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Westland Wessex

The Westland Wessex is a British-built turbine-powered development of the Sikorsky H-34 (in US service known as Choctaw). It was developed and produced under licence by Westland Aircraft (later Westland Helicopters). One of the main changes from Sikorsky's H-34 was the replacement of the piston-engine powerplant with a turboshaft engine. Early models were powered by a single Napier Gazelle engine, while later builds used a pair of de Havilland Gnome engines.

The Wessex was initially produced for the Royal Navy (RN) and later for the Royal Air Force (RAF); a limited number of civilian aircraft were also produced, as well as some export sales. The Wessex operated as an anti-submarine warfare and utility helicopter; it is perhaps best recognised for its use as a search and rescue (SAR) helicopter. The type entered operational service in 1961, and had a service life in excess of 40 years before being retired in the UK.

Background

In 1956, an American-built S-58 was shipped to Britain for Westland to use as a pattern aircraft. Initially assembled with its Wright Cyclone, it was demonstrated to the British armed services leading to a preliminary order for the Royal Navy. For British production, it was re-engined with a single Napier Gazelle turboshaft engine, first flying in that configuration on 17 May 1957. The lighter (by 600 lb) Gazelle engine required some redistribution of weight. The first Westland-built Wessex serial XL727, designated a Wessex HAS.1, first flew on 20 June 1958. The first production Wessex HAS1 were delivered to Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in early 1960; the Wessex was the first helicopter operated by the FAA to be purpose-designed from scratch as an anti-submarine platform.

In service, the Wessex was found to be a major improvement over the older Westland Whirlwind. The decision made by Westland to install a modern gas-turbine powerplant gave the Wessex a greater load capacity, was quieter and generated less vibration, the latter quality being highly beneficial when treating casualties during flight. The Gazelle engine allowed for rapid starting and thus faster response times. The Wessex could also operate in a wide range of weather conditions as well as at night, partly due to its use of an automatic pilot. These same qualities that made the Wessex well-suited to the anti-submarine role also lent themselves to the search and rescue (SAR) mission, which the type would become heavily used for.

Further development

An improved variant, the Wessex HAS.3, succeeded the HAS.1 in the anti-submarine role; it had a more capable radar and better avionics, greater engine power, improved navigational features and a more advanced weapon system; the original HAS.1 were re-tasked for SAR duties. A commando assault variant, the Wessex HU.5, was also developed as a battlefield transportation helicopter; it was deployed on the navy's amphibious assault ships, such as the commando carrier HMS Albion (R07), and used to transport Royal Marines. The Wessex HU.5 was powered by coupled de Havilland Gnome engines, which provided nearly double the power of the original HAS.1 model and significantly extended its range. This enabled it to operate in a wider range of conditions; during the 1970s, the HU.5 also started to be used for the SAR mission.

As an anti-submarine helicopter, the Wessex could be either equipped with a dipping sonar to detect and track submarines or be armed with either depth charges or torpedoes; a single Wessex could not search for and attack submarines as this was beyond its carrying capability. It was this limitation that soon led the Royal Navy to search for a more capable helicopter that could provide this capability. This ultimately resulted in Westland proceeding with the adaptation and production of another Sikorsky-designed helicopter in the form of the Westland Sea King.

The Wessex was also used as a general-purpose helicopter for the RAF, for troop-carrying, air ambulance and ground support roles. The Wessex was the first of the RAF's helicopters in which instrument flying, and thus night operations, were possible. Unlike the Navy's Wessex fleet, which was largely composed of early single-engine models, the RAF mandated that its Wessex helicopters should be all twin-engined; this was a major factor in the RAF's decision to reject the adoption of ex-FAA Wessex helicopters as the Navy migrated to the newer Sea King.

Overview
The Wessex was first used by the Royal Navy, which introduced the Wessex HAS.1 to operational service in 1961. Having been satisfied by the favourable initial performance of the Wessex but seeking to improve its avionics and equipment, the Navy soon pressed for the development of the improved HAS.3, which came into service in 1967. Operationally, younger models would be assigned to perform the key anti-submarine warfare and commando transport missions, while older and less capable models would be typically be assigned to land bases for search and rescue (SAR).

The RAF became an operator of the Wessex in 1962; those helicopters used for air-sea or mountain rescue duties helped make the Wessex a particularly well known aircraft of the service and contributed to the saving of many lives during its time in service. As one of the RAF's standing duties, multiple Wessex helicopters were permanently kept on standby to respond to an emergency located anywhere within 40 miles of the British coastline within 15 minutes during daytime, at night hours this response time was decreased to 60 minutes. SAR-tasked Wessex helicopters were also stationed abroad, such as at Cyprus. The qualities of the Wessex were described as being "ideal for mountain flying".

The Wessex often found itself being used on the battlefield as a utility transport; as well as delivering supplies and equipment, the Wessex could also transport small groups of troops. Operationally, the Wessex could lift less than the RAF's Bristol Belvedere helicopters, but was more robust and required less maintenance; thus, when the Belvedere was retired at the end of the 1960s, Wessex squadrons were often tasked with their former duties in support of the British Army on an ad-hoc basis. In large-scale helicopter assault operations, the type could be escorted by the RAF's Hawker Siddeley Harriers. The HC.4 variant of the Westland Sea King began to replace the Wessex in this capacity from the late 1970s onwards, although troop-carrying missions would continue into the late 1990s.

The Wessex's service career featured long-term deployments to both Hong Kong and Northern Ireland to support internal security operations, performing transport and surveillance missions. In Northern Ireland, the use of helicopters for supply missions proved a viable alternative to vulnerable road convoys; operations in this theatre led to the employment of various defensive equipment and countermeasures against the threat posed by small arms and man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS).

Wessex helicopters were also used by the Queen's Flight of the RAF to transport VIPs including members of the British Royal Family; in this role, the helicopters were designated HCC.4 and were essentially similar to the HC.2, differences included an upgraded interior, additional navigation equipment and enhanced maintenance programmes. Both Prince Philip and Prince Charles were trained Wessex pilots; occasionally they would perform as flying crew members in addition to being passengers on board the VIP services. The Wessex was replaced in this role by a privately leased Sikorsky S-76 in 1998.

Wartime operations
In 1962, an international crisis arose as Indonesia threatened confrontation over the issue of Brunei, which was not in the newly formed Federation of Malaya. By February 1964, a large number of RAF and RN helicopters, including Westland Wessex, were operating from bases in Sarawak and Sabah to assist Army and Marine detachments fighting guerilla forces infiltrated by Indonesia over its one thousand mile frontier with Malaysia. Having removed much of the anti-submarine equipment to lighten the aircraft, during the campaign in Borneo the Wessex was typically operated as a transport helicopter, capable of ferrying up to 16 troops or a 4,000-pound payload of supplies directly to the front lines. Alongside the Westland Scout, the Wessex emerged as one of the main workhorses of the campaign, roughly half were operated directly from land bases and would regularly rotate with those stationed on RN vessels stationed off shore. From these operations the Commando Helicopter Force gets its nickname of the Junglies.

Around 55 Westland Wessex HU.5s participated in the Falklands War, fighting in the South Atlantic in 1982. On 21 May 1982, 845 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s supported British landings on East Falkland. The type was heavily used throughout the conflict for the transportation and insertion of British special forces, including members of the Special Air Service (SAS) and the Special Boat Service (SBS). A total of nine Wessex (eight HU.5s and one HAS.3) were lost during the Falklands campaign. Two HU.5s of 845 Squadron crashed on the Fortuna Glacier in South Georgia during an attempt to extract members of the SAS during a snow storm, six of 848 Squadron's Wessex HU.5s were lost when the container ship Atlantic Conveyor was sunk and the HAS.3 aboard HMS Glamorgan was destroyed when the ship was struck by an Exocet missile.

Retirement
The last UK service were retired in 2003, these were HC2  models in service with RAF.

Civilian operations

A civilian version of the helicopter, the Wessex 60, was also manufactured and supplied to a number of civilian operators, including Bristow Helicopters, one of the biggest rotary-wing operators in the world. Bristow flew them from various UK airfields and helicopter pads to support the growing North Sea Oil industry until they were withdrawn in 1982.

Australia

In April 1961, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) announced that they had selected the Westland Wessex to become the standard service helicopter from their ships and its intention to purchase roughly 30 for anti-submarine patrols, casualty evacuations, and fleet communications duties. The RAN formally accepted the first two of 27 Wessex helicopters in September 1963; 817 Squadron was the first to operate the type; the Wessex and its dunking sonar array quickly proved to be the most effective anti-submarine platform as yet seen in the RAN.

The Wessex was a major operational shift for the Fleet Air Arm, enabling the RAN to proceed with the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne as an anti-submarine platform. In typical carrier operations, a Wessex would be deployed during the launch and recovery of fixed-wing aircraft as a guard helicopter; during anti-submarine patrols, routine procedure was to have one Wessex airborne to actively screen the ship while a second would be fully armed and prepared for operations, such an arrangement was used during troop transport deployments by HMAS Sydney to Vietnam during the 1960s. Performing search and rescue sorties became another valued role of the type; in 1974, multiple Wessex helicopters participated in the relief effort in Darwin in the aftermath of Cyclone Tracy.

While the Wessex proved to be too large to reasonably operate from most of the RAN's destroyers, it was found to be well suited as a troop-transport helicopter from heavy landing ships and larger vessels. By 1980, the Wessex was no longer being used for anti-submarine operations, having been replaced by the more advanced and capable Westland Sea King in this capacity. Instead, remaining Wessex helicopters were retained to perform its secondary roles as a plane guard, search and rescue platform, and as a utility transport helicopter. The type was withdrawn from service in 1989.

Warbird flight
In 2019, one retired Wessex HU.5 was restored to flying condition, after having last flown 30 years ago. After a 10,000 hour expert restoration, HU5 XT761/ G‑WSEX took flight again in Somerset, England.

Variants

 * Wessex HAS.1
 * RN utility, anti-submarine warfare, later air-sea rescue only, 140 built, some later converted to HAS.3.

 * Wessex HC.2
 * RAF Troop carrier for up to 16 troops, One prototype converted from HAS1 and 73 built.

 * Wessex HAR.2
 * RAF search and rescue conversions.

 * Wessex HAS.3
 * RN anti-submarine version with improved avionics with a radome on the rear fuselage, 3 new-build development aircraft and 43 converted from HAS.1

 * Wessex HCC.4
 * VVIP transport for the Queen's Flight, two built

 * Wessex HU.5
 * RN service troop transporter, carried 16 Royal Marines, 101 built

 * Wessex 31A
 * Royal Australian Navy anti-submarine warfare model, 27 built. Upgraded to 31B after delivery.

 * Wessex 31B
 * Updated anti-submarine warfare model for the Royal Australian Navy.

 * Wessex 52
 * Military transport version of the HC.2 for the Iraqi Air Force, 12 built.

 * Wessex 53
 * Military transport version of the HC.2 for the Ghana Air Force, two built.

 * Wessex 54
 * Military transport version of the HC.2 for the Brunei Air Wing, two built

 * Wessex 60
 * Civilian version of the Wessex HC.2, 20 built.

Notable accidents

 * G-ASWI – Bristow Helicopters. Crashed (North Sea) August 1981; no survivors
 * Two Westland Wessex HU 5 helicopters from 845 Naval Air Squadron crashed on the Fortuna Glacier on 22 April 1982, during the Falklands War
 * XR524 (RAF) – Crashed August 1993 in North Wales after tail rotor failure, killing 3 out of 7 on board.

Military operators

 * Royal Australian Navy
 * 723 Squadron RAN (HC-723)
 * 725 Squadron RAN
 * 816 Squadron RAN (HU-816)
 * 817 Squadron RAN (HS-817)
 * Brunei Air Wing
 * Ghana Air Force
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force
 * 2nd Squadron (Iraq)
 * Sultan of Oman's Air Force
 * Empire Test Pilots' School
 * Royal Air Force
 * No. 18 Squadron RAF
 * No. 22 Squadron RAF
 * No. 28 Squadron RAF
 * No. 32 Squadron RAF
 * No. 60 Squadron RAF
 * No. 72 Squadron RAF
 * No. 78 Squadron RAF
 * No. 84 Squadron RAF
 * No. 103 Squadron RAF
 * The Queen's Flight
 * No. 2 Flying Training School RAF
 * No. 202 Squadron RAF
 * No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit RAF
 * Search and Rescue Training Unit
 * Royal Navy
 * Front Line Squadrons
 * 814 Naval Air Squadron
 * 815 Naval Air Squadron
 * 819 Naval Air Squadron
 * 820 Naval Air Squadron
 * 826 Naval Air Squadron
 * 829 Naval Air Squadron
 * 845 Naval Air Squadron
 * 846 Naval Air Squadron
 * 847 Naval Air Squadron
 * 848 Naval Air Squadron
 * Second Line Squadrons
 * 700H Naval Air Squadron
 * 700V Naval Air Squadron
 * 706 Naval Air Squadron
 * 706B Naval Air Squadron
 * 707 Naval Air Squadron
 * 737 Naval Air Squadron
 * 771 Naval Air Squadron
 * 772 Naval Air Squadron
 * 781 Naval Air Squadron
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Uruguayan Navy
 * 771 Naval Air Squadron
 * 772 Naval Air Squadron
 * 781 Naval Air Squadron
 * Uruguayan Air Force
 * Uruguayan Navy
 * Uruguayan Navy

Civil operators

 * Bristow Helicopters
 * Bristow Helicopters

Aircraft on display

 * Australia
 * N7-202 – HAS.31 on display at the Darwin Aviation Museum in Darwin, Northern Territory.
 * N7-203 – HAS.31B on display at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society in Parkes, New South Wales.
 * N7-204 – HAS.31B on display at the Australian National Aviation Museum in Melbourne.
 * N7-214 – HAS.31B on display at the Australian Aviation Heritage Centre (Qld) in Caboolture, Queensland.
 * N7-216 – On display at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney.
 * N7-217 – HAS.31A on display at the Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra Airport, Queensland.
 * N7-221 – On display at the National Vietnam Veterans Museum in Newhaven, Victoria.
 * N7-222 – HAS.31B on display at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society in Albion Park Rail, New South Wales.
 * N7-224 – HAS.31B on display at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia.
 * N7-226 – HAS.31 on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Nowra, New South Wales.

 * Germany
 * XR527 – HC.2 on display at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil in Hermeskeil, Rhineland-Palatinate.
 * XT670 – HC.2 on display at Flugausstellung Hermeskeil in Hermeskeil, Rhineland-Palatinate.

 * United Kingdom

 * XM328 – HAS.3 on display at The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.
 * XM330 – HAS.1 on display at The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.
 * XP142 – HAS.3 in storage at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil, Somerset.
 * XR525 – HC.2 on display at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Cosford, Shropshire.
 * XR528 – HC.2 on static display at Morayvia in Kinloss, Moray.
 * XR529 – HC.2 previously displayed as the RAF Aldergrove Gate Guardian, currently on display at Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast, Northern Ireland. \
 * XS481 - HU.5 on display at the South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster.
 * XS482 – HU.5 on display at the RAF Manston History Museum in Ramsgate, Kent.
 * XS508 – HU.5 in storage at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil, Somerset.
 * XS511 – HU.5 on display at the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum in Tangmere, West Sussex.
 * XS863 – HAS.1 on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in Duxford, Cambridgeshire.
 * XT466 – HU.5 on static display at Morayvia in Kinloss, Moray.
 * XT482 – HU.5 on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil, Somerset.
 * XT486 – HU.5 on display at the Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum in Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway.
 * XT604 – HC.2 on display at the East Midlands Aeropark in Castle Donington, Leicestershire.
 * XT761 – HU.5 airworthy with Historic Helicopters in Chard, Somerset.
 * XT765 – HU.5 in storage at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovil, Somerset.
 * XT771 – HU.5 in storage with Historic Helicopters in Chard, Somerset.
 * XV720 - HC.2 used as part of the Culham Laser Gaming course near Didcot, Oxfordshire.
 * XV728 – HC.2 on display at the Newark Air Museum in Winthorpe, Nottinghamshire.
 * XV732 – HCC.4 on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London.
 * XV733 – HCC.4 on display at The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.
 * WA0561 – Wessex 60 on display at The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.

 * Uruguay
 * XR522 – HC.2 at the Museo Aeronáutico Coronel (Aviador) Jaime Meregalli in Ciudad de la Costa, Canelones.

Notable appearances in film
Wessexes portrayed the visually similar CH-34 Choctaws in Stanley Kubrick's 1987 film Full Metal Jacket. The helicopters used were Wessex 60s, a civilian version of the Wessex HC.2. These are powered by the coupled-twin de Havilland Gnome with a distinctive long nose and single large turbine exhaust on each side, distinguishing them from the CH-34. XT761 was featured in season 4 of The Crown depicting Tom Byrne as Prince Andrew visiting the Queen.

title: Westland Wessex


text:
De-Loused in the Comatorium

De-Loused in the Comatorium is the debut studio album by American progressive rock band the Mars Volta, released on June 24, 2003, on Gold Standard Laboratories and Universal Records. Based on a short story written by lead singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala and sound manipulation artist Jeremy Ward, the concept album is an hour-long tale of Cerpin Taxt, a man who enters a week-long coma after overdosing on a mixture of morphine and rat poison. The story of Cerpin Taxt alludes to the death of El Paso, Texas artist—and Bixler-Zavala's friend—Julio Venegas (1972–1996).

Co-produced by Rick Rubin and guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López, it is the only studio album to feature founding member Jeremy Ward, who was found dead in an apparent heroin overdose one month before the album was released. Following the departure of Eva Gardner who had appeared on the band's early demos and EP, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea performed on De-Loused.

The music contained in De-Loused is distinguished by its enigmatic lyrics, Latin and jazz rhythms, and Rodríguez-López's frenetic guitar riffs, which are often strongly dissonant. The title of the album is taken from the lyrics of the song "Eunuch Provocateur" on the band's previous release, Tremulant (meanwhile, "Take the Veil Cerpin Taxt" contains the title of Tremulant). The cover artwork is by Storm Thorgerson.

Background and recording
Two songs from the album, "Roulette Dares (The Haunt Of)" and "Cicatriz ESP", first appeared in 2001 as the band's very first demo recordings with bassist Eva Gardner and drummer Blake Fleming; notably, the early version of "Cicatriz ESP" (then known as "Cicatrix") was slower and much shorter (4 minutes) than the album one (at 12 minutes being the longest track on the album).

The album is a progressive rock and art rock album that also incorporates influences from psychedelia, Latin jazz, heavy metal, punk rock and blues rock.

Reception
De-Loused became, both critically and commercially, the band's biggest hit, eventually selling in excess of 500,000 copies despite limited promotion, and was featured on several critics' "Best of the Year" lists. The album was ranked number 55 on the October 2006 issue of Guitar World magazine's list of the 100 greatest guitar albums of all time. "Drunkship of Lanterns" was named the 91st best guitar song of all-time by Rolling Stone.

As of February 2007 it had sold 434,000 copies in the United States.

As of June 2016, the album had a score of 82 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "universal acclaim". Alternative Press gave the album a perfect score of all five stars and said it "takes multiple listens to absorb, and, even then, you're probably not going to have a clue to what Bixler's raving about." Yahoo! Music UK gave it a score of eight stars out of ten and said it was "not an album to listen to casually. It insists on taking over your life for an hour, demands a level of concentration rare in rock, amply repays multiple plays." Under the Radar gave the album eight stars out of ten and said that the band "has created the antithesis of ATDI, leaving behind any formula or typicality. What they kept was the fire, the fury, and the passion." Drowned in Sound gave it a score of eight out of ten and called it "truly exquisite and well worth the wait." Playlouder gave it a score of four stars out of five and said, "There are moments of prog rock, jazz fusion and freakydelia in this rush of ideas and if that sounds awful then don't be put off. Instead of the shambolic mess that this kinda influence normally entails Mars Volta have come strictly disciplined." Uncut gave it four stars out of five and said: "Imagine a jam session between King Crimson, Fugazi and '70s Miles. Now imagine it working. That's the Mars Volta." Blender also gave it four stars and said it "Roars like Led Zeppelin, churns like King Crimson and throbs like early Santana." Tiny Mix Tapes likewise gave it a score of four out of five and called it "a very strong debut album for the Mars Volta." Ink 19 Magazine also gave it a favorable review and said it was "definitely worth checking out, but make sure to keep an open mind and check any preconceived notions at the door."

In 2014, readers of Rhythm voted it the ninth-greatest drumming album in the history of progressive rock. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. The album was included as number 25 on Rolling Stone's list of "50 Greatest Prog Rock Albums of All Time".

Personnel
The following people contributed to De-Loused in the Comatorium:

Band

 * Cedric Bixler-Zavala – vocals
 * Omar Rodríguez-López – guitar, bass ("Ambuletz")
 * Jon Theodore – drums
 * Isaiah "Ikey" Owens – keyboards
 * Flea – bass (except "Televators" and "Ambuletz")
 * Jeremy Ward – effects and sound manipulation

Additional musicians

 * Lenny Castro – percussion
 * John Frusciante – additional guitar and synthesizer treatment ("Cicatriz ESP")
 * Justin Meldal-Johnsen – stand-up bass ("Televators")

Recording personnel

 * Rick Rubin – producer
 * Omar Rodríguez-López – producer
 * Dave Schiffman – recording
 * Andrew Scheps – additional recording
 * Phillip Groussard – assistant engineer, recording engineer ("Ambuletz")
 * Darren Mora – assistant engineer
 * Rich Costey – mixing engineer
 * Jason Lader – mixing engineer ("Ambuletz")
 * Lindsay Chase – album production coordination
 * Vlado Meller – mastering
 * Pete Lyman – mastering (vinyl)
 * Steve Kadison – mastering assistance

Artwork

 * Storm Thorgerson – cover design, art direction
 * Peter Curzon – cover design, graphics
 * Rupert Truman – photography
 * Dan Abbott – illustrations

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: De-Loused in the Comatorium


text:
Talk:Gatorade

Vandalism
The final 21:32, 29 January 2012 is the date the vandalism began on the talk page. Up to that date there had been much discussion; now it is trashed for some reason. Call for experienced editor's oversight. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.81.189.241 (talk)

Rebranding section
The Prime 01 paragraph reads: The Prime 01 product line consists of a pre-game fuel in a snot consistency, positioned for consumption prior to athletic activity. Pretty sure "snot consistency" is vandalism. Tried to find out what it should be, but it seems to be pretty far back in the history. Can someone track it down and fix it. Thanks. -- Greenmango (talk) 20:35, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

Incorrect Nutrition Information
The nutrition information in the boxes at the right side of the page does not agree with the Gatorade web site information. Also, some information appears twice, in the text and in the boxes. Better to have only one copy of information in the article. Can't edit it now, myself. 7802mark (talk) 16:30, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

Two nutrition boxes
I changed a statement about cyclamate from "banned by the FDA in 1969 after it was shown to cause bladder cancer". It was indeed banned, although not in all countries, but the statement suggests that it was proven to cause bladder cancer in humans. At cyclamate, the actual details are given. Cyclamate was given to rats at very high doses, equivalent to a human consuming 350 cans of diet soda a day. There are claims the study was not reproducible, which may mean the results were falsified, and I don't think an article about a drink needs to enter into that controversy. It's sufficient to say the formula was changed after the FDA ban.

There are two nutrition boxes, labeled "Original Gatorade Thirst Quencher" and "Gatorade Perform 02". The original has 10 g of sugar and 5 mg of sodium, while the modern form has 21 g of sugar and 150 mg of sodium. Though there is only a 30 kcal difference, the two charts suggest that Gatorade has become less healthy since its origin, and that is probably the intent. So, what is the "original" formula? Is it the experimental formula Cade started with? Is it the Stokely-van Camp product from before 1969, or after 1969 when cyclamate was removed? The first chart should be clear about that or it should be removed, because it seems to have a purpose in being there, that is, to show how liquid candy is ruining the world. (I have no involvement with Gatorade or any drinks manufacturer.) Roches (talk) 18:18, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

Along these lines, the statement "There are 34 g of sugar (8 teaspoons) in one 20 US fluid ounces (590 ml) bottle of regular Gatorade." is apparently contradicted by other body text and both nutrition boxes. Maybe there are Gatorade flavors with this much sugar, or maybe there used to be, but currently this is an unsupported statement and it needs to be supported or removed. 76.20.110.219 (talk) 20:09, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Misleading Section Titles
If just reading the section title "Gatorade and oral rehydration" I would never guessed that the content of the section would be about the inappropriate use of the drink as rehydration supplies for refugees of the Rwandan genocide. And reading "Advertising and publicity" I wouldn't expect to hear that their advertising led to someone dying from exercise-associated hyponatremia.

I'm not sure what the remedy is here, whether the titles should be changed or the information should be reorganized. Maybe a "Controversies" section is warranted. Willthamic (talk) 16:02, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gatorade


text:
Joseph Kabila

Joseph Kabila Kabange (, ; born 4 June 1971) is a Congolese politician who served as President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between January 2001 and January 2019. He took office ten days after the assassination of his father, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila in the context of the Second Congo War. He was allowed to remain in power after the 2003 Pretoria Accord ended the war as the president of the country's new transitional government. He was elected as president in 2006 and re-elected in 2011 for a second term. Since stepping down after the 2018 election, Kabila, as a former president, serves as a senator for life.

Kabila's term was due to expire on 20 December 2016, according to the terms of the constitution adopted in 2006. Officials suggested that elections would be held in November 2016, but on 29 September 2016, the nation's electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. Talk focused on the need for a census before holding elections. In August 2018, Kabila announced that he would step down and not seek reelection in the December 2018 general election. He was succeeded by Félix Tshisekedi in the country's first peaceful transition of power since independence. Independent observers felt Tshisikedi had lost heavily to another candidate, Martin Fayulu, and that Kabila had fixed the official result for the candidate most likely to be most helpful to him in the latter's post-presidency period. While in power, Joseph Kabila faced continuous wars in eastern Congo and internal rebel forces supported by the neighboring governments of Rwanda and Uganda.

In 2021, it was reported that Kabila embezzled over $138 million during his presidency.

Early life and education
Joseph Kabila Kabange and his twin sister Jaynet Kabila were born on 4 June 1971. According to official accounts, the twins were born at Hewabora, a small village in the Fizi Territory of the South Kivu Province, in eastern DRC. Rumors have abounded that Kabila was actually born in Tanzania, which would make him a citizen of that country. He is the son of long time rebel, former AFDL leader and president of the DRC Laurent-Désiré Kabila and Sifa Mahanya.

Kabila's childhood coincided with the low point of his father's political and military career. He was raised in relative remoteness, with few records of his early days. Kabila attended a primary school organized by his father's rebel forces, before moving to Tanzania where he completed primary and secondary school. Due to his father's status as an enemy of Zairean strongman Mobutu Sese Seko, Kabila posed as a Tanzanian in his school years to avoid detection by Zairean intelligence agents.

Guerrilla and army years
Following high school, Kabila followed a military curriculum in Tanzania, then at Makerere University in Uganda. In October 1996, Laurent-Désiré Kabila launched the campaign in Zaire to oust the Mobutu regime with his newly formed army, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL). Joseph Kabila became the commander of an AFDL unit that included "kadogos" (child soldiers) and likely played a key role in major battles on the road to Kinshasa, but his exact whereabouts during the war have been difficult to establish. Joseph Kabila appears to have been present at the liberation of Kisangani where media reports identified him as commander of the rebel force that took the city after four days of intense fighting.

Following the AFDL's victory, and Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rise to the presidency, Joseph Kabila went on to get further training at the PLA National Defense University, in Beijing, China.

When he returned from China, Kabila was awarded the rank of major-general, and appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 1998. He was later, in 2000, appointed Chief of Staff of the Land Forces, a position he held until the elder President Kabila's assassination in January 2001. As chief of staff, he was one of the main military leaders in charge of government troops during the time of the Second Congo War (1998–2003).

First presidential term
Kabila rose to the presidency on 26 January 2001 after the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila, becoming the world's first head of government born in the 1970s. Aged 29, he was considered young and inexperienced. He subsequently attempted to end the ongoing civil war by negotiating peace agreements with rebel groups backed by Rwanda and Uganda, the same regional armies who had brought Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel group to power three years before. The 2002 peace agreement signed at the Inter-Congolese Dialogue in Sun City, South Africa, which nominally ended the Second Congo War, maintained Joseph Kabila as President and head of state of the Congo. An interim administration was set up under him, including the leaders of the country's two main rebel groups as vice-presidents (two other vice-presidents were representatives of the civilian opposition and government supporters respectively). On 28 March 2004, an apparent coup attempt or mutiny around the capital Kinshasa, allegedly by members of the former guard of former president Mobutu Sese Seko (who had been ousted by Kabila's father in 1997 and died in the same year), failed. On 11 June 2004, coup plotters led by Major Eric Lenge allegedly attempted to take power and announced on state radio that the transitional government was suspended, but were defeated by loyalist troops.

In December 2005, a partial referendum approved a new constitution, and a presidential election was held on 30 July 2006, having been delayed from an earlier date in June. The new constitution lowered the minimum age of presidential candidates from 35 to 30; Kabila turned 35 shortly before the election. In March 2006, he registered as a candidate. Although Kabila registered as an independent, he is the "initiator" of the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (PPRD), which chose him as their candidate in the election. Although the new constitution stipulates that a debate be held between the two remaining candidates for the presidency, no debates took place and many declared this unconstitutional.

According to widely disputed provisional results announced on 20 August, Kabila won 45% of the vote; his main opponent, vice-president and former rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba, won 20%. The irregularities surrounding the elections results prompted a run-off vote between Kabila and Bemba which was held on 29 October. On 15 November, the electoral commission announced the official results and Kabila was declared the winner, with 58.05% of the vote. These results were confirmed by the Supreme Court on 27 November 2006, and Kabila was inaugurated on 6 December 2006 as the country's newly elected president. He named Antoine Gizenga, who placed third in the first round of the presidential election (and then backed Kabila in the second round) as prime minister on 30 December.

In 2006, Kabila responded to evidence of widespread sex crimes committed by the Congolese military by describing the acts as "simply unforgivable". He pointed out that 300 soldiers had been convicted of sex crimes, although he added that this was not enough.

Second term
In December 2011, Kabila was re-elected for a second term as president. After the results were announced on 9 December, there was violent unrest in Kinshasa and Mbuji-Mayi, where official tallies showed that a strong majority had voted for the opposition candidate Étienne Tshisekedi. Official observers from the Carter Center reported that returns from almost 2,000 polling stations in areas where support for Tshisekedi was strong had been lost and not included in the official results. They described the election as lacking credibility. On 20 December, Kabila was sworn in for a second term, promising to invest in infrastructure and public services. However, Tshisekedi maintained that the result of the election was illegitimate and said that he intended also to "swear himself in" as president.

In January 2012, Catholic bishops in DR Congo also condemned the elections, complaining of "treachery, lies and terror", and calling on the election commission to correct "serious errors".

On 17 January 2015, Congo's parliament passed an electoral law requiring a census before the next elections. On 19 January protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out. The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow Kabila to remain in power until a national census could be conducted (elections had been planned for 2016). By Wednesday 21 January clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives, although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed.

The Senate responded to protests by striking the census requirement from its law. Moïse Katumbi announced in October 2015 that he would leave the ruling party due to disagreements over the scheduled election.

Jaynet Kabila, the sister of Kabila, was named in the Panama Papers. Document leaks in 2016 revealed that she is a part-owner of a major Congolese television company, Digital Congo TV, through offshore subsidiaries.

Kabila is vastly unpopular, partly because of the conflicts in the Congo, but also because of the widespread belief that he has enriched himself and his family while ignoring millions of poor Congolese. There have been protests against his attempts to change term limits and extend his rule. Harsh demonstrations erupted on 20 April 2016 in Lubumbashi, one of Congo's biggest cities.

When Moise Katumbi, the former governor of Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo and now an opposition figure, announced that he was running for president in an election that was supposed to be held by the end of 2016, his house was surrounded by security forces wanting to arrest him.

Although Kabila's forces have scored an important victory against one large rebel group, the M23, in 2013, many other armed groups have splintered into dangerous movements. And by 2016 new ones had risen, like militias in the Nyunzu area that have killed hundreds of people.

2016 delayed election and extension of presidency
According to the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Kabila should not be allowed to serve more than two terms. On 19 September 2016, massive protests rocked Kinshasa calling for him to step down as legally mandated. Seventeen people were killed. Elections to determine a successor to Kabila were originally scheduled to be held on 27 November 2016. On 29 September 2016, the nation's electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. According to the electoral commission's vice president, the commission "hasn't called elections in 2016 because the number of voters isn't known." However, the opposition alleges that Kabila had intentionally delayed the election to remain in power.

Partially in response to the delayed election, the United States issued sanctions against two members of Kabila's inner circle, John Numbi and Gabriel Amisi Kumba, on 28 September. These actions were seen as a warning to President Kabila to respect his country's constitution.

More demonstrations were planned to mark the passing of the end of the presidential mandate. Opposition groups claim that the outcome of late elections would be civil war.

Maman Sidikou, the Secretary-General's Special Representative for DR Congo and head of MONUSCO, said that a tipping point into uncontrollable violence could come about very quickly if the political situation is not normalised.

Kabila's second term as president of the Democratic Republic of Congo was due to end on 20 December 2016. A statement issued by his spokesperson on 19 December 2016, stated that Joseph Kabila would remain in post until a new president is in place following elections which will not be held until at least April 2018. Kabila subsequently installed a new cabinet led by prime minister Samy Badibanga, resulting in protests in which at least 40 people were killed. Under articles 75 and 76 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo, should the office of the president become vacant, the Chairman of the Senate, presently Léon Kengo would assume the presidency in an acting capacity.

On 23 December, an agreement was proposed between the main opposition group and the Kabila government under which the latter agreed not to alter the constitution and to leave office before the end of 2017. Under the agreement opposition leader Étienne Tshisekedi will oversee that the deal is implemented and the country's Prime Minister will be appointed by the opposition.

In late February 2018 the ministry of international affairs of Botswana told Kabila that it was time to go and said the "worsening humanitarian situation" in DRC is compounded by the fact that "its leader has persistently delayed holding elections, and has lost control over the security of his country".

On December 30, 2018 the presidential election to determine the successor to Kabila was held. Kabila endorsed Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, his former interior minister. On January 10, 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate Félix Tshisekedi as the winner of the vote.

After presidency
Since leaving the presidency, Kabila has made Kingakati farm his main residence. The estate, located 50 km east of Kinshasa, was his second home while he was still in power.

In April 2021, President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded in ousting the last remaining elements of his government who were loyal to former leader Kabila.

In May 2021, Tshisekedi called for a review of mining contracts signed with China by Kabila, especially the Sicomines multibillion 'minerals-for-infrastructure' deal.

In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $138 million.

Personal life
Kabila married Olive Lembe di Sita, on 1 June 2006. The wedding ceremonies took place on 17 June 2006. Kabila and his wife have a daughter, born in 2001, named Sifa, after Kabila's mother.

As Kabila is Protestant and Lembe di Sita is Catholic, the wedding ceremonies were ecumenical; they were officiated by both the Catholic Archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Frederic Etsou Bamungwabi, and Pierre Marini Bodho – presiding bishop of the Church of Christ in Congo, the umbrella church for most denominations in the Congo, known within the country simply as "The Protestant Church".

In July 2021, Joseph Kabila finished his master's degree, getting the certification from the University of Johannesburg in South Africa. He completed Master's programme in Political Science and International Relations through distance learning.

title: Joseph Kabila


text:
Marsupilami

Marsupilami is a comic book character and fictional animal species created by André Franquin. Its first appearance was in the 31 January 1952 issue of the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou. Since then it appeared regularly in the popular Belgian comics series Spirou & Fantasio, as a pet of the main characters, until Franquin stopped working on the series; the character's final appearance in the series during Franquin's lifetime was in 1970.

In the late 1980s, another character of the same species, distinct from the pet Marsupilami owned by Spirou and Fantasio, got its own successful spin-off series of comic albums entitled Marsupilami, written by Greg, Yann, and Dugomier, and drawn by Batem. The 1987 release of the first Marsupilami album marked the debut publication of the publishing house Marsu Productions, which was named after the character.

Marsupilami has since become a multimedia franchise, with multiple animated series, a feature film, a Marsupilami Sega Genesis video game  and a variety of other merchandise. The asteroid 98494 Marsupilami is.

Marsupilami's adventures had been translated to several languages, like Dutch, German, Greek, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, English, Italian and several Scandinavian languages. The most recent English translations are published by the British publishing house Cinebook. More than three million albums of the Marsupilami series are claimed to have been sold by Marsu Productions.

In 2013, Dupuis bought Marsu Productions and its characters, thereby allowing a new production of Spirou & Fantasio adventures including the Marsupilami. The Marsupilami returned to the Spirou & Fantasio series in the album La Colère du Marsupilami, released in 2016.

Naming
The name is a portmanteau of the words marsupial, Pilou-Pilou (the French name for Eugene the Jeep, a character Franquin loved as a child) and ami (French for friend).

The species' binomial name is given in Franquin's Spirou et les héritiers as Marsupilamus fantasii. Its specific epithet refers to the character Fantasio, who was tasked with finding a specimen by his late uncle. He successfully found one on his expedition to South America with Spirou and subsequently brought it to Europe, where it later became the pair's pet.

In Houba Banana, a 1997 album from the Marsupilami spin-off comic series written by Xavier Fauche and Eric Adam, its binomial name is given as Marsupilami franquini, referring to the real-life creator of the species, Franquin.

Appearance and behavior
The marsupilami is a black-spotted yellow leopard-like creature with dog-like ears. Male marsupilamis have an incredibly long, strong, flexible, prehensile tail, used for almost any task. Female marsupilamis have a much shorter tail, but still long compared to real animals. Both the male and female are able to use their tail as a weapon, by tightening the end into a fist and the remainder of the tail into a springlike spiral for maximal force. This attack was responsible for the Danish and Norwegian translators choosing words similar to "spiral" over "marsupial" as the creature's name. Unlike the males, the females also walk on the tips of their toes. When the animal rebounds, he makes the noise: "Boing". Males are also drawn with their eyes not completely separated, as if the sclerae of both eyes have merged, while females are often drawn with two completely separate eyes. Female marsupilamis also have a different voice compared to the males. Males say "houba" most of the time, while females say "houbi". According to the L'Encyclopédie du Marsupilami, they are monotremes like the platypus and echidna, which explains why they lay eggs while having mammalian features. Like parrots and some corvid birds, the Marsupilami can also mimic human speech, and like an amphibian is able to breathe underwater as well as on land.

Specimens

The appellation "The Marsupilami" originally referred to the individual captured and then adopted by Spirou and Fantasio, which they never bothered to name because he was the only known specimen. The Spirou & Fantasio album Le nid des Marsupilamis introduces more marsupilami characters, none of whom are in captivity; the album is mostly concerned with a documentary-within-the-comic about the life of a family of marsupilamis living in the wild in Palombia. The later spin-off series Marsupilami, drawn by Batem, stars this family, and the title of the series, "Marsupilami", refers to the father in this family, who is also unnamed, and not to the pet Marsupilami owned by Spirou and Fantasio.

In these series, Marsupilami's wife is referred to as Marsupilamie (a female version of the name) but their three young are named, respectively, Bibi, Bibu and Bobo. Mars the Black is another specimen, which first appears in the album Mars the Black. A former captive marsupilami, he first finds it hard to live again in the forest. After failing to seduce Marsupilamie, he becomes jealous of Marsupilami and nearly gets into a fight with him. Later, he meets a black female marsupilami, named Venus, who becomes his mate. In Baby Prinz, another specimen, an elderly male who lives in a zoo, is featured. Altogether, that comes to eight specimens in Palombia, plus Spirou and Fantasio's pet.

Marsupilamis have been shown with multiple different fur colourations – yellow, yellow with black spots, black, white, white with black spots, and black with yellow spots. The most frequently seen fur colours are yellow with black spots, yellow with no spots, and black all over, as these are the variations seen within the main Marsupilami family in the Marsupilami comic series; these are also the fur colours that are regularly seen in the French animated series featuring the same family.

Spirou & Fantasio
The following albums of Spirou & Fantasio feature the Marsupilami:
 * 4. Spirou et les héritiers (Spirou and the Heirs, 1952). First appearance of the Marsupilami.
 * 5. Les voleurs du Marsupilami (The Marsupilami Thieves, 1952, after an idea by Jo Almo). This story picks up exactly where Spirou et les héritiers ends.
 * 7. Le dictateur et le champignon (The Dictator and the Mushroom, 1953)
 * 8. La mauvaise tête (The Wrong Head, 1954) (Only in a short story at the end of the album)
 * 9. Le repaire de la murène (The Murena's Hideout, 1955).
 * 10. Les pirates du silence (Pirates of Silence, 1956, with Rosy (writing) and Will (backgrounds)); followed by La Quick Super (1956)
 * 11. Le gorille a bonne mine (Gorilla's in Good Shape, 1956); followed by Vacances sans histoires (Uneventful Holidays)
 * 12. Le nid des Marsupilamis (The Marsupilamis' Nest, 1957), which introduces a family of Marsupilamis living in the wild in Palombia; followed by La foire aux gangsters (Gangsters at the Fair)
 * 13. Le voyageur du Mésozoïque (The Traveller from the Mesozoic, 1957); followed by La peur au bout du fil (Fear at the End of the Line, 1959, with Greg (writing))
 * 14. Le prisonnier du Bouddha (The prisoner of the Buddha, 1959, with Greg (writing) and Jidéhem (backgrounds))
 * 15. Z comme Zorglub (Z is for Zorglub, 1960, with Greg (writing) and Jidéhem (backgrounds)). First appearance of Zorglub.
 * 16. L'ombre du Z (The Shadow of Z, 1960, with Greg (writing) and Jidéhem (backgrounds)). Concludes a diptych.
 * 17. Spirou et les hommes-bulles (Spirou and the Bubble Men, 1959); followed by Les petits formats (The Small Formats, 1960); both with Roba (art). These stories, along with Tembo Tabou, first appeared in a newspaper, Le Parisien Libéré.
 * 18. QRN sur Bretzelburg (Q.R.N. over Bretzelburg, 1963, with Greg (writing) and Jidéhem (backgrounds)). A longer version was published in 1987 in a limited printing.
 * 19. Panade à Champignac (Babysitting in Champignac, 1968; with Peyo and Gos (writing)); followed by Bravo les Brothers (Hurray for the Brothers, 1967; with Jidéhem (backgrounds))
 * 20. Le faiseur d'or (The gold maker, 1970)
 * 24. Tembo Tabou (1958, with Roba (art)); followed by short stories
 * 55. La colère du Marsupilami (2016, by Yoann and Vehlmann)

Marsupilami
By the late 1960s, Franquin decided to retire from drawing the Spirou & Fantasio series, which was passed to a new artist, Jean-Claude Fournier. Franquin did not give permission for the character to continue appearing in the series after the first Fournier story, Le faiseur d'or ("The Gold Maker"), in which Franquin drew the Marsupilami himself. Spirou's Marsupilami ceased to feature in the comics after that, and was absent from Spirou & Fantasio until 2016.

In 1987, Franquin launched a new series centering around the Marsupilami with the new publishing house, Marsu Productions. This series featured the Marsupilami family which had appeared in Le nid des Marsupilamis.

The first four volumes were illustrated by both Franquin and Batem. From the fifth volume onwards, Batem is the sole illustrator of the series.

The stories in the first two volumes were written by Greg. Afterwards, Greg stopped working on the series, and the next seven volumes were written by Yann. Various others have written for the series since; the most recent writer is Colman, who has received writing credits in the twelve most recent volumes.

The first published album of the series is La Queue du Marsupilami. In 2002, an album #0 was published, consisting of short stories featuring the Marsupilami, drawn by Franquin before 1987.

 * 0. Capturez un Marsupilami (Capture a Marsupilami, 6/2002) (Short-Story collection). Art and story by Franquin.
 * 1. La Queue du Marsupilami (The tail of Marsupilami, 10/1987). Art by Batem and Franquin, story by Greg.
 * 2. Le Bébé du bout du monde (The baby of the end of the world, 6/1988). Art by Batem and Franquin, story by Greg.
 * 3. Mars le Noir (Mars the Black, 3/1989). Art by Batem and Franquin, story by Yann.
 * 4. Le Pollen du Monte Urticando (The pollen of Mount Urticando, 11/1989). Art by Batem and Franquin, story by Yann.
 * 5. Baby Prinz (10/1990). Art by Batem, story by Yann.
 * 6. Fordlandia (11/1991). Art by Batem, story by Yann.
 * 7. L'Or de Boavista (The Gold of Boavista, 10/1992). Art by Batem, story by Yann.
 * 8. Le Temple de Boavista (The temple of Boavista, 10/1993). Art by Batem, story by Yann.
 * 9. Le Papillon des cimes (The butterfly of the summit, 10/1994). Art by Batem, story by Yann.
 * 10. Rififi en Palombie (4/1996). Art by Batem, story by Xavier Fauche and Eric Adam.
 * 11. Houba Banana (7/1997). Art by Batem, story by Xavier Fauche and Eric Adam.
 * 12. Trafic à Jollywood (7/1998). Art and story by Batem.
 * 13. Le Défilé du jaguar (The fashion show of the jaguar, 9/1999). Art by Batem, story by Kaminka and Marais.
 * 14. Un fils en or (A golden child, 6/2000). Art by Batem, story by Bourcquardez and Saive.
 * 15. C'est quoi ce cirque !? (What's this circus!?, 9/2001). Art by Batem, story by Dugomier.
 * 16. Tous en Piste (Everyone to the ring, 6/2003). Art by Batem, story by Dugomier.
 * 17. L'orchidée des Chahutas (The orchid of the Chahutas, 6/2004). Art by Batem, story by Dugomier.
 * 18. Robinson Academy (6/2005). Art by Batem, story by Dugomier.
 * 19. Magie Blanche (White magic, 11/2006). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 20. Viva Palombia (6/2007). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 21. Red monster (4/2008). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 22. Chiquito Paradiso (4/2009). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 23. Croc Vert  (5/2010). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 24. Opération Attila (20 May 2011). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 25. Sur la piste du Marsupilami (4/2012). Art by Batem, story by Colman, Chabat and Doner.
 * 26. Santa Calamidad (11/2012). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 27. Coeur d'étoile (11/2013). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 28. Biba (11/2014). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 29. Quilzèmhoal (11/2015). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 30. Palombie secrète (04/2017). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 31. Monsieur Xing Yùn (04/2018). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 32. Bienvenido a Bingo ! (5/2019). Art by Batem, story by Colman.
 * 33. Supermarsu (6/2021). Art by Batem, story by Colman.

Other

 * Marsupilami makes an appearance in Asterix and the Big Fight (1964), as a side-show attraction among the many that spring up in anticipation of the titular contest. The stall presenting the Marsupilami is run by Menagerix, who has an image of it as an advertisement of his tent.
 * L'Encyclopédie du Marsupilami, published in 1991, is an "Encyclopedia" about the natural history of the Marsupilami, not a comic book. Text is by Cambier and Verhoest, art by Batem and Franquin.
 * Gaston et le Marsupilami was published by Dupuis in 1978. This album groups all the short stories featuring both Gaston Lagaffe and Marsupilami, previously published in Spirou magazine. All these strips were then published in the album Capturez un Marsupilami.
 * In December 2006, an illustrated book series featuring the Marsupilami as the main character was created in the Bibliothèque Rose Collection, published by Hachette. Scenarios are taken from the animated series Mon ami Marsupilami.
 * A short-lived series produced in connection to the TV series was published from 1993 to 1994 in the American Disney Adventures magazine. Some stories were also reprinted in the German magazine Limit.
 * Several Marsupilami cameos and tributes have been produced in Franco-Belgian comics; among the earliest was in Jijé's series Blondin et Cirage, which was another series published in Spirou magazine during Franquin's tenure on Spirou & Fantasio. In the volume Les soucoupes volantes (1956), the characters Blondin and Cirage find an African Marsupilami, Marsupilamus africanus, which is a slightly different species than the South American species Marsupilamus fantasii. The African Marsupilami species is tailless and has a stockier build.

English-language publication of comics
An early example of an English-language translation of Spirou & Fantasio was published in 1960, when the Franquin story Le nid des Marsupilamis was printed in the weekly British boys' magazine Knockout, under the title Dickie and Birdbath Watch the Woggle. In that early localization, Spirou was called "Dickie", Fantasio was "Birdbath", Seccotine was "Cousin Constance", the Marsupilami was "the Woggle", and the female Marsupilami was "the Wiggle."

One album of Spirou & Fantasio featuring Marsupilami, number 15, was translated to English by Fantasy Flight Publishing in 1995. Plans on releasing number 16 ended halfway through the translation process, due to bad sales.

In 2007, Egmont's subsidiary Euro Books translated the Spirou & Fantasio albums numbered 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 14 into English for the Indian market. The Marsupilami was renamed "Beastie" in these translations.

The British publishing company Cinebook have published English-language translations of Spirou & Fantasio, including some of Franquin's albums featuring the Marsupilami. The first of Franquin's albums that they translated was The Marsupilami Thieves, which they released in 2013. In 2017, Cinebook began to release English translations of the spin-off series Marsupilami.

Disney animation

Disney's version of the Marsupilami first appeared on television in Raw Toonage in 1992, and was then spun off into his own eponymous show on the CBS network and Syndication in 1993. Marsupilami's supporting characters included among others Maurice the gorilla, Stewart the elephant, Eduardo the jaguar, Leonardo the lion, and Norman the poacher. The original Marsupilami stories by Franquin never featured a gorilla or elephant in the Marsupilami's wild habitat, since those species are native to Africa, whereas the Marsupilami species in the comics was said to come from South America. Another change is that Marsupilami can speak; his comic counterpart can only mimic sound like a parrot. In this version, Marsupilami is voiced by Steve Mackall. Shnookums and Meat was a secondary segment on this show.

There were thirteen episodes in the series, and the series lasted one season. Reruns of the show were aired on The Disney Channel (from October 1994 to June 1995 ), and later on Toon Disney.

Animators Tony Bancroft and Michael Surrey are in the character design ending credits.

Season 1 – Marsupilami (2000)
A second animated series, this time produced in France, premiered in March 2000 and ran for 26 episodes on the French television channel Canal J. Produced by Marathon Productions and Marsu Productions, this series more closely followed the character in the original comic.

In this first season, there's a more comedic side. Marsupilami went on adventures alone or with his family (his wife Marsupilamie and their three young, Bibi, Bibu and Bobo). For example, in one episode he saved a group of circus animals, got them back to the city and saved the circus from closing. In another, he had to go to the city again to save one of his young, captured by their constant enemy, the hunter Bring M. Backalive.

Season 2 – My Friend Marsupilami (2003)
In the 26-episode Marsupilami and his family become best friends with a human family, The Newmans, that comes to live near them. Amanda is a Marsupilami researcher, while her husband David is a computer technician that works from home and they have two children, Leo and toddler Zoe. Leo and Marsupilami become best friends and they have many adventures, with both new friends and old enemies, like Backalive.

Seasons 3–4 – Marsupilami Hoobah Hoobah Hop! (2009–2010)
The third series, which premiered in 2009, features a preteen boy named Hector Forster and his aunt Diane Forster, who are going to live in the jungle for one year to study its fauna and flora. They become best friends with the Marsupilami family. Their main enemies are megalomaniac industrialist and jungle-hater Felicia Devort, who plans to level out the Palombian jungle and build the Devort City megalopolis in its place, and her two henchmen, Stroy and Blouprint. Their old enemy, hunter Bring M. Backalive, also appears.

Samka Productions replaces Marathon beginning with this series.

Season 5 – Our Neighbors the Marsupilamis (2012)
The fourth series featured the Marsupilami family living with veterinarian Bernard Vanderstadt and his four children Sarah, Iris, Isidore and Zoe. Their mother, Caroline, frequently contacts them by phone, but appears in the last three episodes. Once again Backalive makes an appearance.

Marathon's Marsupilami series has been broadcast in 37 countries. Among the countries to have received at least one season are Germany (Super RTL), Algeria (Programme National), Belgium (RTL TVI), Canada (Télé-Quebec and Teletoon), Estonia (ETV), Bulgaria (Super7), United Kingdom (Channel 4), Spain (Antena 3, Disney Channel, Toon Disney and TV3), Finland (MTV3), Cyprus (CyBC), Greece (Alter Channel), Ireland (RTÉ), Italy (Italia 1), Portugal (Prisvideo), Switzerland (TSR), Russia (THT Network), Hungary (Minimax), Slovenia (RTV), Serbia (Happy TV and Minimax), Montenegro (Happy TV and Minimax), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Minimax), North Macedonia (Minimax), Morocco (2M TV), Turkey (Yumurcak TV), Sri Lanka (Rupavahini), Mexico (Canal 22), Brazil (Rede Globo and SBT), Venezuela (RCTV), Indonesia (Rajawali Televisi and RCTI), Malaysia (TV3 and TV9), the Africa Pansat (CFI), Latin America (ZAZ), the Near East and Middle East (TV5 and E-Junior), Vietnam (HTV7), Thailand (United Broadcasting Corporation), South Korea (EBS), Iceland (Sjónvarpið), and South Africa (SABC).

Belvision animation
In 2019, it was announced that a new animated series was in development from Belgian studio Belvision. The new series focuses on three marsupilamis named Marsu, Pila and Mi. It will set to air in 2025.

Movies
Houba! On the Trail of the Marsupilami is a live-action, animated, comedy adventure film directed by Alain Chabat and released in 2012. Chabat himself stars in the movie alongside Jamel Debbouze, Frédéric Testot, Géraldine Nakache, Lambert Wilson, Patrick Timsit, Liya Kebede, Aïssa Maïga and The Great Khali. Though Marsupilami and his family are featured prominently, the movie features new characters rather than any of the established cast from the comics or television shows. The central focus is on French reporter Dan Geraldo (Chabat) and Palombian vet Pablito Camaron (Debbouze), whose name humorously translates to Little Pablo Shrimp, as they go searching for the indigenous Paya people led by Queen Paya (Kebede). The duo end up in a complicated plot involving the Marsupilami, an evil botanist (Testot) who discovers the elixir of youth, and a major, (Timsit) whom the botanist teams up with to overthrow the Palombian president (Wilson) and said president's love for Celine Dion.

Fame

 * A wax figure of a Marsupilami was manufactured and exhibited at the Musée Grévin, a museum displaying realistic statues of famous personalities, along with two other famous Franco-Belgian comics characters, Tintin and Asterix.
 * Many commercial products have been created by several companies: clothes (Avance Diffusion), shoes (Léomil), clocks, watches, decoration, dishes (Tropico), figurines (Pixi and Plastoy), cuddly toys (Nounours), socks (Agofroy), schoolbags (Hasbro), school products (Oberthur), linen (MCT), puzzles (Jumbo), and underwear (United Labels).
 * Marsupilami appears on a stamp created by the French Poste in 2003 (n° 3569).
 * The official website www.marsupilami.com claims to have more than 25,000 subscribers.
 * The Marsupilami is a fairground attraction in Asterix and the Big Fight.
 * Marsupilami is honoured by Asterix illustrator and occasional writer Albert Uderzo on page 11 of Asterix and Obelix's Birthday: The Golden Book.
 * A statue of the Marsupilami can be found at the center of a Charleroi roundabout and another has been seen at the train station of Angoulême, the city of France's largest comics festival.
 * Asteroid 98494 Marsupilami, discovered by French astronomer Jean-Claude Merlin in 2000, was named after the comic-strip character. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 September 2005 (M.P.C. 54830).

title: Marsupilami


text:
Raw Toonage

Raw Toonage is an American animated television program that premiered on CBS on September 19, and ended on December 5, 1992, after 12 episodes had been broadcast.

Bonkers and Marsupilami were spun off from this series in 1993. The Shnookums & Meat Funny Cartoon Show then was spun off from Marsupilami in 1995.

Main

 * Jeff Bennett as Jitters A. Dog
 * Rodger Bumpass as Grumbles the Grizzly
 * Nancy Cartwright as Fawn Deer
 * Jim Cummings as Bonkers D. Bobcat, Maurice, Norman, Don Karnage (guest star from TaleSpin), Leonardo the Refined Lion
 * Steve Mackall as Marsupilami

Guest stars

 * René Auberjonois as Chef Louie (from The Little Mermaid)
 * Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake, Captain Hook (from Peter Pan)
 * Christine Cavanaugh as Gosalyn Mallard (from Darkwing Duck)
 * Bill Farmer as Goofy (with his style from Goof Troop)
 * Frank Welker
 * Terry McGovern as Launchpad McQuack (from DuckTales and Darkwing Duck)
 * Russi Taylor as Webby Vanderquack (from DuckTales)
 * Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian (from The Little Mermaid)
 * Alan Young as Scrooge McDuck (from DuckTales)

Crew

 * Ginny McSwain – Dialogue Director
 * Jamie Thomason – Talent Coordinator

Shorts

 * Gray = Hosting (9 shorts)
 * Blue = He's Bonkers (11 shorts)
 * Green = Marsupilami (16 shorts)
 * Red = Totally Tasteless Video (11 shorts)
 * Gray also indicates Goofy starring in "Goofy's Guide to the Olympics" in the sixth episode.

History and production
The idea for the show had an unusual genesis. Walt Disney Television Animation was developing a 65-episode half-hour series for their Disney Afternoon block entitled He's Bonkers D. Bobcat. The premise was similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as the series dealt with the lead character's adventures post-stardom. The actual production of this series was troubled. At the same time, Michael Eisner had purchased the rights to the popular Belgian comic strip Marsupilami. At some point, someone had the post-modern idea to actually make the cartoons that Bonkers had starred in before becoming a policeman, and Disney's Raw Toonage was born. Totally Tasteless Video was intended as a satire of popular culture. A host was added to give the show the familiar feel of the World of Disney show.

Due to the shorter production schedule, Disney's Raw Toonage was on the air before the above-mentioned half-hour show, thus adding some credibility to the back story. The show typically opens with an introduction by a famous character from Disney (such as Goofy with his style from Disney's Goof Troop), who attempts to share some of their expertise with the audience; then the show has a few of the above-mentioned shorts chained in a row, rounding out the half hour.

The premise of the He's Bonkers shorts is that Bonkers is a delivery person, usually assisted by Jitters A. Dog. Conflict is provided by Bonkers' love for Fawn Deer. Each of the He's Bonkers shorts were eventually included in the half-hour "Bonkers" series as extra compilation episodes together with 4 new segments, while every one but three ("Wannabe Ruler?", "The Young and the Nestless", and "Hot Spots") of the Marsupilami segments were not included in the half-hour "Marsupilami" series. The Marsupilami shorts took the look of the character from the Belgian comic, but the characterization differs significantly; Marsupilami is more anthropomorphized, and speaks the language of the human characters fluently, Marsupilami in the comics can only say variations of "houba" and mimic sounds like a parrot. The secondary characters in Disney's Marsupilami series are completely different from those of the comics; in the Disney cartoons, Marsupilami is most often opposed by Norman, who appears in various different roles.

Totally Tasteless Video did each show in a different style. They were story edited by Tom Minton, who would later write Pinky and the Brain at Warner Bros. The first Totally Tasteless Video short is a parody of movie coming attraction trailers, followed by a spoof on Doogie Howser, M.D. Other notable segments involve a badly animated superhero, a prehistoric spoof of Magnum, P.I., an exorchicken fighting chicken ghosts that haunt a family, and a Robin Hood twist in the Jay Ward style of cartoons. Larry Latham produced and directed the He's Bonkers, Totally Tasteless Video, and host segments; Ed Wexler produced and directed Marsupilami. At least one of the Marsupilami cartoons was produced with the idea of a theatrical run in mind.

Reruns of the program were aired on Disney Channel, and Toon Disney. Disney's Raw Toonage was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in the category of outstanding writing in an animated program and Outstanding Music Direction and Composition in 1993. Music was composed by Stephen James Taylor (character themes and underscore), Mark Watters, Eric Schmidt, Jerry Grant, Walter Murphy, and Craig Stuart Garfinkle. As of 2002, this program is no longer shown following a lawsuit filed against Disney for the breach of contract with use of the character Marsupilami in 1997 as the rights were handed back to Marsu Productions few years later.

title: Raw Toonage


text:
Obedience (human behavior)

Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of "social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure". Obedience is generally distinguished from compliance, which some authors define as behavior influenced by peers while others use it as a more general term for positive responses to another individual's request, and from conformity, which is behavior intended to match that of the majority. Depending on context, obedience can be seen as moral, immoral, or amoral. For example, in psychological research, individuals are usually confronted with immoral demands designed to elicit an internal conflict. If individuals still choose to submit to the demand, they are acting obediently.

Humans have been shown to be obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate authority figures, as shown by the Milgram experiment in the 1960s, which was carried out by Stanley Milgram to find out how the Nazis managed to get ordinary people to take part in the mass murders of the Holocaust. The experiment showed that obedience to authority was the norm, not the exception. Regarding obedience, Milgram said that "Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to. Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the man dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, through defiance or submission, to the commands of others." A similar conclusion was reached in the Stanford prison experiment.

Classical methods and results
Although other fields have studied obedience, social psychology has been primarily responsible for the advancement of research on obedience. It has been studied experimentally in several different ways.

Milgram's experiment
In one classical study, Stanley Milgram (as part of the Milgram experiment) created a highly controversial yet often replicated study. Like many other experiments in psychology, Milgram's setup involved deception of the participants. In the experiment, subjects were told they were going to take part in a study of the effects of punishment on learning. In reality, the experiment focuses on people's willingness to obey malevolent authority. Each subject served as a teacher of associations between arbitrary pairs of words. After meeting the "teacher" at the beginning of the experiment, the "learner" (an accomplice of the experimenter) sat in another room and could be heard, but not seen. Teachers were told to give the "learner" electric shocks of increasing severity for each wrong answer. If subjects questioned the procedure, the "researcher" (again, an accomplice of Milgram) would encourage them to continue. Subjects were told to ignore the agonized screams of the learner, his desire to be untied and stop the experiment, and his pleas that his life was at risk and that he suffered from a heart condition. The experiment, the "researcher" insisted, had to go on. The dependent variable in this experiment was the voltage amount of shocks administered.

Zimbardo's experiment
The other classical study on obedience was conducted at Stanford University during the 1970s. Phillip Zimbardo was the main psychologist responsible for the experiment. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, college age students were put into a pseudo prison environment in order to study the impacts of "social forces" on participants behavior. Unlike the Milgram study in which each participant underwent the same experimental conditions, here using random assignment half the participants were prison guards and the other half were prisoners. The experimental setting was made to physically resemble a prison while simultaneously inducing "a psychological state of imprisonment".

Results
The Milgram study found that most participants would obey orders even when obedience posed severe harm to others. With encouragement from a perceived authority figure, about two-thirds of the participants were willing to administer the highest level of shock to the learner. This result was surprising to Milgram because he thought that "subjects have learned from childhood that it is a fundamental breach of moral conduct to hurt another person against his will". Milgram attempted to explain how ordinary people were capable of performing potentially lethal acts against other human beings by suggesting that participants may have entered into an agentic state, where they allowed the authority figure to take responsibility for their own actions. Another unanticipated discovery was the tension that the procedure caused. Subjects expressed signs of tension and emotional strain especially after administering the powerful shocks. 3 of the subjects had full-blown uncontrollable seizures, and on one occasion the experiment was stopped.

Zimbardo obtained similar results as the guards in the study obeyed orders and turned aggressive. Prisoners likewise were hostile to and resented their guards. The cruelty of the "guards" and the consequent stress of the "prisoners," forced Zimbardo to terminate the experiment prematurely, after 6 days.

Modern methods and results
The previous two studies greatly influenced how modern psychologists think about obedience. Milgram's study in particular generated a large response from the psychology community. In a modern study, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram's method with a few alterations. Burger's method was identical to Milgram's except when the shocks reached 150 volts, participants decided whether or not they wanted to continue and then the experiment ended (base condition). To ensure the safety of the participants, Burger added a two-step screening process; this was to rule out any participants that may react negatively to the experiment. In the modeled refusal condition, two confederates were used, where one confederate acted as the learner and the other was the teacher. The teacher stopped after going up to 90 volts, and the participant was asked to continue where the confederate left off. This methodology was considered more ethical because many of the adverse psychological effects seen in previous studies' participants occurred after moving past 150 volts. Additionally, since Milgram's study only used men, Burger tried to determine if there were differences between genders in his study and randomly assigned equal numbers of men and women to the experimental conditions.

Using data from his previous study, Burger probed participant's thoughts about obedience. Participants' comments from the previous study were coded for the number of times they mentioned "personal responsibility and the learner's well being". The number of prods the participants used in the first experiment were also measured.

Another study that used a partial replication of Milgram's work changed the experimental setting. In one of the Utrecht University studies on obedience, participants were instructed to make a confederate who was taking an employment test feel uncomfortable. Participants were told to make all of the instructed stress remarks to the confederate that ultimately made him fail in the experimental condition, but in the control condition they were not told to make stressful remarks. The dependent measurements were whether or not the participant made all of the stress remarks (measuring absolute obedience) and the number of stress remarks (relative obedience).

Following the Utrecht studies, another study used the stress remarks method to see how long participants would obey authority. The dependent measures for this experiment were the number of stress remarks made and a separate measure of personality designed to measure individual differences.

Neuroscience has only recently begun to approach the question of obedience, bringing novel but complementary perspectives on how obeying or issuing commands impacts brain functioning, fostering conditions for moral transgressions. The experimental protocol, inspired by Milgram, does not rely on deception and involves real behaviors. A participant assigned the role of agent must either freely decide or receive orders from the experimenter to deliver or withhold a mildly painful electric shock to another participant (the "victim") in exchange for €0.05. In a study conducted in 2020, fMRI results indicated that seeing the shock delivered to the victim triggered activations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula (AI), key brain regions associated with empathy. However, such activations were lower in the coerced condition compared to the free-choice condition, consistent with participants' subjective perception of the victim’s pain. Activity in brain regions associated with the interpersonal feeling of guilt was also reduced when participants obeyed orders compared to acting freely. Other studies showed that the sense of agency, as measured through the implicit task of time perception, was reduced in the coerced compared to the free-choice condition, suggesting that the sense of agency diminishes when individuals obey orders compared to acting freely. These neuroscience studies highlight how obeying orders alters our natural aversion to hurting others.

Results
Burger's first study had results similar to the ones found in Milgram's previous study. The rates of obedience were very similar to those found in the Milgram study, showing that participants' tendency to obey has not declined over time. Additionally, Burger found that both genders exhibited similar behavior, suggesting that obedience will occur in participants independent of gender. In Burger's follow-up study, he found that participants that worried about the well-being of the learner were more hesitant to continue the study. He also found that the more the experimenter prodded the participant to continue, the more likely they were to stop the experiment. The Utrecht University study also replicated Milgram's results. They found that although participants indicated they did not enjoy the task, over 90% of them completed the experiment. The Bocchiaro and Zimbardo study had similar levels of obedience compared to the Milgram and Utrecht studies. They also found that participants would either stop the experiment at the first sign of the learner's pleas or would continue until the end of the experiment (called "the foot in the door scenario").

In addition to the above studies, additional research using participants from different cultures (including Spain, Australia, and Jordan) also found participants to be obedient.

Implications
One of the major assumptions of obedience research is that the effect is caused only by the experimental conditions, and Thomas Blass' research contests this point, as in some cases participant factors involving personality could potentially influence the results. In one of Blass' reviews on obedience, he found that participant's personalities can impact how they respond to authority, as people that were high in authoritarian submission were more likely to obey. He replicated this finding in his own research, as in one of his experiments, he found that when watching portions of the original Milgram studies on film, participants placed less responsibility on those punishing the learner when they scored high on measures of authoritarianism.

In addition to personality factors, participants who are resistant to obeying authority had high levels of social intelligence.

Other research
Obedience can also be studied outside of the Milgram paradigm in fields such as economics or political science. One economics study that compared obedience to a tax authority in the lab versus at home found that participants were much more likely to pay participation tax when confronted in the lab. This finding implies that even outside of experimental settings, people will forgo potential financial gain to obey authority.

Another study involving political science measured public opinion before and after a Supreme Court case debating whether or not states can legalize physician assisted suicide. They found that participants' tendency to obey authorities was not as important to public opinion polling numbers as religious and moral beliefs. Although prior research has demonstrated that the tendency to obey persists across settings, this finding suggests that at personal factors like religion and morality can limit how much people obey authority.

The Hofling hospital experiment
Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments were conducted in research settings. In 1966, psychiatrist Charles K. Hofling published the results of a field experiment on obedience in the nurse–physician relationship in its natural hospital setting. Nurses, unaware they were taking part in an experiment, were ordered by unknown doctors to administer dangerous doses of a (fictional) drug to their patients. Although several hospital rules disallowed administering the drug under the circumstances, 21 out of the 22 nurses would have given the patient an overdose.

Cultural attitudes

Many traditional cultures regard obedience as a virtue; historically, societies have expected children to obey their elders (compare patriarchy or matriarchy), slaves their owners, serfs their lords in feudal society, lords their king, and everyone God. Even long after slavery ended in the United States, the Black codes required black people to obey and submit to whites, on pain of lynching. Compare the religious ideal of surrender and its importance in Islam (the word Islam can literally mean "surrender").

In some Christian weddings, obedience was formally included along with honor and love as part of the bride's (but not the bridegroom's) marriage vow. This came under attack with women's suffrage and the feminist movement. the inclusion of this promise to obey has become optional in some denominations.

In the Catholic Church, obedience is seen as one of the evangelical counsels, "undertaken in a spirit of faith and love in the following of Christ".

Learning to obey adult rules is a major part of the socialization process in childhood, and many techniques are used by adults to modify the behavior of children. Additionally, extensive training is given in armies to make soldiers capable of obeying orders in situations where an untrained person would not be willing to follow orders. Soldiers are initially ordered to do seemingly trivial things, such as picking up the sergeant's hat off the floor, marching in just the right position, or marching and standing in formation. The orders gradually become more demanding, until an order to the soldiers to place themselves into the midst of gunfire gets an instinctively obedient response.

Embodiment of prestige or power
When the Milgram experimenters were interviewing potential volunteers, the participant selection process itself revealed several factors that affected obedience, outside of the actual experiment.

Interviews for eligibility were conducted in an abandoned complex in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Despite the dilapidated state of the building, the researchers found that the presence of a Yale professor as stipulated in the advertisement affected the number of people who obeyed. This was not further researched to test obedience without a Yale professor because Milgram had not intentionally staged the interviews to discover factors that affected obedience. A similar conclusion was reached in the Stanford prison experiment.

In the actual experiment, prestige or the appearance of power was a direct factor in obedience—particularly the presence of men dressed in gray laboratory coats, which gave the impression of scholarship and achievement and was thought to be the main reason why people complied with administering what they thought was a painful or dangerous shock. A similar conclusion was reached in the Stanford prison experiment.

Raj Persaud, in an article in the BMJ, comments on Milgram's attention to detail in his experiment: "The research was also conducted with amazing verve and subtlety—for example, Milgram ensured that the 'experimenter' wear a grey lab coat rather than a white one, precisely because he did not want subjects to think that the 'experimenter' was a medical doctor and thereby limit the implications of his findings to the power of physician authority."

Despite the fact that prestige is often thought of as a separate factor, it is, in fact, merely a subset of power as a factor. Thus, the prestige conveyed by a Yale professor in a laboratory coat is only a manifestation of the experience and status associated with it and/or the social status afforded by such an image.

Agentic state and other factors
According to Milgram, "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and he therefore no longer sees himself as responsible for his actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow." Thus, "the major problem for the subject is to recapture control of his own regnant processes once he has committed them to the purposes of the experimenter." Besides this hypothetical agentic state, Milgram proposed the existence of other factors accounting for the subject's obedience: politeness, awkwardness of withdrawal, absorption in the technical aspects of the task, the tendency to attribute impersonal quality to forces that are essentially human, a belief that the experiment served a desirable end, the sequential nature of the action, and anxiety.

Belief perseverance
Another explanation of Milgram's results invokes belief perseverance as the underlying cause. What "people cannot be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent, even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent. Hence, the underlying cause for the subjects' striking conduct could well be conceptual, and not the alleged 'capacity of man to abandon his humanity ... as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures."'

title: Obedience (human behavior)


text:
Obey

Obey may refer to:

 * Obedience (human behavior), the act of following instructions or recognizing someone's authority
 * Obey (surname)
 * Obey (Brainbombs album), a 1995 album by the Swedish band Brainbombs
 * Obey (Axis of Advance album), a 2004 album by the Canadian band Axis of Advance
 * Andre the Giant Has a Posse, which spawned the OBEY Giant movement
 * OBEY (clothing), a fashion line by Shepard Fairey
 * Obey (Benedictum album), 2013
 * Obey (The Jacka & Blanco album), 2012
 * Obey, a 2020 song by the British band Bring Me the Horizon featuring Yungblud
 * Obey (Upon This Dawning song),2014

title: Obey


text:
Yevgeny Svetlanov

Yevgeny Fyodorovich Svetlanov (Евгéний Фёдорович Светлáнов; 6 September 1928 – 3 May 2002) was a Soviet and Russian conductor, composer and pianist.

Life and work
Svetlanov was born in Moscow and studied conducting with Aleksandr Gauk at the Moscow Conservatory. From 1955 he conducted at the Bolshoi Theatre, being appointed principal conductor there in 1962. From 1965 he was principal conductor of the USSR State Symphony Orchestra (now the Russian State Symphony Orchestra). In 1979 he was appointed principal guest conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. Svetlanov was also music director of the Residentie Orchestra (The Hague) from 1992 to 2000 and the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 1999.

In 2000 Svetlanov was fired from his post with the Russian State Symphony Orchestra by the minister of culture of Russia, Mikhail Shvydkoi. The reason given was that Svetlanov was spending too much time conducting abroad and not enough time in Moscow.

Svetlanov was particularly noted for his interpretations of Russian works – he covered the whole range of Russian music, from Mikhail Glinka to the present day. He was also one of the few Russian conductors to conduct the entire symphonic output of Gustav Mahler.

His own compositions included a String Quartet (1948), Daugava, Symphonic Poem (1952), Siberian Fantasy for Orchestra, Op. 9 (1953), Images d'Espagne, Rhapsody for orchestra (1954), Symphony (1956), Festive Poem (1966), Russian Variations for harp and orchestra (1975), Piano Concerto in c minor (1976) and Poem for Violin and Orchestra "To the Memory of David Oistrakh" (1975). He composed Siberian Fantasy in 1953/54, in collaboration with Igor Yakushenko [1932-1999].

Svetlanov was also an extremely competent pianist, three notable recordings being Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Trio No. 2 in D minor and Cello Sonata op. 19, and a disc of Nikolai Medtner's piano music.

Warner Music France has issued an "Édition officielle Evgeny Svetlanov" featuring Svetlanov's legacy of recordings as conductor and pianist, which by July 2008 had run to 35 volumes of CDs, often multiple-CD boxed sets. The biggest of these is the 16-CD box of the complete symphonies of Nikolai Myaskovsky, to whose music Svetlanov was devoted.

Legacy
The first Airbus A330 for Aeroflot, as well as asteroid 4135 Svetlanov, were named after Svetlanov. The State Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Russian Federation and an international conducting competition also carry his name.

title: Yevgeny Svetlanov