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Peace Arch

The Peace Arch (Arche de la Paix) is a monument situated near the westernmost point of the Canada–United States border in the contiguous United States, between the communities of Blaine, Washington and Surrey, British Columbia. Construction of the 20.5 m tall arch was headed by American lawyer Sam Hill and dedicated in September 1921. The Peace Arch commemorates the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and symbolizes a long history of peace between the two nations. The monument is built on the exact U.S.–Canada boundary, where Interstate 5 on the U.S. side of the border becomes Highway 99 on the Canadian side, in the grass median between the northbound and southbound lanes.

The monument and the surrounding land is part of Peace Arch Park. Within the park is Peace Arch Border Crossing, a major border crossing between Interstate 5 and British Columbia Highway 99.

Description
The Peace Arch has the flags of United States and Canada mounted on its crown, and two inscriptions on both sides of its frieze. The inscription on the U.S. side of the Peace Arch reads "Children of a common mother" (referring to the two nations' common origin from the British Empire), and the words on the Canadian side read "Brethren dwelling together in unity". Within the arch, each side has an iron gate mounted on either side of the border with an inscription above each gate: the one on the east side read "May these gates never be closed", while on the west side read "1814 Open One Hundred Years 1914".

The surrounding park, Peace Arch Park, consists of Peace Arch Provincial Park on the Canadian side and Peace Arch State Park on the American side of the border.

About 500,000 people visit the Peace Arch each year. The monument and surrounding park is considered an international park. As such, visitors do not require either a passport or visa to pass through their applicable border crossing so long as they stay within the boundaries of the park and leave the park into the country from which they entered the park.

Because of the Peace Arch monument, the border crossing between Surrey and Blaine is popularly known as the "Peace Arch Border Crossing". In Canada, the crossing is officially named Douglas after Sir James Douglas, the first governor of the Colony of British Columbia. It is one of the busiest border crossings between Canada and the United States, and the busiest such crossing west of Detroit.

History
Border inspection services at what is now known as the Peace Arch Border Crossing long predated the 1921 construction of the Peace Arch.

In 1914 Samuel Hill, lawyer for the Great Northern Railway, organized an international fundraising campaign to build the Arch. American architect Harvey Wiley Corbett donated his talents to design the Arch. International volunteers began constructing in 1920. It was dedicated on September 6, 1921, and was considered one of the first earthquake-resistant structures built in North America.

The Peace Arch Park has been the site of various international events and protests. In 1952, African-American singer and activist Paul Robeson, banned from international travel during the Red Scares, performed several concerts at the site. He sang from a flatbed truck on the American side to an audience in Canada. The Peace Arch was vandalized with paint and other damage by Canadian protestors demonstrating against the Cambodian campaign during the Vietnam War on May 9, 1970.

On February 9, 2010, the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Torch Relay visited the north side of the Peace Arch, while Premier Gordon Campbell and Governor Christine Gregoire addressed a crowd of several hundred people.

title: Peace Arch


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Sarubobo

Sarubobo (さるぼぼ) is a Japanese amulet, particularly associated with the town of Takayama in Gifu Prefecture. Sarubobo are red human-shaped dolls, with no facial features, made in a variety of sizes. Traditionally, sarubobo are made by grandmothers for their grandchildren as dolls, and for their daughters as a charm for good marriage, good children and to ensure a well-rounded couple.

Etymology
Sarubobo literally translated from the Japanese as "a baby monkey". "Saru" is the Japanese word for monkey, and "bobo" is the word for baby in the dialect of Takayama.

There are several reasons why the amulet has this name. The sarubobo is associated with three wishes:

In Japanese, the English word "leave" translates as "saru", so possession of a sarubobo means that bad things will "saru"
 * Protection from bad things.

In Japanese, a happy home is "kanai enman", a good match is "ryo-en" (Another way of saying "saru" is "en".)
 * A happy home, a good match

Monkeys' childbirth is easy.
 * Having an easy delivery on birth.

The face of the sarubobo is traditionally red, as is the face of baby monkeys.

Facelessness
Sarubobo dolls and charms usually have no facial features. The reasons for this are unclear, but some have been suggested. One suggestion is that, originally, sarubobo were made from left over cloth and made by relatives, so there was no need for them to be completely accurate.

Another suggestion is that the absence of a face allows the owner to imagine it - when the owner is sad, they can imagine their sarubobo to be sad too. A common tale told by the people of Takayama is that the facelessness is the result of the dolls being made during the period of World War II. The mothers knew that these were hard and unhappy times but, did not want to give the dolls sad faces. So they left them faceless.

Modern sarubobo
Nowadays, sarubobo are a popular souvenir in Takayama, and are available in many different colours and shapes from souvenir shops. There is even a Hello Kitty doll dressed as a sarubobo.

The differently coloured sarubobo are each associated with different wishes;

 * The red is for luck in marriage, fertility and childbirth
 * Blue - for luck in study and work
 * Pink - for luck in love
 * Green - for luck in health
 * Yellow - for luck in money
 * Black - to remove bad luck

There is also a differently-shaped sarubobo called a tobibobo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarubobo


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Colleges of the University of Oxford

The University of Oxford has 36 colleges, three societies, and four permanent private halls (PPHs) of religious foundation. The colleges and PPHs are autonomous self-governing corporations within the university. These colleges are not only houses of residence, but have substantial responsibility for teaching undergraduate students. Generally tutorials (one of the main methods of teaching in Oxford) and classes are the responsibility of colleges, while lectures, examinations, laboratories, and the central library are run by the university. Students normally have most of their tutorials in their own college, but often have a couple of modules taught at other colleges or even at faculties and departments. Most colleges take both graduates and undergraduates, but several are for graduates only.

Undergraduate and graduate students may name preferred colleges in their applications. For undergraduate students, an increasing number of departments practise reallocation to ensure that the ratios between potential students and subject places available at each college are as uniform as possible. For the Department of Physics, reallocation is done on a random basis after a shortlist of candidates is drawn upon and before candidates are invited for interviews at the university.

For graduate students, many colleges express a preference for candidates who plan to undertake research in an area of interest of one of its fellows. St Hugh's College, for example, states that it accepts graduate students in most subjects, principally those in the fields of interest of the fellows of the college.

A typical college consists of a hall for dining, a chapel, a library, a college bar, senior, middle (postgraduate), and junior common rooms, rooms for 200–400 undergraduates, and lodgings for the head of the college and other dons. College buildings range from medieval to modern, but most are made up of interlinked quadrangles or courtyards, with a porter's lodge controlling entry from the outside.

The first modern merger of colleges was in 2008, with Green College and Templeton College merging to form Green Templeton College. The number of PPHs also reduced when Greyfriars closed in 2008 and when St Benet's Hall closed in 2022. Reuben College, established in 2019, is the first new Oxbridge college since 1990, when Kellogg College was established.

History
The collegiate system arose because Oxford University came into existence through the gradual agglomeration of numerous independent institutions. Over the centuries several different types of college have emerged and disappeared.

Monastic halls
The first academic houses were monastic halls. Of the dozens established during the 12th–15th centuries, none survived the Reformation. The modern Dominican permanent private hall of Blackfriars (1921) is a descendant of the original (1221), and is sometimes described as heir to the oldest tradition of teaching in Oxford.

Academic halls
As the university took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls. What eventually put an end to the medieval halls was the emergence of colleges. Often generously endowed and with permanent teaching staff, the colleges were originally the preserve of graduate students. However, once they began accepting fee-paying undergraduates in the 14th century, the halls' days were numbered. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses (from the Latin for "hall") that sprang up, only St Edmund Hall (c. 1225) remains.

Colleges
The oldest colleges are University College, Balliol, and Merton, established between 1249 and 1264, although there is some dispute over the exact order and precisely when each began teaching. The fourth oldest college is Exeter, founded in 1314, and the fifth is Oriel, founded in 1326.

Women's colleges
Women entered the university in 1879, with the opening of Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville College, becoming members of the University (and thus eligible to receive degrees) in 1920. Other women's colleges before integration were St Anne's, St Hilda's and St Hugh's. In 1974 the first men's colleges to admit women were Brasenose, Hertford, Jesus, St Catherine's and Wadham. By 2008 all colleges had become co-residential, although one of the Permanent Private Halls, St Benet's Hall, did not start to admit postgraduate women until Michaelmas term 2014 and women undergraduates until Michaelmas 2016.

Postgraduate and mature colleges
Some colleges, such as Kellogg, Linacre, Nuffield, St Antony's, St Cross and Wolfson only admit postgraduate students. All Souls admits only fellows. Harris Manchester is intended for "mature students" with a minimum age of 21. The newest college of the University, Reuben College, was established in 2019 as graduate-only, enrolling its first students in 2021 using the premises of the Radcliffe Science Library.

Societies
Kellogg, Reuben and St Cross are the only Oxford colleges without a royal charter. They are officially societies of the university rather than independent colleges and are considered departments of the university for accounting purposes.

Private halls
The Oxford University Act 1854 and the university statute De aulis privatis (On private Halls) of 1855, allowed any Master of Arts aged at least 28 years to open a private hall after obtaining a licence to do so. One such was Charsley's Hall.

Permanent private halls
The Universities Tests Act 1871 opened all university degrees and positions to men who were not members of the Church of England (subject to safeguards for religious instruction and worship), which made it possible for Catholics and Non-conformists to open private halls. The first Catholic private halls were Clarke's Hall (now Campion Hall), opened by the Jesuit Order in 1896 and Hunter Blair's Hall (later St Benet's Hall) opened by the Benedictine Order in 1899. In 1918 the university passed a statute to allow private halls which were not run for profit to become permanent private halls and the two halls took their current names.

College and permanent private hall arms and colours
Each college and permanent private hall has its own arms, although in some cases these were assumed rather than granted by the College of Arms. Under King Henry VIII Oxford colleges were granted exemption from having their arms granted by the College of Arms; and some, like Lady Margaret Hall, have chosen to take advantage of this exemption, whilst others, such as Oriel, despite having used the arms for many centuries, have recently elected to have the arms granted officially. The blazons below are taken from the Oxford University Calendar unless otherwise indicated. Shields are emblazoned as commonly drawn, and notable inconsistencies between blazons and emblazons (the shields as drawn) are indicated.

Each college also has its own colours used on items such as scarves and rowing blades.

Heads of Houses
The senior member of each college is an officer known generically as the Head of House. Their specific title varies from college to college as indicated in the list below. While the Head of House will usually be an academic, it is not uncommon for a person to be appointed who has had a distinguished career outside academic circles.

For a list of current Heads of Houses, see Heads of Houses.

 * Principal: Brasenose, Green Templeton, Harris Manchester, Hertford, Jesus College, Lady Margaret Hall, Linacre, Mansfield, St Anne's, St Edmund Hall, St Hilda's, St Hugh's, Somerville, Regent's Park, St Stephen's House, and Wycliffe Hall
 * Master: Balliol, Pembroke, St Catherine's, St Cross, St Peter's, University College, and Campion Hall
 * Warden: All Souls, Keble, Merton, New College, Nuffield, St Antony's, and Wadham.
 * President: Corpus Christi, Kellogg, Magdalen, Reuben, St John's, Trinity, and Wolfson
 * Provost: Oriel, The Queen's College, and Worcester
 * Rector: Exeter and Lincoln
 * Dean: Christ Church
 * Regent: Blackfriars

The dean of Christ Church is head of both the college and the cathedral. The president of Kellogg College is also the director of the Department for Continuing Education.

Finances
As of 2019 the accounts of the Oxford colleges included total assets of £6.6 billion. This figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries. The total endowments of the colleges were £5.1 billion as of 2019. Individual college endowments ranged from £1.2m (Green Templeton) to £577.6 million (Christ Church).

Academic rankings
For some years, an unofficial ranking of undergraduate colleges by performance in Final Honour Schools examinations, known as the Norrington Table, was published annually. As the table only took into account the examination results for the year of publication, college rankings could fluctuate considerably.

Beginning in 2005, the University of Oxford started publishing a list of colleges classified by a "Norrington Score", effectively replicating the Norrington Table. The university claims to have published the results "in the interests of openness". Although the university says that the college listings are "not very significant", the 2005 table was the first Norrington Table with official data and also probably the first to be accurate. Dame Fiona Caldicott, the Chairman of the Conference of Colleges, said that in previous years some students had used the Data Protection Act 1998 to ensure their results were not published, rendering the unofficial tables inaccurate.

College rivalries
A tradition of the university is a friendly rivalry between colleges. Often, two neighbouring colleges will be rivals, and each college will pride itself in its athletic victories over the other one. Examples include:
 * Jesus and Exeter
 * Brasenose and Lincoln
 * Balliol and Trinity
 * Christ Church and Pembroke
 * Keble and St John's
 * St Catherine's and Magdalen
 * St Hugh's and St Anne's.

Architectural influence
The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have served as an architectural inspiration for Collegiate Gothic Architecture, used by a number of American universities including Princeton University and Washington University in St. Louis since the late nineteenth century.

title: Colleges of the University of Oxford


text:
Talk:Bojinka plot

word origin
Bojinka is not a Croatian word or at least I've never heard it and it doesn't sound similar to other Croatian words I know.

 * It could be Serbo-Croatian, but then Croation is a division of it.

 * shallot said err, I never heard that word in this language. sounds vaguely Slavic ('boj' is 'fight'), but that's about it...

 * WhisperToMe said An LA times article says Serbo Croatian

 * I'm a native speaker and I'm telling you with certainty that it is not a word from this language, I can't find a single dictionary that mentions it. Don't believe everything you read in the newspapers :) Again, I can see how it could be a word of Slavic origin but saying the above is simply not correct. --Shallot 12:33, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * BTW, especially with the Bo-GIN-ka pronunciation. That way even the link via the word boj is lost, as that is pronounced "boy" and never warped that way natively. --Shallot 12:39, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=Serbo+Croatian+Bojinka - Keep in mind that Serbo-Croat is the langauge family and that Croatian is one member of the family. See: Differences_in_official_languages_in_Serbia%2C_Croatia_and_BosniaWhisperToMe 00:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * See my answer in User talk:Shallot. Note also that I wrote portions of that and related pages. :) --Shallot 01:46, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

As shallot says, "Bojinka" means nothing in Serbo-Croatian. I'm also a native speaker and never heard the word. If that's not enough, the appropriate google search produces only one page (which is about how the word is, despite claims, not serbocroatian). Searches for possible alternate spellings produce the same page for bodžinka and no pages for bodzinka. Not that I had to check, but there it is. Zocky 04:58, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Bojinka is not a Croatian word, the plan originated in Indonesia, it's an Indonesian word. Kermitbuns 16:43, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Several media outlets, including Time Asia,[1] claim that the word Bojinka means "loud bang" or "explosion" in Serbo-Croatian. In Croatian, "bočnica"[2] translates into English as "boom".

Which one of you degenerates wants it to come off as "serbs have no language" Serbo-Croatian is not a language, there is only serbian and no frakking Croatian. im changing this (morons) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.236.222.23 (talk) 00:17, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It most certainly isn't Indonesian, might be a regional Indonesian language, but I seriously doubt it is even Austronesian word at all. Sound Slavic. "Боженька" or "Bozhen'ka" mean "Dear God" in Russian, for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.239.254.73 (talk) 00:15, 16 January 2021 (UTC)

real?
I'm wondering how much of this is real. Apologies for being cynical. Secretlondon 19:49, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yep, terrorism plots are quite complex. In addition, there are thousands of google hits on the 1995 plot. WhisperToMe 00:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It was a huge story in the Philippines at that time, but it didn't make it to the West. Obviously, it didn't spread after 9/11 because it makes 9/11 look like a huge screwup of Western intelligence services - Galilite 15:37, 15 June 2006 (UTC).

 * I've heard this comming from numerous sources. In my oppinion, going on my own reading and research, it seems pretty credible, and parts of it can be corroborated between various sources. The US authorities failed to look deep enough into it, I guess that stems from the "regional problem" mindset in pre-9/11 counter-terror circles. Eh, but what do I know... I'm just a student.--DasGooch 22:44, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * And a bad speller. But: The FBI got their man and the Bojinka attacks were averted. An intelligence network was set up under Clinton. It was dismantled under Bush, because his administration had different ideas about the main threats to American security.81.178.147.64 (talk) 21:29, 12 February 2012 (UTC)

list of targeted flights
Anyways, I would like to find a complete list of flights that Yousef targeted so I can put it in the article. WhisperToMe 09:16, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

operation vs. project
Since there are more google hits for "Operation Bojinka" than "Project Bojinka", so i plan on moving the page. WhisperToMe 22:02, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Arab Afghans
There is a mention of "Arab Afghans". What does that mean? Arabs migrated to Afghanistan? Afghan Muslims? Arabs and Afghans? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.224.97.8 (talk • contribs) 09:41, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Arab Afghans refer usually refer men who came over from their native countries to Afghanistan in the 1980's to fight the Soviets. The term can also refer to men who came in the late 1990's to participate in Al-Qaida and/or support the Taliban government.

 * By the way, please identify yourself placing four tildes at the end of your text. (~) WhisperToMe 08:52, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

notes on light copy editing
Notes on some of my light copy editing of today.

 * On December 1 marked another bomb test, which Shah proctored, at the Greenbelt Theatre in Manila. The test was to check how much damage a bomb left under an airline seat could do.

I removed this. I don't know what "proctored" really means here, and what happened and what were the results? Was this an act of terror or a test explosion that for some reason happened in an abandoned theater?

 * A report from the Philippines to the United States on January 20, 1995 stated, "What the subject has in his mind is that he will board any American commercial aircraft pretending to be an ordinary passenger. Then he will hijack [the] said aircraft, control its cockpit and dive it at the CIA headquarters."

From the government of the Phillippines to the government of the US?

Incidentally, I also wonder how much of this is real. There is a lot of stuff peering into the thoughts of terrorists, and the lack of attribution throughout the article is troubling. The look of it is that it was mostly cribbed from a single source. Tempshill 18:10, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

It was a test explosion. I now clarified this.

The statement above came from a CNN article.http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/03/11/gen.phil.terror.blueprint/?related. And yes, the government of the Philippines sent information about these people from the government of the U.S.

By the way, how would "Bojinka" be spelled in Arabic?

WhisperToMe 04:15, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

typo in conversions
I found a typo on the main page and don't know how to fix it:
 * "He had made an 80,000 Philippine peso (1,444 United States dollars) ) deposit, and had added 40,000 pesos ($72,222 US) up front before taking the elevator to Room 603".

One of the conversions to US dollars must be wrong. --Mihai 20:47, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed - Next time, for modern values, use a currency converter like this one: http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi WhisperToMe 00:49, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * But i'd like to know the 1995 exchange rate of peso to dollar... WhisperToMe 04:40, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Terrorism content moved from Nitroglycerin
I have moved the Terrorism section from the Nitroglycerin article to here because it does not belong there, and it looks similar to the text already in this article.

Terrorism
The Manila-based terrorist plot known as Project Bojinka called for the bombing of 11 airliners over the Pacific Ocean on January 21 and 22, 1995. Al Qaida agents were planned to plant liquid bombs, called "Mark II" "microbombs" on the aircraft. The device was inside Casio digital watches that contain nitroglycerin for the explosive and stabilizing that looked like cotton balls. Two 9 Volt batteries taken from children's toys were used to power light bulb filaments and to detonate the nitroglycerin. Trace amounts of sulphuric acid, nitrobenzene, silver azide, liquid acetone, and nitrate were present. The wiring was attached to the arm of the watch using a tiny space below the calculator. The alteration was so small that one could still wear the bomb as a watch.

This bomb was tested several times, first by al-Qaida member Ramzi Yousef inside of a mall in Cebu City, then by cohort Wali Khan Amin Shah inside the Greenbelt Theatre in Manila on December 1, 1994.

The bomb also was tested on Philippine Airlines Flight 434 on December 11, 1994. He boarded the plane under an assumed name while hiding the batteries in the soles of his shoes. He assembled the bomb in the lavatory on the flight's Ninoy Aquino International Airport to Cebu leg. He stuck it under his seat and left the plane in Mactan-Cebu International Airport. The bomb exploded on the Cebu to New Tokyo International Airport (Now Narita International Airport) (Narita, Japan), leg, killing a Japanese businessman and injuring 10 others. The plane made an emergency landing at Naha, Okinawa.

Project Bojinka was foiled on the night of January 6 and the morning of January 7, 1995, when Manila police found the plans and the bomb factory in Yousef's Manila apartment after a chemical fire occurred there.

-Wikibob | Talk 13:41, 2004 Apr 25 (UTC)

Phase III
I don't understand this sentence:
 * He decided to take Phase III and make it into a new terrorist attack.

Phase III is not mentioned in the article before this. Was it part of the Bojinka plots, or a "sequel"? - Kevin Saff 20:12, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

It can also refer to a part of "Phase II". WhisperToMe 22:30, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

If you look at the methodologies of "Al Qaeda," there is an underlying current of grandiose style attacks. It seems bojinka was kicked around between the players involved at the time, Hambali, Yousef and KSM, and with the detection of this plot and the ensuing action against it, KSM seems to have brought this to the attention of what we now know as Al Qaeda. Further tweaking of the plan seems to yield the 9/11 attacks and, as of late, the Aug. 10, 2006 trasnatlantic Airline bomb plot. (I'd give the link to the WIKI page, but the title keeps changing.) Same style of liquid explosives, same mid-flight explosions of a large number of airliners, only over the atlantic rather than the pacific. --DasGooch 22:52, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Recipe for a bomb
I deleted the language that would inform someone how to make a bomb. I can't believe someone would just print that information in this day and age. They even had the appropriate measurements of the ingredients.

They didn't have ALL of the steps... RV - XD WhisperToMe 23:32, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I don't doubt that as I can't see how anyone could be that irresponsible, but the article did contain specific enough information that someone may be tempted to see how far they can get. I deleted it once it became clear that the article was just as informative without that information. I didn't mean to step on anyone's toes, but in this time of the Patriot Act and terrorism, we should all really be more careful.Ramsquire 21:02, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Those instructions were in a Washington post article published post-911. WhisperToMe 21:55, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oh OK. I just hope you saw my point. I'd hate to lose this site because it put on some U.S. government watchlist. I like coming here as a quick reference.

 * While it does sound like the information should have gone, primarily because there was no real purpose for it in this article, if the US government is really stupid enough to place wikipedia on some watchlist that's their fault. Also, the information is easily found on the internet and really I couldn't give a damn about the patriot act (and nor should wikipedia when it comes to our policies). Also, terrorism has existed long before September 11th and September 11th didn't use bombs. Nil Einne 18:46, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

which sense of fuse?
it says they found fuses im guessing it means Fuse (explosives) but i would like to check before changing Plugwash 02:18, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Oplan, not Operation
The name of the plot is actually "Oplan Bojinka", which turns up nothing in Wikipedia. I think this article should be renamed. "Operation Bojinka" is used a lot in the media but I think it's just an obvious confusion with Oplan. We can have a redirect on the Operation Bojinka page.

Also, I think the "bojinka" word came from slang used in Bosnia during the fighting -- not a real word that would appear in a Bosnian dictionary. At least, I think this is what all the press accounts are based on; I am not sure exactly where the claim is first made and I have no clue whether or not the word is used there in such a way.--csloat 18:41, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hmm... I haven't seen "Oplan" at all - I've seen much more of "Operation" or "Project". Also, "Oplan" gets 382 hits while "Operation" gets much more hits. WhisperToMe 22:14, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * So what? The word "operation" obviously can also be used generically to describe any operation, therefore it will get many more hits.  "Oplan" how it is described in intelligence documents, it is how it is described in every scholarly analysis of al Qaeda I've seen that specifically addresses it (e.g. Gunaratna), it is used by journalist Yosri Fouda who actually interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and according to accounts that specifically discuss it, "Oplan Bojinka" is the phrase written by KSM in the files found in the Philippines.  I don't think this is controversial at all.  I also think it is consistent with Wikipedia policy to have "Oplan" as the dominant way of referring to it while having a redirect page named "Operation Bojinka", even if there are more hits in google.  The reason operation is so much more common is because it is a reasonable word to use to describe the plot, and "oplan" makes about as much sense to westerners as "bojinka."  A while ago I read something that actually explained what the hell "Oplan" meant but I can't find it right now.  But I definitely think this should be the dominant name for this page.  In general, the wikipedia practice of deciding page names based on google hits works reasonably well, but there are many cases (like this one) where the google results are misleading at best. Lexis/Nexis can be more reliable but in this case it doesn't tell us much -- major papers searched for "all available dates" gives me 11 hits for "Oplan Bojinka" and 9 for "Operation Bojinka."  In any case I think Oplan is definitely the way to go whether or not it scores more "hits" from media sources. --csloat 23:03, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm going to go ahead and make the switch if I can figure out how to do it, since nobody else seems to have an objection. Or should this go to a vote or something? --csloat 18:53, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I made the switch
I will now change this page to a redirect; someone help me out and let me know if I am doing this right. I'm going to change this page to a redirect but I don't know how to get the comments switched over to the right page. (csloat)

 * This was a cut&paste moved. I've fixed it so it's correctly moved now. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 14:49, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Timeline
I'm not sure all the dates and times are on here, but if someone would make a timeline of the events in this case I think it would clarify and explain some of the events. I don't have time to do it myself, unfortunately. Anyway, it's just an idea. --jacobolus, 00:42, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

This is a nit, but in the following statement:

"The density of the explosive cocktail would be about 1.3."

is this density, which would require units, e.g., g/cc, or is it specific gravity, which is dimensionless. And no, I don't plan on building a bomb. :)

Thanks! Jefflyon 04:37, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

This sentance makes no sense at all. Density applies to gases, liquids and solids. The number 1.3 by itself does not help.

What does this mean?
From the first sentence of the article:

pronounced Bo-JIN-ka, except in Egyptian where it is Bo-GIN-ka

Would that be "bo-YIN-ka" & "bo-JIN-ka" or huh? --24.31.29.171 08:30, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I have never heard of the ج being pronounces as the ي .... The original is correct.Presidentbalut (talk) 01:34, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Lists, steps
Is it entirely sensible to have detailed listings of bomb components/"ingredients", and the steps by which they're made? -Ryan
 * In the history of terrorism, this was a pretty important bomb. There was a photo of it in a recent Playboy.  I don't recall the details but this was considered a milestone in terrorist bomb-making.  Read Peter Lance's book for more info on what was different about it.  In either case, I doubt anyone could make a bomb based on the information here, and the info about this bomb was made public by the FBI and is available from various sources for those who are inclined to do that sort of thing ... one could find better information at a public library if they wanted to.  The last sentence of that section could be removed though (or at least, the units should be indicated). --csloat 12:05, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Database watch?
Is that a mistranslation for digital? Midgley 19:13, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't sound like it would be. Why?Presidentbalut (talk) 01:36, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

What is "oplan", please?
Hopiakuta 14:00, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I would guess that it's an abbreviation for something like "operational plan". --GagHalfrunt 17:21, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Why doesn't anyone mention the CIA connections? These terror plans aren't hatched in a vacuum! Secret-services often participate in crimes and instigate terror in order to fulfill a strategic aim. It is naive and misleading to leave out this aspect. Unbecoming of wikipedia. 124.197.4.8 21:35, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * CIA connections - That needs a source. If you don't have a source, then you can't say there are any connections. WhisperToMe (talk) 20:41, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Manila air investigation
since the plot is also known as "Manila air investigation", a page called "Manila air investigation" should redirect to this article. --Pinnecco 08:59, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Oplan
Please see the comments above regarding Oplan. It is specifically referred to that way by KSM and by every terrorism scholar who writes about it. This was removed by User:Kermitbuns with the note "Oplan was a misunderstanding by the author, thats a military acronym for Operations Plan." I don't think that's true; if it was a misunderstanding, it was one shared by many authors including the author of the plot itself. Oplan should be restored. csloat 04:13, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and fixed most of the references where it made sense to do so. The name of the page should be restored to "Oplan Bojinka," but I don't have a huge problem with the current title at the moment. csloat 20:16, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Getting Off in a stopover city
I thought, if you were travelling on a foriegn airline, you couldn't just get off in the city it stops in.

For example if I'm flying from Tokyo-Osaka-Vancouver on Air Canada, I can't do Tokyo-Osaka. Or did they book for the final city? WestJet 19:38, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Not sure what the routes under discussion where, but Thai flies (or at least used to) to LAX via Japan. You can fly the Bangkok-Tokyo or Bangkok-Osaka leg only and wouldn't of course need a US visa. The aircraft carries on to LAX after a short stop and change of crew. KayEss | talk 09:02, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Fact??
I'd love to see a reliable and verifiable reference that supports this edit as "fact." Bear in mind that Wikipedia's policy on NPOV does not allow opinion (referenced or not) to be asserted as fact. V C  00:34, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Precinct?
Is this a US term for police station? If so, could the article be changed to use words that make sense elsewhere, please. Quartic (talk) 14:23, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It is an English word. cf: Precinct

 * Are there words used in the article that are not English or contextually relevant?Presidentbalut (talk) 01:42, 20 March 2014 (UTC)

Bad sentence
The end of this sentence needs a re-write:

"Yousef thought of several ways to kill the president, including placing nuclear bombs on Clinton's motorcade route, firing a Stinger missile at Air Force One or the presidential limousine, launching theater ballistic missiles at Manila and or killing him with phosgene, a chemical weapon, which all of the plots are unlikely to happen to say the least wishful thinking" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.203.42.106 (talk) 13:03, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Listing of involved terrorrists
i think it would make sense to include in a list of people involved in the plot with short descriptions of their roles (financier, perpetrator) and status (deceased, at-large, in custody) in the article.

maybe someone who wrote large chunks of this article could easily create such a listing? 92.225.88.123 (talk) 23:00, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

"See also" section
I'm struck by the order of the items in the "See also" section. They aren't listed numerically / alphabetically. Are they listed by some kind of degree of importance to the main article? Failing that, the order seems totally arbitrary, like someone thinks of another article and tacks it onto the end. Can either the listing criteria be mentioned or the list reordered to seem less random? Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 14:06, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Speculation of attack on President Clinton
''He left Manila for several days, but was met by Islamist emissaries upon his return to Metro Manila. They asked him to attack United States President Bill Clinton, who was due to arrive in the Philippines on November 12, 1994 as part of a five-day tour of Asia. Yousef thought of several ways to kill the president, including placing nuclear bombs on Clinton's motorcade route, firing a Stinger missile at Air Force One or the presidential limousine, launching theater ballistic missiles at Manila and or killing him with phosgene, a chemical weapon. He abandoned the idea, as it would be too difficult to kill the President. However, he incorporated his plan to kill the Pope into the Bojinka plot''

This whole section has no source and sounds unreliable.

met by Islamist emissaries - Who? Yousef thought of several ways to kill the president - What is the source for this? The various mechanisms to kill the president seems fantastic. Nuclear bombs? Really? launching theater ballistic missiles - And from where would he obtain these?

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title: Talk:Bojinka plot


text:
Newton Moore

Major General Sir Newton James Moore, (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was an Australian politician, businessman and army officer. He served as the eighth Premier of Western Australia from 1906 to 1910 and, following service in the First World War, was a member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1932. He was the father of Sir Rodney Moore.

Early life and career
Newton Moore was born in Fremantle, Western Australia, son of James Moore, auctioneer and later mayor of Bunbury, and Elizabeth Dawson, schoolteacher. He was educated at Arthur Street Primary School in Bunbury before attending Prince Alfred College in Adelaide, South Australia. In 1886, he was apprenticed as a surveyor to Alexander Forrest. After qualifying in 1894, he worked as a contract surveyor in and around the Bunbury area. In April 1898 he married Isabella Lowrie, sister of William Lowrie.

In 1899 Moore was elected to the Bunbury Municipal Council, and was Mayor of Bunbury from 1900 to 1904. In 1903 he was also a member of the Royal Commission on Forestry, and during 1904 and 1905 he was President of the Municipal Association of Western Australia.

Moore was also involved in the Western Australian militia, commencing a long career as a private with the BRV (Bunbury Rifle Volunteers) in 1894. By 1900 he had risen to captain and was instrumental in assisting in the formation of the BRV Mounted Infantry Section, which was later incorporated into the WAMI (Western Australian Mounted Infantry). After the Commonwealth reorganisation of 1903, the unit was renamed the 18th (WAMI) Australian Light Horse. Moore served as acting commander until 1908, when he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and officially appointed the commanding officer. In August 1908, Moore was appointed commanding officer of the 5th Military District Intelligence Section, where he remained until March 1914.

State politics and premier
In 1901, Moore contested the Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Bunbury, but was unsuccessful. In 1904 he contested the seat again and won. In August 1905, he was appointed Minister for Lands and Agriculture in Cornthwaite Rason's government. On Rason's resignation on 7 May 1906, he became Premier of Western Australia. At 36 years old, he was at the time the youngest ever premier. He remains the most inexperienced politician ever to hold the office, having served in parliament for less than two years at the time of his appointment.

Moore's emphasis as Premier was on agricultural development. He personally retained the Lands and Agriculture portfolio, and pursued a policy of cheap land for settlers. His government laid the foundations of the Wheatbelt, and brought the state into line with the rest of Australia through an Income and Land tax, despite opposition from the conservative Legislative Council.

In September 1907, after a dispute with the Legislative Council, Moore resigned as premier. However, Governor Bedford would not accept his resignation, nor would he consent to an early dissolution, so Moore resumed office. In 1908, Moore led the Liberal Party to another election victory. As the state had previously seen nine Premiers in a little over five years, this was a welcome respite from a period of great instability. Moore was Minister for Justice from 14 May 1909 until 30 June 1909, when he relinquished both the Agriculture and Lands portfolio and the Justice portfolio, and took up the office of Colonial Treasurer. On 16 September 1910, Moore resigned as Premier and Colonial Treasurer on the grounds of ill health.

Agent-General and First World War
Moore was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1908, and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in June 1910. In February 1911, he resigned his Bunbury seat to take up the office of Agent-General for Western Australia in London. In 1915, while still Agent-General, the Australian government appointed him General Officer Commanding Australian Imperial Forces in the United Kingdom. He held that position until 1917, during which time he was promoted to the rank of major general.

British politics
In 1918, Moore resigned as Agent-General after being invited by the Conservative Party to stand for the British House of Commons seat of St George's, Hanover Square, which had been made vacant by the death of former Prime Minister of Australia Sir George Reid. He was elected to the seat on 4 October 1918. In the 1918 general election on 14 December he instead stood for and won the seat of Islington North. After a break from politics in 1923 and 1924, he won the seat of Richmond upon Thames in the general election of 29 October 1924, and held it until his resignation on 13 April 1932. For ten years, he was Chairman of the Standing Orders Committee of the House of Commons. He established himself as an excellent representative of Australia, and his opinion on Empire matters was highly valued by British ministers.

After retiring from politics, Moore became President of the British Empire Steel Corporation, a company with interests in Western Australia and Canada. He was also a director of several important companies. He died on 28 October 1936 at a nursing home in London, following surgery.

Newton Moore Senior High School in Bunbury is named after him.

title: Newton Moore


text:
Summit of the Americas

The Summit of the Americas (SOA) are institutionalized gatherings of heads of state and government of the member states of the Western Hemisphere were leaders discuss common policy issues, affirm shared values an commit to concerted actions at the national and regional level to address continuing and new challenges faced by countries in the Americas.

Since the beginning of the Summits Process, the Heads of State and Government have established a vast array of priorities that appropriately tackles the priorities and the necessities of the people of the Hemisphere. Democracy has always been a central subject in the Summits despite the heterogeneity of Summit themes. It has been addressed according to the needs and concerns of the Member states, including the construction of a democratic hemispheric community, the preservation and strengthening of the democratic system, good governance, and the relationship between democracy and socio-economic issues.

To improve the Summit Process, the Summits Secretariat has worked actively and jointly with the OAS General Secretariat and Member States and has prepared an initial proposal for a follow-up system on the mandates of the Summits of the Americas. SISCA is a mechanism that provides Member States the tools to achieve the targets set in the mandates, in order to be measurable for the medium and long-term through a results-oriented management.

Cuba was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru. In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade. The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

The last summit to take place was the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, United States of America from June 8–10, 2022.

List of summits
The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

Summit of the Americas Secretariat
The Summit of the Americas Secretariat forms part of the institutional mechanism of the Summits of the Americas Process and provides support in the areas of planning, implementation, outreach, and follow up of Summit mandates.

In the First Summit of the Americas, held in Miami in 1994, several international organizations contributed documents and suggestions that were considered by the coordinators and participants of the Summit. At the OAS, the Permanent Council, with the Secretary General, Cesar Gaviria, attended the Summit and talked about the importance of this event for Inter-American relations and for building trust amongst the countries and institutions of the Inter-American system.

Later, the OAS had an essential role in the preparation and execution of the Summit on Sustainable Development held in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia in 1996. The negotiation meetings on the Declaration and Plan of Action were held at OAS headquarters, with the support from the OAS as technical secretariat.

The OAS played an active role in preparing for the Second Summit of the Americas which took place in Santiago, Chile in 1998. The OAS offered technical support for the organization of the preparatory meetings in several thematic areas such as education, science and technology, public participation, and drugs, among others. The OAS was mandated with keeping "the institutional memory of the Summit Process and provide technical support to the Summit Implementation Review Group (SIRG)". As a result, the Secretary General created the Office of Summit Follow Up (OSFU) in 1998.

The Third Summit of the Americas, held in Quebec City, Canada in 2001, recognized the central role of the OAS in the support of this process. The Office of Summit Follow up was in charge of the management of documents through the Summit website and organized the negotiation meetings with the government of Canada. In Quebec, the OAS Secretary General signed Executive Order Number 02-03 on May 31, 2002, which strengthened the responsibilities of the Office of Summit Follow Up and changed its name to the Secretariat for the Summit Process. The Order also specified the Secretariat's responsibility to coordinate activities concerning civil society participation in the Summit Process. New duties also included presiding over the Joint Summit Working Group.

In the Special Summit of the Americas, held in Monterrey, Mexico in January 2004, governments signed the Declaration of Nuevo León. The governments called for the organizations of the Inter-American system to provide in-depth support and assistance in the preparation for the Fourth Summit of the Americas.

The Summits of the Americas Secretariat played a fundamental role in preparing for the Fourth Summit of the Americas, held in Mar del Plata, Argentina in November 2005. In this Summit, the Heads of State and Government gathered to discuss the theme: "Creating Jobs to Confront Poverty and Strengthen Democratic Governance." In the Plan of Action of Mar del Plata, the institutions of the JSWG were called to perform specific tasks in order to achieve the objectives in terms of growth and democratic governance in the region.

During the Fifth Summit of the Americas, held in Trinidad and Tobago from April 17 to 19, 2009, the Heads of State and Government embarked upon a new era of inter-American relations. The Summit focused on securing citizens' future by promoting human prosperity, energy security and environmental sustainability, underlying th importance of a process that began in 1994.

The Sixth Summit of the Americas was held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia on April 14-15, 2012 and its mandates focused on the integration of physical infrastructure in the Americas, solving poverty, inequality and inequity, disaster risk reduction and management, access to and use of information and communication technologies, and the implementation of policies for citizen security and the prevention of transnational organized crime.

The Seventh Summit of the Americas was held in Panama City, Panama on April 10-11, 2015.

The Eighth Summit of the Americas (Lima, April 13-14, 2018) was held under the leadership of the government of Peru. The Lima Commitment: "Democratic Governance against Corruption" was the first document of mandates adopted by Heads of State and Government at a Summit of the Americas since the Fourth Summit held in Mar del Plata, Argentina (2005).

The Ninth Summit of the Americas was held in Los Angeles on June 6-8, 2022 during times of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Heads of State and Government adopted five documents of mandates on health and resilience, democratic governance, energy transition, green future, and digital transformation.

Participating states
The heads of state and government of 35 states have participated throughout the history of the Summit of the Americas process.

 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Argentina
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Bolivia
 * Brazil
 * Canada
 * Chile
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba *
 * Dominica
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador
 * El Salvador
 * Grenada
 * Guatemala
 * Guyana
 * Haiti
 * Honduras
 * Jamaica
 * Mexico
 * Nicaragua **
 * Panama
 * Paraguay
 * Peru
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Saint Lucia
 * Suriname
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States of America
 * Uruguay
 * Venezuela ***

* Cuba was invited to participate in the VII Summit in Panama and the VIII Summit in Lima, Peru.

** Nicaragua was not invited to participate in the IX Summit in Los Angeles.

*** Venezuela was not invited to participate in the XIII Summit in Lima or the IX Summit in Los Angeles.

Summit Implementation Review Group (SIRG)
The Summit Implementation Review Group (SIRG), is the core management body of the Summits Process and is composed of government officials of the countries of the hemisphere, which are represented in the SIRG by their appointed National Coordinators.

The SIRG was created in 1995 and is presided over by the Chair of the Summit of the Americas Process. The Dominican Republic as the host of the X Summit, to be held in 2025, is the current chair of the SIRG.

The SIRG meets on average 3 times a year, with at least one meeting held at the Ministerial level. The SIRG is responsible for reporting annually to the Foreign Ministers on progress achieved in fulfilling Summit Mandates.

At the Quebec Summit in 2001, the SIRG and its Executive Council were charged with the responsibility of following-up, together with the support of the OAS Office of Summit Follow Up, which became the Secretariat of the Summit Process.

Joint Summit Working Group (JSWG)
The Joint Summit Working Group (JSWG) coordinates the support of thirteen Inter-American and international institutions to the Summits Process. These institutions provide technical guidance to countries in the identification and negotiation of issues addressed in the Summits process.

The JSWG also plans and carries out projects and initiatives to implement Summit commitments and supports Inter-American ministerial meetings and their linkages to the Summits process. The JSWG also participates in Summit policy dialogues to exchange ideas regarding policy approaches for the Summits process.

The JSWG is chaired by the OAS Summit of the Americas Secretariat. The following institutions are members of the JSWG:

 * Organization of American States, Summit of the Americas Secretariat
 * Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
 * Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
 * Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
 * Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
 * Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI)
 * Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)
 * The World Bank
 * Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
 * International Organization for Migration (IOM)
 * International Labor Organization (ILO)
 * United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 * Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Social actors
Civil society organizations, indigenous peoples, youth, private sector, labor unions and other social actors play an essential role in the Summits Process. They provide recommendation on the thematic areas to the Member States in preparation for future Summits and assist in the implementation of initiatives in the development of the hemispheric agenda.

At previous Summits, the Heads of State and Government recognized the importance of including social actors and encouraged governments to cooperate with social actors in the formulation and implementation of development policies and programs.

title: Summit of the Americas


text:
Talk:Summit of the Americas

Redundant information?
At some point, the list of the summits in the Overview section will be considered redundant. There is a navbox at the bottom of the page; and it presents similar data in an abbreviated format.

In my view, this list should be removed from the individual articles about the several summits; but it should remain in the context of this article. The two formats are mutually reinforcing, and one format or the other is likely to be perceived as more helpful or more accessible for some readers/users. --Tenmei (talk) 17:22, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Summit of the Americas


text:
Shallow Hal

Shallow Hal is a 2001 American romantic comedy film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Jack Black about a man who falls in love with a 300-pound woman after being hypnotized into only seeing a person's inner beauty. Directed by the Farrelly brothers, it was filmed in and around Charlotte, North Carolina as well as Sterling and Princeton, Massachusetts at Wachusett Mountain. The supporting cast features Jason Alexander, Joe Viterelli, and Susan Ward. Shallow Hal was released in theaters on November 9, 2001 by 20th Century Fox, and grossed $141 million against a $40 million budget.

Plot
Hal Larson spends his nights being rejected by beautiful women at night clubs with his friend Mauricio. He holds a steady job at JPS Funds, a financial institution run by president Steve Shanahan, but is dismayed after being denied a long-sought promotion. Hal is attracted to his neighbor Jill, but she rejects him due to his shallow lifestyle. One day, Hal becomes trapped in an elevator with life coach Tony Robbins, who hypnotizes him into only seeing a person's inner beauty. Hal, not realizing he has been hypnotized, later meets Steve's daughter, Rosemary. Rosemary is morbidly obese, but because of her kind and generous personality, she appears to Hal as a slender and beautiful trophy blonde and he is instantly smitten with her. Used to being overlooked due to her appearance, Rosemary initially interprets Hal's interest as mockery, but soon realizes his feelings for her are sincere and they begin to date.

Mauricio, worried about Hal's new taste in women, convinces Tony to give him the trigger phrase to undo the hypnosis, which is "Shallow Hal wants a gal". During a dinner date, Rosemary tells Hal she has been asked by the Peace Corps to go on a 14-month mission in Kiribati. Mauricio phones Hal and says the trigger phrase, breaking the hypnosis. Mauricio then arrives at the restaurant and drags Hal out before he can see the real Rosemary, before telling him the truth about Tony's hypnotherapy. Hal does not believe him until he runs into Katrina, a woman who initially appeared beautiful to him, but whom he now sees in her true, physically unattractive state. Hal begins to avoid Rosemary, who becomes depressed as a result. Jill, having observed Hal overcoming his shallow nature through his relationship with Rosemary, develops an interest in him and invites him out for dinner. While on the date with Jill, Hal realizes his true feelings for Rosemary who has, coincidentally, arrived at the same restaurant with her family and sees the two sitting together. Assuming the worst, Rosemary leaves in tears. Not recognizing Rosemary, Hal walks right by her on his way to a payphone to call her and reassure her of his feelings. Confused and distraught, Rosemary insults him and effectively breaks up with him.

Five days later, Steve informs Hal that Rosemary’s ex-boyfriend and Peace Corps partner, Ralph, wants to be in a relationship with her again. Hal attempts to find Rosemary, but instead encounters a young patient named Cadence at the hospital where Rosemary volunteers. Due to the hypnosis, Hal had previously seen Cadence as a perfect little girl, but now sees that she is covered in burn scars. This changes Hal's views on outer beauty in general and inspires him to go after Rosemary. Mauricio confesses that he stopped Hal's hypnosis out of envy towards his happiness, and confesses that he has an inoperable vestigial tail which has prevented him from ever getting close to a woman. Hal convinces Mauricio to embrace his abnormality.

Hal heads to the Peace Corps recruiting office and confronts Ralph, believing he and Rosemary have gotten back together. Ralph informs Hal that he and Rosemary are not together and that Rosemary's parents are throwing her a farewell party (to which Ralph was not invited). Hal, Mauricio, and Ralph arrive at the home of Rosemary's parents. Rosemary initially rebuffs Hal's presence, but accepts his apology when Hal professes his love for her. Rosemary informs Hal she is still leaving on her Peace Corps mission. Hal says he is coming, too, having just been sworn into the Peace Corps by Ralph's friend Li'iBoy. Hal and Rosemary reconcile, and he tries to carry her bridal-style to the car, but finds he cannot lift her. Moved by his gesture and effort, she triumphantly carries him instead. As they drive off, Mauricio meets a woman who loves dogs and the two walk off together as he wags his tail.

Cast

 * Jack Black as Hal Larson
 * Gwyneth Paltrow as Rosemary "Rosie" Shanahan
 * Jason Alexander as Mauricio Wilson
 * Rene Kirby as Walt
 * Joe Viterelli as Steve Shanahan
 * Jill Christine Fitzgerald as Mrs. Shanahan
 * Susan Ward as Jill
 * Zen Gesner as Ralph
 * Joshua Shintani as Li’iBoy
 * Nan Martin as Nurse Tanya
 * Brianna Gardner as Cadence
 * Brooke Burns as Katrina
 * Kyle Gass as Artie
 * Laura Kightlinger as Jen
 * Tony Robbins as Himself

 * Cameo
 * Bruce McGill as Reverend Larson
 * Molly Shannon as Mrs. Larson
 * Sasha Neulinger as young Hal
 * Sayed Badreya as Dr. Sayed
 * Sascha Knopf as Nurse Tanya (gorgeous)
 * Ron Darling as Li'iBoy (gorgeous)
 * Rob Moran as Tiffany
 * Mary Wigmore as Tiffany (gorgeous)
 * Michael Corrente as homeless
 * Darius Rucker as restaurant maitre
 * Manon Von Gerkan as Lindy
 * Erinn Bartlett as Bella

Production
Writer Sean Moynihan is legally blind and was inspired by Tony Robbins to write the script. Earlier versions of the story did not include Robbins' character; instead, a psychic was responsible for Hal's change of view.

In December 1999 Paltrow was in talks to star. The Farrelly brothers tried unsuccessfully to get Garry Shandling to star as Mauricio before Jason Alexander was cast.

Production was moved up in order to get the film completed before July 1 and a threatened Screen Actors Guild strike. Filming took place in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The Farrelly Brothers defended the movie and its plot to critics, arguing it was more than a mere "fat joke" type of movie and was instead one that had a strong message about "inner beauty".

Gwyneth Paltrow played both roles, slim and fat Rosemary (except for a couple of close-up shots of fat Rosemary below the neck, which were played by her body double Ivy Snitzer ), and had to wear a specially designed 25-pound fatsuit and prosthetic make-up. She later admitted that she did not enjoy partaking in production of the movie, in particular dreading having to wear the fat suit and makeup. The prosthetic make-up effects and body suits for Rosemary, Rosemary's mother, and all of the secondary characters were designed and created by Tony Gardner and his company Alterian, Inc.

Box office
In its opening weekend at the U.S. box office, Shallow Hal grossed $22.5 million, opening at #2 behind Monsters, Inc.. It grossed a total of $141.1 million, of which $70.7 million was in the United States.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 49%, based on 134 reviews, and an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While surprisingly sweeter and warm-hearted than previous Farrelly outings, Shallow Hal is also less funny and more bland." On Metacritic, it has a score of 48% based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times  gave it 3 out of 4 and called it "Often very funny, but it is also surprisingly moving at times." A. O. Scott of The New York Times called it a series of fat jokes turned "into a tender fable and a winning love story"

Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "With the relatively untested Black coming on awfully strong, the lack of directorial finesse lets the enterprise down, creating some clunky scenes and dead air where laughs might have been expected."

Awards
The film was nominated at the 2002 Teen Choice Awards as Choice Movie: Comedy and its leads were nominated Choice Movie: Comedy Actor (Jack Black) and Choice Movie: Comedy Actress (Gwyneth Paltrow).

Home media
Shallow Hal was released on VHS and DVD in July 2002, and topped the rental charts the week it was released. It also performed well on Pay Per View. Fox released the film only 30 (rather than 45) days after its debut on DVD and video, and it became the top performing PPV title of 2002.

title: Shallow Hal


text:
Chikungunya

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The disease was first identified in 1952 in Tanzania and named based on the Kimakonde words for "to become contorted".

Symptoms include fever and joint pain. These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash. Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months or years. The risk of death is around 1 in 1,000. The very young, old, and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease.

The virus is spread between people by two types of mosquitos: Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti, which mainly bite during the day. The virus may circulate within a number of animals, including birds and rodents. Diagnosis is done by either testing the blood for viral RNA or antibodies to the virus. The symptoms can be mistaken for those of dengue fever and Zika fever. It is believed most people become immune after a single infection.

The best means of prevention are overall mosquito control and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common. This may be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes' access to water, as well as the use of insect repellent and mosquito nets. In November 2023 the USFDA approved an adults-only vaccine (Ixchiq) for prevention of the disease. Once infected and symptomatic, recommendations to patients should include rest, fluids, and medications to help with fever and joint pain.

In 2014, more than a million suspected cases occurred globally. While the disease is endemic in Africa and Asia, outbreaks have been reported in Europe and the Americas since the 2000s; in 2014, an outbreak was reported in Florida in the continental United States, but as of 2016 there were no further locally-acquired cases.

Signs and symptoms
Around 85% of people infected with Chikungunya virus experience symptoms, typically beginning with a sudden high fever above 39 °C. The fever is soon followed by severe muscle and joint pain. Pain usually affects multiple joints in the arms and legs, and is symmetric – i.e. if one elbow is affected, the other is as well. People with Chikungunya also frequently experience headache, back pain, nausea, and fatigue. Around half of those affected develop a rash, with reddening and sometimes small bumps on the palms, foot soles, torso, and face. For some, the rash remains constrained to a small part of the body; for others, the rash can be extensive, covering more than 90% of the skin. Some people experience gastrointestinal issues, with abdominal pain and vomiting. Others experience eye problems, namely sensitivity to light, conjunctivitis, and pain behind the eye. This first set of symptoms – called the "acute phase" of Chikungunya – lasts around a week, after which most symptoms resolve on their own.

Many people continue to have symptoms after the "acute phase" resolves, termed the "post-acute phase" for symptoms lasting three weeks to three months, and the "chronic stage" for symptoms lasting longer than three months. In both cases, the lasting symptoms tend to be joint pains: arthritis, tenosynovitis, and/or bursitis. If the affected person had pre-existing joint issues, these tend to worsen. Overuse of a joint can result in painful swelling, stiffness, nerve damage, and neuropathic pain. Typically the joint pain improves with time; however, the chronic stage can last anywhere from a few months to several years.

Joint pain is reported in 87–98% of cases, and nearly always occurs in more than one joint, though joint swelling is uncommon. Typically the affected joints are located in both arms and legs. Joints are more likely to be affected if they have previously been damaged by disorders such as arthritis. Pain most commonly occurs in peripheral joints, such as the wrists, ankles, and joints of the hands and feet as well as some of the larger joints, typically the shoulders, elbows and knees. Pain may also occur in the muscles or ligaments. In more than half of cases, normal activity is limited by significant fatigue and pain. Infrequently, inflammation of the eyes may occur in the form of iridocyclitis, or uveitis, and retinal lesions may occur. Temporary damage to the liver may occur.

People with Chikungunya occasionally develop neurologic disorders, most frequently swelling or degeneration of the brain, inflammation or degeneration of the myelin sheaths around neurons, Guillain–Barré syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, hypotonia (in newborns), and issues with visual processing. In particularly rare cases, people may develop behavioral changes, seizures, irritation of the cerebellum or meninges, oculomotor nerve palsy, or paralysis of the eye muscles.

Newborns are susceptible to particularly severe effects of Chikungunya infection. Signs of infection typically begin with fever, rash, and swelling in the extremities. Around half of newborns have a mild case of the disease that resolves on its own; the other half have severe disease with inflammation of the brain and seizures. In severe cases, affected newborns may also have issues with bleeding and bloodflow, and problems with heart function.

In addition to newborns, the elderly, and those with diabetes, heart disease, liver and kidney diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus infection tend to have more severe cases of Chikungunya. Around 1 to 5 in 1,000 people with symptomatic Chikungunya die of the disease.

Cause
<!--Find somewhere in this section to add that symptoms in the acute phase correspond to viremia. When IgM, an antibody that is a response to the initial exposure to an antigen, appears in the blood, viremia begins to diminish.

Currently, the cause of these chronic symptoms is not fully known. Markers of autoimmune or rheumatoid disease have not been found in people reporting chronic symptoms. However, some evidence from humans and animal models suggests chikungunya may be able to establish chronic infections within the host. Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a person who had a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial onset. Additionally, viral antigen and viral RNA were found in macrophages in the synovial joint of a person experiencing a relapse of musculoskeletal disease 18 months after initial infection. Several animal models have also suggested Chikungunya virus may establish persistent infections. In a mouse model, viral RNA was detected specifically in joint-associated tissue for at least 16 weeks after inoculation, and was associated with chronic synovitis. Similarly, another study reported detection of a viral reporter gene in joint tissue of mice for weeks after inoculation. In a nonhuman primate model, Chikungunya virus was found to persist in the spleen for at least six weeks. -->

Virology
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is a member of the genus Alphavirus, and family Togaviridae. It was first isolated in 1953 in Tanzania and is an RNA virus with a positive-sense single-stranded genome of about 11.6kb. It is a member of the Semliki Forest virus complex and is closely related to Ross River virus, O'nyong'nyong virus, and Semliki Forest virus. Because it is transmitted by arthropods, namely mosquitoes, it can also be referred to as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). In the United States, it is classified as a category B priority pathogen, and work requires biosafety level III precautions.

Transmission
Chikungunya is generally transmitted from mosquitoes to humans. Less common modes of transmission include vertical transmission, which is transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or at birth. Transmission via infected blood products and through organ donation is also theoretically possible during times of outbreak, though no cases have yet been documented. The incubation period ranges from one to twelve days, and is most typically three to seven.

Chikungunya is related to mosquitoes, their environments, and human behavior. The adaptation of mosquitoes to the changing climate of North Africa around 5,000 years ago made them seek out environments where humans stored water. Human habitation and the mosquitoes' environments were then very closely connected. During periods of epidemics humans are the reservoir of the virus. Because high amounts of virus are present in the blood in the beginning of acute infection, the virus can be spread from a viremic human to a mosquito, and back to a human. During other times, monkeys, birds and other vertebrates have served as reservoirs. Three genotypes of this virus have been described, each with a distinct genotype and antigenic character: West African, East/Central/South African, and Asian genotypes. The Asian lineage originated in 1952 and has subsequently split into two lineages – India (Indian Ocean Lineage) and South East Asian clades. This virus was first reported in the Americas in 2014. Phylogenetic investigations have shown that there are two strains in Brazil – the Asian and East/Central/South African types – and that the Asian strain arrived in the Caribbean (most likely from Oceania) in about March 2013. The rate of molecular evolution was estimated to have a mean rate of 5 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (95% higher probability density 2.9–7.9 × 10−4).

Chikungunya is spread through bites from Aedes mosquitoes, and the species A. aegypti was identified as the most common vector, though the virus has recently been associated with many other species, including A. albopictus. Research by the Pasteur Institute in Paris has suggested Chikungunya virus strains in the 2005–2006 Reunion Island outbreak incurred a mutation that facilitated transmission by the Asian tiger mosquito (A. albopictus). Other species potentially able to transmit Chikungunya virus include Ae. furcifer-taylori, Ae. africanus, and Ae. luteocephalus.

Mechanism
Chikungunya virus is passed to humans when a bite from an infected mosquito breaks the skin and introduces the virus into the body. The pathogenesis of chikungunya infection in humans is still poorly understood, despite recent outbreaks. It appears that in vitro, Chikungunya virus is able to replicate in human epithelial and endothelial cells, primary fibroblasts, and monocyte-derived macrophages. Viral replication is highly cytopathic, but susceptible to type-I and -II interferon. In vivo, in studies using living cells, chikungunya virus appears to replicate in fibroblasts, skeletal muscle progenitor cells, and myofibers.

The type-1 interferon response seems to play an important role in the host's response to chikungunya infection. Upon infection with chikungunya, the host's fibroblasts produce type-1 alpha and beta interferon (IFN-α and IFN-β). In mouse studies, deficiencies in INF-1 in mice exposed to the virus cause increased morbidity and mortality. The chikungunya-specific upstream components of the type-1 interferon pathway involved in the host's response to chikungunya infection are still unknown. Nonetheless, mouse studies suggest that IPS-1 is an important factor, and that IRF3 and IRF7 are important in an age-dependent manner. Mouse studies also suggest that chikungunya evades host defenses and counters the type-I interferon response by producing NS2, a nonstructural protein that degrades RBP1 and turns off the host cell's ability to transcribe DNA. NS2 interferes with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and prevents STAT from becoming phosphorylated.

In the acute phase of chikungunya, the virus is typically present in the areas where symptoms present, specifically skeletal muscles, and joints. In the chronic phase, it is suggested that viral persistence (the inability of the body to entirely rid itself of the virus), lack of clearance of the antigen, or both, contribute to joint pain. The inflammation response during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease results in part from interactions between the virus and monocytes and macrophages. Chikungunya virus disease in humans is associated with elevated serum levels of specific cytokines and chemokines. High levels of specific cytokines have been linked to more severe acute disease: interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10). Cytokines may also contribute to chronic Chikungunya virus disease, as persistent joint pain has been associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In those with chronic symptoms, a mild elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) has been observed, suggesting ongoing chronic inflammation. However, there is little evidence linking chronic Chikungunya virus disease and the development of autoimmunity.

Viral replication
The virus consists of four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The structural proteins are the capsid and two envelope glycoproteins: E1 and E2, which form heterodimeric spikes on the viron surface. E2 binds to cellular receptors in order to enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. E1 contains a fusion peptide which, when exposed to the acidity of the endosome in eukaryotic cells, dissociates from E2 and initiates membrane fusion that allows the release of nucleocapsids into the host cytoplasm, promoting infection. The mature virion contains 240 heterodimeric spikes of E2/E1, which after release, bud on the surface of the infected cell, where they are released by exocytosis to infect other cells.

Diagnosis
Chikungunya is diagnosed on the basis of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory criteria. Clinically, acute onset of high fever and severe joint pain would lead to suspicion of chikungunya. Epidemiological criteria consist of whether the individual has traveled to or spent time in an area in which chikungunya is present within the last twelve days (i.e.) the potential incubation period). Laboratory criteria include a decreased lymphocyte count consistent with viremia. However a definitive laboratory diagnosis can be accomplished through viral isolation, RT-PCR, or serological diagnosis.

The differential diagnosis may include other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue or malaria, or other infections such as influenza. Chronic recurrent polyarthralgia occurs in at least 20% of chikungunya patients one year after infection, whereas such symptoms are uncommon in dengue.

Virus isolation provides the most definitive diagnosis, but takes one to two weeks for completion and must be carried out in biosafety level III laboratories. The technique involves exposing specific cell lines to samples from whole blood and identifying Chikungunya virus-specific responses. RT-PCR using nested primer pairs is used to amplify several chikungunya-specific genes from whole blood, generating thousands to millions of copies of the genes in order to identify them. RT-PCR can also be used to quantify the viral load in the blood. Using RT-PCR, diagnostic results can be available in one to two days. Serological diagnosis requires a larger amount of blood than the other methods, and uses an ELISA assay to measure chikungunya-specific IgM levels in the blood serum. One advantage offered by serological diagnosis is that serum IgM is detectable from 5 days to months after the onset of symptoms, but drawbacks are that results may require two to three days, and false positives can occur with infection due to other related viruses, such as o'nyong'nyong virus and Semliki Forest virus.

Presently, there is no specific way to test for chronic signs and symptoms associated with Chikungunya fever although nonspecific laboratory findings such as C reactive protein and elevated cytokines can correlate with disease activity.

Prevention
Although an approved vaccine exists, the most effective means of prevention are protection against contact with the disease-carrying mosquitoes and controlling mosquito populations by limiting their habitat. Mosquito control focuses on eliminating the standing water where mosquitos lay eggs and develop as larva; if elimination of the standing water is not possible, insecticides or biological control agents can be added. Methods of protection against contact with mosquitos include using insect repellents with substances such as DEET, icaridin, PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol, a substance derived from the lemon eucalyptus tree), or ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535). However, increasing insecticide resistance presents a challenge to chemical control methods.

Wearing bite-proof long sleeves and trousers also offers protection, and garments can be treated with pyrethroids, a class of insecticides that often has repellent properties. Vaporized pyrethroids (for example in mosquito coils) are also insect repellents. As infected mosquitoes often feed and rest inside homes, securing screens on windows and doors will help to keep mosquitoes out of the house. In the case of the day-active A. aegypti and A. albopictus, however, this will have only a limited effect, since many contacts between the mosquitoes and humans occur outdoors.

Treatment
Currently, no specific treatment for chikungunya is available. Supportive care is recommended, and symptomatic treatment of fever and joint swelling includes the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, non-aspirin analgesics such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and fluids. Aspirin is not recommended due to the increased risk of bleeding. Despite anti-inflammatory effects, corticosteroids are not recommended during the acute phase of disease, as they may cause immunosuppression and worsen infection.

Passive immunotherapy has potential benefit in treatment of chikungunya. Studies in animals using passive immunotherapy have been effective, and clinical studies using passive immunotherapy in those particularly vulnerable to severe infection are currently in progress. Passive immunotherapy involves administration of anti-CHIKV hyperimmune human intravenous antibodies (immunoglobulins) to those exposed to a high risk of chikungunya infection. No antiviral treatment for Chikungunya virus is currently available, though testing has shown several medications to be effective in vitro.

Chronic arthritis
In those who have more than two weeks of arthritis, ribavirin may be useful. The effect of chloroquine is not clear. It does not appear to help acute disease, but tentative evidence indicates it might help those with chronic arthritis. Steroids do not appear to be an effective treatment. NSAIDs and simple analgesics can be used to provide partial symptom relief in most cases. Methotrexate, a drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has been shown to have benefit in treating inflammatory polyarthritis resulting from chikungunya, though the drug mechanism for improving viral arthritis is unclear.

Prognosis
The mortality rate of chikungunya is slightly less than 1 in 1000. Those over the age of 65, neonates, and those with underlying chronic medical problems are most likely to have severe complications. Neonates are vulnerable as it is possible to vertically transmit chikungunya from mother to infant during delivery, which results in high rates of morbidity, as infants lack fully developed immune systems. The likelihood of prolonged symptoms or chronic joint pain is increased with increased age and prior rheumatological disease.

Epidemiology
Historically, chikungunya has been present mostly in the developing world. The disease causes an estimated 3 million infections each year. Epidemics in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, and in the Americas, continue to change the distribution of the disease. In Africa, chikungunya is spread by a sylvatic cycle in which the virus largely cycles between other non-human primates, small mammals, and mosquitos between human outbreaks. During outbreaks, due to the high concentration of virus in the blood of those in the acute phase of infection, the virus can circulate from humans to mosquitoes and back to humans. The transmission of the pathogen between humans and mosquitoes that exist in urban environments was established on multiple occasions from strains occurring on the eastern half of Africa in non-human primate hosts. This emergence and spread beyond Africa may have started as early as the 18th century. Currently, available data does not indicate whether the introduction of chikungunya into Asia occurred in the 19th century or more recently, but this epidemic Asian strain causes outbreaks in India and continues to circulate in Southeast Asia. In Africa, outbreaks were typically tied to heavy rainfall causing increased mosquito population. In recent outbreaks in urban centers, the virus has spread by circulating between humans and mosquitoes.

Global rates of chikungunya infection are variable, depending on outbreaks. When chikungunya was first identified in 1952, it had a low-level circulation in West Africa, with infection rates linked to rainfall. Beginning in the 1960s, periodic outbreaks were documented in Asia and Africa. However, since 2005, following several decades of relative inactivity, chikungunya has re-emerged and caused large outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In India, for instance, chikungunya re-appeared following 32 years of absence of viral activity. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe, the Caribbean, and South America, areas in which chikungunya was not previously transmitted. Local transmission has also occurred in the United States and Australia, countries in which the virus was previously unknown. In 2005, an outbreak on the island of Réunion was the largest then documented, with an estimated 266,000 cases on an island with a population of approximately 770,000. In a 2006 outbreak, India reported 1.25 million suspected cases. Chikungunya was introduced to the Americas in 2013, first detected on the French island of Saint Martin, and for the next two years in the Americas, 1,118,763 suspected cases and 24,682 confirmed cases were reported by the PAHO.

An analysis of the genetic code of Chikungunya virus suggests that the increased severity of the 2005–present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence which altered the E1 segment of the virus' viral coat protein, a variant called E1-A226V. This mutation potentially allows the virus to multiply more easily in mosquito cells. The change allows the virus to use the Asian tiger mosquito (an invasive species) as a vector in addition to the more strictly tropical main vector, Aedes aegypti. Enhanced transmission of Chikungunya virus by A. albopictus could mean an increased risk for outbreaks in other areas where the Asian tiger mosquito is present. A albopictus is an invasive species which has spread through Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East.

After the detection of zika virus in Brazil in April 2015, the first ever in the Western Hemisphere, it is now thought some chikungunya and dengue cases could in fact be zika virus cases or coinfections.

History
The disease was first described by Marion Robinson and W.H.R. Lumsden in a pair of 1955 papers, following an outbreak in 1952 on the Makonde Plateau, along the border between Mozambique and Tanganyika (the mainland part of modern-day Tanzania). Since then outbreaks have occurred occasionally in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia; recent outbreaks have spread the disease over a wider range.

The first recorded outbreak may have been in 1779. This is in agreement with the molecular genetics evidence that suggests it evolved around the year 1700.

According to the original paper by Lumsden, the term 'chikungunya' is derived from the Makonde root verb kungunyala, meaning to dry up or become contorted. In concurrent research, Robinson glossed the Makonde term more specifically as "that which bends up". It is understood to refer to the contorted posture of people affected with the severe joint pain and arthritic symptoms associated with this disease. Subsequent authors apparently overlooked the references to the Makonde language and assumed the term to have been derived from Swahili, the lingua franca of the region. The erroneous attribution to Swahili has been repeated in numerous print sources. Erroneous spellings of the name of the disease are also in common use.

Research
Chikungunya is one of more than a dozen agents researched as a potential biological weapon.

This disease is part of the group of neglected tropical diseases.

title: Chikungunya


text:
User:Jra

My name is Jeff R. Allen. My website is http://nella.org/jra.

I use the Wikipedia from time to time. If I see an error, I'll happily fix it. I'm astounded at the range of info here. Thanks so much for such a great resource.

title: User:Jra


text:
St Stephen's House

St Stephen's House is a theological college in Oxford, England affiliated with the Church of England. From 2003 to 2023 it was a permanent private hall of the University of Oxford.

The college typically matriculates a small number of undergraduate students (just 5 in the academic year 2022–23), but has graduate students in a number of fields including theology, Byzantine studies, education, and music. Between 2003 and 2023, roughly one quarter of the students were pursuing professional training as classroom teachers, and another quarter professional theological and ministerial training as priests, with the other half following a diverse range of studies and research, many remotely or on a flexible basis.

The hall is rooted in and has a history of Anglo-Catholicism.

History
St Stephen's House was founded in 1876 by members of the Oxford Movement within the Church of England, and was originally located in the very centre of Oxford, on what is today the site of the New Bodleian Library. Its principal founder was Edward King, Regius Professor of Moral and Pastoral Theology at Oxford and later Bishop of Lincoln.

In 1919 the college relocated to new buildings in Norham Gardens, near the University Parks and Lady Margaret Hall. The college moved again in 1980, having outgrown its earlier buildings, and now occupies the former Anglican Monastery of the Society of St. John the Evangelist (Cowley Fathers).

The college was an "Associated Institution" of the University of Oxford, able to matriculate students in the fields of theology and philosophy, until 2003, when it became a permanent private hall of the university.

Buildings
The college is located in east Oxford, between the Iffley and Cowley Roads (to west and east) and James Street and Marston Street (to north and south), with entrances onto all these roads. Although there are some modern buildings, notably the Moberly Close residential accommodation building, most of the college buildings are older, and have listed status.

Grade I listing applies to the Church of St John the Evangelist, which is the principal college chapel, and an arts centre, as well as housing some teaching and research facilities in its sacristies and song school. Constructed in 1894–1896 to a design by George Frederick Bodley (1827–1907), it has held grade I listing since 1968. The castellated west tower was added in 1902. The east, west, and north-east windows contain stained glass designed by C. E. Kempe (1837–1907) and made in about 1900. The Church also contains painted Stations of the Cross by the late Pre-Raphaelite artist, Edward Arthur Fellowes Prynne, created for the Cowley Fathers between 1918 and 1921. Grade II listing was applied to the bulk of the college's other central buildings in 1992. This listing includes the college's main cloister built in 1899 to a design by Bodley, the three lesser cloisters, the Benson Building (residential and teaching accommodation built late nineteenth century, probably designed by Clapton Crabb Rolfe), the King Building (residential, teaching, and administrative accommodation, including the college refectory, the library, and the common room, also designed by Bodley), and the two smaller chapels – the Founders Chapel, and the Ninian Comper designed House Chapel.

St John's Church (and sometimes also the college cloisters) has been since 2012 the performance and display venue for SJE Arts Oxford, a society promoting performing arts and music, and which organises an annual summer choral festival at the college site.

The Song School, once the music department of SSJE, and later the residence of the college's vice principal, has since 2008 housed the Centre for Muslim-Christian Studies, Oxford, an independent body whose senior teaching and research staff are mostly current or former members of the Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford.

Arms
In 2020, St Stephen's House was granted by the College of Arms the current arms Per chevron Gules and Sable in chief two Cross crosslets and in base a Celestial Crown Or and badge A Cross Crosslet Or surmounted by a closed Book Gules leaved Argent and charged with a key wards upwards Or. The badge is used on the college sports kit.

Prior to this, the college used the assumed arms Gules a Celestial Crown between three Bezants two and one Or, on a chief Sable an Apostolic Eagle between two Crosses crosslet Or.

Principals
The Head of House is known as the "principal." To date, every person to have held the office has been an ordained Anglican priest.
 * 1876–1877 (res.): Robert Moberly
 * 1877–1881: ?
 * 1881–1884 (res.): John Octavius Johnston
 * 1884–1885 (res.): Berkeley Randolph
 * 1885–1888 (res.): Charles Myers
 * 1888–1895 (res.): Hugh Currie
 * 1895–1903 (res.): Charles Plumb
 * 1903–1917 (res.): George Bown
 * 1917–1919: ?
 * 1919–1936 (res.): Gilbert Mitchell
 * 1936–1962 (res.): Arthur Couratin
 * 1962–1974 (res.): Derek Allen
 * 1974–1982 (res.): David Hope
 * 1982–1987 (res.): David Thomas
 * 1987–1995 (res.): Edwin Barnes
 * 1996–2006 (res.): Jeremy Sheehy
 * 2006–present: Robin Ward

Honorary research fellows
Notable honorary research fellows have included:
 * Andrew Linzey, theologian, author and prominent figure in the Christian vegetarianism movement
 * James Whitbourn, conductor and composer
 * Luke Miller, Archdeacon of London
 * Norman Russell, former Archdeacon of Berkshire

Alumni
Many former students, in the tradition of the college, go on to minister in urban priority areas and parishes which suffer poverty and deprivation. The following are amongst the notable former students:
 * Jonathan Baker – Bishop of Fulham and the former Bishop of Ebbsfleet
 * Norman Banks – Honorary Chaplain to the Queen and Bishop of Richborough
 * J. W. B. Barns – Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford
 * Mark Bonney — Dean of Ely
 * Andrew Burnham – former Bishop of Ebbsfleet and former vice principal
 * Anthony Caesar – composer
 * Alan Chesters – former Bishop of Blackburn
 * David Conner – Dean of Windsor (since 1998)
 * Stephen Cottrell – Archbishop of York (since 2020)
 * Ivor Gordon Davies – Archdeacon of Lewisham from 1972 to 1985.
 * Roy Davies – Bishop of Llandaff from 1985 to 1999
 * Hovnan Derderian – Primate of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church of North America
 * Mark Elvins – Roman Catholic priest and Warden of Greyfriars, Oxford
 * Walter Hooper – literary advisor to the estate of CS Lewis
 * William Howard, 8th Earl of Wicklow – Irish peer
 * David Jasper – Professor of Literature and Theology at the University of Glasgow
 * Jeffrey John – Dean of St Albans
 * Eric Kemp – former Bishop of Chichester
 * Peter Laister – Rector of Saint Clement's Church, Philadelphia,  from 1986 to 1993
 * Kenneth Leech – priest and Christian socialist
 * Trevor Mwamba – Bishop of Botswana, appears as himself in The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency
 * Philip North – Bishop of Burnley
 * Mark Oakley – Canon Chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral, London
 * Gordon Roe – former Bishop of Huntingdon
 * John Saward – theologian, fellow of Greyfriars, Oxford
 * David Silk – former Bishop of Ballarat in the Anglican Church of Australia
 * Glyn Simon – former Archbishop of Wales
 * Michael Spence – vice-chancellor of the University of Sydney
 * Tim Thornton – Bishop of Truro
 * Stephen Venner – Bishop to the Forces and Bishop for the Falkland Islands
 * Martin Warner – Bishop of Chichester
 * William Gordon Wheeler – former Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds
 * Colin Williams – General Secretary of the Conference of European Churches
 * A. N. Wilson – writer and newspaper columnist, left after his first year

title: St Stephen's House