text:
User talk:Cdang

Warning

If you want to reach me faster, please post on my french talk page (I read it more often than my english one). Posting in English is OK.

Bonjour Cdnc :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

It may be a good idea to instead of just creating an article with an interwiki link, to make a stub article instead. Not all english readers are bilingual! :)

Thanks and keep contributing :) Dysprosia 10:14, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * sure, I just make a fast scan of the pages I'm concerned. I found two existing pages that were empty, I just put the link, next time I will start wrtiting a small text for these pages if they are still empty. Cdnc 10:18, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, that sounds good :) Dysprosia 10:21, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

the vacuum device
"Vacuum matress" really belongs at vacuum mattress (with two "t"'s). I'd be happy to move it if you don't know how or don't want to? - Nunh-huh 07:59, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem, and it's not an English error, just a spelling one. They pop out at me. (also you may want to change "cervicall collar" to "cervical" in that article.) If it's any consolation, I can never get the accents in words like Hélène right...  - Nunh-huh 08:04, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, I'm more than happy to modify articles, but sometimes when someone is relatively new (as I got the feeling you were) they can take that the wrong way. But I'm glad to see you are made of sterner stuff (and now recognize that you're not all that new). - Nunh-huh 08:14, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, thanks. I'm not always so gentle, but I have a soft spot for Francophones, because they always spell "Restoration" as "Restauration" and that's just plain cute! - Nunh-huh 08:48, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize we had a problem, but you are right. The article at "restauration" belongs as "restoration". "Restauration" is not a real word in English: that article seems to have started as a part of French history. See! I told you Francophones love that spelling. Nunh-huh 09:09, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

With regard to Talk:evacuation, I would say that transport sanitaire could be translated Category:Medical transport but that Category:Patient transport may be the slightly more common term: either really would do, and you could probably put "lifting, moving, and transporting" all in the same category.

As for "scoop" (from Talk:Stretcher), it's a bit out of my field, but certainly there are "scoop stretchers" (the kind that you can slip under the patient without moving him - you can see examples and maybe get translation ideas at this  catalog), but I think it is sort of slang for the process of "grab and put on the stretcher": for relevage I would simply say lifting. ("Lifting" for going from the ground to the stretcher, "moving" for moving the stretcher to the ambulance, "transporting" for getting to the hospital). But docs currently working in Emergency Rooms may be able to be of more help on this: you could ask at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Clinical medicine. -- Nunh-huh 20:18, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

From internal bleeding
You wrote "feeling of thickness, weakness, thirst (do not give anything to drink!);" Why not? Can the reason be added to the article as well? — Kieff | Talk 08:20, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the more info. I'll add that whenever I get the chance And btw, I'm not a native english speaker, I'm from Brazil :P   — Kieff | Talk 15:28, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

Medic?
Hi Cdang, I've noticed some very good recent work on medical articles. I understand you're not a doctor (or are you?) Nevertheless, you're warmly invited to participate in Wikiproject "Clinical medicine". From internal bleeding: (do not give anything to drink!) is a bit of a violation of Wikipedia style. I really recommend not writing in the second person; readers do not consult Wikipedia when they suspect internal bleeding; they call an ambulance. In old Wikipedia articles, the writers sometimes use this format, but it is not recommended... JFW | T@lk  19:36, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Not a medic? No worries. Your first-aid work is highly appreciated - you may have more experience in traumatology than me.... JFW | T@lk  07:53, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

but in France, most major trauma happen on the road, not in cultural events...Here in the UK, it's pub brawls... JFW | T@lk  08:10, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Slipknot
Hello, did you happen to read my comment on Bot requests regarding slipknot links? - RedWordSmith 01:12, 29 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

SAMU
Nice improvements to SAMU, thanks ! :) Rama 18:31, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Images
Hi ! Following your suggestions on my talk page, I've done three other drawings; you cann see them on "First Aid Drawings" (three last ones). Comments welcome of course, is there is still something wrong, or if we need something else, don't hesitate to drop me a note ! Cheers ! Rama 07:44, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

moving pages
If you come across an article that is inappropriately titled, use the "move" button at the top of the page, instead of copy-and-pasting the content into the newly titled article. This automatically creates a redirect from the old title to the new one. The article space at the old title then doesn't need to be deleted (I noticed you were marking articles for speedy deletion that you had moved, like First Fire Brigade, Marsaille(s) Marine Fire Brigade, etc). It's also a lot easier than manually copying the page. Lachatdelarue (talk) 15:45, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It's generally better to just leave the redirects in place, unless the title is totally unrelated (like in a vandalism/testing case), since someone was obviously mistaken as to what the group was called, so someone else might be too. As they say "redirects are cheap" :) Lachatdelarue (talk) 15:59, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Instructions Group
I am not sure why you blanked this article and then tagged it for speedy deletion. I agree that the article may not be sufficiently of interest for Wikipedia, and if it is worth keeping it should be renamed, but it is certainly not a speedy deletion candidate. You should not have blanked it (at least, not without giving a reason), but if you wish, you can nominate it for vfd.-gadfium 03:26, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Wikimania
Dis-moi, est-ce que tu penses aller à [Wikimania] ? Il y aurait une niche écologique pour des secouristes... Rama 10:03, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

binomial (disambiguation)
Hello. I don't think abbreviation of the word "disambiguation" is appropriate in the title of this article. The titles of Wikipedia disambiguation pages that include that word generally contain the whole word. So I've moved this one. Also, I think the appropriate way to link to this page is usually the sort of notice that I've just put at the top of the article titled binomial, not by adding it to a "see also" list at the bottom of the article. People looking for other meanings of the same word will seldom scroll all the way down to the bottom if the article is long. Michael Hardy 18:19, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't like either abbreviation, in the titles nor in the articles, but I think I saw it several times so I thought it was the rule.

It is the rule to write in order to cause this notice to appear:

But then the reader of the article does not see the abbreviation. Michael Hardy 19:00, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Before deleting this discussion from my talk page as no longer current, I have one other comment. It seems English is not your native language, and one of the clearest signs of that is that you may fail to realize that

 * I don't like either abbreviation

 * and

 * I don't like abbreviation either

 * mean two different things. The first means "I don't like either one of those two abbreviations."  The second means "I, too, dislike abbreviation." Michael Hardy 22:02, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I will not answer on your personal page because it seems you want to keep it "clean". If everyou come back here :
 * yes you're right, I'm a froggy. Thanks for the tip.
 * Cdang| write me 14:07, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Water analogy to electricity
I've started a rough draft for such an article here: User:Omegatron/water analogy Please edit it as you see fit, and I will move it to a real article. Is Water analogy to electric circuits a good title?

P.S. I like your diagrams! Do you upload them to the Commons? - Omegatron 13:45, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Wildfire and number conventions

 * Copied from User talk:Lommer

Hello,

thanks for correcting my English on Wildfire. I just have one remark: you replaced the non-breakable spaces by commas on the number, and this is in contradiction with the international standard, see. I know this is not the habit in all countries, but I think respecting the international standards is a way to facilitate international exchanges and to respect the NPOV. It thus reverted to &nbsp;.

Regards

Cdang| write me 08:58, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, I did replace those spaces with commas, and I winced as I did it. I actually prefer the European system of decimals, etc, but the Wikipedia Manual of Style actually dictates that we use commas to separate groups of three and periods for decimal places. I agree that it's not really NPOV, but wikipedia does have to have some standard for number formats. I will revert the article back to the comma standard. -Lommer | talk 00:50, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Canules de Guedel
Salut ! Dis, je pensais, est-ce que tu vois comment on pourrait illustrer la procédure d'indertion des canules de Guedel ? ça pourrait être bien pour l'article Guedel Pattern Airway et fr:Canule_de_Guedel... A+ ! Rama 10:13, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Category
Assuming you are a doctor I placed category physicians on your userpage. Hope you don't mind. --Nomen Nescio 00:29, August 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * My fault, should have looked at this page and I would have noticed. Anyway, don't stop helping out with emergencies you do know of. Will remove the category. --Nomen Nescio 21:34, August 30, 2005 (UTC)

2005_French_civil_unrest
Il y a eu pas mal de va-et-vient en ce qui concerne ton texte sur le contexte socio-historique; dire que ça alourdissait l'article se défend (c'est vrai qu'il est déjà long), mais je t'encouragerais assez à en faire un article à part -- quoique sa maintenance risque d'être difficile, vu ce à quoi on assiste déjà ici. Rama 08:08, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

(enfin, comme tu le dis toi-meme sur la page de discussion, quoi ;) ) Rama 08:09, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Emergency department
I wonder if you would consider supporting this article by voting for it at Article Improvement Drive to improve it towards feature article status. I hope to increase the profile of clinical medicine and related subjects on wikipeda. The current article is basic, in particular with regards to EDs around the world.--File Éireann 20:47, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Pole figure
Hi Cdang, good to see that there are other materials scientists here on the wiki! :-)

I'm surprised by the development of pole figure; last time I watched the article, it was still very short! Do you know by accident how to describe an inverse pole figure? I would like to write an article about pole figures on the Dutch wikipedia, but I don't know exactly how to figure those inverse things out.

Bye, SietskeEN 13:53, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * (After some visits to your work on the French wiki): I'll probably use your article fr:Indices_de_Miller in future, to base a Dutch article on. It looks very good. Did you use Cullity as the source, by the way? SietskeEN 13:57, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the hints, I think I understood. One article might be better indeed. :-) SietskeEN 21:34, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Hi, Cdang. You did a lot of early work on Pole figure, but recently the article has progressed very slowly. Is there much more to say about pole figures? I mean, how big of a topic is it? I ask because I'm considering merging it into the applications section of Stereographic projection. Joshua R. Davis (talk) 16:55, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Dont know if you even remember asking
But you asked the difference between a CFR and EMT-B. CFR's are first aiders who are trained in more advanced techniques such as O2 admin, extractions with KED boards, spine management, advanced wound management etc but CANNOT administer any symptom relief drugs, or any drugs for that matter. The EMT-B is your basic paramedic, more advanced skills, can admin drugs. Mike (T C) 05:09, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

The Dark Eye
I saw your edits on The Dark Eye article and that your edits created an inconsitency. Which of 11×11 and the earlier over two hundred is correct? I haven't played the game.

"A character also features over eighty skills, called "talents" (the use of a talent requires testing three attributes) and if the character is able to cast spells over two hundred spells (11×11)." - Jeltz talk  18:40, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

On hospital ambulances
Hi - I'm looking at the section on Hospital Ambulances on the Ambulances page, which I think you did a lot of work on, so I'm looking for your input - is the H-MICU what is known in the United States as a fly-car? Do you think it would make sense to link H-MICU to the fly-car page, and expand the fly-car page to encompass the H-MICUs? Thanks - Badger151 02:20, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow - thanks for the prompt reply. The H-MICU does look to be different.  - Badger151 18:35, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Article you created on GA
A page you created " Lone Wolf (gamebooks) " has became a Good Article, a very well-written article with appropriate images, referenced well and in other ways just good. Please take the barnstar to the left of this notice, cheers — M in  un  Spiderman 19:27, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Cinema projection diagram
Greetings:

I have added a modification (for Engish and horizontal format) of your diagram to Movie_projector.

Thanks, and best wishes, Leonard G. 21:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Emergency action principles
I've added the "prod" template to the article Emergency action principles, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Emergency action principles. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Joe 07:44, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject France
Hello! We are a group of editors working to improve the quality of France related articles. You look like someone who might be interested in joining us in the France WikiProject and so I thought I'd drop you a line and invite you! We'd love to have you in our project :-) STTW (talk)  15:01, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The project is new and we need members to carry out assesment of articles, who are better familiar with France and France related articles. Perhaps you could be of help, happy editing, STTW (talk)  21:14, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Also you could share your experinece from the fr project and help us do things better. Cheers, STTW (talk)  06:35, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Organization of the emergency medical assistance
Hi. I was wondering if you had a problem with my renaming this "Organization of emergency medical assistance". The word "the" seems incorrect in English. Fanra 01:01, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

French Red Plan
Hi, I read your great description of the French Red Plan, and was wondering if you knew of any English language articles about it. I've been searching in vain for any articles discussing the plan in depth, offering criticism of the plan, or otherwise evaluating it. Are there maybe UK sources you know of? Please email me at "aducknamedjoe@gmail.com" if you can help me out. Thanks!

23:06, 18 July 2007 by 128.198.152.51 --Aducknamedjoe

 * Sorry for the late answer, I'm not often on the english Wikipedia (mainly on the french one).
 * Sorry also, unfortunately, I don't know any page in english.
 * cdang| write me 12:05, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * By the way: the French Red Plan is now called "Orsec plan with numerous casualties" (Orsec stand for organisation des secours i.e. "rescue organisation"), you may find something with these words.
 * cdang| write me 09:00, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Success of fire suppression in northern forests
Please comment at Articles for deletion/Success of fire suppression in northern forests. Thanks. -- Jreferee    t / c  06:08, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxation
hallo Cdang,

ich hoffe, dass ich es richtig verstanden habe, dass du ausreichend deutsch sprichst um meinen kommentar zu lesen.

auf der seite ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxation ) hast du dein bild von der luxierten schulter verwendet. nun wollte ich dich fragen ob du einverstanden wärst ein neues bild hiefür zu verwenden. ich persönlich gehöre zu der gruppe von leuten, die ihre schulter spontan luxoieren können. bei mir sieht man unter umständen (bei optimaler beleuchtung) die hierfür symptomatische "delle" in der haut, wenn das "klaviertastenphänomen" auftritt. dies könnte ich photografieren und dir das bild zur verfügung stellen.(keine angst ich hab dabei eher wenige bist fast keine schmerzen). des weiteren könnte man noch zu dem artikel weitere photos einfügen, auf denen man sieht wie ein frisch operiertes knie nach einem lateralen release aussieht. ich hatte schon 2 patellaluxationen und foglich genug möglichkeiten mein lädietes knie zu photographieren.

würde mich freuen, wenn du mir antwortest

mit freundlichen grüßen

Night-fever —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.200.70.23 (talk) 11:18, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hallo,
 * Entschuldigung spät zu sein, ich komme nicht oft auf en: (öfter au fr:). Ja, du kannst klar dein Bild selbst einfügen, nur sollst du ein Konto auf öffnen, und dann download machen. Dann wird mann es benutzen können.
 * Grüsse
 * cdang| write me 11:51, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

RE:Free body diagram
Thank you for clarification. I was planning on revamping the image already, but was just too lazy to do so. As soon as I find time or get motivated enough, I'll fix it up. Thank you again! Cheers! -- penubag  (talk) 05:19, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I come back to this rather old discussion. I agree with Bigbluefish. If we compute the net momentum at the center of mass, then we find that the object has a rotational acceleration due to $$\vec F_f$$. If we calculate it at the point of application of $$\vec N$$, then we find that the object has a rotational acceleration due to $$\vec P$$. Etc. This is not possible because the plane prevents the object from turning. This is far different from the bicycle where the link allows an inclination; a planar link between objects does not allow inclination. (Sorry if the technical vocabulary is not accurate, I'm not a native french speaker.) -cdang| write me 07:51, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Your analysis is only true if the block is stationary. If the block is accelerating along the ramp in either direction, then the sum of moments about a point will not be zero. I do not understand what you are saying about a bicycle and a link. -AndrewDressel (talk) 21:14, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I partly agree, what I claim is only true if the frame of reference is inertial, and if the inclined plane is not rotating in this frame of reference; we talk about torque, so this is not a matter of acceleration but of angular acceleration: the m⋅a vector applies at G. Forget about the bicycle, it's not so important. Anyway, nothing in the picture or in the caption tells that the ramp could be rotating, or that the frame of reference is not inertial; thus, your picture is misleading, as most people would consider this. -cdang| write me 08:16, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I have not assumed an accelerating reference frame or that the ramp is rotating. I have also not assumed that the block is stationary. I should have stated above "If the block is accelerating along the ramp in either direction, then the sum of moments about a point other than the center of mass will not be zero. No rotation, only non-zero acceleration, is necessary for angular momentum of the center of mass about some point that is not the center of mass to be non-zero. Again, I refer you to page 95 of this textbook. I have chosen the simplest of the three options for modeling the unknown distribution of contact forces between a block and a ramp, when the acceleration of the block remains, as yet, unknown. -AndrewDressel (talk) 13:40, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The sum of the moments of the forces about any point is always the same: if you change the point, you change the moment arms, but you do not change the sum.
 * In point particle mechanics, the Newton's second law of motion states ∑F = ma. In rigid bodies mechanics, you add ∑MA(F) = Iα, where A is any point, center of mass or not, the result is always the same.
 * The sum of the moments of the forces about any point is not zero on your picture, therefore an angular acceleration α.
 * The p. 95 of the textbook mentions the existence of a couple; there is no couple drawn on your figure. What we, BigBlueFish and I, suggest, is that you represent the "Equivalent force with no couple" (to refer to the textbook). Or that you represent the couple (turning arrow) that set α to 0. -cdang| write me 15:14, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The sum of the moments of the forces about any point is always the rate of change of the angular momentum about that point. For a body translating without rotation, the rate of change of angular momentum about the center of mass is zero, and the rate of change of angular momentum about any other point is only zero if there is no acceleration. Thus the sum of the moments about the center of mass will differ from the sum of the moments about some other point for an accelerating body even in pure translation.
 * In rigid body mechanics, Euler's second law of motion states ∑MA = d/dtH, which in 2D can be expressed as rcm/A x acmm + I α
 * That the sum of the moments about a point other than the center of mass is non-zero does not mean that angular acceleration is non-zero, but only that the center of mass is accelerating either translationally or rotationally.
 * Page 95 of the textbook states "In 3D ... A couple may be required." Since the block on a ramp can reasonably be modeled in 2D, I see no reason for the existence of a couple.
 * You may argue that a different free body diagram example might be more appropriate for pedagogical reasons, but I do not believe that you have yet shown any technical errors with the current version. -AndrewDressel (talk) 17:11, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes I argue that a different free body diagram example is more appropriate for pedagogical reasons, no I did not shown any technical errors with the current version.
 * Concerning the calculation, the english notation is a bit unsusual for me, and I don't have the time to write some math yet (maybe later). Here is thus a graphical consideration: mind that the N and Ff vectors are just the model of a mechanical action; there is just one mechanical action, the action of the ramp on the object, which can be represented by a single vector R, and this vector can be decomposed in N and Ff, see File:Reaction support avec et sans frottement alt.svg.
 * Now draw your diagram with just mg and R; if mg and R are not on the same line, then you have a couple, therfore an angular acceleration. -cdang| write me 15:30, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The current free body diagram shows the general case: the dimensions of the block, the angle of the ramp, the coefficient of friction, and the acceleration of the block are all unspecified. The forces generated by the ramp on the black may be modeled in a variety of ways. If we choose to model them with orthogonal frictional and normal components and then model the normal component as a single resultant force, the actual location where it may be considered to act can only be found in three particular situations without calculation: zero angle, zero friction, or zero acceleration. The current diagram happens to be correct for the middle case, zero friction, but that is not its goal, and it only implies angular acceleration if the translational acceleration is known to be not equal to $$g(sin(\theta) - \mu cos(\theta))$$. Instead, this general case shows the use of the free body diagram as an analysis tool, not merely a graphical depiction of some precalculated result. The exact location of a single normal force is not known and so is merely placed in the middle.
 * Which free body diagram would you wish to show instead, and why? -AndrewDressel (talk) 02:02, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Organization of emergency medical assistance
An article that you have been involved in editing, Organization of emergency medical assistance, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Organization of emergency medical assistance. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Medicellis (talk) 15:42, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Beautiful animation!
Bonjour Monsieur Chan! I'm helping my 12 year old son with his science homework on seismology, and encountered your very fine animation example of a transverse wave. As a fellow wikipedian, I just wanted to say merci beaucoup for your excellent contribution!

Take care! Walshga (talk) 16:44, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia commons
Greetings from a wanna be IYDU guy.

Currently i am moving away from wikimedia foundation in all senses, including Wikipedia commons and this project, and although i do sporadically edits from time to time, its certainly that i am unaware of any notice here or at commons; causes, well, personal lack of time i believe. I must tell you that i dont do any maintenance whether on my user page, talk page, here and on commons any longer since my decision is to leave this project at all, And of course, there is no regret on my position.

However, i want to let you know, since i am not longer doing any kind of maintenance task on my media uploaded to wikicommons, i believe you are very well informed how to delete any orphan, unused media or copyvio you may consider on my list, so i let you be free to do any modification or deletion procedure as necesary on my files according to wikipedia policies. Cheers, and long live to democracy! :-), --HappyApple (talk) 09:36, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Rêve: the Dream Ouroboros

The article Rêve: the Dream Ouroboros has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No sources to suggest notability.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Explodicle (T/C) 15:45, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

File:Hirth joint.jpg to Commons
If you can take care of it, please do. The Commons is not something I have taken the time to learn about yet. If you find any other images of mine that you think should be move there, feel free to move them. -AndrewDressel (talk) 13:30, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Bragg in English
Thank you for replying!

Another very knowledgeable person whom I've been getting some help from said a very similar thing.. (that the Bragg equation applies to transmission as well as to reflection)

..but I haven't been able to figure out exactly how it does.

All of the derivations of Bragg's Law/Equation that I've been able to find (with a lot of looking) assume reflection, & I've just not been able to construct a diagram wherein the "scattering angle" (2 theta) ends up implying transmission rather than reflection.

If you could advise on that, that would be wonderful!

along the way, what's the allowable/reasonable range of 2 theta?

I do think I remember papers that have said, as you did, that the sample has to be very thin -- but my judgement is that that's because they were working with the kind of opals that show play-of-color via reflection. (as opposed to the ones I'm trying to understand, contra-luz, which show it only via transmission)

IOW, by construction of my problem, the specimen is transparent enough for light to be transmitted through them with negligable losses.

I don't know whether this will ring any bells or not, but my current best "guess" as to what's going on for transmissive PoC is that for those kinds of opal, there's no band gap.. (which is what causes the reflection in the reflective kind of opal - and thus their substantial optical density)

..but for C-L opals, there's no band gap - and so, no reflection - and so, transmission.

The resulting ~picture~ that I get for a C-L opal is that the incident beam interacts with the lattices of the domains just the way it does for reflective opals - except for the reflections -- and so, what's produced is (in effect?) exactly the same pattern of radiation as for a reflective opal, except emanating throughout a complete sphere, instead of just a half sphere (cut off by the reflection plane).

It seems to me that that would result on a PoC pattern that's very similar to what one would get from the X-Ray crystallography of a cubic crystal/

(I do wonder what the effect is of the domains that that light, in turn, encounters on its way through the specimen. Maybe this complication even means that a simple Bragg computation is inadequate for making a Bragg-type computation for the transmissive case.  Correspondingly, my interest is more in what (eg: band gaps?) property of the domains determines reflection vs transmission.)

I realize that dealing with requests like this takes time, but I would enormously appreciate hearing about anything further this reawakes in your mind - and/or any people you can think of whom I might bother about this.

Thanks again,

-- M. --PMH232 (talk) 16:36, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

1527:

I think I may have figured the Bragg part of this out: For transmission, theta has to be < 0. --PMH232 (talk) 20:42, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

121128 1538:

Thank you!

This has proven quite difficult to figure out by myself (w/ help from others). The web pages that I've found that address in detail beyond the Bragg simplifications of ... diffraction, isn't it? ... of a beam by regular lattices involve math that's kinda difficult itself.

Do you happen to know of a (web) reference that might be good for where I'm at? (or the area of science that this falls under?) (so that I can better choose keywords to search) — Preceding unsigned comment added by PMH232 (talk • contribs) 20:42, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Croc (game designer)

The article Croc (game designer) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Very poorly sourced, and I can find no better references. The article is mostly about various computer games than about the person anyway.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Reyk YO!  18:09, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello,
 * I don't think Croc ever designed video games. He wrote tabletop roleplaying games. The article as such might not meet high standards, however, Croc is probably one of the most important French game designer and editor, at least one of his game was translated in English.
 * Regards
 * cdang| write me 12:44, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

AfC notification: Draft:Character race has a new comment
 I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Character race. Thanks! Joseph2302 (talk) 14:24, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Character race has now been accepted. Joseph2302 (talk) 14:39, 12 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot Joseph2302
 * cdang| write me 19:13, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Please unblock 165.225.80.0/22

 * Yes indeed my company uses ZScaler, and unfortunately I can't do anything about it. Thanks for your answer. Regards, cdang| write me 12:15, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

Don't know exactly what happens, but http://whatismyipaddress.com/ say my IP adress is 165.225.80.76 (connection at work). I can edit freely on fr and on wikidata.

Regards

cdang| write me 08:45, 25 September 2017 (UTC)

"Green tensor" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Green tensor and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 21 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 03:28, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cdang


text:
Wembley Central station

Wembley Central is an interchange station in Wembley, North West London for London Underground and London Overground services on the Watford DC line; and National Rail services on the West London line.

The station is served by suburban services operated by the Underground's Bakerloo line, the Overground's Watford DC line, and regional services operated by Southern.

It is on the east-west High Road and serves Wembley Stadium and the nearby Wembley Arena.

History

 * 20 July 1837: London and Birmingham Railway line opened
 * 1842: Station opened as "Sudbury"
 * 1 May 1882: renamed "Sudbury & Wembley"
 * 1 November 1910: renamed "Wembley for Sudbury", coincident with construction of the "LNWR New Line"
 * 16 April 1917: Bakerloo line service commenced over New Line
 * 1936 Street level building reconstructed with shopping arcade
 * 1948 Further work in preparation for Olympic Games at Wembley Stadium
 * 5 July 1948: renamed "Wembley Central"
 * 1965 Station Square constructed on a 2+1/2 acre concrete raft over the station by Ravenseft Properties Limited (see also Stratford Centre), providing most of current layout
 * 24 September 1982: Bakerloo line service withdrawn
 * 4 June 1984: Bakerloo line service re-instated
 * November 2007: Station management transferred from Silverlink to London Underground
 * June 2008: 1936/1948 surface buildings in process of being demolished for redevelopment
 * February 2009: Southern services between Milton Keynes and East Croydon stop here (each hour Mon-Sat daytime).
 * December 2014: London Midland services between London Euston and Tring introduced (hourly Monday-Saturday daytime).
 * December 2022: London Northwestern Railway services between London Euston and Tring withdrawn

Accidents and incidents

 * On 13 October 1940, an express passenger train was derailed after it collided with a platform barrow obstructing the line. Several people were killed and many more were injured.
 * In 1984, a passenger train overran a signal and collided with a freight train, killing three people.

Services and operations
Services at Wembley Central are operated by London Underground on the Bakerloo line, London Overground and Southern. The off-peak service at the station in trains per hour is:

London Underground (Bakerloo Line)
 * 4 tph to Harrow & Wealdstone
 * 4 tph to Elephant & Castle

London Overground
 * 4 tph to London Euston
 * 4 tph to Watford Junction

Southern
 * 1 tph to East Croydon
 * 1 tph to Watford Junction

Wembley Central has the appearance of an underground station due to the elevated position of the High Road (where the main entrance was until recently behind a 1940s shopping arcade) and the enclosed nature of the platforms below the raft upon which Station Square is built; it is actually generally at or above the local ground level, having been reconstructed by British Rail in its current form during the 1960s electrification of the West Coast Main Line. It is the first station out of Euston to have platforms on all three pairs of tracks and the combination of the confined space and through trains passing at speed on platforms 3-6 (the main line platforms) create a wind tunnel effect which can be dangerous for passengers.

The station was modernised in 2006 by Silverlink with additional safety features.

Station works
The passenger footbridge at the London end of the station, completed in late 2006 by civil engineers C Spencer Ltd, carries extra foot traffic to and from the platforms during event days at the nearby Wembley Stadium; the everyday access is at the "country" end of the platforms. In practice, this means the bridge is usually locked and out of use, only being opened when the stadium itself is in use.

Other recent works include the resurfacing of platforms 1 and 2 complete with the installation of curved steel cladding panels also completed by contractor, C Spencer Ltd. The station's staff received refurbished messing facilities and new public toilets have also been installed.

In 2011–12, the station was made step-free, in preparation for the Olympics. A step-free route was provided between the station entrance and platforms 1 and 2 for the first time, with the installation of two new lifts and a stair lift. The toilets were refurbished to make them fully accessible. Two platforms were extended as well. This improvement scheme cost £2.5m.

Redevelopment
In June 2008, the London Borough of Brent (Local council) planned that the station was going to be demolished for redevelopment, as part of the Wembley Central Square plan, by St. Modwen construction company (although the plan also included new apartments, shops and open space surface).

Connections

London Buses routes 18, 79, 83, 92, 182, 204, 223, 297, 483 and H17 and night routes N18 and N83 serve the station.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wembley Central station


text:
North Wembley station

North Wembley is a railway station on the Watford DC line and Bakerloo line in North Wembley, north-west London. The station is served by London Overground and London Underground services. On the London Underground’s Bakerloo line, it is between South Kenton and Wembley Central stations. The station is located on the south side of East Lane, part of the London Borough of Brent, serving residents of North Wembley and western parts of Wembley Park.

History
The station was first opened by the London and North Western Railway on 15 June 1912 as part of the "New Line" between Euston and Watford Junction; LER, Bakerloo line services began on 16 April 1917. Originally to be called East Lane, after the road passing over the railway at this location, it was named North Wembley from opening. It was built to the same general design as the other new stations on the same line and the layout at North Wembley station makes it almost identical to Kenton two stops to the north. Ticket gates and departure boards were recently installed at this station.

Services
Platform 1 for southbound services.
 * Services to London Euston operated by London Overground – approximately every 15 minutes (4tph).
 * Services to Elephant & Castle operated by London Underground – every 15 minutes (4tph).

Platform 2 for northbound services.
 * Services to Watford Junction operated by London Overground – approximately every 15 minutes (4tph).
 * Services to Harrow and Wealdstone operated by London Underground – every 15 minutes (4tph).

Connections
London Buses route 245 and London Buses route 483 serve the station.

title: North Wembley station


text:
Ulster Democratic Party

The Ulster Democratic Party (UDP) was a small loyalist political party in Northern Ireland. It was established in June 1981 as the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party by the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), to replace the New Ulster Political Research Group. The UDP name had previously been used in the 1930s by an unrelated party, which on one occasion contested Belfast Central.

History
The party's roots were firmly in the Protestant community of Northern Ireland, but its initial political stance was not the traditional unionist one favoured by that section of society. Instead, it supported independence for Northern Ireland within the European Economic Community and the Commonwealth. These policies had been set out by its predecessors in the New Ulster Political Research Group, in their Beyond the Religious Divide policy document. However, this position did not capture the electorate's imagination, and the UDP switched to supporting the UDA's Common Sense position, which suggested an assembly and executive for the region, elected by proportional representation. It also supported a written Bill of Rights and Constitution.

In the early years the party's electoral support was limited. Its first foray into electoral politics was deeply disappointing, with the party leader John McMichael polling only 576 votes (1.3%) in the 1982 Belfast South by-election. The party's two candidates in the 1982 Assembly election in Belfast North similarly failed to make an impact. It was not until the 1989 local elections that the party made its electoral breakthrough, when Ken Kerr won a seat on Derry City Council, in the Waterside area. Around that time, the UDP dropped the "Loyalist" part of its name. Although Kerr lost his council seat in 1993, Gary McMichael—son of the late John McMichael, who had been assassinated in 1987—won a seat on Lisburn City Council for the party. It increased its number of council seats to four in 1997.

This was due in part to the UDP's increased public profile, after it played a role in the loyalist ceasefire of 1994 and contested the 1996 election to the Northern Ireland Forum. Although it failed to win any constituency seats, as one of the ten most successful parties it was awarded two "top-up" seats; these were taken by Gary McMichael and John White. This entitled the party to a place in the all-party talks that led to the 1998 Belfast Agreement. In January 1998 the UDP voluntarily withdrew from the peace talks, before it could be expelled in response to a number of murders committed by the Ulster Freedom Fighters, a cover name for the UDA.

The party officially supported devolution for Northern Ireland and the creation of an assembly, but in this it was at odds with the UDA and much of the party's membership; this led to a split in the party. The UDP failed to win any seats at the 1998 Assembly election. It lost a council seat in the 2001 local elections and saw its support reduce. (The party's candidates had been forced to run as independents, after the party forgot to register its name with the Electoral Commission.)

Disagreement over the Belfast Agreement continued between the UDP leadership and the UDA, and within the UDP itself. Gary McMichael declared in July 2001, after the paramilitary group declared itself anti-Agreement, that the UDP could no longer speak for the UDA. As a result of these tensions, the party dissolved in November 2001. Its role has largely been taken over by the Ulster Political Research Group.

title: Ulster Democratic Party


text:
South Kenton station

South Kenton is a station in Kenton, north-west London. The station is served by suburban services operated by London Underground on the Bakerloo line and London Overground on the Watford DC line. In the Bakerloo line, the station lies between Kenton and North Wembley stations. It is located between The Link in the Sudbury Court Estate of North Wembley, and Windermere Grove in Kenton, in the Wembley postal area.

History
The station opened on 3 July 1933 with access from both sides of the railway via a footbridge to the single island platform serving only the Euston-Watford DC line; this footbridge (which started at the bottom of the embankment) was later replaced by a pedestrian tunnel, cutting out a long climb for passengers entering the station. The station designed by the architect William Henry Hamlyn was built in a more modern "concrete and glass" style construction including a "streamlined" waiting room rather than the brick and woodwork LNWR stations elsewhere on the DC line.

The station today
The station is an island platform and Bakerloo line train doors are not level with it. Therefore, there is a downward step to the train from the platform. The ticket office is at platform level and occupies the north end of the streamlined 1933 building. It is one of the very few stations served by London Underground which has no ticket gates and due to the restrictive layout here there are no plans for these to be installed in the immediate future. There is no wheelchair access.

Services
There are 4tph on the Bakerloo line heading southbound towards Central London and Elephant & Castle and northbound to Harrow & Wealdstone.

There are 4tph on the London Overground service to London Euston southbound and to Watford Junction northbound.

Connections
London Buses route 223 serve the station.

title: South Kenton station


text:
Elections in New Zealand

New Zealand is a representative democracy in which members of the unicameral New Zealand Parliament gain their seats through elections. General elections are usually held every three years; they may be held at an earlier date (a "snap" election) at the discretion of the prime minister (advising the governor-general), but that usually only happens in the event of a vote of no confidence or other exceptional circumstances. A by-election is held to fill an electorate vacancy arising during a parliamentary term. The most recent general election took place on 14 October 2023.

New Zealand has a multi-party system due to proportional representation. The introduction of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system in 1993 was the most significant change to the electoral system in the 20th century. The Electoral Commission is responsible for the administration of parliamentary elections. The introduction of MMP has led to mostly minority or coalition governments, but the first party to win an outright majority since the introduction of MMP was the Labour Party, led by Jacinda Ardern, in 2020.

Local government politicians, including mayors and councillors, are voted in during local elections, held every three years. Most of these elections use the first-past-the-post (FPP) voting system, however, at the last local elections in 2022, 15 councils used the single transferable vote (STV) system, which has increasingly been adopted by councils since the 2000s.

History
The first general and provincial elections in New Zealand took place in 1853, the year after the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. Women's suffrage was introduced in 1893, with New Zealand being the first modern country to do so.

Almost all general elections between and  were held under the first-past-the-post voting system. The first election under the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system was held in following the 1993 electoral referendum.

Electoral roll
The electoral roll consists of a register of all enrolled voters, organised (primarily alphabetically by surname) within electorates. All persons who meet the requirements for voting must by law register on the electoral roll, even if they do not intend to vote. Although eligible voters must be enrolled, voting in New Zealand elections is not compulsory.

To be eligible to enrol, a person must be 18 years or older, a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident and have lived in New Zealand for one or more years without leaving the country (with some exceptions). People can provisionally enrol to vote once they turn 17, with them being automatically enrolled on their 18th birthday.

The Registrar of Births Deaths and Marriages automatically notifies a person's death to the Electoral Commission so they may be removed from the roll. Enrolment update drives are conducted prior to every local and general election in order to keep the roll up to date, identifying any voters who have failed to update their address or cannot be found.

The roll records the name, address and stated occupation of all voters, although individual electors can apply for "unpublished" status on the roll in special circumstances, such as when having their details printed in the electoral roll could threaten their personal safety. The roll is "public information" meaning it can be used for legitimate purposes such as selecting people for jury service but it can be abused especially by marketing companies who use the electoral roll to send registered voters unsolicited advertising mail. According to Elections New Zealand, "having the printed electoral rolls available for the public to view is a part of the open democratic process of New Zealand". The Electoral Commission, in their report on the 2017 general election, recommended that roll sales be discontinued for anything other than electoral purposes.

Electorates and lists
New Zealanders refer to electoral districts as "electorates", or more colloquially as "seats". Since the 2020 general election there are 72 electorates, including seven Māori electorates reserved for people of Māori ethnicity or ancestry who choose to place themselves on a separate electoral roll. All of New Zealand is covered by a general electorate and an overlapping Māori electorate. According to the New Zealand Electoral Commission, "The Representation Commission reviews and adjusts electorate boundaries after each 5-yearly population census and the Māori Electoral Option."

All electorates have roughly the same number of people in them; the Representation Commission periodically reviews and alters electorate boundaries to preserve this approximate balance. The number of people per electorate depends on the population of the South Island, which as the less populous of the country's two main islands has sixteen guaranteed electorates. Hence, the ideal number of people per electorate equals the population of the South Island divided by sixteen. From this, the Commission determines the number of North Island, Māori and list seats, which may fluctuate accordingly. The number of electorates increased by one compared to the 2017 election to account for the North Island's higher population growth, creating Takanini; and the boundaries of 30 general electorates and five Māori electorates were adjusted.

Supplementing the geographically based electorate seats, the system allows for 48 at-large "list seats". A nationwide party vote fills these seats from closed lists submitted by political parties; they serve to make a party's total share of seats in parliament reflect its share of the party vote. For example, if a party wins 20% of the party vote, but only ten electorate seats, it will win fourteen list-seats, so that it has a total of 24 seats: 20% of the 120 seats in parliament. (See .)

General elections
Unlike some other countries, New Zealand has no fixed election-date for general elections, but rather the prime minister determines the timing of general elections by advising the governor-general when to issue the writ for a general election. The Constitution Act 1986 requires new parliamentary elections every three years. The 1910s, 1930s and 1940s saw three elections delayed due to World War I, the Great Depression and World War II, respectively: the 1919, 1935 and 1943 elections would otherwise have taken place in 1917, 1934 and 1941 (Parliaments passed Acts extending their terms). Also, governments have occasionally called early, or "snap" elections (for example, in 1951 in the midst of an industrial dispute involving striking waterfront workers).

The term of Parliament and the timing of general elections is set out in the Constitution Act 1986 and the Electoral Act 1993. Under section 19 of the Constitution Act, Parliament must meet within six weeks of the return of the writ for a general election, while under section 17, the term of Parliament ends three years after the return of the writ, unless Parliament is dissolved earlier by the governor-general. Section 125 of the Electoral Act requires that whenever Parliament expires or is dissolved, the governor-general must issue a writ of election within seven days. Section 139 of the Electoral Act provides further constraints. The writ must be returned within 50 days of being issued, though the governor-general may appoint an earlier return date in the writ itself. Furthermore, polling day must be between 20 and 27 days after the close of nominations. Thus, New Zealand law specifically mandates elections at least once every three years and two months, though elections are often held after three years, traditionally in November. The extra two months allow for some flexibility when returning to a fourth-quarter election after an early election, as happened in 2005 and 2008 after the 2002 snap election.

Snap elections have occurred three times in New Zealand's history: in 1951, 1984 and 2002. Early elections often provoke controversy, as they potentially give governing parties an advantage over opposition candidates. Of the three elections in which the government won an increased majority, two were snap elections (1951 and 2002 – the other incumbent-boosting election took place in 1938). The 1984 snap election backfired on the governing party: many believe that Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called it while drunk. The 1996 election took place slightly early (on 12 October) to avoid holding a by-election after the resignation of Michael Laws.

As in other Westminster-style democracies, the prime minister's power to determine the election date can give the government some subtle advantages. For example, if the prime minister determines a section of the population will either vote against their government or not at all, they might hold the election at the most advantageous time – as long as it is within three years. Party strategists take the timing of important rugby union matches into account, partly because a major match in the same weekend of the election will likely lower voting-levels, and partly because of a widespread belief that incumbent governments benefit from a surge of national pride when the All Blacks (the New Zealand national rugby team) win, and suffer when they lose.

Throughout the late 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, tradition associated elections with November – give or take a few weeks. After disruptions to the 36-month cycle, prime ministers tend to strive to restore it to a November base. In 1950, the legal requirement to hold elections on a Saturday was introduced, and this first applied to the. Beginning with the, a convention was formed to hold general elections on the last Saturday of November. This convention was upset by Muldoon calling a snap election in 1984. It took until the to get back towards the convention, only for Helen Clark to call an early election in. By the, the conventional "last Saturday of November" was achieved again. From the 2014 election, the trend has been to hold the election in September or October.

Local elections
Unlike general elections, elections for the city, district and regional councils of New Zealand have a fixed election date. Under section 10 of the Local Electoral Act 2001, elections must be held on the "second Saturday in October in every third year" from the date the Act came into effect in 2001. The latest local body elections were held on 12 October 2019. The last local body elections were held on 8 October 2022.

Nomination and deposit of political parties and candidates
A party that has more than 500 fee-paying members may register with the Electoral Commission. Registered parties may submit a party list on payment of a $1000 deposit. This deposit is refunded if the party reaches 0.5% of the party votes. Electorate candidates may be nominated by a registered party or by two voters in that electorate. The deposit for an electorate candidate is $300 which is refunded if they reach 5%.

Voting

Election day always take place on a Saturday, so as to minimise the effect of work or religious commitments that could inhibit people from voting. Voting (the casting of ballots) happens at various polling stations, generally established in schools, church halls, sports clubs, or other such public places. In some elections, polling booths are also set up in hospitals and rest homes for use by patients, but this did not happen in the 2020 election because of COVID-19. Voters have the flexibility of voting any voting place in the country, regardless of the electorate they live in. Some voting places may have electoral rolls of multiple electorates to assist voters, but if the voting place does not have the correct electoral roll then a voter will have to cast a special vote.

Advance voting is available in the two weeks before election day. A dominating feature of the 2017 general election was the increased use of advance voting; 47% of the votes were taken in advance and grew from 24% in the 2014 election. In earlier elections, voters were required to provide reasons to vote in advance. From 2011 and beyond, voters could use this service for any reason. The Northcote by-election in 2018 was the first parliamentary election where more people voted in advance than on election day. In the 2020 election, 57% of voters cast an advanced vote.

If voters cannot physically get to a polling place, they may authorise another person to collect their ballot for them. Overseas voters may vote by post, fax, internet or in person at New Zealand embassies or high commissions. Disabled voters can choose to vote via a telephone dictation service. Enrolled voters are sent an EasyVote pack by post after nominations close. The pack contains an EasyVote card, which has the voter's name, address and location on the electoral roll (electorate, page number and line number), which the voter gives to the issuing officer to assist in finding the voter on the printed electoral roll. The EasyVote Card is optional, and voters can simply state their name and address to the issing officer. The EasyVote pack also contains a list of candidates in the voter's electorate, a copy of the party lists, a list of polling places for the voter's electorate and their opening hours, and a brochure on how to vote and the MMP voting system.

After their name is marked off, the voter is issued a voting paper. The voter then goes behind a cardboard screen, where they mark their paper using a supplied orange ink pen. The voter then folds their paper and places in their electorate's sealed ballot box. Voters who enrol after the rolls have been printed, voting outside their electorate, or on the unpublished roll casts a "special vote" which is separated for later counting.

According to a 2008 survey commissioned by the Electoral Commission, 71% of voters voted in less than 5 minutes and 92% in less than 10 minutes. 98% of voters are satisfied with the waiting time.

New Zealand has a strictly enforced election silence. Campaigning is prohibited on election day and all election advertisements must be removed or covered by midnight on the night before the election. Opinion polling is also illegal on election day.

Local elections are held by post. Referendums held in conjunction with elections are held at polling stations; those between elections may be done by post or at polling stations at the government's discretion.

Voting in the MMP system
Each voter gets a party vote, where they choose a political party, and an electorate vote, where they vote for a candidate in their electorate. The party vote determines the proportion of seats assigned to each party in Parliament, as long the party meets the electoral threshold. Each elected candidate gets a seat, and the remaining seats are filled by the party from its party list.

For example: A party wins 30% of the party vote. Therefore, it will get 30% of the 120 seats in Parliament (roughly 36 seats). The party won 20 electorates through the electorate vote. Therefore, 20 of the 36 seats will be taken by the MPs that won their electorate, and 16 seats will be left over for the party to fill from their list of politicians.

Vote-counting and announcement
Polling places close at 7:00 pm on election day and each polling place counts the votes cast there. The process of counting the votes by hand begins with advance and early votes from 9:00 am. From 7:00 pm, results (at this stage, provisional ones) go to a central office in Wellington, for announcement as they arrive. Starting from 2002, a dedicated official website, ElectionResults.govt.nz, has provided live election result updates. The provisional results from polling places and advance votes generally becomes available from 7:30 pm, with advance vote results usually released by 8:30 pm and all preliminary results by midnight.

All voting papers, counterfoils and electoral rolls are returned to the respective electorate's returning officer for a mandatory recount. A master roll is compiled from the booth rolls to ensure no voter has voted more than once. Special and overseas votes are also included at this stage. The final count is usually completed in two weeks. It becomes official when confirmed by the Chief Electoral Officer.

The final results sometimes differ from the preliminary results meaningfully. Special votes favour parties on the left, leaving parties on the right with one or two seats fewer than in the preliminary results. In 1999 the provisional result indicated that neither the Greens nor New Zealand First would qualify for Parliament, but both parties qualified on the strength of special votes, and the major parties ended up with fewer list seats than expected.

Candidates and parties have three working days after the release of the official results to apply for a judicial recount, either of individual electorates or of all electorates (a nationwide recount). A judicial recount takes place under the auspices of a District Court judge; a nationwide recount must take place under the auspices of the Chief District Court Judge. At the 2011 election, recounts were requested in the Waitakere and Christchurch Central electorates, after the top two candidates in each were separated by less than 50 votes.

Referendums by mail are scanned into a computer system, but not counted until the close of polling. When the poll closes at 7:00 pm, the scanned ballots are counted and the results announced soon after.

Voter turnout

As shown in the table above, voter turnout has generally declined in New Zealand general elections since the mid-20th century. Concerns about declining democratic engagement and participation have been raised by the Electoral Commission, and by commentators such as Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Andrew Butler, leading some to support the introduction of compulsory voting, as exists in Australia. A system of compulsory voting looks unlikely to manifest in the near future with former Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern arguing that it is an ineffective way to foster citizen engagement.

In its report after the 2014 election, the Electoral Commission issued the following statement: "Turnout has been in decline in most developed democracies over the last 30 years, but New Zealand's decline has been particularly steep and persistent. At the 2011 election, turnout as a percentage of those eligible to enrol dropped to 69.57 per cent, the lowest recorded at a New Zealand Parliamentary election since the adoption of universal suffrage in 1893. The 2014 result, 72.14 per cent, is the second lowest. This small increase, while welcome, is no cause for comfort. New Zealand has a serious problem with declining voter participation."Of particular concern has been the youth vote (referring to the group of voters aged 18–29), which has had significantly lower turnout than other age brackets. A graph published on the Electoral Commission's website demonstrates the lower turnout in younger age groups. Those from poorer and less educated demographics also fail to vote at disproportionately high rates.

Orange Guy
"Orange Guy" is the mascot used in electoral related advertising by the Electoral Commission. He is an amorphous orange blob who usually takes on a human form, but can transform into any object as the situation warrants. His face is a smiley, and his chest sports the logo of the Electoral Commission. Since 2017 he has been voiced by stand-up comedian David Correos. In the 2020 general election campaign, he was joined by a dog, Pup, who is also orange and resembles a cross between a Jack Russell Terrier and a Dachshund. The Orange Guy icon is trademarked to the Electoral Commission.

Leaders' debates
Leaders' debates are televised during general elections in New Zealand. Traditionally these were held between the leaders of the two major parties, but since 1996, all party leaders with parliamentary representation are invited to a televised debate, still the two main party leaders may debate one-on-one in a separate debate. These events can prove decisive. For instance, at the 2002 election the United Future party boosted its rating in opinion polls following the successful performance of its party leader during a televised debate.

title: Elections in New Zealand


text:
Kenton station

Kenton is a railway station on the Watford DC line and the Bakerloo line, situated on Kenton Road in Kenton, north-west London. The station is served by London Overground and London Underground services. It has an out of station interchange (OSI) with Northwick Park station on the London Underground's Metropolitan line. On the London Underground’s Bakerloo line, the station is between Harrow & Wealdstone and South Kenton stations.

History
The station was one of several built on the London and North Western Railway's "New Line" from Camden to Watford Junction which enabled local services from Watford Junction station to reach Euston station and Broad Street station in London. The New Line was mostly alongside main line of the London and Birmingham Railway in 1837.

Kenton station was opened on 15 June 1912. It has only ever had platforms on the New Line; parallel main line services call at Harrow and Wealdstone station, one stop to the north, with some also calling at Wembley Central station, three stops to the south.

Bakerloo line services began on 16 April 1917. On 24 September 1982, Bakerloo line services to Kenton ended when services north of Stonebridge Park were ended. The closure was short-lived, and the Bakerloo line service was reinstated on 4 June 1984.

The station's former coal yard on the east side of the railway, no longer needed for the trains, is now occupied by a Sainsbury's supermarket.

Services

 * London Overground (Watford DC line) 4 tph in each direction.
 * London Underground (Bakerloo line) 4 tph in each direction.

Connections
London Buses routes 114, 183, 223, H9, H10, H18, H19 and SL10 serve the station.

Access to station
TfL's Getting Around map showing disabled access (dated April 2011) does not indicate that level access is available at this station. The nearest stations shown with step-free access are Harrow and Wealdstone, Kingsbury and Wembley Park; some journeys might be more conveniently made by using one of the local buses to Golders Green Station (via route 183) or Pinner Station (via route 183) and continuing from there.

title: Kenton station


text:
Harrow & Wealdstone station

Harrow & Wealdstone is a London Underground and railway station on the Watford DC line and West Coast Main Line in Harrow and Wealdstone in the London Borough of Harrow. It is 11 mi on the line from London Euston station. It is also the northern terminus of the Bakerloo line and the next station towards south is Kenton.

It is served by London Underground (Bakerloo line), London Overground, London Northwestern Railway, and Southern services. The station is located between The Bridge (which joins the southern end of High Street) and Sandridge Close, with entrances leading to both. It is one of the oldest stations in the London region in existence.

The Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash of 1952, which killed 112 people, occurred at the station. It remains Britain's worst peacetime rail disaster.

History
The station was opened by the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) as Harrow on 20 July 1837 in what was then rural Middlesex. At the time the station was built, the area was fields and the nearest large settlement was at Harrow on the Hill about 1.5 mi to the south. Wealdstone was a collection of houses at the north end of what is now Wealdstone High Street, about 1 mi north of the station. The station buildings on the south west (Harrow) side of the station are the older part of the station, located beside what were the fast lines until the platforms were used for the later Euston to Watford DC line and the main line tracks were re-routed through the previous slow line platforms and new platforms (numbers 5 and 6) to the north east; a new, larger, station building was also erected on this Wealdstone side of the station in 1912. The station footbridge was originally constructed with a full-height central barrier with passengers using the "London" side and railway and postal staff using the "country" side to move goods and mail via lifts which were removed in the early 1970s, leaving two parcel elevators serving the DC line platforms for the remaining postal traffic.

On 18 December 1890, a short branch line known as the Stanmore branch line was opened by the London & North Western Railway (LNWR, successor to the L&BR). It ran 2.12 mi north-east from the main line to Stanmore. In 1932 an intermediate halt was constructed as Belmont to serve the developing residential areas locally. The train was known affectionately as the "Belmont Rattler".

By the end of the 19th century Wealdstone had developed in size and the station was given its current name on 1 May 1897 to reflect more accurately its location.

On 16 April 1917, Bakerloo line services were extended from Willesden Junction to Watford Junction running on the newly electrified local tracks (the "New Lines", which were originally steam-worked) and calling at Harrow & Wealdstone from that date.

On 15 September 1952, the passenger service to Stanmore – by then renamed Stanmore Village to avoid confusion with the Metropolitan Railway's (later Bakerloo, and now Jubilee) station opened in 1934 – was withdrawn. Freight traffic (particularly the storage of bananas) continued sporadically until 1964.

During the early 1960s, as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification, the bridge carrying the A409 road (The Bridge/Station Approach) over the railway was rebuilt easing the previous severe road gradients and offering higher clearance over the tracks to allow for overhead catenary cabling.

On 5 October 1964, all services on the branch line to Belmont were withdrawn as part of the cuts of the Beeching Axe. The permanent way north of Harrow and Wealdstone station was removed but the disused platform 7 on the eastern side of the station was left in place as a siding for a further few years until it too was removed.

On 24 September 1982, Bakerloo line services to Harrow & Wealdstone ended when services north of Stonebridge Park were ended. However the closure was short-lived, and the Bakerloo line to Harrow & Wealdstone was reinstated on 4 June 1984 with the station acting as the terminus.

In the 1990s major reconstruction of local roads made to by-pass High Street, Wealdstone sent a new road (Ellen Webb Drive) through what remained of the station goods yard and part of the forecourt of the eastern entrance (1917) to the station.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 7 August 1838 Thomas Port was fatally injured when he fell from a train and was run over about 1+1/4 mi south of the station.
 * In 1870, a mail train was in a rear-end collision with a freight train. Eight people were killed, including the cricketer James Rowley.
 * On 8 October 1952, the station witnessed Britain's worst train crash in peacetime when 112 people were killed and 340 were injured as a result of a Scottish express train colliding with the rear of a local train standing at platform 4. Seconds later a northbound express hauled by two locomotives collided with the wreckage causing further injury and demolished one span of the footbridge and the northern end of platforms 2 and 3. A memorial plaque was placed above the main entrance on the eastern side of the station to mark the 50th anniversary in 2002.

Facilities
The station has undergone several improvements in recent years: removal of the central barrier to allow use of the full width of the footbridge (which links both entrances and all platforms); new lifts for the use of disabled persons; newly painted and brightly-illuminated waiting rooms. When the line was resignalled with standard BR signalling in the 1980s, the two reversing sidings (used for turning Bakerloo line trains and occasionally DC line trains) located between the tracks of the DC line at the northern end side of the station were replaced by a single siding. This allowed the curve at the northern end of platform 2 to be eased using the space vacated by the removed siding. In practice, the remaining siding became unavailable for use by LO trains except when Bakerloo trains are not running as current (2018) service levels means that the siding is not sufficient for the reversing of Bakerloo trains, some trains have to reverse in platform 1 as well. Harrow and Wealdstone (together with Willesden Junction) is one of the two stations on the DC line which can be used for turning or stabling trains clear of the running lines during reduced or disrupted services although trains can be reversed using crossovers at other stations.

Ticket gatelines have been installed at both entrances in addition to the pre-existing booking offices

Trains on the fast lines pass the station through platforms 3 & 4, usually without stopping to serve it; access to these platforms is now by staff-operated gates which are opened when necessary. Southern and London Northwestern Railway stopping services generally use platforms 5 & 6 on the slow lines but all can use either pair of platforms when needed since the four main line platforms were lengthened to take 12-coach trains. Platform 2 on the Up DC line has unusually been maintained at a length of 182m rather than the usual DC line length of around 125m, long enough for an 8-coach train; on rare past occasions in recent years involving total closure of the fast and slow lines, main line trains have been diverted over the DC line between Watford Junction and Euston but without stopping at intermediate stations.

Main line services
Main line National Rail services at Harrow & Wealdstone are operated by London Northwestern Railway and Southern.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to London Euston (non-stop)
 * 1 tph to East Croydon via Kensington (Olympia)
 * 1 tph to Watford Junction
 * 2 tph to Tring (semi-fast)
 * 2 tph to Milton Keynes Central (stopping)

On Sundays, the semi-fast services between London Euston and Tring do not run and the service to East Croydon runs only as far as Clapham Junction.

Local services (DC line)
Local services at Harrow & Wealdstone are operated by London Overground and by London Underground on the Bakerloo line.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to London Euston (all stations)
 * 4 tph to Elephant & Castle (all stations)
 * 4 tph to Watford Junction (all stations)

Crossrail
Network Rail's July 2011 London & South East Route Utilisation Strategy (RUS) recommended diverting West Coast Main Line (WCML) services from stations between London and Milton Keynes Central away from Euston, to Crossrail via Old Oak Common, to free up capacity at Euston for High Speed 2. This would provide a direct service from the WCML to the Shenfield, Canary Wharf and Abbey Wood, release London Underground capacity at Euston, make better use of Crossrail's capacity west of Paddington, and improve access to Heathrow Airport from the north. Under this scheme, all Crossrail trains would continue west of Paddington, instead of some of them terminating there. They would serve Heathrow Airport (10 tph), stations to Maidenhead and Reading (6 tph), and stations to Milton Keynes Central (8 tph).

In August 2014, a statement by the transport secretary Patrick McLoughlin indicated that the government was actively evaluating the extension of Crossrail as far as Tring, with potential Crossrail stops at Harrow & Wealdstone, Watford Junction, Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted and Tring. The extension would relieve some pressure from London Underground and London Euston station while also increasing connectivity. Conditions to the extension are that any extra services would not affect the planned service pattern for confirmed routes, as well as affordability.

Access and connections
The TfL Getting Around map shows this station as having disabled access (platform 1 does not involve the use of a lift when entering/leaving the Harrow entrance nor does platform 6 using the Wealdstone entrance).

The station is at the southern end of Wealdstone High Street; it is a short distance from Harrow Civic Centre and less than a mile from Harrow town centre. The station serves these areas as well as Belmont and Harrow Weald, both of which lack stations of their own, and parts of Headstone and Kenton. London Buses routes 140, 182, 186, 258, 340, 640, H9, H10, and night routes N18 and N140 serve the station.

title: Harrow & Wealdstone station


text:
Ll

Ll/ll is a digraph that occurs in several languages.

English
In English, $⟨ll⟩$ often represents the same sound as single $⟨l⟩$:. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or that the "l" sound is to be extended longer than a single $⟨l.⟩$ would provide (etymologically, in latinisms coming from a gemination). It is worth noting that different English language traditions use $⟨l⟩$ and $⟨ll⟩$ in different words: for example the past tense form of "travel" is spelt "travelled" in British English but "traveled" in American English. See also: American and British English spelling differences. $⟨ll⟩$ is also used in syllable-coda position in monosyllabic words or compounds derived from them, such as "will", "mall", and "killjoy"

Welsh

In Welsh, $⟨ll⟩$ stands for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative sound (IPA: ). This sound is very common in place names in Wales because it occurs in the word llan, for example, Llanelli, where the $⟨ll⟩$ appears twice, or Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, where (in the long version of the name) the $⟨ll⟩$ appears five times – with two instances of llan.

In Welsh, $⟨ll⟩$ is a separate digraph letter from $⟨l⟩$ (e.g., lwc sorts before llaw). In modern Welsh this, and other digraph letters, are written with two symbols but count as one letter. In Middle Welsh it was written with a tied ligature; this ligature is included in the Latin Extended Additional Unicode block as and. This ligature is seldom used in Modern Welsh, but equivalent ligatures may be included in modern fonts, for example the three fonts commissioned by the Welsh Government in 2020.

Asturian
In the standard Asturian orthography published by the Academy of the Asturian Language in 1981, $⟨ḷḷ⟩$ represents the phoneme (palatal lateral approximant).

A variation of this digraph, $⟨ll⟩$, is used to separate a verb form that ends in -l and the enclitics lu, la, lo, los or les. This is pronounced as a geminated $⟨l-l⟩$. For example, val-lo ("it is worth it").

Another variation of this digraph, $⟨l⟩$, is used to represent a set of dialectal phonemes used in Western Asturian that correspond to in other dialects:  (voiced retroflex plosive),  (voiced retroflex affricate),  (voiceless retroflex affricate) or  (voiceless alveolar affricate). This may also be written as $⟨ḷḷ⟩$ in devices that do not support the Unicode characters and.

Catalan
In Catalan, $⟨l.l⟩$ represents the phoneme, as in llengua (language, tongue), enllaç (linkage, connection), or coltell (knife).

L with middle dot
In order to not confuse $⟨ll⟩$ with a geminated $⟨ll⟩$, Catalan uses a middle dot (interpunct or punt volat in Catalan) in between  $⟨l⟩$. For example excel·lent ("excellent"). The first character in the digraph, $⟨ŀl⟩$ and $⟨Ŀ⟩$, is included in the Latin Extended-A Unicode block at U+013F (uppercase) and U+0140 (lowercase) respectively.

In Catalan typography, $⟨ŀ⟩$ is intended to fill two spaces, not three, so the interpunct is placed in the narrow space between the two $⟨l·l⟩$s: $⟨l⟩$ and $⟨ĿL⟩$. However, it is common to write $⟨ŀl⟩$ and $⟨L·L⟩$, occupying three spaces. $⟨l·l⟩$ and $⟨L.L⟩$, although sometimes seen, are incorrect.

Galician
In official Galician spelling the $⟨l.l⟩$ combination stands for the phoneme (palatal lateral approximant, a palatal counterpart of ).

Spanish
In Spanish, $⟨ll⟩$ was considered from 1754 to 2010 the fourteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet because of its representation of a palatal lateral articulation consonant phoneme (as defined by the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language).
 * This single letter was called elle pronounced "elye", but often losing the /l/ sound and simplifying to "eh-ye".
 * The letter was collated after $⟨ll⟩$ as a separate entry from 1803 until April 1994 when the X Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies adopted standard Latin alphabet collation rules. Since then, the digraph $⟨l⟩$ has been considered a sequence of two characters. (A similar situation occurred with the Spanish-language digraph ch.)
 * Hypercorrection leads some to wrongly capitalize $⟨ll⟩$ as a single letter, as with the Dutch IJ, for example *LLosa instead of Llosa. In handwriting, $⟨ll⟩$ is written as a ligature of two $⟨Ll⟩$s, with distinct uppercase and lowercase forms.
 * Today, most Spanish speakers pronounce $⟨l⟩$ and $⟨ll⟩$ as the same sound, a phenomenon called yeísmo. In much of the Spanish-speaking Americas, and in many regions of Spain, $⟨y⟩$ and $⟨ll⟩$ are pronounced (voiced palatal fricative); speakers in Colombia and Tabasco, Mexico, as well as Rioplatense speakers in both Argentina and Uruguay, pronounce $⟨y⟩$ and $⟨ll⟩$ as  (voiced postalveolar fricative) or  (voiceless postalveolar fricative). The original pronunciation of $⟨y⟩$ —the phoneme  (palatal lateral approximant)— still exists in northern Spain (mostly in rural areas) and in Andes Mountains. In parts of Colombia and in the Andean regions of Ecuador, $⟨ll⟩$ is pronounced  but $⟨ll⟩$ is pronounced.

Philippine languages
While Philippine languages like Tagalog and Ilocano write $⟨y⟩$ or $⟨ly⟩$ when spelling Spanish loanwords, $⟨li⟩$ still survives in proper nouns. However, the pronunciation of $⟨ll⟩$ is simply rather than. Hence the surnames Llamzon, Llamas, Padilla, Bellen, Basallote and Villanueva are respectively pronounced /,, , , and /.

Furthermore, in Ilocano $⟨ll⟩$ represents a geminate alveolar lateral approximant, like in Italian.

Albanian
In Albanian, $⟨ll⟩$ stands for the sound, while $⟨L⟩$ is pronounced as the velarized sound.

Icelandic
In Icelandic, the $⟨Ll⟩$ can represent (similar to a voiceless alveolar lateral affricate),  or  depending on which letters surround it. appears in fullur ("full", masculine), appears in fullt ("full", neuter), and  appears in fulls ("full", neuter genitive). The geographical name Eyjafjallajökull includes the sound twice.

Broken L
In Old Icelandic, the broken L ligature appears in some instances, such as vꜹꝇum (field) and oꝇo (all). It takes the form of a lowercase $⟨ll⟩$ with the top half shifted to the left, connected to the lower half with a thin horizontal stroke. This ligature is encoded in the Latin Extended-D Unicode block at U+A746 (uppercase) and U+A747 (lowercase), displaying as Ꝇ and ꝇ respectively.

Inuit-Yupik languages
In Central Alaskan Yupʼik and the Greenlandic language, $⟨l⟩$ stands for.

Other languages
In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final $⟨LL⟩$ indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in, which is otherwise spelled $⟨ll⟩$.

In Haida (Bringhurst orthography), $⟨-ll⟩$ is glottalized.

title: Ll


text:
Talk:Libya

Name at the time of Darius I
Can someone please explain the name at the time of Darius I

𓇿 𓈅 𓊪 𓍿 𓅓 𓎛 𓅱 | Libya | Terra 𐎱𐎢𐎫𐎠𐎹𐎠 p-u-t-a-y-a (-mahw) / Satrap Timhw ?

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_subject_countries.jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 21 July 2023
Please change

Today, the great majority of Libya's inhabitants are Arab,[22] with many tracing their ancestry to Bedouin Arab tribes like Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal, beside Turkish and Berber minorities. The Turkish minority are often called "Kouloughlis" and are concentrated in and around villages and towns.[257] Additionally, there are some Libyan ethnic minorities, such as the Berber Tuareg and the Black African Tebou.[258]

Most Italian settlers, at their height numbering over half a million, left after Italian Libya's independence in 1947. More repatriated in 1970 after the accession of Muammar Gaddafi, but a few hundred of them returned in the 2000s.[259]

to

Today, most of Libya's inhabitants are Arab,[22] with many tracing their ancestry to Bedouin Arab tribes like Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal, besides Turkish and Berber minorities. The Turkish minority are often called "Kouloughlis" and are concentrated in and around villages and towns.[257] Additionally, there are some Libyan ethnic minorities, such as the Berber Tuareg and the Black African Tebou.[258]

Most Italian settlers, at their height, numbering over half a million, left after Italian Libya's independence in 1947. More were repatriated in 1970 after the accession of Muammar Gaddafi, but a few hundred returned in the 2000s.[259] Dominic872 (talk) 02:54, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Kpg  jhp  jm  07:00, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 August 2023
Add Wildlife of Libya to geography section. 2600:6C50:7EF0:4A70:E8BF:AB24:F9E3:DB97 (talk) 09:40, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅  — Paper9oll  (🔔 • 📝)  10:28, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

96.6% should have a source
From the lede: The country's official religion is Islam, with 96.6% of the Libyan population being Sunni Muslims.

A statement that precise should have a citation. 2600:1702:6D0:5160:5072:1067:71EA:1CF5 (talk) 16:26, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ Skitash (talk) 16:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Libya


text:
Civil Defence centre

Civil Defence centres are administration, communication and logistics command centres built in the United Kingdom by the British Government for use in the event of war or serious emergency. During World War II they were often called Air Raid Precautions (ARP) centres. During the Cold War they were also called controls or emergency centres, or popularly nuclear bunkers.

They should not be confused with air raid shelters or fallout shelters.

title: Civil Defence centre


text:
Civil defence centres in London

During the Cold War every London Borough was obliged to have a Civil Defence centre. These were controversial structures as it was widely believed that planning for the aftermath of nuclear war was both expensive and pointless.

The area of London (extending outwards to the then boundary of the Metropolitan Police District and thus including some areas outside the modern Greater London) was designated Region 5 and had its regional seat of government in a re-used radar station at Kelvedon Hatch in Essex. Below this level it was split into five groups – North, North East, North West, South East and South West. Each group had a control centre. Below this each borough had one as well.

North Group
Not allocated

North East Group
Northumberland Avenue, Wanstead group control

North West Group
Beatrice Road, Southall group control

South East Group
Pear Tree House group control

South West Group
Church Hill Road, Cheam group control

title: Civil defence centres in London