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Eurasian crag martin

The Eurasian crag martin or just crag martin (Ptyonoprogne rupestris) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It is about 14 cm long with ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and a short, square tail that has distinctive white patches on most of its feathers. It breeds in the mountains of southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across the Palearctic. It can be confused with the three other species in its genus, but is larger with brighter tail spots and different plumage tone. Many European birds are resident, but some northern populations and most Asian breeders are migratory, wintering in northern Africa, the Middle East or India.

The Eurasian crag martin builds a nest adherent to the rock under a cliff overhang or increasingly onto a man-made structure. It makes a neat half-cup mud nest with an inner soft lining of feathers and dry grass. Nests are often solitary, although a few pairs may breed relatively close together at good locations. Two to five brown-blotched white eggs are incubated mainly by the female, and both parents feed the chicks. This species does not form large breeding colonies, but is gregarious outside the breeding season. It feeds on a wide variety of insects that it catches with its beak while flying near to cliff faces or over streams and alpine meadows. Adults and young may be hunted and eaten by birds of prey or corvids, and this species is a host of blood-sucking mites. With its large, expanding range and large population, there are no significant conservation concerns involving the species.

This bird is closely related to the other three crag martins which share its genus, and has sometimes been considered to be the same species as one or more of them, although it appears that there are areas where two species' ranges overlap without hybridisation occurring. All four Ptyonoprogne crag martins are quite similar in behaviour to other Old World swallows that build mud nests, and are sometimes subsumed into the larger genus Hirundo, but this approach leads to inconsistencies in classifying several other genera, particularly the house martins.

Taxonomy
The Eurasian crag martin was formally described as Hirundo rupestris by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769 and was moved to the new genus Ptyonoprogne by German ornithologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1850. Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus, the pale crag martin, P. obsoleta, the rock martin, P. fuligula, and the dusky crag martin, P. concolor. The genus name is derived from the Greek ptuon (πτύον), "a fan", referring to the shape of the opened tail, and Procne (Πρόκνη), a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow. The specific rupestris means "of rocks", from the Latin rupes "rock". There are no generally recognised subspecies. Two races, Central Asian P. r. centralasica and P. r. theresae in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, have been proposed, but the slight differences in size and colour show no consistent geographical pattern. Fossils of this species have been found in Late Pleistocene deposits in Bulgaria, and in central France in layers dated at 242,000 to 301,000 years ago.

The four Ptyonoprogne species are members of the swallow family, and are placed in the subfamily Hirundininae, which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive river martins. DNA studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the Hirundininae, broadly correlating with the type of nest built. The groups are the "core martins" including burrowing species like the sand martin, the "nest-adopters", which are birds like the tree swallow that use natural cavities, and the "mud nest builders". The Ptyonoprogne species construct an open mud nest and therefore belong to the last group; Hirundo species also build open nests, Delichon house martins have a closed nest, and the Cecropis and Petrochelidon swallows have retort-like closed nests with an entrance tunnel.

Ptyonoprogne is closely related to the larger swallow genus Hirundo into which it is often subsumed, but a DNA analysis showed that an enlarged genus Hirundo should logically contain all the mud-builder genera, including the Delichon house martins, a practice which few authorities follow. Although the nests of the Ptyonoprogne crag martins resemble those of typical Hirundo species like the barn swallow, the research showed that if Delichon, Cecropis and Petrochelidon are split from Hirundo, Ptyonoprogne should also be treated as a separate genus.

Description
The Eurasian crag martin is 13 – long, with a 32 – wingspan, and weighs an average 23 g. It has ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and has a broader body, wings and tail than any other European swallow. The tail is short and square, with white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers. The underwing and undertail coverts are blackish, the eyes are brown, the small bill is mainly black, and the legs are brownish-pink. The sexes are alike, but juveniles have buff-brown tips to the plumage of the head, upperparts and wing coverts. This species can be distinguished from the sand martin by its larger size, the white patches on the tail, and its lack of a brown breast band. Where the range overlaps with that of another Ptyonoprogne species, the Eurasian crag martin is darker, browner and 15% larger than the rock martin, and larger and paler, particularly on its underparts than the dusky crag martin. The white tail spots of the Eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives.

The crag martin's flight appears relatively slow for a swallow. Rapid wing beats are interspersed with flat-winged glides, and its long flexible primaries give it the agility to manoeuvre near cliff faces. The average migration flight speed has been measured at 9.9 m/s (32.5 ft/s), less than the roughly 11 m/s (36 ft/s) typical for hirundines, but the data is limited. The bird often flies high, and shows the white spots as it spreads its tail. The vocalisations include short high pli, and piieh and tshir calls resembling those of the linnet and the house martin, respectively.

Distribution and habitat
The Eurasian crag martin breeds in mountains from Iberia and northwesternmost Africa through southern Europe, the Persian Gulf and the Himalayas to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations are migratory, with European birds wintering in north Africa, Senegal, Ethiopia and the Nile Valley, and Asian breeders going to southern China, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Some European birds stay north of the Mediterranean, and, like martins in warmer areas such as India, Turkey and Cyprus, just move to lower ground after breeding. The breeding range is bounded by the 20 °C July isotherm, and wintering areas need a temperature of about 15 °C for enough insect food to be available. This is a rare species any distance north of its breeding areas. For example, there are only 12 records from the UK, none from Ireland, and the first record for Sweden was reported as recently as 1996. South of its normal wintering range, it has occurred as a vagrant in The Gambia. In 2022, the first nesting of the species was recorded on the territory of Slovakia in the Malá Fatra National Park.

Crag martins breed on dry, warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges. The typical altitude is 2,000 – but breeding occurs up to 5000 m in Central Asia. The Eurasian crag martin's choice of nest sites is very similar to that of Savi's pipistrelle, Hypsugo savii; the bird and the bat often breed in the same locations and have almost identical ranges in Europe. In South Asia, migrant Eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings.

The largest known wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins has been recorded at the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar. The caves were home to a maximum of 12,000 birds during the 2020-2021 winter season; 1-2% of the entire European population of Eurasian crag martins.

Breeding

Crag martin pairs nest alone or in small colonies, usually containing fewer than ten nests. Nests are on average 30 m apart and each pair aggressively defends its breeding territory against other crag martins and most other bird species. Nesting takes place from May to August, and usually two broods are raised. The nest, built by both adults, is an open half cup made of mud and lined with soft material such as feathers or dry grass. It is constructed under an overhang on a rock cliff face, in a crevice or cave, or on a man-made structure. It takes one to three weeks to build and is re-used for the second brood and in subsequent years. The clutch is two to five eggs with an average of three. The eggs are white with brownish blotches particularly at the wide end, and average 20.2 x with a weight of 2.08 g. The eggs are incubated mainly by the female for 13–17 days to hatching, and the chicks take another 24–27 days to fledge. Both parents feed the chicks bringing food every two to five minutes, and the young are fed for 14–21 days after fledging. With such frequent feeding rates the adults mainly forage in the best hunting zones in the immediate vicinity of the nest, since the further they fly to forage the longer it would take to bring food to the chicks in the nest. In an Italian study, the hatching rate was 80.2 percent, and the average number of fledged young was 3.1.

The crag martin has over the last few decades increasingly used houses and other man-made sites to nest. This greater availability of breeding sites has enabled the species to expand its range, but it is possible that this will lead to competition with other hirundines, such as the barn swallow and common house martin, which also use artificial nest sites.

An Italian study showed that, as with other aerial feeders, the start of breeding was delayed by cold or wet weather, but this had no influence on the clutch size nor on the number of fledged young. Unexpectedly, it was found that once the eggs had hatched there was a negative relationship between temperature and the number of fledged young. The authors suggested that hot weather dried up the small rivers where the parents found food. Colony size did not influence the laying date, the clutch size or the number of successfully fledged young, but this species does not form large colonies anyway.

Feeding
The Eurasian crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in its beak in flight, although it will occasionally take prey items off rocks, the ground, or a water surface. When breeding, birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face hunting for insects, feeding both inside and outside the nesting territory. At other times, they may hunt while flying above streams or alpine meadows. The insects taken depend on what is locally available and may include flies, ants, aerial spiders, and beetles. Aquatic species such as stoneflies, caddisflies and pond skaters appear to be important in at least Spain and Italy. Unlike other hirundines, these birds feed close to their breeding sites, and may be locally vulnerable to fluctuations in insect availability. This martin is gregarious outside the breeding season, and may form sizeable flocks where food is abundant. Cliff faces generate standing waves in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas. The crag martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts, relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns.

Winter roost fidelity
Eurasian crag martins are known to form large roosts in winter, with the largest known roost being the Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar. A study carried out at these caves and published in Scientific Reports in 2021, revealed that birds showed very high fidelity towards individual caves within and between years. Mark-recapture showed there was over a 90% chance of recapturing birds at the caves where they were first caught. The condition of birds from different caves suggests differences in roost quality which correlates to the fitness of Eurasian crag martins and, ultimately, survivorship.

Predators and parasites
This species is occasionally hunted by the peregrine falcon, which shares its mountain habitat, and during its migration over the Himalayas, it is reported to be subject to predation by crows. Common kestrels, Eurasian sparrowhawks, Eurasian jays and common ravens are also treated as predators and attacked by repeated dives if they approach nesting cliffs. Despite the general aggressiveness of the crag martin, it tolerates sympatric common house martins, perhaps because the large numbers of that highly colonial species provide an early warning of predators.

The crag martin is a host of blood-sucking mites of the genus Dermanyssus, including D. chelidonis, and of the nasal mite Ptilonyssus ptyonoprognes. Two new species of parasites were first discovered on this martin, the fly Ornithomya rupes in Gibraltar and the flea Ceratophyllus nanshanensis from China.

Status
The European population of the Eurasian crag martin is estimated to be 360,000–1,110,000 individuals, including 120,000–370,000 breeding pairs. A rough estimate of the worldwide population is 500,000–5,000,000 individuals, with Europe hosting between one-quarter and one-half of the total. The population is estimated to be increasing following a northward expansion, which may be partly due to increased use of man-made structures as nest sites. Expansions of the range have been reported in Austria (where motorway bridges are used as nest sites), Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Romania, and Bulgaria. With its very large range and high numbers, the Eurasian crag martin is not considered to be threatened, and it is classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

title: Eurasian crag martin


text:
User talk:Forseti

Hello Marcin, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 07:45, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi, I'm sorry if I listed Akashic Brotherhood or Celestial Chorus as copyvios. My intention was to list only articles which were copyvios posted by a particular anonymous user, so I was looking at the edit history for that IP address. Perhaps he or she edited your articles and I accidentally caught them that way - I admit that after the first 10 or so I was no longer actually doing a google search each time to find the original text.

By the way, I've noticed that you linked to Tradition from your text, which isn't what you want. You might like to know that Mage: The Ascension links to Traditions (Mage: The Ascension) instead - you can do this using the wikitext Tradition. However, that article doesn't exist yet: these things always seem to create more work the longer you look at them! ~

I'll rework it in spare time, but now I'm concentrated more on Werewolf: The Apocalypse Forseti 11:17, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Before you edit any of Polish-German-related articles, could you be so kind as to take a look at the discussion page? At times automatic edition might destroy a hard-worked compromise...(Expulsion of Germans after World War II)Halibutt 16:40, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It wasn't automatic - see Talk:Expulsion of Germans after World War II on my arguments Forseti 11:16, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Poland's betrayal by the Western Allies please vote to keep it. Cautious 20:51, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Done, but please provide some outline how could it be expanded at its Talk page. Forseti 08:52, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Forseti, nice idea, but i bet such article will be source of endless revert wars. But the idea itself is nice :) Szopen
 * Adam Carr and others, must have an idea, what Poles think about their beloved leaders. I do not require them to agree, but bitter awareness is the part of the process of including Polish historical awareness into main stream of historical awareness. Cautious 18:28, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hi Marcin

Re: 'Poland's betrayal...' etc. No panic or insult intended. Poles have excellent brains of their own. What I wrote was the end of a process where I was trying to persuade Cautious to talk about arriving at an acceptable form of words. See you around. DJ Clayworth 14:17, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I know, just've been kidding in the morning ;) -- Forseti 14:27, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

No email from you, sorry. Cautious 18:28, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, did you provided correct adress in preferences? Anyway, my GG is 7000398, give me a clue how to contact you.

I don't use IRC.Halibutt 16:51, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hello, Forseti,

I think you might like to combine Soviet ethnic cleansing of East Prussia with Prussian people. You seem to have the neutrality needed, especially since you come from Poland. However, it seems Cautious automatically deletes entire postings which he/she disagrees with.

Just an idea. :-)

Sincerely, --Wighson 04:04, 2004 Apr 6 (UTC)

== Germans not only as the first victims of the Nazis, but as the last victims of THEIR victims ==

What I didn't write on the Expulsion-talk page:
 * It would be stupid of me to try to claim that I do not defend German interests, but that is however almost my claim! To make a very brief personal detour, I have spent almost half of my life abroad, and I would agree that I've tried to improve the justificably bad image of Germans in France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and to lesser degree in the US. But one of the chief effects on me (contrary to many other ex-pats) is that I believe to have become less of a patriot. Although I'm not always in the position to argue authoritatively and effectively, I have again and again found myself in the position of trying to put reason to nationalist prejudices: against Muslims (and Germans) in France, against Somalis in Denmark and Finland, against Finns and Muslims in Sweden, and against Poles and "Turks" in Berlin.
 * So, when you directly or indirectly tell me that my chief motivation should be to restore the reputation of the Germans, ...well, maybe you really factually are right — but emotionally, all of my soul revolts against such an "accusation" :->
 * (With regard to User:Gdansk, I don't wish to make a list, but be convinced that plenty of pro-Polish (and fewer pro-Czech) editors could be mentioned as more moderate followers. It is NOT a matter of one single person, but of a tendency in Polish world view which I also have personal RL experience of.)

Nico and Space Cadet are, quite simply (in my view), exponents or agents for existing views in Europe, and with the expansion of EU approaching it's more important than ever to communicate rather than continue World War II with other means.

I am convinced that you don't have to think long to put yourself in the position of the Germans. Similarly to how the Cold War influenced the Poles, also in the both Germanys there existed plenty of subjects which couldn't be discussed publicly, unless you were to be labled as a political extremist.

The horror stories connected to the post-war "population transfer" belonged to these topics. I remember from family reunion parties in the 1990s how still then, the old aunts only when they had become quite intoxicated dared to start wisper over their memories from 1945-48-56. My own great aunt, who is the relative I emotionally feel closest attached to, has staunchly refused to answer any question or speak more than single short sentences on the evacuation from Wroclaw or how she ended up in Berlin before 1956.

...so, the lift of the unspoken ban against public mentioning of atrocities (particularly them commited by civilians, by neighbours) in Poland and Czechoslovakia has filled a great vacuum, not the least for the younger generations, and it represents a need to see our grand-parents not only as perpetrators (which was hard to embrace) but also as victims. Most of all, it illustrates the thesis that Germans are not per se more evil (or at least not much more evil) than other peoples, which the recent tragedies in ex-Yugoslavia and Rwanda also have expressed.

I do (of course!) not advocate making Wikipedia to a vehicle for these feelings, but I ask for some understanding, which might (or might not) make it easier to relate to the excesses. Also if we leve Nico aside, I think some other pro-German contributors are suffering from sever need to rehabilitate the Germans by emphasizing atrocities done by others.

--Ruhrjung 11:01, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Ruhrjung, sorry for not answering. I've read it and appreciate your stance but I'm nearly out-of-net now and unable to engage in extended writing.
 * Forseti 10:35, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

I was quite suprised by your name, Forseti = President in icelandic, is this a coincidence? --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 22:14, 2004 May 7 (UTC)
 * I was quite surprised that office of Icelandic president is named after a Norse god of justice :) But it has upsides too - I can always forward annoying trolls to forseti@forseti.is ;>
 * Seriously, I've taken this nick after Forseti son of Baldr, god of justice and divine arbiter. It is a kind of personal reminder for me and should not be taken as sign of megalomania or something, however :)
 * Forseti 10:35, 8 May 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi, Forseti. The edits from your IP have now been reattributed to you. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 03:33, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

Wakacje
A gdzieś się Waść podziewał przez ostatnie kilka miesięcy, jeśli wolno spytać? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 20:45, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

German articles
Hi. I saw your comment at the Village Pump and thought I might be able to help. I've been at Wikipedia for 3 years, and I'm good at working with other contributors to turn messes into clear, straightforward articles. My specialty is controversial subjects where it's difficult to distinguish between "objective truth" and "whatever I myself personally happen to believe". On the other hand, I am Jewish and lost relatives to Hitler's concentration camps, so I might have an anti-Nazi bias (I'll try to squelch this while editing). --user:Ed Poor (talk) 18:22, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your help. However, I have no idea how to fix it. Overview of situation: some revisionist propaganda -> edits -> revert war -> administrative action. With fork somewhere in the middle - as an attempt to force POV elsewhere or force NPOV when it is impossible in original. I fear that subsequent edits with new persons will only perpetuate the conflict where it came to attrition.

 * I feel that the problem here is degree of freedom one has with expressing his views - even extremist, fanatical and marginal. We tolerate persons with long history of conflicts, vandalism and POV-pushing and our policies are ineffective because they are slow and aimed at cooperative persons. There is total freedom in editing and many constraints on supervision.

 * Perhaps we need a system of control or review of submitted content that will clearly show extent of acceptance the community has for extremists. I've suggested some system of review and flagging at Wikipedia talk:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards but this doesn't solve problem of splinter articles. So perhaps we need a system of hard-set hierarchical topic groups with supervisor for each node of hierarchy?

 * I don't know what to do. I feel that just solving this one case isn't enough (if it is possible under current conditions in first place) and some general mechanism must be introduced to WP so that this won't happen again and again. I have too little experience with community workings and too little time to gain acceptance for above ideas. Especially that some people perceive WP's democratic model far more important over content quality. I'd rather really work on some article constructively and not engage in pointless wars or gaining enough clout to pass my ideas. You say you have much experience so maybe you would be able to provide some advice on how to fix this systemic problem.

You have identified all the problems clearly. Yes, we're too tolerant of trouble-makers; I'm running for the Arbitration Committee hoping to be able to crack down on them. And I've led some discussions about a review system. Let's keep trying. --user:Ed Poor (talk) 17:04, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, so you have my vote :) As for Polish-German matters do you think there is any sense to begin any work on it (risking another war) or wait for system-wide change of rules like review system? However, I'm not sure what will emerge from discussion on this review. For my version see and  but it appears that they aren't too popular. -- Forseti 19:49, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Template:Fictional Setting
I'm not sure the template Fictional Setting you've created is all that useful. See Template talk:Fictional Setting for the discussion I've tried to create on this point. Though I will say, you've done a great job of making the template (with CSS classes and so on); I just don't believe it's useful. I'd be very interested to read your thoughts on the subject, though. — OwenBlacker 19:22, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Poll on portal page replacement
As Rossami just told me: "It's a wiki. Be bold." But thank you for your courtesy in asking my opinion. GeorgeStepanek\talk  01:52, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think your portal page rework is excellent, and should be rolled out immediately. It keeps the spirit of the alternative design proposal (things around a globe) whilst avoiding all of the CSS/browser problems, and looks clean and crisp. -- The Anome 12:44, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I like it too (though I'd prefer my original proposal). But nonetheless, I think that there would be another poll needed so as not to attract community wrath. Forseti 13:14, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Gdansk/Vote
You voted "Agree". I'm not sure you realize what you're voting for.

Consider List of cities in Poland. You have voted for putting "Danzig" next to Gdansk on this page.

Consider Lechia Gdansk. You have voted for putting "Danzig" next to Gdansk on this page.

Every page that mentions Gdansk will also have to mention Danzig.

A page about Lech Walesa will have to mention: he worked at the shipyard in Gdansk (Danzig). The word Danzig must appear in the page.

This is what you have voted for. -- Curps 11:24, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sigh, so I made a note. Actually, I complained about the vote because I'd like to vote half-way :( This is also why I don't believe it would change anything -- Forseti 11:56, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Gdańsk/Danzig inine discussion

 * 1) **I thought it's pretty straightforward: if there is Danzig we link it to Gda& as it is present name. At Gdansk in 1st paragraph there is Danzig mentioned. So connection should be pretty obvious the other way. Let's stick to correctness as sticking to pleasing everyone would be bad to our credibility. IMHO all the questions after that about historical period are so imprecise (should have more options) that really could be used to undermine the sense of the first ones. Forseti 08:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ***Yes, the Gdansk article should mention "Danzig". However, what people are agreeing to here is that every article that mentions Gdansk must mention Danzig at least once.  Including articles on current events and topics where there is no German cultural or historical connection (such as articles on Polish political parties or biographies of Poles who were born in recent decades).  As for the rest of your comment I'm afraid I don't understand... can you clarify? -- Curps 10:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) ****As for factual correctness: There is only one location called at present Gdańsk and formerly Danzig and so there should be only one designation for current use. For talks about past, past names could/should be used but link to present should be maintained so that it would be obvious there is only one such entity. Trying to keep using German name in spite of fact it is Polish for 60 years is clinging to the past verging post-war world order revisionism.
 * 4) ****As for notes about the poll: it seems to me that this poll would be void as sound arguments from naming according to historical periods would be undermined by loopholes of bibliografy cases, political-correct mentions of old Danzig in modern-time articles and so on until nobody would think seriously about this policy not to mention upholding it. Mentioned options should include questions like: is Danzig should be mentioned? is Gdańsk should be mentioned? and so on. If everybody is full of dissent now they wouldn't be less after the vote. -- Forseti 11:12, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) *****I don't mean this as a personal attack, but I really don't think you understood what you voted in favor of, below. -- Curps 11:43, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) ******OK, I don't mind. I understand writen text it's just I'm unsure how to deal with situation. In normal situation (as in this vote] case) the voter's comments would be taken into consideration and perhaps second, more sound poll would be carried. Unfortunately, since I voted limits of absurdity have been pushed so far I don't believe that anything would be reconsidered. If such John K accounts every vote appaently to bar some people right to vote effectively then any resulting policy would be held with a sigh of relief. So, how to vote if you strongly want to vote for one half of question but strongly agaist the other one half? [[User:Forseti|Forseti 21:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) *******I agree that the question should have been asked better. Most of the questions were split up according to time periods, and this question should have been split up that way too.  Anyway, to answer your question, sorry I don't use IRC. -- Curps 23:01, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Forgive me if this is naive...but has anyone considered splitting Danzig and Gdansk into separate articles...referencing each other, but the Danzig article emphasizing its history as a Prussian/Germanic city until the close of WWII, and Gdansk emphasizing its role in post-WWII Poland? -- ExplorerCDT

Wikimedia meetup Central and Eastern Europe
Hi there! I thought you might be intrested in helping out a bit with the organization of this meetup. The actual idea of a CEE Meetup was proposed by Ronline from Romania but, as it turned out, there were 3 people from Romania willing to participate and close to 20 form Poland (see Wikimedia meetup Central and Eastern Europe for details).

So... Now we're taking matters into our own hands. ;) Take a look at Wikimedia meetup Central and Eastern Europe/Poland if you find the time. All sugestions and ideas welcome. Cheers, TOR 08:30, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) P.S. Good God, it felt strange to write to a Pole in English... Didn't want to mess your talk page up, though. :P

Play.png and Search.png
I'd like to change the search form at Www.wikipedia.org template/temp to use your design, but I can't find the "Play.png" and "Search.png" images referred to by Www.wikipedia.org template/Forseti. Please could you upload them, or let me know where you have already uploaded them. —AlanBarrett 19:44, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Foreigner
I've taken on the task of spliting the Foreigner page, which mostly dealt with the band Foreigner. Many other pages link to the now disambig page. I have been going through the pages and unlinking any uses of foreigner that mean stranger. I have no problem with this as Wikipedia is not a dictionary. However, I didn't want to unlink foreigner in the Mediation (culture) page as it would weaken the page. You appear to be the only editor of this page, so I'm leaving this note in your Talk page. Any ideas? Your dear friend Acjelen 23:58, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Polish Wikipedians' notice board
zapraszam.--Witkacy 13:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Just a quick note
I rmember you were rahter active here with the WoD content... the people from Wolfspoor have started a White Wolf wiki that is in pretty dire need of extra submissions... So in case you do have the time to tag in and help check http://whitewolf.wikicities.com/wiki/Main_Page --Asmodai June 29, 2005 16:51 (UTC)

Sacrum
Hi Forseti,

I see you haven't edited for some time so I guess this is a long shot, but in case you see this message, an editor raised a question at Talk:Midnight concerning material you added. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 07:39, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi again,

 * Not sure how often you check Wikipedia these days, but I'm just letting you know a couple of contributors have requested clarification regarding the cultural meanings of midnight section; see this edit and the pre-existing tags. It looks to me like really valuable content, especially if it's not described in any English source, but its utility would be much greater if it could be made a little more specific.  Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 14:49, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

File:New-wikipedia-article-layout.jpg needs authorship information
Dear uploader:

The media file you uploaded as File:New-wikipedia-article-layout.jpg appears to be missing information as to its authorship (and or source), or if you did provide such information, it is confusing for others trying to make use of the image.

It would be appreciated if you would consider updating the file description page, to make the authorship of the media clearer.

Although some images may not need author information in obvious cases, (such where an applicable source is provided), authorship information aids users of the image, and helps ensure that appropriate credit is given (a requirement of some licenses).

 * If you created this media yourself, please consider explicitly including your user name, for which: will produce an appropriate expansion, or use the own template.

 * If this is an old image, for which the authorship is unknown or impossible to determine, please indicate this on the file description page.

If you have any questions please see Help:File page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 12:03, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Mediation (magic)

The article Mediation (magic) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Totally fails WP:NOR, WP:CITE, and WP:NPOV. If fixed, would still be more appropriate as a section in the main meditation article.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Ian.thomson (talk) 00:36, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Forseti


text:
User talk:Mp623

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 07:46, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 23:29, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Oekenzaburo.jpg
 * Fair use should cover it. There is a  tag for exactly this sort of usage.  I've applied that tag to the image.  Thanks!  Kbh3rd 16:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re: Tsushima Yuko, Hi! Since I don't know which datum is in error, I bring it to your attention. Best wishes, FrankB
 * I just passed by this article due to an ongoing survey of matters involving 'Tsushima', viz., Tsushima City, Tsushima District, et al. as part of evaluatin whether a compromise on a MOVE TO (rename) Tsushima Islands, to the singular, or create a Tsushima (Disambigulation), etc. are better choices. These matters are going a formal vote on Talk:Tsushima Islands, and your POV is welcomed as there has been a nasty edit war going on — as I appealed for help with on the Japanese Interests BB yesterday. Three juveniles with nothing better to do except squabble! Bring a fire hose, and cast a vote — it's not MY country!
 * In any event you authored the subject article, Tsushima Yuko, and there is an obvious math flaw in the article. If she was born in 1947, and started writting when 21, she would first have written in 1968, Not 1974 as the article states.
 * [[User:Fabartus|FrankB || TalktoMe]] 01:23, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You just got that in there in time--I was about to archieve. Thanks for the Vote. User:Fabartus || Talkto_FrankB 6 July 2005 15:49 (UTC)

Interested in Marukis' biography ?
Hello,

I'm interested in their life and work and I see that you have started and written the article about the The Hiroshima Panels. I see that you contribute to many articles about Japan as well. Are you related to anyone at the museum or did you know them during their lifetime ? Or did you just decided to write the article knowing their moral value ?

Regards, KungFuMonkey 00:21, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your message. I had a few informations about the museum but I wasn't sure if books were dedicated to their work beside the few I had seen. Actually the informations I have come from relatives (involved in setting up some events dedicated to the Panels in the late 70s). It's always nice to hear about their work!

Regards, KFM

Image copyright problem with Image:Hiroshima Panels - II Fire.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Hiroshima Panels - II Fire.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 14:36, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mp623


text:
Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.

Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23 (2003), was a copyright and trademark case of the Supreme Court of the United States involving the applicability of the Lanham Act to a work in the public domain.

Background
In 1948, Fox obtained the exclusive rights to create a television series, Crusade in Europe, based on a 1948 book Crusade in Europe, written by Dwight Eisenhower and published by Doubleday. The 26-episode series showed World War II film footage from the US military and other sources, with a voice soundtrack based on a narration of the book. In 1975, Doubleday renewed the copyright on the book. Fox, however, did not renew the copyright on the TV series and so the show entered the public domain in 1977.

In 1988, Fox reacquired the television rights to the book and licensed it to other companies the right to distribute Crusade in Europe on video. In 1995, Dastar purchased Betacam videotapes of the original TV series, copied the tapes, edited them to about half the original length, created new packaging, and sold the TV series as World War II Campaigns in Europe. The new videotapes and advertising mentioned Dastar and its employees as the producer but did not mention the original Crusade in Europe book, TV series, or producers.

Fox sued in 1998 by claiming that Dastar had infringed the copyright to the Crusade in Europe book and that under the Lanham Act, it had illegally done a "reverse passing off" by passing off the work of others as its own work. The district court found for Fox and awarded it double the profits that Dastar had made. The Court of Appeals reversed the copyright claim and sent it back to the district court on remand, but it upheld the "reverse passing off" Lanham Act ruling and affirmed the award of double the profits.

Decision
The U.S. Supreme Court, ruling only on the "reverse passing off" claim, reversed the decisions of the appeals court and district court, ruling 8–0 in favor of Dastar. The Court reasoned that although the Lanham Act forbids a reverse passing off, the rule regarding the misuse of trademarks is trumped by the fact that once a copyrighted work (or even a patented invention) enters into the public domain, anyone in the public may do anything with the work, with or without attribution to the author.

Justice Antonin Scalia, writing in the decision, noted that the Court in the past has held that the Lanham Act "does not exist to reward manufacturers for their innovation in creating a particular device; that is the purpose of the patent law and its period of exclusivity." Therefore, claims about authorship cannot be used as an end-run around the underlying philosophy of a time limit on exclusive ownership of a copyright or patent. Allowing such restrictions on a public domain work would serve, Scalia wrote, "to create a species of mutant copyright law that limits the public's 'federal right to "copy and to use"' expired copyrights," and that would effectively create "a species of perpetual patent and copyright, which Congress may not do," according to Article I of the US Constitution.

Scalia noted that if Dastar had instead purchased the post-1988 videotapes and copied them, that would have been a clear copyright infringement.

Analysis
In reconciling this case with the earlier Eldred v. Ashcroft, Kurt M. Saunders considered Dastar a reassurance from the Supreme Court that, although Eldred said Congress was free to extend copyright durations, a work outside of copyright was free to use.

Subsequent history
On remand, the district court, after the Supreme Court's ruling, dismissed Twentieth Century Fox's Lanham Act claims as well as analogous California state law unfair competition claims. The only remaining issue was whether the plaintiffs had a copyright in the underlying work, Eisenhower's book Crusade in Europe. The district court held a bench trial and determined that the plaintiffs owned a valid copyright in the book and that Dastar had infringed that copyright by including portions of the book's narrative in its film version. Dastar appealed, but the Ninth Circuit affirmed.


text:
Pakal (disambiguation)

Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal (603–683) was ajaw of the Maya city-state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology.

Pakal may also refer to:

Items relating to the Mayans
Pakal (also spelled Pacal; meaning "shield" in several Mayan languages) forms the (common) name or part of the full name of several pre-Columbian Maya personages identified in the monumental inscriptions of sites in the Maya region of Mesoamerica. As such this may also refer to:

At Palenque:
 * Janahb Pakal (died 612), a.k.a. Janaab' Pakal; Pakal "the Elder", nobleman of Palenque
 * Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II (fl. c. 742), a.k.a. Upakal K'inich; U Pakal K'inich, 15th ruler
 * Janaab Pakal III (fl. c. 799), a.k.a. 6 Kimi Pakal, Janaab' Pakal III; 18th and last known named ruler.

At Chichen Itza:
 * Kʼakʼupakal (fl. 9th century), a.k.a. K'ak' Upakal; mid to late 9th century ruler at Chichen Itza

At Yaxchilan:
 * Lady Pacal (died 705) of Yaxchilan

Places in Iran

 * Pakal, Fars
 * Pakal, Markazi

Other uses

 * Pakal (film), a 2006 Indian Malayalam-language film
 * Pakal Dul Dam, proposed in India
 * Pakal Nakshatrangal, a 2008 Indian Malayalam-language film by Rajeev Nath

title: Pakal (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:List of people who disappeared mysteriously

Page size (again)
A discussion at Village_pump_(technical) -- User:Sphilbrick is an OTRS volunteer and reports a ticket was submitted regarding a technical problem with this page. Users in different countries are having trouble loading the page, intermittently. Sphilbrick believes it could be due to page size. I agree. The page size is now interfering with users ability to load and read it. -- Green  C  13:23, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The article half-way point is roughly 1970 with about equal amounts before and after. So we could have List of people who disappeared mysteriously (pre-1970) and List of people who disappeared mysteriously (post-1970). 1970 is also conveniently unix time "day 0" so there is some logic to it, though the split can always be re-adjusted in the future as the post-1970 list gets longer. -- Green  C  13:28, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree that it ought to be considered for splitting, even if someone were to conclude that the recent problem wasn't size related. Per article size guidelines: Article_size 100 K is a suggested upper bound. The guideline notes that list articles might be an exception, but I believe the rationale for that exception is that the nature of some it list articles is that there may not be convenient break points. Given the chronological nature of this article, time periods could be used.

 * This article is currently about 350 K. With a suggested upper bound of 100 K, it might be better to consider breaking into four time periods which would allow a little room for growth. If you would like an example, take a look at List of colors: A–F, List of colors: G–M, and List of colors: N–Z. Note that they have a common talk page, which I think makes sense.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  14:04, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * 4 lists of about equal size would be:
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1940
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1940-1979
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1980-1999
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 21st century
 * Would need some tuning on creation to check article size. Changed "(pre-1940") to ": pre-1940" because parenthesis are usually used for disambiguation and this is a part of the article title, similar to List of colors: A–F-- Green  C  14:48, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * 100k is for "readable prose (found by counting the words, perhaps with the help of Shubinator's DYK tool or Prosesize) and not to wiki markup size (as found on history lists or other means)"; the article is actually not that big; Barack Obama is 335k (and an FA). Galobtter (pingó mió) 11:13, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It's currently about 150k for readable prose . And one thing we can count on, this list is going to continue growing. It's already a beast to load and save. Since multiple users are reporting they can't read it at all, now would be the time to split it up. Could split in half if 4 is too many. -- Green  C  13:36, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It loads fairly quickly here but I agree with splitting into multiple lists, as was done at List of fires back in January beginning with this edit when it was 157741 bytes. I suggest creating the following articles:
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1940
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1940-1979
 * List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1980-1999
 * with this article retaining the post-1999 entries. Sections in this article would refer the reader to the other articles, as was done at List of fires. This article would then consist of the most recent disappearances. Akld guy (talk) 16:56, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Readers may have equal interest across all time periods, and prioritizing one presents a problem that someone may later argue the earliest period should come first. Similar to List of colors, there can be a List of people who disappeared which aggregates all the different lists and articles dealing with disappearances (probably at least 10). This article would redirect there creating a dual use solution. -- Green  C  20:16, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

I made a bold move by splitting the list in half which is the most conservative option while staying withing guidelines for list size. I also followed the suggestion of keeping this talk page and redirecting both new article talk pages here. An attribution statement is below since this common talk page serves both lists. -- Green  C  00:13, 20 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This behemoth is a level of absurdity, that Wiki just doesn't see. There is no barrier for "mysteriously" and this page has been expanded to basically include all missing persons ever. A straightforward abduction is not a mystery. Why is any editor essentially attempting to copy the entirety of every missing persons database in first world countries? Many of the linked articles are created stubs, with no real information either. It creates a loop that basically sends you to a main page for - missing persons everywhere. In fact, the pre-80's list is more in line with mysterious disappearances, situations which have been covered in media by appearance, whereas the omnibus post 70's is a generic listing of any age. There should be criteria for inclusion for "mysteriously" disappeared, or separate pages delineating general missing persons against mysterious circumstances should be created. Not finding remains isn't equal to "mysteriously disappeared" (see: Stacy Ann Peterson). 24.96.115.214 (talk) 03:50, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Content attribution for list split per WP:COPYWITHIN
Two articles were created List of people who disappeared mysteriously: pre-1970 and List of people who disappeared mysteriously: post-1970 by copy and paste from the original article List of people who disappeared mysteriously -- all content is attributed to the original article history. The talk page is retained -- Green  C  00:10, 20 August 2018 (UTC)

James Litterick and Liu Menggeng
Are these really disappearances? Or just someone who we don't have a contemporary record of their later years? I think this is just a case of someone who, at best, their date of death is unknown. I've Googled them, and it doesn't seem to be a missing persons case. I would like some feedback on whether we can remove them from this list, and update their Wiki page to denote that simply their date of death is unknown, not that they disappeared. StrangeApparition2011 (talk) 04:03, 13 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Possible, in the case of James Litterick. Liu Menggeng is rather more mysterious.-- Auric   talk  23:53, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion query
Hey there, I was just browsing the list, and I couldn't help think that perhaps Etan Patz's case should potentially be moved to List of solved missing persons cases, as his kidnapper/murderer did confess, and besides that, he has since been declared legally dead, leading me to beleive that his case could be regarded as solved, however, I'm seeking consensus first. Fhsig13 (talk) 19:55, 30 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Since there's been a conviction in the case, yes. Daniel Case (talk) 18:14, 4 September 2018 (UTC)

Constantine XI Palaiologos
As of this edit, if not earlier, the last emperor of the Romans is included. However, except for those who believe he was supernaturally taken away to a mysterious place to fulfill some prophecy, it is clear that he died in combat when the Ottomans conquered Constantinople. There is even one account that his headless corpse was identified by the purple boots on the feet. So the likelihood that he did not disappear mysteriously is quite good & he should be removed from this list. -- llywrch (talk) 16:07, 16 October 2018 (UTC)


text:
Red-rumped swallow

The red-rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It breeds in open hilly country of temperate southern Europe and Asia from Portugal and Spain to Japan, India, Sri Lanka and tropical Africa. The Indian and African birds are resident, but European and other Asian birds are migratory. They winter in Africa or India and are vagrants to Christmas Island and northern Australia.

Red-rumped swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to the other aerial insectivores, such as the related swallows and the unrelated swifts (order Apodiformes). They have blue upperparts and dusky underparts.

They resemble barn swallows, but are darker below and have pale or reddish rumps, face and neck collar. They lack a breast band, but have black undertails. They are fast fliers and they swoop on insects while airborne. They have broad but pointed wings.

Red-rumped swallows build quarter-sphere nests with a tunnel entrance lined with mud collected in their beaks, and lay 3 to 6 eggs. They normally nest under cliff overhangs in their mountain homes, but will readily adapt to buildings such as mosques and bridges.

They do not normally form large breeding colonies, but are gregarious outside the breeding season. Many hundreds can be seen at a time on the plains of India.

Taxonomy
The red-rumped swallow was formally described by Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and natural scientist Erik Laxmann in 1769 as Hirundo daurica, using a specimen from Mount Schlangen, near Zmeinogorsk, Russia. It is now usually placed in the genus Cecropis created by German scientist Friedrich Boie in 1826, although it is arguable how distinct this genus is from Hirundo, and some authorities retain it in that genus. Boie's genus name Cecropis is from the Ancient Greek for an Athenian woman. The specific daurica is derived from Dauria, a mountainous region to the east of Lake Baikal in Russia. The alternative genus Hirundo is the Latin word for "swallow". Some authorities consider the West African swallow to be a subspecies of the red-rumped swallow.

This species is believed to form a superspecies complex with Cecropis striolata. The widely distributed population shows a lot of variation and several have been named as subspecies. Many of these are migratory and overlap in their wintering ranges and field identification of these forms is not reliable. The Sri Lankan breeding population hyperythra is a resident, and are now usually considered a distinct species, the Sri Lanka swallow. The underparts are deep chestnut and the nuchal collar is not well marked.

The population in mainland India, C. d. erythropygia, has the rump patch uniform dark chestnut without any dark shaft-streaks. The tail fork is shallow and the white patch on the inner web of the outer-tail feathers is indistinct. C. d. japonica breeds in eastern Asia and winters in Thailand, Burma, India and northern Australia. They are heavily streaked on the underside and have faint streaks on the rump. The population along the Himalayas, C. d. nipalensis, migrates to peninsular India in winter and breeds from Kulu in the west to Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh in the east. This population has the rump paler with dark shaft streaks. Subspecies C. d. rufula of Southern Europe, the Iberian Peninsula east to Baluchistan and Kashmir is resident and winters further south. The chestnut of rump fades to white towards the tail base. The nominate population breeds in Mongolia and Trans-Baikailia wintering in South and Southeast Asia. Subspecies C. d. gephyra of inner Mongolia is considered indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies. The African populations include C. d. kumboensis from the highlands of Sierra Leone and Cameroon; C. d. melanocrissus of the Ethiopian highlands and C. d. emini of Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Zambia. Many of the variations are separable only on tail and wing lengths and these vary with overlap across populations.

Distribution and habitat
The red-rumped swallow breeds across southern Europe and Asia east to southern Siberia and Japan. These populations, along with Moroccan birds, are migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa or south Asia. There are resident races in Africa in a broad belt from West Africa east to Ethiopia and then south to Tanzania, and most Indian and Sri Lanka breeders are also year-round residents. The African and Asian subspecies may undertake local seasonal movements. This species is a regular vagrant outside its breeding range.

Behaviour and ecology
These swallows are usually found over grassland where they hawk insects. They may sometimes take advantage of grass fires and grazing cattle that flush insects into the air.

Breeding
It is thought that the sequence "open-nest" to "closed nest" to "retort nest" represents the evolutionary development in the mud-building swallows, and individual species follow this order of construction. A retort builder like red-rumped swallow starts with an open cup, closes it, and then builds the entrance tunnel. It has been proposed that the development of closed nests reduced competition between males for copulations with the females. Since mating occurs inside the nest, the difficulty of access means other males are excluded. This reduction in competition permits the dense breeding colonies typical of the Delichon and Petrochelidon genera, but colonial breeding is not inevitable; most Cecropis species are solitary nesters.

Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the organisation responsible for assessing the conservation status of species. A species is assessed as subject to varying levels of threat if it has a small, fragmented or declining range, or if the total population is less than 10,000 mature individuals, or numbers have dropped by more than 10% in ten years or with a continuing decline over generations. The red-rumped swallow has a huge range and a population numbered in millions. It is not known to be seriously declining in range or numbers, so it is classed as Least Concern.

The red-rumped swallow is extending its range northward in Europe, colonising France and Romania in recent decades. The European population is estimated at 100,000 to 430,000 breeding pairs or 300,000 to 1,290,000 individuals.

title: Red-rumped swallow


text:
User talk:Lgadi~enwiki

Hello Lgadi, welcome to Wikipedia. The article you created at Ichilov Hospital appears to be copied from http://www.tasmc.org.il/main/index.ie.php3?f=4&dep=344&sec=344&id=344〈=e. Unless you are the author of the original information and you are able to release it under the GFDL then the page will need to be deleted. Please see Copyrights for further information. Even if this is a copyright violation, we would still welcome any original contributions from you. See the instructions on how to edit a page for more info. Thanks. Angela 08:10, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Lgadi. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Lgadi~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:20, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lgadi~enwiki


text:
Eumetazoa

Eumetazoa, also known as diploblasts, Epitheliozoa or Histozoa, are a proposed basal animal clade as a sister group of Porifera (sponges). The basal eumetazoan clades are the Ctenophora and the ParaHoxozoa. Placozoa is now also seen as a eumetazoan in the ParaHoxozoa. The competing hypothesis is the Myriazoa clade.

Several other extinct or obscure life forms, such as Iotuba and Thectardis, appear to have emerged in the group. Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers, the presence of neurons and muscles, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.

Some phylogenists once speculated the sponges and eumetazoans evolved separately from different single-celled organisms, which would have meant that the animal kingdom does not form a clade (a complete grouping of all organisms descended from a common ancestor). However, genetic studies and some morphological characteristics, like the common presence of choanocytes, now unanimously support a common origin.

Traditionally, eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria – all animals except the sponges. When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom. The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group, but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole. Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa.

Taxonomy
A widely accepted hypothesis, based on molecular data (mostly 18S rRNA sequences), divides Bilateria into four superphyla: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Platyzoa (sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa). The last three groups are also collectively known as Protostomia.

However, some skeptics emphasize inconsistencies in the new data. The zoologist Claus Nielsen argues in his 2001 book Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla for the traditional divisions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia.

Evolutionary origins
It has been suggested that one type of molecular clock and one approach to interpretation of the fossil record both place the evolutionary origins of eumetazoa in the Ediacaran. However, the earliest eumetazoans may not have left a clear impact on the fossil record and other interpretations of molecular clocks suggest the possibility of an earlier origin. The discoverers of Vernanimalcula describe it as the fossil of a bilateral triploblastic animal that appeared at the end of the Marinoan glaciation prior to the Ediacaran period, implying an even earlier origin for eumetazoans.

title: Eumetazoa


text:
Jim Thompson (designer)

James Harrison Wilson Thompson (March 21, 1906 – disappeared March 26, 1967; declared dead 1974) was an American businessman who helped revitalize the Thai silk industry in the 1950s and 1960s. At the time of his disappearance he was one of the most famous Americans living in Asia. Time magazine claimed he "almost singlehanded(ly) saved Thailand's vital silk industry from extinction".

Early life
Jim Thompson was born in Greenville, Delaware in 1906. He was the youngest of five children of Henry and Mary Wilson Thompson. His father was a wealthy textile manufacturer; his mother was the daughter of James Harrison Wilson (1837–1925), a noted Union general during the American Civil War.

Thompson spent his early years of education at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He graduated from Princeton University in 1928, and represented the United States in the 6-Metre Sailing event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Post-graduate studies followed at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Architecture, but he did not complete his degree at this institution due to his weakness in calculus.

From 1931 to 1940, he practiced in New York City with Holden, McLaughlin & Associates, designing homes for the East Coast rich. During this period, he led an active social life and sat on the board of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.

In 1941, he quit his job and enlisted with the Delaware National Guard. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, he was transferred to a military outpost in Fort Monroe, Virginia. While he was here, he got to know Second Lieutenant Edwin Fahey Black, a fresh graduate from the US Military Academy, West Point. It was Black who encouraged him to join the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency.

World War II activities

At the height of the Second World War, Thompson was recruited by Major General William Joseph Donovan (1883–1959) to serve as an operative in the OSS.

His first assignment was with the French Resistance in North Africa. He was then sent to Europe. After Victory in Europe Day (May 7–8, 1945), he was transferred to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to work with the pro-Allied Free Thai Movement (Seri Thai). Their mission was to help liberate Thailand from the occupying Japanese Army. The group had the support of Pridi Panomyong, the regent to King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand, and Seni Pramoj, the Thai ambassador to the United States.

In August 1945, Thompson was about to be sent into Thailand, when the surrender of Japan officially ended World War II. He arrived in Thailand shortly after Victory over Japan Day and organized the Bangkok OSS office. It was here he got to know Constance (Connie) Mangskau, an Allied Services translator, who later became one of his closest friends.

In the spring of 1946, Thompson went to work as a military attaché at the United States legation for his former Princeton classmate Charles Woodruff Yost, the US Minister to Thailand. It was the start of Thompson's eleven year affair with Yost's wife, Irena. In 1950, she had a child, but neither Thompson nor Yost could establish paternity prior to DNA testing.

Thompson used his contacts with the Free Thai and Free Laos (Lao Issara) groups to gather information and defuse conflicts on Thailand's borders. Working with him in the legation was Kenneth Landon, an American missionary whose wife, Margaret Landon, was the author of Anna and the King of Siam, which was the inspiration for the 1946 film of the same name, and the 1956 film The King and I.

Return to private industry

In late 1946, Thompson headed for home to seek his discharge from the army. After his divorce from Patricia Thraves (1920–1969), he returned to Thailand to join a group of investors to buy The Oriental Hotel in Bangkok. While working on its restoration, he had some differences with his associates and this resulted in him giving up his shares in the company. He subsequently switched his focus to silk trade.

In 1948 he partnered with George Barrie to found the Thai Silk Company Limited. It was capitalized at $25,000. They each owned 18% of the shares, and the remaining 64% were sold to Thai and foreign investors.

The firm achieved a coup in 1951 when designer Irene Sharaff made use of Thai silk fabrics for the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, The King and I. From then on, the company prospered.

Besides inventing the bright jewel tones and dramatic color combinations today associated with Thai silk, Thompson raised thousands of Thailand's poorest people out of poverty. His determination to keep his company cottage-based was significant for the women who made up the bulk of his work force. By allowing them to work at home, they retained their position in the household while becoming breadwinners. It was only after Thompson's disappearance that the Thai Silk Company relocated its weaving operations to Korat, a city which serves as a base of operations for the Royal Thai Army. Although it abandoned home-based weaving in favor of factories in the early 1970s, the Thai Silk Company's facility in Amphoe Pak Thong Chai, Korat, presents itself more as a beautifully landscaped campus than a typical factory.

Thompson's "House on the Klong"

Thompson was unlike any other figure in Southeast Asia. He was an American, an ex-architect, a retired army officer, a one-time spy, a silk merchant and a renowned collector of antiques. Most of Thompson's treasures, if not all, were amassed after he came to Thailand.

In 1958, Thompson began what was to be the pinnacle of his architectural achievement – the construction of a new home to showcase his objets d'art.

Using parts of old up-country houses – some as old as a hundred years – Thompson succeeded in constructing a masterpiece that involved the reassembling of six Thai dwellings on his estate. Most of the units were dismantled and brought over by river from Ayutthaya, but the largest – a weaver's house (now the living room) – came from Bangkrua. On arrival, the woodwork was offloaded and pieced together.

In his quest for authenticity, Thompson saw to it that some of the structures were elevated a full floor above the ground. During the construction stage, he added his own touches to the buildings by positioning, for instance, a central staircase indoors rather than having it outside. Along the way, Thompson also reversed the wall panels of his quarters so that it now faced inside instead of it having an external orientation.

After Thompson was through with its creation, he filled his home with the items he had collected in the past. Decorating his rooms were Chinese blue-and-white Ming pieces, Belgian glass, Cambodian carvings, Victorian-era chandeliers, Benjarong earthenware, Thai stone images, Burmese statues, and a dining table which was once used by King Rama V of Thailand.

Thompson dedicated nearly a year to the meticulous creation of his opulent mansion. Today, transformed into a museum, the Jim Thompson House is conveniently accessible via public or private transportation. Renowned for its architectural splendor and historical significance, the site has garnered widespread acclaim among tourists, earning a coveted spot in the top 5 must-visit places in Bangkok according to TripAdvisor's 2022 rankings.

Disappearance
Thompson disappeared from Malaysia's Cameron Highlands after going for a walk on Sunday, March 26, 1967. His disappearance from the hill station generated one of the largest land searches in Southeast Asian history, and remains one of the most famous mysteries in the region. Over the years, many theories have been advanced to explain his disappearance, but no definitive answer has ever emerged. Thompson was declared dead in absentia by a Thai court in 1974.

News articles

 * (part 1 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (June 4, 2015). "The Mysterious Disappearance and Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 16. (part 2 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (July 2, 2015). "Continuing the Search for the 'Silk King'". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 3 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (August 6, 2015). "The Last Stop in the Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 4 of a 4-part series).
 * (part 1 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (June 4, 2015). "The Mysterious Disappearance and Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 16. (part 2 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (July 2, 2015). "Continuing the Search for the 'Silk King'". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 3 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (August 6, 2015). "The Last Stop in the Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 4 of a 4-part series).
 * (part 1 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (June 4, 2015). "The Mysterious Disappearance and Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 16. (part 2 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (July 2, 2015). "Continuing the Search for the 'Silk King'". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 3 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (August 6, 2015). "The Last Stop in the Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 4 of a 4-part series).
 * (part 1 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (June 4, 2015). "The Mysterious Disappearance and Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 16. (part 2 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (July 2, 2015). "Continuing the Search for the 'Silk King'". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 3 of a 4-part series).
 * Toulmin, Llewellyn (August 6, 2015). "The Last Stop in the Search for Jim Thompson". The Montgomery Sentinel. Montgomery County, Maryland. p. 19. (part 4 of a 4-part series).

title: Jim Thompson (designer)


text:
Harpy eagle

The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a large neotropical species of eagle. It is also called the American harpy eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan eagle, which is sometimes known as the New Guinea harpy eagle or Papuan harpy eagle. It is the largest and most powerful bird of prey found throughout its range, and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world. It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of its former range, and it is nearly extirpated from much of Central America. In Brazil, the harpy eagle is also known as royal-hawk (in gavião-real). The genus Harpia, together with Harpyopsis, Macheiramphus and Morphnus, form the subfamily Harpiinae.

Taxonomy
The harpy eagle was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Vultur harpyja, after the mythological beast harpy. It is now the only species placed in the genus Harpia that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot. The harpy eagle is most closely related to the crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis), the Papuan eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae) and the bat hawk (Macheiramphus alcinus), the four composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be closely related, the Philippine eagle has been shown by DNA analysis to belong elsewhere in the raptor family, as it is related to the Circaetinae.

The specific name harpyja and the word "harpy" in the common name both come from Ancient Greek harpyia. They refer to the harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits who flew the dead to Hades or Tartarus, purported to have the lower body and talons of a raptor and the head of a woman, standing anywhere from the height of a tall child to as high as a grown man; some depictions have the creatures possessing an eagle-like body with the exposed breasts of an elderly female human, a giant wingspan and the head of a grotesque, sharp-toothed, mutant eagle—something more akin to a goblin with wings.

Description
The upperside of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the white belly. The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a double crest. The upperside of the tail is black with three gray bands, while the underside of it is black with three white bands. The irises are gray or brown or red, the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of males and females is identical. The tarsus is up to 13 cm long.

Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg. One source states that adult females can weigh up to 10 kg. An exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg. Being captive, however, this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild harpy eagles due to differences in the food availability. The male, in comparison, is much smaller and may range in weight from 4 to 6 kg. The average weight of adult males has been reported as 4.4 to 4.8 kg against an average of 7.3 to 8.3 kg for adult females, a 35% or higher difference in mean body mass. Harpy eagles may measure from 86.5 to 107 cm in total length and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm. Among the standard measurements, the wing chord measures 54 - 63 cm, the tail measures 37 - 42 cm, the tarsus is 11.4 - 13 cm long, and the exposed culmen from the cere (the beak) is 4.2 to 6.5 cm. Mean talon size is 8.6 cm (3.4 in) in males, and 12.3 cm (4.8 in) in females.

It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine eagle, which is somewhat longer on average (between sexes averaging 100 cm) but weighs slightly less, and the Steller's sea eagle, which is perhaps slightly heavier on average (mean of three unsexed birds was 7.75 kg).

The harpy eagle may be the largest bird species to reside in Central America, though large water birds such as American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and jabirus (Jabiru mycteria) have scarcely lower mean body masses. The wingspan of the harpy eagle is relatively small, though the wings are quite broad, an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats. The wingspan of the harpy eagle is surpassed by several large eagles that live in more open habitats, such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera. The extinct Haast's eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles, including the harpy.

This species is largely silent away from the nest. There, the adults give a penetrating, weak, melancholy scream, with the incubating males' call described as "whispy screaming or wailing". The females' calls while incubating are similar, but are lower-pitched. While approaching the nest with food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls, and occasional sharp screams". Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age, while the nestlings become more vocal. The nestlings call chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm in response to rain or direct sunlight. When humans approach the nest, the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks, quacks, and whistles.

Distribution and habitat
Relatively rare and elusive throughout its range, the harpy eagle is found from southern México (incl. Chiapas, Oaxaca and the Yucatán states) and south through Central America, into South America to as far south as Argentina. They can still be seen by tourists and locals in Costa Rica and Panamá. As their preferred habitat is rainforest, they nest and hunt predominantly in the emergent layer. The eagle is most common in Brazil, where it is found across the entire country. With the exception of some areas of the aforementioned Panamá and Costa Rica, the species is nearly extinct in Central America, likely due to the logging industry’s decimation of much of the Meso-American rainforests. Their habitat is expected to decline further due to climate change. The harpy eagle prefers tropical, lowland rainforests and may also choose to nest within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation. They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m, but have been recorded at elevations up to 2000 m. Within the forests, they hunt in the canopy or, rarely, on the ground, and perch on emergent trees to scout for prey. They do not generally occur in disturbed areas, avoiding humans whenever possible, but regularly visit semi-open forest and pasture mosaic, in hunting forays. Harpies, however, can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas, buriti palm stands, cultivated fields, and cities. They have recently been found in areas where high-grade forestry is practiced.

Feeding
Full grown harpy eagles are at the top of a food chain. They possess the largest talons of any living eagle and have been recorded as carrying prey weighing up to roughly half of their own body weight. This allows them to snatch from tree branches a live sloth and other large prey items. Most commonly, harpy eagles use perch hunting, in which they scan for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree. Upon spotting prey, the eagle quickly dives and grabs it. Sometimes, harpy eagles are "sit-and-wait" predators (common in forest-dwelling raptors), perching for long periods on a high point near an opening, a river, or a salt lick, where many mammals go to attain nutrients. On occasion, they may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy. They have also been observed tail-chasing: pursuing another bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees and branches, a predation style common to hawks (genus Accipiter) that hunt birds.

A recent literature review and research using camera traps list a total of 116 prey species. Its main prey are tree-dwelling mammals, and a majority of the diet has been shown to focus on sloths. Research conducted by Aguiar-Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a nesting site in Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil, collected remains from prey offered to the nestling by its parents. The researchers found that 79% of the harpy's prey was accounted for by sloths from two species: 39% brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), and 40% Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus). Similar research in Panama, where two captive-bred subadults were released, found that 52% of the male's captures and 54% of the female's were of two sloth species (brown-throated sloth and Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni). Harpy eagles are capable of hunting all size of sloths, including full-grown adult two-toed sloths weighing up to 9 kg.

Another major prey of harpy eagles is monkeys. At several nests in Guyana, monkeys made up about 37% of the prey remains found at the nests. Similarly, cebid monkeys made up 35% of the remains found at 10 nests in Amazonian Ecuador. Monkeys regularly taken include capuchin monkeys, saki monkeys, howler monkeys, titi monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and spider monkeys. Smaller monkeys, such as tamarins and marmosets, are, however, seemingly ignored as prey by this species. Small monkeys typically weighing between 1 and 4 kg, such as Wedge-capped capuchin (Cebus olivaceus), tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella), and white-faced saki (Pithecia pithecia) are the most frequently taken. Larger howler monkeys are also taken, mainly Colombian red howler (Alouatta seniculus), but also Guyanan red howler (Alouatta macconnelli) and mantled howler (Alouatta palliata). These monkeys weigh between 5.5 and 8.2 kg in females and 7.2 to 9 kg in males, and female harpy eagles can take all age of these howlers, including adult males, while male harpy eagles tend to focus on juveniles. In one study, breeding harpy eagles hunted Yucatán black howler (Alouatta pigra), the largest howler monkey which can weigh between 6.4 and 11.3 kg, although the ages of the monkeys taken by these eagles are unknown. Nevertheless, adults of other large monkeys can be taken by female harpy eagles, including woolly monkey (Lagothrix cana) and Peruvian spider monkey (Ateles chamek), and red-faced spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) which can weigh around 5.8 to 9.4 kg and possibly exceeding 10 to 11 kg in large males.

Other partially arboreal and even land mammals are also preyed on given the opportunity. In the Pantanal, a pair of nesting eagles preyed largely on the porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) and the agouti (Dasyprocta azarae). Both species of tamanduas (Tamandua mexicana & T. tetradactyla) are taken and armadillos, especially nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) are also taken, as well as carnivores such as kinkajous (Potos flavus), coatis (Nasua nasua & N. narcia), tayras (Eira barbara), and occasionally margays (Leopardus wiedii) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous). In one instant, an adult greater grison (Galictis vittata) was killed and partly consumed by subadult female harpy eagle. Those carnivoran prey species usually weigh around 1.4 to 7.2 kg, but there is a report that harpy eagles prey on possibly larger carnivores such as ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and adult crab-eating raccoon respectively. Other mammals, such as young peccaries, deer fawns, squirrels and opossums are additionally taken.

The eagle may also attack bird species such as macaws: At the Parintins research site, the red-and-green macaw (Ara chloropterus) made up for 0.4% of the prey base, with other birds amounting to 4.6%. Other parrots have also been preyed on, as well as cracids such as curassows and other birds like seriemas. In one occasion, dependent juvenile male eagle quickly learned how to hunt black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and accounted for 9 of our 10 records of harpy predation on vultures. Additional prey items reported include reptiles such as iguanas, tegus, snakes, and amphisbaenids. In Suriname, green iguanas (Iguana iguana) can be important prey source, and predation on yellow-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis denticulata) have been recorded twice.

The eagle has been recorded as taking domestic livestock, including chickens, lambs, goats, and young pigs, but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances. They control the population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys, which prey extensively on bird's eggs and which (if not naturally controlled) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species.

Males usually take relatively smaller prey, with a typical range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg or about half their own weight. The larger females take larger prey, with a minimum recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg. Adult female harpies regularly grab large male howler or spider monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to 9 kg in flight and fly off without landing, an enormous feat of strength.

Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium-sized, having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg. The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg, while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg. In another study, floaters (i.e. birds not engaging in breeding at that time) were found to take larger prey, averaging 4.24 kg, than those that were nesting, for which prey averaged 3.64 kg, with prey species estimated to weigh a mean of 1.08 kg (for common opossum) to 10.1 kg (for adult crab-eating raccoon). Overall, harpy eagle prey weigh between 0.3 kg and 6.5 kg, with the mean prey size equalling 2.6 ± 0.8 kg

Breeding
In ideal habitats, nests would be fairly close together. In some parts of Panama and Guyana, active nests were located 3 km away from one another, while they are within 5 km of each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the average distance between nests was 7.4 km and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4300 ha. In less ideal areas, with fragmented forest, breeding territories were estimated at 25 km. The female harpy eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest, which commonly measures 1.2 m deep and 1.5 m across and may be used over several years. Nests are located high up in a tree, usually in the main fork, at 16 to 43 m, depending on the stature of the local trees. The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree, one of the tallest trees in South America. In many South American cultures, cutting down the kapok tree is considered bad luck, which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle. The bird also uses other huge trees on which to build its nest, such as the Brazil nut tree. A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a cambará tree (Vochysia divergens).

No display is known between pairs of eagles, and they are believed to mate for life. A pair of harpy eagles usually only raises one chick every 2–3 years. After the first chick hatches, the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes. The egg is incubated around 56 days. When the chick is 36 days old, it can stand and walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the age of 6 months, but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months. The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet, but also takes an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest. Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age. Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to their young.

Status and conservation
Although the harpy eagle still occurs over a considerable range, its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably. It is threatened primarily by habitat loss due to the expansion of logging, cattle ranching, agriculture, and prospecting. Secondarily, it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and/or a supposed one to human life, due to its great size. Although not actually known to prey on humans and only rarely on domestic stock, the species' large size and nearly fearless behaviour around humans reportedly make it an "irresistible target" for hunters. Such threats apply throughout its range, in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only; in Brazil, it was all but wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in appreciable numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon basin; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in significant numbers in Brazilian territory on the northern side of the Equator. Scientific 1990s records, however, suggest that the harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory. Subsequent research in Brazil has established that, as of 2009, the harpy eagle, outside the Brazilian Amazon, is critically endangered in Espírito Santo, São Paulo and Paraná, endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul (where a recent (March 2015) record was set for the Parque Estadual do Turvo) and Minas Gerais – the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown.

Globally, the harpy eagle is considered vulnerable by IUCN and threatened with extinction by CITES (appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a "conservation-dependent species", meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild, as well as habitat protection, to prevent it from reaching endangered status, but now has accepted the near threatened status. The harpy eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range; in Mexico, it used to be found as far north as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as near threatened or vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range; at the southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it is found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones. It has disappeared from El Salvador, and almost so from Costa Rica.

National initiatives
Various initiatives for restoration of the species are in place in various countries. Since 2002, the Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the harpy eagle in the Darién Province. A similar—and grander, given the dimensions of the countries involved—research project is occurring in Brazil, at the National Institute of Amazonian Research, through which 45 known nesting locations (updated to 62, only three outside the Amazonian basin and all three inactive) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities. A harpy eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research. Also, a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest was made for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine.

In Panama, the Peregrine Fund carried out a captive-breeding and release project that released a total of 49 birds in Panama and Belize. The Peregrine Fund has also carried out a research and conservation project on this species since the year 2000, making it the longest-running study on harpy eagles.

In Belize, the Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola, founder and director of the Belize Zoo and the Peregrine Fund. The goal of this project was the re-establishment of the harpy eagle within Belize. The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation, shooting, and nest destruction, resulting in near extirpation of the species. Captive-bred harpy eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize, chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the harpy eagle on a regional level. As of November 2009, 14 harpy eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund, through satellite telemetry.

In January 2009, a chick from the all-but-extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept in the vicinity of the Itaipu Dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan state-owned company Itaipu Binacional. In September 2009, an adult female, after being kept captive for 12 years in a private reservation, was fitted with a radio transmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly Monte Pascoal NP), in the state of Bahia.

In December 2009, a 15th harpy eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize. The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The 15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope" by the Peregrine officials in Panama, was the "poster child" for forest conservation in Belize, a developing country, and the importance of these activities in relation to climate change. The event received coverage from Belize's major media entities, and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai Thummalapally, and British High Commissioner to Belize, Pat Ashworth.

In Colombia, as of 2007, an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba, and another couple was being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release. A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also being made in Ecuador, including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities —this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru, centred around a native community in the Tambopata Province, Madre de Dios Region. Another monitoring project, begun in 1992, was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela.

In human culture
The harpy eagle is the national bird of Panama and is depicted on the coat of arms of Panama. The 15th harpy eagle released in Belize, named "Hope", was dubbed "Ambassador for Climate Change", in light of the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009.

The bird appeared on the reverse side of the Venezuelan Bs.F 2,000 note.

The harpy eagle was the inspiration behind the design of Fawkes the Phoenix in the Harry Potter film series. A live harpy eagle was used to portray the now-extinct Haast's eagle in BBC's Monsters We Met.

Indigenous cultures
In Aztec religion the harpy eagle was sacred to Quetzalcoatl.

title: Harpy eagle