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Ogre (board game)

OGRE is a science fiction board wargame designed by the American game designer Steve Jackson and published by Metagaming Concepts in 1977 as the first microgame in its MicroGame line. When Steve Jackson left Metagaming to form his own company, he took the rights to OGRE with him, and all subsequent editions have been produced by Steve Jackson Games (SJG).

Game description
OGRE is an asymmetrical two-player wargame set in the late 21st century that pits a single giant robot tank called an "OGRE" against the second player's headquarters, defended by a mixture of conventional tanks, infantry, and artillery.

The game components of the 1982 edition published by Steve Jackson Games are a 14" x 9" map printed on glossy paper, counters representing military units and machines printed on sheets of cardboard (but not die-cut), and a 40-page rulebook. The hex map depicts a battleground of barren terrain with only ridgelines and large, radioactive craters as obstacles.

Setup
The defender sets up his forces in the more congested part of the map; the OGRE controlled by the other player enters the opposite side of the map at the beginning of the game.

Several scenarios are given. The basic version of the game has the attacker using a single OGRE heavy tank (referred to as a "Mark III OGRE"), while the advanced scenario gives the attacker the larger, more powerful "Mark V OGRE" tank versus an increased number of defenders. In either game, the defender is allocated a certain number of infantry and 'armor units', but gets to decide the exact composition of his own armored forces.

Movement
Each piece has a movement factor which indicates the number of hexes it can move each turn, although certain types of terrain can penalize this. Most units are restricted to "move & shoot" phases each turn (move phase first, then combat phase). There are two notable exceptions: GEVs can move both before and after combat, and the OGRE can ram into an enemy unit during its movement phase, possibly destroying the defender.

Combat
Attacks are resolved by comparing the attacking unit's strength to the defending unit's defense strength. All units attacking the same unit can combine their attack factors. Likewise, the player of the OGRE can combine the attack factors of its different weapon systems if aimed at the same target. When defending, adjacent or stacked units are considered separate targets and cannot combine their defense factors. In the OGRE, each system is considered a separate target.

The ratio of attack to defense factors is looked up in a combat results table. For OGRE systems, either attacking or defending, there are only two outcomes: no effect, or destroyed. For infantry and armor units, there are three possible outcomes: no effect, disabled (armor units lose their next turn, and infantry units lose one strength point), or destroyed.

Strategy
The different types of units available to the defender encourage a combined-arms approach with each type being better than the others in different aspects. Heavy tanks have high attack and defense with moderate speed and low range. Missile tanks have moderate attack and defense with moderate range and low speed. G.E.V.s ("ground effect vehicles"—roughly, heavily armored hovercraft ) have very high speed (moving twice per turn), low attack, low range, and moderate defense. Howitzers have very high attack and range but are easily destroyed (once an attacker has managed to get close enough), immobile, and expensive. However, according to the game's designer, this balanced mix of units was not quite right in the first edition; the second edition sped up heavy tanks, slowed down G.E.V.s, and changed the defender's purchasing from "attack factors" to "armor units" (everything is considered equivalent, except howitzers, which are worth two of anything else).

Publication history
In 1960, science fiction author Keith Laumer wrote Combat Unit, the first of many short stories and novellas about large, semi-intelligent tanks called "Bolos". These stories and Colin Kapp's short story "Gottlos" (1969) were major influences in the development of OGRE.

OGRE was designed by American game designer Steve Jackson and published by Metagaming Concepts in 1977 featuring artwork by Winchell Chung. The game proved popular, and Metagaming quickly released a second edition later the same year, with a much larger print run and rulebook artwork by Clark Bradly rather than Chung. Steve Jackson also created a sequel, G.E.V.

When Steve Jackson left Metagaming to found Steve Jackson Games (SJG), he took the rights to OGRE with him and published a new (third) edition in 1982. This third edition featured double-sided counters.

In 1987, SJG released OGRE: Deluxe Edition. The rulebook cover artwork was the Denis Loubet illustration that was also used for the OGRE computer game (see Spinoffs below). The board was sturdier than the previous edition's paper map, and the counters were provided with stand-up plastic bases.

In 1990, OGRE was combined with G.E.V. in an OGRE/G.E.V. box. The OGRE rules were designated as the 4th edition and the G.E.V. rules were designated as the 3rd edition. OGRE/G.E.V. was released into a single 5 3/8" x 8 1/2" box, and the rules were combined into a single 4" x 7" two-way booklet, with the rule for one game printed in one direction; the booklet was flipped over to see the other rules.

In 2000, OGRE/G.E.V. was released again and designated as the 5th edition, with new cover art by Phillip Reed, sold in a VHS box, but rules still in a 4" x 7", 44-page booklet and counters in black, red and white (2-sided).

A "new" Deluxe OGRE (2000) was a re-issued version of the original OGRE, packaged with miniatures rather than counters, and the original "crater" map printed on a larger scale.

In 2011 Steve Jackson announced a sixth edition, The OGRE Designer's Edition, combining OGRE and G.E.V. with larger full-color flat counters for most units and constructible cardboard figures for the Ogres.

In May 2012, a new Designer's Edition of OGRE was funded on Kickstarter.com.

In late 2018, SJG ran a Kickstarter for OGRE Battlefields, an update and expansion for both the Designer's Edition and the Sixth Edition.

In 2020, SJG released an updated pocket box version of OGRE with a 16-page manual and 112 counters, along with updated pocket box versions of G.E.V., Battlesuit, and Shockwave.

In 2021, as part of a Kickstarter campaign, SJG released 1976 OGRE Playtest Booklet, a reproduction of the original typewritten playtest set for the first version of OGRE.

Reception
In the April–June 1977 edition The Space Gamer (Issue No. 11), Robert C. Kirk concluded that the 1977 edition of "OGRE is attractive, easy to learn, inexpensive, and fun to play. What more can a gamer ask?" In the next edition of The Space Gamer, William A. Peterson commented that "It is fast, simple, and fun. Its bad points, while annoying, can be ignored."

In Issue 11 of Dragon, Tony Watson wrote, "The nice thing about OGRE is that after you’ve played a game there’s usually time for one more. Thus, you can rectify perceived flaws in your defense or experiment with a new mix or set-up immediately, while the new ideas are still fresh in your mind. Such experimentation is always interesting, and certainly the best way to learn good play." Seven issues later, Jerry Eperson called OGRE "one of those games that get their hook into you the minute you play them [...] But hidden in the game are small subtleties that can only be found after playing OGRE several times."

In the August–September 1977 edition of White Dwarf (Issue 2), Martin Easterbrook began his review of Metagaming Concepts' original 1977 edition by saying "Be warned: this game could become a craze" adding that "the idea of the microgames themselves is remarkable enough in itself". He gave the game an above-average rating of 8 out of 10 but criticized the game's title and "flimsy equipment, weak infantry".

In the inaugural edition of Ares (March 1980), David Ritchie gave the game a below-average rating of 6 out of 9, commenting,"The first of the MicroGames, OGRE started an avalanche of small, fast, playable games [...] A Panzer freak's ultimate dream."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman commented, "It is ridiculously inexpensive — almost disposable. Despite its size and price, it is well produced and reasonably presented." Freeman thought its best value, though, was in its gameplay: "Most significantly, it's an exceptionally fast and interesting game." He noted the game's drawbacks were minor and gave this game an Overall Evaluation of "Excellent", concluding, "It's one of the best values in gaming."

In the October 1980 issue of Fantastic, game designer Greg Costikyan wrote, "OGREs success, I think, is largely due to its successful mating of two of gaming’s most popular subjects — science fiction and the tank. This should not be taken as belittling the game, however, because OGRE is tense, fast-playing and a close match right down to the last die-roll. One of the comments frequently heard when it first came out was an expression of surprise that the game was of such high quality despite its small size and low cost; a lot of 'bang for your buck'."

In Issue 30 of Phoenix (March–April 1981), Michael Stoner thought the counters of the original Metagaming Concepts edition were flimsy and sometimes difficult to read, but otherwise called OGRE "an excellent 'fun' game, taking less than an hour to play and easy to teach."

In the August 1982 edition of Dragon (Issue 64), Tony Watson reviewed the first reissue by Steve Jackson Games, and called OGRE "a legend in the ranks of SF gamedom, and deservedly so... as well as being a lot of fun to play, it's an interesting extrapolation on high-tech armored warfare". Watson noted that the rules had remained essentially the same in the new edition, the most significant changes being to the physical design—with larger (still black and white) counters, and full-color maps by Denis Loubet. Watson also welcomed the retention of the original artwork alongside new pieces — "no one draws a GEV or OGRE like Mr. Chung". He concluded with a strong recommendation, saying it "would make a fine addition to any gamer's collection."

Stewart Wieck reviewed Ogre: Deluxe Edition in White Wolf #9 (1988), rating it a 9 out of 10 and stated that "Easy to learn and quick to play (less than an hour per game on the average), OGRE comes well recommended by many (including myself)."

In the April 1989 edition of G.M. (Vol. 1, Issue 8), Johnny Razor reviewed OGRE: Deluxe Edition and highlighted the game's ease of introduction and short playing time, but pointed out that most gamers either like the game or loathe it.

In the August 1991 edition of Dragon (Issue 172), Allen Varney reviewed the combined OGRE/G.E.V. edition of 1991, and stated, "[The] two simulation board games of armored combat on a future battlefield are among the best the field has ever seen: fast, elegant, and endlessly replayable". While praising the production values of the 2-color playing pieces, Varney found the box somewhat 'flimsy'. He concluded, "These twin classics shouldn't be missed."

OGRE was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book Hobby Games: The 100 Best. Game designer Erick Wujcik commented " I think [OGRE's] success really boils down to four essentials: OGRE is fast, ... asymmetrical, ... open-ended, ... [and] is a teaching tool. OGRE had restructured my mind pretty completely ... but it wasn't until 2002 ... that I realized how effective OGRE is at getting across so many important component mechanisms of play and design [...] Gameplay summons to mind a futuristic nightmare of desperation and exhilaration, where rumbling machines unleash barrage after barrage of titanic weaponry and the inexorable advance of a soulless giant can only be stopped by zinging swarms of self-sacrificing martyrs."

In a retrospective review of Ogre in Black Gate, John ONeill said "When you sat down to play a game of Ogre, you weren't just pushing cheap cardboard counters across a piece of paper, and rolling a d6 you stole from your sister's Clue game. You were a participant in a mini theater of the imagination. The stakes were perilously high for your human defenders as they valiantly surged across the blasted landscape towards an unstoppable enemy of mankind, and almost certain death. Every game brought surprises, and the kind of high drama and excitement that kept you and your friends talking for days — or at least until the next time the board came out."

Spin-offs
OGRE has generated several related spin-offs.

Video games
The video game Ogre was published in 1986 by Origin Systems for Apple II, Amiga, Atari 8-bit computers, Atari ST, Commodore 64, IBM PC compatibles, and Mac,

A modern version of the game was released for PC in 2017, with "Console Edition" versions for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One following in 2022, developed and published by Auroch Digital. It received mixed reviews according to Metacritic.

Board games
Other board games based on OGRE include:
 * Diceland: OGRE, a paper dice game by Cheapass Games.
 * Shockwave, an expansion that introduced new unit types including cruise missiles and a map that could be used with the G.E.V. map.

Miniatures and miniatures wargaming
Martian Metals produced the first set of OGRE miniatures under license from Metagaming Concepts in 1979.

OGRE Miniatures, an adaptation of the game to miniature wargaming using 1:285 scale miniatures, was produced by SJG in 1991.

A set of OGRE miniatures was also developed by Ral Partha.

Role-playing games
GURPS OGRE (2000) is a supplement using the rules system from the universal role-playing game GURPS.

Books
The OGRE Book (1982) is a collection of articles and rules variants from The Space Gamer. It was reissued in 2001, and expanded from 40 pages to 128 with further retrospective from Steve Jackson.

Awards
Over the years, the game and its spin-offs have garnered several awards:

At the 1979 Origins Awards, OGRE miniatures produced by Martian Metals won the H.G. Wells Award for "Best Vehicular Model Series of 1978".

At the 1992 Origins Award, two OGRE-related products won awards:
 * OGRE Miniatures, produced by SJG, was awarded Best Miniatures Rules of 1991.
 * A set of OGRE miniatures developed by Ral Partha won Best Vehicular Miniatures Series of 1991.

In 1996, Computer Gaming World named the 1986 video game OGRE produced by Origin Systems the 130th-best computer game ever released.

In 2001, 34 years after OGRE's original publication, The Wargamer presented Steve Jackson Games with a special Award for Excellence for the "OGRE/G.E.V. game system and Steve Jackson Games' efforts to expand and support it."

Other reviews and commentary

 * Different Worlds No. 9 (Aug–Sept 1980)
 * Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine
 * The Last Province No. 2 (Dec 1992)
 * Games & Puzzles #69, 81
 * Galileo

title: Ogre (board game)


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Temperate perch

The members of the family Percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches. They belong to the order Perciformes, the perch-like fishes.

The name Percichthyidae derives from the Latin perca for perch and Ancient Greek ἰχθύς, ichthys for fish.

Evolution
Potential percichthyid fossil remains are known from the Early Paleocene of the El Molino Formation of Bolivia; these remains have been described as resembling those of the fossil Percichthys hondoensis from the Eocene of Argentina. One articulated specimen is known from the Paleocene portion of the formation, but other remains are known from the Maastrichtian beds of the formation, indicating that percichthyids could have potential Cretaceous origins. However, the condition of this material is unclear. Another fossil percichthyid, Percichthys lonquimayiensis from Chile, was initially dated to the Paleocene, but further studies have found it to be from the Miocene.

Classification
The temperate perches are closely related to the temperate basses of the family Moronidae, and older literature treats the latter as belonging to the family Percichthyidae. Australian freshwater percichthyids were once placed in the marine grouper family, Serranidae, and the two families are thought to be closely related.

Almost 40 species of percichthyids are now recognised, grouped in 11–12 genera. Most but not all are exclusively freshwater fishes. They are mainly found in Australia, but species are also found in southern South America (Percichthys).

More recently the Chinese perches have been classified in the separate family Sinipercidae while the genus Percilia has been found not to be closely related to either that family or the Percichthyidae and has been placed in its own monotypic family Perciliidae.

The following 8 genera are classified within the family Percichthyidae:

 * Bostockia Castelnau, 1873
 * Gadopsis Richardson, 1848
 * Guyu Pusey & Kennard, 2001
 * Maccullochella Whitley, 1929
 * Macquaria Cuvier, 1830
 * Nannatherina Regan, 1906
 * Nannoperca Günther, 1861
 * Percichthys Girard, 1855

Some workers have found that the genus Macquaria is polyphyletic and that the two catadromous species Macquaria colonorum and M. novemaculeata are not the closest relatives of the other two species in the genus and are placed in the genus Percalates in the monotypic family Percalatidae These authors also found that the Percichthyidae and the Percalatidae were part of one of three clades within a new order, the Centrarchiformes in the Percomorpha.

Species
Australia has the greatest number of percichthyid species, where they are represented by the Australian freshwater cods (Maccullochella spp.), which are Murray cod, Mary River cod, eastern freshwater cod, and trout cod, by the Australian freshwater blackfishes (Gadopsis spp.), which are river blackfish and two-spined blackfish, and by the Australian freshwater perches which are golden perch, Macquarie perch (Macquaria spp.), and Australian bass, and estuary perch (Percalates spp.).

Several other Australian freshwater species also sit within the family Percichthyidae, while research using mitochondrial DNA suggests the species of the family Nannopercidae are in reality percichthyids, as well. Australia is unique in having a freshwater fish fauna dominated by percichthyids and allied families/species. This in contrast to Europe and Asia, whose fish faunas are dominated by members of the Cyprinidae carp family. (Australia does not have a single naturally occurring cyprinid species; unfortunately, the illegal introduction of carp has now established the family's presence in Australia.)

A single genus occurs outside Australia, Percichthys in southern South America.

A number of species are or have been important food species; some of these (e.g. the Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii) have become threatened through overfishing and river regulation, while others are now farmed to some extent. Some smaller species (e.g. Balston's pygmy perch, Nannatherina balstoni) are popular in aquaria.

The extremely rare Bloomfield River cod, Guyu wujalwujalensis, is only found in a short stretch of the Bloomfield River in north Queensland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Temperate perch


text:
Talk:Devil's Island

seuxal predators
I looked up the subject 'Devil's Island'due to a suggestion by a fellow poster on a message board who thought a prison island for sexual predators would be beneficial.It would be more accurate to say that she mused on this possibility in moments of exasperation in how the legal system handles or fails to handle such felons.

I suggested that the US bury the hatchet with France on a possible purchase of the island if they still own it-which is doubtful.The island for incarceration hasn't been used since 1946--but more intriguing to me is what does anyone who lays claim to this tropical island use it for now?I haven't heard of any tourists clamoring to go there to see a museum ,and learn of the island's dark past-but that's a possibility.

I'm still searching for information on whoever owns the infamous island now.

David Hulbert

 * It seems that there's now a space center there. David.Monniaux 11:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

What the hell are you people talking about ? French Guiana is one of France's overseas department. Hundreds of thousands live there and it is certainly not for sale. Ever heard of Ariane Space ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.200.179.170 (talk) 14:36, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I think he was just talking about the island. As far as I know it's still owned by the state, and there is indeed some tourist activity to visit the ruins of the prison. When rockets are launched from Kourou, the islands have to be evacuated as they're directly under the path of launches. Aesma (talk) 17:58, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

1938
Hi! It is not exactly true that French government stopped sending prisoners after 1938 in this prison, as political opponents to the French collaborators of Nazis were sent there, like my grandfather Paul VALENTINO (1902 - 1988). He was tortured there and tried to escape unsuccessfully. He stayed about 2 years before being released. You may have a look to official website of French government about Valentino, former deputy of Guadeloupe: http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/Valentino-Paul-09061902.asp

http://philippevalentino.org Felipu 03:52, 24 September 2007 (UTC) --Felipu (talk) 21:15, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

stufffffffff —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.78.5.168 (talk) 17:04, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

prisoners
I dispute the sentence "the inmates were everything from political prisoners (such as anarchist Clément Duval)". Clément Duval was condemned for theft, arson and for stabbing a policeman during his arrest, cf. http://www.biographie.net/Cl%C3%A9ment-Duval He was not condemned because of his ideas but because he committed criminal actions. potemkine 10.18, 25 Aug 2008 (CET) —Preceding undated comment was added at 08:20, 25 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, but are you disputing that he was an anarchist? He didn't.  Bogomir Kovacs (talk) 16:20, 16 July 2009 (UTC) this guy is so true they still went there.

smallpox
The Clement Duval article indicates that he contracted smallpox during the Franco-Prussian War but the Devil's Island article says that he got smallpox while a prisoner there. Now he either had really bad luck and got smallpox twice and had the good fortune not to die either time or only one of these articles is correct. I have put this comment in the talk page for each of those articles for someone to fix. 75.69.0.58 (talk) 12:28, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Split?
This article strikes me as a bit of a mish-mash. It seems to be about both the island off the coast of French Guiana, which served as a political prison, and about the French penal colony in Fr. Guiana as a whole. It would make more sense if this stuff was in separate articles, one dealing with the island and the other with the prison set-up. If there are no objections I will split the island stuff into a separate article, and focus this one on the penal colony. Moonraker12 (talk) 16:47, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

 * OK, done. Moonraker12 (talk) 16:59, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

Far worse than imagined.
A 2014 TV programme on Devils'Island proved that there were many more prisons here than ever admitted to by the authorities. Maps showing the location of a score or more were discovered in the main prison camp. The French had a reputation for extreme cruelty when it came to sentencing, far worse than the British or other major European powers. Some convicts were little more than politicos. There is still much of interest to research on 19th and early 20th century justice but you will need a strong stomach to do it. (And don't forget the lepper colonies)! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.241.241.246 (talk) 16:47, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:18, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Name
I don't think "Cayenne's Prison" sounds correct for the English name. That sounds a bit informal. "Cayenne Prison" or keeping the French "Bagne de Cayenne" would be more proper, I would think. 108.254.160.23 (talk) 15:30, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

Devil's Island
I'm not well versed enough in the subject to do this myself, but "Devil's Island" needs incorporating back into the lead section, as the article now only mentions the famous name a small handful of times. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 15:54, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Whew, thank goodness for that. It should never have been moved. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 01:33, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065423/http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/Reviews/Current/Love-All to http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/Reviews/Current/Love-All
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"Alleged escapes" section
Maybe it's understood that the section title applies to all the people listed, but only the first three subsections actually state that they "escaped;" the last three have no mention of escaping, only that they wrote about their time while imprisoned there - - - which leads one to think that they were there for a time limited sentence then released, not escaped.

As such, I think this section should be renamed - - - possibly as "Famous/infamous prisoners".

Thoughts? 2600:8800:786:A300:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 05:23, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

Merge Devil's Island (Kourou) into Devil's Island
Four years ago, user Moonraker12 created an article titled Devil's Island (Kourou). The fact is that both articles cover the same subject. The island itself and the penal colony contained on it identify too strongly each other. Thus, I suggest to merge Devil's Island (Kourou) into Devil's Island. Does everybody agree? Kintaro (talk) 15:39, 12 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Well I would disagree, obviously, for the reasons I gave for splitting the article in the first place.
 * First, the island is more than its history as a prison; and as a geographical feature it is inherently notable, as are all the Salut islands.
 * Second, this article is about more than just the prison on Devil's Island itself, it covers the whole Cayenne penal colony: "Devil's Island" is just a metonym for the whole. In fact it would make more sense to rename this article "Cayenne penitentiary", or "Cayenne penal colony".
 * Third, the current layout reflects the layout on the French WP (who ought to know): "Devil's Island (Kourou)" matches "Ile Diable" (fr) while this article matches "Bagne de Cayenne" (fr). So the proposed merger would put us out of step. IMO. Moonraker12 (talk) 21:40, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I disagree as well. This article is about the penal colony. The prison on Devils Island was the smallest part of the colony. -- Work permit (talk) 04:33, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

Interwiki link, page move
This has drawn my attention to some unfinished business: The interwiki link here goes to the French WP article on the island (which should be linked from Devil's Island (Kourou)), while this one (on the whole penal colony) should link to the fr article on the whole colony (here). Depending on how the merge discussion goes that may need doing. Also (again, depending on the outcome above) this page probably ought to be moved to "Cayenne penitentiary", or "Cayenne penal colony". Something for when the matter is resolved. Moonraker12 (talk) 21:46, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Dear thank you for the above explanations and, dear, thank you for the present clarification. It turns out that Moonraker12 pointed out some important facts. Please gentlemen, proceed at your best, I'm sure you'll do well. Kintaro (talk) 10:34, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Devil's Island


text:
G.E.V. (board game)

G.E.V. ("Ground Effect Vehicle") is a science fiction board wargame that simulates combat in the near future between armored hovercraft, supertanks and other futuristic weaponry.

The game was designed by American game designer Steve Jackson as a sequel to his Ogre board game when he was working for Metagaming Concepts. When Jackson left Metagaming to form his own company, he took the rights to both G.E.V. and Ogre with him, and all subsequent editions have been produced by Steve Jackson Games.

Description
G.E.V. is a two-player wargame set in the late 21st century that features GEVs as well as Ogres (large intelligent tanks), conventional tanks, infantry, and artillery. It developed as a sequel to Ogre, which had already featured GEVs as a secondary vehicle. GEVs were lightly-armed hovercraft that moved more quickly than the huge, lumbering Ogres. The new game expanded the GEV gameplay and gave scenarios fitted to a high-speed vehicle. A feature of the GEV gameplay was that the original move-fire turn sequence of typical combat games became a move-fire-move sequence, with GEVs allowed a second movement phase. This could be used for either hit-and-run attacks with a retreat phase out of range, or a charge emphasizing a high-speed advance, even without time to adequately defend.

Components
The game components of the original 1977 edition published by Metagames Concepts are:
 * a 12 x map, printed on glossy paper
 * 135 counters representing military units and machines
 * a 22-page rulebook

Scenarios
Four scenarios are included with the game. All have a basic version for beginning players, an advanced version, and a Ogre version:
 * Breakthrough: GEVs must try to break through a strong defended point
 * Raid: The sequel to "Breakthrough", as GEVs try to cause as much damage as possible before reinforcements can arrive.
 * The Train: GEVs attack a supply train
 * Ceasefire Collapse: Both sides races across a DMZ to capture as much land as possible.

Movement
Each piece has a movement factor which indicates the number of hexes it can move each turn, although certain types of terrain can penalize this. Most units are restricted to "move & shoot" phases each turn (move phase first, then combat phase).

Combat
Attacks are resolved by comparing the attacking unit's strength to the defending unit's defense strength. Rules are also provided for overrun combat, spillover fire, and cover.

Victory conditions
Each scenario uses a points-based victory condition system.

Publication history
In 1977, Metagaming Concepts published Ogre and pioneered the microgame, a small, cheap and simple solitaire or two-player game, often with a science fiction or fantasy theme. Ogre was created by Steve Jackson, who then designed a sequel, G.E.V., which was published by Metagaming as their 6th MicroGame in 1977.

When Jackson left Metagaming in 1982 over a dispute about some of his other games to found Steve Jackson Games (SJG), he took the rights to Ogre and G.E.V. with him, and immediately published new editions of both games. He followed this with a number of popular sequels, including Shockwave, Ogre Reinforcement Pack, and Ogre Battlefields.

In 1990, Ogre was combined with G.E.V. as Ogre/G.E.V., a single 5 3/8" x 8 1/2" box. The rules were combined into a single 4 x two-way booklet, with the rules for one game printed in one direction; the booklet was flipped over to see the other rules.

Reception
In the inaugural issue of Ares (March 1980), David Ritchie commented that "GEV is not as clean as Ogre, but probably has more replay value. There are some imaginative scenarios, including one involving an armored train." Ritchie concluded by giving the game a very good rating of 8 out of 9, saying, "Possibly the best single micro game."

In Issue 30 of Phoenix, (March–April 1981), Michael Stoner thought it was a very quick-moving game, noting that in most scenarios, one player gains the upper hand within ten minutes of play. He concluded, "It is not as much of a 'fun' game as Ogre but is, rather, a realistic (and quite complex) game that tests your skill to the limit."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman thought that "GEV suffers from the problem of all sequels: it's hard to live up to the reputation created by the original. Since Ogre is one of the most remarkably successful games ever, GEV has a hard act to follow. It can be perhaps forgiven its small failures. As a game in its own right, it’s somewhat dull. Though the situation is hypothetical, the feel is exceptionally conventional. The battles could be lifted whole from [ Avalon Hill's wargame] PanzerBlitz. Only when Ogres are added and the situation is reduced to the uncomplicated objectives of the earlier game does it come to life." Freeman concluded by give the game an Overall Evaluation of "Good", saying, "It's a good expansion kit, but only a fair game. If you have Ogre and like it, you'll want this. If not, get Ogre first."

In Issue 27 of Simulacrum, Brian Train noted, "Probably the high point of microgames. Small, fast and has a reasonable punch, just like the titular units."

Reviews

 * Galileo

title: G.E.V. (board game)


text:
Talk:Birdwatching

My opinion on this article
This article is great and the editors did a great job. The article is neutral and is very well written. An all-around great article. --Hunterambrose (talk) 02:42, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Birdwatching


text:
Mariinsky Ballet

The Mariinsky Ballet (Балет Мариинского театра) is the resident classical ballet company of the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Founded in the 18th century and originally known as the Imperial Russian Ballet, the Mariinsky Ballet is one of the world's leading ballet companies. Internationally in some quarters, the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet. The Mariinsky Ballet is the parent company of the Vaganova Ballet Academy, a leading international ballet school.

History
The Mariinsky Ballet was founded in the 1740s, following the formation of the first Russian dance school in 1738.

The Imperial Theatre School, as it was originally known, was established on 4 May 1738, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. It would become the predecessor of today's Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet. The school's founder director was the French ballet master and teacher Jean-Baptiste Landé and the purpose of creating the school was to train young dancers to form the first Russian ballet company.

As the Imperial Russian Ballet, the company premiered numerous ballets by choreographer Marius Petipa. A number of his ballets now form the basis of the traditional classical ballet repertoire, performed by ballet companies around the world, and often retaining much of Petipa's choreography. These ballets include the original productions of The Nutcracker, The Sleeping Beauty, Don Quixote, La Bayadère, and Raymonda; and popular revivals of older ballets, including Coppélia, Giselle, and Le Corsaire. Petipa's revival of the ballet Swan Lake is perhaps his most famous work for the company. Originally choreographed by Julius Reisinger for the Bolshoi Theatre in 1877, Swan Lake was initially a critical and commercial failure. Petipa sought to revive the ballet with the blessing of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, but the composer died before the new ballet was created. Petipa consequently worked with his brother Modest Tchaikovsky, who significantly revised the story and rewrote the libretto to the version now commonly performed. The production was choreographed by Petipa and his collaborator Lev Ivanov. Premiering at the Mariinsky Theatre in 1895, the Petipa/Ivanov/Tchaikovsky production of Swan Lake was a success.

Following the Russian Revolution, the Soviet government decided that the ballet school and company were unwanted symbols of the tsarist regime and closed them both. The ballet company was the first to be re-established, becoming in 1920 known as the State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet, with the school re-opening later as the Leningrad State Choreographic School, both in their previous locations.

After the assassination of prominent Soviet figure Sergey Kirov in 1934, the Ballet was renamed the Kirov Ballet in 1935, a name which is still sometimes incorrectly used. After the end of Communist rule, the ballet company and opera company were renamed for the theatre, becoming in 1992 the Mariinsky Ballet and Mariinsky Opera. Both companies are now run by the theatre itself.

Today
The Director of the Mariinsky Ballet is Yuri Fateyev.

Repertoire

 * Adagio Hammerklavier
 * Anna Karenina-Alexei Ratmansky version
 * Apollo
 * Ballet Imperial (Ballet No 2)
 * Bambi
 * La Bayadère
 * Bolero Factory
 * The Bronze Horseman
 * Camera obscura
 * Carmen Suite
 * Carnaval
 * The Cat on the Tree
 * Chopiniana
 * Choreographic Game 3x3
 * Cinderella-Alexei Ratmansky version
 * Concerto DSCH
 * Le Corsaire
 * Le Divertissement du roi
 * Don Quixote
 * Elegy. Ophelia
 * The Firebird
 * Fountain of Bakhchisarai
 * The Four Seasons
 * Giselle
 * Infra
 * ''In the Middle, Somewhat Elevated'
 * In the Night
 * In the Jungle
 * Inside the Lines;;
 * Jewels
 * The Legend of Love-choreography Yury Grigorovich
 * Leningrad Symphony
 * The Little Humpbacked Horse-Alexei Ratmansky version
 * Marguerite and Armand
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream
 * Les noces
 * The Nutcracker-Marius Petipa version
 * The Nutcracker-Mihail Chemiakin version
 * Paquita-Yuri Smekalov version
 * Paquita Grand Pas
 * Pavlovsk
 * Le Parc
 * Petrouchka
 * Petrouchka-Vladimir Varnava and Konstantin Fyodorov version
 * Polovtsian Dances (ballet)''
 * The Prodigal Son
 * Raymonda
 * Le Réveil de Flore
 * Romeo and Juliet-Leonid Lavrovsky version
 * Russian Overture
 * Le Sacre Du Primtemps
 * Sacre
 * Scheherazade
 * Scotch Symphony
 * Second I
 * Serenade
 * Shurale
 * Solo
 * Sleeping Beauty''-Konstantin Sergeev version
 * Sleeping Beauty-Sergei Vikharev version
 * Spartacus-Leonid Yakobson version
 * Le Spectre de la rose
 * The Stone Flower
 * The Swan
 * Swan Lake
 * La Sylphide
 * Sylvia
 * Symphony in C
 * Symphony in Three Movements
 * Tarantella
 * Tchaikovsky Pas de deux
 * The Vertiginous Thrill of Exactitude
 * Variations for two couples
 * Violin Concerto No. 2
 * Without
 * Yaroslavna. The Eclipse
 * The Young Lady and the Hooligan
 * 5 Tangos

Dancers
The basis of the Mariinsky Ballet consists of the following artists:

Principals

 * Nadezhda Batoeva
 * Ekaterina Kondaurova
 * Olesya Novikova
 * Renata Shakirova
 * Oksana Skorik
 * Viktoria Tereshkina
 * Diana Vishneva
 * Timur Askerov
 * Yevgeny Ivanchenko
 * Kimin Kim
 * Vladimir Shklyarov
 * Andrey Ermakov

First Soloists

 * Maria Ilyushkina
 * Maria Khoreva
 * Anastasia Kolegova
 * May Nagahisa
 * Yekaterina Osmolkina
 * Kristina Shapran
 * Maria Shirinkina
 * Elena Evseeva
 * Elena Svinko
 * Roman Belyakov
 * Even Capitaine
 * Yevgeny Konovalov
 * Nikita Korneyev
 * Alexander Sergeev
 * Philipp Stepin
 * Konstantin Zverev

Second Soloists

 * Vlada Borodulina
 * Maria Bulanova
 * Alexandra Iosifidi
 * Alexandra Khiteyeva
 * Anastasia Lukina
 * Valeria Martynyuk
 * Camilla Mazzi
 * Anastasia Nuikina
 * Yana Selina
 * Tatiana Tkachenko
 * Yuri Smekalov
 * Ruslan Stenyushkin
 * Alexei Timofeyev
 * David Zaleyev
 * Maxim Zyuzin

Character Soloists

 * Elena Bazhenova
 * Olga Belik
 * Alisa Rusina
 * Islom Baimuradov
 * Soslan Kulaev
 * Dmitry Pykhachov
 * Vasily Shcherbakov
 * Andrei Yakovlev

Coryphées

 * Yuliana Chereshkevich
 * Maria Chernyavskaya
 * Tamara Gimadieva
 * Shamala Guseinova
 * Daria Ionova
 * Yekaterina Ivannikova
 * Viktoria Krasnokutskaya
 * Daria Kulikova
 * Valeria Kuznetsova
 * Bíborka Lendvai
 * Anastasia Nikitina
 * Zlata Yalinich
 * Yaroslav Baibordin
 * Ramanbek Beishenaliev
 * Maxim Izmestiev
 * Kian James Manghise
 * Roman Malyshev
 * Pavel Mikheyev
 * Alexei Nedviga
 * Aaron Osawa-Horowitz
 * Grigory Popov
 * Yaroslav Pushkov
 * Andrei Solovyov

Notable dancers

 * Altynai Asylmuratova
 * Mikhail Baryshnikov
 * Vakhtang Chabukiani
 * Petra Conti
 * Natalia Dudinskaya
 * Pavel Gerdt
 * Tamara Karsavina
 * Maria Khoreva
 * Irina Kolpakova
 * Theodore Kosloff
 * Mathilde Kschessinska
 * Ninel Kurgapkina
 * Pierina Legnani
 * Larissa Lezhnina
 * Ulyana Lopatkina
 * Askold Makarov
 * Natalia Makarova
 * Varvara P. Mey
 * Galina Mezentseva
 * Vaslav Nijinsky
 * Rudolf Nureyev
 * Alla Osipenko
 * Anna Pavlova
 * Olga Preobrajenska
 * Farukh Ruzimatov
 * Leonid Sarafanov
 * Marina Semyonova
 * Konstantin Sergeyev
 * Alla Sizova
 * Yuri Soloviev
 * Olga Spessivtzeva
 * Galina Ulanova
 * Diana Vishneva
 * Svetlana Zakharova
 * Igor Zelensky

title: Mariinsky Ballet


text:
USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)

USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602), a George Washington-class submarine fleet ballistic missile submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), the first being USS President Lincoln (1907).

Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine, on 1 November 1958. She was launched on 14 May 1960 sponsored by Mary L. Beckwith (great-granddaughter of President Abraham Lincoln), and commissioned on 8 March 1961 with Commander Leonard Erb commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Donald M. Miller commanding the Gold Crew.

Atlantic operations
Abraham Lincoln got underway on 20 March 1961 for shakedown and weapons testing at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and returned to Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on 1 June for post-shakedown repairs. She left Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on 17 July 1961 to return briefly to Cape Canaveral for further testing and then proceeded to Charleston, South Carolina, for a final loadout. Abraham Lincoln subsequently got underway on 28 August 1961 as a unit of SUBRON 14. She arrived at Holy Loch, Scotland, in October 1961. She underwent a refit alongside submarine tender USS Proteus (AS-19) during November 1961 and, upon its completion, commenced her first deterrent patrol.

Abraham Lincoln operated out of Holy Loch for the next four years. She alternated periods of upkeep at Holy Loch alongside Proteus or submarine tender USS Hunley (AS-31) with deterrent patrols from that port.

A highlight of this period occurred during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. Abraham Lincoln was in the middle of a scheduled four-week upkeep period when she received orders to deploy. She departed in short order and successfully carried out a 65-day patrol.

On 13 October 1965, Abraham Lincoln arrived at Groton, Connecticut, and entered the Electric Boat shipyard there on 25 October 1965 to begin an overhaul and refueling.

This work was completed on 3 June 1967, and Abraham Lincoln returned to her base at Holy Loch and resumed her schedule of deterrent patrols. She continued the pattern of alternating patrols with periods of upkeep alongside either submarine tender USS Simon Lake (AS-33) or submarine tender USS Canopus (AS-34) through 1972.

In early March 1972, Abraham Lincoln departed for the United States and arrived at Naval Submarine Base New London at Groton, Connecticut, on 25 April 1972. She held two dependents' cruises before getting underway on 19 May for the United States West Coast to join the United States Pacific Fleet. Abraham Lincoln made a brief visit to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, transited the Panama Canal on 1 June, sailed to Bangor, Washington, to offload her missiles, then pushed on to San Francisco. On 25 June 1972, Abraham Lincoln entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California, to commence overhaul and refueling.

Pacific operations
The extensive overhaul was completed in December 1973. After shakedown in the areas around Puget Sound and San Diego Abraham Lincoln transited the Panama Canal on 1 June 1974. She held tests and local operations at Cape Canaveral and Charleston, South Carolina. She retransitted the Panama Canal on 26 July 1974 and proceeded to her new home port, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where she arrived on 10 September 1974 to become part of CINCPAC Fleet and Squadron 15. She then continued on to her advanced base at Guam, arriving on 18 October 1974. She then began deterrent patrols in the Mariana Islands from Guam, which she carried out until 1978. She also participated in numerous tests and exercises. During this period, Abraham Lincoln became the first ballistic missile submarine to have conducted 50 strategic deterrent patrols, completing her 50th in 1978.

Deactivation, decommissioning, and disposal
Abraham Lincoln completed her last patrol in October 1979 and arrived at Bangor, Washington, on 30 October 1979 to commence offloading her missiles before beginning inactivation overhaul. Preparations for her retirement continued through 1980 and into 1981.

Abraham Lincoln was decommissioned on 28 February 1981 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1982. She was disposed of through the Ship and Submarine Recycling Program on 10 May 1994 at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.

Part of the sail from Abraham Lincoln was used to replace the damaged sail on USS George Washington (SSBN-598) after its collision with Nissho Maru. This sail is on display at the Submarine Force Library and Museum, near Groton.

title: USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)


text:
Vidna Obmana

Vidna Obmana (stylized vidnaObmana on many album covers) is a pseudonym used by Belgian composer and ambient musician Dirk Serries. The name Vidna Obmana, a phrase in Serbian, literally translates to "optical illusion" and was chosen by Serries because he felt it accurately described the music. Serries created music under the Vidna Obmana pseudonym from 1984 until 2007, when he officially retired the name. Most of his current work is released under the Fear Falls Burning pseudonym.

Vidna Obmana's music has often been described as anamorphic and organic. He uses the techniques of looping and shaping harmonies, minimizing the configurations to a few notes.

Vidna Obmana has collaborated on several occasions with artists such as Asmus Tietchens, Brannan Lane, Capriolo Trifoglio, Diego Borotti, and Steve Roach. Some of these collaborations have become entire projects of their own, such as Continuum (collaboration with Bass Communion) and Principle of Silence (collaboration with Joris De Backer).

Vidna Obmana is often cited as one of the more notable dark ambient musicians.

Solo albums

 * The Ultimated Sign of Burning Death (1985) Therapie Organisatie
 * Experience Artaud - Soundtrack for Experimental Theatre (1988), Mechanical Orchestration Music
 * Deathchamber - Trancedreamed (1988) Mechanical Orchestration Music
 * Gathering in frozen beauty (1989), The Decade Collection
 * Near the flogging landscape (1990), VioletGlassOracle Tapes
 * Refined on gentle clouds (1991), Direct Music
 * Passage in Beauty (1991), Projekt
 * Shadowing in Sorrow (1991), Projekt
 * Ending Mirage (1992), Projekt
 * Echoing Delight (1993)
 * Revealed by composed nature (1994), Hic Sunt Leones
 * The Spiritual Bonding (1994) Extreme
 * The Transcending Quest (1995), Amplexus
 * The River of Appearance (1996), Projekt
 * Twilight of Perception (1997), Projekt
 * Crossing the Trail (1997), Projekt
 * Landscape in obscurity (1998), Hypnos - with Capriolo Trifoglio and Diego Borotti
 * The Surreal Sanctuary (2000), Hypnos
 * The Contemporary Nocturne (2000), Hypnos
 * Subterranean Collective (2001), Project
 * Soundtrack for the Aquarium (2001), Hypnos
 * Tremor (2001), Relapse/Release
 * Isolation Trip/Path of Distortion (2002), Klanggalerie (7" LP)
 * Spore (2003), Relapse
 * Legacy (2004), Relapse

Opera for Four Fusion Works Series

 * An Opera for Four Fusion Works
 * Act One: Echoes of Steel with Dreams in Exile (2002), Hypnos
 * Act Two: Phrasing the Air with Bill Fox (2004), Hypnos
 * Act Three: Reflection on Scale with Kenneth Kirchner (2006), Hypnos
 * Act 4 (2007), Hypnos

With Bass Communion

 * Continuum I (2005), Soleilmoon
 * the continuum recyclings, volume one (2006), Tonefloat (2LP)
 * Continuum II (2007), Soleilmoon
 * the continuum recyclings, volume two (2010), Tonefloat (2LP)

With Big City Orchestra

 * Vidna Obmana & Big City Orchestra (1989), Mechanical Orchestration Music

With Serge Devadder

 * The Shape of Solitude (1999), Multimood

With Alio Die

 * Echo Passage (1999), Musica Maxima Magnetica; Projekt Records (USA)

With Brannan Lane

 * Deep Unknown (2002), Ambient Circle

With Dreams in Exile

 * 2-disc re-release of The River of Appearance (1996) with accompanying all-acoustic re-conceptualization of the album by Dreams in Exile

With Klinik

 * Gluttony (2005), Hands
 * Greed (2006), Hands

With Jan Marmenout

 * Spirits (1999), High Gate Music

With David Lee Myers

 * Tracers (2003), Klanggalerie

With Neurotic Youth

 * Bleeding Wounds / Only Fear Will Survive (1986), Ladd-Frith

With PBK

 * Monument of Empty Colours (1988), The Decade Collection
 * ''Compositions : Depression & Ideal" (1989), Freedom in a Vacuum/PBK Recordings
 * Fragment 3 (1991), N D

With Jeff Pearce

 * True Stories (1999), Mirage

With Steve Roach

 * Well of Souls (1995), Projekt – 2 discs
 * Cavern of Sirens (1997), Projekt
 * Ascension of Shadows (1998), Projekt (limited edition 3-disc set included Somewhere Else, re-released 2005)
 * Live Archive (2000), Groove Unlimited
 * Circles & Artifacts (2000), Contemptary Harmonic
 * InnerZone (2002), Projekt
 * Spirit Dome (2004), Projekt
 * Somewhere Else (2005), Projekt
 * Low Volume Music (2012), Projekt

With Sam Rosenthal

 * Terrace of Memories (1992), Projekt

With Djen Ajakan Shean

 * Parallel Flaming (1994), Multimood
 * Still Fragments (1994), ND

With Willem Tanke

 * Variations for Organ, Keyboard and Processors (1999), Multimood

With Asmus Tietchens

 * The Shift Recyclings (2002), Soleilmoon
 * Motives for Recycling (Linear Writings, Nachtstücke Revisited) (1999), Soleilmoon
 * Untitled Collaboration (1995), Syrenia

Other collaborations

 * Zero Point (2001), The Foundry - by Seofon with Thermal, Stephen Kent, Robert Rich, Steve Roach, Not Breathing
 * Music for Exhibiting Water with Contents – Soundtrack for the Aquarium (1992) Antwerp ZOO - Split with Hybrids
 * A Thunder Orchestra / Vidna Obmana (1986), Ladd-Frith - Split release with A Thunder Orchestra
 * Agoraphobic Nosebleed - PCP Torpedo ANbRx "Three Ring Inferno" - remix

Anthologies

 * Noise/Drone Anthology 1984-1989 (2005), Ikon/Projekt
 * Anthology 1984 - 2004 (2004), Ikon/Projekt
 * Memories Compiled 2 (Near the flogging landscape, Refined on gentle clouds) (1999), Projekt: Archive
 * The Trilogy (1995), Projekt: Archive - Compilation of Passage in beauty, Shadowing in sorrow and Ending Mirage
 * Memories Compiled 1 (Monument of Empty Colours, Gathering in frozen beauty) (1994), Projekt: Archive - with PBK

title: Vidna Obmana


text:
Talk:Universal dialectic

Why was this article "cut down by 50%?" The article is now a stub. Weird.

Because it was somewhat padded, and listed on Vfd. It may now survive.

Charles Matthews 09:41, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I added a couple of external links. Yes, they go to my sites, but these are the only sites I know of that deal with this concept. I also added links to materialism and monism, since I felt that linking only to idealism was inappropriate. The Universal Dialectic concept is not idealistic at all, it is actually much closer to materialism. But rather than remove the link to idealism, I thought it more fair to add the other links. Nat 08:02, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The "Universal Dialectic" entry appears to be a weak attempt at self promotion to your websites. Which, by the way, do not appear to have much traffic.

 * Check the IP on this user (User:Factchecker007). I am betting it is User:66.66.117.237, who has been vandalizing all pages related to me recently. The anonymous user at that IP is an individual who has a personal problem with me, and has been vandalizing other websites I own as well. --Nat 22:03, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This article fails to explain what the uiversal dialectic even is!

 * You know what? You're right. A previous version did explain the concept, but that portion was removed. I'll see if I can add a brief explanation. --Nat 22:09, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal dialectic


text:
Syncope (phonology)

In phonology, syncope (from ) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel. It is found in both synchronic and diachronic analyses of languages. Its opposite, whereby sounds are added, is epenthesis.

Synchronic analysis
Synchronic analysis studies linguistic phenomena at one moment of a language's history, usually the present, in contrast to diachronic analysis, which studies a language's states and the patterns of change across a historical timeframe. In modern languages, syncope occurs in inflection, poetry, and informal speech.

Inflections
In languages such as Irish and Hebrew, the process of inflection can cause syncope:

 * In some verbs
 * imir (to play) should become *imirím (I play). However, the addition of the -ím causes syncope and the second-last syllable vowel i is lost so imirim becomes imrím.
 * כָּתַב (katav), (he) wrote, becomes כָּתְבוּ (katvu), (they) wrote, when the third-person plural ending ־וּ (-u) is added.

 * In some nouns
 * inis (island) should become *inise in the genitive case. However, instead of *Baile na hInise, road signs say, Baile na hInse (the town of the island). Once again, there is the loss of the second i.

If the present root form in Irish is the result of diachronic syncope, synchronic syncope for inflection is prevented.

As a poetic device
Sounds may be removed from the interior of a word as a rhetorical or poetic device: for embellishment or for the sake of the meter.

 * Latin > poetic commōrat ("he had moved")
 * English hastening > poetic hast'ning
 * English heaven > poetic heav'n
 * English over > poetic o'er
 * English ever > poetic e'er, often confused with ere ("before")

Informal speech
Various sorts of colloquial reductions might be called "syncope" or "compression".

Contractions in English such as "didn't" or "can't" are typically cases of syncope.

 * English Australian > colloquial Strine, pronounced
 * English did not > didn't, pronounced
 * English I would have > I'd've, pronounced
 * English going to > colloquial gonna (generally only when unstressed and when expressing intention rather than direction), pronounced or, before a vowel,
 * English library pronounced as (haplology)

Diachronic analysis
In historical phonology, the term "syncope" is often limited to the loss of an unstressed vowel, in effect collapsing the syllable that contained it: trisyllabic Latin calidus (stress on first syllable) develops as bisyllabic caldo in several Romance languages.

Loss of any sound

 * Old English >  > Middle English loverd > Modern English lord, pronounced
 * English Worcester, pronounced
 * English Gloucester, pronounced
 * English Leicester, pronounced
 * English Towcester, pronounced
 * English Godmanchester, pronounced (archaic)

Loss of unstressed vowel

 * Latin > Italian   "hot"
 * Latin > Italian   "eye"
 * Proto-Norse armaʀ > Old Norse armr "arm"
 * Proto-Norse bókiʀ > Old Norse bǿkr "books"
 * Proto-Germanic himinōz > Old Norse himnar "heavens"

A syncope rule has been identified in Tonkawa, an extinct American Indian language in which the second vowel of a word was deleted unless it was adjacent to a consonant cluster or a final consonant.

title: Syncope (phonology)


text:
C. H. Douglas

Major Clifford Hugh Douglas, MIMechE, MIEE (20 January 1879 – 29 September 1952), was a British engineer, economist and pioneer of the social credit economic reform movement.

Education and engineering career
C.H. Douglas was born in either Edgeley or Manchester, the son of Hugh Douglas and his wife Louisa (Hordern) Douglas. Few details are known about his early life and training; he probably served an engineering apprenticeship before beginning an engineering career that brought him to locations throughout the British Empire in the employ of electric companies, railways and other institutions. He taught at Stockport Grammar School. After a period in industry, he went up to Pembroke College, Cambridge at the age of 31 but stayed only four terms and left without graduating. He worked for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation of America and claimed to have been the Reconstruction Engineer for the British Westinghouse Company in India (the company has no record of him ever working there ), Deputy Chief Engineer of the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway Company, Railway Engineer of the London Post Office (Tube) Railway and Assistant Superintendent of the Royal Aircraft Factory Farnborough during World War I, with a temporary commission as captain in the Royal Flying Corps. His second wife was Edith Mary Douglas, President of the Women's Engineering Society.

Social credit
While he was reorganising the work of the Royal Aircraft Establishment during World War I, Douglas noticed that the weekly total costs of goods produced was greater than the sums paid to workers for wages, salaries and dividends. This seemed to contradict the theory of classic Ricardian economics, saying that all costs are distributed simultaneously as purchasing power.

Troubled by the seeming difference between the way money flowed and the objectives of industry ("delivery of goods and services", in his view), Douglas set out to apply engineering methods to the economic system.

Douglas collected data from more than 100 large British businesses and found that all except those becoming bankrupt, paid less in salaries, wages and dividends than the costs of goods and services produced each week: the workers were not paid enough to buy back what they had made. He published his observations and conclusions in an article in the magazine English Review where he suggested: "That we are living under a system of accountancy which renders the delivery of the nation's goods and services to itself a technical impossibility." The reason, Douglas concluded, was that the economic system was organized to maximize profits for those with economic power by creating unnecessary scarcity. Between 1916 and 1920, he developed his economic ideas, publishing two books in 1920, Economic Democracy and Credit-Power and Democracy, followed in 1924 by Social Credit.

The basis of Douglas's reform ideas was to free workers from this system by bringing purchasing power in line with production, which became known as social credit. His proposal had two main elements: a national dividend to distribute money (debt-free credit) equally to all citizens, over and above their earnings, to help bridge the gap between purchasing power and prices; also a price adjustment mechanism, called the "just price", to forestall inflation. The just price would effectively reduce retail prices by a percentage that reflected the physical efficiency of the production system. Douglas observed that the cost of production is consumption; meaning the exact physical cost of production is the total resources consumed in the production process. As the physical efficiency of production increases, the just price mechanism will reduce the price of products for the consumer. The consumers can then buy as much of what the producers produce that they want and automatically control what continues to be produced by their consumption of it. Individual freedom, primary economic freedom, was the central goal of Douglas's reform.

At the end of World War I, Douglas retired from engineering to promote his reform ideas full-time, which he would do for the rest of his life. His ideas inspired the Canadian social credit movement (which obtained control of Alberta's provincial government in 1935), the short-lived Douglas Credit Party in Australia and the longer-lasting Social Credit Political League in New Zealand. Douglas also lectured on social credit in the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Norway.

In 1923, he appeared as a witness before the Canadian Banking Inquiry, and in 1930 before the Macmillan Committee. In 1929 he made a lecture tour of Japan, where his ideas were enthusiastically received by industry and government. His 1933 edition of Social Credit made a reference to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which, while noting its dubious authenticity, wrote that what "is interesting about it, is the fidelity with which the methods by which such enslavement might be brought about can be seen reflected in the facts of everyday experience."

Death and legacy
Douglas died in his home in Fearnan, Scotland. Douglas and his theories are referred to several times (unsympathetically) in Lewis Grassic Gibbon's trilogy A Scots Quair. He is also mentioned, together with Karl Marx and Silvio Gesell, by John Maynard Keynes in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936, p. 32). Douglas's theories permeate the poetry and economic writings of Ezra Pound. Robert Heinlein's first novel For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs describes a near future United States operating according to the principles of social credit.

Publications

 * Economic Democracy (1920) new edition: December 1974; Bloomfield Books; ISBN 0-904656-06-3
 * Credit-Power and Democracy (1920) new edition: August 2011; BiblioLife; ISBN 978-1241274955
 * The Control and Distribution of Production (1922)
 * Social Credit (1924, Revised 1933) new edition: December 1979; Institute of Economic Democracy, Canada; ISBN 0-920392-26-1
 * Warning Democracy, C M Grieve, London; (1931)
 * The Monopoly of Credit (1931) new edition: 1979; Bloomfield Books; ISBN 0-904656-02-0
 * The Use of Money (1935)
 * The Alberta Experiment: An Interim Survey (1937)
 * The Brief for the Prosecution, Legion for the Survival of Freedom, Incorporated; (December 1986) ISBN 0-949667-80-3
 * Whose Service is Perfect Freedom?, Canada; Veritas Publishing Company; (June 1986) ISBN 0-949667-64-1
 * The Big Idea, Veritas Publishing Company, Canada; (June 1986) ISBN 0-88636-000-5
 * The Grip of Death, Jon Carpenter, UK; (May 1998) ISBN 1-897766-40-8

title: C. H. Douglas


text:
Josef von Báky

Josef von Báky (23 March 1902, Zombor, Austria-Hungary – 28 July 1966, Munich, West Germany) was a Hungarian filmmaker. He was also known as Josef v. Baky and József Báky. He was born in the village of Zobor in the Kingdom of Hungary (today Zombor, Slovakia). He worked as an assistant to Géza von Bolváry.

He worked as director or producer on no less than 48 films. He died in Munich, Bavaria, West Germany.

Báky's best known film is Münchhausen, which was released in 1943. It is a fantasy-comedy and is noted for how it avoids politics of its time. The film was ordered by Nazi propaganda minister Goebbels to celebrate the 25th anniversary of UFA and to compete with Hollywood productions.

Selected filmography

 * Intermezzo (1936 German film) (1936)
 * The Great and the Little Love (1938)
 * The Woman at the Crossroads (1938)
 * Stars of Variety (German-language version, 1939)
 * A varieté csillagai (Hungarian-language version, 1939)
 * Her First Experience (1939)
 * Der Kleinstadtpoet (1940)
 * Annelie (1941)
 * Münchhausen (1943)
 * Via Mala (1945)
 * And the Heavens Above Us (1947)
 * The Last Illusion (1949)
 * Die seltsame Geschichte des Brandner Kaspar (1949)
 * Two Times Lotte (1950)
 * Dreaming Lips (1953)
 * Diary of a Married Woman (1953)
 * Du bist die Richtige (co-director: Erich Engel, 1955)
 * Hotel Adlon (1955)
 * Dunja (1955)
 * Drayman Henschel (film) (1956)
 * The Girl and the Legend (1957)
 * Precocious Youth (1957)
 * Confess, Doctor Corda (1958)
 * Stefanie (1958)
 * The Man Who Sold Himself (1959)
 * The Ideal Woman (1959)
 * Marili (1959)
 * Storm in a Water Glass (1960)
 * The Strange Countess (1961)

title: Josef von Báky


text:
Talk:Big Brother (franchise)

fewer than 16 participants
Should it not read "fewer than 16 viewers" as well? There must be some way that is within the scope of Wiki to include that fact that the program is so boring that the "live feed" can sometimes show "a spiderweb with a spider in it" as "the most interesting thing going on at the moment?" There must be some reviews out there some where thay liken the program to watching paint dry, dead grass grow or so on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bat Flattery (talk • contribs) 21:03, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

What are the Rules?
Are the rules of the game posted anywhere?

Here are some of the questions I have about the rules of the game:

1) What happens when they are down to the final 3?  Is there still a HOH and a Veto?

2) Who decides who wins?  It is a vote from the Jury?   Do they get to watch the cams or have they been in the dark since they left?

3) If in the final four two people get put on the block then one of the block members wins veto I would assume that the remaining person automatically gets put on the block ( assuming they use it to save themselves ).  Who then gets to vote?  Only the one taken off the block?  Basically meaning that the Veto winner of the final four gets to vote off the person of their choice ( other than the HOH and themself ) It almost makes the block pointless right?

Anyway can someone answer these?

 * You need to sign your posts and the rules that you are mentioning are exclusive to the American Big Brother. And even though this isn't the place I will answer your questions:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left; width: 96%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"

! style="width: 7%;" | The Final Four ! style="width: 7%;" | The Final Three ! style="width: 7%;" | Jury Members
 * Head of Household is determined
 * The HoH nominates two of the remaining three HG's for eviction
 * The Final Power of Veto competition is held.
 * The Final PoV winner can chose if they want to use the veto.
 * The one HouseGuest NOT nominated is the sole vote for eviction.
 * The Final Head of Household competition is held.
 * The winner of Part One advances to Part Three and skips Part Two.
 * The losers from Part One battle in Part Two. The winner advances to Part Three.
 * The winners from Parts One and Two compete for the final HoH in Part Three.
 * The winner of Part Three is the final HoH and guaranteed a spot in the Final Two.
 * There is no Power of Veto competition.
 * The losers of the final HoH competition are nominated by default for eviction.
 * The Final HoH choses one of the remaining two HouseGuests to be evicted.
 * The last seven evicted HouseGuests comprise the Jury.
 * Jury Members are not allowed contact with the outside world, even though they have been evicted.
 * The Jury is sequestered in a special house generally in Mexico.
 * The only footage the Jury is allowed to see is competitions and ceremonies. They are not allowed to see any Diary Room footage or any footage containing strategy.
 * The Jury decides the winner of Big Brother once there are two HouseGuests left.
 * America will control Eric's jury vote in Big Brother 8 due to Eric being America's Player. Generally America does not have a vote in who wins.
 * }
 * Hope this helps you. It is detailed and simple as I could make it. ♪♫Alucard 16♫♪ 02:59, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Jury decides the winner of Big Brother once there are two HouseGuests left.
 * America will control Eric's jury vote in Big Brother 8 due to Eric being America's Player. Generally America does not have a vote in who wins.
 * }
 * Hope this helps you. It is detailed and simple as I could make it. ♪♫Alucard 16♫♪ 02:59, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hope this helps you. It is detailed and simple as I could make it. ♪♫Alucard 16♫♪ 02:59, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

4) Where do the housmates go when they ae evicted, why are they not let out into the normal world like in bigbrother uk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.89.236 (talk) 18:06, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Housemates go back to their regular lives unless there is a twist involved.  ♪♫Al ucard   16♫♪  21:46, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Added a section about Twins/Triplets
It's not great, but I put it in the variation of format section. If anybody else can make it look better, it would be much appreciated. MadMagFreak 05:41, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Why does it keep getting changed? Notable winners are NOT a variation of the original format! Someone help me out here! MadMagFreak 23:35, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

What does "used name" mean in this section? I came here to learn about the show, and this terminology in the Twin's Section is very mystifying to me. I hope that someone can edit this section to make this clear to a non-fan. 75.211.67.86 (talk) 14:09, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

I just figured this out while reading the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(U.S.) page. Apparently the twins played as "one player" and swapped places during the game/show. This should be explained in this listing. 75.211.67.86 (talk) 14:35, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Cleaning up the article
I am in the process of cleaning up the article in hope of decreasing its size and removing that annoying tag on the front. You can see my current progress at my Sandbox. I have the "Format" area done and spitted up the information to make it easier to read. You can see what material I have removed in User:Alucard 16/Sandbox/Removed. Any comments on what to do is nice I love comments. I didn't want to make the changes directly to the article since their big changes.  ♪♫Al ucard   16♫♪  05:43, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

I am going to assist you with this topic. I have already changed some spelling errors found in the articles. I will edit any small errors that i find. Some Weird Guy named Shawn... 21:14, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

How can we clean-up the article? It seems like the variation part is too long. Maybe for the UK twists, we can do what we did with the battle house, and write the UK twisst as a list in bullet point form, and then add versions which used those twist for each bullet point. LordBelly06 (talk) 09:28, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Big Brother US Incidents
I kind of tweaked the US incidents to a easier to find format. If anyone likes it, I will proceed to do the whole incident section with that format —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anarchy 228 (talk • contribs) 15:30, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Official websites
Shouldn't all of the official website links be at the bottom of the page in the eternal links section rather than in the table In23065 (talk) 20:53, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think so, a lot of shows that have a similar table have the links in the table.  ♪♫Al ucard   16♫♪  21:42, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it would make the table much more compact and simple, over the next few days i will work on it in my sandbox and we can go from there. In23065 (talk) 21:51, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Where's the Big Brother Exchange section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.60.241.136 (talk) 10:16, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh yeah. Thanks for telling me i have now restored it.In23065 (talk) 15:40, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

My Recent revert
I have reverted the page a couple of times today as Season 7 of BB USA was listed twice in the table - together with the other standard BB USA editions and also underneath as an All Star edition. It has always been listed on the page as an All Star edition. But in any case it should not be listed twice which is why I reverted it. Sorry if I have caused an "edit war" or offended anyone, it was not my intention. Worldofbb (talk) 22:11, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I reverted it once because I didn't realise that it was in a different area and i thought that you were vandalising it In23065 (talk) 14:27, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Note: Big Brother USA Season listing
In the American version, the broadcaster counts the All-Stars edition as Season 7. However, other countries count their All-Stars version as a seperate edition of Big Brother and it doesn't count towards their main edition. It was decided when back when there was a seperate article for spin-off editions that the seventh season of the American version would not be counted as a main edition, it would be counted along with the spin-off editions. . Now when the tables were merged the seventh season is still counted seperate from the main editions because it is an "All-Stars" version of the American edition. The main editions (seasons with new people each year) are listed as 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 with 7 omitted because it is listed down with the "All-Stars" edition and repeating it twice is redundant and makes the article bigger. Due to the previous discussion if anyone merges the two sections on the table for Big Brother US together or list Season 7 in both the main edition section and the All-Stars section will be counted as vandalism. If you feel this should be changed discuss it first.  ♪♫Al ucard   16♫♪  01:06, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Dead Set
E4, which is a network belonging to UK TV network channel 4, have announced a zombie horror show based directly on the franchise. Called "Dead Set" it is about a zombie outbreak that happens outside of the house and the contestants are in the only safe place. Not sure if you want to add this to the wiki entry some how magnius (talk) 21:14, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Dead Set is a Spin-off (look at that page, tell me how it isn't!) from the British version of Big Brother. It features the same presenters in cameo roles, is filmed in the actual BB house and name checks BB frequently. It is made by the same production company for broadcast on the same channel as BB. It IS a spin off and should remain on this entry as it is very relevant to the show. magnius (talk) 15:34, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

I agree that it may not be relevant to BB as a whole, but at least keep it on the BB:UK page, it is an official BB:UK show :) magnius (talk) 15:59, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * This is not the place for it please keep the section in Big Brother (UK) untill we decide what we are going to do with it. In23065 (talk) 15:57, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

prizes
in the erticle writen that in some editions the prizes is house and tour etc. do you know in which editions? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.108.172.203 (talk) 12:03, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * nnobody knows? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.108.181.180 (talk) 10:31, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Controversy?
I think Big Brother made a big deal of controversy which should be mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.2.25.38 (talk) 21:42, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The Controversy section was moved to individual Big Brother Series. In23065 (talk) 23:02, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Does Loft Story belong here?
I don't believe the derivative series "Loft Story", listed as being produced in Canada and France, should be included here. Loft Story, to me knowledge, is not connected to Big Brother in any way and is simply an adaptation of the format. In fact the Wikipedia article on Canada's version says nothing about it being part of the Big Brother franchise. I say it should be removed from the charts and general discussion and replaced with a See Also link. Are there other versions listed here that aren't really Big Brother? 68.146.62.92 (talk) 13:35, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Subtitle Chart
I don't know how to change it, but Enemies was not a subtitle for Big Brother 8 (US), just a theme. Can someone do that please?Stjimmy61892 (talk) 19:40, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Project: Clean-Up
To the administrators: how can we clean-up the article? What particular part/s of the articles are in need of a clean-up? LordBelly06 (talk) 06:55, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

Pan-Regional Big Brothers
So far, there are, listed, 6 pan-regional Big brothers. What's the truth about the Greek Big brother as a "Greece and Cyprus" Big Brother?LordBelly06 (talk) 01:24, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Section on Current Status
Shouldn't there be a section in this article on which franchise are still running and which have already been cancelled? I already know of UK, Australia, and Middle East being cancelled. Philippines, Africa, Finland, and Yugoslavia are still running, I think. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.201.178.195 (talk) 10:04, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Mole or sabatour
There should be mention of this somewhere in the variations section, the uk has had this the usa too and some other countries.--Cooly123 21:54, 29 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooly123 (talk • contribs)

International housemate winning
With the 3rd teen phillipeans edition won by a canadian, there should be a note of winners of big brother who were not actually from the home country from the said edition.--Cooly123 00:27, 1 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooly123 (talk • contribs)

I deleted the Chinese flag icon beside the name of Kim Chiu, the BB teen winner from the Philippines. She has a Cjinese blood but she is never a Chinese citizen or even came from China. She was born and raise in the Philippines. :)

Evictions and length
Can someone find the earliest eviction for the show otherall and the latest 1st evicton too? Also, what is the shorest season in days and the longest in days (disregard any celebrity editions and big brother germany 1 year show). --Cooly123 19:13, 3 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooly123 (talk • contribs)

Upcoming series
Could we have an upcoming series subsection on the main page?--Cooly123 20:21, 24 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cooly123 (talk • contribs)
 * The table already lists the upcoming series, in fact they are in bold so they are easier to find. I don't see the benefit of an upcoming series section. Anemone  Projectors  23:16, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree! Having a dedicated section would most likely lead to the posting of countless rumors and speculation. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a means of relaying rumor or speculation. At this level we are only interested in verifiable information. The Big Brother pre-season is filled with countless unverified rumor and some outright lies which do not belong on Wikipedia. 142.110.227.247 (talk) 02:05, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Big Brother Finland #5
In the list of series and their winners, BB Finland #5 (2009) winner Aso Alanso's nationality is marked as Iranian. However there is source for that. And more importantly the list is the only place where this info even is. 85.217.34.189 (talk) 14:14, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Big Brother China?
Does anyone have information about the possibility of Big Brother going to China? Also we should list the year in which Big Brother started (1999) and the following years and which Big Brother's had started airing, finishing with currently new 2011 Big Brother begining.--Cooly123 22:58, 31 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The likelihood of Big Brother in China is highly unlikely. Please remember that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a means of relaying rumor or speculation. The only way such information would be included here would be if there was some sort of confirmation from Endemol or the local producers in China. Please refrain from asking such questions here in the future as they have no relation to the article or the way the article is edited. 142.110.227.247 (talk) 01:58, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Big Brother is a awful, pointless tv programme, it taes up valuable tv time alll they do is spy on cluelesss contestants in a big house while, the contestants triumphantly try and win the big cash prize.

lily evans --92.26.222.121 (talk) 06:58, 16 January 2012 (UTC)--92.26.222.121 (talk) 06:58, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Improper/undiscussed move reverted. Ckatz chat spy  08:54, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Big Brother (Television Franchise) → Big Brother (TV series) – Page moved improperly and without any reason to justify the new title. Jonas kam (talk) 05:46, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

which adopted nomination discusion in 2011?
Article says "the UK version adapted the discussion of nominations in 2011 ." Which country was it? United States or United Kingdom? --EarthFurst (talk) 07:07, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It had been changed to United Kingdom, but this felt a little strange so I linked it to the relevant BB article. Are readers really going to want to see links to articles on the host countries?  Perhaps this should be revisited. Reidgreg (talk) 23:41, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

Tables
I've removed bold and italic from the table in words such as "upcoming season" because it goes against Wikipedia's manual of style. I started making further cleanups, but haven't finished. This includes using italics for titles (everything under "Local title" should be italic) and making sure the word "season" is in lower case (where it appears after a presenter's name). Does anyone have objections? Especially to the removal of bold (the other stuff should be fine). – Anemone Projectors – 15:59, 16 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Clearly people object because all my hard work, that conforms to the manual of style, has been changed back to include bold and italic and upper case text. This is wrong. But I'm not going to change it back, I'm just going to let this article look incredibly unprofessional. Since nobody else cares, why should I? – Anemone Projectors – 13:05, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Advice to copy editors
This article was tagged for (among other things) copyediting, and one of a copy editor's jobs is to bring an article into compliance with the Manual of Style. MOS:FLAG states, "Do not emphasize nationality without good reason" and "Do not use flags to indicate locations of birth, residence or death". It took me several days to painstakingly copyedit this article; if it's tagged again for copyediting, I suggest removing the copy edit tag from the article, tagging the talk page with GOCEreviewed and moving on. Don't waste your time, as I did.  Mini  apolis  15:08, 17 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for all your hard work. I have previously spent a lot of time removing all the bold and italic text from the tables, only to have them be put back in within days, so this article is something that needs very closely monitoring for these kinds of edits. I'm not going to do it more than once. If people want to mess up the page, I'll just let them. (As you can see from the section above, which I had forgotten about!) – Anemone Projectors – 18:22, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Sexual relationships
This is a major aspect of the series, so I added a line in "Overview" about this. Although I didn't add a source, it's easily verifiable that sexual relationships do occur and how much is shown varies - US Big Brother shows nothing, whereas some of the European versions broadcast pretty much everything, or their Net feeds do. I think this can be expanded upon, however, as this aspect of the show has received non-trivial news coverage regarding controversy, and when the UK version of Big Brother broadcast intercourse between contestants for the first time, it made headlines. 70.72.201.229 (talk) 15:06, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Frankie Grande
Frankie Grande redirects to his sister Ariana Grande's article. Can anyone start a separate article for Frankie Grande? After college, where he was a Biology/performance major, he started his acting career in the National Tour of Dora the Explorer Live!. He then appeared in Mamma Mia! on Broadway, held the title of Mr. Broadway 2007, produced Jude Law's Hamlet on Broadway (and vehicles for David Hyde Pierce and Jim Belushi), founded the non-profit arts empowerment organization Broadway in South Africa, toured with Justin Bieber and his sister (as a dancer), and had his own one-man show in New York. He also has an expanding social media presence. See this, for example. He is currently appearing on Big Brother. Here is more Biographical info on him and here is his Big Brother bio video. Happy editing, everyone. -- Ssilvers (talk) 17:55, 10 July 2014 (UTC)

Versions table colours
Colours shouldn't be used to show if a programme is current, past or whatever. There's a column that makes it clear what's what, it says "upcoming season" or "current season", if there's one on or coming soon. The use of colour makes the table look messy and actually harder to understand, and goes against WP:ACCESS. Can we remove the colours please? – Anemone Projectors – 11:39, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I preferred it when there was a section below saying the current and upcoming series. ThisIsDanny (talk) 23:43, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Maybe we should bring that back. – Anemone Projectors – 08:24, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

Contestant names and country flags
Where a flag is used next to a contestant name, is that supposed to indicate the contestant's most recent residence, their citizenship, or something else? I want to make some clarifications and corrections on one of the pages, but I want to make sure the policy is consistent. These distinctions do have consequences for some of these potential edits. Rhialto (talk) 17:15, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

New Seasons
Some of the new upcoming seasons are too soon to be included in the article as there is not much to be said about them, other than the confirmation of the future seasons.--OfficerAPC (talk) 01:35, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

copyedit Nov 2016
This is a summary of my copyedit: I'll be making another pass, looking at what can be summarized a little more concisely – after reading several of the series articles to be sure I understand the meaning. (This article is meant to be a summary of 387 series, and should only mention what's notable at that level.)
 * general grammar, punctuation, spelling, markup, cleanup, and minor redundancies of phrasing
 * serial commas were only used 1/3 of the time, so for consistency I removed them (except for inline lists in Housemate Exchanges and Evicted Housemate Visits where they were needed for clarity).
 * for consistency, used "US" in reference to the American version of the show (see: MOS:NOTUSA); I feel this also works better in the context of a global franchise to disambiguate from other meanings of "American".
 * in agreement with Plain English, rephrased some overly-formal language (eg: with whom, to which, etc.)
 * when a single series ran over a year break, I used the briefer two-digit number for the closing year of the date range, as tends to be done with television and athletic seasons. (MOS:DATERANGE) eg, BB Germany season 6 (2005–06).  (This was already done in the charts at the end.)  When describing multiple seasons, I'd use the full four-digit year for both ends of the range.
 * WP:overlinking: sometimes the same term was linked three times in a paragraph; once per section should be sufficient for an article of this size.
 * the section hierarchy needed a little work. (1) I promoted the empty section Multi-Franchise Competitions up one level so that Eurovision Song Contest and FIFA World Cup fit within it.  (2) I made a section for Twists (single series) and demoted all of the single-series twist sections (some of which were a single paragraph) to fit within it.  (That should also tighten-up the table of contents and eliminate some whitespace.)
 * There were two twists in Multiple Franchise#Other which did not involve multiple franchises; I moved these to the beginning of the main Other category for now. (I'll try to look at further organizing this section, or moving some items up into the other Twist sections.)

If you have any questions or comments, feel free to post them here. Thanks! – Reidgreg (talk) 17:25, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

I finished reorganizing the "Other" sections into appropriate "Twist" sections or "Special Editions". I still need to go over it and do some cleanup. Please leave that to me. Also, if I reverted anyone else's copyedit, please bring it here to discuss. Reidgreg (talk) 00:01, 18 November 2016 (UTC)

Okay, finished cleanup and additional copyedit following the organizational work. A couple notes to editors: Thank-you for your attention. Again, if you have any questions please feel free to ask. - Reidgreg (talk) 15:29, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
 * This article is a summary of 387 shows so please be careful with some of the sweeping statements (eg: the game has 10 contestants and is played over 3 months). Although a lot of information can be drawn from primary sources, statements like these should be cited and dated.
 * Watch some of the trivial details. Mentioning a twist and the editions in which it first occurred is enough, readers can follow the links for more information.
 * Please discuss on the talk page when changing established material, especially changes to matters already discussed.

Should the most recent winner be included?
Is there really a need to include the most recent winner in the versions section. I don't really see a reason to because this page is about the franchise as a whole not independent versions. The Doctor Who (talk) 12:18, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

 * That information should only be included in the individual version articles; this article serves as the aggregate article for the whole franchise. OfficerAPC (talk) 13:48, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

Discussion at Articles for deletion/Bigg Boss (franchise)
You are invited to join the discussion at Articles for deletion/Bigg Boss (franchise). The Doctor Who (talk) 05:26, 24 June 2018 (UTC)

Need help on formulation
Hi!

I edited the following paragraph to the article (March 16 2019 8:36) "Commercial Realisation

Today, many websites offer for a fee an insight into the private rooms of unsuspecting people. One example is reallifecam.com. The websites often pretend to the viewer a victim's knowledge about the espionage, thereby playing both ends against the middle by using the viewers' shame about their act of voyeurism together with the viewer's fear of prosecution to silence the audience."

As all of my edits it has been deleted. Can you help me please to write in an acceptable way? Is the naming of the website not ok, as it is not closed, and probably will never? Or is the whole paragraph not acceptable, as it shows the realisation of the dystopia and a lacking intervention of the security agencies? Or what else is the issue?

As all of my edits, these questions are not meant to be accusing but asked very directly in hope to get a direct answer how to reformulate the paragraph to match wikipedias terms of acceptance. On the official page only formal rules are explaint, no rules about content.

Maybe User 2602:306:3793:A3B0:FC85:F6A0:83BE:945A himself can tell what exactly made him delete the paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8070:A198:9000:106B:85B5:FFB:F444 (talk) 01:47, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Big brother Uganda
Big brother franchise what are the procedures and requirements for establishing a new big brother in particular big brother Uganda. Arslan 2019 (talk) 19:24, 8 August 2019 (UTC) == "10 to 25 people desperate for attention agree to live with each other for 60 to 130 days in order to gain fame or a cash prize" listed at Redirects for discussion == An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 10 to 25 people desperate for attention agree to live with each other for 60 to 130 days in order to gain fame or a cash prize. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. gnu 57 14:10, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

"align=left"
Currently, all "align=left" in the Versions table were removed by the user Gervoi for no reason. It makes contents in the tables not aligned and looks messy. I reverted this edit move but this user undid my revert. OK, I'm not starting an edit war, so this should be discussed.

Should "align=left" be added back as before or keep it as what it is right now? Please explain your reasons.

—— A675974811 (talk) 12:26, 10 November 2019 (UTC+8)
 * The "align=left" should be put back the table looks like an even bigger mess than it originally was.   Alucard 16  ❯❯❯ chat?    07:05, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Against Public Vote
So on the nominations table, it looks more professional to list all the housemates in alphabetic order, not list "all housemates". I've been changing them on all the series', so please leave them alone. It takes a lot of work and looks better to list everyone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sisters133 (talk • contribs) 01:54, 19 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, thank you for your editing. When everyone is nominated, it usually happens in a twist or some kind of punishment. At this time, when you list all the nominees, the nominations table will become longer, especially when dozens of housemates are nominated at the same time in the early stages of some seasons, the noms table will become extremely long, it will only be more difficult to view. This is not a matter of what is professional, "All Housemates" has been so used for almost two decades, and it has made it very clear that everyone is nominated, and also you can easily to find the names on the left side of the noms table, so there is no need to write a long list of names unless there are only one or two people not nominated. —— A675974811 (talk) 15:48, 19 January 2020 (UTC+8)

 * But if everyone is nominated, why not list that everyone is nominated. That's what the "Against Public Vote" section is for. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sisters133 (talk • contribs) 19:24, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * When all the Housemates for the week are nominated for eviction or "against public vote" the consensus is for the column to say "All Housemates" which indicates the same thing as listing them all individually. The reason for this is to keep the table and the article at a reasonable size.   Alucard 16  ❯❯❯ chat?    15:12, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Can you please stop changing them. Reasons above. Wikipedia is not a place where everyone must follow your own ideas. —— A675974811 (talk) 12:59, 5 February 2020 (UTC+8)

title: Talk:Big Brother (franchise)


text:
Talk:Geography of Papua New Guinea

a bit of detail on why i've removed "severe drought" from the Environment Issues section: while there were some localised unusual droughts in a couple of areas in 1997 and in 2001 (parts of the Highlands and New Ireland), in general drought is very rare in PNG. i would argue that it is not regarded as a significant environmental issue in the country, in comparison with the major threats posed by forestry, agricultural clearance, and mining. 12:09, 19 December 2003 Wantok

Complete rewrite
I'm planning a complete rewrite of this page - turning the CIA data into readable prose, wikify, lots of expansion, finding useful images. Time permitting, this should happen over the next few days.

-- Wantok 07:31, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * heh, saw the date and thought, HANGON, its not the 25th already! I guess you got distracted wantok, good to know someone has been contributing to the png articles for a year tho, is promising Aliasd 23:32, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Maps

 * Would there be value in adding links to maps and/or GIS tools for finding locations/villages in PNG? Rvohs 16:31, 16 Jun 2009 (UTC-8)

External links modified
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Maritime border
It'd be good to be able to see where the PNG/Torres Strait (Australia) maritime border is, since PNG is now leasing Daru fishing rights to the Chinese. Special:Contributions/2001:8003:29CB:7800:199A:649D:69E1:A7DA

Length
How long is the country of Papua New Guinea? Whenever I look it up, it gives me the length of the island it's on. 75.84.226.208 (talk) 18:56, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of Papua New Guinea