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Sidney Lumet

Sidney Arthur Lumet (June 25, 1924 – April 9, 2011) was an American film director. Lumet started his career in theatre before moving to film, where he gained a reputation for making realistic and gritty New York dramas which focused on the working class, tackled social injustices, and often questioned authority.

He was nominated five times for Academy Awards: four for Best Director for 12 Angry Men (1957), Dog Day Afternoon (1975), Network (1976) and The Verdict (1982), and one for Best Adapted Screenplay for Prince of the City (1981). Other films include A View from the Bridge (1962), Long Day's Journey into Night (1962), The Pawnbroker (1964), Fail Safe (1964), The Hill (1965), Serpico (1973), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), Equus (1977), The Wiz (1978), The Morning After (1986), Running on Empty (1988) and Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007). He received the Academy Honorary Award in 2004.

A member of the inaugural class at New York's Actors Studio, Lumet started acting Off-Broadway and made his Broadway acting debut in the 1935 play Dead End. He went on to direct the Broadway plays Night of the Auk (1956), Caligula (1960) and Nowhere to Go But Up (1962). Lumet is also known for his work on television. He received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series nomination for NBC Sunday Showcase (1961). He also directed for Goodyear Television Playhouse, Kraft Television Theatre and Playhouse 90.

Early years
Lumet was born in Philadelphia and grew up in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. He studied theater acting at the Professional Children's School of New York and Columbia University.

Lumet's parents, Baruch and Eugenia (née Wermus) Lumet, were Jewish and veterans of the Yiddish theatre; they had immigrated to the United States from Poland. His father, an actor, director, producer and writer, was born in Warsaw. Lumet's mother, who was a dancer, died when he was a child. He had an older sister. Lumet made his professional debut on the radio at age four and his stage debut at the Yiddish Art Theatre at age five. As a child, he also appeared in many Broadway productions, including 1935's Dead End and Kurt Weill's The Eternal Road.

In 1935, aged 11, Lumet appeared in a Henry Lynn short film Papirossen (meaning "Cigarettes" in Yiddish), co-produced by radio star Herman Yablokoff. The film was shown in a theatrical play with the same title, based on the song "Papirosn". The play and short film appeared at the Bronx's McKinley Square Theatre. In 1939, at age 15, he made his only feature-length film appearance in ...One Third of a Nation....

World War II interrupted Lumet's early acting career and he spent four years in the U.S. Army. After returning from service as a radar repairman stationed in India and Burma (1942–1946), he became involved with the Actors Studio, then formed his own theater workshop. He organized an Off-Broadway group and became its director, and continued directing in summer stock theatre while teaching acting at the High School of Performing Arts. He was the senior drama coach at the new 46th Street building of "Performing Arts". The 25-year-old Lumet directed the drama department in a production of The Young and Fair.

Early career
Lumet began his directorial career with Off-Broadway productions and evolved into a highly efficient television director. He began directing television in 1950 after working as an assistant to friend and then-director Yul Brynner. He soon developed a "lightning quick" method for shooting due to the high turnover required by television. As a result, while working for CBS, he directed hundreds of episodes of Danger (1950–1955), Mama (1949–1957) and You Are There (1953–1957), the latter a weekly series that featured Walter Cronkite in one of his early television appearances. Lumet chose Cronkite for the role of anchorman "because the premise of the show was so silly, was so outrageous, that we needed somebody with the most American, homespun, warm ease about him", he said.

He also directed original plays for Playhouse 90, Kraft Television Theatre and Studio One, directing approximately 200 episodes, which established him as "one of the most prolific and respected directors in the business", according to Turner Classic Movies. His ability to work quickly while shooting carried over to his film career. Because the quality of many television dramas was so impressive, several of them were later adapted as motion pictures.

His first movie, 12 Angry Men (1957), a courtroom drama centered on a tense jury deliberation that was based on a CBS live play, was an auspicious beginning for Lumet. It was a critical success and established him as a director skilled at adapting properties from other mediums to motion pictures. Fully half of Lumet's complement of films originated in the theater.

Following his first film, Lumet divided his energies among political and social drama films, as well as adaptations of literary plays and novels, big stylish stories, New York-based black comedies and realistic crime dramas (including Serpico and Prince of the City). As a result of directing 12 Angry Men, he was also responsible for leading the first wave of directors who made a successful transition from TV to movies.

A controversial TV show that he directed in 1960 gained some notoriety: The Sacco-Vanzetti Story on NBC. According to The New York Times, the drama drew flack from the state of Massachusetts (where Sacco and Vanzetti were tried and executed) because it was thought to postulate that the condemned murderers were, in fact, wholly innocent. However, the resulting controversy did Lumet more good than harm, sending several prestigious film assignments his way.

He began adapting classic plays for both film and television, directing Marlon Brando, Joanne Woodward and Anna Magnani in the feature film The Fugitive Kind (1959), based on the Tennessee Williams play Orpheus Descending. He directed a live television version of Eugene O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh, which was followed by his film A View from the Bridge (1962), another psychological drama, from the play written by Arthur Miller. This was followed by another Eugene O'Neill play-turned-to-cinema, Long Day's Journey into Night (1962), with Katharine Hepburn earning an Oscar nomination for her performance as a drug-addicted housewife; the four principal actors swept the acting awards at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival.

Realism and energetic style
Film critic Owen Gleiberman observed that Lumet was a "hardboiled straight-shooter" who, because he was trained during the Golden Age of Television in the 1950s, became noted for his energetic style of directing. The words, "Sidney Lumet" and "energy", he added, became synonymous. "The energy was there in the quietest moments. It was an inner energy, a hum of existence that Lumet observed in people and brought out in them...[when he] went into the New York streets...he made them electric." He also wrote:

"It was a working class outer-borough energy. Lumet's streets were just as mean as Scorsese's, but Lumet's seemed plain rather than poetic. He channeled that New York skeezy vitality with such natural force that it was easy to overlook what was truly involved in the achievement. He captured that New York vibe like no one else because he saw it, lived it, breathed it – but then he had to go out and stage it, or re-create it, almost as if he were staging a documentary, letting his actors square off like random predators, insisting on the most natural light possible, making offices look as ugly and bureaucratic as they were because he knew, beneath that, that they weren't just offices but lairs, and that there was a deeper intensity, almost a kind of beauty, to catching the coarseness of reality as it truly looked."

Collaboration
"Lumet generally insisted on the collaborative nature of the film, sometimes ridiculing the dominance of the 'personal' director," wrote film historian Frank R. Cunningham. As a result, Lumet became renowned among both actors and cinematographers for his openness to sharing creative ideas with the writer, actors and other artists. Lumet "has no equal in the distinguished direction of superior actors", added Cunningham, with many coming from the theater. He was able to draw powerful performances from actors, such as Ralph Richardson, Marlon Brando, Richard Burton, Katharine Hepburn, James Mason, Sophia Loren, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Blythe Danner, Rod Steiger, Vanessa Redgrave, Paul Newman, Sean Connery, Henry Fonda, Dustin Hoffman, Albert Finney, Simone Signoret and Anne Bancroft. "Give him a good actor, and he just might find the great actor lurking within," wrote film critic Mick LaSalle.

When necessary, Lumet chose untrained actors, but he stated that "over ninety percent of the time, I want the best tools I can get: actors, writers, lighting men, cameramen, propmen". Nonetheless, when he did use less experienced actors, he could still bring out superior and memorable acting performances. He did with Nick Nolte, Anthony Perkins, Armand Assante, Jane Fonda, Faye Dunaway, Timothy Hutton and Ali MacGraw, who referred to him as "every actor's dream". In Jane Fonda's opinion, "He was a master. Such control of his craft. He had strong, progressive values and never betrayed them."

Lumet believed that movies are an art, and "the amount of attention paid to movies is directly related to pictures of quality". Because he started his career as an actor, he became known as an "actor's director" and worked with the best of them over the years, a roster probably unequaled by any other director. Acting scholar Frank P. Tomasulo agreed and pointed out that many directors who are able to understand acting from an actor's perspective were all "great communicators".

According to film historians Gerald Mast and Bruce Kawin, Lumet's "sensitivity to actors and to the rhythms of the city have made him America's longest-lived descendant of the 1950s Neorealist tradition and its urgent commitment to ethical responsibility". They cited his film The Hill (1965) as "one of the most politically and morally radical films of the 1960s". They added that beneath the social conflicts of Lumet's films lies the "conviction that love and reason will eventually prevail in human affairs", and that "law and justice will eventually be served – or not". His debut film Twelve Angry Men was an acclaimed picture in its day, representing a model for liberal reason and fellowship during the 1950s. The film and Lumet were nominated for Academy Awards, and he was nominated for the Director's Guild Award.

The Encyclopedia of World Biography states that his films often featured actors who studied "Method acting", noted for portraying an earthy, introspective style. A leading example of such "Method" actors would be Al Pacino, who, early in his career, studied under Method acting guru Lee Strasberg. Lumet also preferred the appearance of spontaneity in both his actors and settings, which gave his films an improvisational look by shooting much of his work on location.

Rehearsal and preparation
Lumet was a strong believer in rehearsal and felt that if an actor rehearsed correctly, the actor would not lose spontaneity. According to critic Ian Bernard, Lumet felt that it gives actors the "entire arc of the role", which gives them the freedom to find that "magical accident". Director Peter Bogdanovich asked him whether he rehearsed extensively before shooting, and Lumet said that he liked to rehearse a minimum of two weeks before filming. During those weeks, recalls Faye Dunaway, who starred in Network (1976), he also blocked the scenes with his cameraman. As a result, she added that "not a minute is wasted while he's shooting, and that shows not only on the studio's budget, but it shows on the impetus of performance". She praised his style of directing in Network, in which she won her only Academy Award: "Sidney, let me say, is one of, if not, the most talented and professional men in the world...and acting in Network was one of the happiest experiences I have ever had...He's a really gifted man who contributed a good deal to my performance."

Partly because his actors were well rehearsed, he could execute a production in rapid order, which kept his productions within their modest budgets. When filming Prince of the City (1981), for example, although there were over 130 speaking roles and 135 different locations, he was able to coordinate the entire shoot in 52 days. As a result, wrote historians Charles Harpole and Thomas Schatz, performers were eager to work with him, for they considered him to be an "outstanding director of actors". The film's star Treat Williams said that Lumet was known for being "energetic": "He was just a ball of fire. He had passion for what he did and he 'came to work' with all barrels burning. He's probably the most prepared director I've ever worked with emotionally. His films always came in under schedule and under budget. And everybody got home for dinner."

Harpole added that "whereas many directors disliked rehearsals or advising actors on how to build their character, Lumet excelled at both". He could thereby more easily give his performers a cinematic showcase for their abilities and help them deepen their acting contribution. Actor Christopher Reeve, who co-starred in Deathtrap (1982), also pointed out that Lumet knew how to talk technical language: "If you want to work that way – he knows how to talk Method, he knows how to improvise, and he does it all equally well".

Joanna Rapf, writing about the filming of The Verdict (1982), states that Lumet gave plenty of personal attention to his actors, whether listening to them or touching them. She describes how Lumet and star Paul Newman sat on a bench secluded from the main set, where Newman had taken his shoes off, to privately discuss an important scene about to be shot. Lumet's actors walked through their scenes before the camera rolled. This preparation was done because Lumet liked to shoot a scene in one take or two at the most. Newman liked to call him "Speedy Gonzales", adding that Lumet did not shoot more than he had to. "He doesn't give himself any protection. I know I would," Newman said.

Film critic Betsey Sharkey agreed, adding that "he was a maestro of one or two takes years before Clint Eastwood would turn it into a respected specialty". Sharkey recalls, "[Faye] Dunaway once told me that Lumet worked so fast it was as if he were on roller skates. A racing pulse generated by a big heart."

Character development
Biographer Joanna Rapf observes that Lumet had always been an independent director, and liked to make films about "men who summon courage to challenge the system, about the little guy against the system". This includes the women characters, as in Garbo Talks (1984). Its star Anne Bancroft embodied the kind of character portrayal that attracted him: "a committed activist for all kinds of causes, who stands up for the rights of the oppressed, who is lively, outspoken, courageous, who refuses to conform for the sake of convenience, and whose understanding of life allows her to die with dignity ... Garbo Talks in many ways is a valentine to New York".

In an interview in 2006, Lumet said that he had always been "fascinated by the human cost involved in following passions and commitments, and the cost those passions and commitments inflict on others". This theme is at the core of most of his movies, notes Rapf, such as his true-life films about corruption in the New York City Police Department or in family dramas such as Daniel (1983).

Psychodramas
Film historian Stephen Bowles believes that Lumet was most comfortable and effective as a director of serious psychodramas, as opposed to light entertainments. His Academy Award nominations, for example, were all for character studies of men in crisis, from his first film, Twelve Angry Men, to The Verdict. Lumet excelled at putting drama on the screen. Most of his characters are driven by obsessions or passions, such as the pursuit of justice, honesty and truth, or jealousy, memory or guilt. Lumet was intrigued by obsessive conditions, writes Bowles.

Lumet's protagonists tended to be antiheroes, isolated and unexceptional men who rebel against a group or institution. The most important criterion for Lumet was not simply whether the actions of the people are right or wrong, but whether they were genuine and justified by the individual's conscience. Whistleblower Frank Serpico, for example, is the quintessential Lumet hero, who he described as a "rebel with a cause". An earlier example of psychodrama was The Pawnbroker (1964), starring Rod Steiger. In it, Steiger plays a Holocaust survivor whose spirit has been broken and who lives day-to-day as a pawn shop manager in Harlem. Lumet used the film to examine, with flashbacks, the psychological and spiritual scars with which Steiger's character lives, including his lost capacity to feel pleasure. Steiger, who made nearly 80 films, said during a TV interview that the film was his favorite as an actor.

Issues of social justice
Serpico (1973) was the first of four "seminal" films that Lumet made during the 1970s that marked him as "one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation". It was the story of power and betrayal in the New York City police force, with an idealistic policeman battling impossible odds.

As Lumet was a child during the Depression, he grew up poor in New York City and witnessed the poverty and corruption around him. It instilled in him at an early age the importance of justice for a democracy, a subject that he tried to put in his films. He admitted, however, that he did not believe that the movie business itself has the power to change anything. Rapf writes, "There is, as he says, a lot of 'shit' to deal with in the entertainment industry, but the secret of good work is to maintain your honesty and your passion." Film historian David Thomson writes of his films:

"He has steady themes: the fragility of justice, and the police and their corruption. Lumet quickly became esteemed ... [and he] got a habit for big issues – Fail Safe, The Pawnbroker, The Hill, – and seemed torn between dullness and pathos. ... He was that rarity of the 1970s, a director happy to serve his material – yet seemingly not touched or changed by it. ... His sensitivity to actors and to the rhythms of the city have made him America's longest-lived descendant of the 1950s Neorealist tradition and its urgent commitment to ethical responsibility."

New York City settings
Lumet preferred to work in New York City and shunned the dominance of Hollywood. As a director, he became strongly identified with New York City. "I always like being in Woody Allen's world," he said. He claimed that "the diversity of the City, its many ethnic neighborhoods, its art and its crime, its sophistication and its corruption, its beauty and its ugliness, all feed into what inspires him". He felt that in order to create, it is important to confront reality on a daily basis. For Lumet, "New York is filled with reality; Hollywood is a fantasyland."

He often used New York City as the backdrop—if not the symbol—of his "preoccupation with America's decline", according to film historians Scott and Barbara Siegel. Lumet was attracted to crime-related stories in New York City urban settings, where the criminals get caught in a vortex of events that they can neither understand nor control but are forced to resolve.

Use of Jewish themes
Like other Jewish directors from New York, such as Woody Allen, Mel Brooks and Paul Mazursky, Lumet's characters often speak overtly about controversial issues of the times. They felt unconstrained as filmmakers, and their art became "filtered through their Jewish consciousness", wrote film historian David Desser. Lumet, like the others, sometimes turned to Jewish themes to develop ethnic sensibilities that were characteristic of American culture, by dynamically highlighting its "unique tensions and cultural diversity". This was partly reflected in Lumet's preoccupation with city life. A Stranger Among Us (1992), for example, is the story of a woman undercover police officer and her experiences in a Hasidic community in New York City.

The subject of "guilt", explains Desser, dominates many of Lumet's films. From his first feature film, 12 Angry Men (1957), in which a jury must decide the guilt or innocence of a young man, to Q&A (1990), in which a lawyer must determine the question of guilt and responsibility of a maverick policeman, guilt is a common thread that runs through many of his films. In Murder on the Orient Express (1974), all of the suspects are guilty.

His films are also characterized by a strong emphasis on family life, often showing tensions within the family. This emphasis on the family included "surrogate families", as in the police trilogy consisting of Serpico (1973), Prince of the City (1981), and Q&A. An "untraditional family" is also portrayed in Dog Day Afternoon (1975).

Directing techniques
Lumet preferred naturalism or realism, according to Joanna Rapf. He did not like the "decorator's look", for which the camera could call attention to itself. He edited his films so that the camera was unobtrusive. His cinematographer Ron Fortunato said, "Sidney flips if he sees a look that's too artsy." Lumet disliked CinemaScope and never filmed in an aspect ratio wider than 1.85:1.

Partly because he was willing and able to take on so many significant social issues and problems, he achieved strong performances from lead actors with fine work from character actors. He is "one of the stalwart figures of New York moviemaking. He abides by good scripts, when he gets them," said critic David Thomson. Although critics gave varying opinions of his films, Lumet's body of work is generally held in high esteem. Most critics have described him as a sensitive and intelligent director, having good taste, the courage to experiment with his style, and with a "gift for handling actors".

In a quote from his book, Lumet emphasized the logistics of directing: "Someone once asked me what making a movie was like. I said it was like making a mosaic. Each setup is like a tiny tile (a setup, the basic component of a film's production, consists of one camera position and its associated lighting). You color it, shape it, polish it as best you can. You'll do six or seven hundred of these, maybe a thousand. (There can easily be that many setups in a movie.) Then you literally paste them together and hope it's what you set out to do."

Critic Justin Chang adds that Lumet's skill as a director and in developing strong stories continued up to his last film in 2007, writing of his "nimble touch with performers, his ability to draw out great warmth and zesty humor with one hand and coax them toward ever darker, more anguished extremes of emotion with the other, was on gratifying display in his ironically titled final film, Before the Devil Knows You're Dead".

Vision of future films
In an interview with New York magazine, Lumet said that he expects to see more directors from different ethnic backgrounds and communities telling their stories. "You know, I started out making films about Jews and Italians and Irish because I didn't know anything else."

Personal life and death
Lumet was married four times; the first three marriages ended in divorce. He was married to actress Rita Gam from 1949 to 1955; to artist and heiress Gloria Vanderbilt from 1956 to 1963; to Gail Jones (daughter of Lena Horne) from 1963 to 1978; and to Mary Bailey Gimbel (ex-wife of Peter Gimbel) from 1980 until his death. He had two daughters by Jones: Amy, who was married to P.J. O'Rourke from 1990 to 1993, and actress and screenwriter Jenny, who had a leading role in his film Q&A. She also wrote the screenplay for the film Rachel Getting Married (2008), as well as co-creating two television series with Alex Kurtzman: The Silence of the Lambs sequel Clarice and Star Trek: Strange New Worlds.

Lumet died from lymphoma at age 86 on April 9, 2011, in his residence in Manhattan. When asked in a 1997 interview about how he wanted to "go out", Lumet responded, "I don't think about it. I'm not religious. I do know that I don't want to take up any space. Burn me up and scatter my ashes over Katz's Delicatessen." A few months after Lumet's death, a retrospective celebration of his work was held at New York's Lincoln Center with numerous speakers and film stars. In 2015, Nancy Buirski directed By Sidney Lumet, a documentary about his career that aired in January 2017 as part of PBS's American Masters series.

Recognition and legacy
According to film historian Stephen Bowles, Lumet succeeded in becoming a leading drama filmmaker partly because "his most important criterion [when directing] is not whether the actions of his protagonists are right or wrong, but whether their actions are genuine". And where those actions are "justified by the individual's conscience, this gives his heroes uncommon strength and courage to endure the pressures, abuses, and injustices of others". His films have thereby continually given us the "quintessential hero acting in defiance of peer group authority and asserting his own code of moral values".

According to The Encyclopedia of Hollywood, Lumet was one of the most prolific filmmakers of the modern era, directing, on average, more than one movie a year since his directorial debut in 1957. Turner Classic Movies notes his "strong direction of actors", "vigorous storytelling" and the "social realism" in his best work. Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert described him as "one of the finest craftsmen and warmest humanitarians among all film directors". Lumet was also known as an "actor's director", having worked with the best of them during his career, probably more than "any other director". Sean Connery, who acted in five of his films, considered him one of his favorite directors, and one who had that "vision thing".

Lumet's published memoir about his life in film, Making Movies (1996), is "extremely lighthearted and infectious in its enthusiasm for the craft of moviemaking itself", writes Bowles, "and is in marked contrast to the tone and style of most of his films. Perhaps Lumet's signature as a director is his work with actors – and his exceptional ability to draw high-quality, sometimes extraordinary performances from even the most unexpected quarters." Jake Coyle, a writer for the Associated Press, agreed: "While Lumet has for years gone relatively underappreciated, actors have consistently turned in some of their most memorable performances under his stewardship. From Katharine Hepburn to Faye Dunaway, Henry Fonda to Paul Newman, Lumet is known as an actor's director," and to some, like Ali MacGraw, he was considered "every actor's dream".

In the belief that Lumet's "compelling stories and unforgettable performances were his strong suit", director and producer Steven Spielberg described Lumet as "one of the greatest directors in the long history of film". Al Pacino, on hearing of Lumet's death, stated that with his films, "He leaves a great legacy, but more than that, to the people close to him, he will remain the most civilized of humans and the kindest man I have ever known." Boston Herald writer James Verniere observed that "at a time when the American film industry is intent on seeing how low it can go, Sidney Lumet remains a master of the morally complex American drama". Following his death, fellow New York directors Woody Allen and Martin Scorsese both paid tribute to Lumet. Allen called him the "quintessential New York film-maker", while Scorsese said that "our vision of the city has been enhanced and deepened by classics like Serpico, Dog Day Afternoon and, above all, the remarkable Prince of the City". Lumet also drew praise from New York mayor Michael Bloomberg, who called him "one of the great chroniclers of our city".

He did not win an individual Academy Award, although he did receive an Academy Honorary Award in 2005, and 14 of his films were nominated for various Oscars, such as Network, which was nominated for 10, winning 4. In 2005, Lumet received an Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement for his "brilliant services to screenwriters, performers, and the art of the motion picture".

A few months after Lumet's death in April 2011, TV commentator Lawrence O'Donnell aired a tribute to Lumet, and a retrospective celebration of his work was held at New York's Lincoln Center, with the appearance of numerous speakers and film stars. In October 2011, the organization Human Rights First inaugurated its "Sidney Lumet Award for Integrity in Entertainment" for the TV show The Good Wife, along with giving awards to two Middle East activists who had worked for freedom and democracy. Lumet had worked with Human Rights First on a media project related to the depiction of torture and interrogation on television.

Awards and honors
Lumet has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following films:
 * 30th Academy Awards (1957): Best Director, nomination, 12 Angry Men
 * 48th Academy Awards (1975): Best Director, nomination, Dog Day Afternoon
 * 49th Academy Awards (1976): Best Director, nomination, Network
 * 54th Academy Awards (1981): Best Adapted Screenplay, nomination, Prince of the City
 * 55th Academy Awards (1982): Best Director, nomination, The Verdict
 * 77th Academy Awards (2004): Honorary Academy Award, win

Lumet has also received the Berlin International Film Festival's Golden Bear for 12 Angry Men. He received four nominations for the Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or for the films Long Day's Journey into Night (1962), The Hill (1965), The Appointment (1969) and A Stranger Among Us (1992). He also received a Venice Film Festival Golden Lion award nomination for Prince of the City (1981).

title: Sidney Lumet


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Helfand

Helfand is a surname meaning "elephant" in Yiddish language. Notable people with the surname include:

 * David Helfand, a U.S. astronomer
 * Ira Helfand, one of the co-founders and past co-president of IPPNW, as well as a member of the international steering group of ICAN, organizations that seek to prohibit nuclear weapons in the world.
 * Jessica Helfand, a designer, author, and educator
 * Lev Borisovich Helfand, a soviet diplomat
 * A. Litvak or Litwak, nom de plume of Khayim (Chaim) Yankl Helfand (1874–1932), social-democratic Bundist ideologue and Yiddishist

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title: Helfand


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User talk:Mkaster

Welcome! I'm Mkaster!

title: User talk:Mkaster


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User:Gmh04

I'm a history graduate working in the IT industry, currently living & working in Germany.

title: User:Gmh04


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Timeline of human vaccines

This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has been eliminated worldwide. The other vaccine-preventable illnesses continue to cause millions of deaths each year. With 10 vaccines each based in the UK and France from this list, British and French discoveries have saved more than 2 billions lives. Currently, polio and measles are the targets of active worldwide eradication campaigns.

18th century

 * 1796 – Edward Jenner develops and documents first vaccine for smallpox.

19th century

 * 1884-1885 – First vaccine for cholera by Jaime Ferran y Clua and Louis Pasteur
 * 1885 – First vaccine for rabies by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux
 * 1890 – First vaccine for tetanus (serum antitoxin) by Emil von Behring
 * 1896 – First vaccine for typhoid fever by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle
 * 1897 – First vaccine for bubonic plague by Waldemar Haffkine

20th century

 * 1921 – First vaccine for tuberculosis by Albert Calmette
 * 1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria by Gaston Ramon, Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō
 * 1924 – First vaccine for scarlet fever by George F. Dick and Gladys Dick
 * 1924 – First inactive vaccine for tetanus (tetanus toxoid, TT) by Gaston Ramon, C. Zoeller and P. Descombey
 * 1926 – First vaccine for pertussis (whooping cough) by Leila Denmark
 * 1932 – First vaccine for yellow fever by Max Theiler and Jean Laigret
 * 1937 – First vaccine for typhus by Rudolf Weigl, Ludwik Fleck and Hans Zinsser
 * 1937 – First vaccine for influenza by Anatol Smorodintsev
 * 1940 – First vaccine for anthrax
 * 1941 – First vaccine for tick-borne encephalitis
 * 1952 – First vaccine for polio (Salk vaccine)
 * 1954 – First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis
 * 1957 – First vaccine for adenovirus-4 and 7
 * 1962 – First oral polio vaccine (Sabin vaccine)
 * 1963 – First vaccine for measles
 * 1967 – First vaccine for mumps
 * 1970 – First vaccine for rubella
 * 1977 – First vaccine for pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
 * 1978 – First vaccine for meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)
 * 1980 – Smallpox declared eradicated worldwide due to vaccination efforts
 * 1981 – First vaccine for hepatitis B (first vaccine to target a cause of cancer)
 * 1984 – First vaccine for chicken pox
 * 1985 – First vaccine for Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB)
 * 1989 – First vaccine for Q fever
 * 1990 – First vaccine for hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
 * 1991 – First vaccine for hepatitis A
 * 1998 – First vaccine for Lyme disease
 * 1998 – First vaccine for rotavirus

21st century

 * 2000 – First pneumococcal conjugate vaccine approved in the U.S. (PCV7 or Prevnar)
 * 2003 – First nasal influenza vaccine approved in U.S. (FluMist)
 * 2003 – First vaccine for Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
 * 2006 – First vaccine for human papillomavirus (which is a cause of cervical cancer)
 * 2006 – First herpes zoster vaccine for shingles
 * 2011 – First vaccine for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (comprises 85% of lung cancer cases)
 * 2012 – First vaccine for hepatitis E
 * 2012 – First quadrivalent (4-strain) influenza vaccine
 * 2013 – First vaccine for enterovirus 71, one cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease
 * 2015 – First vaccine for malaria
 * 2015 – First vaccine for dengue fever
 * 2019 – First vaccine for Ebola approved
 * 2020 – First vaccine for COVID-19
 * 2023 – First respiratory syncytial virus vaccine
 * 2023 - First vaccine for Chikungunya

title: Timeline of human vaccines


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Mahuika crater

Mahuika crater was a hypothesized impact crater named after the Māori god of fire. It was described as being about 20 ± 2 km (12.4 ± 1.2 mi) wide and over 153 m deep and on the New Zealand continental shelf at 48.3 South and 166.4 East, to the south of The Snares. A 2017 survey of the purported site found no evidence supporting the existence of the crater.

Initial claims of discovery
The crater was reported and named by Dallas Abbott and her colleagues from the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University. Based on elemental anomalies, fossils, and minerals, which are interpreted to be derived from the impact, found in an ice core from the Siple Dome in Antarctica, it is argued that the impact which created the Mahuika crater occurred around 1443 AD, but other sources have placed the date as 13 February 1491 AD.

Some evidence suggests that the tsunami it caused was observed by Aboriginal Australians and entered into their oral traditions.

Doubts over existence
In 2010 a paper was published in Marine Geology which critically analysed Abbott's claims regarding the origin of the Mahuika crater. The researchers determined that there was no evidence to indicate a comet created the crater, and therefore the possibility of an impact causing the tsunami was highly unlikely.

A 2017 survey by the NIWA research vessel, RV Tangaroa, using a multibeam echosounder and a sub-bottom profiling system show no evidence for any crater-like feature in the position reported by Abbott and her colleagues. Instead, the site is typical flat continental shelf lying in 160 meters (528 ft) of water. Subsequent bathymetric data compilation and analysis, as part of The Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project, shows no crater-life features on the continental shelf of southern New Zealand.

title: Mahuika crater


text:
Paras (1971 film)

Paras is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by C.P Dixit starring Sanjeev Kumar, Raakhee, Mehmood, Farida Jalal, Shatrughan Sinha and Madan Puri.

Plot
Dharam Singh is an honest farmer in rural India, and lives with his sister, Bela, who is now of marriageable age. One day both brother and sister witness a murder, and haul the killer to the nearest police station, where the killer is charged, arrested, and held for court. The killer is none other than the powerful and influential Arjun Singh's brother. When Arjun learns that Dharam and Bela are the only witnesses to this murder, he attempts to bribe them, albeit in vain, and his brother is sentenced to be hanged. In order to escape Arjun's wrath, Dharam relocates to the city, to earn a living, and thereby help his sister get married. Arjun sets fire to Dharam's house in the village, abducts Bela, and attempts to rape her, but she escapes, and searches for Dharam. After several months, she spots Dharam in the city in the company of a rich woman, Barkha. When she approaches Dharam, he refuses to recognize her, and has nothing to do with her.

Cast

 * Sanjeev Kumar as Dharam Singh
 * Raakhee as Barkha Singh
 * Mehmood as Munna Sarkar
 * Farida Jalal as Bela Singh
 * Shatrughan Sinha as Thakur Arjun Singh
 * Madan Puri as Thakur Prithvi Singh
 * Mukri as Manager
 * Murad as Judge
 * Viju Khote as Munna Sarkar friend

Music
The film's music was composed by the duo Kalyanji Anandji and the film's songs were written by Indeevar, Qamar Jalalabadi and Verma Malik.

 * 1) "Man Mera Tujhko Mange, Dur Dur Tu Bhage" - Suman Kalyanpur
 * 2) "Tere Honthon Ke Do Phul Pyaare Pyaare" - Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar
 * 3) "Sajna Ke Samne Main To Rahungi Chup" - Asha Bhosle
 * 4) "Gali Gali Aur Gaon Gaon Me Pito Aaj Dhindhora" - Kishore Kumar
 * 5) "O Jugni Kehti Hai Baat Pate Ki, Yaad Rakhna Ye" - Asha Bhosle
 * 6) "Suno Saathiyon, Sacchai Se Bad Kar Dharm Nhi Koi Duja" - Asha Bhosle, Mahendra Kapoor

Awards and nominations

 * Filmfare Best Comedian Award for Mehmood
 * Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for Farida Jalal

title: Paras (1971 film)


text:
Talk:Mitanni

Merge?
It seems like Naharin is a stub article that doesn’t need to exist. Anything that’s relevant in that article can be merged into this article. Blaylockjam10 (talk) 23:50, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

Agreed.Ploversegg (talk) 19:10, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

An intesting quote from Amenophis II who called himself "[the destroyer  of]  Naharin,  the  one  that  laid  waste Khatte, viol[ator  of the] Babylonian  [woman], the Byblian maid, the little girl  of  Alalakh  and  the  old  crone  of  Arrapkha!  And  the  Takhsians  are nothing  at all! —really what  are they good for?" (in Redford, Donald B.. "CHAPTER EIGHT Asia in Egypt: Mosaic, Not Melting Pot". Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2021, pp. 214-238)Ploversegg (talk) 19:19, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

I considered the situation and suggest Naharin remain as a separate article. Although a stub, it's valuable for searching purposes of readers. The more items you have the better, and that stub can grow with more information in future. So the tag suggesting merging should be deleted, at least until we have a section in Mitanni exclusively dedicated to Naharin.--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 20:25, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I concur though for a different reason. I read the discussion Articles for deletion/Naharin from the last merge attempt and decided it was more contentious that I thought.Ploversegg (talk) 20:29, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

 * That's right, so we can delete the tag if you agree.--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 20:35, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

To Do
I am going to say that this article is in an order of magnitude better condition than it was before. My sense is that there are two main things left to do, one easy, one hard. If there is other stuff you see needs to be done feel free.Ploversegg (talk) 17:29, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Redo ruler table - I'm thinking maybe a split into kings and vassals and blending in some info from the table I removed a while ago but I'm just skybluing here.
 * History and ruler blurbs - The hard part. I reread Mitanni and rolled my eyes like a dozen times. All the weasel words! The complete lack of sources! Etc. And it almost seems to me that this stuff should properly be in the History section. Thoughts?

 * Certainly, both issues you mention have to be revised. Section in De Martino's table that can be used is the part he refers to 'Principate of Mittani' and 'Rise of the kingdom of Mittani.' I see he is refering to 'Habigalbat' period. Regarding large sections of kings with no reference, this is an issue it needs to be solved, maybe slowly. It would be also needed to shorten a little Mitanni and maybe also Mitanni.--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 19:04, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Actually Luckenbill does use etc several times. Not that anyone will notice. I wish I had a newer translation but this was the best I could find. At least now I can tell what the tablet actually said vs what was already in article.Ploversegg (talk) 02:23, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Dates. I hereby give you carte blanche to pick regnal dates for Mitanni rulers. Note though that Assyrian cross dates cannot be fully relied on after 1133 BC because the limmu eponym dating system starts to unravel. Personally I am a bit doubtful even up to 1133 BC. PS We also don't know if there is a ruler between Shattiwaza and Shattuara I like a son with the daughter of Suppiluliuma I. :-)Ploversegg (talk) 21:46, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Neither Mladjov (2019), nor von Dassow (2022) consider a king between Shattiwaza and Shattuara I, and these are among the latest analyses on this issue. Von Dassow even has a detailed outline in page 471 regarding royalty contemporary relationships. I also have doubts on using too early secondary sources, I prefer recent publications. Of course, accurate datings are not avalaible, but approximate chronology is very useful, even though future scholarship can change the scenario. Regarding Assyrians and datings after 1133 BC I have no opinion, by now. On the other hand, I appreciate your quotings of primary sources (tablets).--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 00:16, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

Ok, I looked at the chart on 471, which is fine though dateless. Were did the dates come from? I'm sure they are fine, I just like things chronological. And Van Dassow has minor issues. For example I read the entire Hittite treaty twice and don't know where they got the idea that the treaty with Artatama II was abrogated. Maybe it happened in some other document.Ploversegg (talk) 02:13, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, it seems Eva von Dassow does not explain much on how did she use some sources for dating. On the other hand, Ian Mladjov considers that: "While my reconstruction does not depend precisely on any specific chronology, I am currently inclined toward a Lowered Middle Chronology for Mesopotamia (fall of Babylon 1587 BC: de JONG and FOERTMEYER 2010; MANNING et al. 2016 and 2017) and a version of the Low Chronology for Egypt (Thutmose III from 1479 BC; Rameses II from 1279 BC: von BECKERATH 1997; KRAUSS 2015)..." and that his list "assumes generations of 20–30 years, adjusted to ﬁt any known synchronisms."--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 02:34, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

I am always amused when people talk about the Egyptian Chronology like it is set in stone. It has a lot of holes covered by wallpaper. The entire Third Intermediate Period of Egypt is a mess. And we won't even start with how many rulers have uncertain regnal lengths or possible overlaps in rulership. By the time you get to the Mitanni Period I consider Egyptian dates accurate to +/- 25 years, maybe a bit worse. That's why they try to shore it up with the limmu lists and a suspect astronomical event or two. Unfortunately, if you doubt the standard EC you look like a pyramids built by UFO aliens person.:-) Its just the opposite in the aNE where there are a slew of different chronologies and nobody agrees. I prefer to stay "chronology-agnostic" (not even fully buying the whole Venus Tablet thing) and think of it as number of islands formed by synchronisms in an ocean of floating chronology. Slowly we are gluing the islands together. Some day we will have a continent. Anyone who doesn't think its that messy I point to Chronology of the ancient Near East.Ploversegg (talk) 03:47, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

I've run out of stuff to poke on the Mitanni article. If something is needed let me know. It looks pretty good compared to before.Ploversegg (talk) 23:57, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

 * As you say, the article is much better now, and with more references. You did a good labor.--Carlos Eduardo Aramayo B. (talk) 02:42, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Hey, not sure whether this is the right place to bring this up, and I’m far from an expert on Ancient Near East civilizations, but I can read IPA, and the gloss /mɪˈtæni/ (at the top of the article) strikes me as pretty unlikely for the word “Mitanni,” just eyeballing it as a native English speaker. Specifically, I think someone has made a mistake in the vowel of the second syllable. I haven’t heard the word spoken aloud, but for anyone who has, is the second syllable really pronounced like the word “tan”? It seems to me that the vowel /ɑ/ (in full, /mɪˈtɑni/), the one in the first word syllable of the word “father,” is more plausible. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:42:C080:E970:D1BB:6BB1:11F7:93E6 (talk) 16:46, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

Name
Under "Name" Maryannu is listed. This is not a name of Mitanni at all (certainly not by the Egyptians, as the article claims), but the term used for chariot warriors. It needs to be removed. As the page is protected, I cannot do this myself. Shedsunefertum17 (talk) 10:58, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Now corrected. Shedsunefertum17 (talk) 20:45, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Indo
If these influences are considered specifically INDO-Aryan, does it mean that they arrived from India? Or did these languages separate somewhere in the Steppe? In that case when? Either much more than 4000 years ago, or Cemetery H can't have any relation to Indo-Aryans. Or Cemetery H is much younger than 3900 years. --95.24.64.92 (talk) 22:31, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Minor corrections to English
I intend to correct a few infelicities in the English of this article. In most cases the meaning is quite clear, but I can make no sense of "due to this pottery was a continuity from non-Mitannian previous Old Babylonian period" in the section "Archaeology/Upper Mesopotamia/Northeastern Syria (Jazira Region)". Can anyone help with a re-wording? Another point I need help on: in "Mitanni rulers / Wasashatta", final sentence, the name "Hittle" looks like a typo for "Hittite". RoachPeter (talk) 07:04, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

(I have now done what I can)

title: Talk:Mitanni


text:
Talk:There's Something About Miriam

Terminology
Terminology is not debatable at all. Anything other than 'she' or 'her' is considered offensive, and the language used in the article borders upon that anyway. Morwen 17:23, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I've removed the warning, and copyeditted the first paragraph. - UtherSRG 11:49, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I hope that my recent edit has improved the language somewhat? Dysprosia 12:01, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

I'm actually very sure that There's Something About Miriam WAS aired in Britain, by Sky One. I don't know if they will have cancelled it though. Trilliangoose 15:06, 7 September 2004 (UTC)

If the contestant "Miriam" refers to himself as a man ("But you see, Tom... I am not a woman. I was born as a man.") and has male genitals (the Guardian article indicates that he's intending to have an operation to remove his genitalia) it seems fine to refer to him using masculine pronouns. 78.148.58.172 (talk) 02:19, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Miriam and the Amazon Queen
Miriam is featured in a poster and other merchandise promoting a book called SECRET OF THE AMAZON QUEEN (E A Guest) -- and she looks hot! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.20.164.120 (talk • contribs)

Surname
I've seen her credited elsewhere as Miriam D'Abo (imdb for instance), and was wondering what her surname really is? What was her birth surname? I'm guessing it's Rivera and that D'Abo is just a stage name (well until she changes it legally anyway), but does anyone know for certain? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.134.209.219 (talk • contribs)

 * Since IMDb is user submitted as well, it's not always accurate. It's not clear where this information got introduced, but I haven't been able to confirm it in any reliable published sources. Jokestress 17:44, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Undisclosed amount
On 20-1 on channel nine the amount was stated as 330000 pounds each —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.172.181.195 (talk) 12:10, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

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First citation seems irrelevant to the text
The first citation is refering to the death of the titular character. However it is placed as a citation for text that describes the basic premise of the show.

Surely this is completely irrelevant?

If we want to discuss the death of Miriam Rivera there should be a section included on the page that focuses on that subject. Otherwise the citation should be removed 88.17.146.153 (talk) 00:18, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:There's Something About Miriam


text:
Nepali Congress

The Nepali Congress (नेपाली कांग्रेस ; abbr. NC) is the oldest democratic socialist political party in Nepal and the largest party in the country. The party has 870,106 members as of the party's 14th general convention in December 2021 making them the largest party by membership in Nepal. In June 2023, the party started online membership since the emergence of youth leaders in vital post to bring youths into the party. The party is led by former prime minister, Sher Bahadur Deuba since the party's thirteenth general convention in 2016. The party won 89 seats in the 2022 general election and is currently the largest parliamentary group in the House of Representatives.

There have been seven Nepali Congress prime ministers and the party has led the government fourteen times. Matrika Prasad Koirala, a founding member of the party was appointed as the first commoner prime minister following the end of the Rana regime in 1951. Subarna Shumsher Rana, another founding member of the party was also appointed as prime minister in 1958. Congress is the only party in Nepal to have been elected with a majority with the party forming majority governments in 1959, 1991 and 1999 under B.P. Koirala, Girija Prasad Koirala and K.P. Bhattarai respectively with B.P. Koirala becoming the first elected prime minister of the country. The party also formed coalition governments in 1995 and 1998 under Girija Prasad Koirala and Sher Bahadur Deuba. The party emerged as the largest party following the 2013 Constituent Assembly elections and led a coalition government under Sushil Koirala. After the promulgation of the constitution in 2015, the party led coalition governments under Deuba in 2017 and 2021.

The party was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Nepali National Congress and the Nepal Democratic Congress along democratic socialist lines. NC prime ministers led four governments between the fall of the Rana dynasty and the start of the Panchayat era, including the first democratically elected government of Nepal, after the 1959 general election. Starting in the 1990s, the party followed other mainstream, centre-left social democratic parties in moving closer to the political centre through the Third Way.

Background
In 1947, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, published an appeal for a unified struggle of Nepali people against the Rana regime. That same year, some Nepalese got together in Benaras and formed an organization by the name All Indian Nepali National Congress (भारतीय नेपाली राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस) where an ad-hoc committee was established. The initial officers were chairman Devi Prasad Sapkota, vice-president Balchandra Sharma, general secretary Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, and public minister Gopal Prasad Bhattarai, publicity minister. Its Working Committee included Batuk Prasad Bhattarai, Narayan Prasad Bhattarai, and Narendra Regmi, while its coordinator was Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala.

Around the same time, Nepalese located in Calcutta formed another organization by the name All Indian Nepali Gorkha Congress (अखिल भारतीय गोर्खा कांग्रेस) whose chairman was Dharma Narayan Pradhan. Koirala traveled extensively to places such as Benaras, Calcutta, Darjeeling, Assam, Bhaksu, and Dehradhun, and established contact with the Nepalese there. He met with Ganesh Man Singh during the same period. Nepalese representatives from different areas of Nepal and India organized one session in Calcutta. Koirala, Dilli Raman Regmi, Dharma Narayan Pradhan, and Dhan Man Singh Pariyar were present. In the same session, dropping Akhil Bharatiya from its name, the organization was named Nepali National Congress. Tanka Prasad Acharya, who was facing a life-sentence in Kathmandu, was made its chairman. The flag was square-shaped with white, blue, and red colors in succession, with the moon and the sun in its center.

The major four proposals passed by the session were to assist Indians in their independence movement, support Vietnam struggling for freedom against French colonization, ask for the immediate release of imprisoned members of the Nepal Praja Parishad, and initiate a non-violence movement in Nepal for the establishment of an accountable ruling system. The organization's modus operandi was chosen, and attached itself to the civil conscience process in Nepal by establishing Tanka Prasad Acharya as its chairman.

Nepali Congress formation, 1946–1950
The Nepali Congress Party was formed by the merger of Nepali National Congress and Nepal Democratic Congress. The Nepali National Congress was founded by Matrika Prasad Koirala in Calcutta, India on 25 January 1946. The Nepal Democratic Congress was founded by Subarna Shumsher Rana in Calcutta on 4 August 1948. The two parties merged on 10 April 1950 to form the Nepali Congress and Koirala became its first president. The party called for an armed revolution against the Rana regime.

During the Bairgania Conference in Bairgania, Bihar, on 27 September 1950 the Nepali Congress announced an armed revolution against the Rana regime. The president of the party also announced the liquidation of operations in India and that the party would operate only inside Nepal.

After King Tribhuvan took refuge inside the Indian Embassy on 6 November 1950. The Congress Liberation Army decided to take this opportunity to launch attacks against the regime before the King "left Nepalese soil". Matrika and Bisheshwor Prasad Koirala and Subarna Shamsher Rana flew to Purnia, Bihar. They called the commanders posted at different locations inside Nepal to prepare for armed strikes near the Nepal-India border.

On 11 November 1950, at midnight Birgunj was attacked, and by 12 November it fell to the Nepali Congress and the first "People's Government" was declared. The liberation army was able to control most of the eastern hills of Nepal and the town of Tansen in Palpa. After pressure by the Indian government and the mass movement by the Nepali Congress and other political parties, the Rana government finally submitted to their demands and King Tribhuvan returned to the throne, replacing King Gyanendra, who had been crowned king after King Tribhuvan left for India.

Transitional government, 1951–1959
After the fall of the Rana government, the Nepali Congress led three of the five governments formed before the elections. Matrika Prasad Koirala, the first commoner to become Prime Minister, led the government from 1951 to 1952 and 1953–1955 and Subarna Shamsher Rana led the government from 1958 to 1959. The much delayed elections were finally held in February 1959 and Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Nepal after the Nepali Congress won 74 of 109 seats in the parliament.

Panchayat government, 1960–1990
Following a royal coup by King Mahendra in 1960, many leaders of the party, including Koirala, Rana and General Secretary Hora Prasad Joshi, were imprisoned or exiled; others took political refuge in India. Although political parties were prohibited from 1960 to 1989 and remained outlawed during the Panchayat system under the aegis of the Associations and Organizations (Control) Act of 1963, the Nepali Congress persisted. The party placed great emphasis on eliminating the feudal economy and building a basis for socioeconomic development. It proposed nationalizing basic industries and instituting progressive taxes on land, urban housing, salaries, profits and foreign investments. While in exile, the Nepali Congress served as the nucleus around which other opposition groups clustered and instigated popular uprisings in the Hill and Terai regions. During this time, the Nepali Congress refused the overtures of a radical faction of the Communist Party of Nepal for a tactical alliance.

The Nepali Congress demonstrated endurance, but defection, factionalism, and external pressures weakened it over time. Nevertheless, it continued to be the only organized party to press for democratization. In the 1980 government system referendum, it supported the multiparty system in opposition to the panchayat system. The party boycotted the 1981 general election and rejected the new government. The death in 1982 of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala further weakened the party.

After the party boycotted the 1986 general election to the Rastriya Panchayat, its members were allowed to run in the 1987 Nepalese local elections. In defiance of the demonstration ban, the Nepali Congress organized mass rallies with the communist factions in January 1990 that ultimately triggered the pro-democracy movement.

Post-Panchayat government, 1991–2002
After the Jana Andolan I, party president Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was invited to form an interim coalition government. In the 1991 general election, the Nepali Congress won 110 of 205 seats but Bhattarai lost his seat and yielded the position of prime minister to Girija Prasad Koirala who held his seat until 1994.

During the 1994 general election, the Nepali Congress lost its majority to Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist). The CPN (UML) lacked a majority and formed a minority government. After 46 parliamentarians from the CPN (UML) quit to form the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist), the Nepali Congress formed their own government with the Rastriya Prajatantra Party and Nepal Sadbhawana Party. After CPN (UML) offered Lokendra Bahadur Chand the position of prime minister, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party led a government with the CPN (UML). Internal problems within the Rastriya Prajatantra Party caused one faction led by Surya Bahadur Thapa to lead a government with Nepali Congress and Nepal Sadbhawana Party.

Girija Prasad Koirala again became the Prime Minister in April 1998, leading a Congress minority government after Rastriya Prajatantra and Nepal Sadbhawana quit the government. Eventually, they got support from the CPN (ML) and after their withdrawal the CPN (UML) and Nepal Sadbhawana.

During the 1999 general election, Girija Prasad Koirala stepped aside in favour of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, who returned as Prime Minister when the Nepali Congress won 111 out of 205 House seats. Bhattarai resigned as prime minister on 16 March 2000 after conflicts between himself and supporters of Girija Prasad Koirala. In the party's first open leadership election, the parliamentarians selected Girija Prasad Koirala as their leader by 69-43 votes over Sher Bahadur Deuba. Accordingly, King Birendra designated Girija Prasad Koirala as prime minister on 20 March.

On 8 August 2000, Koirala dismissed the Minister of Water Resources, Khum Bahadur Khadka, for calling for Koirala's resignation. Although Koirala beat back another challenge by Deuba's supporters at a party convention in January 2001, he resigned as Prime Minister on 19 July. Deuba then defeated Secretary General Sushil Koirala, 72–40, for the party leadership and was designated prime minister by the king.

In May 2002, the party's disciplinary committee expelled Deuba for failing to consult the party before seeking a parliamentary extension of the country's state of emergency. Deuba's supporters then expelled Koirala at a general convention in June. Deuba registered his faction as the Nepali Congress (Democratic), following a decision by the Election Commission that the Koirala faction held ownership of the name Nepali Congress, taking 40 of the party's lower house representatives with him.

King Gyanendra's rule, 2002–2006
In the months following the King's October 2002 decisions to dissolve the House of Representatives and replace Prime Minister Deuba with Rastriya Prajatantra's Lokendra Bahadur Chand, the party joined the CPN (UML) and other, smaller parties in challenging the constitutionality of the moves. The party played a significant role in the formation of the Seven Party Alliance (SPA), which launched a series of street protests against the King's regression. The Seven Party Alliance had earlier avoided the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) CPN-M and their violent methods, signed a 12-point understanding in Delhi in November 2005. The agreement contained three key commitmentsm, namely that the SPA endorsed CPN-M's fundamental demand for elections to a constituent assembly; the Maoists reciprocated with an assurance that they accepted a multi-party system, which was the SPA's prime concern. The SPA and the Maoists agreed to launch a peaceful mass movement against the monarchy.

Constituent Assembly, 2006–2015
On 26 April 2006, the king reinstated the dissolved parliament and formed a small government under the premiership of Girija Prasad Koirala, the president of the Nepali Congress. In November 2006, the government and the CPN-M signed a Comprehensive Peace Accord in India and the Nepalese Civil War formally ended.

On 24 September 2007, the Nepali Congress (Democratic) and Nepali Congress unified as a single party with the 2008 Constituent Assembly election looming. Following the first Madhesh movement, former deputy speaker and senior leader of the party Mahantha Thakur, who had led a committee that held talks with the Madheshi Jana Adhikar Forum, broke away and formed the Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party with other Madheshi leaders. Girija Prasad Koirala remained president of the newly unified party. The party placed second with 110 out of 575 elected seats in the Constituent Assembly election, winning only half as many seats as CPN-M.

The party joined the coalition government headed by Madhav Kumar Nepal in May 2009. Girija Prasad Koirala angered some in the party by nominating his daughter Sujata Koirala to be Foreign Minister. In June, in a contested election for leader of the party's parliamentary group, Ram Chandra Poudel defeated Deuba. The 12th General Convention of the Nepali Congress was held in Kathmandu from 17 to 21 September 2010. The convention elected Sushil Koirala as the party president.

After the Constituent Assembly of Nepal was dissolved by Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai after failure to draft a new constitution before the deadline. In the resulting 2013 Constituent Assembly election, the party emerged as the largest party winning 196 of the 575 elected seats. Along with CPN (UML), under the leadership of Sushil Koirala, they formed a new coalition government. The new Constitution of Nepal was promulgated under his leadership on 20 September 2015.

Federal Nepal, 2015–2020
Sushil Koirala resigned as prime minister on 10 October 2015 after losing support from CPN (UML). Nepali Congress joined the government again in August 2016 under the leadership of Bimlendra Nidhi, after backing Pushpa Kamal Dahal to become prime minister. According to their agreement, Dahal resigned on 24 May 2017 paving the way for Deuba to become prime minister for a fourth time on 6 June 2017.

On 22 April 2017, the Akhanda Nepal Party led by Kumar Kahadka joined the Nepali Congress ahead of the 2017 local elections. Nepali Congress won 11,456 seats including 266 mayoral or chairman positions. The party also won mayor posts in Lalitpur and Biratnagar. Ahead of the 2017 general and provincial elections, Nepal Loktantrik Forum led by former Nepali Congress leader, Bijay Kumar Gachhadar merged into the party. Similarly, a group from Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal led by MP Abhishek Pratap Shah, a group from CPN (UML) led by MP Mohan Singh Rathore and Rabin Chaudhary, a goroup from Rastriya Janata Party Nepal led by MP Jangi Lal Ray, a group from CPN (Maoist Centre) led by former Minister and MP Sambhu Lal Shrestha joined the party ahead of the 2017 election.

The party won 63 seats to the House of Representatives becoming the second largest party. The party could win only 23 seats under first past the post and many influential leaders including Ram Chandra Paudel, Ram Sharan Mahat, Bimalendra Nidhi, Krishna Prasad Sitaula, and Arjun Narsingh KC lost in their constituencies. The party won 113 seats in provincial assemblies and became the largest opposition in six out of seven provinces. The party won 13 seats in the 2018 National Assembly election. After the National Assembly election, Deuba resigned as prime minister on 15 February 2018, paving the way for a new government under CPN (UML). The party's under performance in the election caused many elements inside the party to call for Deuba's resignation. Prakash Man Singh stood against Deuba for the election of the parliamentary party leader, but Deuba won the vote 44–19.

Political crisis of 2020–2021
Nepali Congress was back to centre of Nepalese politics since the political crisis 2020 which it had lost after deciding from the position of single largest party of nation. This happened after split in Nepal Communist Party and Janata Samajbadi Party due to personal interest and difference in ideology of core leaders.

The internal crisis led to dissolution of parliament (both house of representative and lower house of parliament) by Khadga Prasad Oli twice within six months. It was approved by the president but Supreme court denied the legality of such decision by Oli. After the supreme court's historic decision, both the parliaments were reinstated.

After facing the vote for confidence in parliament, Oli lost the vote for confidence. Again he dissolved the parliament on 22 May 2021 and it was approved by president unanimously against the signatures submitted claiming majority to Nepali Congress. Still, 146 sitting members of HOR filed a case in supreme court against the decision and approval of president. Previously, they had submitted majority signatures to president asking to appoint Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next prime-minister of Nepal. On 12 July 2021, the Supreme Court stated the decision of parliament dissolution was unlawful. Similarly, it ordered the appointment Deuba as the next Prime Minister of Nepal citing article 76(5) of the Constitution of Nepal within 28 hours. It stated that the decision made by the president was against the norms of the constitution. On 13 July 2021, President Bidya Devi Bhandari appointed Sher Bahadur Deuba as the Prime Minister without including any article of Constitution and stating as per the order of Court. This created cold dispute and people alleged President Bhandari of forgetting her limits and being tilted to ex-PM Oli. After Deuba declined to take the oath as per the appointment letter, the letter was changed and stated that Deuba was made PM in accordance with article 76(5), marking Deuba's fifth term as PM.

This process of vote of confidence was keenly watched by people from within and outside the country. On 18 July 2021, Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of Nepal and Nepali Congress leader Gyanendra Bahadur Karki registered a proposal for vote of confidence in the first meeting of reinstated House of Representatives. Here, CPN(UML) got divided when only 69% MP from UML voted against Deuba. People's Socialist Party, Nepal remained united in voting for the Deuba despite ongoing process of party division. Hence, the government got vote of confidence with no party purely as opposition, a first in the history of Nepal.

Out of total 249 present for the vote, 165 voted for Deuba while 1 remained undecided. This includes 83 from CPN (UML) who voted against Deuba. 37 of them were either absent or voted in favour of Deuba. 22 MPs from Madhav Nepal faction and some rebel from Oli faction from CPN (UML) voted for Deuba. This was a historic win with nearly 66.3% of votes of total present in parliament. It was totally unexpected with just 61 voters from Nepali Congress. It was a big set back to Oli when 38 CPN (UML) MPs did not vote against Deuba. This was seen as a result of Oli's "autocratic" rule and dissolution of the house twice.

In addition to this, Nepali Congress joined the government of Karnali on 6 June with an agreement of a roatational government. Within a week, Congress also joined the Province No. 2 government, as a result of an internal split in PSPN. Similarly, on 12 June Congress formed a coalition government Gandaki under its own leadership. On 12 August, Congress joined a coalition government in Lumbini formed under the leadership of CPN (Maoist Centre), with a provision of rotational government to be formed in the next few months. On 3 November 2021, Nepali Congress formed Karnali government under its own leadership sworning Jeevan Bahadur Shahi as chief minister of the province. From 13 to 15 December 2021, Nepali Congress conducted its 14th general convention in the presence of 850,000 active members and nearly 5,000 candidates, re-electing Sher Bahadur Deuba as party president in the second round. The party elected Purna Bahadur Khadka and Dhanraj Gurung vice-presidents of the party. Popular youth leaders Gagan Thapa and Bishwa Prakash Sharma were elected to the executive post of general secretary of the party.

Nepalese election year, 2022–present
On 13 May 2022, the Sher Bahadur Deuba-led government held local level elections, in which the ruling Nepali Congress swept the polls winning the posts of chiefs in 329 local units out of a total of 753, up from 266 in the last local elections held in 2017. The party secured wins in two metropolitan cities, Lalitpur and Biratnagar, as well as wins in four sub-metropolitan cities of Butwal, Nepalgunj, Janakpur and Itahari. The NC secured the highest vote among contesting parties in the elections.

On 20 November 2022, the Sher Bahadur Deuba-led government held general elections, in which the ruling Nepali Congress emerged as the single largest party at both national and provincial level winning as much as 57 seats of 90 seats it had contested.

Ideology
The party was founded on the principle of democracy and socialism. In 1956, the party adopted democratic socialism as its ideology for socio-economic transformation. Its foreign policy orientation was to nonalignment and good relations with India. It initially favoured mainstream social democratic policies, but in the late 20th century, began moving closer to the political centre, starting in the 1990s, abandoning some of its previous social democratic policies in favor of those similar to the Third Way.

Central Organization
The National Convention remains the supreme body of Nepali Congress and it is organized every four years by the party's Central Committee. The national convention elects the party portfolios including the party chair, two deputy chairs, two general secretaries each along with eight deputy general secretaries from different cluster. It also elects central committee members. The convention also discusses and approves political documents, organizational proposals and amendments to the party constitution. The party has also provision for Central Working committee.

Provincial and local organization
Party committees exist at the provincial, district, constituency, local and ward level. All the level of committee holds a convention every four years. The party has distributed a number of rights at different levels per the current Constitution of Nepal. Nepali Congress stands as the only party to have conducted conventions at all levels since the promulgation of current constitution of Nepal. The convention elects the leadership and members of the committee which is the supreme decision making body in between conventions.

Legislative elections
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Presidents

 * Matrika Prasad Koirala (1950–1952)
 * Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (1952–1956, 1957–1982)
 * Subarna Shamsher Rana (1956–1957)
 * Krishna Prasad Bhattarai (1982–1996)
 * Girija Prasad Koirala (1996–2010)
 * Sushil Koirala (2010–2016)
 * Sher Bahadur Deuba (2016–present)

Vice-presidents

 * Prakash Man Singh (1996–2010)
 * Ram Chandra Paudel (1996–2016)
 * Gopal Man Shrestha (1996–2010)
 * Bimalendra Nidhi (2016–2022)
 * Bijay Kumar Gachhadar (2017–2022)
 * Dhanraj Gurung (2022–present)
 * Purna Bahadur Khadka (2022–present)

General secretaries

 * Girija Prasad Koirala (1982–1996)
 * Mahendra Narayan Nidhi (1982–1996)
 * Bimalendra Nidhi (1996–2010)
 * Kul Bahadur Gurung (1996–2010)
 * Ram Baran Yadav (1996–2010)
 * Krishna Prasad Sitaula (2010–2016)
 * Prakash Man Singh (2010–2016)
 * Shashanka Koirala (2016–2022)
 * Purna Bahadur Khadka (2016–2022)
 * Gagan Kumar Thapa (2022–present)
 * Bishwa Prakash Sharma (2022–present)

Sister organizations
According to the website of Nepali Congress, the following are its sister organizations.
 * Nepal Student Union (नेपाल विद्यार्थी संघ)
 * Nepal Tarun Dal (नेपाल तरुण दल)
 * Nepal Democratic Fighter Society (नेपाल प्रजातान्त्रिक सेनानी समाज)
 * Nepal Farmers Association (नेपाल किसान संघ)
 * Nepal Adivasi Janajati Sangh (नेपाल आदिवासी जनजाति संघ)
 * National Democratic Handicapped Association (राष्ट्रिय प्रजातान्त्रिक अपाङ्ग संघ)
 * Nepal Tamang Association (नेपाल तामाङ संघ)
 * Nepal Thakur Society (नेपाल ठाकुर समाज)
 * Nepal Woman Association (नेपाल महिला संघ)
 * Nepal Dalit Sangh (नेपाल दलित संघ)
 * Nepal Ex Army Association (नेपाल भूतपूर्व सैनिक संघ)
 * Nepal Press Union (नेपाल प्रेस युनियन)
 * Nepal Civil Service Employees' Union (नेपाल निजामती कर्मचारी युनियन)
 * Nepal Cultural Association (नेपाल सांस्कृतिक संघ)
 * Nepal Teachers Association (नेपाल शिक्षक संघ)
 * Nepal Trade Union Congress (नेपाल ट्रेड युनियन कांग्रेस)
 * Nepal Prajatantra Senani Sangh (नेपाल प्रजातान्त्रिक सेनानी संघ)
 * Nepal Indigenous Nationality Association (नेपाल आदिवासी जनजाती संघ )

title: Nepali Congress


text:
Talk:Identity document

Declaring an interest
For clarity's sake, my comment about checking the NPOV of my edits to this article is because I must declare an interest, as a campaigner against the current ID card proposals of the British government. — OwenBlacker 13:01, Jun 26, 2004 (UTC)

this page reads like a self-conscious blog
some pov editing is needed: the page is like a two headed man trying to get up the nerve to whup himself

This article is incorrect, it is compulsory in Canada to have ID card on your person. if u are caught by the cops without ID you can be charged for failure to provide ID or something like that.

Countries with non-compulsory cards
Just a few references:

Austria: http://www.help.gv.at/Content.Node/3/Seite.030900.html Canada: http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pub/transporters/Appendix2-2.html Netherlands: http://www.bprbzk.nl/echtheidskenmerken/kenmerken_1997_2001/2001/gb/nlreisdocumenten/indexID.htm

Sounds like BS

 * law enforcers can discover people who suffer from dissociative identity disorder (e.g. Billy Milligan) when they found people claim their names which is not consistent with the name on their identity cards.

removing. if you wnt to put it back you might reference it first and explain why a policeman who checks ID would want to know this

Non-governmental ID
It also lacks any discussion on non-govermental ID cards, such as ones used by companies and others.-- atuomi 10:10 30.9.2006 (GMT+2)

DNA is an identity card ?
It depends how much you spend on the testing. Standard DNA profiling tests don't look at the whole DNA, but pick out 13 "loci" which characterise people. Each locus is common to about 10% of the population with little overlap. This means that if you test all 13 loci, the chances of being wrong are pretty small but this is expensive (although costs are plummeting). A typical test might only cover 3 loci in which case there is a 1/1000 chance of being wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.91.254.74 (talk • contribs) 25 July 2007 UTC (UTC)

Why is an Identity Document on say "o identify a person"?
Could a o identify Document not also identity "things"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwilleke (talk • contribs) 1 April 2016 UTC (UTC)
 * automobile registration
 * Gun Registration
 * Drone Registration
 * Auto Title
 * etc.

How does an Identity Document Prove Something?
How does an identity document prove something? Isn't it just a document and as long as you have it obtained by whatever means just a document?

Trying to find out what what is an identity, seems very difficult. Do you have any id? (assuming identity document - so it can be any random information?) Can I see your passport? (is it mine? or is it the property of the government as it states in the first page?), Can you verify your id? (no, i can only give you the information you need to match in your system - is it my id anyway? or is it your id information that you use to identify me?)...

More information is needed to clarify without ambiguity what is identified, how it proves, who's identify is it (the owner vs who it is trying to identify) etc... -- zhulien 23:53 21 September 2021 (GMT+10)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 April 2024
Change the link to Polish (pl-PL) counterpart of the article FROM https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow%C3%B3d_osobisty ("dowód osobisty" = government-backed ID card - a specific type of an identity document) TO https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument_to%C5%BCsamo%C5%9Bci ("dokument tożsamości" = literally "identity document") KSetlak (talk) 12:32, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Ferien (talk) 15:43, 20 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @KSetlak: ✅: inter-language links changed on this article's Wikidata entry by merging Q2072174 into it. Show this change on Wikidata. penguinencounter2@enwiki:~/talk/contrib$ 15:55, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Identity document


text:
User:Opal~enwiki

Member since 2003.

title: User:Opal~enwiki


text:
User talk:Opal~enwiki

Testing this out.

Hello "Opal" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wiki'ing, -- Infrogmation 17:41, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Opal. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Opal~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:57, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:13, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Opal~enwiki


text:
Talk:Octodontidae

Untitled
Does Octodontidae mean that the animals in this family have eight teeth? If so, could that be mentioned on the page?

Probably not. The authoritative University of Michigan site states that "the cheekteeth are flat crowned, hypsodont, and distinctively "8"-shaped due to single labial and lingual folds", and I suspect that is the etymology - but speculative etymology is a trap for the unwary. seglea at 1807utc on 031112

 * The original description of Pipanacoctomys and Salinoctomys (Pipanacoctomys and Salinoctomys, if you can understand it) (Mares et al., 2000), gave the shape of those cheekteeth as the etymology for "octo" in both names, so it seems probable that that's the etymology for the other family members too. Ucucha (talk)  12:34, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octodontidae


text:
List of airports in Greece

This is a list of airports in Greece, grouped by type and sorted by location.

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. It has land borders with Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

Greece is divided into 13 regions (the official regional administrative divisions), including nine on the mainland and four island groups. The regions are further subdivided into 74 regional units. The country has many islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades and the Ionian Islands among others.

Airports
ICAO location identifiers link to airport's page at Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority.

title: List of airports in Greece


text:
Turku and Pori Province

Turku and Pori Province (Turun ja Porin lääni, Åbo och Björneborgs län, Або-Бьёрнеборгская губерния) was a province of independent Finland from 1917 to 1997. The province was however founded as a county in 1634 when today's Finland was an integrated part of Sweden. It is named after the cities of Turku (Åbo) and Pori (Björneborg).

Åland was split into a separate province in 1918. In 1997 Turku and Pori Province was merged with the northern part of the Häme Province, the provinces of Vaasa and Central Finland into the new Western Finland Province.

Municipalities in 1997 (cities in bold)

 * Alastaro
 * Askainen
 * Aura
 * Dragsfjärd
 * Eura
 * Eurajoki
 * Halikko
 * Harjavalta
 * Honkajoki
 * Houtskär
 * Huittinen
 * Iniö
 * Jämijärvi
 * Kaarina
 * Kankaanpää
 * Karinainen
 * Karvia
 * Kimito
 * Kiikala
 * Kiikoinen
 * Kisko
 * Kiukainen
 * Kodisjoki
 * Kokemäki
 * Korpo
 * Koski Tl
 * Kullaa
 * Kustavi
 * Kuusjoki
 * Köyliö
 * Laitila
 * Lappi
 * Lavia
 * Lemu
 * Lieto
 * Loimaa
 * Loimaan kunta
 * Luvia
 * Marttila
 * Masku
 * Mellilä
 * Merikarvia
 * Merimasku
 * Mietoinen
 * Muurla
 * Mynämäki
 * Naantali
 * Nakkila
 * Nagu
 * Noormarkku
 * Nousiainen
 * Oripää
 * Pargas
 * Paimio
 * Perniö
 * Pertteli
 * Piikkiö
 * Pomarkku
 * Pori
 * Punkalaidun
 * Pyhäranta
 * Pöytyä
 * Raisio
 * Rauma
 * Rusko
 * Rymättylä
 * Salo
 * Sauvo
 * Siikainen
 * Somero
 * Suodenniemi
 * Suomusjärvi
 * Säkylä
 * Särkisalo
 * Taivassalo
 * Tarvasjoki
 * Turku
 * Ulvila
 * Uusikaupunki
 * Vahto
 * Vammala
 * Vampula
 * Vehmaa
 * Velkua
 * Västanfjärd
 * Yläne
 * Äetsä

Former municipalities (disestablished before 1997)

 * Ahlainen
 * Angelniemi
 * Hinnerjoki
 * Hitis
 * Honkilahti
 * Kakskerta
 * Kalanti
 * Karjala
 * Karkku
 * Karuna
 * Kauvatsa
 * Keikyä
 * Kiikka
 * Kuusisto
 * Lokalahti
 * Maaria
 * Metsämaa
 * Naantalin mlk
 * Paattinen
 * Paraisten mlk
 * Porin mlk
 * Pyhämaa
 * Rauman mlk
 * Suoniemi
 * Tyrvää
 * Uskela
 * Uudenkaupungin mlk

Governors

 * Broder Rålamb 1634–1637
 * Melkior von Falkenberg 1637–1641
 * Melkior von Falkenberg 1641–1642 (County of Turku/Åbo)
 * Knut Lilliehöök 1642–1646 (County of Turku/Åbo)
 * No governor 1641–1646 (County of Pori/Björneborg)
 * Knut Lillienhöök 1647–1648
 * Lorentz Creutz the Elder 1649–1655
 * Erik von der Linde 1655–1666
 * Ernst Johan Creutz the Elder 1666
 * Harald Oxe 1666–1682
 * Lorenz Creutz (younger) 1682–1698
 * Jakob Bure 1698–1706
 * Justus von Palmberg 1706–1714
 * Johan Stiernstedt 1711–1713 (acting) and 1714–1722
 * Otto Reinhold Yxkull 1722–1746
 * Lars Johan Ehrenmalm 1744–1747 (acting) and 1747–1749
 * Johan Georg Lillienberg 1749–1757
 * Jeremias Wallén 1757–1768
 * Kristoffer Johan Rappe 1769–1776
 * Fredrik Ulrik von Rosen 1776–1781
 * Nils Fredenskiöld 1780 (acting)
 * Magnus Wilhelm Armfelt 1782–1790
 * Joakim von Glan 1790–1791 (acting)
 * Ernst Gustaf von Willebrand 1790–1806
 * Olof Wibelius 1801–1802 (acting)
 * Knut von Troil 1806–1816
 * Otto Herman Lode 1811–1813 (acting)
 * Carl Erik Mannerheim 1816–1826
 * Lars Gabriel von Haartman 1820–1822 (acting)
 * Eric Wallenius 1822–1826 (acting) and 1826–1828
 * Adolf Broberg 1828–1831
 * Lars Gabriel von Haartman 1831–1842
 * Gabriel Anton Cronstedt 1840–1842 (acting) and 1842–1856
 * Samuel Werner von Troil 1856 (acting)
 * Carl Fabian Langenskiöld 1856–1858
 * Selim Mohamed Ekbom 1857–1858 (acting)
 * Johan Axel Cedercreutz 1858–1863 (acting) and 1863
 * Carl Magnus Creutz 1864–1866 (acting) and 1866–1889
 * Axel Gustaf Samuel von Troil 1889–1891
 * Wilhelm Theodor von Kraemer 1891–1903
 * Theodor Hjalmar Lang 1903–1905
 * Knut Gustaf Nikolai Borgenström 1905–1911
 * Eliel Ilmari Wuorinen 1911–1917
 * Albert Alexander von Hellens 1917 (acting)
 * Kaarlo Collan 1917–1922
 * Ilmari Helenius 1922–1932
 * Wilho Kyttä 1932–1949
 * Erkki Härmä 1949–1957
 * Esko Kulovaara 1957–1971
 * Sylvi Siltanen 1972–1977
 * Paavo Aitio 1977–1985
 * Pirkko Työläjärvi 1985–1997

title: Turku and Pori Province


text:
Viborg and Nyslott County

Viborg and Nyslott County (Viborgs och Nyslotts län, Viipurin ja Savonlinnan lääni) was a county of the Swedish Empire from 1634 to 1721. The county was named after the castle towns of Viborg (Viipuri) and Nyslott (Savonlinna, literally New Castle), today located in the towns of Vyborg in Russia and Savonlinna in Finland.

The county was established in 1634 as Karelia County (Karelens län, Karjalan lääni), but in 1641 Nyslott County (Nyslotts län, Savonlinnan lääni) was broken out and made a separate entity. Remainder of Karelia County was now called Viborg County. In 1650 the counties were joined again as the Viborg and Nyslott County.

Following the Great Northern War southeastern parts of the county were ceded to Russia in 1721, and the territory that remained was reconstituted into the County of Kymmenegård and Nyslott (Kymmenegårds och Nyslotts län, Savonlinnan ja Kymenkartanon lääni), with the northern and western parts of County of Kexholm. In 1743 following a new conflict part of this county was also ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Åbo. The ceded parts of the County of Viborg and Nyslott and the County of Kexholm were at first part of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, but in 1744 they were reconstituted with new conquests into the Russian Vyborg Governorate, which also became known as Old Finland. Remainder of the County of Kymmenegård and Nyslott was joined with some parts of the County of Nyland and Tavastehus in 1747 into the County of Savolax and Kymmenegård.

After the Russian victory in the Finnish War in 1809, Sweden ceded all its territory in Finland to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. As part of Russian Empire Finland became to constitute a separate grand duchy. In 1812 Russia made the territories of Vyborg Governorate part of the new Grand Duchy of Finland as Viipuri Province.

Governors

 * Åke Eriksson Oxenstierna 1634–1637
 * Erik Gyllenstierna 1637–1641
 * Karl Mörner 1641–1644 (Viborg County)
 * Johan Rosenhane 1644–1650 (Viborg County)
 * Herman Fleming 1641–1645 (Nyslott County)
 * Mikael von Jordan 1645–1650 (Nyslott County)
 * Johan Rosenhane 1650–1655
 * Axel Axelsson Stålarm 1655–1656
 * Anders Koskull 1656–1657
 * Erik Kruse 1657–1658
 * Jakob Törnsköld 1658–1667
 * Conrad Gyllenstierna 1667–1674
 * Fabian Wrede 1675–1681
 * Carl Falkenberg 1681–1686
 * Anders Lindhielm 1689–1704
 * Georg Lybecker 1705–1712

title: Viborg and Nyslott County


text:
Kexholm County

Kexholm County (Kexholms län, Käkisalmen lääni) was a county of the Swedish Empire from 1634 to 1721, when the southern part was ceded to the Russian Empire in the Treaty of Nystad. The capital of the county was Kexholm (Käkisalmi), which today is Priozersk.

History
The county was ceded to Sweden by Russia together with Ingria by the Treaty of Stolbovo in 1617. The county extended to the parishes of Lieksa in the north and of Suojärvi in the east. In the south and west, the county was bordered by Viborg and Nyslott County.

Following the Great Northern War, southern and eastern parts were ceded to Russia in 1721, and the territory that remained was reconstituted into the County of Kymmenegård and Nyslott (Kymmenegårds och Nyslotts län, Savonlinnan ja Kymenkartanon lääni), with the remainder of the Viborg and Nyslott County. In 1743 following a new conflict part of this county was also ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Åbo. The ceded parts of the County of Viborg and Nyslott and the County of Kexholm were at first part of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, but in 1744 they were reconstituted with new conquests into the Russian Vyborg Governorate, which also became known as Old Finland. Remainder of the County of Kymmenegård and Nyslott was joined with some parts of the County of Nyland and Tavastehus in 1747 into the County of Savolax and Kymmenegård.

After the Russian victory in the Finnish War of 1809, Sweden ceded all its territory in Finland to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn. As part of the Russian Empire Finland came to constitute a separate grand duchy. In 1812 Russia made the territories of the Vyborg Governorate part of the new Grand Duchy of Finland as Viipuri Province.

Governors

 * Henrik Månsson 1634–1636
 * Magnus Nieroth 1636–1641
 * Henrik Piper 1641–1642 (acting)
 * Reinhold Mettstake 1642–1652
 * Jakob Törnsköld 1652–1656
 * Karl von Scheiding 1657–1660
 * Patrick Ogilwie 1660–1674
 * Berendt Mellin 1674–1690

title: Kexholm County


text:
Nyland and Tavastehus County

Nyland and Tavastehus County (Nylands och Tavastehus län, Uudenmaan ja Hämeen lääni) was a county of the Swedish Empire in Finland from 1634 to 1809.

In 1775 whole northern part of the county (later Central Finland region) was transferred to the new Vasa County. Also a part of historical Satakunta was added to the Nyland and Tavastehus County from the Åbo and Björneborg County, while Upper Hollola was transferred to the new Kymmenegård County.

By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Sweden ceded all its territories in Finland, east of the Torne River, to Russia. The county still continued to exist as a province of the new autonomic Grand Duchy of Finland until 1831, when it was split to Häme Province and Uusimaa Province.

Governors

 * Arvid Göransson Horn af Kanckas 1634–1640
 * Arvid Göransson Horn af Kanckas 1640–1648 (Tavastehus County)
 * Reinhold Mettstake 1640–1642 (Nyland County)
 * Jacob Uggla 1642–1648 (Nyland County)
 * Erik Andersson Oxe 1648–1652
 * Ernst Johan Greutz 1652–1666
 * Udde Knutsson Ödell 1666–1668
 * Axel Eriksson Stålarm 1668–1678
 * Axel Rosenhane 1678–1685
 * Jonas Klingstedt 1685–1687
 * Karl Bonde 1687–1695
 * Mårten Lindhielm 1695–1696
 * Abraham Cronhjort 1696–1703
 * Johan Creutz 1703–1719
 * Per Stierncrantz 1719–1737
 * Axel Erik Gyllenstierna af Lundholm 1737–1746
 * Gustaf Samuel Gylleborg 1746–1756
 * Anders Johan Nordenskjöld 1756–1761
 * Hans Erik Boije af Gennäs 1761–1772
 * Carl Ribbing af Koberg 1773
 * Anders Henrik Ramsay 1774–1776
 * Anders de Bruce 1777–1786
 * Carl Gustaf Armfelt 1787–1788
 * Johan Henrik Munck 1790–1809
 * Gustaf Fredrik Stiernwall 1810–1815
 * Gustaf Hjärne 1816–1828
 * Carl Klick 1828–1831

title: Nyland and Tavastehus County