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Demonstrative

Demonstratives (abbreviated ) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically deictic, their meaning depending on a particular frame of reference, and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis (where the speaker or sometimes the listener is to provide context), but also in intra-discourse reference (including abstract concepts) or anaphora, where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker. An example is whether something is currently being said or was said earlier.

Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners, which qualify nouns (as in Put that coat on) and demonstrative pronouns, which stand independently (as in Put that on). The demonstratives in English are this, that, these, those, and the archaic yon, yons, and yonder, along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that.

Distal and proximal demonstratives
Many languages, such as English and Standard Chinese, make a two-way distinction between demonstratives. Typically, one set of demonstratives is proximal, indicating objects close to the speaker (English this), and the other series is distal, indicating objects further removed from the speaker (English that).

Other languages, like Nandi, Hawaiian, Latin, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Armenian, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Georgian, Basque, Korean, Japanese, Ukrainian, Bengali, and Sri Lankan Tamil make a three-way distinction. Typically there is a distinction between proximal or first person (objects near to the speaker), medial or second person (objects near to the addressee), and distal or third person (objects far from both). So for example, in Portuguese:
 * Esta maçã
 * "this apple"
 * Essa maçã
 * "that apple (near you)"
 * Aquela maçã
 * "that apple (over there, away from both of us)"

Further oppositions are created with place adverbs.
 * Essa maçã aqui
 * "this apple (next to me or next to you-and-me)"
 * Essa maçã aí
 * "that apple (next to you)"
 * Aquela maçã ali
 * "that apple (close to you-and-me)"
 * Aquela maçã lá
 * "that apple (which is far from you-and-me or is in another distant place from you-and-me)"

in Italian (medial pronouns, in most of Italy, only survive in historical texts and bureaucratic texts. However, they're of wide and very common usage in some Regions, like Tuscany):
 * Questa mela
 * "this apple"
 * Codesta mela
 * "that apple (near you)"
 * Quella mela
 * "yon apple (over there, away from both of us)"

in Hawaiian:
 * Kēia ʻukulele
 * "this ukulele"
 * kēnā ʻukulele
 * "that ukulele (near you)"
 * kēlā ʻukulele
 * "yon ukulele (over there, away from both of us)"

in Armenian (based on the proximal "s", medial "d/t", and distal "n"):

and, in Georgian:

and, in Ukrainian (note that Ukrainian has not only number, but also three grammatical genders in singular):
 * цей чоловік, ця жінка, це яблуко, ці яблука
 * "this man", "this woman", "this apple", "these apples"
 * той чоловік, та жінка, те яблуко, ті яблука
 * "that man", "that woman", "that apple", "those apples"
 * он той чоловік, он та жінка, он те яблуко, он ті яблука
 * "yon man (over there, away from both of us)", "that woman (over there, away from both of us)", "yon apple (over there, away from both of us)", "yons apples (over there, away from both of us)"

and, in Japanese:

In Nandi (Kalenjin of Kenya, Uganda and Eastern Congo):

Chego chu, Chego choo, Chego chuun

"this milk", "that milk" (near the second person) and "that milk" (away from the first and second person, near a third person or even further away).

Ancient Greek has a three-way distinction between ὅδε (hóde "this here"), οὗτος (hoûtos "this"), and ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos "that").

Spanish, Tamil and Seri also make this distinction. French has a two-way distinction, with the use of postpositions "-ci" (proximal) and "-là" (distal) as in cet homme-ci and cet homme-là, as well as the pronouns ce and cela/ça. English has an archaic but occasionally used three-way distinction of this, that, and yonder.

Arabic has also a three-way distinction in its formal Classical and Modern Standard varieties. Very rich, with more than 70 variants, the demonstrative pronouns in Arabic principally change depending on the gender and the number. They mark a distinction in number for singular, dual, and plural. For example:
 * هذا الرجل (haːðaː arrajul) 'this man'.
 * ذاك الرجل (ðaːka arrajul) 'that man'.
 * ذلك الرجل (ðaːlika arrajul) 'that man' (over there).

In Modern German (and the Scandinavian languages), the non-selective deictic das Kind, der Kleine, die Kleine and the selective one das Kind, der Kleine, die Kleine are homographs, but they are spoken differently. The non-selective deictics are unstressed whereas the selective ones (demonstratives) are stressed. There is a second selective deictic, namely dieses Kind, dieser Kleine, diese Kleine. Distance either from the speaker or from the addressee is either marked by the opposition between these two deictics or by the addition of a place deictic.

Distance-marking Thing Demonstrative
 * dieses Mädchen ~ das Mädchen
 * "this girl" ~ "that girl"

Thing Demonstrative plus Distance-marking Place Demonstrative
 * das Mädchen hier ~ das Mädchen da
 * dieses Mädchen hier ~ dieses Mädchen da
 * "this girl here" ~ "that girl over there"

A distal demonstrative exists in German, cognate to the English yonder, but it is used only in formal registers.
 * jenes Mädchen
 * "yonder girl"

Cognates of "yonder" still exist in some Northern English and Scots dialects;

 * "This shop here"

 * "That shop across the street"

 * "Yon shop down the street"
 * (that shop that is/used to be down the street)

There are languages which make a four-way distinction, such as Northern Sami: These four-way distinctions are often termed proximal, mesioproximal, mesiodistal, and distal.
 * Dát biila
 * "this car"
 * Diet biila
 * "that car (near you)"
 * Duot biila
 * "that car (over there, away from both of us but rather near)"
 * Dot biila
 * "that car (over there, far away)"

Non-distal contrasts
Many non-European languages make further distinctions; for example, whether the object referred to is uphill or downhill from the speaker, whether the object is visible or not (as in Malagasy), and whether the object can be pointed to as a whole or only in part. The Eskimo–Aleut languages, and the Kiranti branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family are particularly well known for their many contrasts.

The demonstratives in Seri are compound forms based on the definite articles (themselves derived from verbs) and therefore incorporate the positional information of the articles (standing, sitting, lying, coming, going) in addition to the three-way spatial distinction. This results in a quite elaborated set of demonstratives.

Demonstrative series in other languages
Latin had several sets of demonstratives, including hic, haec, hoc ("this near me"); iste, ista, istud ("that near you"); and ille, illa, illud ("that over there") – note that Latin has not only number, but also three grammatical genders. The third set of Latin demonstratives (ille, etc.), developed into the definite articles in most Romance languages, such as el, la, los, las in Spanish, and le, la, les in French.

With the exception of Romanian, and some varieties of Spanish and Portuguese, the neuter gender has been lost in the Romance languages. Spanish and Portuguese have kept neuter demonstratives:

! Spanish         !! Portuguese     !! gender
 * este   ||      este   || masculine
 * esta   ||      esta   || feminine
 * esto ||     isto || neuter
 * }
 * esto ||     isto || neuter
 * }
 * esto ||     isto || neuter
 * }
 * }

Some forms of Spanish (Caribbean Spanish, Andalusian Spanish, etc.) also occasionally employ ello, which is an archaic survival of the neuter pronoun from Latin illud.

Neuter demonstratives refer to ideas of indeterminate gender, such as abstractions and groups of heterogeneous objects, and has a limited agreement in Portuguese, for example, "all of that" can be translated as "todo aquele" (m), "toda aquela" (f) or "tudo aquilo" (n) in Portuguese, although the neuter forms require a masculine adjective agreement: "Tudo (n) aquilo (n) está quebrado (m)" (All of that is broken).

Classical Chinese had three main demonstrative pronouns: proximal (this), distal  (that), and distance-neutral  (this or that). The frequent use of 是 as a resumptive demonstrative pronoun that reasserted the subject before a noun predicate caused it to develop into its colloquial use as a copula by the Han period and subsequently its standard use as a copula in Modern Standard Chinese. Modern Mandarin has two main demonstratives, proximal /这 and distal ; its use of the three Classical demonstratives has become mostly idiomatic, although 此 continues to be used with some frequency in modern written Chinese. Cantonese uses proximal and distal  instead of 這 and 那, respectively.

Similarly, Northern Wu languages tend to also have a distance-neutral demonstrative, which is etymologically a checked-tone derivation of. In lects such as Shanghainese, distance-based demonstratives exist, but are only used constrastively. Suzhounese, on the other hand, has several demonstratives that form a two-way contrast, but also have 搿, which is neutral.

Hungarian has two spatial demonstratives: ez (this) and az (that). These inflect for number and case even in attributive position (attributes usually remain uninflected in Hungarian) with possible orthographic changes; e.g., ezzel (with this), abban (in that). A third degree of deixis is also possible in Hungarian, with the help of the am- prefix: amaz (that there). The use of this, however, is emphatic (when the speaker wishes to emphasize the distance) and not mandatory.

The Cree language has a special demonstrative for "things just gone out of sight," and Ilocano, a language of the Philippines, has three words for this referring to a visible object, a fourth for things not in view and a fifth for things that no longer exist." The Tiriyó language has a demonstrative for "things audible but non-visible"

While most languages and language families have demonstrative systems, some have systems highly divergent from or more complex than the relatively simple systems employed in Indo-European languages. In Yupik languages, notably in the Chevak Cup’ik language, there exists a 29-way distinction in demonstratives, with demonstrative indicators distinguished according to placement in a three-dimensional field around the interlocutor(s), as well as by visibility and whether or not the object is in motion.

Demonstrative determiners and pronouns
It is relatively common for a language to distinguish between demonstrative determiners or demonstrative adjectives (sometimes also called determinative demonstratives, adjectival demonstratives or adjectival demonstrative pronouns) and demonstrative pronouns (sometimes called independent demonstratives, substantival demonstratives, independent demonstrative pronouns or substantival demonstrative pronouns).

A demonstrative determiner modifies a noun:

 * This apple is good.
 * I like those houses.

A demonstrative pronoun stands on its own, replacing rather than modifying a noun:

 * This is good.
 * I like those.

There are six common demonstrative pronouns in English: this, that, these, those, none, and neither. Some dialects, such as Southern American English, also use yon and yonder, where the latter is usually employed as a demonstrative determiner. Author Bill Bryson laments the "losses along the way" of yon and yonder:

"Today we have two demonstrative pronouns, this and that, but in Shakespeare's day there was a third, yon (as in the Milton line 'Him that yon soars on golden wing'), which suggested a further distance than that. You could talk about this hat, that hat, and yon hat. Today the word survives as a colloquial adjective, yonder, but our speech is fractionally impoverished for its loss."

Demonstrative adverbs
Many languages have sets of demonstrative adverbs that are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in a language. For example, corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun that are the adverbs such as then (= "at that time"), there (= "at that place"), thither (= "to that place"), thence (= "from that place"); equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are now, here, hither, hence. A similar relationship exists between the interrogative pronoun what and the interrogative adverbs when, where, whither, whence. See pro-form for a full table.

Discourse deixis
As mentioned above, while the primary function of demonstratives is to provide spatial references of concrete objects (that (building), this (table)), there is a secondary function: referring to items of discourse. For example:

 * This sentence is short.
 * This is what I mean: I am happy with him.
 * That way of looking at it is wrong.
 * I said her dress looked hideous. She didn't like that.

In the above, this sentence refers to the sentence being spoken, and the pronoun this refers to what is about to be spoken; that way refers to "the previously mentioned way", and the pronoun that refers to the content of the previous statement. These are abstract entities of discourse, not concrete objects. Each language may have subtly different rules on how to use demonstratives to refer to things previously spoken, currently being spoken, or about to be spoken. In English, that (or occasionally those) refers to something previously spoken, while this (or occasionally these) refers to something about to be spoken (or, occasionally, something being simultaneously spoken).

title: Demonstrative


text:
Talk:French Canadians

Map is terrible and needs to be replaced
The map given as an image in the navbox is terrible, inaccurate and misleads the readers (WP:Inaccuracy). Here are a few reasons why:

 * 1) The map's percentages only go up to 10%. This heavily misleads the reader by not showing that this ethnicity makes up the majority of Quebec's population.
 * 2) It uses the US and Canadian census as a source of information. However, the US census does not allow and has never allowed "French Canadian" to be picked as an ethnic group. This map is showing people who selected "French" descent, but presents it as though they selected "French Canadian". These ethnicities, though related, are different. This map is misleading the reader into believing that the US census gives "French Canadian" as an option, and that there are more people of this ethnicity there than there actually are. Though the image's description says this, most people will not read it.
 * 3) The map shows results from Canada and the US only, leaving out other areas where French Canadians can be found.
 * 4) It uses the US and Canadian census as a source of information. However, it is the 1990 US census and the 2016 Canadian census. These dates are very far apart. As the proportion of people with French Canadian ancestry is declining in both Canada and the US due to massive immigration, these mismatched dates are misleading because they lead the reader to believe that there are more people of this ethnicity in the US than there actually are.
 * 5) This map, on top of confusing people of "French-Canadian" and "French" descent together, does not make it clear if the Canadian data is only showing those of "French Canadian" and/or "French" ethnicity, or if groups such as Acadians and "Quebecois" are included as well.

In short, this map has too many problems and misleads the reader too much to be acceptable. As stated on WP:Editing policy: "on Wikipedia a lack of information is better than misleading or false information". It should either be removed entirely, replaced with a better map, or replaced with an alternative image.

Safyrr (talk) 06:14, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Bonjour-hi ! Points 2, 3 and 5 do not seem very important to me. It is already specified on the map that for the United States, it was respectively the "French americans" and for Canada the "French Canadians" (even if one may wonder what the French americans are doing on an article talking about French Canadians ... Afterwards, as the majority of French Americans have Canadian ancestry (of Québec, Acadie), this is not completely insane). I am for the removal of the card. There are too many problems, especially points 1 and 4 that you mention. In itself, it's not that disturbing the date so far between the two. However, it must absolutely be specified in the legend. As for point one, in fact, we cannot accept this map, which pretends that Québec is a bit of a territory like any other for French Canadians. Other subject… I removed the term "Franco-Canadien" which is really used very very marginally in French (and is usually considered incorrect to speak of the French Canadian people), and I suffered the contestation of someone opposed to it. What do you think ? Apparently, even in English, it doesn't really say ("Franco-canadians" 15,000 results, "French canadians" 872,000 results ....).--Æpherys (talk) 08:55, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Hello I'm glad you agree with the removal of the map! And I can support that I have never heard the term Franco-Canadian before. In fact, when I google it, it refers me to Franco-Canadian affairs (the international relationship between Canada and France). Maybe the person who contested could provide a source as to why they think this is a real term? Just because Anglo-Canadian is a thing, doesn't mean Franco-Canadian is. Safyrr (talk) 13:41, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe that it is by analogy to the Anglo-Canadian term that some people support the presence of the Franco-Canadian term, whereas it is not really said neither in French nor in English. --Æpherys (talk) 14:35, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Just seeing this talk.....what image could we use keeping in mind MOS:NOETHNICGALLERIES? On side note about guesswork.....we have academic studies of just what is being dismissed Quebec & Franco-Canadian Studies. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 03:02, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

 * The terrible map in question is actually not the one currently in use. Safyrr and I worked out the former map's problems back in September, and we were both satisfied with the current version. It wasn't actually removed from the article in the recent edits, it was just moved to a different section (it's in the article twice at the time I'm writing this). I think sticking with the map as per MOS:NOETHNICGALLERIES seems fine. Thiqq (talk) 03:51, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

 * We didn't, he just reverted every message I sent him. You can check his talk page history to see.Safyrr (talk) 15:02, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

 * […] usually considered incorrect to speak of the French Canadian people […] it is not really said neither in French nor in English
 * That’s… not really what the OQLF says: “Le nom Canadien français et l’adjectif canadien-français tendent à sortir de l’usage. Le nom Canadien français peut être remplacé par Franco-Canadien”, neither does the Translation Bureau: or the French dictionaries  Usito, Larousse or Le Grand Robert  (quote from Le Grand Robert: “franco-canadien, ienne : ◆ N. Canadien(ne) francophone. Les Franco-Canadiens de la Saskatchewan.”). Thibaut (talk) 21:25, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

Merging Francophone Canadians
The article at Francophone Canadians seems to WP:CFORK a lot of content from here. It also seems to imply a definition of a "Francophone Canadian" (ie. a French Canadian not of French ethnicity) which is dubious and not clearly supported by secondary sources. I'd argue that Francophone Canadians are French Canadians, and that this content split is unnecessary at best and WP:OR at worst. 162 etc. (talk) 00:52, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

 * That's not true at all. There are ethnic French Canadians who are not francophone, and there are francophone Canadians who are not ethnically French (e.g. Vietnamese, Maghrebi, Haitian, etc.) — so while "French Canadians" and "francophone Canadians" obviously have a high degree of overlap, they are not identical sets by any stretch of the imagination. Ève-Mary Thaï Thi Lac and Emmanuel Dubourg and Maria Mourani, for instance, are all francophone by language but not French-Canadian by ethnicity, and they're not the only people (or even the only notable people) like that. Bearcat (talk) 19:45, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

"Undercounts"
I've removed the text alleging undercounts of the French Canadian population that were included in the article. There is no mention of "undercount" in the articles that are cited. Please see WP:PROVEIT. 162 etc. (talk) 21:28, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

 * See page two of this document and the related quote; 'Virtually all persons who reported “Canadian” in 1996 had English or French as a mother tongue, were born in Canada and had both parents born inside Canada. This suggests that many of these respondents were people whose families have been in this country for several generations. In effect the “new Canadians” were persons that previously reported either British or French origins. Moreover in 1996 some 55% of people with both parents born in Canada reported Canadian (alone or in combination with other origins). By contrast, only 4% of people with both parents born outside Canada reported Canadian. Thus the Canadian response did not appeal widely to either immigrants or their children. Most important however was the fact that neatly half of those persons reporting Canadian origin in 1996 were in Quebec this represented a majority of the mother tongue francophone population."

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032711/http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf

 * This is data taken from the 1996 census and is clearly indicating that the self-identified French-Canadian population is an undercount, owing to multi-generational individuals solely selecting "Canadien" as an ethnic origin on the census. As such, I have changed the note once again. Van00220 (talk) 22:35, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I've read this. This paper was not authored by Statistics Canada, but rather by Jack Jedwab of the Association for Canadian Studies.  To state that the French Canadian population was "undercounted" based on his inferences is misleading, especially if that statement is placed right next to a graph of Statistics Canada census data.  162 etc. (talk) 01:53, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

 * The census data is evidence enough that the paper inference is correct; see the massive population decline between the 1991 and 1996 census, coinciding with the addition of the creation of the "Canadian" or "Canadien" ethnic origin. Van00220 (talk) 05:48, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:French Canadians


text:
North London

North London is the northern part of London, England, north of the River Thames. It extends from Clerkenwell and Finsbury, on the edge of the City of London financial district, to Greater London's boundary with Hertfordshire.

The term is used to differentiate the area from south London, east London and west London. Some parts of north London are also part of Central London. There is a Northern postal area, but this includes some areas not normally described as part of north London, while excluding many others that are.

Development
The first northern suburb developed in the Soke of Cripplegate in the early part of the twelfth century, but London's growth beyond its Roman northern gates was slower than in other directions, partly because of the marshy ground north of the wall and also because the roads through those gates were less well-connected than elsewhere. The parishes that would become north London were almost entirely rural until the Victorian period. Many of these parishes were grouped into an area called the Finsbury division of Middlesex.

In the early part of the 19th century, the arrival of the Regent's Canal in Islington and St Pancras stimulated London's northerly expansion, continuing when the development of the railway network accelerated urbanisation, promoting economic growth in the capital and allowing for the establishment of commuter suburbs.

This trend continued in the twentieth century and was reinforced by motorcar-based commuting until the establishment—shortly after the Second World War—of the Metropolitan Green Belt, which prevented urban London from expanding any further.

Planning Policy sub-region
The 2011 London Plan included a North sub-region, to be used for planning, engagement, resource allocation and progress reporting purposes. It consisted of the London Boroughs of Barnet, Haringey and Enfield. The 2004-2008 and 2008-2011 London Plan sub-regions varied in their composition.

North Thames: Boundary Commission report
In 2017, the government asked the Boundary Commission for England to reconsider the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies. The Commission's approach was to start with existing regions of England (in this case London) and then group the local authorities within that area into sub-regions for further sub-division.

The North Thames sub-region includes all parts of London lying north of the river; the 19 boroughs which lie wholly north of the river, plus parts of cross-river Richmond upon Thames.

An earlier 2013 study, whose recommendations were not adopted, took a different approach by assigning all of Richmond to the south. This list includes all boroughs included in the North Thames area:

Football: North London Derby
Football in the region is dominated by Premier League teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur. The two clubs contest the North London derby, which has been described as "one of the fiercest derbies in English football and one that separates families in north London."

The games in the Premier League (and formerly the Football League) are known formally as the North London derby. To date, 167 matches have been played with 66 wins for Arsenal, 54 wins for Spurs and 47 draws. In other matches, simply referred to generically as North London derbies, the 6 FA Cup contests resulted in 4 Arsenal victories to Spurs' 2 with no draws, while the 14 League Cup matches have ended with 7 wins for Arsenal against 4 for Spurs with 3 draws.

In the sole Charity Shield between the two clubs, then exclusively between the previous season's league champions and the FA Cup winners, the contest in 1991 was drawn with the Shield shared. Spurs had won the FA cup final in 1991 after beating Arsenal 3–1 in the semi-final, the first FA cup semi-final and the first of five North London derbies to be held at Wembley Stadium. The 1991 Charity Shield is the sole occasion so far in which a trophy has been at stake, though in 1971 (0–1) and 2004 (2–2) Arsenal were crowned league champions at the final whistle of the North London derby in Tottenham.

Climate
North London has, like other parts of London and the UK in general, a temperate maritime climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Long term climate observations dating back to 1910 are available for Hampstead, which is also the most elevated Weather Station in the London area, at 137m. This both hilltop and urban position means severe frosts are rare.

Temperatures increase towards the Thames, firstly because of the urban warming effect of the surrounding area, but secondly due to altitude decreasing towards the river, meaning some of the hillier northern margins of North London are often a degree or so cooler than those areas adjacent to the Thames. Occasionally snow can be seen to lie towards the Chilterns while central London is snow-free.

Typically the warmest day of the year at Hampstead will average 29.3 C with around 14 days in total achieving a value of 25.1 C or higher.

The average coldest night should fall to -5.6 C. On average 35.8 nights will report an air frost, some 119 days of the year will register at least 1mm of precipitation, and on 7.4 days a cover of snow will be observed. All annual averages refer to the observation period 1971–2000.

Associated organisations

 * North London derby
 * North London Central Mosque
 * North London Collegiate School
 * North London Lions
 * North London Line
 * North London Skolars
 * New North London Synagogue
 * University of North London

title: North London


text:
Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

The State Anthem of the Armenian SSR was the national anthem of Armenia when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was used between 1944 and 1991. Its music was composed by Armenian composer Aram Khachaturian, and the lyrics were written by Sarmen. Along with the Anthem of the Estonian SSR, it is one of the only two SSR anthems without an intro.

Upon independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia adopted the anthem "Mer Hayrenik" in its place, though there has been occasional debate about restoring the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR with different lyrics as the national anthem.

Restoration attempts
The anthem has always maintained simultaneous public support and displeasure in Armenia, and there have been attempts to restore the anthem's melody with new lyrics as the national anthem of the Republic of Armenia, similar to the case with Russia's in 2000 during the early years of Vladimir Putin's presidency. Some Armenian composers and artists have long disliked the uncomplicated theme of the current national anthem, "Mer Hayrenik", and have expressed a desire for a more solemn tune, while others have stated that singing "Mer Hayrenik" itself has carried too much sorrow throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and that a more joyous alternative should be chosen. In 2019, National Assembly vice-speaker Alen Simonyan claimed that most Armenians do not like the current anthem. Eurasianet reported in 2019 that the current anthem remains unpopular with many Armenians, mainly for aesthetic reasons.

In 2005, the issue of changing the national anthem was discussed in government, which culminated in a constitutional referendum on adopting new state symbols within one year (by 6 December 2006). In early 2006, a competition for a new anthem was held by Minister of Culture Hasmik Poghosyan. The competition received 85 entries, and in August the commission shortlisted five, which did not include "Mer Hayrenik" but included a proposal with the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR and lyrics by Armen Soghomonyan. This proposal won the competition, but the commission members rejected the submitted lyrics, urging local authors to submit better ones. While several Armenian music and arts figures were indifferent to or supportive of the change to the music, the results of the competition were eventually scrapped in October, after strong opposition from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (or "Dashnaks"), then a member of the ruling coalition, throughout over the selection of a Soviet-era song. The government instead adopted a draft law that would keep "Mer Hayrenik" as the anthem for at least one more year. The adoption of the law was after the 6 December 2006 date set late the year prior as the constitutional deadline for reaffirming the existing state symbol.

In 2012, actor Sos Sargsyan, writer Levon Ananyan and publicist Zori Balayan sent an open letter with 2,208 signatures to the president petitioning to restore the Soviet-era coat of arms designed by painter Martiros Saryan and the anthem composed by Aram Khachaturyan. Ananyan stated, "... this is an issue that’s always important and has to always be raised, it’s the face of our country, our symbols that have to be representative and impressive." Political historian Shushan Khatlamajyan, the widow of the painter who restored Armenia's current coat of arms, opposed the restoration of the anthem, stating that people were trying to return "symbols of a period when they had a good life" and attributed Russia's Soviet-era anthem restoration to "pro-empire aspirations", stating, "... what do we want to achieve by trying to bring back fragments from our past?" while director of the Martin Saryan House-Museum Ruzan Saryan, Martin's granddaughter, supported it, stating, "... viewing the masterpieces by Saryan and Khachaturyan through the prism of ‘totalitarian past’ is medieval prejudice.”

In 2015, Chairman of the Composers' Union of Armenia Aram Satyan criticised the current Armenian anthem's sad impression and stated that the tone of the music should rise and become upbeat in the process. He stated, "In the case of other nations’ anthems we see some grandeur as it rises to the space, and ours on the contrary is directed to the earth… We can restore Aram Khachaturian’s music or use the Hayastan song composed by Gabriel Yeranyan in 2012."

In 2018, the House-Museum of Aram Khachaturian proposed for the national anthem to be changed to one based on the music of that of the Armenian SSR, composed by Khachaturian. This petition was not supported at the time in Armenia, which was dealing with the 2018 Armenian protests and revolution.

In 2019, another suggestion to adopt a national anthem based on the music of the anthem of the Armenian SSR was put forward by vice-speaker of the National Assembly Alen Simonyan. In a Facebook post, he stated that it is "a powerful anthem that meets all the requirements." His comment received support from composer Ara Gevorgyan, who replied, "It is a great hymn and we look forward to the decision to restore it." Simonyan subsequently created a Facebook poll, in which two-thirds of more than 6,500 respondents voted in favour of the change. Minister of Diaspora Babken Ter-Grigoryan responded by stating that he would survey the Armenian diaspora on the potential change. With Armenia's new parliament under Nikol Pashinyan seated just three weeks prior, many among the Armenian public responded by saying it was not a pressing issue at the time. A member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation again expressed strong opposition to the idea.


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Future tense

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated ) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

English does not have an inflectional future tense, though it has a variety of grammatical and lexical means for expressing future-related meanings. These include modal auxiliaries such as will and shall as well as the futurate present tense.

Expressions
The nature of the future, necessarily uncertain and at varying distances ahead, means that the speaker may refer to future events with the modality either of probability (what the speaker expects to happen) or intent (what the speaker plans to make happen). Whether future expression is realis or irrealis depends not so much on an objective ontological notion of future reality, but rather on the degree of the speaker's conviction that the event will in fact come about.

In many languages there is no grammatical (morphological or syntactic) indication of future tense. Future meaning is supplied by the context, with the use of temporal adverbs such as "later", "next year", etc. Such adverbs (in particular words meaning "tomorrow" and "then") sometimes develop into grammaticalized future tense markers. (A tense used to refer specifically to occurrences taking place on the following day is called a crastinal tense.)

In other languages, mostly of European origin, specific markers indicate futurity. These structures constitute a future tense. In many cases, an auxiliary verb is used, as in English, where futurity is often indicated by the modal auxiliary will (or shall). However, some languages combine such an auxiliary with the main verb to produce a simple (one-word, morphological) future tense. This is the origin of the future tense in Western Romance languages such as French and Italian (see below).

A given language may have more than one way to express futurity. English, for example, often refers to future events using present tense forms or other structures such as the going-to future, besides the canonical form with will/shall. In addition, the verb forms used for the future tense can also be used to express other types of meaning; English again provides examples of this (see English modal verbs for the various meanings that both will and shall can have besides simply expressing futurity).

Germanic languages
In Germanic languages, including English, a common expression of the future is using the present tense, with the futurity expressed using words that imply future action (I go to Berlin tomorrow or I am going to Berlin tomorrow). There is no simple (morphological) future tense as such. However, the future can also be expressed by employing an auxiliary construction that combines certain present tense auxiliary verbs with the simple infinitive (stem) of the main verb. These auxiliary forms vary between the languages. Other, generally more informal, expressions of futurity use an auxiliary with the compound infinitive of the main verb (as with the English is going to ...).

English
English grammar provides a number of ways to indicate the future nature of an occurrence. Some argue that English, like most Germanic languages, does not have a future tense —that is, a grammatical form that always indicates futurity—nor does it have a mandatory form for the expression of futurity. However, through gradual development from its Germanic roots, English became what is now considered a language strongly future-tense-marking. Currently, there are several generally accepted ways to indicate futurity in English, and some of them—particularly those that use will or shall as the most universal and widely used—are frequently described as future tense while some may argue these verbs serve both as present modal verbs and future tense markers.

The will/shall future consists of the modal verb will or shall together with the bare infinitive of the main verb, as in "He will win easily" or "I shall do it when time permits". (Prescriptive grammarians prefer will in the second and third persons and shall in the first person, reversing the forms to express obligation or determination, but in practice shall and will are generally used interchangeably, with will being more common. For details see shall and will.) The meaning of this construction is close to that expressed by the future tense in other languages. However the same construction with will or shall can have other meanings that do not indicate futurity, or else indicate some modality in addition to futurity (as in "He will make rude remarks", meaning he has a habit of doing so, or, "You shall act on my behalf", giving an order). For details of these meanings, see the sections on will and shall in the article on English modal verbs.

The form of the will/shall future described above is frequently called the simple future (or future simple). Other constructions provide additional auxiliaries that express particular aspects: the future progressive (or future continuous) as in "He will be working"; the future perfect as in "They will have finished"; and the future perfect progressive as in "You will have been practising." For detail on these, see the relevant sections of Uses of English verb forms. (For more on expressions of relative tense, such as the future perfect, see also the section above.)

Several other English constructions commonly refer to the future:
 * Present tense forms, as in "The train leaves at five," or, "My cousins arrive tomorrow." Since these grammatical forms are used more canonically to refer to present situations, they are not generally described as future tense; in sentences like those just given they may be described as "present tense with future meaning". Use of the present tense (rather than forms with will) is mandatory in some subordinate clauses referring to the future, such as "If I feel better next week, ..." and "As soon as they arrive, ...". For more details see the sections on the simple present, present progressive and dependent clauses in the article on English verb forms.
 * The going-to future, e.g., "John is going to leave tonight."
 * The construction with a finite form of the copula verb be together with the to-infinitive, e.g., "John is to leave tonight". (With the zero copula of newspaper headline style, this becomes simply "John to leave tonight".) For details see am to.
 * The construction with to be about to, e.g., "John is about to leave", referring to the expected immediate future. (A number of lexical expressions with similar meaning also exist, such as to be on the point of (doing something).)
 * Use of modal verbs with future meaning, to combine the expression of future time with certain modality: "I must do this" (also mun in Northern English dialect); "We should help him"; "I can get out of here"; "We may win"; "You might succeed". The same modal verbs are also often used with present rather than future reference. For details of their meanings and usage, see English modal verbs.

Questions and negatives are formed from all of the above constructions in the regular manner: see Questions and Negation in the English grammar article. The auxiliaries will and shall form the contracted negations won't and shan't (they can also sometimes be contracted when not negated, to  'll, such as in I'll find it).

The various ways of expressing the future carry different meanings, implying not just futurity but also aspect (the way an action or state takes place in time) and/or modality (the attitude of the speaker toward the action or state). The precise interpretation must be based on the context. In particular there is sometimes a distinction in usage between the will/shall future and the going-to future (although in some contexts they are interchangeable). For more information see the going-to future article.

Dutch
Dutch can express the future in three ways: Zullen + infinitive is more similar to shall than to will. It is used to: English will and Dutch wil, although cognates, have over the centuries shifted in meaning, such that will is almost identical to shall, whereas Dutch wil means want, as in Ik wil het doen (I want to do it).
 * gaan + infinitive: Ik ga het boek lezen (I'm going to read the book). "Gaan" is a cognate of "to go".
 * zullen + infinitive: Ik zal het boek lezen (I will/shall read the book). "Zullen" is a cognate of "shall".
 * present tense + context or a temporal adverb or clause: Hoe lang blijft hij in Nederland? (How long is he staying in the Netherlands?) Its English-language equivalent uses the continuous or imperfective aspect.
 * express a promise or a proposal
 * emphasize that something will certainly happen
 * express that an event is likely going to take place (by explicitly mentioning the probability)

Gaan + infinitive can be compared with the English "going to". It is used:
 * to express an intended action (but not a promise, proposal, or solemn plan)
 * to say that an event is going to take place (without emphasizing the certainty or mentioning the probability)

Swedish
Swedish skall strongly implies intention, but with an adverb such as nog "probably" it can avoid the implication of intentionality: Det här skall nog gå bra "This will probably go well". However, the past tense of skall, skulle, can be used without such an adverb to express predictions in the past: Pelle sa, att det skulle bli varmt på eftermiddagen "Pelle said that it would be warm in the afternoon."

Pure future, regardless of intention, is usually expressed with kommer att (literally: "comes to"): Det här kommer att gå bra "This will go well", Du kommer att överleva det här "You will survive this".

Generally, future tense is sparsely used in spoken Swedish, with the verb instead being put in present tense and accompanied by a distinct time specification: Jag åker till Spanien på fredag "I travel to Spain on Friday" Då ses vi imorgon. "Then we meet tomorrow"

Latin and Romance
The future tense forms in Latin varied by conjugation. Here is a sample of the future tense for the first conjugation verb amare, "to love".

See Latin conjugation for further details. Sound changes in Vulgar Latin made future forms difficult to distinguish from other verb forms (e.g., amabit "he will love" vs. amavit "he loved"), and the Latin simple future forms were gradually replaced by periphrastic structures involving the infinitive and an auxiliary verb, such as debere, venire, velle, or especially habere. All of the modern Romance languages have grammaticalized one of these periphrastic constructions for expressing the future tense; none of them has preserved the original Latin future, with the exception of Old French preserving the original Latin future forms of estre "to be": jo (i)er, tu (i)ers, il (i)ert, nos (i)ermes, vos *(i)ertes, and il (i)erent, all of them were derived from erō, irregular future form of esse "to be", in addition to future forms in ser- (< sedēre "to sit") or estr-.

Future tense with habere
While Classical Latin used a set of suffixes to the main verb for the future tense, later Vulgar Latin adopted the use of habere ("to have") with the infinitive, as for example:

petant aut non petant venire habet ("whether they ask or do not ask, it will come")

From this construction, the major Western Romance languages have simple future tense forms that derive from the infinitive followed by a conjugated form of the verb "to have" (Latin habere). As the auxiliary verb lost its modal force (from a verb expressing obligation, desire, or intention, to a simple marker of tense), it also lost syntactic autonomy (becoming an enclitic) and phonological substance (e.g., Latin first singular habeo > ayyo > Old French ai, Modern French ).

Thus the sequence of Latin verbs amare habeo ("I have to love") gave rise to French aimerai, Spanish amaré, etc. "I will love".

Phonetic changes also affected the infinitive in the evolution of this form, so that in the modern languages the future stem is not always identical to the infinitive. Consider the following Spanish examples:
 * "go out": infinitive salir → 1st. sing. future saldré in lieu of *saliré
 * "know": infinitive saber → 2nd. sing future "sabrás" in lieu of *saberás
 * "do": infinitive hacer → 3rd sing. future hará in lieu of *hacerá
 * "want": infinitive querer → 3rd pl. future querrán in lieu of *quererán

Hindi
In Hindi, verbs can be conjugated for three grammatical aspects (habitual, perfective, and progressive) and five grammatical moods (indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, contrafactual, and imperative). Out of the three aspects, the habitual mood of Hindi cannot be conjugated into the future tense. The indicative future is constructed from the subjunctive future forms. Imperatives in Hindi can also be put into future tense.

Indicative and Subjunctive future
There are two future subjunctive moods in modern Hindi, first the regular subjunctive and the second, the perfective subjunctive which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events, it is used with if clauses and relative clauses. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective. This perfective subjunctive cannot be used as a coupla for aspectual participles.

The future indicative forms are constructed using the future subjunctive forms of verbs by adding the future suffix गा (-gā) which declines for number and gender of the grammatical person. The table below shows the future subjunctive and indicative forms of the verb करना karnā (to do).

Prospective future
The prospective future is constructed using the prospective future participle which is constructed from the oblique infinitive by adding the suffix वाला (-vālā) which also declines for the number and the gender of the pronoun. The participle is always followed by the auxiliary verb होना (honā) in its conjugated forms. The copula होना (honā) can be put into four grammatical moods: indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, and contrafactual. The table below shows the indicative mood forms of the prospective future for the verb करना karnā (to do).

Imperative future
Imperatives in Hindi can be conjugated into two tenses, present and future tense. The conjugations are mentioned in the table below for the verb करना karnā (to do). Hindi also has imperatives forms which are constructed form the subjunctive form of the verbs for the formal 2nd person pronoun आप (āp), and also third person pronouns to give indirect commands.

Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew has a distinction between past and future tenses which is similar in form to those used in other Semitic languages such as Arabic and Aramaic. Gesenius refers to the past and future verb forms as Perfect and Imperfect, respectively, separating completed action from uncompleted action. However, the usage of verbs in these forms does not always have the same temporal meaning as in Indo-European languages, mainly due to the common use of a construct of inverting the time reference with a prefix "Waw consecutive" (ו' ההיפוך). With this construct, the Perfect-consecutive refers to the future  and the Imperfect-consecutive refers to the past.

Usage of the imperfect to discuss future events is somewhat uncommon in Biblical Hebrew, as the Bible mainly discusses past events. It can be found in quoted speech, such as in the words of Moses (imperfect verbs stressed):

The Perfect-consecutive is commonly found in prophetic text, describing an unspecified future, as in the Book of Isaiah:

Modern Hebrew always employs the imperfect as the future tense (and the perfect as the past tense). The usage of "Waw consecutive" has practically disappeared, except for quotes from the Bible and Poetic language.

Arabic
To form future tense in Arabic the prefix (سـ) "sa" is added to the present tense verb, or (سوف) "sawfa".

For example, consider the sentence: Akulu tuffahan

eat.1SG apples

I eat apples

To express the future we have two ways:

written as part of the verb Saakulu tuffahan

FUT-eat.1SG apples

I will eat apples

written as a Clitic to indicate the future but preceding the verb Sawfa akulu tuffahan

FUT eat.1SG apples

I will eat apples

In Classical Arabic the latter indicates an individual future action that usually takes place further in the future than the first mentioned form, which is usually used with verbs that relate to other actions, and mostly referring to rather near future actions. However, in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) the distinction is minimal.

Moreover, the indication of the future tense in dialectal Arabic is quite varied from one dialect to the next. Generally speaking, the words meaning "want to" (بدي / أريد أن), "go to" (أروح), "intend to"(ناوي /نويت), and many others are used daily to indicate future actions. In Moroccan Arabic, the word "Ghad" (غاد) is used to indicate future, which literally means "there" (or there is to happen), that is in some way similar to the English formation "there I go.."

Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin Chinese has no grammatical tense, instead indicating time of action from the context or using adverbs. However, the auxiliary verb 會 / 会 - huì / ㄏㄨㄟˋ, a modal meaning "can", "know how", can alternatively indicate futurity. For lexical futurity, the word 要 yào, which can serve as a verb meaning "to want", can also serve as an adverb meaning "immediately": For example, 我要洗澡 wǒ yào xǐzǎo can mean either "I want to bathe" or "I am about to bathe". 即 jí、將 jiāng serve a similar function as tense-marking adverbs.

Creoles
Creoles are languages with a vocabulary heavily based on a superstrate language but a grammar based on substrate languages and/or universal language tendencies. Some Creoles model a future tense/irrealis mood marker on "go" from the superstrate (analogous to English "am going to"). In many creoles the future can be indicated with the progressive aspect, analogous to the English "I'm seeing him tomorrow." In general creoles tend to put less emphasis on marking tense than on marking aspect. When any of tense, aspect, and modality are specified, they are typically indicated with invariant pre-verbal markers in the sequence anterior relative tense (prior to the time focused on), irrealis mode (conditional or future), imperfective aspect.

Jamaican English Creole
The future marker in Jamaican Creole is /de go/ or /a go/: /de go hapm/ "is going to happen", /mi a go ɹon/ "I am going to run".

Belizean Creole English
In Belizean Creole, the future tense is indicated by a mandatory invariant pre-verbal particle /(w)a(n)/, /gwein/, or /gouɲ/.

Gullah
In Gullah the future is indicated by the pre-verbal marker gwine: Uh gwine he'p dem "I'm going to help them".

Hawaiian Creole English
In Hawaiian Creole, the pre-verbal future marker is gon: Ai gon bai wan pikap "I'm going to buy a pickup".

Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole, based on a French superstrate, interchangeably uses pral or va (from French 3rd person singular va "goes") pre-verbally to indicate the future: Mwen va fini lit. "I go finish"; Li pral vini jodi a "He will come today".

title: Future tense


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Orchestra Hall (Detroit)

Orchestra Hall is an elaborate concert hall in the United States, located at 3711 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. The hall is renowned for its superior acoustic properties and serves as the home of the internationally known Detroit Symphony Orchestra (DSO), the fourth oldest orchestra in the United States. With the creation of an adjoining auditorium for jazz and chamber music in 2003, Orchestra Hall became part of the Max M. and Marjorie S. Fisher Music Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

History
The Detroit Symphony Orchestra had previously played at the old Detroit Opera House. However, Ossip Gabrilowitsch demanded that the DSO build a suitable auditorium before he assumed his position as music director. Construction on Orchestra Hall began on June 6, 1919, and was completed in barely six months.

The 2,014-seat hall was designed by the noted theater architect, C. Howard Crane. The first concert took place on October 23, 1919 and the hall remained the home of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra until 1939. In 1924 Mr. and Mrs. William H. Murphy gifted a large 4-manual, 72-rank, 4,355-pipe Casavant Frères organ to the DSO and Orchestra Hall "so long as the society remained integrally what it was". The organ's dedicatory concert was given March 17, 1924 by Marcel Dupré.

Due to the financial difficulties of the Great Depression, the orchestra was compelled to leave Orchestra Hall and enter into a more economical arrangement to share the Masonic Temple Theatre. Orchestra Hall was vacant for two years until it was purchased by new owners. For ten years Orchestra Hall presented jazz artists under the name Paradise Theater, opening on Christmas Eve 1941. The Paradise hosted the most renowned jazz musicians, including Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. The entertainment at Paradise Theater often included a live act and a movie from a B movie studio like Republic Pictures, Monogram Pictures, or Producers Releasing Corporation. A typical show on October 27, 1944 featured Cab Calloway and his Cotton Club Orchestra on stage and the movie That's My Baby! (Monogram, 1944, Richard Arlen, Ellen Drew).

The terms of the Murphy organ's donation to Orchestra Hall were such that the title of the organ reverted back to the Murphys when the DSO vacated Orchestra Hall in 1929. The Murphys arranged for the organ to be donated to Detroit's Calvary Presbyterian Church. A lawsuit was filed to compel Paradise Theater management to allow the organ's removal; the move was eventually carried out by the Toledo Pipe Organ Company and church members in the middle of the night.

The Paradise closed in 1951 and now Orchestra Hall sat vacant for nearly twenty years until the late 1960s when it was slated for demolition and the land used to construct a restaurant. Paul Ganson, the assistant principal bassoonist of the DSO, spearheaded a movement to rediscover the hall and raise funds to restore it. Renovation work started in 1970 and continued for about two decades, costing roughly $6.8 million. The original building required extensive renovations including: a new stage, all new seating, plaster and lath work, and restoration of historical decorations. All of the restoration work was completed with the goal of maintaining the fine acoustic properties that the hall was historically known for. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The DSO moved back into Orchestra Hall in 1989.

Additional work on the hall was done in the summer months of 2002 and 2003 as part of the creation of the new Max M. and Marjorie S. Fisher Music Center, or "the MAX", as it is known. The work included renovations to the original facility as well as an expansion which houses additional lobbies and reception areas, dressing rooms and storage facilities, rehearsal space and a 450-seat venue for more intimate performances.

The mayor of Detroit delivers the annual State of the City address at Orchestra Hall.

title: Orchestra Hall (Detroit)


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Samuel Ramey

Samuel Ramey (born March 28, 1942) is an American operatic bass. At the height of his career, he was greatly admired for his range and versatility, having possessed a sufficiently accomplished bel canto technique which enabled him to sing the music of Handel, Mozart and Rossini but with enough vocal power to handle the more overtly dramatic roles in Verdi, Puccini, and Meyerbeer operas.

Early life
Ramey graduated from Colby High School in Colby, Kansas in 1960. He studied music in high school and in college at Kansas State University, as well as at Wichita State with Arthur Newman. At Kansas State, he was a member of the Kappa Sigma fraternity.

Ramey was in the chorus of Don Giovanni in 1963, with Norman Treigle in the title role, while studying with the Central City Opera in Central City, Colorado. After being an apprentice with the Santa Fe Opera in Santa Fe, New Mexico, he worked for an academic publisher in New York City before he had his first breakthrough while at the New York City Opera debuting on March 11, 1973, as Zuniga in the 1875 Bizet opera Carmen. He took over that role as well as the Faustian devils in Gounod's Faust and Boito's Mefistofele, which was vacated by the early death of Treigle.

As his repertoire expanded he worked extensively in European theaters notably in Berlin, Hamburg, London, Paris, Milan, and Vienna in addition to summer festivals in Aix-en-Provence, Glyndebourne, Pesaro, and Salzburg.

Later career
In January 1984, Ramey made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in Handel's Rinaldo. He became a fixture at the Teatro alla Scala, Royal Opera House at Covent Garden, Vienna State Opera, the Paris Opera, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the New York City Opera, the San Francisco Opera and the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires (Attila, The Rake's Progress, Mefistofele) since then. In July 1985 he was cast as Bertram in the historic revival in Paris of Giacomo Meyerbeer's Robert le diable.

Ramey has sung in Mozart's Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro and, in the bel canto repertoire, in Rossini's Semiramide, The Barber of Seville, Il Turco in Italia, L'italiana in Algeri, and La Gazza Ladra; in Donizetti's Anna Bolena and Lucia di Lammermoor and Bellini's I puritani. In the dramatic repertoire, Ramey has been acclaimed for his "Three Devils": Boito's Mefistofele, Gounod's Faust and Berlioz's dramatic legend Damnation of Faust. Other dramatic roles of his have included Verdi's Nabucco, Don Carlo, I masnadieri, I Lombardi and Jérusalem, as well as Offenbach's Tales of Hoffmann (he portrayed all four villains).

In 1990, he sang the role of Joe in Jerome Kern's Show Boat in a concert performance at Avery Fisher Hall with Jerry Hadley and Frederica von Stade. A number of previously obscure operas with strong bass/bass-baritone roles have been revived solely for Ramey, such as Verdi's Attila, Rossini's Maometto II and Massenet's Don Quichotte. He provided the voice for The Beast, the main antagonist of the 2014 animated miniseries Over the Garden Wall. In 1996, he gave a concert at New York's Avery Fisher Hall titled "A Date with the Devil" in which he sang 14 arias representing the core of this repertory. He continued to tour with the program throughout the world. In 2000, he presented the concert at Munich's Gasteig Concert Hall. The performance was recorded live and was released on compact disc in summer 2002.

He formerly served as a member of the faculty at Roosevelt University's Chicago College of Performing Arts and is currently a distinguished professor of Opera at Wichita State University's School of Music. He was named an inaugural member of the WSU College of Fine Arts Hall of Fame in 2015. He is a national patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. He reprised the title role of "Duke Bluebeard" in Opera Omaha's production of Béla Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle in April 2013 in Omaha, Nebraska.

Recordings
Ramey has made an exceptionally high number of recordings documenting many of his main operatic roles as well as collections of miscellaneous arias, other classical pieces, and crossover discs of popular American music. He has appeared on television and video productions of the Met's productions of Carmen and Bluebeard's Castle, San Francisco's production of Mefistofele, Glyndebourne's production of The Rake's Progress, and Salzburg's production of Don Giovanni.

Family
He married his third wife, soprano Lindsey Larsen, on June 29, 2002. They have one son.

Select discography

 * Bernstein: On the Town, conducted by Michael Tilson Thomas, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Handel: Messiah, conducted by Andrew Davis, EMI
 * Massenet: Chérubin, conducted by Pinchas Steinberg, RCA Victor Red Seal
 * Mozart: Le nozze di Figaro, conducted by Georg Solti, Decca
 * Rossini: Otello, conducted by Jesús López Cobos, Philips
 * Rossini: The Rossini Bicentennial Birthday Gala, conducted by Roger Norrington, EMI
 * Marilyn Horne: Divas in Song, RCA Victor Red Seal
 * A Salute to American Music (Richard Tucker Music Foundation Gala XVI, 1991), conducted by James Conlon, RCA Victor Red Seal
 * Mozart: Don Giovanni, conducted by Herbert von Karajan, Deutsche Grammophon

Select videography

 * The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, conducted by James Levine, Deutsche Grammophon

YouTube

 * Samuel Ramey's Youtube Channel
 * On YouTube, singing THE MESSIAH
 * 73 year-old Samuel Ramey singing the role of Grand Inquisitor in DON CARLO.
 * Samuel Ramey in the 'Commendatore Scene' from the Metropolitan Opera's 1990 production of Don Giovanni, with Kurt Moll and Ferruccio Furlanetto

title: Samuel Ramey


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Stanley Pons

Bobby Stanley Pons (born August 23, 1943) is an American electrochemist known for his work with Martin Fleischmann on cold fusion in the 1980s and 1990s.

Early life
Pons was born in Valdese, North Carolina. He attended Valdese High School, then Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he studied chemistry. He began his PhD studies in chemistry at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, but left before completing his PhD. His thesis resulted in a paper, co-authored in 1967 with Harry B. Mark, his adviser. The New York Times wrote that it pioneered a way to measure the spectra of chemical reactions on the surface of an electrode.

He decided to finish his PhD in England at the University of Southampton, where in 1975 he met Martin Fleischmann. Pons was a student in Alan Bewick's group; he earned his PhD in 1978.

Career
On March 23, 1989, while Pons was the chairman of the chemistry department at the University of Utah, he and Martin Fleischmann announced the experimental production of "N-Fusion", which was quickly labeled by the press cold fusion. After a short period of public acclaim, hundreds of scientists attempted to reproduce the effects but generally failed. After the claims were found to be unreproducible, the scientific community determined the claims were incomplete and inaccurate.

Pons moved to France in 1992, along with Fleischmann, to work at a Toyota-sponsored laboratory. The laboratory closed in 1998 after a £12 million research investment without conclusive results. He gave up his US citizenship and became a French citizen.

title: Stanley Pons


text:
Symphony Center

Symphony Center is a music complex located at 220 South Michigan Avenue in the Loop area of Chicago, Illinois. Home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO); Chicago Symphony Chorus; Civic Orchestra of Chicago; and the Institute for Learning, Access, and Training; Symphony Center includes the 2,522-seat Orchestra Hall, which dates from 1904; Buntrock Hall, a rehearsal and performance space named for the CSO trustee and benefactor Dean L. Buntrock; Grainger Ballroom, an event space overlooking Michigan Avenue and the Art Institute of Chicago; a public multi-story rotunda; Forte, a restaurant and café; and administrative offices. In June 1993, plans to significantly renovate and expand Orchestra Hall were approved and the $110 million project resulting in Symphony Center, completed in 1997.

Designed by architect Daniel Burnham, Orchestra Hall was designated a National Historic Landmark on April 19, 1994. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.

History
Built in 1904, Orchestra Hall was designed by renowned Chicago architect Daniel Burnham. The new hall was specifically designed as a home for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, which had previously performed in the larger Auditorium Theater. Construction began on May 1, 1904, and the first concert was given on December 14, 1904. The building has "Theodore Thomas Orchestra Hall" inscribed in its façade, after the orchestra's first music director who died less than a month after his conducting debut there. The names Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and Wagner are inscribed above the ballroom windows on the façade.

From 1907 through 1996 the ninth-floor penthouse of the building served as the home of the Cliff Dwellers Club, with interior architecture by Howard Van Doren Shaw and the first significant mural of John Warner Norton.

The administrative offices are located within the historic Chapin and Gore Building, which was built in 1904. The building was designed by architectural partners Richard E. Schmidt and Hugh M. G. Garden. The building was attached to the Symphony Center campus as part of the 1997 renovation.

Orchestra Hall was also used as a movie theater during the 1910s, to maintain income during the summer months, when the Chicago Symphony Orchestra was playing at the Ravinia Festival. Lectures and other programs were held at Orchestra Hall in with speakers including Harry Houdini, Richard E. Byrd, Amelia Earhart, Bertrand Russell and Orson Welles.

In 2008 the venue hosted the 2008 Green National Convention alongside the Palmer House Hilton.

In 2012 the venue hosted the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates alongside the UIC Pavilion. This was held in Chicago simultaneous to the 2012 Chicago Summit.

Acoustical history

Sub-optimal acoustics within Orchestra Hall have been an ongoing concern throughout its history, and have been adjusted in major overhauls of the main hall in both the late 1960s and as part of the Symphony Center transformation between 1995 and 1997.

Critical reaction is that the 1995–1997 acoustical revamp was largely successful, though with room for further improvement, particularly in the upper registers. Reviews at the time noted "[the hall] sounded altogether new, with a depth and spaciousness never before heard here. ... The low strings, especially, had a new warmth and solidity, and the whole bass and baritonal range of the orchestra provided a firmer basis and a mellower foil for the sound above it, which has always been brash and brilliant. ... Not that everything is perfect. High frequencies can still sound glassy, and the high strings have not yet benefited as much as their brethren. [Supervising acoustician R. Lawrence Kirkegaard] had already begun to work on the problem after a private concert on Tuesday evening and continues to do so.", "The orchestra now has a mellow bass sound that simply didn't exist before. Bass drums, previously the source of loud, dry thwacks, have a new resonance and texture. Violins have a richer color," and "It's fair to say that Orchestra Hall is, overall, vastly improved. The reverberation time, almost nonexistent before, is much lengthened. The strings, particularly in the lower ranges, are far more audible than was once the case, and all of the instruments resound with far more bloom, warmth, and brilliance. The sound is a good deal better in the other traditional trouble spot, the main floor beneath the balcony overhang, superb in the lower balcony and altogether glorious in the gallery."

In a review of a piano recital, not an orchestral concert, Chicago Tribune music critic John von Rhein wrote "...everything registered with the impact of the old hall, only better. There was more warmth, more space, around the keyboard. Similar reports came from listeners in the gallery.". However, the same critic also noted shortly after the renovation "As of now, the low end has been dramatically enhanced, perhaps too much so. The lower strings and lower brass are going to have to modify their sound output to the new sensitivities of the acoustics. In many ways, then, Orchestra Hall is a work in progress. The coming weeks and months will require adjustments from players and audience members alike. Lawrence Kirkegaard ... said he and his associates were 'intensively involved' in minor adjustments last week and will continue to tinker with the sound sporadically throughout the season," and some years after the transformation, critics at the Chicago Tribune newspaper expressed dissatisfaction with the Orchestra Hall acoustics.

title: Symphony Center


text:
Orchestra Hall

Orchestra Hall may refer to:
 * Orchestra Hall, part of Symphony Center in Chicago
 * Orchestra Hall (Detroit, Michigan)
 * Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis, Minnesota)

title: Orchestra Hall


text:
River Oaks Elementary School

There are several schools named River Oaks Elementary School
 * River Oaks Elementary School (Houston), Texas
 * River Oaks Elementary School, part of Pflugerville Independent School District in Austin, Texas
 * River Oaks Elementary School, part of Galt Joint Union Elementary School District in Galt, California
 * River Oaks Elementary School, part of Dearborn Public Schools in Dearborn Heights, Michigan
 * River Oaks Elementary School, part of Prince William County Public Schools in the Woodbridge CDP of Prince William County, Virginia

title: River Oaks Elementary School


text:
User talk:JamieS

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title: User talk:JamieS


text:
Talk:Irving Layton

Untitled
The poet Irving Layton is an inspiration to me. He reveals the injustice of the world and the inhumanity of man in his poetry. Highly recommended is his award winning book A Red Carpet for the Sun. Wonderful poet and a legend in Canada. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.93.205.228 (talk • contribs).

Related to Jack Layton?
Any family connection between Irving Layton and politician Jack Layton? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.199.104.162 (talk • contribs).

Irving Layton was born Israel Pincu Lazarovitch in Romania. Read the flippin' article.For that matter, read the Jack Layton article. -Dhodges
 * No need to be rude. It's a valid question. Irving could conceivably be Jack's uncle, for instance. Pburka 01:02, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

I apologise for an excessively snippy response. Still, Irving Layton was a first generation jewish immigrant while Jack Layton comes from several generations of protestant Anglo-Quebecers. -Dhodges 20:16, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Nominated for Nobel prize?
Can someone source the claim about the Nobel nominations? The nominations are kept secret for 50 years (though of course may be leaked by the nominators). Also, a nation per se cannot make a nomination, though certain national societies can.
 * CBC Radio One indicated that he was nominated. I don't know about the details of the nations, though. Pburka 00:57, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Older generation?
Could this be put differently?

 * In the 1940s, Layton and his fellow Canadian poets rejected the older generation of poets, including Northrop Frye, and their efforts helped define the tone of the post-war generation poets in Canada.

I appreciate the truth of the statement -- Layton was a member of a 'younger school' than Frye -- but it's a bit off to describe Layton and Frye as different generations: they were both born in 1912, and in fact Frye was younger than Layton. --Saforrest 03:02, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Good job
Good job on the research for this page. I saw Irving Layton at the London, Ontario, Central Library back in the 1970s. Quite a character. Good documentarty on his life on the CBC recently, as well. Barry Wells 03:24, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Unlikely brigade commander
The biography by T. Jacobs, which was relied on for our article, erroneously refers to Layton as a "Brigade Commander" at Petawawa during the war. This is highly unlikely, since Canadian brigades number upwards of 5,000 personnel and are usually commanded by a general. As he was only in the army for about a year, it is unlikely that he rose to command a brigade. Platoon commander, perhaps, but I don't have a source for that, so have removed it. Sunray 08:14, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

removed large amount of material
I've removed a large amount of material about the activities of a young poet inspired by Layton: see. FreplySpang (talk) 13:05, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Related material has been added several times, but it seems only tangentially related to Layton. FreplySpang (talk) 19:51, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. Looks like a vanity piece about the "young poet."  It definitely does not belong in this article. Sunray 01:22, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Celebration CD
Under Works there is currently listed a CD entitled Celebration: Famous Canadian Poets. Is this not a CD that features several Canadian poets (not just Layton)? --Victoriagirl 21:03, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Link to Irving Layton photo
I've reverted this the recent addition of a link by Judithfitzgerald. The link, to the user's own website, provides nothing more than a photograph of Layton and a six-word quote. The user may wish to read WP:OWN, WP:COI and WP:CIVIL. 76.69.40.174 (talk) 03:51, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Irving Layton


text:
Monumenta Germaniae Historica

The Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Latin for "Historical Monuments of Germany"), frequently abbreviated MGH, is a comprehensive series of carefully edited and published primary sources, both chronicle and archival, for the study of parts of Northwestern, Central and Southern European history from the end of the Roman Empire to 1500. Despite the name, the series covers important sources for the history of many countries besides Germany, since the Society for the Publication of Sources on Germanic Affairs of the Middle Ages has included documents from many other areas subjected to the influence of Germanic tribes or rulers (Britain, Czech lands, Poland, Austria, France, Low Countries, Italy, Spain, etc.). The editor from 1826 until 1874 was Georg Heinrich Pertz (1795–1876); in 1875 he was succeeded by Georg Waitz (1813–1886).

History
The MGH was founded in Hanover as a private text publication society by the Prussian reformer Heinrich Friedrich Karl Freiherr vom Stein in 1819. The first volume appeared in 1826. The editor from 1826 until 1874 was Georg Heinrich Pertz, who was succeeded by Georg Waitz. Many eminent medievalists from Germany and, eventually, other countries, joined in the project of searching out and comparing manuscripts and producing scholarly editions. The motto chosen, Sanctus amor patriae dat animum ("Sacred love for the fatherland gives the spirit"), is explained as linking Romantic nationalism with professional scholarship. In 1875, the MGH was established as a more formal institution with headquarters in Berlin.

In 1935, the organization was taken over by the state and renamed the Reichsinstitut für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde ("National Institute for Older German History"). This was abolished in 1945, at the end of World War II.

However, the institute was subsequently revived under its original name with the support of German institutions and the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The Monumenta Germaniae Historica Institute has been located in Munich since 1949 and possesses a large specialized library on the medieval history of Germany and Europe, including Church history, along with 130,000 monographs and approximately 150,000 dependent writings. It moved into its current premises in the building of the Bavarian State Library in 1967.

The project, a major effort of historical scholarship, continues in the 21st century. In 2004 the MGH, with the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, made all of its publications in print for more than five years available online, in photo-digital reproduction, via a link on the MGH homepage.

Divisions
The series falls into five main divisions, Antiquitates ("Antiquities"), Diplomata ("Documents"), Epistolae ("Letters"), Leges ("Laws"), and Scriptores ("Authors"), with an additional smaller division of Necrologia ("Necrology"). Many subsidiary series have also been established, including a series of more compact volumes for school use (Scriptores in usum scholarum) and special studies (MGH Schriften).

title: Monumenta Germaniae Historica


text:
Yancy Butler

Yancy Victoria Butler (born July 2, 1970) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Natasha Binder in the 1993 film Hard Target, Jess Crossman in Drop Zone (1994), and Detective Sara Pezzini on the TNT supernatural drama series Witchblade. For her performance in Witchblade, she won a Saturn Award for Best Actress in a Television Series.

Early life
Yancy Victoria Butler was born in Greenwich Village in Manhattan, the daughter of Leslie Vega, a theatre company manager, and Joe Butler, the drummer and vocalist for the 1960s rock group the Lovin' Spoonful.

Butler attended Sarah Lawrence College, graduating in 1991.

Career
According to the Chicago Tribune, a fan site dedicated to Butler described her as having an "unmistakable husky voice and big, intense eyes"; flattered, she told the newspaper: "That makes me sound like Peter Lorre." Butler's first major role was in the television series Mann & Machine in 1992, in which she played an android police officer partnered with a human detective. The series was set in Los Angeles in the near future. The series was co-created by Dick Wolf. A year later, she starred in her second series, South Beach, in which she played a con artist and thief who made a deal with the federal government; in exchange for their wiping of her criminal record, she performs certain tasks for them.

Butler's first film appearance was a small supporting role in the 1979 slasher film Savage Weekend. Her next film appearance was a starring role in John Woo's 1993 film, Hard Target. She then starred in the 1994 film Drop Zone. In 1995, she starred as Corinne the dancer in the film Let It Be Me. Butler was cast as a series regular in the CBS television series Brooklyn South playing Anne-Marie Kersey, a Brooklyn policewoman, which ran for one season from 1997 to 1998.

Butler starred in the television film Witchblade (2000) and the subsequent television series, adapted from the ongoing comic book of the same title; the series ran for two seasons on the Turner Network Television network for a total of 23 episodes. The series has a cult following, and was ranked seventh in the Top 10 Basic Cable Dramas for 2002. The show's cancellation was announced after the second season in September 2002.

In 2005, Butler starred in the film Bloodlines. For distribution purposes, it was retitled in 2006 as Striking Range. In 2007, she appeared in 13 episodes of the television soap opera As the World Turns, as Ava Jenkins. She was confirmed to appear in Tales of an Ancient Empire, the follow-up to The Sword and the Sorcerer. On January 24, 2012, Tales of an Ancient Empire was released on DVD. Butler, however, did not appear in the film. She appeared in a small role in another comic-book adaptation, the film version of Kick-Ass.

Legal issues
In November 2003, Butler was taken into custody in Delray Beach, Florida, for disorderly intoxication and sentenced to a substance-abuse treatment program. In 2007, she was charged with driving under the influence after she crashed her car.

On April 3, 2017, Butler was arrested in Sag Harbor, New York, and charged with aggravated drunken driving and possession of drugs after she was found passed out behind the wheel of her car after it had hopped a curb onto the sidewalk.

Personal life
As of 2017, Butler lives in Winnetka, California.

Awards
On June 10, 2002, Butler won a Saturn Award for Best Actress in a Television Series, at the 29th Annual Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films Awards ceremony, for her performances in Witchblade.

title: Yancy Butler


text:
Polysome

A polyribosome (or polysome or ergosome) is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like “beads” on a “thread”. It consists of a complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides. Originally coined "ergosomes" in 1963, they were further characterized by Jonathan Warner, Paul M. Knopf, and Alex Rich.

Polysomes are formed during the elongation phase when ribosomes and elongation factors synthesize the encoded polypeptide. Multiple ribosomes move along the coding region of mRNA, creating a polysome. The ability of multiple ribosomes to function on an mRNA molecule explains the limited abundance of mRNA in the cell. Polyribosome structure differs between prokaryotic polysomes, eukaryotic polysomes, and membrane bound polysomes. Polysome activity can be used to measure the level of gene expression through a technique called polysomal profiling.

Structure
Electron microscopy technologies such as staining, metal shadowing, and ultra-thin cell sections were the original methods to determine polysome structure. The development of cryo-electron microscopy techniques has allowed for increased resolution of the image, leading to a more precise method to determine structure. Different structural configurations of polyribosomes could reflect a variety in translation of mRNAs. An investigation of the ratio of polyribosomal shape elucidated that a high number of circular and zigzag polysomes were found after several rounds of translation. A longer period of translation caused the formation of densely packed 3-D helical polysomes. Different cells produce different structures of polysomes.

Prokaryotic
Bacterial polysomes have been found to form double-row structures. In this conformation, the ribosomes are contacting each other through smaller subunits. These double row structures generally have a “sinusoidal” (zigzag) or 3-D helical path. In the “sinusoidal” path, there are two types of contact between the small subunits- “top-to-top” or “top-to-bottom”. In the 3-D helical path, only “top-to-top” contact is observed.

Polysomes are present in archaea, but not much is known about the structure.

In cells
in situ (in cell) studies have shown that eukaryotic polysomes exhibit linear configurations. Densely packed 3-D helices and planar double-row polysomes were found with variable packing including “top-to-top” contacts similar to prokaryotic polysomes. Eukaryotic 3-D polyribosomes are similar to prokaryotic 3-D polyribosomes in that they are “densely packed left-handed helices with four ribosomes per turn”. This dense packing can determine their function as regulators of translation, with 3-D polyribosomes being found in sarcoma cells using fluorescence microscopy.

Cell free
Atomic force microscopy used in in vitro studies have shown that circular eukaryotic polysomes can be formed by free polyadenylated mRNA in the presence of initiation factor eIF4E bound to the 5’ cap and PABP bound to the 3’-poly(A) tail. However, this interaction between cap and the poly(A)-tail mediated by a protein complex is not a unique way of circularizing polysomal mRNA. It has been found that topologically circular polyribosomes can be successfully formed in the translational system with mRNA with no cap and no poly(A) tail as well as a capped mRNA without a 3’-poly(A) tail.

Membrane-bound
Polyribosomes bound to membranes are restricted by a 2 dimensional space given by the membrane surface. The restriction of inter-ribosomal contacts causes a round-shape configuration that arranges ribosomes along the mRNA so that the entry and exit sites form a smooth pathway. Each ribosome is turned relative to the previous one, resembling a planar spiral.

Profiling
Polysomal profiling is a technique that uses cycloheximide to arrest translation and a sucrose gradient to separate the resulting cell extract by centrifugation. Ribosome-associated mRNAs migrate faster than free mRNAs and polysome associated mRNAs migrate faster than ribosome associated mRNAs. Several peaks corresponding to mRNA are revealed by the measurement of total protein across the gradient. The corresponding mRNA is associated with increasing numbers of ribosomes as polysomes. The presence of mRNA across the gradient reveals the translation of the mRNA. Polysomal profiling is optimally applied to cultured cells and tissues to track the translational status of an identified mRNA as well as measure ribosome density. This technique has been used to compare the translational status of mRNAs in different cell types.

For example, polysomal profiling was used in a study to investigate the effect of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in mammalian cells. The data from polysomal profiling showed that host mRNAs are outcompeted by viral mRNAs for polysomes, therefore decreasing the translation of host mRNA and increasing the translation of viral mRNA.

title: Polysome


text:
Kegworth

Kegworth is a large village and civil parish in the North West Leicestershire district of Leicestershire, in the East Midlands region, England. It forms part of the border with Nottinghamshire and is situated 6 miles north of Loughborough, 12 miles southwest of Nottingham, 12.5 miles southeast of Derby and 17 miles north of Leicester. The population of Kegworth census was 3,601.

Lying on the River Soar, it is situated on the A6 near junction 24 of the M1 motorway and is also close to East Midlands Airport, the East Midlands Gateway freight terminal and East Midlands Parkway railway station. The village is served by a primary school that was rated good at its last Ofsted inspection, and which takes children from ages 4 to 10 years and has both Anglican and Baptist churches. Beyond the primary school age, most children attend schools in Castle Donington and Shepshed. Shops in the village include a supermarket, butcher, pharmacy and optician. There are a number of cafes, restaurants and takeaway food outlets including Fish & Chips, Indian and Chinese cuisine. Kegworth has several public houses, a doctor's surgery and a village hall that hosts village events and the local playgroup. Kegworth has thriving sports clubs, which include the Kegworth Imperial football club, Kegworth Town Cricket Club and Kegworth Bowls Club. There are two parks with play areas for younger children and a skate park. The village has a library and a museum of local history. One Kegworth community group also organise many village events throughout the year such as the Easter Charter market, Sideley Park family fun day and food festival, and the Christmas market.

Nearby places include Long Eaton, Castle Donington, Sutton Bonington, Ratcliffe on Soar, Zouch, Kingston on Soar and Hathern. The post town is Derby, with the Derby postcode prefix of DE74.

Kegworth is twinned with Bois-Guillaume, a suburban town located on the plateau immediately to the north of Rouen in Normandy, north-western France.

History
The site of Kegworth was situated well within the territory of the Coritani (or Corieltauvi), one of the most powerful Ancient British tribes. A date cannot be put on the foundations of the first settlement, although Anglo-Saxon burials have been found in Kingston-on-Soar and at Hathern, a pin from the 7th century was also found near the hermitage, which may indicate the date and location of the earliest settlers. The name of Kegworth comes from two languages, Old English and Danish, so it must date from some time between 874 and 1086. It means "worth" or "enclosure" of a man named Kaggi, the Danish name for redbeard. However, some sources claim it may mean locked enclosure, from caega "key", an Old English word. It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being held by Earl Harold Godwin, who became the last of the Saxon kings. After Harold's defeat at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 the Earl Hugh of Chester was given the land by William the Conqueror. It was known in those days as Cachworde, Caggworth and Cogga.

After the royalists defeated Simon de Montfort in 1265, estates gained by the Earl of Gloucester included land in Kegworth. The privilege to hold a weekly market was granted in 1290. During the Middle Ages the parish was responsible for maintaining the condition of the roads. To try to improve the rough roads in the village, an Act of Parliament was passed in 1555 ordering every man in the parish to work for four (later six) days a year on the roads; each farmer had to provide horses and carts according to his land holding. This continued until the early 18th century when, with the increase in traffic, it became necessary to change this to paid labour.

Although farming was a large factor in Kegworth life and still remains on the fringes, industry started in the late 18th century/early 19th century with the introduction of stockingers shops. Some still exist (e.g. behind the former Britannia public house) and can be recognised by the long rows of windows on the first floor. As the industry grew, small courtyards of cottages were built in the old farm yards. Women and children also worked when they could, and the hosiery and lace trade were ranked as two of the most important industries in the village from 1841 onwards. The Kegworth hand frame stockingers were highly skilled in the art of making silk stockings and they received many orders from royalty and people of high rank. Queen Victoria, the Prince of Wales, the Danish royal family and the King of Spain were all customers of the stockingers of Kegworth. Meeting House Yard lay behind the present 'Friends' Cottage', and included a Quaker graveyard. The last trace of these 'yards' was demolished when the entrance to Australia Yard was removed to make way for the library in High Street.

A depression in the 1890s coincided with the introduction of the internal combustion engine, a motorbike factory was started that developed into the present Slack and Parrs. Domestic service was also important. In 1851 as many as 121 people were described as servants, housekeepers or charwomen. In 1899 their work was arduous with long hours, and the restricted personal freedom and the lack of privacy was poor by the standards of today but at the time they counted themselves lucky to be fed, clothed and housed. Industrialisation was the beginning of the end of this era in Kegworth's history, but there were still socks and stockings being made in the village as late as the 1940s. Despite the growth in trade and manufacturing, there was only a very slight increase in population during the 19th century. The number of inhabitants rose from 1,416 people in 1801 to 2,078 a century later, but with actual decline in some decades, today there are approximately 3,500 people living in the village with 1,500 houses.

47 people died in a plane crash on 8 January 1989, when it came down just short of the runway on the eastern side of the nearby East Midlands Airport. Although this was outside the village, it has subsequently been referred to as the Kegworth air disaster. A memorial to those who died in the crash stands in the village cemetery on Whatton Road. There is also a plaque sited on the Ashby Road bridge over the M1, close to where the plane came down. Since 1989, the Parish Council and those who remember that fateful night have marked each anniversary by laying wreaths at both memorial sites. A special commemorative service was held in 2019 at St Andrew's Church in the village, to mark the 30th anniversary of the disaster. Survivors, relatives and emergency services first-responders attended.

Kegworth has always prospered from its advantages of trade and routes. Originally these were farming, road and river, later textiles, railway and canal, and now light industry, motorway and airport. It has been lucky in having relative prosperity and slow but steady growth, which has given it the character of a friendly, active community. The nearby University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus has grown markedly since 2006 and many students now live in the village. A number of modern housing developments to the south of the village expanded Kegworth in the 2010s and further developments are making use of brown field sites. Kegworth was part of the rural district of Castle Donington until 1974 when it became part of the district of North West Leicestershire, whose administrative centre is located at Coalville.

Structures
The earliest surviving building is St Andrew's Parish Church. The tower base dates from 1250 and the rest was built in 1370 when the two manors of Kegworth were united under a single Lord of the Manor. The next oldest building visible is the Cruck Cottage forming the street front of the Cottage Restaurant. This is from the 15th century, but the stucco covering conceals its age. Many other buildings similarly hide their oldest parts under stucco or modern fronts, as at the top of Packington Hill, where early 18th-century timber frames show at the rear.

Many buildings in High Street and London Road date from the 18th century, when the main London to Manchester road went up High Street and down Packington Hill. Some were town houses, others farmhouses with yards. Most of the latter have had their yards subsequently built on. The barn of number 55 High Street was demolished in 1979 to make room for another house, but the farmyard of number 48 remains, although the farmhouse was rebuilt in Victorian times. The internal road system of the village gradually developed as time went on as it became necessary to obtain access to neighbouring villages. The Romans used a ford across the River Trent nearby and a Romano-British farm lies at the end of Long Lane. A Saxon cemetery was found two hundred years ago and the bumps and hollows between the A6 and the River Soar may be the remains of a Saxon village.

Notable people
Thomas Parkinson was Rector of Kegworth from 1789 until his death in 1830.

Cartoonist Bill Tidy was a long-term resident of Kegworth in the 1980s and 1990s.

Biologist Keith Campbell was resident in the village. He is well known as one of the team to clone the sheep Dolly and produced further clones, sisters to Dolly, during his time in Kegworth.

Irish poet Thomas Moore lived at The Cedars, London Road, Kegworth, for almost a year.

title: Kegworth