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Anne Perry

Anne Perry (born Juliet Marion Hulme; 28 October 1938 – 10 April 2023) was a British writer. She was the author of the Thomas and Charlotte Pitt and William Monk series of historical detective fiction.

In 1994 it became public knowledge that Perry had been convicted of murder in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1954, when she was fifteen. She and her sixteen-year-old friend Pauline Parker murdered Parker's mother, Honorah. After serving a five-year sentence for the murder, Perry had changed her name (formerly Juliet Hulme) and returned to the United Kingdom. She was identified by the media following the release of the film Heavenly Creatures, directed by Peter Jackson, which is based on the case.

Early life
Born in London, the daughter of physicist Henry Rainsford Hulme, Hulme was diagnosed with tuberculosis as a child and sent to the Caribbean, South Africa, and New Zealand in hopes that a warmer climate would improve her health. She rejoined her family after her father took a position as rector of Canterbury University College in New Zealand. She attended Christchurch Girls' High School, located in what became the Cranmer Centre. A 1948 Auckland Star photograph of Hulme arriving in New Zealand was discovered by Auckland Libraries staff in 2012 and written about in the Heritage et AL blog.

Murder and trial
In June 1954, at the age of 15, Hulme and her best friend Pauline Parker murdered Parker's mother, Honorah Rieper. Hulme's parents were in the process of separating and she was supposed to go to South Africa to stay with a relative. The two teenage friends, who had created a complicated fantasy life together populated with celebrities such as Mario Lanza and James Mason, did not want to be separated.

On 22 June 1954, the girls and Rieper went for a walk in Victoria Park in the Port Hills of Christchurch. On an isolated path, Hulme dropped an ornamental stone so that Rieper would lean over to retrieve it. Parker had planned to hit her mother with half a brick wrapped in a stocking. The girls presumed that one blow would kill her but it took more than 20.

Parker and Hulme stood trial in Christchurch in 1954 and were found guilty on 28 August. As they were too young to be considered for the death penalty under New Zealand law at the time, they were convicted and sentenced to be "detained at Her Majesty's pleasure". They were released separately five years later. At the time of Perry's death in 2023, Parker and Perry were not believed to have had any contact since the trial.

The events formed the basis for the 1994 film Heavenly Creatures, in which Melanie Lynskey portrayed a teenage Pauline Parker and Kate Winslet the teenaged Juliet Hulme. At the time of the film's release, it was not generally known that mystery author Anne Perry was Juliet Hulme; her identity was made public after journalists tracked her down some months after the film's release. Although some presumed Hulme and Parker's relationship to be sexual, Perry stated in 2006 that, while the relationship was obsessive, the two "were never lesbians".

Later life
After being released from prison in November 1959, Perry returned to England and became a flight attendant. For a period she lived in the United States, where she joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1968. She later settled in the Scottish village of Portmahomack, where she lived with her mother. Her father had a distinguished scientific career, heading the British hydrogen bomb programme.

Hulme took the name Anne Perry, using her stepfather's surname. Her first novel, The Cater Street Hangman, was published under this name in 1979. Her works generally fall into one of several categories of genre fiction, including historical murder mysteries and detective fiction. Many feature recurring characters, most importantly Thomas and Charlotte Pitt, who appeared in her first novel, and amnesiac private investigator William Monk, who first appeared in her 1990 novel The Face of a Stranger.

After Perry's identity as Hulme was revealed in 1994, she said: "It seemed so unfair. Everything I had worked to achieve as a decent member of society was threatened. And once again my life was being interpreted by someone else. It had happened in court when, as a minor, I wasn't allowed to speak and I heard all these lies being told. And now there was a film, but nobody had bothered to talk to me. I knew nothing about it until the day before release. All I could think of was that my life would fall apart and that it might kill my mother."

She continued writing and said that she was surprised that her friends stuck by her despite the revelation of her identity and the ensuing media attention. In 1998 she was featured by The Times in its list of 100 "masters of crime". Her story "Heroes", which first appeared in the 1999 anthology Murder and Obsession, edited by Otto Penzler, won the 2000 Edgar Award for Best Short Story.

In 2005, Perry appeared on the Trisha show to discuss her murder conviction on a special themed show. A 2009 documentary film, Anne Perry Interiors, gave a snapshot of her life and the people close to her. In 2009 she received a lifetime achievement award at the Agatha Awards. In 2013 and 2020 she was a guest of honour at the Bouchercon mystery fiction convention. At the time of her death in 2023, Perry had published 102 books: 32 novels in the Charlotte and Thomas Pitt series, 6 novels in the Daniel Pitt series, 24 novels in the Monk series, five books in her WWI series, five books in her Elena Standish series three young adult novels, two fantasy novels, and 22 mystery novellas with Christmas themes, as well as a number of essays and short stories Her UK publisher, Headline, reported that she had sold 25 million copies Her works regularly appeared on The New York Times bestseller list.

In 2017, Perry left Scotland and moved to Los Angeles in order to more effectively promote films based on her novels. She had a heart attack in December 2022, and died at a hospital in Los Angeles on 10 April 2023, aged 84. Her novel The Fourth Enemy, the sixth Daniel Pitt novel, was published the day after her death.

Featuring Thomas and Charlotte Pitt

 * 1) The Cater Street Hangman (1979)
 * 2) Callander Square (1980)
 * 3) Paragon Walk (1981)
 * 4) Resurrection Row (1981)
 * 5) Rutland Place (1983)
 * 6) Bluegate Fields (1984)
 * 7) Death in the Devil's Acre (1985)
 * 8) Cardington Crescent (1987)
 * 9) Silence in Hanover Close (1988)
 * 10) Bethlehem Road (1990)
 * 11) Highgate Rise (1991)
 * 12) Belgrave Square (1992)
 * 13) Farrier's Lane (1993)
 * 14) The Hyde Park Headsman (1994)
 * 15) Traitors Gate (1995)
 * 16) Pentecost Alley (1996)
 * 17) Ashworth Hall (1997)
 * 18) Brunswick Gardens (1998)
 * 19) Bedford Square (1999)
 * 20) Half Moon Street (2000)
 * 21) The Whitechapel Conspiracy (2001)
 * 22) Southampton Row (2002)
 * 23) Seven Dials (2003)
 * 24) Long Spoon Lane (2005)
 * 25) Buckingham Palace Gardens (2008)
 * 26) Betrayal at Lisson Grove (US title: Treason at Lisson Grove) (2011)
 * 27) Dorchester Terrace (2012)
 * 28) Midnight at Marble Arch (2013)
 * 29) Death on Blackheath (2014)
 * 30) The Angel Court Affair (2015)
 * 31) Treachery at Lancaster Gate (2016)
 * 32) Murder on the Serpentine (2016)

Featuring Daniel Pitt

 * 1) Twenty-One Days (2018)
 * 2) Triple Jeopardy (2019)
 * 3) One Fatal Flaw (2020)
 * 4) Death with a Double Edge (2021)
 * 5) Three Debts Paid (2022)
 * 6) The Fourth Enemy (2023)

Featuring Hester Latterly and William Monk

 * 1) The Face of a Stranger (1990)
 * 2) A Dangerous Mourning (1991)
 * 3) Defend and Betray (1992)
 * 4) A Sudden, Fearful Death (1993)
 * 5) The Sins of the Wolf (1994)
 * 6) Cain His Brother (1995)
 * 7) Weighed in the Balance (1996)
 * 8) The Silent Cry (1997)
 * 9) A Breach of Promise (alt. title: Whited Sepulchres) (1997)
 * 10) The Twisted Root (1999)
 * 11) Slaves of Obsession (alt. title: Slaves and Obsession) (2000)
 * 12) A Funeral in Blue (2001)
 * 13) Death of a Stranger (2002)
 * 14) The Shifting Tide (2004)
 * 15) Dark Assassin (2006)
 * 16) Execution Dock (2009)
 * 17) Acceptable Loss (2011)
 * 18) A Sunless Sea (2012)
 * 19) Blind Justice (2013)
 * 20) Blood on the Water (2014)
 * 21) Corridors of the Night (2015)
 * 22) Revenge in a Cold River (2016)
 * 23) An Echo of Murder (2017)
 * 24) Dark Tide Rising (2018)

Featuring Elena Standish

 * 1) Death in Focus (2019)
 * 2) A Question of Betrayal (2020)
 * 3) A Darker Reality (2021)
 * 4) A Truth To Lie For (2022)
 * 5) The Traitor Among Us (2023)

The World War I series

 * 1) No Graves As Yet (2003)
 * 2) Shoulder the Sky (2004)
 * 3) Angels in the Gloom (2005)
 * 4) At Some Disputed Barricade (2006)
 * 5) We Shall Not Sleep (2007)

The Christmas stories

 * 1) A Christmas Journey (2003)
 * 2) A Christmas Visitor (2004)
 * 3) A Christmas Guest (2005)
 * 4) A Christmas Secret (2006)
 * 5) A Christmas Beginning (2007)
 * 6) A Christmas Grace (2008)
 * 7) A Christmas Promise (2009)
 * 8) A Christmas Odyssey (2010)
 * 9) A Christmas Homecoming (2011)
 * 10) A Christmas Garland (2012)
 * 11) A Christmas Hope (2013)
 * 12) A New York Christmas (2014)
 * 13) A Christmas Escape (2015)
 * 14) A Christmas Message (2016)
 * 15) A Christmas Return (2017)
 * 16) A Christmas Revelation (2018)
 * 17) A Christmas Gathering (2019)
 * 18) A Christmas Resolution (2020)
 * 19) A Christmas Legacy (2021)
 * 20) A Christmas Deliverance (2022)
 * 21) A Christmas Vanishing (2023)

The Christmas Collections

 * 1) An Anne Perry Christmas: Two Holiday Novels (2006) – contains A Christmas Journey (2003) and A Christmas Visitor (2004)
 * 2) Anne Perry's Christmas Mysteries: Two Holiday Novels (2008) – contains A Christmas Guest (2005) and A Christmas Secret (2006)
 * 3) Anne Perry's Silent Nights: Two Victorian Christmas Mysteries (2009) – contains A Christmas Beginning (2007) and A Christmas Grace (2008)
 * 4) Anne Perry's Christmas Vigil: Two Victorian Holiday Mysteries (2011) – contains A Christmas Promise (2009) and A Christmas Odyssey (2010)
 * 5) Anne Perry's Christmas Crimes: Two Victorian Holiday Mysteries (2014) – contains A Christmas Homecoming (2011) and A Christmas Garland (2012)
 * 6) Anne Perry's Merry Mysteries: Two Victorian Holiday Novels (2015) – contains A Christmas Hope (2013) and A New York Christmas (2014)

Fantasy

 * 1) Tathea (2000)
 * 2) Come Armageddon (2002)

Timepiece series (young adult novels)

 * 1) Tudor Rose (2011)
 * 2) Rose of No Man's Land (2011)
 * 3) Blood Red Rose (2012)
 * 4) Rose Between Two Thorns (2012)

Other books

 * The One Thing More (2000)
 * A Dish Taken Cold (2001)
 * I'd Kill For That (2004, one novel co-written by multiple authors)
 * Letters From The Highlands (2004)
 * Heroes (2011)
 * The Sheen on the Silk: A Novel (2010)
 * The Scroll (2014)

Short stories in anthologies

 * Death by Horoscope (2001, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 * Much Ado About Murder (2002, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 * Death By Dickens (2004, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)
 * Thou Shalt Not Kill: Biblical Mystery Stories (2005, anthology of short stories by various authors, including Perry, and edited by Perry)

Critical studies, reviews and biography

 * Drayton J. (2012) The Search for Anne Perry, HarperCollins.
 * Graham P. (2011).So Brilliantly Clever: Parker, Hulme and the murder that shocked the world. Awa Press.; re-issued in 2013 as Graham P. (2013) Anne perry and the murder of the century. Skyhorse Pub.

title: Anne Perry


text:
Talk:Ross-on-Wye

Untitled
I'm not sure Ross is really famous for it's bookshops other than W H Smith I can only think of one new book shop and one other second hand shop - perhaps someone's confusing it with Hay-on-Wye? The new Ross-on-Wye picture from geograph.co.ok, says it is a picture of Tamworth. So, what gives? Is this really a picture of Ross on Wye? Nyh 08:07, 4 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like someone may well have confused Hay and Ross. Jeremy Bolwell (talk) 12:42, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * As a resident of Ross-on-Wye, I can confirm that the photograph is of the town, though it is a little dated.--WJCB (talk) 17:43, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Ross Vegas
Ross-on-Wye is renowned for its many pubs and charity shops, but few people know that it is also a Mecca for gamblers. With Ladbrokes, William Hill and The Mathew Jones Super Casino all within walking distance of the town centre, Ross-on-Wye is often referred to by locals as 'Ross Vegas'.

Merge
I've merged Plague Cross to Ross-on-Wye, per WP:LOCAL. —Quarl (talk) 2006-12-30 09:19Z

Semiprotected
I have semiprotected this article (and Kilpeck and others). For the reasoning, or to argue against semi-protection, see Talk:Kilpeck. -- Hoary (talk) 23:32, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Gallery
I have added some images in a Gallery, mostly of the Market House. Unfortunately the church was covered in scaffolding when I visited. Other editors are welcome to replace or remove the current images to provide a more balanced gallery in the future. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:12, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

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The Roxy cinema
Here's a blog source for The Roxy cinema:. Also here and here. A better source here. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:53, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ross-on-Wye


text:
Talk:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Previously unsectioned comments
The idea of a Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, the first conceived in 1916 by the Reverend David Railton, who while serving as an army chaplain on the Western Front had seen a grave marked by a rough cross, which bore the pencil written legend 'An Unknown British Soldier'.

He wrote to the Dean of Westminister in 1920 proposing that an unidentified British soldier from the battlefields in France be buried with due ceremony in Westminister Abbey "amongst the kings" to represent the many thousands of Empire dead. The idea was strongly supported by the Dean and the then Prime Minister Lloyd George. There was initial opposition from King George V and others but a surge of emotional support from the great number of bereaved families ensured its adoption. Arrangements were placed in the hands of George Nathaniel Curzon who prepared in committee the service and location.

The body was chosen from four bodies draped with Union Flags at the chapel at Ste Pol near Arras, France on the night of 7th November, 1920 by Brigadier General L.J. Wyatt and Lieutenant Colonel E.A.S. Gell. The Body was placed into a coffin and sealed. The following morning a multi-denominational service was held for the soldier who's coffin bore the legend 'A British Warrior who fell in the Great War'.

The Coffin was then taken to Boulogne under guard by French soldiers and placed aboard HMS Verdun, Marshall Foch saluted the coffin as it rested on the Quayside before loading. As the flotilla carrying the coffin closed on Dover Castle it received a 19 gun Field Marshall's salute.

On the morning of the 11th November, 1920 the Coffin was loaded onto a gun carriage of the Royal Horse Artillery and drawn by 6 horses through through immense and silent crowds. The route followed was Hyde Park Corner, The Mall, and to Whitehall where the Cenotaph was unveiled by King George V. The Cortege was then followed by King, Royal Family and ministers of state to Westminster Abbey, where the Coffin was borne into the West Nave of the Abbey flanked by an honour guard of 100 holders of the Victoria Cross. The coffin was then interred with soil from each of the main battlefields and covered with a silk pall. The Armed Services then stood as honour guard as an estimated one and quarter million mourners filed past during the seven days before the tomb was closed. The ceremony appears to have served as a form of catharsis for collective grief on a scale not previously known.

The grave was then capped with a black marble stone featuring an inscription composed by Dean Ryle.

BENEATH THIS STONE RESTS THE BODY OF A BRITISH WARRIOR UNKNOWN BY NAME OR RANK BROUGHT FROM FRANCE TO LIE AMONG THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS OF THE LAND AND BURIED HERE ON ARMISTICE DAY 11 NOV: 1920, IN THE PRESENCE OF HIS MAJESTY KING GEORGE V HIS MINISTERS OF STATE THE CHIEFS OF HIS FORCES AND A VAST CONCOURSE OF THE NATION THUS ARE COMMEMORATED THE MANY MULTITUDES WHO DURING THE GREAT WAR OF 1914 - 1918 GAVE THE MOST THAT MAN CAN GIVE LIFE ITSELF FOR GOD FOR KING AND COUNTRY FOR LOVED ONES HOME AND EMPIRE FOR THE SACRED CAUSE OF JUSTICE AND THE FREEDOM OF THE WORLD THEY BURIED HIM AMONG THE KINGS BECAUSE HE HAD DONE GOOD TOWARD GOD AND TOWARD HIS HOUSE

From Tomb of the Unknown Warrior article

Gilleleje, Denmark
There's a grave in my hometown for an unknown French Soldier from WW2. Is it notable enough for inclusion? Mikkel 02:43, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Details of War Memorial in Melbourne deleted
I've deleted

"Much work goes into some Tomb Of the Unknown Soldier memorials, for example, the War Memorial in Melbourne, Australia, has a small hole cut into the roof above the tomb (which is a large granite stone set into the floor). On the 11th minute, of the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month (11:11 AM, November 11th), a ray of light shall pass over the inscription 'Lest We Forget', engraved on the stone in gold, during this the Last Post is played by a bugler. Over 5000 mathematical calculations were conducted so this would occur, and it is said that it will continue for 1000 years. As a side note, a light is placed in the hole and at 11:11 AM every day, it will artificially pass light over the inscription, whilst a taped recording of the last post is played, the light is removed for the 11th November ceremony, and a real bugler plays, this artificial ceremony is so visitors can experience this without having to attend on the 11th november, which is often restricted."

because it seems that this should be in a more specific Wikipedia article. Motmot 19:11, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of speculation that no more tombs would be built
I deleted this section wherein it was stated that no more tombes were lokely to be built because 1) It was personal speculation 2) It was proven incorrect in that the New Zealand tomb was erected in 2004, well after DNA advances 203.211.101.50 22:40, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Merge discussion with Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge

 * Disagree - a military badge should have its own article. — MrDolomite • Talk 14:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Disagree per MrDolomite and also because this article is general and international in scope, as such this proposal ought to be directed towards Tomb of the Unknowns - the US article.
 * X damr talk 15:54, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree - The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is international in scope where as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is specific to the US Military. Also, as the suggesting editor did not cite any reasons I suggest that this issue quickly be closed. --Darkstar949 16:41, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Disagree per Darkstar949 Valentinian T / C 23:15, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

I think that we can end this now. 4-0 against, without even the proposer voicing his support.

X damr talk 23:20, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree They need there own pages. Crested Penguin 23:47, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Cathedral
I changed Cathedral to abbey in the first paragraph. Westminster Abbey and Westminster Cathedral are 2 different things and the abbey ISN'T a cathedral.

Padsley 10:07, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Mercie of freedom from katie dodge
A journey of emotions lead solders to a life unthinkable, Escaping the lives they once had where cowardly actions ain't aloud... The volunteers of bravery makes memories that will scar them for a lifetime, but still they seek-out into the dusk of the devils sand box with a rifle in hand and their rucksack on there back. Fighting proudly for the freedom of others as they reach there location. They stand there ground. There hearts pure and there souls are bulletproof. They clear away any thoughts they may have of their love ones. Firing sounds covering the silence. We are American warriors with a message of freedom. Secrets for survival becomes an emotional rage of horrifying adventure. These are the forgotten heroes that fight upon us, as the stream blue sky becomes a cloud of gray they still don't hesitate to use there knowledge. Brave is what they are. For some it's only a matter of time until they're standing with God looking down upon those who survived. The rest lives on with the memories of being victimized by the war. These are the secrets of unknown heroes who risked everything for the freedom that we take advantage of...

Dedicate: to the unknown soldiers

By:Katie Dodge 29 of Maine —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.179.86.98 (talk) 23:48, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Philippines' Libingan ng mga Bayani
I think the Philippines' Libingan ng mga Bayani does not belong here, since I don't think there is a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier there. --Bentong Isles (talk) 07:20, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Catalonia is not a country
Catalonia is not a country, so it should not be here. Catalonia is a region of Spain, so please someone put it where it belongs. Forgive my english --83.36.159.148 (talk) 17:17, 20 October 2008 (UTC)camdem--83.36.159.148 (talk) 17:17, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Catalonia is indeed a country, and the Catalans are a nation. However, it is not a sovereign state. "Region" means nothing. If you did your homework, you'd also know that part of Catalonia is in the French state (see Northern Catalonia)--MacRusgail (talk) 18:23, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Identified
I know that some of the "unknown soldiers" have been tentatively identified since, maybe this should be included in the article.--MacRusgail (talk) 18:20, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

why the hell are we doing to this world make it more appreciative —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.32.123.52 (talk) 13:12, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

too much info on Canada
I do not know why the Canadian Tomb should get so much space when the Description of the other tombs are so short i think it should be shortend any ideas as to how it should be done? Alinkinthefuture (talk) 16:48, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

QI on Unknown Soldier
There was an interesting section on QI this week about the Unknown Soldier. Assuming it's accurate, and if someone can source it, there were several interesting snippets:

In the UK the WW1 unknown soldier was given a state funeral with full military honours. There was a guard of 100 VC winners. Guests of honour were 100 women who had lost their husbands AND all their sons in WW1.

It was also said that in the UK and USA - and presumably most "western" armies, DNA samples are taken of all military staff, so there are unlikely to be "unknown" soldiers in future wars. Apepper (talk) 21:50, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Payton Thomas
Can't it just be the way I have written in the header as opposed to PAYTON THOMAS???? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.99.30.245 (talk) 03:03, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Tomb of the Unknown - Battle of the Little Big Horn
There is a Tomb of the Unknown at the Custer Battlefield Museum in Garryowen, Montana, to remember those fallen at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. At a ceremony for the 50th anniversary, representatives from the US and American Indian governments came together to "bury the hatchet." A tomahawk was placed at the new memorial to represent the ending of hostilities. http://www.custermuseum.org/Garryowen.htm Custerbattlefieldmuseum (talk) 17:39, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Reference to Walt Whitman as originator of the idea of a tomb
In the intro we have The idea was first conceived by Walt Whitman during his first hand experience in the American Civil War, where he reflects in Specimen Days on "the Bravest Soldier crumbles in mother earth, unburied and unknown." while interesting this doesn't make, or reference, any mention of a combined tomb but rather WW's recognition that there is a lack of recognition. It seems to be fairly well established that David Railtonis credited with the concept. One reference: The Unknown Soldier by Neil Hanson. Perhaps this should be reworded? Robertp42 (talk) 03:52, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * cf. The Unknown Warrior, David Railton, Arc de Triomphe, fr:Tombe du Soldat inconnu (France) --Vsop.de (talk) 09:39, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

India Gate?
Why India Gate is not on this page? It is also the site of a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Wiki-uk (talk) 21:24, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I have added this now. Wiki-uk (talk) 17:55, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Malaysia's Tugu Negara
As this article is about "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier", monuments listed must be a, well, tomb of unknown soldier(s). As such, Tugu Negara in Kuala Lumpur does not contain any remain of any warfighter. Thus, in my opinion, that monument does not meet the criteria of being a tomb of unknown soldier since it is not a tomb.

I am going to delete that entry about Tugu Negara, with the reason above. I am going to wait a week, until end of 07 May 2011. If there is no reasonable argument against it, Tugu Negara will be removed. Jusfiq (talk) 02:45, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

Blah, Blah, Blah
The second paragraph has a humongous, terribly-long, excruciatingly-written, poorly-phrased, badly formed run-on sentence, in parentheses, no less, reciting a mini-history that could be better placed elsewhere in the article so as to not cause readers to completely lose track of what is being said in this article. Let's see if someone can straighten it out. Bigdumbdinosaur (talk) 01:13, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Quite right. I've some some clean up.  "Dig in" (pun intended)! Help is always welcome. --S. Rich (talk) 04:29, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Btw, hola people. :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:3BEF:1B30:ACDB:871F:A6D5:41B9 (talk) 02:58, 10 November 2012 (UTC) Oh and sorry for my SENTENCE FRAGMENTS, with parentheses!  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:3BEF:1B30:ACDB:871F:A6D5:41B9 (talk) 03:02, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

we dont want the new virginia tomb included?
why not? is it something to be ashamed of? there are more unidentifiable american troops in the virginia landfill tomb than any other 'unknown soldier tomb' in the usa. it was even authorised by the us air force.

Printesa nina (talk) 14:48, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
 * It may have been removed because the information was unsourced. The information being inserted into the article needs reliable sources to verify the information. - SudoGhost 14:55, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Conceptual context
There are other "Tombs of the unknown", for example the Unknown Child from the Titanic disaster. A section or page on the general concept could help. 68.149.10.39 (talk) 04:45, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

Photo caption
Why does it say "true Greek face"? Seems like subjective editorial, not neutral...? 86.184.165.146 (talk) 02:41, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

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Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Of The American Revolution Vandalized
The recent "Protests" have now desecrated the tomb. https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2020/06/12/tomb-of-the-unknown-soldier-of-the-american-revolution-vandalized-in-philadelphias-washington-square/

title: Talk:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier


text:
Sid Field

Sidney Arthur Field (1 April 1904 – 3 February 1950) was an English comedy entertainer who was popular in the 1940s.

Early years
Field was born in Ladywood, Birmingham, Warwickshire, the son of Albert (a candlemaker) and Bertha (a dressmaker). Field spent most of his childhood in Birmingham. As a child, he charged his friends "admission" to his back garden impression shows. He also busked and performed in the queues at his local cinema dressed as Charlie Chaplin (once being cautioned by police for his activities). Field was later praised by Chaplin himself, at whose parties Field was a regular invitee.

Field was educated at Conway Road, Stratford Road and Golden Hillock Road schools, and attended Sunday school at Emmanuel Church, Walford Road. His cousins, "the Workmans", performed in concerts at Moseley Road Swimming Baths in the city, where Field made his stage debut, singing "What A Life" at the age of nine.

His first professional engagement, with "The Kino Royal Juveniles", came in July 1916, after his mother responded to an advertisement in the Birmingham Mail. He later worked as an understudy to Wee Georgie Wood in a Birmingham pantomime, then appeared in review at the Bordesley Palace and the Mission Hall in Church Road, Yardley. To assuage the young Sid's stage fright, Bertha gave him a glass of port to drink: by the age of 13, he was dependent on alcohol.

Success
Sidney Field was considered unusual among comedy performers of the day, as his act was a multitude of characters and impersonations, at a time when most variety (vaudeville) acts were more limited in nature. Despite his flair for comedy and acting, it was not until he had spent decades touring provincial music halls that Field finally achieved prominence, appearing in London's West End as Slasher Green, the Cockney "wide boy" or "spiv". His rise to stardom was quick.

In Strike a New Note (1943), Strike it Again (1944) and Piccadilly Hayride (1946), he had his audiences roaring with laughter. One reviewer commented that he was the only comedian who had the audience literally "falling off their seats with laughter". He was loved for his routines involving a naïve approach to the billiards table and the golf course, played with his straight man, Jerry Desmonde. Terry-Thomas acted as compere for the shows and appeared with Field in one of the sketches.

On 5 November 1945, Field appeared in the Royal Variety Performance. Appearing again in 1946, he became one of the few artists to make an appearance in two consecutive Royal Performances. 18 months later in 1948, Field was topping the bill at the London Palladium, replacing Mickey Rooney.

Field had a starring role in That's the Ticket (1940) but London Town (1946) is often referred to as his first film in error. Some of his best-remembered sketches are preserved here. Field made one more film, Cardboard Cavalier (as Sidcup Buttermeadow), co-starring with Margaret Lockwood. However, cinema was not Field's most effective medium, and his films were neither critical nor commercial successes.

It is perhaps because of this lack of recorded material on film or TV, that Field is now largely forgotten. Only the three films and some recorded variety material survive. He influenced a generation of comedians and pioneered the use of character acting in comedy. He was cited as a comic favourite by Eric Morecambe, Eric Sykes, Frankie Howerd, Tommy Cooper, among many others, and an influence to Tony Hancock. He was described by Bob Hope as being 'probably the best comedian of them all.' Laurence Olivier, during an interview with Kenneth Tynan in 1966, cited Field as a strong influence on his acting, saying, 'Of all people I have ever watched with the greatest delight, I think, was in another field entirely, was Sid Field… I still borrow from him, freely and unashamedly.'

His only straight role came in 1949 in Mary Chase's play Harvey, (as Elwood P. Dowd, the role played in the 1950 film by James Stewart). Members of the Royal Family went to see the play in August.

Personal life, death and legacy
He married Constance 'Connie' Dawkins (1910-1992), stage actress, in 1933, Birmingham. They had two daughters and a son. In December 1949 he returned from a cruise on the Durban Castle taken for health reasons. On 3 February 1950, during the run of Harvey, Field died from a heart attack at his home, Arran Cottage, Parkside, Wimbledon, London. He was 45. Over 300 people attended his funeral at Putney Vale Crematorium. Later that month, a memorial service was held at London's St Martin-in-the-Fields, with lessons read by Laurence Olivier and Ted Ray. A midnight matinée benefit for his wife and children, held on 25 June 1951, was attended by the Duchess of Kent, Aneurin Bevan and Noël Coward. The cast list included Jack Hylton, Bud Flanagan, Arthur Askey, Tommy Trinder, all six of the original Crazy Gang, Peter Ustinov, George Robey and many more, totalling over 240.

There is a Birmingham Civic Society blue plaque commemorating Sid Field on the front of 152 Osborn Road, where he grew up, and a memorial in the foyer of the Prince of Wales Theatre in London, which says:"'To the memory of the great comedian Sid Field, who made his first appearance in the West End at this theatre on 18 March 1943 and who played his last performance here on 2 February 1950.'"

In 1994 the actor David Suchet played Sid Field in a stage play of his life (What a Performance), and in October 2011, Suchet followed this up as the presenter of a BBC Four documentary about Sid Field. In the programme, Suchet meets stars such as Eric Sykes, Leslie Phillips and Nicholas Parsons who remember Field's epic stage shows.

Prince of Wales Theatre shows

 * 1943 – Strike a New Note
 * 1944 – Strike it Again
 * 1946 – Piccadilly Hayride
 * 1949 – Harvey

Film appearances

 * 1940 – That's the Ticket
 * 1946 – London Town
 * 1949 – Cardboard Cavalier

title: Sid Field


text:
Mayville

Mayville is the name of a number of places:

United States

 * Mayville, Michigan
 * Mayville, Minnesota
 * Mayville Township, Houston County, Minnesota
 * Mayville, New Jersey
 * Mayville, New York
 * Mayville, North Dakota
 * Mayville, Wisconsin
 * Mayville, Clark County, Wisconsin

South Africa

 * Mayville, Durban
 * Mayville, Pretoria

title: Mayville


text:
Iwasawa theory

In number theory, Iwasawa theory is the study of objects of arithmetic interest over infinite towers of number fields. It began as a Galois module theory of ideal class groups, initiated by (岩澤 健吉), as part of the theory of cyclotomic fields. In the early 1970s, Barry Mazur considered generalizations of Iwasawa theory to abelian varieties. More recently (early 1990s), Ralph Greenberg has proposed an Iwasawa theory for motives.

Formulation
Iwasawa worked with so-called $$\Z_p$$-extensions: infinite extensions of a number field $$F$$ with Galois group $$\Gamma $$ isomorphic to the additive group of p-adic integers for some prime p. (These were called $$\Gamma$$-extensions in early papers. ) Every closed subgroup of $$\Gamma$$ is of the form $$ \Gamma^{p^n},$$ so by Galois theory, a $$\Z_p$$-extension $$F_\infty/F$$ is the same thing as a tower of fields

 * $$F=F_0 \subset F_1 \subset F_2 \subset \cdots \subset F_\infty$$

such that $$\operatorname{Gal}(F_n/F)\cong \Z/p^n\Z.$$ Iwasawa studied classical Galois modules over $$ F_n $$ by asking questions about the structure of modules over $$F_\infty.$$

More generally, Iwasawa theory asks questions about the structure of Galois modules over extensions with Galois group a p-adic Lie group.

Example
Let $$p$$ be a prime number and let $$K=\Q(\mu_p)$$ be the field generated over $$\Q$$ by the $$p$$th roots of unity. Iwasawa considered the following tower of number fields:

 * $$ K = K_{0} \subset K_{1} \subset \cdots \subset K_{\infty}, $$

where $$K_n$$ is the field generated by adjoining to $$K$$ the pn+1-st roots of unity and

 * $$K_\infty = \bigcup K_n.$$

The fact that $$\operatorname{Gal}(K_n/K)\simeq \Z/p^n\Z$$ implies, by infinite Galois theory, that $$\operatorname{Gal}(K_{\infty}/K) \simeq \varprojlim_n \Z/p^n\Z = \Z_p.$$ In order to get an interesting Galois module, Iwasawa took the ideal class group of $$K_n$$, and let $$I_n$$ be its p-torsion part. There are norm maps $$I_m\to I_n$$ whenever $$m>n$$, and this gives us the data of an inverse system. If we set

 * $$I = \varprojlim I_n,$$

then it is not hard to see from the inverse limit construction that $$ I $$ is a module over $$\Z_p.$$ In fact, $$I$$ is a module over the Iwasawa algebra $$\Lambda=\Z_p\Gamma$$. This is a 2-dimensional, regular local ring, and this makes it possible to describe modules over it. From this description it is possible to recover information about the p-part of the class group of $$K.$$

The motivation here is that the p-torsion in the ideal class group of $$K$$ had already been identified by Kummer as the main obstruction to the direct proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

Connections with p-adic analysis
From this beginning in the 1950s, a substantial theory has been built up. A fundamental connection was noticed between the module theory, and the p-adic L-functions that were defined in the 1960s by Kubota and Leopoldt. The latter begin from the Bernoulli numbers, and use interpolation to define p-adic analogues of the Dirichlet L-functions. It became clear that the theory had prospects of moving ahead finally from Kummer's century-old results on regular primes.

Iwasawa formulated the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory as an assertion that two methods of defining p-adic L-functions (by module theory, by interpolation) should coincide, as far as that was well-defined. This was proved by for $$\Q$$ and for all totally real number fields by. These proofs were modeled upon Ken Ribet's proof of the converse to Herbrand's theorem (the so-called Herbrand–Ribet theorem).

Karl Rubin found a more elementary proof of the Mazur-Wiles theorem by using Kolyvagin's Euler systems, described in and, and later proved other generalizations of the main conjecture for imaginary quadratic fields.

Generalizations
The Galois group of the infinite tower, the starting field, and the sort of arithmetic module studied can all be varied. In each case, there is a main conjecture linking the tower to a p-adic L-function.

In 2002, Christopher Skinner and Eric Urban claimed a proof of a main conjecture for GL(2). In 2010, they posted a preprint.

title: Iwasawa theory


text:
Dev Anand

Dev Anand (born Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand; 26 September 1923 – 3 December 2011) was an Indian actor, writer, director and producer known for his work in Hindi cinema. Anand is considered as one of the greatest and most successful actors in the history of Indian cinema. Through a career that spanned over six decades, he worked in more than 100 films. Anand is a recipient of four Filmfare Awards, including two for Best Actor. The Government of India honoured him with Padma Bhushan, Indian third highest civilian honour in 2001 and with Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2002.

In 1946, Anand debuted with a lead role in Prabhat Films's  Hum Ek Hain, a film about Hindu-Muslim unity. He had his first commercial success in Ziddi (1948) and gained widespread recognition with the blockbuster crime thriller Baazi (1951), which is regarded as the forerunner of the spate of "Bombay Noir" films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. In later years, he starred in top grossing films, such as Jaal (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), Insaniyat (1955), Munimji (1955), C.I.D. (1956), Paying Guest (1957), Kala Pani (1958) and Kala Bazar (1960). Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil (1960), Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai (1961), Hum Dono (1961), Asli-Naqli (1962) and Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963).

The 1965 film Guide marked a major milestone in Anand's career. Based on the novel by R. K. Narayan, it became a box office success; and was entered for Best Foreign Language Film at the 38th Academy Awards. He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief (1967), based on the thriller genre, it went on to become a hit at the box office. In the 70s, he forayed into direction with espionage drama Prem Pujari. Throughout the 70s and 80s, he starred in a number of highly successful films, including Johny Mera Naam (1970), which was highest grosser of the year, Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1971), Banarasi Babu (1973), Heera Panna (1973), Amir Garib (1974), Warrant (1975), Des Pardes (1978), Lootmaar (1980), Swami Dada (1982) and Lashkar (1989). The 2011 film Chargesheet was Anand's final film.

Anand's fast dialogue delivery and unique nodding style became the trademarks of his acting in movies. His style was often copied by other actors. Many of Dev Anand's films explored his cultural viewpoint of the world and often highlighted many socially relevant topics. Anand won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor for the films Kala Pani and Guide. Anand was married to actress Kalpana Kartik, with whom he had two children, including Suneil Anand.

Early life and family

Anand was born Dharamdev Pishorimal Anand on 26 September 1923 in the Shakargarh tehsil of the Gurdaspur district in Punjab, British India (now Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan). His father Pishori Lal Anand was a prominent lawyer in Gurdaspur District Court. Dev was the third of four sons born to Anand. One of Dev's younger sisters Sheel Kanta Kapur, is the mother of film director Shekhar Kapur. His older brothers included Manmohan Anand (Advocate, Gurdaspur Dist. Court) and Chetan Anand, while Vijay Anand was his younger brother.

Anand did his schooling till matriculation from Sacred Heart School, Dalhousie (then in Punjab), and went to Government College Dharamshala before going to Lahore to study. Later Dev completed a B.A. degree in English Literature from the Government College, Lahore in British India. Part of the Anand family, he co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 with his elder brother Chetan Anand.

Career
After completing his BA degree in English literature from the Government College, Lahore (then in British India). Anand left his hometown for Bombay in the early 1940s. He began his career in the military censor's office at Churchgate, for a monthly salary of Rs. 65. Later, he worked as a clerk in an accounting firm for a salary of Rs. 85. He joined his older brother, Chetan, as a member of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA). Anand aspired to become a performer after seeing Ashok Kumar's performance in films such as Achhut Kanya and Kismet. Anand quoted in an interview that "I remember when I gate-crashed into the office of the man who gave me the first break, he kept looking at me – Babu Rao Pai of Prabhat Film Studios. At that time he made up his mind that this boy deserves a break and later mentioned to his people that 'this boy struck me because of his smile and beautiful eyes and his tremendous confidence.'" Then he was soon offered the lead role in Prabhat Films' Hum Ek Hain (1946), a film about Hindu-Muslim unity, where Dev Anand played a Hindu boy and was paired opposite Kamala Kotnis. While shooting the film in Pune, Anand befriended the actor Guru Dutt. Between them, they agreed that if one of them were to become successful in the film industry, he would help the other also to be successful. They formed a mutual understanding that when Anand produced a film, Dutt would direct it and when Dutt directed a film, Anand would act in it.

Late 1940s breakthrough and romance with Suraiya
In the late 1940s, Anand was offered a few roles starring as the male lead opposite singer-actress Suraiya in woman-oriented films. While shooting these films, they became romantically involved. The two of them were paired in many films: Vidya (1948), Jeet (1949), Shair (1949), Afsar (1950), Nili (1950), Sanam and Do Sitare (1951). In these films, Suraiya was always the first biller in the credits, indicating that she was a bigger star than Anand. She fell in love with him during the shooting of the song Kinare Kinare Chale Jayen Ge from the film Vidya— while shooting the scene, the boat they were in capsized, and Anand saved Suraiya from drowning. Initially, Suraiya's family used to welcome Anand at home, but when her maternal grandmother found out that the two were in love, and even planned an actual marriage on the set of Jeet, she started monitoring them. The two shared love letters and messages through their co-actors, like Durga Khote and Kamini Kaushal, who went out of their way to engineer secret rendezvous. During the shooting of the film Afsar (1950), Anand finally proposed to Suraiya and gave her a diamond ring worth Rs 3,000. Her maternal grandmother opposed the relationship as they were Muslim and Anand was Hindu, so, Suraiya remained unmarried. They stopped acting together after her grandmother opposed their partnership, and Do Sitare was the last film in which they appeared together. Although the films he starred in with Suraiya had been successful, the producers and directors of those films attributed their success to the acting prowess and screen presence of Suraiya. Anand began looking for an opportunity to play the main male lead in a film where his acting skills could be demonstrated, so as to dispel scepticism about his acting abilities.

Dev Anand often spoke about Suraiya and his love affair with her, in various interviews, he gave to film magazines, such as Stardust (June 1972 issue), Star & Style (Feb 1987 issue) and TV to Karan Thapar for BBC (2002), while both were alive and after Suraiya's death in interviews given on TV to Simi Garewal (Rendezvous with Simi Garewal) and others on TV and for news magazines.

Breakthrough and 1950s stardom

Anand was offered his first big break by Ashok Kumar. He spotted Anand hanging around in the studios and picked him as the hero for the Bombay Talkies production Ziddi (1948), co-starring Kamini Kaushal, which became an instant success. After Ziddi's success, Anand decided that he would start producing films. It was in the film Ziddi, that the first ever Kishore-Lata duet, "Yeh Kaun Aaya Karke Yeh Sola Singhar", was recorded. This duet was an instant hit, and from here on both playback singers' associations with Dev Anand began. This continued for the next four decades. His association with Kishore Kumar started when the former sang the first solo of his playback singing career – "Marne Ki Duayen" – picturised on Dev Anand in the movie Ziddi. Dev had forged a very strong bond of friendship with Kishore Kumar during the making of the film. In 1949, he launched his own company Navketan Films (named after his elder brother Chetan's son Ketan and which means "New Banner"), which, as of 2011, has produced 35 films. Nirala (1950), a commercial success, saw him being paired opposite Madhubala for the first time, with whom he would later form a popular pair.

Dev chose Guru Dutt as director for the crime thriller, Baazi (1951). The film, starring Dev Anand, Geeta Bali, and Kalpana Kartik was a trendsetter, regarded as the forerunner of the spate of urban crime films that followed in Bollywood in the 1950s. The film Baazi saw the debut of Kalpana Kartik (aka Mona Singha) as the lead female actress and Guru Dutt as a director. The collaboration was a success at the box office and the duo of Dev Anand and Kalpana Kartik were offered many films to star in together. They signed all the film offers and subsequently the movies Aandhiyan (1952), Taxi Driver (1954), House No. 44 (1955) and Nau Do Gyarah (1957) went on to become big hits too. During the making of the film Taxi Driver, the couple fell in love and Dev proposed marriage to his heroine Kalpana. In 1954, Taxi Driver was declared a hit and the two decided to marry in a quiet ceremony. The couple had a son, Suneil Anand in 1956 and later a daughter, Devina, was born. After her marriage, Kalpana decided not to pursue her acting career further. Nau Do Gyarah was the couple's last movie together.

A rapid-fire style of dialogue delivery and a penchant for nodding while speaking became Dev's style in films such as Baazi (1951), Jaal (1952), House No. 44 (1955), Pocket Maar (1956), Munimji (1955), Funtoosh (1956), C.I.D. (1956) and Paying Guest (1957). In the 1950s his films were of the mystery genre or light comedy love stories or were films with social relevance such as Ek Ke Baad Ek (1959) and Funtoosh (1956). His style was lapped up by the audience and was widely imitated. He starred in a string of box office successes for the remainder of the 1950s opposite newcomer Waheeda Rehman in C.I.D. (1956), Solva Saal (1958), Kala Bazar (1960) and Baat Ek Raat Ki (1962). Waheeda first became a star when C.I.D became a hit. In 1955, he co-starred with Dilip Kumar in the blockbuster actioner Insaniyat. With his acting in the box office success Kala Pani (1958) opposite Madhubala and Nalini Jaywant, as the son who is willing to go to any lengths to clear his framed father's name, he won his first Filmfare award for Best Actor for the film. He attempted films of tragic genre occasionally, such as Pocket Maar (1956), Kala Pani (1958), Bombai Ka Baboo (1960) and Sharabi (1964) and tasted success with them. Dev also played a few characters with a negative shade, as in Jaal (1952) where he played a smuggler, then as an absconding gang member in Dushman (1957), and as a black marketer in Kala Bazar. Apart from his pairing with Suraiya and Kalpana Kartik, his pairing with Nutan, Waheeda Rehman and Geeta Bali was popular among the audiences in the late 50s and 60s. His films Rahi (1952) and Aandhiyan (1952), were screened along with Raj Kapoor's Awaara. From the early fifties till the mid-sixties, the trio of actors Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, and Anand ruled the roost.

Romantic hero image in the 1960s
In the sixties, Dev Anand acquired a romantic image with films such as Manzil and Tere Ghar Ke Samne with Nutan, Kinare Kinare with Meena Kumari, Maya with Mala Sinha, Asli-Naqli with Sadhana Shivdasani, Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai, Mahal with Asha Parekh and Teen Deviyaan opposite three heroines Kalpana, Simi Garewal and Nanda. In the film Teen Deviyaan, Dev Anand played a playboy. One of his notable films of the early sixties was Hum Dono (1961) which he produced and acted in, as Anand, a young lover who joins the army in frustration over being shunned by the father of his love Meeta (played by Sadhana Shivdasani). Anand played a double role in the film, also acting as Major Varma, his look-alike who he runs into in the army and forms a deep friendship. Notable for its music by Jaidev, the film was a box office hit. His first colour film, Guide with Waheeda Rehman was based on the novel of the same name by R. K. Narayan. Dev Anand himself was the impetus for making the film version of the book. He met and persuaded Narayan to give his assent to the project. Dev Anand tapped his friends in Hollywood to launch an Indo-US co-production that was shot in Hindi and English simultaneously and was released in 1965. Guide, directed by younger brother Vijay Anand, was an acclaimed movie. Dev played Raju, a voluble guide, who supports Rosy (Waheeda) in her bid for freedom. He is not above thoughtlessly exploiting her for personal gains. Combining style with substance, he gave an affecting performance as a man grappling with his emotions in his passage through love, shame, and salvation.

He reunited with Vijay Anand for the movie Jewel Thief (1967), based on the thriller genre which featured Vyjayanthimala, Tanuja, Anju Mahendru, Faryal and Helen and was very successful. Their next collaboration, Johny Mera Naam (1970), again a thriller, in which Dev was paired opposite Hema Malini was a huge blockbuster. It was Johnny Mera Naam which made Hema Malini a big star.

In 1969, he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.

Directorial debut and versatility in the 1970s

Dev Anand's directorial debut, the espionage drama Prem Pujari, was a flop but has developed a cult following over the years. The film introduced Zaheeda and had Waheeda Rehman as the female lead. He tasted success with his 1971 directorial effort Hare Rama Hare Krishna, shot primarily in Nepal around Swyambhunath, and Bhaktapur, in which talks about the prevalent hippie culture. His find Zeenat Aman, who played the mini-skirt-sporting, pot-smoking Janice, became an overnight sensation. Anand also became known as a filmmaker of trenchantly topical themes. The same year, he starred with Mumtaz in Tere Mere Sapne, an adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel The Citadel. The film was directed by Dev's brother, Vijay, and was also successful. In 1971 he paired again with Zaheeda in Gambler which went on to become a success.

In the 1970s, Raj Kapoor started playing roles of father in films such as Kal Aaj Aur Kal in 1971 and Dharam Karam in 1974 and had put on a lot of weight and films with Dilip Kumar as a lead hero like Dastaan and Bairaag were failures at the box office. Some of the hurriedly made films with Dev Anand as the leading man—two each opposite Hema Malini – Shareef Badmaash, Joshila and two with Zeenat Aman – Ishk Ishk Ishk, Prem Shastra and Saheb Bahadur with Priya Rajvansh — became flops and posed a threat to his career as a leading man. He bounced back with the double-role film Banarasi Babu in 1973. He delivered commercial hits again with young heroines like with Sharmila Tagore in Yeh Gulistan Hamara (1972), with Yogeeta Bali and Raakhee in Banarasi Babu (1973), with Hema Malini in Chhupa Rustam (1973) and Amir Garib (1974), with Zeenat Aman in Heera Panna (1973), Warrant (1975), Kalabaaz (1977) and Darling Darling (1977) and with Parveen Babi in Bullet (1976). The presence of his discoveries in the 1970s—Zeenat, and later Tina Munim, in films and his good on-screen chemistry with beautiful young stars such as Raakhee, Parveen Babi, Hema Malini and Zeenat Aman in various films boosted Anand's image as the evergreen star even though he was well into his fifties. He attempted different genres of films to acquire versatile hero images. He was already 55 when he was paired with Tina Munim in 1978 in Des Pardes, which became among the top five-grossing films of the year.

Political activism during the Emergency in the late 1970s
Dev Anand has also been politically active. He led a group of film personalities who stood up against the Internal Emergency imposed by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. He actively campaigned against her with his supporters in the Indian parliamentary elections in 1977. He also formed a party called the National Party of India, which he later disbanded.

Later career and an evergreen hero
The 1978 hit Des Pardes, directed by Dev Anand was the debut movie of actress Tina Munim and this film's success gave him the tag of the Evergreen Star. Dev Anand was offered the lead role in Man Pasand by director Basu Chatterjee. Dev Anand's successful run at the box office continued in the 1980s with Man Pasand, Lootmaar (both opposite Tina Munim), and Swami Dada (1982), all being critically acclaimed and box office hits.

Though Dev Anand's demand as the lead hero had not decreased even in the 1980s, he decided that it was the right time to introduce his son Suneil Anand in films as the hero. He launched his son in the Kramer vs. Kramer-inspired Anand Aur Anand (1984), which was produced and directed by Dev Anand himself and had music by R.D. Burman. He expected the film to do well, but the film was a box office disaster, and Suneil Anand decided not to act in films any more.

But films with Dev Anand as the lead hero in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Lashkar (1989) continued to be box office successes and were appreciated by critics. He was already 60 years old in 1983 when he acted opposite Christine O'Neil and alongside Rati Agnihotri and Padmini Kolhapure in Swami Dada. In 1989, his directorial venture Sachche ka Bolbala was released. Though critically acclaimed, it was a commercial failure. His performance as Professor Anand in the 1989 film Lashkar was widely appreciated and was a major success at the box office. Lashkar was his last hit film in the lead role in 1989, with him neither producer nor director of the film.

He directed Pyar Ka Tarana in 1993, without casting himself in any role. His directorial movie Gangster (1995) had a controversial nude rape scene and the movie was released uncut. He received offers to star in the lead roles outside of his home banners in films like Return of Jewel Thief and Aman Ke Farishtey but the former was not successful at the box office and the latter wasn't released in 1993 though the film was fully ready to be released.

Since 1992, seven of his directorial ventures were box office failures. His last film Chargesheet (2011) was panned by critics across the board and was a box office flop.

He also starred in English films such as The Evil Within (1970), where he was paired opposite Vietnamese actress Kieu Chinh and Zeenat Aman and Guide (English Version). The English language film The Evil Within was a 20th-Century Fox production that couldn't get the nod from the concerned authorities due to its parallel track dealing with opium selling and thus the Indian viewers were deprived of this American venture. Of the 114 Hindi films, he appeared in, over 6 decades, Kahin Aur Chal (1968) had a delayed release in the early 1970s and the multi-starrer film Ek Do Teen Chaar (1980) remained unreleased and Shrimanji (1968) had him in a guest appearance. By 2011, he had the second most solo lead roles in Hindi films— 92, with Rajesh Khanna having the record for the most films as the solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.

Production
Dev Anand has produced 35 films. Of the 35 films he produced, 18 were commercially successful at the box office. He wrote the stories for 13 of his films. Anand's films are well known for their hit songs. He is known to have been an active participant in the music sessions of a number of his films. His association with music composers Shankar-Jaikishen, O. P. Nayyar, Kalyanji-Anandji, Sachin Dev Burman and his son Rahul Dev Burman, lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Gopaldas Neeraj, Shailendra, Anand Bakshi, and playback singers Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi and Hemant Kumar produced some very popular songs. Guru Dutt, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Pran, Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Sunil Dutt, Nargis, Vyjayanthimala, S.D. Burman, Shammi Kapoor and R.D. Burman were his closest friends from the film industry.

Anand is credited with giving actors such as Zarina Wahab in Ishk Ishk Ishk (1974), Jackie Shroff in Swami Dada (1982), Tabu in Hum Naujawan (1985) and Richa Sharma (Sanjay Dutt's first wife) a break in the film industry, discovering Zeenat Amaan, Tina Munim and encouraging music composer Rajesh Roshan. Amit Khanna started his career with Navketan as executive producer in 1971 and had been secretary to Dev Anand in the 1970s. He adds, "The uniqueness of Navketan today is that it's the only film company in the world still run by the one who started it." Shatrughan Sinha disclosed in an interview that it was Dev Anand who gave him a break in films by giving him a role in Prem Pujari and since Dev had given Sinha a very small role in that film, he compensated for it by giving Sinha another role in his next film Gambler. Sinha quoted: "Later on we worked together in Sharif Badmash and it was really a privilege to work with him". It was under Dev Anand's Navketan Banner where Guru Dutt, Raj Khosla, Waheeda Rehman, S.D. Burman, Jaidev, Sahir Ludhianvi, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Yash Johar, Shekhar Kapur and Kabir Bedi were given breaks into Hindi films and Dev launched actors Zaheera, Zaheeda Hussain, Zarina Wahab, Natasha Sinha, Ekta Sohini and Sabrina.

Personal life
Anand was in a relationship with actress Suraiya for four years from 1948 to 1951. Anand nicknamed Suraiya "Nosey", while to Suraiya, Dev Anand was "Steve", a name chosen from a book Dev Anand had given her. Suraiya also called Anand "Devina" and he called her "Suraiyana", while faking an Italian accent. During the shooting of Jeet (1949), both Anand and Suraiya, had made plans for marriage and elopement, but were unsuccessful due to the opposition from Suraiya's maternal grandmother and maternal uncle. In the 'Star and Style' interview, Suraiya said that she gave in only when both her grandmother and her maternal uncle threatened to get Dev Anand killed. Suraiya and Anand were stopped from acting together after their last film in 1951 by her grandmother. In an interview with Stardust, in June 1972, Suraiya revealed that she lacked the courage to resist her family and that Anand truly loved her. Anand wanted her to be bold and marry him in a civil court, but she refused. Suraiya remained unmarried throughout her life till she died on 31 January 2004. In his auto-biography, Anand said Suraiya was his "first true love". When Suraiya died in 2004, Anand hid from the media in his terrace, because he wanted to be away from the media.

Dev Anand was broken after the relationship ended. In 1954, Anand married Kalpana Kartik, an actress from Shimla, in a private marriage during the shooting of the film Taxi Driver. They have two children, son Suneil Anand, born 1956 and daughter Devina Anand.

Public image

Anand is regarded as one of the greatest actors of Indian cinema. Anand is noted for his charm, diverse roles and handsome face. One of the highest paid actor from the 1950s to early 1970s, Anand appeared in Box Office India's "Top Actors" list sixteen times, (1948, 1951-1963, 1970-1971). In 2022, he was placed in Outlook India's "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list. Anand was placed seventh among the "Greatest Bollywood Stars" in a UK poll celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema, in 2013. He was also a part of the "Trinity – The Golden Trio" (along with Raj Kapoor and Dilip Kumar). In 2013, he was named as one of "the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by CNN-News18.

Anand was widely known as the "first fashion icon" of Bollywood. He made fashion statement with his scarves, mufflers and jackets and his signature puff. Many film actors and fashion designers have taken inspiration from Anand. Filmfare place him third in its "Bollywood's most stylish men" list. Commenting on his style, Rachel Dwyer said, "Dev Anand’s offscreen persona was that of the modern Indian citizen created by the new state of India. Onscreen, he often appeared as himself from film to film, with his distinctive hair puff and stylish western clothes – the look was often similar, well-suited to an urban and urbane hero, he played a wide variety of roles convincingly." After the film Kaala Paani, there was a period when Anand did not wear black in public. In September 2007, Dev Anand's autobiography Romancing with Life was released at a birthday party with the Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Acting style and reception
Anand is considered to be among the finest and greatest actor in Indian cinema. Anand played the leading man from 1940s till the 1980s and was known for his strong roles. He is noted for playing roles in diverse genres — from romantic dramas to actions to thrillers to musical dramas. Anupama Chopra termed Anand the "most dashing hero", Indian cinema has ever seen and added, "The nodding head, flopping arms, casual charm inspired a legion of actors. Yet, in 77 years, Dev Saab hasn’t had a true successor." Although Anand was mainly a romantic actor, but he also played complicated, compromised characters. Anand's film Baazi is regarded as the forerunner of the spate of "Bombay Noir". He later appeared in many thrillers like C.I.D, Kala Pani, Jaal, Jewel Thief and Hare Rama Hare Krishna. On this, filmmaker Sriram Raghavan said, "Much before Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan, much more than Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor, it was Dev Anand’s bold film choices that shaped what is called the Bombay noir."

Devesh Sharma of Filmfare termed him a "debonair hero" and noted, "His true matinee idol good looks, suave demeanour and charismatic screen presence made his fans swoon every time he came on screen." Subhash K. Jha of Firstpost called him the "most easygoing superstar cinema has ever known" and said, "Dev Anand symbolized the most dazzling bastion of Hindi cinema. He was flamboyant, debonair, mischievous and romantic." Shekhar Gupta of The Print said, "Nobody could match Dev Anand for style." He added, "Many of his films were ahead of his time. But you always walked out of the sultry small-town hall copying Dev Anand’s leaning-tower gait, his mannerism, and always hummed his songs." Journalist Rauf Ahmed added Anand on his "Biggest stars in Hindi filmdom" list and noted, "For almost five decades Anand has continued to fascinate his fans with his never-say-die spirit and flamboyance. He is one actor for whom time has had the courtesy to stand still." Saibal Chatterjee of The Tribune noted, "There is nobody quite like Dev Anand. A timeless Bollywood icon, an eternal dreamer and a man of action, his creative life has never known anything akin to a full stop." Siddharth Bhatia said, "Anand's various roles - whether in the black-and-white 1950s, when he usually played a down-at-heel cabbie or con artist, or in the 1960s when he matured, and even later - were all marked with a can-do spirit; maudlin self-pity was not his style."

Comparison with Gregory Peck
Anand was often compared to the famous Hollywood actor Gregory Peck. Anand said that he didn't feel ecstatic hearing the tagline bestowed on him in his heyday. "When you are at an impressionable age you make idols, but when you grow out of the phase, you develop your own persona. I don't want to be known as India's Gregory Peck, I am Dev Anand". Acquainted with the Bollywood actor, Peck's personal interactions with him spanned four to five long meetings in Europe and Mumbai.

Dev Anand and Suraiya met Peck for the first time at Bombay's Willingdon Club, after the Filmfare Awards in 1954. He knew of the "Indian Star" as an actor, more so probably because his romance with Suraiya was grabbing the headlines. The second time they met was in Rome when Dev Anand was on his way back from the Venice Film Festival, and they exchanged pleasantries. The third meeting was in London on the set of Moby Dick. However, Suraiya asked for an exclusive meeting with her idol at her house. Though Anand says jealousy was natural for anyone in love, he didn't mind that he was not invited. "I didn't quite feel anything. It wasn't as if they were going to fall in love or make love. Even if they would have, it wouldn't have mattered. I was mature enough. Moreover, he wasn't my rival. I too was a big star by then," says Anand.

Death
Dev Anand died in his room at The Washington Mayfair Hotel in London at the age of 88 on 3 December 2011 of a cardiac arrest. His death came just two months after the release of his last film Chargesheet, which he directed and produced. Anand was reportedly in London for a medical checkup at the time of his death. On 10 December, his funeral service was held at a small chapel in London after which his coffin was taken to the Putney Vale Crematorium in southwest London. His ashes were returned to India for immersion burial in the Godavari River.

Other recognitions

 * 1997 – Mumbai Academy of Moving Images Award for his Outstanding Services to the Indian Film Industry.
 * 1998 – Lifetime Achievement Award by the Ujala Anandlok Film Awards Committee in Calcutta.
 * 1999 – Sansui Lifetime Achievement Award for his "Immense Contribution to Indian Cinema" in New Delhi.
 * 2000 – Film Goers' Mega Movie Maestro of the Millennium Award in Mumbai.
 * 2001 – Evergreen Star of the Millennium Award at the Zee Gold Bollywood Awards on 28 April 2001 at the Nassau Coliseum, New York.
 * 2004 – Legend of Indian Cinema Award at Atlantic City (United States).
 * 2004 – Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry.
 * 2005 – Sony Gold Award.
 * 2006 – Glory of India Award by IIAF, London.
 * 2007 – Punjab Ratan (Jewel of Punjab) Award by the World Punjabi Organisation (European Division) for his outstanding contribution to the field of art and entertainment.
 * 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Ramya Cultural Academy in association with Vinmusiclub.
 * 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Bombay.
 * 2008 – Awarded at the IIJS Solitaire Awards.
 * 2009 – Legend Award given to Dev Anand by Rajinikanth.
 * 2010 – Phalke Ratna Award by Dadasaheb Phalke Academy.
 * 2010 – Rashtriya Gaurav Award.
 * 2011 – Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh.
 * 2013 – Lifetime Achievement Maestro Award by the Whistling Woods International Institute.
 * In July 2000, in New York City, he was honoured by an Award from the hands of the then First Lady of the United States of America, Hillary Clinton, for his "Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema".
 * In 2000, he was awarded the Indo-American Association "Star of the Millennium" Award in Silicon Valley, California.
 * Donna Ferrar, Member of the New York State Assembly, honoured him with a "New York State Assembly Citation" for his "Outstanding Contribution to the Cinematic Arts Worthy of the Esteem and Gratitude of the Great State of New York" on 1 May 2001.
 * In 2005, he was honoured with a "Special National Film Award" by the Government of Nepal at Nepal's first National Indian film festival in Stockholm.
 * In 2008, he was guest of honour at a dinner hosted by the Provost of Highland Council in Inverness, Scotland to celebrate 10 years since he first worked in the Scottish Highlands. He spent several days in the area, en route to Cannes, as a guest of the Highlands and Islands Film Commission.

Honours and tributes

On the occasion of 100 years of Indian cinema, a postage stamp bearing his image and likeness was released by India Post to honour him on 3 May 2013. In Anand's honour, a brass statue was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand, along with his autograph, in February 2013. In 2016, Bhaichand Patel wrote about Dev Anand in his book Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema.

Several actors have been inspired by Anand's work and fondly remembers him. Actor Rajesh Khanna called him his "inspiration" and said, "I was an ardent admirer of Dev Anand from my teens. I was highly inspired by his acting style. Dev Anand was my inspiration, my idol." Actress Mala Sinha said, "Devsaab was the romantic idol of Indian youth. He paired successfully opposite every leading lady of his period." Talking about his stardom, actress Asha Parekh said, "The only stardom I’ve seen seem that is comparable with Rajesh Khanna is Dev Anand. Deewane the fans Dev Saab ke." ("Fans were crazy about Dev Anand")

Various film festivals have given tribute to Dev Anand. In 2011, Bengaluru International Film Festival and in 2023, Kolkata International Film Festival organised event and screened Anand's films. A three-day weekend retrospective of five of Anand's biggest 1960s hits, was organised by the Directorate of Film Festivals in 2005. A garden named "Sadabhaar Dev Anand Udyan", after the actor was inaugurated by his son in Mahavir Jain Vidyalaya, Mumbai. In 2023, to mark Anand's 100th birthday on 26 September, Film Heritage Foundation and National Film Archive of India, in collaboration with PVR INOX, presented "Dev Anand@100 - Forever Young" - a weekend festival of four Dev Anand milestone films in cinemas in 30 cities and 58 cinemas across India on 23 and 24 September. In 2023, an exhibition at Kiran Nadar Museum of Art in Noida, named "Sitaare Zameen Par", had portraits of Anand that were captured by JH Thakkar.

In film

 * In Aditya Chopra's 2008 film Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi's song "Phir Milenge Chalte Chalte", actor Shah Rukh Khan dressed himself as Anand and acted his famous hand gestures, as a tribute to Anand.
 * In February 2011, his 1961 black-and-white film Hum Dono was digitised, colourised and re-released.
 * National Film Archive of India, Pune added Dev Anand's 1953 film Rahi to its collection in 2021.

Biographies

 * The first biography was written in 2004, titled Dev Anand - Dashing, Debonair, by Alpana Chowdhury.
 * In 2011, Anand wrote his auto-biography titled Romancing with Life.
 * In 2017, two biographies were written - firstly, The Dev Anand Story, written by Dr. Govind Sharma IAS Retd. and then, Dev Eternal Anand, written by Trinetra Bajpai and Anshula Bajpai.
 * Another biography, Dev Saab: A Journey with the legend Dev Anand, was written by Vijay Kumar in 2018.

title: Dev Anand


text:
Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde

Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde (12 February 1873, Leeuwarden – 27 April 1937 near Locarno in a plane crash) was a Dutch physician and gynæcologist who served as director at the Gynæcological Institute in Haarlem.

Biography
His 1926 book Het volkomen huwelijk (The Perfect Marriage) made him an instant international celebrity. The book advocated knowledge and sensuality in erotic life. In Germany Die vollkommene Ehe reached its 42nd printing in 1932, in spite of the fact that it was placed on the list of forbidden books, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, by the Roman Catholic Church.

German-American sex therapist and Holocaust survivor Dr. Ruth Westheimer, known popularly as Dr. Ruth, has said that it was the first book on the subject of sex that she ever had an opportunity to read a few pages of, when she was a ten-year-old child in Frankfurt, Germany.

In Protestant and social democratic Sweden, Det fulländade äktenskapet was widely known although regarded as pornographic and unsuitable for young readers long into the 1960s. The English translation, Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique, was the best-known work on its subject for several decades, and was reprinted 46 times in the original edition, selling well over a half million copies.

He is credited with showing in 1905 that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle. This contributed to the improvement of calendar-based methods of birth control, and later to the creation of other fertility awareness systems.

Wilhelm Reich mentions Van de Velde in his 1945 essay Listen, Little Man! (German: Rede an den kleinen Mann): ''You say: 'Sexuality is a petit-bourgeois invention, it's the economic factors that count'. And you read Van de Velde's book on love technique. (1948 English translation by Theodore Peter Wolfe, Penguin books edition 1975, page 38).

title: Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde


text:
Hochfilzen

Hochfilzen is a town and municipality in the Kitzbühel district of the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is located in the Pillersee valley 5 km east of Fieberbrunn. Population was 1,147 in 2016.

It is a popular winter sports resort, especially for cross-country skiing. In 2017 (9 to 19 February) it hosted the Biathlon World Championships, as it also did in 2005, 1998 and 1978, and it is a regular venue in the annual IBU World Cup series.

Training area
In 1875 Hochfilzen was joined to the railway network and soon afterwards a military training area was established here. The training area is used today by the Austrian Bundesheer as an army sports centre for biathlon as well as survival training by the Jagdkommando. The training area was once one of the scenes in the Lucona Scandal, which shook Austrian politics at the end of the 1970s.

title: Hochfilzen