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Sebastian Shaw (character)

Sebastian Hiram Shaw is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He has been frequently depicted as an adversary of the X-Men.

A mutant, Shaw possesses the ability to absorb energy and transform it into his own raw strength. He is the leader of the New York branch of the Hellfire Club, an exclusive secret society composed of mutants bent on world domination, although to the public, he is a legitimate businessman and ordinary human. He once funded the mutant-hunting Sentinel program to keep it under his thumb.

Kevin Bacon played the character in the 2011 film X-Men: First Class.

Publication history
Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist/co-writer John Byrne, Sebastian Shaw first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #129 (Jan. 1980), during the "Dark Phoenix Saga" storyline. John Byrne based the appearance of Sebastian Shaw on British actor Robert Shaw, who had died in 1978.

Fictional character biography
Sebastian Shaw was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His power first manifested shortly after he was accepted to engineering school and his father Jacob Shaw died after he contracted an incurable disease. Sebastian Shaw devoted himself to his studies and created Shaw Industries, becoming a millionaire by age 30 and a billionaire by age 40.

Joining the Hellfire Club
Shaw became engaged to a woman named Lourdes Chantel, also a mutant, and was soon initiated into the Hellfire Club thanks to his vast fortune along with Warren Worthington II (father of Warren Worthington III), Howard Stark (father of Tony Stark) and Sir James Braddock (father of Brian and Betsy Braddock), having caught the attention of Ned Buckman, then White King of Hellfire Club's New York Branch. Shaw became part of the Council of the Chosen, earning the rank of Black Bishop. Lourdes did not trust Buckman, and feared that Shaw's ambition and the nature of the Hellfire Club would corrupt him.

Taking over
Lourdes is soon seemingly killed by Sentinels in a battle. Upon discovering that Ned Buckman, the White King of the Council, is supporting Steven Lang's Project: Armageddon and its Sentinels, he executes a coup, using Emma Frost's telepathy to make Buckman kill all the Council of the Chosen, including his own White Queen, Paris Seville, and then himself. Shaw proclaims himself Black King, remakes the Council of the Chosen into his Inner Circle and gathers Emma Frost, Harry Leland and the non-mutant cyborg Donald Pierce as the Lords Cardinal of Hellfire Club. At Shaw's side is Tessa, who, unbeknownst to him, is a spy working for Charles Xavier.

As the leader of the Inner Circle of the Hellfire Club, Shaw starts plans to dominate the world through force, money and power. His connections to top officials of corporations and government, acquired via the Club and through his position as CEO of Shaw Industries, make him a powerful enemy. Shaw becomes a major supporter and builder of Sentinels. This activity brings him into frequent contact with the major players of Project: Wideawake, Senator Robert Kelly and Henry Peter Gyrich, to whom he appears to be an anti-mutant bigot.

Meeting the X-Men
Shaw sets his eyes on the X-Men, scheming to capture and study them for use in breeding an army of powerful mutants for the Hellfire Club. He employs the superpowered assassin Warhawk to plant a bug in Cerebro, ensuring the Hellfire Club would be aware of newly manifested mutants at the same moment as the X-Men themselves, as well as giving them access to secret details of their powers and fighting techniques. However, the Club's operatives prove ineffective at defeating the X-Men in the field, and the first two mutants they locate in this manner are lost.

Now aware of the Hellfire Club's existence, the X-Men infiltrate their headquarters, where they are defeated and captured. However, they escape before Shaw can put them to use. Shaw's control of the Hellfire Club grows more tenuous as Pierce proves to be a mutant-hating traitor to the Club and a new recruit to the Inner Circle, Selene, sets her sights on replacing Shaw as the chairman. The Hellfire Club is forced to battle alongside the X-Men against Nimrod, a Sentinel from the future, and though victorious, two key members perish in the fight. After the battle, the Hellfire Club and the X-Men become allies of sorts, with Magneto and Storm filling the position of White King. Arguing that Shaw's support of the Sentinels is endangering the Inner Circle, Magneto, Selene and Emma vote him out of the Club.

Keeping in power
Months later, Shaw was attacked by his son, Shinobi Shaw, who phased his hand into his father's chest to induce a coronary. Shaw was then supposedly blown up in his Swiss Mountain chalet by a bomb set by his son. Shinobi shortly became the new Black King of Hellfire Club; however, Shaw survived, albeit with a scar on his face crossing his left eye, which was removed successfully by Madelyne Pryor (seemingly a sentient psionic construct of X-Man) using her psionic powers during their affair after his reappearance. Shaw became part of a new Inner Circle alongside Selene, Madelyne and Trevor Fitzroy, a descendant of Sebastian himself in an alternate future.

Shaw's first move upon recovery from the bomb was to contact the mutant named Holocaust, who had crossed over from the "Age of Apocalypse" timeline. In exchange for a new armored containment suit, Holocaust agreed to help Shaw capture X-Force, which he did with ease. Shaw then had Tessa telepathically brainwash X-Force to hunt down Cable, but Cable used his own emergent telepathy to break the conditioning and free his team. Shaw's relationship with Holocaust declined soon after.

Shaw's later exploits included vying for control of the Elixir Vitae, thought to be a cure for the Legacy Virus; associations with the British intelligence agency Black Air and an unnamed time-manipulator; and hunting down X-51, the Machine Man. Then, Shaw was apparently ousted from his position as Black King by Selene, who installed the demon Blackheart in his place. This arrangement did not last long, as Selene and Blackheart were defeated and Shaw has since returned to power.

He attempted to use Lady Mastermind to control Tessa (now called "Sage") and Storm's team of X-Men, who were searching for Destiny's prophetic diaries. Then, after Professor X was "outed" as a mutant, Shaw apparently returned to his capitalist roots and converted the NY branch of the Hellfire Club into a strip club, which was in fact a safe haven for mutants regardless of affiliation. Using telepathic strippers, Shaw gleaned secrets from the minds of his patrons, who come in just to have a good decadent time. Thanks to the aid of his employees, Shaw pretended to be a telepath himself.

After a few months, though, Shaw made a play to become the new Lord Imperial of the entire Club worldwide, and invited Sage to help him. Shaw also invited Courtney Ross (who was actually her evil counterpart Sat-Yr-9) and Sunspot to join him as the White Queen and Black King. All three accepted, but Sage effectively betrayed Shaw when she did not warn him that Pierce might try to assassinate him. Shaw met with the X-Men, claiming to be somewhat reformed, just before Pierce's attack. He was then wounded by Pierce, but remained strong enough to literally knock Pierce's head off. However, he was too hurt to maintain his Club position and was replaced by Sunspot, who is now the current Lord Imperial of the Hellfire Club.

Illusion
Later, it seemed he had joined forces with a new Inner Circle which included Cassandra Nova, Negasonic Teenage Warhead, and Emma Frost/Perfection, the latter of whom had since joined the X-Men. As the story arc continued to unfold, the Hellfire Club made their attack as they each targeted an individual member of Cyclops' team of X-Men. Shaw himself defeated Colossus. In the end however, it is revealed that the entire Hellfire Club was not real, and all were mental images created by Emma Frost's mind, which was infected with a special "programming" by Cassandra Nova in an attempt to revive her. The Shaw duplicate vanished after being defeated by Cyclops.

X-Men: Endangered Species
Shaw appears incognito (with an image-inducer) at a funeral for a mutant boy named Landru. When confronted by Professor X, he merely states that he was paying his respects. Xavier overhears his thoughts of a possible coup against Sunspot during the service. When Shaw notices him watching, he quickly creates a Psi-Shield to hide his thoughts.

Mister Sinister and the Cronus Machine
Some time after this Shaw appears at a Hellfire Club dinner hosted by Sunspot and is alerted to a device left to him by his father exploding elsewhere in the compound resulting in the insanity of two club menials and Shaw asking his manservant for a file labelled "Kronos". After being upbraided over the explosion and deaths by da Costa he is ordered to investigate. Shaw however knows the cause. The explosion in the Hellfire Club was caused by the activation of a machine developed beneath the Alamogordo genetics plant in Las Cruces, New Mexico by Mister Sinister. In the past Sinister had worked here (disguised as a Dr. Milbury) alongside Brian Xavier, Kurt Marko and Irene Adler who had been gathered for him by Jacob Shaw, Sebastian's father, as they all had the X-gene and Sinister predicted their children would be mutants. Sinister then experimented of these children (including Cain Marko, Charles Xavier and Sebastian himself), imprinting himself on their DNA. Sinister's machine, dubbed the Cronus device, was designed to activate soon after his death and would activate these hidden copies until Sinister could be reborn in one of them. Jacob, wanting to protect his son, created the device in the Hellfire Club from Sinister's notes to alert and protect Sebastian from the Cronus device. Shaw travelled to New Mexico to visit another of the children to confirm his theory, running into Xavier and Gambit who were investigating a hit list with the children's names on it. Following them he is present when they are attacked by mercenaries under the employ of Amanda Mueller, a former associate of Sinister's. Xavier is captured and Gambit and Shaw team up to save Xavier. It is revealed that Mueller wants to house the powers (though not the personality) of Sinister herself and so is assassinating the children, having undergone the procedure herself. She shoots Xavier, who is already struggling to stop Sinister from taking over his body, which allows him to take over. Sinister in Xavier's body stops Mueller but is in turn confronted by Shaw and Gambit who destroy the Cronus device while Xavier casts Sinister out of his mind. With the threat gone, Shaw leaves.

Original Sin
Later, Shaw joins forces with Claudine Renko, a.k.a. Miss Sinister, a female clone of Mister Sinister. Together they manipulate Wolverine into defeating the new members of the Inner Circle, try to take control of Logan's son, Daken, and set up a trap against Xavier. Shaw also attempts to kill Xavier but is stopped by Daken. Shaw is eventually confronted by Wolverine and begins to fight. Shaw's powers initially protect him from being injured by Wolverine's adamantium claws, allowing him to fare extremely well. The ending of the fight takes place off panel and Wolverine appears with his body and claws soaked with blood, which he soon confirms belongs to Shaw.

Dark Reign
During her early days as the White Queen as seen during the "Dark Reign" storyline, Sebastian Shaw sends Emma to convince Namor to join the Hellfire Club. Instead, Namor takes her to his kingdom and they begin a relationship. Believing Emma to have betrayed him for Namor, Shaw sends a reprogrammed Sentinel to Atlantis, attacking the two and destroying the kingdom. As Namor confronts Shaw for his treachery, Selene takes telepathic hold of Emma, erasing her memories of Namor, who vows revenge on Shaw. In the present, Emma reveals that her initial battle with Phoenix unlocked her memories of Namor. She makes a pact with him, seducing Shaw and using her telepathy to make Namor believe she has executed him, while secretly telepathically incapacitating Shaw. Per their deal, Namor vows to protect mutant-kind as his own people, while Emma, more determined to fill her role as a leader of mutant-kind, contacts Cyclops to have Shaw captured by the X-Men for "crimes against mutant-kind." Approaching him later in his cell, Emma reveals that she has captured Shaw for Namor and on the basis that the Sentinels he commissioned were ones later used by Cassandra Nova to destroy Genosha. She sentences him to remember nothing but the faces of the Genoshan victims using her telepathy.

Necrosha
Shaw is targeted by Selene along with all those who failed her in her attempt to ascend to godhood. It is revealed that sometime after M-Day he had his son, Shinobi Shaw killed. Selene sends Shinobi and Harry Leland after Shaw and Donald Pierce.

Utopia
Due to Namor's presence on Utopia, Emma realizes that Shaw's continued existence poses a threat to the agreement she had made with Namor earlier. She decides to finally kill him, but her plans are exposed when Shadowcat accidentally picks up her thoughts during a psi-conversation between her and Colossus. While disgusted at Frost's intended actions, Shadowcat offers her a compromise. As she currently exists as a ghost, she is the perfect tool for making Shaw disappear.

Fantomex, Shadowcat and Emma then take him aboard E.V.A., whilst they work out how to dispose of him. Emma wakes Shaw up and asks him to recount the early days of the Hellfire Club. Emma and two other dancers were the closest of friends, when one night, Emma was offered, by Shaw, the position of Queen. The only stipulation was that one of the two girls had to die. She stated she did not care which one was killed and watched as Shaw proceeded to kill both. Present day, Emma starts to question Shaw further when Fantomex, bored with Emma's "woe is me" recounts of her history, drops the floor from under Shaw. Emma goes into a rage at Fantomex, as Fantomex was unaware that Shaw could absorb energy, such as that from hitting the ground from such heights.

Shaw proceeds to engage Frost's group, stating that he would rather die than see Emma go on breathing a moment longer. Helped by a maimed Fantomex, the former White Queen tricks Shaw into allowing her into his mind, and (with a little encouragement from Shadowcat), as opposed to killing him, finds the most landlocked place in his mind, the point safest from Namor's rage, and wipes his memory. Shaw's attitude immediately changes, and he seems to have no recollection of who he is, where he is, or the identities of anyone around him. In response to his asking who she is, Emma Frost simply rebuffs him, and asks him who "he" is, coldly telling him that he always said he was a "self-made man" and now is his chance to prove it. She then leaves with the rest of her expedition, leaving a pondering Shaw kneeling in the mud.

Schism/Regenesis
Hope Summers and the Lights find Shaw, assuming him to be a new mutant. When they extract him and bring him back to Utopia, Cyclops is not exactly happy to see him.

Avengers vs. X-Men
After the Avengers invaded Utopia as part of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, Shaw along with the kids in Utopia were taken to the Avengers Academy. It is revealed that Shaw read the file on him and now knows everything about his past although he claims not to remember it. Wolverine distrusts Shaw and insists that he should be imprisoned. Shaw relents and is imprisoned in a cell that absorbs kinetic energy, meaning that Shaw would be unable to break it by building up his own kinetic energy by punching it. Shaw however, asks for books to keep him occupied and uses a book to hit himself for 8 hours straight, allowing him to build up enough energy to break out of the cell and into the storm drain. Hercules, Tigra and Madison Jeffries try to stop him, but are quickly defeated. Elsewhere, the young mutants from Utopia, now joined by Ricochet, Wiz Kid and Hollow, confront the Academy students. Shortly after this, Shaw appears to the teenagers. Before a battle between both parties can become serious, X-23 and Finesse warn their friends that Shaw's body language indicates that he doesn't mean to hurt anyone, but to help the mutant children to escape. After both sides agree that the mutant children shouldn't be confined against their will, they fake a battle to justify their escape in front of the cameras at the Academy.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel, Sebastian Shaw represented Shaw Industries when he attended a meeting at the Universal Bank with Tiberius Stone of Alchemax, Wilson Fisk of Fisk Industries, Darren Cross of Cross Technological Enterprises, Zeke Stane of Stane International, Shingen Harada of the Yashida Corporation, Frr'dox of Shi'ar Solutions Consolidated, and Wilhelmina Kensington of Kilgore Arms where they discussed with Dario Agger about his and Roxxon Energy Corporation's plans to exploit the Ten Realms of Asgard. Sebastian Shaw also saw the arrival of Exterminatrix of the Midas Foundation who knocked out Dario and declared herself a new member of their assembly.

Residing on Krakoa
In the new phase of the X-Men, beginning with the dual miniseries House of X and Powers of X, Shaw becomes part of the Quiet Council of Krakoa, a ruling body of 14 mutants who oversee the recent mutant nation of Krakoa. He is also part of the Hellfire Trading Company, responsible for smuggling Krakoa's new remedies through the black market.

During this new phase, he is part of the cast of the Marauders.

Powers and abilities
Shaw is a mutant with the unique ability to absorb all kinetic and thermal energy directed at him and use it to augment his strength, speed, stamina and recuperation capabilities to superhuman levels. He absorbs the energy of any impact he is struck by, including not only direct physical blows, but also the impact of bullets and throwing weapons, and less successfully, concussive energy beams; notably Cyclops' optic blasts. By absorbing successive blows from an opponent, Shaw can surpass the physical abilities of said opponent and then overpower them. His speed is the attribute most dramatically increased by his power; after absorbing enough energy he can attack more quickly than opponents can react. He is sometimes shown to be capable of absorbing the cutting, piercing and thrusting energy from a blade. His powers can enable his body to withstand cutting from adamantium, but only for a short time.

In the past, Shaw has been limited to a certain amount of energy and would lose consciousness when he surpassed his capabilities. Subsequently, however, Shaw has been shown to now be able to take in an indefinite amount of energy without any ill effects. The power he absorbs dissipates over time, and exposure to the elements causes it to drain rapidly. Without any absorbed energy, Shaw is merely a strong ordinary human in excellent physical condition, but regularly works to keep his strength at a superhuman level. In one instance, he was shown to spend time hitting a wall after waking to build up his power reserves before starting the day. Shaw also can forgo sleep if he receives enough energy. Often he will have his mercenaries pummel him so that he would not need to sleep for some time.

Shaw also has a successful business acumen and access to sophisticated weaponry. He not only prides himself on his power and the connections it allows him, but on knowing his opponents and how best to defeat them, whether in battle or in business. He also possesses technology that can block telepathic intrusions by Professor X.

Relatives

 * Reverend Hiram Shaw: Sorcerer Supreme and an ambitious Puritan Reverend during the Salem Witch Trials, 1692.
 * Sarah Shaw: Hiram's wife. Killed by Dormammu when Hiram refuses to submit to him.
 * Obadiah Shaw: Son of Hiram and Sarah. He fell in love with Abigail Harkness, much to the disapproval of his father, who suspected her to be a witch.
 * Abigail Harkness: Obadiah's girlfriend. She is arrested for witchcraft after Sarah's death, though Obadiah escapes and runs away with her. When the two are chased by Hiram, she reveals that she is a true witch. She is presumably related to Agatha Harkness.
 * Elizabeth Shaw-Worthington: A teenager who fled from England when she was 13 years old. In 1780, she was taken by Lady Grey of the Hellfire Club as her protégé, who wanted to use her to seduce General Wallace Worthington and extract military secrets to defeat George Washington. Elizabeth fell in love with Worthington and married him, neglecting her duties to Lady Grey. Worthington is killed by the Hellfire Club, though it is hinted that Elizabeth was already pregnant, making her an ancestor of Warren Worthington III.
 * Brigadier-General Cornelius Shaw: A member of the Inner Circle of London's Hellfire Club and Sebastian's grandfather. Presumably a King in the London Branch Inner Circle.
 * Esau Shaw: Cornelius Shaw's son, who was invited to take his father's place in the Hellfire Club. Killed by brother Jacob.
 * Jacob Shaw: Cornelius Shaw's second son and Sebastian's father, who desired the place offered to Esau in the Hellfire Club. He was mutated by Mister Sinister and given limited shapeshifting powers. He kills his brother Esau after assuming the form of Waltham Pierce. After he fell sick, doctors failed to cure him due to his altered genes.
 * Shinobi Shaw: Sebastian's son with an unnamed Japanese woman. It was later revealed that Harry Leland was Shinobi's biological father.
 * Anthony Shaw: Black King of the Hellfire Club in Bishop's future timeline, seemingly Shinobi's son.
 * William Shaw: Anthony Shaw's son.
 * Trevor Fitzroy: Anthony Shaw's illegitimate son, Shinobi's grandson.
 * Samarra Shaw: Leader of Clan Hellfire in the Chronomancer alternate future, perhaps Anthony's sister or daughter.

Reception
In 2009, Shaw was placed on a list of 100 comic book villains as #55 by IGN.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Sebastian Shaw is one of the many mutant aristocrats and a prized servant of Apocalypse. He reveals Angel's connections with the X-Men and other rebels to his master, having seen Angel talking to the former X-Man Gambit.

After the death of Apocalypse and the rise of his successor Weapon Omega, Shaw managed to acquire Warren Worthington III's nightclub "Haven" and remade it into his image and renamed it as Hellfire Club. The nightclub eventually became an international social club for wealthy elites, all the while trying to influence world events, in accordance with their own agenda. When Weapon Omega started resurrecting the formerly deceased Alphas, Shaw and the Hellfire Club's position was once again threatened. Shaw was later sent to prison and is killed by Donald Pierce, who slipped poison into Shaw’s drink.

Captain Britain
In Alan Moore's Captain Britain – Waiting for the End of the World, Sebastian Shaw makes contributions to help Sir James Jaspers in his cause against the superhumans of Britain. He is a pawn in a game of chess played between Merlin and his daughter.

Forever Yesterday
In the alternate universe created by the Sphinx, Shaw fights against tyranny alongside such heroes as Cannonball, Juggernaut and Beast.

House of M
In the House of M, Sebastian Shaw was granted the position of S.H.I.E.L.D. Director after he aligned himself with Magneto and helped him transform Sentinels into mutant-protecting robots using his company's money.

Mutant X
In the Mutant X universe, Shaw is still the Black King of the Hellfire Club, but is enclosed in a protective shell for reasons unknown.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of Sebastian Shaw is also the leader of the Hellfire Club, a secret society that worships the Phoenix God. Unlike his mainstream counterpart, Shaw never demonstrated any signs of mutant powers. He was killed by the Phoenix.

X-Men Noir
In the Marvel Noir series X-Men Noir, Shaw is a powerful politician who commands the Brotherhood to do his bidding.

Television

 * Sebastian Shaw appears in the X-Men: The Animated Series four-part episode "The Dark Phoenix", voiced by David Bryant. This version is a member of the Inner Circle Club.
 * Shaw appears in X-Men '97, now voiced by Travis Willingham. In the series, he becomes a member of Genosha's ruling council, until he is killed when the country is attacked by a Sentinel.
 * Sebastian Shaw appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Graham McTavish. This version is a member of the Inner Circle.

Film

 * "Dr. Shaw" makes a cameo appearance in X2, portrayed by Charlies Siegel.
 * Sebastian Shaw appears in X-Men: First Class, portrayed by Kevin Bacon. This version possesses the additional ability to utilize kinetic energy as sustenance, maintain his youth and life, and fire energy blasts. Additionally, he is fluent in English, German, French, and Russian and previously operated as Nazi scientist Klaus Schmidt during World War II, during which he attempted to experiment on a young Erik Lehnsherr to tease out his mutant abilities. Sometime after the war, Shaw went on to acquire a helmet from the Soviet Union capable of blocking telepaths' powers and became the leader of the Hellfire Club in the hopes of exploiting the Cuban Missile Crisis to incite World War III in a Darwinian plot to accelerate the emergence of mutants. Ultimately, he is foiled by Moira MacTaggert's Division X and killed by Lehnsherr, who takes the helmet for himself and unites the Hellfire Club's remnants under his leadership.

Video games

 * Sebastian Shaw appears as the final boss of X-Men.
 * Sebastian Shaw appears in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Alan Shearman.
 * Sebastian Shaw's company Systemized Cybernetics Lab appears in X-Men Origins: Wolverine. This version of the company funded Bolivar Trask's Sentinel program.
 * Sebastian Shaw appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Sebastian Shaw appears in Marvel Snap.
 * Hiram Shaw appears in the Marvel's Midnight Suns prequel short "Salem Sisters" as a sorcerer who tried to harness the Darkhold's power to conquer the world. Lilith and the Caretaker fought him for years until the latter sealed him within a church while the former took the Darkhold for herself. This backstory is expanded upon within the game itself.

Miscellaneous

 * Sebastian Shaw appears in The Legacy Quest novel trilogy, written by Steve Lyons. He forms a reluctant alliance with the X-Men to face various menaces while waiting for an opportunity to seize control of a possible cure for the Legacy Virus.

title: Sebastian Shaw (character)


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Saeed Ahmed

Saeed Ahmed may refer to:

 * Saeed Ahmed (footballer) (born 1990), Pakistani footballer
 * Saeed Ahmed Abdulla (born 1994), Emirati footballer
 * Saeed Ahmed (cricketer, born 1937), Pakistani Test cricketer
 * Saeed Ahmad Khan (1900–1996), Pakistani Ahmadiyya Emir
 * Saeed Ahmad Akhtar (1933–2013), Pakistani Urdu poet
 * Saeed Ahmad Bodla (born 1944), Pakistani artist
 * Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940–2020), Indian Islamic scholar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saeed Ahmed


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Andrea del Boca

Andrea del Boca (born 18 October 1965 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine actress and singer. She began her career as a child actress and subsequently became popular in the 1980s and 1990s for her roles in telenovelas, such as Estrellita mía, Celeste, Antonella and Perla negra. She has also appeared in numerous films and several theatre productions. Del Boca has won three Martín Fierro Awards.

Career
Del Boca made her debut as a four-year-old in the TV series Nuestra galleguita where she played a deaf-mute girl. In 1970, she started to play in the series Alta comedia and won the prestigious Martín Fierro Award for 1971 in the Revelación category, an equivalent of the Best New Artist. In 1972, she appeared in her first film, Había una vez un circo, alongside a trio of popular clowns called Los Payasos de la Tele. She achieved a wide popularity in Argentina at the age of seven when she played the part of a little orphan Pinina in Papá corazón on Canal 13 in 1973. In the same year she appeared in the film Andrea, followed by a film adaptation of Papá corazón in 1974, Papá Corazón se quiere casar, and Un mundo de amor (A World of Love) in 1975.

From 1979 to 1980 she played the leading role in the telenovela Andrea Celeste with Alberto Argibay, Ana María Picchio and Raúl Taibo, and subsequently in Señorita Andrea, both broadcast on Argentine public television ATC. In the same year, she released her first music album. She then appeared in a number of TV miniseries on ATC throughout 1981. In 1982, she played the lead in Cien días de Ana alongside actor and singer Silvestre, and relocated to New York to study acting. In the following years, she took part in several theatrical productions.

In 1987, she returned in the telenovela Estrellita mía on the Telefe network, with Ricardo Darín as her partner. She recorded two music albums for Warner Music Group, Con amor and Te amo, released in 1988 and 1989, respectively. In 1991, Del Boca played the title role in Celeste on Canal 13, alongside Gustavo Bermúdez. The telenovela was one of the precursors in the genre addressing such topics as HIV/AIDS and homosexuality, and was popular with the TV audience. In 1992, she starred in Antonella, again accompanied by Bermúdez. In this series, she contributed the theme song "Para este amor" and portrayed a charismatic heroine, very different from the ones she had played in previous telenovelas. In 1993, she appeared in the film Funes, a Great Love directed by Raúl de la Torre, where she played an alcoholic lesbian prostitute. In the same year, Celeste was resumed as Celeste siempre Celeste, in which Del Boca played a double role: Celeste and her sister, Clara.

In late 1994, she appeared in the telenovela Perla negra on Telefe alongside Argentine sex symbol Gabriel Corrado. It was another success and was popular also internationally. The series featured Del Boca's song "El amor" as the musical theme, taken from her new album of the same name, recorded for Philips Records. Her next film, de la Torre-directed Peperina, was released in 1995, but received negative feedback from the critics. In 1996, Del Boca was reunited with Corrado as the main characters in Zíngara, which also used her song "Tonta, pobre tonta" as the music theme. The telenovela was a story of a young woman experiencing amnesia and being raised as a gypsy, but failed to repeat the success of Del Boca's previous series. Her next telenovela, Mía sólo mía, premiered in 1997, but did not turn out a big success either. Del Boca subsequently limited her television activity and in 1998 only made a guest appearance in the series Chiquititas. In 2000, she returned to film in the romantic comedy Apariencias directed by Alberto Lecchi, and from 2001 to 2002, she played the main character in the TV series El sodero de mi vida. Her role in the latter earned her the second Martín Fierro Award, this time for the Best Actress in a Comedy Series. In 2005, she was honoured with a special Martín Fierro Award and played the title role in the telenovela Sálvame María on Canal 9 which was filmed entirely in San Luis Province. The following year she starred in the short series Gladiadores de Pompeya. In 2007, she appeared in one episode of the series Mujeres asesinas and joined the judging panel of a TV show selecting the cast for the Argentine version of High School Musical in which she also played a small role. In 2008, she hosted a popular TV show La mamá del año which revolved around motherhood and joined the series Por amor a vos as a recurring character. She also started presenting another TV show, Hoy puede ser.

In 2010, she starred in the telenovela Alguien que me quiera alongside Osvaldo Laport, but the production did not achieve expected ratings. In 2011, she took part in the theatre play Eva y Victoria in which she portrayed Eva Perón, alongside Graciela Dufau who played Victoria Ocampo. The play was taken on a tour in Argentina. In autumn Del Boca premiered Tiempo de pensar, a TV series she co-produced and starred in, tackling the issue of gender violence, stereotypes and female representation in the media. Between 2013 and 2014, she starred in the telenovela Esa mujer, which she also produced. The role earned her a nomination to a Martín Fierro Award.

In 2016, it was reported that Del Boca had acquired as much as 36 million Argentine pesos from public funds to produce her next telenovela, Mamá corazón. It caused a major controversy and a backlash against the actress, and even though the series was almost completed, it was never aired. In 2019, she appeared in another theatre play, Brujas, with Leonora Balcarce, Andrea Bonelli, Romina Ricci and Viviana Saccone, which was a critical and commercial success.

Personal life
Her parents are the actress and dancer Ana María Castro and the film director Nicolás del Boca. She has two siblings: brother Adrián, working as a doctor in the United States, and sister Anabella who is a costume designer.

In 1982, she began a five-year relationship with Argentine actor and singer Silvestre (José Luis Rodríguez, not to be confused with the Venezuelan singer of the same name) whom she had met while working on the series Cien días de Ana. Their relationship sparked controversy as Silvestre was 12 years older than Andrea who was still underage. Moreover, Silvestre was married at that time and his wife was pregnant. From 1988 to 1995 Andrea's partner was Argentine filmmaker Raúl de la Torre, and from 1995 to 1997 she was involved with American health care policy expert Jeffrey A. Sachs. In 2000, the actress was briefly dating the businessman Ricardo Biasotti and gave birth to their daughter Anna Chiara Biasotti on 15 November 2000.

She is a supporter of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

TV series

 * 1969: Nuestra galleguita
 * 1970: Historias de mamá y papá
 * 1970–1972: Alta comedia
 * 1973: Papá corazón
 * 1974: Pinina quiere a papá
 * 1977: El gran circo de TVE (guest appearance)
 * 1978–1979: El hotel de las mil y una estrellas
 * 1979–1980: Andrea Celeste
 * 1980: Señorita Andrea
 * 1981: Romeo y Julieta
 * 1981: Bernadette
 * 1981: Hay que educar a papá
 * 1981: Abuso de confianza
 * 1981: Una vida por otra
 * 1982: Cien días de Ana
 * 1987: Estrellita mía
 * 1991: Celeste
 * 1992: Antonella
 * 1993: Celeste, siempre Celeste
 * 1994–1995: Perla negra
 * 1996: Zíngara
 * 1997: Mía sólo mía
 * 1998: Chiquititas (guest appearance)
 * 2001–2002: El sodero de mi vida
 * 2005: Sálvame María
 * 2006: Gladiadores de Pompeya
 * 2007: Mujeres asesinas (guest appearance)
 * 2008–2009: Por amor a vos
 * 2010: Alguien que me quiera
 * 2011: Tiempo de pensar
 * 2013–2014: Esa mujer
 * 2021: Perla Negra 2.0

Films

 * 1972: Había una vez un circo
 * 1973: Andrea
 * 1974: Papá Corazón se quiere casar
 * 1975: Un mundo de amor
 * 1979: El virgo de Visanteta
 * 1980: Días de ilusión
 * 1990: Cien veces no debo
 * 1993: Funes, un gran amor
 * 1995: Peperina
 * 2000: Apariencias
 * 2008: High School Musical: El Desafío
 * 2010: Mercedes (short film)
 * 2010: Un buen día
 * 2012: Haciendo sueños (documentary)

TV shows

 * 2007: High School Musical: La Selección
 * 2008: La mamá del año
 * 2008–2009: Hoy puede ser

Albums

 * 1980: El mundo de Andrea Del Boca
 * 1988: Con amor
 * 1989: Te amo
 * 1994: El amor

Singles

 * 1972: "El milagro de ser mamá" (with Iris Lainez)
 * 1973: "Papá corazón"
 * 1979: "Mamá quiero decirte gracias"
 * 1979: "Feliz Nochebuena, Feliz Navidad"
 * 1982: "Perdoname quisiera ser mejor" (with Silvestre)

title: Andrea del Boca


text:
Rosicrucian Digest

Rosicrucian Digest is a publication of AMORC, published continuously from 1915.

It is sent to members via correspondence, but it is also available to the general public.

Issues of Rosicrucian Digest can be read at the website of the English Grand Lodge of the Americas.

It is not the same as Rosicrucian Forum, another publication of AMORC that is available only to members.

In the past Rosicrucian Digest was named Mystic Triangle.

title: Rosicrucian Digest


text:
Talk:Pacific Grove, California

NPOV
This is a lovely article about one of my favorite places to visit, but we really should neutralize some of the references to, for instance, "tasteful bed and breakfasts" and cute "without being too cute." -- Muffuletta 03:20, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * agree with muffuletta, needs to be copy edited at the leastAnlace 06:27, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Suggest change "back way" language
I suggest that in the paragraph that mentions that many people take the "back way" into PG through Monterey, the wording should be modified to say "surface street route of Del Monte Ave to Lighthouse Ave" or something along those lines. "Back way" is not factual or descriptive to non-locals. Krimsley 05:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Festivals?
Is it appropriate to include information about festivals (Feast of Lanterns, Good Ol' Days, Butterfly Parade, PG Band Festival) in this article? --Krimsley 05:21, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course. All of that would be very interesting. Currently, the Butterfly Parade is mentioned, but only in a sentence. A picture would be nice. PGScooter (talk) 09:28, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Question about Scope
Do/should these city pages include information other than raw numbers, such as civic groups, activities, events etc? For instance, there's no mention of the historical significance of PG, the fact that large portions of it are on land reserved by Asilomar State Beach, that flocks (is that the right word?) of butterflys overwinter at George Washington Park on Sinex Ave?
 * Yes, this information would be great add- please do! PGScooter (talk) 09:27, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

"Residents" who never lived in Pacific Grove
Having grown up in and around Pacific Grove and served for years as director of local Historical groups I am stunned to read a list of alleged residents of PG - who likely never did live there.

Janis Joplin for instance. She may have stayed a few days during the Monterey Pop Festival, but if she had taken up residence in PG, I'm strongly confident I would have heard about it. In any case, the burden is not on me or anyone else to disprove any of this. The burden of proof is on those who claim they lived there.

These are the only residents I know of who certainly or probably lived in PG --

Ernest K. Bramblett, politician; Ben Jealous, NAACP president (2008–2013); Gary Kildall, scientist and founder of Digital Research (Lived on Lighthouse Ave); Julia Platt, mayor; Arthur Porges, science fiction writer (Lived at Forest Hill Manor); John Steinbeck, author (Lived on Central Ave); Bill Walsh (American football coach) (Lived on Ocean View Blvd)

The rest should be removed until someone can produce some persuasive evidence of their actual physical residency in PG.

Darrell Huff, author of How to Lie with Statistics should be included as a resident. He and his family lived on Pico, down near Asilomar beach before they moved to Carmel. His daughter was 2 years ahead of me in High School. And I believe Joan Baez lived up on Presidio Ave for at least a year. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DDilworth (talk • contribs) 06:53, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Categories
What's up with the categories on this page? These don't make sense.
 * Category:Populated places established in 1875
 * Category:1875 establishments in California
 * Category:Populated places established in 1889
 * Category:1889 establishments in California

I see now, Pacific grove was established, in fact, in 1875, and incorporated in 1889. will read more carefully next time.

-- Charlesreid1 (talk) 01:45, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pacific Grove, California


text:
Swinger

Swinger or swingers may refer to:

Music

 * Performers associated with swing music, a jazz style developed in the 1930s and 1940s
 * The Swinger (album), a 1958 album by trumpeter Harry Edison
 * The Swingers, a New Zealand rock band active 1979–1982

Film and television

 * The Swinger, a 1966 film directed by George Sidney
 * Swingers (1996 film), a 1996 comedy-drama film
 * Swingers (2002 film), a Dutch feature film
 * Swingers (2016 film), a Latvian comedy
 * "Swingers" (Wonder Years episode)

People

 * Johnny Swinger, ring name of American professional wrestler Joseph Dorgan (born 1975)
 * Rashod Swinger (born 1974), American National Football League player

Other uses

 * Partners engaged in swinging (sexual practice), a form of non-monogamy
 * HMS Swinger, six ships of the Royal Navy
 * Swinger Bay, a bay on the north west shore of Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea
 * Fender Swinger, a rare vintage Fender guitar
 * Polaroid Swinger, a model of Polaroid camera
 * Swing ride, a carousel variation with seats suspended from a rotating top
 * A two-door submodel of the Dodge Dart, often a high-performance variation equipped with a 340ci V8 engine

title: Swinger


text:
Talk:Sebastian Shaw (character)

Transfer
Note: The initial text of this article was copy-and-pasted from Sebastian Shaw on 12 December 2003. See the edit history of that article for details of who wrote it. —Paul A 01:49, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Rogue tossing Shaw
The article says that Rogue simply tosses Shaw into the air with her super-strength, effectively removing him from the battle field. When was this? I thought it was as follows: Shaw with his usual "the harder you hit me, the stronger I get" phrase, then Rogue was all like "Ah don' need to hit ya, sugah, ta beat you! Ah'll let Nimrod do it!" and she hurls him full speed at Nimrod. Nimrod, responding immediately, 'reverses Shaw's polarity' with a beam, letting the Earth's gravitational field REPEL Shaw instead of attracting him (until Harry Leland brought Shaw back with his own gravitational powers near the end of the fight). I'm still not sure if such a thing can be done, but that's not the point. Nimrod's power bounced him from the battle field, not Rogue's.

Powers
Other than surviving being struck by lightning (which put him into a coma), has Shaw ever shown he can actually absorb electricity? If not, I'll remove it from the comics box. -- Noclevername 08:12, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:SHAW.jpg
Image:SHAW.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 04:58, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:24, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Red relatives
A lot of relatives are made into red links. Did they have articles at some point which were deleted? Since they're probably too minor to get one, how about just changing them to bold names, and redirecting all these names on Wikipedia to these abbreviating snippets? Tyciol (talk) 18:38, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

C-Class rated for Comics Project
As this B-Class article has yet to receive a review, it has been rated as C-Class. If you disagree and would like to request an assesment, please visit WikiProject_Comics/Assessment and list the article. Hiding T 14:26, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sebastian Shaw (character)


text:
Talk:Sebastian Shaw (actor)

older comments
Note: The initial text of this article was copy-and-pasted from Sebastian Shaw on 12 December 2003. See the edit history of that article for details of who wrote it. —Paul A 01:50, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Seb-Husk equation
The Seb-Husk equation sounds like rubbish to me. This is the only reference Google found. Anyone care to prove / dis-prove? --Jones77 15:28, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Removed. For the record, the text was "He was known for his love of mathematics and is credited as the creator of the lesser-known Seb-Husk equation."  --Doradus 13:40, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

The Cliff Walk
Does anyone know anything about this book The Cliff Walk (1969) that is mentioned in his bibliography? I can't find it in the British Library catalogue. SteveCrook 17:19, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

It's a play he wrote, according to IMDB --Huw Moore 15:58, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Filmography
On pretty much every actors page the filmography goes from earliest work to most recent, This page seems to go the opposite way, is this even worth fixing?Gorkymalorki 06:44, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I should say it's worth fixing, as chronological order is better and more encyclopedic. A few filmographies (see for example Mignon Anderson and Sienna Guillory) do go the other way, which may be because they have been copied and pasted from IMDb. I've turned one or two of these around at Wikipedia, it doesn't take too long. Xn4 13:14, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok fixed it, thanks for the input Xn4.Gorkymalorki 18:45, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

RAF service
An Aircraftman 2nd Class named Sebastian Lewis Shaw was commissioned as an acting pilot officer on probation on 25 April 1941, he was promoted to pilot officer on probation on 16 May 1941 , to flying officer on 16 May 1942 and flight lieutenant on 1 July 1944. He sames to have continued to hold a reserve RAFVR commission after the war until 10 February 1954, when (exceptionally) on resigning the commission he was permitted to retain that rank  Of course it's not entirely impossible that there should have been someone else with the same name in the RAF during the war, but it does seem like the account in The Guardian's obit may not be entirely accurate on this point. David Underdown (talk) 15:36, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Impressive research. The obit certainly seems a bit anecdotal, and not that conclusive: although he "tried to avoid a commission", it doesn't say whether or not he succeeded! The London Gazette seems certainly to refer to him. --Old Moonraker (talk) 16:16, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This one was quite easy. A search on his full name brought up the initial commission, and then the service number given there found the rest, with no gaps. Often I find that the OCR messes things up and you miss promotions and other bits and pieces.  I'll leave i up to you how you want to incorporate the info in the article.  David Underdown (talk) 16:26, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Passed as GA
See GA review, at /GA1. Cirt (talk) 05:19, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed trim for Star Wars section
I appreciate the trim of the Star Wars section, but it still seems too long to me. I made an attempt at a further trim as a compromise (on my own, I'd trim further). What do you think? Karanacs (talk) 15:11, 24 February 2009 (UTC) "In 1982, Shaw was chosen for the small but crucial role of Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi, the third and final movie in the original Star Wars trilogy. Although David Prowse played the costumed scenes and James Earl Jones voiced Skywalker's Darth Vader alter-ego, just as they had in the first two films, Shaw was cast in a single scene with Mark Hamill, during the moment aboard Death Star II when Anakin's son Luke unmasks his dying father. Since the scene was arguably the emotional climax of the film, the casting crew wanted an experienced actor for the role.

When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing Emperor Palpatine. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, "I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction." His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew. The unmasking scene, directed by Richard Marquand, was filmed in one day and required only a few takes, with no alteration from the original dialogue.

Star Wars creator George Lucas also personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the movie, in which he is a Force ghost of Anakin Skywalker. When the movie was re-released on DVD in 2004, Shaw's image in this scene was replaced with that of Hayden Christensen, who played Anakin in the prequel films. This attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be one of the least popular changes in the Star Wars re-releases, although some defended the move. Although Shaw's unmasking scene lasted only two minutes and seven seconds and included just 24 words of dialogue spoken by Shaw, he received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in his career. He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film."

 * I appreciate your patience, making cuts is by far the hardest thing for me. lol. That being said, I think this is mostly fine. The one thing I would suggest is that we include the part that says his contract actually included a stipulation taht he couldn't even discuss this film secrets with his own family. As I said, I'd love to keep the McDiarmid line if possible, but given a choice between the two, I'd keep in the contract stipulation instead. (Also, if we're going to drop the Barbican Centre performance mention from here, do you think we should mention it as one of his performances in the Royal Shakespeare Company section?) --Hunter Kahn (talk) 16:40, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Old Mercury Theatre?
The article includes the text"Significant theatre roles that decade included ... Hern Lawrance in I Said to Myself at the Old Mercury Theatre in 1947," This appears to be fairly dodgy: The role name seems improbable, the show title I don't recognise, and I believe there's no such place as the theatre. I think the theatre might well mean the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate. Can anyone help? SamuelTheGhost (talk) 18:25, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Star Wars fans have identified this as the Mercury Theatre, Colchester. Still looking for a reference we can use. --Old Moonraker (talk) 21:08, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'd seen that. The performance in question took place in 1947, while the Colchester theatre was builr in 1972, so I think there's been some rather dubious guesswork going on there. There was a previous company in Colchester, but it was then called the Colchester Repertory Company. The name Mercury, like the bullding, seems only to date from 1972. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 22:31, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Good point: will RV self. --Old Moonraker (talk) 22:55, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this link is enough to establish the name of the show and the location. I still have my doubts about the name of the role, but I'm inclined to give up on that. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 08:51, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Shaw as "Hern Lawrance" is apparently mentioned in the Telegraph obit, but I don't have access to it. This comes from a Star Wars fan site tribute copy. --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:24, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I'd seen that, but my faith in its accuracy was undermined by other apparent mistakes, for example "Measure of Measure" instead of Measure for Measure and "Hugo von Hofmanstahl" for Hugo von Hofmannsthal. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 11:27, 21 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You're ahead of me again: I'm giving up as well. --Old Moonraker (talk) 14:24, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

The recent confident spelling correction has led me to a source in Who's Who in the Theatre. Shall I add it, or is this the one you are using? --Old Moonraker (talk) 15:08, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes to both quesions. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 19:28, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Added a contemporary press advertisement as source, with acknowledgement to research by User:SamuelTheGhost. Shaw and the writer, Florida Scott-Maxwell, were the only names the management put in the press adverts: at the time he must have been regarded as the star. --Old Moonraker (talk) 22:58, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well done. I'd never heard of Florida Scott-Maxwell. It's interesting what you find out; that's why wikipedai is fun. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 20:53, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Performances with the RSC
Here is a link to a search engine on the RSC Archive website: http://calm.shakespeare.org.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqserver=srv-ex1&dsqCmd=Searchnames.tcl&dsqDb=Roles&dsqApp=Archive If you type 'Sebastian Shaw' into the search box, you will get a list of his performances with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Hope this helps. 13:52, 6 February 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ixobel (talk • contribs)

Filmography revisited...
In most articles, the WP:FILMOGRAPHY table is usually split into two tables for "Film" and "Television". This is a Featured article, so before I start mucking with anything – does anyone object to splitting the Filmography table into two as described? --IJBall (contribs • talk) 05:00, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

Memoirs
I think it is worth adding that his memoirs have been published with a full list of his films and plays. Its a small publisher so they're not available on Amazon http://www.shawpress.co.uk/ ixo (talk) 22:23, 16 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sebastian Shaw (actor)


text:
Ralph Lewis

Ralph Lewis may refer to:

 * Ralph Lewis (basketball), (born 1963)
 * Ralph Lewis (actor), (1872–1937)
 * Ralph Maxwell Lewis, Imperator of Rosicrucian organisation Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC) from 1939 to 1987
 * Ralph Lewis (1928 - 2017), founding member of the band Sons of Ralph

title: Ralph Lewis


text:
Talk:Ralph Yarborough

Untitled
Anyone have any suggestions or plan to help?

For starters, Yarborough was not a senator when the southern manifestos was written in February and March 1956,  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Grschott (talk • contribs) 07:09, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't know anything about the subject, so I'm not sure I can help much, but the article does not meet the current featured article criteria because it does not have a lead section and does not cite its sources.

 * Currently I am working to encourage implementation of the goals of the Verifiability policy for all featued articles. Part of that is to make sure articles cite their sources. This is particularly important for featured articles, since they are a prominent part of Wikipedia. The Fact and Reference Check Project has more information. Thank you, and please leave me a message when a few references have been added to the article. - Taxman 18:34, Apr 22, 2005 (UTC)

Page Protection
I believe that this page should have some Page Protection, as this article is about a late politician who is a person. A lot of articles about Politicians are Page Protected for good reasons. 70.95.147.247 (talk) 17:42, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:07, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Ralph Yarborough monument, Austin, TX IMG 2201.JPG

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:37, 16 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thurmond and Yarborough 1964.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:37, 18 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thurmond and Yarborough 1964.png

title: Talk:Ralph Yarborough


text:
Talk:Akihabara Station

From VfD
Japanese Wikipedia is trying to complete about 10,000 stations in Japan. In fact, Japanese Wikipedia looks an encyclopedia of railway, manga and other subcultures for me. --Nanshu 01:56, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC) Keep - Akihabara is the electronic capital of the world!! Somebody should add a map, instructions on how to get there and then delete all this vote junk.
 * Akihabara Station This is more a request for comment than a vote for deletion. All these stations being added may be somebody's labor of love - but do we really want to (potentially) list every train station in the world? If so, we will need a lot more hardware. Anjouli 14:07, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete -- unless something encyclopedic can be written about it. Is there something remarkable about this train station?  Tempshill 19:17, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. We have lots of articles about UK train and tube stations, for example. More useful than all the articles about Pokemon, in my opinion.Secretlondon
 * Keep. I agree with secretlondon that I'd rather see an article on every train station in the world than an article on every trading card in the world. Onebyone 19:40, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm the original author of the article mentioned here. This is one of the 29 stations on Tokyo's Yamanote line, which is a central orientation point in Tokyo. It's as relevant or irrelevant as e.g. Tottenham_Court_Road_tube_station.
 * Keep Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Keep. Railway stations are quite encyclopedic.  Alot of websites and books do write about indivisual stations.   Tbo 157   talk  15:48, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Akihabara Station


text:
Normalizing constant

In probability theory, a normalizing constant or normalizing factor is used to reduce any probability function to a probability density function with total probability of one.

For example, a Gaussian function can be normalized into a probability density function, which gives the standard normal distribution. In Bayes' theorem, a normalizing constant is used to ensure that the sum of all possible hypotheses equals 1. Other uses of normalizing constants include making the value of a Legendre polynomial at 1 and in the orthogonality of orthonormal functions.

A similar concept has been used in areas other than probability, such as for polynomials.

Definition
In probability theory, a normalizing constant is a constant by which an everywhere non-negative function must be multiplied so the area under its graph is 1, e.g., to make it a probability density function or a probability mass function.

Examples
If we start from the simple Gaussian function $$p(x) = e^{-x^2/2}, \quad x\in(-\infty,\infty) $$ we have the corresponding Gaussian integral $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty p(x) \, dx = \int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-x^2/2} \, dx = \sqrt{2\pi\,},$$

Now if we use the latter's reciprocal value as a normalizing constant for the former, defining a function $$ \varphi(x) $$ as $$\varphi(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} p(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} e^{-x^2/2} $$ so that its integral is unit $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \varphi(x) \, dx = \int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} e^{-x^2/2} \, dx = 1 $$ then the function $$ \varphi(x) $$ is a probability density function. This is the density of the standard normal distribution. (Standard, in this case, means the expected value is 0 and the variance is 1.)

And constant $ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} $ is the normalizing constant of function $$p(x)$$.

Similarly, $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\lambda^n}{n!} = e^{\lambda} ,$$ and consequently $$f(n) = \frac{\lambda^n e^{-\lambda}}{n!} $$ is a probability mass function on the set of all nonnegative integers. This is the probability mass function of the Poisson distribution with expected value λ.

Note that if the probability density function is a function of various parameters, so too will be its normalizing constant. The parametrised normalizing constant for the Boltzmann distribution plays a central role in statistical mechanics. In that context, the normalizing constant is called the partition function.

Bayes' theorem
Bayes' theorem says that the posterior probability measure is proportional to the product of the prior probability measure and the likelihood function. Proportional to implies that one must multiply or divide by a normalizing constant to assign measure 1 to the whole space, i.e., to get a probability measure. In a simple discrete case we have $$P(H_0|D) = \frac{P(D|H_0)P(H_0)}{P(D)}$$ where P(H0) is the prior probability that the hypothesis is true; P(D|H0) is the conditional probability of the data given that the hypothesis is true, but given that the data are known it is the likelihood of the hypothesis (or its parameters) given the data; P(H0|D) is the posterior probability that the hypothesis is true given the data. P(D) should be the probability of producing the data, but on its own is difficult to calculate, so an alternative way to describe this relationship is as one of proportionality: $$P(H_0|D) \propto P(D|H_0)P(H_0).$$ Since P(H|D) is a probability, the sum over all possible (mutually exclusive) hypotheses should be 1, leading to the conclusion that $$P(H_0|D) = \frac{P(D|H_0)P(H_0)}{\displaystyle\sum_i P(D|H_i)P(H_i)} .$$ In this case, the reciprocal of the value $$P(D) = \sum_i P(D|H_i)P(H_i) \;$$ is the normalizing constant. It can be extended from countably many hypotheses to uncountably many by replacing the sum by an integral.

For concreteness, there are many methods of estimating the normalizing constant for practical purposes. Methods include the bridge sampling technique, the naive Monte Carlo estimator, the generalized harmonic mean estimator, and importance sampling.

Non-probabilistic uses
The Legendre polynomials are characterized by orthogonality with respect to the uniform measure on the interval [−1, 1] and the fact that they are normalized so that their value at 1 is 1. The constant by which one multiplies a polynomial so its value at 1 is a normalizing constant.

Orthonormal functions are normalized such that $$\langle f_i, \, f_j \rangle = \, \delta_{i,j}$$ with respect to some inner product $⟨f, g⟩$.

The constant $1/\sqrt{2}$ is used to establish the hyperbolic functions cosh and sinh from the lengths of the adjacent and opposite sides of a hyperbolic triangle.

title: Normalizing constant


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Harvey Lewis

Harvey Lewis may refer to:

 * Harvey Lewis (politician) (1814–1888), Irish-born lawyer and politician in the United Kingdom
 * Harvey Spencer Lewis (1883–1939), Rosicrucian author, occultist, and mystic
 * Harvey Lewis (ultrarunner) (born 1976), American ultrarunner

title: Harvey Lewis