text:
Talk:Mare Moscovrae

Merged article with Mare Moscoviense - see the talk page for the discussion that used to be here (it's probably best to continue any discussion over there). --JTN 04:24, 25 Jun 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mare Moscovrae


text:
Talk:Agustín de Iturbide

Untitled
umm so what was his greatest accomplishment?

He was the first leader of a sovereign Mexican government. Its hard to overestimate the significance of that. How different is he than who Washington would have been in U.S. history had he acceded to the demands of many around him to have proclaimed himself a monarch (other than Washington didn't start the Revolution by being on George III's side and then switching)?

I totally agree with you, he was just a lucky enough person who was there at the right place, at the right time. Agustin de Iturbide's descendants have no constitutional claim on Mexico whatsoever, they are the descendants of a commoner who crowned himself Emperor, but did not even last a year in this position. The site of the Imperial House of Mexico is very distorted.

Commoner birth is less important than some sort of following. If such a following exists in signifigant number it should be mentioned. After all Napoleon's descendent succeeded him and thus his line was very important despite not being royal or of French aristocracy.
 * I would agree, but you are ignoring that two of his descendents were adopted by Maximilian of Habsurg and given the title Princes of Mexico.

A King for a Day sires a perpetual royal family. OK, he was named emperor on the street by some soldiers. He was emperor for a few months. What is pathetic is that his descendants still claim to be blue-blooded. There are still some around in the U. S. and Australia devoting their lives to let others know they are princes and princesses. I think that's quite pathetic. A king for a day makes a perpetual "royal" family. Pathetic. More even so that no one in Mexico knows about this family. Just remember *THAT* Mexico included California, Texas, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and more -- User: 16:29, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

--- Iturbide is the analog of what Washington was to the U.S. He wasn't "lucky to be there", he was the sole author of the Mexican Independence, as the Insurgents had no means to achieve it anymore. He is the true father of the nation and he gave the country the name of México and it's banner. His legacy lives on the Mexican colors, the nation's name and the fact that it is an independent nation. I'd advise you to please read about a subject (and consult more than children's elementary history book) before commenting on such matters. Also, his descendants are merely that, his descendants. They have made their life, each and every one of them independently to whatever claim they could have to a Mexican throne. I don't see how it is fit of you to slander them. Questioning Iturbide's importance to México is the same as questioning Washington's importance to the U.S.A: Without them, the countries would simply not exist, at least who we know them. 189.187.48.132 (talk) 23:29, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

Succession box
I don't think the succession box is appropriate, at least as currently, and think we'd be better off without it. Certainly he was neither immediately preceeded nor succeeded by anyone else with the title of "Emperor of Mexico". I suppose we could have some sort of "leaders of Mexico" listing; perhaps being preceeded by the Viceroys? -- Infrogmation 16:42, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The userbox as it is right now is in line with current practice where we list the leaders consecutively and make a note if the title changed with the successor. I was in fact thinking of adding the last Viceroy to this userbox too, it's a good idea. -- Run e Welsh | ταλκ 17:06, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

I propose chaning the title of the page to either "Agustin I of Mexico" or, using the English translation, "Augustus I of Mexico". Seeing as he was a monarch, no matter short of a period, the title should be changed to reflect his official final title. Hell, Louis XVII of France reigned for only a couple years, and that was as a child, but his page uses his official title. Iturbide was sworn in as Emperor in an official ceremony. He has as much legitimacy as any other monarchs to have the page title changed to reflect this. -Alex, 12.203.168.7 20:17, 13 April 2006 (UTC).

Location
The guy is best known as "Iturbide," not "Agustín I," and naming conventions should not be a suicide pact. This is how he is best known, he was emperor for only a couple of months, and here he should stay. john k (talk) 06:04, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Either Both Accents or Neither
As there is an accent on the “i” in his first name, shouldn’t there also be one on the “u” in his family name: Agustín de Itúrbide? (Compare the article on his grandson, Salvador de Itúrbide.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.47.242.160 (talk) 12:51, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed there should. john k (talk) 17:19, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The name Iturbide is stressed on the second "i", not on the "u"; that is the usage in Mexico. Therefore, we never write an accent mark on the word. Agustín, on the other hand, does have the stress on the "i", so we do write the accent mark there. Greetings. Cheval Fou 12 (talk) 04:58, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

New!
Yay, an article I started in 2002 just got featured on the front page as a new article! LOL. Thanks to all who've improved it in the years since! Happily, -- Infrogmation (talk) 02:20, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Youre welcome. Thelmadatter (talk) 17:26, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Castizo where it should read Mestizo
In the sentence below, "castizo" should be turned into "mestizo".

"... the union of a castizo (one with 1/4 Amerindian ancestry) ...."

Also, perhaps we need a reference for the definition of "mestizo". It's not clear that mestizo must be 1/4th Amerindian as opposed to 1/2. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.35.116.239 (talk) 17:57, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Some changes needed
This article is good but I feel that it could mention data often overlooked about Iturbide. History's compromise is to the truth. Iturbide is the one and only father of Mexican Independence. He, and only he spearheaded the movement which (after 11 years of unsuccessful, bloody war) was largely peaceful and bloodless. Only he realized the importance of uniting royalists and insurgent interests. For decades, the interest of the reining government in Mexico led to him being discredited as an arch-villain comparable to the devil himself in official history books, but the historical documents and data from that time point to another conclusion. Stick with me, I provide source at the end. I wholeheartedly urge you to let me add these to the page. I only wish for the memory of our nation's father to be well-represented, and I know that english wikipedia is by far more consulted and truthful. These are the additions or corrections I propose to make to this article:

 * The plan of Iguala didn't promise equality to "all of Spanish blood, whether born in Spain or in the Americas". It promised equality and abandonment of the complicated caste system. There would be no criollos, mestizos, mulatos and what not, there would only be Mexicans. I quote:

"12 º. Todos los habitantes de la nueva España, sin distinción alguna de Europeos, Africanos, ni Indios, son Ciudadanos de esta Monarquía con opción a todo empleo, según su mérito y virtudes."

Translated by me as: "12º. All the inhabitants of New Spain, without making any distinction between Europeans, Africans or Indians (understood here as native americans or native mexicans), are citizens of this monarchy, capable of choosing any job, in accordance to their merits and virtues".

This, taken from a transcript of the Plan of Iguala, published here: http://guerrero.gob.mx/articulos/plan-de-iguala/

 * The adoption of a kingdom or empire by the Plan of Iguala cannot be interpreted as a negative, because at the time this was the norm and the Mexican people did not know any other form of government, as a people and as a whole. Not only that, but it was through assuring a Mexican kingdom that Iturbide was able to bring the royalists (by then, the most powerful army since the Insurgency was very weak) into his cause.

 * In the matter of the Congress, it was true that it was handpicked by Iturbide and that he chose people he considered friends and allies. However, the very fact of Iturbide's fate serves to prove that this congress turned on Iturbide almost the very moment it was instated. Amongst them he began to be called "the dictator" or "the tyrant" and they opposed most of Iturbide's motions. Remember that the Mexican Empire was a Constitutional Empire, and not an absolute one. Iturbide didn't give himself a large yearly salary, it was appointed to him by the congress upon his being named Emperor. This is largely irrelevant because the nation was bankrupt from the beginning and the salary was never given to him. He in fact asked for his first payment to be given to the Mexican state and used for the betterment of society, which, again, was largely irrelevant.

 * The Cadiz Constitution was never going to be implemented in the new Mexican nation. This is obvious: the members of the church and the royalists were against a constitution that would greatly diminish the powers of the King. This is why the royalists began to take an interest in the notion of Independence from Spain (but still as a monarchy) in the first place. From the beginning, it was agreed that having achieved Independence, the new nation would adhere to how things were managed before the Cadiz Constitution.

 * Iturbide did NOT place the crown upon his own head. It was placed upon his head by don Rafael Mangino y Mendívil, who was the president of the Congress. The false accusation that the article makes is hardly objective, and obtuse, since there is a painting of the crowning featured in the article itself where Iturbide is being crowned, and not placing the crown upon his head.

 * Iturbide presented his resignation as emperor of his own will. The congress did not accept it, on the basis that Iturbide's naming as Emperor was illegitimate, because at the time when the congress voted him Emperor, they felt threatened by the masses claiming Iturbide was such. This was all done despite one deputy claiming that he voted of his own free will and never felt threatened. Also, it is often ignore that, upon the congress dismissing the emperor, the plan of Iguala and the Treaty of Córdoba, it was also dismissing it's own power, which came from the emperor and thus, had no legal right to do anything. This was acknowledged and dismissed by the Congress.

 * In his way to exile, Iturbide was escorted very harshly by former friend and insurgent Nicolás Bravo. Congress determined that he should be led through hidden roads, because they did not want public demonstrations by the people, hailing him as Emperor.

 * Though he was awarded a pension, such was never received because of how he was seen by the Congress. He struggled financially throughout all of his exile, despite claims by Servando Teresa de Mier in congress, that Iturbide had stolen from Mexico and taken to Europe a great deal of money.

 * Iturbide was unaware of the new law which named him a traitor in whichever moment he placed a foot on Mexican soil, for it was approved when he was on his way by sea. The legitimacy of this law was disputed as it went against all known precepts of the law (making a law that referred to a particular case, instead of issuing a general law which could then be applied to a particular case.)

 * Iturbide can be considered the first Mexican caudillo to have political power, however, ever since he worked for the cause of Independence, he became a rather pacifist person. People loved him, so yes, he was popular, but, in power, he never threatened opposition with violent retaliation. He sent armies against armed rebels, yes, but not only is this understandable but also irrelevant, as the commanders of said armies kept turning on Iturbide and joining Santa Anna. To say he was a dictator, and a violent one at that, does him a grave injustice and falls upon the "strong partisan slant" against Iturbide that the article itself already mentions. Like Díaz, he to chose to exile himself from the country instead of taking arms and leading a bloody defense of his empire.

A clarification on this point is also needed. A caudillo is a military leader who gains political power, and not necessarily a dictator.

 * The Aftermath of Iturbide's execution should be discussed as well. It was very badly received amongst the citizens of Mexico, even by people who had rebelled against Iturbide, and the act itself was condemned or deemed illegal by many. If authorized, I will provide quotes on the matter.

These points are all taken from Armando Fuentes Aguirre's book: "La Otra Historia de México: Hidalgo e Iturbide. La Gloria y el Olvido". Fuentes Aguirre, known in México as "Catón" is a very well respected and acclaimed journalist. His series: "La Otra Historia de México", comprises 4 books, ranging from the Mexican war for Independence to the Porfiriato, and it has been critically acclaimed. The author himself quotes testimonies of the day, diaries, transcripts of official documents, letters and newspaper articles, personal correspondence, etc.

I present these changes for review so that Wikipedia may authorize them. 189.187.48.132 (talk) 23:29, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

Wrong Bocanegra?
In the section "Dissolution of Congress", it is stated that Guadalupe Bocanegra was one of the leaders who oppossed Iturbide in 1822. However, that seems impossible, given that she was executed in 1817. Perhaps the author meant Jose María Bocanegra instead? 213.0.53.142 (talk) 08:11, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

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Place of birth
Please see Talk:Mexican War of Independence Peter Horn User talk 22:35, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Agustín de Iturbide


text:
Et cetera

Et cetera ( or, ), abbreviated to etc., et cet., &c. or &c, is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and other things", or "and so forth". Translated literally from Latin, et means 'and', while cētera means 'the rest'; thus, the expression translates to 'and the rest (of such things)'.

Et cetera is a calque of the Koine Greek meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά, 'and the remainder'.

Spelling and usage
The one-word spelling etcetera appears in some dictionaries. The abbreviated form &c. or &c is still occasionally used—the ampersand ⟨&⟩, derives from a ligature of et.

The phrase et cetera is often used to denote the logical continuation of some sort of series of descriptions. For example, in the following expression:

We will need a lot of bread: wheat, granary, wholemeal, etc. on our menu.

In this case of a use at the end of a list without conjunction, a comma is typically written in front of the phrase (but see Serial comma). If etc. is used at the end of a sentence, the dot is not doubled. If it occurs at the end of exclamations, questions or a clause, the dot is not suppressed but followed by whatever punctuation marks are required to end or continue the sentence.

In blackletter (Gothic or Fraktur) typography, the r rotunda ⟨ꝛ⟩ is sometimes used for et in place of the similar-looking Tironian et ⟨⁊⟩, followed by c, to yield ꝛc.

Similar Latin expressions

 * In lists of people, et alia (abbreviated as et al., meaning "and others") is used in place of etc.
 * In lists of places, et alibi may be used, which is also abbreviated et al.; et alibi means "and elsewhere".
 * In references to literature or texts in general, et sequentes (versus) or et sequentia 'and the words etc. following' (abbreviated et seq., plural et seqq.) are used to indicate that only the first portion of a known reference is given explicitly, with broad reference to the following passages which logically follow in sequence to the explicit reference. Hence "Title VII, Section 4, Subsection A, Paragraph 1, et seq." might refer to many subsections or paragraphs which follow Paragraph 1. Legal briefs and legislative documents make heavy use of et seq. Notice that there is a functional difference between et seq. and etc. Et seq. and its variations refer specifically to known text; etc. may do so too, but is more likely to leave the reader to supply the unspecified items for himself. It would not be helpful to say: "Various paragraphs of import similar to those in Title VII, Sections 4, 7, and 2 et seq." though it might make sense to use etc. in such a context.

In popular culture
In the 1956 film The King and I, Yul Brynner repeatedly used the expression "...et cetera, et cetera, et cetera..." in his portrayal of King Mongkut of Siam, to characterize the king as wanting to impress everyone with his breadth of great knowledge and the importance of one with no need to expound. This reflected the usage in the novel, Anna and the King of Siam, which expressed that king's playful understanding of innumerable things with the phrase, "&c., &c."

Other uses
Et cetera and derivatives such as etceteras, have long been used airily, humorously or dismissively, often as a cadigan. For example:

 * ... he still wanted numberless appendages to make him a fine gentleman, such as a fashionable tailor and hairdresser, an unblushing confidence, together with a long train of etceteras. These fashionable introductories being wanting, Mr Whitmore was obliged to find a substitute... (1823)
 * The cost of the locomotives and their etceteras, is to be $136000 – their wear and tear $75600. Etceteras $90000... (1834)
 * The etceteras: asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust are chemically speaking, "impurities" and are just a minuscule fraction of planetary matter. (1989)
 * Having tried "to recover myth outside the books," the hidalgo crosses paths with common sense, everyday toils, and the religious dictates of the Counter-Reformation on a journey that tries to rescue chivalric etceteras of old. (2008)
 * /etc, a directory in UNIX-like operating systems, responsible mainly for storing system-wide configuration files, preferences, etc.

In other languages

 * Afrikaans: ensovoorts; also ensovoort and en so voort(s). (abbreviation: ens.)
 * Albanian: e të tjera (abbr.: etj.)
 * Arabic: إلى آخره، إلخ (abbreviated form)
 * Armenian: և այլն
 * Azerbaijani: (abbr.: və s.) or  (abbr.: və s. və i.a.)
 * Basque: eta abar (abbr.: etab.)
 * Bengali: ইত্যাদি or প্রভৃতি  is used for et cetera while "প্রমুখ"  is used for et alii
 * Bulgarian: и така нататък (abbr.: и т.н.) (i taka natatŭk)
 * Catalan: etcètera (abbr.: etc.)
 * Chinese: 等 (děng) or 等等 (děngděng) or using the Chinese ellipsis "……"
 * Czech: a tak dále (abbr.: atd.) or a jiné (abbr.: aj.)
 * Danish: og så videre (abbr.: osv.)
 * Dutch: enzovoort or enzovoorts (abbr.: enz.)
 * Dzongkha: ༴ (repetition sign)
 * Esperanto: kaj tiel plu (abbr.: ktp.)
 * Estonian: ja nii edasi (abbr.: jne)
 * Faroese: og so framvegis (abbr.: osfr. or o.s.fr.)
 * Finnish: ja niin edelleen (abbr.: jne.) or "ynnä muuta sellaista" (abbr.: yms.)
 * French: et cetera, et cætera, or et caetera (abbr.: etc.)
 * Galician: e o demais, or etcétera (abbr. etc.)
 * Georgian: და ასე შემდეგ (rom.: da ase shemdeg) (abbr.: და ა.შ.)
 * German: usw. for und so weiter ("and so forth").
 * Greek: και τα λοιπά (ke ta lipá, abbr.: κτλ.)
 * Gujarati: વગેરે (vagere)
 * Ancient Greek: καὶ τὰ ἕτερα (kaì tà hétera)
 * Hebrew: וכולי (v' h ulei, abbr.: וכו') or וכדומה (v' h adomeh, abbr.: וכד') or וגומר (v'gomer, abbr.: וג' )
 * Hindi: इत्यादि (ityadi) or वगैरा (vagaira)
 * Hungarian: és a többi (abbr.: stb.), és így tovább; etc. is in regular use, too
 * Icelandic: og svo framvegis (abbr.: o.s.frv.)
 * Indonesian: dan lain-lain (abbr.: dll.), dan sebagainya (used for similar things; abbr.: dsb.), dan seterusnya (used for sequences; abbr.: dst.)
 * Irish: (abbr.: srl./⁊rl)
 * isiXhosa: njalo-njalo
 * Italian: eccetera, (abbr.: ecc. or etc.)
 * Japanese: "その他" (sono ta, sono hoka), or suffix "等" (tō, nado) or "など" (nado), "エトセトラ/えとせとら" (etosetora)
 * Kannada: "ಇತರೆ" or "ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ"
 * Korean: "등/等" or "기타/其他"
 * Kyrgyz: жана башкалар (abbr.: ж.б.), дагы ушул сыяктуулар  (abbr.: д.у.с.)
 * Lao: ຯລຯ (read as ແລະອຶ່ນ ໆ ອີກຫຼາຍ lae uen uen ik lai)
 * Latvian: un tā tālāk (abbr.: utt.)
 * Lithuanian: ir taip toliau (abbr.: ir t.t.)
 * Macedonian: и така натаму (abbr.: итн.)
 * Malagasy: sy ny sisa (abbr.: sns.)
 * Malay: dan lain-lain (abbr.: dll.), dan sebagainya (used for identical things; abbr.: dsb.) or dan seumpamanya
 * Malayalam: തുടങ്ങിയവ (pronounced thudangiyava)
 * Maltese: eċċetera (abbr.: eċċ.)
 * Marathi: इत्यादी (pron. ityadi)
 * Mongolian: гэх мэт (abbr.: г.м.)
 * Nepali language: आदि, इत्यादि (aadi, ityaadi)
 * Norwegian (bokmål): og så videre (abbr.: osv.)
 * Norwegian (nynorsk): og så bortetter (abbr.: osb.) or og så vidare (osv.)
 * Odia: ଇତ୍ୟାଦି (ityaadi)
 * Persian: وغیره (va gheireh)
 * Polish: i tak dalej (abbr.: itd.)
 * Portuguese: etcétera (abbr.: etc.)
 * Punjabi: ਆਦਿਕ (pron. aadik) and ਆਦਿ (pron. aadi)
 * Romanian: și așa mai departe (abbr.: ș.a.m.d.), or și celelalte (abbr.: ș.cl.); the latter somewhat obsolete
 * Russian: и так далее (rom.: i tak daleje) (abbr.: и т.д.), or и тому подобное (rom.: i tomu podobnoje) (abbr.: и т.п.)
 * Sanskrit: इत्यादिः (ityaadih)
 * Serbo-Croatian: i tako dalje / и тако даље (abbr.: itd. / итд.)
 * Sesotho: jwalo-jwalo (abbr.: j.j.)
 * Slovak: a tak ďalej (abbr.: atď.)
 * Slovenian: in tako dalje (abbr.: itd.)
 * Sorani:هەتادوایی،هتد (hata dwayy, abbr.: htd)
 * Somali:Iyo wixii lamida (abbr.:IWM)
 * Spanish: etcétera (abbr.: etc.)
 * Swahili: na kadhalika (abbr.: n.k.)
 * Swedish: och så vidare (abbr.: o.s.v.)
 * Tagalog: at iba pa (abbr: atbp.)
 * Tamil: இன்ன பிற (pron. iṉṉa piṟa), முதலியன (pron. muthaliyaṉa)
 * Telugu: "ఇతర", "ఇత్యాది", "మొదలగునవి" or "మొదలైనవి", "వగైరా"(pronounced as "ithara", "ithyaadhi", "modalagunavi" or "modhalainavi", "vagairaa")
 * Thai: ฯลฯ (This three-letter combination is not an abbreviation but a sign called ไปยาลใหญ่ "paiyan yai". It is to be read และอื่น ๆ "lae uen uen", or และอื่น ๆ อีกมากมาย "lae uen uen ik mak mai", meaning "and others" or "and many others", respectively.)
 * Turkish: ve benzerleri (abbr.: vb.) or vesaire (abbr.: vs.)
 * Turkmen: we şuňa meňzeşler (abbr.: we ş.m.)
 * Ukrainian: тощо (toshcho)
 * Urdu: وغیرہ وغیرہ (vagherah vagherah)
 * Uyghur: قاتارلىق (qatarliq)
 * Vietnamese: vân vân (abbr.: v.v.)
 * Welsh: ac yn y blaen (abbr.: ayyb)
 * Yiddish: און אזוי ווייטער (rom. un azoy vayter) (abbr.: א. א. וו.)

title: Et cetera


text:
Talk:Et cetera

Spelling: et cætera?
I first came across the spelling et cætera many years ago here. I recall, however, asking a friend of mine who was at the time studying to be a Latin teacher about the ligature, and he expressed doubt about the authenticity of this alternative spelling. The present article says, "It is also sometimes spelled et caetera, et coetera or et cœtera and is usually abbreviated to etc. or &c." However, no source is included. Can someone with a background in Latin please confirm whether this spelling was ever considered valid in the Latin era. And, in the event that it never was, can anyone ascertain where this alleged alternative spelling came from? Sincerely, allixpeeke (talk) 13:48, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Short answer: the spelling et cætera is considered archaic or unfashionable in English, but does exist and is still a valid spelling in French. Some wrongly claim that it is obsolete, when they really want to means that it is incorrect, but the form et cœtera is even more incorrect and never was used in Latin.
 * More complete: The original Latin language (when it was still a living language) indeed seldom included the syntax et cætera. It appeared mostly in ecclesiastic Latin in the middle age (mostly in Northern France and countries around it, but probably not when close to current Italy) and it "contaminated" local languages. French was very influential to the English language, and so it did appeared in English as well.
 * It was possibly done accidentally as a way to note the long vowels "ē" as "æ", even if traditionally the latin letter "æ" was pronounced as a long "ē" only when ending a word, and otherwise it was usually a diphthong, but in the middle age many diphthongs were often not vocalised anymore.
 * Even if not etymologically justified, it nonetheless got in use in the French language and is currently one of the valid spelling even if the Académie française tried (and failed) to get ride of it many times. Et cetera is the favoured spelling in French, but if you must choose, the typographical ligature "æ" is usually favoured over "ae" for most French words (unless of course they are pronounced separately).
 * Finally, even if etymologically incorrect, it is valid in French and was actually seen in Latin, even if rare, which is not the case of et cœtera (that latter form have always been wrong in French and never seen in traditional Latin). It is also used in English, even if not the most common spelling.  Notice that et cœtera is way more faulty and probably just a transcription of some current pronunciation, but perhaps it entered usage and "œ" seems to be now tolerated in some English-speaking countries, just like the "æ" form entered the French language.  I am not neutral here, but in English I would certainly favour "æ" over "œ", as it makes no sense to me to tolerate et cœtera but refuse et cætera which at least was sometime seen in traditional Latin even if rarely.
 * 45.73.14.41 (talk) 20:17, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Even if not etymologically justified, it nonetheless got in use in the French language and is currently one of the valid spelling even if the Académie française tried (and failed) to get ride of it many times. Et cetera is the favoured spelling in French, but if you must choose, the typographical ligature "æ" is usually favoured over "ae" for most French words (unless of course they are pronounced separately).
 * Finally, even if etymologically incorrect, it is valid in French and was actually seen in Latin, even if rare, which is not the case of et cœtera (that latter form have always been wrong in French and never seen in traditional Latin). It is also used in English, even if not the most common spelling.  Notice that et cœtera is way more faulty and probably just a transcription of some current pronunciation, but perhaps it entered usage and "œ" seems to be now tolerated in some English-speaking countries, just like the "æ" form entered the French language.  I am not neutral here, but in English I would certainly favour "æ" over "œ", as it makes no sense to me to tolerate et cœtera but refuse et cætera which at least was sometime seen in traditional Latin even if rarely.
 * 45.73.14.41 (talk) 20:17, 30 November 2016 (UTC)
 * 45.73.14.41 (talk) 20:17, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

The trash can picture (Sign in Millbourne, PA)
This photo has nothing to do with Et cetera. To me it is clearly "E___ Trash Collection". Why is it here?

coin
It seems to have been raised here before. The coin is inappropriate. If that is to remain, somebody should go into the city centre to take a picture of the first instance of 'etc' they see. There is no need for this. Removal must be given serious consideration. --Sb2001 (talk) 23:28, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Agreed. AdrianAJNunez (talk) 21:37, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

I can't find any earlier discussion. I must be a bit dense, exactly how is showing a historical example of "&c" usage as illustration for this subject inappropriate (irrelevant I would understand)? — OttoMäkelä (talk) 11:58, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Dubious claims about trivia
There's presently a block of text reading: "It is also sometimes spelled et caetera, et coetera or et cœtera. Some abbreviations that are still used in the United Kingdom, Australia, and India are considered archaic in the United States and commonly used only in legislation, notations for mathematics, or qualifications, include &ca, etca, &/c., &e., &ct., &cm, etcm, &cs, and etcs. (The ampersand derives from a ligature of et. This is occasionally formed by knowing 'et' to mean 'and' but not realising '&' is a ligature of 'et'.)"

I've flagged this as dubious because: — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  20:42, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) It is not, per WP:NOT, the job of this article to catalogue very misspelled or idiosyncratic attempt at writing or abbreviating "et cetera".
 * 2) There are no sources for any of this.
 * 3) The "still used" claim must provide sources for every variant it claims is still in use, and this means a source about the usage, or examples of use in current reliable sources, not something like someone's blog showing it. (In use by the barely literate isn't of encyclopedic interest.)
 * 4) The idea that any of these are used in the United States in legislation, etc., also needs citations.
 * 5) "This is occasionally formed by" has no clear referent for "this", and appears to be WP:SYNTH or supposition.

 * Came here to write this before you'd already done it. If any of that para is true, it should be sourced. 85.119.27.27 (talk) 15:54, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Yeah, nearly a year was long enough for someone to source any of that, and they didn't, so I've pared it down further to what is already verified, or easily verified by every English-language dictionary there is (i.e., that &c. is still in use).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  16:14, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Tename the article
I propose changing the article name from Et cetera" to et cetera''. Comments? Roger 8 Roger (talk) 09:56, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't think that is possible via WP:NCTR. --Bumpf said this! ooh clicky clicky! [insert witty meta-text on wiki-sigs here] 20:57, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

"In other languages" section
Does the "in other languages" section have to be there, and not say, a link to the wiktionary article which has translations? --Bumpf said this! ooh clicky clicky! [insert witty meta-text on wiki-sigs here] 20:56, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

ECT is valid
It is valid as it's commonly used and understood by the general public. Also to note that those whom are reverting it are from non accounts with public ips. Troll edits. DarkStrifeYT (talk) 01:50, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

 * It would be good to have a couple of reliable sources for "ect", as this is otherwise up to speculation (e.g. et cetera). -Vipz (talk) 23:34, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Etc
Etc 2603:6011:502:793:853:8217:F8F7:745C (talk) 00:10, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Et cetera


text:
Royal Canadian Mint

The Royal Canadian Mint (Monnaie royale canadienne) is the mint of Canada and a Crown corporation, operating under the Royal Canadian Mint Act. The shares of the Mint are held in trust for the Crown in right of Canada.

The Mint produces all of Canada's circulation coins, and manufactures circulation coins on behalf of other nations. The Mint also designs and manufactures precious and base metal collector coins; gold, silver, palladium, and platinum bullion coins; medals, as well as medallions and tokens. It further offers gold and silver refinery and assay services.

The Mint serves the public's interest but is also mandated to operate "in anticipation of profit" (i.e., to function in a commercial manner without relying on taxpayer support to fund its operations). Like private-sector companies, the Mint has a board of directors consisting of a chair, the president and CEO of the Mint, and eight other directors.

Traditionally, the president of the Royal Canadian Mint is known as the Master of the Mint, currently Marie Lemay, who was appointed to the position in 2018. The board of directors, through the chair, is accountable to the Minister of Finance. The Minister serves as the link between the Mint, Cabinet and Parliament.

The Mint was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc. from 2007 to 2010.

History
For the first fifty years of Canadian coinage (cents meant to circulate in the Province of Canada were first struck in 1858), the coins were struck at the Royal Mint in London, though some were struck at the private Heaton Mint in Birmingham, England. As Canada emerged as a nation in its own right, its need for coinage increased. In 1890, building a branch of the Royal Mint in Ottawa was proposed and was eventually authorized in 1901.

The Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint was officially opened in January 2, 1908. During a short ceremony, Lord Grey and his wife, Lady Grey, activated the presses. The first coin struck was a 50-cent coin. When the facility first opened, it had 61 employees. Three years later, the Mint began refining gold by electrolysis in its assay department. This method proved to be too time-consuming, and, in 1915, the Mint introduced a new chlorination process developed in Australia to reduce processing times and increase the Mint's gold refining capacity. In 1931, Canada became an independent dominion of the British Empire and the assets of the Mint were transferred to the Canadian government. In December 1931, the Mint was established as the Royal Canadian Mint and as a branch of the Department of Finance via an act of Parliament.

In 1960, Master of the Mint Norval Alexander Parker proposed a new facility to expand minting capacity. At this time, the Ottawa mint had reached capacity while a large number of Canadian 10¢ coins were produced in the Philadelphia Mint in the United States and all numismatic coins were produced in Hull, Quebec. A 1968 study also showed that the Ottawa Mint facility was antiquated. Funds were allocated for a new facility, but no space within Ottawa was found.

In April 1969, the Royal Canadian Mint was reorganized as a Crown corporation via the Royal Canadian Mint Act for the purpose of minting coins and associated activities. As a Crown corporation, the Mint was no longer a branch of the Department of Finance but operated autonomously with its own board of directors and increased decision-making powers.

Then, in February 1970, Supply and Services Minister James Richardson proposed building the Mint's new facility in Winnipeg. This was controversial because the minister was himself from Winnipeg, and the facility would be more than 1,000 mi from the Ottawa facility. A study showed that the proposal had merit because raw materials could be purchased from a supplier in Alberta, rather than a competitor outside of Canada. Eventually, it was agreed in December 1971 that the Mint would build a facility in Winnipeg. In 1972, the land was purchased and construction began, and by 1976 the facility was officially opened.

In March 2012, the Canadian government decided to cease the production of pennies. The final penny was minted at the RCM's Winnipeg plant on the morning of May 4, 2012.

In April 2012, the Mint announced it was developing MintChip, a digital currency to allow anonymous transactions backed by the Government of Canada and denominated in a variety of currencies. On January 12, 2016, MintChip was sold to Toronto-based nanoPay.

In 2021, reports of racism and sexual harassment at the Mint surfaced. A subsequent external report described the workplace culture as "toxic".

Ottawa facility

The Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint was officially opened in January 2, 1908, by Lord Grey and his wife, Lady Grey.

When the facility first opened, it had 61 employees. The last surviving member of the Mint's original staff was Owen Toller. He started in the Mint as a junior clerk and retired as an administrative officer after 45 years of service on January 6, 1953. Toller died in November 1987 at the age of 102.

In 1979, the Royal Canadian Mint building in Ottawa was designated a National Historic Site, on the grounds the building is representative of the federal government's approach to using the Tudor-Gothic architectural style to create a distinctive identity in Canada's capital, and of the patriation of control over Canada's currency from Britain.

Winnipeg facility
The Mint facility in Winnipeg was officially opened in 1976. The new facility was completely different in appearance from the facility in Ottawa. Architect Étienne Gaboury designed a striking triangular building that rises up dramatically from the surrounding prairie. Gaboury was design architect, in collaboration with the Number Ten Architectural Group led by partner-in-charge Allan Hanna.

The Winnipeg facility produces circulation coins for Canada and other countries, while the Ottawa facility concentrates solely on collector coins.

Organizational structure
The Royal Canadian Mint is a Crown corporation and operates under the Royal Canadian Mint Act. In serving the public's interest, a Crown corporation has greater managerial independence than other government entities, meaning it may operate in a commercial manner. Like private sector companies, the Mint has a board of directors composed of a chairman, the president and CEO of the Mint and eight other directors.

Traditionally, the president and CEO of the Royal Canadian Mint is known as the master of the Mint. The president is Marie Lemay (appointed in 2019), and the chairman of the board is Phyllis Clark. In descending chronological order, the people who have been the Mint's master engraver are: Cosme Saffioti, Sheldon Beveridge, Ago Aarand, Walter Ott, Patrick Brindley, Myron Cook, and Thomas Shingles.

The government department responsible for the Royal Canadian Mint is the Department of Finance. There are 10 members of the Mint's board of directors, and 12 members on its executive team. The Royal Canadian Mint has four lines of business: Bullion and Refinery Service, Canadian Circulation, Foreign Business, and Numismatics.

Bullion products and refinery
The Mint produces and markets a family of high-purity gold, silver, palladium, and platinum maple leaf bullion coins, wafers, and bars for the investment market as well as gold and silver granules for the jewellery industry and industrial applications. The Mint also provides Canadian and foreign customers with gold and silver processing, including refining, assaying, and secure storage.

Additionally, the Royal Canadian Mint operates a technically advanced refinery in which it refines precious metals from a variety of sources, including primary producers, industry, recyclers, and financial institutions. The Mint refines raw gold to 995 fine through the Miller chlorination process. The gold is then cast into anodes for electrolytic purification to 9999 fine using the Wohlwill process.

The Royal Canadian Mint's bullion coin program consists of gold, silver, platinum and palladium maple leaf coins, as well as other products, such as MapleGrams. The Royal Canadian Mint's 1-ounce gold maple leaf coin was launched in 1979, and the 1-ounce silver maple leaf and 1-ounce platinum maple leaf coins were launched in 1988.

In May 2007, the Mint produced the world's first and only 99.999% pure gold maple leaf bullion (GML) coins. Offered in limited-edition 1 ozt gold bullion coins, three series of these special GML coins were produced (2007, 2008, 2009) in addition to the 99.99% pure GML coin, which is produced on demand. A 100 kg version of the 99.999% pure GML coin was produced as a promotional tool and was later sold as a product when interested buyers came forward.

Canadian circulation
The Mint's core mandate is to produce and manage the distribution of Canada's circulation coinage and provide advice to the Minister of Finance on all matters related to coinage.

Recently, up to two billion Canadian circulation coins are struck each year at the Mint's facility in Winnipeg. While the effigy of the reigning monarch has appeared on every Canadian coin produced by the Mint since 1908, reverse designs have changed considerably over the years. The Mint often introduces new commemorative designs which celebrate Canada's history, culture and values.

Since 2000, all of Canada's circulation coins have been produced using the Mint's patented multi-ply plated steel technology except for the $1 and $2 circulation coins, which started using this technology as of April 10, 2012.

Foreign circulation coins
Many foreign countries have had coinage struck at the Royal Canadian Mint, including circulation coins, numismatic coins, and ready-to-strike blanks. In 1970, Master of the Mint Gordon Ward Hunter relaunched the Foreign Circulation division. A contract for Singapore was won in January 1970 to produce six million rimmed blanks in a copper–nickel alloy. This was the Mint's first export contract since a contract for the Dominican Republic 32 years earlier. The second contract came in April 1970 from the Central Bank of Brazil. The RCM produced 84million blanks for the 50-centavo piece. In August 1971, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen placed an order for 2million five-fil pieces. This was followed by an order from Iceland for 2.5million one-crown pieces.

In October 1971, the Bank of Jamaica asked the RCM to produce a commemorative ten-dollar coin in sterling silver, and a twenty-dollar gold coin of proof quality. Also in 1971, the RCM made coins for the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Iran, and the Isle of Man. An order for 100million general circulation five-centime and ten-centimo coins for Venezuela was received as well. By 1973, orders totalled 65million coins and 70million blanks. By 1974, the Ottawa facility produced a total of 1.2billion coins (foreign and domestic), a facility record.

50million units of the 20¢ Australian coin featuring a platypus were minted in 1981. Other coins have included centavos for Cuba, kroner for Norway, fils for Yemen, pesos for Colombia, kroner for Iceland, rupiah for Indonesia, baht for Thailand, and a thousand-dollar coin for Hong Kong. Other client nations include Barbados and Uganda.

In 2005, the Mint was awarded a contract valued at US$1.2million to produce 50million toea coins for Papua New Guinea. The circulation coins were produced in denominations of 5 toea, 10 toea and 20 toea, and were manufactured at the Mint's facility in Winnipeg. In 2005 alone, the RCM manufactured 1.062billion coins and blanks for 14 countries. From 1980 to 2005, the RCM has manufactured approximately 52billion coins for 62 countries. These coins were manufactured at the Royal Canadian Mint's facility in Winnipeg.

In 2007, the Mint produced coins for a variety of other countries, such as New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.

In 2008, the Mint produced over 3million coloured 50-toea coins for Papua New Guinea. These were the world's first coloured coins to circulate outside of Canada. In addition to adding a painted design to more than three million coins, the Mint was required to identically orient the design on every coin. To accomplish this, the Mint, in collaboration with Canadian robotic equipment manufacturer PharmaCos Machinery, developed its own robotic arm to "pick and place" each coin on the painting line, creating a new technical capability unique to the Royal Canadian Mint.

Numismatic coins
The Mint makes collector coins and related products for collectors and enthusiasts in Canada and all over the world. Several of these coins have earned international industry awards and in 2010, the Mint sold out the entire mintage of a record 25 collector coins.

Made of base and precious metals, several of the Mint's numismatic coins are enhanced by special technologies including holograms, enamelling, lasering and embedded crystals. The Mint also produces medals, medallions and tokens as part of this business line.

The Mint produces a great number of military decorations for the Department of National Defence including: the Sacrifice Medal, the Canadian Forces' Decoration and Clasp, the General Campaign Star, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Bars, the General Service Medal, the Special Service Medal, the Operational Service Medal, the Memorial Cross and the Canadian Victoria Cross. It also produces military decorations for Veterans Affairs Canada, as well as long-service medals for the RCMP and artistic achievement awards for the Governor General of Canada.

The Mint also produced the athletes' medals of the Montreal 1976 Olympic Games and the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. The Mint produced 615 Olympic and 399 Paralympic medals at their headquarters in Ottawa for the 2010 Winter Games.

The Mint also designed and produced the 4,283 medals for the Toronto 2015 Pan Am and Parapan Am games.

Bullion coins
In 1979, the Mint began producing its own branded bullion coins, which feature a maple leaf on the reverse. Since 1979, the fineness of the gold used to strike the gold maple leaf (GML) coins has increased from .999 to .9999, and finally, to .99999 (for a special series from 2007 to 2009). In addition, GMLs are produced in sizes that are fractions of a troy ounce: 1 oz, $1/2$ oz, $1/4$ oz, $1/10$ oz, $1/15$ oz, $1/20$ oz, $1/25$ oz, and in sets that combine some or all of these weights. Special-edition designs have commemorated the tenth anniversary of the GML (1989), the 125th anniversary of the RCMP (1997), and the 25th anniversary of the GML (1994). A three-coin set was released to commemorate the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games (2008–2010), and a fractional GML set was issued in 2011 to commemorate the centennial of the Mint's gold refinery. Renowned for its unrivalled purity, the Mint's gold maple leaf remains one of the world's most popular bullion coins.

Silver maple leaf
The Royal Canadian Mint's silver maple leaf (SML) was first issued in 1988 and featured the same design as the gold maple leaf bullion coin. These coins are available to investors in 1 oz, $1/2$ oz, $1/4$ oz, $1/10$ oz, and $1/20$ oz sizes.

In 2004–05, the coins were sold in sets of four coins that featured two wildlife species: the Arctic fox (2004) and the Canada lynx (2005). Each coin was of a different value and depicted the animals in a separate pose. Colour and selective gold plating have also been applied to special issues of SML. Holograms have proved popular applications, having been featured on SML coins in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2005.

In 2010, the Mint introduced a new series of silver 9999 fine 1 ozt bullion coins featuring Canadian wildlife. The first coin, launched in late 2010, depicts a wolf, while the second features a grizzly bear. The third design, depicting a cougar, was released on September 24, 2011, for public sales. The fourth in the series was a moose, the fifth coin was the pronghorn antelope, and the sixth and final coin was the wood bison.

Platinum and palladium maple leaves
While the silver and gold maple leaves have proved enduringly popular among investors and bullion collectors, the Mint has also produced limited numbers of platinum and palladium maple leaf coins. From 2005 to 2009, palladium maple leaf coins were offered in 1 ozt coins of .9995 fineness.

Platinum maple leaves were struck in 1 oz, $1/2$ oz, $1/4$ oz, $1/10$ oz, $1/15$ oz, and $1/20$ oz weights, between 1988 and 1999 and again in 2009. In addition, the platinum maple leaves were sold in special issue sets in 1989 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the GML and in 2002 as a five-coin set featuring holograms. In 1999, the coins featured the polar bear design appearing on the inner ring of the $2 circulation coin.

V nickel
World War II saw low mintages of most coins, as the metals (especially copper and nickel) were needed for the war effort. The composition of the 5¢ coin was changed to tombac in 1942; and the design was changed to a V for Victory in 1943. The composition was changed again to nickel-chromium-plated steel in 1944.

The concept for the V design came from Winston Churchill's famous V sign, and the V denomination mark on the US 5¢ pieces of 1883–1912. A novel feature was an inscription of Morse code on the coin. This International Code message meant "We Win When We Work Willingly" and was placed along the rim on the reverse instead of denticles. The regular reverse and composition were resumed in 1946. Chromium-plated steel was again used for the 5¢ coin from 1951 to 1953 during the Korean War, but the reverse was unchanged.

Centennial of Confederation
In 1967, the Mint introduced a series of commemorative coins in honour of the Canadian centennial. Designed by Alex Colville, every coin produced that year featured a creature native to Canada: a rock dove on the 1¢ coin, a rabbit on the 5¢ coin, a mackerel on the 10¢ coin, a lynx on the 25¢ coin, a howling wolf on the 50¢ coin, and a Canada goose on the dollar. A commemorative gold $20 coin was also struck for collectors' sets, with a coat of arms on the reverse. It is worth noting the then Ottawa branch of the British Royal Mint wanted to commemorate Canada's 60th anniversary in 1927 with variant coin designs.

Royal Canadian Mounted Police
For 1973, the usual 25¢ coin reverse depicting a caribou was replaced with a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer astride a horse, to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the North-West Mounted Police (now the RCMP).

In 2007, the Mint also released a $75 coloured gold coin featuring RCMP officers astride their horses, as part of an extensive program of collector coins celebrating the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games. This coin, designed by Cecily Mok, is composed of 58.33% gold and 41.67% silver.

The Mint also issued two bullion coins in celebration of the RCMP. The first is a 1997 1 ozt gold coin, which was produced for the 125th anniversary of the RCMP. The second is a 2010 1/25 ozt gold coin and was designed by Janet Griffin-Scott.

"Loonie" and "toonie"
The major change to Canadian coinage in the 1980s was the introduction of a circulating $1 coin, widely known as the loonie because of the common loon gracing its reverse. A voyageur canoe had been planned initially, but the master reverse die was lost in shipment between Ottawa and Winnipeg, so a new design was necessary. Introduced in 1987, the coin began to replace the $1 banknote in February 1989. In 1996, the Mint introduced a $2 circulating coin (known widely as the toonie) that featured a polar bear on the reverse and replaced the $2 banknote. The $2 coin was also a first for the Mint in that it used a bi-metallic structure – the coin's centre is bronze-coloured and the circumference is nickel-coloured.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
In September 2010, the Mint released 3million $1 circulation coins in celebration of the Saskatchewan Roughriders' centennial. This coin's reverse is engraved with the Saskatchewan Roughriders' logo and a stylized "100" framed by the dates 1910 and 2010.

UFO-themed glow-in-the-dark coin
The Shag Harbour UFO incident on October 4, 1967, was commemorated in a glow-in-the dark coin launched October 1, 2019.

This coin is the second in the Royal Canadian Mint's "unexplained phenomena" series. The first coin in the series was released in 2018 and depicts the UFO encounter near Falcon Lake (Manitoba) in 1967.

The coin is not the first glow-in-the-dark coin released by the Royal Canadian Mint. The first coin depicts boaters gazing at the Northern Lights, and was released in 2017.

Foreign coins
In October 1971, the Bank of Jamaica asked the RCM to produce a commemorative $10 coin in silver and a $20 gold coin of proof quality. Also in 1971, the RCM made coins for the Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Iran, and the Isle of Man. An order for 100million general-circulation five-centime and ten-centimo coins for Venezuela was received as well. By 1973, orders totalled 65million coins, and 70million blanks. By 1974, the Ottawa facility produced a facility record 1.2billion coins (foreign and domestic).

Two years later, the Monetary and Foreign Exchange Authority of Macau commissioned the Royal Canadian Mint to create a commemorative coin to recognize the transfer of the Macau region to the People's Republic of China. The coin is silver and features a gold cameo. The face value is 100 patacas, and the coin has a diameter of 37.97 mm and a guaranteed weight of at least 1 ozt, while most 1 oz silver RCM coins weigh 31.3 grams. The Royal Canadian Mint item number is 644309 and the issue price is $102. The coin features a Portuguese ship and a Chinese barque sharing coastal waters. The historic Ma Gao Temple (Pagoda de Barra) appears in the cameo.

In 2009, the Mint produced coins and blanks for 18 countries, including the decimo de balboa (10-cent coin) for Panama.

Numismatic coins
In 2006, the Royal Canadian Mint issued the $50 Four Seasons 5 ozt 0.9999 silver coin. This was the first 5 oz pure silver coin issued by the Mint, and had a limited mintage of only 2,000 coins worldwide. High-grade examples of this coin fetch $1500 to $5000 at auction. Demand for the coin was unprecedented, and it was the lowest mintage 0.9999 silver coin ever produced by the Royal Canadian Mint until the 2009 release of "Surviving the Flood", a 1 kg 0.9999 silver coin which has a worldwide mintage of only 1500.

On October 19, 2007, the Royal Canadian Mint issued ten new collector coins, including a 25¢ coin minted to commemorate the 60th wedding anniversary of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; and a $15 sterling silver coin bearing the effigy of Victoria, the first from the series of five coins illustrating the effigies of the previous Canadian monarchs.

Toronto Transit Commission tokens
From 1954 to 2006, the Mint supplied the Toronto Transit Commission with 24million tokens. These tokens were taken out of service in 2007 for official use. The lightweight token was replaced due to the ease in duplicating counterfeit versions. Subsequent tokens for the TTC were manufactured in the United States by Osborne Coinage.

Canadian Tire
In October 2009, the Mint produced trade dollars for Canadian Tire which temporarily replaced their regular $1 coupons. The initiative called for the production of 2.5million nickel-plated steel tokens, as well as 9,000 brass-plated steel tokens. As part of the limited-time offer, the trade dollars were distributed in 475 stores nationwide.

Notable medallions

 * In 1983, the RCM issued a medallion to commemorate the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer. The composition of the medal is 50% pure silver and has a diameter of 36 mm. The coin had a production limit of 100,000 and its issue price was $24.50.
 * The RCM created a medallion to honour Elvis Presley. The medal features the word Graceland (above an image of the mansion and its gates) and an actual denomination of $10. The reverse of the medal features an engraving of Elvis, along with the words "The Man/The Music/The Legend". The medallion itself is undated, but as the medal is 10 ozt, one would assume it was made for the 10th anniversary of the singer's death. Additional information can be found in the certificate of authenticity which states this Elvis Presley medal was authorized by Legendary Coins and struck by the Royal Canadian Mint. The packaging bears a copyright date of 1987, and states the "medal is for commemorative purposes only" and is "not legal tender".
 * Medallions honouring hockey legends have also been created. To commemorate Mario Lemieux's induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame, a special set honouring all the inductees was issued in 1997. In 1999, a nickel medallion was issued to honour Wayne Gretzky's retirement. The issue price was $9.99 with a mintage of 50,000.

Multi-ply plating
In 2000, the Mint patented an improved, money-saving production method called multi-ply plating technology. Since that year, the Mint has used this technique to produce 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, and 50¢ pieces of Canadian circulation coinage, all of which were previously minted from nearly pure nickel alloys. Similarly, a copper-plated steel blank was used to produce the 1¢ coin until production ceased in 2012. Also in 2012, multi-ply plating was introduced for the $1 and $2 coins.

This particular plating process uses a steel core that is electro-magnetically plated with a thin layer of nickel, then a layer of copper and finally another layer of nickel. As a smaller quantity of copper and nickel is required, this process has reduced circulation coin production costs. The composition of plated coins is more durable, thereby reducing the number of damaged coins in circulation and increasing their overall efficiency. By varying the thicknesses of the alternating layers of nickel and copper, the Mint can create coins with unique electromagnetic signatures, preventing fraud and producing the most secure circulation coins on the market.

Coloured coins
In 2004, the Royal Canadian Mint issued the world's first coloured circulation coin. The 25¢ coins were produced at the Mint's facility in Winnipeg and feature a red-coloured poppy embedded in the centre of a maple leaf over a banner that reads: "Remember / Souvenir". The obverse features the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II by Susanna Blunt. The process of adhering colour to the coins surfaces involved the utilization of a high-speed, computer-controlled and precision inkjet process. Approximately 30,000,000 coins went into circulation in October 2004 and were available exclusively at Tim Hortons locations across the country. U.S. Army contractors travelling in Canada filed confidential espionage reports describing the coins as "anomalous" and "filled with something man-made that looked like nano-technology".

In 2006, the Mint produced a second colourized circulation coin in support of a future without breast cancer. The 25¢ coin features the pink ribbon symbolizing breast cancer awareness.

More recently, the Mint produced two other 25¢ poppy circulation coins in 2008 and 2010, both of which feature colourized designs.

In 2008, the Mint also produced 50-toea colourized coins for Papua New Guinea. These coins were manufactured using a robotic mechanism that oriented the coins in a way that ensured all the colourized designs faced the same direction.

This new technology was also used to produce the "Top Three Moments" coins. These 25¢ coins are part of the Mint's Vancouver 2010 circulation coin program and feature designs celebrating the top three favourite moments in Canadian Winter Games history. The men's hockey gold medal at Salt Lake City in 2002 was voted by fans as the No. 1 Canadian Olympic Winter Games Moment of all time – out of 10 moments — in an online contest hosted in 2009 by the Mint and Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium. Coming in at No. 2 was the Canadian women's hockey gold medal at Salt Lake City 2002, followed by Cindy Klassen at No. 3 and her five long-track speed skating medals at Turin 2006. The coins marking these top three favourite moments were launched into circulation on September 29, 2009, November 17, 2009 and January 5, 2010, respectively.

Physical vapour deposition
The Mint succeeded in extending the life of the die beyond that of past chrome-coated dies, with the adaptation of the physical vapour deposition (PVD) technology to coat its dies.

Glow-in-the-dark coins
In 2017, the Mint released a set of circulation coins for the 150th anniversary of Confederation. In these circulation coins, the $2 coin has a coloured version which features some northern lights. When left under a normal source of light and then turning off the lights or when illuminated by a UV lamp, the northern lights glow turquoise. This coin was the first circulation coin in the world to glow in the dark. Around ten million coins were minted, but it was expected that around only one in ten Canadians would have one. However, this was not the first time that the Mint worked with glow-in-the-dark technology. In 2012, a three-coin set of glow-in-the-dark dinosaur skeletons were released, but these coins were never for circulation; they were made for collection.

Barbados flying fish coin
As announced on November 26, 2020 the RCM produced a $1 glow-in-the-dark coin featuring a flying fish, in collaboration with the Central Bank of Barbados. It went into circulation on December 1, 2020.

Mintshield
In 2018, the Mint introduced Mintshield, a production technology for its silver maple leaf coins aimed at reducing "milk spots", discolourations that can appear as white spots on the surface of silver bullion products. It is the only mint to offer technology specifically aimed at milk spots.

Vancouver Olympics
In 2006, the Mint entered a partnership with the Vancouver Olympic Committee and became an official supporter of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games. As such, the Mint ran a three-year program of circulation and collector coins in honour of both the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.

Their Vancouver 2010 coin program included the largest circulation coin series in relation to the Olympic and Paralympic Games ever conceived by any mint worldwide. It included the production of 17 circulation coins, 15 of which were of the 25¢ denomination and two of which were $1 "lucky loonies". The Mint was the first in the world to commemorate the Paralympic Games on a circulation coin. These commemorative 25¢ coins were distributed across the country through participating Petro-Canada and Royal Bank of Canada locations.

Regarding the circulation coins, one of the novelties was that D.G. regina (Dei gratia regina 'by the grace of God queen') was removed from the Queen's effigy, making the 25¢ coins the first "godless" circulating coins since the 2001 International Year of the Volunteer 10¢ piece. On the 1911 issue of King George V, the inscription was accidentally left off. The first circulating $1 coin was dated 2008 but the obverse is the standard effigy of Queen Elizabeth II by Susanna Blunt with the wording "Elizabeth II" and D.G. regina with the Circle M privy mark.

In addition to its circulation coin program, the Mint introduced a series of 36 collector coins ranging from multi-coloured sterling silver Lucky Loonies to premium gold coins. Most notably, two $2500 Kilo Gold Coins were produced as part of this program, marking the first time the Mint issued a pure gold coin with a guaranteed weight of 1 kg.

The program also included the production of two sterling silver Lucky Loonies in 2008 and 2010, with mintages of 30,000 and 40,000 respectively.

Vancouver 2010 Winter Games medals
The Mint also produced the athlete medals for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. The Vancouver 2010 gold medals are each made of sterling silver plated with six grams of 24-karat gold. The silver medals are sterling silver while the bronze medals are composed mostly of copper. Their composition is governed by International Olympic Committee regulations.

Each medal features a piece of one of two contemporary Aboriginal artworks and weighs 500 to 576 grams each. The design on each medal is based on two large master artworks of an orca whale (Olympic) and raven (Paralympic) by Corrine Hunt, a Canadian artist of Komoyue and Tlingit heritage based in Vancouver. Each medal features a unique, hand-cropped section of her artwork. The medals are also undulating rather than flat. They had to be struck nine times each to achieve this unusual shape.

The medals were on display throughout the 2010 Winter Games at the Royal Canadian Mint Pavilion in Vancouver. There, visitors waited in line, sometimes for over seven hours, to see and hold the medals. With so much interest generated by their Vancouver 2010 program, the Mint opened an additional retail outlet in Vancouver. This store is at 752 Granville Street, between Georgia and Robson streets, and was closed in 2017.

Award-winning coins

 * 1985 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Coin: 1988 Olympic $20 coin, Downhill Skier (Note: Olympic coins in Canada are usually produced three years prior to the event)
 * 1986 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Gold Coin, Theme: 450th Anniversary, Jacques Cartier Voyage of Discovery
 * 1988 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Silver Coin, Theme: 400th Anniversary, Davis Passage
 * 1989 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Silver Coin, Theme: Bicentennial Voyage of Mackenzie River
 * 1993 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Gold Coin, Theme: Antique Autos
 * 1994 – Coin of the Year, Presented by Munchen Magazin, Best Coin, Theme: Anne of Green Gables
 * 1996 – Coin of the Year, Presented by Munchen Magazin, Best Coin, Theme: 100th Anniversary of Gold found in Klondike
 * 1997 – Coin of the Singapore International Coin Show, Best Coin, Theme: Haida Contemporative Art
 * 1998 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Gold Coin, Theme: Alexander Graham Bell
 * 1998 – Most Popular Coin, Presented by World Coin News, Most Popular, Theme: $2 coin with polar bear design
 * 1999 – International Hologram Manufacturers Association and Holography, Category: Excellence in Holographic Production, Theme: 20th Anniversary Gold Bullion Maple Leaf coin
 * 2000 – Most Popular Coin, Presented by World Coin News, Most Popular, Theme: 125th Anniversary of RCMP
 * 2000 – Most Technologically Advanced Coin, World Mint Directors Conference 2000, Theme: $20 coin featuring Hologram cameo on the Transportation Series
 * 2000 – Coin of the Year, Presented by World Coin News, Best Gold, Theme: Mother and Child
 * 2002 – Coin of the Year, Asia Money Fair, Theme: Asian Symbols Five Blessings Commemorative Set
 * 2006 – Most Innovative Coin of the Year, World Mint Directors Conference 2006, Theme: Coloured 25¢ Poppy Coin
 * 2007 – Best New Coin Award, Awards for Excellence in Currency: Presented by the International Association of Currency Affairs
 * Category: Best Coin 25¢ coloured circulation coin
 * Theme: Creating a Future Without Breast Cancer
 * 2007 – 2007 Coin of the Year Award and 2007 Most Innovative Coin Award, Presented at the 2008 World Money Fair, presented by Krause Publications
 * Category:Coin of the Year and Most Innovative Coin Coin: Big and Little Bear Constellations coins
 * Theme: Constellation
 * 2007 – 2007 Most Inspirational Coin Award, Presented at the 2008 World Money Fair, presented by Krause Publications
 * Category: Most Inspirational Coin
 * Coin: Pink Ribbon coin Theme: Ribbon of Hope
 * 2010 – 2010 Excellence in Currency Awards, Presented by IACA
 * Category: Best new series
 * Coin: Vancouver 2010 Circulation Programme
 * 2010 – 2010 Most Inspirational Coin Award, Presented at the 2010 World Money Fair, presented by Krause Publications
 * Category: Most Inspirational Coin
 * Coin: Fine Gold Kilo – Towards Confederation
 * 2011 – 2011 Best Silver Coin, Krause Publications 2011 Coin of the Year Awards
 * Category: Best Silver Coin
 * Coin: 2009 Fine Silver Crystal Snowflake
 * 2011 – 2011 Most Artistic, Krause Publications 2011 Coin of the Year Awards
 * Category: Most Artistic
 * Coin: 2009 $300 Gold Coin – Summer Moon Mask

Coin markings, including mint marks and privy marks

 * A – Used on 2005 palladium test coin to signify the coins were struck from Lot A.
 * B – Used on 2005 palladium test coin to signify the coins were struck from Lot B.
 * C – Placed on sovereigns produced at the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint, between 1908 and 1919.
 * Dot – In December 1936, King Edward VIII abdicated the throne in favour of his brother, who became King George VI. The problem was that the Royal Mint had been designing the effigy of King Edward VIII, and now a new effigy had to be created. The 1¢, 10¢ and 25¢ pieces in 1937 were struck from dies with a 1936 date on the reverse. To distinguish that these coins were issued in 1937, a dot mint mark was placed on the 1936 dies, beneath the year. These coins fulfilled demand for coins until new coinage tools with the effigy of King George VI were ready. While the 10¢ and 25¢ coins are more common, the 1¢ coins are rare, with about a half-dozen known to exist. The dot after the date on the 1937 5¢ coin is a minting error caused by a chip in the master dies.
 * H – Used to identify coins that were struck for Canada by the Birmingham Mint, also known as the Heaton Mint, until 1907.
 * Innukshuk – All circulation coins for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics have the Innukshuk mint mark on the obverse of the coin.
 * International Polar Year – The obverse of the 2007 International Polar Year $20 numismatic coin has the logo for the International Polar Year on the obverse of the coin.
 * Man Becomes Mountain (Symbol of Paralympics) – All circulation coins for the 2010 Vancouver Paralympics have the Paralympic Games logo on the obverse of the coin.
 * Maple leaf – All coins with a maple leaf mint mark were struck in 1948 due to an emergency with coin toolage. The granting of India's independence resulted in the removal of IND:IMP (meaning Emperor of India) from King George VI's effigy. Due to the demand for circulation coins in 1948, coins for 1948 could not be struck until the new tools were received. The new tools would have the IND:IMP removed from them. In the meanwhile, coins were produced in 1948 with a year of 1947 on them. Referred to as the 1947 Maple Leaf, a small maple leaf mint mark was struck beside 1947 on the reverse of all coins to signify the year of production.
 * P – From 2001 to 2006, most 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, and 50¢ coins issued for circulation were struck with a P mint mark to represent the Royal Canadian Mint's plating process.
 * RCM Logo – At the CNA Convention in July 2006, the RCM unveiled its new privy mark to be used on all circulation and numismatic coinage. The agenda behind the implementation of this new privy mark was to help increase the RCM's image as a brand. The aim of the logo is to educate coin users and coin collectors, respectively, that the RCM is minting Canada's coins. The first circulation coin to have this new mint mark is the 10th anniversary $2 coin. The first numismatic coin to have this new marking is the Snowbirds coin and stamp set.
 * T/É – In an effort to push the standard of quality higher, the RCM started to experiment with a gold bullion coin that would have a purity of 99.999%. The result was a gold maple leaf test bullion coin with the mint mark of T/É (to signify test/épreuve). The date on the obverse of the coin was 2007 and it had a mintage of 500.
 * Teddy bear – When the RCM released its Baby Lullabies and CD Set, a sterling silver $1 coin was included in the set. The $1 coin included a privy mark of a teddy bear.
 * W – Used occasionally on specimen sets produced in Winnipeg, starting in 1998.
 * WP – Used on the special edition uncirculated set of 2003. The W mint mark indicates that the coin was produced in Winnipeg and the P indicates that the coins are plated.

Security
Royal Canadian Mint Protective Services employs full-time and casual security officers who are responsible for the security and inspection of RCM facilities. They wear a distinctive black uniform with body armour and carry a 9 mm Glock Model 17 while on duty. Their duties include:

 * Operating x-ray machines
 * Inspection of garbage in high-security production area
 * CCTV monitoring
 * Access control
 * Monitor shipments received and dispatched from RCM facilities
 * Security escorts
 * Parking management
 * Evacuations

Recent issues concerning Royal Canadian Mint assets include:
 * In 2000, the Royal Canadian Mint lent a series of the new plated 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ issues to the vending industry for testing purposes. These coins were issued with the letter P below the Queen's effigy. Some of these coins were not returned to the RCM by the vendors and it is possible some were sold to collectors at a considerable premium.
 * On June 2, 2009, the Auditor General of Canada reported a discrepancy between the Mint's 2008 financial accounting of its precious metals holdings and the physical stockpile at the plant on Sussex Drive in Ottawa. A review released on December 21 said that all of the misplaced gold was fully accounted for. A previously unaccounted 9,350 ozt was attributed to estimation errors, and a further 1,500 ozt was recovered through an extensive refining of slag within the Mint.

Notable firsts

 * 1st colour 1999 20th anniversary GML: 5-coin set
 * 1st hologram 1999: GML hologram set – 5-coin set
 * 1st irregular shaped coin 2006: square sterling silver beaver
 * 1st 5 ounce 0.9999 silver coin 2006: Four Seasons $50 commemorative coin
 * 1st coloured coin using plasma technology: commemorative $20 plasma coin for the International Polar Year
 * 1st million-dollar face-value coin: 100 kg 99.999% pure gold
 * 1st glass added coin 2017: Under the Sea Series: Seahorse
 * 1st glow-in-the-dark coin 2017: Canada 150 Anniversary Set: Aurora Boris $2 coin
 * 1st of its kind gold maple leaf (GML) bullion coin from a confirmed single source: the Meliadine Gold Mine in the Kivalliq District of Nunavut (2022)

title: Royal Canadian Mint


text:
The Frantics

The Frantics or Frantics is the name of:
 * The Frantics (Seattle, Washington), an instrumental band from Washington state, a.k.a. "The Four Frantics"
 * The Frantics (Clinton, South Carolina), a punk rock band
 * The Frantics (comedy), a Canadian comedy troupe

title: The Frantics


text:
Kasarvadavali

Kasar Vadavali is a region located on Ghodbunder Road of Thane city in Maharashtra state in India. The area lying between the regions of Waghbil and Bhainderpada is called Kasar Vadavali or simply Vadavali. The area has seen massive population growth with a lot of new residential and commercial projects being completed in the last decade, along with the rise of commercial activity.

Ghodbunder Road has rich historical importance and a cultural heritage which dates back to about 600 AD. Two of its temples here are well-known. The one at Kasarvadavali one of the temples is but a minute's drive off the main road. As you turn right at Kasarvadavali junction; straight ahead is a Dargah, behind which is a temple. It is popularly called ‘Ram Temple’.

Vishnu Khare the Pujari confirms, "It houses a deity known as ‘Sesh Narayan’ supposedly the only one in Maharashtra though it is extremely popular and common down in south India. No one seems to recollect how that particular idol of the sleeping Lord Vishnu existed here.

The temple is also extremely popular for the mannat of 16 Mondays where wishes are fulfilled. Another is the ‘Jagrut’ of the Hanuman Idol on Saturdays." There is only one aarti in the morning at 5.30. The main festivities are on Mahashivratri, Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, Datta Jayanti and the Harinaam Saptah which comes just after Ganesh festival. During the festivity more than 5000 people arrive to the temple.

The temple which is located on a lake side and is quiet, scenic and utterly relaxing from inside. It is reputed to be about a hundred and fifty years old and was renovated in 1982. The temple is normally opened between 5 in the morning till 10 at night, but open 24 hours during the main festival days like Mahashivratri, Ram Navami etc. Khare added "Three other small temples are here one is Sheeatla Mata, Kalika Mata and Zari Mari Mata."

title: Kasarvadavali


text:
FC

FC may refer to:

Businesses, organisations, and schools

 * Fergusson College, a science and arts college in Pune, India
 * Finncomm Airlines (IATA code)
 * FranklinCovey company, NYSE stock symbol FC
 * Frontier Corps, a paramilitary force in Pakistan

Computing

 * fc (Unix), computer program that relists commands
 * FC connector, a type of optical-fiber connector
 * Flash controller
 * Family Computer, video game console released in Japan in 1983, later redesigned and brought to the west as the Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Fibre Channel, a serial computer bus
 * File Compare, an MS-DOS, OS/2 and Windows command line tool
 * a casefolding feature in perl

Vehicles

 * Fairchild FC, 1920s and 1930s aircraft
 * Holden FC, a motor vehicle
 * A second generation Mazda RX-7 car
 * Fully cellular, a type of container ship

Other sciences

 * Female condom (FC1, FC2), a contraceptive
 * Foot-candle (symbol fc or ft-c), a unit of illumination
 * Formal charge, a Lewis structure concept in chemistry
 * Fragment crystallizable region, a region of an antibody
 * Fuel cell, an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
 * Ferrocene (denoted as Fc), an organic compound

Sport

 * Fielder's choice, in baseball statistics
 * First-class cricket, a match classification
 * Football club

Other uses

 * FC (band), UK
 * Frontier Corps, a paramilitary force of Pakistan
 * Facilitated communication, a discredited communication technique in disabled care
 * Fact-checking, a process of verifying information
 * Fire Controlman, a rank of the U.S. Navy
 * Province of Forlì-Cesena, Italy, vehicle registration code
 * Forward caste, in Indian society
 * Franking credit, a type of tax credit
 * Freedom Club, a pseudonym of the "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski
 * Fucked Company, a defunct web site
 * Full combo, a term used in rhythm games
 * Functional conversation, designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal
 * Further Confusion, a furry convention held in the Bay Area of California each January
 * EA Sports FC, video game series

title: FC


text:
Mulund

Mulund (Pronunciation: [muluɳɖ]) is a suburb in the north-east of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It comes under zone railway station on the Central Railway line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. It was first railway station of Mumbai Suburban district on the central railway line. Next station is, Thane railway station comes under Thane district. It is nestled alongside the foothills of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park with easy access to the Eastern Express Highway and Navi Mumbai through the Mulund-Airoli Bridge. Mulund marks the end of Mumbai city.

History
Mulund's history is said to date back to the time of the Mauryan Empire. Referred to at that time as Muchalind, its name changed to Mul-Kund which then modified to its present name. At one point in time, the name Manglapuri was also associated with it. It is said to be the earliest planned neighborhood of Mumbai city. In 1922, a zamindar, Jhaverbhai, who owned Jhaverbhai Narottamdas & Company, gave architects Crown & Carter the permission to design Mulund. Crown and Carter used a gridiron plan - one where streets are at right angles to each other - which extends from present day Mulund railway station to Panch Rasta road Junction in Mulund (West).

Demographics
Mulund has a total population of 330,195 and a population density of 7,270 pd/sqkm. It is a part of Mumbai's T-ward. Mulund has around 73,540 households. Mulund is quite diversified in terms of culture. The western part has a large Gujarati population, particularly from station side till Panch rasta and the Jain community near the Jain temple in Sarvodaya Nagar. Whilst the Eastern part is dominated by Marathi speaking population, it also has pockets of Gujarati, Sindhi, and Tamil speaking population. Local Koli/Agri communities in Gavanpada, Nanepada, Navghar pada are integral part of the suburb. Mulund MHADA colony is another zone which was developed post 1995. Dense crowd of Marathi, Goan and Malayali Christians reside closer to the St. Pius Church, South Indian population reside closer to the Murugan temple and Ayyappan temple. Marathi population is also dominant in Mulund west near Tambe nagar, dumping road, kadam pada, nahur road, cement company, near mehul talkies. In recent years, due to newer building constructions and the average person's affordability to transportation and personal vehicles, the cultural shifts have expanded across the city, rather than being concentrated to certain localities.

Economy
Mulund is home to a mix of a large number of industrial factories located along present day L.B.S. road. Some of which are pharmaceutical companies such as - Hoechst, Wellcome, Glaxo and Johnson & Johnson. Several engineering companies were also located in the, but eventually shifted out of Mulund. Their locations have been converted to shopping malls and residential apartment complexes altering the landscape and skyline. Johnson and Johnson factory still remains one of the avant garde modern architectural landmarks of Mulund. Other pharmaceutical companies have shut shop and moved on to different locations.

Mulund, apart from being a industrial hub, is also an booming real estate market. Both type of real estates are in demand and increasing day by day. Some of the prominent builders have invested in Mulund giving the aspiring buyers a range of homes.

Colleges

 * Vidya Prasarak Mandal RZ Shah College of Arts Science and Commerce
 * V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce

Schools

 * Holy Angels convent school Mulund
 * IES Primary and Secondary school Mulund E
 * J. J. Academy High School
 * St George High School
 * St. Mary's Convent High School
 * St. Pius X High School
 * Sharon English High School
 * Shri Shir Ravi Shankar Vidya Mandir School
 * Sou Laxmibai English Medium School and Jr College
 * Vani Vidyalaya
 * Wamanrao Muranjan High School

Entertainment
Mulund has a wide array of entertainment spots. From theatres (Kalidas Hall) to parks (Johnson & Johnson park and Lala Tulshiram Garden (opp.Bus Depot) to shopping malls (R-mall and Nirmal Lifestyle) and  a variety of cafés and restaurants.

Theatres and Culture
Mulund's Mahakavi Kalidas Natyamandir (named after classical Sanskrit Poet Kalidasa) is Mumbai's second largest theatre auditorium. In its main hall, it can seat up to 1540 guests. Established in 1988, Kalidas Hall is one of the oldest theatres in Mumbai, yet it still remains very popular among Mulund residents. Despite its putting up a huge array of shows - from plays to dances and classical music concerts- the hall is maintained in good condition. Several cinema halls such as R Mall based multiplex, PVR Mulund & NY cinemas (old JaiGanesh cinema) a cozy multi screen new cinema hall in Mulund East cater to cosmopolitan population.

Parks and Greenery
Mulund has a total of 8 parks and gardens, thus there is always one near any locality in the suburb. The most of popular of the parks are Chintamani Dwarkanath Deshmukh Gardens and the Johnson & Johnson Park. Mulund also has hills which are frequently visited by nature enthusiast for trekking. Yogi Hills, connects Mulund to Borivali National Park and it is explored by many people all year around.

Mulund boasts a large sports arena complex at Sonar Bangla Garden, run by the BMC (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation). This arena boasts a multicenter complex consisting of a children's playground, marriage halls, swimming pool complex, walking track, temple and various courts (tennis, cricket) etc., This complex keeps the health conscious and the sports enthusiasts busy with the various activities it offers for old and young alike (yoga classes, religious discourses). For the aged, it offers comfortable seating to enjoy a conversation with their peers.

Shopping
Mulund has many shopping malls that host a huge variety of brands and wholesale stores. R-mall is one of Mulund's most popular malls. Mulund also provides a lot of choices with its street shopping. It also hosts a large amount of boutiques.

Notable residents

 * Avika Gor, Indian International Actress, Winner of Cannes 2018 at the age of 21
 * Yukta Mookhey, Miss World 1999
 * Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari, Indian filmmaker and writer
 * Ajinkya Rahane, Indian International Cricketer
 * Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor), Indian actor
 * Nandesh Umap (Singer and Lokshahir)

Transportation
Mulund is well connected to other suburbs and other cities as well by adequate network of trains, BEST buses and roads including a national highway. Mulund Station falls on the central line of Mumbai railway. It is a stop for slow local trains as well as semi-fast local trains on the central line of the Mumbai suburban network. The Mulund railway station said to be a clean station. It won a Cleanliness Award, out of the total 42 stations on the Central Railway Line. Under construction, Mumbai Metro Line 4 (WADALA - KASARVADAVALI), will be passing through Mulund's L.B.S. Road.

title: Mulund


text:
Talk:Richard Morel

Untitled
Googling on '"Morel Music" "Richard Morel" -wikipedia' gets three hits. "Richard Morel" gets more than 100, but most of them appear to be other "Richard Morel"s. "Morel Music" gets 76, but many refer to another Morel. orthogonal 03:09, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

As an independant remixer and performer Richard Morel goes by the professional name of "Morel". A visiting to www.morelworld.com will bring up a discography of remix projects he has worked on. A visit to amazon.com searching "Morel" bring up three major listings and many minor ones, including his album "Queen of the Highway." Try searching exactly for "True (the Faggot Is You)" on google; brings up over 402 pages on just the song title alone.66.157.94.151 22:36, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Shouldnt there be some mention of the song "True" and the associated controversy on this page?

The Morel '4-Track' album is missing from this article.

 * Reverted spurious edits to section RE: Outsider Music and Morel's association with singer and reality TV personality James Bradford. Added a reference link to a scan of the inside of the album "DCide: the 40" which states the following: "Easter Bradford Consummate Professional Relationship Destruction Machine" written by Bradford-Morel. Copyright 1999 Outsider Music. Produced by Richard Morel. Contact Easter Bradford at www.outsidermusic.com"." It also states "Kala Azim Really New California Written and Produced by Richard Morel. Copyright 1999 Outsider Music. Contact Kala Azim at www.outsidermusic.com". This would seem to sufficiently affirm that both Bradford and Azim were once signed to Morel's Outsider Music label, and that he produced music for both. 141.158.39.73 22:42, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Re-reverted edits by user QXBear (same user who made edits last time.) Would appear this editor has a personal grievance with James "Easter" Bradford. TheGoonSquad (talk) 00:38, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Morel


text:
Gujrat, Pakistan

Gujrat is the thirteenth largest city in the Pakistani province of Punjab. Located on the western bank of the Chenab River in northern Punjab's Chaj Do'āb, it serves as the headquarters of the eponymous district and disvision; and is the 20th most populous in Pakistan, with a population of 390,533 in 2017. Along with Sialkot and Gujranwala, Gujrat forms part of the "Golden Triangle of Punjab", as these industrial cities have export-oriented economies.

History
Gujrat is a place of some antiquity and abounds in important ancient sites. The city and district formed part of the kingdom of Porus who ruled primarily within the Chaj Doab. He was defeated by Alexander after a difficult campaign at the Battle of Hydaspes in May 326 BC. Alexander was impressed by his bravery and decided to reinstall him as a vassal of the Macedonian Empire. With Alexander's death in June 323 BC, Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in Greek sources as "Sandrokottos") who was of relatively humble origin possibly from the Punjab region, took control of the Punjab using it as a base for the founding of the Mauryan Empire. It remained under the Mauryas until shortly after the death of Ashoka in 231 BC, and later came under the sway of Demetrius I who founded the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Scythian invasion brought about by Maues in the latter half of the second century brought a change of rulers and the Indo-Scythian Kingdom was established shortly after. This would change in the early first century CE when a Parthian governor Gondophares declared independence from the Parthian Empire. He moved east in 19 CE, conquering territory from the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks, thus forming his own Indo-Parthian kingdom. The domains of the Indo-Parthians were greatly reduced following the invasions of the Kushans in the second half of the 1st. century CE who formed a vast prosperous empire in Central and South Asia which oversaw a flowering of Buddhism.

For several hundreds years, nothing is known about the area except between 455 and 550 CE when it was exposed to the ravages of the Alchon Huns. After the decline of the Alchon Huns, it became the main base of the new kingdom of Gurjara, under a certain Alakhana. According to the Rajatarangini, it was invaded between 883 and 902 CE by Sankaravarman of the Utpala dunasty in Kashmir who fought and defeated the Gurjara ruler Alakhana. The name Alakhana etymologically is in reference to the Alchon Huns. This may be the Ali Khan whom the present Gujjar tribe in Gujrat hail as their elder and founder of Gujrat. The putative Hunnic origin of the ruler Alakhana, remembered as Ali Khan in the tradition and memory of the Gujjars centuries after their conversion to Islam, led British historians to conclude that the Gujjars were originally from the stock of the Alchon Huns.

Gujrat was known and inhabited during the early 16th century when the Suri ruler Sher Shah toppled the Mughals under Humayun. The area was named Khwaspur, in honour of Suri's Governor of Rohtas, Khwas Khan. The city came under the Mughal Empire and was further developed during the reign of Akbar in the latter half of the 16th century, who built the Gujrat Fort, and allowed Gujjars to settle in the fort who had been living within the district for centuries up to this time. The city and district was formally named in reference to the local Gujjar tribe.

In 1605, Syed Abdul Kasim was granted the city as a fief by Akbar. During the reign of Jahangir, Gujrat was part of the route used by the Mughal family when visiting Kashmir. In the Mughal era, Gujrat was encircled by a wall with five gates, of which only the Shah Daula gate survives.

With the death of Aurangzeb, in 1707, the Mughal Empire began to weaken significantly. Mughal authority in Punjab remained in the hands of Mughal Nawabs, despite the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah leading an invasion in 1739 that resulted in the sacking of the capital Delhi. During his campaign, Nader Shah sacked Gujrat on the way which was at the time a prosperous city. Mughal rule collapsed in Punjab after Mir Mannu died in 1753. The Durrani Afghans under their new ruler Ahmad Shah Durrani annexed the region directly from the Mughals. The city suffered further from the eight invasions of the Durrani Afghans between 1748 and 1767 who fought the Sikhs for control of Punjab. In the ensuing chaos, the city was captured by local Gakhar Punjabi tribesmen from the Pothohar Plateau to the west.

In 1765, the city was overrun by the Sikh Bhangi Misl under Gujjar Singh who defeated the Ghakars under their chief Muqqarab Khan. The Sikhs defeated an Afghan force in a battle for Gujrat on 29 April 1797. In 1798, the Bhangi leader Sahib Singh pledged allegiance to the Sukerchakia Misl of Ranjit Singh who later established the Sikh Empire in 1799. By 1810, Ranjit Singh's armies captured the city from Bhangi forces, thereby extending the rule of the Sikh Empire to the city.

Gujrat finally came under British control in 1849, following the collapse of the Sikh Empire in the wake of the Sikh defeat at the Battle of Gujrat on 22 February, which ended the Second Anglo-Sikh War. In 1867, Gujrat was constituted as a municipality. According to the census, the city had a population of 18,396 in 1881, 19,410 in 1901 and 21,974 in 1921.

Geography
Gujrat is an ancient city of Pakistan located between two famous rivers, Jhelum River and Chenab River. It is bounded to the northeast by Azad Kashmir; to the northwest by the Jhelum River; to the east and southeast by the Chenab River, separating it from the districts of Gujranwala and Sialkot; and to the west by Mandi Bahauddin District. Gujrat consists of three tehsils: Sarai Alamgir, Kharian and Gujrat.

It is served by Gujrat railway station on the Karachi–Peshawar Line, the main railway line of Pakistan Railways.

Climate
Gujrat has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), although it is almost wet enough to be a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa).

Education

Some of the notable educational institutes of Gujrat include:
 * University of Gujrat
 * Nawaz Sharif Medical College
 * University of Lahore
 * University of Central Punjab
 * Punjab College of Science, Gujrat Campus
 * The Superior College, Gujrat Campus
 * Pakistan International Public School, Gujrat Campus
 * Beaconhouse School System
 * The Educators
 * Lahore Grammar School
 * Dar-e-Arqam Schools

Notable persons

 * Chaudhry Hussain Elahi, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan; son of Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain
 * Chaudhry Javed Warraich, Journalist, General Secretary and Former President Kharian Press Club, Member, Founder Kharian Media House
 * Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, former Deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan, former Chief Minister of Punjab, Speaker of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, August 2018–present, previously 1997–1999; former Chairman of District Council, Gujrat; former Provincial Minister for Local Government and Rural Development
 * Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1962 and 1970; Deputy Opposition Leader in the National Assembly of Pakistan 1972–1977; Federal Minister for Manpower, Labor, Local Government & Rural Development 1978–1979
 * Moonis Elahi, Federal Minister for Water Resources, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, twice elected as the member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, 2008–2013 and 2013–2018
 * Syed Munir Hussain Gilani, Pakistani politician
 * Nawabzada Ghazanfar Ali Gul, former Adviser to Prime Minister of Pakistan
 * Imam Din Gujrati, humorous poet of Urdu and Punjabi
 * Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Member Pakistan Majlis-e-Shura; re-elected five times as Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan; re-elected twice as Member of the Senate of Pakistan; former Federal Minister for Interior, Information, Industries & Production; "Honorary Consul General" of the Republic of Korea
 * Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain, former Federal Minister for Overseas Pakistanis; Federal Minister for Labour and Manpower and Federal Minister for Human Resource Development; three times MPA and two times MNA
 * Saleem Sarwar Jaura, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab
 * Muhammad Afzal Lone, lawyer and judge
 * Mian Imran Masood, former MPA of Gujrat and Minister of Education Punjab
 * Ahmad Mukhtar, former Minister for Defence, Government of Pakistan
 * Shujaat Nawaz, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab
 * Yasmin Qureshi, British MP
 * Muhammad Abdullah Warraich, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab

title: Gujrat, Pakistan


text:
Tipping

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title: Tipping


text:
Talk:Elton John

Stockholm 8 July 2023
Just for the record, it seems he opened with "Bennie and the Jets":, unless of course, setlist.fm have got it wrong. Cheers. 86.187.170.59 (talk) 08:25, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

"On 25 June 2023, John headlined the Glastonbury Festival. Performing on the Pyramid Stage, John closed the festival with a two hour performance"
This sentence about the Glastonbury show is included twice in the biography section. Only one mention is necessary. 150.143.27.254 (talk) 07:14, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 08:29, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

"John's final tour, Farewell Yellow Brick Road (2018–2023), became the highest-grossing concert tour of all time."
It has since been surpassed by Taylor Swift's Eras Tour. Needs updating. 209.93.242.250 (talk) 21:50, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

First performance since retirment
Elton John played a 90 minute private concert to attendees of Cisco Live! 2024 in Las Vegas on June 5th at Allegiant stadium. https://www.ciscolive.com/global/experience/celebration.html 209.29.168.106 (talk) 15:34, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elton John