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St. Clair River

The St. Clair River is a 40.5 mi river in central North America which flows from Lake Huron into Lake St. Clair, forming part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States and between the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is a significant component in the Great Lakes Waterway, whose shipping channels permit cargo vessels to travel between the upper and lower Great Lakes.

Location
The river, which some consider a strait, flows in a southerly direction, connecting the southern end of Lake Huron to the northern end of Lake St. Clair. It branches into several channels near its mouth at Lake St. Clair, creating a broad delta region known as the St. Clair Flats. Like a strait, the river serves as a narrow strip of water which connects two larger bodies of water.

Size
The river is 40.5 mi long and drops 5 ft in elevation from Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. The flow rate averages around 182,000 cuft/s, and the drainage area is 223600 sqmi. This takes into account the combined drainage areas of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior.

History
Generations of indigenous cultures traveled by canoe on the lakes and rivers in this area, carrying on trade across the region and continent.

In the 18th century, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois traveled on the river to trade with the Ojibwa and other regional Native Americans and transport furs in canoes to major posts of French and British traders, including Fort Detroit, built in 1701 downriver from Lake St. Clair on the Detroit River. European demand for American furs, especially beaver, was high until the 1830s.

During the mid-19th century and later, Port Huron and Marine City, Michigan, became major shipbuilding centers, especially the latter. Lumber harvested on The Thumb of Michigan was shipped downriver as log rafts to Detroit for processing and export both domestically and internationally. The wooden ships built along the river carried migrants and immigrants up the river and west through the upper Great Lakes on their way to new homes in the American West. Their farms later shipped out grain to eastern markets as part of the developing area.

Beginning in the late 19th century, iron ore mined in the Mesabi Range, copper and grain were carried east through the lakes by lake freighters, increasingly made of steel in the 20th century, traveled throughout the Great Lakes, transporting commodities such as iron ore from the Mesabi Range, copper, and grain, all products of settlers' labor. Iron was taken to Ashtabula, Ohio and other industrial cities for processing and steel manufacture, and grain was often shipped through to major eastern markets such as Cleveland and New York City.

From the late 19th century, lake steamers carried passengers and traveled among the small towns along the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, and around the Great Lakes. At one time 31 lines operated, but with the rise of automobile use in the 20th century, they gradually declined.

Watersheds
The St. Clair River and its Lambton County tributaries in Ontario contribute 103210 acre to the watershed. This figure does not include the Sydenham River watershed. In Michigan, the Black, Pine, and Belle rivers drain 780600 acre in Lapeer, Macomb, Sanilac, and St. Clair counties; the watersheds around Bunce Creek and Marine City are relatively small.

Islands

 * Stag Island lies between Corunna, Ontario and Marysville, Michigan.
 * Fawn Island is near Port Lambton, Ontario and Marine City, Michigan.
 * Walpole, Seaway, Bassett, Squirrel, Pottowatamie, St. Anne, Dickinson, Russell and Harsens islands are located in the delta where the St. Clair River flows into Lake St. Clair near Algonac, Michigan. These islands are part of the "St. Clair Flats", the only major river delta in the Great Lakes. Six of the islands in this delta are unceded territory that are part of the Walpole Island First Nations, whose members include Ojibwe (Anishinaabe), Potowatomi, and Odawa peoples. They call this delta area Bkejwanong, meaning "where the waters divide".

Land usage
Most of the watershed away from the river in Ontario and Michigan is used for agriculture. There were numerous sugar beet farms in the flatlands, and an annual beet market was held in Marine City, Michigan, for years at harvest time. Many of the 19th-century English immigrants to this area came from Lincolnshire, England, where sugar beets were a major commodity crop in the 19th and 20th centuries.

A few forest and wetland areas have survived. Their area has declined significantly since European-American settlement, clearing, and development of cultivated fields for various agricultural crops.

Much of the shoreline on both sides of the St. Clair River is urbanized and extensively industrialized. Intensive development has occurred in and near the adjacent cities of Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario, at the northern end of the river. The most dense concentration of industry, including a large petrochemical complex, lies along the Ontario shore south of Sarnia. Historically Sarnia was founded as a fur trading post.

Several communities along the St. Clair rely on the river as their primary source of drinking water. About one-third to one-half of the residents of Michigan receive their water from the St. Clair/Detroit River waterway. Industries including petroleum refineries, chemical manufacturers, paper mills, salt producers, and electric power plants also need high-quality water for their operations. Since the late 20th century and passage of environmental laws to protect air and water quality, there have been occasional incidents when some of these industries have illegally contaminated river waters after discharging pollutants. Major clean-up activities were required.

Land habitat
Land areas of the St. Clair River shoreline and flats consist of two biological zones: upland and transitional, both of which are normally above the water table, but which may be flooded periodically.

The upland forests consist of deciduous species, many of which are near their northern climatic limit. Most pre-European settlement trees have been cleared for agriculture, industry, or urbanization. Remaining forest stands, such as oak savannas as well as lakeplain prairies, are found along the southern reaches of the river, particularly on the islands of the St. Clair River Delta and on the Michigan shore in Algonac State Park.

Transitional species are abundant in the low-lying regions, categorized as shrub ecotones, wet meadows, sedge marshes, and island shorelines and beaches. This habitat is home to water and land mammals, including humans, as well as songbirds, waterfowl, insects, pollinators, reptiles, and amphibians.

Water habitat
The aquatic habitat of the St. Clair River ranges from deep and fast near the Blue Water Bridge to shallow and slow in the lower river near its discharge point into Lake St. Clair.

Each area provides a unique habitat for aquatic life:
 * macrophytes (visible marine plants),
 * benthic macroinvertebrates (organisms that live at the bottom of a lake or stream),
 * phytoplankton and zooplankton (floating plants and animals),
 * emergent vegetation (plants seen above the water surface),
 * fish (from minnows to large sport fish).

Area of concern

The St. Clair River is a binational Area of Concern (AOC) that borders both the United States and Canada. An AOC is an area within the Great Lakes, that has suffered from environmental destruction. The St. Clair River has been considered an AOC because conventional pollutants such as bacteria, heavy metals, toxic organics, contaminated sediment, fish consumption advisories, impacted animal and plant life, and beach closings.

The United States found that 10 out of 14 of the beneficial use impairments (BUI) were impaired, which would lead to a $21 million investment from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. After several habitat projects, only two impairments exists: the Restrictions on Fish and Wildlife Consumption and the Restrictions on Drinking Water Consumption or Taste and Odor Problems.

Beneficial use impairments
A beneficial use impairment is a change within the physical, biological, and chemical consistency that causes significant environmental degradation. The St. Clair River has undergone several projects and clean up to remove the BUIs that affected the area. There are currently only 2 BUIs left on the St. Clair River, and once those 2 are removed, the river might go through the delisting process.

List of beneficial use impairments that has impacted the St. Clair River

 * Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption
 * Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odor
 * Tainting of fish and wildlife flavor – REMOVED 2010
 * Restriction on dredging activities – REMOVED 2011
 * Added costs to agriculture or industry – REMOVED 2012
 * Degradation of aesthetics – REMOVED 2012
 * Degradation of benthos – REMOVED 2015
 * Beach closings – REMOVED 2016
 * Bird or animal deformities or reproduction problems – REMOVED 2017
 * Loss of fish and wildlife habitat – REMOVED 2017

Remediation and restoration work
The St. Clair River AOC includes the entire river, from the Blue Water Bridge at the north end, to the southern tip of Seaway Island, west to St. Johns Marsh and east to include the north shore of Mitchells Bay on Lake St. Clair. Anchor Bay is not included.

Through the Great Lakes Agreement, a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) was created to initiate cleanup measures. Its background report noted the adverse effects of pollution in the river and lakes:

 * Restrictions on fish consumption
 * Bird and animal deformities
 * Degradation of benthos
 * Restrictions on dredging activities
 * Restrictions on drinking water consumption
 * Beach closings
 * Degradation of aesthetics
 * Added cost to agriculture and industry
 * Loss of fish and wildlife habitat

According to the Stage 1 Remedial Action Plan (RAP), the reasons for the Loss of Fish and Wildlife Habitat beneficial use impairment (BUI) in the St. Clair River were general loss of the aquatic plant community due to industrial, agricultural, recreational, and urban developments. A large blob of perchloroethylene was found at the bottom of the St Clair River due to runoff from Dow Chemical Corp in 1985. It remains there, slowly mixing with the water.

The RAP for the St. Clair River AOC was initiated in 1985. A bi-national group called the RAP Team, which included representatives from federal, state, and provincial governments of both Canada and the United States was established in 1987 to develop the plan and to ensure adequate and appropriate public involvement.

Erosion and Great Lakes drainage
Federal officials have long acknowledged that dredging and riverbed mining in the St. Clair dropped the long-term average of Great Lakes Huron and Michigan by about 16 inches. A bi-national Great Lakes water-level study concluded in 2013 that unexpected erosion since the last major St. Clair dredging project in the early 1960s has dropped the lakes' long-term average by an additional 3 to 5 inches. Today, these lakes are nearly 2 feet lower than before human modifications to the riverbed of the St. Clair River. This record low has raised concerns about the long-term health of the lakes. Activists urge remediation to slow the flow of waters through the St. Clair River and out of the lake system, to restore former water levels. However, as of October 2020, the Lake Huron water is averaging 581.5 feet above sea level, which is considerably above the Datum of 577.5 feet, and above the Mean Long-Term Water Level of 578.8 feet.

Crossings
This is a list of bridges and other crossings of the St. Clair River from Lake St. Clair upstream to Lake Huron.

title: St. Clair River


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Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)

"The Big Four" was the name popularly given to the famous and influential businessmen, philanthropists and railroad tycoons who funded the Central Pacific Railroad (C.P.R.R.), which formed the western portion through the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, built from the mid-continent at the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean during the middle and late 1860s.

Composed of Leland Stanford (1824–1893), Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878), and Charles Crocker (1822–1888), the four themselves, however, personally preferred to be known as "The Associates."

They enriched themselves utilizing tax money and land grants, while heavily influencing the state legislature from within the Republican Party (Stanford was governor of California when the first of the Pacific Railroad Acts was passed.), and through monopolizing tactics. Contemporary critics claimed they were the greatest swindlers in U.S. history.

Membership

 * Leland Stanford (1824–1893) – C.P.R.R. President, Stanford University founder.
 * Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900) – C.P.R.R. Vice President, for whom the city of Huntington, West Virginia was named. He is also the uncle of Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), founder of the famous Huntington Library with its art galleries and gardens in San Marino, California.
 * Mark Hopkins Jr. (1813–1878) – C.P.R.R. Treasurer
 * Charles Crocker (1822–1888) – Construction Supervisor, President of Charles Crocker & Co., a C.P.R.R. subsidiary, later founder of the larger, more extensive Southern Pacific Railroad, another transcontinental link to the east, built later in 1883.

Collectively, the four established the Sacramento Library Association for the state capital in Sacramento, California in 1857, which later established the present Sacramento Public Library.

David Hewes, an enterprising businessman, was called the "maker of San Francisco" for his work in clearing land for development. He was invited to be a part of the "Big Four" but declined due to the financial risks. Over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes.

In their time, the four men were sometimes referred to as nabobs or "nobs," a reference to their wealth and influence. When the four built mansions in the same neighborhood of San Francisco, the area quickly became known as Nob Hill, a name it carries today.

In popular culture
In Henry T. Williams' The Pacific tourist – Williams' illustrated trans-continental guide of travel, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean published in 1878, the Big Four was replaced by the Five Associates or Representative Men of the Central Pacific Railroad, with Charles Crocker's older brother Judge Edwin B. Crocker (1818–1875), who served as the CPRR attorney from 1865 to 1869, added.

Ambrose Bierce lampooned the "Big Four" in his work "Black Beetles in Amber", a collection of satirical verses attacking various prominent Californians. In "The Birth of the Rail", "road agents" (bandits) Happy Hunty (Huntington), Cowboy Charley (Crocker), and Leland The Kid (Stanford), joined by minor devil Sootymug (Hopkins), give up robbing stage coaches for the much greater loot of railroad operation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)


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Krosno County, Lubusz Voivodeship

Krosno County (powiat krośnieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland, on the German border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Krosno Odrzańskie, which lies 30 km west of Zielona Góra and 79 km south of Gorzów Wielkopolski. The only other town is Gubin which is the biggest town in the county. It is situated on the German border 28 km west of Krosno Odrzańskie.

The county covers an area of 1390 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 55,018, out of which the population of Gubin is 16,619, that of Krosno Odrzańskie is 11,319, and the rural population is 27,080.

Neighbouring counties
Krosno County is bordered by Słubice County to the north-west, Sulęcin County to the north, Świebodzin County to the north-east, Zielona Góra County to the east and Żary County to the south. It also borders Brandenburg in Germany to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into seven gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Krosno County, Lubusz Voivodeship


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Żagań County

Żagań County (powiat żagański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Żagań, which lies 39 km south of Zielona Góra and 124 km south of Gorzów Wielkopolski. The county contains four other towns: Szprotawa, lying 14 km south-east of Żagań, Iłowa, lying 15 km south-west of Żagań, Małomice, lying 12 km south-east of Żagań, and Gozdnica, 25 km south-west of Żagań.

The county covers an area of 1131.29 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 79,297. The most populated towns are Żagań with 25,731 inhabitants and Szprotawa with 11,820 inhabitants.

Neighbouring counties
Żagań County is bordered by Zielona Góra County to the north, Nowa Sól County to the north-east, Głogów County and Polkowice County to the east, Bolesławiec County and Zgorzelec County to the south, and Żary County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into nine gminas (two urban, three urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Żagań County


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Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer

Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, KG PC FRS (5 December 1661 – 21 May 1724) was an English statesman and peer of the late Stuart and early Georgian periods. He began his career as a Whig, before defecting to a new Tory ministry. He was raised to the peerage of Great Britain as an earl in 1711. Between 1711 and 1714 he served as Lord High Treasurer, effectively Queen Anne's chief minister. He has been called a prime minister, although it is generally accepted that the de facto first minister to be a prime minister was Robert Walpole in 1721.

The central achievement of Harley's government was the negotiation of the Treaty of Utrecht with France in 1713, which brought an end to twelve years of English and Scottish involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1714 Harley fell from favour following the accession of the first monarch of the House of Hanover, George I, and was for a time imprisoned in the Tower of London by his political enemies.

He was also a noted literary figure, serving as a patron of both the October Club and the Scriblerus Club. Harley Street is sometimes said to be named after him, although it was his son Edward Harley who actually developed the area.

Early life: 1661–1688
Harley was born in Bow Street, London, in 1661, the eldest son of Sir Edward Harley, a prominent landowner in Herefordshire and his wife Abigail Stephens and the grandson of Sir Robert Harley and his third wife, the celebrated letter-writer Brilliana, Lady Harley. He was educated at Shilton, near Burford, in Oxfordshire, in a small school which produced at the same time a Lord High Treasurer (Harley himself), a Lord High Chancellor (Lord Harcourt) and a Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (Lord Trevor). Harley then spent some time at Foubert's Academy, but disliked it. He entered the Middle Temple on 18 March 1682, but was never called to the bar.

The principles of Whiggism and Nonconformism were taught to him at an early age, and he never formally abandoned his family's religious opinions, although he departed from them in politics.

His father was wrongly imprisoned for suspected support for the 1685 Monmouth rebellion. Harley wrote afterwards that "we are not a little rejoiced" at Monmouth's defeat.

Glorious Revolution: 1688–1689
During 1688 Harley acted as his father's agent in promoting support for William, Prince of Orange and the Protestant cause against the policies of James II. When William landed in England on 5 November, Sir Edward Harley and his son immediately raised a troop of horse in support of the cause of William III, and took possession of the city of Worcester on his behalf. Harley was sent to report to William, meeting him at Henley. Harley obtained a commission as a major of militia foot in Herefordshire, which he held for several years.

Backbench member of parliament: 1689–1701
This recommended Robert Harley to the notice of the Boscawen family, and led to his election, in April 1689, as the parliamentary representative of Tregony, a borough under their control, whilst at the same time acting as High Sheriff of Herefordshire. He sat for Tregony for one parliament, after which, in 1690, he was elected by the constituency of New Radnor, which he represented until his elevation to the peerage in 1711. From an early age, Harley paid particular attention to the conduct of public business, taking special care over the study of the forms and ceremonies of the House of Commons.

Harley supported the Toleration Bill during its passage through the Commons and he hoped for "an equal settlement of religion" to be achieved by the inclusion of Presbyterians in the Church of England. However, this was not adopted. He also helped to defeat a Tory amendment to the Bill of Rights that would have enabled James II's son James Francis Edward Stuart to inherit the crown if he converted to Protestantism. On 14 May, Harley delivered his maiden speech in which he reminded the House of recent Tory persecutions (such as the harsh punishment of Monmouth's followers) and said that this injustice must be remedied.

After a series of French victories in Flanders during the early years of the Nine Years' War, Harley believed that the subordination of English soldiers to Dutch officers was the cause of the heavy English casualties. He, therefore, proposed a motion that future appointments of English foot regiments should be manned by Englishmen, which the House passed on 23 November 1692. He also opposed Lord Somers' proposed Abjuration Bill. If passed, this would have compelled office-holders to take an oath against recognising James II as the lawful king upon penalty of dismissal and imprisonment on the first refusal, with the penalties of high treason upon the second refusal.

During the early 1690s, Harley became a leader, second only to Paul Foley, of the 'Old Whigs' who were willing to cooperate with Tories in pursuing 'Country Party' measures against the ministerial or court Whigs in office, the so-called Whig Junto. In December 1690 he was elected to the Commission of Public Accounts to "examine, take and state" the accounts of the realm since William's accession, as expenditure had ballooned.

Harley supported a Bill to exclude from the Commons holders of government office and placemen in an effort to weaken court patronage. In taking part in the debates, Harley wrote: "I hope we have shown the parts of honest men and lovers of our country". He also supported the Triennial Bill to limit the maximum life of a Parliament to three years. In the Commons in early 1693, he claimed that long parliaments were not as representative as short-lived ones and he drew from his pocket a copy of King William's Declaration of 1688 in which he had promised frequent parliaments.

In 1696 Harley advocated the founding of a Land Bank that would serve the agricultural interest as the Bank of England served the monied interest.

After the general election of 1698, Harley emerged as the leader of the combined Country Whig-Tory opposition alliance against the Junto, or what Harley called the 'New Country Party'. Also in this year, he began his association with Sidney Godolphin, and through him ultimate entry into the circle around Princess Anne.

In November 1698 and in January 1700 Harley was approached by the ministry to accept office in the government, on the latter occasion being offered the Secretaryship of State. He refused on both occasions as he did not want to serve with the Whigs. Upon the death of Anne's only surviving child, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, in July 1700, King William III became concerned with the succession. William believed it was imperative that the crown should go to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, or her descendants, should Anne die without child. He wrote to Harley and summoned him to an audience, where he asked Harley what demands the Commons would make in order to be persuaded to pass a Bill incorporating the new line of succession. It was agreed that the Bill would include further limitations of the monarch's power. Afterwards, William approved his election as Speaker of the House of Commons.

Speaker of the House of Commons: 1701–1705
After the general election of February 1701, he held the office of Speaker during three consecutive Parliaments until March 1705. From 18 May 1704, he combined this office with that of the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, displacing The Earl of Nottingham.

As Speaker of the first Parliament, Harley oversaw the passage of the Act of Settlement 1701, as previously agreed with King William. Harley was pleased that both the Whigs and the Tories had agreed on placing further limits on the power of the crown and he was reported to have said that "he hoped in a little time our infamous distinctions and parties, but particularly Jacobitism, should be wholly abolished and extirpated".

Northern Secretary: 1704–1708
Harley was an early practitioner of 'spin'; he recognised the political importance of careful management of the media. In 1703 Harley first made use of Daniel Defoe's talents as a political writer. This proved so successful that he was later to employ both Delarivier Manley and Jonathan Swift to pen pamphlets for him for use against his many opponents in politics.

During the time of his office, the Act of Union 1707 with Scotland was brought about. At the time of his appointment as Secretary of State, Harley had given no outward sign of dissatisfaction with the Whigs, and it was mainly through Marlborough's influence that he was admitted to the ministry.

For some time, so long indeed as the victories of the great English general cast a glamour over the policy of his friends, Harley continued to act loyally with his colleagues. But in the summer of 1707, it became evident to Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin that some secret influence behind the throne was shaking the confidence of the Queen in her ministers. The sovereign had resented the intrusion into the administration of the impetuous Lord Sunderland, and had persuaded herself that the safety of the Church of England depended on the fortunes of the Tories. These convictions were strengthened in her mind by the new favourite Abigail Masham (a cousin of the Duchess of Marlborough through her mother, and of Harley on her father's side), whose coaxing contrasted favourably in the eyes of the Queen with the haughty manners of her old friend, the Duchess of Marlborough.

Both the Duchess and Godolphin were convinced that this change in the disposition of the queen was due to the influence of Harley and his relatives, but he was permitted to remain in office. Later, an ill-paid and poverty-stricken clerk, William Gregg, in Harley's office, was found to have given the French enemy copies of many documents which should have been kept from the knowledge of all but the most trusted advisers of the court, and it was found that through the carelessness of the head of the department the contents of such papers became the common property of all in his service. The celebrated author Daniel Defoe, then an employee of Harley's, had warned that his lax security was an invitation to treason. The Queen was informed by Godolphin and Marlborough that they would no longer serve with Harley. They did not attend her next council, on 8 February 1708, and when Harley proposed to proceed with the business of the day the Duke of Somerset drew attention to their absence. The Queen found herself forced (11 February) to accept the resignations of both Harley and Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke.

Thomson criticizes Harley's tenure at the Northern Department, calling him "culpably negligent in the conduct of his business". In addition to citing the lax security already mentioned, Thomson writes that Harley "so arranged matters that the unhappy clerks in his office could not begin work until midnight or a little before and so were unable to leave till dawn. Even where there was nothing to do, they were kept in attendance until about three in the morning".

Opposition: 1708–1710
Harley was forced from office, but his cousin Abigail, who had recently married, continued in the Queen's service. Harley employed her influence without scruple, and not in vain. The cost of the protracted war with France, and the danger to the national church, the chief proof of which lay in the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell, were the weapons which he used to influence the masses of the people. Marlborough himself could not be displaced, but his relations were dismissed from their posts in turn. When the greatest of these, Lord Godolphin, was ejected from office on 10 August 1710, five commissioners to the treasury were appointed; among them was Harley as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Chancellor of the Exchequer: 1710–1711
It was the aim of the new chancellor to frame an administration from the moderate members of both parties, and to adopt with but slight changes the policy of his predecessors; but his efforts were doomed to disappointment. The Whigs refused to join an alliance with him, and the Tories, who were successful beyond their wildest hopes at the polling booths, could not understand why their leaders did not adopt a policy more favourable to the interests of their party. The clamours of the wilder spirits, the country members who met at the October Club, began to be re-echoed even by those who were attached to the person of Harley, when, through an unexpected event, his popularity was restored at a bound. A French refugee, the former abbé La Bourlie (better known by the name of the Marquis de Guiscard), was being examined before the Privy Council of Great Britain on a charge of treason, when he stabbed Harley in the breast with a penknife (8 March 1711). Fortunately for Harley, he had a taste for fine clothes, and on that occasion was wearing an ornate gold brocade waistcoat: it seems that the knife stuck in one of the ornaments. Why Guiscard was allowed to enter the room carrying a weapon is still something of a mystery, but, as the Gregg affair demonstrated, Harley was notoriously lax in matters of security, and it is likely that Guiscard had not been properly searched. To a man in good health, the wounds would not have been serious, but the minister had been suffering from ill health and Swift had penned the prayer, "Pray God preserve his health, everything depends upon it". The joy of the nation on his recovery knew no bounds. Both Houses presented an address to the crown, a suitable response came from the Queen, and on Harley's reappearance in the Lower House, the Speaker made an oration which was spread by broadsheet through the country.

One of the most pressing problems at this time was the major crisis in public finance caused by the need to pay for the war against France. The architect of Great Britain's finance was Lord Halifax, and he wrote to Harley on the day that the new Treasury board met: "Your great abilities and your knowledge of the Revenue, will soon make you master of all the business, but how you will restore credit, and find money for the demands that will be upon you exceeds my capacity". Harley in 1711 created the South Sea Company to handle the national debt—it proved highly successful (at first—the notorious "bubble" began in 1720). He succeeded in restoring confidence under his tenure; whereas the Jacobite invasion scare of 1708 and the alarm caused by the Queen's illness in early 1714 both caused runs on the bank, Godolphin's fall did not precipitate one.

Lord High Treasurer: 1711–1714
On 23 May 1711 the minister became Baron Harley, of Wigmore in the County of Hereford, and Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer (the latter, despite its form, being a single peerage). Harley claimed the title of Oxford because of his relationship through marriage to the previous holders, the De Veres. The title of Earl Mortimer was added in case a claim was laid to the Oxford earldom. On 29 May he was appointed Lord Treasurer, and on 25 October 1712 became a Knight of the Garter.

A further attempt was made on his life in November with the Bandbox Plot, in which a hat-box, armed with loaded pistols to be triggered by a thread within the package was sent to him; the assassination attempt was forestalled by the prompt intervention of Jonathan Swift.

With the sympathy which these attempted assassinations had evoked, and with the skill which the Lord Treasurer possessed for conciliating the calmer members of either political party, he passed several months in office without any loss of reputation. He rearranged the nation's finances, and continued to support her generals in the field with ample resources for carrying on the campaign, though his emissaries were in communication with the French King, and were settling the terms of a peace independently of England's allies. After many weeks of vacillation and intrigue, when the negotiations were frequently on the point of being interrupted, the preliminary peace was signed, and in spite of the opposition of the Whig majority in the House of Lords, which was met by the creation of twelve new peers nicknamed Harley's Dozen, the much-vexed Treaty of Utrecht was brought to a conclusion on 31 March 1713. The Whig cry of "No Peace Without Spain", was not sufficient to block Parliamentary approval of the Treaty.

While these negotiations were under discussion, the friendship between Harley (Oxford) and St John, the latter who had become Secretary of State in September 1710, was fast changing into hatred. The latter had resented the rise in fortune which the stabs of Guiscard had secured for his colleague Harley, and when he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron St John and Viscount Bolingbroke, instead of with an Earldom, his resentment knew no bounds. The royal favourite, Abigail, whose husband had been called to the Upper House as Baron Masham, deserted her old friend and relation for his more vivacious rival. The Jacobites found that, although the Lord Treasurer was profuse in his expressions of goodwill for their cause, no steps were taken to ensure its triumph, and they no longer placed reliance on promises which were repeatedly made and repeatedly broken. Even Harley's (Oxford's) friends began to complain of his dilatoriness, and to find some excuse for his apathy in ill health, aggravated by excess in the pleasures of the table and by the loss of his favourite child. The confidence of Queen Anne was gradually transferred from Oxford to Bolingbroke; on 27 July 1714 the former surrendered his staff as lord treasurer, and on 1 August the queen died.

Imprisonment: 1715–1717
On the accession of George I of Great Britain, the defeated minister retired to Herefordshire, but a few months later his impeachment was decided upon and he was committed to the Tower of London on 16 July 1715. He was accused of high treason and high crimes and misdemeanours, with the death penalty a distinct possibility. Many of the charges related to his negotiation of the Treaty of Utrecht. Further charges were added regarding his alleged secret plotting with the Jacobite claimant James. His political allies St John and Ormonde both fled to France before they could be arrested on similar grounds and entered the service of James. Initially, he was in ill health, suffering from pneumonia and was cared for by his wife Sarah who remained with him during the first weeks of his imprisonment.

Not long after he was detained a major Jacobite Rising occurred and was defeated. Interrogators of Jacobite prisoners tried to discover if there was a connection with Harley in the plan, but none could be established. This significantly delayed Harley's trial, as priority was given to the leading rebels, several of whom were executed. This may have benefited him as the angry mood amongst Whigs against him had calmed by 1717.

Harley also benefited from the Whig Split between rival factions led by James Stanhope and Robert Walpole. Walpole and his supporters went into opposition and joined with the Tories to attack Stanhope's government on many issues.

After an imprisonment of nearly two years, Harley was formally acquitted of the charges of high treason and high crimes and misdemeanours for which he had been impeached two years earlier, and allowed to resume his place among the peers.

Later life: 1717–1724
Immediately following his release Oxford was informed by George I that he was no longer welcome at court. He joined with the Tory lords to oppose the new Whig Oligarchy in Parliament, in alliance with the Opposition Whigs. In 1719 they joined together in opposition to Stanhope's Peerage Bill which was defeated. After this Lord Oxford increasingly took little part in public affairs, and died almost unnoticed in London on 21 May 1724.

Literary importance
Harley's importance to literature cannot be overstated. As a patron of the arts, he was notable. As a preservationist, he was invaluable. He used his wealth and power to collect an unparalleled library. He commissioned the creation of ballad collections, such as The Bagford Ballads, and he purchased loose poems from all corners. He preserved Renaissance literature (particularly poetry), Anglo-Saxon literature that was then incomprehensible, and a great deal of Middle English literature. His collection, with that of his son Edward, 2nd Lord Oxford and Mortimer, was sold to Parliament in 1753 for the British Museum by the Countess of Oxford and Countess Mortimer and her daughter, the Duchess of Portland; it is known as the Harley Collection.

When he was in office, Harley promoted the careers of Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and John Gay. He also wrote with them as a member of the Scriblerus Club. He, along with The 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, contributed to the literary productions of the Club. His particular talent lay in poetry, and some of his work (always unsigned) has been preserved and may be found among editions of Swift's poetry. Additionally, he likely had some hand in the writing of The Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, though it is impossible to tell how much.

In the opinion of the historian David C. Douglas, in Harley's time "the whole company of scholars looked up to Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, as the great Maecenas of English medieval learning, and they were right to do so, for he was the correspondent and benefactor of very many of them, and he deserved their gratitude as surely as he earned through his book-collecting the thanks of posterity".

Family
In May 1685 Harley married as his first wife Elizabeth, a daughter of Thomas Foley, and they had four children before she died in November 1691:
 * Abigail (1685? - 15 July 1750), who married George Hay, later 8th Earl of Kinnoull in 1709.
 * Edward (2 June 1689-16 June 1741), who married Henrietta Cavendish Holles and succeeded as 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer.
 * Elizabeth (2 June 1689-20 November 1713), who married Peregrine Osborne, later 3rd Duke of Leeds in 1712; and
 * Robert, who died in infancy in 1690.

They lived at Brampton Bryan Hall, which he inherited from his father in 1700.

After Elizabeth's death, Harley married Sarah (died 17 June 1737), daughter of Simon Middleton of Edmonton, London, on 18 September 1694. They had no children. He died in 1724 at his house in Albemarle Street, Westminster, and was buried in the churchyard of St Barnabas, Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire.

Biographies

 * Biddle, Sheila. Bolingbroke and Harley (London: Allen & Unwin, 1975).
 * Downie, J. A. Robert Harley and the Press (Cambridge University Press, 1979).
 * Hamilton, Elizabeth. The Backstairs Dragon: A Life of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford (Hamish Hamilton, 1969).
 * McInnes, Angus. Robert Harley: Puritan Politician (Littlehampton Book Services, 1970).
 * Miller, O.B. Robert Harley Earl of Oxford. The Stanhope Prize Essay, 1925 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1925).

Background studies

 * Bennett, Gareth Vaughan. "Robert Harley, the Godolphin ministry, and the bishoprics crisis of 1707." The English Historical Review 82.325 (1967): 726–746. in JSTOR
 * Cobbett, William, Thomas B. Howell, and J. Thomas, State Trials (London: 1809–26, part of a 34 vol. series).
 * Feiling, Keith. A History of the Tory Party, 1640–1714 (1924).
 * Davies, Godfrey. "The Fall of Harley in 1708." The English Historical Review 66.259 (1951): 246–254. in JSTOR
 * Gregg, Edward. Queen Anne (1980)
 * Geoffrey Holmes, 'Harley, St John and the Death of the Tory Party', in Geoffrey Holmes (ed.), Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689–1714 (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 216–237.
 * Holmes, Geoffrey S., and William Arthur Speck. "The Fall of Harley in 1708 Reconsidered." The English Historical Review 80.317 (1965): 673–698. in JSTOR
 * Holmes, Geoffrey. British politics in the age of Anne (A&C Black, 1987).
 * Hoppit, Julian. A land of liberty?: England 1689–1727 (Oxford UP, 2000).
 * Johnson, Richard R. "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714." The William and Mary Quarterly (1978): 691–732. in JSTOR
 * William Edward Hartpole Lecky. History of England in the Eighteenth Century. London, 1878–90
 * Thomas B. Macaulay, History of England (London, 1855).
 * McInnes, Angus. "The Appointment of Harley in 1704." The Historical Journal 11.2 (1968): 255–271. in JSTOR
 * MacLachlan, A. D. 'The Road to Peace 1710–13', in Geoffrey Holmes (ed.), Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689–1714 (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 197–215.
 * Roberts, Clayton. "The Fall of the Godolphin Ministry." The Journal of British Studies 22.1 (1982): 71–93. in JSTOR
 * Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, History of England, Comprising the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht (London: 1870).
 * Snyder, Henry L. "Godolphin and Harley: A Study of Their Partnership in Politics." The Huntington Library Quarterly (1967): 241–271. in JSTOR
 * Sundstrom, Roy A. Sidney Godolphin: Servant of the state (University of Delaware Press, 1992).
 * Trevelyan, G.M. England under Queen Anne (3 v 1930–34).


text:
Henry St John (MP for Huntingdon)

Sir Henry St John (1590-c.1642) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  between 1621 and 1625.

Biography
St John was a younger son of Oliver St John, 3rd Baron St John of Bletso and his wife Dorothy Reid, daughter of Sir John Rede or Reid, of Odington, Gloucestershire. He was knighted on 24 July 1619 at Bletsoe together with his brother Beauchamp, MP. Apart from Beauchamp, four other brothers, Oliver, Rowland, Anthony and Alexander were to become MPs.

In 1621 St John was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon. He was re-elected MP for Huntingdon in 1624 and again in 1625.

St John died without issue. His eldest brother Oliver inherited the Barony and became Earl of Bolingbroke.

title: Henry St John (MP for Huntingdon)


text:
Henry St John

Henry St. John may refer to:

 * Henry St John (MP for Stockbridge) (c. 1568–1621), MP for Stockbridge, 1589 and 1593
 * Sir Henry St John (MP for Huntingdon) (fl. 1621–25), English politician
 * Sir Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John (1652–1742), father of the 1st Viscount Bolingbroke and MP for Wootton Bassett, 1679–1700
 * Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1678–1751), English philosopher and MP for Wootton Bassett, 1701–1708
 * Sir Henry St John, 2nd Baronet (1737–1784), British politician
 * Henry St John (British Army officer) (1738–1818), MP for Wootton Bassett, 1761 and 1802
 * Henry St John, 13th Baron St John of Bletso (1758–1805), British peer
 * Henry St. John (congressman) (1783–1869), U.S. Representative from Ohio
 * Henry St John, 4th Viscount Bolingbroke, 5th Viscount St John (1786–1851)
 * Henry St John, 5th Viscount Bolingbroke, 6th Viscount St John (1820–1899)
 * Henry St John (Royal Navy officer) (1837–1909), British admiral
 * Henry St John, 18th Baron St John of Bletso (1876–1920), English peer

title: Henry St John


text: User talk:64.12.96.103

title: User talk:64.12.96.103


text:
List of lakes of Russia

List of lakes in Russia in alphabetical order:

 * Achchyon (Аччён)
 * Akush (Акуш)
 * Arakhley (Арахле́й)
 * Baikal (Байкал)
 * Baunt (Баунт)
 * Beloye, Ryazan Oblast (Белое)
 * Beloye, Vologda Oblast (Белое)
 * Bokon (Бокон)
 * Bolshoye Morskoye (Большое Морское)
 * Bolshoye Toko (Большое Токо)
 * Bolshoy Yeravna (Большо́е Ера́вное)
 * Bolshoye Ostrovnoye (Большое Островное)
 * Bolshoye Topolnoye (Большое Топольное)
 * Bolshoye Yarovoye (Большое Яровое)
 * Botkul (Боткуль)
 * Brosno (Бросно)
 * Burlinskoye (Бурлинское)
 * Busani (Бусани)
 * Bustakh (Бустах)
 * Caspian Sea (Каспийское море)
 * Chany (Чаны)
 * Chukchagir (Чукчагирское)
 * Chyortovo (Чёртово)
 * Dorong (Доронг)
 * Lake Dynda (Дында)
 * Ebeyty (Эбейты)
 * Ekityki (Экитыки)
 * Elgygytgyn (Эльгыгы́тгын)
 * Emanda (Эмандьа)
 * Ervynaygytgyn (Эрвынайгытгын)
 * Evoron (Эвopон)
 * Eyik (Эйик)
 * Gorkoye (Горькое)
 * Gorkoye (Горькое)
 * Gorkoye (Горькое)
 * Gorkoye (Горькое)
 * Gorkoye (Горькое)
 * Gorkoye-Peresheyechnoye (Горькое-Перешеечное)
 * Ilirney (Илирней)
 * Ilmen (Ильмень)
 * Imandra (Имандра)
 * Ioni (Иони)
 * Isinga (Исинга)
 * Istikhed (Истихед)
 * Ivan-Arakhley Lake System (Ивано-Арахлейские озёра)
 * Jack London (Озеро Джека Лондона)
 * Kapylyushi (Капылюши)
 * Kenon (Кенон)
 * Keta (Кета)
 * Kezanoi (Кезеной-Ам)
 * Khanka (Ханка)
 * Khantayskoye (Хантайское)
 * Khummi (Хумми)
 * Kizi (Кизи)
 * Koolen (Коолень)
 * Krasnoye, Leningrad Oblast (Красное)
 * Krasnoye, Chukotka (Красное)
 * Kronotskoye (Кроноцкое)
 * Kubenskoye (Кубенское)
 * Kuchuk (Кучукское)
 * Kulunda (Кулундинское)
 * Labaz (Лабаз)
 * Ladoga (Ладожское)
 * Lama (Лама)
 * Lovozero (Ловозеро)
 * Malinovoye (Малиновое)
 * Maloye Yarovoye (Малое Яровое)
 * Maly Yeravna (Малое Еравное)
 * Maynits (Майниц)
 * Medvezhye (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) (Медвежье)
 * Medvezhye (Kurgan Oblast) (Медвежье)
 * Mostovoye (Мостовое)
 * Nedzheli (Ниди́ли)
 * Neito (Нейто)
 * Nero (Неро)
 * Nerpichye (Нерпичье)
 * Nichatka (Ничатка)
 * Numto (Нумто)
 * Omuk-Kyuyol (Омук-Кюёль)
 * Onega (Онежское)
 * Orel (Орель)
 * Oron (Орон)
 * Orotko (Оротко)
 * Ozhogino (Ожогино)
 * Pleshcheyevo (Плещеево)
 * Peipus (Чудско-Псковское)
 * Pekulney (Пекульнейское озеро)
 * Peschanoye (Песчаное)
 * Pyakuto (Пякуто)
 * Pyasino (Пясино)
 * Pychgynmygytgyn (Пычгынмыгытгын)
 * Segozero (Сегозеро)
 * Seliger (Селигер)
 * Shalkar-Yega-Kara (Шалкар-Ега-Кара)
 * Siverga (Сиверга)
 * Soluntakh (Солунтах)
 * Suringda (Сурингда)
 * Suturuokha (Сутуруоха)
 * Svetloyar (Светлояр)
 * Syamozero (Сямозеро)
 * Tabanda (Табанда)
 * Taimyr (Таймыр)
 * Tandovo (Тандово)
 * Tavolzhan (Таволжан)
 * Telemba (Телемба)
 * Teletskoye (Телецкое)
 * Tenis (Тенис)
 * Topozero (Топозеро)
 * Tytyl (Тытыль)
 * Ubinskoye (Убинское)
 * Ulakhan-Kyuel (Улахан кюэль)
 * Uvs Nuur (Увс Нуур)
 * Valdayskoye (Валдайское)
 * Vistytis (Виштынецкое озеро)
 * Vivi (Ви́ви)
 * Yanragytgyn (Янрагытгын)
 * Yanranaygytgyn (Янранайгытгын)
 * Yeravna-Khorga Lake System (Еравно-Хоргинской системы озёр)
 * Yessey (Ессей)
 * Zerkalnoye (Зеркальное)
 * Zyuratkul (Зюраткуль)

title: List of lakes of Russia


text:
Quad

Quad as a word or prefix usually means four. It may refer to:

Government

 * Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, a strategic security dialogue between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States
 * Quadrilateral group, an informal group that includes the trade spokesmen of the United States, Japan, Canada, and the European Union
 * Quad Cities, a group of five cities straddling the boundary between the U.S. states of Iowa and Illinois
 * The "Quad", the senior members of the Cameron–Clegg coalition government in the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2015

Art and entertainment

 * Matthias Quad (1557–1613), engraver and cartographer
 * Quad (film), 2015
 * Quad (music), a musical project by Gary Ramon
 * Quad (play), by Samuel Beckett
 * The Quad (TV series), 2017
 * Quad (arts centre), in Derby, United Kingdom
 * Quad Cinema, art house in New York City, New York
 * Quad (company), formerly Quad/Graphics, an international marketing company
 * Quadruple combination, the four books that comprise the canon of the LDS church

Medicine and anatomy

 * Quadriplegic, a person paralyzed in all four limbs
 * Quadriceps femoris, a large leg muscle group
 * Quadruplets, four children from a multiple birth

Sports

 * Quad (figure skating), a figure skating jump with four revolutions
 * Quad scull, a boat configuration of four rowers
 * Quad skates, roller skates with two wheels on each of two axles
 * Quad, one of the divisions in wheelchair tennis
 * Quadruple-double, a statistical accomplishment in basketball
 * Quadrennium, the 4-year training cycle between Olympic games

Transportation

 * Quad bike or all-terrain vehicle, a vehicle that travels on low-pressure tires
 * Quad, a tandem bicycle with four seats
 * Quadracycle, a four-wheeled human-powered land vehicle
 * Jeffery Quad, a four-wheel drive truck
 * Quadcopter, a four-rotor helicopter
 * Quad, a chairlift in skiing which carries four persons
 * Quad, or railroad speeder, a motorized vehicle used for maintenance on railroads
 * Quad (rocket), an autonomous rocket by Armadillo Aerospace

Technology

 * QUAD (cipher), a stream cipher
 * QUaD, a microwave telescope at the South Pole
 * Quad antenna, a directional antenna
 * Quad Electroacoustics, a British manufacturer of audio equipment
 * Quadraphonic sound, four-channel sound
 * Quadruplex videotape, video tape format
 * Quad Flat Package, a type of package for surface mounted integrated circuit
 * Star quad cable, four insulated conductors twisted together

Other uses

 * Quad (unit), unit of energy, short for quadrillion, 1015 BTU
 * Quadrangle (architecture), a space or courtyard bordered by buildings
 * Quad (geography), a United States Geological Survey topographical map
 * Quad (typography), a spacer used in letterpress type
 * Quadrilateral, in geometry
 * Quad poster, a common UK size of film poster
 * Quadrat, in ecology, a small study area or a frame used to define it
 * Quadrupel, a Belgian beer
 * The Quad Casino (now The Linq), on the Las Vegas Strip
 * Four-of-a-kind in poker
 * Sako Quad, a Finnish bolt-action rifle

title: Quad


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Free Energy

 * WikiProject Free Energy - I'm very uncomfortable with the notion of a WikiProject dedicated to flooding Wikipedia with fringe science. Isomorphic 00:11, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It just seems that this guy wants to use part of Wikipedia for his own Wikipedia-within-Wikipedia. Delete. - Mark Ryan 05:54, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * delete - sounds like a magnet for original research (and controversy) -Anthropos 18:37, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete - it will be a magnet for unencyclopedic fringe science.
 * Delete - Marshman 04:07, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Del. --Wik 04:42, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete. This feature could be the seed that grows into one of your most famous contributions to the pool of valuable human knowledge. Sterlingda 08:42, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * comments originally posted at User_talk:Sterlingda
 * Hi, the Free Energy Wikipedia Control Panel seems a good idea. I've suggested at Wikipedia talk:Free Energy Wikipedia Control Panel that the page be moved to a title which conforms with other WikiProjects, which as far as I can tell is what this is. Angela. 10:02, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I did not make this comment in regards to deletion. I just wanted the page out of the main namespace and don't have a strong opinion either way. Not being NPOV isn't a reason to delete though if there is a way in which it could be made NPOV. Angela. 20:01, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * [comment] Replied at my talk page (probably a lot in common with what Angela just said) Dysprosia 10:50, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC) [Does not imply approval or disapproval]
 * If Sterling can write about various free energy technologies that are well known (something like the hydrogen-water thing is good, there is current interest in this now, so nothing esoteric), and from a neutral point of view with appropriate mention of criticism then I have no qualms, but the contents and progress of this project may need to be closely monitored for appropriateness and not a location for primary research. Dysprosia 10:57, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You will see on my FreeEnergy.GreaterThings.com site that I provide both point and counter point, including links to skeptic pages even when I myself believe the technology to most likely be legit. In the Pure Energy Systems open sourcing encyclopedia project I have launched, objectivity and solid scientific rigor will be our goal.  Remember, as items are submited to Wikipedia, you will have an opportunity on a case by case basis to scrutinize them.  I think that scrutiny would be a good thing.
 * I agree with Angela, the Free Energy project is a great idea. I look forward to reading about the topics it suggests. Tarquin 10:26, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * comment: This page has been copied here: User:Sterlingda/Free Energy as an preview of how it would appear in a back-up form if it is deleted from its present location by Wikipedia. Sterlingda 08:42, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Simple: Delete. Daniel Quinlan 04:29, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * comment: Here is something I just published today on my FE updates website -- I cite it as a sample of my objective reporting skills on the subject:  Genesis World Energy Under Investigation for Fraud - NJ Attorney General's office engaged in full investigation into likely securities fraud. Eyewitnesses say one of the bench-top model used by GWE for proof of concept demos is nothing more than a slight modification of a fuel cell device sold at Hammacher Schlemmer. Sterlingda 07:31, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bmills 09:22, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless it is changed to agree with the NPOV policy, and the original research and advocacy elements removed. The Anome 13:04, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete, same reasons to The Anome. Like it is is not encyclopedic. Muriel Victoria 11:27, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This has now been moved to User:Sterlingda/Free Energy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Assessment of Adolf Hitler

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of a page entitled Assessment of Adolf Hitler.

The result of the debate was to delete the page.

From VfD

 * Assessment of Adolf Hitler -- unbelievable page. It contains two things right now: a mostly amateurish psychoanalysis of the man, then immediately dismissed as "of limited value", and an explication of Daniel Goldhagen's all but discredited thesis as though it were fact and widely accepted.  Any good info here could easily be merged into Adolf Hitler, which I should add also gives an explanation of Hitler's rise to power which is very different and far more accurate. -- VV 22:48, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. The psychology of Hitler is a perfectly good subject for an article. The fact it is by no means a perfect article is irrelevant, it just needs work like many others. It is a daughter article of Adolf Hitler. There probably should be an Adolf Hitler series table to keep the relevant articles linked. : ChrisG 23:36, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm not opposed to daughter articles per se, but they should have enough content to warrant detachment, such as History of the United States. The actual usable content in this article is no more than a few sentences, which can just be a section or part of a section of Adolf Hitler. I'd feel differently if it was an expansive entry on his psychology (and then probably named Psychology as per suggestion below), but until it is we don't know that it ever will be. -- VV 21:33, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It's embarrassing, but there are lots of worse articles in Wikipedia (alas). --Zero 04:59, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * This makes a stab at being accurate, but there really is no way to know; therefore, it relaly isn't good for anything. Delete. - Litefantastic 12:45, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Had no VfD boilerplate on - added now - so needs mving to Dec 9th. Secretlondon 13:04, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)
 * I forgot to do that, my bad. I'm not sure the fourteen hour delay is worth worrying about, though. -- VV 21:33, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * As mentioned in the article's talk-page, renaming of the page to Psychology of Adolf Hitler would help. Else the article would appear to be What_Wikipedia_is_not (Personal essays). The content seems ok and needs some NPOV. Jay 13:37, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. Here's an example (and summation) of its content: The fact, if it is a fact, that Hitler was emotionally or psychologically disturbed does not explain how he was allowed to seize control of a great and cultured nation and lead it to total physical ruin and moral degradation. -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 14:07, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV and unnecessary, not to mention not terribly well written. All the contents seem to be idle speculation with little in the way of genuine fact. Anyone could make up something like this. Unencyclpaedic, without a doubt. 80.255 21:42, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. Attempts at retro-active or remote psychoanalysis are unreliable to the point of negligence. The article presents guesses and inferences as facts. (This is an inherent problem with attempting to psychoanalyze historical characters.) The analysis is uncheckable and can not be considered fact-based. By its very nature it cannot be made NPOV. This is not an appropriate article for a fact-based encyclopedia. The few useful (and provable) facts in this article should be merged back into the main article. (If the collective decision is to keep this horrible article, at least move it to Psychoanalysis of Adolf Hitler.) Rossami 02:55, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. We have a fine article on Hitler, this crap is unverifiable.  Daniel Quinlan 04:29, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * Merge whatever is worthwhile, verifiable and NPOV, if any of it is, into Adolf Hitler, and delete. Tualha 23:44, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. It reads like a personal essay or indeed an "assessment" which isn't neutral. --Minesweeper 04:19, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

From the talk page
see also Talk:Assessment of Adolf Hitler/Delete

I'm not sure that Hitler's psychology is of limited value. It serves as a good introduction to the topic of psychology, particularly abnormal psychology.

The assessment of Hitler's rise to power as primarily a function of some special German form of anti-semitism is simplistic to say the least. Adolf Hitler has a far more detailed and accurate account of the rise of the Nazi party and the circumstances which made it so successful.

I'm not going to dive straight in, firstly because I'm wary of an edit war, but mostly because I don't think the subject needs to be covered in two places. This article is incorrect, and the main Adolf Hitler article is both more correct and the right place for it.

Does anyone object to entirely removing that section from this article?

Onebyone 02:03, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This article has been put on VfD, but i think deciding is going to mean more than just a simple vote, so I'm starting a discussion here.

A few things seem clear to me. The article isn't wildly biased, but it's not really in an encyclopaedic style either. A delicate subject like this needs attributions for its statements, or we are left assuming that it's just the writers point of view.

There are a few points where sensationalism creeps in. "It is not known if the relationship was sexual" is a great weasel phrase, in that it implies the possibility of something strange (incest in one case, and an unconsummated marriage in the other) while maintaining the appearance of neutrality. After all, in how many marriages, especially those without children, can you honestly say you KNOW the relationship was sexual?

The article probably needs a retitle, something like "Psychology of Adolf Hitler"; I was expecting an assessment of his place in world history. DJ Clayworth 03:33, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Merge into Adolf Hitler. No need for a separate article. Tempshill 19:24, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
User:Blostopher

Christopher Blosser

Entries

 * Avery Dulles

title: User:Blostopher


text:
China Airlines Flight 611

China Airlines Flight 611 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taoyuan International Airport) in Taiwan to Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong.

On 25 May 2002, the Boeing 747-209B operating the route disintegrated in midair and crashed into the Taiwan Strait, 23 nmi northeast of the Penghu Islands, 20 minutes after takeoff, killing all 225 people on board. The in-flight break-up was caused by metal fatigue cracks resulting from improper repairs to the aircraft 22 years earlier.

The crash remains the deadliest in Taiwan, as well as the most recent accident with fatalities involving China Airlines, and the second-deadliest accident in China Airlines history, behind China Airlines Flight 140 with 264 fatalities.

After the crash, China Airlines retired flight number 611. China Airlines continues to fly the Taipei-Hong Kong route under flight numbers 607, 923, 919, 915, 913, 909, 903, 601 and 921 as of May 2024. Since the 747 is no longer in China Airlines' passenger fleet, China Airlines utilises an Airbus A321neo, a Boeing 737 NG and an Airbus A330-300 on these routes.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved, registered as, (originally registered as B-1866), MSN 21843, was the only Boeing 747-200 passenger aircraft left in China Airlines's fleet at the time. The plane was delivered to the airline on 31 July. The aircraft had logged more than 64,800 hours of flight time at the time of the accident. The plane was equipped with 4 Pratt and Whitney JT9D-7AW engines and had a 355-seat configuration. Prior to the crash, China Airlines had sold B-18255 to Orient Thai Airlines for US$1.45 million. The accident flight was to be the aircraft's penultimate flight for China Airlines, as it was scheduled to be delivered to Orient Thai Airlines after its return flight from Hong Kong to Taipei. After the crash, the contract to sell the aircraft was voided and Orient Thai replaced it with another 747. Only four passenger 747-200s were delivered to China Airlines, all from 1979 to 1980. The other three had been in full passenger service until 1999 when they were converted to freighters. They were immediately grounded by the ROC's Civil Aviation Administration (CAA) after the crash for maintenance checks.

Accident
The flight took off at 15:08 local time (07:08 UTC), and was scheduled to arrive at Hong Kong at 16:28 Hong Kong Time (08:28 UTC). The flight crew consisted of 51-year-old Captain Yi Ching-Fong, 52-year-old First Officer Shieh Yea Shyong, and 54-year-old Flight Engineer Chao Sen Kuo. All three pilots were highly experienced – both pilots had more than 10,100 hours of flying time and the flight engineer had logged more than 19,100 flight hours.

At 15:16, the flight was cleared to climb to flight level 350—about 35000 ft. At 15:33, contact with the plane was lost. Chang Chia-juch, the Taiwanese Vice Minister of Transportation and Communications at that time, said that two Cathay Pacific aircraft in the area received B-18255's emergency location-indicator signals. All 206 passengers and 19 crew members on board the aircraft were killed.

Passengers
The passengers included Taiwanese politician You Jih-cheng. and two reporters from the United Daily News. Most of the passengers, 114 people, were members of a Taiwanese group tour to the mainland organized by four travel agencies.

Of the 225 passengers and crew on board, remains of 175 were recovered and identified. The first 82 bodies were found floating on the ocean surface of the Taiwan Strait, and were recovered by fishing boats and military vessels. Contracted recovery vessels were subsequently used for the recovery of the aircraft wreckage and the remaining bodies.

The victims were identified by visual identification, personal effects, fingerprints, dental examinations, and through DNA testing. Only the three recovered flight crew member bodies were autopsied. The victims' bodies were photographed and their clothing and possessions were cataloged and returned to the victims' families. The victims' records, including body diagrams, injury protocols, photographs, and other documents related to the recovery and identification of the individuals were then correlated for each identified victim.

Most of the victims had extensive injuries consistent with head trauma, tibia and fibula fractures, significant back abrasions, and pelvic injuries. Most of the bodies were nearly intact except, in some cases, for fractured bones. Some of the victims had expansion of lung tissue, subcutaneous emphysema, and bleeding of the nose and mouth. No carbon remains were found on any of the recovered bodies or their clothes, and no sign of fire, burning, or blast damage was found.

Search, recovery and investigation
At 17:05, a military Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft spotted a crashed airliner 23 nmi northeast of Makung, Penghu Islands. Oil slicks were also spotted at 17:05; the first body was found at 18:10.

No distress signal or communication was sent out prior to the crash. Radar data suggest that the aircraft broke into four pieces while at FL 350. This theory is supported by the fact that some lighter articles that would have been found inside the aircraft were found up to 80 mi from the crash site at villages in central Taiwan. The items included magazines, documents, luggage, photographs, New Taiwan dollars, aircraft safety cards and a China Airlines-embossed, blood-stained pillow case.

The plane was supposed to be leveling off then, as it approached its cruising altitude of 35,000 ft. Shortly before the breakup, two of the aircraft's four engines began providing slightly higher thrust, which was later found to have been within the normal ranges of deviation. All four engines were recovered from the sea and found not to have suffered any malfunction prior to the crash. Pieces of the aircraft were found in the ocean and on Taiwan, including in the city of Changhua.

The governments of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China co-operated in the recovery of the aircraft; the Chinese allowed personnel from Taiwan to search for bodies and aircraft fragments in those parts of the Taiwan Strait controlled by the People's Republic of China.

China Airlines requested relatives to submit blood samples for DNA testing at the Criminal Investigation Bureau of National Police Administration (now National Police Agency) and two other locations.

The United Daily News stated that some relatives of passengers described the existence of this flight to Hong Kong as being "unnecessary". Most of the passengers intended to arrive in mainland China, but because of a lack of direct air links between Taiwan and mainland China, the travelers had to fly via Hong Kong; the relatives advocated the opening of direct air links between Taiwan and mainland China, which was eventually realized.

Cause
The final investigation report found that the accident was the result of fatigue cracking caused by inadequate maintenance after a much earlier tailstrike incident. On 7 February 1980, the aircraft was flying from Stockholm Arlanda Airport to Taoyuan International Airport via King Abdulaziz International Airport and Kai Tak International Airport as China Airlines Flight 009 (Callsign "DYNASTY 009"). While landing in Hong Kong, part of the plane's tail had scraped along the runway. The aircraft was depressurized, ferried back to Taiwan on the same day, and a temporary repair done the day after. A more permanent repair was conducted by a team from China Airlines from 23 May through 26 May 1980.

The permanent repair of the tailstrike was not carried out in accordance with the Boeing Structural Repair Manual (SRM). According to the SRM, repairs could be made by replacing the entire affected skin or by cutting out the damaged portion and installing a reinforcing doubler plate to restore the structural strength. Rather than following the SRM, the China Airlines team installed a doubler over the damaged skin.

Though the kind of damage inflicted on the tail was far beyond the damage that a doubler plate is meant to fix, this accident probably would not have occurred had the doubler been installed properly. This would mean that all of the scratches would be completely contained by the innermost row of fasteners, and the fasteners themselves would be strong enough to stop the propagation of any new and existing fatigue cracks. However, the doubler that was installed on the aircraft was too small, so it failed to completely and effectively cover the damaged area, as scratches were found at, and outside, the outermost row of fasteners securing the doubler. Installing the doubler with scratches remaining outside the rivets provided no protection against the propagation of any concealed cracks beneath the doubler, or worse, in the area between its perimeter and the rows of rivets.

Consequently, after repeated cycles of pressurization and depressurization during flight, cracks began to form around the exposed scratches until finally, on 25 May 2002, coincidentally 22 years to the day after the faulty repair was made on the damaged tail, the hull broke open in midair. A rapid decompression occurred once the crack opened up, causing the separation of the aircraft's fuselage at section 46 (aft of the main wingbox). The remainder of the aircraft forward of section 46 entered an abrupt descent, causing all four engines to separate from the wings near-simultaneously, as the engine fuse pins failed at about 29000 ft. After this point, the wings and fuselage forward of the initial breakpoint remained connected until impact with the sea.

This was not the first time that a 747 had crashed because of a faulty repair following a tailstrike. On 12 August 1985, 17 years before Flight 611's crash and 7 years after the accident aircraft's repair, Japan Air Lines Flight 123 from Tokyo to Osaka with 524 people on board had crashed when the vertical stabilizer was torn off and the hydraulic systems severed by explosive decompression, leaving only four survivors. That crash had been attributed to a faulty repair to the rear pressure bulkhead, which had been damaged in 1978 in a tailstrike incident. In both crashes, a doubler plate was not installed according to Boeing standards.

China Airlines disputed much of the report, stating that investigators did not find the pieces of the aircraft that would prove the contents of the investigation report. One piece of evidence during the investigation that came up was the discoloration on the damaged section from photographs from maintenance records. The discoloration was determined to be tar stains that came out from smoking, which was allowed onboard until 1995. Had the stains been investigated, the cracks in the fuselage would have been determined, and the plane would have probably avoided the fateful flight.

Dramatization
The accident was featured in a season 7 episode of the Canadian documentary Mayday titled "Scratching the Surface".

title: China Airlines Flight 611


text:
Wschowa County

Wschowa County (powiat wschowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It was created in 2002 out of three gminas which previously belonged to Nowa Sól County. Its administrative seat and largest town is Wschowa, which lies 57 km east of Zielona Góra and 126 km south-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski. The county also contains the towns of Sława, lying 18 km north-west of Wschowa, and Szlichtyngowa, 10 km south of Wschowa.

The county covers an area of 624.82 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 38,960, out of which the population of Wschowa is 13,875, that of Sława is 4,321, that of Szlichtyngowa is 1,278, and the rural population is 19,486.

Neighbouring counties
Wschowa County is bordered by Wolsztyn County to the north, Leszno County to the east, Góra County to the south-east, Głogów County to the south-west and Nowa Sól County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into three gminas (all urban-rural, centred on the three towns). These are listed in the following table (in descending order of population).

title: Wschowa County


text:
The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are

The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are is the debut studio album by hip-hop group the 2 Live Crew. It was released in 1986 on Luke Records to a great deal of controversy and promptly was certified gold by the RIAA. It includes the hits "We Want Some Pussy", "Throw the 'D'", and "Cuttin' It Up". In Florida, it was deemed obscene, and one store clerk was charged with felony "corruption of a minor" for selling it to a 14-year-old girl. The clerk was later acquitted.

The following year, the album reached number 24 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 128 on the Billboard 200.

Track listing
Notes
 * Track 1 contains samples from "Do It, Do It" by Disco Four (1981), "(Nothing Serious) Just Buggin'" by Whistle (1986), "Rapp Will Never Die" by MC Shy D (1985), and "Flick of the Switch" by AC/DC (1983)
 * Track 3 contains samples from "Got to Be Real" by Cheryl Lynn (1978), and "Bass Machine" by T La Rock (1986)
 * Track 4 contains samples from "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" by Herman Kelly & Life (1978), "Slack Jawed Leroy" by Skillet & Leroy and LaWanda Page (1972), "Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)" by Man Parrish (1982), "Bongo Rock '73" by Incredible Bongo Band (1973), and dialogue from Dolemite
 * Track 5 contains samples from "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" by Herman Kelly & Life (1978), "Bonus (A Side)" by Hashim (1983), "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside (1982), and "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982)
 * Track 6 contains samples from "Take Me to the Mardi Gras" by Bob James (1975), "It's a New Day So Let a Man Come in and Do the Popcorn" by James Brown (1971), "Release Yourself" by Aleem (1984), "AJ Scratch" by Kurtis Blow (1984), "Say What?" by Trouble Funk (1983), "You'll Like It Too" by Funkadelic (1981), "Jam on the Groove" by Ralph MacDonald (1976), "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982), and "Rock Box" by Run-DMC (1984)
 * Track 7 contains samples from "Catch a Groove" by Juice (1976)
 * Track 8 contains samples from "Apache" by Incredible Bongo Band (1973), "Change the Beat (Female Version)" by Beside (1982), "Theme From the Black Hole" by Parliament (1979), "Mirda Rock" by Reggie Griffin & Technofunk (1982), "Triple Threat" by Z-3 MC's (1985), "Bonus Lesson #1 - No Music (The Original Human Beat Box)" by Doug E. Fresh (1984), "Planet Rock" by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force (1982), "Cavern" by Liquid Liquid (1983), "Buffalo Gals" by Malcolm McLaren (1982), "It's Yours" by T La Rock & Jazzy Jay (1984), "Spoonin' Rap" by Spoonie Gee (1979), "Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) (B-Side)" by Hashim (1983), and "Hold It Now, Hit It" by Beastie Boys (1986)

Personnel

 * Luther Campbell - performer, producer, executive producer, A&R
 * Brother Marquis - performer, producer
 * Fresh Kid Ice - performer, producer
 * Mr. Mixx - performer, producer
 * Bruce Greenspan - recording & mixing
 * Mark Boccaccio - recording & mixing
 * Manny Morell - artwork & design
 * Bob Rosenberg - editor (track 7)

title: The 2 Live Crew Is What We Are


text:
China Airlines Flight 642

China Airlines Flight 642 was a flight that crashed at Hong Kong (Chep Lap Kok) International Airport on 22 August 1999. It was operating from Bangkok (Bangkok International Airport, now renamed as Don Mueang International Airport) to Taipei with a stopover in Hong Kong.

The plane, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration, was still carrying Mandarin Airlines' livery from its time of service with the carrier. While landing during a typhoon, it touched down hard, flipped over and caught fire. Of the 315 people on board, 312 survived and three were killed. It was the first fatal accident to occur at the new Hong Kong International airport since it opened in July 1998.

Flight 642 was one of only two hull losses of MD-11s with passenger configuration, the other being Swissair Flight 111, which crashed in 1998 with 229 fatalities. All other hull losses of MD-11s have been when the aircraft has been serving as a cargo aircraft.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 registered as B-150, which had been delivered to China Airlines in October 1992. The aircraft was powered by three Pratt & Whitney PW4460 turbofan engines. B-150 had been involved in an earlier unrelated incident as CAL012 on 7 December 1992 when moderate turbulence led to the aircraft departing normal flight, leading to it sustaining damage to its outboard elevator skin assemblies, some of which broke off from the aircraft. B-150 was then delivered to China Airlines's subsidiary Mandarin Airlines in July 1993. It was then returned to China Airlines in March 1999.

The captain was 57-year-old Gerardo Lettich, an Italian national who had joined China Airlines in 1997, and had previously flown for a major European airline. He had 17,900 flight hours, including 3,260 hours on the MD-11. The first officer was 36-year-old Liu Cheng-hsi, a Taiwanese national who had been with the Airline since 1989 and had logged 4,630 flight hours, with 2,780 of them on the MD-11.

Summary
At about 6:43 P.M. local time (10:43 UTC) on 22 August 1999, the MD-11 was making its final approach to runway 25L when Tropical Storm Sam was 50 km NE of the airport. At an altitude of 700 ft prior to touchdown a further wind check was reported to the crew: 320 deg/28 knots gusting to 36 knots. This resulted in a crosswind vector of 26 knots gusting to 33 knots, while the tested limit for the aircraft was 35 knots.

During the final flare to land, the plane rolled to the right, landed hard on its right main gear and the No. 3 engine touched the runway. The right wing separated from the fuselage. The aircraft continued to roll over and skidded off the runway in flames. When it stopped, it was on its back and the rear of the plane was on fire, coming to rest on a grass area next to the runway, 3500 ft from the runway threshold. The right wing was found on a taxiway 280 ft from the nose of the plane. As shown in photos of the aircraft at rest, the fire caused significant damage to the rear section of the aircraft but was quickly extinguished due to the heavy rain and quick response from rescue teams in the airport.

Rescue vehicles quickly arrived on the scene and suppressed the fire on and in the vicinity of the aeroplane, allowing rescue of the passengers and crew to progress in very difficult conditions. Two passengers rescued from the wreckage were certified dead on arrival at hospital and one passenger died five days later in hospital. A total of 219 persons, including crewmembers, were admitted to hospital, of whom 50 were seriously injured and 153 sustained minor injuries. All 15 crew members survived.

Investigation
The final report of the accident blamed it mainly on pilot error, specifically the inability to arrest the high rate of descent existing at 50 ft altitude on the radar altimeter. The descent rate at touch down was 18–20 ft/s.

The flight data stored in the volatile memory of the aircraft's Quick Access Recorder (QAR) during the last 500 ft of the approach could not be recovered due to the interruption of the power supply at impact. Probable wind variations and the loss of headwind component, together with the early retardation of thrust levers, led to a 20 knots loss in indicated airspeed just prior to touchdown.

Due to the severe weather conditions forecast for Hong Kong, the flight crew had prepared to divert the flight to Taipei if the situation at Hong Kong was deemed unsuitable for landing. Extra fuel was carried for this possibility, resulting in a landing weight of 429557 lb, 99.897% of its maximum landing weight of 430,000 lb. Based on the initial weather and wind check which was passed along to the crew from Hong Kong during the flight, they believed they could land there and decided against a diversion to Taipei. However, four earlier flights had carried out missed approaches at Hong Kong and five had diverted.

During the final approach, the plane descended along the Instrument Landing System (ILS) glideslope until at about 700 ft, the crew visually acquired the runway. They disengaged the autopilot but left the autothrottle on. During the flare, the rate of descent was not arrested, the plane landed with the right wing slightly lower. The right landing gear touched down first, the right engine impacted the runway and the right wing was detached from the fuselage. Since the left wing was still attached, the lift from that wing rolled the fuselage onto its right side, and the plane came to rest inverted in the grass strip next to the runway. The spilled fuel caught fire.

Several suggestions were given to China Airlines concerning its training. However, China Airlines disputed the report's findings on the flight crews' actions, citing the weather conditions at the time of the accident and claimed that the aircraft flew into a microburst just before landing, causing it to crash.

Aftermath
the route continues to operate with the flight no longer originating in Bangkok and is strictly a Hong Kong-Taipei route. Bangkok-Hong Kong service ended on 31 October 2010. Both non-stop routes are now flown by the Airbus A330-300.

Media
The landing and crash of Flight 642 was recorded by nearby occupants in a car. The video, which also captured reactions from the witnesses, has been uploaded to websites such as YouTube and Airdisaster.com.

A photo showing a Mandarin Airlines MD-11 taxiing past the remains of Flight 642 was circulated.

The crash was mentioned in Episode 7 of the first Season Extreme Engineering, despite many details being incorrect in the episode.

This disaster was also aired on RTHK's Elite Brigade II Episode 2 in 2012.

title: China Airlines Flight 642


text:
Mishra

Mishra is a surname found among Hindu Brahmin, in the northern, eastern, western and central parts of India and in Nepal. This is the list of notable people with Mishra surname, who may or may not be associated with Brahmin caste.

Army personnel

 * Avijit Misra – Colonel in Indian Army
 * B. D. Mishra – former brigadier of the Indian Army, 19th Governor of Arunachal Pradesh

Doctors

 * Anoop Misra – Endocrinologist
 * B. K. Misra – Neurosurgeon
 * Mohan Mishra – Physician

Entertainers

 * Akhilendra Mishra – Indian film and television character actor.
 * Amit Mishra (singer) – Indian singer and songwriter
 * Leela Mishra – film actor
 * Piyush Mishra – Indian film actor, music director, lyricist, and writer
 * Prachi Mishra – Femina Miss India Earth 2012
 * Sanjay Mishra (actor) – Indian actor and comedian known from the show Office Office
 * S. K. Misro – Telugu film and theatre personality
 * Smriti Mishra – Indian film actress famous for her roles in parallel cinema.
 * Sudhir Mishra – Indian film director and screenwriter
 * Sugandha Mishra – Indian singer and television presenter
 * Vanya Mishra – Femina Miss India 2012
 * Pravisht Mishra – Indian Television actor since 2011

Government officers

 * Baidyanath Misra – former 1 of the Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
 * Brajesh Mishra (First National Security Advisor of India)
 * Durga Shanker Mishra -Principal Secretary Ministry of housing and urban affairs, India
 * Nripendra Misra – Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India
 * Ramakant Mishra – IAS officer and renowned scholar
 * Satyananda Mishra – National Security Advisor
 * Vikas Mishra (economist) – former Vice-Chancellor of Kurukshetra University

Judiciary

 * Arun Kumar Mishra – Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India and current Chairperson of National Human Rights Commission of India
 * Dipak Misra – Former Chief Justice of India
 * Gyan Sudha Mishra – Judge of the Supreme Court of India
 * Kanhaiya Lal Misra – Advocate General (Uttar Pradesh)
 * Prashant Kumar Mishra – Judge of the Supreme Court of India
 * Ranganath Misra – Former Chief Justice of India, known for 'Mishra Commission'

Performing artists

 * Baiju Bawra – Singer
 * Bhubaneswari Mishra – Odia classical singer
 * Birju Maharaj – Kathak dancer
 * Chhannulal Mishra – Hindustani classical music singer
 * Lalmani Misra – Indian classical musician
 * Lisa Mishra – Indian singer and composer
 * Rajan and Sajan Mishra – Contemporary North Indian Musician
 * Sanjay Mishra (musician) – Indian born American guitarist and composer
 * Shivnath Mishra – Indian sitarist and composer
 * Pravisht Mishra – Indian actor from Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Poets and scholars

 * Bhawani Prasad Mishra – Poet (1913–1985)
 * Godabarish Mishra – Poet
 * Hara Prasad Misra – Scholar in oxidative free radical research
 * Hemanta Mishra, Nepalese conservation biologist
 * Jayamant Mishra – Jayamant Mishra, (1925–2010) Sanskrit scholar and Maithili poet
 * Keshavdas – Sanskrit scholar
 * Maṇḍana Miśra – 8th century Indian philosopher, Maṇḍana Miśra is best known as the author of the Brahmasiddhi
 * Madan Mohan Mishra, Nepalese author
 * Prabhat Mishra, Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering and a UF Research Foundation Professor at the University of Florida
 * Rambhadracharya, Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya, Founder Tulsi Peeth and Founder Chancellor Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakoot
 * Srivatsanka Mishra – also called Koorathazhwar, Philosopher in Vishishtadvaita philosophy & disciple of Ramanujacharya
 * Vācaspati Miśra, 10th century scholar, Author of TattvaBindu

Politicians

 * Abhishek Mishra – Former member of the legislative assembly of Uttar Pradesh.
 * Bhadrakali Mishra – Senior (Nepali) politician, Minister and Chairperson of King Bridendra's Privy Council
 * Chaturanan Mishra – Former Indian Agriculture Minister
 * Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Politician, former chief minister of Madhya Pradesh
 * Gajaraj Mishra, Nepalese politician and courtier allied to Prince Chautariya Bahadur Shah of Nepal and Vamsharaj Pande
 * Hari Shankar Mishra – Nepali politician, former MP and Governor of Province No 2 (son of Ram Narayan Mishra)
 * Jagannath Mishra – Politician, former chief minister of Bihar
 * Janeshwar Mishra (Samajwadi Party Leader)
 * Kalraj Mishra – Former Union Minister for MSME
 * Lalit Narayan Mishra – Former Indian Rail Minister
 * Narottam Mishra – Minister of Home Affairs in the Government of Madhya Pradesh
 * Navendu Mishra – British Labour MP
 * Nitish Mishra – JDU Leader Bihar and state Cabinet minister of Bihar
 * Prem Chandra Mishra – Member of Legislative Council, Bihar, Indian National Congress politician and former Bihar NSUI Chief.
 * Rabindra Mishra, Nepalese politician and former journalist
 * Ram Naryan Mishra – Nepali politician, Minister in BP Koirala cabinet (brother of Bhadrakali Mishra)
 * Satish Chandra Mishra (BSP Leader) Former Advocate General UP
 * Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra – Indian National Congress politician, eminent Parliamentarian and Central Minister
 * Sripati Misra (Former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh)
 * Surjya Kanta Mishra – CPIM Leader, Leader of Opposition Bengal Assembly

Sportsperson

 * Amit Mishra – Indian cricketer
 * Mohnish Mishra – Indian cricketer
 * Suresh Kumar Mishra – Former Indian volleyball team captain
 * Tanmay Mishra – Kenyan cricketer
 * Abhimanyu Mishra – US Chess player of Indian origin holding the record of being the youngest Chess Grandmaster in the world.

Writers

 * Govind Mishra – Indian novelist.
 * Jaishree Misra – Indian essay-ist and novelist
 * Pankaj Mishra – Indian essay-ist and novelist
 * Pratap Narayan Mishra – Indian writer
 * Yatindra Mishra – Indian poet

Other notable persons

 * Anupam Mishra – Environmentalist & water conservationist
 * Neelesh Misra – Journalist
 * Vishal Misra – Indian-American scientist at Columbia University
 * Rahul Mishra – Indian fashion designer
 * Rakesh Mishra – Indian scientist specialising in genomics and epigenetics
 * Sameer Mishra – 81st Scripps National Spelling Bee champion (USA)
 * Sourav Mishra – Reuters journalist, one of the first witnesses of 2008 Mumbai Attacks
 * Sudhir Kumar Mishra – Aerospace engineer, CEO of BrahMos Aerospace

title: Mishra


text:
Nowa Sól County

Nowa Sól County (powiat nowosolski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Nowa Sól, which lies 22 km south-east of Zielona Góra and 109 km south of Gorzów Wielkopolski. The county contains three other towns: Kożuchów, lying 10 km south-west of Nowa Sól, Bytom Odrzański, lying 11 km south-east of Nowa Sól, and Nowe Miasteczko, 13 km south of Nowa Sól.

The county covers an area of 770.58 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 86,384. The most populated towns are Nowa Sól with 38,763 inhabitants and Kożuchów with 9,432 inhabitants.

From 1999 until 2002, Nowa Sól County also included the areas which now comprise Wschowa County (the towns and gminas of Wschowa, Sława and Szlichtyngowa).

Neighbouring counties
Nowa Sól County is bordered by Wolsztyn County to the north-east, Wschowa County and Głogów County to the east, Żagań County to the south-west, and Zielona Góra County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban, three urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Nowa Sól County


text:
Wikipedia:Unprotected MediaWiki messages

The following pages in the MediaWiki namespace were formerly unprotected; currently all pages in the MediaWiki namespace are protected.

 * MediaWiki:Missingarticle
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History
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 * MediaWiki:Blockedtext

A large number of boilerplate messages, which were previously in the MediaWiki namespace and unprotected, were moved to the Template namespace, which also contains all previous and subsequent templates.


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Blerick

Blerick (Bliërik ; 51.36667°N, 6.15°W) is a city district of the Dutch municipality of Venlo. It lies on the west bank of the Meuse and its origin goes back to the Roman era as a military stronghold and settlement en route from Mosa Trajectum (Maastricht) to Noviomagus (Nijmegen). Blerick can be found on the Peutinger Table as Blariacum. Up to the second world war Blerick formed together with Baarlo and Maasbree one municipality. Under German rule Blerick became part of the municipality of Venlo.

In 2001, Blerick had 25875 inhabitants. The built-up area of the city district was 7.27 km2, and contained 10866 residences.

Transportation

 * Blerick railway station

title: Blerick