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London South Bank University

London South Bank University (LSBU) is a public university in Elephant and Castle, London. It is based in the London Borough of Southwark, near the South Bank of the River Thames, from which it takes its name. Founded in 1892 as the Borough Polytechnic Institute, it achieved university status in 1992 under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.

In September 2003, the university underwent its most recent name change to become London South Bank University (LSBU) and has since opened several new centres including the School of Health and Social Care, the Centre for Efficient and Renewable Energy in Buildings (CEREB), a new Student Centre, an Enterprise Centre, and a new media centre Elephant Studios. The university has students and 1,700 staff.

In November 2016, the university was named the Entrepreneurial University of the Year at the Times Higher Education Awards. In the inaugural 2017 Teaching Excellence Framework, London South Bank University was awarded a Silver rating and maintained the rating in the 2023 assessment.

Origins
London South Bank University was founded in 1892 as the Borough Polytechnic Institute. It has since undergone several name changes, becoming the Polytechnic of the South Bank in 1970, South Bank Polytechnic in 1987, South Bank University in 1992 and London South Bank University in 2003. The university has also merged with a number of other educational institutions.

In 1888, Edric Bayley, a local solicitor and member of the London School Board, set up the South London Polytechnics Committee whose members included the Lord Mayor of London, Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Salisbury, Lord Rosebery and Sir Lyon Playfair. The committee was successful in persuading the Charity Commissioners to pledge to match whatever could be raised from the public, up to the sum of £200,000 to establish polytechnics in South London. A public meeting at Mansion House kick-started the public appeal and by 1891 enough money had been raised to establish polytechnics at Battersea and at Borough Road, Southwark, now LSBU.

During 1890, the former buildings of Joseph Lancaster's British and Foreign School Society were purchased for the Borough Polytechnic Institute. In May that year, the South London Polytechnics Institutes Act was passed, so that by June 1891 the governing structure and general aims of the new Institute had been created. These aims were "the promotion of the industrial skills, general knowledge, health, and well-being of young men and women" and also for "instruction suitable for persons intending to emigrate". W. M. Richardson was chosen to be clerk to the governing body, C. T. Millis was appointed as Headmaster, Miss Helen Smith was appointed Lady Superintendent and Edric Bayley was appointed the first Chair of Governors.

On 30 September 1892, the Borough Polytechnic Institute was officially opened by Lord Rosebery, with a remit to educate the local community in a range of practical skills. The Polytechnic was given a seal based on the Bridge House emblem of the City of London and a motto taken from Ecclesiastes — "Do it with thy Might". A gala event was held to mark the occasion which was widely reported in the press because of Lord Rosebery's speech on the banning of smoking in the new Institute. One of the speeches made included the hope that "the Polytechnic would do its share towards perfecting many a valuable gem found in the slums of London".

The Polytechnic specialised in courses that reflected local trades including leather tanning, typography, metalwork, electrical engineering, laundry, baking, and boot & shoe manufacture. Instruction was also given in art, science, elocution, literature and general knowledge and the Polytechnic held public lectures by the likes of George Bernard Shaw, J. A. Hobson, Henry M. Stanley, and Ralph Vaughan Williams.

On 10 October 1894, the National School of Bakery and Confectionery (later the National Bakery School) was opened with 78 pupils. In 1897, the Polytechnic was let to sightseers who wished to see the Diamond Jubilee parade for Queen Victoria.

In 1902, the Borough Road building was once again let to sightseers who wished to see the Coronation parade of King Edward VII. Through a donation from Edric Bayley, the Edric Hall was built in 1908, along with the Lancaster Street extension buildings which gave the Polytechnic new bakery rooms, gymnasium, workshops and its triangular campus site.

In 1911, the Governors commissioned Roger Fry to create a set of seven murals to decorate the student dining room with the theme of "London on Holiday". These comprised:
 * "Bathing" and "Football", Duncan Grant
 * Dante Road, London SE11 - geograph.org.uk - 676011.jpg"The Zoo", Roger Fry
 * "The Fair", Frederick Etchells
 * "Toy Sailing Boats", Bernard Adeney
 * "Punch & Judy", MacDonald Gill
 * "Paddling", Albert Rutherston

In 1931, they were sold to the Tate Gallery.

During the First World War, the Polytechnic manufactured munitions and gas masks for the war effort and ran courses for the army. After the War, the National Certificate system was taken up, engineering courses were offered to women in the 1920s and printing classes were dropped and run at Morley College. J W Bispham was elected the new Principal in 1922 when C T Millis retired and a rebuilding scheme was undertaken including a new facade for the Borough Road building. Class numbers increased to 8,682 students by 1927 and on 20 February 1930 the Duke of York officially opened the Polytechnic's new buildings. In 1933, Dr D H Ingall took over as Principal and a sports ground at Turney Road Dulwich was obtained for the Polytechnic. In 1933, farriery was dropped as it was too difficult to bring horses into the building.

During the Second World War, a third of the Polytechnic's campus was destroyed or damaged from the Blitz. Southwark was bombed seven times and its population halved by the end of the War. At the start of the War the boys and girls from the Polytechnic's Trade Schools were evacuated to Exeter. From 1940 to 1941, the Polytechnic was bombed five times but continued to provide hundreds of meals a day to the homeless of Southwark during this period.

From 1945 to 1953, British painter David Bomberg taught art at the Polytechnic forming the 'Borough Group' of artists with his pupils in 1946. In 1956, the Polytechnic was designated a Regional College of Technology and Dr J E Garside was installed as the new Principal until 1965, when Vivian Pereira-Mendoza took over. Further extensions to the buildings were made during the 1960s with the opening of the National College Wing in 1961 and the extension buildings and Tower Block in 1969, which were officially opened by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

In 1970, the Brixton School of Building (founded in 1904), the City of Westminster College (founded in 1918 – and not the same institution as the current City of Westminster College) and the National College of Heating, Ventilating, Refrigeration and Fan Engineering (founded in 1947) merged with the Polytechnic to become the Polytechnic of the South Bank. The new institution adopted a coat of arms designed to include two Thames barges set above a pentagon surrounded by five other pentagons. An official designation service took place the following year, at which Margaret Thatcher was the guest speaker. In 1972 the purpose-built Wandsworth Road site opened, providing space for the Polytechnic's Faculty of the Built Environment, which at the time was the biggest and most comprehensive faculty in Europe for teaching built environment subjects such as surveying, town planning, architecture, civil engineering and other property related professional disciplines. In 1975, the extensive London Road building was opened, providing space for expanding business courses and the library. In 1976 the Battersea College of Education merged with the polytechnic, bringing sites at Manresa House, Roehampton and Manor House, Clapham Common. Battersea College of Education was previously known as Battersea College of Domestic Science (1948 to 1965). Also in 1976, part of Rachel MacMillan College of Education merged with the Polytechnic.

In 1985 South Bank Technopark opened on London Road and in 1987 the Polytechnic changed its name again to become South Bank Polytechnic. In the same year, the British Youth Opera (BYO) was founded and made a home at the Polytechnic's Southwark campus. In 1987, Pauline Perry, Baroness Perry of Southwark was appointed Director, who oversaw the conversion of the Polytechnic into a flagship university.

In 1990, the Polytechnic was accredited for Research Degrees and in 1991 the Central Catering College at Waterloo and South West London College merged with it. In 1992, the newly created Baroness Perry (August 1991) became the University's first Vice-Chancellor.

In 1992, the Polytechnic was granted university status and accordingly changed its name to South Bank University. That year also saw the new university celebrate its centenary and adopt the marketing slogan, "the University without Ivory Towers". In 1993, Gerald Bernbaum was appointed Vice-Chancellor and the Centenary Library was renamed the Perry Library. Redwood College of Health Studies and Great Ormond Street School of Nursing merged with the university in 1995, leading to the establishment of two satellite campuses teaching Health at Havering and Whipps Cross (which closed in 2011).

21st century
In 2001, Deian Hopkin became Vice-Chancellor and the Wandsworth Road site was sold. On 1 September 2003, the university underwent its most recent name change to become London South Bank University (LSBU) and in that year officially opened the Keyworth Centre. Martin Earwicker was appointed Vice-Chancellor in 2009, the year in which another major building on their Southwark campus, the Grimshaw-designed K2, was opened to house the School of Health and Social Care and the Centre for Efficient and Renewable Energy in Buildings (CEREB). The building also houses skills laboratories for the University's nursing students. Further campus developments included a new Student Centre in 2012, followed by an Enterprise Centre in 2013. In 2016 LSBU opened its new media centre, Elephant Studios at LSBU.

On 1 January 2014, Dave Phoenix was appointed Vice-Chancellor.

In 2014 university officials removed a poster featuring the Flying Spaghetti Monster and the stand erected by the students from the South Bank Atheist Society during the Fresher's week, claiming it was "religiously offensive". This action drew criticism from the British Humanist Association which claimed it amounted to "petty censorship in the name of offence".

The LSBU-sponsored University Academy of Engineering South Bank opened its doors to students in September 2014. The purpose-built facility is in the Walworth area of Camberwell and can accommodate 150 students aged 11–19.

Lambeth College is intending to merge with the University.

Campus
The main campus populates a triangular section of roads in the Borough of Southwark, immediately north of the Elephant and Castle. London's South Bank is a short tube or bus journey away from Waterloo or London Bridge. To the north of the campus is Borough Road, where the main entrance is situated and the original building of the Borough Polytechnic Institute. To the west is London Road and to the east is Southwark Bridge Road. At the northwest corner is St George's Circus.

Schiller International University had a campus in the Technopark Building on the London South Bank University property. In August 2011 Schiller stated that it was closing its London campus and will not start the Autumn 2011 semester there, due to stricter student visa requirements in the United Kingdom.

There is a smaller satellite campus in east London: at Havering (LSBU at Havering), diagonally opposite Harold Wood station. A central Croydon campus is due to open in September 2021: it will be at Electric House in Wellesley Road.

Organisation
The university has seven Schools, they are;
 * School of Applied Sciences
 * School of Arts and Creative Industries
 * School of the Built Environment and Architecture
 * School of Business
 * School of Engineering
 * School of Health and Social Care
 * School of Law and Social Sciences

Contraction
The University announced in April 2021 that in 2021 they were not admitting students to study history or human geography.

Academic profile
The British painter David Bomberg taught Art at the Borough Polytechnic between 1945 and 1954. One of the university's halls of residence, David Bomberg House, carries his name and a handful of his works are on display at the University. Major paintings by Bomberg were acquired by the Tate Gallery after his death.

London South Bank University works in partnership with institutions in the UK, Europe, Africa, the Americas and Asia. It currently works closely with the Beijing Institute of Technology, Hunan University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Northwestern Polytechnical University, and the National Academy of Education Administration. The collaborative educational programmes both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels have been running for over ten years with the Chinese partners. LSBU established the first Confucius Institute for Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2007.

Rankings and reputation
In November 2016, the university was named the Entrepreneurial University of the Year at the Times Higher Education Awards.

The Guardian's 2018 league table of teaching excellence ranked the university 92 out of 121 British institutions. The Sunday Times' league table, measuring a number of different factors including teaching quality, research quality and employment rates, ranks the university 120th. However, The Guardian rated LSBU joint 13th for law students.

In the inaugural 2017 Teaching Excellence Framework assessment which ranked the quality of undergraduate teaching across UK universities and applied either a bronze, silver or gold ranking, LSBU was awarded a "Silver" ranking.

Admissions
70% of UK students at London South Bank University are Londoners. Students primarily come from the South London Boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth, Lewisham and Croydon, and the East London Borough of Newham. Around 12% of students are from overseas, which equate to over 3,000 EU and other international students, from more than 130 countries. 56% of the student population are from ethnic minorities and over 80% of the students are classified as mature (21 or over when they start their course).

Notable alumni

 * Sir David Adjaye, architect
 * Anton Balasingham, political strategist and Advisor for LTTE leadership.
 * Patrik Schumacher, architect, company director Zaha Hadid Architects.
 * Wavinya Ndeti, politician
 * Frank Auerbach, painter
 * Shaun Bailey, politician
 * Sue Black, computer scientist
 * Paul Burstow, former politician
 * Mel Calman, cartoonist
 * Edd China, television presenter and engineer
 * June Clark, nurse
 * Dennis Creffield, artist
 * Faith Gibson, British nurse, academic, and researcher
 * Cliff Holden, painter
 * Edna Adan Ismail, former foreign minister of Somaliland
 * Jordan Kensington
 * Leon Kossoff (Art)
 * Don Lawrence (Illustration)
 * Nick Leslau (Surveying)
 * Russel Lissack, musician
 * Norma Major, philanthropist and wife of Sir John Major
 * Shahid Malik, politician
 * Zacarias Moussaoui (International business)
 * Sarah Mullally (Nursing)
 * Bridget Prentice (Law)
 * Yasmin Qureshi, Politician
 * Bali Rai (Politics)
 * Miles Richmond (Art)
 * Joan Ryan, politician
 * Marsha de Cordova, politician
 * Greg Searle
 * Enoch Showunmi (Business)
 * Edward Skoyles
 * Phil Spencer (Estate management)
 * Mike Weatherley, politician
 * Charlie Whiting
 * Kevin McGrath (Estate management)
 * Louise Woodward (Law)

title: London South Bank University


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Talk:Strike action

Dr. Gomez's comment on this article
Dr. Gomez has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

""Canada

On 30 January 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that there is a constitutional right to strike.[17] In this 5-2 majority decision, Justice Rosalie Abella ruled that "[a]long with their right to associate, speak through a bargaining representative of their choice, and bargain collectively with their employer through that representative, the right of employees to strike is vital to protecting the meaningful process of collective bargaining..." [paragraph 24]. This decision adopted the dissent by Chief Justice Brian Dickson in a 1987 Supreme Court ruling on a reference case brought by the province of Alberta. The exact scope of this right to strike remains unclear and will no doubt be subject to further litigation. Prior to this Supreme Court decision the federal and/or provincial governments would introduce "back to work legislation", a special law that blocks the strike action (or a lockout) from happening or continuing on further. Canadian governments would also impose binding arbitration or a new contract on the disputing parties. Back to work legislation was first used in 1950 during a railway strike, and as of 2012 has been used 33 times by the federal government for those parts of the economy that are regulated federally (grain handling, rail and air travel, and the postal service), and in more cases provincially. In addition certain parts of the economy can be proclaimed 'essential services' in which case all strikes are illegal.[18]

Examples include when the government of Canada passed back to work legislation during the 2011 Canada Post lockout and the 2012 CP Rail strike, thus effectively ending the strikes."

This is a well written entry on Strikes (better than than the entry on trade unions.

There is more case law now in Canada that also supports collective bargaining which is the underpinning of the strike action. This case law may be mentioned."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Gomez has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:

 * Reference : Alex Bryson & Rafael Gomez & P Willman, 2008. "Trading Places: Employers, Unions and the Manufacture of Voice," CEP Discussion Papers dp0884, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 18:09, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Origin of the term
Eric Hobsbawm said in one of his books to the effect that strikes were invented several times during industrialization, as evidenced by the disparate etymologies in various (European) languages. I have no reference at hand. Kaihsu (talk) 08:18, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

"Films" section - Proposal to add a third category; "Dramatisations".
In the section "Films", the film "Made In Dagenham" appears in both the fiction & non-fiction sections. This film portrays a real event but is not produced from original film material. I don't believe it can be described strictly as either fiction or non-fiction so propose that it is moved to a new section titled "Dramatisations" (British English) or "Dramatizations" (US English).

There may be other films in the "Films" section that also may be better described in this way but I am not familiar with the others mentioned. Mckenzie Weir (talk) 01:09, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

History - Southwest airlines strikes/sick outs/blue flus/meltdowns in October 2021 over mandates and Dec 2022 from missing IT infrastructure
Is the historic weekend cancellation of over 2000 flights over mandates to stay wiped from our history book? Here is Why You Won’t Get an Official Statement About a Southwest ‘Sick Out’ Over Its Vaccine Mandate - Stillness in the Storm. Let's not perpetuate The Official Story of no blue flu (which I just hotlinked). OK? "Due to legal challenges to the vaccine mandate," Southwest gave up on December 20. Must we resort to (hilarious) comedians to even attempt to report on the news? SWAPA Statement on Southwest’s Holiday Meltdown is clear. I cared (talk) 05:02, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

 * what's your point? I'm tempted to delete your cryptic post per WP:NOTFORUM and WP:NOTBLOG but I'll give you a chance to explain yourself. Carguychris (talk) 13:21, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * What do you mean by point? What's your point, exactly?  Do you dispute that I'm seeking to "resolve problems with articles on the relevant" page, to quote from NOTFORUM?  On what basis?   Seems appropriate as can be.  What specifically do you feel is cryptic about or a violation in my post?  Are you familiar with the gist of https://stillnessinthestorm.com/2021/10/here-is-why-you-wont-get-an-official-statement-about-a-southwest-sick-out-over-its-vaccine-mandate/?  Did you look at or read it?   I cared (talk) 20:32, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Strike action


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Talk:List of heads of state of Argentina

"Acting" is not an adequate link for de facto presidents. I think this formulation should be replaced by "de facto". Andres 15:27, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The correct form seems to be Farrell, not Farrel. I'll make the change. Andres 16:16, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Puerta - Caamaño Presidencies December 2001
Ramón Puerta and Eduardo Caamaño were never actually Presidents of Argentina. Puerta was the "Presidente Provisional del Senado" (Provisional President of the Senate) at the time of the resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa, and Camaño was "Presidente de la Cámara de Diputados" (President of the Lower House") when Rodríguez Saa resigned.

According to the Argentine law (Ley de Acefalía), in case of death or resignation of the President, the VicePresident is to be charged President. Nonetheless, nor De la Rua nor Rodríguez Saa had Vicepresidents at the time. In that case, (always according to Argentine law), the Provisional President of the Senate, or if he she ressigns/dies, the President of the Lower House, has to Provisional assume the Executive power. But these two do not become "President". They act as "Provisional President of the Senate, in exercise of the Executive Power", and the law orders them to call for general elections as soon as possible.

Therefore, Puerta and Caamaño were never Presidents of the country, and their inclusion in the Argentine Presidents list is mistaken.

The media, at the time, called them "presidents", but that is not correct. It would be like calling Cheney "President" everytime that Bush is outside the US, just because in that moment Cheney exercises the Executive branch in the country.

I would suggest to take out Puerta's and Camaño's names form the Argentine Presidents list, as that is a mistake. Otherwise, you should add a reference for this (or any other) further explanation of the issue.

Martin. 29.1.04

 * Is it correct to call them 'acting presidents'? Andres 20:21, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)

State leaders by year
I'm currently working on the State leaders by year project, but there seems to be a period without any formal head of state frome 1820 to 1826. Any ideas how Argentina should be listed for this time period? Fornadan (t) 11:23, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Improving the list
In the early sections it may make sense to keep separate lists of a few entries, Juntas, triumvirates, unipersonal offices, lack of national heads of state, etc; are completely different things. However, since Mitre there's little need to keep those small lists constantly "interrupted" by pieces of text. From that point, it should be a single table. This may be done with a system similar to the one used at List of Presidents of Venezuela, wich is a featured list (a status this list should aspire to achieve as well). I haven't choose that specific list randomly: besides being featured, Venezuela also has a history of legal presidents and presidents that took office after coups, having to make notice of which is which. It is done with entry colours for each party (and military being a "party" for these purposes), and an additional field to notice the way the president took power. Things like the dates when universal suffrage is installed or the start of historical periods (such as the infamous decade or the return to democracy may be noted on the "notes" section, without need to interrupt the list. MBelgrano (talk) 01:46, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Numbering
Cristina Fernández being the 54th president... is there any official numbering? Or is this just Wikipedia's whim? --Againme (talk) 15:00, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No, there's nothing official about it. Even more, the numbering was removed from Wikipedia in Spanish, see es:Discusión:Presidente de la Nación Argentina (of course, in Spanish) MBelgrano (talk) 16:50, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

International relations
There's a little misunderstanding, both here and in some other articles. It is said that Rosas was given the power manage the international relations of Argentina, other times it is said (or implied) that he did so out of hegemony over the other provinces. Either thing is mistaken. This arrangement did not start with Rosas, it started with the fall of Rivadavia. With the lack of national authorities of any kind, the provinces granted a few things to the Governor of Buenos Aires Province (more to the office itself than to whoever is in charge of it) such as managing the international relations. This allowed Manuel Dorrego to formally end the War with Brazil; otherwise it would have stayed an open war up to 1853. Rosas came later. The confusion may be located in the granting of the sum of public power given to Rosas in 1835, which gave him unlimited power. That's another and different thing. Rosas did not receive the power to manage international relations as part of the sum of public power. And, as it can be understood from this context, it was not an act of hegemony of Rosas (meaning, a politician doing things that he isn't legally or politically meant to do, but does so anyway because of his political power), but simply that, for good or bad, the Confederation was arranged that way. If there was an hegemony in this, it was the hegemony of Buenos Aires, which existed long before Rosas and remained long after him. MBelgrano (talk) 18:03, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Puerta and Camaño
I have been checking this list with the info in the book "El final", listed in the bibliography, which makes an overall summary of the careers of all presidents and the way each one took and left government.

At page 263, it rejects the common idea of listing Puerta and Camaño as presidents, or the myth of the 5 presidents in 10 days. It states that neither the reading of the law of lack of president, the involved politicians or any constitutionalists agree with it: the idea accepted in those fields is that there were 3 presidents, De la Rúa, Rodríguez Saá and Duhalde.

The popular recognition to the "Five presidents" thing seems to have started at the US, where some TV humorist (not mentioned) was making jokes about Bush and mentioned a terrible fate for him, the one that took place in Argentina days before, with 5 presidents. The joke became popular, both in the US and in Argentina. After all, as the book points, if someone wants to provide shocking info to illustrate the chaotic days of 2001 in Argentina, 5 is more shocking than 3.

If we view things from this angle, it seems clear that Puerta and Camaño should be removed from here. The perspective of specialists take precedence over "popular" or shocking perspectives, if they are incorrect.

For a similar reason, I suggest removing as well the "Third Triumvirate" that ruled interim for 2 days. I have plenty of history books about the time period, and I have yet to find one making any mention of it. MBelgrano (talk) 02:41, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * They should go and so does a so called Third Triumvirate. Unless there are un-impeachable sources as you well know. Rumors and common folklore don't belong in the list. -- Alexf(talk) 12:36, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Cisneros
What should we do with Cisneros? Should we left him here, or remove him?

By one side, it is correct that he was president of a Junta. For just one day, rigth, but he wasn't meant to be interim (at least, not more than the Primera Junta itself; you surely know the details very well). He did make the oath of office and all the stuff.

On the other side, I doubt we will ever find any source including him as a head of state of Argentina of any nature. The "birth" of Argentina, the government regarded as the first national one, is the Primera Junta, headed by Saavedra, which was actually ousting the Cisneros junta. I included him a long time ago when I included as well a list of viceroys, my idea by then was to simply include anyone that ever ruled in the lands that would become Argentina; and the mention of Cisneros helped to understand the political chaos (the Junta ruled in Buenos Aires, but the Viceroy in Montevideo rejected such authorithy).

In more broad terms, the right question should be, when should we start counting heads of state? 9 of july of 1816? 25 of May of 1810? The creation of the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata? The establishment of Buenos Aires? The viceroys of Peru? MBelgrano (talk) 22:31, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I favor starting the list with the First National Government, as Argentina officially recognises the first non-colonial predecessor state of modern Argentina. Salut, --IANVS (talk) 00:11, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Parties
Other lists of heads of state include a colour scheme at the fields or at the side to note the political parties. I did not include it because in those other cases there are a handful of parties, but here there are so many that it would become a colourful rainbow that would say very little. But now that I think of it, we may reduce them all into a colour scheme of 5 parties (Federals, Unitarians, Justicialists, Radicals, and Military), by grouping alliances or split parties with their main ones. De la Rúa was elected with the Alianza, and Kirchner with the Front for Victory, but if seen from a global perspective I doubt anyone would reject grouping them with the radicals and peronists. MBelgrano (talk) 03:00, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Color code
I strongly disagree with the proposed color code. It's oversimplifying to have the same color for Concordance governments and military governments, to reduce the Alianza to its UCR part, etc. Moreover, the trimming of the Affiliations box is brutal and unjustifiable. I'll remove until some sort of an accord can be established. --IANVS (talk) 16:59, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I have proposed this 20 days ago. If we use different colour codes for each specific small-lived party or political alliance, most colours would be used only once, becoming meaningless. After all, the relation of De la Rúa with the UCR is clear for everybody, regardless of the Frepaso presence in his government. A similar thing goes for the Concordance: the UCR was proscripted, they openly accepted that they made electoral fraud, and Justo had been already involved with the 1930 coup, who would deny that they are related? It would be easier if we were like Uruguay, with just Blancos and Colorados (and now the Frente Amplio) from the civil wars to modern day, but we aren't.
 * In any case, this simplification applies only to the colours. There is a box at each entry to detail which specific party or alliance was the one in government each time. MBelgrano (talk) 18:42, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Re the box at entry, the previous version should stay, it was far more informative and useful. The color code can be overimposed over that same table. Simplificating Argentine parties and alliances to that minimum denominator you proposed is absurd and ultimately useless. BTW; the code should at least be discussed first at talk page. For example, Concordance was an alliance of parties not related to the military, except for the figure of Justo. Nor it was its project linked to Uriburu's coup. Salut, --IANVS (talk) 20:04, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Have in mind that many readers at this project may not be much aware of Argentine politics: they may recognize Cristina, Néstor, Perón, perhaps Galtieri, and not many more. And for a stranger, all party names would seem like equal things, they wouldn't be able to recognize the "main" party and the secondary small parties that came from those unless we point so. Without a code that simplifies things, people would have to think that Cámpora, Menem and Kirchner are all from unrelated parties, or that Alfonsín, De la Rúa and Frondizi are from different parties as well. Which may be true, but only from a purely technical/legalist way. In either case, it's always peronism and radicalism each. All people recognize it that way, and the code is a good way to reflect that. Our number of parties is not as stable as in Uruguay, but it isn't either as chaotic as this list with so much parties would suggest to the unaware foreign reader MBelgrano (talk) 02:47, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not opposed to group Peronists and Radicals under a single color code, for example, but some clarifications have to be made and some questions arise. For example, the Alianza was not solely the UCR, and that has to be noted; considering the logic you propose for labeling the De la Rúa period as a radical period, we also should not that the UCR-Antipersonalista was government during the Concertación period... so ¿should the Ortíz government be coded as a radical government?
 * I favor that some historic formations (peronists, radicals, etc.) are to be labeled under a single code color, but a more detailed account of the particular governmental formations (such as the current affiliations infobox) should remain, as they are a positive improvement for the better understanding of the different periods and variable coalitions in Argentina. I propose mixing the two infobox proposals.

 * Re the adscriptions
 * Pedernera was Unitarian, at least until Caseros. Although I don't know under what affiliation did he became Vice-President under Derqui, but I doubt he should be labeled as Federal.
 * Avellaneda was from the National Party (a liberal party).... by the same logic, Sarmiento can also be adscribed as liberal.
 * Mitre was from the Autonomist Party, as far as I know (same logic regarding his liberal position as in Avellaneda and Sarmiento)

 * Regarding the last two cases, if we are to take into account the political views of the governments instead of their formal adscription, then we'd have to distinguish R. Sáenz Peña and F. Alcorta from the other PAN governments (also C. Pellegrini); C. Menem from most other Peronist governments; the "Lomos Negros" from Rosista Federals, etc.

 * Salut, --IANVS (talk) 03:18, 30 November 2010 (UTC).

Proposal
Here a proposal for the color key box format. The "liberal" grouping is quite vague, but it should include Mitre, Sarmiento and Avellaneda. I did not incluide the PAN under "Conservative", because it was actually a big tent party that mostly behave as a Latin American 19th Century Liberal Party (Church-State separation, Education policies, Foreign Trade and Investment, etc.). Any further information about Pedernera's or Mitre's actual affiliations? BTW, I think we should background colour the "affiliations" column on the table, creating one extra column for this is excessive. Salut, --IANVS (talk) 08:28, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Colour key (for political parties)  {{legend|Pink|Federal (19th Century Federals) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|LightBlue|Unitarian (19th Century Centralists) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|White|Liberal - Liberal Party? National Party? (19th Century Liberals) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Teal|National Autonomist Party (1874–1916) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Red|Radicals - UCR (founded 1891), UCR-A (1924–1946), UCRI (1956–1972), UCRP (1957–1972), Alianza (UCR, FREPASO) (1997–2001) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Brown|Conservative - Concordancia (UCR-A, PSI, PDN) (1931–1943), PDN (1931–1955) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Blue|Peronists - Laborist (1945–1947), PJ (founded 1947), FJL (1972–1974), FPV (since 2003) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|Green|Military (Acting on behalf of the Armed Forces) |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

It seems right, but check again the way things were arranged before. The colour code was not included as a new column, it was placed inside the column of the order number. We may ask somewhere how to make it more narrow, if it was too big. I took the basic code from List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, which was pointed to me as an example of how should a featured list be, but for some reason that list makes smaller columns than here. Besides, adding colour to the whole row makes it more difficult to read the text inside, and should be used just for tables with rows of a single line each (not the case here).

I will check the affiliations things in some days. MBelgrano (talk) 12:00, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Date of Quintana's term ending.
On Quintana's page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Quintana), it states that Quintana died in office on 3/12/1906). In the list of Argentine Presidents, it has him resigning on 1/25/1906.  Does anyone know which is the correct date that Quintana left office and was succeeded by José Figueroa Alcorta? Jtyroler (talk) 07:06, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

"Free" elections
Hi. This list states that Kirchner and Fernández, etc, were elected by "direct free elections". By law, in Argentina elections are not free, but mandatory. --Againme (talk) 21:34, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

 * "Free" means that there were no anomalies in the elections, such as fraud (as with Justo or Ortiz) or proscriptions (as with Justo or Frondizi). If you check the whole table, not just the last two entries, you will notice that each one points the way each head of state got to power. Cambalachero (talk) 00:21, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

In fact the mandatory are the vote, not the elections, that is a vital difference--152.170.10.135 (talk) 21:04, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

"Indirect Proscribed Elections"
Can we define this in the article? I understand the "indirect" part, but what do "proscribed" elections entail? --Lacarids (talk) 02:15, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Peer Review
I'd like to add this list for peer reviewing so as to make it to the featured lists, but I forgot the user account I used to use here in WP. If someone can help on this one, I'd be most grateful. Salut, 181.95.113.137 (talk) 02:20, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * There were some comments in Featured list candidates/List of heads of state of Argentina/archive1 Cambalachero (talk) 02:39, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok, MBelgrano (right?). I've read it, but I think the list is quite improved since then. Maybe the intro should be somewhat trimmed. But I'd like some reviewing of the list as it stands right now. Salut, --181.95.113.137 (talk) 03:05, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

"Free elections"
Elections, by law, are not free in Argentina; they are mandatory. Maybe this should be addressed... --181.47.180.243 (talk) 08:59, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

Mate, by law the vote are mandatory, not the election, the election is free, you are forced to vote but by whoever you want--152.170.10.135 (talk) 21:06, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Heads of State
I think that if article's name is Heads of State we should add provisional presidents (such as Puerta, Camaño and Pinedo) to the list. Because a provisional (or ar in charge interim) president it's indeed a head of state!

Wikipediow (talk) 05:19, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

They are provisional presidents of the Senate, not of the Republic--152.170.10.135 (talk) 21:08, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Heads of State
So Camaño and Puerta have been added but Pinedo is remaining.

Wikipediow (talk) 20:54, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Why is Federico Pinedo included among the list of presidents?
Why did you include Federico Pinedo among the list of head of states even though the official Presidential website doesn't include him?--Joseph Solis in Australia (talk) 11:09, 21 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The list says heads of state of Argentina, for 12 hours, Pinedo was the president of Argentina, there is plenty of RS saying so even though the Casa Rosada website doesn't. - SantiLak  (talk) 20:16, 21 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Suuuuure, let's ignore the official website. This went too far. Pinedonotpresident (talk) 00:28, 22 July 2017 (UTC)
 * If Pinedo wasn't the head of state then neither were Puerta or Camaño, but they were the head of state, the casa rosada website not listing him doesn't change reality, but don't tell Pinedonotpresident that.- SantiLak  (talk) 00:31, 22 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Puerta and Camaño were head of state because there wasn't a president at the time. Pinedo wasn't head of state because Macri was president. See, there can't be two heads of state at the same time. This is simple, the *legal*, *official*, *judicial*, and *academic* sources mention that Pinedo wasn't president. Some *media* mention that he was. And for you what media says prevails. Suuuuuure, dude. Let's edit Dewey's article, he was president. Pinedonotpresident (talk) 00:35, 22 July 2017 (UTC) PS: For more, see the first section of this talk... 2004, also section #6 from 2010. You are breaking a clear consensus here.
 * There was no president, Macri wasn't sworn in and CFK's term ended, a judge said Pinedo would act as president for those 12 hours and as he was in the position of head of state, Pinedo should be listed. It is pretty simple, RS and the judiciary call him the acting president, but you with no judicial or academic sources come and say that because of semantics, he wasn't acting president because the title doesn't exist specifically in Argentine law and because of that we should ignore reality in which he was acting president. You also seem to keep on bringing up Dewey, if you're going to try and ridicule me, at least use an accurate example in which the person held the power of the presidency, something that Dewey never did. Also the casa rosada website lists Camaño and Puerta, but hey lets just ignore that and listen to three total users, which by the way doesn't make consensus. I await your furious response claiming i'm an idiot who can't read. Cheers - SantiLak  (talk) 00:52, 22 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh, so you are taking it personal... Anyway, you said that is was a "fair point" the argument about Macri having a full 4-year term, now you said that there was no president. Yes, now you contradict yourself... Let's add one more to the count. Let's see...
 * -"There was no president". FALSE. Macri was. Remember, you said "fair point"...
 * -"judge said Pinedo would act as president for those 12 hours and as he was in the position of head of state". FALSE. No word of the judge regarding head of state.
 * -"judiciary call him the acting president". FALSE. No word of the judge regarding "acting president".
 * -"you with no judicial or academic sources". FALSE. Judge rule is my source and I also presented two sources from constitutional experts.
 * -"say that because of semantics". FALSE. I never said this is about semantics.
 * -"ignore reality in which he was acting president". FALSE. We should ignore fiction in which he was acting president.
 * -"at least use an accurate example in which the person held the power of the presidency". That's exactly my point. Media said that for someone who even didn't held the power of president. So, yes, let's trust the media.
 * -"casa rosada website lists Camaño and Puerta, but hey lets just ignore that". FALSE. I just explained about this. That's the opposite of ignoring.
 * -"listen to three total users". FALSE. I'm counting more. Either way, this is more than one user...
 * Pinedonotpresident (talk) 01:13, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

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This article is one of the worst articles of wikipedia presidents that were not, etc.
First of all I am Argentine, I know more than many of you who are foreigners. The chronology of presidents is really bad, terrible even. The list has rulers who were not presidents and who did not consider themselves heads of state. There are presidents who are of more than they exerted like official presidents (Rawson, Louder, Pinedo, Alfredo Oscar Saint-Jean, Carlos Alberto Lacoste, Horacio Tomás Liendo, Enrique Martinez, Marcos Paz, Coornelio Saavedra, Domingo Matheu, Feliciano Chiclana, Sarratea, Paso, Pueyrredón, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, Antonio Álvarez Jonte, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Juan Larrea, Carlos María De Alvear, San Martín, Matias de Irigoyen, Rondeau, Sarratea, Alvarez Thomas, Aguirre, Balcarce, Ildefonso Ramos Mexia, Estaninslao Soler, Dorrego, LAs Heras, Martin Rodriguez, VIcente Lopez Y Planes, Juan LAvalle, Viamonte, Rosas, Maza and Pedernera and their repeated mandates, etc.) The chronology begins in 1826 and the list of OFFICIAL PRESIDENTS RECOGNIZED BY THE HOUSE OF GOVERNMENT AND BELOW I WILL LEAVE THE LINK IS THIS:

Bernardino Rivadavia (1826-1827) Justo José de Urquiza (1854-1860) Santiago Derqui (1860-1861) Bartolomé Mitre (1862-1868) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1868-1874) Nicolas Avellaneda (1874-1880) Julio Argentino Roca (1880-1886) Miguel Juarez Celman (1886-1890) Carlos Pellegrini (1890-1892) Luis Saenz Peña (1892-1895) José Evaristo Uriburu (1895-1898) Julio Argentino Roca (1898-1904) Manuel Quintana (1904-1906) Victorino De La Plaza (1906-1910) Roque Saenz Peña (1910-1914) Victorino De La PLaza (1914-1916) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916-1922) Marcelo Torcuato De Alvear (1922-1928) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1928-1930) José Felix Uriburu (De Facto) (1930-1932) Agustín Pedro Justo (1932-1938) Pedro Marcelino Ortiz (1938-1942) Ramón S. Castillo (1942-1943) Pedro Pablo Ramirez (De Facto) (1943-1944) Edelmiro Farrell (De Facto) (1944-1946) Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1952) Juan Domingo Perón (1952-1955) Eduardo Lonardi (De Facto) (1955) Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (De Facto) (1955-1958) Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) José María Guido (1962-1963) Arturo Umberto Illia (1963-1966) Juan Carlos Onganía (De Facto) (1966-1970) Roberto Marcelo Levingston (De Facto) (1970-1971) Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (De Facto) (1971-1973) Hector José Campora (1973) Juan Domingo Perón (1973-1974) María Estela Martinez De Perón (1974-1976) Jorge Rafael Videla (De Facto) (1976-1981) Roberto Eduardo Viola (De Facto) (1981) Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri (De Facto) (1981-1982) Reynaldo Benito Bignone (De Facto) (1982-1983) Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (1983-1989) Carlos Saúl Menem (1989-1995) Carlos Saúl Menem (1995-1999) Fernando De La Rúa (1999-2001) Federico Ramón Puerta (2001) Eduardo Oscar Camaño (2001) Eduardo Alberto Duahlde (2002-2003) Néstor Carlos Kirchner (2003-2007) Cristina Fernández De Kirchner (2007-2011) Cristina Fernández De Kirchner (2011-2015) Mauricio Macri (2015-Present) Link Of The Source: https://www.casarosada.gob.ar/nuestro-pais/galeria-de-presidentes — Preceding unsigned comment added by Manuel francisco garcia blaya (talk • contribs) 14:29, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Perón's last vice president
In the table, Juan Perón's last vice president, Alberto Teisaire, is shown as serving from May 7, 1954 to September 16, 1955. But the article on Teisaire says that he held on until he resigned on September 23, the same date that Eduardo Lonardi, the leader of the coup, moved up from provisional president to "official" president. Even though Lonardi obviously didn't want him, Teisaire was still constitutionally the vice president for those three days that Lonardi was provisional president.

I believe that Teisaire should be shown as having served from May 7, 1954 to September 23, 1955, and that he should be shown as vice president during Lonardi's three days as provisional president. I tried for many hours to edit the table accordingly, and could not do so. Could somebody with more knowledge do the editing, or is there some reason this cannot be changed? Rontrigger (talk) 08:59, 23 August 2020 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Multiethnic society

Misleading
This page is rather misleading. Aren't all modern nations multiethnic, especially those of Europe? It is clear that France, Spain, Britain, or Germany are essentially monocultural, but they clearly are not monoethnic at all and are today moving towards a greater recognition of their national minorities (Wales, Scotland, Catalonia, Brittany, Basques Country etc.)

This page seems to presuppose that because European countries do not attract as many new immigrants as the USA or Canada, they are not open to foreign influences. In reality, living in modern Europe is the best thing that a human can possibly do to experience multiple cultures.

If Nation-States were, in the past, under certain regimes, defined in ethic terms, this doesn't mean that it expressed the reality of the time, and certainly not that of today.

Besides, when nationality is dissociated from ethnic origin through equal citizenship for all, which is the case for most modern nations of Europe and America, it inevitably gives birth to multiethnic societies.

The only thing that ancient China, Yugoslavia, the Roman Empire, and the Soviet Union have in common is imperialism, which is the imposition of a dominant nation's policies on that of neighboring, annexed or conquered peoples. These cannot be seriously considered valid multiethnic societies, for they were constructed at the expense of the weaker nations.

Every nation can be, and often is, a multiethnic society. I fail to see how that can be debated. As for a multinational ensemble, I think only modern Europe fits the definition and let's hope that, one day, all the Earth will be politically and economically integrated in a similar fashion. -- Mathieugp

 * Mathieu, I see what you mean, but I think the polyethnic state is one that actively recognizes or accomodates other ethnicities, hence the line integrate different ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture, race, and history under a common social identity larger. For example, gypsies fall outside this definition in many countries.  Also, the Catalans, and Basque aren't ethnicities but national minorities.  Malandi 18:26, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That was precisely my point. integrate different ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture, race, and history under a common social identity larger is a very good definition of a modern nation-state. The integration of differences can only be made through a common point of reference, which a common language provides. Most of the time, this common language is the language of the ethnic majority (or else dominant minority) of a given state.

 * The opposition made, in the very first sentence, between "Multiethnic societies, in contrast to nationalistic societies" is overly partisan in addition to being a false dichotomy. Among States where the majority has defined citizenship in mostly territorial terms, you see various levels of "openess" when it comes to officially recognizing group rights to ethnic minorities. In the "spectrum of openess", there is no such thing as "Multiethnic" societies on one end and "nationalistic" societies on the other. The vocabulary is biased and let people think that nationalism necessarily implies shutting the door to "others" which is not true. -- Mathieugp 18:21, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

You know, I think I agree with the top comment. Nearly very society is multiethnic. Things like "nationalism" and "mutliculturalism" are strategies -- my two examples are, of course, not mutually exclusive -- for managing the relations between ethnicities. While I suppose it is possible to make a good contribution to knowledge through an article talking about the characteristics of multiethnic societies, I must say that in my opinion this is an excessively difficult article to do well, because it cuts across comparative sociology in a way that is not done often in established literature.AnotherBDA 03:32, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Hmm, see: French_headscarf_law. That kind of thing can only happen in a multi-ethnic society (it's a collision between different ethnic points of view). I daren't comment on spain so I've left that in, but it seems fairly unlikely that spain is any different. They get a lot of (illegal) immigration from Morocco across the straits of gibraltar. Apparently europe has become an immigration zone, and this is causing rather large changes throughout the region. I'd think at least all EU members would be multi-ethnic societies by now. I guess that the existence of airplanes and automobiles since the last century has changed the landscape, and very few pure single-ethnic societies still remain at all. 131.174.88.151 09:12, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Croatia?
Croatia is listed under "..that no longer exist". However Croatia oh-very-much still exist, it just stopped being a multiethnic society (and became a monoethnic). So...? --PaxEquilibrium 00:05, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Major revisions or complete rewrite?
Looking quickly at this page and the comments above, I'm tempted to suggest that the article could use a thorough revision or rewrite. "Multiethnic" is not well defined, "multiethnic society" could describe as others have mentioned, just about every society to one degree or another. There are assumptions built in to some discussions such as the role of language, violence in the encounter of different ethnicities, etc. A rewrite would have to better account for the realities and shed some of the assumptions (i.e., more of an NPV). It also could discuss a wider range of "multiethnic societies" such as many long existing ones in Africa and Asia. This is a quick evaluation only - maybe there should be an "expert attention" banner on the article page. --A12n 13:17, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Current multi-ethnic societies
Umm, is one "Current multi-ethnic societies" list more current than the other? -- Sy / (talk) 19:59, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

The lack of scientific methodology
Of course, it does seem that there is a difference between multi-ethnic societies and multi-racial societies. There should be two separate wiki articles on these two concepts.

I remember reading something about "genetic similarity and ethnic nationalism". I thought most of this paper was quite irrelevant until I read a section which outlined how even rats and mice will not cannibalise one another (under finite food conditions) when they can sense (via smell) that they are related by blood to the other competitor rat. Thus, humans are not dissimilar to their mammal counterparts in many of the behaviours that they exhibit.

This may seem like a ludicrous point in relation to the multiethnic society point, but it is not, even slight differences in smell would imply that one is not related by blood to another (humans having the ability to sense racial AND ethnic differences via the use of smell).

Of course, individual politics is a different matter that depends upon the circumstances and political histories of nations. But then I digress.

Ethnic and Racial Morality
It seems to me that kin-selection and in-group preferences in evolutionary psychology are valid articles that those interested in this subject matter could contribute to - any comments here?

Failure
It would be interesting to have a look at genocide studies and statistics that are associated with multiethnic societies. I have a firm belief that most historical (and even present) multi-ethnic societies are inherently democidally inclined - that is, it is possible to infer (from indirect sources, such as the number of missing names from phone books), how many people have been killed by the mechanisms of the state. In these regards, multi-ethnic societies are intrinsically more democidally inclined than mono-ethnic ones due to the reliance upon power to preserve the status quo of the dominant ethnic group. This could be mathematically formalised via the use of population sampling statistics (and has been done, in regards to, say, Stalin's Purges, where loss estimates are derived from phone book records).

U.N.
I put a "neutrality disputed" tag after "The ultimate step in multiethnic integration is the U.N., whose goal is to ensure the peaceful coexistence of as many different countries or ethnic groups as possible". Both claims (that the U.N. is the ultimate step and that its true goal is as stated) are very much debatable.
 * And unsourced.Hobson (talk) 02:22, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

All cities
Is there really not one city in the world which is not multi-ethnic? Is every single Japanese city multi-ethnic, for example? Hobson 01:22, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Current multi-ethnic societies
2 Current multi-ethnic societies

3 Historic multi-ethnic societies

4 Current multi-ethnic societies

What the difference between 2nd and 4th? --Skabbit 14:35, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Was about to ask the same question, why is there 2 sections for the same thing.  T Rex  | talk  19:49, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Why Poland?
Poland seems to stick out among the examples. I feel that some explanation should be given for why it is included. There's been a lot of back-and-forth mud slinging between Russia and Poland recently, and I'm worried that the mention of Poland as a "monoethnic" society is yet one more sling in this controversy. Is there any reason to say that Poland is more "monoethnic" or less "multiethnic" than the other eastern block states? Why is it specifically given as an example? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.118.84.141 (talk) 03:18, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Because it's monoethnic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.32.61.96 (talk • contribs) 17:12, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Rewrite
Given the above complaints, and the fact that the article had remained completely unsourced since it was established in August 2003, I've taken the liberty of returning it to a stub article with some basic, referenced, material. Please feel free to help expand it further, using sources as necessary. Cordless Larry (talk) 08:18, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multiethnic society


text:
Westfield Group

Westfield Group was an Australian shopping centre company that existed from 1960 to 2014, when it split into two independent companies: Scentre Group, which owns and operates the Australian and New Zealand Westfield shopping centre portfolio; and Westfield Corporation, which continued to own and operate the American and European centre portfolio.

Westfield Group undertook ownership, development, design, construction, funds/asset management, property management, leasing, and marketing activities. The multinational company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and had interests in and operated one of the world's largest shopping centre portfolios with investment interests in 103 shopping centres across Australia, the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, France, Sweden, Austria, Germany, Croatia, Poland, Czech Republic and Brazil, encompassing around 23,000 retail outlets and total assets under management in excess of A$63 billion.

History
The Westfield Group had origins in the western suburbs of Sydney. The first development was named "Westfield Place", and opened in July 1959 in Blacktown. The name Westfield is derived from "west" related to the West Sydney location, and "field" due to having located on subdivided farmland. The centre was opened by John Saunders and Frank Lowy.

The company was floated on the Australian Securities Exchange in 1960 and built another five centres in New South Wales before expanding into Victoria and Queensland in 1966–67. For the first half of 1971, Westfield reported earnings of $886,382.

The expansion into the United States began with the purchase of the Trumbull Shopping Park in Connecticut in 1977, and was followed by three centres in California, Michigan and Connecticut in 1980 and three centres in California, New Jersey and Long Island, New York in 1986. In 1994 Westfield joined with General Growth and Whitehall Real Estate to purchase 19 centres for US$1 billion. Westfield seems to form clusters of centres on particular cities or within a small number of states. They built considerable holdings on the East Coast and in California before expanding into the Midwest. By 2005, the company owned centres in 15 US states.

In the 1990s, Westfield began a major expansion to New Zealand, where they mostly bought existing shopping centres of the Fletchers company, progressively rebranding them. Only in 2007, with Westfield Albany, did the company open a fully new centre in the country.

On 9 May 2006, Westfield announced the sale of eight United States shopping centres which it deemed to fit outside its strategic plan, to Centro Properties Group.

In April 2012 it was announced that the Westfield Group would sell seven non-core property assets to Starwood Capital Group for A$1 billion and one other property to an undisclosed buyer for A$147 million. The funds would be used to repay debt and invest in businesses offering higher return. The sales were expected to be completed by mid–2012.

In 2015, a group of terrorists wanted to blow up the Westfield London but they were stopped by police. They wanted the bombing to be around the same day as that of the 2005 London attacks anniversary.

Operations
Despite the Westfield Group's asset dimensions, the Westfield Group was strongly controlled by the Lowy Family Group, including non-executive chairman, Frank Lowy, one of its founders. Lowy's two younger sons, Steven and Peter, were joint managing directors.

Australia
Having been established in Australia, with their original premises being at Blacktown, the Westfield Group continued to operate a large number of shopping centres in Australia.

A feature of ticketless parking at Westfield Miranda, Westfield Hurstville, Westfield Bondi Junction and Westfield Doncaster was that SMS alerts were provided for when the shopper's three free hours of parking were about to expire and when the shopper left the centres. This feature was removed in 2016 due to concerns that the system could be used to track the movements of others by giving the wrong car numberplate on registration of the phone number.

United States
Westfield entered the United States market in 1977. In September 2003 the company received $17.3 million as a party in the insurance claim following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. On 18 February 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that Westfield had agreed to acquire 15 stores from Federated Department Stores, all but three in southern California. On 9 May 2006, Westfield sold eight United States shopping centres to Centro Properties Group. As of 2024, Westfield owned 16 malls in the United States.

New Zealand
Westfield entered the New Zealand market in 1997 and acquired an interest in the St Lukes Group portfolio in 1998. Westfield malls became by far the most numerous chain in New Zealand, with six of its 12 centres in Auckland, including their largest development located in Albany. Westfield had NZ$2.8 billion in assets under management in New Zealand. In mid-2012, Westfield sold its 50% share of Westfield Shore City in Takapuna on Auckland's North Shore, now known as Shore City Shopping Centre, and over the next five years sold, or divested itself of its interest in, six of the remaining stores. It now has five stores nationwide, four of them in Auckland.

United Kingdom
As of 2014, before Westfield Corporation was created, Westfield had an interest in two shopping centres in England and Northern Ireland.

By far its most significant asset was Westfield's 50% partnership in the £1.6b Westfield London development in Shepherd's Bush, West London. The development included the construction of a new railway station for the London Overground and Southern services, and a new entrance for the London Underground station.

Westfield owned the Westfield Stratford City and also controlled the Stratford City redevelopment project next to 2012 Olympic park in Stratford in east London, having acquired the 75% of the project that it did not already own.

Westfield was the developer behind the troubled Broadway shopping development in Bradford after acquiring Stannifer in 2004.

On 9 October 2007 Westfield opened the £340m extension and refurbishment of Derby's Eagle Centre, which saw the shopping centre rebranded Westfield Derby. The centre was subsequently sold to Intu in 2014.

Westfield were reviewing plans with the Whitgift Foundation to rebuild the Whitgift Centre in Croydon in South London.

Relationship with tenants
The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission investigated several disputes between the Westfield Group and its tenants. In 2004 the Commission found Westfield was abusing its market and commercial power in settling disputes with tenants, and forced Westfield to formally undertake to not engage in "Unconscionable conduct and intimidation" of tenants.

Also in Australia, Westfield fee structures and policies were criticised by retailers who operated in centres that had been taken over by the company. Retailers suggested that when centres were acquired there should be more cooperation between the new operators and existing tenants in bringing shops up to the corporate standards of the Westfield Group, and increases in rent (required to operate a shopping centre with high standards of fittings and services) should be staged with the required improvements in fittings.

Relationship with competition
In Liverpool, Australia in 2002, a competing shopping centre was lodged to Liverpool City Council and subsequently built. The centre would be about three kilometres from Westfield Liverpool.

title: Westfield Group


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User talk:169.244.70.148

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Brianlichty/Baltic Avenue

A tag has been placed on User:Brianlichty/Baltic Avenue requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

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"Caiman (Star Fox)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Caiman (Star Fox). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 May 15 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC  678  07:38, 15 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.244.70.148


text:
Nördlingen

Nördlingen (Swabian: Nearle or Nearleng) is a town in the Donau-Ries district, in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, with a population of approximately 20,674. It is located approximately 115 km east of Stuttgart, and 145 km northwest of Munich. It was built in an impact crater 15 million years old and 25 km in diameter—the Nördlinger Ries—of a meteorite which hit with an estimated speed of 70,000 km/h, and left the area riddled with an estimated 72,000 tons of micro-diamonds.

Nördlingen was first mentioned in recorded history in 898. The town was the location of two battles during the Thirty Years' War, which took place between 1618 and 1648. Today it is one of very few towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls - joining the ranks of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Dinkelsbühl and Berching.

Another attraction in the town is Saint George's Church's 90 m steeple, called "Daniel", which is made of a suevite impact breccia that contains shocked quartz. Other notable buildings are the town hall (which dates to the 13th century), St. Salvator church and the Spital, a former medieval hospital. The Ries crater museum is located in the well-preserved medieval tanners' quarter.

The city is home to several other museums, such as the Bavarian Railway Museum, the Nördlingen city museum (Stadtmuseum), the city wall museum (Stadtmauermuseum) and Augenblick museum. The latter has panoramas, magic lanterns, silent films, barrel organs, pianolas, music boxes and gramophones.

Nördlingen is also known for the Scharlachrennen (Scarlet Race), a horse race tournament that was first mentioned in 1463. Since World War II, it has expanded to include eventing, jumping and dressage.

Prehistory and Celtic period
Finds in the Ofnet Caves near the city show that the site of present-day Nördlingen was already inhabited in the late Palaeolithic. In the Large Ofnet, in 1908 archaeologist R. R. Schmidt found two dish-shaped pits in which human skulls were lying "like eggs in flat baskets". In the larger pit were 27 skulls and in the other there were 6 skulls. The skulls were arranged concentrically with their faces turned towards the setting sun. They were all covered with a thick layer of red ochre. The skulls have been dated to the 7th millennium BC. In the area around Nördlingen, additional sites dating to almost all of the subsequent prehistoric epochs have been discovered. Particularly important was an area on the eastern edge of the district Baldingen, where settlements have been found belonging to the Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, the Bronze Age Urnfield culture, and the Celtic Iron Age Hallstatt and La Tène cultures.

Roman Empire
The area which includes present-day Nördlingen was part of the Roman province of Raetia, but little research has been conducted on the city's Roman period. A Roman villa has been excavated in the district of Holheim, and can be visited today. Another villa with an adjoining burial ground has been identified in the Baldingen district. A settlement (vicus), built in 85 C.E., occupied the southern part of the city until 259–260 C.E., when it was destroyed during the conquest of what is now southern Germany by the Germanic-speaking Alemanni tribes. The Roman settlement may have been the one known as Septemiacum, which is supposed to have been built between 80-300 C.E., although it is possible that this particular settlement was actually located at a different site such as Oberdorf, leaving the name of the settlement at Nördlingen uncertain.

Middle Ages
The Alemannic people occupied the Nördlingen area during the 6th and 7th centuries, during which time the region was gradually Christianized under the Merovingian dynasty, and several burial grounds from this period have been discovered. The name "Nordilinga" is first found in documents of the Carolingian royal court dating from 898, and the city today celebrates this as the date of its "foundation". Under the rule of the Bishops of Regensburg, Nördlingen grew into an important market town.

In 1215, Nördlingen was granted city rights by Emperor Frederick II and became imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. In that year, the first city wall was built, the footprint of which is still visible today. In a document dating to 1219, the Nördlinger Pfingstmesse ("Nördlingen Pentecost fair") was first mentioned, an event which continues as a folk festival in the city to the present day. Thanks to Nördlingen's location at the crossroads of two major trade routes (Frankfurt / Würzburg-Augsburg and Nuremberg-Ulm), it became an important trading center for grain, livestock, textiles, furs, and metal goods. Besides Frankfurt am Main, Nördlingen was one of the most important long-distance trade fairs in the region.

In 1238, a fire destroyed much of Nördlingen, but the city quickly recovered. Three generations later, a large number of craftsmen, especially tanners and weavers, settled outside the city walls. In 1327 the present-day circular wall was built, which increased the size of the walled portion of the city fourfold. 1427 saw the start of construction on St. George's Church.

In the year 1472 the court case against the brothel owners Linhardt Freiermuth and his wife Barbara Taschenfeind is recorded in the city's court records. The starting point of the trial was the charge of forced abortion on the prostitute Els von Eystett. The court convicted the owners and banished the husband from the city. His wife was branded on the forehead and pilloried. The associated 40 parchment pages in the Nördlingen city archives give unique insight into the conditions of a brothel in this time period.

Early modern period
In 1529, the city was part of the Protestation at Speyer, which sought to allow the unimpeded spread of the Protestant Reformation. In 1555, the Reformation in Nördlingen was finally completed. In 1579, Mayor Peter Seng (1512–1589) signed the Lutheran Formula of Concord.

The witch trials in the early modern period in Nördlingen have been well documented. Between 1589 and 1598, 34 women and one man were burned at the stake for the crime of witchcraft, and one co-defendant midwife, Barbara Lierheimer, died while in custody. The trials of Maria Holl and Rebecca Lemp became especially well-known. In 1589, Pastor Wilhelm Friedrich Lutz delivered sermons against the radical witch persecution of Nördlingen City Council, prior to the Council's execution of the first alleged witches in May 1590. One of the three women executed in that year was a carter's daughter, Ursula Haider, who was arrested on 8 November 1589 and burned on 15 May 1590. The trial of Ursula Haider was by described by Ulrike Haß in her book Teufelstanz.

It is often said that in 1604 a shortened and simplified version of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was performed in Nördlingen and that this was one of the first performances of any Shakespearean play outside England. In fact, the players applied to perform but were denied by the local authorities and were compensated for their efforts.

Nördlingen served as the site of two historic battles, and marked a turning point in the Thirty Years' War. In the first Battle of Nördlingen in 1634, the Swedish Protestant forces were decisively defeated for the first time by the imperial Habsburg troops. The city was compelled to open its gates to the victors, but was not plundered by the victorious troops after high reparations payments. However, during and after the siege, the city lost more than half of its population due to hunger and illness. This was exacerbated by the second Battle of Nördlingen in 1645, and it would not be until 1939 that Nördlingen regained the population it had in 1618. In the early 18th century, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the city was further affected by the impact of nearby battles of Höchstädt. The wars forced trade to shift to the seaports, and as a result, Nördlingen lost its importance as a trading center. In part due to this forced economic standstill, Nördlingen's medieval cityscape remained well preserved.

As a result of the German mediatization, in 1803 Nördlingen lost its status as an imperial city and became part of the Electorate of Bavaria, which had occupied the city in September 1802 in anticipation of the decree. On January 1, 1806, Bavaria's Elector declared himself king, officially changing the Electorate of Bavaria into the Kingdom of Bavaria, which seceded from the Holy Roman Empire the following August.

Modern period
On May 15, 1849, Nördlingen was connected to the network of the Royal Bavarian State Railways. In that same year, the first rail lines opened to Nuremberg. A third railway connection, under the leadership of the Royal Württemberg State Railways, was opened on 3 October 1863 to Aalen.

During the Second World War, a total of 33 people were killed in and around Nördlingen by air raids conducted in the spring of 1945. The train station and several houses were destroyed, and St. George's Church was severely damaged. However, most of the historic district of the city was spared. In 1945, Nördlingen became part of the American occupation zone of Allied-occupied Germany. The United States military set up a displaced persons camp in the city. It was overseen by UNRRA and housed approximately 500 DPs, mostly from Latvia and Lithuania. More than 4,500 people settled permanently in Nördlingen after the war.

Since the Middle Ages, Jewish families have resided in Nördlingen. They buried their dead in the Jewish cemetery on Nähermemminger Way, and a synagogue was built in 1885. The synagogue was destroyed by the Nazis during the November pogrom of 1938, and this is commemorated by a plaque on today's Protestant parish hall. In 1979, a memorial stone was erected in the Jewish cemetery commemorating Jewish victims of the Holocaust.

In the course of the municipal reorganization of Bavaria, Nördlingen lost its status as a city on July 1, 1972 and was incorporated into the newly formed district Nördlingen-Donauwörth, which received its current name, Donau-Ries, on May 1, 1973.

Economy
Important companies in Nördlingen are:
 * C.H. Beck – book publisher
 * Varta – battery manufacturer
 * Maierbier – brewery

Nördlingen has a station on the Augsburg–Nördlingen railway and the Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt–Nördlingen railway, which are served hourly on weekdays.

Sport
The local sports club, the TSV 1861 Nördlingen, has a very successful basketball department with the men's and the women's team both in the Basketball Bundesliga. The clubs football team is traditionally the strongest side in northern Swabia. Its most successful former player is Gerd Müller, who was born and raised in Nördlingen. Its stadium was renamed in his honour in 2008.

Impact diamonds
Stone buildings in the town contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than 0.2 mm across. The meteorite impact — from a 1 km asteroid — that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated 72,000 tons of these tiny diamonds when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was later quarried and used to build the stone buildings.

In popular culture
Aerial scenes at the end of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory from 1971 were filmed here.

The main setting of multiple anime are based on Nördlingen, such as Princess Tutu and Attack on Titan.

Twin towns – sister cities
Nördlingen is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇦 Markham, Canada
 * 🇦🇺 Wagga Wagga, Australia
 * 🇫🇷 Riom, France
 * 🇨🇿 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Notable people

 * Friedrich Herlin (1425/1430–1500), painter
 * Bartholomäus Zeitblom (c. 1455 – c. 1518), painter
 * Karl Heinrich Ritter von Lang (1764 at Balgheim – 1835), an historian and statesman.
 * Albrecht Adam (1786–1862), war artist
 * Heinrich Adam (1787–1862), painter, member of the painter family Adam from Nördlingen
 * Johann Michael Voltz (1784–1858), graphic artist and painter
 * Friedrich Voltz (1817–1886), painter
 * Robert Beyschlag (1838-1903), painter
 * Otto Förschner (1902–1946), SS commander and a Nazi concentration camp official executed for war crimes
 * Christel DeHaan (1942–2020), American businesswoman and philanthropist, former owner of Resort Condominiums International, founder of Christel House International
 * Gerd Müller (1945-2021), football player and coach
 * Anton Meyer (born 1955), economist and professor of business administration
 * Sabine Haubitz (born 1959), art photographer
 * Michael Lutz (born 1982), footballer
 * Frank Kechele (born 1986), racing driver
 * Stefan Rieß (born 1988), footballer
 * Steffen Lang (born 1993), footballer

title: Nördlingen


text:
2002 FIFA World Player of the Year

The 2002 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Ronaldo for a record-breaking third time. It was the award's 12th edition. Mia Hamm won the women's award. The gala was hosted at the Congress Centre in Madrid, on December 17, 2002. 147 national team coaches, based on the current FIFA Men's World Ranking were chosen to vote for the men's edition and 77 for the women's. The ceremony theme was Real Madrid's Centenary Charity match against the World XI (3-3) that was played at the Santiago Bernabeu Stadium in front of 55,000 spectators.

title: 2002 FIFA World Player of the Year


text:
FIFA World Player of the Year

The FIFA World Player of the Year was an association football award presented annually by the sport's governing body, FIFA, between 1991 and 2015 at the FIFA World Player Gala. Coaches and captains of international teams and media representatives selected the player they deem to have performed the best in the previous calendar year.

Originally a single award for the world's best men's player, parallel awards for men and women were awarded from 2001 to 2009. The men's award was subsumed into the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2010 while the women's award remained until 2015. After 2015 both men's and women's awards became part of The Best FIFA Football Awards.

During the men's era, Brazilian players won 8 out of 19 years, compared to three wins – the second most – for French players. In terms of individual players, Brazil again led with five, followed by Italy and Portugal with two each. The youngest winner was Ronaldo, who won at 20 years old in 1996, and the oldest winner was Fabio Cannavaro, who won aged 33 in 2006. Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane each won the award three times, while Ronaldo and Ronaldinho were the only players to win in successive years. From 2010 to 2015, the equivalent men's award was the FIFA Ballon d'Or, following a merging of the FIFA World Player of the Year and the France Football Ballon d'Or awards. Since 2016, the awards have been replaced by The Best FIFA Men's Player and The Best FIFA Women's Player awards.

Eight women's footballers – three Germans, three Americans, one Brazilian, and one Japanese – have won the award. Marta, the youngest recipient at age 20 in 2006, has won five successive awards, the most of any player. Birgit Prinz won three times in a row and Mia Hamm won twice in a row. The oldest winner is Nadine Angerer, who was 35 when she won in 2013; she is also the only goalkeeper of either sex to win.

Voting and selection process
The winners are chosen by the coaches and captains of national teams as well as by international media representatives invited by FIFA. In a voting system based on positional voting, each voter is allotted three votes, worth five points, three points and one point, and the three finalists are ordered based on total number of points. Following criticism from some sections of the media over nominations in previous years, FIFA has since 2004 provided shortlists from which its voters can select their choices.

FIFA World Player of the Year
Source:

From 2010 to 2015, the award was merged with the Ballon d'Or to become the FIFA Ballon d'Or in a six-year partnership with France Football. In 2016, FIFA rebranded the award as The Best FIFA Men's Player.

A single article from the Portuguese magazine A Bola reporting about the 1992 award mentions the former award winners Lothar Matthäus in 1991, but also Diego Maradona in 1990. There is no other evidence of the award being presented by FIFA prior to 1991.

FIFA Women's World Player of the Year
Source:

In 2016, FIFA created The Best FIFA Women's Player award instead.

title: FIFA World Player of the Year


text:
Audubon (disambiguation)

Audubon, the National Audubon Society, is an American environmental organization.

Audubon may also refer to:

People

 * John James Audubon (1785–1851), French-American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter
 * Lucy Bakewell Audubon (1787–1874), educator and philanthropist, wife of John James Audubon

Places in the United States

 * Audubon, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Audubon, Iowa, city
 * Audubon, Louisville, Kentucky, neighborhood
 * Audubon, New Orleans, Louisiana, neighborhood
 * Audubon, Minnesota, city
 * Audubon, New Jersey, borough
 * Audubon, Pennsylvania, census-designated place
 * Audubon Canyon, California
 * Audubon County, Iowa
 * Audubon Township, Montgomery County, Illinois

Nature organizations

 * Audubon International, environmental management practices education organization based in New York
 * Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana, including:
 * Audubon Butterfly Garden and Insectarium
 * Audubon Zoo
 * Massachusetts Audubon Society
 * Trinity River Audubon Center, Dallas, Texas
 * Audubon Park (disambiguation)

Other

 * 75564 Audubon, an asteroid
 * Audubon Avenue, Manhattan, New York City
 * Audubon (book), a biography of John James Audubon
 * Audubon (film), a 2017 documentary about John James Audubon
 * Audubon (magazine), published by the National Audubon Society
 * Audubon State Historic Site, Louisiana
 * Audubon (Scott County, Kentucky), house
 * Audubon Parkway, Kentucky
 * Audubon Quartet, former string quartet

title: Audubon (disambiguation)


text:
Argyle

Argyle is an archaic spelling of Argyll, a county in western Scotland. Argyle may refer to:

Australia

 * Argyle, Victoria
 * Argyle County, New South Wales
 * Electoral district of Argyle, a former electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales
 * Argyle, Western Australia, a locality in the Shire of Donnybrook–Balingup
 * Argyle Downs, a pastoral lease in Western Australia
 * Lake Argyle, an artificial lake in Western Australia

Canada

 * Argyle, Manitoba
 * Rural Municipality of Argyle, Manitoba
 * Argyle, Nova Scotia, municipality
 * Argyle, Nova Scotia (community)
 * Argyle (electoral district), Nova Scotia
 * Argyle Sound, Nova Scotia
 * Central Argyle, Nova Scotia
 * Lower Argyle, Nova Scotia
 * Argyle (Guysborough), Nova Scotia
 * Argyle, Ontario
 * Argyle Shore Provincial Park, Prince Edward Island
 * Rural Municipality of Argyle No. 1, Saskatchewan

Hong Kong

 * Argyle Street, Hong Kong

United States

 * Argyle, Florida
 * Argyle, Georgia
 * Argyle, Illinois
 * Argyle, Iowa
 * Argyle, Kentucky
 * Argyle (Houma, Louisiana)
 * Argyle, Maine
 * Argyle Township, Michigan
 * Argyle, Minnesota
 * Argyle, Missouri
 * Argyle (town), New York
 * Argyle (village), New York
 * Argyle, Texas
 * Argyle, Utah, a ghost town
 * Argyle, Washington
 * Argyle, West Virginia
 * Argyle (town), Wisconsin
 * Argyle, Wisconsin, village within the town

People

 * Michael Argyle (lawyer) (1915–1999), UK judge
 * Michael Argyle (psychologist) (1925–2002), 20th century British social psychologist
 * Pearl Argyle (1910–1947), South African ballet dancer and actress
 * Stanley Argyle (1867–1940), Australian politician

Fictional characters

 * Argyle, a character in the film Die Hard
 * Argyle, a character in the fourth season of Stranger Things
 * Argyle, a recurring character in the first season of the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * Felix Argyle, a character in the anime Re:Zero
 * Sai Argyle, a fictional character in the anime Mobile Suit Gundam SEED

Transportation

 * Argyle, the former name for Mong Kok station MTR station, located on Argyle Street, Hong Kong
 * Argyle (CTA), a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's "L" system
 * Argyle Street, a railway station in Glasgow, Scotland
 * Argyle Line, a suburban railway located in West Central Scotland
 * MV Argyle Caledonian MacBrayne ferry
 * Argyle International Airport, St. Vincent & the Grenadines ((IATA: SVD, ICAO: TVSA)

Other uses

 * Argyle (pattern), a pattern consisting of diamonds in diagonal checkerboard arrangement
 * Argyle diamond mine, Western Australia
 * Argyle Hotel or The Argyle, a former name of Sunset Tower in West Hollywood, CA
 * Argyle Middle School, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
 * Argyle Secondary School, British Columbia, Canada
 * Hearst-Argyle Television, an American television station group majority-owned by the Hearst Corporation
 * Plymouth Argyle F.C., an English football team
 * "Argyle", a song by punk band The Bouncing Souls from the album Maniacal Laughter

title: Argyle


text:
2001 FIFA World Player of the Year

The 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year award was won by Luís Figo by the slim margin of 12 points. David Beckham was again in the second place. The gala was hosted at the TV Production Centre in Zürich, on December 17, 2001. 130 national team coaches, based on the current FIFA Men's World Ranking were chosen to vote. For the first time the Women's award was given out, won by Mia Hamm.

title: 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year