text:
Dagesh

The dagesh (דָּגֵשׁ) is a diacritic that is used in the Hebrew alphabet. It takes the form of a dot placed inside a consonant. A dagesh can either indicate a "hard" plosive version of the consonant (known as dagesh qal, literally 'light dot') or that the consonant is geminated (known as dagesh ḥazaq, literally 'hard dot'), although the latter is rarely used in Modern Hebrew.

The dagesh was added to Hebrew orthography at the same time as the Masoretic system of niqqud (vowel points).

Two other diacritics with different functions, the mappiq and the shuruk, are visually identical to the dagesh but are only used with vowel letters.

The dagesh and mappiq symbols are often omitted when writing niqqud (e.g. is written as ). In these cases, dagesh may be added to help readers resolve the ambiguity. The use or omission of such marks is usually consistent throughout any given context.

Dagesh qal
A dagesh kal or dagesh qal (דגש קל, or דגש קשיין, also dagesh lene, weak/light dagesh) may be placed inside the consonants bet,  gimel,  dalet,  kaf,  pe and  tav. They each have two sounds, the original hard plosive sound (which originally contained no dagesh as it was the only pronunciation), and a soft fricative version produced as such for speech efficiency because of the position in which the mouth is left immediately after a vowel has been produced.

Prior to the Babylonian captivity, the soft sounds of these letters did not exist in Hebrew, but were later differentiated in Hebrew writing as a result of the Aramaic-influenced pronunciation of Hebrew. The Aramaic languages, including Jewish versions of Aramaic, have these same allophonic pronunciations of the letters.

The letters take on their hard sounds when they have no vowel sound before them, and take their soft sounds when a vowel immediately precedes them. In Biblical Hebrew this was the case within a word and also across word boundaries, though in Modern Hebrew there are no longer across word boundaries, since the soft and hard sounds are no longer allophones of each other, but regarded as distinct phonemes.

When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh, while the soft sounds lack the mark. In Modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of bet,  kaf, and  pe. Traditional Ashkenazic pronunciation also varies the pronunciation of tav, and some traditional Middle Eastern pronunciations carry alternate forms for  dalet.

In Ashkenazi pronunciation, tav without a dagesh is pronounced, while in other traditions it is assumed to have been pronounced at the time niqqud was introduced. In Modern Hebrew, it is always pronounced.

The letters gimel and dalet  may also contain a dagesh kal. This indicates an allophonic variation of the phonemes and, a variation which no longer exists in modern Hebrew pronunciation. The variations are believed to have been: pronounced as,  as ,  as , and  as. The Hebrew spoken by the Jews of Yemen (Yemenite Hebrew) still preserves unique phonemes for these letters with and without a dagesh.

Pronunciation
Among Modern Hebrew speakers, the pronunciation of some of the above letters has become the same as others:

Dagesh hazaq
Dagesh ḥazak or dagesh ḥazaq (דגש חזק, lit. 'strong dot', i.e. 'gemination dagesh', or דגש כפלן, also 'dagesh forte') may be placed in almost any letter, indicating a gemination (doubling) of that consonant in the pronunciation of pre-modern Hebrew. This gemination is not adhered to in modern Hebrew and is only used in careful pronunciation, such as the reading of scripture in a synagogue service, recitation of biblical or traditional texts or on ceremonial occasions, and only by very precise readers.

The following letters, the gutturals, almost never have a dagesh: aleph, he , chet , ayin , and resh. A few instances of resh with dagesh are recorded in the Masoretic Text, as well as a few cases of aleph with dagesh, such as in Leviticus 23:17.

The presence of a dagesh ḥazak or consonant-doubling in a word may be entirely morphological, or, as is often the case, is a lengthening to compensate for a deleted consonant. A dagesh ḥazak may be placed in letters for one of the following reasons:

 * The letter follows the definite article, the word "the". For example, שָׁמָיִם (shamayim, 'heaven(s)') in Genesis 1:8 is הַשָּׁמַיִם (hashshamayim, 'the heaven(s)') in Genesis 1:1. This is because the definite article was originally a stand-alone particle הַל (hal), but at an early stage in ancient Hebrew it contracted into a prefix הַ (ha-), and the loss of the 'l' was compensated for by doubling the following letter. In this situation where the following letter is a guttural, the vowel in 'ha-' becomes long to compensate for the inability to double the next letter - otherwise, this vowel is almost always short. This also happens in words taking the prefix לַ la-, since it is a prefix created by the contraction of לְ le- and הַ ha-. Occasionally, the letter following a he which is used to indicate a question may also receive a dagesh, e.g. Numbers 13:20 הַשְּׁמֵנָה הִוא (Hashshemena hu?, 'whether it is fat').
 * The letter follows the prefix mi- where this prefix is an abbreviation for the word min, meaning 'from'. For example, the phrase "from your hand", if spelled as two words, would be מִן יָדֶךָ (min yadekha). In Genesis 4:11 however, it occurs as one word: מִיָּדֶךָ miyyadekha. This prefix mostly replaces the usage of the particle מִן (min) in modern Hebrew.
 * The letter follows the prefix שֶׁ 'she-' in modern Hebrew, which is a prefixed contraction of the relative pronoun אֲשֶׁר (asher), where the first letter is dropped and the last letter disappears and doubles the next letter. This prefix is rare in Biblical texts, and mostly replaces the use of asher in Modern Hebrew.
 * It marks the doubling of a letter that is caused by a weak letter losing its vowel. In these situations, the weak letter disappears, and the following letter is doubled to compensate for it. For example, compare Exodus 6:7 לָקַחְתִּי (lakachti) with Numbers 23:28, where the first letter of the root has been elided: וַיִּקַּח (vayyikkach). Lamed only behaves as a weak letter in this particular root word.
 * If the letter follows a vav-consecutive imperfect (sometimes referred to as vav conversive, or vav ha'hipuch), which, in Biblical Hebrew, switches a verb between perfect and imperfect. For example, compare Judges 7:4 יֵלֵךְ (yelekh, 'let him go') with Deuteronomy 31:1 וַיֵּלֶך (vayyelekh, 'he went'). A possible reason for this doubling is that the וַ (va-) prefix could be the remains of an auxiliary verb הָוַיַ (hawaya, the ancient form of the verb הָיָה hayah, 'to be') being contracted into a prefix, losing the initial ha, and the final ya syllable disappearing and doubling the next letter.
 * In some of the binyan verbal stems, where the pi'el, pu'al and hitpa'el stems themselves cause doubling in the second root letter of a verb. For example:
 * Exodus 15:9 אֲחַלֵּק (achallek, 'I shall divide'), pi'el-stem, first person future tense
 * in the phrase הָלֵּלוּ יַהּ (hallelu yah, 'praise the '), where hallelu is in the pi'el-stem, masculine plural imperative form
 * Genesis 47:31 וַיִּתְחַזֵּק (vayyitchazzek, 'he strengthened himself'), hitpa'el-stem

Rafe
In Masoretic manuscripts the opposite of a dagesh would be indicated by a rafe, a small line on top of the letter. This is no longer found in Hebrew, but may still sometimes be seen in Yiddish and Ladino. <!--

Pronunciation of modern Israeli Hebrew
Below is a complete list of Hebrew letters which may take a dagesh, and their pronunciation as consonants in modern Israeli Hebrew:

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Character !! Name !! Pronunciation
 * align=center | א || alef || silent (traditionally,  when before a vowel)
 * align=center | בּ ||  bet || [b]
 * align=center | ב || vet || [v] ([b] among Egyptian Jews)
 * align=center | גּ ||  gimel ||  ( among some Teimanim)
 * align=center | ג || ghimel ||  ( among Teimanim, Mizrachim and some Sephardim)
 * align=center | ’ג || jimel ||  (used only in loanwords)
 * align=center | דּ || dalet || [d]
 * align=center | ד || dhalet || [d] ([ð] among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim)
 * align=center | ה || he || [h], silent in word-final position
 * align=center | ו || vav || [v] ([w] among Teimanim and some Mizrahim)
 * align=center | ז || zayin || [z]
 * align=center | ’ז || zhayin || (used only in loanwords)
 * align=center | ח || khet || ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | ט || tet || [t] ( among Teimanim)
 * align=center | י || yod || [j]
 * align=center | כּ || kaf || [k]
 * align=center | ךּ || final kaf || [k]
 * align=center | כ || khaf || [χ]
 * align=center | ך || final khaf || [χ]
 * align=center | ל || lamed || [l]
 * align=center | מ || mem || [m]
 * align=center | ם || final mem || [m]
 * align=center | נ || nun || [n]
 * align=center | ן || final nun || [n]
 * align=center | ס || samekh || [s]
 * align=center | ע || ayin || silent, like א ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | פּ || pe || [p]
 * align=center | פ || fe || [f]
 * align=center | ף || final fe || [f]
 * align=center | צ || tsadi ||
 * align=center | ץ || final tsadi ||
 * align=center | ’צ || tshadi || (used only in loanwords) and  (used to indicate the Arabic letter  ض)
 * align=center | ק || kuf || (pronounced  by many Israelis as well as speakers hailing from the Arab world,  by some Teimanim)
 * align=center | ר || resh || ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | שׁ || shin ||
 * align=center | שׂ || sin || [s]
 * align=center | תּ || tav || [t]
 * align=center | ת || thav || ( among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, [s] by some Ashkenazim)
 * }
 * align=center | ל || lamed || [l]
 * align=center | מ || mem || [m]
 * align=center | ם || final mem || [m]
 * align=center | נ || nun || [n]
 * align=center | ן || final nun || [n]
 * align=center | ס || samekh || [s]
 * align=center | ע || ayin || silent, like א ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | פּ || pe || [p]
 * align=center | פ || fe || [f]
 * align=center | ף || final fe || [f]
 * align=center | צ || tsadi ||
 * align=center | ץ || final tsadi ||
 * align=center | ’צ || tshadi || (used only in loanwords) and  (used to indicate the Arabic letter  ض)
 * align=center | ק || kuf || (pronounced  by many Israelis as well as speakers hailing from the Arab world,  by some Teimanim)
 * align=center | ר || resh || ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | שׁ || shin ||
 * align=center | שׂ || sin || [s]
 * align=center | תּ || tav || [t]
 * align=center | ת || thav || ( among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, [s] by some Ashkenazim)
 * }
 * align=center | צ || tsadi ||
 * align=center | ץ || final tsadi ||
 * align=center | ’צ || tshadi || (used only in loanwords) and  (used to indicate the Arabic letter  ض)
 * align=center | ק || kuf || (pronounced  by many Israelis as well as speakers hailing from the Arab world,  by some Teimanim)
 * align=center | ר || resh || ( among Oriental Hebrew speakers)
 * align=center | שׁ || shin ||
 * align=center | שׂ || sin || [s]
 * align=center | תּ || tav || [t]
 * align=center | ת || thav || ( among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, [s] by some Ashkenazim)
 * }
 * align=center | שׁ || shin ||
 * align=center | שׂ || sin || [s]
 * align=center | תּ || tav || [t]
 * align=center | ת || thav || ( among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, [s] by some Ashkenazim)
 * }
 * align=center | ת || thav || ( among Teimanim, Mizrahim and some Sephardim, [s] by some Ashkenazim)
 * }
 * }

Dagesh and mappiq symbols, the dots in otherwise identical letters, are often omitted in writing. For instance, בּ is often written as ב. The use or omission of such marks is usually consistent throughout any given context.

Matres lectionis
The letters alef,  he,  vav and  yod are consonants that can sometimes have the value of vowels. Vav and yod in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.

 * {|class="wikitable"

!Symbol!!Name!!Vowel formation
 * align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|א
 * alef
 * ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
 * align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ה
 * he
 * ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
 * align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|ו
 * vav
 * ô, û
 * align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|י
 * yod
 * î, ê, ệ
 * }
 * align="center" style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:200%"|י
 * yod
 * î, ê, ệ
 * }

Loanwords
The sounds /tʃ, dʒ, ʒ/, written 'ז', ג' , צ, are found in many loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary, even among people who don't know the source languages. In addition, there are ways of writing some sounds in words that are truly foreign, not part of Israeli Hebrew:

 * {| class="wikitable"

!! colspan=6 | Everyday Colloquial Hebrew !! colspan=1 | Name !! colspan=1 | Symbol !! colspan=1 | IPA !! colspan=1 | Transliteration !! colspan=1 | Example ! Letter !! colspan=6 | Foreign Sounding Loanwords
 * Jimel
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | j
 * align="center" | jump
 * align="center" | J
 * Zhayin
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | varies
 * align="center" | vision, Asia
 * align="center" | see examples
 * Tshadi
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | ch
 * align="center" | channel
 * align="center" | "ch"
 * Double Vav
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | w
 * align="center" | wing
 * align="center" | W
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | w
 * align="center" | wing
 * align="center" | W
 * Dhal
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | th
 * align="center" | then
 * align="center" | "th", Ḏāl (ذ)
 * Kha
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" colspan=2 | Arabic
 * align="center" | Ḫāʼ (خ)
 * Za
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" colspan=2 | Arabic
 * align="center" | Ẓāʼ (ظ)
 * Ghayin
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" colspan=2 | Arabic
 * align="center" | Ġayn (غ)
 * Tshadi
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" colspan=2 | Arabic
 * align="center" | Ḍād (ض)
 * Thav
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | th
 * align="center" | thing
 * align="center" | "th", Ṯāʼ (ث)
 * }
 * align=center |
 * align="center" |
 * align="center" | th
 * align="center" | thing
 * align="center" | "th", Ṯāʼ (ث)
 * }
 * }

Pronunciation
In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Letter ! with !! colspan=3 | Letter(s) -->
 * align=center | alef
 * align=center | with (varyingly)
 * align=center colspan=3 | hey
 * align=center | vet
 * align=center | (without dagesh) with
 * align=center colspan=3 | vav
 * align=center | het
 * align=center | with (without dagesh)
 * align=center colspan=3 | kaf
 * align=center | tet
 * align=center | with
 * align=center colspan=3 | tav
 * align=center | kaf
 * align=center | (with dagesh) with
 * align=center colspan=3 | qof
 * align=center | samech
 * align=center | with
 * align=center colspan=3 | sin (with left dot)
 * align=center | tzadi
 * align=center | (varyingly) with the consonant cluster
 * align=center | tav-semech
 * align=center | and
 * align=center | tav-sin
 * }
 * align=center | tzadi
 * align=center | (varyingly) with the consonant cluster
 * align=center | tav-semech
 * align=center | and
 * align=center | tav-sin
 * }
 * }
 * }

Unicode encodings
In computer typography there are two ways to use a dagesh with Hebrew text. The following examples give the Unicode and numeric character references:

 * Using combining characters:
 * bet + dagesh: =    or
 * kaf + dagesh: =    or
 * pe + dagesh: =    or
 * Using precomposed characters:
 * bet with dagesh: =   or
 * kaf with dagesh: =   or
 * pe with dagesh: =   or

Some fonts, character sets, encodings, and operating systems may support neither, one, or both methods.

title: Dagesh


text:
Metalanguage

In logic and linguistics, a metalanguage is a language used to describe another language, often called the object language. Expressions in a metalanguage are often distinguished from those in the object language by the use of italics, quotation marks, or writing on a separate line. The structure of sentences and phrases in a metalanguage can be described by a metasyntax. For example, to say that the word "noun" can be used as a noun in a sentence, one could write "noun" is a .

Types of metalanguage
There are a variety of recognized types of metalanguage, including embedded, ordered, and nested (or hierarchical) metalanguages.

Embedded
An embedded metalanguage is a language formally, naturally and firmly fixed in an object language. This idea is found in Douglas Hofstadter's book, Gödel, Escher, Bach, in a discussion of the relationship between formal languages and number theory: "... it is in the nature of any formalization of number theory that its metalanguage is embedded within it."

It occurs in natural, or informal, languages, as well—such as in English, where words such as noun, verb, or even word describe features and concepts pertaining to the English language itself.

Ordered
An ordered metalanguage is analogous to an ordered logic. An example of an ordered metalanguage is the construction of one metalanguage to discuss an object language, followed by the creation of another metalanguage to discuss the first, etc.

Nested
A nested (or hierarchical) metalanguage is similar to an ordered metalanguage in that each level represents a greater degree of abstraction. However, a nested metalanguage differs from an ordered one in that each level includes the one below.

The paradigmatic example of a nested metalanguage comes from the Linnean taxonomic system in biology. Each level in the system incorporates the one below it. The language used to discuss genus is also used to discuss species; the one used to discuss orders is also used to discuss genera, etc., up to kingdoms.

In natural language
Natural language combines nested and ordered metalanguages. In a natural language there is an infinite regress of metalanguages, each with more specialized vocabulary and simpler syntax.

Designating the language now as $$L_0$$, the grammar of the language is a discourse in the metalanguage $$L_1$$, which is a sublanguage nested within $$L_0$$.

 * The grammar of $$L_1$$, which has the form of a factual description, is a discourse in the metametalanguage $$L_2$$, which is also a sublanguage of $$L_0$$.
 * The grammar of $$L_2$$, which has the form of a theory describing the syntactic structure of such factual descriptions, is stated in the metametametalanguage $$L_3$$, which likewise is a sublanguage of $$L_0$$.
 * The grammar of $$L_3$$ has the form of a metatheory describing the syntactic structure of theories stated in $$L_2$$.
 * $$L_4$$ and succeeding metalanguages have the same grammar as $$L_3$$, differing only in reference.

Since all of these metalanguages are sublanguages of $$L_0$$, $$L_1$$ is a nested metalanguage, but $$L_2$$ and sequel are ordered metalanguages. Since all these metalanguages are sublanguages of $$L_0$$ they are all embedded languages with respect to the language as a whole.

Metalanguages of formal systems all resolve ultimately to natural language, the 'common parlance' in which mathematicians and logicians converse to define their terms and operations and 'read out' their formulae.

Types of expressions
There are several entities commonly expressed in a metalanguage. In logic usually the object language that the metalanguage is discussing is a formal language, and very often the metalanguage as well.

Deductive systems
A deductive system (or, deductive apparatus of a formal system) consists of the axioms (or axiom schemata) and rules of inference that can be used to derive the theorems of the system.

Metavariables
A metavariable (or metalinguistic or metasyntactic variable) is a symbol or set of symbols in a metalanguage which stands for a symbol or set of symbols in some object language. For instance, in the sentence:

 * Let A and B be arbitrary formulas of a formal language $$L$$.

The symbols A and B are not symbols of the object language $$L$$, they are metavariables in the metalanguage (in this case, English) that is discussing the object language $$L$$.

Metatheories and metatheorems
A metatheory is a theory whose subject matter is some other theory (a theory about a theory). Statements made in the metatheory about the theory are called metatheorems. A metatheorem is a true statement about a formal system expressed in a metalanguage. Unlike theorems proved within a given formal system, a metatheorem is proved within a metatheory, and may reference concepts that are present in the metatheory but not the object theory.

Interpretations
An interpretation is an assignment of meanings to the symbols and words of a language.

Role in metaphor
Michael J. Reddy (1979) argues that much of the language we use to talk about language is conceptualized and structured by what he refers to as the conduit metaphor. This paradigm operates through two distinct, related frameworks.

The major framework views language as a sealed pipeline between people:

The minor framework views language as an open pipe spilling mental content into the void:

Metaprogramming
Computers follow programs, sets of instructions in a formal language. The development of a programming language involves the use of a metalanguage. The act of working with metalanguages in programming is known as metaprogramming.

Backus–Naur form, developed in the 1960s by John Backus and Peter Naur, is one of the earliest metalanguages used in computing. Examples of modern-day programming languages which commonly find use in metaprogramming include ML, Lisp, m4, and Yacc.

Dictionaries

 * Audi, R. 1996. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 * Baldick, C. 1996. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 * Cuddon, J. A. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin Books.
 * Honderich, T. 1995. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 * Matthews, P. H. 1997. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280008-4.
 * McArthur, T. 1996. The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metalanguage


text:
Spin the bottle

Spin the bottle is a kissing party game stereotypically played by teenagers. The game was very popular among teenagers during the second half of the 20th century because it fostered "sexual" interactions between boys and girls. It has even been described as "the party game of choice for glandularly excited high schoolers". It has been described as a coming-of-age party game.

Even though the game might be played occasionally by young teenagers or young adults, its popularity has declined since the 1980s.

The game
The game is played by several players who sit, stand, or kneel in a circle. A bottle (typically an empty glass soda or beer bottle) is placed on the floor in the center of the circle. A player spins the bottle, and must kiss the person to whom the bottle points when it stops spinning. Alternatively, the person to whom the bottle is pointing must kiss the person at the rear end of the bottle.

There are a very large number of variants. One variant is that instead, two players must hug within five seconds, otherwise, they have to kiss in 10 seconds and if the 10 seconds are up and they have not kissed, then they have to French kiss. Variations allow for other tasks to be accomplished. It can also be used to decide the players for other games, such as truth or dare or seven minutes in heaven. Variations may also include penalties, such as removing a piece of clothing.

History
Written records of bottle-spinning games date back to the 1920s, though early accounts make no mention of kissing. Written records of a similar game, called Bottle of Fortune, are available dating back to 1927.

title: Spin the bottle


text:
Paddock Wood

Paddock Wood is a town and civil parish in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England, about 8 miles southwest of Maidstone. At the 2001 Census it had a population of 8,263, falling marginally to 8,253 at the 2011 Census. Paddock Wood is a centre for hop growing.

History
Paddock Wood developed as a settlement during the second half of the 19th century as a result of the local hops industry. By 1900 it was a local transport hub with three railway lines at the railway station.

Government
Paddock Wood has three tiers of local government: town (parish), borough and county.

Borough council
Since 1974 Paddock Wood has formed part of the Borough of Tunbridge Wells. The borough is governed by a 48-member council. The town elects 4 borough councillors, with 2 each for the Paddock Wood East and Paddock Wood West wards. As of July 2022, one is a member of the Labour Party, one is a member of the Liberal Democrats one is a member of local action group Tunbridge Wells Alliance, and one is an Independent.

County council
The upper tier of local government is provided by Kent County Council. The county council has 84 members, with each representing an electoral district. Paddock Wood forms part of the electoral district of Tunbridge Wells Rural.

Geography
The commercial areas of Paddock Wood are separated by the railway line.

To the South of the railway lies Commercial Road which runs north east to south west through the town, and is the main shopping street. At the north east end of the street is the entrance to the Railway Station. Commercial Road is home to the branches of several banks, a variety of take-aways, a restaurant and a number of small shops. To the east of Commercial Road, runs Maidstone Road. This road runs north to Beltring and East Peckham, and south to Matfield, and is the main route into and out of the town.

To the north of the railway line lie the industrial areas. Eldon Way Industrial Estate can be found to the east and is home to British Car Auctions, among others. To the west is the larger Transfesa Road and Paddock Wood Distribution Centre. This is the home to a number of companies including Gabriel Chemie UK Ltd, Norman Collett, CoolChain, Mack Multiples, Warburtons and a Whirlpool warehouse, which was destroyed in a large fire in early July 2005.

Culture and community
Mascalls Gallery, was a public art gallery opened in 2006. It closed in 2016, due to a lack of funds.

Although technically in Beltring, in the civil parish of East Peckham, the nearby Hop Farm hosts many events such as the circus, monster truck racing and music festivals.

St Andrew's Church is a joint Anglican and Methodist church located on Maidstone Road.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from either the Tunbridge Wells or Bluebell Hill TV transmitters, BBC London and ITV London can also be received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Kent on 96.7 FM, Heart South on 103.1 FM, Gold on 603 AM and KMFM West Kent on 96.2 FM. As of November 2021, Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells, Paddock Wood and Southborough are now served by community radio station West Kent Radio broadcasting on 106.7FM and 95.5FM.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Kent and Sussex Courier.

Transport
Paddock Wood is on the B2160 and B2161 roads and not too far from the A228, A264, A21 and A26 roads. The A21 in the area suffers from congestion and traffic problems. It is served by Paddock Wood railway station.

Education
The town's main primary school is Paddock Wood Primary School which was originally built in 1909, which has approximately 600 pupils.

The town's main secondary school is Mascalls Academy (formerly Mascalls School), a comprehensive secondary school which opened in 1956, which has approximately 1400 pupils.

Literary references
Some Dickens scholars believe that Paddock Wood is the rural railway station described in Dombey and Son. Some believe that one of Charles Dickens's children was buried in the graveyard as it says on the sign at the entrance.

Paddock Wood Railway station appears in the novel Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens where, in chapter 55, the character of Mr Carker accidentally falls under a train at the station and is killed.

Notable people

 * Philip Martin Brown (b 1956), actor, lives in Paddock Wood.
 * John Brunt VC (1922–1944), British Army officer, lived in Paddock Wood.
 * Frederick E. Morgan (1894–1967), British Army officer, born in Paddock Wood.
 * Sammy Rimington (b 1942), jazz musician, born in Paddock Wood.

title: Paddock Wood


text:
The Vogues

The Vogues are an American vocal rock and roll group from Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. The original lineup consisted of Bill Burkette (lead baritone), Don Miller (baritone), Hugh Geyer (first tenor), and Chuck Blasko (second tenor).

They are best known for their chart-topping singles "You're the One", "Five O'Clock World", "Magic Town", and "Turn Around, Look at Me". In addition to touring the world, the group appeared on American Bandstand, The Tonight Show, and The Ed Sullivan Show. They were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2001.

Career
The group, originally named the Val-Aires, formed in 1958 at Turtle Creek High School. They signed with Pittsburgh manager Elmer Willet, who produced their first recording release "Which One Will It Be/Launie My Love". DJ Porky Chedwick became a supporter booking the group for his rock and roll shows and record hops. Chedwick put them on bills with the Drifters, the Platters, and the Dells. Clark Race of KDKA radio promoted the group on his KDKA-TV dance show. Having strong regional sales, the single was picked up for national distribution by Coral Records.

After high school, members of the group variously joined the Army or went to college. After their enlistments and college degrees were completed, they decided to record again. Each member paid $100 towards the fee to record a demo tape. They hired Nick Cenci, who had helped bring Lou Christie mainstream success, to produce the recording. In 1965, Cenci produced recording sessions for the Val-Aires at Gateway Studios in Pittsburgh, including vocals for a cover of the Petula Clark song "You're the One", which was released on the band's own Blue Star label. Cenci then persuaded John Rook, program director of KQV, to play the single. With local airplay and sales Cenci signed them to the Co & Ce label as the "Vogues" and secured national distribution. The song soon became a national hit reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100. Later in 1965, Cenci produced another Vogues recording session, which resulted in the No. 4 Billboard hit, "Five O'Clock World".

In 1966, Co & Ce Records released the singles "Magic Town", which reached no. 21 in February of that year, and the no. 29 "The Land of Milk and Honey". The singles "Summer Afternoon" and "Lovers of the World Unite" were released on Co & Ce in 1967. Co & Ce leased the Vogues to Reprise Records (distributed by Warner Bros.) where they found success with cover versions of "Turn Around, Look at Me" (No. 7), "My Special Angel" (No. 7), "Till" (No. 27), "No, Not Much" (No. 34), "Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)" (No. 42), "Moments to Remember" (No. 47), and "Green Fields" (No. 92). Dick Glasser also produced several unreleased singles by The Vogues for Reprise, including Paul Levinson's "Unbelievable (Inconceivable) You". The original group appeared on popular TV shows in the 1960s, including The Tonight Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, Shindig, The Red Skelton Show, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, American Bandstand, Hullabaloo, and The Mike Douglas Show.

In 1971, the Vogues signed a recording contract with Bell Records and recorded three singles ("Love Song", "Take Time to Tell Her", and "American Family"). In 1972, the group released one single on Mainstream Records ("Need You" b/w "Greatest Show on Earth"). By 1973, Geyer had left the group. Now recording for 20th Century Records, the group released three singles ("My Prayer", "Wonderful Summer", and "Prisoner of Love"), which were commercially unsuccessful and represented the last singles released by The Vogues.

Miller left the group in 1974 and was replaced by a succession of other vocalists. By the 1980s, the group had stopped touring and were concentrating on Western Pennsylvania venues. Burkette left the group in 1983, leaving Chuck Blasko as the only original member of The Vogues. Vocalist Gary Racan joined Chuck Blasko & The Vogues and performed with them for 16 years, departing to start his own band. In 2022 Racan filled in several shows with the Troy Elich led Vogues. During one show Racan was reunited with Bo Wagner, his former bandmate from Chuck Blasko's Vogues.

At some point during the late 1970s or early 1980s, the group's manager trademarked the name and assets of the Vogues. He later sold the trademark to Bengar Inc (Pete Garofalo), who starting booking other quartets as the Vogues. Pete Garofalo was a baritone who was with The Vogues from 1973 through the early 1990s. While owner of the trademark, he performed with them as well as having a group touring on the road. Pete Garofalo died in 1997, which led to the sale of the trademark. The trademark was sold several times, resulting in a variety of unrelated groups of singers claiming to be the Vogues. In 2000, the trademark was purchased by vocalist and Pittsburgh area native Stan Elich. During these years Blasko continued to perform as the Vogues, clashed with the "trademark" group, and eventually testified in front of Congress on the Truth in Music Act. A lawsuit filed by Blasko ended with the Pennsylvania court permitting Blasko's Vogues to perform in 14 Western Pennsylvania counties and the "trademark" group to perform everywhere else in the world as The Vogues.

From 2004 until 2006, Geyer joined Blasko's Vogues in the 14 Western Pennsylvania counties that Blasko's group was permitted to tour in. After creative differences with Blasko, Geyer left Blasko's group at the end of 2006. In March 2007, Geyer joined the nationally touring "trademark" group of The Vogues of trademark owner Elich. Geyer continued to perform with this group until his retirement in December 2012. Upon his retirement he was replaced by Royce Taylor, who had previously been a member of The Vogues from 1983 to 1997. In May 2008, original lead vocalist Bill Burkette also joined Geyer in touring the US with the "trademark" Vogues. The members of this group included Burkette, Geyer, Elich, Elich's son Troy, and Jim Campagna. Stan Elich died in December 2010. Troy Elich now owns the trademark "The Vogues".

In 2010, the Stan Elich-owned Vogues released a live album, The Vogues Sings the Hits Live, on the Desert Trax Music label. This marked the first time in 38 years that Burkette and Geyer recorded together.

After Bill Burkette's death in March, 2018, he was replaced by Bo Wagner, who had been filling in during Burkette's illness. Wagner had been a member of Blasko's Vogues from 1983 to 1997. Wagner left the Vogues in 2023 due to health issues. He still remains active in the greater Pittsburgh area doing his Sinatra Tribute Show. Tennessee native Elliott McCoy replaced Wagner in 2023. McCoy previously had been the owner and vocalist of the gospel group Three Bridges.

The Vogues' lineup as of March, 2024 are Troy Elich, Royce Taylor, and Elliott McCoy.

In 2020 it was announced that The Vogues would for the first time be a part of The Turtles "Happy Together Tour". But due to the COVID-19 pandemic most of the tour was cancelled. The Vogues were again scheduled to be in the tour in 2021, but like 2020, many dates were cancelled due to COVID-19. When 2022 rolled around The Vogues were ready to go head on in the Happy Together Tour. Bo Wagner made the decision to sit out the rigorous tour. He was replaced on tour by Shawn Stevens, who at one time had performed as a member of The Diamonds. The Vogues were once again a part of the Happy Together Tour in 2023, with Shawn Stevens filling in again for Bo Wagner. In the fall of 2023 it was announced that Shawn Stevens had joined The Duprees as a fulltime member.

The Vogues will again be a part of the Happy Together tour in 2024, with the current line up of Elich, Taylor and McCoy.

Also in 2022, The Vogues released the album "Still Tickin'", featuring all new recordings of the top ten favorite hits.

The original group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2001.

Bill Burkette (born William W. Burkette III on September 17, 1942) died of lymphoma on March 1, 2018, at the age of 75.

Don Miller died on January 11, 2021, reportedly of COVID-19, at age 80.

Studio albums

 * Meet the Vogues (1965)
 * Five O'Clock World (1966)
 * Turn Around, Look at Me (1968) (No. 29 Billboard 200)
 * Till (1969) (No. 30 Billboard 200)
 * Memories (1969)
 * The Vogues' Greatest Hits (1970)
 * The Vogues Sing the Good Old Songs (1970)

title: The Vogues


text:
List of children's games

This is a list of games that are played by children. Traditional children's games do not include commercial products such as board games but do include games which require props such as hopscotch or marbles (toys go in List of toys unless the toys are used in multiple games or the single game played is named after the toy; thus "jump rope" is a game, while "Jacob's ladder" is a toy). Despite being transmitted primarily through word of mouth due to not being considered suitable for academic study or adult attention, traditional games have "not only failed to disappear but have also evolved over time into new versions."

Traditional children's games are defined "as those that are played informally with minimal equipment, that children learn by example from other children, and that can be played without reference to written rules. These games are usually played by children between the ages of 7 and 12, with some latitude on both ends of the age range." "Children's traditional games (also called folk games) are those that are passed from child to child, generation to generation, informally by word of mouth," and most children's games include at least two of the following six features in different proportion: physical skill, strategy, chance, repetition of patterns, creativity, and vertigo.

History
From the 18th century onwards, researchers have taken a greater interest in the value of traditional games in elucidating cultural values and identities. The modern Olympic Games were influenced by this thinking, and were founded by Pierre de Coubertin on the basis of "All games, all nations", though this aspect of the Olympics was never fully realised and quickly faded away after a few years, with mainly only Western sports being played. In some European countries, the revival of traditional games has served as a way for regional identities to be expressed in a political or educational way.

Tag games
• Tag

• * Ball tag

• * Chain tag

• * Cops and robbers (Cowboys and Indians)

• * Freeze tag

• * Ghost in the graveyard

• * Kiss chase

• * Stuck in the mud

• Atya-patya

• Blind man's buff

• British Bulldog

• Capture the flag (Stealing Sticks)

• Duck, duck, goose

• Duck on a rock

• Kabaddi

• Kho-kho

• Kick the can

• Langdi

• Marco Polo

• Monkey on Woodchips (Grounders)

• Patintero

• Pie

• Poison

• Puss in the corner

• Ringolevio

• Sharks and minnows

• Statues (red light, green light; Grandmother's Footsteps)

• Tumbang preso

• What's the time, Mr Wolf?

• Chor Police

Hiding games

 * Hide-and-seek
 * Sardines

Games with equipment
• Ball games

• Ball in a Cup

• Baseball

• Basketball

• Beanbag toss

• Blow football

• Catch

• Conkers

• Continuous cricket

• Dandy shandy

• Dodgeball

• Football

• Four Square (Kingey)

• French cricket

• Gaga

• Handball

• Hoop rolling

• Horseshoes

• Hula hoop

• Kickball

• Kick-to-kick

• Lagori

• Marbles

• Minkey

• Mumblety-peg

• Musical Chairs

• Paddle ball

• Paper football

• Punchball

• Queenie

• Silent ball

• Soccer hockey

• Spinning top

• Spud

• Stickball

• String games (cat's cradle)

• Stoop ball

• Tennis

• Tetherball

• Tug of war

Jumping games

 * Ampe, from Ghana
 * Double Dutch (jump rope)
 * Jumping Jacks
 * Jumping rope (Skipping rope)
 * Jumpsies (also known as Chinese jump rope, elastics, or gummitwist)
 * Leapfrog

Hopping games

 * Hopscotch
 * Langa (game)
 * Squid (game)

Memory games

 * Chinese whispers (Telephone )
 * Concentration
 * Here Comes an Old Soldier from Botany Bay (Old Soldier)
 * I packed my bag
 * Kim's Game

Parlour games

 * Hunt the Thimble (Hot and Cold)
 * Huckle buckle beanstalk (Hot buttered beans )
 * I spy
 * Truth or Dare?
 * Wink Murder

Hand games
• Bloody knuckles

• Chopsticks

• Clapping games

• * Concentration 64 (clapping, memory game)

• * Double Double This This

• * Down Down Baby

• * Down by the Banks

• Hand games

• Mary Mack

• Pat-a-cake

• Red hands

• Rock paper scissors

• Thumb war

Other traditional children's games
• Buck buck (High Cockalorum)

• Bulleribock (Sweden)

• Button, button, who's got the button?

• Counting out

• Crack the whip

• Game of dares

• Floor is Lava

• Follow the leader

• Four corners (game)

• House

• Hurray

• Jinx

• Keep Away (Monkey in the middle)

• Knock, Knock, Ginger (Ding dong ditch)

• Knucklebones (jackstones, Jacks )

• Limbo

• London Bridge

• Mother May I?

• Oshikura Manju

• Paper fortune teller

• Pencil fighting

• Piljke

• Pitching pennies

• Poohsticks

• Push-pin

• Red Rover

• Ring a Ring o' Roses

• Seven Up

• Simon says

• Singing games

• Skully

• Sleeping lions

• Stone skipping

• Tic-tac-toe

• Tip-cat

• Tsere tsere

• Wrestling

title: List of children's games


text:
Talk:List of programs broadcast by ABC (American TV network)

What Happened to the shows?
The list is missing my faves, The secret life of the american teenager, 10 things I hate about you, ruby and the rockits! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.191.77.84 (talk) 22:24, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

ABC
ABC is also the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the Australian equivalent of the BBC. It could also be the title of other broadcasting compaies around the world. We need to avoid the already hefty America-centrism of the wikpedia.
 * According to American Broadcasting Company, the network has an official name that ABC stands for. Considering that we know that Australia and the Phillipines at least have their own ABC's, this page ought to be moved to List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company.  I don't know how notable the non-American networks are, as to whether we should create a dab page, or simply link to the other companies from the American page. NickelShoe 13:54, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge?
Here, here. The world is not contained within the USA.

Secondly, should not List of ABC shows be merged with this article?

Avalon 21:32, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Weekly schedule
Just like every other List of programs page (CBS, FOX, NBC), this page is not to have an updated weekly guide per WP:NOT. Per #3 of this policy says that Wikipedia is not a TV/Radio Guide. I have bolded what I refer to: ''For example, an article on a radio station generally should not list upcoming events, current promotions, phone numbers, schedules, programme lists, etc. The midseason schedule that does not have to be updated constantly is OK: although mention of major events or promotions may be acceptable. Please do not re-add the weekly schedule. -- Wikipedical 18:10, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the weekly schedule -- AGAIN -- as it violates WP:NOT. Wikipedia is NOT a TV Guide. If posters continue to readd it, I will suggest this article go to AfD, for said violations. --Mhking 00:55, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Whadda Heck
Why da freakin' crap do u guyz keep editin' out my edits. Zack and Cody and Cory in the House are SITCOMS. Sure, OK. They may be aimed at children ages 12-16. But they r still sitcoms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr. Comedian (talk • contribs) 22:53, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Scrubs
When will ABC air Scrubs and when will the final season begin I've been looking ever since I heard it moved from NBC Matthew Cantrell (talk) 22:50, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

一个中国女孩来浏览一下 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.242.149.47 (talk) 18:56, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

2011 Comedy Scripts/Pilots
Don’t Trust the Bitch in Apartment 23 Midwestern gal’s horrible New York living situation. Bad Mom Grandma raising kids hands them back to Mom (Jenna Elfman). Untitled Rick Dresser Project Adult siblings and their relationships. Dealbreaker Based on the Tumblr blog. Untitled Tim Allen Project Guy’s guy in female-dominated world.

Untitled Dave Walpert Project Brother-sister comedy in the vein of You Can Count On Me. Untitled Miller Brothers & Wilmer Valderrama Project Latin pop star (Valderrama) discovers he has an 8-year-old son. Untitled Andy Gordon Project Guy marries into overbearing family. Man Up Guy fights for manhood in a world of women. Good Guys, Bad Husbands Three men excel at work but create havoc at home.

Untitled Kang Kelly Project Married couple, seen through flashbacks, before and after kids. My Formerly Hot Life Forty-year-old woman looks back at the good old days. Long Flat Balls Friends road-trip to the World Cup. Based on the film. Understanding Today’s Man Four men’s stories, narrated by the manliest man in the world. The Girl Upstairs Hot twentysomething is neighbor to a guy she grew up with.

Lost and Found NYC party girl’s 18-year-old son turns up. My Freakin’ Family Young parents deal with disparate grandparents. Work It Out out-of-work car salesmen dress as women to get jobs as pharmaceutical reps. Counter Culture Based on the book about diner waitresses. Untitled DeAnn Heline & Eileen Heisler Project TBD.

Sullivan’s Second Chance Adult siblings going through divorces move in with their parents. Loser Prep Faculty and students at boarding school. We’re Just Like You Only Prettier Southern sisters feel like outsiders. How to Be a Better American Man attempts self-improvement after learning that everyone thinks he’s a jerk. Kevin’s Life With Women Three sisters raise their kid brother after Mom dies.

Bingo Workplace comedy about an active-senior community. Plan This Based on the life of L.A. party-planner Mindy Weiss. Port Love TBD. Untitled Damon Wayans & Don Reo Project Sitcom star’s TV family adores him; his real family thinks he’s an ass. Untitled Tony Gama-Lobo & Rebecca May Project Sitcom set in the world of food trucks, based on Al Madrigal’s stand-up.

No Wonder My Parents Drank Based on Jay Mohr’s book. Untitled Iain Morris & Damon Beesley Project Single dad moves in with Mom. Untitled Jeff Bowen & Hunter Bell Project Brothers share an OB/GYN practice and a crazy mother. Untitled Ben Karlin Project TBD. Rollerworld Irreverent, smart young women are stuck in an economically depressed town.

Bad Taste in Men A hapless dating life; Jennifer Love Hewitt executive-produces. Hate This Place Multigenerational comedy akin to Modern Family. Untitled Annabel Oakes Project, a.k.a. Us Against the World Romantic comedy executive-produced by Teri Hatcher. Sunnyside Adapted from a Swedish show about two couples new to the suburbs. 5 Wives, 3 Secretaries, and Me New York woman returns home to her multiply married Texas father.

Untitled Tommy Dewey & Greg Bratman Project Rich kid hires his not-rich best friend to work alongside him. Change of Plans Based on Ryan Raddatz’s eccentric childhood, in which his dad ran a family business from their living room. The Mulligans Widow’s friends move in, forming an unlikely family. Home Invasion Hyperparenting couple’s plans are torpedoed by relatives. The Cube Two mismatched cubicle-mates.

Untitled Mari Heller & Cailin Goldberg-Meehan Project Twentysomethings’ New York friendships all revolve around food. Untitled Padma Lakshmi Project Female chef dumps philandering husband, takes over their business. Untitled Christopher Moynihan Project, a.k.a. The Wades Blue-collar family moves into a great neighborhood. Greener Two friends, single and married, envy each other. The Manzianis Italian-American family moves into Waspy New Jersey neighborhood.

The Other Kennedys Family comedy about a couple with twelve kids, set in the eighties. Untitled Erica Rivinoja Project Couple deals with two sets of in-laws. Other People’s Kids Younger guy falls for older mom. Untitled Ed Burns Project Working-class neighbors are thrown when alpha male moves in next door. Untitled Kevin Hench Project Man’s man finds his adult son living in a world of Baby Björns.

Untitled Chrissy Pietrosh & Jessica Goldstein Project Female best friends work together. Untitled Felica Henderson Project Female sports agent and attorney must take in nieces and nephews. Cartoon Marriage Adventures of a married pair of New Yorker cartoonists; executive-produced by Jennifer Garner. Joe American Joe Wong and his friends from ESL class pursue Americanness. Untitled Rob Horn Project Comedy with musical element, about a woman who returns to her Texas family after failing at showbiz.

Tall and Greenbaum Adapted from an Israeli show about brothers who make wedding and bar mitzvah videos. The Package Deal Man deals with his in-laws. Boyfred Web designer whose girlfriend goes overseas creates a site so their friends can keep in touch. Untitled DJ Nash Project Newlywed husband lives two days with his wife, five days with his single friends. Awkward Family Photos Based on the website.

Mortified Based on the book. Untitled Betsy Thomas Project Compares relationships when you are 22 and broke with those when you’re 32 and successful. BILF True-life story about marrying best friend’s kid brother. Brenda Tucker Quirky single-camera sitcom following a girl’s quest for love. Smothered A couple and their in-laws; Marcia Gay Harden stars. Suburgatory Single dad moves teen daughter from the city. Awkward Situations Based on Danny Wallace’s book.

2011 Drama Scripts/Pilots
True Lies Adaptation of James Cameron’s film. Once Upon a Time Woman is drawn into town where fairy tales and magic may be real. (same as Pushing Daisies?) Partners Two female cops are secretly sisters. Revenge Soap set in the Hamptons.

Behind the Blue Family cop drama. (same as Blue Bloods?) Crisis White House faces one global event per season. (The West Wing meets 24) The River Crew seeks missing adventurer in the Amazon. (Peter Benchley's Amazon meets Lost) Scandal Shonda Rimes drama about a crisis manager.

Human: Alien being occupies a person’s body. Long Gray Line Soap set at West Point. MI-5 British adaptation about intelligence. Monte Cristo Daughter of a Madoff-ish victim tries to get revenge.

No. 2 About the vice-president of the U.S. Grace Dysfunctional family in the world of dance. Good Christian Bitches Upscale Dallas life; Darren Star executive-produces. Headhunter Executive recruiter’s life.

Untitled Jessica Goldberg Project Woman profiles victims to solve crimes. Hallelujah Tennessee town in crisis; episodes include gospel choir. Marc Cherry executive-produces; Michael Apted directs. (Premise: Good vs Evil) Paradise Investigations P.I. in the Caribbean. Untitled Josh Safran Project Takes people back to life-altering decisions, showing alternatives.

911 Operators Life-saving phone staff. Born Blue A.I. cops. The Box City-cops soap. (NYPD Blue meets Southland) POV Disgraced law student does hidden-camera investigations.

Hall of Mirrors Spy show: Taken meets Bourne Identity. Untitled Stephen Chbosky Project Mother-daughter attorneys. Glimpse Procedural about a cop with amnesia. John Doe meets NYPD Blue) Island of Women Soapy medical drama. (Grey's Anatomy meets Desperate Housewives with a dash of E.R.)

City of Night L.A. cops race to solve just-committed crimes. (Southland meets CSI: Crime Scene Investigation) Courtroom 302 Inside Cook County’s felony courthouse. (The Practice meets The Good Wife) Identity Adaptation of British identity-theft drama. Angela Bassett stars. Untitled Ken Solarz Project Female police commissioner in NYC. (The Chicago Code meets NYPD Blue)

The Man Dates Married male friends drowning in estrogen. Oath ER surgeon involved with the Russian mob. (E.R. meets The Sopranos) Afterwives Soap about the wives of white-collar criminals. (Desperate Housewives meets Mob Wives) Ghostworld Couple can see future and supernatural worlds. (Ghost Whisperer meets Medium)

Inhuman Great criminals have been psychologically cloned; investigators must find them. Untitled Firefighter Project TBD. Hunter Gatherer Victimologist procecural. In Crisis Woman whose story is a mess tries to fix strangers’ lives.

Life After Marriage Breakup and starting over. Bastards Family soap. (modern version of Knots Landing) Untitled Romeo & Juliet Project Shakespeare reimagined. Los Roldan Man saves woman’s life; she hires him to run her company.

Untitled Peter Noah Project. Female lawyer. (Philly meets Harry's Law) Charlie’s Angels The trio returns. Department Zero Counterterrorism unit. (The Unit meets 24) Nannyland TBD.

The Prince of Tides Based on Pat Conroy’s novel. Pan Am Glamorous sixties pilots and stews. Perfect Crimes Vigilante female D.A. (modern version of Close to Home) Broome Procedural about a mom–homicide detective.

Edgar Floats Procedural in which lead character exists in two worlds. I, P.I. Detective gets his moves from seventies TV shows. Poe Procedural with stories and characters from Edgar Allan Poe. Untitled Rina Mimoun Teachers Project Adult teachers. (Boston Public meets Everwood)

Lost Girls Young women quit their jobs and travel. Cult Thriller about a devoted TV audience. Georgetown The O.C. in D.C. (The OC meets The West Wing)

Consensus about when to add and remove TV shows
With primetime shows that are only on once a week, if they are scheduled to air anytime within the next 2 weeks of the current day (since that's the timeframe that all of the major listings sites use) then they should be included on the list, since you can see the date when they're gonna air.

 * Your suggestion is reasonable. I would settle for the "within two weeks" consensus for new primetime shows. But in exchange, please no more removal of TV shows nor documenting them as defunct until they have aired the very last minute of their final episode, regardless if it's on daytime of primetime. So in other words, edits such as  this one would not be accepted because this happened 4 minutes before the show was ended. This edit should had be done at 3:00pm, never at 2:56pm.

 * As for The Revolution, I think the ideal would have been to keep it on the "Upcoming series" section until the Monday it started, even if OLTL was removed from the article on Friday. In other words, removing or documenting a daytime TV show as defunct should not automatically be synonymous of updating the informations about its replacement show if the latter has not debuted yet.

 * If you have any question,comments, suggestions or objections, please let me know. Regards Farine (talk) 05:04, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Anything after 2 weeks, then it's fair to hold off, especially if it's a brand new show.

With daily programs...I'll give you holding off putting one on the list if it's replacing another (like when The Revolution replaced One Life to Live) until it ends it's run.

But with a weekly show, since primetime schedules can change on a dime, if a show is on the listed schedule, it should count on the currently airing list.

I think that's fair.

Vjmlhds 03:27, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

I think we can work together here...primetime shows within 2 weeks go on the "current list", beyond that (especially if it's a new show) goes in the "upcoming list". And we wait until a show has aired it's advertised finale before removing it from the list.

Daily shows--we wait till one expires before putting in it's replacement.

Good enough for me.

Vjmlhds 13:49, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * What I'm trying to understand is why you absolutely want to remove (or put as defunct) a primetime show from the list if it hasn't aired its final episode yet. I can understand the within 2 weeks thing for new shows. But why remove a show that is still airing just because it has advertized its finale? I just don't get how a show that is still airing can be removed from the list. Please help me understand this one. Farine (talk) 14:20, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Look again at my last post...I said we wait until a show's finale has aired before we remove it. That goes for primetime or day time.

Vjmlhds 14:23, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Missing
Yes, Missing has been cancelled.

But it still has one more episode to air on the 17th. So let it air, and after the final credits, then it can go bye-bye from the list.

Vjmlhds 04:02, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Consensus about Litton's Weekend Adventure and reruns episodes
I wanted to hear from you guys about two specific topics. One concerns exclusively the List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company article. The other concerns all three articles: List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company, List of programs broadcast by CBS and List of programs broadcast by NBC.

1) I was possibly consider removing Litton's Weekend Adventure from the List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company article. The reason is that although this block runs exclusively on ABC local stations, it technically isn't a ABC network block (unlike NBC's Qubo and CBS's Cookie Jar TV).

2) If a primetime show has aired its final episode but is still airing reruns, should that show remain on the said article or be removed? Personally, I think it should logically stay on the article because that show is still airing on the said network even if it has expired all new episodes. NBC currently is running 1980s episodes of Babar on Saturday morning and nobody ever considered to take that show off the list. Yet, when it's a primetime show, it is automatically deleted once it has aired its final episode with total disregard about the reruns that are still airing. I don't think it makes sense that it's okay for a Saturday morning show that airs reruns to stay on the list but not for a primetime show.

Note that I don't mind the status quo for either topic. But I just want to hear what you guys think to see if some changes should be implemented for one or both topics. Thank you. Farine (talk) 05:44, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

 * 1) Merely a technicality. Litton is for all intents and purposes ABC's kid block.  The whole reason for it's existance is to keep it's affiliates in compliance with the E/I rule.

 * 2) For cancelled primetime shows, I guess it's OK to include them on the list (if within the 2 week window)...just as long as it's pointed out that the show has been cancelled.

Vjmlhds 06:10, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * For topic #2, it wouldn't be a good idea at all to start pointing out which shows have been cancelled. These articles are mere lists, not schedule infos.

 * As for topic #1, I'm not opposed that Litton stays on the list. But I find it hard to digest that it is part of ABC network programming when it doesn't even use ABC's logo during the broadcasts, does not run any ABC promos during the commercials and is not referenced at all on ABC's official website. It is a different situation than what is seen with Qubo on NBC or Cookie Jar TV on CBS. Farine (talk) 14:53, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

 * However you want to proceed with #2 is fine by me. The only thing is that with most primetime cancelled shows, a lot of the time once they're gone, they're gone.  It's mostly shows like House for example that had long runs and even after their finale airs, the network (in this case Fox) will still show reruns to air through summer (a "farewell tour" as it were).  And then there's new fall shows that tank, get yanked quickly, aren't seen in forever, and then maybe in the summer get thrown in on Saturdays to burnoff whatever episodes are still contractually obligated to air (example: How to be a Gentleman on CBS)  As far as #1 goes, look at it this way, ABC basically sold the Saturday morning slot to the highest bidder, and said "have at it".  So while it's not officially official that Litton is ABC property, if it walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck...Vjmlhds 18:00, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm all for your proposed suggestion. Litton stays on the article. But from now on, we wait until a show expires all its episodes (news and reuns alike) before removing it from an article. Of course, there's always the possibility that a cancelled show returns (either on new or rerun form). If that's the case, we'll just simply add the show back on the article.

 * Mr Slicks and Davejohnson were also invited on this discussion and I'm giving them one more day to weigh in their opinion before the consensus is finalized.

 * Thank you for your input and have a nice weekend. Farine (talk) 20:31, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Cool beans by me...as long as it airs, it gets listed. If it gets cancelled and goes away, it comes off the board.  If a cancelled show (like a fall show that bombs) comes back in summer for burnoffs, it can go back on the board until it goes away for good. Vjmlhds 01:16, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Well if you really want my opinion, my answer to #2 is simply no, on the basis that once a primetime show has aired its final original episode, it no longer has any reason to count as a primetime show. If the same network airs a cancelled program as part of a programming block that airs outside of primetime hours, that's different. If you would like additional input from me, let me know, but for now I need to leave for work before I'm late... Davejohnsan (talk) 16:10, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * But a cancelled primetime show that has aired its final episode but is airing reruns, is logically still airing on the network. These articles are not about which shows counts as primetime shows or not, but rather about which shows are airing on a network.

 * What I can suggest is that we create a sub-section called "Reruns" for all shows that are airing reruns. This "reruns" sub-section would be placed along with the other sub-sections such "Dramas", "Sitcoms", "Sports", etc. Farine (talk) 17:11, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * While at heart I agree with Dave, I can live with a "cancelled" sub-section. Vjmlhds 18:15, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm also for a new sub-section for the shows that have expired all new sections but are still airing reruns. But I think it it would better to call it "reruns" or "repeats", not "cancelled". Calling it "cancelled" may cause confusion and make people wonder why the shows are on the article if they have been cancelled or why shows that have been cancelled but are still running new episodes are not on that "cancelled" sub-section. "Reruns" or "repeats" is more appropriate and avoids confusion.

 * Remember, these articles are lists, not schedule informations. Schedules already have their own articles. Farine (talk) 18:55, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * For clarity, is this a proposal to create a list for cancelled shows that networks are still reruning for the summer hiatus? Davejohnsan (talk) 20:48, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It is a sub-section that would regroup all shows that have aired their final episodes but are still airing on the networks, regardless of the season of the year. It would be a sub-section just like "Dramas", "Sitcoms", "Sports", "Awards", etc.

 * Chances are, this sub-section will often be absent from the articles because, as Vjmlhds pointed out, a show that aired its final episode is generally completely gone from the network's schedule at the same time. But this is not always the case, and I believe that a sub-section should be created for these shows. But an appropriate name for it should be "Reruns" or "Repeats" (not "Cancelled"). Farine (talk) 21:11, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Davejohnsan, apparently you are opposed to the original consensus that what reached between me and Vjmlhds at 01:16 on 30 June 2012. That's perfectly okay. However, you have not proposed any alternative suggestion. Do you have any suggestions or are we gonna go with the original consensus that was planned between me and Vjmlhds on Friday? Farine (talk) 05:50, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, to be honest, I don't really see the point in adding it, but my feelings on it are not strong enough to oppose it completely. So, for now, my vote on the consensus will remain neutral, if that's okay. Davejohnsan (talk) 16:39, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * No problem buddy. Vjmlhds and I will decide the consensus for now. If you have an idea you want to share with us, just let us know in our talk pages. After all, a consensus is not static and can always change in the future. Cheers. Farine (talk) 17:04, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Our original consensus works for me. As long as it airs, it gets listed.  If a show gets cancelled and yanked off the schedule, it comes off the board (i.e. a fall show that tanks).  If said cancelled show were to re-emerge in the Saturday wasteland or some such circumstance to play out the string, it can go back on the board as long as it airs.  To make life easy in the future...if a show gets cancelled and disappears, always assume it's gone for good, as most shows in that type of situation are...we can adjust as we go along if it makes a brief resurrection.  Vjmlhds 21:16, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay. If you feel that is consensus should be reviewed in the future, please don't hesitate to let me know. Take care. Farine (talk) 03:59, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

A little reminder
Just a little reminder:

Last Resort and 666 Park Avenue have both been cancelled, but as long as they're playing out the string, they stay on the board.

Vjmlhds 17:15, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

The Pinkertons
I'm not sure whether to add The Pinkertons to this list, but I know it is airing on select stations nationally, and there is no official page for it.--JeSuisFame (talk) 18:56, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

Undue weight
Promoting content that has not appeared on the station is WP:UNDUE weight as well as being non encyclopedic and purely promotional in nature and needs to be removed.-- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  14:01, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 October 2015
69.141.209.159 (talk) 00:23, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. --Stabila711 (talk) 00:27, 2 October 2015 (UTC)

Scrubs genre
Tell me if I'm wrong, but shouldn't Scrubs be in the comedy-drama section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mike Weber02 (talk • contribs) 04:24, 4 August 2017 (UTC)

Soap Operas
Soap operas are their own genre category of show. They are not primetime dramas. That is why they are placed in their own category on articles like this (and equivalent articles for other networks). They are listed in their own category for both current and former programming, including in this article. -AnonWikiEditor (talk) 05:36, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The only reason you are doing this because General Hospital isn't a primetime show, that doesn't mean it shouldn't be under drama. ABC's site lists it as a drama, while the Wikipedia article of General Hospital also mentioned that its a drama. So just stop!TheVeryHotWikipedian (talk) 09:42, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * No. Soap operas may derive from drama, but they are their own genre. Soap operas are listed in their own category on every such list (see CBS, NBC, BBC, etc.) because they are very different types of shows from regular dramas that air in primetime. Soaps are also separated from regular drama programming further down on this very article as well in the former programs section. There is no justification for moving General Hospital in this list as you keep doing. -AnonWikiEditor (talk) 10:04, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Your opinion and a not a law here in Wikipedia. Soap operas are drama just like CW's Dynasty and that one is under the drama section. Stop.TheVeryHotWikipedian (talk) 11:47, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * In fact, daytime soap operas are considered to be a separate genre, and are listed in their own sections at both List of programs broadcast by CBS and List of programs broadcast by NBC. There's no reason they should be handled differently here. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 14:57, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade
If it is believed this long running special has been canceled, then please provide the source(s) stating as such. Otherwise it should not be removed (and it should never be completely removed anyway - even if it was canceled, it should be moved to the former programs section further down the page, not removed from the page entirely). -AnonWikiEditor (talk) 10:29, 6 October 2017 (UTC)
 * How about you include a source in the first place? How is that hard? TheVeryHotWikipedian (talk) 11:45, 6 October 2017 (UTC)

Charts
Could you make charts for ABC shows, including the current season column for current programming? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.59.245.106 (talk) 22:44, 28 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. Community Tech bot (talk) 23:44, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Sofía Vergara May 2014 (cropped).jpg

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of programs broadcast by FX which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:02, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:38, 27 September 2020 (UTC)
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The Flintstones
The Flintstones was listed as a children’s show, but it’s actually an adult animated sitcom! 2600:1702:15C0:5BB0:FC3F:826E:AEC6:817E (talk) 15:26, 9 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Sig Alert

Sig alert, Sig-alert or Sigalert in California, as well as other parts of the United States, means an incident that significantly disrupts road traffic. The term was originally the name of a pioneering system of automated radio broadcasts regarding traffic conditions, introduced in the 1950s and named after its inventor, Loyd Sigmon.

A Sigalert is defined by the California Highway Patrol (CHP) as "any unplanned event that causes the closing of one lane of traffic for 30 minutes or more". In practice, the term refers to a notice of such a closure issued by the CHP, and Sigalerts are posted on the CHP website, broadcast on radio and television stations throughout California, and signaled to motorists via electronic message signs on the freeways. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) defines it as any traffic incident that will tie up two or more lanes of a freeway for two or more hours.

The term was added in 1993 to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. In practice, there is no standard spelling; the CHP website uses "SIG Alerts" and "Sigalert" while Caltrans uses "Sig-Alert".

Origin
SigAlerts originated in 1955 with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). By the early 1950s, the rapidly growing number of automobiles in Los Angeles had greatly increased the frequency and severity of traffic accidents and jams. Radio stations reported traffic conditions, but the LAPD refused to call radio stations with this information, so each station would call the LAPD. Using the telephone to distribute the information tied up telephone lines and forced officers to repeat the same information again and again.

In 1955, Loyd C. "Sig" Sigmon began developing a solution. Sigmon was executive vice president of Golden West Broadcasters (a company owned by singing cowboy Gene Autry). Sigmon had worked for Golden West's station KMPC 710 in 1941 but found himself in the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II, assigned to General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff, in charge of non-combat radio communications in the European theater. Now, he proposed to apply his knowledge of complex radio networks to the situation in Los Angeles.

Sigmon developed a specialized radio receiver and reel-to-reel tape recorder. When the receiver picked up a particular tone, it would record the subsequent bulletin. At the time, the device cost about $600 (equivalent to $5,600 in 2018). The LAPD's chief, William H. Parker, was interested, though skeptical, warning the inventor, "We're going to name this damn thing Sigalert." More practically, he refused to use it unless the receivers were made available to all Los Angeles radio stations—it could not be a KMPC monopoly.

Initially, half a dozen stations installed Sigmon receivers that had "Sigalert" stamped on their side. When a message had been received and recorded from the LAPD, a red light, sometimes accompanied by a buzzer, would alert the radio stations' engineers. Depending on the nature of the problem, the engineer could air the police broadcast immediately, interrupting regular programming if necessary.

Early use
One of the first major "Sigmon traffic alerts" was broadcast on January 22, 1956, causing a traffic jam. The alert described the derailment of a passenger train near Los Angeles' Union Station and requested any available doctors and nurses to respond to the scene. Too many doctors, nurses and sightseers drove there, making the situation worse. The first SigAlert was on Labor Day weekend in 1955, and some stories on the SigAlert conflate these two events.

At first, the LAPD issued about one alert a day, but soon other agencies were calling in messages they wanted broadcast, including rabid dog reports, gas leaks and even a ship collision in Los Angeles Harbor. A pharmacist who had made a potentially fatal error in filling a prescription took advantage of the system to warn the customer (who heard the SigAlert in time). It was also used to warn about the impending Baldwin Hills Dam collapse in 1963.

The term "Sigalert" was also used in Seattle, Washington in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Since 1969
In 1969, when the CHP assumed responsibility for freeway traffic from the LAPD, it took control of the SigAlert system as well. It is now used throughout California and limited to traffic situations only. Messages are still broadcast, but most radio stations now read the information from the CHP's web service rather than rebroadcasting the police dispatchers' voices.

CalTrans also uses the term "Sig-Alert", and it has now come to be commonly defined as any traffic incident that will tie up two or more lanes of a freeway for two or more hours.

not all California radio stations use this term. For example, radio station KABC uses the term "KABC Traffic Alert", while radio stations KNX, KFI-AM, KRLA, KQED, and KCRW use the original term.

title: Sig Alert


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Peterlee

Peterlee is a town in County Durham, England. It is located south of Sunderland, north of Hartlepool, west of the Durham Coast and east of Durham. It gained town status in 1948 under the New Towns Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. 6. c. 68). The act also created the nearby settlement of Newton Aycliffe and later Washington, Tyne and Wear.

History
The case for founding Peterlee was put forward in Farewell Squalor by Easington Rural District Council Surveyor C. W. Clarke, who also proposed that the town be named after celebrated Durham miners' leader Peter Lee. It is one of the few places in the British Isles named after a recent individual, and unique among post-Second World War new towns in having its existence requested by local people through their MP. A deputation, consisting mostly of working miners, met the Minister of Town and Country Planning to put the case for a new town in the district. The minister, Lewis Silkin, responded by offering a half-size new town of 30,000 residents. The subsequent new residents came largely from surrounding villages in the District of Easington.

Peterlee Development Corporation was founded in 1948, first under Dr Monica Felton, then under A.V. Williams.The original master plan for tower blocks of flats by Berthold Lubetkin was rejected as unsuitable for the area's geology, which had been weakened by mining works, and Lubetkin resigned in 1950. George Grenfell Baines' plan was accepted, and construction quickly began, but it was of poor quality. Williams invited artist Victor Pasmore to head the landscaping design team.

Governance
Peterlee is a civil parish and has a Town Council. Peterlee is under Durham County Council, the unitary authority elected to govern County Durham.

Mayor
Peterlee's first elected mayor was William Whitehouse, who previously served on its council. Earlier he was in the Royal Air Force and taught at a school in Horden.

Apollo Pavilion
The Apollo Pavilion (1970) was designed by Victor Pasmore. It provided a focal point for the Sunny Blunts estate as well as a bridge across a water-course. It was named after the Apollo Moon missions.

From the late 1970s the Pavilion suffered from vandals and antisocial behaviour. The murals on the building faded, and to discourage antisocial behaviour, staircases were removed in the 1980s. In 1996, there was a failed attempt to list the Pavilion. English Heritage described it as "an internationally important masterpiece"; however, some local residents and councillors considered it an eyesore and campaigned to have it demolished. The campaign seemed to have been successful when demolition was proposed in 2000. However, in July 2009, a six-month revamp programme was completed at a cost of £400,000, which includes reinstating the original murals and stairs.

In December 2011, English Heritage gave the pavilion a Grade-II* listing.

Road
Peterlee is served by the main A19 road running west of the town to Sunderland in the north and Hartlepool in the south, and the A1086 to its east leading to Easington in the north and Hartlepool to the south. The B1320 runs through the town centre linking the town to Horden and the A1086 in the east and Shotton Colliery and the A19 in the west. The B1432 to the north of the town centre leads to Easington Village, Hawthorn and Seaham on the route of the old A19. The A181 runs to the south-west of the town at the Castle Eden and Wingate junction on the A19 leading to Wheatley Hill, Thornley, and Durham. In 2008, the A688 was extended to the A181 at Running Waters from the A1(M) junction at Bowburn, creating a trunk road from Peterlee to the A1(M) via the A19, A181 and A688.

Buses
Peterlee is served by Arriva North East and Go North East in the local area, to Dalton Park, and to the towns and cities of Newcastle, Gateshead, Sunderland, Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, Hartlepool, Sedgefield, Newton Aycliffe, Billingham, Stockton, Middlesbrough and Darlington.

Rail
Peterlee is served by Horden, approximately 1 mi east, on the Durham Coast Line. This station, which opened on 29 June 2020, replaced Horden's earlier station which closed in May 1964. Until 1952, there had also been a station approximately 2 mi west in Shotton Colliery called Shotton Bridge.

Secondary

 * Dene Academy
 * The Academy at Shotton Hall
 * St Bede's Catholic School

Culture

 * Castle Eden Dene, most of which is within the boundaries of Peterlee, is a national nature reserve.

Town twinning

 * 🇩🇪 Nordenham, Germany (since 1981)

Notable residents

 * Chris Brown, former Premier League footballer born in Doncaster, who moved to Peterlee when young and attended The Academy at Shotton Hall
 * Courtney Hadwin (born 2004), award-winning rock singer, studied here
 * Mark Hoban (born 1964), politician, former Conservative MP for Fareham
 * Gina McKee (born 1964), actress
 * Crissy Rock (born 1958), Liverpool-born actress and comedienne
 * Roy Walker (born 1940), comedian and television presenter

title: Peterlee


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User talk:Rev.Ision

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 17:15, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rev.Ision


text:
Crested lark

The crested lark (Galerida cristata) is a species of lark widespread across Eurasia and northern Africa. It is a non-migratory bird, but can occasionally be found as a vagrant in Great Britain.

Taxonomy and systematics
The crested lark was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It was classified in the genus Alauda until German naturalist Friedrich Boie placed it in the new genus Galerida in 1821. Colin Harrison recommended lumping members of Galerida and Lullula back into Alauda in 1865 due to a lack of defining characteristics. The current scientific name is derived from Latin. Galerida was the name for a lark with a crest, from galerum, "cap", and cristata means "crested". Alban Guillaumet and colleagues noted the distinctiveness of populations from the Maghreb - birds in the dryer parts of Morocco and Tunisia had longer bills while those in more coastal northern parts had shorter bills typical of the European subspecies. The authors sampled the mitochondrial DNA and found they were distinct genetically.

Formerly, the Maghreb lark was considered as a subspecies of the crested lark.

Subspecies
Thirty-three subspecies are recognized:
 * Iberian crested lark (G. c. pallida) - Brehm, CL, 1858 : Found in Portugal and Spain
 * Central European crested lark (G. c. cristata) - (Linnaeus, 1758) : Found from southern Scandinavia and France east to Ukraine and Hungary
 * West Italian crested lark (G. c. neumanni) - Hilgert, 1907 : Found in west-central Italy
 * Grecian crested lark (G. c. meridionalis) - Brehm, CL, 1841 : Originally described as a separate species. Found from eastern Croatia to central Greece and western Turkey
 * Cyprus crested lark (G. c. cypriaca) - Bianchi, 1907 : Found on Rhodes, Karpathos and Cyprus
 * South-east European crested lark (G. c. tenuirostris) - Brehm, CL, 1858 : Found from eastern Hungary and Romania to southern Russia and Kazakhstan
 * Caucasian crested lark (G. c. caucasica) - Taczanowski, 1888 : Found on eastern Aegean islands, northern Turkey and southern Caucasus
 * North-west Moroccan crested lark (G. c. kleinschmidti) - Erlanger, 1899 : Found in north-western Morocco
 * West Moroccan crested lark (G. c. riggenbachi) - Hartert, 1902 : Found in western Morocco
 * North Algerian crested lark (G. c. carthaginis) - Kleinschmidt, O & Hilgert, 1905 : Found from north-eastern Morocco to northern Tunisia
 * North-east Algerian crested lark (G. c. arenicola) - Tristram, 1859 : Originally described as a separate species. Found in north-eastern Algeria, southern Tunisia and north-western Libya
 * Cyrenaica crested lark (G. c. festae) - Hartert, 1922 : Found in coastal north-eastern Libya
 * North-east Libyan crested lark (G. c. brachyura) - Tristram, 1865 : Found from inland north-eastern Libya to southern Iraq and northern Arabia
 * South-east Algerian crested lark (G. c. helenae) - Lavauden, 1926 : Found in south-eastern Algeria and south-western Libya
 * G. c. jordansi - Niethammer, 1955 : Found in the Aïr Mountains (northern Niger)
 * Nile Delta crested lark (G. c. nigricans) - Brehm, CL, 1855 : Originally described as a separate species. Found in the Nile Delta (northern Egypt)
 * Northern Nile Valley crested lark (G. c. maculata) - Brehm, CL, 1858 : Found in central Egypt
 * Southern Nile Valley crested lark (G. c. halfae) - Nicoll, 1921 : Found in southern Egypt and northern Sudan
 * Dongola crested lark (G. c. altirostris) - Brehm, CL, 1855 : Originally described as a separate species. Found in eastern Sudan and Eritrea
 * Somali crested lark (G. c. somaliensis) - Reichenow, 1907 : Found in southern Ethiopia, northern Somalia and northern Kenya
 * G. c. balsaci - Dekeyser & Villiers, 1950 : Found in coastal Mauritania
 * Senegal crested lark (G. c. senegallensis) - (Statius Müller, PL, 1776) : Originally described as a separate species in the genus Alauda. Found from Mauritania and Senegal to Niger
 * Nigerian crested lark (G. c. alexanderi) - Neumann, 1908 : Found from northern Nigeria to western Sudan and north-eastern Central African Republic
 * Sudan crested lark (G. c. isabellina) - Bonaparte, 1850 : Originally described as a separate species. Found in central Sudan
 * Coastal Levant crested lark (G. c. cinnamomina) - Hartert, 1904 : Found in western Lebanon and north-western Israel
 * East Levant crested lark (G. c. zion) - Meinertzhagen, R, 1920 : Found from southern Turkey to north-eastern Israel
 * Central Turkey crested lark (G. c. subtaurica) - (Kollibay, 1912) : Found from central Turkey to south-western Turkmenistan and northern Iran
 * Kazakhstan crested lark or Baluchistan crested lark (G. c. magna) - Hume, 1871 : Originally described as a separate species. Found from central Iran and central Turkmenistan to north-western Pakistan, Kazakhstan, southern Mongolia and north-western China
 * G. c. leautungensis - (R. Swinhoe, 1861) : Originally described as a separate species in the genus Alauda. Found in north-eastern and eastern China
 * G. c. coreensis - Taczanowski, 1888 : Found in Korea
 * Gilgit crested lark (G. c. lynesi) - Whistler, 1928 : Found in northern Pakistan
 * Indian crested lark (G. c. chendoola) - (Franklin, 1831) : Originally described as a separate species in the genus Alauda. Found from central and eastern Pakistan through western and northern India to southern Nepal

Description
A fairly small lark, the crested lark is roughly the same size as a Eurasian skylark, but shorter overall and bulkier around the head and body, and very similar in appearance, with a height of 17 cm and a wingspan of 29 to 38 cm, weighing between 37 and 55 g. It is a small, brown bird which has a short tail with light brown outer feathers. Male and females have no real differences, but young crested larks have more spots on their back than their older counterparts. Its plumage is downy but sparse and appears whitish. The distinct crest from which the crested lark gets its name is conspicuous at all times but is more pronounced during territorial or courtship displays and when singing. In flight it shows reddish underwings. It shares many characteristics with the Thekla lark, with the main distinctions between the two being the beak, the Thekla's heavier black-brown streaks and its grey underwing, present in European specimens.

Distribution and habitat
The crested lark breeds across most of temperate Eurasia from Portugal to north-eastern China and eastern India, and in Africa south to Niger. It is non-migratory, and the sedentary nature of this species is illustrated by the fact that it is only a very rare vagrant to Great Britain, despite breeding as close as northern France. While the bird is not commonly found in Scandinavia today, it could be found in Sweden until the 1990s, with sources reporting six individual birds in 1992 before becoming extirpated in Sweden in 1993. The birds have also been extirpated in several other European countries, including Norway (1972), Luxembourg (1973) and Switzerland (1980s).

This is a common bird of dry, open country and is often seen by roadsides or in cereal fields, although it is also found occupying small, sandy patches by railways, docks and airfields.

Behaviour
The crested lark is a songbird, and has a liquid, warbling song described onomatopoeically as a whee-whee-wheeoo or a twee-tee-too. It sings in flight from high in the sky, at roughly 30 to 60 m above the ground. The related Eurasian skylark exhibits similar behaviour but also sings during its ascent, whereas the crested lark sings either at altitude or on the ground. Their flight pattern is an example of undulatory locomotion.

Breeding
It nests in small depressions in the ground, often in wastelands and on the outskirts of towns. The nests are untidy structures composed primarily of dead grasses and roots. Three to five brown, finely speckled eggs, similar to those of the Eurasian skylark, are laid at a time and will hatch after 11–12 days. As with most larks, the chicks leave the nest early, after about eight days and take flight after reaching 15–16 days old. Two broods will usually be raised each year.

Food and feeding
Largely vegetarian birds, the crested lark primarily feeds on grains and seeds, such as oats, wheat and barley, but will also eat insects, particularly beetles, with food either being scavenged from the ground or dug up. Juvenile birds are fed by both parents, and generally leave the nest before they are able to fly to start foraging for food themselves.

Relationship to humans
Francis of Assisi considered the crested lark a bird of special significance, based on similarities he perceived between it and the life of the Friars Minor: its plain earth-coloured plumage and hood, its humility ("for it goes willingly along the wayside and finds a grain of corn for itself"), and its time spent in song.

Status
The crested lark has been categorised by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as being of least concern, meaning that it is not currently threatened with extinction. Estimates for the global population of mature individuals of the species range from 22,000,000 to 91,200,000. Figures for Europe are less varied, with estimates putting the number of breeding pairs at between 3,600,000 and 7,600,000, or between 7,200,000 and 15,200,000 individuals. In Europe, trends since 1982 have shown an overall decline in the population of the species, resulting in the assumption that the crested lark is in decline globally.

title: Crested lark