text:
Ludwig Uhland

Johann Ludwig Uhland (26 April 1787 – 13 November 1862) was a German poet, philologist, literary historian, lawyer and politician.

Biography
He was born in Tübingen, Württemberg, and studied jurisprudence at the university there, but also took an interest in medieval literature, especially old German and French poetry. Having graduated as a doctor of laws in 1810, he went to Paris for eight months to continue his studies of poetry; and from 1812 to 1814 he worked as a lawyer in Stuttgart, in the bureau of the minister of justice.

Poetry
He began his career as a poet in 1807 and 1808 by contributing ballads and lyrics to Seckendorff's Musenalmanach; and in 1812 and 1813 he wrote poems for Kerner's Poetischer Almanach and Deutscher Dichterwald. In 1815 he collected his poems in a volume entitled Vaterländische Gedichte, which almost immediately secured a wide circle of readers. To almost every new edition he added some fresh poems. His two dramatic works Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben (1818) and Ludwig der Baier (1819) are unimportant in comparison with his Gedichte.

As a lyric poet, Uhland must be classed with the writers of the German romantic movement. Like them, he found the Middle Ages appealed most strongly to his imagination. Yet his style has a precision, suppleness and grace which distinguish his most characteristic writings from those of the other German romantics. Like them, Uhland wrote poems in defense of human liberty, and in the states assembly of the Kingdom of Württemberg, he played a distinguished part as one of the most vigorous and consistent of the Old Liberals among its members.

Politics
In 1815, Württemberg was to be granted a new constitution, replacing the old constitution of the Estates of Württemberg (Landstände) which had been abolished in 1806. Uhland became a prominent proponent of the old rights of the estates during the controversy of the following years, which ended in a compromise in 1819 under William I of Württemberg. Uhland went on to serve in the newly created parliament (Landtag) from 1819 until 1826.

In 1829 he was made honorary professor of German literature at the University of Tübingen, but he resigned in 1833, when the post was found to be incompatible with his political views. In 1848 he became a member of the Frankfurt Parliament that convened in the course of the 1848 revolution.

Philology and literary history
As a Germanic and Romance philologist, Uhland must be counted among the founders of that science. Besides the treatise Ueber das altfranzösische Epos (1812) and an essay Zur Geschichte der Freischiessen (1828), there are to be especially mentioned Walther von der Vogelweide, ein altdeutscher Dichter (1822); Der Mythus von Thôr (1836), the result of the most painstaking original investigation; and the masterly collection Alte hoch- und niederdeutsche Volkslieder (1844–45; 3d ed. 1892). His poetical works were repeatedly published as Gedichte und Dramen, while his scientific work is embodied in Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage, edited by Holland, Keller, and Pfeiffer (1865–72).

He died on 13 November 1862 in Tübingen.

Translations
Longfellow translated some of his pieces into English. Alexander Platt translated his Poems (Leipzig, 1848), W. W. Skeat his Songs and Ballads (London, 1864), and W. C. Sandars his Poems (1869).

Legacy

 * One of his best-known poems is "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden", which is an integral part of military funerals.
 * A town located south of Austin, Texas, is named in his honor.
 * German composer Wilhelmine Schwertzell (1787-1863) used Uland’s text in her songs “Abschied” and “Einkehr.”
 * Lieder composer Pauline Volkstein 1849-1925) also set Uhland’s text to music.

title: Ludwig Uhland


text:
Tobermory

Tobermory may refer to:

Places

 * Tobermory, Mull, the chief town of the Isle of Mull in Scotland
 * Tobermory (whisky distillery)
 * Tobermory Single Malt Scotch whisky
 * Tobermory High School
 * Tobermory, Ontario, a town on the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada
 * Tobermory Airport

Other

 * Tobermory, the name of one of the Wombles
 * "Tobermory", a 1911 short story by Saki about a cat of the same name, part of The Chronicles of Clovis
 * Tobermory, a perceptron machine built by Frank Rosenblatt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tobermory


text:
1981 Irish general election

The 1981 Irish general election to the 22nd Dáil was held on Thursday, 11 June, following the dissolution of the 21st Dáil on 21 May by President Patrick Hillery on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey. The general election took place in 41 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas. The number of seats in the Dáil was increased by 18 from 148 under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1980.

The 22nd Dáil met at Leinster House on 30 June to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Garret FitzGerald was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 17th government of Ireland, a minority coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party.

Campaign
The general election of 1981 was the first one of five during the 1980s. The election also saw three new leaders of the three main parties fight their first general election. Charles Haughey had become Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil at the end of 1979, Garret FitzGerald was the new leader of Fine Gael and Frank Cluskey was leading the Labour Party.

Haughey and Fianna Fáil seemed extremely popular with the electorate in early 1981. He was expected to call the election at the time of the Fianna Fáil ardfheis on 14 February, but the Stardust fire caused the ardfheis to be postponed, and the Republican hunger strike in the Maze Prison began in March. By the dissolution in May, much of the earlier optimism in the party had filtered out. The Anti H-Block movement fielded abstentionist candidates in solidarity with the hunger strikers, undermining the Republican credentials of Fianna Fáil.

Fianna Fáil's manifesto promised more spending programmes and Fine Gael put forward a series of tax-cutting plans.

Result
Independents include Independent Fianna Fáil (13,546 votes, 1 seat).
 * }

Government formation
Fianna Fáil lost seats as a result of sympathy to the Anti H-Block candidates and the attractive tax proposals of Fine Gael. It was the worst performance for Fianna Fáil in twenty years. Meanwhile, Labour Party leader Frank Cluskey lost his seat, necessitating a leadership change with Michael O'Leary succeeding Cluskey. A Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government came to power. Fine Gael and the Labour Party formed the 17th Government of Ireland, a minority coalition government, with Garret FitzGerald becoming Taoiseach.

Dáil membership changes
The following changes took place at this election:
 * 20 outgoing TDs retired
 * 18 additional seats added to the Dáil
 * 127 outgoing TDs stood for re-election (also Pádraig Faulkner, the outgoing Ceann Comhairle who was automatically returned)
 * 109 of those were re-elected
 * 18 failed to be re-elected
 * 56 successor TDs were elected
 * 50 were elected for the first time
 * 6 had previously been TDs
 * There were 7 successor female TDs, replacing 3 outgoing, increasing the total by 4 to 11.

Where more than one change took place in a constituency the concept of successor is an approximation for presentation only. Where a number of related constituency changes took place in an area, such as Cork, the outgoing constituency for retiring TDs and the allocation of new seats are approximations for presentation only. Outgoing TDs re-elected in a new constituency, with no related changes, are not recorded as a change

Seanad election
The Dáil election was followed by an election to the 15th Seanad.

title: 1981 Irish general election


text:
Talk:List of military writers

Untitled

 * About Erwin Rommel Wouldn't it make more sense to list Rommel's other book Infantry Attacks, since it was published, or atleast both? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.82.203.52 (talk) 04:50, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

What is this?!!! From the article:

 * Niccolo Machiavelli, political theorist, author of The Art of War

Machiavelli wrote "The Prince" while Sun Tzu wrote "The Art of War". Did Machiavelli ever write another book named "The Art of War"? --Ankur 18:35, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, he did. As the Machiavelli article states: Dell'arte della guerra, 1519-1520 (The Art of War). You can find translations of the text at a number of places online  --Mrwojo 14:52, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh actually I did find out that Machiavelli wrote The Art of War. Just forgot to remove my question. Thanks especially for the links and sorry.

Who is this Anton Bayo? Can't find anything about him on google. --Alaz 18:59, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I thought I recognized the name, but as you said Google only points back here. I left a message on User talk:Vinay Varma (he added him). --Mrwojo 03:16, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Flavius Arrianus Xenophon
Why is Flavius Arrianus Xenophon in bold??? Jaynus _Izanagi 11:35, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Add Onasander, Stub article extant. AnnaComnemna (talk) 12:52, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of military writers


text:
Andy Kershaw

Andrew J. G. Kershaw (born 9 November 1959) is an English broadcaster and disc jockey, predominantly on radio, and known for his interest in world music.

Kershaw's shows feature a mix of country, blues, reggae, folk music, African music, spoken word performances and a wide variety of other music from around the world.

Early life and education
Kershaw was born in Littleborough, Lancashire, on 9 November 1959. His older sister is broadcaster Liz Kershaw. A headmaster and headmistress, Kershaw's parents instilled in him the ethics of education and self-improvement at an early age.

As a party trick aged two, he would name the whiskered military men in his father's history books of the Great War, but he never felt the love or pride from his parents that he got from his grandparents, who provided a home from home.

He was educated at Hulme Grammar School in Oldham where he took A-Levels in History, Economics and Spanish. He left the Economics examination halfway into the allotted time in order to attend a Bob Dylan concert but still achieved a Grade A pass in the subject. He then studied politics at the University of Leeds from which he failed to graduate, his decision to apply for a place there being solely with an eye on the position of Entertainments Secretary for Leeds University Union.

Kershaw was elected Entertainments Secretary in 1980, midway through his second year. A full-time commitment to a non-sabbatical office, he booked bands including Ian Dury, Dire Straits, the Clash, Elvis Costello, Iggy Pop and Duran Duran - the latter were paid £50 from Kershaw's own pocket to support Hazel O'Connor.

Life and career
Kershaw's first engagement after the University of Leeds was to oversee backstage operations of the Rolling Stones' epic 1982 Roundhay Park concert in Leeds.

Music broadcasting
Kershaw began work for Radio Aire as Promotions Manager, a position he used - with station presenter Martin Kelner - to ruthlessly promote the UK's third-largest town without city status, Northampton. Unintentionally, at Radio Aire, he helped to launch the media career of Carol Vorderman, and made his broadcasting debut, fronting a late night alternative show and a weekly blues programme. After being made redundant from Radio Aire in 1983, Kershaw was employed as a driver and roadie by the singer Billy Bragg.

His big break came in 1984, when he was asked to present BBC TV's flagship rock programme, The Old Grey Whistle Test, by its producer Trevor Dann, whom Kershaw had met when filming with Bragg the previous week. He subsequently recorded a television interview with his hero Bob Dylan, and a loud session from the Ramones. He co-presented BBC television coverage of Live Aid in 1985. In July 1985, Kershaw began life as a BBC Radio 1 DJ, ear-marked by the station as a possible successor to John Peel. Room 318 of Egton House was to house Kershaw, Peel and their mentor, producer John Walters, whose Reithian motto was, "We're not here to give the public what it wants. We're here to give the public what it didn't know it wanted." His weekly Radio 1 shows were characterised by their high levels of enthusiasm and musical eclecticism.

Kershaw's "boredom" with Anglo-American rock led him to seek out sounds from further afield, especially Africa. Fellow DJ Charlie Gillett introduced him to Stern's African Records shop in London, and Lucy Durán exposed him to musicians like Youssou N'Dour and Toumani Diabaté, playing impromptu sessions in her London front room. Peel and Kershaw discovered Zimbabwe's Bhundu Boys simultaneously; the band began to feature heavily on their playlists. The Bhundus' singer Biggie Tembo became Kershaw's great friend.

This first year of broadcasting won Kershaw his first gold Sony Award in 1987. Kershaw was the first to play Ali Farka Touré on mainstream national radio, and the documentary they made together in Mali was the first ever to be broadcast simultaneously on Radios 1 and 4.

Kershaw's contract with Radio 1 ended in 2000. His last months on the network featured sessions by Willie Nelson, Warren Zevon and Lou Reed. He then worked at BBC Radio 3 the following year, where he soon completed a musical tour of the so-called Axis of Evil: Iraq, North Korea and Iran.

From July 2007 Kershaw was absent from his BBC Radio 3 show for an extended period, returning in 2011 with Music Planet, co-hosted with Lucy Durán.

In September 2020 Kershaw returned on air on BBC Radio 3 presenting a two episode sunday feature, The Kershaw Tapes.

Broadcast journalism
Kershaw has worked as a journalist for BBC Radio 4's From Our Own Correspondent, the Today programme and The World Tonight. He reported from the 1994 Rwanda's genocide, Angola's civil war in 1996, Sierra Leone in 2001 and repeatedly from Haiti. Kershaw covered the 2010 Red Shirt Revolution in Bangkok for The Independent.

In his 1998 documentary for Radio 1, Ghosts of Electricity, Kershaw tracked down and unmasked, 32 years after the event, the heckler who shouted "Judas!" at Bob Dylan in 1966. In June 2005 Kershaw criticised Bob Geldof over the choice of artists due to play at Live 8, which included few black performers and even fewer Africans. Kershaw has put together two compilations, Great Moments of Vinyl History (1988) and More Great Moments of Vinyl History (2004), which document his wide musical taste.

Writing
Kershaw's autobiography, No Off Switch, was published in July 2011 by Serpent's Tail (later republished by Buster Press) and was praised by Stephen Fry among others. It received a negative review from Rachel Cooke in The Guardian, who says "He is always right, and those who disagree are always stupid".

Personal life
Kershaw had a 17-year relationship with Juliette Banner, with whom he has two children. They moved to the Isle of Man, where the relationship broke down; he repeatedly harassed her. In October 2007 he was convicted of breaching a restraining order which required him not to contact her, and of driving under the influence, and in January 2008, he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for repeatedly violating this order. He was arrested a few days after his release, and at the end of that year he was given a six-month suspended sentence.

A much-advertised BBC Radio 4 interview with him, On the Ropes, was cancelled the day before transmission in April 2009 "over fears it would impinge on the privacy of his former girlfriend and their children". In August 2010 he was due to return to working at the BBC.

Recognition
In July 2003, Kershaw was awarded an honorary doctorate of music by the University of East Anglia, and in 2005 he was similarly honoured by his old university, the University of Leeds.

In March 2007, Kershaw appeared on Desert Island Discs.

title: Andy Kershaw


text:
Roy Bailey (politician)

Roy Hardeman Bailey (December 16, 1928 – December 13, 2018) was a Canadian politician.

Formerly a member of the Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan, Bailey joined the Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan when the Social Credit and PC parties merged under the PC name in 1971.

Bailey ran for the leadership of the Saskatchewan PC Party in 1973, placing second to Dick Collver.

He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan in the 1975 provincial election as the Progressive Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly for Rosetown-Elrose, and served until 1978.

Bailey was a school board trustee in the Borderland School Division (since consolidated into the Prairie South School Division) from 1984 to 1993.

He was elected to the House of Commons in 1997, representing the riding of Souris—Moose Mountain for the Reform Party of Canada and its successor, the Canadian Alliance, until 2004. He served as the Veterans Affairs critic for the Alliance. He did not seek re-election in the 2004 election.

Bailey was also variously an educational administrator, a farmer, and a teacher. He died on December 13, 2018.

title: Roy Bailey (politician)


text:
1977 Irish general election

The 1977 Irish general election to the 21st Dáil was held on Thursday, 16 June, following the dissolution of the 20th Dáil on 25 May by President Patrick Hillery on the request of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave. The general election took place in 42 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 148 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas, an increase of four seats. There was a significant revision of constituencies under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974. Jack Lynch led Fianna Fáil to a landslide election win, clearly defeating the outgoing Fine Gael–Labour government.

The 21st Dáil met at Leinster House on 5 July to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Jack Lynch was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 15th government of Ireland, a single-party majority Fianna Fáil government. It was the last election to result in a single-party majority government.

Campaign
Although it had faced some controversial issues during its term of office, the ruling Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition had hoped to defy political history by winning an unprecedented second term. This belief was further augmented following the so-called "Tullymander" of parliamentary constituencies, referring to a scheme drawn up by James Tully, the Minister for Local Government, redrawing constituencies across the country to maximise the vote for the coalition partners. For example, in Dublin there were thirteen three-seat constituencies. It was hoped that the coalition partners would win two of the seats, leaving Fianna Fáil with only one seat. A similar tactic was used in rural areas where the party was at its strongest.

The government parties of Fine Gael and the Labour Party fought the general election on their record in government. The redrawing of the constituency boundaries gave them hope for success.

Both The Irish Times and The Irish Press, which was then edited by Tim Pat Coogan, were extremely critical of the FG–Labour government's curtailment of freedom of speech and in particular of Conor Cruise O'Brien, the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs, who used these restrictions against the Provisional IRA.

Fianna Fáil and its leader Jack Lynch believed that they were not likely to win the general election. The party drew up a manifesto which offered the electorate a string of financial and economic "sweeteners", encouraging them to vote for Fianna Fáil. Some of the promises that were offered included abolition of rates on houses, abolition of car tax and a promise to reduce unemployment to under 100,000. Lynch agreed to the manifesto because he believed that the party needed something dramatic if it were to win the election.

The Fianna Fáil campaign was based on the American model. Inspired by director of elections Séamus Brennan, Lynch travelled the length and breadth of the country, music blaring, accompanied by his followers. His popularity was at its highest; Lynch's popularity was a big electoral asset. The party slogan "Bring Back Jack" even played on Lynch's huge appeal. But the monetary sweeteners were Fianna Fáil's biggest asset. And it soon became clear the party might win the election.

While towards the end of the campaign Fianna Fáil were expected to win the general election, nobody predicted the scale of that victory. An unprecedented nine-seat majority in Dáil Éireann for Fianna Fáil saw the National Coalition swept from power in what was at the time the biggest political hurricane in Irish history. Only Éamon de Valera had ever done better, but only once out of 13 elections. Following the election, the leaders of Fine Gael and the Labour Party, Liam Cosgrave and Brendan Corish resigned as leaders of their respective parties, the first occasion in which a defeated Taoiseach or Tánaiste had done so.

The increased popularity of FF produced by its leader's popularity and by the unprecedented sweeteners, were the cause for the scale of the coalition's defeat. Unhappy with the "Tullymander", the new government established an independent commission to revise constituency boundaries, adding members overall and replacing many 3-seat districts with 4- or 5-seat districts.

Result
Independents include Independent Fianna Fáil (13,824 votes, 1 seat) and the Community group in Dublin (9,427 votes).
 * }

Government formation
Fianna Fáil formed a majority government, the 15th government of Ireland led by Jack Lynch as Taoiseach. In December 1979, Charles Haughey succeeded Lynch as Taoiseach, forming the 16th government of Ireland.

First time TDs
42 TDs were elected for the first time:

 * Bertie Ahern
 * Kit Ahern
 * Niall Andrews
 * Liam Aylward
 * John Boland
 * Gerard Brady
 * Vincent Brady
 * Barry Cogan
 * Hugh Conaghan
 * Michael Joe Cosgrave
 * Michael D'Arcy
 * Síle de Valera
 * Austin Deasy
 * Seán Doherty
 * Eddie Filgate
 * Jim Fitzsimons
 * Pádraig Flynn
 * Joe Fox
 * John Horgan
 * Michael Keating
 * Seán Keegan
 * Patrick Kerrigan
 * Timothy Killeen
 * Mark Killilea Jnr
 * Liam Lawlor
 * Eileen Lemass
 * Tom Leonard
 * Terry Leyden
 * Michael Lipper
 * John Mannion Jnr
 * Charlie McCreevy
 * Jim Mitchell
 * P. J. Morley
 * William O'Brien
 * Martin O'Donoghue
 * Rory O'Hanlon
 * Jim O'Keeffe
 * Paddy O'Toole
 * Ruairi Quinn
 * Albert Reynolds
 * Joe Walsh
 * Michael Woods

Retiring TDs

 * Gus Healy

Defeated TDs

 * Liam Burke
 * Ruairí Brugha
 * Justin Keating
 * Conor Cruise O'Brien
 * Seán Flanagan
 * Richard Gogan
 * Brigid Hogan-O'Higgins
 * Eugene Timmons

Seanad election
The Dáil election was followed by an election to the 14th Seanad.

title: 1977 Irish general election


text:
Talk:Tobermory, Mull

Article title
Policy for UK towns is to state town and county (or island), not town and country. This is necessary for disambiguation reasons. -- Derek Ross

 * When was this decided? I was under the impression no agreement had been reached on this. Warofdreams 18:38, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The last "agreement" that I'm aware of was reached sometime near the end of 2002. However these agreements tend to switch backwards and forwards in my experience so you're probably right -- no agreement may well be the case at the moment.  In the absence of agreement, I prefer to rely on logic.  And to me logic says that while there are towns such as Letham (in Fife and in Angus) or Newburgh (all over the place), disambiguating by county is going to be much more effective than disambiguating by Scotland/England. -- Derek Ross 23:18, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In the case of islands, disambiguation by island seems by far the most sensible option - far more people know that Tobermory is on Mull than know that it's in Argyll and Bute. This article was at Tobermory, Mull until it got moved last June, and we already have Bridgend, Islay, Calgary, Mull et al (and I can't find any counter-examples). If there are no objections I'm going to move this back to Tobermory, Mull, since "Tobermory, Argyll and Bute" sounds horrible. --Blisco 13:36, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. --Blisco 11:45, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Etymology
I'm guessing ToberMory means St. Mary's Well or Spring. Am I right? Or maybe even Murray's Well (but that's unlikely???)

Pronounciation
Does it rhyme with Murray, Gory or Sorry? - Kittybrewster  (talk) 21:37, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * ?Gory?--MacRusgail 22:39, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

If you're a native, it's "Tober" as in "jobber" and "mory" as in "sorry". Many visitors and non-native residents make the mistake of pronouncing the "Tober" as in "Doberman" and the "mory" as in "gory". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.193.26.139 (talk) 14:13, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. No consensus that the town on Mull is the primary topic. Cúchullain t/ c 16:22, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Tobermory, Mull → Tobermory – WP:PRIMARYTOPIC Colin°Talk 18:31, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. There's no primary topic, and some months there are more page views for Tobermory, Ontario. Peter James (talk) 18:57, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose, verbatim as Peter James I'm afraid. In ictu oculi (talk) 19:29, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. This Tobermory is "used" twice as often as the Ontario (what links here) and is the one with "long-term significance" being the original town (from which the Canadian one gets its name). The other items in the disambiguation page are ones that would never be confused, being all sub-topics of their parent. The results of a Google search vary depending on where you are based, but it is interesting that a search on Amazon.com shows the Mull one to be famous and written-about, whereas the Canadian one isn't. Colin°Talk 19:36, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Both have been written about. The Scottish town may have more history, but there is coverage of the Canadian one(example) - Apart from the Saki story mentioned on the disambiguation page, book search is dominated by the Scottish one, but only because of the maps (as part of an Ordnance Survey sheet name) and charts. As a place, Tobermory, Ontario also has long-term significance - short term would be topics such as a band, an album or a company. "What links here" has a ratio of about 5 to 3, not overwhelming. Peter James (talk) 20:31, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Em, you found a book that contains a few pages on a national park that contains a small place called Tobermory. In the Canadian article, have an (essentially unsourced) article on a topic so barely-notable that it talks largely about the surrounding area vs a short article on a historically important village that is notable in its own right. There's really no contest, even considering both are small places. Colin°Talk 11:45, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * That was just one example; there wasn't much for either. It may be the most notable topic (although page views are evidence against), but not "much more likely than any other topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined". Peter James (talk) 14:53, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. The Mull Tobermory receives more visitors and is also the original town after which the other is named. --Rushton2010 (talk) 02:42, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose per PJ, origination does not make it primary (per Boston) -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 04:47, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Tobermory, Mull. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030405115504/http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=population to http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=tobermory&mainLevel=Locality
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060405092558/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Gaelic_guide.pdf to http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyouknow/placenames/Gaelic_guide.pdf
 * Added tag to http://shipmodeling.net/vb_forum/thread1722-Galleon-San-Francisco-information-.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:14, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tobermory, Mull


text:
Jan Kubelík

Jan Kubelík (5 July 1880 – 5 December 1940) was a Czech violinist and composer.

Biography
He was born in Michle (now part of Prague). His father, a gardener by occupation, was an amateur violinist. He taught his two sons the violin and after discovering the talent of Jan, who was aged five at the time, arranged for him to study with Karel Weber and Karel Ondříček. Aged eight he studied at the Prague Conservatory with Otakar Ševčík, of whose technique he became the most famous representative. As a child, he used to practice 10 to 12 hours a day, or "until my fingers started to bleed." After 1898, he toured as a soloist, soon becoming renowned for his great virtuosity and flawless intonation, and his very full and noble tone. He played a Guarneri del Gesù and also two Stradivarius violins: he acquired the 1715 Stradivarius Emperor in 1910.

After great success following his debut in Vienna, and in London (where he first appeared at a Hans Richter concert in 1900 ), Kubelík toured in the USA in 1901 for the first time. He made his first appearance for the Royal Philharmonic Society, London in the season of 1901–2, and in 1902 was awarded the Society's Gold Medal (in succession to Eugène Ysaÿe). In 1902 he brought the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra to London, having assisted it financially in the previous year.

In 1903 he married Countess Anna Julie Marie Széll von Bessenyö (born 1 March 1880 in Budapest), niece of former Prime Minister of Hungary Kálmán Széll, with whom he had eight children, five violinist daughters and three sons, among them conductor Rafael Kubelík.

Kubelík made a number of recordings; his acoustic recordings were made for The Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd.and Sister Companyes.The Gramophone Company/Victor Record, for Fonotipia/Odeon and Schallplatte Grammophon/Polydor (who also recorded Váša Příhoda, Franz von Vecsey and Jacques Thibaud). The Gramophone Company recorded him as obbligato to Dame Nellie Melba in 1904, a match which reflected the classical phrasing, tonal purity and security of his art and was an ideal complement to it. Their early version of the Bach-Gounod Ave Maria (G.C. 03033) was recorded twice, in October 1904 and again in February 1905, and this was one of the great early classics of the gramophone, one of those records which 'made' the instrument a popular success, though the double celebrity single-sided title retailed at one guinea. Nine years later (when technology had improved) the partnership was reformed to re-make the record (as 03333), in May 1913 with organ accompaniment and again in October 1913. It was the latter version which then survived in the inter-war catalogue in two-sided form. His 1935 Carnegie Hall concert was also recorded and has been reissued.

He wrote music, including six violin concertos, and continued to perform in public until his death, with a pause between the end of World War I and 1920, during which period he composed. In 1920 he resumed his concert career. In 1917, he was elected as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity by the fraternity's Alpha Chapter at the New England Conservatory in Boston.

Jan Kubelík died in Prague in 1940, aged 60.

Critical reception and legacy
In 1907, reviewing a concert by Kubelik at New York's massive Hippodrome Theatre, the New York Times wrote "Mr. Kubelik's artistry is of the most remarkable kind. He is not a deeply moving player; he has not the power of touching profoundly and immediately the hearts of his listeners nor of laying hold of the inner mystery of the greatest music. There is something aloof in him as he plays it; yet few have the power of so ravishing the senses with the sheer beauty of his tone, the charm of his cantilena, the elegance and ease with which he masters all the technical difficulties of what he is playing so that they no longer suggest themselves as difficulties. Octaves, thirds and sixths drop from his instrument in a tone of honeyed sweetness and oily smoothness; not a large tone, but one of indescribable roundness and purity; his runs and passages of all sorts are as pearls from his hands. There is something of feminine grace and charm in Mr. Kubelik's playing, and he seldom compels by its authority or stirs by its passion and virility, but in its way it is wholly delightful."

In 1903 Kubelik's portrait was painted by Philip de László, and a 1912 Cubist painting by Georges Braque incorporates a handbill featuring the words "Mozart Kubelick" (sic). Carl Sandburg mentions Jan Kubelík in his Chicago Poems, 1916. He is adored by the sisters in Sally Benson's collected short stories which later became the film Meet Me in St. Louis (1944). He is also referred to in Robert Ludlum's 2002 novel The Janson Directive.

Violin and orchestra

 * Concerto No. 1 in C major (published 1920)
 * Concerto No. 2 in D major
 * Concerto No. 3 in E major
 * Concerto No. 4 in B♭ major (published c.1932)
 * Concerto No. 5
 * Concerto No. 6
 * Cadenzas for the Violin Concerto in D major, Op.61 by Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Cadenzas for the Violin Concerto in D major, Op.77 by Johannes Brahms
 * Cadenzas for the Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Violin and piano

 * Burlesque
 * Oriental Scene (published c.1931)
 * Menuett (published 1931)

Discography of Fonotipia titles

 * 39162 Souvenir (Drdla) XPh 270 (27 cm)
 * 39163 Danse Hongroise (Nachez) XPh 272 (27 cm)
 * 39164 Variazioni sulla ballata di Mefisto (Gounod) XPh 2732 (27 cm)
 * 39191 Serenade (d'Ambrosio) (27 cm)
 * 39192 Perpetuum mobile (Paganini) XPh 276 (27 cm)
 * 39193 Serenade (Drdla) (27 cm)
 * 39194 Traumerei (Schumann) XPh 285? (27 cm)
 * 39195 La Ronde des Lutins (Bazzini) XPh 295 (27 cm)
 * 39884 Scherzo Tarantella (Wieniawski) XPh 2231 (27 cm)
 * 39925 Der Zephir (Hubay) XPh 2228 (27 cm)
 * 62036 Cavatina (Raff) XPh 2400 (27 cm)
 * 62037 Vision (Drdla) (27 cm)
 * 62496 Serenata napolitana (Sgambati) (27 cm)
 * 62497 Le cygne (Saint-Saëns) (27 cm)
 * 62573 Poeme (Fibich) (27 cm)
 * 62574 Berceuse (Drdla) (27 cm)
 * 62603 Serenade de Pierrot (Randegger) (27 cm)
 * 69010 Sextet, Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti) (35 cm)
 * 69013 Variazioni sull'Inno Nazionale Inglese XXPh 275 (35 cm)
 * 74083 Danza Spagnola Zapateado (Sarasate) 5526F (30 cm)
 * 74084 Zingaresca (Sarasate) 5526F (30 cm)
 * 75085 Capriccio in Sol minore (Paganini) 5527F (30 cm)
 * 75086 Cadenza del Concerto Paganini in Re Maggiore (Kubelik) 5527F (30 cm)

Source: J.R. Bennett, Dischi Fonotipia Numerical Catalogue - A Golden Treasury (J. Dennis/Record Collector Shop, Ipswich 1953).

title: Jan Kubelík


text:
Roy Bailey

Roy Bailey may refer to:

 * Roy Bailey (politician) (1928–2018), Canadian Progressive Conservative (formerly social credit) politician from Saskatchewan
 * Roy Bailey (folk singer) (1935–2018), British sociologist and folk singer
 * Roy Bailey (footballer, born 1932) (1932–1993), English footballer
 * Roy Bailey (Australian footballer) (1889–1935), Australian rules footballer
 * Roy Bailey (athlete), Jamaican athlete

title: Roy Bailey


text:
Cupar, Saskatchewan

Cupar is a town 75 km northeast of Regina in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Cupar is settled on the flat plains 45 km north of the scenic Qu'Appelle Valley. Known for its remarkable hockey history, it is often called the Home of Eddie Shore, as the legendary NHL defenceman was raised there.

Cupar is the home of artist Jacqueline Berting. The Berting Glass studio is located north of town. One of her best known works is The Glass Wheatfield, encompassing 1,400 waist-high glass wheat stalks, each piece individually hand cut and lamp worked. Berting calls her work "a salute to the Canadian farmer".

The town hosts the Cupar Gopher Drop, a unique lottery held every summer. Stuffed toy gophers (Richardson's ground squirrels) labelled with numbers are dropped from a hot-air balloon along with numbered gopher holes. The "owner" of the gopher that lands nearest Hole 1 wins first prize, and so on.

History
Cupar became a village in 1905. It was named by a Canadian Pacific Railway official after the town of Cupar in Fife, Scotland. The town celebrated its centennial in 2005.

Sports
Cupar has a swimming pool, ice rink, curling, rink, ball diamonds, and golf. The Cupar Canucks of the senior men's Highway Hockey League play here.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cupar had a population of $598$ living in $246$ of its $274$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $564$. With a land area of 0.86 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * Glen Hart, former member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
 * Eddie Shore, ice hockey defenceman
 * Rob Tudor, ice hockey centre
 * Arnold Tusa, former member and speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan

title: Cupar, Saskatchewan


text:
Talk:SPITBOL

Just a note to say that I wrote the original... I wasn't logged in then. -- Rochkind

There was already a stub article at SPITBOL. However I have made a redirect to this one which is better. I have also removed it from VfD since it should never have been there in the first place. Also note that you should sign your talk to avoid confusion with following comments. You can do this by typing in three or four ~ characters in a group. I have taken the liberty of signing your comment for you this time. -- Derek Ross 18:49, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

GNAT, the Ada compiler in GCC, has a string manipulation package which is called Spitbol. As I understand it, it's sort of like a generalized regular expression package which uses Spitbol (or would that be Snobol?) syntax. 213.184.192.82 11:11, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

This is not really a different language, right? It should probably be categorized under Category:Computer programming tools or maybe a compiler subcat. Stan 02:21, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It fits well in Category:SNOBOL dialects. I've moved it there now. —danakil 02:36, Aug 23, 2004 (UTC)

wtf
SNOBOL4 programs run under SPITBOL are amazingly fast.

This article is amazingly bad. --142.177.99.202 (talk) 01:29, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Yep, it reads as if written by an naive beginner programmer. It's neither measured nor neutral. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.9.176.129 (talk) 15:33, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Implementations
Where to find various implementations would be useful info. E.g., I'd like a Windows10 executable, if there is such a thing. I suspect that there isn't, but it would be nice to know for sure just what there was and where to find it. 31.52.253.69 (talk) 13:30, 6 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:SPITBOL


text:
G-force

The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (symbol g or g0, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams). It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1 g, equaling the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, about $9.8 m/s2$. More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock.

When the g-force is produced by the surface of one object being pushed by the surface of another object, the reaction force to this push produces an equal and opposite force for every unit of each object's mass. The types of forces involved are transmitted through objects by interior mechanical stresses. Gravitational acceleration is one cause of an object's acceleration in relation to free fall.

The g-force experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of all gravitational and non-gravitational forces acting on an object's freedom to move. In practice, as noted, these are surface-contact forces between objects. Such forces cause stresses and strains on objects, since they must be transmitted from an object surface. Because of these strains, large g-forces may be destructive.

For example, a force of 1 g on an object sitting on the Earth's surface is caused by the mechanical force exerted in the upward direction by the ground, keeping the object from going into free fall. The upward contact force from the ground ensures that an object at rest on the Earth's surface is accelerating relative to the free-fall condition. (Free fall is the path that the object would follow when falling freely toward the Earth's center). Stress inside the object is ensured from the fact that the ground contact forces are transmitted only from the point of contact with the ground.

Objects allowed to free-fall in an inertial trajectory, under the influence of gravitation only, feel no g-force – a condition known as weightlessness. Being in free fall in an inertial trajectory is colloquially called "zero-g", which is short for "zero g-force". Zero g-force conditions would occur inside an elevator falling freely toward the Earth's center (in vacuum), or (to good approximation) inside a spacecraft in Earth orbit. These are examples of coordinate acceleration (a change in velocity) without a sensation of weight.

In the absence of gravitational fields, or in directions at right angles to them, proper and coordinate accelerations are the same, and any coordinate acceleration must be produced by a corresponding g-force acceleration. An example of this is a rocket in free space: when the engines produce simple changes in velocity, those changes cause g-forces on the rocket and the passengers.

Unit and measurement
The unit of measure of acceleration in the International System of Units (SI) is m/s2. However, to distinguish acceleration relative to free fall from simple acceleration (rate of change of velocity), the unit g is often used. One g is the force per unit mass due to gravity at the Earth's surface and is the standard gravity (symbol: gn), defined as $9.807$ metres per second squared, or equivalently $9.807$ newtons of force per kilogram of mass. The unit definition does not vary with location—the g-force when standing on the Moon is almost exactly $1/6$ that on Earth. The unit g is not one of the SI units, which uses "g" for gram. Also, "g" should not be confused with "G", which is the standard symbol for the gravitational constant. Symbol g: ESA: GOCE, Basic Measurement Units, NASA: Multiple G, Astronautix: Stapp , Honeywell: Accelerometers , Sensr LLC: GP1 Programmable Accelerometer , Farnell: accelometers, Delphi: Accident Data Recorder 3 (ADR3) MS0148 , NASA: Constants and Equations for Calculations , Jet Propulsion Laboratory: A Discussion of Various Measures of Altitude , Vehicle Safety Research Centre Loughborough: Use of smart technologies to collect and retain crash information, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Recording Automotive Crash Event Data

Symbol G: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO, Section II, Chapter 5, Honywell: Model JTF, General Purpose Accelerometer This notation is commonly used in aviation, especially in aerobatic or combat military aviation, to describe the increased forces that must be overcome by pilots in order to remain conscious and not g-LOC (g-induced loss of consciousness).

Measurement of g-force is typically achieved using an accelerometer (see discussion below in section ). In certain cases, g-forces may be measured using suitably calibrated scales.

Acceleration and forces
The term g-"force" is technically incorrect as it is a measure of acceleration, not force. While acceleration is a vector quantity, g-force accelerations ("g-forces" for short) are often expressed as a scalar, based on the vector magnitude, with positive g-forces pointing downward (indicating upward acceleration), and negative g-forces pointing upward. Thus, a g-force is a vector of acceleration. It is an acceleration that must be produced by a mechanical force, and cannot be produced by simple gravitation. Objects acted upon only by gravitation experience (or "feel") no g-force, and are weightless. g-forces, when multiplied by a mass upon which they act, are associated with a certain type of mechanical force in the correct sense of the term "force", and this force produces compressive stress and tensile stress. Such forces result in the operational sensation of weight, but the equation carries a sign change due to the definition of positive weight in the direction downward, so the direction of weight-force is opposite to the direction of g-force acceleration:

 * Weight = mass × −g-force

The reason for the minus sign is that the actual force (i.e., measured weight) on an object produced by a g-force is in the opposite direction to the sign of the g-force, since in physics, weight is not the force that produces the acceleration, but rather the equal-and-opposite reaction force to it. If the direction upward is taken as positive (the normal cartesian convention) then positive g-force (an acceleration vector that points upward) produces a force/weight on any mass, that acts downward (an example is positive-g acceleration of a rocket launch, producing downward weight). In the same way, a negative-g force is an acceleration vector downward (the negative direction on the y axis), and this acceleration downward produces a weight-force in a direction upward (thus pulling a pilot upward out of the seat, and forcing blood toward the head of a normally oriented pilot).

If a g-force (acceleration) is vertically upward and is applied by the ground (which is accelerating through space-time) or applied by the floor of an elevator to a standing person, most of the body experiences compressive stress which at any height, if multiplied by the area, is the related mechanical force, which is the product of the g-force and the supported mass (the mass above the level of support, including arms hanging down from above that level). At the same time, the arms themselves experience a tensile stress, which at any height, if multiplied by the area, is again the related mechanical force, which is the product of the g-force and the mass hanging below the point of mechanical support. The mechanical resistive force spreads from points of contact with the floor or supporting structure, and gradually decreases toward zero at the unsupported ends (the top in the case of support from below, such as a seat or the floor, the bottom for a hanging part of the body or object). With compressive force counted as negative tensile force, the rate of change of the tensile force in the direction of the g-force, per unit mass (the change between parts of the object such that the slice of the object between them has unit mass), is equal to the g-force plus the non-gravitational external forces on the slice, if any (counted positive in the direction opposite to the g-force).

For a given g-force the stresses are the same, regardless of whether this g-force is caused by mechanical resistance to gravity, or by a coordinate-acceleration (change in velocity) caused by a mechanical force, or by a combination of these. Hence, for people all mechanical forces feels exactly the same whether they cause coordinate acceleration or not. For objects likewise, the question of whether they can withstand the mechanical g-force without damage is the same for any type of g-force. For example, upward acceleration (e.g., increase of speed when going up or decrease of speed when going down) on Earth feels the same as being stationary on a celestial body with a higher surface gravity. Gravitation acting alone does not produce any g-force; g-force is only produced from mechanical pushes and pulls. For a free body (one that is free to move in space) such g-forces only arise as the "inertial" path that is the natural effect of gravitation, or the natural effect of the inertia of mass, is modified. Such modification may only arise from influences other than gravitation.

Examples of important situations involving g-forces include:
 * The g-force acting on a stationary object resting on the Earth's surface is 1 g (upwards) and results from the resisting reaction of the Earth's surface bearing upwards equal to an acceleration of 1 g, and is equal and opposite to gravity. The number 1 is approximate, depending on location.
 * The g-force acting on an object in any weightless environment such as free-fall in a vacuum is 0 g.
 * The g-force acting on an object under acceleration can be much greater than 1 g, for example, the dragster pictured at top right can exert a horizontal g-force of 5.3 when accelerating.
 * The g-force acting on an object under acceleration may be downwards, for example when cresting a sharp hill on a roller coaster.
 * If there are no other external forces than gravity, the g-force in a rocket is the thrust per unit mass. Its magnitude is equal to the thrust-to-weight ratio times g, and to the consumption of delta-v per unit time.
 * In the case of a shock, e.g., a collision, the g-force can be very large during a short time.

A classic example of negative g-force is in a fully inverted roller coaster which is accelerating (changing velocity) toward the ground. In this case, the roller coaster riders are accelerated toward the ground faster than gravity would accelerate them, and are thus pinned upside down in their seats. In this case, the mechanical force exerted by the seat causes the g-force by altering the path of the passenger downward in a way that differs from gravitational acceleration. The difference in downward motion, now faster than gravity would provide, is caused by the push of the seat, and it results in a g-force toward the ground.

All "coordinate accelerations" (or lack of them), are described by Newton's laws of motion as follows:

The Second Law of Motion, the law of acceleration, states that meaning that a force F acting on a body is equal to the mass m of the body times its acceleration a.

The Third Law of Motion, the law of reciprocal actions, states that all forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Newton's third law of motion means that not only does gravity behave as a force acting downwards on, say, a rock held in your hand but also that the rock exerts a force on the Earth, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

In an airplane, the pilot's seat can be thought of as the hand holding the rock, the pilot as the rock. When flying straight and level at 1 g, the pilot is acted upon by the force of gravity. His weight (a downward force) is 725 N. In accordance with Newton's third law, the plane and the seat underneath the pilot provides an equal and opposite force pushing upwards with a force of 725 N. This mechanical force provides the 1.0 g upward proper acceleration on the pilot, even though this velocity in the upward direction does not change (this is similar to the situation of a person standing on the ground, where the ground provides this force and this g-force).

If the pilot were suddenly to pull back on the stick and make his plane accelerate upwards at 9.8 m/s2, the total g‑force on his body is 2 g, half of which comes from the seat pushing the pilot to resist gravity, and half from the seat pushing the pilot to cause his upward acceleration—a change in velocity which also is a proper acceleration because it also differs from a free fall trajectory. Considered in the frame of reference of the plane his body is now generating a force of 1450 N downwards into his seat and the seat is simultaneously pushing upwards with an equal force of 1450 N.

Unopposed acceleration due to mechanical forces, and consequentially g-force, is experienced whenever anyone rides in a vehicle because it always causes a proper acceleration, and (in the absence of gravity) also always a coordinate acceleration (where velocity changes). Whenever the vehicle changes either direction or speed, the occupants feel lateral (side to side) or longitudinal (forward and backwards) forces produced by the mechanical push of their seats.

The expression "1 g = $9.807 m/s^{2}$" means that for every second that elapses, velocity changes $9.807$ metres per second ($35.304 km/h$). This rate of change in velocity can also be denoted as $9.807$ (metres per second) per second, or $9.807 m/s^{2}.$ For example: An acceleration of 1 g equates to a rate of change in velocity of approximately 35 km/h for each second that elapses. Therefore, if an automobile is capable of braking at 1 g and is traveling at 35 km/h, it can brake to a standstill in one second and the driver will experience a deceleration of 1 g. The automobile traveling at three times this speed, 105 km/h, can brake to a standstill in three seconds.

In the case of an increase in speed from 0 to v with constant acceleration within a distance of s this acceleration is v2/(2s).

Preparing an object for g-tolerance (not getting damaged when subjected to a high g-force) is called g-hardening. This may apply to, e.g., instruments in a projectile shot by a gun.

Human tolerance

Human tolerances depend on the magnitude of the gravitational force, the length of time it is applied, the direction it acts, the location of application, and the posture of the body.

The human body is flexible and deformable, particularly the softer tissues. A hard slap on the face may briefly impose hundreds of g locally but not produce any real damage; a constant 16 g for a minute, however, may be deadly. When vibration is experienced, relatively low peak g-force levels can be severely damaging if they are at the resonant frequency of organs or connective tissues.

To some degree, g-tolerance can be trainable, and there is also considerable variation in innate ability between individuals. In addition, some illnesses, particularly cardiovascular problems, reduce g-tolerance.

Vertical
Aircraft pilots (in particular) sustain g-forces along the axis aligned with the spine. This causes significant variation in blood pressure along the length of the subject's body, which limits the maximum g-forces that can be tolerated.

Positive, or "upward" g-force, drives blood downward to the feet of a seated or standing person (more naturally, the feet and body may be seen as being driven by the upward force of the floor and seat, upward around the blood). Resistance to positive g-force varies. A typical person can handle about 5 g0 (meaning some people might pass out when riding a higher-g roller coaster, which in some cases exceeds this point) before losing consciousness, but through the combination of special g-suits and efforts to strain muscles—both of which act to force blood back into the brain—modern pilots can typically handle a sustained 9 g0 (see High-G training).

In aircraft particularly, vertical g-forces are often positive (force blood towards the feet and away from the head); this causes problems with the eyes and brain in particular. As positive vertical g-force is progressively increased (such as in a centrifuge) the following symptoms may be experienced:
 * Grey-out, where the vision loses hue, easily reversible on levelling out
 * Tunnel vision, where peripheral vision is progressively lost
 * Blackout, a loss of vision while consciousness is maintained, caused by a lack of blood flow to the head
 * G-LOC, a g-force induced loss of consciousness
 * Death, if g-forces are not quickly reduced

Resistance to "negative" or "downward" g, which drives blood to the head, is much lower. This limit is typically in the -2 to -3 g0 range. This condition is sometimes referred to as red out where vision is literally reddened due to the blood-laden lower eyelid being pulled into the field of vision. Negative g-force is generally unpleasant and can cause damage. Blood vessels in the eyes or brain may swell or burst under the increased blood pressure, resulting in degraded sight or even blindness.

Horizontal
The human body is better at surviving g-forces that are perpendicular to the spine. In general when the acceleration is forwards (subject essentially lying on their back, colloquially known as "eyeballs in"), a much higher tolerance is shown than when the acceleration is backwards (lying on their front, "eyeballs out") since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive in the latter direction.

Early experiments showed that untrained humans were able to tolerate a range of accelerations depending on the time of exposure. This ranged from as much as $20 g0$ for less than 10 seconds, to $10 g0$ for 1 minute, and $6 g0$ for 10 minutes for both eyeballs in and out. These forces were endured with cognitive facilities intact, as subjects were able to perform simple physical and communication tasks. The tests were determined not to cause long- or short-term harm although tolerance was quite subjective, with only the most motivated non-pilots capable of completing tests. The record for peak experimental horizontal g-force tolerance is held by acceleration pioneer John Stapp, in a series of rocket sled deceleration experiments culminating in a late 1954 test in which he was clocked in a little over a second from a land speed of Mach 0.9. He survived a peak "eyeballs-out" acceleration of 46.2 times the acceleration of gravity, and more than $25 g0$ for 1.1 seconds, proving that the human body is capable of this. Stapp lived another 45 years to age 89 without any ill effects.

The highest recorded g-force experienced by a human who survived was during the 2003 IndyCar Series finale at Texas Motor Speedway on October 12, 2003, in the 2003 Chevy 500 when the car driven by Kenny Bräck made wheel-to-wheel contact with Tomas Scheckter's car. This immediately resulted in Bräck's car impacting the catch fence that would record a peak of $214 g0$.

Short duration shock, impact, and jerk
Impact and mechanical shock are usually used to describe a high-kinetic-energy, short-term excitation. A shock pulse is often measured by its peak acceleration in $ɡ_{0}$·s and the pulse duration. Vibration is a periodic oscillation which can also be measured in $ɡ_{0}$·s as well as frequency. The dynamics of these phenomena are what distinguish them from the g-forces caused by a relatively longer-term accelerations.

After a free fall from a height $$h$$ followed by deceleration over a distance $$d$$ during an impact, the shock on an object is $$(h/d)$$· $ɡ_{0}$. For example, a stiff and compact object dropped from 1 m that impacts over a distance of 1 mm is subjected to a 1000 $ɡ_{0}$ deceleration.

Jerk is the rate of change of acceleration. In SI units, jerk is expressed as m/s3; it can also be expressed in standard gravity per second ($ɡ_{0}$/s; 1 $ɡ_{0}$/s ≈ 9.81 m/s3).

Other biological responses
Recent research carried out on extremophiles in Japan involved a variety of bacteria (including E. coli as a non-extremophile control) being subject to conditions of extreme gravity. The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g. Paracoccus denitrificans was one of the bacteria that displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyperacceleration, which are usually only to be found in cosmic environments, such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of supernovas. Analysis showed that the small size of prokaryotic cells is essential for successful growth under hypergravity. Notably, two multicellular species, the nematodes Panagrolaimus superbus and Caenorhabditis elegans were shown to be able to tolerate 400,000 × g for 1 hour. The research has implications on the feasibility of panspermia.

Measurement using an accelerometer

An accelerometer, in its simplest form, is a damped mass on the end of a spring, with some way of measuring how far the mass has moved on the spring in a particular direction, called an 'axis'.

Accelerometers are often calibrated to measure g-force along one or more axes. If a stationary, single-axis accelerometer is oriented so that its measuring axis is horizontal, its output will be 0 g, and it will continue to be 0 g if mounted in an automobile traveling at a constant velocity on a level road. When the driver presses on the brake or gas pedal, the accelerometer will register positive or negative acceleration.

If the accelerometer is rotated by 90° so that it is vertical, it will read +1 g upwards even though stationary. In that situation, the accelerometer is subject to two forces: the gravitational force and the ground reaction force of the surface it is resting on. Only the latter force can be measured by the accelerometer, due to mechanical interaction between the accelerometer and the ground. The reading is the acceleration the instrument would have if it were exclusively subject to that force.

A three-axis accelerometer will output zero‑g on all three axes if it is dropped or otherwise put into a ballistic trajectory (also known as an inertial trajectory), so that it experiences "free fall", as do astronauts in orbit (astronauts experience small tidal accelerations called microgravity, which are neglected for the sake of discussion here). Some amusement park rides can provide several seconds at near-zero g. Riding NASA's "Vomit Comet" provides near-zero g-force for about 25 seconds at a time.

title: G-force


text:
Tobermory, Ontario

Tobermory is a small community located at the northern tip of the Bruce Peninsula, in the traditional territory of the Saugeen Ojibway Nation. Until European colonization in the mid-19th century, the Bruce Peninsula was home to the Saugeen Ojibway nations, with their earliest ancestors reaching the area as early as 7,500 years ago. It is part of the municipality of Northern Bruce Peninsula. It is 300 km northwest of Toronto. The closest city to Tobermory is Owen Sound, 100 km south of Tobermory and connected by Highway 6.

Naval surveyor Henry Bayfield originally named this Port Collins Harbour. Due to similar harbour conditions it was renamed after Tobermory (Tobar Mhoire), the largest settlement in the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

The community is known as the "freshwater SCUBA diving capital of the world" because of the numerous shipwrecks that lie in the surrounding waters, especially in Fathom Five National Marine Park. Tobermory and the surrounding area are popular vacation destinations. The town lies north of the Bruce Peninsula National Park.

The MS Chi-Cheemaun passenger-car ferry connects Tobermory to Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron. Tobermory is also the northern terminus of the Bruce Trail, and has twin harbours, known locally as "Big Tub" and "Little Tub". Big Tub Harbour is Canada's largest natural freshwater harbour.

Tobermory is typically a few degrees colder than Toronto. Many businesses in the town are open from May until the Thanksgiving long weekend in October, and are closed for the other seven months of the year.

Geography
The Government of Ontario has erected a plaque in Tobermory about the geography of the area. The first, at the tip of the peninsula, titled ESCARPMENT SUBMERGENCE, provides this information: "This shoreline marks the northern extremity of the Niagara Escarpment in southern Ontario. Stretching unbroken for 465 miles across southern Ontario from Niagara Falls. The escarpment was created by erosion of layered sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient seas of the Paleozoic Era over 400 million years ago. Portions of the escarpment form the islands between Tobermory and South Baymouth and the same Paleozoic rocks shape the geology of Manitoulin Island."

In 1857, A. G. Robinson, the chief engineer for Lake Huron lighthouse operations described the area as being “totally unfit for agricultural purposes." In 1869, Public Land Surveyor Charles Rankin arrived in the area to resurvey the proposed road that would run through the centre of St. Edmonds Township from the Lindsay town line to Tobermory Ontario Harbour. After six weeks of struggle to complete the task, Rankin and his crew returned to their base camp. He summarized in his report that the work had been “one of the most troublesome explorations and pieces of line running ... which I have ever met with." William Bull, a representative of the Indian Department, was sent in 1873 to explore the region to ascertain the amount of good agricultural lands and also the quality and quantity of timber resources. He reported that the town plot and some of the surrounding area was “nearly all burnt off, leaving the white rocky ridges quite bare”.

Despite such warnings, during the 1870s and 1880s the government sold tracts of land to prospective settlers under the guise of promoting them as agricultural lands. The result was chaotic. Some pioneers arrived and struggled to create farmland while others came and after battling the environment and the elements, abandoned the land. Some of these plots were taken over by others, while many tracts remained undeveloped for decades.

One major product taken from the Bruce Peninsula forests was the bark from hemlock trees. On average about 4,000 cords of hemlock were shipped to tanneries in Kitchener, Acton, Listowel and Toronto.

The first saw mill opened in Tobermory in 1881, and within 20 years most of the valuable timber was gone. Fires then charred the ravaged landscape, and by the 1920s, the region was nearly bare of forests. The decline of the industry forced settlers out and the peninsula experienced a steady population decline until the 1970s, when cottagers noticed the region and began to buy land.

Bruce Peninsula lumber is no longer a major economic force, but it provided the impetus to settle the region.

Climate
Tobermory has a humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb) with four distinct seasons. Summers are mild to warm and winters are cold. Precipitation is well distributed year round.

Nature and wildlife
Tobermory is home to many different species of plants and animals. Ancient cedar trees survey along cliff edges and the vast dense forests in Tobermory and the Bruce Peninsula. Black bears and rare reptiles also find refuge in rocky areas the diverse wetlands of the area.

Some of the more commonly sighted animals include black bears, raccoons, white-tailed deer, porcupines, chipmunks and a variety of snakes. The Eastern Massasauga rattlesnake can also be found in Tobermory although it is now an endangered species.

Among the many types of plants found in the area, there are around 43 species of wild orchids on the Bruce Peninsula due to its variety of habitats. To celebrate, Tobermory hosts an annual orchid festival in June which includes guided tours and presentations.

At least one species of flower is found growing in Big Tub and no place else in the world.

Massive hauls of lumber in the early 1900s eventually resulted in settlers turning to fishing. Fishermen began dropping nets into Tobermory's deep natural harbours, Big and Little Tub in the late 1800s. The rich fisheries began to decline in the early 1920s due to overfishing and the introduction of the lamprey eel.

Fathom Five National Marine Park
Tobermory is located next to Fathom Five National Marine Park, Canada's first national marine conservation area. The park includes 22 shipwrecks, several historic lighthouses, and glass-bottom cruises from Tobermory.

 Lions Head

Known for its lion's-head shape, the eroding cliff edge has served as a tourist destination in Tobermory for the past few decades, and was utilized as a landmark when sailing ships were most common, providing them with shelter from the turbulent Georgian Bay.

Tourism

Tourism is booming in the area, having grown by over 200% in the five years between 2003 and 2008, and is expected to increase in the future.

 Bruce Trail

Bruce Trail, a popular hiking trail with magnificent cliff's-edge views of the turquoise water, begins at Tobermory and runs south all the way to Niagara Falls, making it one of Canada's oldest and longest footpaths.

Transportation
The main road in town is Ontario Highway 6. It is the northern terminus of the southern segment of the highway as the northern section is interrupted by Georgian Bay. The ferry MS Chi-Cheemaun serves to connect the two sections of Highway 6 during part of the year.

Tobermory Airport is a public (general aviation) airport located south of the town.

In popular culture
The science fiction novel Commitment Hour by James Alan Gardner is set in Tober Cove, a post-apocalyptic version of Tobermory.

James Reaney's poem "Near Tobermory, Ontario" describes a cove near the town.

Print
The local newspaper is the Tobermory Press.

Radio
CHEE-FM 89.9 in Tobermory provides seasonal information about the MS Chi-Cheemaun ferry. Operating status of CHEE-FM is unknown.

CBPS-FM 90.7 Bruce Peninsula National Park provides tourism, park and weather information.

CFPS-FM Port Elgin has an FM repeater at Tobermory which operates at 91.9 FM

CHFN-FM 100.1 Neyaashiinigmiing First Nations community radio station

All other radio stations from Owen Sound, including Manitoulin Island, Sudbury, even northeastern Michigan and Central Ontario can also be heard in Tobermory and areas of the northern Bruce Peninsula.

title: Tobermory, Ontario


text:
Talk:Automatism and the computer

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Automatism and the computer. The consensus was to merge it. dbenbenn | talk 23:37, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Should the use of automatic drawing in this article be distinguished in article? --Daniel C. Boyer 18:45, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Pierre Petiot is a self-characterised surrealist.63.169.104.2 20:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

We read ''The surrealist Pierre Petiot has argued. . . that the speed the graphical tools of computer periphery "allow an almost permanent connection with the roots of automatism".'' What, if anything, does this mean? Further, However, this may be open to criticism on the grounds that mouses, or some individual, makes, or brands of mouses, are not as responsive to the automatic motion of the hand, as are regular drawing implements. Does this mean something other than "Most mice aren't as responsive to the motion of the hand as are pencils and the like"? If so, what? -- Hoary 15:36, 2005 Mar 14 (UTC)
 * Not much more; it simply becomes more of an issue with regards to automatism as the movements are not deliberate. It also speculates that mouses may differ between types and brands in this regard.  --Daniel C. Boyer 17:58, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it's obvious that mice are responsive to different degrees, notably via the settings applied to the software. (And a trivial point: I hadn't previously heard of them being called "mouses".)
 * But your reply is about the second half. Meanwhile, the first half (attributed to Petiot, whoever he may be) remains utterly obscure -- to me, at least. Actually the whole business smells to me of Freudianism, the Ouija board, and other dusty and long-discredited notions. -- Hoary 03:45, 2005 Mar 15 (UTC)
 * I'll leave your POV that Freudianism and the Ouija board have been long discredited, but what this actually smells of is surrealism (it's surrealist automatism, not mediumistic). --Daniel C. Boyer 16:09, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automatism and the computer


text:
Mario Kart: Double Dash

Mario Kart: Double Dash (マリオカートダブルダッシュ) is a 2003 kart racing video game developed and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. It is the fourth main entry in the Mario Kart series. Similar to previous titles, Double Dash challenges Mario series player characters to race against each other on 16 Mario-themed tracks. The game introduced a number of gameplay features, such as having two riders per kart.

Double Dash released in November 2003 and received positive reviews from critics. It attained an aggregated score of 87 out of 100 on Metacritic; reviewers praised the graphics, new gameplay features, character and item rosters, arcade aesthetic and track design, but the audio received mixed reactions. It was commercially successful, with more than 3.8 million copies sold in the United States, and more than 802,000 copies sold in Japan. It is the second best-selling GameCube game of all-time, selling around 7 million copies worldwide, behind Super Smash Bros. Melee.

Gameplay
Mario Kart: Double Dash is a kart racing game in which the player controls characters from the Mario series, who operate karts in tandem: the rider in front drives the kart while the rider in back controls the use of items. Any combination of 20 characters in 10 pairs is possible; for example, Mario can be paired with his brother Luigi or his arch-nemesis Wario. In single-player mode, the player controls both riders, while in co-op play, each player controls one of the riders. While racing, the player can accelerate, steer, reverse, brake, drift, switch character positions or use weapons and power-ups with the game controller's analog stick and buttons. The game supports LAN setups for up to sixteen players in eight pairs.

Both characters and karts are divided into light, medium, and heavy classes; characters cannot ride in karts that are smaller than they are. Light karts have fairly low top speeds but accelerate quickly and are scarcely affected by off-road terrain. Heavy karts have high top speeds and can knock away lighter karts on impact but have poor acceleration and lose significant speed off-road. Medium karts are average in both speed and acceleration.

The player can acquire weapons and power-ups by running into Item Boxes scattered across the tracks and arenas of the game. The item the player receives is determined randomly and can be used to hinder other racers or boost the player's own performance. Each pair of characters has a unique item that others cannot receive and are picked up in the same way as standard items; for example, only Mario and Luigi can launch fireballs against other racers. Singular Item Boxes grant an item to the rear rider, while Double Item Boxes give an item to both riders. When a racer suffers a crash, any items they were carrying will fall onto the course, and any racer who runs into these items will be instantly affected. In co-op play, if the rear rider is not already carrying an item, they can steal an item from other racers by using one of the shoulder buttons to attack an opponent.

The player can send their kart into a drift by pressing one of the shoulder buttons while making a turn, allowing them to take a tight corner while maintaining speed. While drifting, the sparks emanating from the kart's tires will change color; the player will obtain a short burst of speed if they exit a drift when the sparks are blue. At the beginning of a race, the player can receive a burst of speed by pressing the acceleration button at the same time Lakitu's start signal turns green; if both players in co-op play execute this input simultaneously, an even greater burst of speed can be achieved.

Modes
Mario Kart: Double Dash features four game modes: Grand Prix, Time Trial, Versus, and Battle. In the Grand Prix mode, the player races in one of a series of Cups consisting of four tracks each. A race is held on each track, and the racers receive points depending on their finishing positions. Upon the conclusion of a Cup, the top three racers are awarded gold, silver and bronze trophies. A player who sets a new time record can enter their initials after the trophies are awarded. The Time Trial is a single-player mode in which the player can race over a set number of laps to record the fastest completion time. The player can set records in total race time and individual lap time, and can race against a "ghost", a recording of the player's best time on a track. A ghost cannot be created if the race takes too long or if the completed race is not faster than the current ghost. In the Versus mode, two or more human players can race against each other on any given track, with the race concluding when all but the last-place racer finish the race. The frequency of items and number of laps are customizable in this mode.

The Battle mode is divided into three multiplayer games that take place on one of a selection of arenas. In "Balloon Battle", each player has three balloons, with one being lost when a player is hit by a weapon or hazard; players who lose all their balloons are eliminated, with victory going to the last player standing. Players can steal balloons using the same method for stealing items in races. In "Shine Thief", players fight for possession of a single Shine Sprite, which activates a timer upon being collected. Whoever is holding the Shine Sprite when the timer reaches zero is the winner. Players can steal the Shine Sprite by attacking the player and making them drop it. In "Bob-omb Blast", players gain points by attacking other players with Bob-ombs and lose points when hit by opponents' Bob-ombs, with the winner being the first to reach three or four points depending on the number of players.

Development and release
Mario Kart: Double Dash was first shown at E3 2001 as a seven-second video clip. The clip featured Mario and Luigi driving their karts on a bump mapped 3D surface with no background. At the time, it was early in development, and the working title of the game was Mario Kart. In April 2003, Nintendo released the first pictures and details of the game, as well as revealing the title to be Mario Kart: Double Dash. At E3 2003, a playable demo was available. New features, such as having two characters drive one kart, had been implemented. An updated demo with some additions was shown at the Games Convention in August 2003. In September, Nintendo held a Gamers' Summit for the press, in which a nearly complete and more sped up version of Double Dash was displayed. The Gamers' Summit announced the North American release date to be November 17, 2003.

The development team struggled in devising gameplay features that would be enjoyed by the fans of the series. One of the hardest tasks chief director Kiyoshi Mizuki was assigned to do was to attract people who had no prior experience with the series; he decided to make the gameplay as simple as possible. Producer Shigeru Miyamoto presented the staff with a variety of opinions which they in turn would have to incorporate the best way possible. Miyamoto let the team decide which graphics they wanted to use without restrictions.

Connectivity to the Game Boy Advance was discussed as an opportunity among the developers, but they eventually agreed that Double Dash was not suited to these connectivity ideas and decided to exclude it. It was desirable to narrow down the gap between the ability of veteran and novice players. Gameplay features like the ability to escape the banana were removed; the staff wanted both veteran and novice players to enjoy the game.

A special edition was released, which included a bonus disc containing playable demos, video trailers and bonus content for Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade on the Game Boy Advance.

Reception
Mario Kart: Double Dash received "generally favorable" reviews from critics according to review aggregator Metacritic. Nintendo Power gave the game a perfect score, and said the graphics were of "3-D perfection" and the controls and game mechanics "rival those of any [GameCube] racing game". Bro Buzz of GamePro commented that the gameplay remains "fast and furious". The feature of having two riders per kart was praised by Justin Leeper and Andy McNamara of Game Informer; McNamara stated: "Giving the player control of two different characters is pretty cool in single-player, but add a friend on the back of your kart in multiplayer and it opens the game up like never before." Bryn Williams of GameSpy called Double Dash a "great-looking, great-playing game that most gamers will instantly warm to." Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer thought the game was one of the "finest pieces of electronic entertainment ever developed." GameZone's Louis Bedigian felt that none of the racing games he had played for the GameCube were as "spectacular" as Double Dash. GMR's Andrew Pfister said, "Mario Kart: Double Dash is the most fun you'll have with a game this year. And probably next year. And maybe even the year after that". Electronic Gaming Monthly said that the game's "pure, exhilarating glee will envelop your soul".

Reactions to the audio were mixed. Ryan Davis of GameSpot and Skyler Miller of Xplay characterized the music as upbeat, with Davis classifying some of the tracks as ska, swing and big band. Leeper and Bramwell found the music infectious, and Bramwell and Planet GameCube's Jonathan Metts appreciated the soundtrack's focus on original compositions rather than arrangements of series standards. However, Metts and IGN's Fran Mirabella III dismissed the score as simplistic and unimpressive, and Metts considered the amount of whistling odd. The reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly also regarded some of the music to be subpar. Chris Sell of PALGN proclaimed that the music, while decent, was the game's weakest aspect and lacked the catchiness of previous Mario Kart titles. Bro Buzz said that while the audio was "safe and sweet", it was beginning to feel too familiar. Leeper, Davis and Metts warned of the repetitive character voices, with Metts mentioning that the player characters each had a single first-place victory comment. Mirabella and Sell remarked that the game's Dolby Pro Logic II support was useful in gauging when an opponent is approaching the player.

Double Dash has received criticism from the media. Considering the 7-year gap since Mario Kart 64, Davis stated that he was "a little disappointed with the limited scope of the game". Mirabella was critical towards Double Dash for not progressing beyond its predecessor, calling the game a "mediocre effort". G-Wok of Game Revolution criticized the game's single-player mode for lacking substance and the track design for being "bland".

Sales
In its first seven weeks of sales, Double Dash sold 1 million units, making it the fastest-selling GameCube game up to that point. By July 2006, the game had sold 2.2 million copies and earned $105 million in the United States. Next Generation ranked it as the 12th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. The game ultimately sold 3.8 million units in the United States, and over 802,000 units in Japan. It received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. According to the NPD Group, Double Dash was the best-selling game of November 2003. It is also the third best-selling GameCube game in Australia and was rereleased under the label of Players Choice only in that region. Joystiq reported in February 2009 that the game had sold nearly seven million copies worldwide.

Awards
The game received the "Multiplayer Game" award from ITV's Game Stars in 2004. It received the GameCube Video Game of the Year award from the Video Software Dealers Association (VSDA). During the AIAS' 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, Double Dash received a nomination for "Console Racing Game of the Year".

In 2009, the game placed 63rd in Official Nintendo Magazine's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time. In 2021, Kotaku ranked the game second best Mario Kart game, praising the two-player co-op mode and track design.

title: Mario Kart: Double Dash