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Football chant

A football chant or terrace chant is a form of vocalisation performed by supporters of association football, typically during football matches. Football chanting is an expression of collective identity, most often used by fans to express their pride in the team they support, or to encourage them, and to celebrate a particular player or manager. Fans may also use football chants to slight the opposition, and many fans sing songs about their club rivals, even when they are not playing them. Sometimes the chants are spontaneous reactions to events on the pitch.

Football chants can be simple, consisting of a few loud shouts or spoken words, but more often they are short lines of lyrics and sometimes longer songs. They are typically performed repetitively, sometimes accompanied by handclapping, but occasionally they may be more elaborate involving musical instruments, props or choreographed routines. They are often adaptations of popular songs, using their tunes as the basis of the chants, but some are original.

Football chants are known to have been used by fans from the late 19th century onwards, but developed into the current popular forms in the 1960s. Football chants can be historic, dating back as early as the formation of the club popularly sung down the years and considered the anthems for these clubs. They may also be popular for only a relatively short time, with new chants being constantly created and discarded. The tradition of football chants vary from country to country and team to team, but some chants are common to many clubs and popular internationally. Football chants may be considered one of the last remaining sources of an oral folk song tradition.

History
Football chants may be considered modern examples of traditional storytelling and folk songs. According to folk singer Martin Carthy, football chants are "the one surviving embodiment of an organic living folk tradition." It is also a unique public expression of collective identity, and football chants may be seen as modern examples of the folk tradition blason populaire where a group vocalise their identity as well as their rivalry against another group.

Early chants
Football fans' vocalisations came in the forms of cries, chants and songs in the 19th century. War cries were known to have been used by football fans from the 1880s onwards, with the earliest recorded in Scotland after the Scottish Cup final of 1887. The first known song that references football, "The Dooley Fitba' Club" later known as "'Fitba' Crazy", was also written in the 1880s by James Curran, although it was intended for the music hall rather than the terrace. It was also recorded in the 1890s that Sheffield United fans had adopted a music hall song, the "Rowdy Dowdy Boys", while Southampton fans sang a "Yi! Yi! Yi!" chant based on a war cry. Blackburn Rovers fans were reported to have chanted "We've won the cup before – many a time" before their 1891 FA Cup Final match against Notts County. Composer Sir Edward Elgar wrote a football song in honour of the Wolverhampton Wanderers striker, Billy Malpass, after watching a match in February 1898 between Wolves and Stoke City. However, the anthem he wrote, "He Banged The Leather For Goal", never caught on among fans on the terrace.

The oldest football song in the world that is still in use today may be "On the Ball, City", a song believed to have been composed in the 1890s by Albert T Smith, who became a director of Norwich City in 1905. The song was adopted by fans of the club and it is still sung by Norwich's fans. Such club song may have its origin in the public school system, while others have links with working-class music hall. Other early football chants still sung today include "Pompey Chimes" or "Play up, Pompey" sung by Portsmouth fans since the 1920s (a form of the chant is believed to have been sung at Fratton Park in 1899, therefore it is arguably older than "On the Ball, City"), and "Blaydon Races", a Geordie folk song from 1862, which was adopted by Newcastle United fans in the 1930s. Some of the songs sung at football ground by the 1920s were modified from popular music hall songs, for example "Kick, Kick, Kick, Kick, Kick it" from "Chick, Chick, Chick, Chick, Chicken" and "Keep the Forwards Scoring" from "Keep the Home Fires Burning". Chants that referenced players were also heard on the terrace; for example, "Give it to Ballie" chanted by Swansea fans in reference to a player name Billy Ball who played for the club in 1912-1920.

Football chants in the early years were club-specific and they were generally friendly or jocular in tone. Songs with sectarian overtones, however, had been sung at matches between Rangers and Celtic in the 1920s, which became more overtly confrontational in later decades, raising the possibility that sectarianism may have been the origin of oppositional chanting and singing at football matches. Fans of the early period also had a limited repertoire of chants, which become more varied as singing was encouraged by the use of brass bands before games and the community singing movement that arose in the 1920s (the tradition of singing "Abide with Me" at FA Cup finals started in this period).

1960s developments
While various elements of football chants were already present in the early period, it was in the 1960s that the nature of football chants started to change and modern football chants emerged to become an integral part of fan culture and experience. The catalyst for the change may be due to a number of factors; one suggestion is the growth and evolution of youth culture in this period which, together with popular music started being played over the public announcement system at matches instead of brass bands, encouraged fans to start their own singing based on popular tunes. Another suggestion is the mixing of fan cultures from different countries through international football matches that started to be broadcast, such as the 1959 England's tour of South America and the 1962 World Cup. The exposure to intense chanting by South American and Italian fans during the 1962 and 1966 World Cups may have encouraged British fans who were previously more reserved to do the same. They also picked up different type of chants from other countries; Liverpool fans for example, may have used a Brazilian chant "Brazil, cha-cha-cha" and turned it into the "Li-ver-pool, [clap, clap, clap]" chant.

Chants became more extensive in the 1960s, and popular songs became increasingly common as the basis of chants as fans adapted these songs to reflect situations and events relevant to them. Chanting the name of the team, chants for players and managers started to become prevalent. Liverpool supporters, particularly those on the Kop, were known for modifying songs in the early 1960s to suit their own purposes, and this practice quickly spread to fans of other clubs who created their own versions after hearing these chants. Repertoire of chants credited to Liverpool fans included the rhythmic clapping based on "Let's Go" by The Routers, the chorus from "We Shall Not Be Moved", and "When the Saints Go Marching In" used to honour Ian St John, chants which were then also adopted by fans of other clubs. Fans of many clubs now have a large and constantly evolving repertoire of chants in addition to a smaller number of songs closely associated with their club.

A more controversial aspect of this period of change was that abusive chants targeted at rival team or fans also became widespread. These may be taunts and insults aimed at the opposition teams or players to unnerve them, or obscene or slanderous chants targeted at individuals. A sampling of English football chants in the late 1970s found these types of chants to be the most numerous. Threats of violence may also be made to their rivals in chants; although such threats were rarely carried out, fights did occur which, together with increasing level of hooliganism in that period, gave these threats a real edge. Some abuses are racial in nature; for example, anti-Semitic chants directed at Tottenham Hotspur began in the 1960s, also against the Argentine club Atlanta (commonly heard in the 1960s but may have begun as early as the 1940s), and against the Dutch club Ajax in the 1970s. Racist insults directed at black players began to be heard in the 1970s and 1980s in England and Spain when black players started appearing in their leagues in increasing numbers. Concerns over the abusive nature of some of these chants later led to measures in various countries to control them, for example, the British government made racist and indecent chants an offence in the UK in 1991. In Italy, the Mancino law was used to prosecute fans for inciting racism. Despite efforts to stop them, some chants remain an issue around the world, such as the "Eh puto" chant used by Mexican fans, and racist chants in many countries.

International spread
As the sport of football spread to other countries, so did its associated fan culture of football chants. Many countries, however, have developed their own tradition of football songs and chants; for example, most Italian clubs have their own official hymns, often written specially for the club by a prominent singer or composer who is a fan of the club. Many countries also have football chants dating from the early part of the 20th century, and clubs such as Real Madrid may have an official club song as early as 1903. Football chants created in different countries may be specific to the local culture. Hand-clapping chants were popular in South American countries such as Brazil before it spread to other countries. Some chants originated from other sports; for example, the "two, four, six, eight!" chant that was used for sports in the United States from the early 20th century was adopted by football fans in the UK in the 1950s. The "Olé" chant from bullfighting is believed to be first used in Brazil for Garrincha in 1958, and one version of the "Olé, Olé, Olé" chant was first heard at a league game in Spain in 1982, while another version quickly spread around Europe in 1986 and became widely popular around the world.

As football fans travel to other countries on away international matches, and international broadcasts of football matches are common, fans from around the world often picked up chants from other clubs and countries, and some chants spread in an organic manner and become popular internationally. An example is the chant based on "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes –  it was first adopted by fans of Belgian Club Brugge KV in 2003, their chant was then picked by Italian fans, and it was made an unofficial anthem for the Italy national football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, following which it spread to other football clubs around the world as well as beyond football into other sports and events.

Common types of chants

A wide variety of football chants exist, some of the more popular ones may be grouped into the following types:

Tragedy chanting
Tragedy chanting involves chanting about an opposition club's tragedies or tragic events that happen in their home cities. Instances in English football include exchanges between Manchester United and Leeds United fans, and between Manchester United and Liverpool fans.

Spoken chants

Some chants are spoken, sometimes accompanied by percussion. These chants may simply consist of the name of the team and/or words of encouragement. The chants may also be in a call-and-response format. For example, Chile national football team fans will do a routine whereby one group of fans will chant "Chi-Chi-Chi", and another group will respond "Le-Le-Le". For the Indonesia national football team one group of fans will chant "In-Do-Ne-Sia" with an air horn and hand clap in response. "Garuda Di Dadaku" is sung by fans when Indonesia plays at home.

Popularised at the Sydney Olympics and used by Australian football supporters everywhere is the "Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi" chant between two groups of supporters. It is a derivation of Welsh rugby chant "Oggy Oggy Oggy", which was also adapted by Chelsea supporters in tribute to Peter Osgood. A version "Zigger Zagger Oi Oi Oi" has been suggested to be based on a German toast "Zicke zacke zicke zacke hoi hoi hoi".

In the United States, despite a lower popularity of association football, "I believe that we will win!" and "U-S-A!" are generally chanted during matches US national teams are playing on the world stage. The chant "U-S-A!" has also been used outside of sports, such as in the halls of Congress during rallies of American support. Some chants consist simply of a loud shout or whoop with a hand clap, sometimes led by a drum beat that gets increasingly faster, such as the Viking Thunder Clap made popular by fans of Iceland. Similar chants have been performed by fans of teams such as Motherwell and Lens, and a version called "Boom Boom Clap" has been used by fans of North American clubs such as Seattle Sounders FC and Toronto FC since 2008 as well as the American national teams.

Fighting chants
"You're Gonna Get Your Fucking Head Kicked In", sometimes pluralised to "You're Gonna Get Your Fucking Heads Kicked In", is a football chant originating in England. It is also used as a case study in psychology and sociology. The chant is often used as an intimidatory chant towards the opposing fans rather than as an actual threat of violence, but there have been a number of occasions when it has led to a fight between fans. The chant is sometimes used after the opposition have scored. It is now considered to be a dated chant with little current usage in English football culture despite being in common use in the 1970s and 80s.

Chants based on hymns and classical music
Several football chants are based on hymns, with "Cwm Rhondda" (also known as "Guide me, O thou great redeemer") being one of the most popular tunes to copy. Amongst others, it has spawned the song "You're not singing anymore!", "We support our local team!", and "I will never be a Blue!".

Various teams have used the "Glory Glory" chant (used by "Tottenham Hotspur", "Leeds United", "Manchester United", etc.), to the tune of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic". Hibernian were the first team to use the song with the release of a record by Hector Nicol in the 1950s ("Glory Glory to the Hibees").

The Stars and Stripes Forever is often sung with the words "Here we go, here we go, here we go!".

There have been various adaptations of "When The Saints Go Marching In" (e.g. by fans of Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur), and the tune of Handel's Hallelujah chorus.

Many football crowd chants/songs are to the tune of "La donna è mobile" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto, for example the chant by Derby County fans in honour of Fabrizio Ravanelli of "We've got Fabrizio, you've got fuck allio".

Italian tifosi employ various operatic arie, especially those by Giuseppe Verdi, for chants. For Parma's home matches at the Stadio Ennio Tardini, during the entry of the teams in the field, Aida's triumphal march resounds as Verdi is a symbol of the city.

Italian Torino fans sing their signature chant Toro alè to the tune of French anthem "La Marseillaise". The anthem theme was first popularized as a chant by A.S. Roma's curva sud after a 3-1 match win against Juventus on 30 January 1977. The anthem has also been modified by the RC Lens fans.

French PSG fans sing a rendition of "Flower of Scotland".

Arsenal fans have been singing "Good old Arsenal" to the tune of Rule Britannia since the 1970-71 season when they won the double.

Chants based on spirituals and folk songs
Some chants are based on spirituals. "We shall not be moved" and "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" are both used by fans. An example of the latter's use was "He's got a pineapple on his head" aimed at Jason Lee due to his distinctive hairstyle. The song was later popularised by the television show Fantasy Football League.

Christmas carols have also been used as chants like with the theme of "O Tannenbaum" by the likes of Manchester United or Chelsea fans.

The tune to the Shaker song "Simple Gifts" has spawned many terrace chants including "Carefree", a chant associated with Chelsea. It was also used for a Tottenham song abusing Sol Campbell after his move to Arsenal in 2001 and was sung by Manchester United fans, in honour of Park Ji-Sung. Chelsea fans also adapted the song "One Man Went To Mow" as an anthem.

"Sloop John B" has been popular amongst English football fans since the mid-2000s. It was adopted by the supporters of English non-league team F.C. United of Manchester as a club anthem in 2007.

The Geordie folk song "Blaydon Races" is associated with Newcastle United. Other folk songs to have their lyrics altered include "The John B. Sails" to "We Won it 5 Times" by Liverpool fans, "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" to "We'll Be Coming Down the Road" by the Scotland national team and Liverpool fans, "My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean", "The Wild Rover" and "Camptown Races", which is used for "Two World Wars, One World Cup", whilst Birmingham City fans sing "Keep Right on to the End of the Road".

The melody of "Bella ciao" is often used as a chant by Italian ultras groups of Salernitana, Cosenza Calcio, A.S. Livorno and also outside of Italy like with Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens F.C. or Paris Saint-Germain F.C. fans, as well as the Timbers Army of MLS' Portland Timbers. The song was also adapted by Brazilian fans during World Cup 2018 to tease and taunt Argentina about their possible exit in the first round, which eventually did not occur, with references to Argentinian players Di María, Mascherano, and Messi (Brazil and Argentina have a well-known football rivalry).

Italian tifosi are strongly used to sing mocks based on national, and internationally famous folk tunes, like "L'uva fogarina", "Oh! Susanna" and "Alouette".

"The Fields of Athenry" is a widely used anthem by Irish sports fans, sang particularly at rugby and football matches. The song was adopted and reworked by Liverpool fans as "The Fields of Anfield Road".

Chants based on popular music
Popular music is the most common source of football chants. In the United Kingdom, music hall songs such as "My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)", "Knees Up Mother Brown", "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles", "I Came, I Saw, I Conga'd" and "Two Little Boys" have long been used as the basis of terrace chants. Popular standards such as "Winter Wonderland", Scott Joplin's "The Entertainer", and the 1958 Eurovision entry "Volare" are also widely adapted to suit players and managers. The Cuban song "Guantanamera" became popularly used as a chant in the UK as a version by The Sandpipers charted soon after the 1966 World Cup; it is commonly sung in a large variety of chants, for example in the form of "There's only one [player's name]", or "You only sing when you're winning". The tune "Tom Hark" is often played at many stadiums following a goal by the home team and for chants such as "Thursday Nights, Channel 5", whilst "Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)" by Doris Day is generally reserved for matches where the venue of the final is Wembley Stadium.

The rhythm, rather than the melody, of "Let's Go (Pony)" by The Routers is widely used for clapping, drumming or banging by fans worldwide.

Music of the 1960s influenced terrace chants. "Ring of Fire" by Johnny Cash and "That's Amore" by Dean Martin have been used by several sets of fans. "Lola" by The Kinks, and "Hi Ho Silver Lining" by Jeff Beck have been adapted by several clubs – most prolific of these include Aston Villa, Sheffield Wednesday and Wolverhampton Wanderers. "All You Need Is Love", "Hey Jude" and "Yellow Submarine" by The Beatles are often used. Songs from musicals have become very popular as football chants, such as "Chim Chim Cher-ee" from the 1964 musical Mary Poppins. Some early songs became popular as football chants later, for example the Venezuelan song "Moliendo Café" popular in early 1960s first became used as a chant in Argentina in the late 1970s, which spread to Italy as "Dale Cavese" chants in 2006 and then later to clubs around the world.

The emergence of funk and disco in the 1970s also made its mark on the terraces with songs such as "Go West" by the Village People and "Oops Up Side Your Head" by The Gap Band remaining popular amongst fans. "Ain't Nobody" by Rufus and Chaka Khan has been used by Arsenal fans and others. Music popular in the 1980s and 1990s is also used widely. Chants have been based on "Just Can't Get Enough" by Depeche Mode, "Love Will Tear Us Apart" by Joy Division, "Pop Goes the World" by Men Without Hats, the Band Aid song "Do They Know It's Christmas?", "Papa's Got a Brand New Pigbag" by Pigbag and "This Is How It Feels" by Inspiral Carpets. Other chants have used tunes from on pop songs include "Three Lions", the official England anthem for Euro '96 and Manic Street Preachers song "If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next".

Fans of a number of different clubs in the United Kingdom have adopted "Rockin' All Over the World" by Status Quo as a chant. Liverpool fans sing "Scousers all over the world". Arsenal fans sing "Saka and Emile Smith Rowe". Rangers fans sing "Gerrard stopped ten in a row", in reference to the club winning the 2020-21 Scottish Premiership under manager Steven Gerrard and breaking bitter rivals Celtic's nine-year monopoly on the title.

Fans in England sing "Leeds are falling apart again" to the tune of "Love will tear us apart" by Joy Division to mock fans of Leeds United.

More recent releases to have their music appropriated include "Seven Nation Army" by The White Stripes, which became highly popular across nations. A number of songs became popular in the 2010s, an example being "Freed from Desire", which is used to celebrate particular players – it was first popularised as "Will Grigg's on Fire", then used for others such as "Vardy's on Fire" and "Grizi's on Fire". An Italian disco song "L'estate sta finendo" became popular among European clubs such as Napoli, Juventus, Porto, Atlético Madrid and others as "Un giorno all'improvviso", later picked up Liverpool fans, who created their own version as "Allez Allez Allez" for their 2017–18 UEFA Champions League campaign, and it then spread to other British clubs in the 2018–2019 season. In late 2017, "September" by Earth, Wind & Fire had a big impact in English stadia. In 2022, fans of Tottenham Hotspur crafted a chant for Dejan Kulusevski to the tune of ABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)".

Chants based on advertising jingles, nursery rhymes and theme tunes
Football crowds also adapt tunes such as advertising jingles, nursery rhymes and theme tunes. "The Farmer in the Dell" known in some regions as 'The Farmer Wants A Wife', provides the famous chant of "Ee Aye Addio", a tune which also provides the first bars of the 1946 be-bop jazz classic "Now's The Time", by alto saxophonist Charlie Parker. The marching tune "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" is also used a basis for songs, such as "His Armband Said He Was a Red", sung by Liverpool fans in honour of Fernando Torres while he was still at the club. Chelsea fans then adapted the chant to match their own colours when Torres was transferred to the London club in 2011, with "He's now a Blue, he was a Red." Manchester United used the song to describe Torres and his looks too after he missed an open goal. United also used the song about John O'Shea after he scored a goal against Derby in the Carling Cup in 2009. The children's song "Ten Green Bottles" became "Ten German Bombers", to the tune of "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain," both songs used by English fans to their main rivals, Germany. The nursery rhyme "This Old Man" is sung by both supporters of Manchester United and Manchester City. The "Theme from Z-Cars" has been used in Everton's Goodison Park ground since 1962.

Theme tunes which have been used as chants include Heartbeat and The Banana Splits.

Club-specific songs
Some football teams also have songs which are traditionally sung by their fans. The song "You'll Never Walk Alone" from Carousel is associated heavily with Liverpool. In 1963, the song was covered by Liverpool group Gerry and the Pacemakers, which prompted the song's adoption by the Kop. At this time, supporters standing on the Spion Kop terrace at Anfield began singing popular chart songs of the day. The mood was captured on camera by a BBC Panorama camera crew in 1964. One year later, when Liverpool faced Leeds in the FA Cup final, the travelling Kop sang the same song and match commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme commended the "Liverpool signature tune". Other songs sung by Liverpool fans include "Poor Scouser Tommy" based on "Red River Valley".

Fans of West Ham United were said to have adopted the song "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles" at Upton Park in the mid-1920s, although no record of West Ham fans singing the song existed until 1940.

"Marching on Together" is played and sung at Elland Road by supporters of Leeds United, and is one of the few club songs specifically written for the football club in question, being an original composition by Les Reed and Barry Mason. It was first released as the B-Side to Leeds United to coincide with the 1972 FA Cup Final.

Manchester City has been strongly associated with the classic popular song "Blue Moon" since the late 1980s. The song is now an established and official part of the club's brand and culture: 'Blue Moon' is also the name of the club's leading fansite, images of a blue moon (a moon that's blue in colour, not the astronomical phenomenon) appear on licensed and fan-made clothing and merchandise, and the team's mascots are a pair of blue aliens from the Moon named 'Moonchester' and 'Moonbeam'.

"Blue Is the Colour" is the song for Chelsea. The song was released in 1972 when the club reached the 1972 League Cup Final. Chelsea fans also sing the "celery" song, waving and hurling sticks of celery while singing, starting in the early 1980s.

"Go West" by the Village People has been co-opted by fans of Arsenal F.C., using the words "1-0 to the Arsenal" as a reference to the club's defensive style of football under former manager George Graham. The same "1-0 to the Arsenal" was also often sung, in ironic spirit, by fans of opposition by way of mocking their perceived boring style of play during this time.. The tune is also used by supporters of Leyton Orient with the words "Stand Up for The Orient"

"Goodnight, Irene" is sung by fans of Bristol Rovers, while "Drink Up Thy Zider" by The Wurzels is sung by Bristol City fans.

"Sailing" (originally by the Sutherland Brothers, but most commonly associated with Rod Stewart) is adapted by a number of clubs. Chesterfield fans, sings the song usually whenever the Spireites look to be 'sailing' to victory. A much faster-tempo version of the melody is used by Millwall F.C. fans for their famous chant "No one likes us, we don't care". Tottenham fans sang the song as "We are Tottenham, from the Lane", and variations of the same chant are sung by fans of other clubs.

Birmingham City adopted "Keep Right on to the End of the Road" by Sir Harry Lauder after the team sang it on the coach before the 1956 FA Cup Final Versus Manchester City, it was heard by the fans outside Wembley Stadium. The song was a favourite of Alex Govan who introduced to his teammates, and their manager Arthur Turner used the song as a pre-match ritual in their FA Cup run. It has been the Blues Anthem ever since.

Supporters of Hibernian are known for singing "Sunshine on Leith" due to the song's composers and performers The Proclaimers being well known Hibernian supporters and the song's reference to Hibernian's home in Leith and as such the song has become an unofficial club anthem. The club has in the past also played other songs by the pair at its home ground Easter Road, such as "I'm on My Way", though none have the same association with the team that "Sunshine on Leith" does.

Fans of Tottenham Hotspur sing Barry Manilow's "Can't Smile Without You".

Brighton & Hove Albion play "Good Old Sussex by the Sea" before each home game at Falmer Stadium, a tradition continued from their time at the "Goldstone Ground."

Stoke City fans have sung "Delilah" by Tom Jones since the 1980s.

Supporters of Sheffield Wednesday regularly sing the words "Honolulu Wednesday" to the tune of "Honolulu Baby"; a song which featured in the 1933 film Sons of the Desert starring Laurel and Hardy. Across the city, Sheffield United F.C. fans celebrate the start of home games with a chorus of The Greasy Chip Butty Song.

Before every match, Nottingham Forest fans sing "Mull of Kintyre", replacing "Mull of Kintyre" with "City Ground", and "Mist rolling in from the sea" with "Mist rolling in from the Trent". "Mull of Kintyre" has also been adopted by Charlton Athletic, with Valley, Floyd Road and the Thames similarly being referenced.

"Men of Harlech" is sung in a few Welsh clubs such as Cardiff City and Wrexham but with different lyrics. Wrexham fans sing it as "Wrexham is the name".

"Can't Help Falling in Love" has been adopted originally by Sunderland as well as several other teams including Huddersfield Town, Hull City, Preston North End, Rotherham United, Swindon Town, Swansea, AFC Wimbledon, and Columbus Crew.

The Dave Clarke Five's "Glad All Over" has been sung since the 1960s by Crystal Palace and is also used by several clubs after a home goal is scored, including Swindon Town.

Gateshead supporters sing "Trail of the Lonesome Pine" from the film Way Out West.

Sydney FC supporter group "The Cove" sing "Rhythm of My Heart" by Rod Stewart in the 23rd minute of every game as tribute to supporters who have died.

Feyenoord fans sing an adaption of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" after the team scores at De Kuip.

Dundee United fans have been known to sing Daniel Boone's single "Beautiful Sunday".

Coventry City former chairman and manager Jimmy Hill, adopted the "Eton Boating song" as the club's official anthem to create Play up Sky blues in the early 1960s. The song has been sung on the terraces ever since and remains one of the most recognisable in English football.

Fans of Shamrock Rovers sing "Build Me Up Buttercup" by The Foundations.

Country-specific songs and chants

"Vamos, vamos, Argentina" is a stadium anthem sung by Argentine fans in support of their national team. At the 2014 World Cup, "Brasil Decime Qué Se Siente" ("Brazil tell me how it feels"), sung to the tune of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Bad Moon Rising" and first used by San Lorenzo fans, became a popular song chanted by Argentine fans directed at Brazil.

"Cielito Lindo" is a song popularly sung by Mexican fans as an unofficial national anthem. Brazilian songs popularly sung by the country's fans include "Eu Sou Brasileiro" ("I'm Brazilian"). Similarly Spanish fans may sing "Yo soy Español" ("I'm Spanish"), which is sung to the tune of "Kalinka" after they beat Russia in Euro 2008. Other songs Spanish fans may sing include "Y Viva España".

Songs commonly sung by fans of England national team include "Here We Go" (with "England" enunciated as a three-syllable "Eng-ger-land"), "Three Lions (Football's Coming Home)", theme from The Great Escape, and others. A few songs are directed against specific teams, such as "Ten German Bombers" usually sung at their matches against Germany. During UEFA Euro 2020 they began singing "Sweet Caroline" by Neil Diamond.

Fans of the Wales national team have adopted the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" by Frankie Valli as an anthem since 1993.

"Allez Les Bleus!" is used to cheer on the French national team. French fans are also known for singing "la la la la la" to the tune of Gloria Gaynor's song "I Will Survive" since the 1998 World Cup won by France.

"Contigo Perú" is a famous song that is often sung by Peruvian football fans during their National Team's matches, even in the Russia 2018 World Cup match vs France. "Vamos" is also popular chants used by a number of Latin American countries. "Soy Celeste" ("I'm sky blue") has been used by the Uruguayans in reference to their national flag.

Chant Laureate
On 11 May 2004, Jonny Hurst was chosen as England's first "Chant Laureate". Barclaycard set up the competition to choose a Chant Laureate, to be paid £10,000 to tour Premier League stadia and compose chants for the 2004–05 football season. The judging panel was chaired by the Poet Laureate Andrew Motion, who said "What we felt we were tapping into was a huge reservoir of folk poetry."

Argentine fútbol chanting

Following the work of Pablo Alabarces and others, Eduardo Herrera suggests that soccer chanting in Argentina allows participants to create value around and give meaning to the idea of "aguante," which is "central in the construction of an ideal masculinity." "Aguante" translates to "endurance" or "stamina" in English. In practice, aguante is part of a masculine discourse that "divides the world between 'real men' and 'not men.' Garriga Zucal and Daniel Salerno have identified three main signs of aguante. The first is "alentar siempre," which means to show support for the team throughout the entire match by jumping or chanting, even through bad weather or poor performance by the team. Secondly, to show aguante, a man must show up to all the matches, including away games that require long, uncomfortable trips. Thirdly, a fan must withstand confrontation to demonstrate aguante, either through chanting at opposing fans or through physical fights.

Participating in chanting or cantitos is a major way the barras bravas, or the most important militant groups of fans, can demonstrate aguante. The barras bravas, who are also known as the hinchada militante, stand throughout the game behind the goal and chant the entire time. These groups bring instruments to the matches in order to synchronize the chanting. The most prominent instrument is the bombo con platillo, which is a large bass drum with a diameter of 22-24 inches. The bombos con platillo are often decorated with the team's colors and name and the name of the barra group, which is distinct from the team name. Along with these drums, other types of drums include Brazilian surdo drums, redoblantes (snare drums), and repiques. The barras often have other percussion instruments, including scrappers, tambourines, cowbells, and agogo bells. In addition to percussion, most barras have at least three trumpet players, and many teams might add trombones or euphoniums. While the bombo players are always from the barras bravas itself, because of the advanced skill it takes to play the brass instruments, the barras sometimes hire outside brass players to play during a match.

In the ensemble, one bombo player serves as the leader of the group, where he leads with exaggerated arm movements that are easy for the players to follow, but the leader of the chanting is often falls to another leader of the barras. They might lead by giving verbal or visual cues to the head bombo player, or they might just independently start a chant and expect the ensemble to follow.

title: Football chant


text:
Bukowina

Bukowina may refer to the geographical region of Bukovina, now divided between Romania and Ukraine and known in German and Polish as Bukowina.

Bukowina may also refer to any of the following places in Poland:

 * Bukowina, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Biłgoraj County in Lublin Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Piotrków County in Łódź Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Tomaszów Lubelski County in Lublin Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Jarosław County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Nisko County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Bukowina, Pomeranian Voivodeship

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bukowina


text:
Talk:A.'.A.'.

Cite please? Or is this simply based on the Illuminatus! books? -- The Anome 20:18, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:A.'.A.'.


text:
JMC Air

JMC Airlines Limited (also known as JMC Air, JMC Airlines or simply JMC and stylised as jmc) was a charter airline in the United Kingdom formed by the merger of Caledonian Airways and Flying Colours Airlines, following the purchase of Thomas Cook & Son by the Carlson Leisure Group. JMC Air was named after the initials of the son of Thomas Cook, John Mason Cook. The airline was rebranded and remodeled in March 2003 to Thomas Cook Airlines UK. The airline operated flights from its 6 operating bases in the UK, offering seat-only bookings and bookings via Thomas Cook Tour Operations (Thomas Cook Package Holidays).

History
It started operating under the name from March 2000. The main operating bases were London Gatwick Airport and Manchester Airport. Aircraft were also stationed at London Stansted Airport, Birmingham International Airport, Bristol Airport, Glasgow International Airport, Cardiff Airport and Newcastle Airport.

At the start of operations the fleet consisted of Boeing 757-200, Airbus A320, Airbus A330-200 and McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aircraft. Subsequently, the airline became the first UK operator of the stretched Boeing 757-300. Thomas Cook was sold to C&N Touristic of Germany in 2000. On 31 March 2003 Thomas Cook rebranded the airline along with its other airlines as Thomas Cook Airlines.

Fleet
JMC rebranded as Thomas Cook Airlines in 2003. JMC operated the following aircraft in March 2003 before cessation of operations: The only other aircraft operated were two McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30s, which were put out of service in 2001.

JMC were the first UK operator to use the Boeing 757-300.

Destinations
See: Thomas Cook Airlines destinations

title: JMC Air


text:
Matthew Brady

Matthew Brady (1799 – 4 May 1826) was an English-born convict who became a bushranger in Van Diemen's Land (modern-day Tasmania). He was sometimes known as "Gentleman Brady" due to his good treatment and fine manners when robbing his victims.

Early life
Brady, whose proper name was Bready, was born in Manchester at just about the close of 18th century. His occupation in England was that of a gentleman's servant, probably a groom, as he was an excellent and even a graceful rider, and perfect in his horsemanship.

Convict years
Brady was convicted of stealing a basket, some butter, bacon, sugar, and rice, and tried at Lancaster on 17 April 1820. He received a seven-year sentence of transportation, arriving in Australia in the convict ship Juliana on 29 December 1820.

He rebelled against the conditions in Sydney and received, over time, a total of 350 lashes in punishment for misdemeanours and attempts to escape. In 1823, he was sent to the new penal settlement at Sarah Island in Macquarie Harbor, which had been established 'for secondary offenders and desperate prisoners'.

On 7 June 1824, Brady was part of a group of fifteen escapees from Sarah Island who sailed a whaleboat around the south coast to the River Derwent and spent the next two years as bushrangers.

Bushranging
Brady was considered a gentleman who rarely robbed or insulted women. The military considered him a dangerous bushranger after Brady's gang held up the township of Sorell and captured the local garrison (in which the garrison commander, Lieut. William Gunn was shot in the arm, which was subsequently amputated). On 14 April 1825 Lieut. Governor George Arthur posted rewards for the capture of Brady and his gang of 25 pounds and a conditional pardon.

In return, Brady posted his own reward stating:

"It has caused Matthew Brady much concern that such a person known as Sir George Arthur is at large. Twenty gallons of rum will be given to any person that will deliver his person unto me. I also caution John Priest that I will hang him for his ill-treatment of Mrs. Blackwell at Newtown."

- 'M. BRADY.'

In November 1825, a description of the Brady's gang of bushrangers was published, provided by Mr. R. Denne, overseer for Silas Gatehouse near Grindstone Bay (60 miles north-east of Hobart). Denne had spent six days in the custody of the gang. He described his captors as having no fixed leader, "though the opinions of Brady or Dunne are generally listened to", adding that "they frequently debate and quarrel for hours together, about their future proceedings". Denne provided the following descriptions of the gang members:
 * Brady, called 'Mat' by his comrades, was described as being "stout, square-built", and slightly marked with smallpox.
 * Dunne was taller, "with red whiskers, and pock-pitted".
 * Bird was dark, tall and athletic, with "the appearance of a gipsy"; he had lost part of one of his fingers.
 * McKenney was shorter, stouter, and "fresh complexioned".
 * Brown was described as being deaf.
 * Murphy was a "little man", with "a piece of gold lace, with a precious stone, round his cap".
 * Cody was "subject, at times, to dreadful stings of conscience".
 * Bryan (no description beyond his name).

On 4 March 1826, Brady and his gang of fourteen attacked Mr. Dry's homestead at night. It was a new moon so the night was particularly dark. A servant managed to run to town and call alarm. A posse of troopers responded and a gunfight ensued. No one was killed and the bushrangers slipped away into the night. Three days later, Brady rode to Tom Kenton's farm and shot him dead. It was a payback for Kenton setting a trap on Brady. Brady was briefly captured but managed to escape and swore revenge. Days later Brady and his gang captured a boat, intending to sail it to the Australian mainland. Due to bad weather crossing Bass Strait, they were forced to turn back.

Capture
After the sailing fiasco, one of Brady's gang members, an ex-convict name Cowan, betrayed him for a pardon. On 28 March 1826, in consequence of private information, Lieutenant Williams of the 57th Regiment with 14 soldiers and four armed prisoners made contact with Brady's gang south of Launceston. Both parties fired, and during the ensuing gun battle Brady was wounded in the leg. The bushrangers separated as they fled. Two stragglers were caught by local farmers.

Brady and four others made it as far as Watery Plains (15 miles south-east of Launceston). On the Saturday night (1 April), a campfire was spotted and John Batman and party went to investigate. The outlaws all fled into the bush, abandoning their fire. Batman and his crew stayed near the campfire. During the night Batman heard a noise and went out to investigate. He saw a man limping in the bush near a shallow creek and hastened towards him; it was Brady. Batman induced Brady to surrender and return with him. The outlaw was ill and suffering much pain and did as he was asked.

On Sunday morning, Batman delivered Brady to the Launceston gaol. News quickly spread that Brady was caught and the townsfolk turned out to see the captured felon pass by on horseback.

Sentencing
On Thursday 27 April 1826, Brady and Patrick Bryant pleaded guilty to the murder with malice of Thomas Kenton. The same two also pleaded guilty of stealing four horses from Mr. Lawrence.

Brady was duly sentenced to death.

Death
Brady was hanged on 4 May 1826, at the old Hobart gaol. Four other bushrangers were hanged with him: Patrick Bryant, John Perry, John Thompson, and Thomas Jeffrey. Brady complained bitterly at being hanged alongside Jeffrey, who, as Brady pointed out, was an informer as well as a cannibal and mass murderer. There were multiple unsuccessful petitions to halt his execution, and his cell was filled with wine, fruit, cakes, confectionary, and flowers from the ladies of Hobart Town.

The Herald wrote of his death: "There was a hush, broken only by stifled sobs, as the bushranger knelt to receive the last consolations of his faith. Then, standing erect, he bade adieu to the multitude and died more like a martyr than a convicted felon."

Legacy
One of his hideouts is now known as Brady's Lookout and is a popular picnic area with views over the Tamar River. There is also another of his hide outs at Notley Hills Gorge, with a lovely bush walk, and an information board about Brady.

His life was dramatised on radio in "The Capture of Sorrell Gaol", an episode of Thereby Hangs a Tale in 1950.

In 1955 he was the subject of a radio feature Matt Brady, Bushranger: The Adventures of a Gay Rogue.

title: Matthew Brady


text:
Rossini Opera Festival

The Rossini Opera Festival (ROF) is an international music festival held in August of each year in Pesaro, Italy, the birthplace of the opera composer Gioachino Rossini. Its aim, in addition to studying the musical heritage of the composer, is to revive and perform his works in a unique setting that allows collaboration of scholars, artists, and audience. It is often simply referred to as the Pesaro Festival.

Performances are given in the 850-seat theatre built in 1818, the Teatro Rossini and, since 1988, the modified sports arena (Palasport) which holds 1,500, as well as, since 2006, Vitrifrigo Arena, with over 10,000. Since 2000 another venue, the Teatro Sperimentale (Experimental Theatre), has offered the opportunity to present smaller-scale or minor works by contemporaries of Rossini such as Mosca, Generali, and Coccia. The main square of Pesaro, the Piazza del Popolo, also hosts outdoor performances. It will be extensively used during the Festival's 2020 season, which was modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rossini's music in Pesaro
Prior to the establishment of the Festival, it was not uncommon to see productions of Rossini's music taking place to mark occasions in his life and death. Thus, in 1868 when the composer died in Paris, his Stabat Mater was performed along with Semiramide and Otello. The first centennial of Rossini's birth in 1892 saw L'occasione fa il ladro and the twentieth-century seasons saw many Rossini operas including many quite obscure ones.

The Festival established in 1980
The Festival was established in 1980 with the aim of making the world more aware of Rossini's neglected operas and presenting all of them in collaboration with the Casa Ricordi music publishing house, which published their critical editions. Of the approximately three dozen operas written, only a handful are regularly presented. On 13 August 1993, the Italian parliament unanimously approved the Special Law N. 319 "Regulations in support of the Rossini Opera Festival", which recognizes the Pesaro Festival's achievements in the reviving of Rossini's operas as entitled to be included among the state-supervised works of restoration of the national artistic heritage. The ensuing grant (of which parliament has recently approved the continuation) is financed from the funds of the Beni Culturali.

The Rossini Festival has seen many of Rossini's lesser-known works revived, some of which have since entered the standard operatic repertoire.

From the beginning, the Festival attracted some major singers including Marilyn Horne, Montserrat Caballé, Ruggero Raimondi, Samuel Ramey and Juan Diego Flórez. Based on press reports, some productions have been extremely controversial.

title: Rossini Opera Festival


text:
Talk:Electric current

Exceptionally well written
I wanted to thank an editor who made all these beautiful referencess by using rp and r templates. Well done mate! Keep it up. As a side note I would propose to add coulomb per second formula for immediate clarity: C/1s = 1A/s. Best. AXO NOV (talk) ⚑ 17:26, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Exceptionality of physics formulas
I could only think that some physics and electricty formulas does have exceptionality in being "well written", either in November (whatever that means actually in Eisenstein nuclear science for civilian use), but I cennot get what is $ per second formula for immediate clarity?, a reductionism of Einsteinian formula and time-space calculations? --195.24.52.66 (talk) 10:11, 6 January 2024 (UTC) Alex on formulas

Semi-protected edit request on 30 May 2024
Hi. The first three sentences referring to electrons moving through cables or space as electric current are plain wrong. Further down the page, there‘s a paragraph about drift. Which is totally right and contradicts the wrong entry statement in its entirety. There‘s a guy called Maxwell btw, who came up with all this in 1865. I suggest you look at his equations, which are the main fundament of all science in this field. It is a charge, not electrons!!!! 2A01:599:B2D:3A9:8877:6B62:E1:C295 (talk) 08:07, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 09:33, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

contradictory, sadly - entry paragraph is at odds with an excellent section further down
Change
 * An electric current is a flow of charged particles,[1][2][3] such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space.

to
 * An electric current is the flow of a charge around an electrical conductor or through space.

Reason: The DRIFT section lower down has it right. Up here, it's very wrong. Wiki should not promote wrongness or contradict itself. Please see here: "Drift speed The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas. (More accurately, a Fermi gas.) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in most metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field. The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation: $$v={\frac {I}{nAQ}}$$ where $$v$$ is the drift velocity $$I$$ is the electric current $$n$$ is number of charged particles per unit volume (or charge carrier density) $$A$$ is the cross-sectional area of the conductor $$Q$$ is the charge on each particle. Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm2, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode-ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light. Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's equations, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in AC power lines, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance. The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it, and on their shape and size." 2003:E3:EF1C:62AA:25FC:EBCA:B8B7:B6EE (talk) 08:33, 30 May 2024 (UTC)[reply] 2003:E3:EF1C:62AA:25FC:EBCA:B8B7:B6EE (talk) 08:36, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg Note: nobody is going to replace a sourced statement with WP:OR. M.Bitton (talk) 16:21, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The current text is correct. You can abstract current to being the movement of charge, but in this universe, the movement of charge is always by the movement of charged particles.

title: Talk:Electric current


text:
Talk:Aglet

Etymology
I added some knowledge about when the aglet was first introduced and what its contents were made from or contained. But the reference I tried to add was not valid on this website because it was blacklisted but it is fine. No worries. Flirteebby (talk) 00:33, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

from VfD

 * aglet - orphan that can never be more than a dictionary definition, better redirected to Wiktionary. Daniel Quinlan 08:12, Nov 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * Agree. Anjouli 08:19, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Changed my mind after the Java def. added today. Keep it. Anjouli 08:35, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I was just screwing around; I took "can never be more than" as a challenge. I should just get a life. Don't let it influence you. orthogonal 08:41, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Seriously, keep it. I didn't know about the java. That's factual content. Why delete? Anjouli 14:35, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I've just expanded the article into a decent sized stub so I'd like to keep it. theresa knott 15:50, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Is more than a dictionary definition. Keep. Onebyone 15:59, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I created the 'aglet' page about two days ago (11-22-03), and I'm happy to see its now been handsomely flushed out from the original entence or two I posted. But if it gets complaints THIS early on, maybe Daniel Quinlan is right. Then agin, the tide seems to have turned for keeping it so DO- who knows if, heaven forbid, someone actually has to know what an Aglet is! Litefantastic
 * Keep now. can never be more than a dictionary definition should really be immortalised as famous last words for anyone listing a recently created article here...:) Jamesday 02:55, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * The funny thing is. Had the article not been listed here I and User:Orthogonal would probably never seen it and it would have more than likely stayed as a dictionary definition.The phrase "can never be more than a dictionary definition", cries out to be proved wrong and is has made the article what it is now.theresa knott 09:32, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Hear hear! -Litefantastic 8:28, 25 Nov 2003 (Eastern Time)
 * Hear hear! I enjoyed the aglet article and was startled that anyone would want to delete it.  Opus33 18:39, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's more than a dictionary definition now. -- Ortonmc 05:04, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I don't know how to edit the article, but there is a pop culture reference to the aglet in the 1990 Leslie Nielsen comedy Repossessed, which has Linda Blair in the lead role, as Nancy Aglet. In the "memorable quotes" section of imdb.com you'll find this... Frieda: What does the name 'Aglet' mean anyway? Braydon: Well a long time ago 'Aglet' meant 'He who puts those tiny little plastic things on shoelaces' you see a long time a go a mans' name was his profession. Frieda: Oh so a man named Fred Carpenter would build houses and John Baker would make bread Braydon: Exactly Ned: So what did John Hancock do? 202.50.245.82 04:18, 15 August 2006 (UTC)Rose.

im actually using this article to help right an essay for my english comp and rhet class. he said for us to do a descriptive essay about it. id post it, but i dont want him to think that i stole it from here.

The plastic tips at the end of shoelaces are called aglets. Their true purpose is sinister. - The Question

Trivia
It is as unacceptable here as it is everywhere else. Simple mentioning aglets doesn't warrant inclusion in this article, and its importance cannot be implied without a secondary source. --Eyrian 15:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

The Shakespeare reference doesn't count as trivia, then? 216.151.95.158 17:03, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No. That sentence is discussing a particular sort of aglet that was common in the past, and mentions how this was referred to in Shakespeare, giving a name to the phenomenon. --Eyrian 17:11, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Why are trivia or popculture references unacceptable in this article, or at all? Why is it not relevent to say that the aglet was mentioned in a Leslie Nielson film or in a cartoon, but for example the Albuquerque article mentions a Partridge Family song (in a very long list of pop culture references)? Mathlaura 17:09, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Neither reference is acceptable. I'll go take a look at the one you're talking about. --Eyrian 17:11, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the Shakespeare reference, if it were "Shakespeare mentions aglets in Taming of the Shrew", it would be removed. In this case, it is describing a particular variety of aglet, and Shakespeare is being used as a reference for the name. --Eyrian 17:51, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've just removed the "In popular culture" section. Apparently this isn't the first time. See WP:TRIVIA. Delicious carbuncle (talk) 00:55, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The ends on shoelaces are called aglets, their true purpose is sinister. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.241.196.167 (talk) 02:42, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

In general the "In Popular Culture" sections annoy me, but in this case it is the only reason that someone might look up Aglet. I, for example, hit this page by searching Google for "Their true purpose is sinister". Instead of random pop culture references it might be best to include some explanation of why it often appears in TV/movies/comics. 63.197.247.13 (talk) 18:58, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Cocktail reference valid?
It was an improvement to remove the irrelevant trivia. I do think, however, that the reference to the movie Cocktail has encyclopedic value because the word "fluglebinder" has entered the common lexicon from this movie, and many people (myself included, until I did the research today) think it might be the standard word for an aiglet, a word I'd never heard before in my life. When it comes up in conversation, someone always says, "Is that a real word, or was it invented in Cocktail?" but nobody knows any other term for it. Anyway, I came to Wikipedia looking to find out if a "fluglebinder" was an aiglet, so I'd say it was relevant as encyclopedic information, and deserves a mention on this page.

So, I propose adding text similar to the following to the bottom of the main part of the entry:

 * The word flugelbinder or fluglebinder was coined in the movie Cocktail to refer to aiglets. Since then, it has caught on and is now popularly used to refer to aiglets by those are unfamiliar with the standard term.

If the addition is accepted, then I also propose creating redirect links from "Flugelbinder" and "Fluglebinder" to this article. --Atkinson (talk) 11:16, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

P.S. This is just a drive-by edit, so if there's support, then someone go ahead and make the changes because I probably won't be back any time soon. Atkinson (talk) 11:17, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

 * There was no objection, so I've made the changes myself.--Atkinson (talk) 10:08, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * And now it's gone. This is unencyclopaedic, trivial, and your addition was completely unreferenced. Thanks. Delicious carbuncle (talk) 14:38, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * And once again, the word ‘encyclopaedic’ is used to mean the opposite of encyclopaedic. —Toby Bartels (talk) 08:48, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Aglets in popular culture -> Tip of the Day - Phineas and Ferb episode
Mention it - it even includes this song: 78.88.117.116 (talk) 11:57, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Constant addition of Phineas and Ferb episode
Every week, a well-meaning visitor adds a reference to the Phineas & Ferb episode about aglets. These additions are just as quickly deleted as "trivia" by other well-meaning editors. Will this to and fro continue indefinitely? Is it worth adding a suitably worded entry just to stop the constant edit battle? Is there justification for adding such a reference anyway? After all, unlike other "trivia", this is a whole episode of a cartoon devoted not just to "aglets" but to the fact that the word "aglet" is largely unknown, probably because it is such a "trivial" object (and therefore commonly appears in trivia quizzes). Ian Fieggen (talk) 23:37, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Look, I watch Phineas and Ferb; I like Phineas and Ferb. But that doesn't mean that the show needs to be mentioned here. In the List of Phineas and Ferb episodes entry for the episode in question, the word aglet is quite properly linked to this article for the benefit of readers wanting more information about aglets. But adding a mention of the episode here does not provide readers with any useful information about aglets or about Phineas and Ferb. "I spotted a reference to X in poplar-culture artifact Y" is not, in general, encyclopedic content; in fact, I think I first looked at this article shortly after the episode aired because I knew that this would happen. Deor (talk) 02:50, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * And I looked at this article specifically because of that episode and my curiosity to find out more about the aglet and why it would be worth the time to make it a plot in a cartoon. IMHO, pop culture references are a part of any object's meaning and history, regardless of how trivial said object might be. After all, not only are there entire dictionaries dedicated to slang terms, much of which arise from "pop culture," but also find their way into "normal" dictionaries as well. Wikipedia is supposed to be an ever growing repository of knowledge on any and every conceivable subject known to man (and woman). Major inclusion of an object into cultural reference, be it "pop" or otherwise, is surely deserving of some kind of side note, especially when said reference is an influencing factor in a person's reason for desiring to gather more information about said object. The fact that P&F has had such an influence on enough people to be included in this debate, seems to me to make it enough of a factor to be included in a reference/trivia note. Hanok Odbrook 68.80.23.59 (talk) 15:31, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * how about if i mentioned and put a reference link about the impact that episode had on gen Z, teaching about the aglet, and how it is on the other hand uncommon for many older people to not know what an aglet is? Kikiwiki el Wikipedio (talk) 17:48, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Kikiwiki el Wikipedio Necropost, this talk post hasn't been active for a while, chances are no one's gonna respond Pineap pman  ( talk  |  tribs ) 17:14, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

It should be mentioned that it is a very common joke that people do not know what aglets are, often referring to them simply as "the thing on the end of your shoelaces," which is the reason for it's inclusion into various pop-cultural references. Seeing as how this concerns the aglet specifically, to umbrella the concept, I propose that the article read "It is a common joke in English-speaking countries that the proper name for the aglet is regularly unknown."--142.167.187.54 (talk) 20:18, 1 July 2011 (UTC)
 * A common joke? I don't get it. Article seems just fine as it is to me. Doctorhawkes (talk) 02:50, 2 July 2011 (UTC)
 * If it's genuinely a common joke, we'd just need a source remarking on that. We shouldn't pull together a few examples and announce that we, Wikipedia, declare jokes about the naming of aglets to be "common", though - that's original research. --McGeddon (talk) 16:13, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

TV Tropes has an article about the prsence of aglets in pop culture What The Heck Is An Aglet?. Just saying.85.55.134.76 (talk) 19:24, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Bringing Awareness
In an attempt to create an offcially recognized day centered around aglets, it is being suggested from the blog casualwhatever.blogspot.com that people bring awareness to this invention. It is suggested by the blog to alert people of aglets and the pending official day. The day suggested is November 11th (11/11 to represent dangling shoelaces). It is asked that on November 11th people wear shoelaces as bracelets with the aglets dangle. The catchphrase being used ont he blog is "let them dangle". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Overlordofplanetawesome (talk • contribs) 17:16, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

LIKEwise, the term "shoelace nipple" is often overlooked. Let us bring awareness to the term "shoelace nipple" while also bringing attention to this thing that you are talking about. Let them dangle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.28.155.104 (talk) 04:26, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SaraNigatu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:37, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aglet


text:
James P. Fleming

James Phillip Fleming (born March 12, 1943) is a former United States Air Force pilot who served in the Vietnam War. Born in Sedalia, Missouri, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing a six-man MACV-SOG reconnaissance team, stranded between heavily defended enemy positions, near Đức Cơ, Vietnam in 1968.

Early life
Born in March 12, 1943 in Sedalia, Missouri, Fleming entered military service at Pullman, Washington.

Military career
In 1968, Fleming was an aircraft commander of a UH-1F transport helicopter assigned to the 20th Special Operations Squadron at Ban Me Thuot East Airfield in the Republic of Vietnam. On November 26, a six-man reconnaissance team of Army Special Forces Green Berets had been lifted into Vietnam's western highlands, near the Cambodian border and about 30 mi west of Pleiku. Hours later, they found themselves penned up next to a river, with enemy forces on the three remaining sides. The team leader's call for immediate evacuation was received by an Air Force forward air controller (FAC), Major Charles E. Anonsen, as well as Fleming's nearby flight of five UH-1s. All five helicopters, despite being low on fuel, headed toward the coordinates while the FAC briefed them on the situation.

The Green Berets were taking heavy fire from six heavy machine guns and an undetermined number of enemy troops. As soon as the helicopters sighted the team's smoke, the gunships opened fire, knocking out two machine gun positions. One gunship was hit and crash-landed across the river, its crew picked up by another of the transports. A second transport, low on fuel, had to pull out of formation and return to base. There were only two helicopters left, Fleming's and one other that was almost out of ammunition.

Hovering just above the jungle treetops, Fleming inspected the only clearing near enough for the troops to reach and found it impossible to land there. He instead flew over the river and hovered just above the water, with his landing skids against the bank, hoping that the special forces troops would be able to run the few yards to his helicopter safely. In addition to exposing his aircraft to ground fire, this maneuver was a balancing act that required great piloting skill. After waiting for several minutes, the reconnaissance team radioed that they could not survive a dash to the helicopter. Fleming lifted his UH-1 out of range of the hostile fire.

The FAC directed the Green Berets to detonate their mines as Fleming made a last attempt to rescue them. As the mines exploded, he again lowered his helicopter to the river bank, balancing against it, giving the Green Berets an open cargo door through which to leap to safety. The enemy soldiers concentrated their fire on the UH-1. The Green Berets ran for the chopper, firing as they ran and killing three Viet Cong barely 10 ft from the aircraft. As they leaped through the cargo door, Fleming once more backed the helicopter away from the bank and flew down the river to safety.

In a ceremony at the White House on May 14, 1970, President Richard Nixon presented the Medal of Honor to Fleming for his actions during the rescue. Fleming's other decorations include the Silver Star, the Distinguished Flying Cross and eight Air Medals.

Fleming remained in the air force, becoming a colonel and a member of the Officer Training School staff at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, before his retirement in 1996.

Awards and decorations
Fleming's decorations include:

Medal of Honor citation
Fleming's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Capt. Fleming (then 1st Lt.) distinguished himself as the Aircraft Commander of a UH-1F transport Helicopter. Capt. Fleming went to the aid of a 6-man special forces long range reconnaissance patrol that was in danger of being overrun by a large, heavily armed hostile force. Despite the knowledge that 1 helicopter had been downed by intense hostile fire, Capt. Fleming descended, and balanced his helicopter on a river bank with the tail boom hanging over open water. The patrol could not penetrate to the landing site and he was forced to withdraw. Dangerously low on fuel, Capt. Fleming repeated his original landing maneuver. Disregarding his own safety, he remained in this exposed position. Hostile fire crashed through his windscreen as the patrol boarded his helicopter. Capt. Fleming made a successful takeoff through a barrage of hostile fire and recovered safely at a forward base. Capt. Fleming's profound concern for his fellowmen, and at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Air Force and reflect great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of his country."

title: James P. Fleming


text:
Wit

Wit is a form of intelligent humour—the ability to say or write things that are clever and typically funny. Someone witty is a person who is skilled at making clever and funny remarks. Forms of wit include the quip, repartee, and wisecrack.

Forms
As in the wit of Dorothy Parker's set, the Algonquin Round Table, witty remarks may be intentionally cruel (as also in many epigrams), and perhaps more ingenious than funny.

A quip is an observation or saying that has some wit but perhaps descends into sarcasm, or otherwise is short of a point. A witticism also suggests the diminutive.

Repartee is the wit of the quick answer and capping comment: the snappy comeback and neat retort.

Metaphysical poetry as a style was prevalent in the time of English playwright William Shakespeare, who admonished pretension with the phrase "Better a witty fool than a foolish wit". It may combine word play with conceptual thinking, as a kind of verbal display requiring attention, without intending to be laugh-out-loud funny. Indeed wit in verse can be a thin disguise for more poignant feelings. English poet John Donne is the representative of this style.

Other uses
More generally, one's wits are one's intellectual powers of all types. Native wit—meaning the wits with which one is born—is closely synonymous with common sense. To live by one's wits is to be an opportunist, but not always of the scrupulous kind. To have one's wits about one is to be alert and capable of quick reasoning. To be at the end of one's wits ("I'm at wits' end") is to be immensely frustrated.

title: Wit