was elected as Prime Minister when Labour won the 1971 general election and immediately set out to re-negotiate the post-Independence military and financial agreements with the United Kingdom. The government also undertook socialist-style nationalisation programmes, import substitution schemes, and the expansion of the public sector, the collective sector and the welfare state. Employment laws were revised with gender equality being introduced in salary pay. In the case of civil law, civil (non-religious) marriage was introduced and sodomy, homosexuality and adultery were legalised. Through a package of constitutional reforms agreed to with the opposition party, Malta declared itself a republic in 1974. In 1979, the last British troops left Malta.

The Labour Party was confirmed in office in the 1976 elections. In 1981, amid allegations of gerrymandering, the Party managed to hold on to a parliamentary majority, even though the opposition Nationalist Party managed an absolute majority of votes. A serious political crisis ensued when Nationalist MPs refused to accept the electoral result and also refused to take their seats in parliament for the first years of the legislature. Mintoff called this action "perverse" but it was not an uncommon one in any parliamentary democracy with disputed election results. He proposed to his parliamentary group that fresh elections be held, but most members of his Parliamentary group rejected his proposal as it was likely that the prior result would be repeated. Mintoff stayed on as prime minister until 1984, during which time he suspended the work of the Constitutional Court during discussions with the Opposition to amend the Constitution. He resigned as Prime Minister and Party leader aged 68 in 1984 (although he retained his parliamentary seat), opening the way for his deputy prime minister, Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, to succeed him.
 * Social and political troubles in the 1980s

For the 1981 elections, the opposition Nationalist Party, reinvigorated with a new leader and backed by various Conservative and Christian Democratic parties in Western Europe, looked set for a serious challenge to Mintoff. In fact, in that election, the Partit Nazzjonalista managed an absolute majority of votes, but managed only 31 seats to the Malta Labour Party's 34. Mintoff said that he would not be ready to govern in such conditions and hinted that he would call for fresh elections within six months. However, pressure from party members forced Mintoff to do otherwise: Mintoff eventually accepted the President's invitation to form a government. This led to a political crisis whose effects continued through much of the 1980s characterised by mass civil disobedience and protests led by Opposition Leader Eddie Fenech Adami as well as increasing political violence, such as Black Monday.

Labour backbencher (1984–1998)
Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1984, while retaining his Parliamentary seat and remaining a government backbencher. He was succeeded by Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici. Mintoff was instrumental in convincing his parliamentary colleagues to support constitutional amendments ensuring a parliamentary majority for the party achieving an absolute majority of votes. A repeat of 1981 was thus avoided, and the Partit Nazzjonalista went on to win the 1987 elections. The Labour Party went into opposition for the first time in sixteen years. He successfully contested the 1992 and 1996 elections. However, there was a growing rift between Mintoff, seen as Old Labour, and Alfred Sant, the new Labour Leader. Things came to a head in 1998 when the Labour government was negotiating the lease of sealine to be developed in a yacht marina in Birgu. Mintoff eventually voted against the government's motion which was defeated. The Prime Minister saw this as a loss of confidence and The President, acting on Prime Minister Sant's advice dissolved Parliament and elections were held. This was the first time, since the war, that Mintoff's name was not on the ballot paper and the Malta Labour Party lost heavily.

Foreign policy
After Mintoff's initial attempts at integration with Great Britain proved unsuccessful he resigned in 1958 and became a strident advocate of decolonisation and independence. Returning to office in 1971, he immediately set about renegotiating Malta's defence agreement with Britain. The difficult negotiations with Britain, which later resulted in the departure of British forces in 1979 and the attendant losses in rent, were coupled with a policy of Cold War brinkmanship which saw Mintoff seek to play rivals off each other and look increasingly east and south, courting Mao Zedong, Kim Il Sung, Nicolae Ceaușescu and Muammar Gaddafi.

Recently declassified CIA reports show the United States' fears that a Mintoff-led government in Malta could see the country fall under the Soviet sphere of influence. Mintoff opposed Malta's EU and Eurozone membership on the concern for Malta's status as a constitutionally neutral country.

Post-retirement (1998–2012)
After his retirement from parliamentary politics, Mintoff's involvement in public life was only occasional. He made some appearances in the referendum campaign on Malta's membership to the EU and, with Alfred Sant being replaced in 2008, some rapprochement with Labour was made.

Personal life
On 22 November 1947, Mintoff married Moyra de Vere Bentinck (11 July 1918 – 16 December 1997), daughter of Lt. Col. Reginald Bentinck, of Dutch and British noble lineage related via the Cavendish-Bentinck line to Queen Elizabeth II. The couple wed at the parish church of Bir id-Deheb (Our Lady of Mercy), a tiny 19th century chapel on the outskirts of Żejtun. The chapel's rector was Canon Ġwann Vella, a friend of Mintoff. They met during his studies in Oxford. The couple had two daughters, Anne and Yana. Yana, a member of the Socialist Workers Party, acquired brief notoriety in 1978 when she bombed the chamber of the UK House of Commons with manure in a protest against the British military presence in Northern Ireland.

Death
Mintoff was taken to hospital on 18 July 2012. He was later discharged on 4 August and spent his 96th birthday at home where he died on 20 August. He was given a state funeral by the Government of Malta on 25 August.

Legacy
While generations of loyal supporters continue to credit Mintoff with the introduction of social benefits like the children's allowance, two-thirds pensions, minimum wage and social housing as well as the creation of Air Malta, Sea Malta, the separation of church and state and ending 200 years of British colonial rule, critics point to his divisive legacy, and the violence and unrest that characterised his time in office. It has also been pointed out by Mintoff's critics that a pervasive cult of personality has been maintained after his death, most prominently within the Labour Party.

Mintoff's legacy in Malta is extremely apparent, being the longest-ruling Prime Minister in Maltese history, and overseeing the transition of Malta away from a British colony, to a socialist-aligned, neutral republic. As such, the modern legal and societal structure of Malta were developed under the Labour government.

Mintoff was fundamental to the development of the Maltese constitution and the development of Maltese foreign policy, in which Malta was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, and prioritised good relations with the second and Third World. The modern system of nationalised health care in Malta was likewise created under Mintoff, as well as the modern Maltese housing system. Mintoff is controversially also remembered as an authoritarian socialist that dominated the structure of the Maltese government.

The economy of Malta, a relatively high income nation with a highly advanced welfare economy, and subsidies were devolved under Mintoff. Under Mintoff, Language reforms saw an increase of schools teaching Maltese, which managed to revive the language from previous colonial-era decline.

In 2013, the main square in front the church of Our Lady of Mercy in Bir id-Deheb, Żejtun (where Dom and Moyra Mintoff were married) was renamed Dom Mintoff Square.

A statue of Mintoff was unveiled in his hometown Cospicua on 12 December 2014, designed by the artist Noel Galea Bason.

In March 2016, Corradino Road (Triq Kordin) in Paola was renamed Dom Mintoff Road (Triq il-Perit Dom Mintoff). Other roads were subsequently renamed in his honour in Bormla and Marsa. Another street named after Mintoff is located in the capital of Gozo, Rabat. In August 2016, a monument to Mintoff was unveiled in the Chinese Garden of Serenity in Santa Luċija. Many plaques and monuments commemorating various anniversaries of his leadership of the Labour Party can be found around Malta, primarily near current or former Labour Party clubs.

In May 2018, a second statue of Mintoff was unveiled in Castille Square in Valletta directly opposite the office of the Prime Minister.

In May 2019, a garden in Paola was renamed Dom Mintoff Garden after extensive rehabilitation works. In August 2019, a hall was renamed after Mintoff in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in recognition of his contributions towards Maltese foreign policy.

In June 2023, a third statue of Mintoff was unveiled by the Paola Local Council in Dom Mintoff Garden designed by renowned sculptor Alfred Camilleri Cauchi.

National honours

 * MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (1990) by right as a former Prime Minister of Malta
 * [[File:MLT Malta Self-Government Re-introduction Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Medal ribbon.png|80px]] Malta Self-Government Re-introduction Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Medal (1996)
 * MLT Malta Independence Fiftieth Anniversary Medal ribbon.png Malta Independence Fiftieth Anniversary Medal (2014) posthumous

Foreign honours

 * Order of the Republic (Libya) - ribbon bar.gif Order of the Republic of Libya (1971)
 * Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia (1973)
 * Ordre de l'Ouissam Alaouite GC ribbon (Maroc).svg Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (1978)
 * Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights (2008)

Biography
In May 2021 the first fully-researched biography of Mintoff was launched in Malta. The Tail That Wagged The Dog: The life and struggles of Dom Mintoff (1916-2012), written and published in English by Mark Montebello, was issued by SKS Publications, a branch of Malta’s Labour Party, which commissioned the book. Though at first welcomed by Prime Minister Robert Abela, the leader of the party, he later repudiated the biography, though the book was not withheld from being sold by the publisher. The vacillation was mainly due to Mintoff’s children disassociating themselves from the publication. The author firmly stood by his work. Seven years in the making, the 640-page book was nonetheless positively hailed by critics,    and even shortlisted for the national book prize.

title: Dom Mintoff


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Talk:Pure Land Buddhism

Dates
Are the dates in this article BC or AD? -- Gaurav 01:54, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * AD. Or as some say, CE. --Menchi 01:57, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm. Only just realised that years in Wikipedia are AD unless explicitly mentioned 'BC'. Is there any place that policy is formally put out? Tried searching but couldn't get anything .. -- Gaurav 14:01, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Nothing formal, but rather, an accepted rule of English writing. Some article that refers to dynasties that cross-over BC & AD may explicitly state so. BC years will always be stated as such. AD may or may not. The dichotomy alone should be clear. Plus, the context usually helps. --Menchi 03:50, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Organizing Afterlife Articles
I would like to organize the articles that deal with an otherworld as a real existence. I propose that Afterlife would be the best hub for such articles. Eschatology and Underworld are other possibilities, but I don't think they work as well as Afterlife. Any thoughts on such a project? Please come to Talk:Afterlife to discuss. Tom (hawstom) 14:47, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Requested move
Pure Land → Pure Land Buddhism – current article under the lemma describes the buddhist school, but it should describe the concept of the pure land or Sukhavati instead.

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support (initiator) --Mkill 15:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Saimdusan Talk|Contribs 00:06, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Support --Ph0kin (talk) 02:54, 8 May 2008 (UTC), I find this confusing as well, even being a Pure Land Buddhist.

Discussion
The Heading is fine as it is. I have experience with 11 years of Buddhist Pure Land practice as a fully ordained bhikshuni in this tradition. Most searches need very broad terms, newcomers do not even know the Sanskrit and in most places local languages are being used, mainly Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese or Korean. With the growth of more interest in Europe there is now German, French and Spanish being used.--Ven Hong Yang, Bhikshuni 03:39, 10 September 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by VenHongyang (talk • contribs)

 * Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. From what I can tell, this move was already done, perhaps 4 years ago or more. Actually many discussion items on these pages are very old, as there are not many editors for this subject. All the best. :-) Tengu800 04:29, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

English Wikipedia does not have an article on the concept of the Pure Land yet, as in de:Sukhavati or ja:浄土. The article should be either at Sukhavati, which is only a disambig at the moment, or here. To make space for the article, the current article, describing the buddhist schools based on the concept, should be moved. --Mkill 15:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightstallion (?) 09:13, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Amidism Incorrect?
The article states that the term Amidism is incorrect, but when searching Google the only pages that said that where directly copying from Wikipedia, so I removed that it was incorrect. I also cited the term "Amidism". Saimdusan Talk|Contribs 05:46, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Speaking as a Pure Land Buddhist myself, the term is somewhat archaic and outmoded. It's like the term "Mohammedism" which Muslims find offensive.  No one at our temple uses it either.  I suggest removing it, except where it's cited as a term no longer used.

 * Thanks! --Ph0kin (talk) 02:53, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * one shouldn't over-generalize. When I asked a fellow-pupil at school what his religion was, he said Mohammedan. Peter jackson (talk) 15:23, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

pure land practice
everything after the second paragraph in the section "pure land practice" may well be correct but it needs to be re-written with respect to English grammar. Also, is it okay to give references that are not in English, since the text is in English? Certainly in an academic article it would be fine, but i don't know about Wikipedia.Briesas (talk) 23:45, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Policy is that English sources are preferred where possible, but foreign ones are allowed. Peter jackson (talk) 10:35, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Copyediting Query
"Gyatrul (b.1924),[37] in a purport to the work of Chagmé..." Is purport the right word in this, the first sentence of the last paragraph? I have never seen it used as a noun (as it apparently functions here) this way. It seems like "introduction" "comment (on), or maybe "report (on)" is what is needed here instead. I urge anyone who knows about Gyatrul and what relation exactly his writing bears to that of Chagmé to clarify this sentence.Prohairesius (talk) 16:49, 6 April 2013 (UTC)

Repetitions
In the article it says "Those who practice this method often commit to a fixed set of repetitions per day, often from 50,000 to over 500,000". Given that a day has 86400 seconds,　500,000 repetitions a day would require 6 repetitions a second, without a break, for 24 hours, after which the next "fixed set of repetitions" begins. What I am trying to say is: The given numbers are rubbish. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LoSchizzatore (talk • contribs) 07:54, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Good point, and those numbers did seem unrealistically high. I've removed the numbers until more is known about the matter. Tengu800 09:37, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Too esoteric
Someone should rewrite at least introduction to make it comprehensible to readers who don't already know a great deal about Buddhism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.18.221.197 (talk) 16:47, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Tibet
Couldn't undo "10:27, 1 April 2016 MethaneK (talk | contribs) . . (33,128 bytes) (-16) . . (Tibet is in China) (undo | thank)", so changed it manually.

The fact that "(Tibet is in China)" is a political discussion. Let's not make this article political.

This sentence describes "the Mahāyāna Buddhist traditions of China,... and Tibet", which are two different schools/traditions, are from two different cultures and have way different approaches (Tibet using the Vajrayāna-approach).--Julius Civilis (talk) 19:16, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

Odd sentence
Can anyone deobfuscate "It may be terrible rather than other Buddhism."?

Earcanal (talk) 12:43, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pure Land Buddhism


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South Eastern Trains

South Eastern Trains (stylised as Southeastern) was a publicly owned train operating company that operated the South Eastern Passenger Rail Franchise between November 2003, when it took over from Connex South Eastern, and 1 April 2006, when Southeastern began operating the new Integrated Kent franchise.

History
South Eastern Trains began operating the South Eastern franchise from November 2003, taking over after the franchise was removed from Connex South Eastern. On 18 January 2005 the Strategic Rail Authority issued the Integrated Kent franchise Invitation to Tender to the shortlisted bidders.

On 30 November 2005 the Department for Transport awarded Govia the Integrated Kent franchise. The services operated by South Eastern Trains transferred to Southeastern on 1 April 2006.

Main lines
From London termini (London Victoria, London Bridge, London Charing Cross, London Blackfriars and London Cannon Street) unless otherwise stated;

 * North Kent Line – services via Dartford to Gillingham
 * Chatham Main Line – services to the Kent Coast via Bromley South and Chatham, dividing at Faversham to Ramsgate and Dover
 * Swanley to Ashford (via Maidstone East) Line
 * South Eastern Main Line – services the Kent Coast via Ashford and Sevenoaks
 * Ashford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) line
 * Ashford to Ramsgate (via Folkestone and Dover) line (Kent Coast Line)
 * Hastings Line (Hastings via Tunbridge Wells)
 * London Bridge to Tunbridge Wells (via East Croydon and Redhill) – uses part of the Brighton Main Line
 * Horsham to Tunbridge Wells (via Gatwick and Redhill) – uses part of the Brighton Main Line

Suburban lines
The suburban services (called ‘Metro’ in the SET timetables) ran to:
 * Sevenoaks: two services – one via Grove Park, and one via Bromley South
 * Hayes line
 * Mid-Kent Line
 * Orpington via Lewisham and via Bromley South
 * Swanley
 * Dartford via: North Kent Line; the Bexleyheath Line and the Dartford Loop Line.
 * Bromley North Line

Rural lines

 * Medway Valley Line, some services extended to Tonbridge.
 * Sheerness Line

Rolling stock
South Eastern Trains inherited a fleet of Class 365, Class 375, Class 411, Class 421, Class 423, Class 508, Class 465 and Class 466s from Connex South Eastern. During its tenure South Eastern Trains introduced the remaining Class 375s into service as well as the full Class 376 fleet. All remaining Class 411, Class 421 and Class 423s were withdrawn and scrapped by October 2005, while the Class 365s were transferred to West Anglia Great Northern in 2004. Rolling stock was maintained at Ashford and Ramsgate depots.

title: South Eastern Trains


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Sopwith Aviation Company

The Sopwith Aviation Company was a British aircraft company that designed and manufactured aeroplanes mainly for the British Royal Naval Air Service, the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force during the First World War, most famously the Sopwith Camel. Sopwith aircraft were also used in varying numbers by the French, Belgian and American air services during the war.

In April 1919, the company was renamed as the Sopwith Aviation & Engineering Company Limited. In September 1920, the company entered voluntary liquidation after an attempt to build motorcycles failed. The patents and other assets were bought by a new company, H.G. Hawker Engineering.

Early years
The Sopwith Aviation Company (based at Brooklands) was created in June 1912 by Thomas Sopwith, a wealthy sportsman interested in aviation, yachting and motor-racing, when he was 24 years old. Following their first military aircraft sale in November 1912, Sopwith moved to the company's first factory premises which opened that December in a recently closed roller skating rink in Canbury Park Road near Kingston Railway Station in South West London. An early collaboration with the S. E. Saunders boatyard of East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, in 1913, produced the Sopwith "Bat Boat", an early flying boat with a Consuta laminated hull which could operate on sea or land. A small factory subsequently opened in Woolston, Hampshire in 1914.

First World War
The company made more than 16,000 aircraft during the First World War. Many more of the company's aircraft were built by subcontractors rather than by Sopwith themselves. These included Fairey, Clayton and Shuttleworth, William Beardmore and Company and Ruston Proctor.

Towards the end of the war, Sopwith took out a lease on National Aircraft Factory No.2, constructed in 26 weeks during the winter of 1917 a mile to the north of the Canbury works in Ham. The company were able to greatly increase production of Snipe, Dolphin and Salamander fighter planes as a result. At the beginning of the war the company had 200 employees; this had reached 6,000 employees by the Armistice.

Post-war diversification and failure
After the war, the company attempted to produce aircraft for the civil market based on their wartime types. These included aircraft such as a single-winged Camel and the Dove, a derivative of the Pup and the Swallow, but the wide availability of war-surplus aircraft at knock-down prices meant this was never economical. In 1919 the company was renamed as Sopwith Aviation & Engineering Company and the factory was re-organised to produce ABC motorcycles under licence; this included an investment of £100,000 in new machinery. In September 1920 the Kingston factory closed for stocktaking and the company decided to enter voluntary liquidation; the works manager at Kingston announced in a letter to the 1400 employees:"We much regret we find it impossible to reopen the works, as the difficulties caused by restricted credit prevent the company from finding sufficient capital to carry on the business, and it will be therefore wound up."

- H G Mitchell

At a meeting of creditors held in October 1920 it was explained that although the company had previously accumulated a surplus of £900,000 in 1918, following a slump in the sale of motorcycles the company had liabilities of £705,430 (which included £583,510 for excess profits duty) and assets of £862,630. The amount of excess profit duty was being disputed by the company which had already paid £450,000 in duty. The meeting concluded that the best result would be to sell the business as a going concern.

The Ham factory, which was included in 38 acres of freehold land, was sold to Leyland Motors. The newly formed H.G. Hawker Engineering Company obtained the Sopwith patent rights and a government contract to refurbish Sopwith Snipe biplanes.

Hawker Engineering
Upon the liquidation of the Sopwith company, Tom Sopwith himself, together with Harry Hawker, Fred Sigrist and Bill Eyre, immediately formed H.G. Hawker Engineering, forerunner of the Hawker Aircraft and Hawker Siddeley lineage. Sopwith was Chairman of Hawker Siddeley until his retirement. Hawker and its successors produced many more famous military aircraft, including the inter-war Hart, and Demon; World War II's Hurricane, Typhoon, and Tempest; and the post-war Sea Fury, Hunter and Harrier. These later jet types were manufactured in the same factory buildings used to produce Sopwith Snipes in 1918 as Hawker Aircraft bought the Ham Factory when Leyland's lease expired in 1948.

Present day
In 2021, the Sopwith Aviation name was acquired by Welsh engineering firm Bevan Davidson International, who plan to release a line of celebratory motor vehicles in celebration of the history of Sopwith. A two-seater sports car, styled and named after the Sopwith Dove was revealed at the London Concours car show later that year.

Famous Sopwith aircraft
Initially, Tom Sopwith himself, assisted by his former personal mechanic Fred Sigrist, led the design of the company's types. Following a number of pre-war designs for the Royal Naval Air Service, such as the Three-seater and the Bat Boat, Sopwith's first major success was the fast and compact (hence the name) Tabloid, a design which first showed the influence of the company's test pilot, the Australian Harry Hawker. A float-equipped version of this aircraft won the Schneider Trophy in 1914. The landplane version was used by both the RNAS and RFC at the start of the war. With higher power and floats, the type evolved into the Sopwith Baby, which was a workhorse of the RNAS for much of the First World War.

In 1916, Herbert Smith became Chief Engineer of the Sopwith company, and under his design leadership its other successful World War I types included the larger Type 9901. This aircraft, better known as the 1½ Strutter due to its unconventional cabane strut arrangement, was used from 1916 by the RNAS, RFC and the French Aviation Militaire as a single-seat bomber, two-seat fighter and artillery spotter and trainer. Soon after came the small and agile single-seat Scout, which quickly became better known as the Pup because of its obvious descent from the 1½ Strutter. The Pup and 1½ Strutter were the first successful British tractor fighters equipped with a synchronisation gear to allow a machine gun to fire through the rotating propeller. This gear was known as the Sopwith-Kauper gear from its designers, although several other designs were used later. The Pup was widely used on the Western Front by the RFC and from ships by the RNAS from the autumn of 1916 to the early summer of 1917, and was considered a delight to fly by its pilots. It continued in use as an advanced trainer for the remainder of the War. The Pup began the famous series of animal-named Sopwith aircraft during the war, which, as a whole, would become renowned in aviation history as "The Flying Zoo".

Experimentally equipped with three narrow-chord wings and a more powerful engine, the Pup led to the Triplane, which was used by just four squadrons of the RNAS during 1917, but became well known for its startling fighting qualities, put to best use by Raymond Collishaw's famous 'Black Flight' of 'Naval 10' (No. 10 Squadron RNAS). This flight was so called due to the black identification colour of the flight's aircraft, which in turn led to their naming as Black Maria, Black Prince, Black Death, Black Roger and Black Sheep. Such was the impact of this type that it spawned a large number of experimental triplane designs from manufacturers on all sides, although only the Fokker Triplane achieved any subsequent success.

In the early summer of 1917, the twin-gun Camel fighter was introduced. This aircraft was highly manoeuvrable and well-armed, and over 5,000 were produced up until the end of the War. It destroyed more enemy aircraft than any other British type, but its difficult flying qualities also killed very many novice pilots in accidents. It was used, modified, as both a night-fighter and shipboard aircraft, and was flown in combat by the Belgian and American Air Services as well as the British.

Later still in front-line service came the stationary-engined four-gun Dolphin and the ultimate rotary-engined fighter, the Snipe. The Snipe saw little wartime service, being issued only in small numbers to the Front, but William George Barker, the Canadian ace, won a Victoria Cross flying one in an epic single-handed dogfight against enormous odds.

Towards the end of the war, the company produced the Cuckoo torpedo-bomber and the Salamander armoured ground-attack development of the Snipe, but these types were too late to see action. Many other experimental prototypes were produced throughout the war, mostly named after animals (Hippo, Gnu etc.), leading to some referring to the 'Sopwith Zoo'.

Following World War I, the Sopwith Snipe was chosen as the standard fighter of the much-reduced Royal Air Force, and soldiered on until finally replaced in the late 1920s.

Pre-World War I

 * Sopwith-Wright Biplane (1912)
 * Sopwith Hybrid Biplane (1912)
 * Sopwith Three-seater (1912)
 * Sopwith Bat Boat (1913)
 * Sopwith Sociable (1913)
 * Sopwith 1913 Circuit of Britain floatplane -See Sopwith Bat Boat Improved Type 2 (Circuit of Britain)
 * Sopwith Admiralty Type C (1914)
 * Sopwith Special torpedo seaplane Type C
 * Sopwith 1914 Schneider Racer
 * Sopwith Type SPGN or "Gunbus"

World War I

 * Sopwith Admiralty Type 137
 * Sopwith Type 806
 * Sopwith Type 807
 * Sopwith Type 860
 * Sopwith Two-Seat Scout
 * Sopwith Tabloid
 * Sopwith Baby
 * Sopwith Sparrow Sopwith Biplane.jpg]]
 * Sopwith 1½ Strutter
 * Sopwith Pup
 * Sopwith Triplane
 * Sopwith L.R.T.Tr.
 * Sopwith Hispano-Suiza Triplane
 * Sopwith Bee
 * Sopwith Camel
 * Sopwith B.1
 * Sopwith Hippo
 * Sopwith Cobham Twin Engine Bomber
 * Sopwith AT "Aerial Target" – radio controlled guided missile
 * Sopwith Dragon
 * Sopwith Snipe
 * Sopwith Dolphin
 * Sopwith Salamander
 * Sopwith Cuckoo
 * Sopwith Bulldog
 * Sopwith Buffalo
 * Sopwith Rhino
 * Sopwith Scooter
 * Sopwith Swallow
 * Sopwith Snail
 * Sopwith Snapper
 * Sopwith Snark

Post World War I

 * Sopwith Gnu
 * Sopwith 1919 Schneider Cup Seaplane
 * Sopwith Atlantic
 * Sopwith Antelope
 * Sopwith Wallaby
 * Sopwith Rainbow racer
 * Sopwith Grasshopper

title: Sopwith Aviation Company


text:
Talk:Skiing

Sections?
why are there two history sections? that's double retarded 74.227.204.125 (talk) 08:25, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * There is only one history section, but there is a main article on history of skiing. But perhaps the material can be better organized. Regards --Erik den yngre (talk) 10:37, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Deleted
Removed: "Although snowboarding shares the general characteristics of skiing sports, it evolved from surfing and skateboarding and so is not considered a type of skiing. The posture assumed in snowboarding is a side on action whereas the skiing posture is primarily front facing." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.68.115.166 (talk) 21:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Snowboard evolutions
The first snurfer was made out of two skis connected together. Tom Sims and Jake Burton were both skiers. To say that skiing wasn't a big part the origin of Snowboarding is disingenuous. Snowboarding is not considered a type of skiing because it is not done on skis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.68.115.166 (talk) 21:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

History and independent development elsewhere
A Slovene scholar in the 17. century, member of London's Royal society, Janez Vajkard Valvasor writes (in The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola) about skiers on the Bloke plain in Carniola (now Slovenia). But according to historians and ethnologists skiing has been around there for centuries earlier and the origin is even theorised to be of an ancient Slavic tradion. But since I don't know much more about the issue i hope someone will come by and add this in the article.

Regards, Rokpok (talk) 09:24, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe that skiing also developed independently in western China, perhaps before it began in Scandinavia. Unfortunately I also do not know nearly enough about it to properly edit the article.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.102.141.169 (talk) 06:37, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Rather than what you know, what is essential to Wikipedia is what you can find about it in reliable sources. Why not do some Googling or checking of library sources for that information? HiLo48 (talk) 07:15, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with HiLo48. If you do find any sources, post them here and someone (maybe me) will add the information to the article.  Alternatively, take your best shot at editing the article.  Don't worry about mistakes—someone will clean them up.  —EncMstr (talk) 14:54, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * While the question who invented skiing and when may not be answered in a satisfying reliability, this article could however list the earliest proofs of existence found. This could be the ancient wall paintings, or the Scandinavian ski's. However, I am highly confused where the number 600 BC has been taken from. The referenced Articles speak of 4,500 year old Scandinavian ski's (~2500 BC) and Stone-age (6.000 to 2000 BC) / 100 to 200 centuries ago (18.000 to 28.000 BC)... Clearly, one of the time data from in the sources are a result of bad translation. Hence, An updated number as well as appropriate source is needed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.90.202.93 (talk) 16:25, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * See History of skiing for the level of detail, suggested above. User:HopsonRoad 18:42, 12 April 2016 (UTC)
 * the passage referencing a "100 century" history of skiing in China should be removed. that was the claim of a single man, a former Han Chinese competitive skier and has been soundly debunked. 2601:643:8B80:1A00:34D9:88F0:4FA:1521 (talk) 02:37, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You need to provide the sources that "debunk" the claims. Sincerely, HopsonRoad (talk) 03:08, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * here's the paper of the scientists who dated the rock art to no more than 5250 years.
 * https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/99460
 * but asking me to disprove a number that is itself unjustified and arbitrary IS NOT HOW EVIDENCE-BASED CLAIMS WORK. the "100 centuries" number not found in any literature, a man name Shan Zhaojian just pulled it out of his ass because in China 10000 is considered an auspicious number. here's some more info from the International Skiing History Association.
 * https://www.skiinghistory.org/news/origin-story-where-did-skiing-begin 2601:643:8B80:1A00:34D9:88F0:4FA:1521 (talk) 07:01, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, somebody had already linked the paper and mentioned the age of the cave art in question IMMEDIATELY BELOW THIS COMMENT. 2601:643:8B80:1A00:34D9:88F0:4FA:1521 (talk) 09:31, 22 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I provided sources, and nothing? if the editors are not going to do their job, unlock the page. 2601:643:8B80:1A00:5D8A:C5D:5007:26E3 (talk) 23:07, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Regarding the sources for the skiing in the Altaic-region of china. The rock pantings used in the two news articles cited have been dated to be about 4000-5250 years old (2000-3200 BCE). I also took the liberty of editing the ages in the History of skiing, but it  probably needs a larger rewrite. Article in question. MacArthur Jr. (talk)

Breakdown of Types of Skiing
I've been selling this gear for awhile, and to get this article on track, there needs to be some agreement on terms. Example: Telemark skiing. It's been referred to as it's own class, as a variant of downhill skiing, and as a counterpart to alpine skiing. Even freestyle is presented funny. The article defines alpine skiing by it's equipment, but freestyle skiers use alpine equipment, so why is it presented different that Alpine? I'd like to re-write it all, but I'd rather have feedback before reposting and pissing everyone off Roadrunner Photog (talk) 08:36, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * There is no functional skiing wikiproject, nor any other cohesive group maintaining this article. It's mostly a disjoint group of outdoor enthusiasts, so you're not likely to run afoul somehow by pissing everyone off—as long as a reasonable attempt is made to follow the five pillars of Wikipedia, particular neutral point of view.
 * On the other hand, you have very few edits which presumably suggests you have little Wikipedia editing experience. You might try adding here (in the talk page) an outline, or maybe a sample section of what you intend to do.  I'll be happy to give feedback, and I bet a few other editors might as well.  —EncMstr (talk) 16:20, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've tried a little to organize the article, but need some time to find sources that are reliable to verify information. I did drop a huge article in the references section which is informative and anyone can use. Telemark is Nordic, but is in fact used going downhill and the first Alpine skiers used telemark turns, so there is overlap for the term. I'd consider freestyle an offshoot of Alpine. Lots of work to be done here. Feel free to post suggestions on the talk page as well. I'm sure you'll get a response. Truthkeeper88 (talk) 16:39, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Types of skiing can be defined by equipment and by style. "Telemark" is a style used in ski touring, alpine (downhill/slalom) and even as an ingredient in ski jumping. There is no clearcut way of distinguishing these. --Erik den yngre (talk) 19:49, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Broken link- Aspenhistory.Org - used in many places
The link in the Footnotes - Aspenhistory.Org - is broken. This source is referenced many times in this article. Is there an easy way of removing the multiple links to this source? Does it's disappearance damage the status of the article. HiLo48 (talk) 21:32, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Luckily it was a duplicate ref so I removed all occurrences. The refs in this article need clean-up in general. Thanks for noting the problem. Truthkeeper88 (talk) 01:29, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Photo in Skiing for people with disabilities section
The photo shows someone using a sit ski. The caption says "A war veteran learning to snow ski on a sit-ski, using two outriggers". Many war veterans go skiing. Most don't use sit skis. A number of skiers use sit skis. Most are not war veterans.

While I have no doubt that it's a good faith caption and that the person in the photo IS a war veteran, surely that's not the point.

A more relevant caption might be "A person without the use of his legs learning to ski on a sit-ski, using two outriggers." (We also don't need to say that it's snow skiing.)

HiLo48 (talk) 23:56, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

 * According to the file File:Vail Veterans monoski.jpg the image is actually of a veteran, although I don't see a source. The caption should be rewritten to reflect that this is an example of the use of adaptive skiing. Truthkeeper88 (talk) 00:04, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Injuries
I've just reverted a well-meaning edit by a new user. Snori (talk) 04:59, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * two references are actually just one
 * references in fact are specifically regarding World Cup racers - so may not reflect a trend for general skiing
 * the advice to "...asses the weather conditions and snow conditions before skiing and wear a Ski helmet..." is sensible enough but not really necessary here. What could be helpful is to quote a reference some external authoritative source - there might be something at http://www.snowsmart.co.nz for example.

Lodges
"Ski lodge" redirects to here, but there is no mention of lodges within the article.

Although I'm sure this isn't important. CA Jim (talk) 21:26, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It is an old redirect, dating back to August 2006. Ski lodge would make an interesting article if it focused on architecture and history.  Unfortunately, it would probably be burdened with undistinguished lists of ski lodges and become a coatrack for gestating a spam farm.  —EncMstr (talk) 22:23, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It sounds like a good idea, but it would take some work to tackle the subject from a fully global perspective. HiLo48 (talk) 23:58, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

Merger/cleanup needed
There are now at least three articles dealing with skiing and its history. The Skiing history section on this page is overlaps and more extensive than the main article on History of skiing. In addition, the article on Ski, the device, overlaps with the present article. Appears confusing and fragmented. Regards Erik den yngre (talk) 13:57, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Please see Talk:Skiing, below. --Cornellier (talk) 00:10, 5 September 2014 (UTC)

External link
Deleted (mistake?): "Rite of Spring-Rhode Island PBS ski history documentary by Sheri Miller-Bedau". Regards Erik den yngre (talk) 15:48, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

Appropriate image?
The current image at heading is perhaps representative for current skiing, but not for traditional usage of skis. Regards --Erik den yngre (talk) 11:24, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Who was first?
Following statement removed as it is not supported by sources: "Alpine ski racing as an organised sport commenced in both America and Australia." --Erik den yngre (talk) 17:20, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Norwegian skiing doping
Facts about Norwegian skiing: Read http://sports.yahoo.com/news/norwegian-athletes-accused-doping-book-175750004--spt.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.112.22.230 (talk) 10:58, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Federico Formenti study
Seems like an interesting and relevant study, but the article should include key findings from the study, not merely stating that the study was done. But should not be in the intro.--Erik den yngre (talk) 09:28, 13 June 2014 (UTC)

 * " A study by Federico Formenti at the University of Oxford estimated how far and how fast our ancestors could travel on skis from about 3200 BC onward.Federico Formenti Human locomotion on snow: determinants of economy and speed of skiing across the ages. " --Erik den yngre (talk) 16:53, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Deletion of Unreferenced Material
Thank you for contacting me about my revert to this article. I agree that the material might have had some relevance, however I believe that if it is to be added into the article it needs to have proper sourcing per WP:Sourcing and WP:Verify. If you would like to add the material back and add a reference to it, I will approve the inclusion. Thanks for being diligent to your editing!--Canyouhearmenow 17:17, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I was hoping the original contributor would do the job, see discussion topic above. --Erik den yngre (talk) 18:04, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I see the conversation and I appreciate it. IF the contributor feels strongly about the inclusion and wants to put it back into the article and will give it the proper sourcing I have no problem approving the addition. Again, I too feel that it could be beneficial information but we cannot add it if there is no source to support it. Thanks for the communications! --Canyouhearmenow 18:19, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Already added with the appropriate source! --Erik den yngre (talk) 18:29, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Structure needed and redundancy needs pruning
There are so many articles about Skiing, and so much redundancy. I've taken the existing articles and propose that they relate to each other as below. This can be a guideline for removing repeating text and improving linking between articles. There's also a meta-article List of skiing topics.

Cross-country skiing (sport)

 * Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics
 * List of Olympic venues in cross-country skiing
 * Cross-country skiing at the Winter Paralympics

ski jumping (article includes Ski-flying)

 * FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
 * Four Hills Tournament
 * Nordic_Tournament
 * FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping (summer)
 * FIS Ski-Flying World Championships
 * Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics
 * V-style
 * Daescher technique
 * Kongsberger technique
 * Windisch technique

Nordic combined

 * Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics
 * FIS_Nordic_Combined_World_Cup
 * FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995
 * 2007–08 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup
 * FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009
 * 2011–12 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup
 * List_of_FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_medalists_in_nordic_combined

alpine skiing

 * Alpine skiing combined
 * Downhill
 * slalom +Cross-blocking
 * giant slalom
 * Super-G

Freestyle_skiing (needs to have Freeskiing (proposed) and ski ballet merged in)

 * Mogul skiing
 * Freestyle_skiing (doesn't have its own page)
 * Ski Cross
 * Half-pipe
 * slopestyle

Snowboard

 * slopestyle (same article as for skiing)
 * Snowboard cross
 * Half-pipe (same article as for skiing)
 * Alpine snowboarding (Parallel slalom and Parallel giant slalom)
 * Big air ???

Other competition

 * Para-alpine_skiing
 * Paralympic cross-country skiing
 * Grass_skiing
 * Ski-orienteering
 * Telemark skiing

Equipment

 * ski + Ski manufacturing techniques
 * Elan SCX
 * Head_Standard
 * sidecut
 * Twin-tip ski
 * Skiboarding (miniskis)
 * ski skins
 * outrigger ski
 * monoski (now contains merged Monoskiing)
 * snowboard, teleboard + skwal
 * Snurfer, Noboard
 * Splitboard
 * ski wax + Cross-country_skiing
 * swix
 * ski boot
 * ski helmet
 * ski poles
 * ski binding + Alpine_touring_binding
 * cable binding
 * spademan binding
 * Look_Integral
 * Look Nevada
 * ski suit

Ski resorts

 * ski resort + Après-ski
 * Ski_school
 * Night skiing
 * Glade_skiing
 * Piste + Fall_line_(skiing)
 * Indoor_skiing + Ski_tunnel
 * snow grooming
 * snowmaking (redirect from snow cannon and artificial snow)
 * dry slope
 * ski lift
 * Lift ticket
 * Aerial lift
 * Aerial tramway
 * Chairlift + Detachable chairlift
 * Funifor
 * Funitel
 * Gondola lift
 * Hybrid lift
 * Heliskiing
 * Surface lift
 * Cable railway + Funiculars

Technique

 * Parallel turn
 * snowplough turn
 * Stem_Christie, stem
 * Pivot_turn_(skiing)
 * parallel turn
 * carve turn
 * jump turn

Other activities involving skis
--Cornellier (talk) 14:13, 12 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Snowkiting
 * ski-orienteering
 * Ski cross and Boardercross
 * Speed_skiing
 * extreme skiing
 * Skijoring
 * Cross-country skiing, Ski touring, Ski mountaineering, Backcountry snowboarding
 * Roller skiing
 * Ski_Simulators + Endless_slope
 * Ski_warfare
 * Biathlon

 * Thanks for a very timely initiative. Material on skiing should be better organized and consolidated. Perhaps the main article Skiing should give main points from all these topics with reference to in-depth articles? Some degree of hierarchical structure may be imposed on these topics, although topics style (nordic vs alpine) and equipment are more interwoven, because equipment is very dependent on style. Perhaps detailed discussion of equipment should be done in in-depth articles on style? --Erik den yngre (talk) 17:01, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

 * yes I'm working on a few mergers right now e.g. Lift ticket + Wicket_(ski) and just consolidating some content. Great idea, once the above hierarchy makes sense, move it into the skiing article, in prose form, to give an overview. --Cornellier (talk) 00:09, 5 September 2014 (UTC)

Excellent. In think something like this should be the hierarchy for style/competition (alpine and nordic are the two main branches): Biathlon is usually not regarded as a "nordic" discipline (although basically cross-country), biathlon has separate championships. The same I think is true for skijoring. Various styles of recreational skiing should perhaps be treated independently as these are not within an institutional structure (associations and championships), although terminology and technique overlap. --Erik den yngre (talk) 07:52, 5 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Alpine
 * Slalom
 * Giant slalom
 * Super-G
 * Downhill
 * Nordic
 * Ski jumping
 * Ski flying (type of ski jumping)
 * Nordic combined
 * Cross-country

 * thanks, updated above --Cornellier (talk) 02:44, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Comments on structure
Various types of recreational skiing may be difficult to distinguish precisely, unlike competitive skiing under FIS etc. I think the hierarchy should primarily take competitive skiing as a starting point. And I don't see any difference between ski touring and ski mountaineering, perhaps merge to one article? Back country skiing is also a type of ski touring. --Erik den yngre (talk) 12:06, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

Telemark skiing
Under Nordic skiing you changed Telemark from discipline to turning technique. For now, that is OK, but as far as I know there are specific competitions in Telemark skiing. For the future, I think we need some criteria for "discipline", perhaps competitions organized by a major governing body such as FIS or Olympics? --Erik den yngre (talk) 10:53, 28 October 2014 (UTC)

 * honestly, I'm confused about telemark, if you have any more suggestions just jump in. --Cornellier (talk) 23:12, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

 * In the context of competitive skiing, I think Telemark can be regarded as a discipline, while in the general skiing context (skiing as leisure activity etc), Telemark is a turning technique that can be used in the backcountry (ski touring), on slopes, in ski-jumping and in cross-country. Seems like the Telemark skiing is a bit misleading claiming that Telemark "combines" Alpine and Nordic elements. Alpine style with parallel skis was in Norway called the Christiania turn (Christiania is present day Oslo), as opposed to Telemark turn. Mathias Zdarsky later developed a more sturdy binding that marked the beginning of "Alpin" as a separate technique. --Erik den yngre (talk) 10:41, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Cat skiing
Articles for deletion/Cat skiing attracted discussion only from 3 editors and during the first 2 hours in '05; the hope was "the main skiing article it is more likely to attract related info about helicopter and other backcountry skiing to itself". I've switched the Rdr from the accompanying article to Snowcat skiing, which it appears should have been done 6 years ago. (If you never look at the "What links here" for a topic -- especially the Rdr's that link to it -- you're wrong to imagine you're serving well those who in good faith visit the topic's page.) --Jerzy•t 06:59, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I propose it be merged with ski lift. Cornellier (talk) 03:00, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Agree. Make it a section in "ski lift" article, as a special type of ski lift.--— Erik Jr. 22:53, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Done. Cornellier (talk) 00:37, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

"Mode of transport"
I agree that skiing can and should be described as a mode of transport, the "sub-article" on cross country skiing has a paragraph on this aspect of skiing so I think it is warranted. --Erik den yngre (talk) 16:06, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

History
How come this article does not mention something about the evolution of skis? For example powder skis are a recent phenomenon, back in the day people could not ride powder like today, and outlining some of the tech used by the industry would be good Soroushh (talk) 02:28, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

 * History of skis is covered in Ski article and powder skis are talked about in Ski geometry article. Rodney Baggins (talk) 11:44, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

Contradictory dates and timelines
Dates and timelines in the various wiki page is on skiing are contradictory! Somebody needs to get the facts right and do the math! Mmgyver1 (talk) 01:23, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your post, here. Can you site some examples of concern? HopsonRoad (talk) 04:08, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skiing


text:
Edward Stafford

Edward Stafford may refer to:

People

 * Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (1470–1498)
 * Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (1478–1521), executed for treason
 * Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford (1535–1603)
 * Sir Edward Stafford (diplomat) (1552–1605), English ambassador to Paris and MP
 * Edward Stafford, 4th Baron Stafford (1572–1625)
 * Sir Edward Stafford (politician) (1819–1901), Premier of New Zealand
 * Ed Stafford (born 1975), British explorer
 * Edward Stephen Stafford, editor of The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal

Fictional characters

 * Edward Stafford (The Tudors), a fictionalized version of the 3rd Duke of Buckingham, on the TV show "The Tudors"

title: Edward Stafford


text:
Talk:Claudio Monteverdi

Priest
@Aza24, I just wish to enform you that you presented two invalid rationales for removing the sourced fact in this edit. First of all, "notability" does not govern inclusion of facts in articles, WP:DUE does; it's a lower standard of inclusion. The fact that Father Claudio Monteverdi is an ordained Catholic priest is well-documented and widely reported by reliable secondary sources and therefore it is due for mention in his biography. Second, you wrote that four other musicians' articles don't mention their priesthood and therefore this one should not mention it, either. That is an invalid rationale, and you should know it. The state of other articles, whether FA-level or C-class, is irrelevant to the way we do things in this particular article, and so you cannot use a random sampling of article consensus to tell us how to edit this one. In deletion discussion, we'd refer to WP:OTHERSTUFF by a similar principle. Elizium23 (talk) 19:12, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi Elizium23, it is one thing to disagree with my edit, but to purposefully over-explain basic policies to me like I'm a child is not appreciated. Just because something is well-documented and widely reported does not automatically make it appropriate for a subject's first sentence, and you should know that as well... it's well-documented widely reported that Bach fought a Bassoonist, should we add "Bassoon-brawler" to his opening sentence? The only reason I included the comparison to other composers was because an earlier edit (presumably be the same person) incorrectly used the same rationale: "This detail is important biographical information and is always included as an identifier in similar figures (i.e. composers), such as Vivaldi and Soler". In any case, Monteverdi passed the FAC process without "Priest" in the lead, so my reversion was completely justified via WP:FAOWN.
 * On the actual point at hand, I did not dispute that mentioning priesthood is not appropriate for his biography, it is covered widely in the prose already and should probably be added to the lead's second paragraph anyways. It is definitely not warranted for the first sentence. Just a quick glance on other encyclopedias gives: "Italian composer and musician" (Brit); "Italian composer" (Grove); "Italian composer" ; "Italian composer" ; "Italian composer" ; "Italian composer" ; "Italian composer" ; "Italian composer" ; "Composer" etc. No mention of "Italian Priest" as a defining role.   Aza24  (talk)   19:31, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Infobox
Hi @SchroCat – please do not revert solely due to no consensus, as you did twice previously (here and here). Use the edit summary to explain your reasons as why to revert.

I believe that the infobox would help readers find quick facts not covered in prose, such as death place and birth place, and an emphasized link to compositions, something not otherwise previously emphasized and generally useful to readers. It's gradually becoming standard expectation on Wikipedia as well as other sites such as Google to include these infobox-like figures.  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 00:49, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Please don't instruct me how to edit, and particularly don't tell me to breach one of our core pillars. In future, when you make a bold edit that is reverted, don't edit war but use the talk page, which is what I requested in the first edit summary.The key facts of Monteverdi are contained in the opening sentence and the opening paragraph gives a better idea of who he was and why he is important that a box of miscellaneous factoids of no merit. The birth place is in the opening sentence of the second paragraph, although I'll lay good money that no one has ever listened to L'Arianna and thought: 'I wonder where he died' It is hard to consider this "generally useful", although the fact he was Italian is useful and is in the first line. If by "an emphasized link to compositions" you mean an entry like "Works: List of compositions", that breaches MOS:FORCELINK and should not be in any box, although it has become common for that part of the MOS to be ignored in the desire to include a box. As to it being "standard", that's a debatable point, given that every RFC to enforce them (even in biographies) has failed - the wider community do not agree with your claim. It's also refuted by WP:OSE and the MOS regarding IBs, which states "The use of infoboxes is neither required nor prohibited for any article. Whether to include an infobox, which infobox to include, and which parts of the infobox to use, is determined through discussion and consensus among the editors at each individual article." That all goes doubly with what any other site in the world may or may not do - its a straw man to claim we need to follow either what Google does, or even what other articles on WP do. - SchroCat (talk) 09:04, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * As to them becoming standard, there is a stronger argument than most that graphical panels similar to infoboxes are slowly becoming the internet standard for non-prose information to be given. Google has side-panels. So does Bing. Encyclopedia Britannica. KnowYourMeme has a form of it. I would argue that WP:DUE would require us to adopt this standard. If DUE instructs us to be based on what the rest of the world is related upon, we should give due weight to supplemental panels such as infoboxes and include them. It's not about screen real estate and complaining about repetitiveness. It's about following DUE, which isn't a straw man – it's Wikipedia policy.
 * Even composer articles are starting to move in this direction. The discussion for Vivaldi, whilst not closed, looks like it will include an IB very soon as I personally foresee a rough consensus in favor of inclusion. Look at Beethoven – his article's Talk Page archives support an infobox's inclusion as early as 2013 (which destroys your claim that every RFC to enforce them...has failed).
 * If MOS:FORCELINK is consistently violated and not strictly enforced, is it even a guideline? If it's happening, either it's a part of MOS in name only, or it's being misapplied or overly exaggerated, the latter of which roughly summarizes the entirety of the anti-Infobox movement.  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 02:32, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * You completely misunderstand DUE if you think it means we need to slavishly copy what other sites do. We have OSE that says we don’t even need to copy what are own articles do, let alone other websites. It’s a complete straw man argument that holds no water.Please don’t misquote me to change the meaning. If you really have misunderstood, let me clarify for you: every centralised attempt (ie. at the village pump or similar) to say IBs should appear on every page or every biography has completely failed. The community has roundly rejected such efforts.If you wish to have the guideline replaced or struck, please open an RFC on that page to change it. As it’s stands, that guideline represents the consensus of the community, regardless or the wilful attempts of a minority to ignore it.I am sorry you are under the misguided opinion that there is an ‘anti-IB movement’. There isn’t. It’s another false claim that is oft-repeated, but always laughably wrong. - SchroCat (talk) 08:44, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The community has roundly rejected such efforts – rejected, or no consensus?  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 13:01, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Rejected. - SchroCat (talk) 13:05, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you provide a link?  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 18:34, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I have neither the time nor the inclination to go over such unprofitable ground once again, but the archives of the Village Pump hold most of them. There may be some in the archives of the MOS instructions relating to the use of IBs, but I don't know or care: I'd rather spend my time improving articles rather than having pointless discussions like these. - SchroCat (talk) 18:54, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * We'll hold off on that for now. Furthermore – what in DUE would disprove my argument?  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 20:42, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * DUE has zero to do with IBs. -SchroCat (talk) 21:27, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Why shouldn't we follow it for the execution of Wikipedia, though?  Invading Invader  (userpage, talk) 00:07, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Again, DUE has zero to do with IBs. I think you need to read the policy page to understand what DUE actually is. - SchroCat (talk) 06:58, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * (I had a straw man once, that didn't hold water, and it proved to be very messy.) But I think SchroCat is right here. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:23, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Claudio Monteverdi


text:
Talk:Overhand knot with draw-loop

This page should be renamed to 'Slipped Half Hitch'. According to precise knot naming basics, this is not an overhand. And the knot index should also be corrected. 2602:306:BC46:44A0:71A0:3236:3F0F:C43B (talk) 22:09, 28 July 2016 (UTC)bj: 28-Jul-2016]

There is no reason to delete this page or any of the other knot pages, either here or on the Danish wikipedia. I will be fixing the broken link to it, however. ☮ Eclecticology 02:28, 2003 Nov 29 (UTC)

relationships with other knots
As a hitch, it is a slipped half hitch. As a free stopper knot, it is a slipped overhand knot. I have added redirects from slipped half-hitch, slipped half hitch, and slipped overhand knot. Knottedup (talk) 19:35, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

is it related to Noose(ABOK 43) or slip knot (ABOK 44) or round turn and slipped half hitch (ABOK 1785) ?
seems like they are different but in other wiki language pages they are related. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zaripov999 (talk • contribs) 06:46, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Overhand knot with draw-loop


text:
Stanford Law School

Stanford Law School (SLS) is the law school of Stanford University, a private research university near Palo Alto, California. Established in 1893, Stanford Law had an acceptance rate of 6.28% in 2021, the second-lowest of any law school in the country. George Triantis currently serves as Dean.

Stanford Law School employs more than 90 full-time and part-time faculty members and enrolls over 550 students who are working toward their Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. Stanford Law also confers four advanced legal degrees: a Master of Laws (LL.M.), a Master of Studies in Law (M.S.L.), a Master of the Science of Law (J.S.M.), and a Doctor of the Science of Law (J.S.D.). Each fall, Stanford Law enrolls a J.D. class of approximately 180 students, giving Stanford the smallest student body of any law school ranked in the top fourteen (T14). Stanford also maintains eleven full-time legal clinics, including the nation's first and most active Supreme Court litigation clinic, and offers 27 formal joint degree programs.

History
Stanford first offered a curriculum in legal studies in 1893, when the university hired its first two law professors: former U.S. president Benjamin Harrison and Nathan Abbott - who attended Boston University School of Law. Abbott headed the new program and assembled a small faculty over the next few years. The law department primarily enrolled undergraduate majors at this time and included a large number of students who might not have been welcome at more traditional law schools at the time, including women and students of color, especially Hispanic, Chinese and Japanese students.

In 1900, the department moved from its original location in Encina Hall to the northeast side of the Inner Quadrangle. These larger facilities included Stanford's first law library. Beginning to focus more on professional training, the school implemented its first three-year curriculum and became one of 27 charter members of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). In 1901, the school awarded its first professional degree, the Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.).

Starting in 1908, the law department began its transition into an exclusively professional school when Stanford's Board of Trustees passed a resolution to officially change its name from Law Department to Law School. Eight years later, Frederic Campbell Woodward became the first dean of the law school, and in 1923, the law school received accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA). In 1924, Stanford's law program officially transitioned into a modern professional school when it began requiring a bachelor's degree for admission.

The 1940s and 1950s brought considerable change to the law school. After World War II caused the law school's enrollment to drop to fewer than 30 students, the school quickly expanded once the war ended in 1945. A move to a new location in the Outer Quadrangle, as well as the 1948 opening of the law school dormitory Crothers Hall (the result of a donation by Stanford Law graduate George E. Crothers), allowed the school to grow, while the 1948 inaugural publication of the Stanford Law Review (helmed by future U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher '49) helped to augment the law school's national reputation. The decision that Stanford should remain a small law school with a very limited enrollment emerged during this period. For the third time in its history, the law school relocated in the 1970s, this time to its current location in the Crown Quadrangle.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the law school aimed to diversify its student body. During this period, students established a large number of new and progressive student organizations, including the Women of Stanford Law, the Stanford Chicano Law Student Association, the Environmental Law Society, and the Stanford Public Interest Foundation. Additionally, in 1966, the school sought to academically diversify its student body by collaborating with the Stanford Business School to create its first joint-degree program. A year earlier, in 1965, the law school enrolled its first black student, Sallyanne Payton '68, and in 1972, the school hired its first female law professor, Barbara Babcock, and its first professor of color, William B. Gould IV. In 1968, Stanford appointed Thelton Henderson, future judge of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, as the first assistant dean for minority admissions. Henderson expanded minority enrollment from a single student to approximately a fifth of the student body. Stanford Law's commitment to diversity continues today, and The Princeton Review currently ranks Stanford Law as one of the ten best law schools for minority students.

Earning national recognition in the 1980s and 1990s, the law school embarked on innovating its curriculum. Stanford offered new courses focusing on law and technology, environmental law, intellectual property law, and international law, allowing students to specialize in emerging legal fields. In 1984, it launched its first clinical program, the East Palo Alto Community Law Project. By the 21st century, a new focus on interdisciplinary education emerged. In 2009, it transitioned from a semester system to a quarter system to align itself with Stanford's other graduate schools. Stanford also expanded its upper-level offerings in international law, by adding new clinics, academic centers, and simulation courses, and   expanded its joint degree programs.

Academics and admissions

Stanford Law School is known for its student-to-faculty ratio (7.3 to 1), one of the lowest in the country. The first-year class of approximately 180 students is divided into six smaller sections of 30 students each.

The academic program is flexible. First-year students (or 1Ls) are required to take Civil Procedure, Contracts, Torts, and Legal Research & Writing during the autumn quarter, and Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, Federal Litigation, and one elective during the winter quarter. In the spring quarter, they take Federal Litigation, Property, and enroll in electives. Stanford Law offers 280 course titles beyond the first-year curriculum, and advanced courses range from White-Collar Crime to a Supreme Court Simulation Seminar. Additionally, because of the law school's proximity to other academic programs on campus, there is a strong focus on joint-degree programs and interdisciplinary learning, and upper-level students may take classes at Stanford's other professional and graduate schools.

Stanford Law enables second- and third-year students to gain hands-on experience by working full-time in one of eleven legal clinics, including an Environmental Law Clinic, Criminal Defense Clinic, a Religious Liberty Clinic, and an Intellectual Property and Innovation Clinic. The Supreme Court Litigation Clinic has successfully brought over thirty cases before the Court, making it one of the most active Supreme Court practices of any kind. The clinic has served as lead counsel or co-lead counsel on the merits in numerous cases, including Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008), Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009), United States v. Windsor (2013), Riley v. California (2014), and Bourke v. Beshear (2015).

Launched in 2013, Stanford's Law and Policy Lab provides further opportunities for experiential learning. The Policy Lab allows second- and third-year students to enroll in faculty-supervised policy practicums, where students work in small teams to conduct policy research and analysis for real-world clients. Topics have ranged from wildlife trafficking to prison realignment to copyright reform, and prior clients include California Attorney General Kamala Harris, Governor of California Jerry Brown, the California Law Revision Commission, the U.S. Copyright Office, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and the White House Office of Management and Budget.

Students and alumni routinely report high satisfaction with their academic experience. In surveys conducted by Above the Law, Stanford Law received an "A+" from both students and alumni for their satisfaction with Stanford's academic program, and the law school also received an "A+" rating from students for practical/clinical training, career counseling, and financial aid advising. Based on surveys with students at the nation's 169 best law schools, The Princeton Review currently ranks Stanford Law as having the best "Classroom Experience", and students provided Stanford with the highest score (99) for its "Academic Experience Rating" and "Professors Interesting Rating". Additionally, the 2014 "Midlevel Associates Survey" conducted by The American Lawyer magazine found that based on mid-level associates' assessments of their legal education, Stanford Law placed in the top five law schools for effectively preparing its graduates for law firm life.

Outside of the classroom, Stanford Law students run over fifty student organizations and publish seven legal journals. The most influential journal is the Stanford Law Review, which has been ranked as the top law review by the Washington & Lee Law Review Rankings in both 2013 and 2014. Advocacy skills are tested in the Marion Rice Kirkwood Moot Court competition.

The Robert Crown Law Library at Stanford holds 500,000 books, 360,000 microform and audiovisual items, and more than 8,000 current serial subscriptions.

In August 2008, Stanford Law School changed its grading system, which no longer relies on traditional letter grades, joining Yale Law School, the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, and Harvard Law School. Students now receive one of four grades: honors, pass, restricted credit, or no credit. Unlike Harvard Law School and Yale Law School, Stanford Law School enforces strict curves which cap the number of honors grades to around 30%. As part of Stanford's grade reform, the law school no longer awards the honors of the Order of the Coif or Graduation with Distinction.

Between 4,000 and 5,000 students apply for admission each year. Selection is competitive: the median undergraduate grade point average of admitted students is 3.92 and the median LSAT score is 173 (out of 180). Beyond numbers, Stanford places considerable emphasis on factors such as extracurricular activities, work experience, and prior graduate study. About three quarters of the members of each entering class have one or more years of prior work experience and over a quarter have another graduate degree. The school also accepts a small number of transfers each year.

Bar passage rates
According to ABA Required Disclosures, Stanford Law School had an average bar passage rate of 94.41% in 2022.

In 2023, 94% of Stanford Law graduates passed the California Bar on their first attempt, good for the highest pass rate for California law schools.

Post-graduation employment
Upon graduation, about a third of the class clerks for a judge; about half join law firms.

According to Stanford Law School's official 2014 ABA-required disclosures, 90.4% of the Class of 2014 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo-practitioners. Stanford's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 3.2%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2014 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

According to the American Bar Association, of 2014 Stanford Law graduates, 90.9% are employed in a position that required the graduate to pass the bar exam; 2.7% are employed in a position in which the employer sought an individual with a J.D. or in which the J.D. provided a demonstrable advantage in obtaining or performing the job, but which did not itself require an active law license; 2.7% are employed in other professional positions; 1.1% are pursuing graduate work full-time; 1.1% have a deferred employment starting date; and 1.6% are unemployed and seeking employment.

Despite its small size, Stanford Law has the third highest (per capita) placement rate for law professors at the nation's 43 leading law schools, according to a 2011 study, and has achieved the second-highest (per capita) placement rate for U.S. Supreme Court clerkships, according to a 2013 finding. Stanford Law alumni have clerked for the U.S. Supreme Court every year for the past 40 years. Based on a 2012 to 2014 average, Stanford Law has also achieved the second-highest (per capita) placement rate for federal judicial clerkships, and for the class of 2014, reported the highest placement rate for federal judicial clerkships at 30.5%. Stanford Law currently has the highest percentage of its graduates clerking for federal judges of any law school in the United States.

Costs
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Stanford Law School for the 2023–24 academic year is $112,364.

A 2015 study by M7 Financial, which assessed law schools' "credit ratings" using data on average starting salaries, employment trends, and student loan obligations, found that Stanford Law had the lowest student debt burden of any law school in the study.

Programs and centers

 * Stanford Constitutional Law Center
 * Stanford Criminal Justice Center (SCJC)
 * Stanford Three Strikes Project
 * Environmental and Natural Resources Law & Policy Program (ENRLP)
 * Steyer-Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance
 * China Guiding Cases Project (CGCP)
 * Rule of Law Program
 * Stanford Center on International Conflict and Negotiation (SCICN)
 * Stanford Human Rights Center
 * Stanford Program in International and Comparative Law
 * Stanford Program in Law and Society
 * Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Center for Corporate Governance
 * John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics
 * Securities Class Action Clearinghouse (SCAC)
 * Center for E-Commerce
 * Center for Internet and Society
 * Center for Law and the Biosciences
 * Stanford Center for Legal Informatics (CodeX)
 * Fair Use Project
 * Stanford Center in Law, Science, & Technology
 * Stanford Program in Neuroscience and Society (SPINS)
 * Transatlantic Technology Law Forum
 * Stanford Center on the Legal Profession
 * Martin Daniel Gould Center for Conflict Resolution Programs
 * Gould Negotiation and Mediation Teaching Program
 * Center for Internet and Society (CIS)
 * John and Terry Levin Center for Public Service and Public Interest Law
 * Stanford Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Law and Policy Project (SIDDLAPP)

The Stanford Center for Legal Informatics
Often known simply as CodeX, this research center at Stanford University is focused on the application of technology to law, and is jointly operated by Stanford Law School and Stanford University School of Engineering.

Law Review and journals

 * Stanford Law Review
 * Stanford Journal of International Law
 * Stanford Law & Policy Review
 * Stanford Journal of Law, Business & Finance
 * Stanford Technology Law Review
 * Stanford Environmental Law Journal
 * Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties

Notable faculty
The Stanford Law School faculty ranks among the top three law faculties in the United States in terms of scholarly impact, and faculty members include the most widely cited legal scholars in intellectual property law (Mark Lemley), legal history (Lawrence Friedman), and legal ethics (Deborah L. Rhode). A 2012 study found that five Stanford Law professors are among the 50 most relevant law professors in the nation, and a 2013 study found that 25 percent of Stanford Law School's tenured faculty have been elected to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

In 2013, The National Law Journal recognized Professors Jeffrey L. Fisher and Mark Lemley as two of the 100 most influential lawyers in America, and in 2014, a study by Reuters identified former Dean Kathleen M. Sullivan and Professors Jeffrey L. Fisher, Pamela S. Karlan, and Brian Wolfman as among the 66 most successful appellate litigators before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Notable current faculty

 * Joseph Bankman – tax law
 * Ralph Richard Banks – family law, employment discrimination law, race and the law
 * Paul Brest (emeritus) – former Dean of the law school; constitutional law, judgment and decision-making
 * Gerhard Casper (emeritus) – former President of Stanford University; constitutional law scholar
 * Joshua Cohen (emeritus) – political theorist and philosopher
 * John J. Donohue III – law and economics, empirical analysis
 * Jeffrey L. Fisher – co-director of the Stanford Supreme Court Litigation Clinic and appellate litigator who has argued more than 40 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court
 * Richard Thompson Ford - civil rights, local & state government, critical theory; named one of Esquire's Best-Dressed Real Men in 2009
 * Barbara Fried - legal theory
 * Lawrence M. Friedman – legal historian
 * Paul Goldstein – international intellectual property, copyright, trademark; author of best-selling legal fiction novels
 * Thomas C. Grey (emeritus) – legal theory, modern American legal thought, constitutional law
 * Joseph Grundfest – corporate governance and securities litigation
 * Thomas Heller – international trade and tax specialist
 * Pamela S. Karlan – co-director of the Stanford Supreme Court Litigation Clinic; election law and constitutional law scholar who previously served as the U.S. Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Voting Rights in the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice
 * Mark Kelman - Vice Dean of the law school; application of social sciences to law
 * Michael Klausner – corporate law, business transactions, corporate governance, financial regulation
 * Larry Kramer – constitutional law, conflict of laws
 * Mark Lemley – intellectual property law, patent law, law and technology
 * Jennifer Martínez – Provost of Stanford University since 2023; former Dean of the law school (2019-2023); human rights and international law scholar; represented José Padilla before the U.S. Supreme Court
 * Michael W. McConnell – constitutional law scholar and former Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
 * Nathaniel Persily – election law and constitutional law scholar
 * A. Mitchell Polinsky – law and economics
 * Deborah Sivas – environmental law
 * Jane S. Schacter – sexual orientation law, statutory interpretation, constitutional law
 * Barton Thompson – natural resources law
 * Allen S. Weiner – international law scholar
 * Robert Weisberg – criminal law and law and literature

Notable visiting faculty and lecturers

 * Viola Canales – former litigator, short story author, and published novelist
 * Lanhee Chen – lecturer in law and former chief policy advisor to Mitt Romney
 * Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar – visiting professor, current Justice of the Supreme Court of California, former White House official, and former Stanley Morrison Professor of Law at Stanford
 * Russ Feingold – lecturer in law and former U.S. Senator
 * Bertram Fields – lecturer in law and entertainment attorney
 * Benjamin Ginsberg – lecturer in law and former national counsel to the 2000 and 2004 Bush-Cheney presidential campaigns
 * Jennifer Granick – intellectual property and First Amendment scholar and practitioner
 * Thomas B. Griffith – lecturer in law and current judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
 * Goodwin Liu – lecturer in law and current Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of California

Notable former faculty

 * Michelle Alexander – associate professor of law and author of The New Jim Crow
 * Anthony G. Amsterdam – professor of clinical education (1969-1981)
 * Barbara Allen Babcock (emerita) – criminal law, civil procedure, women's legal history
 * Tom Campbell – professor of law (1987-2002), associate professor of law (1983-1987)
 * Barbara A. Caulfield – lecturer in law (1988-2010)
 * Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar – professor of law (2001-2015), visiting professor and Herman Phleger Professor (2015-2021), current president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; administrative law, legislation, international law, executive power, artificial intelligence
 * John Hart Ely – professor of law (1982-1996); former Dean (1982-1987)
 * Tom Goldstein – clinical lecturer (2004-2012); co-founder of the Stanford Supreme Court Litigation Clinic
 * Gerald Gunther – professor of law (1962-1995), professor emeritus (1995-2002)
 * Lawrence Lessig – professor of law (2000-2009); founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society
 * M. Elizabeth Magill – former Dean of the law school; constitutional law and administrative law scholar
 * Lia Matera – teaching fellow
 * Richard Posner – associate professor of law (1968-9)
 * Margaret Jane Radin – professor of law (1989-2006)
 * Deborah L. Rhode – legal ethics, gender and the law; former president of the Association of American Law Schools
 * Joseph Tyree Sneed, III – professor of law (1962-1971)
 * Kathleen M. Sullivan – professor of law (1992-2012); former Dean (1999-2004)

Notable alumni
Stanford Law School alumni practice in 61 countries, 50 U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, the Marshall Islands, and Washington D.C. Stanford Law alumni are partners at 87 of the 100 largest law firms in the United States; 94 of the largest law firms employ Stanford Law alumni as attorneys. Consistent with Stanford's expertise in law and technology, Stanford Law graduates currently work or have previously worked as general counsels for many of the leading high-tech companies, including Microsoft, Google, Cisco, eBay, Yahoo!, Qualcomm, Oracle, and Genentech.

The law school's alumni include several of the first women to occupy Chief Justice or Associate Justice posts on supreme courts: former Chief Justice of New Zealand Sian Elias, retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, and the late Chief Justice of Washington Barbara Durham. Other justices of supreme courts who graduated from Stanford Law include the late Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist, retired Chief Justice of California Supreme Court Ronald M. George, retired California Supreme Court Justice Carlos R. Moreno, and the late California Supreme Court Justice Frank K. Richardson.

Popular culture

 * The film Legally Blonde was originally set at Stanford Law School, which is also the setting of the book it is based on; however, Stanford did not approve of the script, so the setting was changed to Harvard.

title: Stanford Law School


text:
Lists of Japanese governors-general

List of Japanese governors-general may refer to:
 * Governor-General of Korea
 * Governor-General of Taiwan

title: Lists of Japanese governors-general