text:
User talk:Toiyabe

I put some new sources on the "Texas Longhorn" Talk page. I'd be interested in your opinion. Cheers, Johntex 00:45, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I see what you mean about that particular phrase. I've changed it, thanks!  I'll try to include more info from those sources I posted when I have time someday... Johntex 17:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Single-leaf Pinyon
Nice pics, thanks! - can you do the same for Juniperus osteosperma? I've just started the page for it - MPF 17:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * That was quick, thanks! - MPF 17:44, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. Thanks for writing the Utah Juniper article. Can't help you much on anything else except Sagebrush and Quaking Aspen, though.  Toiyabe 17:47, 23 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Toiyabe - I'm fairly certain they're juniper tip midge galls (I'm assuming you mean the two brownish 'lumps' far left, that's what I'm referring to!); I've got a herbarium specimen I collected in the Calif White Mts which I'll take a photo of shortly, but while waiting, here's a photo at Forestry Images. The male cones are small (1-3 mm), pale yellow (probably pale green at this time of year as they're immature), I think I can see some on your pic just above right of the right-hand cone (the pale tips to some of the shoots) - MPF 16:06, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "The galls are so common" that's why I mentioned them in the article :-) exactly because I thought otherwise people might be confused with what they were . . . when I first saw them I didn't know what they were but realised they weren't cones, so had to be a gall of some sort, then when I got home I stuck 'juniper gall' into google and eventually found that forestry images pic, which is where I got the sci name from. Methinks your new Image:Utah_juniper_cones_2.jpg is a better pic for the taxobox, and Image:Utah_juniper_cones_1.jpg could go at the start of the para about the galls? - MPF 16:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia commons
Hi,

Thanks for the great tarantula picture. Would you please consider uploading your picture to the "commons"? That way people all over the world could use your photos in Wikipedia articles without having to do anything about copying them over to their own areas. Thanks. P0M 01:16, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

New Engineering Wiki
[Engineering Wiki is a [[wiki]] entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. I invite you to join this wiki.

Image:Stress v strain A36.png
Can you take the typo out of this pic? It's 'yield', not 'yeild'. Also, it is better to use reference numbers in a pic rather than text, so it can be used in other language articles.

Also, the scale of the pic is not correct; the yield strain is less than 1% of rupture strain. MH 18:01, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

>What do you mean about "reference numbers"
 * See e.g. weather front, instead of writing cold front in the pic, it says 1. This way the same pic can be used in e.g. the Spanish article Frente (meteorología)

>It's hard to show both the slope of the elastic portion of the curve and the full width of the plastic portion in a plot that doesn't take up the entire page.
 * Use a logarithmic scale on the strain axis?

> I've made another go of it - What do you think?
 * Better, but I still read 'Stress' and 'Strain' on the axes. You could use σ and ε those are international. MH 19:41, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

> another go...
 * Perfect! MH 12:25, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * oops.. I did not see your second pic.
 * On the right is a pic from my 1972 civil engineering book, it shows strain as % and the elastic region (ε < 0,2%) is shown in scale with the ultimate strain (ε > 25%). The letters are;

 * P = limit of proportionality (Hooke's law)
 * E = elastic limit
 * V = upper yield stress/limit
 * B = point of max. stress
 * C = breaking point

The line shows the engineering stress (using the original cross section), the dotted line shows the true stress (using the true cross section, with contraction).

Pitch Lake
I think your sources must be in error, unless it refers to some other asphalt lake (though I am only aware of just the two asphalt lakes in the region - the one in Trinidad and the one across the Gulf in Venezuela). I have never come across anything called Lake Trinidad. Walter Raleigh reports that the area was called La Brea (as the town still is called). Pitch Lake loosely translates La Brea. The oldest map of Trinidad I have seen is from ~1800, just after the British conquest. While I don't have a copy of it, I have looked quite carefully at reproductions of the map, and I feel that something as unusual as "Lake Trinidad" would.

I have asked my sister to see what she can find - she has done consulting work in La Brea a couple times, so she's more likely to have come across the name than I would have. Guettarda 18:53, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Just thought of a possible source for the "Lake Trinidad" references - the company that mines the Pitch Lake was called the "Trinidad Lake Asphalt Company Ltd." (now Lake Asphalt of Trinidad and Tobago). It isn't that hard to reverse the first two words to get Lake Trinidad.  Guettarda 19:01, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I figured, but it has made me curious. Guettarda 20:08, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Two pictures of mustangs
I got two beautiful pictures (see Mustang) of Utah mustangs by Jaime Jackson and I added one into Mustang (horse) article.--Alex brollo 05:59, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Wiki for Engineering
Engineering Wiki is a wiki entirely dedicated to collecting information about Engineering. The Engineering Wiki is in early development stages at the moment. We invite you to help devlope this wiki.

Collapse of Twin Towers
Hi Toiyabe, As a civil engineer, I wonder could you help answer some of my questions about the NIST report on the collapse. (The discussion on Talk:Collapse of the World Trade Center is getting very cluttered with noisy arguements, so I thought I'd move our converstaion here)

One of the components of the NIST explaination for the collapse is the sagging of the floor trusses due to heating. The metal trusses heat and expand, and then bend downwards, ultimately pulling the outer wall inward to begin collapse. But I don't understand why these trusses would bend downwards. Heated metal expands in all directions, but the important increase in dimention would be in length. So the expanding truss should lengthen and push the walls outward. They should only buckle if the outer wall is strong enough to resist the expansion outward pressure. And this buckling would only continue while the outer wall provided resistance. Remove the resistance and further truss expansion should push outward again. I don't understand why NIST assume the trusses could buckle, bend downwards, and then later continue buckling with enough tension to pull the outer wall inward. Am I missing something?

(This is a genuine question. I'm not suggesting any conspiracies. My understanding is that the buckled floors were seen by eyewitnesses and I have seen videos of the outer wall caving inward before collapse.)

Thanks for your help. Seabhcán 11:59, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I responded on your talk page. Toiyabe 15:51, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that detailed answer. I'll have to think about it a while and then read over the NIST report again. Another problem I had with the NIST report was their lack of depth on why the whole building collapsed, and not just the damaged sections. Several times it simply says "Global collapse then ensued". The one place where it is dicussed is section 9.3.3 where they simply decribe the fall without even attempting to offer explainations. They also appear to offer a circular argument: we saw it fall at free fall speed, thus the undamaged structural elements offered no resistance. They offered no resistance because the building was so heavy. thus the building fell at free fall speed. This seems to me to be an important ommission. Seabhcán 16:03, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Why so few Wikipedians are engineers?
I am trying to understand why there are so few Wikipedians who are graduate engineers. Once I get a grasp on that, perhaps I may be able to formulate some ideas on how to attract more experienced engineers to become Wikipedians. It would be very helpful if you would respond to these a few questions:

 * Are you a university graduate engineer?
 * Please indicate in which of these engineering disciplines you obtained your degree:
 * Aeronautical or aerospace engineering
 * Bioengineer or biological engineering
 * Chemical engineering
 * Civil engineering
 * Electrical engineering
 * Environmental engineering
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Petroleum engineering
 * Other
 * In what year did you obtain your degree?
 * What attracted you to participate in Wikipedia?

If you would rather not answer these questions on your Talk page, then you may respond on my User talk:mbeychok page. Or you may respond to me via Wikipedia's email which I have enabled on my User:mbeychok page.

If you would rather not respond at all, that's fine also. Regards, - mbeychok 04:28, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have a BS in Civil Engineering from Cornell University, awarded in 1999.
 * I came to wikipedia mostly to edit local articles. I find that editing articles in my specialty (pavements and highways) is a little painfull, as just about everyone deals with them in their daily lives, and therefore lots of people consider themselves experts.  Terminology (layperson vs. jargon, US vs. Commonwealth) is also a big headache.  Toiyabe 16:34, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Ha!
"Man, this is a lot of work dealing with you guys" as you put it...and amen to that. It's a combination of politics, misinformation and even as far as anti-American bias that fuels these people. I forget where I saw it, but someone prominent stated that this is the mother of all conspiracy theories. Maybe in time it will calm down, but even with all JFK now gone more than 40 years...there are still those that question (maybe for good reason) if there was a lone gunman. I would be more likely to believe in Bigfoot, UFO's and multiple hitmen for JFK then the conspiracy theories about 9/11. Thanks for your well put, calm and educated comments.--MONGO 01:43, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, sometimes I feel like I'm just feeding the trolls. But on the other hand, while we probably can't convince the "true belivers", there are probably other people reading the talk page and for their sake we should continue continue to address the conspiracy theories.  I'm woried that more and more normal people seem to be receptive to conspiracy theories.  Simply citing wikipedia policies is all that should be necessary, but it makes our side look like jerks to people unfamiliar with the way wikipedia works.
 * Thanks for the support and the barnstar. Toiyabe 14:36, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You better believe there are others reading it...major media sources read it all the time...I would be willing to place a bet on it. I agree, it almost seems like folly to explain something that in the arena of common sense, shouldn't need any explanation. Wikipedia is going to become more and more mainstream and it's critical I believe that we not allow ourselfs look like idiots by allowing junk science to rule the the article spaces. Obviously, since this is a big wiki, I can't deal with the conspiracy stuff everywhere, so I concentrate on the area that I have some first hand knowledge...9/11. Amazingly, I have repeatedly been accused as being a paid webspammer of the Feds...that is exactly how I would expect a conspiracy theorist to think. Anyway, don't let them bog you down, but I appreciate your help.--MONGO 01:46, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Cui-ui article you created appears on Wikipedia main page
hello Toiyabe. i nominated the cui-ui article you created (and cited you as the originator) for main page mention in the "Did you Know?" column. The editors have consequently selected your article for main page mention. good work with creation of this article.

best regards and i look forward to editing with you on other articles Covalent 04:00, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

CBR
Toiyabe, regarding your edit to Geotechnical engineering, is the old CBR design method no longer in use anywhere? I practice in California, where we've switched over completely to R-Value-based design, but I was under the impression that the AASHTO design method is still in use. Argyriou 21:32, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Grain size
Knowinging your interest in engineering and soil properties, I think you may be interested in responding to questions I posted at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Soil:

"Conflicting particle size criteria needs to be resolved and affects the following articles: ..."

-- Paleorthid 19:36, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Dynamic/Stace Models & Visualizations
Hi. I just added a section the Collapse of the World Trade Center article that might need your expert vetting. I think I got most of your suggestion in there. Anyway, check it out.--Thomas Basboll 23:46, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Good work. I like the way you reworked the paragraph. It got me thinking though whether the point good be made in wholly non-technical language. I'll read it a few times and maybe suggest something in the talk section.--Thomas Basboll 19:46, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Design criticisms of WTC
Thanks for the suggestions. I've had a go at it. There's probably still some mopping up to do.--Thomas Basboll 19:44, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Bazant's latest
I thought I'd elaborate my response from the Talk:Collapse of the World Trade Center page a bit, and get your thoughts on it if you have time. My concern has been to show that it is natural to compare aspects of the WTC collapses with aspects of CD. At bottom, I've been trying to convince myself that the fact that I've allowed the collapses to puzzle me for a few months isn't a sign that I'm completely, you know, whacked out. Like Sunder, Bazant here shows a modicum of respect for the layman who entertains the thought that you need CD to get the apparent facts to jibe with physical theory. The fact that building demolitions can generate data for understanding the WTC collapses validates this intuition at least partly. For the purpose of this WP article, it's an argument for mentioning CD, in passing, as we have done. But looking into Bazant's work is curiouser and curiouser. He seems to have responded (PDF) to a Russian emigre engineer named Cherepanov, who has what is almost a conspiracy theory about the engineering community, and, while he also doesn't argue for CD, proposes strange (new?) principles, "fracture mechanics", to explain precisely the features of the collapse that the CDers emphasize. Cherepanov even explicitly says he can sort of understand what might have led David Ray Griffin to believe that CD would be necessary; and Bazant, in this paper we're talking about, also at least gives CTers a passing mention. Finally, Bazant emphasizes the surprise that engineers felt when the buildings came down. All this is nice to hear for someone who has too often heard CDers dismissed for even thinking there was a mystery.--Thomas Basboll 07:25, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The collapse of the WTC towers is uninteresting to me or to any of the other engineers I know. The only reason why I edit the talk or article page is because it's an engineering subject and there should be an engineer involved.  If someone with equal or greater qualifications than me stepped up (and there's many, many such people in the world), I would happily un-watch and ignore that page.  The only reason why I read the references on this subject is to counter their mis-use.

 * Why are so few engineers interested in this? For one thing, I think we have a much better appreciation of the great difficulty in understanding these sorts of events.  I would not have been surprised if the buildings stood up or fell down under those conditions, because within this field I know what I don't know (and I think I know a fair bit about what nobody knows and nobody can know).  As far as future designs are concerned, events after "global collapse ensued" are not interesting because survival after that time is not a reasonable design constraint.  One thing to keep in mind is that the tragedy is that people died, not that the structures collapsed.  Whether the towers collapsed on 9/11 or managed to stay up they failed and would have to have been torn down.  What went wrong was that there wasn't enough time and useable exit routes to get those people out, not that the buildings collapsed.

 * As far as Mr. Cherepanov's paper is concerned, I think someone without any engineering knowledge at all should be able to read it and come to the conclusion that it's not terribly reliable. I have enough knowledge of the problem domain to seriously question some of his points but I can't claim to know exactly what he's getting at with "fracture waves" (I wonder if anybody does).

 * Barzant and Verdure's paper of June 23 2006 is something I can follow, although it would take me a long time to go through it and I'm not competent to critique it. Now, I'm skeptical that the model can be accurate under real-world conditions but that's something else.  Practicing Civil Engineers tend to be very mistrustful of theoreticians, and I'm no exception.

 * One thing that does interest me is that most of the people who are interested are interested for political reasons (maybe you are the sole exception). People who had barely given a thought to structural engineering before in their lives are now surprised when a building falls down or would be surprised if it didn't.  People with only rudimentary knowledge of the principals involved have questions about whether conspiracies are required to explain their observations.

 * It is impossible (well, you could do it but it would be bogus) to develop a theory based on a single event and use that theory to analyze the event. One needs data to develop a theory and independent data to validate the theory.   For regularly occuring events, all the data could be real-world data, although that's difficult because of the lack of experimental controls (i.e. there will be uncontrolled variables unconsidered in the theory which the results may be sensitive to).  To validate any theory based on the WTC towers one would have to generate data from contrived experiments.  Those experiments could be characterized as "Controlled Demolition".  That has no bearing on whether the WTC towers were brought down by controlled demolition or not, but unfortunetely many people will think that it does.  Toiyabe 17:21, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for this. It's good to be reminded of the many things we don't know.--Thomas Basboll 18:47, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Cruft Alert
Given your interest in conspiracy theories surrounding 9/11, I thought you might be interested in one that was up for review. See Articles for deletion/List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks I urge you to carefully examine Wikipedia's policies and rules, and then carefully consider whether you have an opinion on the matter. Your friend. Morton DevonshireYo

Hunting intro hot button words
Further background about harm: I dislike it for implication and POV reasons. One can harm an animal while destroying its habitat or harm it by hitting it with a car or even by passing a law which protects its predators from being hunted. OTOH selective hunting, especially of ruminents, is designed both to take an animal home and to help the herd. If someone wanted to harm an animal they could do no worse than pass an anti-hunting law which would allow it to overbreed.

I also object to the use of kill as it is pejortive and is not the standard US terminology. Reading just about any US conservation related material you'll see that my favorite word, harvest is actually the correct term, however some of the Brits object to that word as being a weasel word. Trilobitealive 21:53, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Project:Trucks
Hi! User:Rotten Stone wants to start up a project on trucks to make that area better, like it has been done on automobiles, motorcyckles etc. Since you have put several notes on truck and trailer related pages, I was wondering if You would like to join? So far it seems we have only 3 europeans listed, so maybe a US pov could be nice. Please feel free to check User:Rotten Stone/WikiProject Trucks and WikiProject_Council/Proposals to see what it's about. --G®iffen 12:53, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

proposed changes to collapse of WTC article
Hi Toiyabe, I've proposed a pretty major change on a section I know you worked hard on at the collapse of the WTC article. Just want to make sure we don't proceed without you. Best, --Thomas Basboll 20:48, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Ephedra
Hi, thought you might want to participate in a discussion at Talk:Ephedra regarding whether the genus article or medicine article should be at Ephedra, and what to call the medicine article if there is a switch.--Eloil 04:50, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Mormon cricket cannibals.jpg
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Richard001 09:28, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Utah Wikipedia Meetup
--Admrb♉ltz (talk) 22:31, 15 September 2008 (UTC) via AWB

File source problem with File:USN F5 aggressor.jpg
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File source problem with File:Ephedra viridis 1.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Examining your uploads..
In examining your uploads with a view to commons transfer, I've noted the following:-
 * File:Ship chain for clearing.jpg
 * File:Utah juniper 1.jpg
 * File:Utah juniper 2.jpg
 * File:Limber pine quaking aspen.JPG
 * File:Curlleaf mountain-mahogany 1.jpg
 * File:Shepherdia argentia 1.jpg
 * File:Aphonopelma spp 2.jpg

It would be much appreciated if you could reclaim these as own work. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 14:50, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Curlleaf mountain-mahogany 1.jpg

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Proposed deletion of File:Utah juniper 1.jpg

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title: User talk:Toiyabe


text:
Stamford, Lincolnshire

Stamford is a town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population at the 2011 census was 19,701 and estimated at 20,645 in 2019. The town has 17th- and 18th-century stone buildings, older timber-framed buildings and five medieval parish churches. It is a frequent film location. In 2013 it was rated a top place to live in a survey by The Sunday Times. Its name has been passed on to Stamford, Connecticut, founded in 1641.

Roman and Medieval Stamford
The Romans built Ermine Street across what is now Burghley Park and forded the River Welland to the west of Stamford, eventually reaching Lincoln. They also built a town to the north at Great Casterton on the River Gwash. In 61 CE Boudica followed the Roman legion Legio IX Hispana across the river. The Anglo-Saxons later chose Stamford as the main town, being on a larger river than the Gwash.

The place-name Stamford is first attested in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, where it appears as Steanford in 922 and Stanford in 942. It appears as Stanford in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name means "stony ford".

In 972 King Edgar made Stamford a borough. The Anglo-Saxons and Danes faced each other across the river. The town had grown as a Danish settlement at the lowest point that the Welland could be crossed by ford or bridge. Stamford was the only one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw not to become a county town. Initially a pottery centre making Stamford Ware, it had gained fame by the Middle Ages for its production of the woollen cloth known as Stamford cloth or haberget, which "In Henry III's reign... was well known in Venice."

Stamford was a walled town, but only a small portion of the wall remains. Stamford became an inland port on the Great North Road, the latter superseding Ermine Street in importance. Notable buildings in the town include the medieval Browne's Hospital, several churches and the buildings of Stamford School, a public school founded in 1532.

A Norman castle was built about 1075 and apparently demolished in 1484. The site stood derelict until the late 20th century, when it was built over and now includes a bus station and a modern housing development. A small part of the curtain wall survives at the junction of Castle Dyke and Bath Row.

In 1333–1334, a group of students and tutors from Merton College and Brasenose Hall, dissatisfied with conditions at the university, left Oxford to found a rival college at Stamford. Oxford and Cambridge universities petitioned Edward III, and the King ordered the closure of the college and the return of the students to Oxford. MA students at Oxford were obliged to take an oath: "You shall also swear that you will not read lectures, or hear them read, at Stamford, as in a University study, or college general." This remained in force until 1827. The site and limited remains of the former Brazenose College, Stamford, where Oxford secessionists lived and studied, now form part of Stamford School.

Stamford has been hosting an annual fair since the Middle Ages. It is mentioned in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2 (Act 3, Scene 2). Held in mid-Lent, it is now the largest street fair in Lincolnshire and among the largest in the country. On 7 March 1190, men at the fair who were preparing to go on the crusade led a pogrom, in which several of the Stamford Jews were killed, and the rest, who escaped with difficulty, were given refuge in the castle. Their houses, however, were plundered, and a great quantity of money was seized.

Religious houses and hospitals
Stamford's importance and wealth in the Middle Ages meant that a number of religious houses and hospitals were established in or near the town. The monasteries and friaries were all closed at the Dissolution by 1539. Street names are indicative of their presence: Priory Street, Austin Street etc.

Monasteries
 * Benedictine Priory of St Leonard – certainly established by 1082 with the possibility of it having been founded originally in the 7th century. Part of the church still stands on Priory Road.
 * Priory of Austin Canons at Newstead, just east of Stamford. Originally founded as a hospital at the end of the 12th century it became a priory of Austin Canons in the 1240s.
 * Priory of St Michael – this was a nunnery established by an abbot of Peterborough in or before 1155 in Stamford Baron. It was a large establishment for about 40 nuns. In 1354 it was amalgamated with the Augustinian nunnery of Wothorpe which had been depopulated by plague. The reredorter is a Scheduled Monument.

Friaries At least five orders of Friars were established within the town of Stamford from the 13th century onwards.
 * The Austin Friars established in the 1340s in a house near St Peter's Gate on land formerly occupied by the Friars of the Sack. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539 the land was eventually bought by the Cecil family of Burghley
 * The Dominican Friars probably arrived in the 1230s and were regularly supported with donations by the monarchy. The house was dissolved by 1539.
 * The Franciscan Friars had a house - Greyfriars, Stamford - in the east suburb near St Paul's gate;
 * The Carmelite Friars founded about 1268 in the east part of the town. The friary is said to have been a magnificent structure, famous for its beautiful church
 * The Friars of the Sack or Brothers of Penitence – the sack referred to their clothes, made of sackcloth.

Hospitals
 * Hospital of St John Baptist and St Thomas the Martyr on Stamford Bridge. This hospital was certainly in existence from 1323 until the eve of the Reformation
 * Hospital of St Giles This hospital, which was built just outside Stamford as it was intended for lepers and was certainly operating in the 14th century.
 * Hospital of All Saints was founded in 1485 by William Browne, a wool merchant, for the support of two chaplains, and for the distribution of alms to twelve poor persons, who should pray for the soul of the founder. Browne's Hospital is still used for this purpose.

Tudor and Stuart Stamford
By the early 1500s the wool and broadcloth industry in England, on which Stamford depended, had declined significantly. Stamford was sufficiently poor, financially and demographically, that in 1548 it had to amalgamate its eleven parishes into six and its population had reduced to 800.

However, by the second half of the 17th century, after almost 150 years of stagnation, the population started to increase. As Stamford emerged into the 17th century, leather and fibre working (in the widest sense; weavers, ropers and tailors) were the main activities along with wood and stone working.

In the 1660s the various efforts to make the River Welland navigable again were finally successful. Stamford then became a centre for the malting trade as the barley from nearby fenlands to the east and heathlands to the north and west could make its way more easily and cheaper to the town.

The Great North Road passed through Stamford. It had always been a halting town for travellers; Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, James I and Charles I all passed through and it had been a post station for the postal service journey in Elizabeth's reign. By the later 17th century roads start to be used more for longer distance travelling. In 1663 an Act of Parliament was passed to set up turnpikes on the Great North Road, and this was to make a notable difference to Stamford's fortunes in the following century.

During the English Civil War local loyalties were split. Thomas Hatcher MP was a Parliamentarian. Royalists used Wothorpe and Burghley as defensive positions. In the summer of 1643 the Royalists were besieged at Burghley on 24 July after a defeat at Peterborough on 19 July. The army of Viscount Campden was heavily outnumbered and surrendered the following day.

Bull Run
For over 600 years Stamford was the site of the Stamford bull run, held annually on 13 November, St Brice's day, until 1839. Local tradition says it began after William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey had seen two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath his castle. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one bull ran into the town. The earl mounted his horse and rode after the animal; he enjoyed the sport so much that he gave the meadow where the fight began to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they continue to provide a bull to be run in the town every 13 November.

Victorian period to 21st century
The East Coast Main Line would have gone through Stamford, as an important postal town at the time, but resistance led to routing it instead through Peterborough, whose importance and size increased at Stamford's expense.

During the Second World War, the area round Stamford contained several military sites, including RAF station, airborne encampments and a prisoner-of-war camp. Within the town, Rock House held the headquarters of Stanisław Sosabowski and the staff of the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade. A memorial plaque was unveiled there in 2004. A 2,000lb bomb was dropped on St Leonard St on 31 October 1940, which never exploded. 1,000 people were evacuated, until 3 November 1940.

Stamford Museum occupied a Victorian building in Broad Street from 1980 until June 2011, when it succumbed to Lincolnshire County Council budget cuts. Some exhibits have been moved to a "Discover Stamford" space at the town library and to Stamford Town Hall.

Governance

There are three tiers of local government covering Stamford, at parish (town), district and county level: Stamford Town Council, South Kesteven District Council, and Lincolnshire County Council. The town council is based at Stamford Town Hall on St Mary's Hill, which was built in 1779.

Administrative history
Stamford was an ancient borough. The original borough was entirely on the north bank of the River Welland, which was historically the boundary between Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. South of the river was Stamford Baron in Northamptonshire. The Stamford constituency was enlarged in 1832 to also include the built-up part of Stamford Baron. In 1836 Stamford was reformed to become a municipal borough, at which point the municipal boundaries were adjusted to match the recently enlarged constituency.

After 1836 the borough therefore straddled Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. When elected county councils were established in 1889 boroughs were no longer allowed to straddle county boundaries, and so the parts of the borough south of the river were transferred to Lincolnshire, with Kesteven County Council serving as the upper tier authority. Local government was reformed again in 1974, when Kesteven County Council was replaced by Lincolnshire County Council, and the borough of Stamford was abolished, with district-level functions passing to the new South Kesteven District Council. Stamford Town Council was established as a successor parish council in 1974, covering the area of the former borough.

Stamford's town council has arms: Per pale dexter side Gules three Lions passant guardant in pale Or and the sinister side chequy Or and Azure. The three lions are the English royal arms, granted to the town by Edward IV for its part in the "Lincolnshire Uprising". The blue and gold chequers are the arms of the De Warenne family, which held the manor here in the 13th century.

Parliamentary representation
Stamford belongs to the parliamentary constituency of Rutland and Stamford. The current MP is Alicia Kearns (Conservative party).

Prior to the 2024 election, Stamford formed part of the Grantham and Stamford constituency. Previous MPs include Gareth Davies, who won the seat at the 2019 General Election and Nick Boles.

Geography
Stamford, on the bank of the River Welland, forms a south-westerly protrusion of Lincolnshire between Rutland to the north and west, Peterborough to the south, and Northamptonshire to the south-west. There have been mistaken claims of a quadripoint where four ceremonial counties – Rutland, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire – would meet at a point but the location actually has two tripoints some 20 m apart.

The River Welland forms the border between two historic counties: Lincolnshire to the north and Soke of Peterborough in Northamptonshire to the south.

In 1991, the boundary between Lincolnshire and Rutland (then part of Leicestershire) in the Stamford area was redrawn. It now mostly follows the A1 to the railway line. The conjoined parish of Wothorpe is in the city of Peterborough. Barnack Road is the Lincolnshire/Peterborough boundary where it borders St Martin's Without.

The river downstream of the town bridge and some of the meadows fall within the drainage area of the Welland and Deepings Internal Drainage Board.

Geology
Much of Stamford is built on Middle Jurassic Lincolnshire limestone, with mudstones and sandstones.

The area is known for limestone and slate quarries. Cream-coloured Collyweston stone slate is found on the roofs of many Stamford stone buildings. Stamford Stone in Barnack has quarries at Marholm and Holywell. Clipsham Stone has two quarries in Clipsham.

Palaeontology
In 1968, a specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Cetiosaurus oxoniensis was found in the Williamson Cliffe Quarry, close to Great Casterton in adjacent Rutland. Some 15 m long, it is about 170 million years old, from the Aalenian or Bajocian era of the Jurassic period. It is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons found in the UK and was installed in 1975 in the Leicester Museum & Art Gallery.

Economy
Tourism is important to Stamford's economy, as are professional law and accountancy firms. Health, education and other public-service employers also feature, notably a hospital, a large medical general practice, schools (some independent) and a further education college. Hospitality is provided by several hotels, licensed premises, restaurants, tea rooms and cafés.

The licensed premises reflect the history of the town. The George Hotel, Lord Burghley, William Cecil, Danish Invader and Jolly Brewer are among nearly 30 premises serving real ale. Surrounding villages and Rutland Water provide other venues and employment opportunities, as do several annual events at Burghley House.

Retail
The town centre's major retail and service sector has many independent boutique stores and draws shoppers from a wide area. Several streets are traffic-free. Outlets include gift shops, eateries, men's and women's outfitters, shoe shops, florists, hairdressers, beauty therapists and acupuncture and health-care services. Harrison & Dunn, Dawson of Stamford, the George Hotel and The Crown Arts Centre are other popular places. Stamford has several hotels, coffee shops and restaurants. Its branch of the national jeweller F. Hinds can trace its history back to the clockmaker Joseph Hinds, who worked in Stamford in the first half of the 19th century. In the summer months, Stamford Meadows attract visitors.

The town has stores, supermarkets, three builders' merchants and several other specialist trade outlets and skilled trades such as roofers, builders, tilers etc. There are two car showrooms and a number of car-related businesses. Local services include convenience stores, post offices, newsagents and take-aways.

Engineering
South of the town is RAF Wittering, a main employer which was until 2011 the home of the Harrier. The base opened in 1916 as RFC Stamford. It closed in 1919, but reopened in 1924 under its present name.

The engineering company, largely closed since June 2018, is Cummins Generator Technologies (formerly Newage Lyon, then Newage International), a maker of electrical generators in Barnack Road. C & G Concrete (now part of Breedon Aggregates) is in Uffington Road.

The Pick Motor Company was founded in Stamford in about 1898. A number of smaller firms — welders, printers and so forth — feature in collections of industrial units or more traditional premises in older, mixed-use parts of the town. Blackstone & Co was a farm implement and diesel engine manufacturing company.

Stamford lies amidst some of England's richest farmland and close to the famous "double-cropping" land of parts of the fens. Agriculture still provides a small, but steady number of jobs in farming, agricultural machinery, distribution and ancillary services.

Media and publishing
The Stamford Mercury claims to be "Britain's oldest continuously published newspaper title". The Mercury has been published since 1712 but its masthead formerly claimed it was established in 1695 and still has "Britain's Oldest Newspaper".

Local radio provision was shared between Peterborough's Heart East (102.7 – Heart Peterborough closed in July 2010) and Greatest Hits Radio Midlands (formerly Rutland Radio) (a 97.4 transmitter on Little Casterton Road) from Oakham. Since March 2021, Rutland and Stamford Sound has been providing a locally based service via the internet. Other stations include BBC Radio Cambridgeshire (95.7 from Peterborough), BBC Radio Northampton (103.6 from Corby) and BBC Radio Lincolnshire (94.9). NOW Digital broadcasts from an East Casterton transmitter covering the town and Spalding, which provides the NOW Peterborough 12D multiplex (BBC Radio Cambridgeshire and Heart East).

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. Stamford has a lower-power television relay transmitter, due to it being in a valley,  which takes its transmission from Waltham, not Belmont. BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire can be received from the Belmont transmitting station.

Local publishers include Key Publishing (aviation) and the Bourne Publishing Group (pets). Old Glory, a specialist magazine for steam power and traction engines, was published in Stamford.

Landmarks
Stamford was the first conservation area designated in England and Wales, under the Civic Amenities Act 1967. There are over 600 listed buildings in and around the town. Significant unlisted properties include the Corn Exchange in Broad Street which was completed in 1859.

The Industrial Revolution left Stamford largely untouched. Much of the centre was built in the 17th and 18th centuries in Jacobean or Georgian style. It is marked by streets of timber-framed and stone buildings using local limestone and by little shops tucked down back alleys. Several former coaching inns survive, their large doorways being a feature. The main shopping area was pedestrianised in the 1970s.

Near Stamford (but in the historical Soke of Peterborough) is Burghley House, an Elizabethan mansion, built by the First Minister of Elizabeth I, Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley. It is the ancestral seat of the Marquess of Exeter. The tomb of William Cecil is in St Martin's Church, Stamford. The parkland of the Burghley Estate adjoins the town on two sides. Another country house near Stamford, Tolethorpe Hall, hosts outdoor theatre productions by the Stamford Shakespeare Company.

Tobie Norris had a bell foundry in the town in the 17th century. His name is borne by a pub in St Paul's Street.

Road
Lying on the main north–south Ermine Street, the Great North Road, and the A1) from London to York and Edinburgh, Stamford hosted several Parliaments in the Middle Ages. The George Hotel, Bull and Swan, Crown and London Inn were well-known coaching inns. The town coped with heavy north–south traffic through its narrow streets until 1960, when a bypass was built to the west of the town. The old route is now the B1081. There is only one road bridge over the Welland, excluding the A1: a local bottleneck.

Until 1996 there were plans to upgrade the bypass to motorway standard, but these have been shelved. The Carpenter's Lodge roundabout south of the town has been replaced by a grade-separated junction. The old A16, now the A1175 (Uffington Road) to Market Deeping, meets the northern end of the A43 (Kettering Road) in the south of the town.

On foot
Footbridges cross the Welland at the Meadows, some 200 metres upstream of the Town Bridge, and at the Albert Bridge 250 metres downstream.

The Jurassic Way runs from Banbury to Stamford. The Hereward Way runs through the town from Rutland to the Peddars Way in Norfolk, along the Roman Ermine Street and then the River Nene. The Macmillan Way heads through the town, finishing at Boston. Torpel Way follows the railway line, entering Peterborough at Bretton.

Rail
The town is served by Stamford railway station, previously Stamford Town to distinguish it from the now closed Stamford East station in Water Street. The station building is a stone structure in Mock Tudor style, influenced by nearby Burghley House and designed by Sancton Wood.

The station has direct services to Leicester, Birmingham and Stansted Airport (via Cambridge) on the Birmingham to Peterborough Line. CrossCountry operates most services as part of their Birmingham–Stansted Airport route. Trains to and from Peterborough pass through a short tunnel beneath St Martin's High Street.

Buses
The town bus station occupies part of the old castle site in St Peter's Hill. The main routes are to Peterborough via Helpston or Wansford and to Oakham, Grantham, Uppingham and Bourne. There are less frequent services to Peterborough by other routes. Delaine Buses services terminate at its depot in North Street. Other active operators include CentreBus, Blands and Peterborough Council.

On Sundays and Bank Holidays from 16 May 2010, there have been five journeys to Peterborough operated by Peterborough City Council on routes via Wittering/Wansford, Duddington/Wansford, Burghley House/Barnack/Helpston and Uffington/Barnack/Helpston. There is a National Express coach service between London and Nottingham each day, including Sundays. Route maps and timetables appear on Lincolnshire County Council's website.

Waterways
Commercial shipping was carried along a canal from Market Deeping to warehouses in Wharf Road until the 1850s. This is no longer possible, due to abandonment of the canal and the shallowness of the river above Crowland. There is a lock at the sluice in Deeping St James, but it is not in use. The river was not conventionally navigable upstream of the Town Bridge.

Education
Stamford has five state primary schools: Bluecoat, St Augustine's (RC), St George's, St Gilbert's and Malcolm Sargent, and the independent Stamford Junior School, a co-educational school for children aged two to eleven.

The one state secondary school is Stamford Welland Academy (formerly Stamford Queen Eleanor School), formed in the late 1980s from the town's two comprehensive schools: Fane and Exeter. It became an academy in 2011. In April 2013, a group of parents announced an intention to establish a Free School in the town, but failed to receive government backing. Instead, the multi-academy trust that submitted the bid was invited to take over the running of the existing school.

Stamford School and Stamford High School are long-established independent schools with about 1,500 pupils between them. Stamford School for boys was founded in 1532, the High School for girls in 1877. They have run co-educational classes in the sixth form since 2000. Together with Stamford Junior School, they form the Stamford Endowed Schools.

Most of Lincolnshire still has grammar schools. In Stamford, their place was long filled by a form of the Assisted Places Scheme, providing state funding to send children to one of two independent schools in the town that were formerly direct-grant grammars. The national scheme was abolished by the 1997 Labour government. The Stamford arrangements remained in place as a protracted transitional arrangement. In 2008, the council decided no new places could be funded and the arrangement ended in 2012. The rest of South Kesteven, apart from Market Deeping, has the selective system.

Other secondary pupils travel to Casterton College or further afield to The Deepings School or Bourne Grammar School.

New College Stamford offers post-16 further education: work-based, vocational and academic; and higher education courses including BA degrees in art and design awarded by the University of Lincoln and teaching-related courses awarded by Bishop Grosseteste University. The college also offers a range of informal adult learning.

Churches
In the 2011 Census, less than 67 per cent of the population of Stamford identified themselves as Christian, over 25 per cent as of "no religion". Stamford has many current or former churches:
 * All Saints' Church on Red Lion Square
 * Christ Church, Green Lane
 * Stamford and District Community Church (ceased to meet)
 * Stamford Free Church (Baptist), Kesteven Road
 * St George's Church in St George's Square
 * St John the Baptist
 * St Leonard's Priory
 * St Mary's Church on St Mary's Street
 * St Mary and St Augustine (Roman Catholic), on Broad Street
 * St Martin's Church on High Street, St Martin's
 * St Michael the Greater, High Street (now converted as shops)
 * St Paul's Church (now the chapel of Stamford School)
 * Strict Baptist Chapel, North Street
 * Salvation Army, East Street (now demolished; the congregation worships elsewhere)
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Hillside House, Tinwell Road
 * Stamford Methodist Church, Barn Hill (also known as Trinity Methodist Church)
 * United Reformed Church, on Star Lane

Television shows

 * Middlemarch (1994)
 * The Buccaneers (1995)
 * The Golden Bowl (2000)
 * Bleak House (2005)
 * My Mad Fat Diary (2013–2015)

Films

 * Pride & Prejudice (2005) – used as the village of Meryton
 * The Da Vinci Code (2006)
 * The Golden Bowl (2000)

Notable residents
In alphabetical order by section. References appear on each person's page.

Arts and broadcasting

 * Michael Asher (born 1953), FRSL, author and explorer
 * Torben Betts (born 1968), playwright
 * Nelson Dawson (1859–1941), artist
 * Colin Dexter (1930–2017), author, creator of Inspector Morse
 * Rae Earl (born 1971), author and broadcaster
 * Gary Trew (born 1961), author
 * Lady Angela Forbes (1876–1950), novelist and First World War forces sweetheart
 * Andrew Lycett (born 1948), biographer
 * James Mayhew (born 1964), writer and illustrator of children's books
 * Mahomet Thomas Phillips (1876-1943), Anglo/Congolese sculptor and carver
 * Wilfrid Wood (1888–1976), artist

Business

 * John Drakard (c. 1775–1854), newspaper proprietor
 * Arthur Kitson (1859–1937), managing director of Kitson Empire Lighting Company and monetary theorist

Crime

 * John George Haigh (1909–1949), "The Acid Bath Murderer", was born in Stamford.

Government and armed forces

 * William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520–1598), Elizabethan statesman
 * Sir Mike Jackson (born 1944), British Army general

Performance

 * Sarah Cawood (born 1972), television presenter
 * James Bradshaw (born 1976) stage and television actor
 * Tom Davis, actor and comedian
 * Tom Ford, broadcaster and presenter of 5th Gear
 * Colin Furze (born 1979), YouTube personality, twice a Guinness World Record holder
 * David Jackson (born 1947), progressive rock saxophonist, flautist and composer
 * Nicola Roberts (born 1985), singer, best known as a member of Girls Aloud
 * George Robinson (born 1997), actor
 * Sir Malcolm Sargent (1895–1967), conductor
 * Sir Michael Tippett (1905–1998), composer

Scholarship

 * Harry Burton (1879–1940), Egyptologist and archaeological photographer
 * Robert of Ketton (с. 1110 – с. 1160), medieval theologian, the first European translator of the Quran.

Sports

 * David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (Lord Burghley till 1956; 1905–1981), politician, Governor of Bermuda, and Gold Medal-winning hurdler at 1928 Summer Olympics
 * Malcolm Christie (born 1979), former professional footballer
 * Darren Ferguson (born 1972), manager of Peterborough United, son of Alex Ferguson
 * Thomas Goodrich (1823–1885), cricketer
 * David Norris (born 1981), former professional footballer
 * Paul Rawden (born 1973), former cricketer
 * M. J. K. Smith (born 1933), captain of England cricket team and last English double international (cricket and rugby), attended Stamford School.

Football teams
There are a number of junior teams in each age group and also school teams.
 * Blackstones F.C.
 * Stamford A.F.C.
 * Stamford Belvedere F.C.

Rugby teams

 * Stamford College Old Boys R.F.C.
 * Stamford College Rugby Team
 * Stamford Rugby Club

Cricket teams

 * Burghley Park Cricket Club
 * Stamford Town Cricket Club

Festivals and events

 * Burghley Horse Trials, held annually in early September
 * Stamford Blues Festival
 * Stamford International Music Festival held in the spring
 * Stamford Riverside Festival, last held in 2010
 * Stamford Mid Lent Fair
 * Stamford Georgian Festival, held in September
 * Stamford Diversity Festival, held in 2021
 * Lazy Crow Music Festival, held June 2024

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stamford, Lincolnshire


text:
Stamford

Stamford most commonly refers to:

 * Stamford, Connecticut, the second largest city in the U.S. state of Connecticut
 * Stamford, Lincolnshire, a town and civil parish in England

Stamford may also refer to:

Australia

 * Stamford, Queensland, Australia, a town and location in the Shire of Flinders

Canada

 * Stamford Township, Ontario, a former township first in Upper Canada, then in Canada

United Kingdom

 * Stamford, Lincolnshire
 * Stamford (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency in Lincolnshire, England
 * Stamford, Northumberland, a hamlet in Rennington parish

United States

 * Stamford, Nebraska, a village
 * Stamford, New York, a town
 * Stamford (village), New York, a village in Delaware county, New York
 * Stamford, South Dakota
 * Stamford, Texas, a city
 * Stamford, Vermont, a town

People

 * Stamford Raffles (1781–1826), English statesman and founder of Singapore
 * Stamford Raffles-Flint (1847–1925), Archdeacon of Cornwall

Educational institutions

 * Stamford University (Bangladesh)
 * Stamford University (Thailand)
 * Stamford University (England), 1333-1335
 * Stamford School, an English public school situated in the market town of Stamford, Lincolnshire
 * Stamford American International School, Singapore
 * Stamford High School (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * The Earl of Stamford, created in 1628, an extinct title in the Peerage of England
 * Stamford A.F.C., an association football club in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England
 * Stamford Transportation Center, called "Stamford" by railway companies, in Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
 * Swissôtel The Stamford, a hotel in Singapore
 * USS Stamford (PF-95), an authorized but never built US Navy frigate

title: Stamford


text:
Perm, Russia

Perm (Пермь, ; Перем; Перым), previously known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 km2. With over one million residents Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.

Economy
In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha. In 1781 the settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. In 1957 the city returned to its historical name.

Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

Etymology
The name Perm is of Uralic etymology (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Перым, Perym). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

History
Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the File on the Tsar, the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On December 25, 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On July 1, 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

Soviet period
In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.

Modern city

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

On September 20, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries.

Geography

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 km along the Kama and 40 km across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

Climate
Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb). Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively.

Administrative and municipal status
Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.

City divisions

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

Economy
Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm. The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel, major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company Proton-PM, which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.

Transportation
Perm is an important railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km southwest of the city.

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

Proposed metro system
The Perm Metro is a planned construction of a metro system which has been considered. The first plans date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.

Culture

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia. There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre.

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect. Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.

The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm.

Education
Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University, Perm State Technical University, Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics, Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy, Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School, and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

Demographics
At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:

Sports
The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.

Notable people
The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

 * Tatiana Borodina (born c. 1972), opera soprano
 * Sergei Diaghilev (1872–1929), ballet impresario
 * Alexei Ivanov (born 1969) award-winning writer.
 * Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852–1912) author of novels and short stories set in the Ural Mountains.
 * Tanya Mityushina (born 1993), model
 * Nikolay Moiseyev (1902–1955) a Soviet astronomer and expert in celestial mechanics
 * Andronic Nikolsky (1870–1918), first Russian Orthodox Church Bishop of Kyoto, Japan
 * Mikhail Osorgin (1878–1942) a Russian writer, journalist and essayist.
 * Natasha Poly (born 1985), supermodel
 * Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859–1905), physicist; regarded locally as the inventor of radio
 * Dmitry Rybolovlev (born 1966) oligarch, billionaire businessman and investor
 * Katerina Shpitsa (born 1985), actress of theatre and cinema
 * Mikhail Shuisky (1883–1953), baritone opera singer
 * Arkady Shvetsov (1892–1953), aircraft engine designer
 * Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), inventor of an early method of arc welding
 * Peter Struve (1870–1944), political economist, philosopher and editor
 * Yuri Trutnev (born 1956), politician, Presidential Envoy to the Far Eastern Federal District
 * Andrey Voronikhin (1759–1814), architect and painter

Sport

 * Michael Beilin (born 1976), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
 * Vladimir Chagin (born 1970), rally raid driver in the Dakar Rally
 * Alexandra Kosteniuk (born 1984), 2008 Women's World Chess Champion
 * Vladimirs Lubkins (born 1963), retired Latvian ice hockey player
 * Tatiana Totmianina (born 1981), pair skater, 2006 Olympic Champion
 * Maxim Trankov (born 1983), pairs figure skater, 2014 Olympic Champion
 * Konstantin Zyryanov (born 1977), footballer with 52 caps for Russia

 * and

The Nobel-prize-winning writer Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) lived in Perm for a time, and it figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin" where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.

Marketing
Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia, where the city also has a logo.

Twin towns – sister cities
Perm is or has been twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Agrigento, Sicily, Italy (2012)
 * 🇫🇷 Amnéville, Moselle, France (1992)
 * 🇩🇪 Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (2007)
 * 🇺🇸 Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994) (temporarily suspended)
 * Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (1995–2022)
 * 🇨🇳 Qingdao, Shandong, China (2006)

Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law". The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford.

title: Perm, Russia