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Love Actually

Love Actually is a 2003 romantic comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis. The Christmas film features an ensemble cast, composed predominantly of British actors, many of whom had worked with Curtis in previous projects. An international co-production of the United Kingdom, United States, and France, it was mostly filmed on-location in London. The film delves into different aspects of love as shown through 10 separate stories involving a variety of individuals, many of whom are interlinked as the plot progresses. The story begins five weeks before Christmas and is played out in a weekly countdown until the holiday, followed by an epilogue that takes place in the New Year.

The film was released in the US on 14 November 2003 and a week later in the UK during its theatrical run. Love Actually was a box-office success, grossing $245million worldwide on a budget of $40million. The film received mixed reviews and a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

A made-for-television short film sequel, Red Nose Day Actually, aired in two different versions on BBC One and NBC in 2017.

Plot
A voice-over opens the film, commenting that whenever the narrator gets gloomy about the state of the world, he thinks of the arrivals gate at Heathrow Airport, and the pure and uncomplicated love of lovers, friends and families welcoming their loved ones. He also points out that the messages from the 9/11 victims were messages of love and not hate. The story then switches among the interconnecting "love stories" of many people:

Billy Mack and Joe
With his long-time manager Joe (Gregor Fisher), rock and roll legend Billy Mack (Bill Nighy) records a Christmas version of the Troggs' 1967 song "Love Is All Around", titling it "Christmas Is All Around". Although believing the record is terrible, Mack promotes the release in the hope it will become the Christmas number one single, which it does. He foregoes a victory party hosted by Elton John to celebrate Christmas with Joe, getting drunk and watching porn.

Juliet, Peter, and Mark
Juliet and Peter's wedding (Keira Knightley and Chiwetel Ejiofor) is videotaped by the best man, Mark (Andrew Lincoln), where a surprise band plays the Beatles' "All You Need Is Love" as they walk out of the church. Although the couple believes Mark dislikes Juliet, it is later revealed that he is actually in love with her.

When he evades her requests to see the video he shot at the wedding, she shows up at his flat. Juliet insists she wants them to be friends, but when she views the wedding video Mark recorded, she sees many extreme close-ups of herself and a few of Peter's face. She realises Mark's true feelings towards her. After an uncomfortable silence, Mark blurts out that he acts coldly toward her out of "self-preservation".

On Christmas Eve, Juliet answers the doorbell to find Mark carrying a boombox playing a Christmas carol and large cue cards. While Peter is inside watching television, Mark shows a message of his love to Juliet through a series of cue cards. As he walks away down the street, Juliet runs after him, gives him a quick kiss, and returns inside. Mark walks away, uttering "Enough", to imply he can be content as friends.

Jamie and Aurélia
Writer Jamie (Colin Firth) is pushed by his girlfriend to attend Juliet and Peter's wedding alone as she is ill. He returns before the reception to check on her, discovering she is having sex with his brother. Crushed, Jamie withdraws to his French cottage, where he meets Portuguese housekeeper Aurélia (Lúcia Moniz), who does not speak English. Despite not sharing a common language, a mutual attraction grows.

Jamie returns to the United Kingdom, realises he is in love with Aurélia and begins learning Portuguese. He returns to France to find her and ends up walking through town with her father and sister, gathering additional people as they walk to her waitressing job. In basic, and often grammatically incorrect, Portuguese, he declares his love for her and proposes. She says yes in broken English, showing she too had been studying English "just in cases", as the crowd erupts in applause.

Harry, Karen, and Mia
Harry (Alan Rickman) is the managing director of a design agency. Mia (Heike Makatsch) is his secretary. Harry is happily married to Karen (Emma Thompson), a stay-at-home mother. They have two children, Bernard and Daisy (Lulu Popplewell). Mia behaves in an overtly sexual way with him at the office and asks him for a Christmas present. At the company Christmas party held at Mark's gallery, they dance closely.

While Christmas shopping, Harry calls Mia and asks what she wants for Christmas. He is almost caught by his wife purchasing an expensive necklace with a gold heart pendant from the jewelry department when the salesman, Rufus (Rowan Atkinson), takes an inordinate amount of time to wrap it. Later, Karen finds the necklace in Harry's coat pocket and assumes it is for her. Opening a similarly shaped box on Christmas Eve, she is heartbroken to find it is a Joni Mitchell CD, realises he bought the necklace for someone else, and cries in their bedroom alone. She keeps a happy face so as not to ruin her family's holiday. She confronts Harry and asks what he would do if he were her. She feels he has made a mockery of their marriage and of her. Harry comes clean and admits that he has been foolish.

David and Natalie
David (Hugh Grant), Karen's brother and the recently elected Prime Minister, is single. Natalie (Martine McCutcheon) is a new junior member of the household staff at 10 Downing Street. During a meeting with the US president (Billy Bob Thornton), they pass Natalie, and the president makes inappropriate comments to David about her. Later, David walks in on Natalie who is serving tea and biscuits to the president, and finds him kissing her. Natalie seems embarrassed, and the president has a sly grin on his face. At the following joint press conference, David is uncharacteristically assertive while taking a stand against the president's intimidation techniques.

Feeling uncomfortable around Natalie, David has her moved to another position. He is spurred to action on Christmas Eve when he finds a Christmas card from her in his red box, declaring that she is his and only his. He finds her after a door-to-door search of her street. Her entire family is on their way to a multi-school Christmas play, and he offers to drive them so he can talk to her. As Natalie sneaks him into the school, he runs into his heartbroken sister, Karen, who believes he is there for his niece and nephew. As David and Natalie try to keep from being seen and watch from backstage, they finally kiss. Everyone sees them kissing as the curtain rises.

Daniel, Sam, Joanna, and Carol
Daniel (Liam Neeson), Karen's close friend, mourns the recent death of his wife, Joanna, as he tries to care for his stepson Sam (Thomas Sangster). Sam has fallen for an American classmate, also named Joanna (Olivia Olson), and after talking with his stepfather, decides to learn the drums to accompany her in the big finale for their school's Christmas pageant at Karen and Harry's children's school. Sam feels he has missed his chance to impress her, but Daniel convinces him to try to tell Joanna how he feels at the airport before she returns to the US. Sam slips through airport security and catches up with her. She acknowledges him by name, which surprises him. Sam returns to Daniel to tell him, and Joanna follows him, surprising him again, and kisses him on the cheek.

A subplot in this storyline involves Daniel stating a few times his wish to date Claudia Schiffer. Eventually, Daniel meets Carol (portrayed by Schiffer) who is the mother of Sam's schoolmate, and there is a mutual spark.

Sarah, Karl, and Michael
Sarah (Laura Linney) first appears at Juliet and Peter's wedding, sitting next to her friend Jamie. An American working at Harry's graphic design company, she is in love with the creative director, Karl (Rodrigo Santoro). Prompted by Harry, they finally connect at the Christmas party, and Karl drives her home. Sarah invites Karl in and they immediately pull off their clothes and begin to get intimate when Michael (Michael Fitzgerald), her mentally ill brother, telephones from a psychiatric hospital, aborting their tryst. On Christmas Eve, they are both working late. Karl tries to find words but just wishes her a merry Christmas and leaves. In tears, Sarah calls Michael and visits him to give him a Christmas gift.

Colin, Tony, and the American girls
After unsuccessfully attempting to woo various British women, including Mia and Nancy (Juliet and Peter's wedding caterer; Julia Davis), Colin Frissell from Basildon (Kris Marshall) informs his friend Tony (Abdul Salis) that he plans to go to the US, convinced that his Britishness will be an asset. Landing in Milwaukee, Colin hails a taxi and asks the driver to take him to the nearest bar. There, he immediately meets Stacey (Ivana Miličević), Jeannie (January Jones), and Carol-Anne (Elisha Cuthbert), three stunningly attractive women who instantly fall for his Estuary English accent, inviting him to stay at their home, where they are joined by their 'sexiest' roommate Harriet (Shannon Elizabeth).

John and Judy
John (Martin Freeman) and Judy (Joanna Page) are professional stand-ins for films. They meet doing the sex scenes for a film for which Tony is a production assistant. John tells Judy, "It's lovely to find someone I can actually chat to." While they are perfectly comfortable being naked and simulating sex on-set, they are shy and tentative off-set. They carefully pursue a relationship, attending the Christmas pageant (involving David and Natalie, Harry and Karen's children, Daniel and Sam, etc.) at the local school with John's brother. They get engaged by the end of the film.

Rufus
Rufus (Rowan Atkinson) is the jewellery salesman whose meticulous gift-wrapping nearly results in Karen seeing Harry buying a necklace for Mia. In another scene, his distraction of airport staff enables Sam to sneak past them to talk to Joanna. (In the director and cast commentary, it is revealed that Rufus was originally supposed to be a Christmas angel, but this was dropped from the final script.)

Epilogue
A month later, all the characters are seen at Heathrow Airport. Billy's Christmas single has spurred a comeback. Juliet, Peter, and Mark meet Jamie and his bride, Aurélia. Karen and the kids greet Harry, but Karen's stilted reaction suggests they are struggling to move past his affair. Sam greets Joanna, who has returned from America, and Daniel is joined by his new girlfriend, Carol, and her son. Newlyweds John and Judy, heading off to their honeymoon, run into Tony who is awaiting Colin's return from America. Colin returns with Harriet and her sister Carla, who meets Tony for the first time but greets him with a hug and a kiss on the lips. Natalie welcomes David back from his flight in view of the press, showing their relationship is now public. These scenes dissolve into footage of actual arrivals at Heathrow, as the screen is divided into an increasing number of smaller segments to form a photographic mosaic of a heart.

Story association
All the stories are linked in some way; while Billy Mack and his manager may not connect with any of the other characters physically, Billy appears frequently on characters' radios and TVs, his music video twice providing an important plot device for Sam's pursuit of Joanna, and they also cross paths with the other characters in the closing Heathrow scene. John and Judy work with Tony, who is best friends with Colin, who works for a catering company that services the office where Sarah, Karl, Mia, and Harry work. Mia is friends with Mark, who runs the art gallery where the Christmas office party takes place. Mia also lives next door to Natalie. Mark is in love with Juliet and friends with Peter. The couple is friends with Jamie and Sarah. Harry is married to Karen, who is friends with Daniel, and her brother is David, who works with Natalie. Harry and Karen's children (and thus David's niece and nephew), Natalie's siblings (and thus Mia's neighbours), and Carol's son are all schoolmates of Sam and Joanna. Daniel proclaims that his late wife was the only one for him unless Claudia Schiffer were to call him up. Carol is played by Claudia Schiffer.

Cast

 * Chiwetel Ejiofor as Peter
 * Colin Firth as Jamie
 * Gregor Fisher as Joe
 * Hugh Grant as David, the Prime Minister
 * Sienna Guillory as Jamie's girlfriend
 * Keira Knightley as Juliet
 * Andrew Lincoln as Mark
 * Laura Linney as Sarah
 * Martine McCutcheon as Natalie
 * Lúcia Moniz as Aurélia
 * Liam Neeson as Daniel
 * Bill Nighy as Billy Mack
 * Alan Rickman as Harry
 * Thomas Sangster as Sam
 * Rodrigo Santoro as Karl
 * Emma Thompson as Karen
 * Joanna Bacon as Natalie's Mum
 * Brian Bovell as Radio Watford DJ
 * Kris Marshall as Colin
 * Abdul Salis as Tony
 * Heike Makatsch as Mia
 * Martin Freeman as John
 * Joanna Page as Judy
 * Olivia Olson as Joanna
 * Billy Bob Thornton as the U.S. President
 * Rowan Atkinson as Rufus
 * Claudia Schiffer as Carol
 * Nina Sosanya as Annie
 * Margery Mason as Harris Street old lady
 * Rowan Atkinson as salesman
 * Gillian Barge as cabinet minister
 * Ivana Miličević as Stacey - American dreamgirl
 * John Sharian as Wisconsin taxi driver
 * Wyllie Longmore as Jeremy
 * Dan Fredenburgh as Jamie's bad brother
 * Lynden David Hall as the wedding singer
 * Sheila Allen as Jamie's Mum
 * Junior Simpson as Wedding DJ
 * Jo Whiley as Radio DJ
 * January Jones as Jeannie - American angel
 * Elisha Cuthbert as Carol-Anne - American goddess
 * Laura Rees as record company executive
 * Wes Butters as Radio 1 Chart Show DJ
 * Lulu Popplewell as Daisy
 * Marcus Brigstocke as Mikey
 * Julia Davis as Nancy
 * Ruby Turner as Jean
 * Adam Godley as Mr Trench
 * Élisabeth Margoni as Eleonore
 * Edward Hardwicke as Sam's grandfather
 * Caroline John as Sam's grandmother
 * Meg Wynn Owen as Mary, the PM's secretary
 * Nancy Sorrell as Greta
 * Shannon Elizabeth as Harriet - the sexy one
 * Denise Richards as Carla - the real friendly one
 * Richard Curtis as trombone player (uncredited)
 * Rebecca Frayn as Joanna, Daniel's wife (uncredited)
 * Jeanne Moreau as taxi passenger Marseille Airport (uncredited)

 * Anthony McPartlin as TV host Ant (himself)
 * Declan Donnelly as TV host Dec (himself)
 * Michael Parkinson as TV host Parkinson (himself)

Development
Initially, Curtis started writing with two distinct and separate films in mind, each featuring expanded versions of what would eventually become storylines in Love Actually: those featuring Hugh Grant and Colin Firth. He changed tack and became frustrated with the process. Partly inspired by the films of Robert Altman as well as films such as Pulp Fiction, and inspired by Curtis having become "more interested in writing a film about love and what love sort of means" he had the idea of creating an ensemble film. The film initially did not have any sort of Christmas theme, although Curtis's penchant for such films eventually caused him to write it as one.

Curtis's original concept for the film included fourteen different scenarios, but four of them were cut (two having been filmed). The scene in which Colin attempts to chat up the female caterer at the wedding appeared in drafts of the screenplay for Four Weddings and a Funeral, but was cut from the final version. The music video for Billy Mack's song, "Christmas Is All Around", is a tribute to Robert Palmer's 1986 video, "Addicted to Love". Curtis has spoken negatively about the editing process for the film, which he labelled in 2014 as a "catastrophe" and "the only nightmare scenario that I've been caught in". The film was rushed in order to be ready for the 2003 Christmas season which he likened to "three-dimensional chess". For the scene in which Rowan Atkinson's character Rufus annoys Harry, Alan Rickman's reaction was reportedly genuine, having been "driven insane" by the time constraints. Hugh Grant disliked filming the dance scene as he called it "excruciating" and "absolute hell".

Casting
Ant & Dec played themselves in the film with Bill Nighy's character referring to Dec as "Ant or Dec". This refers to the common mistaking of one for the other, owing to their constant joint professional presence as a comedy and presenting duo. The veteran actress Jeanne Moreau is seen briefly, entering a taxi at the Marseille Airport. The soul singer Ruby Turner appears as Joanna Anderson's mother, one of the backing singers at the school Christmas pageant.

Curtis cast his mother-in-law, actress Jill Freud, as the Prime Minister's cleaner.

Curtis cast his daughter Scarlett in the film; she was given the choice of being an angel or a lobster, and played the part of Lobster number 2 in the nativity play, on the condition that she meets Keira Knightley.

Helder Costa plays Mr Barros, Aurelia's father. He is a veteran actor in Portuguese cinema.

Emma Thompson used the experience of her own marriage breaking up for the role of Karen.

Joe Alwyn auditioned for the role of Sam; Alwyn read scenes with Grant and Curtis.

Curtis originally had two actors in mind for the part of Billy Mack, but he couldn't decide and then told casting director Mary Selway to find someone who would do the part well but whom he would never think to cast; she suggested Bill Nighy.

Locations
Most of the film was made on location in London, including Trafalgar Square, the central court of Somerset House in the Strand, Grosvenor Chapel on South Audley Street near Hyde Park, St Paul's Church, Clapham, the Millennium Bridge, Selfridges department store on Oxford Street, Lambeth Bridge, the Tate Modern in the former Bankside Power Station, Canary Wharf, Marble Arch, St. Luke's Mews off All Saint's Road in Notting Hill, Chelsea Bridge, the OXO Tower, London City Hall, Poplar Road in Herne Hill, Elliott School in Pullman Gardens, Putney, Heathrow Airport and the Marseille Airport. Scenes set in 10 Downing Street were filmed at Shepperton Studios.

Standing up to the US president
Following Tony Blair's resignation as Prime Minister, pundits and speculators commented on a potential anti-American shift in Gordon Brown's cabinet as a "Love Actually moment", referring to the scene in which Hugh Grant's character stands up to the US president. In 2009, during President Barack Obama's first visit to the UK, Chris Matthews referred to the president in Love Actually as an example of George W. Bush and other former presidents' bullying of European allies. Commenting on this, Mediaite's Jon Bershad described the U.S. president character as a "sleazy Bill Clinton/George W. Bush hybrid". In the scene in question, the swaggering president bullies the prime minister and then sexually harasses a member of the household staff. In September 2013, David Cameron made a speech in reply to Russia's comment that Britain was a small insignificant country, which drew comparisons with Hugh Grant's speech during the film.

Cut storyline
One storyline consisting of two scenes, featuring the only gay love story, was cut and not included. In the first scene, Anne Reid, as the headmistress of Karen's children's school, is revealed going home to her terminally ill partner, Geraldine, played by Frances de la Tour. In the second scene, while speaking at the Christmas concert, Karen acknowledges Geraldine's recent death. Curtis said he regretted losing this storyline.

US version
The US edition of the soundtrack removed two pieces of the score and "Sometimes" by Gabrielle and reordered the tracklist. It also replaced the Girls Aloud cover of "Jump (For My Love)" with the original by The Pointer Sisters, and replaced Maroon 5's "Sweetest Goodbye" with a medley of "Sweetest Goodbye" with "Sunday Morning".

Score
The film's original score was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Craig Armstrong. It was commercially unreleased until 19 November 2021, when it was released digitally by Universal Pictures' Back Lot Music, and on CD by La-La Land Records.

Certifications
The soundtrack album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, and by Christmas 2018 it had spent 348 weeks on the Chart. It reached the top forty on the US Billboard 200 in 2004 and ranked second on the Top Soundtracks chart.

Use in film
The UK and US versions of the actual film contain two instances of alternative music. In the UK cut, the montage leading up to and continuing through the first part of the office party is set to the song "Too Lost in You", by the British group Sugababes. In the US version of the film, this song is replaced with "The Trouble with Love Is", performed by the American singer Kelly Clarkson. Subsequently, in the UK version's end credit roll, the second song is a cover of "Jump (For My Love)" performed by Girls Aloud; in the US version, this song is replaced with "Too Lost in You".

Several songs were heard in the film but did not appear on either soundtrack:
 * "Bye Bye Baby (Baby Goodbye)" performed by Bay City Rollers
 * "Puppy Love" performed by S Club Juniors
 * "All I Want for Christmas Is You" performed by Tessa Niles
 * "River" performed by Joni Mitchell
 * "Rose" from the Titanic score, written by James Horner
 * "Like I Love You" performed by Justin Timberlake
 * "All Alone on Christmas" performed by Darlene Love
 * "Smooth" by Santana featuring Rob Thomas
 * "Silent Night" performed by Pre Teens
 * "Good King Wenceslas" performed by Hugh Grant (as David) and Andrew Tinkler (as Gavin)
 * "Catch a Falling Star" performed by child cast

Box office
Love Actually grossed $59.7million in the United States and Canada, $62.7million in the United Kingdom, and $122.6million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $244.9million, against a budget of $40million. It spent its first five weeks in the Top 10 at the U.S. box office.

Critical response
Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice called it "love British style, handicapped slightly by corny circumstance and populated by colorful neurotics". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half out of four stars, describing it as "a belly-flop into the sea of romantic comedy ... The movie's only flaw is also a virtue: ... It feels a little like a gourmet meal that turns into a hot-dog eating contest."

Nev Pierce of the BBC awarded it four of a possible five stars and called it a "vibrant romantic comedy ... Warm, bittersweet and hilarious, this is lovely, actually. Prepare to be smitten."

In his review in The New York Times, journalist A. O. Scott called it "a romantic comedy swollen to the length of an Oscar-trawling epic" and added, "It is more like a record label's greatest-hits compilation or a very special sitcom clip-reel show than an actual movie."

In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers rated it two stars out of a possible four, saying "there are laughs laced with feeling here, but the deft screenwriter Richard Curtis dilutes the impact by tossing in more and more stories." Christopher Orr of The Atlantic was negative toward the work and described it as the least romantic movie of all time, considering its ultimate message to be "It's probably best if you give up on love altogether and get on with the rest of your life."

Since its initial release Love Actually has become a cult film with audiences habitually viewing it as a holiday staple. It remains broadly popular with audiences and has been discussed as an arguable modern-day Christmas classic.

Other adaptations
The screenplay by Richard Curtis was published by Michael Joseph Ltd. in the United Kingdom and by St. Martin's Griffin in the US.

Red Nose Day Actually
In 2017, Richard Curtis wrote a script for Red Nose Day that reunited a dozen characters and picked up their storylines fourteen years later. Filming began in February 2017, and the short film was broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2017.

Home media
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray in November 2009. The film was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on 21 November 2023 for the film's 20th anniversary, featuring a 4K restoration.

title: Love Actually


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Queensbury tube station

Queensbury is a London Underground station in Queensbury, northwest London. It is on the Jubilee line, between Canons Park and Kingsbury stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 4.

History
The station opened on 16 December 1934, two years after the neighbouring stations, as part of the Metropolitan line and with its branch was transferred to the Bakerloo line in 1939, and then to the Jubilee line in 1979.

The name Queensbury did not, when it was chosen, refer to any pre-existing area. It was coined by analogy with the adjacent Kingsbury station. Most of the locale now known as Queensbury is actually to the north-west of the tube station, in the London Borough of Harrow, just across the borough border from the tube station, which is in the London Borough of Brent.

Connections
London Buses routes 79, 114, 288 and 324, night route N98 and non-TFL routes 614 and 644 serve the station.

The Hive Stadium
Since 2013 and together with Canons Park station, Queensbury station is the next Tube station for "The Hive Stadium", the new football ground of Barnet FC, that is located 400 metres north along the railway tracks.

Trivia
The station, and its local surroundings and characters were cited in the song "Queensbury Station" by the Berlin-based punk-jazz band The Magoo Brothers on their album "Beyond Believable", released on the Bouncing Corporation label in 1988. The song was written by Paul Bonin and Melanie Hickford, who both grew up and lived in the area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Queensbury tube station


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Shoepeg corn

Shoepeg corn is a cultivar of white sweetcorn valued for its sweetness. It is characterized by small, narrow kernels tightly and unevenly packed on the cob. The corn has a sweet, mild flavor. The most common variety of shoepeg corn available today is ''Country Gentleman. ''

Shoepeg corn is popular in some regions of the United States, particularly in the South. An early promoter of canned shoepeg corn was Malcolm Mitchell of Maryland — Mitchell's Shoe Peg Sweet Corn is a brand still available today. The brand was owned by F.O. Mitchell & Bro., Inc., which was founded in 1903 by brothers Frederick O. Mitchell and Parker Mitchell Sr. The brand was sold to Hanover Brands, Hanover, PA in the late 1980s. Although its original center of production was turned into the Aberdeen Proving Ground soon after the U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in April 1917.

The name "shoepeg corn" derives from a shoemaking term used during the 19th century. Shoepeg corn kernels resemble the wooden pegs used to attach soles to the upper part of shoes.

Shoepeg corn is a common ingredient in salads and corn dishes throughout the Southern United States, but is relatively unknown in other areas of the country. It is on rare occasions available fresh in some areas, but it is most often canned. Shoepeg corn is also the best variety of corn for Sockeye salmon bait.

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Canons Park tube station

Canons Park is a London Underground station at Canons Park of the London Borough of Harrow, north-west London. It is on the Jubilee line, between Stanmore and Queensbury stations and is in Travelcard Zone 5. It is also the least used station on the Jubilee line with an average of 1.68 million passengers per year.

History
The station was opened on 10 December 1932 by the Metropolitan Railway (MR) on the MR's extension from Wembley Park to Stanmore. The station was originally named Canons Park (Edgware) although the suffix was dropped the following year. On 20 November 1939, services on the Stanmore branch were transferred to the Bakerloo line and, on 1 May 1979, they were transferred again to the Jubilee line.

Ticket office closure
London Underground Limited announced in June 2007 that due to reduced demand for tickets bought from ticket offices (as opposed to from machines) around 40 of the most lightly used ticket offices at Tube stations, including Canons Park, would close from March 2008.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–6 minutes between 06:08 and 00:17 in both directions.

London Bus routes 79, 186 and 340 serve the station.

title: Canons Park tube station


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Ankara Province

Ankara Province (,, is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey with the capital city Ankara. Its area is 25,632 km2, and its population is 5,782,285 (2022).

History
The site of the modern city has been home to settlements by many historic Anatolian civilizations in antiquity and classical times, including Phrygians, Lydians, Persians and Alexander the Great, Romans, and Galatians. The city of Ankara became a fortified stronghold of the Byzantines; it fell to the Seljuk Turks and later the Ottoman Empire. It was finally chosen by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Turkish National Movement as the site of the provisional government and the Turkish parliament in 1920, and in 1923 as the capital city of the newly established Republic of Turkey.

Districts
Ankara has 25 districts.

The population of the city center was not included after 1980, due to the fact that Ankara received the metropolitan status.

Geography
Ankara is mostly in the Central Anatolia region, and partly in the Black Sea region. Ankara has mountain forests to its north, and the dry plain of Konya to its south. The province is irrigated by the Kızılırmak and Sakarya River systems, the Sarıyar reservoir and many natural lakes and pools. 50% of the land is used for agriculture, 28% is forest and another 10% is meadow and grazing land. Lake Tuz, the second largest lake in Turkey, partly lies in the Şereflikoçhisar district of the province. The highest point of the province is the 2,015 meters tall Işık Mountain in the Kızılcahamam district.

Climate
The climate is hot and dry in summer, rainy in spring and autumn, cold and snowy in winter, wetter in the north of the province than the drier plains to the south. The annual precipitation in the city of Ankara located the center of the province is 415 mm, the annual precipitation of Kızılcahamam located in the north of the province is 592 mm, and the annual precipitation of Şereflikoçhisar located in the southeast of the province is 357 mm.

Places of interest

 * The Mount Sarıçal National Park (Sarıçalı Dağı Milli Parkı) is located next to Çulhalar village in the northeast, 25 km northwest of Nallıhan and 185 km northwest of Ankara.
 * One of the most beautiful lakes of Ankara is Karagöl in Çubuk.

title: Ankara Province


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Stanmore tube station

Stanmore is a London Underground station in Stanmore, north-west London. It is the northern terminus of the Jubilee line and the next station towards south is Canons Park. The station is on the south side of London Road (part of the A410) and is in Travelcard Zone 5.

History
Stanmore station was opened on 10 December 1932 by the Metropolitan Railway (now the Metropolitan line). The station building and those on the branch were designed by the Metropolitan Railway's architect, Charles W. Clark, in the suburban style used on the company's other post-First World War stations such as those on the Watford branch. The introduction of fast, direct trains into London attracted commuters to the Metropolitan Railway and presented competition for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, who operated a rival train service from Stanmore Village railway station approximately 0.62 mi away. The slower LMS trains ran on the Stanmore branch line as far as Harrow & Wealdstone, where they connected with London-bound services, but after 20 years of competing with the Metropolitan line, the Village station was closed by British Railways in 1952.

In 1934, a proposal to extend the Metropolitan line northwards was discussed by the London Passenger Transport Board's Engineering Committee as an alternative or complementary scheme to the extension of the Northern line from Edgware. It would have required 1.2 mi of double track tunnel to reach the proposed station at Elstree South with Metropolitan line trains continuing to Bushey or Aldenham. A revision of the proposal in 1936, considered extending the Stanmore line to Elstree. The proposals were not included in the plans eventually submitted for parliamentary approval in the LPTB's New Works Programme.

Following construction of deep-level tube tunnels between Finchley Road and Baker Street, the branch and most stopping services between Finchley Road and Wembley Park were transferred to the Bakerloo line on 20 November 1939. The Bakerloo line service was transferred to the Jubilee line on 1 May 1979.

In 2005, Transport for London began the construction of a third platform at the station. This was structurally complete by the summer of 2009 but could not be brought into use until new signalling equipment on that part of the line had been commissioned, the platform opening to use in July 2011.

Services
The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 12tph to Stratford

The peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 18tph to Stratford
 * 3tph to North Greenwich

Night Tube services:

 * 6 tph Stanmore – Stratford

Connections
London Buses routes 142, 324 and H12 and night route N98 serve the station.

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Lambeth North tube station

Lambeth North is a London Underground station in the district of Lambeth, at the junction of Westminster Bridge Road and Baylis Road. It is on the Bakerloo line, between Waterloo and Elephant & Castle stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is located at 110 Westminster Bridge Road, and is the nearest tube station to the Imperial War Museum. In 2017, it was ranked the least-used Underground station in Zone 1.

History
Designed by Leslie Green, the station was opened by the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway on 10 March 1906, with the name Kennington Road. It served as the temporary southern terminus of the line until 5 August 1906, when Elephant & Castle station was opened. The station's name was changed to Westminster Bridge Road in July 1906 and it was again renamed, to Lambeth North, in April 1917.

At 03:56 on 16 January 1941, a German "Satan" 1800 kg general-purpose bomb hit a hostel at nearby 92 Westminster Bridge Road. The shock wave severely damaged the southbound platform tunnel injuring 28 people sheltering there, one of whom died in hospital 15 days later. Thirty-seven rings of the damaged tunnel had to be completely replaced, 15 partially replaced, and 86 feet of platform rebuilt. Traffic through the station resumed after 95 days.

The station closed for maintenance works in July 2016, and reopened in February 2017.

Layout
There are two tracks in separate tunnels. The station has two lifts and a spiral staircase connecting the street level to platform level (about 70 feet below). Immediately north of the station is a crossover enabling trains to terminate at either platform. This is necessary for trains that are stabled at the London Road Depot, which can be seen on St George's Street and connects with the Bakerloo line north of the station. The Northern line does not serve the station but only passes beneath it.

Services
The typical service pattern in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6tph to Harrow & Wealdstone via Queens Park & Stonebridge Park (Northbound)
 * 3tph to Stonebridge Park via Queens Park (Northbound)
 * 5tph to Queens Park (Northbound)
 * 14tph to Elephant and Castle (Southbound)

Connections
London Buses routes 12, 53, 59, 148, 159 and 453 and night route N109 serve the station.

title: Lambeth North tube station


text:
Regent's Park tube station

Regent's Park is a London Underground station 175 m south of Regent's Park. It is on a northern cusp of Fitzrovia and Marylebone on the Bakerloo line, between Baker Street and Oxford Circus stations. Its access is on Marylebone Road, within Park Crescent, in Travelcard Zone 1, in which zone it is the second-least used station (least-used is Lambeth North) – it saw 3.5 million entries or exits in 2015. It is 190 m west of Great Portland Street tube station on the same arterial road.

History
The station was opened on 10 March 1906 by the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (BS&WR); in the original parliamentary authority for the construction of the BS&WR no station was allowed at Regent's Park. Permission was granted to add it to the already partially constructed line in 1904. In 1983, London Transport proposed to close the station on the basis that the passenger lifts, which at the time were 77 years old, needed to be replaced at a cost of more than £3 million. The proposal was dropped following a request by the GLC for the matter to be reconsidered.

Station design
Construction of the station ticket hall involved digging a box like void underneath the garden above. This caused significant subsidence, this is why the large metal beams in the ticket hall are present.

Unlike most of the BS&WR's other stations, Regent's Park has no surface buildings and is accessed from a subway. The station is served by lifts, and between 10 July 2006 and 14 June 2007 it was closed to allow essential refurbishment work on these and other parts of the station. There is also a staircase which can be used which has 96 steps.

Nearby points of interest are Regent's Park itself, the Royal Academy of Music, the Royal College of Physicians, Holy Trinity Church, Portland Place and Harley Street.

Great Portland Street station is within walking distance to the east for interchanges to the Circle, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines; however, out-of-station interchange fares do not apply and both journeys will continue to be charged separately.

Services
The typical service pattern in trains per hour (tph) operated during off-peak hours weekdays and all day Saturdays is: Weekday peak service operates with one or two additional Queen's Park-Elephant & Castle trains per hour, and Sunday service operates with two fewer Queen's Park-Elephant & Castle trains per hour during the core of the day.
 * 6tph to Harrow & Wealdstone via Queen's Park and Stonebridge Park (Northbound)
 * 3tph to Stonebridge Park via Queen's Park (Northbound)
 * 11tph to Queen's Park (Northbound)
 * 20tph to Elephant & Castle (Southbound)

Connections
The station is served by London Buses routes 18, 27, 30, 88, 205, 453 and night route N18.

Notes and references

 * Footnotes

 * Citations

title: Regent's Park tube station


text:
Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira

Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira (born 17 May 1952 in Cambrils, Catalonia, Spain) is a Catalan politician. He was the Vice-president of the Catalan Government from 2006 to 2010. From 1996 to 2008 he was the leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC). ERC campaigns for Catalonia's independence from Spain and, secondarily, extend it to other Catalan Countries, the whole Catalan linguistic domain.

He was one of the two Vice Presidents of the Catalan autonomous government formed after the 2006 Catalan regional election. He now serves as vice president of the Ramon Llull Foundation. Previously, after the previous 2003 cabinet, he was appointed First Minister (Catalan: conseller en cap) of the Generalitat de Catalunya. After his, at times, controversial style, eventually the other partners in the cabinet forced him to resign after his action culminated in a secret meeting with representatives of the Basque separatist group ETA, which was leaked to the press; this was followed by general political pressure asking for his resignation.

Education and professional background
Carod-Rovira received a bachelor's degree in Catalan Philology from the UB. He then enrolled as a teacher of the Catalan language at the University School of Tarragona (from 1978 to 1982). In the University world, he was also professor and vice president of the Catalan Summer University (Universitat Catalana d'Estiu) between 1986 and 1995. Before this, he also worked as Head Technician of Generalitat's linguistic planning policy (1981–1988) and headed the Cultural Territorial Services of the Generalitat at Tarragona (1982 to 1984).

Civic background
Carod-Rovira has been involved in several civic organisations, among which are Òmnium Cultural (member of its board between 1986 and 1995 and president of its Tarragonès division), Llull-Federació d'Entitats dels Països Catalans (member of its board between 1991–1995), the castellers association Colla Jove Xiquets de Tarragona (colla means association), the Catalan Language Writers Association, the PEN Club of Catalonia and the Societat Catalana d'Onomàstica.

As a writer, he has published Rovira i Virgili i la qüestió nacional (1994), Marcel·lí Domingo, de l'escola a la República (1988), Tornar amb la gent (1997), Jubilar la Transició (1998), El futur a les mans (2003) and La nova Catalunya (2003). He also has contributed in the Catalans from America Dictionary and in the book America and Catalonia, as well as several encyclopedias and specialized magazines. He has won several awards for historical essays and journalism.

Political background
He was actively involved in the fight against the authoritarian government of Franco and was jailed in 1973 when the 113 members of the Permanent Board of Assembly of Catalonia were arrested and the board was dissolved. Before entering, in 1987, ERC, he was an active member of the Socialist National Liberation Party (PSAN) between 1970 and 1977 and of the Left Nationalists (NE) between 1980 and 1986. Carod-Rovira also wrote the Resolution about the right to self-determination of the Catalan Nation in 1989.

Carod-Rovira was first elected General Secretary of ERC in November 1996, in the 21st National Congress of the party at Vilafranca del Penedès. He was reelected in Girona (22nd National Congress) by July 1998 and in Tarragona (23rd National Congress) by March 2001.

Carod-Rovira is president of ERC since its 24th National Congress, held in Lleida on 3 and 4 July 2004.

After the Catalan elections in 2003, he achieved the position of First Minister of the Catalan government between December 2003 and January 2004 in the coalition government led by socialist Pasqual Maragall, when he was forced to resign over his secret meeting with ETA. He subsequently became a candidate for the Spanish Congress of Deputies in the elections of March 2004 and his party got 8 seats and almost quadrupled its popular support. This represented a major boost for ERC, which had had at most one seat since the establishment of the Spanish modern democracy in 1979. After the elections, Carod-Rovira asked for its substitution as a Deputy and remained in the Catalan Parliament.

Institutional background
Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira has been deputy at the Parliament of Catalonia since 1988 and also was First Minister of the Generalitat de Catalunya between December 2003 and January 2004. He was the Vice President of the Catalan Government in the eighth constituency.

title: Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira


text:
Republican Left of Catalonia

The Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as Esquerra Republicana) is a pro-Catalan independence, social democratic political party in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, with a presence also in Valencia, the Balearic Islands and the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia). It is also the main sponsor of the independence movement from France and Spain in the territories known as Catalan Countries, focusing in recent years on the creation of a Catalan Republic in Catalonia proper. Its current president is Oriol Junqueras and its secretary-general is Marta Rovira. The party is a member of the European Free Alliance.

ERC, a party of relevant Catalan politicians including Francesc Macià, Lluís Companys and Josep Tarradellas, played an important role in Catalan and Spanish politics during the Second Republic, the Civil War, the anti-Francoist resistance and the transition to democracy. Recovering a key position during the 2000s, it became a coalition partner in various Catalan governments, obtaining in 2021 the presidency of Catalonia for the first time since 1980 after the appointment of Pere Aragonès as President of the Generalitat. In 2022, it had 9,047 members.

Republic and first Catalan self-government (1931–1936)
After the fall of Primo de Rivera (1930), the Catalan left made great efforts to create a united front under the leadership of left-wing independentist leader Francesc Macià. The Republican Left of Catalonia was founded on the Conference of the Catalan Left held in Sants, Barcelona, on 19 March 1931 as the union of the independentist Estat Català (Catalan State), led by Francesc Macià, the Catalan Republican Party, led by Lluís Companys and the L'Opinió Group of Joan Lluhí i Vallescà. The party had done extremely well in the municipal elections of 12 April 1931. Two days later, on 14 April, few hours before the proclamation of the Spanish Republic in Madrid, Macià proclaimed in Barcelona the Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation. This was not exactly what had been agreed in the Pact of San Sebastián, so three days later they negotiated with the Madrid government that Macià would become president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, an autonomous Catalan government within the recently founded Spanish Republic.

In September 1932, the Spanish Republican Cortes approved the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which, among other provisions, granted a Catalan Parliament with full legislative powers, and it was elected on 20 November 1932. The Republican Left of Catalonia, in coalition with the Socialist Union of Catalonia and other minor left-wing parties, won a large majority of seats (67 of 85), while the previously hegemonic Regionalist League, representing a more conservative view of Catalan nationalism, came in second place but far behind ERC (17 from 85). From this strong position, the ERC sought to improve the living conditions of the popular classes and the petite bourgeoisie, approving laws in areas such as in culture, health, education and civil law, and the Crop Contracts Law, which protected tenant farmers and granted access to the land they were cultivating, but it was contested by the Regionalist League and provoking a legal dispute with the Spanish government. In October 1933, Joan Lluhí and other members of the l'Opinió Group, as well Josep Tarradellas, left ERC because there were in disagree with Macià over the distribution of powers between the Executive Council and the President of the Generalitat, and founded the Nationalist Republican Left Party (PNRE).

On 6 October 1934, Lluís Companys, who had been elected by the Parliament of Catalonia as the new President of the Generalitat after the death of Francesc Macià in December 1933, following the entry of right-wing ministers of the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) into the Government of the Spanish Republic, unlawfully declared a Catalan State within a Spanish Federal Republic. CEDA was considered close to fascism and, therefore, it was feared that this was the first step towards suppressings the autonomy and taking complete power in Spain. The proclamation was quickly suppressed by the Spanish army, and the Catalan government was arrested. The party leaders (including Companys itself) and the Catalan government were sentenced by the Supreme Court of the Republic and jailed, while the Statute of Autonomy was suspended until February 1936.

In 1936, at the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, ERC became part of the Popular Front to contest that year's election. Esquerra became the leading force of the Popular Front, (called Front d'Esquerres, "Left Front" in Catalan) in Catalonia, which it won 41 from 54 Catalan seats, 21 of them belonging to ERC. The new left-wing Spanish government pardoned Companys and the members of the Catalan government, restoring the self-government. In June Estat Català split from ERC, while the PNRE rejoined it.

Civil War, Francoism and clandestinity (1936–1976)
During the Spanish Civil War ERC, as the leading force of the Generalitat, tried to maintain the unity of the Front in the face of growing tensions between the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and the pro-soviet Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (PSUC), while struggled to recover the control of the situation, de facto controlled by the anarchist trade union CNT and their militias, and attempted to organize the war efforts in Catalonia. President Companys appointed Josep Tarradellas Conseller Primer (Prime Minister) in order to form a coalition government with the other Republican forces, including anarchists and communists. However, the party unsuccessfully tried to avoid the full control of Catalonia by the Republican government, enacted after the May Days event.

The party was declared illegal (along with all other participants in the Popular Front) by Francisco Franco after he came to power in 1939. The former president of the Catalan Generalitat, Lluís Companys, was arrested by Nazi German agents in collaboration with Vichy France, returned to Spain and executed on 15 October 1940 in Montjuïc Castle, Barcelona.

Since 1939, despite the weak situation of the party, almost disbanded after the Francoist occupation of Catalonia, ERC went underground and tried to organize anti-fascist resistance around Manuel Juliachs and Jaume Serra. In 1945, the ERC Congress, held in Toulouse since many ERC members lived in exile in France, appointed former Minister Josep Tarradellas as Secretary General, a position he left in 1954 when he was elected President of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile, replacing Josep Irla. The office of General Secretary of ERC then passed to Joan Sauret. At the end of World War II, in view of a possible overthrow of Francoist Dictatorship with the intervention of the Allied forces, the direction of ERC in exile sent to Catalonia Pere Puig and Joan Rodríguez-Papasseit. During those years ERC was present at the Council of Catalan Democracy and the Council of Democratic Forces. In 1952, Heribert Barrera returned to the interior and assumes the direction of the party de facto. On 11 September 1964, the National Day of Catalonia, ERC and other groups organized the first anti-Franco demonstration since the end of the war. ERC participated successively in any initiative that confronts the Dictatorship.

Transition to democracy and the years of decline (1976–1987)
After the death of General Franco (1975), ERC celebrated in July 1976 the 8th National Congress, in which Barrera was confirmed as leader. In the election to Constituent Cortes of 1977, ERC went into coalition, as it was not yet legalized because of its status as a Republican party. ERC had requested registration in the register of political parties on 14 March of that year, but the Ministry of Interior - a month after the elections - responded: "The name proposed by the entity, referring to a political system incompatible with the one that is legally valid in Spain, can represent an assumption of inadmissibility ". The party tried a coalition with Left Front or with Democratic Convergence, although finally it allied with the Party of Labour of Spain. The name of the electoral coalition was Left of Catalonia–Democratic Electoral Front (Esquerra de Catalunya-Front Electoral Democràtic). The coalition won a seat (Barrera). Some of the electoral promises were the Statute of Autonomy or a referendum about the Monarchy.

In October 1977, President Josep Tarradellas (a founder of the party in 1931) returned to Catalonia and the Generalitat was restored. A new text of the Statute was drafted, which ERC opposed because it did not guarantee a minimum self-government. However, in the referendum for its approval, in 1979, ERC was in favour, as it was the only way to regain autonomy. In the first election to the restored Parliament of Catalonia, in 1980, ERC obtained 14 seats -of a total of 135-, which brought Barrera to the Presidency of the Parliament of Catalonia. At the crossroads of forming a tripartite with the PSUC and the socialists or favouring Convergència i Unió (CiU), Barrera—refractory to alliances with parties from a Marxist tradition—determined ERC would vote Jordi Pujol (CiU) as president of the Generalitat without compensation and without joining the government, as a gesture of "national unity". In 1984, however, ERC only obtained 5 deputies, and began a brief period of decline, overshadowed by the hegemony of the center-right Catalan nationalist coalition CiU. This trend persisted during the next years. In 1986, it lost its presence in the Spanish Cortes.

Recovering (1986–1996)
In 1987, the National Call manifesto was published, signed by personalities like Àngel Colom and Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira, who wanted ERC to bring together the new generation of independentists that aroses as a result of the disenchantment with the Spanish Transition. The entrance of these young people dynamizes the party, and in the Catalan election of 1988 obtained 6 seats. In 1989 a new direction led by Àngel Colom assumed the independence of Catalonia as a political aim. As a result of this new orientation, in 1990, the National Front of Catalonia, a historic organization founded in exile in 1940, joined ERC. In 1991, the organization Terra Lliure reconsidered its strategy, and abandoned the armed struggle, where some of its members joined ERC and many of those who formed Catalunya Lliure were incorporated too. These facts turned ERC, de facto, into the reference of the left-wing Catalan independentism.

The results obtained in the 1992 election to the Parliament of Catalonia placed ERC as the third political force of Catalonia, with the support of more than 210,000 voters and the obtaining of 11 seats, after a campaign in which, for the first time a party that appeared as a pro-independence party was widely popular. The 18th National Congress of ERC, held in June 1992, approved the reform of its statutes in the face of electoral growth, militancy and territorial presence. ERC advocates in its first statutory article the territorial unity and independence of the Catalan Countries, building its own state within the European framework and together with an ideological position of the left that takes the defense of democracy and environment, human rights and rights of the peoples, and based its ideology and political action on social progress and solidarity.

In the 1993 Spanish general election, ERC recovered its presence in the Congress of Deputies. The same year, Jordi Carbonell and Avel·lí Artís i Gener "Tísner", Left Nationalists members, joined ERC. The local elections of 28 May 1995 represented an important quantitative and qualitative leap of the institutional presence of the party. ERC recovered the presence in many local councils of Catalonia, reaching more than 550 elected councillors and 32 mayors, and thus becomes the third municipal political force. In the 1995 Catalan election, ERC obtained the best result in number of votes since the Republic era, more than 305,000 voters and 13 seats.

In 1996, after a serious internal crisis, Àngel Colom, along with Pilar Rahola left the party and founded the Independence Party. This party, however, had a short life. In the local elections of 1999, they obtained poor results and Pilar Rahola, who presented himself as head of the list in Barcelona, did not obtain a seat. After that, the party was dissolved.

New era with Carod Rovira and return to the Government
In November 1996, the 21st National Congress of ERC was held. The militants chose a new direction for the party, with Josep Lluís Carod-Rovira as new president and Joan Puigcercós as new general secretary. The new direction announced some changes on the strategy: it does not renounce the independence of Catalonia, but it stops using that idea as the only reference. The new direction wanted to place the party as the new reference of the Catalan left.

On 16 November 2003, in the election to the Parliament of Catalonia, ERC obtained 23 seats, becoming the "key party" that would define the composition of the government, since to obtain the majority the other parties were obliged to agree with ERC. After several weeks in which it seemed that he would close an agreement with CiU (center-right and nationalist party), it finally opted for a "progressive pact" (called the Pact of the Tinell or popularly the "Tripartit") with the Socialists' Party of Catalonia and the ecosocialist coalition ICV-EUiA.

ERC became part of the tripartite government of the Generalitat, chaired by the socialist Pasqual Maragall, assuming six government departments, among which the "Conseller en Cap" (Prime Minister), belonging to Carod-Rovira. The other five ministries assumed by ERC were Education (Josep Bargalló), Welfare and Family (Anna Simó), Commerce, Tourism and Consumption (Pere Esteve), Government and Public Administration (Joan Carretero) and Universities, Research and Information Society (Carles Solà). In addition, another ERC leader, Ernest Benach, was elected President of the Parliament.

Despite having been one of the main forces behind the movement for amendment, the party eventually opposed the 2006 changes to the Catalan Statute of Autonomy to increase Catalonia's autonomy. It did so on the grounds that it did not do enough to increase Catalan self-government. This caused a government crisis with its partners (specially with the PSC) which led to an early election in 2006.

Ideology
The party has been described as social democratic and a strong supporter of Catalan independence, as well as being regionalist, Catalan nationalist, eco-nationalist, and left-wing nationalist. Additionally, it advocates for republicanism and regionalism, and has a federalist faction. It is a catch-all/big tent party in nature, and is generally positioned as centre-left   to left-wing.

Political principles and representation
Its basic political principles are defined in the Statement of Ideology approved at the 19th National Congress in 1993. This is organised into the three areas that give the organisation its name: Esquerra (commitment to the Left's agenda in the political, economic and social debate), República (commitment to the Republican form of government vs. Spain's current constitutional monarchy) and Catalunya (Catalan independentism, which, as understood by ERC, comprises the Catalan Countries).

The party is also federated with parties in the Balearic Islands and in Northern Catalonia in France, as well as with Republican Left of the Valencian Country in the Valencian Community. Except for their Balearic counterpart, none of the latter currently have any parliamentary representation in their respective territories, though they do have eight municipal councillors in the Balearic Islands and six councillors in the Valencian Community. Occitan Republican Left, formed in 2008, acts as the Aranese section of the party.

The Republican Left of Catalonia is the oldest political party in Catalan politics that has supported the idea of a sovereign Catalan nation for the entirety of its existence. From the inception of ERC in 1931, they have always been in favor of statehood for Catalonia.

After the last Catalan parliamentary election in 2021, the Republican Left of Catalonia has 33 seats in the Parliament of Catalonia, making it the largest group by number of seats, tied with the PSC, and second in number of votes. It also has one seat in the Balearic Parliament. Until 2010, it was one of the three coalition members of the tripartite left-wing Catalan Government, together with Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV). The coalition was often uneasy due to tensions related to the new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia. The snap election on 25 November 2012 saw ERC rise to a total of 21 seats in the Catalan Parliament. Out of Catalonia, it has thirteen seats (fifth largest group) in the Spanish Parliament, eleven seats in the Senate (third largest group) and two seats in the European Parliament.

Presidents

 * 1) Francesc Macià (1931–1933)
 * 2) Lluís Companys (1933–1935)
 * 3) Carles Pi i Sunyer (1933–1935)
 * 4) Lluís Companys (1936–1940)
 * 5) Heribert Barrera (1993–1995)
 * 6) Jaume Campabadal (1995–1996)
 * 7) Jordi Carbonell (1996–2004)
 * 8) Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira (2004–2008)
 * 9) Joan Puigcercós (2008–2011)
 * 10) Oriol Junqueras (2011–present)

General Secretaries

 * 1) Joan Lluís Pujol i Font (March 1931 – April 1931)
 * 2) Josep Tarradellas (April 1931 – March 1932)
 * 3) Joan Tauler (March 1932 – 1938)
 * 4) Josep Tarradellas (1938 – 1957)
 * 5) Joan Sauret (1957–1976)
 * 6) Heribert Barrera (1976–1987)
 * 7) Joan Hortalà (1987–1989)
 * 8) Àngel Colom Colom (1989–1996)
 * 9) Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira (1996–2004)
 * 10) Joan Puigcercós (2004–2008)
 * 11) Joan Ridao i Martín (2008–2011)
 * 12) Marta Rovira i Vergés (2011–present)

title: Republican Left of Catalonia


text:
Euston tube station

Euston is a London Underground station. It directly connects with its National Rail railway station above it. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Euston was constructed as two separate underground stations. Three of the four Northern line platforms date from the station's opening in 1907. The fourth Northern line platform and the two Victoria line platforms were constructed in the 1960s when the station was significantly altered to accommodate the Victoria line. Plans for High Speed 2 and Crossrail 2 both include proposals to modify the station to provide interchanges with the new services.

The station serves two branches of the Northern line and the Victoria line. On the Northern line's Bank branch, the station is between Camden Town and King's Cross St Pancras stations. On the line's Charing Cross branch, it is between Mornington Crescent and Warren Street stations. On the Victoria line, it is between Warren Street and King's Cross St. Pancras stations. The station is near Euston Square station allowing connections at street level to the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines.

Planning
An underground station to serve Euston station was first proposed by the Hampstead, St Pancras & Charing Cross Railway in 1891. The company planned a route to run from Heath Street in Hampstead to Strand in Charing Cross with a branch diverging from the main route to run under Drummond Street to serve Euston, St Pancras and King's Cross stations. Following parliamentary review of the proposals and a change in name to the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR), permission was granted for the route in 1893, although the branch line was only permitted as far as Euston.

For the remainder of the 1890s, the CCE&HR struggled unsuccessfully to raise the necessary capital to fund construction of the new line. Whilst doing so it continued to develop its route proposals. In 1899, parliamentary permission was obtained to modify the route so that the Euston branch was extended northwards to connect to the main route at the south end of Camden High Street. The section of the main route between the two ends of the loop was omitted. In 1900, the CCE&HR was taken over by a consortium led by American financier Charles Yerkes which raised the necessary finance.

The same year, a proposal was presented to Parliament by the Islington and Euston Railway (I&ER) for an extension of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR) from Angel to Euston. At the time, the C&SLR was in the process of constructing an extension to Angel from its recently opened terminus at Moorgate Street. The extension plan was initially permitted in 1901, but delays in the parliamentary process meant that it had to be re-submitted the following year. The second submission was opposed by the Metropolitan Railway, which saw the extension as competition to its service between King's Cross and Moorgate, and the plan was rejected. A third attempt, presented to parliament in November 1902 by the C&SLR itself, was successful and approved in 1903.

Construction and opening
With funding obtained, tunnelling for the CCE&HR was carried out between September 1903 and December 1905, after which the station buildings and fitting-out of the tunnels commenced. The C&SLR's Euston extension was constructed at the same time from the newly opened Angel station and opened on 12 May 1907, with the station building designed by Sidney Smith located on the east side of Eversholt Street. The CCE&HR opened on 22 June 1907; its building, designed by Leslie Green, is located at the corner of Drummond Street and Melton Street. Although built and initially operated as two separate stations by the two companies, the C&SLR and the CCE&HR platforms were sufficiently close together that a deep level interchange was constructed between the passages of the two stations with a small ticket office for passengers changing between the lines. Another passage led to lifts that surfaced within the main line station itself. With the entrance within the main line station able to serve both sets of platforms satisfactorily, the separate station buildings were considered unnecessary, and they both closed on 30 September 1914. The CCE&HR building remains (converted for use as an electrical substation), but the C&SLR's building was demolished in 1934 to enable the construction of Euston House for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

Reconstruction and extension
Most of the C&SLR's route had been constructed with tunnels 10 ft or 10 ft in diameter, smaller than the 11 ft diameter that had been adopted as the standard for the CCE&HR and other deep level tube lines. The smaller tunnel size restricted the capacity of the C&SLR's trains and, in 1912, the C&SLR published a bill for their enlargement. A separate bill was published at the same time by the London Electric Railway (LER), that included plans to construct tunnels to connect the C&SLR at Euston to the CCE&HR's station at Camden Town. Together, the works proposed in these bills would enable trains of each company to run over the route of the other, effectively combining the two separate railways. The reconstruction and extension works were postponed during World War I and did not begin until 1922. The C&SLR platforms and the tunnels between Euston and Moorgate were closed for the reconstruction on 8 August 1922. They reopened on 20 April 1924 along with the new link to Camden Town.

London & North Western Railway
In 1906, the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), operator of the main line station, announced proposals to construct an underground station of its own. The company planned to construct new tracks parallel with its line to Watford, the first section of which would have been constructed as a single-track loop 1588 yd long and 55 ft deep beneath the surface station. The single platform underground station would have been close to the CCE&HR's platforms. The proposal was presented to Parliament in November 1906 and received royal assent on 26 July 1907. The LNWR did not proceed with the loop plan and the underground station, which were dropped in 1911.

Planning
Plans for the route that eventually became the Victoria line date from the 1940s. A proposal for a new underground railway line linking north-east London with the centre was included in the County of London Plan in 1943. Between 1946 and 1954, a series of routes were proposed by different transport authorities to connect various places in south and north or north-east London. Each of these connected the three main line termini at King's Cross, Euston and Victoria. A route was approved in 1955 with future extensions to be decided later, though funding for the construction was not approved by the government until 1962.

Construction and opening
At Euston, major reconstruction works were undertaken to incorporate the new Victoria line platforms so that cross-platform interchanges could be provided with the Northern line's Bank branch—the former C&SLR route to King's Cross and Bank. Unlike the Charing Cross branch tracks, which were in separate tunnels with side platforms, the Bank branch tracks served an island platform in a single large tunnel. These platforms suffered from dangerous overcrowding at peak times. To provide cross-platform interchange, a new section of tunnel was constructed for northbound Bank branch trains, which were diverted to a new platform south of the original alignment. The redundant northbound track bed in the station tunnel was filled in to form a wider southbound platform. The new Victoria line platforms were excavated between and parallel to the original and the new Bank branch tunnels. Each pair of platforms was linked via a concourse served by escalators. In conjunction with the reconstruction of the main line station above, a new ticket hall was excavated below the concourse with two sets of escalators replacing the lifts. The escalators provide access to and from an intermediate passenger circulation level, which, in turn, gives access to the Northern line Charing Cross branch platforms and two further sets of escalators; one set each serving the northbound and southbound Victoria and Northern line Bank branch platforms. Interchanges between the northbound and southbound Victoria and Northern Bank Line platforms are made via a passageway at the lower level so as to avoid the need to use the escalators. An emergency stair to the intermediate interchange level is located midway along the passageway. The Victoria line platforms opened on 1 December 1968 when the second section of the line was opened between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street. Disused passages remain with tiling and posters from the 1960s.

Future proposals
Unlike the neighbouring main line termini, St Pancras and King's Cross, Euston is not served by the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. Euston Square station, which is served by these lines, is approximately 250 m to the south-west. Plans for the redevelopment of the main line station for High Speed 2 (HS2) include the construction of a direct connection to Euston Square. The CCE&HR station building on Melton Street sits within the HS2 development site area and will be demolished to make way for the station.

Proposals for Crossrail 2 include an underground station serving Euston and St Pancras that will be integrated with the existing London Underground station.

A new underground line between Euston and Canary Wharf has been suggested and is being considered by the government.

Services
The station is in Travelcard Zone 1 and has six platforms. On the Northern line's Bank branch the station is between Camden Town and King's Cross St Pancras. On the line's Charing Cross branch it is between Mornington Crescent and Warren Street. On the Victoria line it is between Warren Street and King's Cross St. Pancras. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally, Northern line trains operate every 2–6 minutes from approximately 05:49 to 00:45 northbound and 05:49 to 00:28 southbound. Victoria line trains operate every 1–6 minutes from approximately 05:41 to 00:42 northbound and 05:31 to 00:26 southbound.

Connections
London Bus routes are served by Euston bus station outside the main line station.

title: Euston tube station


text:
Warwick Avenue tube station

Warwick Avenue is a London Underground station in Little Venice in the City of Westminster in northwest London. The station is on the Bakerloo line, between Paddington and Maida Vale stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2.

History
Warwick Avenue opened on 31 January 1915 on the Bakerloo tube's extension from Paddington to Queen's Park.

The ticket hall and its ticket machines were destroyed by fire overnight on 17 September 1985, causing the station to be closed for the day.

Location and layout
The station is located at the junction of Warwick Avenue, Warrington Crescent and Clifton Gardens. For a time prior to its opening, the proposed name for the station was Warrington Crescent.

There is no surface building and the station is accessed by two sets of steps to a sub-surface ticket hall. It was one of the first London Underground stations built specifically to use escalators rather than lifts. A plain, utilitarian brick ventilation shaft has been built on the traffic island in the middle of the road to improve ventilation of the tunnels.

Connections
London Bus Routes 6, 46, 187 and 414 serve the station.

A regular waterbus service runs from nearby Little Venice along the Regent's Canal; during the summer months boats depart hourly towards London Zoo and Camden Lock.

In popular culture
The song "Warwick Avenue" by British singer Duffy makes reference to the station.

title: Warwick Avenue tube station


text:
Maida Vale tube station

Maida Vale is a London Underground station in Maida Vale in inner north-west London. The station is on the Bakerloo line, between Kilburn Park and Warwick Avenue stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2.

The station is a Grade II listed building being of architectural and historic interest. In 2009 the station won a National Railway Heritage Award, in the London Regional category, for the successful modernisation of a historic station.

History
A proposed 1908 extension of the Bakerloo Line had envisaged a stop at nearby Abercorn Place but this route was rejected. Maida Vale opened on 6 June 1915 on Bakerloo tube's extension from Paddington to Queen's Park five months after the extension. At the time, it was the first station to be entirely staffed by women. The women continued to work at the Maida Vale station until 1919 when servicemen returning from the war displaced them. The outbreak of World War II again opened up jobs for women. On 6 June 2015, the station celebrated its 100th anniversary as part of the 100 years of women in transport campaign.

Location and layout
The station is located at the junction of Randolph Avenue and Elgin Avenue and has a surface building designed by Underground Electric Railways Company of London's architect Stanley Heaps. He used a standardized design that appears in many station buildings under control of UERL whilst Maida Vale was provided with buildings in the style of the earlier Leslie Green stations but without the upper storey, which was no longer required for housing lift gear. It was one of the first London Underground stations built specifically to use escalators rather than lifts.

Transport links
Bus routes 16 and 98, and Night Bus routes N32 and N98 serve Maida Vale road, a short distance to the north-east.

In popular culture
The station surface building and the distinctive staircase mosaics feature in Alfred Hitchcock's 1927 film Downhill, as well as the 1983 film Runners, written by Stephen Poliakoff. Both films feature shots down the escalators, those in the earlier production being the original wooden versions.

The exterior was used for a scene in the 1974 film adaptation of the popular British television situation comedy Man About the House.

A scene shot at platform level—complete with arriving train—appears in the video for The Chemical Brothers' single Believe (2005).

Maida Vale tube station also features in a montage of scenes in the 2013 Richard Curtis film About Time, where the two main characters enter and leave the different platforms via the escalators.

In the 2014 film Paddington, the exterior was used to depict the fictional 'Westbourne Oak' station, an amalgamation of the nearby Westbourne Park and Royal Oak stations. Interior scenes filmed at nearby St John's Wood Station.

title: Maida Vale tube station


text:
List of political parties in Catalonia

This article lists political parties in Catalonia represented in Parliament, their ideologies, leaders, number of MPs and their positions on Catalan independence.

Former Parties

 * Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (1936-1997), Communism, republicanism, Catalanism
 * Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (1974-2016), Catalanism, liberalism
 * Platform for Catalonia, (2002-2019) Spanish unionism, Anti-Islam

title: List of political parties in Catalonia


text:
Kilburn Park tube station

Kilburn Park is a London Underground station at Kilburn in the London Borough of Brent. The station is on the Bakerloo line, between Queen's Park and Maida Vale stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2.

The station is situated on Cambridge Avenue approximately 100 m west of Kilburn High Road, shortly before it becomes Maida Vale, (A5). It is Grade II listed.

History
Kilburn Park was opened on 31 January 1915 as the temporary terminus of the Bakerloo line's extension from Paddington station towards Queen's Park. Services were extended to Queen's Park on 11 February 1915. At the extension's opening, Maida Vale station was not complete and the previous station was Warwick Avenue until 6 June 1915. The station building was designed by Stanley Heaps in a modified version of the earlier Leslie Green designed Bakerloo line stations with glazed terra cotta façades but without the large semi-circular windows at first floor level. It was one of the first London Underground stations built specifically to use escalators rather than lifts.

It opened a short distance south of Kilburn High Road station which had previously handled much of the commuter traffic of the area, providing a quicker connection to the West End.

Transport links
Bus routes 31, 32, 206, 316, 328, school route 632 and night routes N28 and N31 serve the station. Also, it is only a short walk from Kilburn High Road Station (London Overground).

title: Kilburn Park tube station


text:
Linux malware

Linux malware includes viruses, Trojans, worms and other types of malware that affect the Linux family of operating systems. Linux, Unix and other Unix-like computer operating systems are generally regarded as very well-protected against, but not immune to, computer viruses.

Linux vulnerability
Like Unix systems, Linux implements a multi-user environment where users are granted specific privileges and there is some form of access control implemented. To gain control over a Linux system or to cause any serious consequences to the system itself, the malware would have to gain root access to the system.

In the past, it has been suggested that Linux had so little malware because its low market share made it a less profitable target. Rick Moen, an experienced Linux system administrator, counters that:

"[That argument] ignores Unix's dominance in a number of non-desktop specialties, including Web servers and scientific workstations. A virus/trojan/worm author who successfully targeted specifically Apache httpd Linux/x86 Web servers would both have an extremely target-rich environment and instantly earn lasting fame, and yet it doesn't happen."

In 2008 the quantity of malware targeting Linux was noted as increasing. Shane Coursen, a senior technical consultant with Kaspersky Lab, said at the time, "The growth in Linux malware is simply due to its increasing popularity, particularly as a desktop operating system ... The use of an operating system is directly correlated to the interest by the malware writers to develop malware for that OS."

Tom Ferris, a researcher with Security Protocols, commented on one of Kaspersky's reports, stating, "In people's minds, if it's non-Windows, it's secure, and that's not the case. They think nobody writes malware for Linux or Mac OS X. But that's not necessarily true."

Some Linux users do run Linux-based anti-virus software to scan insecure documents and email which comes from or is going to Windows users. SecurityFocus's Scott Granneman stated:

"...some Linux machines definitely need anti-virus software. Samba or NFS servers, for instance, may store documents in undocumented, vulnerable Microsoft formats, such as Word and Excel, that contain and propagate viruses. Linux mail servers should run AV software in order to neutralize viruses before they show up in the mailboxes of Outlook and Outlook Express users."

Because they are predominantly used on mail servers which may send mail to computers running other operating systems, Linux virus scanners generally use definitions for, and scan for, all known viruses for all computer platforms. For example, the open source ClamAV "Detects ... viruses, worms and trojans, including Microsoft Office macro viruses, mobile malware, and other threats."

Cases of malware intended for Microsoft Windows systems posing a danger to Linux systems when run through compatibility layers such as Wine, while uncommon, have been recorded.

Viruses and trojan horses
The viruses listed below pose a potential, although minimal, threat to Linux systems. If an infected binary containing one of the viruses were run, the system would be temporarily infected, as the Linux kernel is memory resident and read-only. Any infection level would depend on which user with what privileges ran the binary. A binary run under the root account would be able to infect the entire system. Privilege escalation vulnerabilities may permit malware running under a limited account to infect the entire system.

It is worth noting that this is true for any malicious program that is run without special steps taken to limit its privileges. It is trivial to add a code snippet to any program that a user may download and let this additional code download a modified login server, an open mail relay, or similar program, and make this additional component run any time the user logs in. No special malware writing skills are needed for this. Special skill may be needed for tricking the user to run the (trojan) program in the first place.

The use of software repositories significantly reduces any threat of installation of malware, as the software repositories are checked by maintainers, who try to ensure that their repository is malware-free. Subsequently, to ensure safe distribution of the software, checksums are made available. These make it possible to reveal modified versions that may have been introduced by e.g. hijacking of communications using a man-in-the-middle attack or via a redirection attack such as ARP or DNS poisoning. Careful use of these digital signatures provides an additional line of defense, which limits the scope of attacks to include only the original authors, package and release maintainers and possibly others with suitable administrative access, depending on how the keys and checksums are handled. Reproducible builds can ensure that digitally signed source code has been reliably transformed into a binary application.

Worms and targeted attacks
The classical threat to Unix-like systems are vulnerabilities in network daemons, such as SSH and web servers. These can be used by worms or for attacks against specific targets. As servers are patched quite quickly when a vulnerability is found, there have been only a few widespread worms of this kind. As specific targets can be attacked through a vulnerability that is not publicly known there is no guarantee that a certain installation is secure. Also servers without such vulnerabilities can be successfully attacked through weak passwords.

Web scripts
Linux servers may also be used by malware without any attack against the system itself, where e.g. web content and scripts are insufficiently restricted or checked and used by malware to attack visitors. Some attacks use complicated malware to attack Linux servers, but when most get full root access then hackers are able to attack by modifying anything like replacing binaries or injecting modules. This may allow the redirection of users to different content on the web. Typically, a CGI script meant for leaving comments, could, by mistake, allow inclusion of code exploiting vulnerabilities in the web browser.

Buffer overruns
Older Linux distributions were relatively sensitive to buffer overflow attacks: if the program did not care about the size of the buffer itself, the kernel provided only limited protection, allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code under the rights of the vulnerable application under attack. Programs that gain root access even when launched by a non-root user (via the setuid bit) were particularly attractive to attack. However, as of 2009 most of the kernels include address space layout randomization (ASLR), enhanced memory protection and other extensions making such attacks much more difficult to arrange.

Cross-platform viruses
An area of concern identified in 2007 is that of cross-platform viruses, driven by the popularity of cross-platform applications. This was brought to the forefront of malware awareness by the distribution of an OpenOffice.org virus called Badbunny.

Stuart Smith of Symantec wrote the following:

"What makes this virus worth mentioning is that it illustrates how easily scripting platforms, extensibility, plug-ins, ActiveX, etc, can be abused. All too often, this is forgotten in the pursuit to match features with another vendor... The ability for malware to survive in a cross-platform, cross-application environment has particular relevance as more and more malware is pushed out via Web sites. How long until someone uses something like this to drop a JavaScript infecter on a Web server, regardless of platform?"

Social engineering
As is the case with any operating system, Linux is vulnerable to malware that tricks the user into installing it through social engineering. In December 2009 a malicious waterfall screensaver that contained a script that used the infected Linux PC in denial-of-service attacks was discovered.

Go-written malware
The IBM Security Report: Attacks on Industries Supporting COVID-19 Response Efforts Double had as a key point that "Cybercriminals Accelerate Use of Linux Malware – With a 40% increase in Linux-related malware families in the past year, and a 500% increase in Go-written malware in the first six months of 2020, attackers are accelerating a migration to Linux malware, that can more easily run on various platforms, including cloud environments." That these cybercriminals are increasingly using Linux and Unix to target hospitals and allied industries (that rely on these systems and cloud networks) that they are increasingly vulnerable during the COVID-19 crisis, such as the Red Cross cyberattack.

Anti-virus applications
There are a number of anti-virus applications available which will run under the Linux operating system. Most of these applications are looking for exploits which could affect users of Microsoft Windows.

For Microsoft Windows-specific threats
These applications are useful for computers (typically, servers) which will pass on files to Microsoft Windows users. They do not look for Linux-specific threats.

• Avast! (proprietary; freeware version available)

• AVG (proprietary; freeware version available)

• Avira (proprietary; freeware version was available, discontinued due to lack of demand)

• BitDefender (proprietary; freeware version available)

• ClamAV (free and open source software)

• Comodo (proprietary; freeware version available)

• Crowdstrike (Proprietary)

• Dr.Web (proprietary)

• F-Prot (proprietary; freeware version available)

• F-Secure Linux (proprietary)

• Kaspersky Linux Security (proprietary)

• McAfee VirusScan Enterprise for Linux (proprietary)

• Panda Security for Linux (proprietary)

• Sophos (proprietary)

• Symantec AntiVirus for Linux (proprietary)

• Trend Micro ServerProtect for Linux (proprietary)

For Linux-specific threats
These applications look for actual threats to the Linux computers on which they are running.

 * chkrootkit (free and open source software)
 * ClamAV (free and open source software)
 * Comodo (proprietary)
 * Crowdstrike (proprietary)
 * Dr.Web (proprietary)
 * ESET (proprietary)
 * Linux Malware Detect
 * lynis (open source auditing)
 * rkhunter (free and open source software)
 * Samhain (free and open source software)
 * Sophos (proprietary)

Linux malware can also be detected (and analyzed) using memory forensics tools, such as:
 * Forcepoint (proprietary)
 * Volatility (free and open source software)

Threats
The following is a partial list of known Linux malware. However, few if any are in the wild, and most have been rendered obsolete by Linux updates or were never a threat. Known malware is not the only or even the most important threat: new malware or attacks directed to specific sites can use vulnerabilities previously unknown to the community or unused by malware.

Botnets

 * Mayhem – 32/64-bit Linux/FreeBSD multifunctional botnet
 * Linux.Remaiten – a threat targeting the Internet of things.
 * Mirai (malware) – a DDoS botnet spreads through telnet service and designed to infect Internet of Things (IoT).
 * GafGyt/BASHLITE/Qbot – a DDoS botnet spreads through SSH and Telnet service weak passwords, firstly discovered during bash Shellshock vulnerability.
 * LuaBot – a botnet coded with modules component in Lua programming language, cross-compiled in C wrapper with LibC, it aims for Internet of Things in ARM, MIPS and PPC architectures, with the usage to DDoS, spreads Mirai (malware) or selling proxy access to the cyber crime.
 * Hydra, Aidra, LightAidra and NewAidra – another form of a powerful IRC botnet that infects Linux boxes.
 * EnergyMech 2.8 overkill mod (Linux/Overkill) – a long-lasting botnet worm designed to infect servers with its bot and operated through IRC protocol, for the purposes of DDoSing and spreading itself.

Ransomware
• Linux.Encoder.1

• Lilocked

Rootkits

 * Snakso – a 64-bit Linux webserver rootkit

Trojans
• Effusion – 32/64-bit injector for Apache/Nginx webservers, (7 Jan 2014)

• Hand of Thief – Banking trojan, 2013,

• Kaiten – Linux.Backdoor.Kaiten trojan horse

• Rexob – Linux.Backdoor.Rexob trojan

• Waterfall screensaver backdoor – on gnome-look.org

• Tsunami.gen – Backdoor.Linux.Tsunami.gen

• Turla – HEUR:Backdoor.Linux.Turla.gen

• Xor DDoS – a trojan malware that hijacks Linux systems and uses them to launch DDoS attacks which have reached loads of 150+ Gbps.

• Hummingbad – has infected over 10 million Android operating systems. User details are sold and adverts are tapped on without the user's knowledge thereby generating fraudulent advertising revenue.

• NyaDrop – a small Linux backdoor compiled from a Linux shellcode to be used to infect Linux boxes with bigger size Linux malware.

• PNScan – Linux trojan designed to aim routers and self-infecting to a specific targeted network segment in a worm-like form

• SpeakUp – a backdoor trojan that infects six different Linux distributions and macOS devices.

Viruses
• 42

• Arches

• Alaeda – Virus.Linux.Alaeda

• Binom – Linux/Binom

• Bliss – requires root privileges

• Brundle

• Bukowski

• Caveat

• Cephei – Linux.Cephei.A (and variants)

• Coin

• Hasher

• Lacrimae (aka Crimea)

• Nuxbee – Virus.Linux.Nuxbee.1403

• PiLoT

• Podloso – Linux.Podloso (The iPod virus)

• RELx

• Rike – Virus.Linux.Rike.1627

• RST – Virus.Linux.RST.a (known for infecting Korean release of Mozilla Suite 1.7.6 and Thunderbird 1.0.2 in September 2005 )

• Staog

• Vit – Virus.Linux.Vit.4096

• Winter – Virus.Linux.Winter.341

• Winux (also known as Lindose and PEElf)

• Wit virus

• Zariche – Linux.Zariche.A (and variants)

• ZipWorm – Virus.Linux.ZipWorm

Worms
• Adm – Net-Worm.Linux.Adm

• Adore

• Bad Bunny – Perl.Badbunny

• Cheese – Net-Worm.Linux.Cheese

• Devnull

• Kork

• Linux/Lion

• Linux.Darlloz – targets home routers, set-top boxes, security cameras and industrial control systems.

• Linux/Lupper.worm

• Mighty – Net-Worm.Linux.Mighty

• Millen – Linux.Millen.Worm

• Ramen worm - targeted only Red Hat Linux distributions versions 6.2 and 7.0

• Slapper

• SSH Bruteforce

title: Linux malware


text:
Queen's Park station (England)

Queen's Park is an interchange station on the Watford DC line and Bakerloo line served by London Overground and London Underground respectively. It lies at the southern end of Salusbury Road, near the south-east corner of the public park from which the area now known as Queen's Park has taken its modern name. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2.

History
The station was first opened by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) on 2 June 1879, on the main line from London to Birmingham.

Services on the Bakerloo line were extended from Kilburn Park to Queen's Park on 11 February 1915. On 10 May 1915, Bakerloo services began to operate north of Queen's Park as far as Willesden Junction over the recently built Watford DC line tracks shared with the LNWR.

London Midland previously made three operational calls daily, which were not found in public timetables. As of the December 2013 timetable these stops no longer exist, with no main line services calling at the station.

Station layout
All platforms at Queen's Park station are on the surface, the station being covered by a glazed roof. The slow main line platforms (platforms 5 and 6) are reserved for use during engineering work or partial line closures. The Bakerloo line tunnel portals are about 300 m to the east of the station. The two inner station tracks, platforms 3 (westbound) and 2 (eastbound), split into four tracks in a carriage shed to the west of the station. Bakerloo line services starting or ending at Queen's Park normally do so in the two centre tracks of the four-track carriage shed. Bakerloo line trains joining or leaving the London Overground tracks, also known as the Watford DC line tracks, do so by passing through the carriage shed on one of the two outer tracks, which merge into the Watford DC Line, the latter of which becomes the station's outer tracks. Around a third of Bakerloo line trains terminate at Queen's Park with others continuing onward to Harrow & Wealdstone.

All platforms are accessed by stairs and although there is local pressure for step-free access there are no firm plans for lifts or escalators to be installed. The stairs are all behind the ticket barriers.

Services
Queen's Park is served by a mixture of trains operated by London Overground and London Underground on the Bakerloo line. The current off-peak service is:

London Underground (Bakerloo line)

 * 16 tph to Elephant & Castle
 * 4 tph to Stonebridge Park
 * 4 tph to Harrow & Wealdstone

8 tph from Elephant & Castle terminate at Queen's Park.

London Overground

 * 4 tph to Euston
 * 4 tph to Watford Junction

Connections
London Buses routes 6, 36, 187, 206, and 316 serve the station.

Future improvements
Great North Western Railway was given permission to run six trains per day from London to Blackpool North stopping at Queen's Park from 2018, but these plans have yet to come to fruition.

Queen's Park may be the service's terminus, as stopping patterns including permission to run the service beyond Queen's Park to London Euston are dependent upon future infrastructural work to the West Coast Main Line.

title: Queen's Park station (England)


text:
User talk:Berengar~enwiki

Hi Berengar :) I hope you like the place and choose to stay

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

A tip: bold the title instead of making a new header. Have a look at what I did to devnull. And you don't need to :* your bullets, just a * will do fine :)

Thanks and keep contributing :) Dysprosia 12:17, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Berengar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Berengar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:34, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Berengar~enwiki