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Ray Manzarek

Raymond Daniel Manzarek Jr. ( Manczarek; February 12, 1939 – May 20, 2013) was an American keyboardist. He is best known as a member of the rock band the Doors, co-founding the group in 1965 with fellow UCLA Film School student Jim Morrison. Manzarek is credited for his innovative playing and abilities on organ-style keyboard instruments.

Manzarek was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993 as a Doors member. He was a co-founding member of Nite City from 1977 to 1978 and of Manzarek–Krieger from 2001 until he died in 2013. USA Today described him as "one of the best keyboardists ever".

Early life
Raymond Daniel Manczarek Jr. was born and raised on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. He was born to parents of Polish descent, Helena Kolenda (1918–2012) and Raymond Manczarek Sr. (1914–1986). His grandparents emigrated from Poland in the 1890s.

Upon graduating from St. Rita of Cascia High School in 1956, Manzarek matriculated at DePaul University, where he played piano in his fraternity's jazz band (the Beta Pi Mu Combo), participated in intramural football, served as treasurer of the Speech Club, and organized a charity concert with Sonny Rollins and Dave Brubeck. He graduated from the University's College of Commerce with a degree in economics in 1960.

In late 1961, Manzarek briefly enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law. Unable to acclimate to the curriculum, he transferred to the Department of Motion Pictures, Television and Radio as a graduate student before dropping out after breaking up with a girlfriend. Although he attempted to enlist in the Army Signal Corps as a camera operator, he was instead assigned to the highly selective Army Security Agency as a prospective intelligence analyst.

The Doors
Manzarek re-enrolled in UCLA's graduate film program in 1962, receiving a Master of Fine Arts degree in cinematography in 1965. During this period, he met future wife Dorothy Fujikawa and undergraduate film student Jim Morrison. At the time, Manzarek was in a band called Rick & the Ravens with his brothers Rick and Jim. Forty days after finishing film school, thinking they had gone their separate ways, Manzarek and Morrison met by chance on Venice Beach in California. Morrison said he had written some songs, and Manzarek expressed an interest in hearing them, whereupon Morrison sang rough versions of "Moonlight Drive", "My Eyes Have Seen You," and "Summer's Almost Gone". During this time, Manzarek also met teenage guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore at a Transcendental Meditation lecture and recruited them for the incipient band. Densmore said, "There wouldn't be any Doors without Maharishi."

In January 1966, the Doors became the house band at the London Fog on the Sunset Strip. According to Manzarek, "Nobody ever came in the place... an occasional sailor or two on leave, a few drunks. All in all it was a very depressing experience, but it gave us time to really get the music together". When the Doors were fired from the London Fog, they were hired to be the house band at the Whisky a Go Go. The Doors' first recording contract was with Columbia Records. After a few months of inactivity, they learned they were on Columbia's drop list. At that point, they asked to be released from their contract. Following a few months of live gigs, Jac Holzman "rediscovered" the Doors and signed them to Elektra Records.

The Doors lacked a bass guitarist (except during recording sessions), so for live performances, Manzarek played the bass parts on a Fender Rhodes piano keyboard bass. His signature sound was that of the Vox Continental combo organ, an instrument used by many other psychedelic rock bands of the era. He also used a Gibson G-101 Kalamazoo combo organ (which looks like a Farfisa) for the band's later albums.

During the Morrison era, Manzarek was the group's regular backing vocalist. He occasionally sang lead, as exemplified by recordings of Muddy Waters's "Close to You" (released on 1970's Absolutely Live) and "You Need Meat (Don't Go No Further)" (recorded during the L.A. Woman sessions and initially released as the B-side of "Love Her Madly"). He went on to share lead vocals with Krieger on the albums (Other Voices and Full Circle) released after Morrison's death.

Later career and influence
After recording two solo albums on Mercury Records to a muted reception in 1974, Manzarek played in several groups, most notably Nite City. He recorded a rock adaptation of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana (1983; co-produced by Philip Glass), briefly played with Iggy Pop, sat in on one track on the eponymous 1987 album Echo & the Bunnymen, backed San Francisco poet Michael McClure's poetry readings and worked on improvisational compositions with poet Michael C. Ford. He also worked extensively with Hearts of Fire screenwriter and former SRC frontman Scott Richardson on a series of spoken word and blues recordings entitled "Tornado Souvenirs". Manzarek produced the first four albums of the seminal punk band X, also contributing occasionally on keyboards. Two of those have been also included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

His memoir, Light My Fire: My Life with the Doors, was published in 1998. The Poet in Exile (2001) is a novel exploring the urban legend that Jim Morrison may have faked his death. Manzarek's second novel, Snake Moon, released in April 2006, is a Civil War ghost story. In 2000, a collaboration poetry album entitled Freshly Dug was released with British singer, poet, actor, and pioneer punk rocker Darryl Read. Read had previously worked with Manzarek on the Beat Existentialist album in 1994, and their last poetical and musical collaboration was in 2007 with the album Bleeding Paradise. Also in 2000, he co-wrote and directed the film Love Her Madly, which was credited to a story idea by Morrison. The film was shown at the closing night of the 2004 Santa Cruz Film Festival, but otherwise received limited distribution and critical review.

In 2006, he collaborated with composer and trumpeter Bal. The album that resulted, Atonal Head explores the realm of electronica. The two musicians integrated jazz, rock, ethnic, and classical music into their computer-based creations. On August 4, 2007, Manzarek hosted a program on BBC Radio 2 about the 40th anniversary of the recording of "Light My Fire" and the group's musical and spiritual influences.

In April 2009, Manzarek and Robby Krieger appeared as special guests for Daryl Hall's monthly concert webcast Live From Daryl's House. They performed several Doors tunes ("People Are Strange", "The Crystal Ship", "Roadhouse Blues" and "Break On Through (To the Other Side)") with Hall providing lead vocals. In his last years, he often sat in with local bands in the Napa County area, where he relocated in the early 2000s.

In 2009, Manzarek collaborated with "Weird Al" Yankovic by playing keyboards on the single "Craigslist", which is a pastiche of the Doors. On the day of Manzarek's death, Yankovic published a personal video of this studio session which he said had been an "extreme honor" and "one of the absolute high points of my life". In May 2010, Manzarek recorded with slide guitarist Roy Rogers. A collaborative album between the two, entitled Translucent Blues, was released in mid-2011; its lyrical content is primarily penned by songwriter/poets Jim Carroll and Michael McClure. During June through August 2011, Manzarek recorded "Breakn' a Sweat" with DJ Skrillex and his fellow former Doors members Robby Krieger and John Densmore. In August 2013, Twisted Tales, another Manzarek–Rogers collaboration, was released and dedicated to Manzarek after his passing.

Personal life
Manzarek's brothers Rick and Jim Manczarek are musicians, who all played together for Rick & the Ravens. Manzarek removed the 'C' from his surname Manczarek around when The Doors started playing gigs in 1965.

Manzarek married fellow UCLA alumna Dorothy Aiko Fujikawa in Los Angeles on December 21, 1967, with Morrison and his longtime companion Pamela Courson attending. Manzarek and Fujikawa remained married until his death. They have a son, Pablo, born on August 28, 1973, and they have three grandchildren.

In the early 1970s, the Manzareks divided their time between an apartment in West Hollywood, California, and a small penthouse on New York City's Upper West Side. They subsequently resided in Beverly Hills, California (including ten years in a house on Rodeo Drive), for several decades. For the last decade of his life, Manzarek and his wife lived in a refurbished farmhouse near Vichy Springs, California, in the Napa Valley.

Manzarek practiced Atenism, an ancient Egyptian religion last observed in the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, after discovering it in Sigmund Freud's book Moses and Monotheism. He also expressed fondness towards Jesus Christ.

Death
In March 2013, Manzarek was diagnosed with a rare cancer called cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) and traveled to Germany for special treatment. During that time, before his death, he reconciled with Densmore and spoke to Krieger. He also performed a private concert for his doctors and nurses. According to his manager, Manzarek was "feeling better" until things took a turn for the worse. On May 20, 2013, Manzarek died at a hospital in Rosenheim, Germany, at the age of 74. He was surrounded by his wife and brothers. Krieger said upon hearing the news of his death, "I was deeply saddened to hear about the passing of my friend and bandmate Ray Manzarek today. I'm just glad to have been able to have played Doors songs with him for the last decade. Ray was a huge part of my life, and I will always miss him." Densmore said, "There was no keyboard player on the planet more appropriate to support Jim Morrison's words. Ray, I felt totally in sync with you musically. It was like we were of one mind, holding down the foundation for Robby and Jim to float on top of. I will miss my musical brother."

Greg Harris, president and CEO of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, said in reaction to Manzarek's death, "The world of rock 'n' roll lost one of its greats with the passing of Ray Manzarek." Harris also said that "he was instrumental in shaping one of the most influential, controversial and revolutionary groups of the 1960s. Such memorable tracks as "Light My Fire", "People Are Strange" and "Hello, I Love You"—to name but a few—owe much to Manzarek's innovative playing."

Legacy
On February 12, 2016, at the Fonda Theatre in Hollywood, Densmore and Krieger reunited for the first time in 15 years to perform in tribute to Manzarek and benefit Stand Up to Cancer. That day would have been Manzarek's 77th birthday. The night featured Exene Cervenka and John Doe of the band X, Rami Jaffee of the Foo Fighters, Stone Temple Pilots' Robert DeLeo, Jane's Addiction's Stephen Perkins, Emily Armstrong of Dead Sara, and Andrew Watt (among others).

In April 2018, the film Break On Thru: A Celebration of Ray Manzarek and the Doors premiered at the 2018 Asbury Park Music & Film Festival. The film highlights the 2016 concert in honor of what would have been Manzarek's 79th birthday, including new footage and interviews. The film won the APMFF Best Film Feature Award at the festival.

Discography
Details are taken from AllMusic.

The Doors

Solo
 * The Golden Scarab (1974)
 * The Whole Thing Started with Rock & Roll Now It's Out of Control (1974)
 * Carmina Burana (1983)
 * Love Her Madly (2006)

Nite City
 * Nite City (1977)
 * Starwood Club, Los Angeles. 02/23/1977 (1977)
 * Golden Days Diamond Nights (1978)

With X
 * Los Angeles (1980)

With Piotr Bal
 * Atonal Head (2006)

With Echo & the Bunnymen
 * "Bedbugs and Ballyhoo" (1987)

With Michael McClure
 * Love Lion (1993)
 * The Piano Poems: Live From San Francisco (2012)

With Darryl Read
 * Freshly Dug (1999)

With Roy Rogers
 * Ballads Before The Rain (2008)
 * Translucent Blues (2011)
 * Twisted Tales (2013)

Spoken word
 * The Doors: Myth And Reality, The Spoken Word History (1996)

With "Weird Al" Yankovic
 * "Craigslist" (2009)

With poet Michael C. Ford
 * Look Each Other in The Ears. Hen House Studio Album includes The Doors : Ray Manzarek, Robby Krieger, and John Densmore. 2014

Filmography

 * Love Her Madly (2000). Director and co-writer.
 * Induction (1965). Actor (Ray), director, and writer.
 * The Wino and the Blind Man (1964). Actor (blind man).
 * Evergreen (1965). Writer and Director.
 * Deal of the Century (1983). Actor (Charlie Simbo).
 * The Poet in Exile (in production).

Books

 * Light My Fire: My Life with the Doors (1999) ISBN 0-425-17045-4
 * The Poet in Exile (2001) Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002 paperback: ISBN 1-56025-447-5
 * Snake Moon (2006) ISBN 1-59780-041-4

Trivia

 * For director Oliver Stone's film The Doors (1991), Manzarek was portrayed by Kyle MacLachlan.

title: Ray Manzarek


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Elias

Elias (Ἠλίας) is the hellenized version for the name of Elijah (אֵלִיָּהוּ; ; إلیاس, or إلیا), a prophet in the Northern Kingdom of Israel in the 9th century BC, mentioned in several holy books. Due to Elias' role in the scriptures and to many later associated traditions, the name is used as a personal name in numerous languages.

Variants

 * Éilias Irish
 * Elia Italian, English
 * Elias Norwegian
 * Elías Icelandic
 * Éliás Hungarian
 * Elías Spanish
 * Eliáš, Elijáš Czech
 * Elias, Eelis, Eljas Finnish
 * Elias Danish, German, Swedish
 * Elias Portuguese
 * Elias, Iliya (ایلیا ,الیاس) Persian
 * Elias, Elis Swedish
 * Elias, Elyas Ethiopian
 * Elias, Elyas Philippines
 * Eliasz Polish
 * Élie French
 * Elija Slovene
 * Elijah English, Hebrew
 * Elis Welsh
 * Elisedd Welsh
 * Eliya (එලියා) Sinhala
 * Eliyas (Ілияс) Kazakh
 * Eliyahu, Eliya (אֵלִיָּהוּ, אליה) Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew
 * Elyās, Ilyās, Eliya (إیلیا, إلیاس) Arabic
 * Elliot, Elliott English
 * Ellis English, Welsh (anglicised)
 * Helias Ecclesiastical Latin
 * Ilia (Илия) Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, Macedonian, Russian
 * Ilia (ილია) Georgian
 * Ilias (Ηλίας) Koine Greek
 * Ilias (Ηλίας) Modern Greek
 * Ilie Romanian
 * Ilija (Илија) Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian
 * Ilja German
 * Iljo (Иљо) Macedonian
 * Iliya (Илия) Bulgarian
 * Illés Hungarian
 * Illia (Ілля) Ukrainian
 * Ilya (Илья) Russian
 * İlyas Turkish
 * Ilyos Uzbek
 * Ilias/Ilyas/Elias/Elyas/Alias/Alyas Malay
 * Líggjas Faroese
 * Yeghia (Եղիա) Armenian
 * 埃利亚斯 (āi lì yǎ sī) Chinese

Feminized variants

 * Iliana (Илиана) Bulgarian
 * Ilina (Илина) Bulgarian, Macedonian
 * Ilinca Romanian
 * Ilinka (Илинка) Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian
 * Eliana, Iliana Greek
 * Éliane French

People with the given name

 * Elias, a Greek scholar and commentator on Aristotle and Porphyry
 * Elias of Armenia, Armenian religious leader, Catholicos of All Armenians from 703 to 717
 * Elias of Nisibis (975–1046), Nestorian bishop of Nisibis and an important mediaeval chronicler, also known as Elijah of Nisibis and Eliya bar Shinaya
 * Elias, Duke of Parma (1880–1959), head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma
 * Elías Ahúja y Andría (1863–1951), Spanish politician
 * Elias Alves da Silva (born 1981), Brazilian football player
 * Elias Ammerbach (1530–1597), German organist
 * Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), English antiquary and politician
 * Elias Atallah (born 1947), Lebanese politician
 * Elias Atmatsidis (born 1969), Greek football player
 * Elias Bender Rønnenfelt (born 1992), Danish singer
 * Elias ibn Mudar, c. 10 AD - Arab chieftain
 * Elias Bonine (1843–1916), American photographer
 * Elias Boudinot (1740–1821), American politician
 * Elias Boudinot (Cherokee) (1802–1839), Native American writer
 * Elias Breeskin (1896–1969), Russian violinist
 * Elias Canetti (1905–1994), Bulgarian writer
 * Elias Chandler (1856–1909), American colonel and major
 * Elias Charalambous (born 1980), Cypriot footballer
 * Elias James Corey (born 1928), American chemist
 * Elias Dayton (1737–1807), American soldier and politician
 * Elias P. Demetracopoulos, Greek journalist
 * Elias Disney (1859–1941), Canadian businessman, father of Walt Disney
 * Elias Dolah (born 1993), Thai footballer
 * Elias (footballer, born 1963), Portuguese footballer, full name Fernando Elias Oliveira da Silva
 * Elias Farkouh (1948–2020), Jordanian writer
 * Elias Freij (1918–1998), Palestinian mayor
 * Elias Gleizer (1934–2015), Brazilian actor and comedian
 * Elias Gottlob Haussmann (1695–1774), German painter
 * Elias Harris (born 1989), German basketball player
 * Elias Hicks (1748-1830), American Quaker Preacher
 * Elias Holl (1573–1646), German architect
 * Elias Howe (1819–1867), American inventor of the sewing machine
 * Elias Hrawi (1925–2006), Lebanese politician
 * Elias Kane (1794–1835), American politician
 * Elias Khoury (born 1948), Lebanese writer
 * Elias Koteas (born 1961), Greek-Canadian actor
 * Elias Lianos, Greek businessman
 * Elias Lindholm (born 1994), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Elias Lönnrot (1802–1884), Finnish philologist
 * Elias Loomis (1811–1889), American mathematician
 * Elias Mendes Trindade (1985), Brazilian football player
 * Elias Motsoaledi (1924-1994), South African anti-apartheid activist
 * Elias Murr (born 1962), Lebanese politician
 * Elias Pavlidis (born 1978), Greek boxer
 * Elias Petropoulos (1928–2003), Greek musicologist and writer
 * Elias Pettersson (born 1998), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Elias Polk (1806-1886), American slave and political activist
 * Elias Porter (1914–1987), American psychologist
 * Elias Rababi (1913–1999), Lebanese journalist and politician
 * Elias Alford Rowan (1837-1912), American politician
 * Elias Ricks, American football player
 * Elias Samson (or simply Elias), ring name of Jeffrey Logan Sciullo, American professional wrestler
 * Elias Sarkis (1924–1985), Lebanese politician
 * Elias (singer), French singer-songwriter
 * Elias "Vic" Seixas, known as Vic Seixas (born 1923), American Hall of Fame former top-10 tennis player
 * Elias Seppänen (born 2003), Finnish racing driver
 * Elias Shoufani (1932–2013), Palestinian author and historian
 * Elias Spantidakis, known as Louis Tikas (1886-1914), Greek-American union leader
 * Elias M. Stein (1931–2018), American mathematician
 * Elias Tahan (born 1986), American photographer
 * Elias Toufexis (born 1975), Greek-Canadian actor
 * Elias Vattis (born 1986), Cypriot football player
 * Elias Venezis (1904–1973), Greek writer
 * Elias Viljanen (born 1975), Finnish musician
 * Elias Wessén (1889–1981), Swedish linguist
 * Elias Wright (1830–1901), American Union brevet brigadier general during the Civil War era
 * Elias Zerhouni (born 1951), Algerian-born American doctor
 * Elias Zoghby (1912–2008), Lebanese archbishop
 * Elias Zoghby (1912–2008), Lebanese archbishop

Fictional characters with the given name

 * Elias Acorn, Prince and later King of the Kingdom of Acorn in Sonic the Hedgehog by Archie; he is the older brother of Sally Acorn.
 * Elias, a prominent gangster whose goals lead him to both conflict and work with (directly and indirectly) in the TV series Person of Interest; he is shot in the head and perhaps killed in the 4th season's finale during a fight with a rival gang leader
 * Elias Bogan, fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
 * Elias Grover, fictional character in the 2006 film Clerks II
 * Sergeant Elias Grodin, fictional character portrayed by Willem Dafoe in the 1986 film Platoon
 * Elias, fictional character in Panel de Pon
 * Elias Ryker, fictional character in Richard K. Morgan's novel, Altered Carbon
 * Elias Taylor, fictional character in V (1983 miniseries)
 * Elias "Eli" Thompson, fictional character in the television series Boardwalk Empire
 * Elijah "Eli" Goldsworthy, fictional character from Degrassi: The Next Generation
 * Elías, a main character from José Rizal's patriotic novel "Noli Me Tángere"
 * Elias Carstairs, a character from Cassandra Clare's "The Infernal Devices" prequel to "The Mortal Instruments"
 * Elias Walker, fictional character in the 2013 video game Call of Duty: Ghosts
 * Dr. Elias Huer, fictional character from "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" (1979)
 * Elias "Blitz" Kötz, fictional character in the 2015 video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
 * Elias Venturius, one of the two protagonists of the Sabaa Tahir novel An Ember in the Ashes
 * Elias Rahim, fiction character in the television series The OA
 * Elias Bouchard, the Head of the Magnus Institute in horror fiction podcast The Magnus Archives
 * Elias, fictional character from the 2015 comedy film Men & Chicken
 * Elias Ainsworth fictional character from The Ancient Magus' Bride

People with the surname

 * Akhteruzzaman Elias (1943—1997), Bengali writer
 * Alois Eliáš (1890–1942), Czechoslovak general and politician
 * Benny Elias (born 1963), Lebanese-Australian rugby league player
 * Blas Elias (born 1967), American musician
 * Dave Elias (1969-2013), Canadian curler
 * David Elias (born 1949), Canadian writer
 * Duncan David Elias (born 1985), Singaporean football player
 * Eliane Elias (born 1960), Lebanese-Brazilian musician
 * Erick Elías (born 1980), Mexican actor
 * Eulalia Elias (1788–1865), American rancher
 * Gastão Elias (born 1990), Portuguese tennis player
 * Hanin Elias (born 1972), German musician
 * Hendrik Elias (1902–1973), Belgian politician
 * Isaak Elias (1912-1998), Canadian politician
 * Joan Puig i Elias (1898–1972), Catalan pedagogue and anarchist
 * Johan Engelbert Elias (1895–1959), Dutch historian, also known as Vroedschap van Amsterdam
 * John Elias (born 1963), Lebanese-Australian rugby league footballer and coach
 * Jonathan Elias (born 1956), American composer
 * Lee Elias (1920–1998), American comics artist
 * Manny Elias (born 1953), English drummer
 * Mike Elias (born 1982), American baseball executive
 * Norbert Elias (1897–1990), German sociologist
 * Patrik Eliáš (born 1976), Czech ice hockey player
 * Peter Elias (1923–2001), American computer scientist
 * Rick Elias, Nashville songwriter and singer
 * Robert Elias, birth name of Robert Downey Sr., American actor and film director
 * Roenis Elías, Cuban Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Rosalind Elias (1930-2020), American singer
 * Quentin Elias (1980-2014), French model and actor
 * Sandy Abi Elias, Lebanese footballer
 * Sian Elias (born 1949), New Zealand judge
 * Taslim Olawale Elias (1914–1991), Nigerian judge
 * Ton Elias (born 1955), retired Dutch politician
 * Toni Elías (born 1983), Spanish motorcyclist
 * Zé Elias (born 1976), Brazilian football player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elias


text:
Göran Kropp

Lars Olof Göran Kropp (11 December 1966 – 30 September 2002) was a Swedish adventurer and mountaineer, the first Scandinavian to climb Mount Everest without oxygen. He made a solo ascent of Mount Everest without bottled oxygen or Sherpa support on 23 May 1996, after traveling there from Sweden by bicycle and foot.

Early life
In 1972 Kropp's father took him up Galdhøpiggen, Norway, the highest peak in Scandinavia. After finishing school, he served in the Swedish Parachute Rangers, where he trained rigorously and met his future climbing partner Mats Dahlin.

Mountaineering
In 1988, Kropp traveled to climb his first major peak, Lenin Peak (7134 meters high), located on the border between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kropp and his companions ascended the peak in a record time of 10 days.

In 1989, Kropp had hopes of climbing Cho Oyu, but he had no permit. Instead, he went to South America and climbed Iliniza Sur (5266 meters), Cotopaxi (5897 meters), Illimani (6300 meters), Huayna Potosi (6088 meters), and Illampu (6520 meters).

In a 1990 Swedish expedition, he and Danish climber Rafael Jensen climbed Muztagh Tower (7273 meters) in Pakistan. The mountain is one of the most difficult 7000-meter mountains in the Himalayas, and their ascent was the fourth of the mountain.

In 1991, Kropp climbed Pik Pobeda (7439 meters) in eastern Kyrgyzstan. Together with Mats Dahlin, Kropp made a summit attempt, but Dahlin was forced to cancel his bid because of illness. Kropp continued and reached the top with a severe headache.

In 1992, Kropp finally obtained permits to climb Cho Oyu. In preparation, he climbed with Dahlin in Chamonix. While climbing the Aiguille Verte, a stone fell from the top of the ridge and hit Dahlin just below the helmet, at the edge of his temple, killing him.

Kropp decided to climb Cho Oyu nonetheless, on the grounds that his companion would have preferred that he do so. He drove his Range Rover all the way to Nepal. At the top, Kropp placed Dahlin's ice axe with an image of Dahlin directed towards Mount Everest.

K2
In 1993, Kropp returned to Karakoram, this time to climb K2. Initially, he planned to participate in a Swedish expedition, but Kropp realized that if he could reach the top before the expedition's other participants, he would become the first Swede and Scandinavian to reach the top. Kropp therefore joined a Slovenian expedition scheduled to climb the mountain before the Swedes. Another reason why he brought forward the date of his climb was that his Range Rover had remained in Pakistan since his Cho Oyu climb the previous year because customs in Iran refused to allow it through.

Kropp's Slovenian colleagues had decided however to exclude him from their climbing plans. Kropp settled, instead, to join David Sharman, who hoped to become the first Englishman to come down alive from the top.

During the Slovenians' summit bid, a violent storm arose and stranded them at high altitude. Kropp abandoned his climb to save those he could. A week after this incident, he stuck with his British colleague, but Sharman fell, fractured a leg, and went back down. Kropp climbed on and reached the peak solo, without bottled oxygen. On the way down another storm on the mountain marooned Kropp at 8,000 meters above sea level. Kropp made it later to base camp.

Media interest after the climb proved to be extensive, and Kropp then started his company, Kropp & Adventure AB.

In 1994, he returned again to Karakoram, accompanied by Andrew Lock and the Swedish climbers Mats Holmgren and Nicolas Gafgo. Their object was Broad Peak, and their goal was a first ascent of the hitherto unclimbed south-southwest ridge, on which several reputable climbers had failed. They also failed and had to turn back to below 7000 metres. Afterwards, they focused on the regular route to the summit, where, on the first attempt Lock, Holmgren, and Kropp reached the foresummit. Kropp made another attempt at the main summit and succeeded after a fast, non-stop solo climb.

Mount Everest

For his 1996 ascent, Kropp left Stockholm on 16 October 1995, on a specially-designed bicycle with 108 kg of gear and food. He traveled 8000 mi on the bicycle and arrived at Everest Base Camp in April 1996. Following a meeting of all of the Everest expeditions on the mountain at the time, it was agreed that Kropp would attempt to summit first. On 3 May, Kropp climbed through thigh-deep snow and reached Everest's South Summit, a point 328 ft from the summit. However, he decided to turn around because it was too late in the day and if he continued, he would be descending in the dark. While Kropp recovered from the ordeal at base camp, the 1996 Everest Disaster unfolded. He helped bring medicine up the mountain. Three weeks later, on 23 May, he again tackled the mountain, this time successfully summitting without extra oxygen support. He then cycled part of the way back home.

He returned to Everest in 1999 with his girlfriend Renata Chlumska to undertake a cleanup, during which they removed 25 discarded canisters from the mountain. They also successfully summited together.

Controversy
In early 2000, Kropp and fellow Swede Ola Skinnarmo attempted to ski unsupported to the North Pole. Kropp had to abandon the expedition due to a frostbitten thumb. During the expedition, he shot a polar bear which had been stalking the two men. This led to accusations in the Swedish tabloid press by writer Jan Guillou that Kropp was a poacher, since shooting polar bears was an inevitable consequence of skiing across the North Pole. Kropp sued for libel and when he lost, decided to move to Seattle in the US.

Later that year, in London, the 1996 Everest expedition leader, Michael Trueman, successfully sued the publisher of Kropp's autobiography for libel. Kropp had mixed Trueman's name up with that of expedition member Mike Burns and thereby made false allegations about Trueman's character.

Death
On 30 September 2002, Kropp died from head injuries when he fell 18 metres (60 feet) while ascending the Air Guitar route at Frenchman Coulee near Vantage, Washington. While being belayed by Seattle climber Erden Eruç, his protection pulled out from a crack, and the wire-gate carabiner of the next piece of protection broke. According to Eruç, Kropp died on impact.

Racing career
Kropp drove a couple of seasons in the Swedish and Nordic Formula Three series. His last race was in 2000. Kropp loved fast sports cars and drove Ferraris and Maseratis privately on the road. Together with von Braun Sports Cars he developed an advanced Ferrari F355 GT car for endurance racing. Only a few test races were made before he died.

Tribute
At the starting point of the climbing route Air Guitar at Sunshine Rock outside Seattle on which Kropp had died, climbing partner Erden Eruç, from Seattle, carved into the rock:
 * With a thumb up
 * Kropp on Top!
 * Göran lives
 * 1966–2002

title: Göran Kropp


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Diadumenian

Diadumenian (Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus; 14   September 208 – June 218) was the son of the Roman emperor Macrinus and served as his co-ruler for a brief time in 218. His mother, Macrinus' wife, is called Nonia Celsa in the unreliable Historia Augusta, though this name may have been fictional. Diadumenian became caesar in May 217, shortly after his father's accession to the imperial throne. Elagabalus, a relative of the recently deceased Caracalla, revolted in May of the following year, and Diadumenian was elevated to co-emperor. After Macrinus was defeated in the Battle of Antioch on 8 June 218, Diadumenian was sent to the court of Artabanus IV of Parthia to ensure his safety; however, he was captured and executed along the way. After his death and that of his father, the Senate declared both of them enemies of Rome and had their names struck from records and their images destroyed — a process known in modern scholarship as damnatio memoriae.

History
Diadumenian was born on 14 September 208, named Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus, to Macrinus, the praetorian prefect and future emperor of Berber origin. The unreliable Historia Augusta, a collection of biographies of Roman emperors and usurpers, mistakenly names Diadumenian as "Diadumenus". The same source also states that Diadumenian's mother (Macrinus' wife) was called Nonia Celsa, though this name may have been invented by the author of the text. Little information survives about Diadumenian, although the details of his physical appearance can be deduced from coinage and a description from the Historia Augusta, which relates that he was "beautiful beyond all others, somewhat tall of stature, with golden hair, black eyes and an aquiline nose; his chin was wholly lovely in its molding, his mouth designed for a kiss, and he was by nature strong and by training graceful".

Having served as praetorian prefect under Caracalla, Macrinus participated in a plot to have the Emperor assassinated and exploited the resulting power vacuum to seize the throne for himself on 11 April 217, three days after Caracalla's death. Shortly after, the eight-year-old Diadumenian was elevated to caesar – formalising his position as heir to the throne – at Zeugma, while his guard was escorting him from Antioch to Mesopotamia to join his father. He was also given the name Antoninus, in honour of the Antonine dynasty, at this time. On 16 May 218 a revolt against him and his father was launched in Emesa by Elagabalus, whose mother, Julia Soaemias, was Caracalla's cousin. In order to put down the revolt, Macrinus led his legions to a fort at Apamea. There Macrinus elevated Diadumenian to augustus, making him co-emperor. After Macrinus was defeated by Elagabalus on 8 June 218, at the Battle of Antioch, Macrinus fled north and then to the Bosporus. Before fleeing, he entrusted Diadumenian to loyal servants, instructing them to take him into the Parthian Empire, to the court of Artabanus IV, to ensure his safety. Diadumenian was captured en route in Zeugma and executed in late June. His head was brought to Elagabalus and reportedly kept as a trophy.

Following the demise of both Macrinus and Diadumenian, the Roman Senate quickly proclaimed their support for Elagabalus, declaring the former emperors to be enemies of the state. They were subject to a process known in modern scholarship as damnatio memoriae, with their images and mentions in inscriptions and papyri being destroyed during the reign of Elagabalus. In an attempt to wipe out all traces of Diadumenian and his father, Elagabalus dated his own reign to the end of that of Caracalla. Surviving busts of Diadumenian are mangled, with the facial features barely being discernible.

Numismatics
While caesar, a large number of coins were struck for Diadumenian, although fewer than the amount struck for his father. Coins in which he is depicted as augustus are extremely limited, and the only known coins from this time are denarii. This has led to the suggestion, first proposed by the ancient numismatist Curtis Clay, that a large issue of coins was being made for Diadumenian; however, they were quickly melted down when the news of Macrinus' defeat spread. Some eastern provincial coins from the period exist which give Diadumenian the title sebastos, at the time the Greek equivalent of the Roman augustus. In terms of gold coins, Diadumenian has one known style of aureus, bearing his image on the obverse and displaying Spes standing on the reverse, and one known style of half-aureus, bearing his image on the obverse and displaying himself holding a sceptre and standard.

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Dan Butler

Daniel Eugene Butler (born December 2, 1954) is an American actor known for his role as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe on the TV series Frasier (1993–2004); Art in Roseanne (1991–1992); for the voice of Mr. Simmons on the Nickelodeon TV show Hey Arnold! (1997–2002), later reprising the role in Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie (2017); and for film roles in Enemy of the State (1998) and Sniper 2 (2001).

Education
Butler was born in Huntington, Indiana, and raised in Fort Wayne, the son of Shirley, a homemaker, and Andrew Butler, a pharmacist. While a drama student at Purdue University Fort Wayne in 1975, he received the Irene Ryan Acting Scholarship, sponsored by the Kennedy Center. From 1976 to 1978, he trained at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.

Career
Butler is best known for his role as Bob "Bulldog" Briscoe in the NBC sitcom Frasier, appearing in every season but one between 1993 and 2004. The character was a volatile, boorish, intensely macho sports presenter who hosted the show which followed Frasier's daily broadcast at the radio station KACL. Butler directed one episode during season five of Frasier. He is also one of two actors to play two characters in the Hannibal Lecter franchise. In 1986, he played the role of Jimmy Price, a technician in the film Manhunter; then, 5 years later, he played the role of Roden in 1991's The Silence of The Lambs. The other actor is Frankie Faison. In 1998, Butler played the role of NSA Director Admiral Shaffer in Enemy of the State and in 2006, Butler produced and starred in the faux documentary Karl Rove, I Love You (which he also co-wrote and co-directed). Other film work includes roles in Prayers for Bobby and Longtime Companion. Butler is an established stage actor. In 2018, he played Lenin in the Broadway revival of Tom Stoppard's Travesties. Other recent appearances include as Truman Capote in American Repertory Theater's 2017 production of Rob Roth's Warhol/Capote and Jack in the 2013 Off-Broadway production of Conor McPherson's The Weir.

Personal life
Butler lives in Vermont and is married to producer Richard Waterhouse. He came out to his family when he was in his early 20s. He wrote a one-man show, The Only Thing Worse You Could Have Told Me, which opened in Los Angeles in 1994 and also played in San Francisco and off-Broadway in New York. It was Butler's public coming out. The play had ten characters "just processing what gay means". He was nominated for the 1995 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show.

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Speedy Keen

John David Percy "Speedy" Keen (29 March 1945 – 12 March 2002) was a songwriter, vocalist, drummer and keyboard player, best known for his association with the rock band Thunderclap Newman. He wrote "Something in the Air" (1969) for the band, which reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart. He also released two solo albums.

Career
Keen was born in Ealing, London, England. He played early on with such bands as The Krewsaders, The Second Thoughts (1964–65, with Patrick Campbell-Lyons and Chris Thomas) and The Eccentrics. Keen's first recorded song was "Club of Lights", recorded in 1966 for Reaction Records by Oscar (Paul Nicholas).

Before joining Thunderclap Newman, Keen shared a flat with and worked as a driver for Pete Townshend of The Who. He wrote "Armenia City in the Sky", which was included on the album The Who Sell Out (1967). This was the only song The Who ever performed that was specifically written for the group by a non-member. Who bassist Entwistle joked that people thought it was "I'm an Ear Sitting in the Sky". Keen wrote "Something in the Air", his best-known song, for Thunderclap Newman and recorded two solo albums for Track and Island both of which have been released on CD by Esoteric (Cherry Red). "I Promise You" from the second album was used in the American TV series, The Big C. Keen was later a record producer for The Heartbreakers and Motörhead.

As a session musician Keen played for others such as Rod Stewart, The Mission, and Kenny G. He also provided music for television advertisements and television programmes such as The Zoo. As a writer, apart from "Something in the Air", "Armenia City in the Sky" and "Club of Lights", he wrote songs for The Swinging Blue Jeans ("Something's Coming Along") and Crokodile Tears ("Your Love").

Keen died of heart failure in March 2002.

Albums

 * Previous Convictions (1973, Track Records)
 * Y' Know Wot I Mean? (1975, Island Records)

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Powiat

A powiat is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1 [formerly NUTS-4 ] ) in other countries. The term "powiat" is most often translated into English as "county" or "district" (sometimes "poviat"). In historical contexts, this may be confusing because the Polish term hrabstwo (an administrative unit administered/owned by a hrabia (count) is also literally translated as "county".

A powiat is part of a larger unit, the voivodeship (Polish województwo) or province.

A powiat is usually subdivided into gminas (in English, often referred to as "communes" or "municipalities"). Major towns and cities, however, function as separate counties in their own right, without subdivision into gminas. They are termed "city counties" (powiaty grodzkie or, more formally, miasta na prawach powiatu) and have roughly the same status as former county boroughs in the UK. The other type of powiats are termed "land counties" (powiaty ziemskie).

As of 2018, there were 380 powiat-level entities: 314 land counties, and 66 city counties. For a complete alphabetical listing, see "List of Polish counties". For tables of counties by voivodeship, see the articles on the individual voivodeships (e.g., Greater Poland Voivodeship).

History
The history of Polish powiats goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic unit of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's partitioning in 1795.

In the 19th century, the powiats continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland")—the equivalent of the Russian uyezd–and, in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań, as the Polish equivalent of the German Kreis.

After Poland regained independence in 1918, the powiats were again the second-level territorial units.

Powiats were abolished in 1975 in favour of a larger number of voivodeships but were reintroduced on 1 January 1999. This reform also created 16 larger voivodeships.

Functioning
Legislative power within a powiat is vested in an elected council (rada powiatu), while local executive power is vested in an executive board (zarząd powiatu) headed by the starosta, elected by the council. The administrative offices headed by the starosta are called the starostwo. However, in city counties these institutions do not exist separately – their powers and functions are exercised by the city council (rada miasta), the directly elected mayor (burmistrz or prezydent), and the city office/town hall (urząd miasta).

Sometimes, a powiat has its seat outside its territory. For example, Poznań County (powiat poznański) has its offices in Poznań, although Poznań is itself a city county, and is therefore not part of Poznań County.

Powiats have relatively limited powers since many local and regional matters are dealt with either at gmina or voivodeship level. Some of the main areas in which the powiat authorities have decision-making powers and competences include:

 * education at the high-school level (the gminas run primary and middle schools)
 * healthcare (at the county level)
 * public transport
 * maintenance of certain designated roads
 * land surveying
 * issuing of work permits to foreigners
 * vehicle registration (see Polish car number plates).

Names and English equivalents
The Polish the name of a county, in the administrative sense, consists of the word powiat followed by a masculine-gender adjective (because powiat is a masculine noun). In most cases, this is the adjective formed from the name of the town or city where the county has its seat. Thus the county with its seat at the town of Kutno is named powiat kutnowski (Kutno County). (In modern Polish both parts of the name are written in lower case; however, names of powiats in the Grand Duchy of Poznań were written in upper case.) Suppose the name of the seat comprises a noun followed by an adjective, as in Maków Mazowiecki ("Mazovian Maków"). In that case, the adjective will generally be formed from the noun only (powiat makowski). There are also a few counties whose names are derived from the names of two towns (such as powiat czarnkowsko-trzcianecki, Czarnków-Trzcianka County), from the name of a city and a geographical adjective (powiat łódzki wschodni, Łódź East County), or a mountain range (powiat tatrzański, Tatra County).

There is more than one way to render such names into English. A common method is to translate the names as "(something County)", as in the examples above. (This system is the standard used in Wikipedia.) Thus in most cases, the English name for a powiat consists of the name of the city or town which is its seat, followed by the word County.

Different counties sometimes have the same name in Polish, since the names of different towns may have the same derived adjective. For example, the counties with their seats at Grodzisk Wielkopolski and Grodzisk Mazowiecki are both called powiat grodziski, and those with seats at Brzeg and Brzesko are both called powiat brzeski. In English, this ambiguity either does not occur (Brzeg County and Brzesko County) or can be avoided by using the complete name of the seat (Grodzisk Wielkopolski County and Grodzisk Mazowiecki County).

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Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me

Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me is a film, produced by Out of the Inkwell Studios in the Phonofilm sound-on-film system, and released on March 1, 1925, as part of the Song Car-Tunes series.

Max Fleischer, Lee de Forest, Hugo Riesenfeld, and Edwin Miles Fadiman formed Red Seal Pictures to release the Song Car-Tunes series.

Early titles in the Song Car-Tunes series were Oh Mabel, Come Take A Trip in My Airship, and Goodbye My Lady Love, all released in May and June 1924. They were the first sound cartoons, (predating Disney's Steamboat Willie (1928)). The Song Car-Tunes series eventually totaled 36 films, including 21 made in the Phonofilm sound system.

"Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me" is a popular song from 1905. The Fleischers re-released this film on July 6, 1929, as simply Mother, Pin a Rose on Me, part of their Screen Songs series, made in Western Electric, and released through Paramount Pictures.

title: Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me


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Circulation

Circulation may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Atmospheric circulation, the large-scale movement of air
 * Circulation (physics), the path integral of the fluid velocity around a closed curve in a fluid flow field
 * Circulatory system, a biological organ system whose primary function is to move substances to and from cells
 * Circulation problem, a generalization of network flow problems
 * Circulation (architecture), the flow of people through a building
 * Circulation (currency), all currency held by consumers and businesses, but not by financial institutions and governments
 * Exhaust gas recirculation, a nitrogen oxide reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines
 * Library circulation, the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library
 * Ocean circulation, the large-scale movement of water
 * Rhetorical circulation, the ways that texts and discourses move through time and space

Other uses

 * Print circulation, the average number of copies of a publication
 * Circulation Festival, an annual circus and fire performance festival held in Dunedin, New Zealand
 * Circulation (film), a 2008 psychological thriller-fantasy film by Ryan Harper
 * Circulation (journal), a journal published by the American Heart Association

title: Circulation


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Dipendra

Dipendra may refer to:

 * Dipendra of Nepal
 * Dipendra Singh Airee
 * Dipendra Chaudhary
 * Dipendra Jha
 * Dipendra K. Khanal
 * Dipendra Prasad
 * Dipendra Shrestha

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User talk:Snoyes/refdesk

Waspnest
Hello. I found the following nest/cocoon type thing outside my house. It feels kind of 'paper-like' and is slightly smaller than a football (soccer ball to you yanks). This is in Toronto, btw.
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon1.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon2.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon3.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon4.jpg

Any ideas? Cheers, snoyes 06:14, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Seen any wasps about? -- Someone else 05:54, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Probably a nest made by either hornets or yellowjackets, from the Vespid family. This time of year you might not see anything living about; usually the colonies die in the fall, except for a queen who overwinters elsewhere Loren Rosen 06:38, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It looks like paper wasp's hive. --Menchi 06:58, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the paper wasps (which are also vespids) usually have umbrella-shaped nests which are partly open on the bottom, whereas the other two vespidae genera cover up the bottom and have openings on the side or top. But there are doubtless exceptions.

Thanks for all the info! I'll add the best pic (resized of course) to the Vespid page, as I also got opinions on #wikipedia saying that it was most likely a nest of the former. So, here comes the ethical dilemna: Should I go and destroy the nest to make photos of the inside/structure and the Queen to post to wikipedia? I'm tending toward "no". Somehow that makes me feel a little too much like Faust. Of course without the benefit of knowing anything and everything there is to know. ;-) snoyes 06:37, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Since the vespid is most probably not on the endangered list in Canada, you can discard the guilty feeling into toilet and know you're doing the community a service by eliminating the passers-by's fear of the sight of the nest. Good luck finding a queen! I couldn't find it looking through a thin glass box in a museum! But if you do find it, let me know, I'll definitely add it to the Brilliant pictures. Any diligent effort for WP this like this needs recognition. And I'm curious anyway.

 * You do have at least mittens and jacket to prevent merciless stings, I hope... Or at least have a nice little iron room where people wouldn't hear you scream -- It may be handy, for the vespids. --Menchi 07:04, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It certainly won't be as brilliant as Anthere's Image:Cheche.JPG, that's for sure! Otherwise, A few stings are not a problem in my grand scheme of engineering a wasp-born virus which will subtly animate the infected to visit this obscure website called wikipedia.org. Ever heard of it? Muhaha --snoyes 08:17, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You're well past your first freeze of the fall in Toronto, right? There's probably nothing alive in the nest. The queen is off dormant somewhere, in a nook in some tree bark or something, somewhere less exposed than hanging in a nest in the middle of the air for the winter. (But wearing mittens and a jacket wouldn't hurt, I suppose.) Loren Rosen 16:01, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

GRRR! Those paranoid Canadians. Now the nest is gone. So much for my plan then. Thanks again for the help everyone. --snoyes 18:43, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Wait... Isn't the nest in front of your house? Somebody just walked into your yard and snatched it off at night?! :-D --Menchi 23:41, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snoyes/refdesk


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User talk:Wmorrow

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Noldoaran 21:08, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wmorrow


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Silver dollar

Silver dollar is a dollar coin made of silver or any white metal. See:

 * Spanish dollar
 * Dollar coin (United States)
 * Dollar (Hong Kong coin)
 * Canadian silver dollar

Silver dollar or dollar may also refer to:

 * Silver certificate (United States)
 * Silver dollar, a North American–style pancake.
 * Silver dollar (fish), a name given to various fish species.

Geography

 * Silver Dollar, Ontario, a community in Ontario, Canada.
 * Silver Dollar City, a theme park in Missouri, United States.

People

 * Sylvestro Carolla, New Orleans gangster known as "Silver Dollar".
 * James Marion West, Jr., Texas oilman known as "Silver Dollar Jim" for throwing coins to passersby on the street.

Entertainment

 * Silver Dollar (film), a 1932 film starring Edward G. Robinson.
 * "Silver Dollar", hit song sung by Teresa Brewer

title: Silver dollar


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Talk:Silver dollar

Comment
This is just a quick filler page, I hope to put more information in later... or link it to a page with more information...

I've really never heard of a golden dollar, just gold dollars or Sacagawea dollars... - Woodrow 17:39, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Do Morgan Dollars go for $10,000 or $1,000? The article says $10,00 which is a probably typo. Zerbey

Pancake
Hey, is a silver dollar really a pancake? It seemed like it could be, but I wasn't sure.

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Continuing Anglican movement

The Continuing Anglican movement, also known as the Anglican Continuum, encompasses a number of Christian churches, principally based in North America, that have an Anglican identity and tradition but are not part of the Anglican Communion.

These churches generally believe that traditional forms of Anglican faith and worship have been unacceptably revised or abandoned within some churches of the Anglican Communion, but that they, the Continuing Anglicans, are preserving or "continuing" both Anglican lines of apostolic succession, and historic Anglican belief and practice.

The term was first used in 1948 to describe members of the Church of England in Nandyal who refused to enter the emerging Church of South India, which united the Anglican Church of India, Burma and Ceylon, with the Reformed (Presbyterian and Congregationalist) and Methodist churches in India. Today, however, the term usually refers to the churches that descend from the Congress of St. Louis, at which the foundation was laid for a new Anglican church in North America and which produced the Affirmation of St. Louis which opens with the title "The Continuation of Anglicanism." Some church bodies that pre-date the Congress of St. Louis or are of more recent origin have referred to themselves as "Continuing Anglican", although they have no connection to the Congress of St. Louis and may not adhere to all of its principles.

The churches defined as "Continuing Anglican" are separate from GAFCON and the Anglican Church in North America.

Relations with the Anglican Communion
Continuing Anglican churches were formed by clergy and lay people who left churches belonging to the Anglican Communion. The Continuing Anglican churches believe that those churches have been compromised by adopting secular cultural standards and liberal approaches to theology. Continuing Anglicans generally believe that the faith of some churches in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury have become either heretical or heterodox and therefore have not sought to be affiliated with the Anglican Communion. Although the term Anglican historically refers also to those churches in communion with the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury, many Continuing churches, particularly those in the United States, use the term Anglican to differentiate themselves from the Episcopal Church of the United States, which they consider to be heterodox.

At the 1998 Lambeth Conference, Resolution IV.11, Continuing Churches, was added, which asked the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Primates' Meeting to consider how best to initiate and maintain dialogue with such groups with a view to the reconciliation of all who partake of the Anglican tradition.

Theological unity and diversity
Anglicanism in general has historically viewed itself as a via media between the Reformed tradition and the Lutheran tradition, and after the Oxford Movement, certain clerics have sought a balance of the emphases of Catholicism and Protestantism, while tolerating a range of expressions of evangelicalism and ceremony. Clergy and laity from all Anglican churchmanship traditions have been active in the formation of the Continuing Anglican movement.

There are high church, broad church, and low church Continuing Anglican jurisdictions. Some are Anglo-Catholic with richly ceremonial liturgical practices. These include the Anglican Province of Christ the King, the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Province of America, and the Anglican Church in America. Others that belong to the Reformed Anglican tradition, such as the United Episcopal Church of North America, support the Thirty-Nine Articles and, in some parishes, alternate Morning Prayer with Holy Communion.

The Continuing churches in the United States reject the 1979 revision of the Book of Common Prayer made by the Episcopal Church (United States), and instead use the American 1928 version, or earlier official versions of the Book of Common Prayer for their services.

The liturgical use of the 1611 Authorized Version of the Bible (known in the United States as the King James Version) is also a common feature. This is done for many reasons, including aesthetics, and in opposition to what the churches regard as liberal or progressive theology which is said to characterize some translations of more recent origin.

The Affirmation of St. Louis, adopted at the Congress of St. Louis (September 14–16, 1977) by over 2000 concerned bishops, clergy, and laypeople, and to a lesser extent the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, serve as standards of faith and unity for most Continuing churches.

Origins
The Continuing Anglican movement originated in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the Anglican Church of Canada. Related churches in other countries were founded later.

In 1976, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America voted to approve the ordination of women to the priesthood and to the episcopate, and also provisionally adopted a new and doctrinally controversial Book of Common Prayer, later called the 1979 version. During the following year, several thousand dissenting clergy and laypersons responded to those actions by meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, under the auspices of the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen, and adopting a theological statement, the Affirmation of St. Louis of 1977. The Affirmation expressed a determination "to continue in the Catholic Faith, Apostolic Order, Orthodox Worship, and Evangelical Witness of the traditional Anglican Church, doing all things necessary for the continuance of the same".

Out of this meeting came a new church with the provisional name "Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal)". The first bishops of the new church, later named the Anglican Catholic Church, were consecrated on January 28, 1978, in Denver, Colorado. The main Continuing Anglican churches claim Apostolic succession, originating from The Episcopal Church from before the date of ordination of women to the priesthood. It is also stated that there are Old Catholic and Polish National Catholic Church consecrations in the line of succession.

In Denver, the first bishop of the new church, Charles Dale David Doren, formerly the Archdeacon of the Diocese of Taejon in South Korea, was consecrated by the Rt Rev’d Albert Arthur Chambers, formerly the Episcopal Church's Bishop of Springfield (PECUSA #588) and Acting Metropolitan of the ACNA.

Joining Bishop Chambers in the consecration of Charles Doren was the Rt Rev’d Francisco de Jesus Pagtakhan of the Philippine Independent Catholic Church. Letters of Consent and Desire for the Doren consecration were in hand from the Rt Rev’d Mark Pae (Taejon, Korea) and Rt Rev'd Charles Boynton. Originally, a minimum of four consecrating bishops were sought, following the precendent of PECUSA. Bishop Boynton did not attend due to ill health. Bishop Pae was reportedly intending to be present, but upon the release of his name, the Archbishop of Canterbury ordered him not to attend. The canonicity of the third consecrator by letter of written consent was defended at the consecration. The newly consecrated Charles Doren then joined with Chambers and Pagtakhan in consecrating as bishops James Orin Mote, Robert S. Morse, and Peter Francis Watterson. Watterson left the movement shortly afterward and became a Roman Catholic priest.

What had provisionally been called the Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal), was renamed Anglican Catholic Church at the constitutional assembly in Denver, October 18–21, 1978. "Anglican Catholic Church" had previously been considered as a possible alternative name of the Protestant Episcopal Church USA before the decision to adopt the name The Episcopal Church. The new church continued to appeal to disaffected Episcopalians to join. Some parishes of The Episcopal Church attempted to join the Anglican Catholic Church with their church building and property, leading to numerous court challenges. Only a few parishes were able to retain their property outright, such as St. James, Cleveland. By 1985, it was estimated that up to 20,000 people had left The Episcopal Church for the newly formed Anglican Catholic Church.

Early fractures and realignment
During the process of ratifying the new church's constitution, disputes developed that split its dioceses into two American churches and a separate Canadian church. These were the Anglican Catholic Church led by James Orin Mote, the Diocese of Christ the King (now the Anglican Province of Christ the King) led by Robert S. Morse, and the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada. In 1981, Charles Doren and others left the Anglican Catholic Church to found the United Episcopal Church of North America in opposition to the alleged inhospitality of the other jurisdictions towards low churchmen.

In 1983, a statement of unity led to the coalescence of the Anglican Catholic Church. In 1984 a portion of the Anglican Episcopal Church of North America merged with the ACC to become the non-geographical Diocese of St. Paul.

Some Continuing Anglican bishops began discussing forming an international communion of Continuing Anglican churches in 1988, and met in 1989 to form the Traditional Anglican Communion. In 1991, multiple Anglican jurisdictions were invited to attend a conference in October in Deerfield Beach, Florida, to create a united church. The United Episcopal Church of North America and the Diocese of Christ the King declined to participate. At that meeting, a number of parishes left the Anglican Catholic Church to merge with the American Episcopal Church and form the Anglican Church in America as a part of the Traditional Anglican Communion. Some of those later formed the Anglican Province of America after the resignation of Bishop Anthony F. M. Clavier as bishop ordinary of Diocese of the Eastern United States (ACA) in 1995. In 1997, additional parishes left the Anglican Catholic Church and formed the Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite).

In 1999, Bishop Richard Boyce requested membership in the Anglican Province of America as the Diocese of the West. In 2003, the Anglican Rite Synod in the Americas (ARSA) under Bishops Larry Shaver (formerly of the American Episcopal Church and the Anglican Jurisdiction of the Americas ) and Herbert M. Groce were received into the Anglican Province of America as the non-geographical Diocese of St. Augustine, later renamed the Diocese of Mid-America.

On March 5, 2003, Ash Wednesday, the Diocese of the Holy Cross seceded from the Anglican Province of Christ the King over questions surrounding James Provence, the successor of Robert S. Morse. On July 25, 2007, Bishop Rocco Florenza and most of the parishes in the Eastern Diocese of the Anglican Province of Christ the King withdrew, joining the Anglican Church in America.

The 2007/08 Directory of Traditional Anglican and Episcopal Parishes, published by the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen, contained information on over 900 parishes affiliated with either the Continuing Anglican churches or the Anglican realignment movement.

International growth
Some Continuing Anglican bodies have added dioceses outside North America. The two largest international jurisdictions are the Traditional Anglican Church and the Anglican Catholic Church. The Traditional Anglican Church comprises national provinces with dioceses, parishes and missions in Australia, Canada, Colombia, Great Britain, Guatemala, India, Ireland, Salvador, South Africa, the United States, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela.

The Anglican Catholic Church has a presence on six continents and nearly two dozen countries. In 1984, the five dioceses of the Church of India (CIPBC) were received by the Anglican Catholic Church and constituted as its second province, but they rescinded communion between 2013 and 2017 over matters relating to the status of the second province and became independent. In 2018, Archbishop Mark Haverland and the Most Rev. John Augustine, Metropolitan of the CIPBC, signed an agreement restoring communio in sacris. In September 2021, by a vote of the provincial synod of the Anglican Catholic Church, a third province, the Province of Southern Africa, was established, comprising five dioceses in South Africa and the one diocese in Zimbabwe. The Province now contains 11 dioceses, including a diocese in Tanzania.

The Anglican Province of America also includes global partnerships, with links to congregations in Ecuador, Haiti, Philippines, and India.

Reunification efforts

Grassroots partnerships have been formed between parishes in geographical regions. The Anglican Fellowship of the Delaware Valley, so named because it encompassed Anglican churches and missions within the Delaware Valley, was formed in 2003 and was led by Bishop Paul C. Hewett of the Diocese of the Holy Cross. It was an association of Anglican churches in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey that subscribed to the Affirmation of St. Louis and affiliated with Forward in Faith-UK. In 2005, the Anglican Fellowship of the Delaware Valley sponsored the conference The Affirmation of St. Louis: Seeking a Path to Reconciliation and Unity, which brought together traditionalists in the Episcopal Church and members of the continuing movement to discuss a path to jurisdictional unity. In 2006, representatives from seven Anglican churches announced the formation of Common Cause Appalachia, an alliance of Anglican churches in the Appalachian area of the Southeast United States, to which some continuing Anglican churches in Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee belonged.

In September 2004, Bishops and clergy of the Anglican Catholic Church (ACC), the Anglican Province of Christ the King (APCK), and the Anglican Church in America (ACA), together with some clergy of Forward in Faith, made a joint pilgrimage to the tomb of Bishop Charles Grafton in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.

ACC-APCK-UECNA
From 2003 to 2011, the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Province of Christ the King, and the United Episcopal Church of North America (UECNA) explored opportunities for greater cooperation and the possibility of achieving organic unity. In 2003, Archbishop John-Charles Vockler of the ACC in a letter, called for prayers for healing of the damaged relations between the ACC and the APCK. On May 17, 2007, Archbishop Mark Haverland of the ACC signed an intercommunion agreement negotiated with the United Episcopal Church of North America. In July, Archbishop Haverland published a statement on church unity, calling on UECNA and the APCK to join him in building "full organic unity." Bishop Presley Hutchens of the ACC addressed delegates at the UECNA convention in October 2008 and discussed the possibility of uniting the ACC and UECNA. Although well received at the time, there was a feeling among many of the delegates that the proposal was being rushed, and that no proper consideration was being given to the theological, constitutional, and canonical issues thrown up by the move. In January 2009, one bishop from each jurisdiction consecrated three suffragan bishops in St. Louis, intending that they serve all three jurisdictions. Moves towards unity with the Anglican Catholic Church were referred for further discussion and subsequently stalled in 2011 by the decision of UECNA to remain an independent jurisdiction.

Approaches and responses to the Roman Catholic Church
One Continuing Anglican church body, the Traditional Anglican Communion (TAC), sought reunion with the Roman Catholic Church. In 2004, Archbishop John Hepworth of the TAC reported that based on eight years of dialogue, Rome could recognize the TAC as an Anglican church in full communion with the Holy See. In 2007, the TAC made a formal proposal to the Roman Catholic Church for admission into "full corporate and sacramental union" with that church in a manner that would permit the retention of some of its Anglican heritage. The Vatican announced on July 5, 2008, that it was giving serious consideration to appeals received from various Anglican groups seeking union with itself, observing that "the situation within the Anglican Communion in general has become markedly more complex". On October 29, 2009, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith announced Pope Benedict XVI's intention to create a new type of ecclesiastical structure, called a "personal ordinariate", for groups of Anglicans entering into full communion with the see of Rome. The initial response to this announcement was not entirely positive.

On November 4, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed an apostolic constitution, Anglicanorum coetibus. The House of Bishops of the Anglican Church in America – the American province of the TAC – responded on March 3, 2010, voting unanimously to request acceptance under the personal ordinariate provision. Within months, however, a majority of the eight ACA bishops made known their opposition to the move, and the church declared its intention to remain a Continuing Anglican body.

The Most Rev. Mark Haverland (ACC) wrote a response to Anglicanorum coetibus, declining to participate. While the Most Rev. Walter H. Grundorf (APA) offered an initial cautious welcome of Rome's offer, there was no interest for the Anglican Province of America as an institution to join.

In 2012, the TAC College of Bishops met and formally accepted the resignation of Archbishop John Hepworth. Archbishop John Hepworth was officially expelled from the TAC College of Bishops on October 10, 2012.

Common Cause Partnership
Through the Federation of Anglican Churches in the Americas, the Anglican Province of America was associated with the Common Cause Partnership, an organization seeking to unite various Anglican jurisdictions to form a new conservative province of the Anglican Communion in North America. But in January 2008 declined to become a full partner. When, in July 2008, the APA voted to delay a decision on its membership until a number of contentious issues were resolved in the Common Cause Partnership, including whether or not to accept the practice of ordaining women, the APA's Diocese of the West disaffiliated. It subsequently joined the Reformed Episcopal Church and, through her, the Common Cause Partnership. On March 4, 2009, the Anglican Province of America (APA) reorganized its Diocese of the West (DOW) with parishes that had chosen not to follow Richard Boyce out of the APA.

North American Anglican Conference and UECNA
The Anglican Episcopal Church and the Diocese of the Great Lakes formed the North American Anglican Conference for mutual assistance between "Biblical Anglican" churches. A suffragan bishop was consecrated for the Anglican Episcopal Church in late 2008 by its presiding bishop and three bishops of the Diocese of the Great Lakes. In July 2014, the Diocese of the Great Lakes, under Bishop David Hustwick, joined the UECNA as its diocese for the Great Lakes states and eastern Canada. In January 2015, a petition was received from Bishop George Conner of the Anglican Episcopal Church at the behest of that jurisdiction's standing committee asking for admission as a non-geographical diocese of the UECNA. This was granted on February 11, 2015.

Anglican Joint Synods – G-4 to G-3
In January 2016, the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Province of America, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross reached a formal accord. Forming the Anglican Joint Synods, a "Group of 4" churches, called the G-4, pursuing eventual corporate unity. A joint synod was planned for all four jurisdictions to discuss common mission and unity.

On October 6, 2017, the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Province of America, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross signed a communio in sacris agreement at jointly held synods in Atlanta, Georgia, pledging to pursue full, institutional, and organic union.

On October 13, 2017, Archbishop Shane Janzen, then primate of the Traditional Anglican Communion and Metropolitan of the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada, together with Bishop Craig Botterill, released a statement expressing the hope that the "initiative will lead to further ecumenical dialogue, cooperation and reconciliation between and among the Continuing Anglican Churches around the world, as well as here in Canada".

In 2019, a joint mission and evangelism ministry called Continuing Forward was formed for these G-4 jurisdictions. All four were represented at a second joint synod held January 13–17, 2020 in Atlanta.

On September 23, 2021, the Diocese of the Holy Cross voted to join the Anglican Catholic Church as a non-geographical diocese, making the "Group of 4" a "Group of 3" (G-3) churches.

On February 16, 2022, the primates of the Anglican Province of America and the Traditional Anglican Church announced the establishment of a full communion agreement between the two traditional Anglican churches. On May 22, 2022, Rogation Sunday, the Anglican Province of America and the Traditional Anglican Church officially signed the agreement of full sacramental communion at Saint Barnabas Cathedral, Dunwoody, Georgia. At the 2023 Anglican Joint Synods, the House of Bishops of the Anglican Church of America resolved to seek "fullest unity possible with the Anglican Catholic Church while maintaining the integrity and unity of the Traditional Anglican Church."

Dialogue with the Polish National Catholic Church
A dialogue between the G-3 (at the time, G-4) churches and the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) opened, resulting from the desire to restore the kind of intercommunion that the PNCC had shared with the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States before 1978. The meetings began after representatives of the PNCC were invited and attended the Anglican Joint Synods of the G-4 in 2017. The dialogue has addressed various issues and ways the churches can continue to grow closer together and achieve unity.

The first official dialogue was held January 15, 2019, in Dunwoody, Georgia. The Jurisdictions of the G-4 were represented by their presiding bishops and archbishops from the Anglican Catholic Church, the Anglican Church in America, the Anglican Province of America, and the Diocese of the Holy Cross. Also in attendance was a bishop of the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada (ACCC). The PNCC was represented by three bishops, including Prime Bishop Anthony Mikovsky and Bishop Paul Sobiechowski, and two senior priests.

On July 28, 2020, the G-4/PNCC Ecumenical Dialogue Group met via Zoom.

On October 5–6, 2021, the G-3/PNCC Ecumenical Dialogue Group met at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Manchester, New Hampshire.

On March 15–16, 2022, the G-3/PNCC Ecumenical Dialogue Group met at the Anglican Cathedral of the Epiphany in Columbia, South Carolina.

G-3 representatives were also in attendance with the bishops of the PNCC at the 125th anniversary and General Synod of the Polish National Catholic Church in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

As a part of the ACC's worldwide efforts with the Union of Scranton, meetings have been held between the Nordic Catholic Church and the ACC Diocese of the United Kingdom.

On January 23–25, 2023, delegates of the G-3 and the PNCC met for their 7th Dialogue at St. Paul's Anglican Church (APA), Melbourne, Florida, and produced this statement:

"We, the Bishops and members of the G-3 and the PNCC celebrate the anniversary of our Ecumenical Dialogue. We began our initial discussions on January 11, 2019 for the purpose of discussing God's will for our mutual journey in Christ.

Over the past four years, we have gathered for worship and sacred fellowship. We have grown to know each other as brothers in Christ, and committed ourselves to find ways we may work together for mutual support and the ever challenging task of becoming one.

Though we gratefully share the fullness of the Catholic faith, we are aware that the goal of unity may take many years. Nevertheless, we believe that our work together is essential to the fulfillment of God's will.

We will keep our Churches in prayer that our efforts may bear the necessary spiritual fruit and be ever pleasing to God."

Dialogue with the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod
In May 2024, representives of the G3 churches met with representives of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod (LCMS) in St. Louis, Missouri. Continuing meetings were planned for the future for the purpose of both parties coming to understand the other better, and to form joint statements on pressing theological or moral matters.

Churches
There have been occasional surveys of "orthodox" Anglican churches conducted by the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen, with numbers reported from 2007 and 2011 and 2015.

The following is a list of denominations and dioceses worldwide that derive from the Congress of St. Louis and the January 28, 1978, consecrations.

North America
The approximate number of parishes and missions is shown in parentheses.
 * Anglican Catholic Church (including Diocese of the Holy Cross) (87)
 * Anglican Catholic Church of Canada (TAC) (12)
 * Anglican Church in America (TAC) (51)
 * Anglican Province of America (42)
 * Anglican Province of Christ the King (37)
 * Holy Catholic Church (Anglican Rite) (8)
 * Traditional Anglican Church of Canada (ACC) (9)
 * United Episcopal Church of North America (24)

South America and Caribbean

 * Diocese of the New Grenada (Colombia, Venezuela, Chile and Brazil) (ACC)
 * Indigenous Pastorale of the Anglican Province of America in Ecuador (APA)
 * Missionary Diocese of the Caribbean (ACC)
 * Traditional Anglican Church in Latin America (TAC)
 * Diocese of Peutro Rico and the Caribbean (TAC)

Europe

 * Church of England (Continuing)
 * Church of Ireland - Traditional Rite (TAC)
 * Deanery of Europe (ACC)
 * Diocese of the United Kingdom (ACC)
 * Traditional Anglican Church in Britain (TAC)

Africa

 * Anglican Church in Southern Africa (TAC)
 * Continuing Anglican Church in Zimbabwe (TAC)
 * Diocese of the Aweil (Sudan) (ACC)
 * Diocese of Cameroon (ACC)
 * Diocese of Christ the Redeemer (South Africa) (ACC)
 * Diocese of Congo (South Kivu (exclusive Fizi, Uvira and Mwenga), North Kivu, Central, West, North and South) (ACC)
 * Diocese of Kenya (ACC)
 * Missionary Diocese of Eastern Congo (Fizi, Uvira and Mwenga) (ACC)
 * Missionary Diocese of Rwanda (ACC)
 * Missionary Diocese of the West (South Africa) (ACC)
 * Province of Southern Africa (ACC)
 * Diocese of Kei
 * Missionary Diocese of Ekurhuleni
 * Missionary Diocese of Saint Paul
 * Missionary Diocese of Vaal
 * Missionary Diocese of Johannesburg
 * Diocese of Christ the King
 * Diocese of Zimbabwe
 * Diocese of Port Elizabeth
 * Diocese of East London
 * Missionary Diocese of Qumbu
 * Diocese of Tanzania
 * Patrimony of the North West (South Africa)
 * Patrimony of the Western Cape
 * Traditional Anglican Church in Zambia (TAC)

Asia

 * Anglican Church of India - CIPBC (TAC)
 * Church of India-CIPBC (ACC)
 * Diocese of Lahore (Pakistan) (ACC)
 * Anglican Church in America (ACA) Deanery of Indonesia

Oceania

 * Church of the Torres Strait (TAC)
 * Missionary Diocese of Australia and New Zealand (ACC)
 * Missionary Diocese of the Philippines (ACC)
 * Traditional Anglican Church in Australia (TAC)

Other Continuing Anglican churches
Other church bodies commonly called "Continuing Anglican" were founded independently of the Continuing Anglican movement of the 1970s, some before and others later. Among these are the Free Church of England (the first congregations of which were founded in 1844), the Orthodox Anglican Church (founded in 1963 as the Anglican Orthodox Church), the Southern Episcopal Church (founded in 1965). and the Reformed Episcopal Church (founded in 1873).

North American communities that fall into this category (with approximate number of congregations) are:

 * American Anglican Church (13)
 * Anglican Orthodox Church (9)
 * Christian Episcopal Church of North America (6)
 * Episcopal Missionary Church (19)
 * Independent Anglican Church, Canada Synod (10)
 * Orthodox Anglican Church (11)
 * Southern Episcopal Church (3)
 * United Anglican Church

Defunct churches
Other American churches that emerged from the jurisdictions derived from the Congress of St. Louis, then merged with existing jurisdictions or otherwise ceased:

 * American Episcopal Church (1970–1991)
 * Anglican Episcopal Church of North America (1972–1984)
 * Anglican Rite Jurisdiction of the Americas (1981–?)
 * Anglican Rite Synod in the Americas (?–2003)
 * Anglican Rite Synod of America
 * Anglo-Catholic Church in the Americas (2000–2009)
 * Reformed Anglican Church (2009–2023)
 * Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church (1991–2011)

Saint Joseph of Arimathea Theological College
Originally founded in 1952 by Robert S. Morse as the Episcopal Chaplaincy at Stanford University, it was renamed the St. Joseph of Arimathea Foundation in 1960. In 1964, the current location one block south of the University of California, Berkeley was purchased. Due to disagreements between Robert S. Morse and the current Episcopal bishop, James Pike, in 1963 Morse resigned as chairman but filled the Board with Orthodox and Catholic clergy, including Prince Vasili Romanov and the Very Rev. Alexander Schmemann. The St. Joseph's Student Center hosted Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican services throughout the week. The chapel, also named for Saint Joseph of Arimethea, was built in 1975 and features a sixteenth century crucifix. Saint Joseph of Arimathea Anglican Theological College was founded in 1979 as a seminary for the newly formed Diocese of Christ the King. It continues to offer classes, in person and online, mostly for prospective clergy of the Anglican Province of Christ the King.

Holyrood Seminary
Holyrood Seminary was established by the Anglican Catholic Church in 1981 to address the shortage of priests in the newly formed church. The building purchased was former hospital in Liberty, New York. The building had previously been purchased in 1979 by St. Alban's Anglican Catholic Holyrood Seminary of Richmond, Virginia. The seminary produced many graduates who were ordained in the Anglican Catholic Church and other continuing churches. The seminary closed in 1998.

Saint Bede's Anglican Catholic Theological College
Saint Bede's Anglican Catholic Theological College was established in 2001 to serve the needs of the Anglican Catholic Church of Canada and Traditional Anglican Church as well as other Continuing Anglican Churches. It offers courses leading to Bachelor in Theology (B.Th.), Master of Divinity (M.Div.), or Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S) degrees. In 2018, Saint Bede's Anglican Catholic Theological College was accredited by Accreditation Service for International Schools, Colleges and Universities (ASIC). Based in Victoria, British Columbia, it also offers classes online.

title: Continuing Anglican movement


text:
Mahendra

Mahendra (महेन्द्र) is a Sanskrit compound word deriving from mahā (great) and indra (the title of the king of the devas) from Hinduism. It has been used in compound royal styles.

Royalty

 * Mahendra or Mahinda – the son of Emperor Ashoka and a promoter of Buddhism
 * Mahendravarman I – (Tamil: மகேந்திரவர்மன் 600–630 CE), Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of what forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in the early 7th century.
 * Mahindu, 10th century Chahamana king of north-western India
 * Mahendra of Nepal – king of Nepal from 1955 to 1972

Elected office

 * Mahinda Rajapaksa – President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015
 * Mahendra Chaudhry – Fijian politician and the leader of the Fiji Labour Party
 * Upul Mahendra (born 1971), Sri Lankan politician

Film

 * Balu Mahendra – director of Tamil films
 * Y. G. Mahendra – an Indian actor, singer playwright and comedian

Music

 * Mahendra Kapoor – Bollywood singer

Sports

 * Mahendra Singh Dhoni – Indian cricketer, former Captain of Indian Cricket Team
 * Mahendra Nagamootoo – West Indian cricketer

Business

 * Mahendra Kumar
 * Mahendra Mehta

title: Mahendra


text:
Gordon Dickson

Gordon Dickson may refer to:

 * Gordon Dickson (athlete) (1932–2015), Canadian long-distance runner
 * Gordon R. Dickson (1923–2001), Canadian-American science fiction writer
 * Gordon Dickson (rugby union) (born 1954), Scotland international rugby union player

title: Gordon Dickson


text:
The Sword of the Lord

The Sword of the Lord is a Christian fundamentalist, Independent Baptist bi-monthly 24-page newspaper.

The Sword of the Lord is published by Sword of the Lord Ministries, a non-profit organization based in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, which also publishes religious books, pamphlets, and tracts from a fundamentalist Christian perspective, as Sword of the Lord Publications.

History
The Sword of the Lord was first published on September 28, 1934, in Dallas, Texas by John R. Rice, who edited the publication until his death on December 29, 1980. At first it was simply the four-page paper of Fundamentalist (later, Galilean) Baptist Church of Dallas, where Rice was the pastor. The paper was handed out on the street, and Rice's daughters and other Sunday school children delivered it door-to-door.

The Sword of the Lord moved with the Rice family to Wheaton, Illinois in 1940, and then to its present location in 1963. Upon the Sword's move to Tennessee, Rice co-edited the paper with his brother Bill (1912-1978) until Bill's death. Curtis Hutson replaced Bill Rice as co-editor, and he became the sole editor two years later when John Rice died. Hutson died in 1995, and editorship passed to Shelton Smith, former pastor of the Church of the Open Door/Carroll Christian Schools, Westminster, Maryland.

The name of the ministry and publication is taken from a phrase in Judges 7:20: "...and they cried, The sword of the Lord, and of Gideon." The verse is featured in the banner, as is the newspaper's stated purpose:

"An Independent Christian Publication, Standing for the Verbal Inspiration of the Bible, the Deity of Christ, His Blood Atonement, Salvation by Faith, New Testament Soul Winning and the Premillennial Return of Christ; Opposing Modernism (Liberalism), Worldliness and Formalism."

Family members of the editors often assumed integral roles at The Sword of the Lord. In 2009, the approximately fifty employees of the Sword of the Lord included editor Shelton Smith; his son, Marlon, executive vice president..

Soul-winning
The Sword of the Lord emphasizes soul winning, the belief that Christians should actively seek to convert others to faith in Jesus Christ. It promotes fulfilling the Great Commission by publishing books and materials on the topic as well as sponsoring annual "School of the Prophets" seminars.

King James Bible
Consistent with the King James Only movement, the Sword of the Lord believes: "the Bible, the Scriptures of the Old Testament and the New Testament, preserved for us in the Masoretic Text (Old Testament), Textus Receptus (New Testament), and in the King James Bible, is verbally and plenarily inspired of God. It is the inspired, inerrant, infallible, and altogether authentic, accurate and authoritative Word of God, therefore the supreme and final authority in all things. (II Tim. 3:16-17; II Peter 1:21; Rev. 22:18-19).'"

Contents
For many years The Sword of the Lord has published sermons of contemporary Independent Baptist preachers who are part of its circle. It also publishes sermons from a wider spectrum of evangelicals of past generations (not all of whom were Independent Baptist), including Hyman Appelman, Harry A. Ironside, Bob Jones, Sr., R. A. Torrey, Robert G. Lee, Dwight L. Moody, Billy Sunday, T. De Witt Talmage, and George Truett.

The Sword of the Lord is strongly anti-Calvinist and as such does not publish sermons by Calvinist preachers, although an exception has been made for the noted nineteenth-century Calvinist Charles Spurgeon. Nevertheless, Spurgeon's sermons have been edited to remove Calvinist-leaning passages.

The paper usually includes "Editor's Notes," a column by Smith commenting on his recent travels and upcoming events; "Noteworthy News," brief descriptions of events involving Christians or matters related to Christianity, with occasional editorial commentary; columns on church planting and bus ministries; and advertisements for independent fundamentalist Baptist churches and Bible colleges.

title: The Sword of the Lord


text:
Elka

ELKA, Elka, or Elkas may refer to:

 * Aspioti-ELKA, Greek publishing and printing firm, active 1873–1997
 * An Italian synthesizer manufacturer, now defunct; brand now owned by Generalmusic, used for their amplifier products
 * Elka Synthex, a synthesizer produced from 1981–1985
 * ELKA, a Bulgarian manufacturer of calculators
 * Elka 22, the most famous model
 * Elka (singer) (born 1982), Ukrainian singer
 * Elka de Levie (1905–1979), Dutch gymnast
 * Elka Gilmore (1960–2019, American chef (of eponymous San Francisco restaurant Elka)
 * Elka Graham (born 1981), Australian swimmer
 * Elka Nikolova, Bulgarian-American film director
 * Elka Ostrovsky, a fictional character from the TV show Hot in Cleveland
 * Elka Todorova, Bulgarian sociology, psychology, and social work researcher
 * Edward Elkas (fl. 1862–1926), American silent film actor
 * Peter Elkas (born 1976), Canadian singer-songwriter

title: Elka


text:
Constitution of Oregon

The Oregon Constitution is the governing document of the U.S. state of Oregon, originally enacted in 1857. As amended the current state constitution contains eighteen sections, beginning with a bill of rights. This contains most of the rights and privileges protected by the United States Bill of Rights and the main text of the United States Constitution. The remainder of the Oregon Constitution outlines the divisions of power within the state government, lists the times of elections, and defines the state boundaries and the capital as Salem.

History
The first constitutional documents enacted in Oregon pre-dated statehood. These were the Organic Law of 1843 and the Organic Law of 1845, adopted to govern Oregon Territory. In 1857, leaders of the territory gathered at the Oregon Constitutional Convention and drafted the current constitution. Over half of the document's content was derived in part from the Indiana constitution. The constitution of 1857 included a racial exclusion section that excluded African Americans and Chinese from the state. (See Racism in Oregon.)

On November 9, 1857, Oregon voters approved its first constitution that then became effective upon statehood on February 14, 1859. The constitution was unchanged for the remainder of the 19th century, but has been amended numerous times since 1902 (see List of Oregon ballot measures). The changes have included the introduction of a direct legislation system, which enabled Oregon voters to propose and approve amendments both to the Constitution and to the Oregon Revised Statutes.

In 1905, a coalition of Oregon lawyers advocated for convening a constitutional convention the following year, and drafted plans for the selection of delegates. According to The Oregonian, Portland attorneys were "almost to a man in favor of making the change". Dissenters included Portland attorneys George W. Joseph, who advised "leaving well enough alone", and C. E. S. Wood, who insisted that the recent passage of initiative and referendum system offered sufficient opportunity to amend the constitution as needed. Governor George Earle Chamberlain declined to take a position.

In 1916, Oregonians voted to keep Section 6 of Article II of the constitution, which read "No negro, Chinaman or mulatto shall have the right of suffrage", even though it had been rendered void by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 1927, Oregonians finally decided to remove this suffrage exclusion from their constitution.

Differences from U.S. Constitution
The Oregon Constitution is easier to amend than its federal counterpart. Amending the U.S. Constitution requires a two-thirds vote in Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states. In Oregon, once an initiative amendment to its constitution has been placed on the ballot by initiative petition, or once a legislative amendment has been referred to the people by a simple majority vote in the state legislature, a simple majority of favorable votes is enough to ratify it. Placing a petition for an amendment on the ballot requires a number of valid signatures of registered voters equal to eight percent of the total number of votes cast in the last gubernatorial election, higher than the six percent required for a change in statute. See the list of Oregon ballot measures for initiative amendments.

The right to free speech in Oregon is broader than the federal level:

"No law shall be passed restraining the free expression of opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print freely on any subject whatever; but every person shall be responsible for the abuse of this right."

In State v. Robertson, the Oregon Supreme Court has cited this right against parts of Oregon's disorderly conduct statute, against content-based restrictions on billboards and murals, and against laws restricting the sale of pornography.

Later in 1987, the court cited this provision when it abolished the state's obscenity statute in State v. Henry.

Preamble

 * PREAMBLE

 * We the people of the State of Oregon to the end that Justice be established, order maintained, and liberty perpetuated, do ordain this Constitution.—

Articles

 * I — Bill of rights
 * II — Suffrage and elections (see also Elections in Oregon)
 * III — Distribution of powers
 * IV — Legislative department (see also Oregon Legislative Assembly)
 * V — Executive department (see also List of Oregon state agencies)
 * VI — Administrative department
 * VII (Amended) — Judicial department (see also Oregon Judicial Department)
 * VII (Original) — Judicial department
 * VIII — Education and school lands (see also Education in Oregon)
 * IX — Finance
 * X — The militia (see also Oregon Military Department)
 * XI — Corporations and internal improvements
 * XI-A — Farm and home loans to veterans
 * XI-D — State power development
 * XI-E — State reforestation
 * XI-F(1) — Higher education building projects
 * XI-F(2) — Veterans' bonus
 * XI-G — Higher education institutions and activities; community colleges
 * XI-H — Pollution control
 * XI-I(1) — Water development projects
 * XI-I(2) — Multifamily housing for elderly and disabled
 * XI-J — Small scale local energy loans
 * XI-K — Guarantee of bonded indebtedness of education districts
 * XI-L — Oregon Health and Science University (see also Oregon Health & Science University)
 * XI-M — Seismic rehabilitation of public education buildings
 * XI-N — Seismic rehabilitation of emergency services buildings
 * XI-O — Pension liabilities
 * XII — State printing
 * XIV — Seat of government (see also Oregon State Capitol)
 * XV — Miscellaneous
 * XVI — Boundaries (see also Geography of Oregon)
 * XVII — Amendments and revisions
 * XVIII — Schedule

title: Constitution of Oregon