text:
Talk:Municipalities of the Netherlands

For the record
For the record:

In Oct 2002 User:Jheijmans (see ) used a bot to create most municipality articles (namely all that did not exist yet), with info from http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/scdata/gemeentenindex.htm, including lists of settlements.

I added the lists of settlements for the skipped municipalities. Patrick 14:57, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

See also nl:Overleg:Lijst van Nederlandse gemeenten

Would, please, some Dutchman or Dutchwoman add sth about the powers, duties and functions of Dutch municipalities? It'd be interesting to know what their responsibilities are.

deelgemeenten
Would someone be able to provide an accurate translation? I don't speak Dutch and don't want to rely on Google Translate ("towns")! 67.204.9.60 (talk) 03:39, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

A Dutch village with the border going across it in a curious shape
Can anyone tell me the name of the village (or city) where the border goes across the village in a curious shape, going across even a house? Once I found a webpage about it, I remember seeing the map itself, but I can't find it now. I wanted to insert its article into Unusual articles. Thank you. -- Adam78 23:47, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Baarle-Nassau.--Patrick 23:54, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! :-) Adam78 11:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Standardization of the lists of municipalities
There is a discussion about an eventual standardization of all the lists of municipalities. Please join here and express your opinions.--Húsönd 19:55, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Gemeente (municipality) (municipality)
Gemeente (municipality) (municipality) redirects here, but are they not also used in Flanders, Belgium too? Mjroots (talk) 22:19, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
 * You are correct, it's wrong now. It could either be a disambiguation page, or more likely redirect to municipality. I did he latter, because it makes more sense. Dutch speakers refer to municipalities as gemeenten (or gemeentes) when not in Dutch speaking countries too.
 * If that's a problem, fix it or come complain on my talkpage. -83.134.160.178 (talk) 12:27, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Table of municipalities of the Netherlands be merged into List of municipalities of the Netherlands. I think that the content in the Table article has a large overlap with the List article and that this data should be merged into one list article. The article can then take the shape/structure similar to some featured lists. CRwikiCA talk 13:16, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * That does not make sense, the table is sortable. - Patrick (talk) 14:49, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Even if you mean keeping the table, just moving it, then I am not in favor of that, because the rendering of the table is already a bit slow due to the processing time. - Patrick (talk) 06:19, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, the table is sortable, and some other information like population density and area could be added. If the two are merged all this information is in one place. Merging point #2 (Overlap) recommends to do this, because in this case the two topics overlap completely. There are multiple lists on Wikipedia that have a similar number of entries, so it would not be unwarranted to include this in one list. Part of the reason the rendering time is slow is because all the entries are automatically read out of a template every time, this can be avoided in two ways. First having to using the subst property of the template when updating it. This means every time that population numbers are updated in that list, the list in this would need to be regenerated. And after that rendering will be faster. Second just have numeric entries, I do have a code to convert the excel sheets with the population, area and density numbers automatically to a table containing all this information. Both this methods would reduce the rendering time significantly and would address your second concern. In case that concern would have been addressed, which of those two methods would have your preference? CRwikiCA  talk 14:29, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

 * One big sortable table (I would not call this a list, to avoid confusion) would be fine for the reader, if the rendering is not too slow. Substitution may have to be done in pieces, otherwise the system may time out. Other ways of creating the wikitext can be considered too, but preferably the tools needed are publicly accessible.--Patrick (talk) 21:11, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I think we pretty much agree then. Although calling it a table might be more appropriate, it seems like the general usage on Wikipedia is to call these kinds of pages lists as stated in WP:LISTNAME. Therefore I would suggest to follow this guideline and keep calling it a list. CRwikiCA  talk 00:17, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Support - this is a no brainer. Just go ahead and do it. gidonb (talk) 14:13, 30 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay, if there are no objections I will merge the two tomorrow. CRwikiCA  talk 21:21, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Technical notes
The CBS publishes updated population, population density and area numbers throughout the year. Even though the table (list) can be manually updated from these numbers it might be more convenient to use a (semi-)automated system for this. I had automated this, take note of the following if you want to do this as well. The CBS data can be downloaded as excel-files (and some other file formats if you want that). In particular there are 3 files (or their updated version) you would want.   The municipal information (name + code): get Gemeenten alfabetisch.  The population data: Here, go to change selection to select the most recent period and the right regions, then use download to get the data.  The population density and area numbers: Here, go to change selection to select the most recent period and the right regions, then use download to get the data.  Update the references once you are done. To generate the table take the following points into account:
 * 1) Use a program of your choosing to read in the data and parse the table.
 * 2) Use information (I) to get a list of all municipalities (ordered alphabetically) and their CBS code. Locally store this information in a variable (or multiple variables).
 * 3) Now use data (II) to match the population data, search for the right town name to do this, because the index might not be exactly the same.
 * 4) Now use data (III) to obtain the population density and area numbers. Note that this is an enormous list which also includes municipal subdivisions and that names could occur multiple times (e.g. both as town name its municipality). Find all the matching entries for each municipality and use the one with the largest area, which is the municipality and take the population density from that same entry.
 * 5) You have all the data, although if files (II) or (III) are from a previous year it might not be correct because of municipal changes (2 or more are merged together). Manually check the municipalities that were new or increased in size for the current year (either in this step or after parsing the table).
 * 6) Now parse the table (see example code below), note that the numbers should ideally be given in both km2 and sq mi and rounded to the same precision. Note 1 km2 = 0.386102 sq mi
 * 7) Copy paste the table in your sandbox and check whether all the wikilinks are correct. Note that Province Dutch municipality might not yet include newly formed municipalities and might need to be updated.
 * 8) Update the references you used

Example code implemented in Matlab:

CRwikiCA talk 13:31, 2 April 2013 (UTC), Last update:  CRwikiCA  talk 18:29, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Municipality subdivisions
Can anybody verify if the only cities with municipality subdivisions are Amsterdam (deelgemeente) and Rotterdam (stadsdeel) or, as stated in the Italian version of the page, Amsterdam and Rotterdam (deelgemeente) and The Hague, Almere, Breda, Eindhoven, Enschede, Groningen, Nijmegen and Utrecht (stadsdeel)? Thanks Hypergio (talk) 13:39, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * To clarify the situation: Only Rotterdam and Amsterdam have legally defined sub-municipal governments with their own elected representatives (formally deelgemeente, although they are called stadsdeel in Amsterdam as well). Technically all Dutch municipalities are divided administratively into boroughs and neighborhoods, which might be called stadsdeel in some places. These subdivisions do not, however, have the legal status of deelgemeente, even when there are elections for their potential respective sub-municipal councils. CRwikiCA  talk 16:03, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Personal experience (I live in The Hague).: I normally do not receive any communication or formal letter from the geemente but from the stadsdeel of Haagse Hout. The division of The Hague in stadsdeel is formally defined and this is the office I usually refer to: |Stadsdeel Haagse Hout. This is not a subdivision made by the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek - CBS for statistic purposes only. There are other additional subdivions called neighbourhood which are for statistic purposes only. In The Hague, they are smaller than the stadsdeelen. Haagse Hout, for example, is divided in 4 neighbourhoods: Benoordenhout, Haagse Hout, Bezuidenhout and Mariahoeve en Marlot. I am trying to find, without success, the law, the rule or any other reference which is giving to the stadsdeelen of Amsterdam and Rotterdam only the legal status to exist.Hypergio (talk) 21:12, 5 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, the other municipalities with stadsdelen do not just have a statistical function, but they do not have the legal status of deelgemeente. See for example the following Rijksoverheid links this one and this one, were Amsterdam and Rotterdam are listed separate. CRwikiCA  talk 14:35, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I will make the same changes on the corresponding article in Wikipedia Italian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hypergio (talk • contribs) 21:05, 6 December 2013 (UTC)
 * No problem. I have to admit the situation is a bit odd. When they cancel the deelgemeenten – although we'll see when it happens – the situation might become a bit clearer. CRwikiCA  talk 00:32, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 10 December 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (non-admin closure) BegbertBiggs (talk) 00:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

List of municipalities of the Netherlands → Municipalities of the Netherlands – per Article titles. Shorter and clearer. Ookrainer (talk) 18:39, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Support, per nomination. The article is about the municipalities in general and not merely a list of municipalities. The new name also matches with "Provinces of the Netherlands". ― Ætoms  [talk] 12:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Middelburg
Hi. The article on Middelburg, Zeeland was recently moved from Middelburg to Middelburg, Netherlands, and now Template:Flaglist doesn't work with the new name, as can be seen in the list of municipalities. I'm bad with templates and don't know how to fix this. Can someone look into it? Lennart97 (talk) 09:08, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. --Delasse (talk) 11:36, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Krimpen aan den Ijssel vlag.svg

title: Talk:Municipalities of the Netherlands


text:
Eta function

In mathematics, eta function may refer to:

 * The Dirichlet eta function η(s), a Dirichlet series
 * The Dedekind eta function η(τ), a modular form
 * The Weierstrass eta function η(w) of a lattice vector
 * The eta function η(s) used to define the eta invariant

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eta function


text:
Coil spring

A coil spring is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded.

Under tension or compression, the material (wire) of a coil spring undergoes torsion. The spring characteristics therefore depend on the shear modulus.

A coil spring may also be used as a torsion spring: in this case the spring as a whole is subjected to torsion about its helical axis. The material of the spring is thereby subjected to a bending moment, either reducing or increasing the helical radius. In this mode, it is the Young's Modulus of the material that determines the spring characteristics.

Spring rate

Spring rate is the measurement of how much a coil spring can hold until it compresses 1 in. The spring rate is normally specified by the manufacture. If a spring has a rate of 100 then the spring would compress 1 inch with 100 lb of load.

Variants

Types of coil spring are:

 * Tension/extension coil springs, designed to resist stretching. They usually have a hook or eye form at each end for attachment.
 * Compression coil springs, designed to resist being compressed. A typical use for compression coil springs is in car suspension systems.
 * Volute springs are used as heavy load compression springs. A strip of plate is rolled into the shape of both a helix and a spiral. When compressed, the strip is stiffer edge-on than a wire coil, but the spiral arrangement allows the turns to overlap rather than bottoming out on each other.
 * Arc springs (bow springs) are a special form of coil spring which was originally developed for use in the dual-mass flywheel of internal combustion engine drive trains. The force is applied through the ends of the spring. A torque $$M=F\cdot r$$ can be transmitted around an axis via the force $$F$$ directed along this helical axis and the lever arm to the system center point $$r$$.
 * Torsion springs, designed to resist twisting actions. Often associated to clothes pegs or up-and-over garage doors.

Applications

Coil springs have many applications; notable ones include:

 * Buckling springs in computer keyboards
 * Mattress coils in innerspring mattresses
 * Upholstery coil springs in upholstery

Coil springs are commonly used in vehicle suspension. These springs are compression springs and can differ greatly in strength and in size depending on application. A coil spring suspension can be stiff to soft depending on the vehicle it is used on. Coil spring can be either mounted with a shock absorber or mounted separately. Coil springs in trucks allow them to ride smoothly when unloaded and once loaded the spring compresses and becomes stiff. This allows the vehicle to bounce less when loaded. Coil spring suspension is also used in high performance cars so that the car can absorb bumps and have low body roll. In off-road vehicles they are used because of their range of travel they allow at the wheel.

Coil springs used in the engine are compression springs and play an important role in closing the valves that feed air and let exhaust gasses out of the combustion chamber. The spring is attached to a rocker that is connected to the valve.

Tension and extension coil springs of a given material, wire diameter and coil diameter exert the same force when fully loaded; increased number of coils merely (linearly) increases free length and compressed/extended length.

Manufacture
Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former – a cylinder is used to form cylindrical coil springs. Coil springs for vehicles are typically made of hardened steel. A machine called an auto-coiler takes spring wire that has been heated so it can easily be shaped. It is then fed onto a lathe that has a metal rod with the desired coil spring size. The machine takes the wire and guides it onto the spinning rod as well as pushing it across the rod to form multiple coils. The spring is then ejected from the machine and an operator will put it in oil to cool off. The spring is then tempered to lose the brittleness from being cooled. The coil size and strength can be controlled by the lathe rod size and material used. Different alloys are used to get certain characteristics out of the spring, such as stiffness, dampening and strength

title: Coil spring


text:
City of San Marino

The City of San Marino (Città di San Marino), also known simply as San Marino and locally as Città, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino and one of its nine castelli. It has a population of 4,061. It is on the western slopes of San Marino's highest point, Monte Titano. It is also the fifth-least-populated national capital in the world.

Geography
The City of San Marino borders the castelli of Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Fiorentino, and Chiesanuova and the Italian municipality of San Leo.

The City of San Marino contains seven curazie: Cà Berlone, Canepa, Casole, Castellaro, Montalbo, Murata, and Santa Mustiola.

The International Academy of Sciences San Marino was centered here.

History
The city is claimed to be founded by Saint Marinus and several Christian refugees fleeing from Roman persecution in the year 301.

The urban heart of the city was protected by three towers: the first, Guaita, built in the 11th century, held a reputation for being impenetrable which to a great extent discouraged attacks.

Tensions with bordering powers urged the necessity to build a second tower, Cesta (13th century). The defensive system was not completed until the construction of a third tower, the Montale (14th century) - the smallest of all and constructed on the last of the summits of Monte Titano.

With the population of the city increasing, the territory of the country was extended by a few square kilometers. Since the Sammarinese policy was not to invade or to use war to obtain new territories, it was by means of purchases and treaties that San Marino obtained the other eight castelli which make up the country.

Economy
The economy of the city of San Marino has always been closely bound to that of the country. Until recently, the main economic activities of the locality were stone extraction and carving. Today, there is a more varied economy, including tourism, commerce, sale of postage stamps, and a small agricultural industry, although the latter is in decline.

Landmarks

The city is visited by more than three million people per year, and has developed progressively as a tourist centre. Of the tourists, 85% are Italian. There are also more than a thousand retail outlets, where one can find a great variety of products.

Main sights

 * Basilica di San Marino
 * Palazzo dei Capitani
 * Palazzo Pubblico
 * Teatro Titano
 * The Three Towers of San Marino
 * Piazza del Titano
 * Piazza Garibaldi
 * Monastery of Santa Clara
 * Grand Hotel San Marino

Transport
The city is known for its long, winding cobblestoned streets, as its altitude and steep approach put it beyond the reach of the San Marino Highway. San Marino is also notable in that cars are prohibited in much of the city center. A series of lifts connects the upper part of city with the lower.

City of San Marino is the top terminus of the Funivia di San Marino, an aerial cablecar system that connects the city to Borgo Maggiore. Running every fifteen minutes, the two-minute ride is renowned for its paronamic views over San Marino, the Province of Rimini, and the Adriatic Sea. The City of San Marino terminus is located at the turn of Contrada Omagnano with Contrada del Pianello, at the historic city centre's northern end, next to the and less than 200 m from the Basilica of San Marino and the Piazza della Libertà.

The City of San Marino is the terminus of seven of San Marino's eight bus lines, which run to other settlements in the country. Additionally, the central bus stop in Piazzale Marino Calcigni is the terminus of a regular coach connection to Rimini, operated by coach companies Bonelli and Benedettini.

Between 1932 and 1944, a 31.5 km electrified narrow gauge railway operated between Rimini and the City of San Marino. During the Second World War, the line was bombed and closed, after which its tunnels sheltered refugees during the Battles of Rimini and San Marino. After the war, the railway was abandoned in favour of the San Marino Highway.

In 2012, an 800 m section was reopened as a heritage railway in the City of San Marino, running between Piazzale della Stazione and near Via Napoleone. The restored section comprises the original railway's final horseshoe turn through the 502 m Montale tunnel.

Sport
The city of San Marino has three football teams: the S.S. Murata, the S.P. Tre Penne and the San Marino Academy. The city had the Olympic Flame pass through San Marino during the run-up to the 2006 Winter Olympics.

International relations
City of San Marino is twinned with:
 * Rab, Croatia (1968)
 * 🇮🇹 San Leo, Italy (1995)
 * 🇨🇳 Nanjing, China (2021)

title: City of San Marino


text:
Talk:List of cities in the Netherlands by province

Untitled
What is the criteria for being a city? Does it require a specific charter? Or is it just a large community? Rmhermen 15:11, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's now just a relatively large community, though many smaller settlements which once got a charter are still called city (stad) as well. Places which are neither large nor ever got a charter (e.g. Bergeijk) should be removed. Fransvannes 23:23, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

In the Netherlands, places with more than 50.000 inhabitents are most often refered to as cities. I have made some changes on-, and edited text to this page. If these changes do not meet the criteria for this page, than of course everybody is free to remove it. My source on this topic came from the Dutch Atlas 'De Kleine Bosatlas, Achtenvijftigste druk, vierde oplage 1996', from the publisher of Wolters-Noordhoff Atlasproducties Groningen. To be exact, the page on where one can find information about whether a city used to be a village or not, is page 8c. Rob --84.104.123.100 23:56, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Excuse me 60,000 middelgroot; over 100,000 groot; this is ridiculous. There are only 3 (or 4) grote steden (large cities) in the Netherlands, and even these are v. modest in international context: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and possibly Utrecht (288,000). Grote stad should either be 250,000 or 300,000. Setting medium size at 60,000 is also fairly arbitrary (including Bergen op Zoom (65,000) but excluding Roermond (54,000). This is either wishfull thinking of someone living in a middle sized city, or complete nonsense. Anyway this whole list seems redundant and badly constucted, so it maybe deleted as well. Arnoutf 23:11, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Arnoutf and Fransvannes. Note that the article implies the existence of some sort of 'official' city status in the Netherlands. However, city rights and a distinct administrative status for cities were abolished in 1851 (unlike in the UK, for example). Therefore it's complete nonsense to exclude Almere (186,000) from this list.
 * On big, medium and small cities, I guess it depends on the region. People in Drenthe might speak of Zwolle and Groningen as big cities while people in the West would disagree. One must also consider the degree of economic and cultural self-reliance. Emmeloord, Goes and Leiderdorp all have close to 25k inhabitants, but while Goes is clearly a historic city of some importance, Leiderdorp is just a suburb basically. Emmeloord is complicated, I guess you could argue both ways.

 * If we must attach numbers to it, I'd personally classify places in the Netherlands with 0-2000 inhabitants as a 'gehucht', 2000-20k as a 'dorp', 20k-60k a small city, 60k-150k a medium city and >150k a big city - Junuxx (talk) 02:11, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Totally agree with all that's been mentioned here. Something as a "city charter" or "city rights" does not exist in the Netherlands (even though it existed in the very past). It says Hilversum is a village of >80.000, which is absolutely ridiculous. Hilversum is a medium-sized city. --Globe-trotter (talk) 20:11, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Whatever the specific status of cities (ie charter, cathedral or whatever) I do not think that anything over 10,000 inhabitants (or perhaps even as few as 1,000) should be labeled village, the correct denomination for settlements like Hilversum is town (or city). Arnoutf (talk) 21:25, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

Drenthe is missing from the list of provinces. Drenthe has four cities: Assen, Emmen, Hoogeveen and Meppel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.84.28.234 (talk) 22:54, 17 November 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:December 21

--mav 00:59, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

it says Stalin was born on the XXI here.. but on his wiki page it says XVIII? what gives? lol —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.95.76.166 (talk) 12:46, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Where's the evidence for the Isle of Man claim? The women's suffrage entry claims that that honor goes to New Jersey, albeit very briefly... --dcsohl

1861 event: " ... Confederate envoys James Mason and John Slidell, arrested by the United States Navy aboard the British mail steamer Trent in order to prevent war between the United States and the United Kingdom." Is this what is meant? That Mason and Slidell were arrested in order to prevent war? Or is it just bad grammar? The sentence is very long; I would edit but do not know the history at all. --alpheus

I notice that an anonymous user working from IP address 172.189.110.188 has been making aggressive edits: removing many events because (s)he could not find that info in related articles. Most of the deleted entries seem plausible, and if there is no clear evidence that the info that someone has bothered to enter is false, I would give it the benefit of the doubt and retain it: maybe the other articles are deficient. Wikipedia is suffering from a consistent method for referring to sources. What do y'all think? Tom Peters 19:34, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have any particular problem with removing events that aren't mentioned in any linked articles; if they weren't important enough to be listed in the article about the subject, why should they be here? Given Wikipedia's recent trouble with "facts" not backed up by verifiable sources, I'm not sure the benefit of the doubt should run in this direction. This is a more general question, however, that might be worth bringing up on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Days of the year. Also, see the note on that talk page about "this day in history" websites - I wouldn't be surprised if those are the questionable source of many of the entries here. CDC (talk) 19:52, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * responding to RfC: i think the user is removing too much information. the stuff he removed should probably be kept, like the mayan calendar thing and the vancouver thing.--BUF4Life 19:36, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I would be in favor of the questionable material being retained, since most of it seems likely to be true. This stuff needs a reference tag, not deletion KrazyCaley 05:56, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I wholeheartedly agree.--BUF4Life 03:27, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Maya
Should the Mayan claim of the world ending in 2012 on Dec 21 be mentioned? Motor.on

Maybe technically the idea that the world will end is wrong, but that does not mean it won't have significance. My2K is fascinating whether it's true or not. People will be looking for info. So why would we not mention it? EdnaNetzke (talk) 20:44, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it should be mentioned, thats why i came to this page in the first place... Alexbrewer 13:45, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Ditto Tayandre 06:34, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * That the world ends (actually is re-created) by the Maya on December 21, 2012 is not a Maya belief, but a deduction by former Maya scholars which is now solely advocated by New Age astrologers. Before 1975, it was assumed that the Long Count ceased or recycled when it reached 13.0.0.0.0 on December 21, 2012, beginning a new Long Count with the next baktun (after 400 years) being 1.0.0.0.0. When Maya glyphs could be read (after 1975), a Maya date more than two thousand years in the future was found which was stated by a Maya king to be his anniversary, hence the Maya did not cease their Long Count in 2012. The Long Count is now regarded as continuing endlessly, with the next baktun after 13.0.0.0.0 being 14.0.0.0.0, then the baktuns recycle at 20, not 13. Although the end of the world is recounted in the Popol Vuh, it never gave a specific Long Count date to it. New Age astrologers have linked the former end of the Long Count with the end of the world on this former hypothesis—Maya scholars no longer do that, hence it should not be listed as an anniversary in this article. — Joe Kress 21:30, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually writing 'humanity' under 'deaths' section may be funny, but it's not intelligent - beside fact, that it isn't in the page source!

 * Just because the beleif may not be logical, does not mean it should not me mentioned. It could be said that there is some belief, logically or otherwise, that the world will cease to exist.Johnnywalterboy (talk) 04:58, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Rather than listing the modern interpretation of the calendar ending, simply list the basic fact: "2012 - The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar completes a "great cycle" of 1,872,000 days." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.201.198.181 (talk) 03:16, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

i wonder who put this at the very end of the article Italic text 2012 An apocalypse is supposed to occur on this date. The Mayan calender and the Bible point out this day as the Last Judgment day or " The end of the World as we know it." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.24.195.48 (talk) 02:11, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

"2012 - The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar completes a "great cycle" of 1,872,000 days." - I second that, and it's entirely referencable. Should be in. --APDEF (talk) 16:04, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I added that, as well as putting down that some people believe it to mean that the earth will end, with a link to the 2012 phenomenon page. If anyone has a problem with that you can change it. --DraconianDebate (talk) 15:50, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It's a future event and does not belong on this page. It's listed in 2012.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 22:02, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Is there any Wikipedia rule I don't know about that says future events are not allowed on day pages? --DraconianDebate (talk) 10:26, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:DOY. These pages are for historical events.  Future events may not happen or may not have any historical significance after they occur.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 11:35, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

I believe this page should have a section discussing the Mayan beliefs regarding this date for the following reasons: 1: as a page discussing historical events, this page should include mention of this date as a historically predicted important date. 2: This page should include all significant events observed on this date, as long as the events can be supported by other non-fictional works. 3: This date is commonly mentioned in works of both fact and fiction and is a likely topic for user research, which should be aided by providing links and information. 4: this date in 2012 is connected to a Mayan social and religious event and therefore should be included under Holidays and Observances as such.

a proposed concise mention of this date in 2012 (to be placed under "Holidays and Observances"): December 21, 2012 corresponds to the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar's (commonly referred to as the Mayan Calendar) conclusion of the thirteenth b'ak'tun or age. Various beliefs exist on the significance of this date, referred to as the 2012 Phenomenon.

Please provide edits to this proposed entry separately to preserve my original proposition. Thank you. PENJrAV8R (talk) 20:46, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

 * We can begin having a conversation about including mention of this on December 22, 2012. At that point it will be history.  Until then it doesn't belong here in any form.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 23:05, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Deaths on this date
It says that The World is going to die on 2012. I dont think this is appropriate to have here has it is not proven that this is going to happen. I'm removing it because of a false fact. --Striker1057 (talk) 18:49, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No worries. It was probably just vandalism. – L A  X  18:56, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I've removed this from the Deaths section. --Master of the Aztecs (talk) 05:17, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * There was another case of that with the birth this time, took care of it. Armachedes (talk) 01:21, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

@ Strikers : if there was a one sentence inclusion of the Mayan entry ( "2012 - The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar completes a "great cycle" of 1,872,000 days." ) then there would be no reason for users to try to add it to the deaths section. It would take away their ammo, so to speak. --APDEF (talk) 16:09, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

December 21, 2012 vandalism
I'm sick and tired of all people saying that Earth is going to die in December 21, 2012. We might have to protect this page. Somebody500 (talk) 21:01, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

I think it should be protected.

Steel Wool Killer (talk) 21:45, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

2012 date in events
Was commented out, but I really don't think it should be on there at all. Its ridiculous. Should it be removed every time its added? As the page is meant to be about dates that happened. Last time I looked at a calender, we were still in 2010. Arieas (talk) 20:59, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It should be removed on sight. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 13:00, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Yet more 2012 vandalism
I spotted some more of this and deleted it. I recommend that this page be considered for protected status. Nekochan1973 (talk) 06:42, 25 March 2011 (UTC)
 * It has been already protected. The protection doesn't expire until 23 of December this year. --Tyranitar Man (talk) 19:01, 8 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Then everyone will be dead and no need for it to be protected! I do think adding "End of the world" linked to the supposed end of the world would be a good sentiment as we're only 3 days away. As unlikely as it would, be it's not harming anyone and is a factual event which the majority of people know. This isn't someone adding the world is going to end on a random date. To disagree with this is a little petty, especially if it's linked to an article on this myth, an article which already exists. 194.138.39.55 (talk) 09:41, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It's a future event, and those can't be added per WP:DOY. You can add it after the world ends, otherwise it can never go here.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 10:19, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
 * So it can be added after as in "The world didn't end" or "Mayan Calendar ended" something to that affect? 194.138.39.61 (talk) 13:30, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Nope. You can add it if, and only if, the world ends.  That would be notable.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 13:47, 18 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Actually, we won't die. We will live. --Tyranitar Man (talk) 04:47, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Are you sure? Dragonh4t (talk) 14:47, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

2004
It states the suicide bomb attack was the most deadliest on US soldiers. The plane hitting the pentagon was a suicide bomb attack, surely that killed more US soldiers? I'm not American so I could be wrong, but I don't know how many people that plane killed, but I am under the impression it was a few hundred and the majority of people at the pentagon are soldiers. 194.138.39.60 (talk) 09:02, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Decided I'd have a look, 125 personnel were killed in the attack, there is no mention I can find how many were soldiers, however the majority of staff there are military. As only 1/5th would have to be military to beat this, should this be reworded?194.138.39.60 (talk) 09:13, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

St Thomas' Day
I do not think that 21 December is seen as St. Thomas Day in just Anglicanism but in all Christian denominations. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 00:46, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Births and Deaths
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I'm removing some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines. See discussions at Wikipedia_talk:Days_of_the_year.Deb (talk) 09:48, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

1939 Wafic Saïd small correction
I work for Wafic Saïd and would like to propose a correction to the entry concerning his birth on this page. Given my professional role I understand that there may be a perceived conflict of interest so I am making this suggestion on the "talk" page for consideration. I would like to replace the description of Wafic Saïd as a "Syrian-Monacan businessman and philanthropist" with "Syrian-Saudi Arabian financier, businessman and philanthropist". Thank you. Syadieh (talk) 10:20, 4 April 2016 (UTC) As no comments have been received I am going ahead with the change. Thank you. Syadieh (talk) 14:50, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 21


text:
Štefan Banič

Štefan Banič (23 November 1870 – 2 January 1941) was a Slovak inventor who patented an early parachute design.

Born in Jánostelek (Neštich, Smolenická Nová Ves), Austria-Hungary (now Smolenická Nová Ves, a part of Smolenice, Slovakia), Banič immigrated to the United States and worked as a coal miner in Greenville, Pennsylvania. After witnessing a plane crash in 1912, Banič constructed a prototype of a parachute, and on August 25, 1914 was granted US patent, No. 1,108,484.

The design which was radically different from others – it was a type of umbrella attached to the body, but it is claimed that he successfully tested it in Washington, D.C. jumping first from a 15-story building and subsequently from an airplane in 1914. He sold his patent to the U.S. Army, although there is no evidence that it was ever used.

After World War I Banič returned to Czechoslovakia where he helped to explore the Driny karst cave in the foothills of the Little Carpathian Mountains, close to his hometown of Smolenice.

Legacy
In 1997, US skydiver Slavo Mulik, also born in Slovakia, created the Stefan Banic Parachute Foundation which offers bronze, silver and gold medal awards to individuals involved in events, promotions and/or celebrations of skydiving, in memory of Banic.

In 2006, Slovak military paratroopers installed a memorial plaque at his birthplace in Smolenice.

In 2020, Slovakia issued a €10 silver coin depicting Banič.

Trnava – Boleráz airport, near Smolenice, carries Banič's name.

title: Štefan Banič


text:
Talk:Chess libraries

Baron von der Lasa
Baron von der Lasa collected a chess library that at the end of the nineteenth century was considered comprehensive. It is still intact at Kornik Castle near Poznan, Poland. Is it entirely insignificant? J S Ayer 02:53, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Relative Sizes
The Cleveland Public Library's webpage on the John G. White Collection says that it contains 32,568 volumes. This casts a shadow on the article's statement that the Dutch Royal Library has the second largest collection with 40,000 volumes. Would anyone care to address this issue? J S Ayer 03:19, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Paolo Ciancarini
In your page my chess library is described as the largest private library on chess. I am flattered, but unfortunately this is not true. I am sure that several people own larger libraries than mine, e.g. GM Schmidt in Germany or Mr. DeLucia in New York. Also Mr. Karpov, former World Champion, is told to own a large chess library. Probably my library is simply the only one which has a catalog publicly available on the Web, and periodically updated.

Paolo Ciancarini

 * I have taken out the material in the article about Mr. Ciancarini's collection. As best I can tell from his catalogue, without actually counting the items one by one, he has something on the order of 2,000 books and magazines. There is no way that is even close to a world record. Lothar Schmid's chess library is commonly said (e.g. by The Oxford Companion to Chess and Golombek's Chess Encyclopedia) to be the largest in the world. Assiac (Heinrich Fraenkel) in his 1974 book The Delights of Chess described Schmid's library as having 15 or 16,000 volumes. More recently, Susan Polgar has stated that the library now has over 20,000 books. As Mr. Ciancarini frankly acknowledges above, his library "is simply the only one which has a catalog publicly available on the Web, and periodically updated". Given that his library is roughly an order of magnitude smaller than Schmid's, I do not think that is enough to make it notable. Krakatoa (talk) 01:11, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Dutch and Hastings collections
The article is in dire need of more sources and facts about the Dutch and Hastings collections. No sources are given for either. Moreover, it is not even specified how many volumes are in the Hastings collection, nor is there any detail about "a number of unique items relating to British chess clubs". What number? What kind of items? Krakatoa (talk) 01:11, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

I question whether the Hastings collection is worth mentioning in the article. If you go to the search box and enter the keyword "chess", you only get 2,161 items. That is far less than the John G. White collection, and apparently also the Dutch collection. I am sure that there are a great many private collections larger than that, as well. Krakatoa (talk) 02:32, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Since no one has responded and there is no showing that the Hastings chess library is notable, I'm deleting mention of it. Krakatoa (talk) 20:30, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that's the right thing to do. Quale (talk) 21:13, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Other notable public library collections?
A search of the State Library of Victoria for "chess" returns 10,151 hits. According to, "The National Chess Library, the third largest public chess library in the world is held within the University of Brighton's Hastings Campus. The English Chess Federation library now has a permanent home in Hastings, a town with a long association with the game of chess and home to the annual Hastings International Chess Congress." Probably these collections also merit mention in the article? Krakatoa (talk) 04:16, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

"The MV Anderson Chess Collection, with over 13,000 volumes of books, magazines and tournament reports, is one of the largest chess collections in the world.

Five thousand recent volumes and the latest issues of the world’s major chess magazines are kept in the Library's Chess Room. There are almost 3000 volumes on openings such as the Sicilian Dragon, King’s Indian, Complete Hedgehog, and Hippopotamus. The collection includes books about the history of chess, chess in film and art, and even novels in which chess is a central theme.

A feature of the collection is the many older books on chess; the earliest is a leaf from The game and playe of the chesse, published by Caxton in 1483.

The collection owes its origins to the generosity of MV Anderson, who donated his collection of 6700 volumes between 1959 and 1966. The Library adds several hundred volumes to the collection each year. Others have made generous donations of chess sets.

Players preparing for tournaments, chess commentators and chess historians are all frequent users of the MV Anderson Chess Collection." Krakatoa (talk) 04:53, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chess libraries


text:
Talk:Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom and his Faith
While Uncle Tom is illiterate he learns about faith and the Lord from Master George. Tom relishes on his faith and uses it as a guide for all of his trials and tribulations. Uncle Tom learns towards the end of the story that no matter what his faith and belief in the Lord cannot be taken from him. The reader see this in the interaction with Simon Legree as he is in the process of beating Tom to death for being a man of God. Even though Legree and two other slaves are beating Tom to death, the faithful man finds it in his heart to pray for them as he says, "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do". This is one of the lasting impressions Tom leaves on the reader as he is even compassionate towards the men that are murdering him. During Tom's deathly beating he murmurs to his master that he shall have help, and Simon Legree asked who will help Tom, and he responds with that his Lord Almighty will help him. Even during a tyrannical beatdown that would eventually lead to his death Tom stayed true to his faith, and this is exhibited through the entirety of the novel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jackreed563980 (talk • contribs) 14:47, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2021
(Under major characters)

George Harris- Eliza’s husband. George’s character is an example of how a slave is restricted of freedom. George was granted permission to work at a factory on a lease (Stowe, Ch. II). The factory George worked at involved the cleaning of hemp. He made giant strides for the factory because he invented a machine that would save money and time (Stowe, Ch. II). While he worked at the factory, George enjoyed showing off his intelligence and skills. George became a favorite within the company and his peers thought highly of his hard work. George’s master was notified of George’s successes, then was sent back to work at his master’s farm instead of the factory.

George also has a deep connection with his wife, Eliza. They got married while George was still working at the factory (Stowe, Ch. II). Once George was sent back to the farm, he knew he wanted his relationship with Eliza to continue. He is a devoted husband and a big characteristic of his is loyalty. George’s character is a good example of a hard-working slave who is loyal to his family and who he is working for. DaneMettert (talk) 15:55, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. He's already listed in the other characters section, is there any sourcing that places his as on of the major characters in the book? ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:14, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

Edit Request: Eric Lott's book title
In the subsection "Plays and Tom shows," Eric Lott's book is incorrectly listed by a chapter title. The book's title is Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CJmusicology (talk • contribs) 21:04, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for noting. Fixed and moved title from article text into citation. DonFB (talk) 03:57, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

FAR updates request
I'm researching this topic in advance of article updates related to a Featured Article Review, as discussed here. I saw RetiredDuke's comments in this talk page about needed updates and wanted to see if any other editors have thoughts on ways to improve the article. I plan to finish my research in the next two weeks and then start working on updates, so any suggestions or thoughts are welcome.--SouthernNights (talk) 14:34, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Doublechecking to see if any other editors have thoughts on ways to improve this article. Here's what I have so far:

 * General cleanup of article
 * Edit prose throughout article
 * Update citations and references, especially for unsourced claims
 * Fix original research and unsourced paragraphs throughout the article
 * Shorten the Anti-Tom literature section (which is currently almost the size of our Anti-Tom literature article)
 * Possibly delete the unsourced Collections section
 * Cleanup links in the See Also section

 * If there's anything else please add it in. I'm still researching for the FAR and will start editing the article in a week or so. Thanks.--SouthernNights (talk) 14:47, 1 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uncle Tom's Cabin


text:
Operation Ore

Operation Ore was a British police operation that commenced in 1999 following information received from US law enforcement, which was intended to prosecute thousands of users of a website reportedly featuring child pornography. It was the United Kingdom's biggest ever computer crime investigation, leading to 7,250 suspects identified, 4,283 homes searched, 3,744 arrests, 1,848 charged, 1,451 convictions, 493 cautioned and 140 children removed from suspected dangerous situations and an estimated 33 suicides. Operation Ore identified and prosecuted some sex offenders, but the validity of the police procedures was later questioned, as errors in the investigations resulted in many false arrests.

Operation Ore followed a similar crackdown in the United States, called Operation Avalanche; in the US, 100 people were charged from the 35,000 US access records available. In total, 390,000 individuals in over 60 countries were found to have accessed material in the combined investigations.

US investigation
Between 1999 and 2001, after a tip, a US investigation was conducted into Landslide Productions Inc., a Texas-based online pornography portal operated by Thomas and Janice Reedy. The portal was found to have provided access to child pornography, and the Reedys were both convicted of trafficking child pornography in August 2001.

Following the investigation and conviction, "Operation Avalanche" was launched in the US to trace and prosecute child pornography users identified in the Landslide database. In addition, the website was run for a short time as part of a sting operation by the FBI to capture new suspects. The FBI also passed identities from the Landslide database to the police organisations of other countries, including 7,272 names to the UK.

Operation Ore
In May 2002, Operation Ore was implemented in the UK to investigate and prosecute the Landslide users whose names were provided by the FBI. Those under investigation were reported by Rebecca Smithers of The Guardian to include government ministers, MPs, and judges. The charge of possession of child pornography was used where evidence was found, but the lesser charge of incitement was used in those cases where a user's details were on the Landslide database but no images were found on the suspect's computer or in their home. Because of the number of names on the FBI list, the scale of the investigation in the UK was overwhelming for the police, who appealed to the government for emergency funding for the case. Reportedly, several million pounds were spent on the investigations, and complaints mounted that other investigations were put at risk because of the diversion of the resources of child protection units into the case.

Information from the Operation Ore list of names was leaked to the press early in 2003. After obtaining the list, The Sunday Times stated that it included the names of a number of prominent individuals, some of which were later published by the press. The Sunday Times reported that the list included at least twenty senior executives, a senior teacher at a girls' public school, personnel from military bases, GPs, university academics, and civil servants, a famous newspaper columnist, a songwriter for a pop band, a member of a chart-topping 1980s cult pop group, and an official with the Church of England. An investigation followed the leak, and police complained that the advance warning would allow suspected paedophiles to dispose of evidence. A police officer was reported to have lost his job for leaking the names.

Legal challenges
After 2003, Operation Ore came under closer scrutiny, with police forces in the UK being criticised for their handling of the operation. The most common criticism was that they failed to determine whether or not the owners of credit cards in Landslide's database actually accessed any sites containing child porn, unlike in the US, where it was determined in advance whether or not credit card subscribers had purchased child porn. Investigative journalist Duncan Campbell exposed these flaws in a series of articles in 2005 and 2007.

Many of the charges at the Landslide-affiliated sites were made using stolen credit card information, and the police arrested the real owners of the credit cards, not the viewers. Thousands of credit card charges were made where there was no access to a site or access only to a dummy site. When the police checked, seven years after Operation Ore commenced, they found 54,348 occurrences of stolen credit card information in the Landslide database. The British police failed to provide this information to the defendants and, in some cases, implied that they had checked and found no evidence of credit card fraud when no such check had been done. Because of the nature of the charges, children were removed from the homes immediately. In the two years it took the police to determine that thousands had been falsely accused, over 100 children had been removed from their homes and denied any unsupervised time with their fathers. The arrests also led to an estimated 33 suicides by 2007.

One man was charged when the sole "suspicious" image in his possession was of young-looking—but adult—actress Melissa Ashley. Also arrested were Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja (later cleared) and The Who's guitarist Pete Townshend, who was cautioned by the police after acknowledging credit card access to the Landslide website. Duncan Campbell later stated in PC Pro magazine that their credit card charges and IP addresses were traced through the Landslide site, and both were found to have accessed sites which had nothing to do with child pornography. The actor and writer Chris Langham was among those convicted.

Independent investigators later obtained both the database records and video of the Landslide raid. When this information was presented in a UK court, Michael Mead of the United States Postal Service contradicted his US testimony under oath regarding several details relating to the investigation. As a result of the errors exposed in the cases, some people arrested in Operation Ore filed a group action lawsuit in 2006 against the detectives behind Operation Ore, alleging false arrest.

After Campbell's articles appeared, the independent computer expert Jim Bates, who analysed the hard drives, was charged and convicted of four counts of making false statements and one count of perjury regarding his qualifications and barred from appearing as an expert witness. Bates's judgement has been called into question on other matters. Bates was later arrested for possession of indecent images during his Operation Ore investigations. The search of Bates' home was ruled unlawful, as the police had applied for the search warrant using the wrong section of PACE and were unable to examine any of the material seized from his house.

CEOP and its chief executive, Jim Gamble, were accused of using vague terms which do not have a recognised meaning within either child protection or law enforcement when they defended the operation.

On 6 December 2010, senior Court of Appeal judges rejected the appeal of Anthony O'Shea, stating that they were "entirely confident that the appellant was rightly convicted." The judgement states in relation to the appellant's assertions regarding the claim that his IP address had been disguised: "These suggestions are fanciful in the extreme. The appellant's theory (for it is no more than such) that he [Mr O'Shea] was the victim of the machinations of a fraudulent webmaster is, in our view, pure speculation." Jim Bates, an expert witness and critic of Operation Ore, was criticised for misleading comments during the hearing. The appeal had been considered to be a landmark case where success could have led to many of the other convictions achieved as a result of Ore being overturned.

Country-specific results

 * Australia 200 arrests (see Operation Auxin)
 * Canada - Operation Snowball
 * Ireland (see Operation Amethyst)
 * Germany (see Operation Pecunia)
 * Switzerland (see Operation Genesis aka Action Genesis)
 * United Kingdom (see Operation Ore)
 * United States (see Operation Avalanche)

Participating law enforcement agencies

 * Australia - Australian Federal Police (AFP)
 * United Kingdom - National Crime Agency (NCA)
 * United States - Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

title: Operation Ore


text:
Operation Pin

Operation Pin is an initiative of the Virtual Global Taskforce, which consists of the UK's National Crime Squad, the FBI, Interpol, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and the Australian Hi-Tech Crime Centre/Australian Federal Police (AFP). Its stated aim is to identify pedophiles and other people who are using the internet to access child pornography. Announced on 18 December 2003, the operation is said to involve the creation and operation of a number of websites (so-called "honeypots") purporting to offer illegal images. While these websites will not contain child pornography images, they will be designed to look like the real thing so as to ensnare as many offenders as possible.

The websites will present visitors with a variety of options which, instead of leading to illegal images, lead to a law enforcement site that will inform them that their personal details have been recorded and that they have committed a crime. They will also be given details of appropriate helplines. It is unclear if the information recorded will be technical (for example, an IP address) or personal (for example, credit card details).

The stated purpose of Operation Pin is to cause people seeking out child pornography on the Internet to wonder whether they will find an illegal site or one operated by law enforcement agencies. It can thus be understood as a kind of deterrence.

title: Operation Pin


text:
Codex Leicester

The Codex Leicester (also briefly known as the Codex Hammer) is a collection of scientific writings by Leonardo da Vinci. The codex is named after Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester, who purchased it in 1717. The codex provides an insight into the mind of the Renaissance artist, scientist and thinker, as well as an exceptional illustration of the link between art and science and the creativity of the scientific process.

When the manuscript was last sold—to Bill Gates at Christie's auction house on 11 November 1994 in New York for US$30,802,500 —it was the most expensive manuscript ever sold.

Manuscript
The leather-bound notebook comprises 36 sheets, 29 × 22 cm. The manuscript is not a single linear script but a mixture of Leonardo's observations and theories on astronomy and the properties of water, rocks, fossils, air, and celestial light. The topics addressed include:

 * An explanation of why fossils of sea creatures can be found on mountains. Hundreds of years before plate tectonics became accepted scientific theory, Leonardo believed that mountains had previously formed sea beds, which were gradually lifted until they formed mountains.
 * The movement of water. This is the main topic of the Codex Leicester. Among other things, Leonardo wrote about the flow of water in rivers and how it is affected by different obstacles put in its way. He made recommendations about bridge construction and erosion from his observations.
 * The luminosity of the Moon. Leonardo speculated that the Moon's surface is covered by water, reflecting the Sun's light. In this model, waves on the water's surface cause the light to be reflected in many directions, explaining why the Moon is not as bright as the Sun. Leonardo explained that the pale glow on the dark portion of the crescent Moon is caused by sunlight reflected from the Earth. Thus, he described the phenomenon of planetshine one hundred years before the German astronomer Johannes Kepler proved it.

The codex consists of 18 sheets of paper, each folded in half and written on both sides, forming the complete 72-page document. At one time the sheets were bound together, but they are now displayed separately. It was handwritten in Italian by Leonardo, using his characteristic mirror writing, and supported by copious drawings and diagrams.

Historical owners

 * Guglielmo della Porta, Michelangelo's student (?)
 * Giuseppe Ghezzi (until 1719)
 * Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (1719–1759)
 * Leicester estate (1759–1980)

Codex Hammer
The codex was purchased at auction from the Leicester estate in 1980 by the wealthy industrialist and art collector Armand Hammer, for $5.1 million ($ in ); he later renamed the notebook the Codex Hammer. Hammer commissioned Leonardo da Vinci scholar Carlo Pedretti to compile the loose pages of the codex back into its original form. Over the next seven years, Pedretti translated each page to English, completing the project in 1987.

Bill Gates
The codex was sold to Bill Gates by Christie's auction house on 11 November 1994 in New York for US$30802500. Until 2021, the codex remained the most expensive book ever sold.

After Gates acquired the codex, he had its pages scanned into digital image files, some of which were later distributed as screensaver and wallpaper files on a CD-ROM as part of a Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 desktop theme, which would later be included with Windows 98 and Windows ME. A comprehensive CD-ROM version (titled Leonardo da Vinci) was released by Corbis in 1997.

The Codex Leicester has been unbound, with each page individually mounted between glass panes. It is on public display once a year in a different city worldwide. In 2000, it was displayed at Sydney's Powerhouse Museum. In 2004, it was exhibited in the Château de Chambord, and 2005 in Tokyo. One page was exhibited at the Seattle Museum of Flight's 2006 exhibit Leonardo da Vinci: Man, Inventor, Genius. From June to August 2007, the codex was the centerpiece of a two-month exhibition hosted by the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin. The codex was on view at the Phoenix Art Museum in Phoenix, Arizona, from 24 January 2015 to 12 April 2015 for the exhibition Leonardo Da Vinci's Codex Leicester and the Power of Observation. Its presentation at the Phoenix Art Museum was the first time a work by Leonardo was displayed in Arizona. The codex was then on view at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts in an exhibition Leonardo Da Vinci, the Codex Leicester, and the Creative Mind that opened 21 June 2015, where it remained on display until 30 August 2015. As part of the same tour, the Codex Leicester was also on display at the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh, North Carolina from 31 October 2015 to 17 January 2016.

For the 500th anniversary of da Vinci's death, the Codex Leicester was on display from 29 October 2018 to 20 January 2019 in Florence at the Aula Magliabechiana of the Uffizi.

Related articles

 * Codex Windsor

レオナルド・ダ・ヴィンチ手稿

title: Codex Leicester


text:
Jim Reeves

James Travis Reeves (August 20, 1923 – July 31, 1964) was an American country and popular music singer and songwriter. With records charting from the 1950s to the 1980s, he became well known as a practitioner of the Nashville Sound. Known as "Gentleman Jim", his songs continued to chart for years after his death in a plane crash. He is a member of both the Country Music and Texas Country Music Halls of Fame.

Early life and education
Reeves was born at home in Galloway, Texas, a small rural community near Carthage. He was the youngest of eight children born to Thomas Middleton Reeves (1882-1924) and Mary Beulah Adams Reeves (1884-1980). He was known as Travis during his childhood years. Winning an athletic scholarship to the University of Texas, he enrolled to study speech and drama but quit after only six weeks to work in the shipyards in Houston. Soon he resumed baseball, playing in the semi-professional leagues before contracting with the St. Louis Cardinals "farm" team during 1944 as a right-handed pitcher. He played for the minor leagues for three years before severing his sciatic nerve while pitching, which ended his athletic career.

Early career
Reeves' initial efforts to pursue a baseball career were sporadic, possibly due to his uncertainty as to whether he would be drafted into the military as World War II enveloped the United States. On March 9, 1943, he reported to the Army Induction Center in Tyler, Texas for his preliminary physical examination. However, he failed the exam (probably due to a heart irregularity), and on 4 August 1943 an official letter declared his 4-F draft status. Reeves began to work as a radio announcer and sang live between songs. During the late 1940s, he was contracted with a couple of small Texas-based recording companies, but without success. Reeves at this point was influenced by early country and western swing artists including Jimmie Rodgers and Moon Mullican, as well as popular singers Bing Crosby, Eddy Arnold and Frank Sinatra. In the late 1940s, Reeves joined Moon Mullican's band, and as a solo artist, Reeves recorded Mullican-style songs including "Each Beat of my Heart" and "My Heart's Like a Welcome Mat" in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

During these years, Reeves took a job as an announcer for KWKH-AM in Shreveport, Louisiana, then the home of the popular radio program Louisiana Hayride. According to former Hayride master of ceremonies Frank Page, who had introduced Elvis Presley on the program in 1954, singer Sleepy LaBeef was late for a performance, and Reeves was asked to substitute. (Other accounts—including that of Reeves himself, in an interview on the RCA Victor album Yours Sincerely—name Hank Williams as the absentee.)

Initial success in the 1950s
Jim Reeves was a country music singer who had success early on in his career, first with the song "Mexican Joe" in 1953 for Abbott Records. Other hits followed, such as "I Love You" (a duet with Ginny Wright), and "Bimbo" which reached number one on the U.S. country charts in 1954. In addition to those early hits, Reeves recorded many other songs for Fabor Records and Abbott Records. In 1954, Abbott Records released a 45 single with "Bimbo" on side-A which hit number one and featured Little Joe Hunt of the Arkansas Walk of Fame. Jim Reeves and Little Joe Hunt met at the Louisiana Hayride, which was Louisiana's equivalent to Nashville's Grand Ole Opry. After performing at the Hayride in Shreveport, Reeves and Hunt traveled and performed together for several years in the dance halls and clubs of East Texas and rural Arkansas. Reeves became the headliner with Hunt as the backup performer. Due to his growing popularity, Reeves went on to release his first album in November 1955, Jim Reeves Sings (Abbott 5001), which proved to be one of Abbott Records' few album releases. Reeves' star was on the rise because he had already been signed to a 10-year recording contract with RCA Victor by Steve Sholes. Sholes went on to produce some of Reeves' first recordings at RCA Victor. Sholes signed another performer from the Louisiana Hayride that same year (1955), Elvis Presley. Most of the talented performers of the 1950s such as Reeves, Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Jim Ed Brown, Maxine Brown, the Wilburn Brothers, and Little Joe Hunt got their start at the Louisiana Hayride. In addition to the Hayride, Jim Reeves joined the Grand Ole Opry, also in 1955. Reeves also made his first appearance on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee in 1955. He was such a hit with the fans that he was invited to act as fill-in host from May thru July 1958 on the popular program, Ozark Jubilee.

From his earliest recordings with RCA Victor, Reeves relied on the loud, East Texas style, which was considered standard for country and western performers of that time, but he developed a new style of singing over the course of his career. He said, "One of these days.....I'm gonna sing like I want to sing!" So, he decreased his volume and used the lower registers of his singing voice, with his lips nearly touching the microphone. Amid protests from RCA, but with the endorsement of his producer Chet Atkins, Reeves used this new style in a 1957 recording, a demonstration song of lost love that had originally been intended for a female voice. It was titled "Four Walls", which not only scored number one on the country music charts, but also scored number 11 on the popular music charts, as well. This recording marked his transition from novelty songs to serious country-pop music, and according to one source, "established Reeves as a country balladeer". "Four Walls" and "He'll Have to Go" (1959) defined Reeves' style.

Reeves was instrumental in creating a new style of country music that used violins and lusher background arrangements that soon became known as the Nashville Sound. This new sound was able to cross genres, which made Reeves even more popular as a recording artist.

Reeves became known as a crooner because of his light yet rich baritone voice. Because of his vocal style, he was also considered a talented artist because of his versatility in crossing the music charts. He appealed to audiences that were not necessarily country/western. His catalog of songs such as "Adios Amigo", "Welcome to My World", and "Am I Losing You?" demonstrated this appeal. Many of his Christmas songs have become perennial favorites, including "C-H-R-I-S-T-M-A-S", "Blue Christmas", and "An Old Christmas Card". Between 1957 and 1958, Reeves was the host of a radio show on the ABC network; this was also when he began shifting from cowboy outfits to sports jackets.

Reeves is also responsible for popularizing many gospel songs, including "We Thank Thee", "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", "Across the Bridge", and "Where We'll Never Grow Old". He was given the nickname Gentleman Jim, an apt description of his character both on stage and off.

Early 1960s and international fame
Reeves scored his greatest success with the Joe Allison composition "He'll Have to Go", a success on both the popular and country music charts, which earned him a platinum record. Released during late 1959, it scored number one on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart on February 8, 1960, which it scored for 14 consecutive weeks. Country music historian Bill Malone noted that while it was in many ways a conventional country song, its arrangement and the vocal chorus "put this recording in the country-pop vein". In addition, Malone lauded Reeves' vocal styling—lowered to "its natural resonant level" to project the "caressing style that became famous"—as to why "many people refer to him as the singer with the velvet voice." In 1963, he released his Twelve Songs of Christmas album, which had the well-known songs "C.H.R.I.S.T.M.A.S" and "An Old Christmas Card". During 1975, RCA Victor producer Chet Atkins told interviewer Wayne Forsythe, "Jim wanted to be a tenor, but I wanted him to be a baritone... I was right, of course. After he changed his voice to that smooth, deeper sound, he was immensely popular."

Reeves' international popularity during the 1960s, surpassing his popularity in the United States at times, helped to give country music a worldwide market for the first time. According to Billboard, "Reeves’ star shone equally bright overseas in the United Kingdom, India, Germany, and even South Africa. Jim Reeves was hugely popular in Sri Lanka in the 1960s and 1970s and presently he is the most popular English language singer in Sri Lanka.

South Africa
During the early 1960s, Reeves was more popular in South Africa than Elvis Presley, and recorded several albums in the Afrikaans language. In 1963, he toured and starred in a South African film, Kimberley Jim. In the film, he sang part of one song in Afrikaans. The film was released with a special prologue and epilogue in South African cinemas after Reeves' death, praising him as a true friend of the country. The film was produced, directed, and written by Emil Nofal. Reeves later said that he enjoyed the film-making experience and would consider devoting more of his career to this medium. The film was released in South Africa (and also in the US) in 1965 after Reeves's death.

Reeves was one of an exclusive trio of performers to have released an album there that played at the little-used 16⅔ rpm speed. This unusual format was more suited to the spoken word and was quickly discontinued for music. The only other artists known to have released such albums in South Africa were Elvis Presley and Slim Whitman.

Britain and Ireland
Reeves toured Britain and Ireland during 1963, between his tours of South Africa and Europe. Reeves and the Blue Boys were in Ireland from May 30 to June 19, 1963, with a tour of US military bases from June 10 to 15, when they returned to Ireland. They performed in most counties in Ireland, though Reeves occasionally abbreviated performances because he was unhappy with the available pianos at concert venues. In a June 6, 1963 interview with Spotlight magazine, Reeves expressed his concerns about the tour schedule and the condition of the pianos, but said he was pleased with the audiences.

A press reception for him at the Shannon Shamrock Inn was organized by Tom Monaghan of Bunratty Castle, County Clare. Showband singers Maisie McDaniel and Dermot O'Brien welcomed him on May 29, 1963. A photograph appeared in the Limerick Leader on June 1, 1963. Press coverage continued from May until Reeves' arrival with a photograph of the press reception in The Irish Press. Billboard magazine in the US also reported the tour before and after. The single "Welcome to My World" with the B/W side "Juanita" was released by RCA Victor during June 1963 and bought by the distributors Irish Records Factors Ltd. This scored the record number one while Reeves was there during June.

A number of accounts of his dances were given in the local newspapers, with a good one in The Kilkenny People of his dance in the Mayfair Ballroom, where 1,700 people were present. A photograph in The Donegal Democrat had Reeves' singing in the Pavesi Ball Room on June 7, 1963, and an account of his nonappearance on stage in The Diamond, Kiltimagh, County Mayo in The Western People representing how the tour went in different areas.

He planned to record an album of popular Irish songs, and had three number-one songs in Ireland during 1963 and 1964: "Welcome to My World", "I Love You Because", and "I Won't Forget You". The last two are estimated to have sold 860,000 and 750,000, respectively, in Britain alone, excluding Ireland. Reeves had 11 songs in the Irish charts from 1962 to 1967. He recorded two Irish ballads, "Danny Boy" and "Maureen". "He'll Have to Go" was his most popular song there and was at number one and on the charts for months. He was one of the most popular recording artists in Ireland, in the first 10 after the Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Cliff Richard.

He was permitted to perform in Ireland by the Irish Federation of Musicians on the condition that he share the bill with Irish show bands, becoming popular by 1963. The British Musicians' Union would not permit him to perform there, because no agreement existed for British show bands to travel to America, in exchange for the Blue Boys playing in Britain. Reeves did, however, perform for British radio and TV programmes.

During the 1960s, at the early stage of his career, Elton John performed at various pubs in England, frequently playing songs by Reeves.

Norway
Reeves played at the sports arena Njårdhallen, Oslo, on April 15, 1964, with Bobby Bare, Chet Atkins, the Blue Boys, and the Anita Kerr Singers. They performed two concerts; the second was televised and recorded by Norwegian network NRK (Norsk Rikskringkasting, the only one in Norway at the time). The complete concert, however, was not recorded, including some of Reeves' last songs. He reportedly performed "You're the Only Good Thing (That's Happened to Me)" in this section. The program has been repeated on NRK several times over the years.

His first success in Norway, "He'll Have to Go", scored number one in the top 10 and scored the chart for 29 weeks. "I Love You Because" was his greatest success in Norway, scoring number one during 1964 and on the list for 39 weeks. His albums spent 696 weeks in the Norwegian top-20 chart, making him one of the most popular music artists in the history of Norway.

Last recording session
Reeves' last two recording sessions for RCA Victor were held July 2, 1964; they produced the songs "Make the World Go Away", "Missing You", and "Is It Really Over?" When the session ended with some time remaining on the schedule, Reeves suggested that he should record one more song. He taped "I Can't Stop Loving You", in what was to be his final RCA recording.

Reeves made one later recording, however, at the little studio in his home. In late July 1964, a few days before his death in an airplane crash, Reeves recorded "I'm a Hit Again", using just an acoustic guitar as accompaniment. That recording was never officially released by RCA Victor (because it was a home recording not owned by the label), but appeared during 2003 as part of a collection of previously unissued Reeves songs released on the VoiceMasters label.

Personal life
Jim Reeves married Mary White on September 3, 1947. They never had any children, as Jim Reeves was believed to be sterile, (though not 100% proven) due to complications from a mumps infection.

Death
On July 31, 1964, Reeves and his business partner and manager Dean Manuel (also the pianist of Reeves's backing group, the Blue Boys) left Batesville, Arkansas, en route to Nashville in a single-engine Beechcraft Debonair aircraft, N8972M, with Reeves at the controls. The two had secured a deal on some real estate.

While flying over Brentwood, Tennessee, they approached a violent thunderstorm. A subsequent investigation showed that once the small airplane became caught in the storm Reeves suffered spatial disorientation. The singer's widow, Mary Reeves (1929–1999), probably unwittingly started the rumor that he was flying the airplane upside down and assumed he was increasing altitude to clear the storm. However, according to Larry Jordan, author of the 2011 biography, Jim Reeves: His Untold Story, this scenario is rebutted by eyewitnesses known to crash investigators, who saw the plane overhead immediately before the mishap and confirmed that Reeves was not upside down.

Reeves' friend, musician Marty Robbins, recalled hearing the wreck happen and alerting authorities to which direction he heard the impact. Jordan writes extensively about forensic evidence (including from the long-elusive tower tape and accident report), which suggests that instead of making a right turn to avoid the storm (as he had been advised by the approach controller to do), Reeves turned left in an attempt to follow Franklin Road to the airport. In so doing, he flew further into the rain. While preoccupied with trying to re-establish his ground references, Reeves let his airspeed get too low and stalled the aircraft. Relying on his instincts more than his training, evidence suggests he applied full power and pulled back on the yoke before leveling his wings—a fatal, but not uncommon, mistake that induced a stall/spin from which he was too low to recover. Jordan writes that according to the tower tape, Reeves ran into the heavy rain at 4:51 pm and crashed only a minute later.

When the wreckage was found some 42 hours later, the airplane's engine and nose was discovered buried in the ground due to the impact of the crash. The crash site was in a wooded area north-northeast of Brentwood, roughly at the junction of Baxter Lane and Franklin Pike Circle, just east of Interstate 65, and southwest of Nashville International Airport where Reeves planned to land.

On the morning of August 2, 1964, after an intense search by several parties (which included several personal friends of Reeves, among them Ernest Tubb and Marty Robbins), the bodies of the singer and Dean Manuel were found in the wreckage of the aircraft, and at 1:00 pm local time, radio stations across the United States began to announce Reeves' death formally. Thousands of people traveled to pay their last respects at his funeral two days later. The coffin, draped in flowers from fans, was driven through the streets of Nashville and then to Reeves' final resting place near Carthage, Texas.

Legacy
Reeves was elected posthumously to the Country Music Hall of Fame during 1967, which honored him by saying, "The velvet style of 'Gentleman Jim Reeves' was an international influence. His rich voice brought millions of new fans to country music from every corner of the world. Although the crash of his private airplane took his life, posterity will keep his name alive because they will remember him as one of the most important performers in Country music."

In 1998 Reeves was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame in Carthage, Texas, where the Jim Reeves Memorial is located. The inscription on the memorial reads, "If I, a lowly singer, dry one tear, or soothe one humble human heart in pain, then my homely verse to God is dear, and not one stanza has been sung in vain."

Each year, the Academy of Country Music awards the Jim Reeves International Award to an artist who has made an "outstanding contributions to the acceptance of country music throughout the world.done the most to promote the genre worldwide".

Posthumous releases
Reeves' records continued to sell well, both earlier and new albums issued after his death. According to Billboard magazine, "Reeves' career continued to thrive with hit records on the Billboard charts throughout the next two decades". The last Reeves song on the chart was "The Image Of Me", in 1984.

His widow, Mary, was instrumental in the ongoing success of the songs. She combined unreleased tracks with previous releases (placing updated instrumentals alongside Reeves' original vocals) to produce a regular series of "new" albums after her husband's death. She also operated the Jim Reeves Museum in Nashville from the mid-1970s until 1996. On the 15th anniversary of Reeves death, Mary told a country music magazine interviewer, "Jim Reeves my husband is gone; Jim Reeves the artist lives on."

During 1966, Reeves' record "Distant Drums" hit number one on the UK Singles Chart and remained there for five weeks, beating competition from the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine"/"Eleanor Rigby" (a double-sided "A" release), and the Small Faces' song, "All Or Nothing". The song stayed in the UK chart for 25 weeks, and took number one on the US country music chart. Originally, "Distant Drums" had been recorded merely as a "demo" for its composer, Cindy Walker, believing it was for her personal use and had been deemed "unsuitable" for general release by Chet Atkins and RCA Victor. During 1966, however, RCA determined a market for the song existed because of the war in Vietnam. It was named Song of the Year in the UK during 1966 by the BBC, and Reeves became the first American artist to receive the accolade. That same year, singer Del Reeves (no relation) recorded an album paying tribute to him.

In 1980, Reeves was credited with two more top-10 posthumous duet hits, "Have You Ever Been Lonely?" and "I Fall to Pieces", which combined separate vocal tracks of both he and the late country star Patsy Cline, who had also passed away in an airplane crash mid-career. Although the two had never recorded together, producers Chet Atkins and Owen Bradley lifted their isolated vocal performances off original three-track stereo master session tapes, resynchronized them, and combined them with digitally re-recorded backing tracks. The duets first appeared on the Remembering Patsy Cline & Jim Reeves LP.

Reeves' compilation albums containing well-known standards continue to sell well. The Definitive Collection scored number 21 in the UK album charts during July 2003, and Memories are Made of This reached number 35 during July 2004.

Since 2003, US-based VoiceMasters has issued more than 80 previously unreleased Reeves recordings, including new songs, as well as newly overdubbed material. Among them was "I'm a Hit Again", the last song he recorded in his basement studio just a few days before his death. VoiceMasters overdubbed this track in the same studio in Reeves' former home (then owned by a Nashville record producer). The song was released in 2008 by H&H Music (UK) and became number one in a survey of radio stations in the UK. Reeves' fans repeatedly urged RCA or Bear Family to re-release some of the songs overdubbed during the years after his death which have never appeared on CD.

A compilation CD, The Very Best of Jim Reeves, scored number eight on initial release in the UK Albums Chart during May 2009, to later score its maximum of number seven during late June, his first top-10 album in the UK since 1992. In 1994, the German Bear Family Records label released a 16-CD compilation titled Welcome to my World, including more than 75 unissued titles, and many demo recordings.

In 2014, a set of eight CDs was released by Intermusic S.A., titled The Great Jim Reeves, containing 170 tracks, remastered and remixed.

Tributes
Tributes to Reeves were composed in the British Isles after his death. The song "A Tribute to Jim Reeves" was written by Eddie Masterson, and recorded by Larry Cunningham and the Mighty Avons; during January 1965, it scored on the UK charts and top 10 in Ireland. It scored the UK charts on December 10, 1964, and was there for 11 weeks and sold 250,000 copies. The Dixielanders Show Band also recorded "Tribute to Jim Reeves" written by Steve Lynch and recorded during September 1964;  it scored on the Northern Ireland charts during September 1964. The Masterson song was translated later into Dutch and recorded.

In the UK, "We'll Remember You" was written by Geoff Goddard, but not released until 2008 on the Now & Then: From Joe Meek to New Zealand double album by Houston Wells.

Jerry Jerry and the Sons of Rhythm Orchestra, a Canadian alternative rock band whose musical style blends elements of surf music, gospel music, rockabilly, garage, and punk, released the song entitled "Jimmy Reeves" on their 1992 album Don't Mind If I Do

Reeves remains a popular artist in Ireland, and many Irish singers have recorded tribute albums. A play by author Dermot Devitt, Put Your Sweet Lips, was based on Reeves' appearance in Ireland at the Pavesi Ballroom in Donegal town on June 7, 1963, and reminiscences of people who attended.

Blind R&B and blues music artist Robert Bradley (of the band Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise) paid tribute to Reeves in the album description of his release, Out of the Wilderness. He said, "This record brings me back to the time when I started out wanting to be a singer-songwriter, where the music did not need the New York Philharmonic to make it real...I wanted to do a record and just be Robert and sing straight like Jim Reeves on 'Put Your Sweet Lips a Little Closer to the Phone'."

British comedian Vic Reeves adopted his stage name from Reeves and Vic Damone, two of his favorite singers.

In the United States, Del Reeves (no relation) recorded and released a 1966 album entitled Del Reeves Sings Jim Reeves.

Reeves' nephew, singer-songwriter John Rex Reeves (March 4, 1936 – November 15, 2022), appeared occasionally on RFD-TV's Midwest Country, singing Reeves' songs, as well as other popular country songs. John Rex, a recording artist in his own right, had two songs on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1981 ("What Would You Do" #93; and "You're the Reason" #90). John Rex died after a long illness in Kingwood, Texas, at age 86.

In 2023, "He'll Have To Go", an independent short film named after Reeves' song of the same name was released and won the Finalist Award at the SWIFF International Film Festival for "Best Short Film".

title: Jim Reeves


text:
Lisa Snowdon

Lisa Snowdon (born Lisa Snawdon; 23 January 1972) is an English television and radio presenter and fashion model. She was the host of the Living TV reality television show Britain's Next Top Model from 2006 until 2009. She also co-presented Capital Breakfast on Capital London from August 2008 until 18 December 2014.

Early life
Snowdon was born in Welwyn Garden City to insurance salesman Nigel and hairdresser Lydia Snawdon. She has two younger sisters.

She gained a scholarship to the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where her classmates included Naomi Campbell. She auditioned for the Minipops. After gaining too much additional height, and after her parents split up when she was 17, Snowdon stayed in London and worked briefly as a dance and yoga teacher.

Modelling
A fan of Christy Turlington from age 14, Snowdon never thought about becoming a model. Spotted by a Premier Model Management agent at age 19 while dancing at a rave at London's MFI club, she was auditioned and signed up. She started working with renowned photographers and became one of Britain's top fashion models.

Snowdon is best known for her beauty commercials and high-fashion cover and spread modelling, including cover shots for Later, Vogue, Marie Claire and Elle; she was also the face for Gucci.

She later appeared in advertisements for Mercedes-Benz, Dove soap, and Kelloggs Special K, and was the face of campaigns for Neutrogena and After Eight mint straws, the Taxiwise safety campaign and numerous catalogues. Her modelling career led to appearances in Maxim, Arena, Loaded and GQ.

Snowdon returned to modelling when she became the face and model of Avon lingerie, and was one of the models for the Marks & Spencer autumn 2010 campaign. From 2010–2014 she was the face of Belvita breakfast biscuits, appearing in adverts for the biscuits with fellow Capital FM DJ Johnny Vaughan. In 2015 she was appointed the lead-UK model for Triumph International.

Television
Snowdon's first presenting role was in 2003 on BBC3's Fightbox - a children's show in which contestants created 'avatars' to battle each other. Later she presented on MTV UK's MTV Select. She took over the role from Lisa Butcher as the "supermodel" judge and host on Britain's Next Top Model. Snowdon left the show to concentrate on her radio show and was replaced by Elle Macpherson as of season six. In autumn 2007, she was announced as the new co-presenter of Through the Keyhole with Sir David Frost on BBC One.

Snowdon had a starring role in Channel 4's short film Man's Best Friend. She also had a cameo role in Channel 4 programme, Plus One.

In 2014, Snowdon co-hosted Weekend Kitchen with Waitrose with Steve Jones. The show aired on Saturday mornings on Channel 4.

In August 2016, Snowdon guest presented five episodes of Lorraine, standing in for Lorraine Kelly. In November 2016, Snowdon was confirmed as a contestant for the sixteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. She was voted off as the second celebrity to leave the jungle coming in second last place to her camp-mate Danny Baker.

In September 2022, Snowdon was crowned winner of the seventeenth series of Celebrity Masterchef.

Strictly Come Dancing
Snowdon took part in the sixth series of Strictly Come Dancing on the BBC paired with former champion Brendan Cole.

Radio
At the end of August 2008, it was announced that Snowdon was to be the permanent replacement for Denise van Outen on Capital London as co-host with Jonny Vaughan. In January 2010, the pair signed a two-year deal to continue presenting the show. On 1 December 2011 it was confirmed she would remain at Capital.

Snowdon was given the nickname 'Eggy' on the show by colleague Dave Berry after her penchant for boiled eggs and the smell they gave off in the studio. On 13 November 2015, she announced that she would be leaving Capital Breakfast at the end of 2015.

Charitable activities
In 2005, Snowdon became an ambassador for the Breast Cancer Care charity.

In 2008, Snowdon participated in a celebrity edition of The Apprentice as part of the BBC's biennial Sport Relief event. In 2010, she became an Ambassador of Capital FM's Help a Capital Child charity.

In November 2010, after turning on the Bond Street Christmas Lights, Snowdon was rushed to hospital and diagnosed with viral meningitis. As a result, she began raising money and acting as an ambassador for the Meningitis Trust.

Personal life
Snowdon dated Dave Loeffler from US band E.Y.C. for three years. She was also in a five-year on/off relationship with actor George Clooney from 2000 until 2005. Their relationship was well reported in the tabloids on both sides of the Atlantic. After 14 months of dating, Snowdon revealed in 2017 her engagement to her boyfriend George Smart.

Snowdon lives in Epping Forest, and has a flat in Camden, North London, which she uses during the week.

Book

 * Just Getting Started: Lessons in Life, Love and Menopause (HarperCollins, May 2023) ISBN 978-0008605483

title: Lisa Snowdon


text:
Talk:Geometrized unit system

Potential
as it is now, the two entries "elecitric potential" and "potential" (the very last) are identical. would it not make much more sense to interpret the second potential as gravitational potential? then its SI dimension would be [L2 T-2] (the same as energy/mass), and the multiplication factor would just be c-2. --Diogenes2000 (talk) 02:51, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Conversion factors between meter, kilogram, second, coulomb and kelvin
Here you have all needed conversion factors that covers all SI base units, and if not possible, their unique elements:

into m

 * G/c^2 [m/kg]
 * c [m/s]
 * ((G/(4*pi*(electric constant)))^0.5)/c^2 [m/C]
 * (G*k)/c^4 [m/K]

into kg

 * c^2/G [kg/m]
 * c^3/G [kg/s]
 * 1/(G*4*pi*(electric constant))^0.5 [kg/C]
 * k/c^2 [kg/K]

into s

 * 1/c [s/m]
 * G/c^3 [s/kg]
 * ((G/(4*pi*(electric constant)))^0.5)/c^3 [s/C]
 * (G*k)/c^5 [s/K]

into C

 * c^2/((G/(4*pi*(electric constant)))^0.5) [C/m]
 * (G*4*pi*(electric constant))^0.5 [C/kg]
 * c^3/((G/(4*pi*(electric constant)))^0.5) [C/s]
 * (k*(G*4*pi*(electric constant))^0.5)/c^2 [C/K]

into K

 * c^4/(G*k) [K/m]
 * c^2/k [K/kg]
 * c^5/(G*k) [K/s]
 * c^2/(k*(G*4*pi*(electric constant))^0.5) [K/C]

All these units represents nothing else than distance along dimension, that makes SI redundant in comparison to geometrized units. I added all these abovementioned factors after proper formatting to article. They can be verified in Google calculator.

This all is exactly equivalent to dividing of one Planck unit by another Planck unit, while using their direct SI values. 83.30.150.203 (talk) 08:20, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Geometric quantities
I removed an entire section with a table of conversions. @Anubub reverted the change, but I took it out again based on WP:BURDEN.

The table entries need a reference. If the entries are trivial, then we don't need the table. If the entries are WP:NOTABLE then they need a reference.

In addition, the practical issue is that entries in the table keep being changed and we have no justification for reverting such changes because we have no reference. Johnjbarton (talk) 16:09, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geometrized unit system