text:
Talk:Abigail Adams

Marriage to John Adams
We are told that "The couple married on October 25, 1764, five days before John's 29th birthday, in the Smiths' home in Weymouth. Then Rev. Smith (the bride's father) performed the nuptials." The word "then" needs clarification. Did they get married first and THEN have the nuptials performed? If so, how do you get married before the nuptials are performed? On the other hand, does THEN mean that Smith was a reverend when he performed the ceremony but THEN got defrocked for some reason, so that he became a "then (former) Reverend"? John Paul Parks (talk) 05:03, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

She fell in love with Michael Pritt of French
"She fell in love with Michael Pritt of French and had babies. This was her second marriage. NOt soon after her husband and sons were killed in the Mexican war and soon found love again."

Where did this come from? Is not John Adams her first husband?! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.8.16.92 (talk) 05:15, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Unless there's a source I'd assume it's vandalism. -Will Beback · † · 06:08, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I can't wait to find out how her husband and son found love after being killed. OtherDave (talk) 16:46, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

No, John Adams was not her first husband! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.171.112.189 (talk) 20:53, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Abigail's only husband was John. Felicity12 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 18:32, 1 January 2009 (UTC).

a little bit off...find more info 'bout her life.174.95.54.143 (talk) 23:37, 10 May 2011 (UTC) Jazmine

You should try and find more of the letters she wrote to her husband

--- all of those letters are available online at http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/letter/

- According to Edith Gelles (who, near as I can tell, did read through all of those letters), there really isn't anything on her childhood. She never expected to be famous. We know she learned how to read from the bible (as that was the style of the time), but her parents, the Smiths, also taught her to read using secular works such as Shaekespaere. abigail smith was born on april 19,1894 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.180.145.111 (talk) 21:08, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

revolutionary war?
what did abigail adams have to do with the revolutionary war? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.210.225.131 (talk) 18:38, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

-- Her husband, John Adams, was a member of the Constitutional Congress and a leading figure in the Revolution, to the point that he was slated for hanging by the English Crown (despite the fact that some revolutionaries were not). As is clear from their letters, she was a strong influence on her husband's ideas and actions, both of which were formative in the birth of what eventually became the United States. So that's what she had to do with the Revolutionary War. Woodstein52 03.03 UTC, 12 October 2006

I think this website should provide the height and weight of Abigail Adams if possible. Other people may need it for a report like everyone in my school. Tnanks Imlvr96

-- A lady does not reveal her weight, young'in. 207.180.145.111 14:53, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

-- Add some discussion of her writings and intellectual legacy, please 139.102.150.164 (talk) 20:15, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Possible plagiarism concern
This group of edits by a currently blocked user with a history of copy/pasting from other websites, contains these fragments apparently copied from sites on Abigail Elizabeth/Smith Adams: I have not reverted since these may be too short to be a copyright concern, and whitehouse.gov (first source) is probably free to quote. But someone more familiar with the material might want to review this and either: These were the first two phrases I tried. There may be more overlap with other sites. / edg ☺ ☭ 05:20, 25 December 2007 (UTC) I followed up some information that was included in the article however not very accurate-the information you point out is from the website http://americanhistorycentral.com/. Also what was noted was that she was nicknamed 'her majesty' not mrs. president which someone obviously changed to suit our American ideas. She earned the nickname because of the way she supported John on the French Revolution and passage of the Alien and Sedition act. Her 'active role in politics' are nothing more than her IDEAS of matters on women's rights, slavery, and how she felt about God and religion. She was in fact the perfect political wife of her time. She was intelligent and corresponded with many notable men and women of her era. That did not make her a polititian in the real sense of the word. ;) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.228.142 (talk) 05:02, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "looked after family and home when he went traveling as circuit judge"
 * "importance of reason and morality"
 * add the above as citations, perhaps with a rewrite, or
 * revert

was she not also burid with her son and daghter and law —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.246.138.57 (talk) 01:17, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Pins?
What Abigail Adams meant by "pins"? They where 6000 pins in a "bundle". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.18.79 (talk) 19:49, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

I'm guessing she meant pins for her hair or pins with which to sew. Felicity12 (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 18:33, 1 January 2009 (UTC).

John & Abigal related to each other before they married
Historians have said that John and Abigail were already related to each other before they married each other that they were 3rd cousins to each other is this true???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.80.106.105 (talk) 22:40, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Which historians? Tomertalk  05:14, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, which? I'm not sure myself, and have never read that, but it wouldn't be that big a deal. I just put together an article on the Quincy family and found three instances of distant cousins marrying. --Aepoutre (talk) 06:48, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ya...all I'm saying is that if we're going to put that in the article, we need a reliable historian to reference. If that wasn't the goal of the anonymous poster, then s/he's apparently violating the purpose of this talk page.  Assuming good faith, I'll opt for the former, and repeat my inquiry..."Which historians?" Tomertalk  09:37, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

hello:)( —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.103.108.13 (talk) 00:26, 20 October 2009 (UTC) uh huh —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.98.161.187 (talk) 20:30, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

I'm puzzled that nobody cares to verify this assertion about John and Abigail's relationship. To be third cousins, they would need to have great grandparents who were siblings, and this is indeed the case. Abigail's great grandmother (her father's paternal grandmother) Abigail Boylston Smith was the sibling of John's great grandfather (his mother's paternal grandfather) Thomas Boylston Jr. They were the children of Thomas Boylston Sr, born 1635. This information is from "Genealogies and the Families and Descendants of the Early Settlers of Watertown, Massachusetts" by Henry Boyd, published 1855, pages 91 and 109. It's available on Google Books. Astolfi (talk) 01:25, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The volume you're citing is by Henry Bond (not Boyd), who was the best-known chronicler of the early history of Watertown. MarmadukePercy (talk) 01:45, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

yes Astolfi (talk) 02:38, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Incorrect title?
It says: She was the first Second Lady of the United States. Was she not the second First Lady of the United States? 81.234.228.170 (talk) 21:06, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * She was both.   Will Beback    talk    21:24, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

More info on time as Second Lady in White House
Why isn't there more info/section on her life when John Adams was Vice President? Seems like a valuable addition if possible. 67.241.48.177 (talk) 20:22, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Your articles lists Abigail as being succeeded by Martha Jefferson Randolph. This is inaccurate. Martha Jefferson had died in 1782. Thomas Jefferson did not have either a First or Second Lady. The position was vacant, though sometimes his daughter Martha served as his hostess. But most often it was Dolley Madison who did the job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.192.77.254 (talk) 13:45, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Political Activism?
The article mentions that during her husband's presidency, she was unusually politically active for a woman of her time. That's very interesting, but it would be nice if the article mentioned what some of her political activities were. I don't think I've ever read an another article on a political figure where it just said "And then s/he went and did some politics." Redsrevenge (talk) 22:33, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

---I am with you on this so called 'political work' she did in the white house or during the revolution. i've reviewed the external links and have yet to locate where she was known as 'mrs.president'. not only that, but her input was as a wife, and john even gave a mild rebuke in regards to adding in her two cents worth of expectation for women with the 2nd Continental Congress and the writing of the declaration of independance.i would say she wasn't so much political as she was a type of 'activist' for women. the portion regarding slavery is poorly written and doesn't show a woman politically active, just active in righting certain wrongs...

I am not pleased with the way this has been written in reference to her 'politics'. brattysoul —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.98.228.142 (talk) 04:32, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

--- Abigail Adams was very politically active for women at her time. She had her own opinions and was not afraid to share them with the public. Her husband held her opinions very dear and talked through, or ran many things past her during his political career. She was both political activist and a women's rights activist. She strived for equality for all, no matter the race or gender.

Edit request from 108.80.59.169, 9 September 2011
end quote under woman's right.

108.80.59.169 (talk) 05:37, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that. I've fixed it.   Will Beback    talk    06:02, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Portrait Artist Incorrect
The portrait of Abigail Adams at the top of the page is incorrectly attributed to Gilbert Stuart. The picture section opposite page 320 of the 2008 edition of John Adams by David McCullough identifies this youthful portrait as the work of Benjamin Blythe in 1766. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BillyBloom (talk • contribs) 23:20, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 8 February 2012
In the "Marriage and children" section, for correctness please change this wording:

John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts (later renamed Quincy), before moving to Boston, where his law practice expanded.

TO:

John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts (part of which was later renamed Quincy), before moving to Boston, where his law practice expanded.

OR BETTER for simplicity just remove the words in parentheses as they are not needed:

John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts, before moving to Boston, where his law practice expanded.

Bilanglo (talk) 16:26, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ - andy4789 ★ ·  (talk?   contribs?)  18:45, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Religious views
I have removed the reference given to Nagel's JQA biography because there's no reference to religious views at all on the cited page, much less those of Abigail Adams. The cited passage from the UUA site is pretty unequivocal, and in the absence of better references I think it has to be preferred. Mangoe (talk) 13:48, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Succeeded by links to the wrong person.
It links to Thomas Jefferson's daughter, not his wife. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.110.202.191 (talk) 02:18, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

It should link to Jefferson's daughter. His wife was dead by the time he took office, so his daughter assumed the titles of Second Lady and First Lady

Broken links in "External Links"
Several of the links to Harvard University Press books have broken since HUP changed our link syntax.

Please change the link in the External Link section for My Dearest Friend: Letters of Abigail and John Adams, Harvard University Press from http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/ADAMYD.html to http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057050

Please change the link in the External Link section for The Adams Women: Abigail and Louisa Adams, Their Sisters and Daughters, Harvard University Press from http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NAGADX.html to http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674004108

Please change the link in the External Link section for Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family, Harvard University Press from http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NAGDEX.html to http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674198296

Please change the link in the External Link section for Adams Family Correspondence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press from http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/ADAADA.html to http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674004009

Thank you.

Gkornbluh (talk) 20:35, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done Thanks for finding the new URLs. RudolfRed (talk) 03:51, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

One Portrait Twice?
Curious to know why there are two versions of the same portrait in this article - one facing left and the other facing right....? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrbentley (talk • contribs) 19:14, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Good call! Looks like the upper one was cropped and refaced. We are not supposed to edit pictures. Okay if someone took a "close up" of an existing portrait, but appears that someone photoshopped it to face the opposite. If true, it should be rm not only from here but from WikiCommons. (Disclosure: I am not an expert on that photo!) Student7 (talk) 19:36, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Father William Smith
The Abigail's father was Reverend William Smith (1707–1784)

Please change "The Abigail" to "Abigail" because the sentence is not grammatical.

Timothybest (talk) 05:57, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Minor edit only. That entire section doesn't belong as this article is about Abigail Adams and not her father, but for now I see no problem with the requested edit. Thank you for helping to improve Wikipedia. — KuyaBriBri Talk 15:17, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * These edits here would not cause a controversy were Reverend William Smith an article, not a redirect. But there is no another article where this paragraph about Reverend Smith can be topical. Could you cite some more convincing substantiation for removal of a legitimate content than WP:COATRACK? Incnis Mrsi (talk) 18:00, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I was not aware of such a redirect to that specific section of this article. I have undone my removal of that section for now; however, I still believe that it is heavily redundant with the paragraph immediately above it and in some places contradicts it. That needs to be rectified. — KuyaBriBri Talk 19:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

It states that Abigail's parents married in *1842*. Surely it must be 1742. There's no name for their first child and while I know this has been settled, perhaps the discussion should be reopened. This is an article on Abigail Smith Adams, not Rev. William Smith. There's no comprehensive piece on John Adams' father, yet it mentions his importance to John and the community in a concise fashion. 74.69.121.132 (talk) 14:34, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

Paragraph has a date error and may be misplaced as well
The following paragraph should likely be moved up one since it's out of order chronologically, and it also contains a date error as well as ambiguous text:

Here's the actual paragraph: Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1842, and together they had four children, including three daughters: one born in 1743, Abigail born in 1744 and another born in 1745. Their only son, born in 1746,[4] died of alcoholism in 1787.[5] In 1764 Smith presided over the marriage of John Adams and his daughter. In July of 1775 his wife Elizabeth, with whom he had been married for 33 years, died of smallpox. In 1784, at age 77, Smith died.

Suggested fixes: 1) Move paragraph up one so it flows correctly in the chronology, otherwise it's confusing by talking about Abigail as first lady and then about her parents' marriage. 2) Add father's first name at the beginning of the sentence so it's clear to whom it's referring. 3) Fix the year of their marriage. Perhaps it's 1742, I'm not sure, but I know it's not 1842.

Thank you.

Semi-protected edit request on 8 May 2014
108.210.154.192 (talk) 22:29, 8 May 2014 (UTC)#
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Nici  Vampire  Heart  22:35, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2014
108.210.154.192 (talk) 22:26, 9 May 2014 (UTC)
 * ❌ Edit request is empty/not clear. Please submit a request with information about the requested edit. Steel1943  (talk) 22:37, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

Date error for mother's death
According to Abigail's letter to John dated Oct 1, 1775, in which she says, speaking of her mother, "this day about 5 oclock she left this world for an infinitely better", we may infer that Elizabeth's death was in October, not July, of 1775. 72.95.90.55 (talk) 14:02, 16 September 2014 (UTC)Ralph Chapman rchapman.cea@gmail.com

error as discussed above
A new paragraph was added that says her sisters were born in 1739 and 1742. The next paragraph reads that her parents married in 1742 and is unchanged from the previous discussion of 1 1/2 years ago. So what is it? Her two elder sisters were illegitimate or the previous paragraphs are sloppy and need to be edited or eliminated. Which is it? Thanks! 66.67.32.161 (talk) 03:01, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Born November Eleventh!
She was born November 11th, NOT November 22nd, and the correct date makes it true that she died two weeks before her birthday. ...Right? Yes and no. In 1752, the calendar changed from the Julian to the Gregorian. That meant 11 days were added to compensate for the shifting of the calendar. SO by the "old style" calendar, she was born on November 11th, just as her husband was born on October 19th. But since we now go by thee Gregorian, that means her birthdate is November 22, 1744, NOT November 11th. Ok. ? 66.67.32.161 (talk) 21:10, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

ABIGAIL ADAMS
Abigail Adams was married to john adams they were married on october 25th 1764. john adams has children. john adams has kids because abigail adams had children. by kaylee hutchins at mckinley — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.179.123.238 (talk) 18:57, 12 January 2015 (UTC)

Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams was wife of john adams. and she wrote many letters to john adams. they known each other since 1762. adams died on october 28th. she was 73 years old when she died. crowns nearby penn hill. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.179.123.222 (talk) 17:56, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

Please add this to Memorials
She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2016
date of birth: nov. 11, 1744 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.39.120.226 (talk) 17:40, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request on 25 October 2016
I've extensively seen that Abigail Adams was born November 11, not 22. Also I asked my teacher and she said the 11th as well 65.123.159.131 (talk) 21:58, 25 October 2016 (UTC)

 * ❌ We include both old style (November 11) and new style (November 22) dates. — MRD2014 (talk • contribs) 00:08, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

Article improvement "Good Article" goal
I recently added some citations to this article. I also rearranged some facts in the article to try and provide more of a chronology of Adams' life. I think having some of her positions on political issues at the end of the article works fine, I moved things like the death of her daughter Nabby, which had been in the Europe section and moved it to her later life where it fits chronologically.

There is a lot to be done on this article including expanding on several events and finding citations for facts already in the article. I welcome any collaboration. Given her importance in American history I think this article is a great target for improvement. Knope7 (talk) 02:04, 23 November 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 December 2016
she is a lesbian Jebbush69 (talk) 18:47, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: You're going to need a lot of very reliable sources to support that claim. —C.Fred (talk) 18:48, 14 December 2016 (UTC)

missing word in the section First Lady
Current text: Adams brought the children of brother William Smith, her brother-in-law John Shaw, and her Charles to live in the President's House during her husband's presidency because the children's respective fathers all struggled with alcoholism

Suggested Edit: Add the word "son" in between "her" and "Charlies" to read:

Adams brought the children of brother William Smith, her brother-in-law John Shaw, and her SON Charles to live in the President's House during her husband's presidency because the children's respective fathers all struggled with alcoholism — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bdavis1511 (talk • contribs) 00:17, 19 June 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅-Knope7 (talk) 01:01, 19 June 2017 (UTC)

Correction needed on section about Abigail in Europe
Wikipedia states that Abigail joined up with John Adams in France after the war ended. This is incorrect. Abigail, along with her daughter Nabby, were reunited with John in England first, not France, where he was to serve as the first ambassador to England. They had a house in France during this time which they did go and visit. Ftweedy (talk) 08:37, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 October 2017
Aliggon (talk) 17:57, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. — KuyaBriBri Talk 18:11, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 October 2017
Please add "During the long periods while John Adams left his wife Abigail to watch over the farm and the family, she made a lot of the money that made the Adams family wealthy. Many think that John died wealthy because if his wife’s smart financing skills." right after the statement, "Adams was responsible for family and farm when her husband was on his long trips. "Alas!", she wrote in December 1773, "How many snow banks divide thee and me."'

Saxton, Martha. "Abigail Adams, Capitalist." The Women's Review of Books 27.6 (2 Isabellatabarrini21 (talk) 00:58, 27 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yellow check.svg Partly done: Added the information as a separate paragraph. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 21:17, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 May 2018
Add 'Boston Women's Memorial, completed in 2003 by Meredith Bergmann, is dedicated to women that "had an impact on the idea of justice in our society through their writing". It features Abigail Adams alongside Lucy Stone and Phillis Wheatley. ' Dan7em (talk) 07:05, 14 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The sculpture features three women who "all had an impact on the idea of justice in our society through their writing". That is the starting point for deciphering any sort of theme of the sculpture, not what it is dedicated to, unless you mean that is what the women were dedicated to, then you'd be partially correct, in that this may not have been what they were dedicated to personally, but rather, what the artist believed they had an impact upon. "Dedicated" is problematic because in the source you provided the artist does not mention the word "dedicated" anywhere in the text - it is not a term the author/artist used herself. If any sort of ideal was dedicated within the sculpture's creation, that ideal is best explained by the artist: "Each figure is posed in relation to her pedestal in a unique way that adds to her portrait. Stone has attempted to subdue and steer her pedestal, Adams leans in companionable, almost spousal co-existence on hers, and Wheatley has made hers into a desk, the object that symbolizes the privacy that she won with her talent while still a slave. I placed them around the circle, each absorbed in her work, with quotations or biographies readable from any angle to encourage visitors to compare their ideas and actions and to form their own conversation among them." .    spintendo ⋅ ⋅ )  07:42, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2019
She was a dick and she hated so many people. She cheated on her husband John Adams. 65.51.227.27 (talk) 17:45, 22 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. aboideautalk 17:50, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

"She is sometimes considered to have been a Founder of the United States" - this is a simplistic, unsupported claim
This statement appears to be politically motivated rather than a nuanced understanding of her role and stances.

She was not seeking equality in rights/responsibilities. Her "remember the ladies" is not actually a learned, "erudite" approach.

The women who were most influential in framing the Constitution were from colonial PA, NJ and DE. These include Susanna Wright, Mary Norris Dickinson, etc.

John Adams did not sign the US Constitution (which uses only the terms "Person" and "Citizen" and excludes the term "Man"). The US Constitution also excludes religious sources of law. He and Jefferson (who also didn't sign the US Constitution) framed the Declaration of Independence in "Man" with religious source of law claimed ("endowed by our Creator").

Her position as a woman egging on her "Divine Right of Man" husband, whose ideology is more Cromwellian, probably did influence the Revolutionary War happening and the Dec. of Independence. She clearly did not understand the constitutional issues, including those of the 1689 English Bill of Rights (which also uses only the term "Person"). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.229.155.68 (talk) 16:31, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:13, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 2007 Abigail Adams bronze medal reverse.jpg
 * 2008 Louisa Adams bronze medal reverse.jpg
 * Abigail Adams First Spouse Coin reverse.jpg

Birth date of sister Mary and her parent’s marriage date
This article says her parents were married in 1742 and that her sister Mary was born in 1739. In another part of this same article, it says that the first daughter (presumably Mary) was born in 1743. Wiki genealogy site says parents married in October 1740 and that Mary was born in the spring of 1740. This is a hot mess! I will see if I can find any credible documents on Ancestry or FamilySearch.

Ancestry has documents that Mary Smith Cranch died 17 Oct 1811 at the age of 70. This would make her birthdate 1741. Her parents married in 1740. The confusion is with the quote from William, saying he was married to Elizabeth for 33 years when she died, when it was actually 35 years. There are many genealogical notations they were married in 1740.

Infobox image
I'm curious why we're using the Blyth portrait in the infobox and not the Stuart one. The Stuart one was made closer to her time as First Lady. Stuart's portrait of John Adams from the same timeframe is used in his infobox also. -- Calidum 19:29, 1 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I merely reverted to the most recently used portrait in order to get rid of the coin image that was ridiculously added to the infobox. If you feel the Stuart image is better, add it, you'll have no objection from me. I just want to make sure that contemporary portraiture is used and nothing posthumous. Best regards, Cristiano Tomás (talk) 19:35, 1 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It's ok you reverted to it -- and I agree we shouldn't be using a coin. I'd like to see why the Blyth portrait was chosen before I switch them. -- Calidum  23:42, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

Abigail Adams
What is written in the death section of Abigail Adams? Is it true? Please see to it. SpaceHero4 (talk) 18:50, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Woman with deep blue mustache - needs a double check
This edit of November 2021 added the phrase "blue mustache" to the alt text of Adams' portrait, and there was some other clear vandalism which has since been removed, but there are other changes made as part of that edit seem good to my uneducated eye and which are still in the article. That edit, made by an editor who made no other edits, could probably use review by a knowledgeable editor. Thank you, SchreiberBike | ⌨ 17:33, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

abigale
she is cool 160.7.18.41 (talk) 17:28, 20 December 2022 (UTC)

Same image 4 times?
The same portrait of her in her later years is shown in four places in the article. One or at most two should suffice, IMO. 87.126.21.225 (talk) 13:12, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

Caption
regarding your revert here: the painter is not the subject of this article. It would of course be relevant to their article to discuss what he is well known for, but not in this article. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:36, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this here, and if a longer discussion is needed maybe we can discuss a venue. According to Manual of Style/Captions the guiding MOS direction for captions of works of art would be the section "Using works of art" with the relevant section being Manual of Style/Visual arts which states that the artist of an artwork should be named in the caption of that artwork. Randy Kryn (talk) 05:29, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Manual of Style/Captions indicates that "not all this information needs to be included in the caption, since the image description page should offer more complete information about the picture". This is consistent with MOS:CREDITS, which indicates that "image credits in the infobox image are discouraged, even if the artist is notable", and correspondingly with MOS:INFOBOX. Nikkimaria (talk) 05:33, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This discussion is about works of art, not just any picture. The links I provide above address what occurs when the image in question is a work of art. Randy Kryn (talk) 05:35, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * This article is not about a work of art; it's about a person. Nikkimaria (talk) 05:42, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The applicable MOS language linked above is about the caption of an artwork. Artworks can be exhibited on any page, such as the descriptive life-portrait of Adams by a then-and-now notable painter. Randy Kryn (talk) 13:09, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * MOS:VA is the applicable MOS for "writing about the visual arts"; that's not what we're doing here. A further-info reference from CAPTION doesn't restrain us to VA, particularly when doing so would contradict multiple other parts of CAPTION and INFOBOX. Plus the painter is already identified the other three times the image is used in the article. Nikkimaria (talk) 14:38, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Please read it again, this is applicable to all images in Wikipedia articles. Manual of Style/Captions, quote, "For works of art (see WikiProject Visual arts Art Manual of Style for fuller details): Who is the artist?" Yes, good find that the image is used several times on the page, but this discussion is not only about this image but my request to revert other artist removals from other pages (artists only, not objecting to your removal of photography studios). Randy Kryn (talk) 14:59, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * "Fuller details" for what "people might want to know" does not mean "must follow requirements at", and doesn't override either VA's limited scope nor the other provisions at CAPTION and INFOBOX as outlined above. Nikkimaria (talk) 15:09, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The links provided describe what to do within captions when an artistic work is imaged on Wikipedia. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:31, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

 * That interpretation makes no logical sense, and requires ignoring most of the applicable MOSs. Nikkimaria (talk) 16:15, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Read the links. And it makes perfect sense, an artist's artwork in captions is covered by the linked MOS sections. I'll put this discussion at the Visual arts Wikiproject page for further comment, hopefully a full RfC isn't in the works but may be. Randy Kryn (talk) 14:02, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I've read the links. Here's what they say:
 * Manual_of_Style/Captions: "An infobox image and, in the absence of an infobox, a photograph or other image in the article's lead section, serves to illustrate the topic of the article, as such, the caption should work singularly towards that purpose...take extra care that both the image and the caption stay sharply focused on the whole of the article's subject...Additional descriptive information about the image should be contained in the image description on the image's page".
 * Manual_of_Style/Captions: "image credits in the infobox image are discouraged, even if the artist is notable, since the infobox should contain only key facts of the article's subject".
 * Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes: "When considering any aspect of infobox design, keep in mind the purpose of an infobox: to summarize (and not supplant) key facts that appear in the article (an article should remain complete with its summary infobox ignored, with exceptions noted below). The less information it contains, the more effectively it serves that purpose, allowing readers to identify key facts at a glance. Of necessity, some infoboxes contain more than just a few fields; however, wherever possible, present information in short form, and exclude any unnecessary content".
 * Interpreting "see WikiProject Visual arts Art Manual of Style for fuller details" as meaning 'follow WikiProject Visual arts Art Manual of Style for all artworks regardless of context' would require ignoring all of that stuff that the links actually say.
 * And if you do throw out the MOS entirely, exclusion is the more logical approach. The purpose of the lead image in a biography is to represent the article's subject, not anything to do with the artist, notable or no. The object of interest is the person, not the portrait; neither the notability of the creator nor the designation of the image as "art" changes its purpose, so nor should they change the caption. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:29, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * In this case, the link should certainly be included. That passage in MOS:INFOBOX should be rewritten, and most certainly does not reflect our normal practice when portraits by significant historic artists are used in infoboxes. One might cite WP:ASTONISH. Johnbod (talk) 14:15, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

If a portrait by a notable artist appears only once in a biographical article on the sitter, namely in the infobox, then the artist's name should be linked to in the caption, because there isn't any other opportunity to do so. That happens not to apply to this article because, bizarrely, Gilbert Stuart's portrait of Abigail Adams appears four times on the page, but that isn't usually the case. One can be sparing with detail and still include the artist's name without it being a "distraction". Ham II (talk) 22:40, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Coming to this discussion from George Washington, where there are analogous issues.
 * As described in MOS:CAPLENGTH, there is extra incentive for succinctness in the caption of a portrait in an infobox. That article is using a portrait painted in 1803 by Gilbert Stuart. The caption was recently changed from "1803 portrait" to "1803 portrait by Gilbert Stuart". I think that the first version was not good, because 1803 was four years after Washington's death, so the reader would naturally wonder how that happened. The second version is even worse, because it is distracting to mention, let alone link to, Gilbert Stuart in the infobox for George Washington. I proposed: no caption at all.
 * Returning to Abigail Adams, at least in this case the portrait is from life. But in general, the infobox is supposed to be succinct and condensed.  Discussion of the provenance of portraits should be done, if at all, in the body of the article.  If the infobox is crammed with additional goodies, it's no longer useful as an infobox. Bruce leverett (talk) 16:06, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks . Yes, the dating language of the portrait in the George Washington infobox needs editing so as not to imply it was from life. But the portrait still needs a caption for crediting the artist Gilbert Stuart. Did you follow and read through the MOS and WP links above? They, of course, tell a different story. Artists are always (in a perfect world) credited for their artworks. To do less is, as Johnbod says above, almost WP:ASTONISH. Randy Kryn (talk) 16:53, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Credit for the art is found in the meta-data of the art. Copying it up to the article is just a convenience.  Copying it up to the infobox is just a nuisance.  Invoking WP:ASTONISH is silly.  Countless Wikipedia illustrations do not credit the artist or photographer, precisely because the credit is already present in the meta-data. Bruce leverett (talk) 17:27, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Reviewing some other presidential articles, I find that for most of the recent ones, the caption of the infobox portrait is something like "Official portrait, 2003". Exceptions are Richard Nixon and Herbert Hoover.  For older ones, up through James Monroe, credit is given to the portrait painter; but nothing for John Quincy Adams or Martin Van Buren, and for William Henry Harrison, it's just "Official White House Portrait, 1835".
 * For other founding fathers, each article is different. The caption in the infobox of Alexander Hamilton gives information that isn't even in the metadata of the portrait -- I don't know where it's from. For Gouverneur Morris, there's just a date.  For Patrick Henry, the names of the painter and of the original painter are copied up from the meta-data.
 * Some of the illustrations are by painters or photographers who are themselves notable, such as Gilbert Stuart or Matthew Brady. Does this excuse the practice of copying their names into the infobox caption?  It does make it more tempting.  We spend a lot of our effort on Wikipedia making connections between notable persons or things.  But the language of MOS:CAPLENGTH makes it pretty clear that the infobox should be sharply focused. Bruce leverett (talk) 19:27, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Almost all of those are photographs, which aren't credited to the photographer. The MOS covers artworks, paintings. The Alexander Hamilton image is posthumous, so the longer explanation is needed, akin to the problem you pointed out at George Washington which needs further explanation. The images which are portrait paintings, if the artist is known and notable, should be mentioned and linked. Randy Kryn (talk) 23:47, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree with your point that such inclusions are a distraction from the purpose of the caption. Note regarding the other presidential articles, a lot of those were added earlier today - I've reverted those pending the outcome of this discussion. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:29, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You've removed, for example, Gilbert Stuart from the image caption of John Adams, one of Stuart's most famous paintings. Crediting Stuart (and the other artists) is not a "distraction", it's a Visual art guideline necessity for portraits such as this. Randy Kryn (talk) 00:39, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * In your opinion. In mine, discussion of that painting to Stuart's career belongs in Stuart's article. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:46, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * To repeat from above (the discussion is getting long and these links are important as the core of the disagreement), and please read the links carefully, thanks: According to Manual of Style/Captions the guiding MOS direction for captions of works of art would be the section "Using works of art" with the relevant section being Manual of Style/Visual arts which states that the artist of an artwork should be named in the caption of that artwork. Randy Kryn (talk) 01:15, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * So you've claimed, and so I've refuted. Let's let others weigh in. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:18, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You're forcing your point of view above established practice and using argumentum ad temperantiam to seem temperate. That historical portraiture should include the artist is the established practice. Your supposed refutation is fallacious.  You should revert your edits and let neutral editors resolve the issue you are trying to force. Sturmde (talk) 09:09, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what you have in mind by "established practice". This article in particular did not have a caption on the infobox illustration until 2021. In any case, the language of Manual of Style/Captions leaves little room for interpretation: these credits are "discouraged" in the infobox.  I hadn't noticed this unambiguous statement when I wrote above that it was "tempting" to add such credits. Bruce leverett (talk) 15:53, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Manual of Style/Visual arts starts as follows: "This page sets out some guidance on special issues commonly encountered in writing about the visual arts, and has been developed by members of WikiProject Visual arts."
 * We aren't writing about the visual arts, and the articles we are discussing are not (as far as I know) of interest to WikiProject Visual arts. Perhaps that's why we seem to be talking past each other?
 * The guidance I was referring to, MOS:CAPLENGTH, is from Manual of Style/Captions. (It begins, "Captions of images in infoboxes and other special situations call for special consideration.")  Do you think that it conflicts with the subsequent section, Manual of Style/Captions? Bruce leverett (talk) 02:11, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That credits are "discouraged" in the infobox does not mean they are forbidden. Plainly there are cases where omitting such credits would be serious malpractice. The infobox image for Felix of Burgundy needs a caption to prevent WP:ASTONISHment: how is there a photograph of a 7th-century bishop? Is this an actor in costume portraying Felix? That article and many other FAs have proper captions for their infobox images, which demonstrates that, allowing for discretion, the practice is established. A painted, drawn, or sculpted portrait is one artist's version of the subject and that should be acknowledged in the caption. Ewulp (talk) 04:43, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oh dear. I am sorry to learn that the consensus-building process here has been disrupted by selective notification. I appreciate your desire to bring in more visual-arts voices, but notifying them and no projects relevant to this article does not contribute to the development of a valid community consensus - certainly not something you could extrapolate to other non-VA articles, as you propose doing. Nikkimaria (talk) 05:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The relevant guidelines/policy refers to and belongs to Visual Arts caption language, as outlined above. Captions of artworks by notable artists, no matter on which page or topic the artwork appears, are eligible to include the name and link of the notable artist. It's that simple, and the only question raised here is how to handle this styling if the same artwork appears more than once on the page. How long are you going to insist that this circular discussion continue? Randy Kryn (talk) 10:39, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * As you are aware, the assertion that the VA project MOS is applicable to non-VA articles is disputed, and those other than yourself who support applying the VA MOS here are those who appear to have come in via the VA project - a pretty textbook example why this approach to notification is problematic. So in response to your question, we can consider the matter settled for this article, since anyone with a specific interest in it would presumably have seen this discussion on their watchlist and had a chance to weigh in - but that cannot be said for any other article. Nikkimaria (talk) 15:21, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If it is disputed, then here, again, are the links which answer this entire question: "According to Manual of Style/Captions the guiding MOS direction for captions of works of art would be the section "Using works of art" with the relevant section being Manual of Style/Visual arts which states that the artist of an artwork should be named in the caption of that artwork." This guideline chain does not only cover Abigial Adams but applies to every artwork image on Wikipedia. Yet you revert when it is applied. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:54, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, that "guideline chain" is the interpretation that is disputed - see the guidelines linked above that support the opposite outcome. So that will leave us with discussing the issue on a case-by-case basis where there is a disagreement. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:34, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * To give credit where credit is due, scrupulously pointed me to this discussion when I started a discussion of infobox captions in Talk:George Washington.  But I suppose that there might be subprojects that might make useful contributions to this discussion, such as Presidents or Biography or whatever; is it OK for us to notify them as Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Visual arts has been notified? Bruce leverett (talk) 02:05, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Applying an outcome from a single article talk page across other articles is tenuous at the best of times; I would suggest that if a central discussion is desired, it shouldn't be here, and it shouldn't start from mud. Nikkimaria (talk) 02:14, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The info recommended by Manual of Style/Captions is present in the image description, so the guidance there is satisfied. That guideline does refer to Manual of Style/Visual arts for "fuller details", and if possible, the extra details listed there should also be in the image description. Since we're using the image in the infobox primarily as a biographical illustration, it's much more useful to highlight the detail of biographical importance. Since the image is repeated later in a context more focused on visual art (in comparison with other works), a more VA-focused caption makes sense there. Given the additional brevity concerns of the infobox, I think the short caption is adherent to the letter and spirit of the various guidelines. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 02:24, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Siblings and Ages
Pardon my lack of familiarity with Wikipedia formatting, style, and editing culture. This sentence in the "Early life and family" section is incorrect or misleading, "Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1740, and together they had three daughters; Abigail was the youngest, following her sisters Mary (1739–1811) and Elizabeth ("Betsy", 1742–1816)."

It is misleading because Abigail Adams's parents had four children; three daughters and one son (William Smith, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(patriot)). It is incorrect because Elizabeth "Betsy" Smith Shaw Peabody lived from 1750—1815, at least according to this person record from a Massachusetts public library (https://haverhill.pastperfectonline.com/byperson?keyword=Peabody%2C%20Elizabeth%20Smith%20Shaw%2C%201750-1815). Here is another Wikipedia article supporting the notion that Abigail was the second of four children and not the youngest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_political_family#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Quincy%20(1721%E2%80%931775)). Other sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, PBS, and the National Park Service also support that Abigail was the 2nd of four children.

The associated source/footnote does not support the claim in the sentence in a clear and accessible fashion. I believe that the sentence in question ought to be struck from the article and replaced, unless somebody can update the citation with a compelling and authoritative source. DBlasioN (talk) 20:24, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abigail Adams


text:
The Cage (Star Trek: The Original Series)

"The Cage" is the first pilot episode of the American television series Star Trek. It was completed on January 22, 1965 (with a copyright date of 1964). The episode was written by Gene Roddenberry and directed by Robert Butler. It was rejected by NBC in February 1965, and the network ordered another pilot episode, which became "Where No Man Has Gone Before". Much of the original footage from "The Cage" was later incorporated into the season 1 two-part episode "The Menagerie" (1966); however, "The Cage" was first released to the public on VHS in 1986, with a special introduction by Gene Roddenberry, as a hybrid of the color footage that was used in "The Menagerie" and black and white footage which was not used in "The Menagerie". It was not broadcast on television in its complete all-color form until 1988. The black and white version and all-color version were also released in various standard-definition media including LaserDisc, VHS, and DVD formats.

The story concerns a starship crew's investigation of a far-off planet which was the site of a shipwreck eighteen years earlier and their encounter with telepathic aliens who seek a human male specimen for their menagerie. The pilot introduced Mr. Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy, who was the only cast member to be retained for the series in his original role.

Overview
"The Cage" has many of the features of the eventual series, but there are numerous differences. The captain of the starship USS Enterprise is not James T. Kirk, but Christopher Pike. Spock is present, but not as first officer. That role is taken by a character known only as Number One, played by Majel Barrett. Spock's character differs somewhat from that seen in the rest of Star Trek; he displays a youthful eagerness that contrasts with the later more reserved and logical Spock. He also delivers the first line in all of Star Trek: "Check the circuit!" followed by, "Can't be the screen then." The weaponry used in the pilot also differs from that seen in the series proper, identified as lasers rather than phasers, and different props are used for the communicator and handheld weapons.

NBC reportedly called the pilot "too cerebral", "too intellectual", and "too slow" with "not enough action". Rather than rejecting the series outright, though, the network commissioned a second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", which led to an order for the series for fall 1966.

Footage repurpose for series
During the first season, the need for new episodes to be delivered to the network to meet airdates became urgent, and a framing story with the series regulars was written around most of the original footage from "The Cage" resulting in the two-part episode "The Menagerie".

The process of editing the pilot into "The Menagerie" disassembled the original camera negative of "The Cage", and thus, for many years it was considered partly lost. Roddenberry's black-and-white 16mm print made for reference purposes was the only existing print of the show, and was frequently shown at conventions. Early video releases of "The Cage" used Roddenberry's 16mm print, intercut with the color scenes from "The Cage" that were used in "The Menagerie". It was only in 1987 that a film archivist found an unmarked (mute) 35mm reel in a Hollywood film laboratory with the negative trims of the unused scenes. Upon realizing what he had found, he arranged for the return of the footage to Roddenberry's company.

According to "The Menagerie", the events of "The Cage" take place thirteen years before the first season of Star Trek, in 2254. No stardate was given.

Plot
The U.S.S. Enterprise, under the command of Captain Christopher Pike, receives a distress call from the fourth planet in the Talos star group. A landing party is assembled with Pike in command and beams down to investigate. Tracking the distress signal to its source, the landing party discovers a camp of survivors from a scientific expedition that has been missing for eighteen years. Amongst the survivors is a beautiful young woman named Vina.

Captivated by her beauty, Pike is caught off guard and falls into a trap set by the native Talosians, a race of humanoids with bulbous heads who live beneath the planet's surface. It is revealed that both the distress call and the crash survivors (except for Vina) are telepathic illusions created by the Talosians to lure the Enterprise to the planet. While imprisoned, Pike uncovers the Talosians' plans to reclaim their ravaged planet, using him and Vina as breeding stock for a race of slaves.

The Talosians use their powers to tempt Pike into mating with Vina; first they present her as a Rigellian princess, then as a farm girl from Earth, and finally as a seductive, green-skinned Orion dancing girl, and Pike begins to weaken. Number One, the Enterprise's first officer, attempts a rescue, only to be captured along with Pike's yeoman and imprisoned in his cell to tempt him further. By then Pike has discovered that primitive human emotions can block the Talosians' mind-reading, and he and the others escape to the surface, taking the Talosian Keeper with them.

The Keeper points out that Pike hasn't escaped the planet, and speaks openly of the Talosians' plans for him. Pike is willing to stay with Vina in exchange for the others' freedom, but Number One sets her weapon to overload, threatening to kill them all. Pike stands with her, as does Vina, to forestall a future attempt. This confirms what the Talosians have learned from the Enterprise's computers: humans hate captivity too much to be useful.

Now free to leave, Number One and the yeoman beam up immediately, but Pike remains behind with Vina, urging her to leave with him. Vina explains that she cannot leave. An expedition had indeed crash-landed on Talos IV; Vina was the sole survivor but was badly injured. The Talosians healed her, but due to their unfamiliarity with human anatomy, she was left permanently disfigured. Only with the help of the Talosians and their illusions is she able to maintain her beauty and health.

Pike accepts this and agrees to leave her with the Talosians, who create an illusion of Pike as a companion for her. The Keeper sends Pike off with these words: "She has an illusion, and you have reality. May you find your way as pleasant."

Primary cast

 * Jeffrey Hunter as Captain Christopher Pike
 * Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock
 * Majel Barrett as Number One
 * John Hoyt as Dr. Philip Boyce
 * Susan Oliver as Vina

Casting
Jeffrey Hunter had a six-month exclusive option for the role of Captain Pike. Although he was required to continue if the series was picked up by the network in that time, he was not required to film the second pilot that NBC requested. Deciding to concentrate on motion pictures instead, he declined the role. Gene Roddenberry wrote to him on April 5, 1965: "I am told you have decided not to go ahead with Star Trek. This has to be your own decision, of course, and I must respect it. You may be certain I hold no grudge or ill feelings and expect to continue to reflect publicly and privately the high regard I learned for you during the production of our pilot."

Two weeks after the option expired on June 1, 1965, Hunter formally gave his letter requesting separation from the project. He died on May 27, 1969, one week before the original series ended its run. Roddenberry later suggested that he was the one who—unhappy with interference by Hunter's then-wife Dusty Bartlett—had decided not to rehire Hunter; however, executive producer Herbert F. Solow, who was present when Bartlett, acting as manager, refused the role on behalf of her husband, later said in his memoir, Inside Star Trek, that it was the other way around.

Production
"The Cage" was filmed at Desilu Productions' studio (now known as Culver Studios) in Culver City, California, from November 27 to mid-December 1964. Post-production work (pick-up shots, editing, scoring, special photographic and sound effects) continued to January 18, 1965.

Gene Roddenberry paid a lot of attention to what The Outer Limits team was doing at the time, and he was often present in their studios. He hired several Outer Limits alumni, among them Robert Justman and Wah Chang, for the production of Star Trek. One of the creatures in the cages was reused from the episode "The Duplicate Man" of The Outer Limits, where it was called a megasoid. The prop head from The Outer Limits episode "Fun and Games" was used to make a Talosian appear as a vicious creature. The process used to make pointed ears for David McCallum in "The Sixth Finger" was reused in Star Trek as well. The "ion storm" seen in "The Mutant" (a projector beam shining through a container holding glitter in liquid suspension) became the transporter effect.

The Talosians were designed with an androgynous look and were portrayed by females with male actors providing dubbing audio. This was done to give the impression that the Talosians had focused their efforts on mental development to the detriment of their physical strength and size, while also making them suitably alien to viewers. However, the deep voice of Malachi Throne as the Keeper in "The Cage" was electronically processed to sound higher-pitched for "The Menagerie", as Throne also portrayed Commodore Mendez in the latter. The Keeper's voice from "The Menagerie" was kept for both the remastered and new "original" versions of "The Cage" which would be released later. Throne's unaltered voice work as The Keeper only survives as a brief sample that can be heard in the preview trailer for "The Menagerie" (Part II).

Releases and availability
"The Cage" was first released on VHS in 1986, with a special introduction by Roddenberry, and was aired for the first time in its entirety, and in full color, in late 1988 as part of The Star Trek Saga: From One Generation to the Next, a two-hour retrospective special hosted by Patrick Stewart.

Although most of this episode was edited into the original series episode "The Menagerie" (aired November 1966), no stand-alone version of "The Cage" pilot was available until a 1986 VHS release. Gene Roddenberry had in his possession a black-white film workprint version on 16 mm film, while the original 35 mm print was literally cut up in editing for "The Menagerie"; this left Roddenberry's copy as the only known surviving version when the VHS version was made. Thus, the original VHS release has a mix of full-color from existing footage with black-and-white from the 16 mm copy.

In 1987, the excised film sections were discovered by archivist Bob Furmanek in an abandoned and unlabeled film canister at a film laboratory in Los Angeles. He arranged to return the footage to Gene Roddenberry, thus making it possible to complete a full-color version. The restored color version was broadcast in October 1988, which was the first television airing of "The Cage". It was broadcast as part of a television special hosted by Patrick Stewart called The Star Trek Saga: From One Generation to the Next. It contained interviews with Gene Roddenberry, Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Mel Harris, cast members from Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation, clips from both series and the Star Trek films I through IV with a small preview of Star Trek V. It was later rebroadcast on UPN in 1996 with a behind the scenes look at Star Trek: First Contact.

"The Cage" was released on LaserDisc in the United States; this version mixed B&W and color footage as well as 9 minutes of introduction and closing with Roddenberry, bringing the total runtime to 73 minutes. On October 10, 1990 a Collector's Edition of "The Cage" with a runtime of 64 minutes featuring all-color footage, minus the Roddenberry introduction and closing, was released on LaserDisc in the US.

"The Cage" was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC2 on 19 August 1992. On 19 August 1996, "The Cage" was broadcast on BBC2 on the first day of a season of programmes on the 30th anniversary of Star Trek.

Two VHS versions were released in the United Kingdom with one being the restored color version.

"The Cage" was released on PAL-format LaserDisc in the United Kingdom as part of The Pilots collection, in April 1996. This included the color version of "The Cage", "Where No Man Has Gone Before", "Encounter at Farpoint", "Emissary", and "Caretaker" with a total runtime of 379 minutes.

Both versions of "The Cage" were included on the original series Season 3 DVD box set, along with the introduction by Roddenberry.

The B&W/color version of "The Cage" was originally listed as episode 1 on VHS covers upon its initial home video release. When the all-color version was found and released later, it was given the designation “episode 99”. When released on the DVD format in 2001, the designations were reversed as the DVD cover for Volume 40 describes the all-color version as “episode 1” and the hybrid as “episode 99”. These reversed designations have been followed on future DVD, blu-ray and streaming presentations as well.

Reception
In 1996, in a review of the episode in The Times, Elizabeth Cowley said it was "unintentionally hilarious", but Star Trek fans would enjoy watching it.

In 2010, SciFiNow ranked this the third best episode of the original series.

In 2016, SyFy ranked "The Cage" as the fifth best out of six Star Trek TV show pilots, with Star Trek: Deep Space Nine's "Emissary" in first place.

In 2017, Inverse recommended "The Cage" as "essential watching" for Star Trek: Discovery.

In 2023, Den of Geek ranked "The Cage" as the best pilot episode for any series in the franchise.

Follow-up and spin-off
In 2019, the Star Trek: Discovery episode "If Memory Serves" saw Pike and Spock (now portrayed by Anson Mount and Ethan Peck, respectively) return to Talos IV; the recap at the beginning of the episode used scenes from "The Cage".

CBS All Access officially ordered Star Trek: Strange New Worlds to series in May 2020 featuring the characters of Captain Pike, Number One, and Spock. At 55 years between The Cage and the announcement of Strange New Worlds, co-showrunner and executive producer Henry Alonso Myers calls this the longest pilot to series pick up in television history.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
G N' R Lies

G N' R Lies (also known simply as Lies) is the second studio album by American hard rock band Guns N' Roses, released by Geffen Records on November 29, 1988. It is the band's shortest studio album, running at 33 and a half minutes. The album reached number two on the US Billboard 200, and according to the RIAA, has shipped over five million copies in the United States.

"Patience", the only single released from Lies, peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 3, 1989. This is the band's last full album to feature drummer Steven Adler following his departure in 1990, shortly after the single "Civil War" was recorded, and featured on Use Your Illusion II (1991), as well as their last album to be recorded as five-piece band members.

Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide
The first four tracks consist of the previously released EP Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide. These four tracks were also included as bonus tracks on the 2018 reissue of Appetite for Destruction.

G N' R Lies
The last four songs were recorded with acoustic guitars. They were written and recorded in only a few studio sessions (with the exception of "You're Crazy", which appeared in an alternative version on Appetite for Destruction), which producer Mike Clink called "one of those magical rock and roll history moments".

In later interviews, Axl Rose stated that while he loved how the band sounded on the last four songs, he hated the sound of his voice. Rose recalled that his voice was husky and scratchy from the band's lengthy touring at the time, and if he could he would have re-recorded his vocal tracks in a separate session.

A significantly faster version of "You're Crazy" with electric guitars had previously been released on the band's debut album, Appetite for Destruction, and was now recorded as originally intended. "Used to Love Her" was written as a joke after Izzy Stradlin disliked a song he heard on the radio featuring "some guy whining about a broad who was treating him bad". Slash stated that "People think it's about one of our old girlfriends, but it's actually about Axl's dog."

Three of the four songs from the G N' R Lies EP are included on the 2018 remastered release of the album Appetite for Destruction, with the exception of the controversial "One in a Million".

Artwork

The cover is a parody of tabloid newspapers, as are the liner notes. The album's cover art underwent several minor modifications when the title was released on CD, though early pressings of the CD retain the original cover art. First, in the bottom left corner reading "LIES LIES LIES" originally read "Wife-beating has been around for 10,000 years." Secondly, instead of "Elephant gives birth to midget", the original headline reads, "Ladies, welcome to the dark ages." Many copies of the original LP release also contained an uncensored picture of a nude model on the inner LP sleeve.

Controversy
The song "One in a Million" has caused controversy and raised accusations of racism, homophobia and nativism due to the lyrics, which include the slurs "nigger" and "faggot". Rose denied that he was a racist and defended his use of the word "nigger", claiming that "it's a word to describe somebody that is basically a pain in your life, a problem. The word nigger doesn't necessarily mean black." He cited the rap group N.W.A. and the John Lennon song "Woman Is the Nigger of the World" as other examples of musicians using the word. Several years later, Rose conceded that he had used the word as an insult towards black people who had tried to rob him, and because the word is a taboo. In response to the allegations of homophobia, Rose stated that he considered himself "pro-heterosexual" and blamed this attitude on "bad experiences" with gay men.

Although initially against the song, other members of the band have since defended the song, claiming it was misunderstood. Nevertheless, the song was not included in future compilation releases that otherwise included all the other tracks on Lies.

Reception
Rolling Stone, in a 4 out of 5 star review, stated "Given that Guns N' Roses could probably release an album of Baptist hymns at this point and go platinum, it would be all too easy to dismiss G n' R Lies as a sneaky attempt by the band to throw together some outtakes and cash in on the busy holiday buying season ... The good news is that Lies is a lot more interesting than that ... The calm folk-rock melodies of these four acoustic songs reveal yet another welcome facet of Guns N' Roses. They should also end any further mutterings from the doubting Thomases out there who are still making snide comments about the band's potential for longevity." Allmusic, in a 3.5 out of 5 review, criticized some of the songs on the acoustic side, stating "Constructed as a double EP, with the "indie" debut Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide coming first and four new acoustic-based songs following on the second side, G N' R Lies is where the band metamorphosed from genuine threat to joke. Neither recorded live nor released by an indie label, Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide is competent bar band boogie, without the energy or danger of Appetite for Destruction. The new songs are considerably more problematic. "Patience" is Guns N' Roses at their prettiest and their sappiest, the most direct song they recorded to date. Its emotional directness makes the misogyny of "Used to Love Her (But I Had to Kill Her)" and the pitiful slanders of "One in a Million" sound genuine.

In a negative review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau stated "Axl's voice is a power tool with attachments, Slash's guitar a hype, the groove potent "hard rock", and the songwriting not without its virtues. So figure musical quality at around C plus and take the grade as a call to boycott, a reminder to clean livers who yearn for the wild side that the necessary link between sex-and-drugs and rock-and-roll is a Hollywood fantasy" while condemning "One In a Million" and "Used To Love Her".

In a 2014 review Metal Hammer dissected the controversy around the album, stating "Conceived as a stop-gap release, the second Guns N' Roses album remains a remarkable one-off – in every sense. Ultimate Classic Rock stated "Ironically, G N' R Lies' tabloid-style cover art also hinted at the incessant scandals and resulting paranoia that would soon engulf the band, and its singer in particular, sowing the seeds to their eventual dissolution after the twin Use Your Illusion behemoths, and protracted creative silence until 2008's historically delayed Chinese Democracy opus."

Track listing
Songwriting credits via ASCAP.

Personnel
Guns N' Roses
 * W. Axl Rose − lead vocals, piano, whistling
 * Slash − lead guitar, acoustic guitar, slide guitar
 * Izzy Stradlin − rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Duff "Rose" McKagan − bass, acoustic guitar, backing vocals
 * Steven Adler − drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 * West Arkeen − additional guitar, backing vocals on tracks 5–8
 * Howard Teman − percussion on tracks 5–8

title: G N' R Lies