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Linlithgow Palace

The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are located in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, 15 mi west of Edinburgh. The palace was one of the principal residences of the monarchs of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although maintained after Scotland's monarchs left for England in 1603, the palace was little used, and was burned out in 1746. It is now a visitor attraction in the care of Historic Environment Scotland.

Origins
A royal manor existed on the site from the 12th century.

This was later enclosed by a timber palisade and outer fosse to create a fortification known as 'the Peel', built in 1301/2 by occupying English forces under Edward I. The site of the manor made it an ideal military base for securing the supply routes between Edinburgh Castle and Stirling Castle. The English fort was begun in March 1302 under the supervision of two priests, Richard de Wynepol and Henry de Graundeston, to the designs of Master James of St George, who was also present. In September 1302, sixty men and 140 women helped dig the ditches; the men were paid twopence and the women a penny daily. One hundred foot-soldiers were still employed as labourers on the castle in November and work continued during the Summer of 1303.

Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I, was at Linlithgow Palace in July 1304. She was pregnant and travelled to Knaresborough Castle in England to have her child. In September 1313, Linlithgow Peel was retaken for Scotland by an ordinary Scot named William Bynnie or Bunnock who was in the habit of selling hay to the garrison of the peel. When the gate was opened for him, he halted his wagon so that it could not be closed, and he and his seven sons leapt out from their hiding place under the hay, and they captured the peel for King Robert the Bruce. King Robert sent reinforcements and had the peel dismantled so that it could not be retaken by the English.

In January 1360, King David II visited Linlithgow and the peel was repaired 'for the king's coming'.

In 1424, the town of Linlithgow was partially destroyed in a great fire. King James I started the rebuilding of the palace as a grand residence for Scottish royalty, also beginning the rebuilding of the Church of St Michael immediately to the south of the palace: the earlier church had been used as a storeroom during Edward's occupation. James I set out to build a palace rather than a heavily fortified castle, perhaps inspired by Sheen Palace which he probably visited in England. Mary of Guelders, the widow of James II and mother of James III, made improvements in 1461, for the visit of the exiled Henry VI of England. Over the following century the palace developed into a formal courtyard structure, with significant additions by James III and James IV.

James IV and Margaret Tudor
James IV bought crimson satin for a new doublet to wear while formally welcoming the Spanish ambassador Don Martin de Torre at Linlithgow in August 1489. Silverware and tapestries were brought from Edinburgh for the event, and the wardrobe servant David Caldwell brought cords and rings to hang the tapestry in the palace. New rushes were brought from the Haw of Lithgow for the chamber floor. Entertainment included a play performed by Patrick Johnson and his fellows. After a visit to Stirling the King returned to Linlithgow and played dice with the Laird of Halkett and his Master of Household, and on 17 September rewarded stonemasons working on the palace with two gold angel coins. In November 1497 he played cards and bought jesses and leashes to go hawking. James gave the masons working on the building a tip of 9 shillings, known as "drinksilver", and ordered the master mason to go to Stirling Castle to provide a plan for his new lodgings there. Andrew Cavers, Abbot of Lindores, was made supervisor of construction at Linlithgow.

James IV spent Easter 1490 at the palace, visited the town of Culross, and returned on 18 April to play dice with Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus and the Laird of Halkett, losing 20 gold unicorn coins. The King spent Christmas 1490 and Easter 1491 at Linlithgow. On 9 April he bought seeds for the palace gardener. The poet Blind Harry came to court at Linlithgow at least five times. James IV was interested in medicine and experimented taking blood from his servant Domenico and another man at Linlithgow. Perkin Warbeck was a Christmas guest in 1495. The king's mistress Margaret Drummond stayed at Linlithgow in the autumn of 1496. The park dykes were rebuilt in 1498.

On 31 May 1503 the palace was given to Margaret Tudor the bride of James IV. A mason, Nichol Jackson, completed battlements on the west side of the palace in the summer of 1504. An African drummer known as the "More taubronar" performed at the palace. When the King stayed at Linlithgow in July 1506 a coat was bought for a fool, and James IV visited the building work at the quire of St Michael's Church. He gave the master mason a tip of 9 shillings. The son of James IV and Margaret Tudor, the future James V, was born in the palace in April 1512. The captain of the palace, Alexander McCulloch of Myreton, took on the role of the Prince's bodyguard.

The household of Margaret Tudor at Linlithgow included the African servants Margaret and Ellen More. In April 1513 the roof of the chapel was altered and renewed, and a new organ was made by a French musician and craftsman called Gilyem and fixed to the wall. Timber was shipped to Blackness Castle and carted to the Palace. The windows of the queen's oratory, overlooking the Loch, were reglazed. An English diplomat, Nicholas West, came to the palace in April 1513 and was met by Sir John Sinclair, one of the courtiers featured in William Dunbar's poem Ane Dance in the Quenis Chalmer. West talked to Margaret Tudor and saw the baby Prince. He wrote "verily, he is a right fair child, and a large of his age".

After the death of his father at the Battle of Flodden, the infant James V was not kept at Linlithgow, but came to the palace from Stirling Castle dressed in a new black velvet suit accompanied by minstrels in April 1517, and went on to take up residence in Edinburgh Castle. Margaret Tudor rewarded the King's nurse and governess, Marion Douglas, with a grant of the lands near Linlithgow Palace called the Queen's Acres in July 1518. Marion's daughter, Katherine Bellenden, made the king's shirts.

James V
When the teenage James V came to Linlithgow in 1528, Thomas Hamilton supplied him with sugar candy. James V added the outer gateway and the elaborate courtyard fountain. The stonework of the south façade was renewed and unified for James V in the 1530s by the keeper, James Hamilton of Finnart. Timber imported from Denmark-Norway, including "Estland boards" and joists, was bought at the harbours of Dundee, South Queensferry, Montrose, and Leith, and shipped to Blackness Castle to be carted to the palace. Three oak trees were cut down in Callender Wood to provide tables for dressing food in the kitchens, and seven oak trees from the Torwood. The improvements included altering the chapel ceiling and trees were brought from Callender to make scaffolding for this. Six hogshead barrels were bought to hold the scaffold in place.

The older statues of the Pope, the Knight, and Labouring Man on the east side of the courtyard, with the inscriptions on ribbons held by angels were painted. New iron window grills, called yetts, were made by blacksmiths in Linlithgow, and these, with weather vanes, were painted with red lead and vermilion. A metal worker in Glasgow called George Clame made shutter catches for the windows and door locks in iron plated with tin. The chapel ceiling was painted with fine azurite. Thomas Peebles put stained glass in the chapel windows and the windows of the "Lyon Chamber", meaning the courtyard windows of the Great Hall.

A chaplain, Thomas Johnston, kept the palace watertight and had the wallwalks and gutters cleaned. Peter Johnstoun was the palace carpenter. Robert Murray looked after the lead roofs and the plumbing of the fountain. There was a tennis court in the garden and an eel-trap in the Loch. The lodgings built for the Queen in the 1530s may have been in the old north wing on the first floor. Only one side of a doorway from this period remains, which may have led to a grand staircase for the Queen. When Mary of Guise arrived in Scotland, James Hamilton of Finnart was given 400 French gold crowns to repair the palace. In August 1539 he was paid for rebuilding the king's kitchen, at the north end of the great hall, with a fireplace, an oven, and a room for silver vessels, and another for keeping coal.

During a visit in December 1539, Mary of Guise was provided with gold, silver, and black thread for embroidery, and her ladies' embroidery equipment was brought from Falkland Palace. Tapestry was brought from Edinburgh to decorate the palace. The goldsmiths Thomas Rynde and John Mosman provided chains, tablets or lockets, rings, precious stones, necklaces, and jewelled coifs for ladies called "shaffrons" for the King to give as gifts to his courtiers on New Year's Day. On the feast of the Epiphany in January the court watched an "interlude" that was an early version of David Lyndsay's play, A Satire of the Three Estates, in the Great Hall. Mary of Guise returned to Edinburgh on 3 February and was crowned soon afterwards.

Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots, was born at Linlithgow Palace in December 1542 and lived at the palace for a time. In January 1543 Viscount Lisle heard that she was kept with her mother, "and nursed in her own chamber". In March 1543 the English ambassador Ralph Sadler rode from Edinburgh to see her for the first time. Mary of Guise showed him the queen out of her swaddling and Sadler wrote that the infant was "as goodly a child I have seen, and like to live". Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox came to see the infant queen on 5 April 1543.

The blacksmith William Hill was employed at this time to increase the security of the palace by fitting iron window grills, called yetts. Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston was paid £813 for keeping the infant queen in the palace. Regent Arran was worried his enemies, including Cardinal Beaton, would take Mary in July 1543. He came with Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and brought his artillery. He considered putting the queen in Blackness Castle, a stronger fortress. Henry VIII hoped that Mary would be separated from her mother and taken to Tantallon Castle. Mary was teething and plans to move her were delayed.

Supporters of the Auld Alliance at Linlithgow signed the "Secret Bond" pledging to prevent Mary marrying Prince Edward. Following lengthy negotiations between the armed factions at Linlithgow, Mary was taken to Stirling Castle by her mother on 26 July 1543, escorted by the Earl of Lennox, and an armed force described as a "great army". Arran employed a carpenter from Linlithgow, Thomas Milne, to make three wooden chandeliers to hang in the palace in January 1546.

As an adult Queen Mary often visited Linlithgow, but did not commission new building work at the palace. She returned on 14 January 1562 with her half-brother Lord James Stewart and received James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran as a guest. She returned to Edinburgh on 30 January after visiting Cumbernauld Castle. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her second husband, played tennis at Linlithgow. Mary came to Linlithgow in December 1565 to take the air and have a quiet time with few visitors, but her husband Lord Darnley was expected. She was pregnant and was carried to Linlithgow in a horse-litter. She had a bed at Linlithgow of crimson velvet and damask embroidered with love knots.

James VI
In the years after the abdication of Mary and the Marian Civil War, Captain Andrew Lambie and his lieutenant John Spreul kept an armed guard of 28 men of war at the Palace. An iron yett was brought to the Palace from Blackness Castle by Alexander Stewart in 1571. Timber was used to fortify the church steeple.

In March 1576 Regent Morton ordered some repairs to the roof and the kitchen chimney. James VI of Scotland came to Linlithgow in May 1583, and his courtiers, including Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell and George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal played football. James VI held a parliament in the great hall of the palace in December 1585, the first gathering of the whole nobility in the palace since the reign of his grandfather James V of Scotland. James VI gave lands including the palace to his bride Anne of Denmark as a "morning gift". On 14 May 1590 Peder Munk, the Admiral of Denmark, rode to Linlithgow from Niddry Castle, and was welcomed at the palace by the keeper Lewis Bellenden. He took symbolic possession or (sasine) by accepting a handful of earth and stone.

The keeper of the palace in 1594 was the English courtier Roger Aston who repaired the roof using lead shipped from England. Roger Aston was of doubtful parentage and as a joke hung a copy of his family tree next to that of the king of France in the long gallery, which James VI found very amusing. There was a private stair accessing the king's apartments, and the Laird of Dundas claimed to have encountered the Queen there in the dark without recognising her.

In January 1595 John Stewart, 5th Earl of Atholl, Simon Fraser, 6th Lord Lovat, and Kenneth Mackenzie were kept prisoners in the palace, in order to pacify "Highland matters". Lord Lovat gained the king's favour and soon after married one of Anne of Denmark's ladies in waiting, Jean Stewart, a daughter of James Stewart, 1st Lord Doune. Roger Aston helped the queen move to Linlithgow Palace at the end of May 1595. Over several days at Linlithgow in June 1595, James VI and Anne had discussions about the keeping of their son Prince Henry by the Earl of Mar. Anne refused to talk to Mar when he came to Linlithgow.

The daughter of James VI and Anne, Princess Elizabeth, lived in the palace in the care of Helenor Hay, Countess of Linlithgow, helped by Mary Kennedy, Lady Ochiltree. Alison Hay was her nurse, helped by her sister Elizabeth Hay. John Fairny was appointed to guard her chamber door. In 1599 James VI had to write to the Linlithgow burgh council about townspeople who had built houses which obstructed a route taken by the royal horses to water, and houses and gardens built near the loch (in recent times of drought) which hindered the royal laundry.

Anne of Denmark came to visit Princess Elizabeth at Linlithgow Palace on 7 May 1603, and then rode to Stirling Castle, where she argued again with Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar and the Master of Mar over the custody of Prince Henry. She brought Prince Henry to Linlithgow on 27 May, and after a week in Edinburgh, went to London. In 1616 Alexander Livingstone, 1st Earl of Linlithgow said there was still a tapestry from the royal collection at Linlithgow, used in Prince Henry's chamber. The tapestry had been damaged by the fool Andrew Cockburn. The Earl had decorated Princess Elizabeth's rooms with his own tapestry.

Decay and repair
After the Union of the Crowns in 1603 the Royal Court became largely based in England and Linlithgow was used very little. The North Range, said to be in very poor condition in 1583, and "ruinous" in 1599, collapsed at 4am on 6 September 1607. The Earl of Linlithgow wrote to King James VI & I with the news:"Please your most Sacred Majestie; this sext of September, betuixt thre and four in the morning, the north quarter of your Majesties Palice of Linlithgw is fallin, rufe and all, within the wallis, to the ground; but the wallis ar standing yit, bot lukis everie moment when the inner wall sall fall and brek your Majesties fontane.'"

King James had the north range rebuilt between 1618 and 1622. The carving was designed by the mason William Wallace. In July 1620, the architect, James Murray of Kilbaberton, estimated that 3,000 stones in weight of lead would be needed to cover the roof, costing £3,600 in Pound Scots (the Scottish money of the time).

After the death of the depute-treasurer Gideon Murray who was supervising the project, King James put the Earl of Mar in charge of the "speedy finishing of our Palace of Linlithgow". On 5 July 1621 the Earl of Mar wrote to James to tell him he had met James Murray, the master of works, and viewed the works at "grate lenthe". Mar said the Palace would be ready for the King at Michaelmas. King James planned to visit Scotland in 1622, but never returned.

The carving at the window-heads and the Royal Arms of Scotland on the new courtyard façade were painted and gilded, as were the old statues of the Pope, Knight, and Labouring Man on the east side. In 1629 John Binning, James Workman, and John Sawyers painted the interiors with decorative friezes above walls left plain for tapestries and hangings. Despite these efforts, the only reigning monarch to stay at Linlithgow after that date was King Charles I, who spent a night there in 1633. As part of the preparations, the burgh council issued a proclamation forbidding the wearing of plaids and blue bonnets, a costume deemed "indecent".

In 1648, part of the new North Range was occupied by Alexander Livingston, 2nd Earl of Linlithgow. An English visitor in October 1641 recorded in a poem that the roof of the great hall was already gone, the fountain vandalised by those who objected on religious grounds to the motto "God Save the King," but some woodcarving remained in the Chapel Royal.

The palace was again described as ruinous in 1668. Its swansong came in September 1745, when Bonnie Prince Charlie visited Linlithgow on his march south but did not stay overnight. It is said that the fountain was made to flow with wine in his honour. The Duke of Cumberland's army destroyed most of the palace buildings by accidentally burning it through lamps left on straw bedding on the night of 31 January/1 February 1746.

Keepers and Captains of the Palace
The positions of official keeper and captain of the palace have been held by: Andrew Cavers, Abbot of Lindores, 1498; John Ramsay of Trarinzeane, 1503; James Hamilton of Finnart, 1534, Captain and Keeper; William Danielstoun from 19 November 1540; Robert Hamilton of Briggis, from 22 August 1543; Andrew Melville of Murdocairney, later Lord Melville of Monimail, brother of James Melville of Halhill, from 15 February 1567; George Boyd, deputy Captain, 1564; Andrew Ferrier, Captain of the Palace, 1565, Frenchman and archer of the Queen's Guard; John Brown, June 1569; Andrew Lambie, June 1571; Ludovic Bellenden of Auchnoul 22 November 1587, and 1595 Roger Aston. The office was acquired by Alexander Livingstone, 1st Earl of Linlithgow, and remained in that family until 1715 when the rights returned to the Crown.

A Scottish heraldic manuscript known as The Deidis of Armorie dating from the late 15th-century and derived and translated from a variety of sources, outlines the duties of keepers and captains:"'The capitanys war ordanit be princis to keip the fortrassis and gud townys of the princis and to vittaill thaim and garnys thaim of al necessar thingis petenyng to the wer; ... and gar mak certane and sur wachis be him and his folkis, baith be nycht and day, ffor dout of ganfalling in pestilence, sua that he may rendre gud compt of the place quhen tym and place requiris' (modernised) The Captains were ordained by princes to keep the fortresses and good towns of the princes, and to stock them with food and furnish armaments in case of war; ... and to make sure and certain watch, himself and his kinsfolk, both by night and day, For fear of succumbing to the plague, so that he may render good account of the place, when time and place requires."

Present day
Long-neglected, the palace passed into the care of the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, together with the surrounding grounds, in 1832. It passed to the Office of Works in 1874. Major consolidation works were undertaken in the 1930s and 1940s.

Today the palace is managed and maintained by Historic Environment Scotland. The site is open to visitors all year round, usually subject to an entrance fee for non-members, but on occasion the entry fee is waived during the organisation's "Doors open days". In summer the adjacent 15th-century parish church of St Michael is open for visitors, allowing a combined visit to two of Scotland's finest surviving medieval buildings. The site was visited by 103,312 people in 2019.

For over 40 years, tours of the palace for children are led by 'Junior Guides', pupils at Linlithgow Primary School A Strathspey for bagpipes was composed in honour of Linlithgow Palace.

The palace is said to be haunted by the spectre of Mary of Guise, mother to Mary, Queen of Scots.

Artistic and cultural uses
On 4 December 2012, the French fashion house Chanel held its tenth Métiers d’Art show in the palace. The collection, designed by Karl Lagerfeld, was called 'Paris-Édimbourg' and inspired by classic Scottish styling using tweed and tartan fabrics worn by models Stella Tennant, Cara Delevingne, and Edie Campbell.

The show renewed media interest in the possibility of restoring the roof of the palace.

In August 2014, a music festival was held on the palace's grounds called 'Party at the Palace'. This became a yearly event and again took place in 2015; from 2016 it was moved to the other side of the loch due to its popularity and need for more space. The festival still boasts views of the palace.

Some scenes in the time-traveling romance TV series Outlander are set at a fictional castle for which Linlithgow Palace stands in; this has attracted a number of international tourists.

title: Linlithgow Palace


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Chris Crawford (game designer)

Christopher Crawford (born June 1, 1950) is an American video game designer and writer. Hired by Alan Kay to work at Atari, Inc., he wrote the computer wargame Eastern Front (1941) for Atari 8-bit computers which was sold through the Atari Program Exchange and later Atari's official product line. After leaving Atari, he wrote a string of games beginning with Balance of Power for Macintosh. Writing about the process of developing games, he became known among other creators in the nascent home computer game industry for his passionate advocacy of game design as an art form. He self-published The Journal of Computer Game Design and founded the Computer Game Developers Conference (later renamed to the Game Developers Conference).

In 1992 Crawford withdrew from commercial game development and began experimenting with ideas for a next generation interactive storytelling system. In 2018, Crawford announced that he had halted his work on interactive storytelling, concluding that it will take centuries for civilization to embrace the required concepts.

Biography
Crawford was born in 1950 in Houston, Texas. After receiving a Bachelor's in physics from UC Davis in 1972 and a Master's in physics from the University of Missouri in 1975, Crawford taught at a community college and the University of California.

Crawford first encountered computer games in Missouri, when he met someone attempting to computerize Avalon Hill's Blitzkrieg. While teaching, he wrote an early version of Tanktics in Fortran for the IBM 1130 in 1976 as a hobby, then wrote Tanktics and an early version of Legionnaire for personal computers such as the KIM-1 and Commodore PET. In 1978, Crawford began selling the games and by 1979 "made the startling discovery," he later said, "that it is far more lucrative and enjoyable to teach for fun and program for money." He joined Atari that year, founding the Games Research Group under Alan Kay in 1982.

1980s

At Atari, Crawford started game work with Wizard for the Atari VCS, but Atari Marketing decided not to publish this work. He then turned his attention to the new Atari Home Computer System. His first releases on this platform were Energy Czar and Scram, both of which were written in Atari BASIC and published by Atari.

He experimented with Atari 8-bit's hardware-assisted smooth scrolling and used it to produce a scrolling map display. This work led to Eastern Front (1941), which is widely considered one of the first wargames on a microcomputer to compete with traditional paper-n-pencil games in terms of depth. Eastern Front was initially published through the Atari Program Exchange, which was intended for user-written software. It was later moved to Atari's official product line. He followed this with Legionnaire, based on the same display engine but adding real-time instead of turn-based game play.

Using the knowledge gathered while writing these games, he helped produce technical documentation covering the custom hardware of the Atari 8-bit computers, from the hardware-assisted smooth scrolling to digitized sounds, with the information presented in a friendly format for a wide audience. This included videos distributed by ACE (Atari Computer Enthusiast) Support to user groups, and a series of articles published in BYTE magazine containing most of the content of the book, De Re Atari that would be published later by the Atari Program Exchange.

By 1983, BYTE called Crawford "easily the most innovative and talented person working on the Atari 400/800 computer today", and his name was well enough known that Avalon Hill's advertising for a revised version of Legionnaire mentioned Crawford as author. Laid off in 1984, in the collapse of Atari during the video game crash of 1983, Crawford went freelance and produced Balance of Power for the Macintosh in 1985, which was a best-seller, reaching 250,000 units sold.

Crawford wrote a non-fiction book published by McGraw Hill in 1984: The Art of Computer Game Design

Game Developers Conference
The Game Developers Conference, which in 2013 drew over 23,000 attendees, was conceived of in 1987. The first gathering was held in 1988 as salon in Crawford's living room with roughly 27 game design friends and associates. The gathering's original name, the Computer Game Developers Conference, would remain into the 1990s until the word Computer was dropped. While the GDC has become a prominent event in the gaming industry, Crawford was eventually ousted from the GDC board, and made his final official appearance at the gathering in 1994. He eventually returned to the conference, giving lectures in both 2001 and 2006.

Withdrawal from game industry
Crawford acknowledged that his views on computer game design were unusual and controversial. In a 1986 interview with Computer Gaming World he stated that he began writing software as a hobby that became a job with the goal of writing the best possible game. Crawford said that by 1982, his goal was to pursue computer games as an art form. While denouncing hack and slash games ("just straight run, kill or be killed"), text adventures ("about as interesting as a refrigerator light"), and the Commodore 64 and Apple II ("so gutless. I don't feel I can do an interesting game on them"), he stated that Danielle Bunten Berry, Jon Freeman and Anne Westfall, and himself were the only designers who had proven that they could develop more than one great game.

Crawford admitted that some critics called his games inaccessible:

"In many ways, I'll agree with it. That's another way of saying, 'Crawford's games aren't that much fun.' And there is some merit in that. I don't strive so much for simple-minded fun ... do you want a game that will punch you in the stomach or really affect you? ... None of my games are great, none of my games have touched people deeply, but that is what I am learning how to do ... none of my games can hold a candle to any of Charlie Chaplin's works. I don't even think I've reached D. W. Griffith's level yet. I hope that someday I will ... If I didn't think that possible, I would get out of the business."

At the 1992 CGDC, Chris Crawford gave "The Dragon Speech", which he considers "the finest speech of [his] life". Throughout the speech, he used a dragon as a metaphor for video games as a medium of artistic expression. He declared that he and the video game industry were working "at cross purposes", with the industry focusing heavily on "depth", when Crawford wanted more "breadth": to explore new horizons rather than merely furthering what has already been explored. He arrived at the conclusion that he must leave the gaming industry in order to pursue this dream. He declared that he knew that this idea was insane, but he compared this "insanity" to that of Don Quixote:

"Insanity is an inability to come to terms with reality. Don Quixote was definitely insane, because he couldn't come to terms. But there was a reason: the reality in which Don Quixote lived was a sordid and ugly reality … Don Quixote didn't want that. He wanted to live in a world where there was truth, and human dignity, and, yes, love.… Instead of giving up on it, he imposed his reality onto the real world. Where other people saw a filthy country hostel, he saw a castle! Where other people saw a flock of sheep, he saw a mighty army! Where other people saw a windmill, he saw a dragon. Yes, Don Quixote was a crazy old fool. But, you know, he was more honest about his dream than most people, and for that, I honor him."

At the end of the speech, Crawford confronts the dragon:

"I have committed myself, I have dedicated myself, to the pursuit of the dragon. And having made that commitment … all of a sudden, I can see him! There he is, right in front of me, clear as day.… You're so much bigger than I ever imagined, and I'm, I'm not so sure I like this. I mean, yes, you're glorious and beautiful, but you're ugly, too. Your breath reeks of death!… Am I so pitiful that you can sneer in my face like that? Yes, yes, you frighten me! You hurt me! I've felt your claws ripping through my soul! But I'm going to die someday, and before I can do that, I've got to face you, eyeball to eyeball. I've got to look you right in the eye, and see what's inside, but I'm not good enough to do that yet. I'm not experienced enough, so I'm going to have to start learning. Today. Here. Now. Come, dragon, I will fight you. Sancho Panza, my sword! (He picks up a sword from the desk behind him, which he unsheaths from its scabbard.) For truth! For beauty! For art! Charge!"

Crawford then charged down the lecture hall and out the door.

Storyworlds
After his "Dragon" speech, at GDC 1993, and his apparent exit from the gaming industry, Crawford did appear at GDC the following year but had not abandoned his unconventional views on game design. Computer Gaming World wrote after the 1993 conference that Crawford "has opted to focus upon a narrow niche of interactive art lovers rather than continuing to reach as many gamers as possible". He served as editor of Interactive Entertainment Design, a monthly collection of essays written for game designers.

Since then, Crawford has been working on Storytron (originally known as Erasmatron), an engine for running interactive electronic storyworlds. , a beta version of the Storytronics authoring tool, Swat, has been released. The system was officially launched March 23, 2009, with Crawford's storyworld sequel to Balance of Power. As of December 1, 2012, the project has been in a "medically induced coma." In August 2013 Crawford released source code of several of his games from his career to the public, fulfilling a 2011 given promise, among them Eastern Front (1941) and Balance of Power.

People games
"People games", as termed by Crawford, are games where the goals are of a social nature and focus on interactions with well-defined characters. They are described in Chris Crawford on Game Design as well as in his "The Dragon Speech", as follows:

"I dreamed of the day when computer games would be a viable medium of artistic expression — an art form. I dreamed of computer games encompassing the broad range of human experience and emotion: computer games about tragedies, or self-sacrifice; games about duty and honor, patriotism; a satirical game about politics, or games about human folly; games about men's relationship to God or to Nature; games about the passionate love between a boy and girl, or the serene and mature love between husband and wife of decades; games about family relationships or death, mortality, games about a boy becoming a man, and a man realizing that he is no longer young; games about a man facing truth at high noon on a dusty main street, or a boy and his dog, and a prostitute with a heart of gold. All of these things and more were part of this dream, but by themselves they amounted to nothing, because all of these things have already been done by other art forms. There was no advantage, no purchase, nothing superior about this dream, it's just an old rehash. All we are doing with the computer, if all we do is just reinvent the wheel with poor grade materials, well, we don't have a dream worth pursuing. But there was a second part of this dream that catapulted it into the stratosphere. The second part is what made this dream important and worthy: that is interactivity.

Let me explain to you why interactivity is so overwhelmingly important. Let me talk about the human brain. You know, our minds are not passive receptacles, they are active agents. It’s not as if we have a button on the side of our heads and they come along and push the button and the top of our heads flips open and then they take a pitcher full of knowledge and pour it into our skull, and then they close the top of our head, shake well and say, «Congratulations, you’re educated now!». [...] All the higher mammals learn by playing, by doing, by interacting. And indeed, the higher the mammal, the more of its life is spent in play to prepare itself for adulthood. So you can see, this active role of the mind is fundamental to the way we think, it’s wired into our brains. And over the millennia we humans have learned ways to improve upon this. The first improvement is language. [...] So language is a way of allowing one person to learn from many different people. But you know, we’ve also learned to turn that concept around to use language as a way of allowing one person to teach many people. [...] the principle remains the same. And in fact, this is the genesis of art. 'Cause art really is just a way of communicating ideas.

[...] The interactive conversation is effective, but the expository lecture is efficient. That’s the trade-off we make. And over the centuries, we humans have learned that the gains in efficiency outweigh the losses in effectiveness. And therefore we choose expository methods. But the sacrifice remains real! We haven’t ever solved that problem. It’s been with us since the beginning of history. Every single artist has faced this, every communicator, every teacher, every novelist, every sculptor, every singer, every musician, every painter, every single artist through all of human history has been forced to sacrifice effectiveness for efficiency… until now. Because now we have a technology that changes everything. [...] That is the revolutionary nature of the computer. It allows us to automate interactivity to achieve both effectiveness and efficiency. That was the most important part of my dream."

Games

 * Tanktics (1978)
 * Energy Czar (1980)
 * Wizard (1980 but only released 25 years later, with the Atari Flashback 2)
 * Scram (1981)
 * Eastern Front (1941) (1981)
 * Legionnaire (1982)
 * Gossip (1983)
 * Excalibur (1983)
 * Balance of Power (1985)
 * Patton Versus Rommel (1986)
 * Trust & Betrayal: The Legacy of Siboot (1987)
 * Balance of Power: The 1990 Edition (1989)
 * The Global Dilemma: Guns or Butter (1990)
 * Balance of the Planet (1990)
 * Patton Strikes Back (1991)
 * Balance of Power: 21st Century (2009)
 * Le Morte D'Arthur (2022)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chris Crawford (game designer)


text:
Chris Crawford

Chris Crawford may refer to:

 * Chris Crawford (basketball, born 1975), American professional basketball player with the Atlanta Hawks from 1997 to 2005
 * Chris Crawford (basketball, born 1992), American professional basketball player
 * Chris Crawford (game designer) (born 1950), American computer game developer
 * Christopher Crawford (tennis) (1939–2012), American tennis player

title: Chris Crawford


text:
Bathos

Bathos (, lit. "depth") is a literary term, first used in this sense in Alexander Pope's 1727 essay "Peri Bathous", to describe an amusingly failed attempt at presenting artistic greatness. Bathos has come to refer to rhetorical anticlimax, an abrupt transition from a lofty style or grand topic to a common or vulgar one, occurring either accidentally (through artistic ineptitude) or intentionally (for comic effect). Intentional bathos appears in satirical genres such as burlesque and mock epic. "Bathos" or "bathetic" is also used for similar effects in other branches of the arts, such as musical passages marked ridicolosamente. In film, bathos may appear in a contrast cut intended for comic relief or be produced by an accidental jump cut.

The Art of Sinking in Poetry
As a term for the combination of the very high with the very low, bathos was introduced by Alexander Pope in his essay Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry (1727). On the one hand, Pope's work is a parody in prose of Longinus's Peri Hupsous (On the Sublime), in that he imitates Longinus's system for the purpose of ridiculing contemporary poets, but, on the other, it is a blow Pope struck in an ongoing struggle against the "dunces."

The nearest model for Pope's essay is the Treatise of the Sublime by Boileau of 1712. Pope admired Boileau, but one of Pope's literary adversaries, Leonard Welsted, had issued a "translation" of Longinus in 1726 that was merely a translation of Boileau. Because Welsted and Pope's other foes were championing this "sublime", Pope commented upon and countered their system with his Peri Bathos in the Swift-Pope-Gay-Arbuthnot Miscellanies. Whereas Boileau had offered a detailed discussion of all the ways in which poetry could ascend or be "awe-inspiring", Pope offers a lengthy schematic of the ways in which authors might "sink" in poetry, satirizing the very men who were allied with Ambrose Philips. Pope and Philips had been adversaries since the publication of Pope's Odes, and the rivalry broke down along political lines. According to Pope, bathos can be most readily applicable to love making after two years of marriage which is clearly in binary opposition to the sublime but is no less political. Edmund Burke was believed to be particularly charmed by Pope's articulation of love after marriage, inspiring Burke's essay A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1756).

One example of Pope's style and satire shows in his description of sinking in painting. In the commonplace Academic hierarchic ranking of pictorial genres, still life ranked the lowest. However, Pope describes how it might fall and, with the single word "stiffen", evokes the unnatural deadness that is a mark of failure even in this "low" genre:

"Many Painters who could never hit a Nose or an Eye, have with Felicity copied a Small-Pox, or been admirable at a Toad or a Red-Herring. And seldom are we without Genius's for Still Life, which they can work up and stiffen with incredible Accuracy. ('Peri Bathous' vi)."

In chapters X and XI, Pope explains the comic use of the tropes and figures of speech.

Although Pope's manual of bad verse offers numerous methods for writing poorly, of all these ways to "sink", the method that is most remembered now is the act of combining very serious matters with very trivial ones. The radical juxtaposition of the serious with the frivolous does two things. First, it violates decorum, or the fittingness of subject, and, second, it creates humor with an unexpected and improper juxtaposition.

Subsequent evolution
Since Pope's day, the term "bathos", perhaps because of confusion with "pathos", has been used for art forms, and sometimes events, where something is so pathetic as to be humorous.

When artists consciously mix the very serious with the very trivial, the effect is of surreal humour and the absurd. However, when an artist is unconscious of the juxtaposition (e.g., when a film maker means for a man in a gorilla suit with a diving helmet to be frightening), the result is bathos.

Arguably, some forms of kitsch (notably the replication of serious or sublime subjects in a trivial context, like tea-towels with prints of DaVinci's Last Supper on them or hand guns that are actually cigarette lighters) express bathos in the concrete arts.

A tolerant but detached enjoyment of the aesthetic characteristics that are inherent in naïve, unconscious and honest bathos is an element of the camp sensibility, as first analyzed by Susan Sontag, in a 1964 essay "Notes on camp".

17th and 18th centuries
Bathos as Pope described it may be found in a grandly rising thought that punctures itself: Pope offers one "Master of a Show in Smithfield, who wrote in large Letters, over the Picture of his Elephant: "'This is the greatest Elephant in the World, except Himself.'"

Several decades before Pope coined the term, John Dryden had described one of the breath-taking and magically extravagant settings for his Restoration spectacular, Albion and Albanius (1684–85): "'The cave of Proteus rises out of the sea, it consists of several arches of rock work, adorned with mother of pearl, coral, and abundance of shells of various kinds. Through the arches is seen the sea, and parts of Dover pier.'"

Pope himself employed this type of figure intentionally for humor in his mock-heroic Rape of the Lock, where a lady would be upset at the death of a lover "or lapdog". Søren Kierkegaard, in The Sickness Unto Death, did the same thing, when he suggested that the "self" is easy to lose and that the loss of "an arm, a leg, a dog, or a wife" would be more grievous. When intended, this is a form of satire or the literary figure of undercutting. When the context demands a lofty, serious, or grand interpretation, however, the effect is bathos.

In 1764, William Hogarth published his last engraving, The Bathos, or the Manner of Sinking in Sublime Paintings inscribed to Dealers in Dark Pictures, depicting Father Time lying exhausted in a scene of destruction, parodying the fashion at that time for "sublime" works of art, and satirising criticisms made of Hogarth's own works. It may also be seen as a vanitas or memento mori, foreshadowing Hogarth's death six months later. Headed Tail Piece, it was intended as the tailpiece for a bound edition of Hogarth's engravings.

title: Bathos


text:
Talk:Churro

A conversation
Some research indicates that many of those very familiar with US culture are surprised to discover that there is such as a thing as a churro and are perplexed as to why something so familiar to many has succeeded in escaping their notice over many years.

A parallel example is the UK ignorance of a US staple called the biscuit.

Brits are widely aware that the Americans use the word cookie to describe what Brits call a biscuit.

In fact most Brits (who don't tend to call themselves Brits unless they are ex-pats) tend to think of cookies as a particular kind of biscuit (one with a rough surface texture).

But the thing which Americans call a biscuit usually leaves Brits utterly confused.

Not because, as an item it is particularly unfamiliar to them (it is so similar to the British scone as to be described as a scone) but the fact that it is served as a 'staple' like potatoes or stuffing on a 'meal dish' would not just seem alien, but would seem almost unthinkable, because Brits tend to believe that they have either already encountered every single aspect of uniquely american culture a million times on TV, or actually directly come into contact with it in the form of a UK import.

But can anyone think of biscuits and gravy ever featuring in a major movie or TV show?

'Biscuits and gravy' sounds to most Brits like 'cookies and gravy', something out of Monty Python, a perverse and anarchic cobination as comical as kippers and custard.

But I'm not sure churros are quite as widespread an indication of 'cultural knowledge balkanisation' as biscuits and gravy.

ericross

 * Don't ask us. We Spaniards didn't even know there are (mexican) churros in the US. --User: 04:12, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Churros are served in many "authentic" Mexican fast food restaurants in the US... IE, chains like "Chevy's Fresh Mex" won't have it, but the neighborhood hole-in-the-wall mexican restaurant will.  Quite tasty. Fo0bar 09:25, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not to mention every single theme park everywhere.— Ba ss B o n e ( my talk  ·  my contributions ) 22:21, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

...churros of the extremes...
What are "churros of the extremes"!? More detail please! Whatever they are they sound delicious! (Or is this just supposed to mean a really big churro? Which actually sounds kind of nauseating.) Ewlyahoocom 08:32, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Theme parks
It's kind of odd the way this article names three theme parks that sell churros, when it seems from my own experience the churros are ubiquitous at American theme parks. And then it quotes a price. Is that supposed to be the current price at Sea World or what? Does this article even need to mention the price? 72.130.129.220 20:20, 13 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I removed the details. Regards, E    Asterion  u talking to me? 20:29, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

By "American" theme parks, does this article imply theme parks everywhere in the American continent or those in the US? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.216.158.104 (talk) 18:23, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Some points
I'm spaniard, and... well, to begin with, this article mentions "churro connoisseurs". That's absolutely hilarious. Churros are the most prosaic food I have ever known, it's ridiculous to think that some people dedicate their lives to them. And talking about Andalusian churros, the "calentitos" and "calentitos de papas"... well, I'm andalusian, I have eaten lots of churros, and I never in my life heard any of those two terms. And they sound pretty ridiculous too; that's spanish from Mexico, not from Spain nor Andalusia. It's the kind of trivia that someone who doesn't know a thing about Spanish culture would add.

 * Hi! I'm mexican and the idea of "churro connoisseurs" sounds ridiculous too. Never heard of any here in México. As for the terms "calentitos" and "calentitos de papas", never heard them either here in México. Cheers. Damn! I want a Churro. Vicco Lizcano 14:52, 28 March 2007 (UTC) (Tell me where I'm wrong)

 * I agree! In all the many many times I've had churros in Andalucia or Gibraltar, I have never heard them called "calentitos"! According to the Spanish language article, the name is found in Sevilla. Sevilla is not the whole of Andalucia! I have also never come across potato churros? Anyone have any info on these? Saluton (talk) 01:48, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Also, the churro batter should not contain butter, at least in Spain. It's just water, flour and salt. I'll try to clean that section up a bit. Estradin (talk) 20:07, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

More detail of the ingredients, please
This article needs information of the type of fatty acids typically used to fry the things. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.77.233.1 (talk) 13:38, 11 May 2007 (UTC).
 * I don't think that's particularly important to the article. In Spain it's just good old fashioned vegetable oil. More information on the recipe however, would be useful... it's basically just deep fried pancake batter. Saluton (talk) 01:56, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This might be a little late, but before anyone gets funny ideas to edit this article: Churro-dough is more like a choux paste but, according to the esp. wiki(which I would consider the most accurate for this), without eggs, though most people throw them in there(yuk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.77.239.40 (talk) 18:07, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * The spanish wiki is never to be trusted; most articles are lacking in references, which are wikipedias building blocks and what we should search for.188.86.184.141 (talk) 05:42, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry to edit this but there is a lot of inaccuracies inhere. First the page mentioned that the dough is a choux-based, and then it is mentioned that The dough is a mixture of flour, water and salt. Some versions are made of potato dough. which is absolutely different from choux. Secondly, the Spanish version provides sources for the dough (3 books), so please, don't make a generalization about Spanish articles sourcing, especially here because it is false. Thirdly, if you need another source, one you can access for free, there are two on-line articles: the first one in Spanish written in ABC and the second one in English from the Guardian. So, I don't know what else to add, except that there is no egg in the dough and thus it is a non-sense to claim it is a choux-like dough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tanguy Launay (talk • contribs) 20:30, 11 August 2018 (UTC)

Shi-Shis???
I remember having these in either Italy or France, they sold them on the beach, only they called them something like Shi-Shi. Anyone else know what I'm talking about? They looked exactly like Churros, and they used to cover them in sugar davekeeling 16:04, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Exaclty it should be included to that wikipedia page. Because Chichi (in France) are the same things as Churros. Spaniards brang them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericasimeone (talk • contribs) 23:22, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Article's references
There's currently one reference listed for this article. It comes from the California Churros franchise restaurant's web page on the history of the churro. I find the source to be somewhat not reliable. I suspect that they just set down in writing what they knew to be the popular history of the churro, rather anything based on actual research. I am unable to find any information about this "Charlie Starr" to whom the research is attributed. (I also note that there are a number of churro restaurant web sites, each with their own "history of the churro" web page.) Because of these reasons, and because it is a commercial site, I am tempted to remove this source from the article. However, I did a quick web search, and I was unable to find a good, non-commercial reference to replace it. I still might remove the citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben James Ben (talk • contribs) 02:53, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi there
You talk about my country and we don't call that thing that way. Porras are knotted and from madrid. In Andalucía we eat churros, long and fat, broken to dip. And the cherrerías do normally close at midday! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.38.52.75 (talk) 23:33, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Everywhere in Spain people will understand both "churros" and "porras" correctly as churros being the thin and often knotted version and porras being the thicker longer ones. But in many parts of Spain, especially in the south and the Canary Islands if you ask for "churros" you most likely get porras because they are the most popular variation. Both porras and churros are considered "churros" in a broad sense. So basically you can ask for churros or porras anywhere in Spain and they will understand what you are asking for, but in areas where you already know porras are the most popular and sometimes the only choice, you might want to ask for "churros, not porras" if what you are asking for is the thinner variation and want to avoid confusion.

Lastly, I'm Spanish and the article is accurate enough as it is, so to all Spaniards whining about nonsense on the talk page, if you can barely understand English and live in a regional bubble please stick to the Spanish Wikipedia as you are just causing confusion for the sake of it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.203.41.33 (talk) 12:16, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Rename to "churros"?
Should this article be renamed to Churros? Mathonius (talk) 20:22, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

 * No, because the doughnut article is not at the title "doughnuts". Graham 87 00:48, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Origin
Churros was made by Spanish shepherds, the origin name is for churra sheep — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.127.211.144 (talk) 01:13, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

About the chinese origin, only available in the English wikipedia, is not logical, beacuse in spain, similar products already existed like the buñuelos (Al-Andalus), centuries before to the trip of the Portuguese, the techniques, including modifying the dough were already known, example the rosquillas. In the hypothetical Chinese case, the churros no are a chinese food, the chinese food are the Youtiao which is not the same as the churros. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Markses (talk • contribs) 00:09, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

buñuelos (Al-Andalus)? Al-Andalus included part of modern day Portugal as well as Spain so if it orginated in Al-Andalus then it should be credited to both unless a place can be identified. Either way there is no clear indication as to which is reponsible so both should be set as origin. Similar products also exist in Portugal such as filhós. The fact the Portuguese sailors made it differently from Youtiao explains why it is different and not exactly the same. Interestingly Churra sheep come from Zamora, which borders Portugal in the north, but in Portugal you can find a few breeds of sheep with Churra in the title, such as Churra Algarvia, Churra Badana, Churra da Terra Quente, Churra do Campo, Churra do Minho and i'm guessing theres many more. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rockysantos (talk • contribs) 17:07, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

In spain churrero work, sure is previous to 1621, the origin is spain is more ancient for own consumption. Rockysantos You can find some document, put that the churros are consumed in portugal century before XIX?

"La primera referencia escrita en España acerca de la profesión de "churrero" data del año 1621, cuando durante el periodo inicial del reinado de Felipe IV un súbdito de la Villa de Madrid nombrado como: Pedro Velasco, del gremio de los alojeros, solicita un aumento de precios en los productos que fabrica. Cabe la posibilidad de que el oficio existiera antes" Matilde Cuevas de la Cruz Juan Miguel Benítez Benítez, (1982), «El oficio de la churrería en Madrid», Madrid, ISBN: 84-50CL761-4-5

The sheep churra no is only from zamora, is from all castilla. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.127.214.220 (talk) 23:46, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Can you provide that quote in English please, this is the english version of Wikipedia. Also I can't find that book, is the ISBN correct? The Portuguese arrived in China in 1513 and traded many things, this is where they got Churros from. Where were these Churra sheep (that also exist in Portugal) that churros are named after allegedly, being looked after by the shephards(place name, date)? Rockysantos (talk) 11:29, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Is easy the book is this :

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:tsmmL40QPJsJ:www.madrid.org/edupubli/cgi-bin/WPUB_BD.exe?ACCION%3DRecogerPDF%26CDDEPTNO%3D09%26CDTEXP%3DPU%26CDAEXP%3D1999%26CDNEXP%3D42%26CDDIGITO%3D3%26CDESTADO%3D3%26NMORDEN%3D2+El+oficio+de+la+churrer%C3%ADa+en+Madrid&hl=es&gl=es&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShEK-OO09erPKcwAbOUUsDLY7pmBEr30qAgY0K7C-FpPY5ByktflPwBYP4D_shjWzDnlZwLyw5WsJRdzAzyvE6RVfbaDMkQjGQxfUwlmSJowQPgjQy_mXl0wmkmGZZ1FyY04KEz&sig=AHIEtbSuHHcRDU19uv4auinCHpGLWNuGQA

The information is from deputation of madrid (Janitor of education)

The portuguese arrived a china, very well and? you search documents reals no legends, some document, saying that the Portuguese ate churros century before XX? The response is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.127.214.220 (talk) 15:41, 29 August 2012 (UTC) The first written reference in Spain about the profession dates back to 1621, when during the initial period of the reign of Philip IV of a subject named Villa de Madrid: Pedro Velasco, the guild of alojeros, requested a price increase in the products it manufactures. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.127.214.220 (talk) 15:47, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Churros are from Spain. That's all. Not POrtugal, not mexico, not US...Spain. That's as simple as this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericasimeone (talk • contribs) 23:23, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Can someone tell me why does Mexico still appear as a "place of origin" when it has nothing to do with the food?
Just straight out of the short wiki snippet in google:

Course: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner Type: Snack, Fried dough Place of origin: Spain, Mexico Region: Spain, Philippines, Portugal, France, Southwestern United States, Ibero-America Main ingredients: Sugar, Salt, Flour

Why is Mexico there when it's absolutely not the place of origin of this food? Who added it? Why does it keep showing up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.50.44.176 (talk) 16:55, 22 September 2016 (UTC)

Totally agree. Churros are from Spain. Not China, not Mexico, not Portugal...Spain. EAsy as this! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericasimeone (talk • contribs) 23:24, 2 August 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 December 2019
Hello I would like to write a essay about churros as i am a professional chef and i know alot about them. gracias amigo 122.56.169.147 (talk) 22:49, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

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'Porra' or Churro
I've notice that a Brazilian editor have written that in Portugal the name of the churro was 'porra', which is a lie. This myth was born through a Brazilian website and became popular on the Internet, because in Brazil 'porra' in slang means sperm.

In Portugal we call churros which are usually filled with chocolate, doce de leite, doce de ovos and jelly. Leo de Medeiros (talk) 09:51, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

NUR. AINA BINITI. AMDAM ZAID. 23. JALAN. MEGA. 15. TAMAN JAYA. 56100 KUALA. LUMPUR.
choose, And the other half of us to be able to help you get it the better you're doing some research for the job offer for the day she was going back and I will be working with my head is a little more of an a bit of the other thing then we can arrange to stay at your hotel for you and we can arrange a meeting for a few if you have any questions for the day and thanks again for your business and to provide an excellent  2001:E68:544E:1AAD:70E5:B21E:AB5B:890 (talk) 05:24, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Churro


text:
1855 in sports

1855 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Baseball
Events
 * The established Knickerbockers, Gothams, and Eagles from New York (Manhattan) play three matches round-robin in June. With the Empires, a local newcomer, they play five matches in September and October, a round-robin less one match.
 * A few clubs from outside New York (Manhattan) play their first matches in the fall. One from Brooklyn is the Atlantic Base Ball Club or simply "Atlantic", soon to be the first recurring winner or "dynasty".

Boxing
Events
 * John Morrissey retains the Championship of America but there is no record of any fights involving him in 1855.
 * 20 February and 12 March — English Champion Harry Broome twice fails to honour scheduled bouts against Tom Paddock but continues to be recognised as the champion.
 * 25 February — William Poole is shot dead in New York by supporters of John Morrissey.
 * 26 June — Paddock keeps up the pressure on Broome by winning a return bout with Aaron Jones in 61 rounds at Mildenhall.

Cricket
Events England
 * 30 April — Bramall Lane stadium in Sheffield opens as a cricket ground and stages a match between two local teams. It is first used by Sheffield Cricket Club (aka Yorkshire) in August for a first-class match against Sussex.
 * Most runs – John Wisden 422 @ 28.13 (HS 148)
 * Most wickets – Jemmy Dean 98 @ 11.47 (BB 8–38)

Horse racing
England
 * Grand National – Wanderer
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Habena
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Lord of the Isles
 * The Derby – Wild Dayrell
 * The Oaks – Marchioness
 * St. Leger Stakes – Saucebox

Ice hockey
Events
 * It is about this time that pucks are introduced to the game in Canada in place of balls

Rowing
The Boat Race Other
 * The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not held this year.
 * 21 July — Harvard wins the second Harvard–Yale Regatta by a 1:38 margin on the Connecticut River in Springfield, Massachusetts. With the first in 1852 and the third in 1859, at three different sites, the one-race "regatta" is an occasional rather than a traditional or an established event.

title: 1855 in sports


text:
Talk:Scottish Trades Union Congress

Untitled
I'm altering:

''The Scottish Trades Union Congress is the Scottish branch of the United Kingdom wide Trades Union Congress. '' -- when my union held its conference in Perth in 1993 we were addressd by the STUC General Secretary who made it very clear that the STUC is a totally separate organisation from the TUC. -- Arwel 19:25, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Scottish Trades Union Congress. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130513110802/http://www.gcu.ac.uk/archives/stuc/ to http://www.gcu.ac.uk/archives/stuc/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:20, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scottish Trades Union Congress


text:
Aurore Clément

Aurore Clément (born 12 October 1945) is a French actress who has appeared in French and English language movies and television productions.

Early life
She was born Marie-Thérèse Aurore Louise Clément in Soissons. Following the death of her father while she was still a young girl, she worked to support her family. For a time, she modeled in Paris. Since her appearance in Louis Malle's 1974 film Lacombe Lucien, she has been cast in supporting roles.

Career
Clément has appeared in more than 80 films and is most often remembered as the character Anne in the film Paris, Texas (1984), which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

Her first appearance in a U.S. movie was in Apocalypse Now (1979), but her scenes—a long sequence involving French former colonists—were eventually cut from the film and restored in 2001 in the Redux version.

In France, Clément made her stage debut in 1988 with The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, adapted from George Moore's short story, and won an acting prize from The French Association of Theatre critics. She has been in several plays, including Les Eaux et Forêts and La Dame aux Camélias, for which she was nominated for the Molière Awards (the equivalent of the American Tonys).

Personal life
Clément has been married since 1986 to Dean Tavoularis, a movie production designer.

title: Aurore Clément


text:
Douglas Reeman

Douglas Edward Reeman (15 October 1924 – 23 January 2017 ), who also used the pseudonym Alexander Kent, was a British author who wrote many historical novels about the Royal Navy, mainly set during either World War II or the Napoleonic Wars. He wrote a total of 68 novels, selling 34 million copies in twenty languages.

Biography
Reeman was born in Thames Ditton, Surrey, son of Charles "Percy" and Ada Reeman.

At the beginning of the Second World War he joined the Royal Navy's boys' training establishment HMS Ganges. In 1940 Reeman was appointed Midshipman, at the age of 16. His initial service was in destroyers on convoy duty in the North Atlantic. During this time his ship was sunk and Reeman was injured by exploding depth charges. Later he transferred to Motor Torpedo Boats and was present subsequently at D-Day in a landing craft. It was then that he was injured badly when his landing craft was hit by shellfire. He finished the war in Kiel repairing damage to make the port usable again, with the rank of Lieutenant.

After the war, Reeman joined the Metropolitan Police, serving as a beat officer and later in the Criminal investigation department. At the beginning of the Korean War he rejoined the Navy. At the end of the war he joined London County Council as a child welfare officer, but remained a Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Naval Reserve.

Novels
Reeman's debut novel, A Prayer for the Ship, was published in 1958. Reeman is most famous for his series of Napoleonic naval stories, the main character of which is Richard Bolitho, and, later, his nephew, Adam Bolitho. Reeman also wrote a series of novels about several generations of the fictional Blackwood family who served in the Royal Marines from the 1850s to the 1980s, and a non-fiction account of his own Second World War experiences, D-Day: A Personal Reminiscence (1984). He used the pseudonym Alexander Kent (the real name of a friend and naval officer who died during the Second World War) for his Bolitho novels and his real name for his other novels and non-fiction.

Teacher and advisor
In addition to being an author, Reeman also taught navigation for yachting and served as a technical advisor for movies.

Personal life
Reeman was married twice; first to Winifred Melville, and later, after he was widowed, to Canadian author Kimberley Jordan in 1985.

The Blackwood Saga
aka The Royal Marines Saga
 * Badge of Glory (1982) (1st in plot sequence)
 * The First to Land (1984) (2nd)
 * The Horizon (1993) (3rd)
 * Dust on the Sea (1999) (4th)
 * Knife Edge (2004) (5th)

Other settings

 * High Water (1959)
 * Send a Gunboat (1960)
 * The Hostile Shore (1962)
 * The Last Raider (1963)
 * Path of the Storm (1966)
 * The Deep Silence (1967)
 * The Greatest Enemy (1970)

Richard Bolitho novels
(using the name Alexander Kent)

Adam Bolitho novels
n.b. these follow directly the Richard Bolitho novels
 * Second to None (1999)
 * Relentless Pursuit (2001)
 * Man of War (2003)
 * Heart of Oak (2007)
 * In the King's Name (2011)

title: Douglas Reeman


text:
Huilliche people

The Huilliche, Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group in Chile and Argentina. Located in the Zona Sur, they inhabit both Futahuillimapu ("great land of the south") and, as the Cunco or Veliche subgroup, the northern half of Chiloé Island. The Huilliche are the principal indigenous people of those regions. According to Ricardo E. Latcham the term Huilliche started to be used in Spanish after the second founding of Valdivia in 1645, adopting the usage of the Mapuches of Araucanía for the southern Mapuche tribes. Huilliche means 'southerners' (Mapudungun willi 'south' and che 'people'.) A genetic study showed significant affinities between Huilliches and indigenous peoples east of the Andes, which suggests but does not prove a partial origin in present-day Argentina.

During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the mainland Huilliche were generally successful at resisting Spanish encroachment. However, after the Figueroa incursion of 1792 Huilliches were decisively defeated and their territory was gradually opened to European settlement beginning with the Parliament of Las Canoas. Today, most Huilliche speak Spanish, but some, especially older adults, speak the Huilliche language. Laurelia sempervirens, known in Huilliche triwe and in Spanish as laurel, is the ritual tree of the Huilliche of Futahuillimapu.

The main modern areas of Huilliche settlement are two; San Juan de la Costa west of Osorno and Compu-Chadmo in the southeast of Chiloé Island.

16th century
In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru. Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia. Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively. The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in the battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro.

17th century
The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco. After Valdivia was refounded in 1645, the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory.

There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche. This may have stunted population growth.

18th century
In late 18th century Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky, agile and of general better appearance than the people of Chiloé. Their ponchos were described by Moraled as less pleasing ("vistosos") than those of Chiloé.

In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomás de Figueroa. A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793. In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish.

19th century
Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile, purchased about 15 000 km2 under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in the Precordillera east of Osorno. This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property.

As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River, Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno. In the 1920s, The economy of Osorno shifted towards cattle farming, with land ownership concentrated among the German immigrants, and many Huilliches became peasants of haciendas.

title: Huilliche people


text:
Adebayo Adedeji

Adebayo Adedeji (21 December 1930 – 25 April 2018) was a Nigerian economist and academic. A full-fledged Professor at the age of 36 years, he was Nigeria's Federal Commissioner for Economic Development & Reconstruction from 1971 to 1975. He was responsible for the economic development and reconstruction of post-civil war Nigeria. In June 1975, he was appointed Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and remained in this position until July 1991. Adedeji wrote the Lagos Plan of Action of 1980 that was adopted by the UN and OAU. On his return to Nigeria, he founded the African Centre for Development and Strategic Studies (ACDESS), a non-governmental independent continental non-profit, think-tank dedicated to multi-disciplinary and strategic studies on and for Africa. He received the national honor of Commander of the Federal Republic.

In December 2010, after turning 80, he retired from public life and spent the last years of his life quietly in his home town of Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Adedeji was elected a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences in 1991.

Biography
Adebayo Adedeji was born on 21 December 1930 in Ijebu Ode, Nigeria.

Adedeji died in the evening on 25 April 2018 in Lagos after suffering from a long illness. UNECA held a memorial symposium in his honor on 7 July in Lagos.

title: Adebayo Adedeji


text:
Penkala

Penkala may refer to:

 * Slavoljub Eduard Penkala
 * TOZ Penkala, a manufacturer of stationery products
 * 14134 Penkala

title: Penkala


text:
Talk:1979

Blaeste
I can't find any non-Wikipedia mention of "Blasete" on Google, and the only Wikipedia mention I do find is in this entry. Removing it. -- Jim Redmond 21:32, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Elvis Presley
As Elvis Presley died in 1977 and I cannot find other sources to any Elvis!-show being on tv in this year, I have come to think that maybe the Aloha from Hawaii-show was meant. This groundbreaking media event, however, was in 1973!--J. Michael Hansen 14:31, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Page layout years
There is a discussion on my talk page on page layout.

For most of the last three hundred years there is inconsistency and duplication between the year in topic paragraph, the "see also" box and what is on the year by topic pages. Prior to 1950 I am pretty convinced we can painlessly (except for sore fingers) delete all of the year in topic paragraphs and ensure that the material goes into a "see also" box, creating such a box where none exists. Post 1950, particularly from the "year in US television" link a lot of material has been added to this paragraph as highlights (sometimes making up most of the page content pointed at).

Personally I think we should still delete the paragraph, keep the box linking to the topic sites and move any particularly important parts of the year in topic paragraph to the main chronological list. This does involve undoing quite a bit of work which someone has done.

Therefore, unlike for prior to 1950 (where I've said no objection= I do it) for post 1950 I won't touch these pages unless a significant number of people agree with the change. (I am also unlikely to get the pre 1950 stuff done before summer unless the service speed improves dramatically). talk--BozMo 13:53, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

August 25 - September 8th, Hurricane David
I think that information on Hurricane David should be added. It was fairly destructive in the carribean, and has its name retired.

some info more info

User PseudoBot's editing
Exists actually and eliminating the day when La Oreja De Van Gogh vocals Leire Martinez which become popular is big from the Americas area and Europe are born maliciously. Leire Martinez in 1979 June 22nd lifestyle most being singer La Oreja De Van Gogh vocals which are popularity from Spain. If this degree is a late summer when will be recorded in birth event judging. Will be a namelessness and the degree which will be a birth PseudoBot' where is recorded continuously eliminates the birthday of the degree celebrity; s Malicious editing close, the box

 * I quote: Please do not add yourself, non-notable people, fictional characters, or people without Wikipedia articles to this list. No red links, please.. Leire Martinez is currently a red link. If her article is created then PseudoBot will not remove the link. There is no malice here. Pseudomonas(talk) 15:50, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

August 15
India freed from british empire? am i being a dullard, or did India and Pakistan not achieve independence and autonomy in 1947? If no one points out what i'm missing i will delete —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.202.83.30 (talk) 12:53, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * See Indian independence movement. I have added some links to the entry to make things clearer. Winston365 (talk) 21:49, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oops...I misread the year...I think it's clear who the dullard is here . Removed. Thanks. Winston365 (talk) 07:53, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.fuji.usmc.mil/about/fire.html
 * In 1979 on 2011-05-25 04:50:02, 404 Not Found
 * In 1979 on 2011-06-07 00:42:48, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:43, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Superbowl
Should the Superbowl be included for this year? Centralized discussion at WT:YEARS — Arthur Rubin (talk) 17:10, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:23, 7 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Mountbatten.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:22, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * John Krasinski 2018.png

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Nur Muhammad Taraki.JPG

Collage
If people are in favor of a photo collage as seen from '87-2022, I would like to hear some consensus on thoughts about what images should be included in it. Thanks The ganymedian (talk) 22:34, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:38, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * 0 Wiley1.jpg

title: Talk:1979


text:
Newman, New Mexico

Newman is an unincorporated community in Otero County, New Mexico, United States.

title: Newman, New Mexico


text:
Carolinian

Carolinian may refer to:
 * Something from or related to the Caroline Islands, an archipelago of tiny islands in the Pacific Ocean
 * Carolinian language, an Austronesian language spoken in the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean
 * Carolinian people, an Austronesian ethnic group which originates from the Caroline Islands
 * Something or someone from, or related to, The Carolinas, a region in the United States
 * Carolinian forest, a life zone in eastern North America
 * Carolinian (train), a daily passenger train operated by Amtrak in the eastern United States
 * USS Carolinian, a United States Navy cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919
 * The Carolinian (play) (also known as The Rattlesnake), a 1922 play by Rafael Sabatini and J. E. Harold Terry.
 * The Carolinian (novel), a 1924 novel by Rafael Sabatini based on the 1922 play
 * The Carolinian (newspaper), an African-American newspaper from Raleigh, North Carolina
 * The Carolinian (student newspaper), a student newspaper from University of North Carolina at Greensboro

title: Carolinian


text:
Newman, Texas

Newman is a small El Paso neighborhood in far Northeast El Paso, located some 16 miles northeast of downtown El Paso around the intersection of Dyer Street and Edge of Texas Drive on the New Mexico state line, and still sometimes described as a separate community. In 1990, it had a population of approximately 60 people.

It was named for real estate developer Henry L. Newman, who earlier tried to develop Newman, New Mexico, just to the north across the New Mexico border, without much success. He fared only moderately better in Texas. In 1930, the United States Census listed Newman as having a population of 10 people.

Newman had a post office from 1922 to 1971.

title: Newman, Texas


text:
User talk:Burn the asylum

wikEd

Hi, I have seen that you are using the Cacycle editor extension. This program is no longer actively maintained in favor of its much more powerful successor wikEd.

wikEd has all the functionality of the old editor plus: • syntax highlighting • nifty image buttons • more fixing buttons • paste formatted text from Word or web pages • convert the formatted text into wikicode • adjust the font size • and much, much more.

Switching to wikEd is easy, check the detailed installation description on its project homepage. Often it is as simple as changing every occurrence of editor.js into wikEd.js on your User:YourUsername/monobook.js page.

Cacycle 21:56, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Spelling
There are no spelling corrections in your edit. This is English Wikipedia. Organise is not a word. KazakhPol 19:29, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:7_inch_picture_disc.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:7_inch_picture_disc.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. BJ Talk 04:08, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Hello. We would like to publish this image of "Karl Marx Tomb in London" in a Sociology textbook. Would you please contact me at jillenge@yahoo.com for details? I would like to obtain your permission to publish this photo. Thank you. -Jill

Non-free use disputed for Image:Tragedy 2004.jpg
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Non-free use disputed for Image:Tragedy 2004.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Splitwithknifed cover.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Splitwithknifed cover.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:29, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Transport tycoon.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Transport tycoon.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Splitwithknifed cover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Splitwithknifed cover.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Speedy deletion of Flat Earth Records
A tag has been placed on Flat Earth Records requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

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Proposed deletion of Flat Earth Records
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File permission problem with File:Maximum rocknroll.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Burn the asylum


text:
The Decline of British Sea Power

The Decline of British Sea Power is the debut studio album by English indie rock band Sea Power, then known as "British Sea Power", released on 2 June 2003. "The Lonely", "Carrion" and "Remember Me" were all released as singles from the album, as well as older recordings of "Fear of Drowning" and "Remember Me", which differ from the versions on this album.

The quotation on the album art is paraphrased from the final line of the American novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder.

Track listing

 * 1) "Men Together Today" – 0:41
 * 2) "Apologies to Insect Life" (Hamilton/Noble/Wood/Yan) – 2:47
 * 3) "Favours in the Beetroot Fields" (Yan) – 1:16
 * 4) "Something Wicked" (Hamilton) – 3:12
 * 5) "Remember Me" (Yan) – 3:10
 * 6) "Fear of Drowning" (Yan) – 4:26
 * 7) "The Lonely" (Yan) – 5:12
 * 8) "Carrion" (Hamilton/Noble/Wood/Yan) – 4:06
 * 9) "Blackout" (Hamilton) – 3:48
 * 10) "Lately" (Yan) – 13:58
 * 11) "A Wooden Horse" (Yan) – 4:37

Japanese bonus tracks

 * 1) "Heavenly Waters" (Hamilton) – 6:35
 * 2) "Childhood Memories" (Yan) – 3:36

American bonus tracks

 * 1) "Childhood Memories" (Yan) – 3:36
 * 2) "Heavenly Waters" (Hamilton) – 6:35

Anniversary reissue bonus discs
THE DECLINE-ERA B-SIDES
 * 1) "Albert’s Eyes"
 * 2) "Moley & Me"
 * 3) "The Smallest Church In Sussex"
 * 4) "Salty Water"
 * 5) "Strange Communication"
 * 6) "Birdy"
 * 7) "Heavenly Waters"
 * 8) "A Lovely Day Tomorrow"
 * 9) "Apologies To Insect Life" (Russian Rock Demo)
 * 10) "The Scottish Wildlife Experience"
 * 11) "No Red Indian"
 * 12) "Good Good Boys"

THE DECLINE ERA, RARE AND LIVE
 * 1) "Carrion" (concert intro loop)
 * 2) "Childhood Memories" (single)
 * 3) "Remember Me" (Gareth Jones mix)
 * 4) "Carrion" (Mads Bjerke mix)
 * 5) "A Lovely Day Tomorrow" (Will Sergeant)
 * 6) "Strange"
 * 7) "Tugboat"
 * 8) "A Wooden Horse" (Golden Chariot B-side)
 * 9) "Fear Of Drowning" (Golden Chariot single)
 * 10) "The Spirit Of St Louis" (single)
 * 11) "Out Of My Mind On Dope And Speed"
 * 12) "A Lovely Day Tomorrow" (Czech EP alternative)
 * 13) "Fakir" (Czech EP)
 * 14) "The Smallest Church In Sussex" (instrumental)
 * 15) "Fear Of Drowning" (Club Sea Power)
 * 16) "The Scottish Wildlife Experience" (Club Sea Power)
 * 17) "The Spirit Of St Louis" (Club Sea Power)
 * 18) "Lately" (Club Sea Power)

THE DECLINE-ERA DEMO RECORDINGS
 * 1) "We’re Not Like This" (Monnow Valley)
 * 2) "Memories Of Childhood"
 * 3) "The Lonely" (organ demo)
 * 4) "Albert’s Eyes"
 * 5) "Heavenly Waters" (vocal demo)
 * 6) "The Smallest Church In Sussex" (piano)
 * 7) "A Lovely Day Tomorrow"
 * 8) "Something Wicked" (Hamilton vocal)
 * 9) "Black Ops With Liberace" ("The Lonely" (demo))
 * 10) "Always The Sea" (Monnow Valley)
 * 11) "Blackout"
 * 12) "Lately"
 * 13) "The Spirit Of St Louis"
 * 14) "Theme From Baraka"
 * 15) "Total War By Rock And Roll"
 * 16) Unused demo 1
 * 17) Unused demo 9
 * 18) Unused demo 3
 * 19) Unused demo 7
 * 20) "Diecastings"

Sea Power

 * Yan (Scott Wilkinson) – Vocals, guitar, piano, organ
 * Hamilton (Neil Hamilton Wilkinson) – vocals, bass, guitar, piano, organ, backing vocals
 * Noble (Martin Noble) – guitar, piano, backing vocals, organ
 * Wood (Matthew Wood) – drums

Additional

 * D. Sharp – French horn on "Blackout"
 * M. J. Noble – extra backing vocals on "Men Together Today" and "Blackout"
 * V. Oag – recorded sea on "Fear of Drowning"

Recording
All songs recorded by Mads Bjerke and British Sea Power at 2 kHz. Excepting "Carrion", recorded at Golden Chariot Studios, Roundhouse and 2 kHz and, with Marc Beatty, at Mockingbird Studio. "Carrion" mixed at The Townhouse by Dave Bascombe.

title: The Decline of British Sea Power


text:
Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier

Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier are animated cartoon characters in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. Spike is a burly, gray bulldog wearing a red sweater, a brown bowler hat, and a perpetual scowl. Chester is a Jack Russell terrier who is just the opposite, small and jumpy with yellow fur and brown, perky ears.

History
The characters starred in only two shorts, both directed by animator Friz Freleng. The first of these films was Tree for Two (1952). In it, Chester tells his idol Spike that he knows of a cat that they can beat up. The cat is Freleng's own Sylvester, but every time Spike thinks he has the cat cornered, a runaway zoo black panther appears in Sylvester's place, thrashing the dog instead. When Chester decides to have a go of it, however, Sylvester finds himself at the little dog's mercy. By the cartoon's end, Spike and Chester have switched roles; Spike is the fawning sycophant, and Chester the smug prizefighter.

The characters' second outing was in the short film Dr. Jerkyl's Hide (1954). Spike (here called "Alfie" and with an English accent) is once again after Sylvester, only this time it is Sylvester himself who pummels the poor pooch, thanks to a potion that transforms him into a feline monster. Chester, of course, never sees this transformed Sylvester, thinking his buddy is being beaten by the tiny tomcat. The final loss of face for Alfie is his being thrashed by a fly that has also been affected by the potion, as it occurs in front of Chester's eyes.

Later appearances

 * They appear in Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island as part of the characters that visit the wishing well, where Spike wishes that Chester be as brave as him, after it happening the events of Tree for Two.
 * Spike and Chester appear in the movie Space Jam (1996). They are seen as a pair of paramedics during the basketball game, who take Stan Podolak away after he was flattened by the Monstars.
 * Spike appears in The Looney Tunes Show episode "The Jailbird and Jailbunny". He is seen during the "Blow My Stack" song as a member of Yosemite Sam's anger management group.
 * A live action version of Spike and Chester appeared in a 1988 commercial for Kibbles 'n Bits.
 * Chester appears in the Bugs Bunny Builders episode "Game Time".