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Red Star Belgrade

Fudbalski klub Crvena zvezda (Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда), commonly referred to as Crvena zvezda or simply Zvezda, and as Red Star Belgrade in Anglophone media, is a Serbian professional football club based in Belgrade, and a major part of the Red Star multi-sport society.

They are the most successful club from the Balkans and Southeast Europe, being the only club to have won both the European Cup and Intercontinental Cup, having done so in 1991, and only the second team from Eastern Europe to win the European Cup. With 35 national championships, 28 national cups, 2 national supercups, 2 national champions leagues and one league cup between Serbian and Yugoslav competitions, Red Star was the most successful club in Yugoslavia and finished first in the Yugoslav First League all-time table, and is the most successful club in Serbia. Since the 1991–92 season, Red Star's best results were reaching the UEFA Champions League group stage, the UEFA Europa League round of 16 and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup round of 16.

According to 2008 polls, Red Star Belgrade is the most popular football club in Serbia, with 48% of the population supporting them. They have many supporters in other former Yugoslav countries and among the Serbian diaspora. Their main rivals are fellow Belgrade side Partizan. The championship matches between these two clubs are known as the "eternal derby".

According to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics' list of the Top 200 European clubs of the 20th century, Red Star is the highest-ranked Serbian and Balkan club, sharing the 27th position on the list with Dutch club Feyenoord.

Yugoslavia and Serbia-Montenegro period
In February 1945, during World War II, a group of young men, active players, students and members of the Serbian United Antifascist Youth League, decided to form a Youth Physical Culture Society, that was to become Red Star Belgrade on 4 March. Previously, as of December 1944, all pre-war Serbian clubs were abolished, and on 5 May 1945, communist Secretary of Sports Mitra Mitrović-Djilas signed the decree dissolving formally all pre-war clubs on the territory of Socialist Republic of Serbia. The clubs were dissolved because during the German occupation, there was an attempt to organize the league so all the clubs were labelled collaborators by Josip Broz Tito's communist regime.

The name Red Star was assigned after a long discussion. Other ideas shortlisted by the delegates included "People's Star", "Blue Star", "Proleter", "Stalin", "Lenin", etc. The initial vice presidents of the Sport Society – Zoran Žujović and Slobodan Ćosić – were the ones who assigned it. Red Star was soon adopted as a symbol of Serbian nationalism within Yugoslavia and a sporting institution which remains the country's most popular to this day. On that day, Red Star played the first football match in the club's history against the First Battalion of the Second Brigade of KNOJ (People's Defence Corps of Yugoslavia) and won 3–0.

Red Star's first successes involved small steps to recognition. In the first fifteen years of existence, Red Star won one Serbian championship, six Yugoslav championships, five Yugoslav Cups, one Danube Cup and reached the semi-finals of the 1956–57 European Cup. Some of the greatest players during this period were Kosta Tomašević, Branko Stanković, Rajko Mitić, Vladimir Beara, Bora Kostić, Vladica Popović, Vladimir Durković and Dragoslav Šekularac. As champions, Red Star were Yugoslavia's entrants into the 1957–58 European Cup where they were famously beaten 5–4 on aggregate by English champions Manchester United in the quarter-finals. Manchester United, managed by Matt Busby defeated Red Star 2–1 in the first leg in England before drawing 3–3 with them in Yugoslavia in the return match on 5 February at JNA Stadium. The second leg is notable for being the last match played by the Busby Babes: on the return flight to England the following day, the plane crashed in Munich, resulting in the deaths of 23 people, including eight Manchester United players.

During the Miljan Miljanić era, Red Star won four Yugoslav championships, three Yugoslav cups, two Yugoslav supercups, one Yugoslav league cup, one Mitropa Cup and reached the semi-finals of the 1970–71 European Cup. A new generation of players emerged under Miljanić's guidance, led by Dragan Džajić and Jovan Aćimović. Red Star eliminated Liverpool in the second round of the 1973–74 European Cup and Real Madrid in the quarter-finals of the 1974–75 European Cup Winners' Cup. Branko Stanković, whose reign as head coach was to last four years, brought Red Star three trophies and the first great European final. After eliminating teams like Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion and Hertha BSC, Red Star made for the first time the UEFA Cup final. There, Red Star met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who played five European finals from 1973 to 1980. The Germans fell behind one goal from Miloš Šestić, but Ivan Jurišić's own goal gave Gladbach a psychological advantage before the rematch. This game was played at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf, where the Italian referee Alberto Michelotti gave a questionable penalty to the Germans, and the Danish player Allan Simonsen sealed Red Star's fate. The Foals won 2–1 on aggregate.

After the 1970s, historical matches against Udo Lattek's Barcelona followed during the 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup. In both matches, Barcelona were the better team and Red Star was eliminated. Remarkably, when Barça's Diego Maradona scored his second goal in front of approximately 100,000 spectators at the Marakana, the Belgrade audience were so excited about the goal that even the loyal Belgrade fans applauded Maradona. Gojko Zec returned to the team in 1983, finding only one player from the champions generation he was coaching back in 1977, Miloš Šestić. Zec similarly repeated the club's triumph from his previous mandate by winning the championship immediately upon his arrival. Zec would later leave the club in a controversial Šajber's case-style scandal which was the result of irregularities in the 1985–86 season.

After Zec left in 1986, there were great changes in the club. The management of the club, run by Dragan Džajić and Vladimir Cvetković, began to build a team that could compete with some of the most powerful European sides. During that summer, Velibor Vasović became coach and the side was strengthened by acquiring a number of talented young players, among whom Dragan Stojković and Borislav Cvetković stood out. In the first season that started with penalty points, Red Star focused on the European Cup and achieving good results. In 1986, a five-year plan was developed by the club and Prof. Dr Veljko Aleksić with the only goal being to win the European Cup. All that was planned was finally achieved. On the club's birthday in 1987, it started. Real Madrid were defeated at the Marakana. From that day through to March 1992, Red Star enjoyed the best period of success in its history. In these five seasons, Red Star won four National Championships; in the last of those four years of heyday, the club won the 1991 European Cup Final, played in Bari, Italy.

Red Star coach Ljupko Petrović brought the team to Italy a week before the final in order to peacefully prepare the players for a forthcoming encounter with Marseille. By that time, Red Star had 18 goals in 8 matches, whereas the French champions had 20. Therefore, the 100th European competing final was expected to be a spectacle of offense. Nonetheless, both Petrović and Raymond Goethals opted for defence and the match settled down into a war of attrition. After a 120-minute match and only few chances on both sides, the match was decided following the penalty shootout. After several minutes of stressful penalties, one of Marseille's players, Manuel Amoros, missed a penalty, and Darko Pančev converted his penalty to bring the European Cup to Yugoslavia for the first time. Red Star won the shootout, 5–3, on 29 May 1991 in front of 60,000 spectators and the millions watching on television around the world. Twenty-thousand Red Star fans at the Stadio San Nicola and millions of them all over Yugoslavia and the world celebrated the greatest joy in Red Star's history. Red Star went unbeaten at the 1990–91 European Cup in Bari and the 1991 Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo.

In 1992, the club was weakened by the departure of numerous players from the champions generation (new players were added, such as Dejan Petković and Anto Drobnjak). The success in the previous season caught the attention of European giants which rushed making lucrative offers to sign Red Star's best players. In addition, Red Star had to defend the continental trophy playing its home games in Szeged, Budapest and Sofia due to the war in former Yugoslavia, thereby reducing their chances of defending their title. UEFA changed the format of the competition that year and the 1991–92 European Cup was the first to be played in a format with two groups each having four teams. Despite the disadvantage of playing its home games abroad, Red Star still did well and finished second in the group behind Sampdoria. In domestic competition, main rivals Hajduk Split and Dinamo Zagreb left the league, just as all the other clubs from Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia did, and the championship in Yugoslavia that was cut in size was played on the edge of observance of regulations around the beginning of the Bosnian War. At the end of May, the United Nations had the country under sanctions and dislodged Yugoslav football from the international scene. The Breakup of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Wars, the inflation and the UN sanctions have hit Red Star hard. In the period between May 1992 and May 2000, only one championship victory was celebrated at the Marakana. However, they did manage to win five cups, along with several glorious European performances, including the famed 1996 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup showdown against Barcelona side which featured Ronaldo and Hristo Stoichkov. Immediately after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia ended, Red Star won the 17th cup in its history by winning 4–2 against Partizan. Two seasons later, the club returned to the European spotlight by making it to the 2001–02 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, where Red Star was eliminated by Bayer Leverkusen (0–0 and 0–3), which would later be a finalist in the Champions League that year. Slavoljub Muslin left the bench in September 2001, after which Red Star's subsequent seasons became more volatile.

Recent era
In the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League qualifying rounds, Red Star was eliminated (3–1 on aggregate) by the same Milan side which ultimately won that year's competition. Furthermore, the campaign in Group F of the 2007–08 UEFA Cup was a large disappointment, especially given that the first game against Bayern Munich was a sensational last-minute loss (by a score of 2–3 in Belgrade). In those years, Red Star's teams featured the likes of Nikola Žigić, Boško Janković, Milan Biševac, Dušan Basta, Dejan Milovanović, Segundo Castillo, Ibrahima Gueye, Nenad Milijaš and Ognjen Koroman. After a six-year drought, Red Star won their 26th league title in 2013–14 season.

Despite Red Star's success on the pitch in 2013–14, the financial situation at the club has worsened, so much so that the club were banned from participating in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League for which they qualified by winning the Serbian SuperLiga. The UEFA Club Financial Control Body found Red Star's debts to players, some of whom had not been paid for at least six months, staff and other clubs, totalled €1.86 million. The club board were also alleged to have hidden debts and falsified documents. This, on top of an earlier UEFA disciplinary measure in 2011, meant Red Star did not meet the necessary Club Licensing and Financial Fair Play criteria and, as such, should not have been granted a UEFA license by the Serbian FA. Rivals Partizan took Red Star's place in the UEFA Champions League second qualifying round.

After ten years of waiting, Red Star qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage. Red Star progressed through four qualifying rounds and reached the knockout phase of the tournament, becoming the first team in competition's history to reach the knockout phase after starting their season in the first qualifying round. Although Red Star played in the group stage of the first edition in which groups format was introduced in the European Cup, 1991–92 European Cup, the designation "Champions League" was only adopted a season later in which Yugoslav clubs were already banned from participating in. Thus, when Red Star eliminated Red Bull Salzburg in the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League play-off round, and qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, it meant that Red Star competed for the first time since the new format was introduced. Red Star became the first Serbian team to win a match in the UEFA Champions League when they defeated Liverpool.

On 14 May 2019, the 1946 People's Republic of Serbia League title was officially recognized by the Serbian FA, meaning that Red Star's triumph in the 2018–19 Serbian SuperLiga was their 30th national championship. Red Star reached the UEFA Champions League group stage for the second successive season after eliminating Sūduva, HJK Helsinki, Copenhagen and Young Boys. On 5 November 2019, cable television channel Zvezda TV started airing.

In the 2020–21 Serbian SuperLiga, Red Star set a world record for the number of points gained in a single season with 108 points. Red Star won their seventh Serbian SuperLiga title in a row and completed their fourth consecutive double in the 2023–24 season.

Crest and colours
Red Star initially wore yellow shirts with a red star which were acquired from FK Slavija (from Čubura). In 1946, the club switched to red shirts with white shorts and alternating red-white socks before adopting the signature red and white vertical striped shirts, with alternating white or red shorts and socks in 1950. The red and white stripes have become indivisible to Red Star's image, conferring the popular nickname Crveno-beli, "the red and white's" in Serbian. The club continued to wear the initial pre-stripe kit throughout its existence, but has generally declined in usage. During the 1950s and 1960s, the club also alternated between blue trunks, a long white V-neck on a red shirt, and a red shirt with thin white horizontal lines.

Red Star have usually worn an all-white away kit, whilst also utilizing predominantly blue or red away or third kits, thereby incorporating the Serbian tricolour. The club crest is a red five-pointed star, white framed, on a red-white background. In addition, the whole crest is framed in gold. There are three golden stars on the top of the club emblem, symbolizing the 30 titles won.

Despite the club's overtly Communist name and imagery, Red Star Football Club has become a symbol in its own right. The "petokraka" from which the club's name derives has paradoxically become a symbol of the club itself and of Serbian nationalism, moving further away from its original association with the Partisans and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. Due to Red Star's popularity and sporting success, the club and its crest have become synonymous with broader Serbian identity, and patriotism that echoes beyond the sporting landscape.

Stadium
Red Star's home ground is the Rajko Mitić Stadium (since 21 December 2014), formerly known as Red Star Stadium. With a seated capacity of 53,000 it is the largest stadium in Serbia and in the former Yugoslavia. The stadium was opened in 1963, and in the course of time and due to the fact that stadium's former capacity was about 110,000, it got the unofficial moniker Marakana, after the large and famous Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Belgrade's sold-out Marakana garnered the reputation of being a very tough ground for visiting teams to play in. Some of the biggest football events have been held at this stadium, such as the European Cup final between Ajax and Juventus in 1973, UEFA European Championship final between West Germany and Czechoslovakia in 1976, and the first leg of the UEFA Cup final between Red Star and Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1979. During the mid-1990s, in order to meet UEFA demands for spectators comfort and security, standing places at the stadium were completely done away with and seats were installed on all four stands. In the years, since the stadium's capacity was gradually decreased, followed different stadium modernisations. In 2008, the club reconstructed the stadium's pitch, under-soil grass heaters, improved drainage systems were installed and new modern turf replaced the old surface. The training pitch, located next to the stadium, was also renovated by laying down synthetic turf and installing new lighting equipment. In 2011, the stadium received also a new modern LED scoreboard. Today, the stadium has a central lodge, named 5 Zvezdinih Zvezda (English: 5 Stars of Red Star), which consist of five segments, each bears the name of one of Red Star's legendary players (Mitić, Šekularac, Džajić, Petrović, Stojković), two other VIP lounges and a special VIP gallery with over 450 seats. It has also a modern press box with a capacity of 344 seats including seven extra-comfortable seats, an extra media center, the Red Cafe and a restaurant. On the west stand of the stadium exist also an official Red Star shop along with a Delije shop. The playing field measures are 110 × 73 m, and is illuminated by 1,400 lux floodlights. According to the known German Web portal "Stadionwelt", Belgrade's "Marakana" is in the top 50 football stadiums in Europe. In 2012, American Bleacher Report ranked the Red Star Stadium, especially if it is sold out, as among the most intimidating stadiums in the world.

History
Some of the most notable home-grown players are Dragan Džajić, named the all-time Serbian best player (the choice of the Football Association of Serbia on the 50th anniversary of UEFA, known as the Golden Player), who reached third place at the election for the European Footballer of the Year in 1968, then Dragoslav Šekularac – a runner-up with Yugoslavia at 1960 European Nations' Cup, Vladimir Petrović – the fourth Star of Red Star, Vladimir Jugović – two times the European Cup winner (with Red Star and Juventus), as well as Dejan Stanković and Nemanja Vidić.

Further notable home-grown players include Vladica Popović, Ratomir Dujković, Stanislav Karasi, Slobodan Janković, Ognjen Petrović, Vladislav Bogićević, Dušan Nikolić, Zoran Filipović, Dušan Savić, Milan Janković, Boško and Milko Gjurovski, Stevan Stojanović, Vladan Lukić, Zvonko Milojević, Zoran Jovičić, Ivan Adžić, Nebojša Krupniković, Goran Drulić, Nenad Lalatović, Marko Pantelić, Ognjen Koroman, Vladimir Dišljenković, Marko Perović, Dejan Milovanović, Dragan Mrđa, Boško Janković, Dušan Basta, Vujadin Savić, Slavoljub Srnić, Filip Stojković, Uroš Spajić, Srđan Mijailović, Marko Grujić, Luka Jović and Strahinja Eraković.

Former Red Star and Real Madrid coaching legend Miljan Miljanić was also a member of Red Star's youth school.

Current coaching staff

 * U19s: Nenad Milijaš
 * U17s: Slađan Nikolić

Supporters
Red Star is the most popular football club in Serbia. The club has fans and sympathisers throughout the whole country, but also throughout the regional and global Serbian diaspora, making the club a symbol of Serbdom. Fan groups are widespread throughout Serbia and former Yugoslav republics, and the club has the highest social media following amongst former Yugoslav football teams. Traditionally, Red Star has been represented as the people's club, whilst always attracting support from all social classes, their fan base is not associated with any specific social group. Red Star ultras Delije espouse patriotic, nationalist and right-wing sentiments.

The organized supporters of Red Star are known as Delije, roughly translated in English as the "Heroes", "Braves", "Hardman" or "Studs". The term derives from the plural of the singular form "Delija", in Serbian. Delije support all branches of the Red Star multi-sport society. They are one of the most famous supporter groups in the world, renowned for their passion and fanaticism.

Hardcore supporters began to emerge during the 1980s, with official inauguration taking place in 1989. Previously, Red Star fans were scattered amongst several organized fan groups within the north terrace of the Rajko Mitić Stadium, colloquially known as "Marakana". Their style of support is greatly influenced by Italian and English football culture of the 1980s. It includes the use of widespread choreography, flares, flags, banners, and boisterous cheering. The word Delije is displayed (in Cyrillic) on the north terrace seats of Rajko Mitić Stadium as a sign of appreciation, and fidelity between the club and supporters. Subgroups of Delije exist outside of Belgrade, along with cities across Serbia and all other ex-Yugoslav republics. Despite Red Star's broad fan base, Delije have developed an infamous reputation for hooliganism amongst some segments of its ultras, especially during Belgrade derbies.

Due to historically warm Serbo-Hellenic relations, Red Star's Delije ultras have developed a strong kinship with Olympiacos ultras Gate 7. The "Orthodox Brothers" friendship is based on mutual Eastern Orthodox faith, a strong cultural marker amongst the Serbs and Greeks. Both clubs also share the same colours, and are from the national capitals. They are also the most decorated football teams in their respective countries. The brotherhood has evolved to include Spartak Moscow ultras Fratria, owing to strong Russophilia and a shared Slavic heritage.

The Eternal derby
Red Star's fiercest and long-standing city rival is FK Partizan, football section of the other large and popular multi-sports club in Serbia. The rivalry started immediately after the creation of the two clubs in 1945. Since then, both clubs have been dominant in domestic football. The match is particularly noted for the passion of the Red Star's supporters, called Delije, and Partizan's supporters, the Grobari (English: "Gravediggers" or "Undertakers"). The stands of both teams feature fireworks, coloured confetti, flags, rolls of paper, torches, smoke, drums, giant posters and choreographies, used to create visual grandeur and apply psychological pressure on the visiting teams, hence the slogan, "Welcome to Hellgrade". Both sets of supporters sing passionate songs against their rivals, and the stadiums are known to bounce with the simultaneous jumping of the fans. The duel is regarded as one of the greatest football rivalries in the world and the matches between these rivals have been labeled as the Eternal derby. Given its widespread touch on the entirety of a major city, it is dubbed one of, along with the Old Firm, the Rome derby and the Istanbul derby, the most heated rivalries in European football. The biggest attendance for a Red Star – Partizan match was about 108,000 spectators at the (then unfinished) Rajko Mitić Stadium.

Honours and achievements
Red Star has won 4 international and 68 domestic trophies, making it the most successful football club in Serbia and the former Yugoslavia.

Domestic competitions (68)
National Championships – 35 (record)
 * People's Republic of Serbia League (record)
 * Winners (1): 1945–46
 * Yugoslav First League (record)
 * Winners (19): 1951, 1952–53, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92

 * First League of Serbia and Montenegro
 * Winners (5): 1994–95, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2005–06

 * Serbian SuperLiga (record)
 * Winners (10): 2006–07, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24

National Cups – 28 (record)
 * Yugoslav Cup (record)
 * Winners (12): 1948, 1949, 1950, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1981–82, 1984–85, 1989–90

 * Serbia and Montenegro Cup (record)
 * Winners (9): 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06

 * Serbian Cup (shared record)
 * Winners (7): 2006–07, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24

National Super Cups – 2 (record)
 * Yugoslav Super Cup
 * Winners (2): 1969, 1971

National League Cup – 1 (shared record)
 * Yugoslav League Cup
 * Winners (1): 1972–73

National Champions League – 2 (record)
 * Yugoslav Summer Champions League
 * Winners (2): 1971, 1973

International competitions (4)
Red Star is the most successful club from Serbia (and former Yugoslavia) in all European competitions, and the only club from Eastern Europe that has won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. On 27 October 2017, FIFA officially recognized all winners of the Intercontinental Cup as club world champions, in equal status to the FIFA Club World Cup. The club competed in 61 European seasons, and the most notable results are:

 * European Cup / UEFA Champions League
 * Winners (1): 1990–91
 * Intercontinental Cup
 * Winners (1): 1991
 * UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
 * Runners-up (1): 1978–79
 * UEFA Super Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 1991
 * Mitropa Cup
 * Winners (2): 1958, 1967–68

Friendly tournaments (21)

 * Torneo Internacional de Chile (1): 1962
 * Tournoi de Paris (1): 1962
 * Trofeo Ibérico (1): 1971
 * Teresa Herrera Trophy (1): 1971
 * Trofeo Costa del Sol (1): 1973
 * Orange Trophy (1): 1973
 * Danube Tournament (1): 1976
 * World of Soccer Cup (1): 1977
 * Lunar New Year Cup (1): 1980
 * Belgrade Tournament (2): 1980, 1981

 * Trofeo Costa Verde (1): 1982
 * YU Tournament (1): 1984
 * Mostar Tournament (1): 1991
 * Torneo di Verona (1): 1991
 * Tournoi de Corse (1): 1995
 * Freiburg Tournament (1): 1997
 * IFiZ Leipzig (1): 2004
 * Chicago Sister Cities International Cup (1): 2010
 * PARI Premier Cup (2): 2023, 2024

Domestic
Yugoslav First League top scorers First League of Serbia and Montenegro top scorers

Serbian SuperLiga top scorers

 * Yugoslav Footballer of the Year
 * Vladimir Petrović (1980)
 * Dragan Stojković (1988)
 * Dragan Stojković (1989)
 * Robert Prosinečki (1990)
 * Sportsperson of the Year in Yugoslavia
 * Dragan Džajić (1969)
 * Dejan Savićević (1991)
 * Serbian SuperLiga Footballer of the Year
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Milijaš (2009)
 * 🇵🇹 Hugo Vieira (2016)
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Pešić (2018)
 * 🇩🇪 Marko Marin (2019)
 * 🇰🇷 Hwang In-beom (2024)
 * Serbian Coach of the Year
 * 🇷🇸 Vladan Milojević (2017)
 * 🇷🇸 Vladan Milojević (2018)

International

 * Ballon d'Or
 * 2nd: Darko Pančev (1991)
 * 2nd: Dejan Savićević (1991)
 * 3rd: Dragan Džajić (1968)
 * European Golden Shoe
 * Darko Pančev (1991)
 * European Cup top scorer
 * Borislav Cvetković (1987)
 * Bravo Award
 * Robert Prosinečki (1991)
 * UEFA Jubilee Golden Player
 * Dragan Džajić (2003)
 * Darko Pančev (2003)
 * UEFA Euro Golden Boot
 * Dragan Džajić (1968)

 * UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament
 * Vladimir Durković (1960)
 * Dragoslav Šekularac (1960)
 * Bora Kostić (1960)
 * Dragan Džajić (1968)
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team
 * Dragan Stojković (1990)
 * FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award
 * Robert Prosinečki (1990)
 * FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball
 * Robert Prosinečki (1987)
 * FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Glove
 * 🇷🇸 Predrag Rajković (2015)

Club records
Dragan Džajić is Red Star's record appearance holder with 389 matches. The goalscoring record holder is Bora Kostić with 230 goals. Numerous Red Star players were in the Yugoslavia national team and Branko Stanković, Rajko Mitić, Vladimir Beara, Bora Kostić, Vladimir Durković, Dragoslav Šekularac, Miroslav Pavlović, Jovan Aćimović, Dragan Džajić, Vladimir Petrović, Dragan Stojković and Dejan Savićević are among them. Dragan Džajić played 85 matches for the Yugoslavia national football team, a national record.

Red Star holds records such as to be only the second foreign team that could beat Liverpool at Anfield (after Ferencváros in the 1967–68 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup), which was also the only defeat of Liverpool at home in the European Cup history in the whole 20th century (during the 1973–74 European Cup). Red Star was also the first team that could beat Bayern Munich on the Olympiastadion in its long UEFA competition history (during the 1990–91 European Cup).

They are the only Serbian (and ex-Yugoslav) club, and only the second team from Eastern Europe, to have won the European Cup, having done so in 1991, which was also the 100th UEFA competition final. Red Star is among the nine clubs which have ever won the European Cup unbeaten. They are also the only team from the Balkans and Southeast Europe to have won the Intercontinental Cup, also in 1991. The Romanian football player Miodrag Belodedici was the first ever Red Star player to have won the European Cup with two different teams, Steaua București and Red Star; curiously, both of the team's names mean "Star". Later, double winners were also Dejan Savićević (Red Star and Milan) and Vladimir Jugović (Red Star and Juventus).

Top ten most appearances of all-time
Source

Top ten scorers of all-time
Source

Players with multiple nationalities

 * 🇦🇺 🇷🇸 Miloš Degenek
 * 🇲🇪 🇷🇸 Mirko Ivanić
 * 🇬🇦 🇷🇸 Guélor Kanga
 * 🇧🇷 🇮🇹 Bruno Duarte
 * 🇮🇱 Omri Glazer
 * 🇬🇼 Dálcio
 * 🇧🇫 🇷🇸 Nasser Djiga
 * 🇷🇺 🇷🇸 Egor Prutsev
 * 🇷🇸 🇲🇪 Andrej Đurić

Captains

 * Milovan Ćirić (1945–47)
 * Rajko Mitić (1947–58)
 * Ljubiša Spajić (1958–60)
 * Branko Zebec (1960–61)
 * Vladica Popović (1961–65)
 * Vojislav Melić (1965–67)
 * Dragan Džajić (1967–75)
 * Vladislav Bogićević (1975–77)
 * Dragan Džajić (1977–78)
 * Vladimir Petrović (1978–82)
 * Miloš Šestić (1983–84)
 * Zlatko Krmpotić (1985)
 * Boško Gjurovski (1986–87)
 * Dragan Stojković (1987–90)
 * Stevan Stojanović (1990–91)
 * Dejan Savićević (1991–92)
 * Duško Radinović (1992–93)
 * Goran Vasilijević (1993–94)
 * Ivan Adžić (1994–96)
 * Zvonko Milojević (1996–97)
 * Dejan Stanković (1997–98)
 * Perica Ognjenović (1998)
 * Dejan Savićević (1999)
 * Goran Bunjevčević (1999–01)
 * Nenad Lalatović (2001–02)
 * Ivan Gvozdenović (2003)
 * Nemanja Vidić (2003–04)
 * Vladimir Dišljenković (2004)
 * Marko Pantelić (2005)
 * Nenad Kovačević (2005–06)
 * 🇷🇸 Dejan Milovanović (2006–08)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Milijaš (2008–09)
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Lazetić (2009–10)
 * 🇷🇸 Slavoljub Đorđević (2010)
 * 🇷🇸 Pavle Ninkov (2010–11)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Kovačević (2011)
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Mikić (2011–12)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Milijaš (2012–14)
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Mijailović (2014)
 * 🇷🇸 Darko Lazović (2014)
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Luković (2015–17)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Milijaš (2017–19)
 * 🇩🇪 Marko Marin (2019)
 * 🇨🇦 Milan Borjan (2020–23)
 * 🇦🇹 Aleksandar Dragović (2023–24)
 * 🇷🇸 Uroš Spajić (2024–present)

Retired number(s)
11 🇷🇸 Dragan Džajić, winger (1963–1975, 1977–1978)

On 2 September 2022, Red Star Belgrade announced that the squad number 11 will be retired from the 2023–24 season.

12 – Delije (the 12th Man)

26 🇷🇸 Goran Gogić, midfielder (2013−2014) – posthumous honour.

Since 2014, Red Star Belgrade have not issued the squad number 26 in the Serbian SuperLiga. It was retired in memory of Goran Gogić, who died on 3 July 2015, aged 29. Gogić had also been assigned with jersey 25 for the 2014–15 season, which he had worn in Jagodina previously. Since then some of players, like Marko Marinković and Milan Jevtović used to be registered for the UEFA competitions. Jevtović also made his debut for the club with 26 jersey in summer 2018, but later chose number 33 in the domestic competition.

Coaching history
For details see List of Red Star Belgrade football coaches

 * Branislav Sekulić (1946)
 * Svetislav Glišović (1946–48)
 * Aleksandar Tomašević (1948–50)
 * Ljubiša Broćić (1951)
 * Žarko Mihajlović (1951)
 * Branislav Sekulić (1952)
 * Žarko Mihajlović (1952–53)
 * Ljubiša Broćić (1953–54)
 * Boško Ralić (1954)
 * Milovan Ćirić (1954–57)
 * Milorad Pavić (1957–64)
 * Ivan Toplak (1964–66)
 * Miljan Miljanić (1966–74)
 * Miljenko Mihić (1974–75)
 * Milovan Ćirić (1975–76)
 * Gojko Zec (1976–78)
 * Branko Stanković (1978–82)
 * Stevan Ostojić (1982–83)
 * Gojko Zec (1983–86)
 * Velibor Vasović (1986–88)
 * Branko Stanković (1988)
 * Dragoslav Šekularac (1989–90)
 * Ljupko Petrović (1990–91)
 * Vladica Popović (1991–92)
 * Milan Živadinović (1992–94)
 * Ljupko Petrović (1994–96)
 * Vladimir "Pižon" Petrović (1996–97)
 * Vojin Lazarević (1997)
 * Milorad Kosanović (1997–98)
 * Vojin Lazarević (1998–99)
 * Miloljub Ostojić (1999)
 * Zvonko Radić (caretaker) (1999)
 * Slavoljub Muslin (1999–01)
 * Zoran Filipović (2001–03)
 * Slavoljub Muslin (2003–04)
 * Ljupko Petrović (2004)
 * Milovan Rajevac (caretaker) (2004)
 * Ratko Dostanić (2004–05)
 * 🇮🇹 Walter Zenga (2005–06)
 * 🇧🇦 Dušan Bajević (2006–07)
 * Boško Gjurovski (2007)
 * 🇷🇸 Milorad Kosanović (2007)
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Janković (2007–08)
 * 🇨🇿 🇮🇹 Zdeněk Zeman (2008)
 * Čedomir Janevski (2008–09)
 * 🇷🇸 🇨🇾 Siniša Gogić (caretaker) (2009)
 * 🇷🇸 Vladimir "Pižon" Petrović (2009–10)
 * 🇷🇸 Ratko Dostanić (2010)
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Kristić (2010)
 * 🇭🇷 Robert Prosinečki (2010–12)
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Janković (2012–13)
 * 🇵🇹 Ricardo Sá Pinto (2013)
 * 🇸🇮 Slaviša Stojanović (2013–14)
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Lalatović (2014–15)
 * 🇲🇪 Miodrag Božović (2015–17)
 * Boško Gjurovski (caretaker) (2017)
 * 🇷🇸 Vladan Milojević (2017–19)
 * 🇷🇸 Dejan Stanković (2019–22)
 * 🇷🇸 Miloš Milojević (2022–23)
 * 🇮🇱 Barak Bakhar (2023)
 * 🇷🇸 Vladan Milojević (2023–present)

Club presidents

 * Mita Miljković (1948–51)
 * Isa Jovanović (1951–52)
 * Sava Radojčić (1952–54)
 * Dragoslav Marković (1954–55)
 * Milić Bugarčić (1955–56)
 * Dragoje Đurić (1956)
 * Dušan Blagojević (1956–60)
 * Milić Bugarčić (1960–63)
 * Radovan Pantović (1963–65)
 * Dušan Blagojević (1965–68)
 * Nikola Bugarčić (1968–77)
 * Radovan Pantović (1977–81)
 * Brana Dimitrijević (1981–82)
 * Vlastimir Purić (1982)
 * Miladin Šakić (1982–87)
 * Svetozar Mijailović (1987–93)
 * Dragan Džajić (1998–04)
 * 🇷🇸 Dragan Stojković (2005–07)
 * 🇷🇸 Toplica Spasojević (2007–08)
 * 🇷🇸 Dobrivoje Tanasijević (2008–09)
 * 🇷🇸 Vladan Lukić (2009–12)
 * 🇷🇸 Dragan Džajić (2012–14)
 * 🇷🇸 Svetozar Mijailović (2014–present)

Stars of Red Star
Red Star has almost a 50-year-long tradition of giving the title of the Star of [Red] Star or The Star's star (Звездина звезда / Zvezdina zvezda) to the players that had a major impact on the club's history and have made the name of the club famous around the globe. So far, five players and the entire 1991 team were officially given the title. They are:

 * The 1st Star of Red Star: Rajko Mitić
 * The 2nd Star of Red Star: Dragoslav Šekularac
 * The 3rd Star of Red Star: Dragan Džajić
 * The 4th Star of Red Star: Vladimir Petrović "Pižon"
 * The 5th Star of Red Star: Dragan Stojković "Piksi"
 * The 6th Star of Red Star: The 1991 European Cup Winner Generation

The 1991 European Cup Winner Generation
Generation 1991 with 21 players was presented at the ceremony by president Svetozar Mijailović.

Notable players

 * To appear in this section a player must have played at least 80 matches for the club.
 * Flags indicate national teams they played for, not nationality.

 * Jovan Aćimović
 * Zoran Antonijević
 * Petar Baralić
 * Vladimir Beara
 * Dejan Bekić
 * Cvijetin Blagojević
 * Vladislav Bogićević
 * Zdravko Borovnica
 * Jovan Cokić
 * Borislav Cvetković
 * Milan Čop
 * Kiril Dojčinovski
 * Ratomir Dujković
 * Vladimir Durković
 * Predrag Đajić
 * Ranko Đorđić
 * Milovan Đorić
 * Žarko Đurović
 * 🇸🇮 Marko Elsner
 * Zoran Filipović
 * 🇲🇰 Boško Gjurovski
 * 🇲🇰 Milko Gjurovski
 * Milan Janković
 * Slobodan Janković
 * Rajko Janjanin
 * Zoran Jelikić
 * Živorad Jevtić
 * Nikola Jovanović
 * Milan Jovin
 * Ivan Jurišić
 * Stanislav Karasi
 * Mihalj Keri
 * Branko Klenkovski
 * Bora Kostić
 * Zlatko Krdžević
 * Miodrag Krivokapić
 * Petar Krivokuća
 * Srboljub Krivokuća
 * Zlatko Krmpotić
 * Vojin Lazarević
 * Ljubomir Lovrić
 * Živan Ljukovčan
 * Dušan Maravić
 * Vojislav Melić
 * Trifun Mihailović
 * Dragan Miletović
 * Tomislav Milićević
 * Goran Milojević
 * Nedeljko Milosavljević
 * Đorđe Milovanović
 * Mitar Mrkela
 * 🇧🇦 Husref Musemić
 * Slavoljub Muslin
 * Dušan Nikolić
 * Jovica Nikolić
 * Mile Novković
 * Tihomir Ognjanov
 * Stevan Ostojić
 * Béla Pálfi
 * Aleksandar Panajotović
 * Miroslav Pavlović
 * Ognjen Petrović
 * Vladimir Popović
 * Slavko Radovanović
 * Branko Radović
 * Srebrenko Repčić
 * Antun Rudinski
 * Dušan Savić
 * Ljubiša Spajić
 * Branko Stanković
 * Nikola Stipić
 * Aleksandar Stojanović
 * Sead Sušić
 * Miloš Šestić
 * Slobodan Škrbić
 * Miroslav Šugar
 * Lazar Tasić
 * Kosta Tomašević
 * Novak Tomić
 * Ivan Toplak
 * Branislav Vukosavljević
 * Miljan Zeković
 * Siniša Zlatković
 * Todor Živanović
 * Ivan Adžić
 * Srđan Bajčetić
 * 🇷🇸 Dušan Basta
 * 🇲🇪 Dragan Bogavac
 * 🇲🇪 Branko Bošković
 * Goran Bunjevčević
 * 🇷🇸 Vladimir Dišljenković
 * Goran Drulić
 * Ivan Dudić
 * Milan Dudić
 * Slavoljub Đorđević
 * Goran Đorović
 * Jovan Gojković
 * Ivan Gvozdenović
 * Dejan Ilić
 * Ilija Ivić
 * Branko Jelić
 * Dragoslav Jevrić
 * Zoran Jovičić
 * Aleksandar Kocić
 * 🇷🇸 Ognjen Koroman
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Kovačević
 * Radovan Krivokapić
 * Nebojša Krupniković
 * Nenad Lalatović
 * Leo Lerinc
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Luković
 * Vinko Marinović
 * 🇷🇸 Marjan Marković
 * Dragan Mićić
 * Zvonko Milojević
 * Dragan Mladenović
 * Zoran Njeguš
 * Perica Ognjenović
 * Miodrag Pantelić
 * Dejan Petković
 * Mihajlo Pjanović
 * Nikola Radmanović
 * Nenad Sakić
 * 🇷🇸 Dejan Stanković
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja Vidić
 * Milivoje Vitakić
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Žigić
 * Bratislav Živković
 * 🇷🇸 Dušan Anđelković
 * 🇷🇸 Srđan Babić
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Biševac
 * 🇷🇸 Strahinja Eraković
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Gajić
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Gobeljić
 * 🇷🇸 Boško Janković
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Katai
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Krstičić
 * 🇷🇸 Darko Lazović
 * 🇷🇸 Srđan Mijailović
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Mikić
 * 🇷🇸 Nenad Milijaš
 * 🇷🇸 Dejan Milovanović
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja Milunović
 * 🇷🇸 Dragan Mrđa
 * 🇷🇸 Veljko Nikolić
 * 🇷🇸 Pavle Ninkov
 * 🇷🇸 Radovan Pankov
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Pavkov
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Perović
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Pešić
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Petković
 * 🇷🇸 Njegoš Petrović
 * 🇷🇸 Ivan Ranđelović
 * 🇷🇸 Mihailo Ristić
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Rodić
 * 🇷🇸 Vujadin Savić
 * 🇷🇸 Slavoljub Srnić
 * 🇷🇸 Saša Stamenković
 * 🇷🇸 Đorđe Tutorić
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksa Vukanović

Notable foreign players

 * To appear in this section a player must have played at least 30 matches for the club.

 * 🇦🇷 Luis Ibáñez
 * 🇦🇺 Miloš Degenek
 * 🇦🇺 Milan Ivanović
 * 🇦🇹 Aleksandar Dragović
 * 🇧🇦 Srđan Pecelj
 * 🇧🇷 Cadú
 * 🇧🇷 Evandro
 * 🇧🇷 Sávio
 * 🇨🇦 Milan Borjan
 * 🇨🇴 Cristian Borja
 * 🇰🇲 El Fardou Ben
 * 🇨🇷 John Jairo Ruiz
 * 🇪🇨 Segundo Castillo
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Le Tallec
 * 🇬🇦 Guélor Kanga
 * 🇩🇪 Marko Marin
 * 🇬🇭 Lee Addy
 * 🇬🇭 Richmond Boakye
 * 🇬🇭 Osman Bukari
 * 🇬🇭 Abraham Frimpong
 * 🇬🇭 Mohammed-Awal Issah
 * 🇮🇱 Omri Glazer
 * 🇮🇹 Diego Falcinelli
 * 🇮🇹 Filippo Falco
 * Jean-Philippe Krasso
 * Sékou Sanogo
 * 🇲🇪 Boban Bajković
 * 🇲🇪 Igor Burzanović
 * 🇲🇪 Mirko Ivanić
 * 🇲🇪 Filip Kasalica
 * 🇲🇪 Nemanja Nikolić
 * 🇲🇪 Savo Pavićević
 * 🇲🇪 Milan Purović
 * 🇲🇪 Vukan Savićević
 * 🇲🇪 Filip Stojković
 * 🇲🇪 Marko Vešović
 * 🇳🇱 Lorenzo Ebecilio
 * 🇳🇿 Marko Stamenić
 * 🇳🇬 Abiola Dauda
 * 🇳🇬 Peter Olayinka
 * Blaže Georgioski
 * Mitko Stojkovski
 * Ivan Trichkovski
 * 🇵🇹 Tomané
 * 🇵🇹 Hugo Vieira
 * 🇸🇳 Ibrahima Gueye
 * 🇸🇳 Cherif Ndiaye
 * 🇸🇮 Milenko Ačimovič
 * 🇸🇮 Nejc Pečnik
 * 🇰🇷 Hwang In-beom
 * 🇸🇷 Mitchell Donald
 * 🇿🇲 Kings Kangwa

General sponsor
The general sponsor of Serbia's most popular football club has, since 2010, been Gazprom Neft, the majority shareholder in leading Serbian company Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), and the most important foreign investor in the country. The club has won nine Serbian championship titles and five Serbian Cups in that time, as well as regularly competing in European championships. This cooperation, as well as supporting Gazprom Neft's brands, also involves collaborating in youth football together with FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, with the clubs exchanging youth players and holding friendly youth matches.

In popular culture
The club's name in Serbian is also the title of the 2013 Italian novel Crvena Zvezda by Enrico Varrecchione. Written in the alternate history genre, utilizing elements of uchronia, its story is based on the premise of what if 9 November 1988 return leg of the European Cup second round clash between Red Star and AC Milan hadn't been ordered abandoned by German referee Dieter Pauly in the 65th minute due to thick fog that night in Belgrade. Red Star were leading 1–0 after a goal by Dejan Savićević and were also a man up due to Milan striker Pietro Paolo Virdis receiving a red card. After abandonment, UEFA cancelled the match and ordered it replayed in full the next day. This time it finished 1–1 and went to penalties (the first leg in Milan also ended 1–1) where Milan won and went through to the quarter-finals, eventually winning the European Cup — thus getting the coveted trophy again after twenty years, the club's first under its recently arrived owner, ambitious businessman Silvio Berlusconi. In the novel's parallel universe, Red Star won 9 November 1988 match in Belgrade and eliminated AC Milan, which thus never won its 1989 European Cup, meaning that Berlusconi's ultimate entry into Italian politics had a much weaker background push, which adversely affected his performance at the 1994 Italian general election. The novel also follows the fate of Red Star's fictional striker, loosely based on Savićević, Jovan Eldzic who scored the famous goal in the fog and later went on to transfer to AC Milan where he achieved more accolades, eventually taking Italian citizenship, remaining living in Italy upon retiring from football before entering politics and running for mayor of a small town in Piedmont's Alessandria province.

Billy Bragg's 1991 UK top thirty hit song "Sexuality" contains the lyric "I had an uncle who once played for Red Star Belgrade." When interviewed many years later Bragg was asked if this was true, to which he replied that his uncle actually played for Fulham but that did not fit the rhyme with played.

Two non-related bands, one of them from Great Yarmouth, Great Britain, and the other one from Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, shared the name Red Star Belgrade.

A football club in Ecuador, in the city of Cuenca, created in 1961, is inspired in Red Star Belgrade. It is named CDS Estrella Roja. Estrella Roja is the translation and the way Red Star is known in Spanish speaking countries. The club crest is even the same as the one Red Star had between 1995 and 2011.

A junior football team called 'Lenadoon Red Star' played in West Belfast, Northern Ireland, from 1972 to 1975 during the height of The Troubles. The team wrote to Red Star Belgrade in the early 1970s, asking if they could donate any kits to the young team, but Red Star Belgrade wrote back saying they couldn't afford to send over any kits.

title: Red Star Belgrade


text:
Radium chloride

Radium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula RaCl2. It is a radium salt of hydrogen chloride. It was the first radium compound isolated in a pure state. Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne used it in their original separation of radium from barium. The first preparation of radium metal was by the electrolysis of a solution of this salt using a mercury cathode.

Preparation
Radium chloride crystallises from aqueous solution as the dihydrate. The dihydrate is dehydrated by heating to 100 °C in air for one hour followed by 5.5 hours at 520 °C under argon. If the presence of other anions is suspected, the dehydration may be effectuated by fusion under hydrogen chloride.

Radium chloride can also be prepared by heating radium bromide in a flow of dry hydrogen chloride gas. It can be produced by treating radium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

Properties
Radium chloride is a colorless salt with a blue-green luminescence, especially when heated. Its color gradually changes to yellow with aging, whereas contamination by barium may impart a rose tint. It is less soluble in water than other alkaline earth metal chlorides – at 25 °C its solubility is 245 g/L whereas that of barium chloride is 307 g/L, and the difference is even larger in hydrochloric acid solutions. This property is used in the first stages of the separation of radium from barium by fractional crystallization. Radium chloride is only sparingly soluble in azeotropic hydrochloric acid and virtually insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Gaseous RaCl2 shows strong absorptions in the visible spectrum at 676.3 nm and 649.8 nm (red): the dissociation energy of the radium–chlorine bond is estimated as 2.9 eV, and its length as 292 pm.

Contrary to diamagnetic barium chloride, radium chloride is weakly paramagnetic with a magnetic susceptibility of 1.05. Its flame color is red.

Uses
Radium chloride is still used for the initial stages of the separation of radium from barium during the extraction of radium from pitchblende. The large quantities of material involved (to extract a gram of pure radium metal, about 7 tonnes of pitchblende is required) favour this less costly (but less efficient) method over those based on radium bromide or radium chromate (used for the later stages of the separation).

It was also used in medicine to produce radon gas which in turn was used as a brachytheraputic cancer treatment.

Radium-223 dichloride (USP, radium chloride Ra 223), tradename Xofigo (formerly Alpharadin), is an alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical. Bayer received FDA approval for this drug to treat prostate cancer osteoblastic bone metastases in May 2013. Radium-223 chloride is one of the most potent ((antineoplastic drugs)) known. One dose (50 kBq/kg) in an adult is about 60 nanograms; this amount is 1/1000 the weight of an eyelash (75 micrograms).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Radium chloride


text:
SCFG

SCFG may refer to

 * Stochastic context-free grammar, generative probability model that takes the shape of a context-free grammar
 * Synchronous context-free grammar, in machine translation

title: SCFG


text:
Spanish Steps

The Spanish Steps (Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) in Rome, Italy, climb a steep slope between the Spanish Plaza known as the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church, at the top.

The monumental stairway of 135 steps is linked with the Trinità dei Monti church under the patronage of the Bourbon kings of France, at the top of the steps, and the Spanish Embassy to the Holy See in the Palazzo Monaldeschi at the bottom of the steps. The stairway was designed by the architects Francesco de Sanctis and Alessandro Specchi.

History

Generations of heated-debate over how the steep, 29 m slope to the church on a shoulder of the Pincio should be urbanized preceded the final execution. Archival drawings from the 1580s show that Pope Gregory XIII was interested in constructing a stair to the recently completed façade of the French church.

French diplomat to the Holy See Étienne Gueffier died in 1660, leaving part of his fortune for the construction of the stairs. The Roman-educated Cardinal Mazarin took a personal interest in the project and entrusted it to his agent in Rome—whose plan included an equestrian monument of Louis XIV of France—an ambitious intrusion that created a furore in papal Rome. Mazarin died in 1661, and the pope in 1667, while Gueffier's will was successfully contested by a nephew who claimed half, so the project lay dormant until Pope Clement XI Albani renewed interest in it in the early 18th century.

A competition was held in 1717, which was won by Francesco de Sanctis, though Alessandro Specchi was long thought to have produced the winning entry. Little is known of the architect, who was favored by the French in the design process. His drawing was engraved by Girolamo Rossi in 1726, with a long dedication to Louis XV.

The solution is a gigantic inflation of some conventions of terraced garden stairs. The first such divided and symmetrical stairs were devised for the Belvedere Courtyard in the 1600s by Donato Bramante, while shaped and angled steps were introduced by Michelangelo in the vestibule to the Laurentian Library. The Bourbon fleur-de-lys and Innocent XIII's eagle and crown are carefully balanced in the sculptural details.

Mid-18th century writers Joseph de Lalande and Charles de Brosses noted that the steps were already in poor condition. They have been restored several times since, including from May to December 1995.

Sponsored by the Italian luxury brand Bulgari (which has its Italian flagship store in the nearby Via dei Condotti) a new renovation commenced on 8 October 2015, with the steps being reopened to the public on 21 September 2016. The restoration of the almost 32,300 sqft of travertine stone, as well as brick, marble and plaster employed more than 80 people and cost €1.5 million.

Over the years, several city administrations have tried to dissuade visitors from getting too comfortable on the steps, banning loitering and eating, but the ordinances have not been enforced. However, in July 2019 the administration of Mayor Virginia Raggi, as part of an attempt to get ill-mannered tourists to behave themselves in Rome, introduced more stringent ordinances designed to "guarantee decorum, security and legality". These regulations allow for fines of €250 for sitting down on the steps and up to €400 for dirtying or damaging the steps (including eating on them or pushing a pram up or down them).

Piazza di Spagna
In the Piazza di Spagna at the base is the Early Baroque fountain called Fontana della Barcaccia ("Fountain of the longboat"), built in 1627–29 and often credited to Pietro Bernini, father of a more famous son, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who is recently said to have collaborated on the decoration. The elder Bernini had been the pope's architect for the Acqua Vergine, since 1623. According to a legend, Pope Urban VIII had the fountain installed after he had been impressed by a boat brought here by a flood of the Tiber.

In the piazza, at the corner on the right as one begins to climb the steps, is the house where English poet John Keats lived and died in 1821; it is now a museum dedicated to his memory, full of memorabilia of the English Romantic generation. On the same right side stands the 15th-century former cardinal Lorenzo Cybo de Mari's palace, now Ferrari di Valbona, a building altered in 1936 to designs by Marcello Piacentini, the main city planner during Fascism, with modern terraces perfectly in harmony with the surrounding baroque context.

Uses
At the top, the stairway ramp up the Pincio which is the Pincian Hill. The Villa Medici can be reached from the top of the steps.

During Christmas time, a 19th-century criba manger is displayed on the first landing of the staircase. During springtime, just before the anniversary of the foundation of Rome on 21 April, part of the steps are covered by pots of azaleas, up until early May. In modern times, the Spanish Steps have included a small cut-flower market. The steps are not a place for eating lunch, being forbidden by Roman urban regulations, but they are usually crowded with people.

Incidents
In May 2022, a Saudi national drove a rented Maserati through the steps, descending the first flight of steps before stopping. Fractures were subsequently found on the 16th and 29th steps of the right-hand flight rising up from Piazza di Spagna. The man, who abandoned the car and fled the scene, was later apprehended at Milan Malpensa Airport after being identified through surveillance cameras and was charged with inflicting aggravated damage to cultural heritage and monuments.

In June 2022, two American tourists launched a scooter three times down the steps, damaging the third-to-last travertine step of the second ramp and dislodging a 10-centimeter piece of marble that cost €25,000 ($27,000) in repairs. The couple were apprehended by police, fined €400 each and were banned from the vicinity of the site for two days.

In April 2023, climate protestors from Ultima Generazione poured a charcoal-based black powder into the Fontana della Barcaccia, discoloring its water and leaving stains on its marble surface. The protesters were apprehended by authorities and detained.

In literature
The steps are featured in several literary works. Notable examples include:
 * Numerous scenes in Alfred Bester's novel The Stars My Destination (1956)
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel Tender Is the Night (1933)
 * Anthony Burgess' novel Abba Abba (1977)
 * Tom Clancy's novel The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)

In film and TV
The film Roman Holiday (1953), starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck featured the Spanish Steps.

In the 1963 Italian giallo film The Girl Who Knew Too Much, Nora witnesses a murder on the Spanish Steps.

The apartment that was the setting for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) is halfway up on the right. Bernardo Bertolucci's Besieged (1998) is also set in a house next to the Steps. The Steps were featured prominently in the film version of The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), starring Matt Damon in the title role.

The Spanish Steps are mentioned (as the Spanish Stairs) in the first verse of the song When I Paint My Masterpiece (1971).

In a film for German titled Martha (1974), directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, the father of the masochistic title character (played by Margit Carstensen) dies while climbing the Spanish Steps.

In an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond (Season 5, Episode 1: Italy) which aired on October 2, 2000, Ray, Debra, Frank, and Marie climb the Spanish Steps during a family vacation in Rome.

An episode of the anime series Gunslinger Girl, entitled "Gelato (Ice Cream)," which first aired in 2003, features the protagonist by the Spanish Steps having her "reward" of ice cream after having completed a successful raid.

In the film To Rome with Love (2012), Hayley (Alison Pill) and Michelangelo Santoli (Flavio Parenti) met on the Spanish Steps.

The Spanish Steps were the setting of a 'Roadblock' task during The Amazing Race 24 (2014) in which contestants had to count the steps.

In the 2000 film “It Had To Be You”, it is the dream of the female lead, a school teacher who has never been out of NYC, to go to the Spanish Steps. She and her love interest imagine they are there while in a fountain in Central Park.

The Spanish Steps are featured in a scene in the film The Man From U.N.C.L.E. (2015), in which Illya (Armie Hammer), posing as a Russian architect, attempts to explain to Gaby (Alicia Vikander) that the Steps were actually made by a Russian architect.

Midway through the animated film Love Live! The School Idol Movie: Over the Rainbow (2019), the Steps were featured prominently as the site where the main idol group Aqours performed the main musical number of the film, "Hop? Stop? Nonstop!," during their overseas trip from Numazu, Japan to Rome.

The Spanish Steps feature in car action scene in Fast X (2023).

The Spanish Steps feature in a car chase in Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One. The end credits assure the viewer that, for the car chase, a replica on a studio backlot was used. The film also premiered on the Spanish Steps on June 19, 2023.

The Spanish Steps appear as part of the Rome Avanti course in Mario Kart Tour and subsequently in Mario Kart 8 Deluxe, being added to both games in 2023.

In art
On 16 January 2008, the Italian artist Graziano Cecchini covered the Spanish Steps with hundreds of thousands of multicolored plastic balls. He claimed it was done to raise international awareness of the situation of the Karen people in Myanmar, and as a protest against the living conditions of artists in Italy.

Local landmarks

 * Babington's tea room
 * Giorgio De Chirico House
 * Keats-Shelley Memorial House
 * Palazzo di Spagna
 * Fontana della Barcaccia

title: Spanish Steps


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Talk:Conti

The link for source on "fox" and "furry fandom" is broken. Please add a working link to justify this content. -- Cyan 00:26, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

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Eduardo Palomo

Eduardo Estrada Palomo ((México City; May 13, 1962 – Los Angeles; November 6, 2003) was a Mexican actor. Palomo became famous across Mexico and Latin America after his 1993 Juan del Diablo characterization in Corazón salvaje.

Career
He started acting in theatre at the age of 12 and found fame with the success of Corazón salvaje. He went on to make several other successful telenovelas and films in México. He also recorded an album titled Mover El Tiempo in early 1994.

He was determined not to star in any other soap opera after Ramona (co-starring with Kate del Castillo), but the sequel to Corazón salvaje was something he could not refuse. He was working on a Los Angeles production of the play Una Pareja Con Ángel (written by Palomo and previously produced in Mexico) when he died.

Palomo was in the process of "crossing-over" to American television audiences where he guest starred on shows such as Arrested Development, Kingpin and was to star in a CBS series. His last role was in A Day Without a Mexican (2004).

Personal life
Palomo was one of Jesús Estrada and Miliza Palomo's son, brother of Jesús Jr. and Susana.

Palomo married the singer and actress Carina Ricco on November 26, 1994. They had two children which are a girl called Fiona and a boy called Luca.

He moved from his native México to pursue a career in Hollywood.

Death
On the night of November 6, 2003, Palomo, wife Carina Ricco along with friends Sergio Arau and wife Yareli Arizmendi were on a night out in L.A.'s Melrose Avenue. Sometime between 10 and 10:30 pm (PT), Palomo while breaking out in laughter, he slowly began tilting his head forward almost simulating as if he were to be falling asleep. About five to fifteen minutes had passed by before anyone noticed he was actually unresponsive. Arau and Arizmendi performed CPR attempts to no avail. Paramedics arrived at the scene within ten minutes, CPR was once again attempted but proved unsuccessful. It was then declared that Palomo had died at the scene due to a sudden heart attack. Palomo was 41 years old.

Discography

 * 1994: Mover el tiempo

title: Eduardo Palomo


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William Julius Wilson

William Julius Wilson (born December 20, 1935) is an American sociologist, a professor at Harvard University, and an author of works on urban sociology, race, and class issues. Laureate of the National Medal of Science, he served as the 80th President of the American Sociological Association, was a member of numerous national boards and commissions. He identified the importance of neighborhood effects and demonstrated how limited employment opportunities and weakened institutional resources exacerbated poverty within American inner-city neighborhoods.

Career
Wilson is Lewis P. and Linda L. Geyser University Professor at Harvard University. He is one of 25 University Professors, the highest professional distinction for a Harvard faculty member. After receiving a PhD from Washington State University in 1966, Wilson taught sociology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, before joining the University of Chicago faculty in 1972. In 1990 he was appointed the Lucy Flower University Professor and director of the University of Chicago's Center for the Study of Urban Inequality.

He joined the faculty at Harvard in July 1996. He is affiliated with the Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, and Harvard's Department of Sociology. He is a member of the Library of Congress Scholars Council.

Wilson was an original board member of the progressive Century Institute, and a current board member at Philadelphia-based Public/Private Ventures, PolicyLink, and the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. He was Sudhir Venkatesh's advisor when Venkatesh was a PhD student at the University of Chicago.

Publications
Wilson is the author of Power Racism and Privilege: Race Relations in Theoretical and Sociohistorical Perspectives (1973, 1976), The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (1978, 1980, 2012), winner of the American Sociological Association's Sydney Spivack Award; The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (1987, 2012), which was selected by the editors of the New York Times Book Review as one of the 16 best books of 1987, and received The Washington Monthly Annual Book Award, the Society for the Study of Social Problems' C. Wright Mills Award and the American Political Science Association's Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award; When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (1996), which was selected as one of the notable books of 1996 by the editors of the New York Times Book Review and received the 1997 Hillman Prize and the American Political Science Association's Aaron Wildavsky Enduring Contribution Award; and The Bridge Over the Racial Divide: Rising Inequality and Coalition Politics. More recently, he is the co-author of There Goes the Neighborhood: Racial, Ethnic, and Class Tensions in Four Chicago Neighborhoods and Their Meaning for America (2006), and Good Kids in Bad Neighborhoods: Successful Development in Social Context (2006); and author of More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (2009).

In The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions (1978) Wilson argues that the significance of race is waning, and that for African Americans, class is comparatively more important in determining their life chances. In The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (1987), Wilson was one of the first to enunciate at length the "spatial mismatch" theory for the development of a ghetto underclass. As industrial jobs disappeared in cities in the wake of global economic restructuring, and hence urban unemployment increased, women found it unwise to marry the fathers of their children since the fathers would not be breadwinners. In The Truly Disadvantaged Wilson also argued against Charles Murray's theory of welfare causing poverty.

In Wilson's most recent book, More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (2009), he directs his attention to the overall framing of pervasive, concentrated urban poverty of African Americans. He asks the question, "Why do poverty and unequal opportunity persist in the lives of so many African Americans?" In response, he traces the history and current state of powerful structural factors impacting African Americans, such as discrimination in laws, policies, hiring, housing, and education. Wilson also examines the interplay of structural factors and the attitudes and assumptions of African Americans, European Americans, and social science researchers. In identifying the dynamic influence of structural, economic, and cultural factors, he argues against either/or politicized views of poverty among African Americans that either focus blame solely on cultural factors or only on unjust structural factors. He tries "to demonstrate the importance of understanding not only the independent contributions of social structure and culture but also how they interact to shape different group outcomes that embody racial inequality." Wilson's goal is to "rethink the way we talk about addressing the problems of race and urban poverty in the public policy arena."

Influence
Wilson's book When Work Disappears has been cited as an inspiration for the second season of the HBO show The Wire.

Criticism of his work
Beginning with The Declining Significance of Race, Wilson's work has attracted a great deal of controversy and criticism, see for example Willie's The Inclining Significance of Race.

In his book ''Still the Promised City? African-Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York, Roger Waldinger, a professor of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles, provides a critique of arguments advanced by Wilson in The Truly Disadvantaged.'' In particular, Waldinger challenges Wilson's argument that the labor market problems African Americans face today are largely due to deindustrialization and consequent skills mismatches. Waldinger argues that, on one hand, African Americans never were especially dependent on jobs in the manufacturing sector, so deindustrialization in itself has not had a major impact on African Americans, and that, on the other hand, the relative labor market success of poorly educated immigrants suggests that there is no absence of jobs for those with few skills in the post-industrial era (see Anthony Orum's review of the book). One limitation to the full credibility of Waldinger's study, however, is that it is based entirely on research in New York City and, therefore, its findings are difficult to generalize to cities such as Detroit, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and others where blacks were indeed concentrated in the manufacturing sector.

The concept of 'the ghetto' and 'underclass' has faced criticism both empirically and theoretically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time. This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income and/or racial minority populations. It has been argued that the cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods likely has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood.

Honors
Past President of the American Sociological Association, Wilson has received 45 honorary degrees, including honorary doctorates from Yale, Princeton University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, Northwestern University, Johns Hopkins University, New York University, Bard College, Dartmouth College, and the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. A MacArthur Prize Fellow from 1987 to 1992, Wilson has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Education, the American Philosophical Society, the Institute of Medicine, and the British Academy. In June 1996 he was selected by Time magazine as one of America's 25 Most Influential People. In 1997, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. He is a recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science, the highest scientific honor in the United States, and was awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize in the Social Sciences by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003; the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2013; the Robert and Helen Lynd Award for Distinguished Career Achievement by the Community and Urban Section of the American Sociological Association in 2013; and the W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award by the American Sociological Association in 2014, the highest award bestowed by the American Sociological Association.

Other honors granted to Wilson include the Seidman Award in Political Economy (the first and only non-economist to receive the award); the Golden Plate Achievement Award; the Distinguished Alumnus Award, Washington State University; the American Sociological Association's Dubois, Johnson, Frazier Award (for significant scholarship in the field of inter-group relations); the American Sociological Association's Award for Public Understanding of Sociology; Burton Gordon Feldman Award ("for outstanding contributions in the field of public policy") Brandeis University; and the Martin Luther King Jr. National Award (granted by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Los Angeles); the Diverse: Issues in Higher Education's John Hope Franklin Award; Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award, Harvard University; and the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Lifetime Achievement in Nonfiction. He was designated a Walter Channing Cabot Fellow at Harvard University for 2009–2010. And in 2012, the Inequality, Poverty, and Mobility Section of the American Sociological Association renamed its Early Career Award as the William Julius Wilson Early Career Award.

Wilson also served on a member of numerous national boards and commissions including, the Social Science Research Council, Spelman College, Bard College, National Humanities Center, Levy Economic Institute and Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation. He was previously the Chair of the Board of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and of the Russell Sage Foundation.

In 2010, Wilson received the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award Lifetime Achievement Award in Nonfiction.

title: William Julius Wilson


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