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Stewart Culin

Robert Stewart Culin (July 13, 1858 – April 8, 1929) was an American ethnographer and author interested in games, art and dress. Culin played a major role in the development of ethnography, first concentrating his efforts on studying the Asian-Americans workers in Philadelphia. His first published works were "The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America" and "China in America: A study in the social life of the Chinese in the eastern cities of the United States", both dated 1887. He believed that similarity in gaming demonstrated similarity and contact among cultures across the world.

Early life
Born Robert Stewart Culin, a son of Mina Barrett Daniel Culin and John Culin, in Philadelphia, Culin was schooled at Nazareth Hall. While he had no formal education in anthropology, Culin played a role in the development of the field. His interest began with the Asian-American population of Philadelphia, then composed chiefly of Chinese-American laborers.

His first published works were an 1887 article for a medical journal, "The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America" and his speech to the American Association for the Advancement of Science on "China in America : a study in the social life of the Chinese in the eastern cities of the United States". In 1889 Culin published a report about Chinese games. In 1890 he wrote an article about Italian marionettes was inspired by a visit to a marionette theater in New York City.

World of games
Active in several ethnographic organizations during the late 1880s, Culin became involved with the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago during 1893. As an assistant curator, Culin organized several game-related exhibitions. In addition, 1891 saw the publication of two papers. The first treated the street games of city boys, the second dealt with Chinese gambling games, providing explanations on Fan-Tan and Pak Kop Pin. At the World Exposition, Culin met Frank Hamilton Cushing. The two became friends and endeavored to create the first cumulative documentation on the world's games.

In 1892 Culin became Director of the University of Pennsylvania's Museum of Archaeology and Paleontology. Married on March 18, 1893, to Helen Bunker, Culin published on the games exhibit at the 1891 Chicago exposition. In 1899 he became curator at the Free Museum of Science and Arts in Philadelphia on American and general ethnology.

Korean Games, with comparisons to those of other Asian cultures, were the topic of Culin's first book, published in 1895. This work was inspired by Cushing, then of the Bureau of American Ethnology of Washington. Culin became interested in chess and card games and published a paper on the topic in 1886. He worked with Cushing on an article called Arrow games and their variants in America and the Orient. When Cushing became ill, Culin continued the work and eventually published three inter-related papers: American Indian Games (1898), Hawaiian Games (1899) and Philippine Games (1900). After Cushing's death in 1900, Culin published a revised version of American Indian Games in 1903.

Professional life
Although he had no formal training, Robert Stewart Culin is known today as an expert on games as well as for his museum work. His influence was not limited to the two great institutions where he spent his career—the University of Pennsylvania and the Brooklyn Museum. Culin was also a founding member of both the American Anthropological Association and the American Folklore Society, and was an experienced collector and exhibitor who organized exhibitions at world's fairs in Madrid (1892) and Chicago (1893). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1897.

Culin's collecting methodology in many ways exemplified the attitudes and assumptions of the heyday of anthropological collecting known as the "museum age" (1875–1925). His major focus was to understand the "language of things", which resulted in innovative exhibitions and collaboration with several colleagues, especially in the worlds of fashion and design. He was a meticulous record keeper whose exhaustive documentation practices, unique to museums today, created a level of documentation that set standards in the field. Culin endeavored to document both the meanings and the origins of the objects he collected.

Culin began his career by studying the life and culture of Chinese Americans in Philadelphia. During the 1890s, while employed at the University of Pennsylvania, he turned his attention to Native American culture. After resigning from the university in 1903, Culin was appointed Curator of the Brooklyn Museum's newly established Department of Ethnology. Under the parentage of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (founded 1890), the museum was about to embark on a new era, "building up great ethnological collections, sending out expeditions for the acquiring of antiquities, first over all America, then over the entire world".

Culin immediately set out on a series of field trips through the Southwest, California, and the Northwest Coast. By 1911, he had collected more than nine thousand Native American objects and acquired or created an astonishing level of attendant documentation. Believing that he had collected everything necessary to represent Native Americans, he turned his interests to the cultures of Asia and finally Eastern Europe. Culin was concerned not only with finding and acquiring objects for the museum, but also with documenting the maker, the social position of the seller, the circumstances of purchase, the provenance, the use of the object, and the cultural life of the region. Thus, the collection includes information on the cultural and historical context of objects, as seen through Culin's eyes. Like his colleagues, what Culin collected and decided not to collect (both of which are documented here) are important parameters in the history of cultural representation in museums. His opinions and biases are evident throughout the collection.

Culin amassed an extensive research collection, including correspondence, manuscripts (his own and those of others), reports, publications, and clippings. A full visual record complementing the written documentation includes photographs, sketches, watercolors, oil paintings, postcards, and other illustrative study material. The depth and range of the information available in the Culin Archival Collection make it a critical resource for the study of cultural anthropology, art and cultural history, costume and textile design, ethnology, folklore, linguistics, museology, and photography on an international scale. The collection contains valuable information on the development of ethnology as a discipline, on the part played by museums in presenting and interpreting objects and cultures, and on the social and economic consequences, within native communities, of large-scale systematic collecting.

Reflecting Culin's strong interest in Native American cultures, the Archives provides a vivid account of the circumstances under which he collected and of the individuals, native and non-native, who assisted him in the field. His intellectual exchanges with several of his colleagues, such as Franz Boas from the American Museum of Natural History, George Amos Dorsey at the Field Museum, and Frank Hamilton Cushing of the Bureau of American Ethnology, are evident in his extensive correspondence files. Textual and visual materials from Cushing form an important component of the Culin Archives. Cushing, who lived with the Zuni between 1879 and 1884, was a major influence on Culin's choice of Zuni as his main collecting focus in the Southwest. Because of their close personal friendship, Culin acquired a large collection of sketches, photographs, and notes from Cushing's estate; the accompanying correspondence between Culin and Cushing provides a detailed picture of their collaboration.

Culin was among the first curators to recognize the museum installation as an art form in itself and to display ethnological collections as art objects, not as mere specimens. He had a revolutionary interest in the interchange between museum curatorship and contemporary costume and textile designers. Through his close professional relationship with M. D. C. Crawford of Women's Wear Daily he brought the museum's collections to the attention of the design community. Culin established a study room in the museum for designers to view the collections and organized traveling exhibitions for department stores around the country. The Crawford correspondence and writings are an important reflection of the evolution of a school of American design. Culin's friendship with artists is also evident in the collection, which contains correspondence from Thomas Eakins and the designer Ruth Reeves, among others.

The Culin Archive at the Brooklyn Museum
In 1903, Culin resigned from the University of Pennsylvania and became curator of Ethnology at the Institute of Arts and Sciences of the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. He began a series of collection expeditions to study Native Americans in the Southwest and California. Culin accumulated a large body of artifacts in the course of his career. Meticulous in their description, Culin captured "the maker, use of the object, social position of the seller, the circumstances of purchase, the provenance". He also exchanged letters with Franz Boas and George Amos Dorsey. In 1907 Culin unified his 14 years of theories and ideas in the seminal work Games of North American Indians, using the categories games of skill and games of chance to organize the work.

After 1907, Culin became interested in decorative art such as costume, fashion, and furniture. Working with Women's Wear Daily, he displayed contemporary fashion, changed museum rooms and created traveling exhibits to exhibit textiles and foster the study of design. As a curator at the Brooklyn Museum, Culin was instrumental in opening exhibits on the major cultures of the world. In the midst of a number of collecting expeditions to Africa, China, Japan and Europe, Culin married Alice Mumford Roberts in 1917.

In the 1920s Culin made several collecting expeditions to Europe and published on Asian games, African games and European dress. Well known in the worlds of anthropology, ethnography and the fashion industry, Culin died in 1929 in Amityville, Long Island, New York.

Writings

 * (1887) The Practice of Medicine by the Chinese in America
 * (1887) China In America: A Study In The Social Life Of The Chinese In The Eastern Cities Of The United States
 * (1889) Chinese Games with Dice. Philadelphia: Oriental Club of Philadelphia. 21pp.
 * (1890 March). Italian Marionettes. Journal of American Folklore, 155–157.
 * (1891) Gambling Games of the Chinese in America. University of Pennsylvania Series in Philology, Literature and Archaeology 1 (4). 17pp.
 * (1891) Street Games of Boys in Brooklyn. Journal of American Folklore 4, 221–237.
 * (1893) Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes. Annual Report of the U.S. National Museum 1893, 491-537
 * (1893) Exhibition of Games in the Columbian Exposition. Journal of American Folklore vol. 6, no. 22, 205–227.
 * (1894) Mancala, the National Game of Africa. Annual Report of the U.S. National Museum 1894, 597-606
 * (1894) Popular literature of the Chinese laborers in the United States. Oriental Studies: A Selection of the Papers read before the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, 1888-1894
 * (1896) Chess and Playing-Cards. Annual Report of the U.S. National Museum 1896, 665–942.
 * (1898 October). American Indian Games. Journal of American Folklore, 245–252.
 * (1899) Hawaiian Games. American Anthropologist (ns) 1 (2), 201–247.
 * (1900) Philippine Games. American Anthropologist (ns) 2, 643–656.
 * (1903) American Indian Games. American Anthropologist (ns) 5, 58–64.
 * (1920 October) Japanese Game of Sugoroku. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 7, 213–233.
 * (1924 October) Game of Ma-Jong. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 11, 153–168.
 * (1925 July) Japanese Swinging Bat Game (paper). Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 12, 133–150.
 * (1925 July) Japanese Game of Battledore and Shuttlecock. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly 12, 133–150.

Books

 * Culin, Stewart; University of Pennsylvania Press(1895). Korean Games With Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan. (Ed. 1958/1960) Games of The Orient. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 177 pages. (Ed. 1991) Korean Games With Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan. Dover Publications. 256 pp. ISBN 0-486-26593-5.
 * Culin, Stewart (1907). 24th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology: Games of North American Indians. Washington DC: US gov Printing Office. 846 pp. (rev. ed. 1975 ) Dover Publications. 867 pp. ISBN 0-486-23125-9. (1994) University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6357-0

Biographies

 * Bronner Simon J. (1985)"Stewart Culin, Museum Magician." Pennsylvania Heritage 11, no. 3 (Summer), 4-11
 * Bronner Simon J. (1989). Object Lessons: The Work of Ethnological Museums and Collections, in Consuming Visions: Accumulation and Display of Goods in America, 1880-1920, ed. Simon J. Bronner, 217–254. New York: W.W. Norton.
 * Lawrence, Deirdre E. (1989 July). Culin: Collector and Documentor of the World he saw
 * Poster, Amy G. (2014). "Stewart Culin: Chinese vernacular culture in America and the enchantment of the Museum", in Steuber, Jason, and Lai Guolong, ed., Collectors, Collections & Collecting the Arts of China: Histories & Challenges. Gainesville. University Press of Florida, pp. 99–118.

title: Stewart Culin


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Vritti

Vritti (Vrutti)  (Sanskrit: वृत्ति, Harvard-Kyoto: vṛtti, Gujarati: વૃત્તિ), means "streams of consciousness", it is also a technical term used in yoga with five specifically defined "movements of thought" which can both help or hinder us; cf. cittavṛtti.

Outside of yoga, the scope of the idea is very broad, referring not only to thoughts and perceptions experienced when awake, dreaming, or asleep, but also to super-physical perceptions, as in any altered state of consciousness. Vritti has also been translated as "waves" or "ripples" of disturbance upon the otherwise calm waters of the mind. The classical definition of yoga as stated in the Yoga Sutras is to stop the growth of waves in the mind.

Usage in yoga
The concept of vritti is central to the main definition of yoga given in Sutra 1.2 of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: "yogasch chitta vritti nirodha". I. K. Taimni translates this as: "Yoga is the silencing of the modifications of the mind". Central to the definition of yoga is the concept of vritti as specific modifications of the mind, which it is the intent of yogic practices to silence. Vyāsa commented that it is not all movements of thought that must be restrained, only the five enumerated in the Yoga Sutra.

Swami Vivekananda uses the metaphor of a lake to illustrate this concept: “[Chitta] is the mind-stuff, and Vrttis are the waves and ripples rising in it when external causes impinge on it. The bottom of the lake we cannot see, because its surface is covered with ripples. It is only possible when the ripples have subsided, and the water is calm, for us to catch a glimpse of the bottom. If the water is muddy, the bottom will not be seen; if the water is agitated all the time, the bottom will not be seen. If the water is clear, and there are no waves, we shall see the bottom. That bottom of the lake is our own true Self; the lake is the Chitta, and the waves are the Vrttis.”

To stop waves, we have to create waves, thus in the Yoga Sutras (1:5) there are five vritti hinderous and helpful.

These are:
 * 1) Prāmana - literally "the measure of", it is the movement of thought when we experience something directly, or (by inference) infer what an experience is like, or we hear an account of what it is like that is not falsified when experienced.
 * 2) Viparyaya - misapprehension of one thing for another, which is falsified when actually experienced. Replacing sugar with salt in a recipe for example.
 * 3) Vikalpah - verbal abstraction or imagination without an objective experience
 * 4) Nidrā - waking continuum from distraction to oblivion to full sleep without the support of cognition
 * 5) Smrtayah - remembering both the material of experience and its cognition.

According to Swami Niranjanananda Saraswati
In the context of Hinduism and yoga, vrittis refer to different tendencies, or psycho-physical propensities, which give scope for the mind to express a variety of feelings and emotions. Hindu texts describe samskaras to be a result of past actions and experiences that have left an imprint on the mind. The expression of samskaras gives rise to vrittis, which collectively represent the behaviour that makes most people different from each other: difference in desires and repulsions; in predispositions and complexes.

Connections made to modern science
According to some modern descriptions, a vritti triggers the glands associated with that particular propensity to secrete the corresponding hormones. Usually this is done subconsciously, although yogis endeavour to control and master the expression of their vritties, through the practice of asanas (postures) and sadhana (meditation), leading to the attainment of siddhis (occult powers), and giving clear passage for the kundalini to rise.

Vrittis need not be considered confined to the esoteric experiences of advanced yogis. The seat of the vritti of love, or prema in Sanskrit, is the heart; the seat of the vritti of fear (bhaya) is the stomach. The sensation of feeling one's heart swoon, or "getting butterflies" corresponds to the physical expression of these psychic propensities. Each vritti may have a negative or positive expression. Even love, when over-expressed, leads to intense possessiveness. The goal of the yogi is thus not to suppress, or annul their vrittis, rather it is to find a harmonious balance, and ultimately, to channelize these tendencies inward.

As a word, vritti means literally vortex (of consciousness), or "circular activity with no beginning and no end".

Vrittis of Tantric Chakras
Below are the Vrittis associated with each of the Tantric Chakras:
 * 1) Muladhara: greatest joy, natural pleasure, delight in controlling passion, and blissfulness in concentration.
 * 2) Swadhisthana: affection, pitilessness, feeling of all-destructiveness, delusion, disdain and suspicion.
 * 3) Manipura: spiritual ignorance, thirst, jealousy, treachery, shame, fear, disgust, delusion, foolishness and sadness.
 * 4) Anahata: lustfulness, fraudulence, indecision, repentance, hope, anxiety, longing, impartiality, arrogance, incompetency, discrimination and defiance.
 * 5) Vishuddha: communication, calmness, purity, a melodious voice, and the command of speech and mantras.
 * 6) Ajna:centre of spiritual energy between the two eyebrows.
 * 7) Sahasrara:centre of spiritual energy at the crown of the head.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vritti


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Ritsumeikan University

Ritsumeikan University (立命館大学) is a private university in Kyoto, Japan, that traces its origin to 1869. In addition to its main campus in Kyoto, the university also has satellite campuses in Ibaraki, Osaka and Kusatsu, Shiga.

Today, Ritsumeikan University is known as one of Western Japan's most prestigious universities, part of the "Kan-Kan-Do-Rits" 関関同立 (Kwansei Gakuin University, Kansai University, Doshisha University, and Ritsumeikan University) abbreviation that refers to the four leading private universities in the Keihanshin region.

Ritsumeikan University is known for its Social Sciences, particularly International Relations (IR), as well as its Science & Engineering departments, with the Graduate School of International Relations being the only Japanese member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs.

History

Ritsumeikan was first founded as a private academy in 1869 by Prince Saionji Kinmochi. In 1900, Kojuro Nakagawa (the former secretary of Prince Saionji) established the Kyoto Hosei School, a law school that eventually adopted the Ritsumeikan name (with the prince's permission) and was awarded full university status in 1922. Historically, the school was seen as a liberal alternative to the state-run Kyoto University.

The name "Ritsumeikan" comes from a Mencius quotation:

Some die young, as some live long lives. This is decided by fate. Therefore, one's duty consists of cultivating one's mind during this mortal span and thereby "establishing one's destiny". (in Japanese, 立命, ritsumei)

The "kan" in addition to "ritsumei" signifies a building.

Kinugasa Campus (KIC)
In Kita-ku, Kyoto, this liberal arts-oriented campus is a roughly five-minute walk from Ryōan-ji and Kinkaku-ji temples. The campus has eight graduate schools, 17,000 undergraduate and 1,100 graduate students.
 * Colleges (学部)
 * College of Law (法学部)
 * College of Social Sciences (産業社会学部)
 * College of International Relations (国際関係学部)
 * College of Letters (文学部)
 * College of Image Arts and Sciences (映像学部)
 * Graduate Schools (大学院)
 * Graduate School of Law (法学研究科)
 * Graduate School of Sociology (社会学研究科)
 * Graduate School of International Relations (国際関係研究科)
 * Graduate School of Letters (文学研究科)
 * Graduate School of Language Education and Information Science (言語教育情報研究科)
 * Graduate School of CoreEthics and Frontier Sciences (先端総合学術研究科)
 * Institute at Kinugasa Campus (インスティテュート)
 * Inter-faculty Institute for International Studies (国際インスティテュート)
 * International Law & Business Program (国際法務プログラム)
 * International Civil Service Program (国際公共プログラム)
 * International Community Program(国際社会プログラム)
 * International Welfare Program (国際福祉プログラム)

Suzaku Campus
In Nakagyō-ku, Kyoto. This campus houses the School of Law, Graduate School of Management, and Graduate School of Public Policy, in addition to the Ritsumeikan Academy headquarters.
 * Graduate Schools (大学院)
 * Graduate School of Public Policy (公務研究科)
 * Schools (専門職大学院)
 * School of Law (法務研究科)

Biwako-Kusatsu Campus (BKC)
Biwako-Kusatsu Campus is in Kusatsu, Shiga. This technology-oriented campus is southeast of Lake Biwa, the largest freshwater lake in Japan, and is a 30-minute train ride from Kyōto Station. The campus has four undergraduate colleges, four graduate schools, 16,000 undergraduates and 1,600 graduate students.
 * Colleges (学部)
 * College of Economics (経済学部) The College of Economics offers three programs pertaining to Economic Strategy, Economic Cooperation and International Economics, and Human Welfare and Economic Conditions. The curriculum integrates theory, history, and knowledge of the current state of affairs in a structured approach on a domestic and foreign scale.
 * College of Science and Engineering (理工学部)
 * College of Information Science & Engineering (情報理工学部)
 * Integrated Institute of Arts & Science (文理総合インスティテュート)
 * College of Life Sciences (生命科学部)
 * College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (薬学部)
 * Graduate Schools (大学院)
 * Graduate School of Economics (経済学研究科)
 * Graduate School of Science and Engineering (理工学研究科)
 * Institute at BKC (インスティテュート)
 * Integrated Institute for Arts and Science
 * Environment & Design Institute (環境・デザインインスティテュート)
 * Finance Institute (ファイナンス・情報インスティテュート)
 * Service Management Institute (サービス・マネジメントインスティテュート)

Osaka-Ibaraki Campus (OIC)

 * Colleges (学部)
 * College of Business Administration (経営学部)
 * College of Policy Science (政策科学部)
 * College of Comprehensive Psychology (総合心理学部)
 * College of Global Liberal Arts (国際教養学部)
 * Graduate Schools (大学院)
 * Graduate School of Business Administration (経営学研究科)
 * Graduate School of Policy Science (政策科学研究科)
 * Graduate School of Technology Management (テクノロジー・マネジメント研究科)
 * Graduate School of Management (経営管理研究科)
 * Graduate School of Human Science (人間科学研究科)

Osaka-Umeda Campus

 * Graduate Schools for working adults (社会人大学院)
 * Graduate School of Management (経営管理研究科)
 * Graduate School of Technology Management (テクノロジー・マネジメント研究科)
 * Graduate School of Language Education and Information Science (言語教育情報研究科)

Tokyo Campus
This campus does not have a college or graduate school, but is used to support students' job searches and other activities.

Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
The Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (立命館 アジア 太平洋 大学, Ritsumeikan Ajia Taiheiyō Daigaku) is a private institution inaugurated April 2000 in Beppu, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University was made possible through the collaboration of three parties from the public and private sectors: Oita Prefecture, Beppu City and the Ritsumeikan University. APU has an enrollment of just under 6,000 students. Approximately half of the students and faculty members come from overseas, and it has 3 colleges:
 * College of Asia Pacific Studies.
 * College of International Management.
 * College of Sustainability and Tourism (from Academic Year 2023).

American Football
The university has supported an American football rules team since 1953. The team has won three national championships, seven collegiate championships, and nine conference championships.

Institutes
Ritsumeikan University has 4 research organizations and research institutes in many fields.

 * Ritsumeikan Asia-Japan Research Organization
 * Asia-Japan Research Institute
 * Kinugasa Research Organization
 * Institute of Humanities, Human and Social Sciences
 * Institute of International Relations and Area Studies
 * International Institute of Language and Culture Studies
 * Institute of Human Sciences
 * Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage
 * The Shirakawa Shizuka Institute of East Asian Characters and Culture
 * Institute of Ars Vivendi
 * BKC Research Organization of Social Sciences
 * Institute of Social Systems
 * Research Organization of Science and Technology
 * Institute of Science and Engineering
 * Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration
 * The Research and Development Institute of Regional Information

Research Center for Disaster Mitigation Systems
Established in April 2005 on the Biwako-Kusatsu Campus, work at this center focuses on disaster mitigation using sensor systems and computer networks.

Art Research Center
Located at Kinugasa Campus, this center houses the Digital Humanities Center for Japanese Arts and Cultures, which focuses on research on Japanese art and culture using digital archives, databases, and geographical information systems.

Museums
The Kyoto Museum for World Peace seeks to critically examine Japan's militaristic past and includes numerous exhibits ranging from the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 to the Iraq War.

SR center
Located at BKC campus, this center is established for research using Synchrotron Radiation.

International education
The university is one of the universities making progress in internationalization efforts and has been designated as one of the top global universities by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Ritsumeikan University has exchange programs with schools throughout the world, including the University of British Columbia, the University of Melbourne, the University of Sydney, the University of Hong Kong, King's College London and the University of Manchester. Ritsumeikan also currently offers a dual bachelor's degree program and dual master's degree program in collaboration with American University and Australian National University. Nearly 1,800 Ritsumeikan students study abroad, while Ristumeikan accepts nearly 2,500 international students every year.

Academic rankings
In the 2024 edition of the QS World University Rankings, it is ranked 631st-640th. Ranked 4th among private universities in Japan. In the 2023 edition QS Asia University Rankings, it was ranked 126th. Ranked 3rd among private universities in Japan. In the 2022 edition of the QS Graduate Employability Rankings, it ranked 201st-250th. It ranked 1st among private universities in Western Japan in the three rankings mentioned above.

In the 2023 edition of THE World University Rankings Japan, it is ranked 31st. Ranked 11th among Western Japan universities and 1st among Kinki private universities. In the same year edition of THE World University Rankings, it ranked 1201st-1500th, and in THE Asia University Rankings ranked 401st-500th.

In the 2023 edition of CWUR World University Rankings, it is ranked 1024th, in the top 5% of the world.

Notable people associated with Ritsumeikan
Notable people affiliated with Ritsumeikan University, including graduates, former students, and professors:
 * Momofuku Ando (1934 College of Economics), founder of Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd. who invented the world's first instant noodles and cup noodles.
 * Shinzo Watanabe mathematics professor, the fundamental contributor to the field of probability theory, and stochastic analysis.
 * Kenichirou Satou CEO of Rohm
 * Den Kawakatsu former CEO of Nankai Electric Railway
 * Takashi Haga former chairman and executive director of Marudai Food
 * Shinichiro Furumoto (1987 College of Law), a member of the House of Representatives
 * Kenta Izumi (1998 College of Law), a member of the House of Representatives and leader of CDP
 * Tadayoshi Ichida (1967 College of Law), a member of the House of Councillors
 * Hiroshi Okada (1969 College of Social Sciences), a member of the House of Councillors
 * Atsuya Furuta (1988 College of Business Administration), Nippon Professional Baseball player (Tokyo Yakult Swallows)
 * Cico (College of International Relations), singer and half of Bennie K
 * Shigetoshi Hasegawa (1990 College of Social Sciences), MLB player
 * Masafumi Kawaguchi (1996 College of International Relations), American football player
 * Noriaki Kinoshita (College of Business Administration), American football player
 * Hiyori Kon, female sumo wrestler
 * Rikiya Koyama (College of Law), actor
 * Daisuke Matsui (College of Business Administration), soccer player
 * Tsutomu Minakami, novelist, Naoki Prize winner
 * Masayuki Nagare, artist
 * Hiroyuki Nagato, actor
 * Gorō Naya, actor
 * Rokuro Naya (College of Law), actor
 * Isin Nisio, novelist
 * Tomokazu Ohka (College of Business Administration), MLB player
 * Quruli, Japanese music group
 * Masumi Yagi and Shigeo Takahashi, comedic duo
 * Mai Kuraki (College of Social Sciences, 2005), singer
 * Hiroshi Tanahashi, professional wrestler
 * Tomoaki Taniguchi, Japan rugby player
 * Yuji Ijiri, accounting professor
 * Princess Raiyah of Jordan
 * Tomotaka Takahashi, robot creator
 * Akira Machida, archaeologist
 * Yamaguchi Gogen (College of Law), karate master
 * Suh Sung, professor and writer
 * Otoboke Beaver, punk band
 * Mike Bellot, Haitian entrepreneur

Unions
Some staff at Ritsumeikan University are represented by the General Union, a member of the National Union of General Workers (NUGW), which is itself a member of the National Trade Union Council (Zenrokyo).

title: Ritsumeikan University


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Grout

Grout is a dense fluid that hardens used to fill gaps or as reinforcement in existing structures. Grout is generally a mixture of water, cement, and sand, and is employed in pressure grouting, embedding rebar in masonry walls, connecting sections of precast concrete, filling voids, and sealing joints such as those between tiles. Common uses for grout in the household include filling in tiles of shower floors and kitchen tiles. It is often color tinted when it has to be kept visible and sometimes includes fine gravel when being used to fill large spaces (such as the cores of concrete blocks). Unlike other structural pastes such as plaster or joint compound, correctly mixed and applied grout forms a water-resistant seal. Although both grout and its close relative mortar are applied as a thick suspension and harden over time, grout is distinguished by its low viscosity and lack of lime (added to mortar for pliability); grout is thin so it flows readily into gaps, while mortar is thick enough to support not only its own weight, but also that of masonry placed above it.

Varieties
Grout varieties include tiling, flooring, resin, nonshrinking, structural, and thixotropic grouts. The use of enhancing admixtures increases the quality of cement-based materials and leads to greater uniformity of hardened properties. Tiling grout is often used to fill the spaces between tiles or mosaics and to secure tile to its base. Although ungrouted mosaics do exist, most have grout between the tesserae. Tiling grout is also cement-based, and is produced in sanded and unsanded varieties, which affects the strength, size, and appearance of the grout. The sanded variety contains finely ground silica sand; unsanded is finer and produces a smoother final surface. They are often enhanced with polymers and/or latex. Structural grout is often used in reinforced masonry to fill voids in masonry housing reinforcing steel, securing the steel in place, and bonding it to the masonry. Nonshrinking grout is used beneath metal bearing plates to ensure a consistent bearing surface between the plate and its substrate, which adds stability and allows for higher load transfers. Portland cement is the most common cementing agent in grout, but thermoset polymer matrix grouts based on thermosets such as urethanes and epoxies are also popular. Portland cement-based grouts include different varieties depending on the particle size of the ground clinker used to make the cement, with a standard size around 15 microns, microfine from 6–10 microns, and ultrafine below 5 microns. Finer particle sizes let the grout penetrate more deeply into a fissure. Because these grouts depend on the presence of sand for their basic strength, they are often somewhat gritty when finally cured and hardened. From the different types of grout, a suitable one has to be chosen depending on the load. For example, a load up to 7.5 tons can be expected for a garage access [two-component pavement joint mortar (traffic load)], whereas a cobbled garden path is only designed for a pedestrian load [one-component pavement joint mortar (pedestrian load)]. Furthermore, various substructures determine whether the type of grout should be permanently permeable to water or waterproof, for example, by concrete subfloor.

Tools and treatments
Tools associated with groutwork include:
 * A grout saw or grout scraper is a manual tool for removal of old and discolored grout. The blade is usually composed of tungsten carbide.
 * A grout float is a trowel-like tool for smoothing the surface of a grout line, typically made of rubber or soft plastic
 * Grout sealer is a water-based or solvent-based sealant applied over dried grout that resists water, oil, and acid-based contaminants.
 * Grout cleaner is a basic cleaning solution that is applied on grout lines and removes the dirt and dust.
 * A die grinder is used for faster removal of old grout compared to a standard grout saw.
 * A pointing trowel is used for applying grout in flagstone and other stone works.
 * A multi-tool (power tools) is another option for removing tile grout between tiles when fitted with a specified diamond blade.
 * A grout clean-up bucket is a professional clean-up kit for faster grout washup. It consists of a specialised bucket on rollers with a sponge.

title: Grout


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Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services

The Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services (DPSCS) is a government agency of the State of Maryland that performs a number of functions, including the operation of state prisons. It has its headquarters in Towson, Maryland, an unincorporated community that is also the seat of Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, located north of Maryland's largest city of Baltimore. Additional offices for correctional institutions supervision are located on Reisterstown Road in northwest Baltimore.

Organizational units
Some of the agencies contained within the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services include:
 * Criminal Injuries Compensation Board
 * Division of Capital Construction and Facilities Maintenance
 * Division of Correction
 * Division of Parole and Probation
 * Division of Pretrial Detention and Services (operates the former Baltimore City Jail - now the Baltimore City Detention Center and the pre-trial release programs in the city of Baltimore)
 * Emergency Number Systems Board
 * Handgun Permit Review Board
 * Inmate Grievance Office
 * Internal Investigative Division
 * Information Technology and Communications Division
 * Maryland Correctional Enterprises
 * Maryland Parole Commission
 * Office of the Inspector General
 * Office of Planning, Policy, Regulations, and Statistics
 * Office of the Secretary
 * Police and Correctional Training Commissions
 * Public Information Office
 * Sundry Claims Board

Closed facilities

 * Herman L. Toulson Correctional Facility - Jessup
 * Jessup Pre-Release Unit - Jessup
 * Maryland House of Correction - Jessup
 * Brockbridge Correctional Facility - Jessup

Proposed facilities

 * New Youth Detention Facility (Baltimore City)
 * New Women's Detention Facility (Baltimore City)

Death row
The "Death Row" for men was in the North Branch Correctional Institution in Western Maryland's Cumberland area. The execution chamber is in the Metropolitan Transition Center (the former Maryland Penitentiary). The five men who were on the State's "death row" were moved in June 2010 from the Maryland Correctional Adjustment Center. In December 2014, former Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the sentences of all Maryland death row inmates to life sentences.

Black Guerrilla Family
In 2009, a federal indictment under the RICO Act charges that the Black Guerrilla Family gang was active in a number of facilities, including North Branch Correctional Institution, Western Correctional Institution, Eastern Correctional Institution, Roxbury Correctional Institution, Maryland Correctional Institution – Jessup, Maryland Correctional Institution – Hagerstown, Baltimore City Correctional Center, and Metropolitan Transition Center, and the Baltimore City Detention Center (formerly and also known as the Baltimore City Jail).

The gang had a statewide "supreme commander" as well as subordinate commanders in each facility. These leaders were assisted by other gang officials dubbed ministers of intelligence, justice, defense and education. These organizations enforced a code of conduct and smuggled contraband into the facilities.

Another prison gang, this one of mostly white prisoners, known as "D.M.I." Dead Man Incorporated was founded in Maryland prisons in 2001 or 2002 as an offshoot of the Black Guerrilla Family.

Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, five officers have died while on duty.


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Elias Ashmole

Elias Ashmole 23 May 1617 – 18 May 1692) was an English antiquary, politician, officer of arms, astrologer and student of alchemy. Ashmole supported the royalist side during the English Civil War, and at the restoration of Charles II he was rewarded with several lucrative offices.

Ashmole was an antiquary with a strong Baconian leaning towards the study of nature. His library reflected his intellectual outlook, including works on English history, law, numismatics, chorography, alchemy, astrology, astronomy and botany. Although he was one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society, a key institution in the development of experimental science, his interests were antiquarian and mystical as well as scientific. He was an early freemason, although the extent of his involvement and commitment is unclear. Throughout his life he was an avid collector of curiosities and other artefacts. Many of these he acquired from the traveller, botanist and collector John Tradescant the Younger. Ashmole donated most of his collection, his antiquarian library and priceless manuscripts to the University of Oxford to create the Ashmolean Museum, Britain's first public museum.

Solicitor, royalist and freemason
Ashmole was born on 23 May 1617 in Breadmarket Street, Lichfield, Staffordshire. His family had been prominent, but its fortunes had declined by the time of Ashmole's birth. His mother, Anne, was the daughter of a wealthy Coventry draper, Anthony Bowyer, and a relative of James Paget, a Baron of the Exchequer. His father, Simon Ashmole (1589–1634), was a saddler, who had served as a soldier in Ireland and Europe. Elias Ashmole attended Lichfield Grammar School (now King Edward VI School) and became a chorister at Lichfield Cathedral. In 1633, he went to live in London as mentor to Paget's sons, and in 1638, with James Paget's help, he qualified as a solicitor. He enjoyed a successful legal practice in London, and married Eleanor Mainwaring (1603–1641), a member of a déclassé Cheshire aristocratic family, who died, while pregnant, only three years later on 6 December 1641. Still in his early twenties, Ashmole had taken the first steps towards status and wealth. He also became allied with Major-General Charles Worsley (who died 12 June 1656 and was buried at Westminster Abbey), brother-in-law of his sister, Mary Ashmole, who married John Booth, of Salford.

Ashmole supported the side of Charles I in the Civil War. At the outbreak of fighting in 1642, he left London for the house of his father-in-law, Peter Mainwaring of Smallwood, Cheshire. There he lived a retired life until 1644, when he was appointed King's Commissioner of Excise at Lichfield. Soon afterwards, at the suggestion of George Wharton, a leading astrologer with strong court connections, Ashmole was given a military post at Oxford, where he served as an ordnance officer for the King's forces. In his spare time, he studied mathematics and physics at his lodgings, Brasenose College. There he acquired a deep interest in astronomy, astrology and magic. In late 1645, he left Oxford to accept the position of Commissioner of Excise at Worcester. Ashmole was given the additional military post of captain in Lord Astley's Regiment of Foot, part of the Royalist Infantry, though as a mathematician, he was seconded to artillery positions. He seems never to have participated in any actual fighting.

After the surrender of Worcester to the Parliamentary Forces in July 1646, he retired to Cheshire. Passing through Lichfield on his way there, he learnt that his mother had died just three weeks before from the plague. During this period, he was admitted as a freemason. His diary entry for 16 October 1646 reads in part: "I was made a Free Mason at Warrington in Lancashire, with Coll: Henry Mainwaring of Karincham [Kermincham] in Cheshire." Although there is only one other mention of masonic activity in his diary he seems to have remained in good standing and well connected with the fraternity as he was still attending meetings in 1682. On 10 March that year he wrote: "About 5 H: P.M. I received a Sumons [sic] to appeare at a Lodge to held the next day, at Masons Hall London." The following day, 11 March 1682, he wrote: "Accordingly, I went ... I was the Senior Fellow among them (it being 35 yeares since I was admitted) ... We all dyned at the halfe Moone Taverne in Cheapeside, at a Noble Dinner prepaired at the charge of the New-accepted Masons." Ashmole's notes are one of the earliest references to Freemasonry known in England, but apart from these entries in his autobiographical notes, there are no further details about Ashmole's involvement.

Wealthy collector
In 1646–47, Ashmole made several simultaneous approaches to rich widows in the hope of securing a good marriage. In 1649, he married Mary, Lady Mainwaring (daughter of Sir William Forster of Aldermaston), a wealthy thrice-widowed woman twenty years his senior; she may have been a relative by marriage of his first wife's family and was the mother of grown children. The marriage took place despite the opposition of the bride's family, and it did not prove to be harmonious: Lady Mainwaring filed suit for separation and alimony but it was dismissed by the courts in 1657. Nevertheless, the marriage provided Ashmole with Mary's first husband's estates centred on Bradfield in Berkshire which left him wealthy enough to pursue his interests, including botany and alchemy, without concern for having to earn a living. He arranged for his friend Wharton to be released from prison and appointed him to manage the estates.

During the 1650s, Ashmole devoted a great deal of energy to the study of alchemy. In 1650, he published Fasciculus Chemicus under the anagrammatic pseudonym James Hasolle. This work was an English translation of two Latin alchemical works, one by Arthur Dee, the son of John Dee. In 1652, he published his most important alchemical work, Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, an extensively annotated compilation of metaphysical poems in English. The book preserved and made available many works that had previously existed only in privately held manuscripts. A corrected edition using Ashmole's two errata sheets and the additional chapter seven of a piece by Thomas Charnock was published in 2011. There is little evidence that Ashmole conducted his own alchemical experiments. He appears to have been a collector of alchemical writings and a student of alchemy rather than an active practitioner. He referred to himself as the son of William Backhouse, who adopted him in 1651 as his spiritual son—for the connection he gave him to the long spiritual chain of hermetic wisdom that Backhouse was part of. According to Ashmole, Backhouse "intytle[d] me to some small parte Of grand sire Hermes wealth [sic]". His final alchemical publication was The Way to Bliss in 1658, but thereafter his interest seems to wane in favour of his other pursuits. Ashmole promoted the use of therapeutic remedies drawing on both Galenic and Paracelsian principles, and his works attempt to merge the two schools. The Way to Bliss recommends ways to prevent illness: a balanced diet, moderate exercise and enough sleep. His works were avidly studied by other natural philosophers, such as Isaac Newton.

Ashmole met the botanist and collector John Tradescant the Younger around 1650. Tradescant had, with his father, built up a vast and renowned collection of exotic plants, mineral specimens and other curiosities from around the world at their house in Lambeth. Ashmole helped Tradescant catalogue his collection in 1652, and, in 1656, he financed the publication of the catalogue, the Musaeum Tradescantianum. In 1659, Tradescant, who had lost his only son seven years earlier, legally deeded his collection to Ashmole. Under the agreement, Ashmole would take possession at Tradescant's death. When Tradescant died in 1662, his widow, Hester, contested the deed, claiming her husband had signed it when drunk without knowing its contents, but the matter was settled in Chancery in Ashmole's favour two years later. Hester was to hold the collection in trust for Ashmole until her death. Ashmole's determined aggressiveness in obtaining the Tradescant collection for himself has led some scholars to consider that Ashmole was an ambitious, ingratiating social climber who stole a hero's legacy for his own glorification.

Restoration
Ashmole embarked on further catalogues, including one of the Roman coin collection of the Bodleian Library, which he finally completed in 1666 after eight years of work. It may have taken so long because Ashmole's progress was interrupted by the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, when Ashmole's loyalty was richly rewarded with political offices. He was appointed Secretary and Clerk of the Courts of Surinam and Comptroller of the White Office. While these two titles do not seem to have provided either an income or any specific duties, he also became Commissioner and then Comptroller for the Excise in London, and later was made the Accountant-General of the Excise, a position that made him responsible for a large portion of the King's revenue. These latter posts yielded him considerable income as well as considerable power of patronage.

The King commissioned Ashmole to prepare a catalogue of the coins and medals held in the Royal Collection, and appointed him to lead a commission responsible for tracing items from the collection which had been dispersed or sold by the parliamentary regime. Ashmole also appears to have been involved in the organisation of the coronation, or at least set himself up as an expert upon it.

Ashmole became one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society in 1661, but he was not very active in the society. His most significant appointment was to the College of Arms as Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary in June 1660. In this position he devoted himself to the study of the history of the Order of the Garter, which had been a special interest of his since the 1650s, and he proposed a design for the Royal Society's coat of arms.

By 1665, he was collecting information for his county history, The Antiquities of Berkshire; and in 1672 he published The Institution, Laws and Ceremonies of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, a lavish folio with illustrations by Wenceslaus Hollar, for which he had conducted years of research. An earlier attempt to promote himself as the official historiographer of the order had failed but this work firmly established Ashmole as an expert. He had written a large part of it in 1665 while living in the country to escape the Great Plague which was then raging in London. Presentation copies sent to the foreign members of the order were reciprocated by gifts of gold insignia from the King of Denmark, the Elector of Brandenburg and the Elector Palatine. Ashmole performed the heraldic and genealogical work of his office scrupulously, and he was considered a leading authority on court protocol and ceremony.

On 1 April 1668, Lady Mainwaring died, and on 3 November the same year Ashmole married Elizabeth Dugdale (1632–1701), the much younger daughter of his friend and fellow herald, the antiquarian Sir William Dugdale. All of Elizabeth's pregnancies ended in stillbirths or miscarriages, and Ashmole remained childless. In 1675, he resigned as Windsor Herald, perhaps because of factional strife within the College of Arms. He was offered the post of Garter Principal King of Arms, which traditionally came with a knighthood, but he turned it down in favour of Dugdale.

Ashmole possessed his own coat of arms, to which he proved his entitlement by descent from armigerous ancestors, expressed in heraldic terminology as Quarterly, Gules and Or a Fleur de lis Argent in the first quarter with a Greyhound courant for the crest. After the Restoration, Ashmole was granted a new crest in place of the greyhound, one which reflected his interest in astrology: On a wreath Sable and Or the Planet Mercury collocated in the middle of the caelestiall Signe Gemini Proper his right hand extended toward Heaven and left holding a caducan Rod Or. The new grant also altered the tinctures of his arms to Quarterly Sable and Or a Fleur de lis in the first quarter.

The Restoration led to the re-establishment of the Church of England, and Ashmole presented new prayer books to Lichfield Cathedral. In 1684, Dugdale wrote to his son-in-law that "the vulgar sort of people" were not "yet weaned from the presbyterian practises, which was long prayers of their own devising, and senseless sermons". Like many royalists, Ashmole's circle was contemptuous of non-conformity. Though Ashmole was "one of the earliest Freemasons, [and] appears from his writings to have been a zealous Rosicrucian", John Gadbury wrote that "Anthony Wood hath falsely called him a Rosicrucian, Whereas no man was further from fostring such follies." Ashmole's involvement with Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism may have been social or the interest of an antiquarian, rather than born out of any religious fervour. However, the notion of a repository of universal knowledge is described in Rosicrucian writings and this idea may have partly inspired Ashmole's desire to found a great museum.

Ashmolean Museum

In 1669, Ashmole received a Doctorate in Medicine from the University of Oxford. He maintained his links with the University and, in 1677, Ashmole made a gift of the Tradescant Collection, together with material he had collected independently, to the University on the condition that a suitable home be built to house the materials and make them available to the public. Ashmole had already moved into the house adjacent to the Tradescants' property in 1674 and had already removed some items from their house into his. In 1678, in the midst of further legal wrangling over the Tradescant Collection, Hester was found drowned in a garden pond. By early 1679, Ashmole had taken over the lease of the Tradescant property and began merging his and their collections into one. The Ashmolean Museum was completed in 1683, and is considered by some to be the first truly public museum in Europe. According to Anthony Wood, the collection filled twelve wagons when it was transferred to Oxford. It would have been more, but a large part of Ashmole's own collection, destined for the museum, including antiquities, books, manuscripts, prints, and 9,000 coins and medals, was destroyed in a disastrous fire in the Middle Temple on 26 January 1679. As a result of the fire, the proportion of the collection derived from the Tradescants was larger than originally anticipated and in the opinion of Professor Michael Hunter this misfortune has contributed to criticisms that Ashmole took an unfair share of the credit in assembling the collection at the expense of the Tradescants.

In 1678, Ashmole stood as a candidate in a by-election for the Lichfield borough parliamentary constituency caused by the death of one of the two incumbent members. During Ashmole's campaign his cousin, Thomas Smalridge, who was acting as a kind of campaign manager, fell ill and died. Ashmole did not visit the constituency, and, as Ashmole's own horoscope had predicted, he lost the election. He also put himself forward as a candidate in the general election of 1685. Surviving documents indicate that he was the most popular candidate, but after King James II requested he stand down (in an age when monarchs were likely to interfere with parliamentary elections), Ashmole did so. On election day, all the votes cast for Ashmole, instead of being declared invalid, were declared as votes for the King's candidate, and only as a result of this ruse was the candidate favoured by the Court (Richard Leveson) elected.

Ashmole's health began to deteriorate during the 1680s. He continued to hold his excise office throughout the reign of James II and after the Glorious Revolution until his death but became much less active in affairs. His home cures included hanging three spiders around his neck which "drove my Ague away". He began to collect notes on his life in diary form to serve as source material for a biography; although the biography was never written, these notes are a rich source of information on Ashmole and his times. He died at his house in Lambeth on 18 May 1692, and was buried at St. Mary's Church, Lambeth on 26 May. Ashmole bequeathed the remainder of his collection and library to Oxford for the Ashmolean Museum. Two-thirds of his library now resides in the Bodleian at Oxford; its separation from the museum collection in the Victorian era contributed to the belief that Ashmole designed the museum around the Tradescant collection, rather than his own. Ashmole's books can often be identified by the presence of his signature on the titlepages. Ashmole's widow, Elizabeth, married a stonemason, John Reynolds, on 15 March 1694. They had no children and on her death seven years later the house and lands in Lambeth passed into Reynolds's hands.

Vittoria Feola, in her monograph Elias Ashmole and the Uses of Antiquity (Paris, 2013), has described Ashmole as an antiquary first and foremost, who understood the value of the New Science, which he promoted through his Museum. Feola, however, has warned that antiquity was Ashmole's greatest passion, as well as his main tool for self-fashioning. Michael Hunter, in his entry on Ashmole for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, concluded that the most salient points of Ashmole's character were his ambition and his hierarchical vision of the world—a vision that unified his royalism and his interests in heraldry, genealogy, ceremony, and even astrology and magic. He was as successful in his legal, business and political affairs as he was in his collecting and scholarly pursuits. His antiquarian work is still considered valuable, and his alchemical publications, especially the Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum (1652), preserved many works that might otherwise have been lost. He formed several close and long-lasting friendships, with the astrologer William Lilly for example, but, as Richard Garnett observed, "acquisitiveness was his master passion".

title: Elias Ashmole


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User:Kataline8

hello, my name is inego montoya, you killed my father, prepare to die

title: User:Kataline8


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Stars!

Stars! is a turn-based strategy, science fiction 4X video game (eXplore, eXpand, eXploit, eXterminate), originally developed by Jeff Johnson and Jeff McBride with help from Jeffrey Krauss ("the Jeffs") for personal use, initially released as shareware for Microsoft Windows in 1995. A retail version was later produced for, and published by Empire Interactive, with developer Jason Gaston added to the team for quality assurance testing, although the shareware version continued.

The game focuses on players developing their empires, engaging in diplomacy, and conquering the galaxy. It begins with race design, and features 2D graphics and a grid-based battle system. The game is well-adapted to Play-By-Email and also supports AI opponents, blitz games, and duels. Stars! is compatible with most Windows versions and can run on Linux systems through Wine. While it received generally positive reviews for its depth and multiplayer focus, its complexity and single-player appeal were criticized. A sequel, Stars: Supernova Genesis, was abandoned due to lack of publisher interest.

Gameplay
Starting with a small fleet of ships and one or two planets, players develop their empires, meet other races and conquer the galaxy. Stars! games begin with race design, choosing one of 10 primary racial traits, a selection of lesser racial traits, habitability, growth, economic, and technology settings. The graphics are entirely 2D, and consist of the main map view and static pictures of planets, ship hulls and components. Battles consist of moving static icons around a grid. Because of the high level of micromanagement and diplomacy requirements, many games take place over months between players spread across the galaxy.

Players initially send scouts out to scan for suitable planets which later may be colonized and developed, enlarging the player's empire and providing additional resources. As a player's empire expands the player must balance the management of the population, minerals, research, and ship/infrastructure constructions. When other players' races are encountered, a variety of diplomacy options allow for alliances, trading mineral resources or technology, large-scale wars, and even the destruction of other races. If the random events game option is enabled, players will have to contend with (or take advantage of) the Mystery Trader, comet strikes, wormholes, and environmental changes.

Modes of play
The game is well adapted to the Play-By-Email (PBEM) style of multiplayer gaming. One player takes on duties as host, and the other players will send their instructions (turn files) by email to the host. The host then uses their copy of the game to generate the next turn, including the players' instructions and emails back the new game state file.

An alternative to play-by-email is to use an online system such as the Stars! AutoHost. This system automates most of the hosting duties and can handle a large number of games simultaneously.

Many games are run at a rate of 1 turn per calendar day, giving plenty of time for strategic thinking. In large games, this can be necessary, with turn generation dropping to only three times per week in cases due to the complexity of the game and the level of micro-management required to effectively control a large empire competitively. To foster a better understanding of the game, Mare Crisium paid members of the player community (Kearns, Clifford, Steeves) to write and edit an in-depth Strategy Guide in 1998.

There is also a artificial intelligence (AI) that can take part in the game. The player can opt to play against AIs only (up to 15 of them), and this is the way that new players typically get to learn the game mechanics before launching into multi-player games. A tutorial helps with getting started.

Another style of play is referred to as a Blitz game. In these games, turns are played every 15 minutes or so, and all players must be at their computers at the same time. Blitz games are generally more tactical and less political in nature, due to the time constraints involved.

The duel games are similar to regular turn-a-day ones, but are between two players only. Again, with only two players involved there is no political side to these games.

Compatibility
Stars! can be run on most versions of Windows from Windows 3.1 up. It can even be run on Linux systems through the Wine system. However, under Wine, version 2.70 crashes during combat if combat sounds are enabled. Stars! does not run directly on the 64-bit version of Windows XP, Windows Vista or Windows 7, which cannot run 16-bit software. However, it can be played on a virtual machine-like Virtual Windows XP on Windows 7, or in VirtualPC on earlier 32-bit versions of windows. Another alternative is VirtualBox. It also runs quite well using Windows 3.11 installed in DOSBOX. Preview version (32bit) of Windows 10 plays version 2.60i. On 64-bit Windows 10, version 2.70i runs well on Wine for Windows version otvdm-v0.7.0.

Development
The game was originally developed in 1995, with version 2.0 released early in 1996. Later that year the newsgroup rec.games.computer.stars became active, facilitating public discussion of tactics and allowing players to find new games.

The game was originally developed by Jeff Johnson and Jeff McBride with help from Jeffrey Krauss ("the Jeffs") for personal use, initially released as shareware for Microsoft Windows in 1995. A retail version was later produced for, and published by Empire Interactive, with developer Jason Gaston added to the team for quality assurance testing, although the shareware version continued.

By the end of 1996 shareware version 2.60 had been released, and the game has remained essentially unchanged ever since, although there have been numerous updates. Version 2.70 is the retail version which has battle sounds and allows research past Level 10 (the shareware version is restricted). The latest file date on the retail version CDROM is January 8, 1997; it sold for $41 before tax at Media Play in the southeastern U.S. in February 1997. The manual was 15mm thick (over half an inch), but the game only needed 2 MB of installation space. The most recent patch version, 2.60j RC4 (release candidate 4) was released in December 2000. Versions 2.60 and 2.70 are compatible as long as the minor version letter is the same (e.g.: 2.60i can play with 2.70i players). Over the years a number of third-party developers have provided tools and utilities to help players manage their empires.

Reception
Stars! has received some generally positive reviews. PC Gamer UK's reviewer Andy Butcher gave the game a rating of 79% in its February 1997 issue, commending it with the following comment: "What makes it stand out from the many games based on a similar idea are its depth, and that it's been designed right from the start with multi-player gaming in mind". Pitfalls he mentions include that the large number of options available can make the game confusing, and that the game is likely to be less appealing to single players.

GameSpot's reviewer T. Liam McDonald rated the game 7.3 "Good", applauding "a solid Windows interface, plain graphics, a wide range of custom options, deep strategic content, and compulsive playability" and stating that the game outdoes the similar game Spaceward Ho! 4.0. In Computer Game Review, Tasos Kaiafas wrote, "Stars! may not be brilliant, but it is fun and well designed."

Sequels
The huge popularity of the original Stars! game convinced the developers that there would be a market for a sequel. The developers of Stars! formed a company called Mare Crisium Studios and began development of Stars: Supernova Genesis. This was intended to be a much more advanced game, with significantly better graphics, and also to remove some of the irritations of the original, such as the high level of micro-management.

However, there was little interest from games publishers, who by that time had become focused exclusively on the video game console and high-end 3D games markets, and so the project was eventually abandoned. Rights to the in-game graphics remained with Empire, until they were acquired by Zoo Games.

title: Stars!


text:
USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)

USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600), a George Washington-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for President Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919). Initially unnamed and assigned hull classification symbol SSGN-600 as a guided missile submarine, her keel was laid down on 20 May 1958 by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard using components initially assembled for the Skipjack-class submarine nuclear attack submarine USS Scamp (SSN-588). She was named Theodore Roosevelt and redesignated fleet ballistic missile submarine SSBN-600 on 6 November 1958, launched on 3 October 1959, sponsored by Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of Theodore Roosevelt and widow of Nicholas Longworth III, and commissioned on 13 February 1961 with Commander William E. Sims commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Oliver H. Perry, Jr. commanding the Gold Crew.

1960s
On 18 February 1961, Theodore Roosevelt departed Mare Island, California, bound for the United States East Coast. On 7 March, she became the first FBM submarine to transit the Panama Canal. On 11 March 1961, she arrived at Cape Canaveral, Florida. After successfully firing her first Polaris A1 missile on 20 March 1961 and completing her shakedown training, she arrived in Groton, Connecticut, on 1 May for post-shakedown repairs at the Electric Boat Company shipyard. She completed those repairs on 24 June 1961 and departed Groton, bound for Charleston, South Carolina. Theodore Roosevelt stopped at Norfolk, Virginia, along the way and arrived at Charleston on 7 July 1961. Between 7 July and 19 July 1961, she loaded Polaris missiles at the Naval Ammunition Depot, Charleston, and made all other preparations for her first deployment. On 19 July 1961, she stood out of Charleston on her first deterrent patrol. She concluded that patrol on 23 September 1961 at the FBM submarine base at Holy Loch, Scotland.

Over the next three and one-half years, Theodore Roosevelt made 15 more deterrent patrols from the Holy Loch. Late in the spring of 1965, she departed Holy Loch on her 17th and final patrol of the deployment to Holy Loch. She concluded that patrol and the deployment when she arrived in Charleston on 15 June 1965. She unloaded her 16 Polaris missiles and then departed Charleston for New London, Connecticut, where she arrived on 26 June 1965.

At New London, Theodore Roosevelt entered the shipyard of the Electric Boat Division for an extensive overhaul. Between July 1965 and January 1967, her nuclear reactor was refueled and her Polaris weapon system was modified to accept the more advanced Polaris A3 missile. She completed overhaul on 14 January 1967 and began sea trials and refresher training, all of which culminated in the successful firing of a Polaris A3 missile at the Cape Canaveral missile range late in April 1967. At the end of the training period, she returned to Charleston to load missiles and to prepare for another series of deterrent patrols out of Holy Loch. She embarked upon her 18th patrol on 1 June 1967 and completed that cruise at the Holy Loch base.

Theodore Roosevelt's second tour of duty operating from the Scotland base proved to be very brief in comparison to her first. Between mid-June 1967 and February 1968, she completed her 18th through 21st patrols. On 20 March 1968 while returning to Holy Loch from her 21st patrol, she ran aground off the western coast of Scotland. After drydocking for temporary correction of the damage, she departed Holy Loch on 5 April 1968 to return to the United States for permanent repairs. Between 18 April and 20 April 1968 she unloaded her missiles at Charleston and headed north to New London. On 23 April 1968, she arrived in the shipyard of the Electric Boat Division and commenced an extended repair period. Labor disputes caused delays, and Theodore Roosevelt did not complete her repairs until mid-October 1968. She spent the latter part of that month in sea trials and then departed New London on 2 November 1968 on her post-repair shakedown cruise. She visited Norfolk, Virginia, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands before concluding the cruise at Charleston on 27 November 1968. She conducted training operations out of Charleston before deploying to Holy Loch again early in 1969.

1970s
That tour of duty lasted until May 1971. During the interim, Theodore Roosevelt conducted nine more deterrent patrols, returning to Holy Loch for refit after each. On 12 May 1971, she stood out of Holy Loch on the 31st patrol of her career. On 20 July 1971, she arrived in New London completing both the patrol and the Holy Loch deployment. She remained in New London for three weeks, during which time members of her Blue crew and her Gold crew were brought together into a single overhaul crew while other members of both crews moved on to other assignments. On 10 August 1971, she headed south to Charleston where she arrived on 13 August 1971. Over the next month, she underwent refit and then departed Charleston on 11 September 1971 for special operations. Theodore Roosevelt returned to Charleston on 30 September 1971 and remained there a week and a day before returning to sea for another three weeks of special operations. She reentered Charleston on 1 November 1971 and began preoverhaul restricted repairs. Three weeks later, she officially began her refueling overhaul, which lasted for more than two years.

Theodore Roosevelt completed her overhaul in January 1974. During the following two months, she conducted sea trials out of Charleston. In April and May shakedown training and nuclear weapons certification preparations occupied her time. In June, she conducted a one-week United States Naval Academy midshipman familiarization cruise out of New London, then underwent nuclear propulsion safety training before deperming at Norfolk. In mid-June, she received word of her reassignment to the United States Pacific Fleet with her new home port to be Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Between July and September 1974, Theodore Roosevelt conducted another midshipman training cruise; then settled into pre-deployment training and preparations. She departed Charleston on 20 September 1974, transited the Panama Canal on 5 October, and, after a nine-day stop for missile load-out at Strategic Weapons Facility, Pacific in Bangor, Washington, continued on to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 4 November 1974. On 10 November, she departed Pearl Harbor, bound for the Mariana Islands. She entered port at Guam on 24 November, underwent refit at her new advanced base there, and began her first deterrent patrol in the Pacific Ocean on 31 December 1974.

Theodore Roosevelt conducted patrols out of Apra Harbor, Guam, with support from the USS Proteus (AS-19) until beginning her last patrol (Patrol 46) on 9 October 1978, which ended in Pearl Harbor. Upon arrival in Pearl Harbor, a new crew was formed from members of the former Blue and Gold crews. From November 1978 until October 1979, Theodore Roosevelt served as a "target of opportunity" for various ASW forces including ships, aircraft and submarines. During this period she made several port calls to Lahaina, Maui, Kona, Hawaii, and Nawiliwili, Kauai. On 16 October 1979, the ship got underway from Pearl Harbor for San Diego, California, arriving on 25 October. She transited from San Diego to Alameda from 29 to 31 October. On 7 November, Theodore Roosevelt transited from Alameda to Esquimalt, British Columbia, arriving on 10 November. On 14 November, the ship left Esquimalt and arrived at Carr Inlet, Washington for acoustic testing while suspended on cables. On 19 November, she transited to Bangor, Washington, and submitted the first official work request (2-Kilo) to the newly established Trident Refit Facility. On 1 December 1979, she became the first Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine to offload her A-3 Missiles at the newly built Explosives Handling Wharf. She was the "first to do it last". Theodore Roosevelt was then officially taken out of service. The crew was reduced to 12 officers and 111 enlisted men, who were designated as the Deactivation Crew.

Decommissioning and disposal
Theodore Roosevelt commenced the Deactivation Availability process on 3 January 1980 at Submarine Base Bangor. In mid-year she was moved to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS) for drydocking alongside Abraham Lincoln, where the reactor fuel was removed and the missile compartment dismantled to comply with SALT requirements. The forward and aft ends of the hull were then re-joined at the aft bulkhead of the Operations compartment, and the forward bulkhead of the reactor compartment. The ship undocked and moved pier-side where a formal decommissioning ceremony occurred on 28 February 1981. The deactivation crew then detached and transferred to other Navy assignments. PSNS continued deactivation work pier-side, completing Deactivation Availability on 1 December 1982. The hull was placed in afloat storage at PSNS, and the ship stricken from the Naval Registry of Ships on that date. The hull remained in afloat storage in two configurations for almost 13 years, pending government decisions for the methods to dispose of de-fueled nuclear reactor compartments and the remaining hulls.

In 1988, the hull of Theodore Roosevelt was drydocked at PSNS for removal and disposal of the reactor compartment. An environmental impact study was approved in 1984 for the disposal of de-fueled submarine reactor compartments via permanent storage at the federal government reservation at Hanford, Washington. The reactor compartment was separated from the hull, placed on a barge in the drydock, and prepared for waterborne shipment to Hanford. The hull was re-joined at the aft bulkhead of the operations compartment, and the forward bulkhead of Auxiliary Machinery Space-2. Both hull and barge were undocked, with the hull returning to afloat storage and the reactor compartment transported to Hanford. The Hanford Burial Trench 94 numbering system indicates that the SSBN-600 RC was the seventh placed in that facility on 1 November 1989.

The remaining hull of Theodore Roosevelt was drydocked for the final time at PSNS in 1993, to enter the Nuclear Power Ship and Submarine Recycling Program. Final dismantling and recycling were accomplished based on a 1990 environmental impact study approving this method. On 24 March 1995, the disposal work was completed.

title: USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)


text:
Talk:Archy and Mehitabel

Untitled
I have redirected Archy and Mehitabel to this page, but perhaps they should be switched around, so the properly capitalised version holds the content, with this page being a redirect. Didn't want to do this myself, as I don't know how it affects page history etc. HappyDog 00:20, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It's properly capitalized here, actually, but the redirect is a good idea. - Hephaestos 00:21, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I didn't realise. :) HappyDog 01:25, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Capitalization of Archy/Mehitabel?
The name of the article should probably remain as-is (without capitalization) because that's the proper name of the series of poems/editorials; however, just because archy can't reach the Shift key to type his name with a capital letter doesn't mean his name isn't capitalized. Indeed, because the author capitalized Archy and Mehitabel when writing in his own persona, I say all instances of the names that aren't part of a title (or something else Archy himself would've "typed") should be capitalized. Jeff Silvers 00:32, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The name of the book is "archy and mehitabel." The names of the characters are "Archy" and "Mehitabel." Carlo 20:18, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not interested in starting any battles, but elsewhere on the encyclopedia WP:MOSTM applies to naming of articles, meaning that the singer k.d. lang and the television series thirtysomething, for example, are capitalized in their respective articles. Robert K S (talk) 04:44, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Last Issue?
When did "Archy and Mehitabel" cease publication? Thank you. Rissa, copy editor (talk) 01:20, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

I was told at school that the title was a pun on Absalom & Achitophel by Dryden, afraid cannot cite any reference.

2.98.113.56 (talk) 16:10, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

Mehitabel…
It seems odd that there is a lot about Archy and his activities, but nothing on the character of Mehitabel - I no longer have the books to hand, but didn’t she claim to be the reincarnation of Cleopatra? I’m sure there must be more… Jock123 (talk) 19:32, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Archy and Mehitabel


text:
Killing Time

Killing Time or Killin' Time may refer to:

 * Killing time, the act of being idle
 * The Killing Time, a period in late 17th century Scottish history

Films

 * Killing Time (1979 film), a short film directed by Fronza Woods
 * Killing Time, a 1984 film nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Short Film
 * The Killing Time (film), a 1987 film starring Kiefer Sutherland
 * Killing Time, a 1995 short film by Damian Harris starring Eric Stoltz
 * Killing Time (1998 film), a British film by Bharat Nalluri
 * Killing Time (2007 film), a documentary by Annika Gustafson about the Bhutanese refugees

Fiction
(Alphabetical by author)
 * Killing Time (Carr novel), a 2000 novel by Caleb Carr
 * Killing Time (Star Trek novel), a 1985 Star Trek: The Original Series novel by Della van Hise
 * Killing Time, a 1967 novel by Thomas Berger
 * Killing Time, a 1988 novel by Robert J. Conley
 * Killing Time, a 1996 Bill Slider mystery by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles
 * Killing Time, a 2005 novel by Linda Howard
 * Killing Time, a 2003 novel in the series The Invisible Detective by Justin Richards
 * Killing Time, a 1961 novel by Donald Westlake

Non fiction
(Alphabetical by title)
 * Killing Time (autobiography), a 1994 autobiography by Paul Feyerabend
 * Killing Time: An Investigation into the Death-Row Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal, a 2003 book by Dave Lindorff
 * Killing Time: Archaeology and the First World War, a 2007 book by Nicholas J. Saunders
 * Killing Time: Life in the Arkansas Penitentiary, a 1977 photography book by Bruce Jackson
 * Killing Time: The First Full Investigation into the Unsolved Murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman, a 1996 book by Donald Freed and Raymond P. Briggs
 * The Killing Time: German U-Boats 1914-18, a 1972 book by Edwyn Gray

Groups

 * Killing Time (American band), a hardcore punk band
 * Killing Time (Australian band), now known as Mantissa, a hard rock band

Albums

 * Killin' Time (Clint Black album) or the title song (see below), 1989
 * Killin' Time (Gasolin' album), or the title song, 1978
 * Killing Time or the title song, by Sweet Savage, 1996
 * Killing Time or the title song, by U.K. Subs, 1988
 * Killing Time (Bayside album) or the title song, 2011
 * Killing Time (Girl album) or the title song, 1987
 * Killing Time (Massacre album) or the title song, 1981
 * Killing Time (Mitchell Butel album), 2012 album by Mitchell Butel
 * Killing Time (Tina Cousins album) or the title song, "Killin' Time" (see below), 1998

Songs

 * "Killin' Time" (Clint Black song)
 * "Killin' Time" (Tina Cousins song)
 * "Killin' Time", by Fred Knoblock and Susan Anton
 * "Killing Time" (Megadeth song)
 * "Killing Time", by The Celibate Rifles from Sideroxylon
 * "Killing Time", by City and Colour from If I Should Go Before You
 * "Killing Time", by Cold Chisel from Blood Moon, and covered by Jimmy Barnes in 2020.
 * "Killing Time", by Destiny's Child from Destiny's Child
 * "Killing Time", by Grave Digger from Tunes of War
 * "Killing Time", by Hed PE from Broke
 * "Killing Time", by Hollywood Rose from The Roots of Guns N' Roses
 * "Killing Time", by Infected Mushroom from Legend of the Black Shawarma
 * "Killing Time", by Joss Stone from Mind Body & Soul
 * "Killing Time", by Maserati from Enter the Mirror
 * "Killing Time", by Obituary from The End Complete
 * "Killing Time", by Pennywise from About Time
 * "Killing Time", by Terrorvision from Formaldehyde
 * "Killing Time", by the Tragically Hip from The Tragically Hip
 * "Killing Time", by Triumph from Thunder Seven

Television

 * Killing Time (TV series), a 2011 Australian TV drama series
 * "Killing Time" (Beavis and Butt-head), an episode of Beavis and Butt-head
 * "Killing Time" (Time Squad), an episode of Time Squad

Other art, entertainment, and media

 * Killing Time, a 1999 poetry collection by Simon Armitage
 * Killing Time (video game), a 1995 first-person shooter originally for 3DO
 * Killing Time, a video artwork by Sam Taylor-Wood

title: Killing Time


text:
François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre

Field Marshal François de La Rochefoucauld, Marquis de Montandre, also known as Francis de La Rochefoucauld, (September 1672 – 11 August 1739) was a British soldier, who arrived in England as a Huguenot refugee. After serving as a junior officer during the Williamite War in Ireland, he was given command of Francis du Cambon's Regiment of Foot and led his regiment in the Low Countries during the Nine Years' War. He also fought at the Siege of Badajoz and at the Battle of Alcantara during the War of the Spanish Succession. He went on to be Master General of the Ordnance in Ireland.

Military career
Born the son of Charles-Louis de La Rochefoucauld, 2nd marquis of Montandre of the Doudeauville branch of the family and Madeline-Anne de La Rochefoucauld (née Pithou), de La Rochefoucauld was brought up in France as a Roman Catholic but converted to Protestantism. After arriving in England as a Huguenot refugee in the aftermath of the Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685, La Rochefoucauld joined William III's Army and served under the Earl of Galway during the Williamite War in Ireland. He was commissioned as a brevet lieutenant colonel and given command of Francis du Cambon's Regiment of Foot on 15 February 1692. He went with his regiment to the Low Countries in September 1692 during the Nine Years' War and in 1702 succeeded his brother Isaac, who died without issue, as 4th marquis de Montandre.

La Rochefoucauld joined the staff of the Earl of Galway as a brigadier-general in 1704 and fought at the Siege of Badajoz in October 1705 and the Battle of Alcantara in April 1706 during the War of the Spanish Succession. Promoted to major-general in the English Army on 1 June 1706, he took part in the advance to Madrid in June 1706 and became colonel of Dungannon's Regiment in November 1706. He was given command of a brigade which landed in Portugal in June 1707 and led the brigade at the Battle of Caya in May 1709. On 29 September 1709 de La Rochefoucauld returned to London to report to Queen Anne on the course of operations in Portugal. Promoted to lieutenant general on 9 May 1710, he became colonel of a new regiment on the Irish establishment in 1715 but this regiment was disbanded in 1718.

La Rochefoucauld was appointed a Privy Counsellor of Ireland and became Master General of the Ordnance in Ireland in January 1727. Promoted to full general on 18 December 1735, he became Governor of Guernsey in September 1737. He was promoted to field marshal on 2 July 1739. He died at his home in Grosvenor Square in London on 11 August 1739 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. A new stone, quarried in Montendre and brought to London at the expense of the present Duc de La Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, was placed over his grave on 15 January 2013.

Family
In April 1710 de La Rochefoucauld married Mary Anne von Spanheim, daughter of Ezekiel, Freiherr von Spanheim (the Prussian ambassador to London); they had no children.


text:
Talk:Hackney carriage

Untitled
A Hackney Carriage is a cab licensed by the Public Carriage Office which in its modern form means a black cab; but a Hackney Carriage can refer to any of the various forms of cab that have existed since The first horse drawn Hackney carriages (including the victorian Hansom cabs).

I don't agree that other colours of London cab are frequently seen other than for sponsored advertisement vehicles. Dainamo 07:53, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Etymology of "Hackney"?
I've googled for this word, and most of the sources agree with the French word "haquenée", pointing the word prior to "hackney". But according to Académie Française, Online Etymology Dictionary (see "hack(2)"), and hackney - yourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary, the etymological lineage seems to have flown in another direction. Are there more solid sources to support either side? Help is appreciated:)--Roberto Carlos No.3 17:26, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have no special axe to grind (even though I live in Hackney), but may I point out that the entry for Hackney Horse has the derivation only from the East London area. Perhaps both pieces should mention both possibilities...

Tarquin Binary 14:38, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

In the television series 'What the Stuarts did for us' (BBC) it is described as coming from a Flemish word rather than the French as suggested here. 81.132.249.44 13:24, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

If you can read french, please note HERE that the very serious ATILF mentionned that the word is coming from the english toponymous (circa 1292)... Yours, --Marc-AntoineV (talk) 21:36, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Ireland
In ireland, a Hackney cab is the exact opposite, its a cab you hire privately. At least, thats what I use, can someone back me up on this, before I add it to the artical? --Richy 15:34, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Yep, in Ireland a hackney is specifically a minicab. Vehicles that pick on a streets are instead called taxis. Added a section on ROI to the article. --Rdd 19:40, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Any reason why the ROI section was removed before I put it back in? --Rdd 19:49, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It has gone to Taxicabs around the world in its own section. This Hackney Carriage article may disappear, in due course, as part of a restructuring. TerriersFan 23:19, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Cities
Added Edinburgh to the other cities that have black cabs, others feel free to add them, to give a more detailed list perhaps.

San Francisco Dallas Houston Las Vegas New Orleans —Preceding unsigned comment added by Londonfleet (talk • contribs) 21:44, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

The Knowledge and satnav
Presumably, the existence of inexpensive in-car satellite navigation systems will make The Knowledge far less important? -- Anon. 08:59, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hackney disambiguation
Although my main concern is with geographical definitions (which were getting messy), I have now added this page to a disambiguation page for Hackney in general.

Tarquin Binary 14:41, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, that last didn't work as I intended. There are just too many existing links in to the geographical Hackney - just a hindrance to users to put disambiguation in the way. But I have put a line in on the borough page referring users onward to the disambiguation page, which links here and to the horses.

Tarquin Binary 15:11, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Proposed restructuring
Please see discussion at Talk:Taxicabs around the world. TerriersFan 19:04, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

History: recursive link
the Hackney coach link in the history paragraph redirects to the same article. This is confusing.
 * Fixed, thx - I better fix the fact that there are two History sections as well! TerriersFan 01:17, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

tv
some have tvs

London black cab registration numbers
I regularly walk past two taxi ranks at Canary Wharf, and I've noticed that nearly all of the registration numbers are between 10,000 and the low 30,000s; occasionally there's one in the low 90'000s. This is true of other taxis I've seen about London over the last few days as well. Presumably (since there's 21,000 of these in London) the first batch are the normal range and the others are special. Can someone explain in the article why there are none below 10,000 and the significance of the 90,000+ numbers? Lessthanideal (talk) 16:31, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

"Bronze" & "Silver" labels on TX taxis.
Some of the TX model taxis have badges "Bronze" and "Silver" on the back. Presumably these are specific models in the TX range. Is there any information about the differences in these?

It should probably go on the specific TX pages, but I don't know exactly which ones are involved so I'm asking on this page. Lessthanideal (talk) 16:33, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

External Links to a Cab Service
It seems to me that this is probably spamming, and a violation of the general policy to put external links at the end of the article. Lee-Anne (talk) 14:01, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

I've changed the links to point to internal Wikipedia pages corresponding to the base commercial vehicle chassis, in the case of the Volkswagen Odyssey and the Ford Journey, both of which appear to be taxi conversions of standard commercial models. I believe that the specific conversions should be discussed there, if at all, since these are not purpose built, but mere variations. Lee-Anne (talk) 14:58, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Article Name
While I understand that "Hackney carriage" is the correct name for a London taxi of today, they are hardly ever referred to as such in normal speech. "London taxi" or "black cab" are much more common. "Hackney carriage" would be used of the horse-drawn vehicles that predated them. Wikipedia policy dictates that an article be named for the most commonly used name of a subject. I suggest an article rename. DJ Clayworth (talk) 20:29, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Another Londoncentric article! Hackney carriage is a term used all over the United Kingdom and does not refer to the shape of the vehicle. A Hackney carriage is compared to a Private Hire Vehicle: one is licenced to be stopped in the street (hailed), whereas the other needs to be booked in advance and cannot be hailed. Francis Hannaway 19:32, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Nissan NV200
Hello. The Nissan NV200 is planned to be released as a London taxicab in 2014, followed by the e-NV200 (the electric model) in 2015. Can you please include this in the article? Thanks.--67.54.191.225 (talk) 19:54, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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File:Plushev - IMGP2453.jpg
File need s a better name - any suggestions? Obviously a London Black Cab - seems to have some London skyscape on the cab side. Ron h jones (Talk) 00:52, 7 September 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:14, 8 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Metrocab Westminister.jpg

Significant overlap with taxicab page
I like this article, which seems to focus on the London taxis/cabs that I am familiar with, but I am surprised that the scope has significant overlap with the Taxicab page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab that covers a similar subject worldwide, but without any links from one to the other. Fixing this feels like a significant task and I'm not an expert on taxis nor on Wikipedia customs so I'm not going to start now. One way forward might be to start by putting in the links, then to make this the "London taxi" page and move the "other countries" material to the worldwide taxicab page? Not sure!

One small point, a special case of the previous problem: this page says motor taxis started 1901 but the other page tells me that "gasoline-powered taxis" started in Stuttgart 1897. Alan-24 (talk) 14:39, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:07, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Levc-tx-cab 180502.jpg

Move
Move to London taxi or black taxi. Hackney carriage is never used as a name and nearly no-one has heard of it. 2A02:C7E:3AA0:9200:CDAD:B827:33D3:6E03 (talk) 17:49, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

Pretty bad
This article doesn't even explain where the word "Hackney" came from (for this vehicle). My gosh, it doesn't even give a date for its first appearance!! (in English) My best *guess* is that its origin is obscure - possibly from French, Belgian, or from a breed of horse. But who knows? (I bet someone does.)174.130.71.156 (talk) 22:41, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Move
Move to London taxi or black taxi. Hackney carriage is never used as a name and no-one has heard of it. 2A02:C7C:847D:400:39DD:23AF:235:32EF (talk) 00:10, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * There are already redirects for London taxi and black taxi.   ▶ I am Grorp ◀  10:13, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hackney carriage