text:
Talk:Battlefield 1942

Requirements
Okay, I am on apple.com a lot (less than wikipedia, but still a lot.) And i just noticed: The System Requirements are a Copy-Paste Job. Before I edit it, i just thought i'd checkl with you.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Battlefield 1942. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071212122052/http://www.adressa.no:80/teknologi/article.jhtml?articleID=451469 to http://www.adressa.no/teknologi/article.jhtml?articleID=451469
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.eagames.com/official/battlefield1942/home.jsp?ncc=1
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://global.dice.se/games/battlefield/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:55, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Battlefield 1942. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ea.com/official/battlefield/1942/us/rome_features.jsp
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/battlefield1942
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/battlefield1942
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070408202232/http://www.computec.de/index_2.cfm?menu=0203 to http://www.computec.de/index_2.cfm?menu=0203

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:01, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

Micke Kuwahara as a Lead Programmer of Battlefield 1942
Micke Kuwahara came across as a Lead Programmer of Battlefield 1942. It is listed at Hokkaido University, Japan- Official Profile page & linkedin. https://researchers.general.hokudai.ac.jp/profile/en.yiU.UEzaAwi.AM91X61x-Q==.html https://linkedin.com/in/micke-kuwahara-1738103 Can Anybody Justify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by As47 battle ground (talk • contribs) 04:53, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * If you look at his LinkedIn, he was specifically a patch developer for BF1942, in charge of the bug fixing team and the lead programmer specifically for the Road to Rome expansion, rather than the original game or even the Secret Weapons of WW2 expansion.— Nohomers48 (talk • contribs) 07:35, 12 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I work for DICE since 2000s. I can confirm that Micke Kuwahara is not involved in any of Battlefield 1942 project. I'm unable to find him in Battlefiel1942 credits and any other official forms. Everything he states in his linkedin and his university profile is his own claim and not official by DICE. I suspect he called himself "Programmer Lead for Battlefield series" for self promotion. He should not be listed in the page.— Dicetrailer01 (talk • contribs) 12:26, 13 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I do not know who Dicetrailer01 above is in real life but he is very misinformed. I am Micke Kuwahara, and I worked for Dice in Stockholm between 2002-2004 as Programmer Lead on the Battlefield team, while bug-fixing the newly released Battlefield 1942 (and boy, did it need fixing) and adding various expansions, like The Road to Rome (where I am also credited as Producer). I was also heavily involved in Battlefield 2, but left the company before it finished. But having said that, no I was not Lead Programmer for the main development of Battlefield 1942, I started working for DICE the same week it was released. The actual lead programmer was Mats Dal. Truemrwalker (talk • contribs) 03:11, 4 January 2022

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Battlefield 1942


text:
Patina

Patina ( or  ) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze, and similar metals and metal alloys (tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes), or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure.

Additionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality leather. The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure.

Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing.

Usage
On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements (oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur-bearing compounds). In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly referred to as patina. Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and color that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time.

Archaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a corticated layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools and ancient stone monuments. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a better term to describe the process than patination.

In geology and geomorphology, the term patina is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within the surface of a rock or other material by either the development of a weathering rind within the surface of a rock, the formation of desert varnish on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called cortex by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or chert nodule.

Etymology
The word patina comes from the Italian patina (shallow layer of deposit on a surface), derived from the Latin patĭna (pan, shallow dish). Figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening, or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both).

The chemical process by which a patina forms or is deliberately induced is called patination, and a work of art coated by a patina is said to be patinated.

Acquired patina

The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris, usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides, sulfides, sulfates, and carbonates, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. In clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate. In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous acid rain from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, the final patina is primarily composed of sulphide or sulphate compounds.

A patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal or marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas.

Façade cladding (copper cladding; copper wall cladding) with alloys of copper, like brass or bronze, will weather differently from "pure" copper cladding. Even a lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example Bristol Beacon in Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, London.

Antique and well-used firearms will often develop a layer of rust on the action, barrel, or other steel parts after the original finish has worn. On this subject gunsmith Mark Novak says "... This is what everybody calls patina, I call it a nice thick coat of rust..." The removal of such rust is often necessary for a firearm conservation to prevent further decay of the firearm.

Applied patina

Artists and metalworkers often deliberately add patinas as a part of the original design and decoration of art and furniture, or to simulate antiquity in newly made objects. The process is often called distressing.

A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas. They are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with the reacted elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, while sulfur compounds (such as "liver of sulfur") tend to brown. The basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide (blue-black), liver of sulfur (brown-black), cupric nitrate (blue-green), and ferric nitrate (yellow-brown). For artworks, patination is often deliberately accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, and various blacks. Some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals. Sometimes the surface is enhanced by waxing, oiling, or other types of lacquers or clear-coats. More simply, the French sculptor Auguste Rodin used to instruct assistants at his studio to urinate over bronzes stored in the outside yard. A patina can be produced on copper by the application of vinegar (acetic acid). This patina is water-soluble and will not last on the outside of a building like a "true" patina. It is usually used as pigment.

Patina is also found on slip rings and commutators. This type of patina is formed by corrosion, what elements the air might hold, residue from the wear of the carbon brush, and moisture; thus, the patina needs special conditions to work as intended.

Patinas can also be found in woks or other metal baking dishes. The process of applying patinas to cookware is known as seasoning. The patina on a wok is a dark coating of oils that have been polymerized onto it to prevent food from sticking. Scrubbing or using soap on a wok or other dishware could damage the patina and possibly allow rust.

Knife collectors that own carbon steel blades sometimes force a patina onto the blade to help protect it and give it a more personalized look. This can be done using various chemicals and substances such as muriatic acid, apple cider vinegar, or mustard. It can also be done by sticking the blade into any acidic vegetable or fruit such as an orange or an apple.

Repatination
In the case of antiques, a range of views are held on the value of patination and its replacement if damaged, known as repatination.

Preserving a piece's look and character is important and removal or reduction may dramatically reduce its value. If patination has flaked off, repatination may be recommended. Appraiser Reyne Haines notes that a repatinated metal piece will be worth more than one with major imperfections in the patina, but less than a piece still with its original finish.

title: Patina


text:
User:White dolomite

"Women call me the plumber at the end of the night..." Ice Cube.

title: User:White dolomite


text:
User talk:SallyJBarnes

Hi Sally,

the Santorum stuff has already been integrated into Savage Love a few weeks ago. Many people feel that it would be problematic to give what can only be called a smear campaign much exposure in an encyclopedia article about a US Senator.—Eloquence

title: User talk:SallyJBarnes


text:
Hyacinth

Hyacinthus is a small genus of bulbous herbs, spring-blooming perennials. They are fragrant flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae and are commonly called hyacinths. The genus is native predominantly to the Eastern Mediterranean region from the south of Turkey to the Palestine region, although naturalized more widely.

Several species of Brodiaea, Scilla, and other plants that were formerly classified in the Liliaceae family and have flower clusters borne along the stalk also have common names with the word "hyacinth" in them. Hyacinths should also not be confused with the genus Muscari, which are commonly known as grape hyacinths.

Description
Hyacinthus grows from bulbs, each producing around four to six narrow untoothed leaves and one to three spikes or racemes of flowers. In the wild species, the flowers are widely spaced, with as few as two per raceme in H. litwinovii and typically six to eight in H. orientalis which grows to a height of 15 –. Cultivars of H. orientalis have much denser flower spikes and are generally more robust.

Taxonomy
The genus name Hyacinthus was attributed to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort when used by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is derived from a Greek name used for a plant by Homer, ὑάκινθος (hyákinthos), the flowers supposedly having grown up from the blood of a youth of this name killed by the god Zephyr out of jealousy. The original wild plant known as hyakinthos to Homer has been identified with Scilla bifolia, among other possibilities. Linnaeus defined the genus Hyacinthus widely to include species now placed in other genera of the subfamily Scilloideae, such as Muscari (e.g. his Hyacinthus botryoides) and Hyacinthoides (e.g. his Hyacinthus non-scriptus).

Hyacinthus was formerly the type genus of the separate family Hyacinthaceae; prior to that, the genus was placed in the lily family Liliaceae.

Species
Three species are placed within the genus Hyacinthus:
 * Hyacinthus litwinovii – north-east Iran to southern Turkmenistan
 * Hyacinthus orientalis - Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine region, Turkey; common, Dutch or garden hyacinth
 * Hyacinthus transcaspicus – north-east Iran to southern Turkmenistan

Some authorities place H. litwonovii and H. transcaspicus in the related genus Hyacinthella, which would make Hyacinthus a monotypic genus.

Distribution
The genus Hyacinthus is considered native to the eastern Mediterranean from southern Turkey to the region of Palestine, including Lebanon and Syria, and on through Iraq and Iran to Turkmenistan. It is widely naturalized elsewhere, including Europe (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sardinia, Sicily and former Yugoslavia), Cyprus, North America (California, Pennsylvania, Texas), central Mexico,the Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti) and Korea.

Cultivation
The Dutch, or common hyacinth, of house and garden culture (H. orientalis, native to Southwest Asia) was so popular in the 18th century that over 2,000 cultivars were grown in the Netherlands, its chief commercial producer. This hyacinth has a single dense spike of fragrant flowers in shades of red, blue, white, orange, pink, violet or yellow. A form of the common hyacinth is the less hardy and smaller blue- or white-petalled Roman hyacinth. These flowers need full sunlight and should be watered moderately.

Toxicity
The inedible bulbs contain oxalic acid and may cause mild skin irritation. Protective gloves are recommended.

Some members of the plant subfamily Scilloideae are commonly called hyacinths but are not members of the genus Hyacinthus and are edible; one example is the tassel hyacinth, which forms part of the cuisine of some Mediterranean countries.

Culture
Hyacinths are often associated with spring and rebirth. The hyacinth flower is used in the Haft-Seen table setting for the Persian New Year celebration, Nowruz, held at the spring equinox. The Persian word for hyacinth is سنبل (sonbol), meaning 'cluster'.

The name ὑάκινθος (hyakinthos) was used in Ancient Greece for at least two distinct plants, which have variously been identified as Scilla bifolia or Orchis quadripunctata and Consolida ajacis (larkspur). Plants known by this name were sacred to Aphrodite.

The hyacinth appears in the first section of T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land during a conversation between the narrator and the "hyacinth girl" that takes place in the spring.

"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago; 'They called me the hyacinth girl.' —Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden, Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, Looking into the heart of light, the silence."

In Roman Catholic tradition, H. orientalis represents prudence, constancy, desire of heaven and peace of mind.

Colour
The colour of the blue flower hyacinth plant varies between 'mid-blue', violet blue and bluish purple. Within this range can be found Persenche, which is an American color name (probably from French), for a hyacinth hue. The colour analysis of Persenche is 73% ultramarine, 9% red and 18% white.

title: Hyacinth


text:
Hyacinth (mythology)

Hyacinth or Hyacinthus (Ancient Greek: Ὑάκινθος, Huákinthos, ) is a deified hero and a lover of Apollo in Greek mythology. His cult at Amyclae southwest of Sparta dates from the Mycenaean era. The hero is mythically linked to local cults and identified with Apollo. In the Classical period, a temenos, or sanctuary, grew up around what was alleged to be his burial mound, which was located at the feet of a statue of Apollo.

Family
Hyacinth was given various parentage, providing local links, as the son of Clio and Pierus, or King Oebalus of Sparta, or of king Amyclus of Sparta, progenitor of the people of Amyclae, dwellers about Sparta. As the youngest and most beautiful son of Amyclas and Diomede, daughter of Lapithes, Hyacinth was the brother of Cynortus, Argalus, Polyboea, Laodamia (or Leanira ), Harpalus, Hegesandra, and in other versions, of Daphne. If he was the son of Clio and Pierus, Hyacinthus's brother was Rhagus.

Mythology
In Greek mythology, Hyacinthus was a Spartan prince of remarkable beauty and a lover of the sun god Apollo. He was also admired by Zephyrus, the god of the West wind, Boreas, the god of the North wind and a mortal man named Thamyris. Hyacinthus chose Apollo over the others. He visited all of Apollo's sacred lands with the god in a chariot drawn by swans. So fiercely was Apollo in love with Hyacinthus that he abandoned his sanctuary in Delphi to enjoy Hyacinthus' company by the river Eurotas. He taught Hyacinthus the use of the bow and the lyre, the art of prophecy, and exercises in the gymnasium.

One day, Apollo was teaching him the game of discus or quoits. They decided to have a friendly competition by taking turns to throw the discus. Apollo threw first, with a strength so great that the discus split the clouds in the sky. Eager to retrieve the discus, Hyacinthus ran behind it to catch it. But as it hit the ground, the discus bounced back, hitting Hyacinthus' head and wounding him fatally. An alternative version of the myth holds Zephyrus responsible for the death of Hyacinthus. Jealous that Hyacinthus preferred the radiant Apollo, Zephyrus blew Apollo's quoit boisterously off course to kill Hyacinthus. Apollo's face turned pale as he held his dying lover in his arms. He used all sorts of herbs and even tried giving ambrosia to heal Hyacinthus' wound, but it was futile, for he could not cure the wound inflicted by the Fates. Apollo wept for Hyacinthus' death and expressed his wish to become a mortal to join the Spartan boy in his death, going so far as to ask his uncle, Hades, to kill him. That being unachievable because of his immortality, Apollo promised that he would always remind himself of Hyacinthus through his songs and the music of his lyre. He created a flower from Hyacinthus' spilled blood, the hyacinth, and inscribed on its petals the words of lamentation, "AI AI" – "alas". However, based on its ancient description, the flower Hyacinth turned into is not the modern plant bearing that name.

The Bibliotheca said Thamyris, who showed romantic feelings towards Hyacinthus, was the first man to have loved another man.

Apotheosis and Hyacinthia

Hyacinthus was eventually resurrected by Apollo and attained immortality. Pausanias has recorded that the throne of Apollo in Sparta had the depiction of bearded Hyacinthus being taken to heaven along with Polyboea by Aphrodite, Athena and Artemis.

Hyacinthus was the tutelary deity of one of the principal Spartan festivals, Hyacinthia, celebrated in the Spartan month of Hyacinthia (in early summer). The festival lasted three days, one day of mourning for the death of Hyacinth, and the last two celebrating his rebirth, though the division of honours is a subject for scholarly controversy. On the first day, people mourned his death by eating as little as possible and abstaining from singing songs, contrary to all the other festivals of Apollo. On the second day, choirs of boys and young men sang some of their national songs and danced. As for the girls, some were carried in decorated wicker carts and others paraded in chariots pulled by two horses, which they raced. Citizens entertained their friends and even their own servants. Every year the Laconian women wove a chiton for Apollo and presented it to him, a tradition similar to the peplos offered to Athena at Athens upon the occasion of the Panathenaic Games. Less is known about the third day, indicating that probably mysteries were held. It is described as "merry midnight festival".

So important was this festival that Amyclaeans, even when they had taken the field against an enemy, always returned home on the approach of the season of the Hyacinthia, and the Lacedaemonians on one occasion concluded a truce of forty days with the town of Eira merely to be able to return home and celebrate the national festival. After the treaty with Sparta, B.C. 421, the Athenians, to show their good-will towards Sparta, promised every year to attend the celebration of the Hyacinthia.

Cults and attributes
Hyacinthus had a shrine in Amyclea, which he came to share with Apollo. Various scholars agree that Hyacinthus was a pre-Hellenic nature god, and certain aspects of his own cult suggest that he was a chthonic vegetation deity whose cults were merged with Apollo's. Nilsson says that Hyacinthus is a Cretan word, and its pre-Hellenic origin is indicated by the suffix -nth. Hyacinthus personifies the sprouting vegetation in spring, which is killed by the heat of the summer. The apotheosis of Hyacinthus indicates that, after attaining godhood, he represented the natural cycle of decay and renewal.

The fact that at Tarentum a Hyacinthus tomb is ascribed by Polybius to Apollo Hyacinthus (not Hyacinthus) has led some to think that the personalities are one, and that the hero is merely an emanation from the god; confirmation is sought in the Apolline appellation τετράχειρ, alleged by Hesychius to have been used in Laconia, and assumed to describe a composite figure of Apollo-Hyacinthus. Against this theory is the essential difference between the two figures. Hyacinthus is a chthonian vegetation god whose worshippers are afflicted and sorrowful; though interested in vegetation, Apollo's death is not celebrated in any ritual, his worship is joyous and triumphant, and finally, the Amyclean Apollo is specifically the god of war and song. Moreover, Pausanias describes the monument at Amyclae as consisting of a rude figure of Apollo standing on an altar-shaped base that formed the tomb of Hyacinthus. Into the latter offerings were put for the hero before gifts were made to the god.

Hyacinthus was gifted a swan chariot by Apollo and appeared in ancient arts riding it, either to meet Apollo or to escape the advances of Zephyrus. Swans were believed to be the birds of Hyperborea, a mystical land of eternal spring and immortality, to which Apollo himself traveled every winter on a chariot drawn by swans. This association of Hyacinth with swans places him in close connection to Hyperborean Apollo and spring. It is suggested that Hyacinthus would have spent the winter months in the underworld, or more suitably Hyperborea and returning to earth in the spring when the hyacinth flower blooms.

According to classical interpretations, his myth is a metaphor of the death and rebirth of nature. The festival Hyacinthia included the initiatory rites, that is, the initiation of youths into adulthood.

Attributes
The flower hyacinth that rose from Hyacinth's blood is said to have had a deep blue or purple hue and a sign resembling the inscription "AI" on its petals, a symbol of sorrow. However, this flower has been identified with another plant, the larkspur, or an iris, or perhaps gladiolus italicus rather than what we today call hyacinth. Other divinely beloved vegetation gods who died in the flower of their youth and were vegetatively transformed include Narcissus, Cyparissus, Mecon and Adonis.

Ancient Greeks associated with Apollo a deep blue or violet precious gem called hyacinth. It was called so because its colour resembled that of the hyacinth flowers. This gem was held sacred to Apollo due to the mythological connection. The people who visited Apollo's shrine, as well as his priests and the high priestess Pythia, were required to wear this gem.

The term 'Hyacinthine hair' refers to the curly hair of Hyacinthus that resembles the curled petals of hyacinth flowers. It is often used poetically. The term could also be descriptive of the colour of the hair; either dark or deep violet. In Homer's Odyssey, Athena gives Odysseus hyacinthine hair to make him look more beautiful. Edgar Allan Poe, in the poem "To Helen", uses the same term to beautify Helen's hair.

title: Hyacinth (mythology)


text:
Sinanju

Sinanju is a region (신안주) in Anju city, South Pyongan Province, North Korea. The name literally means "Comfortable New Village." When Anju County was raised to the status of a city in August 1987, Sinanju Workers' District was divided into Sinwon-dong, Wonhung-dong, Yokchon-dong.

History
On May 9, 1951, the U.S. Air Force conducted the most massive airstrike of the Korean war to date - at least 300 planes converged on a city on the Yalu River.

Sinanju's bridges and railways were bombed by the United States Air Force during the Korean War to halt the transport of supplies to North Korea. During the second Korean winter, railways and bridges leading from Sinanju to Chongju were bombed by the U.S. on January 25, 1952, but were repaired five days later. During the last week of March 1952, U.S. forces began using B-29 Superfortresses through April to destroy bridges between Sinanju and Pyongyang.

During the third Korean winter of the war, the USAF targeted five railroad bridges over the Chongchon Estuary near Sinanju in January 1953. Trains were supposed to dock in marshaling yards there. Allied bombers destroyed them at night, but this only stopped enemy transport temporarily. Consequentially, in Spring of 1953, Communist troops had more difficulty transporting troops and supplies due to relentless allied intervention.

According to a bomb assessment conducted by the U.S. Air Force, over the course of the Korean War 100 percent of Sinanju was destroyed by the U.S. bombing; four other North Korean cities were at least 90 percent destroyed.
 * Musan - 5%
 * Najin (Rashin) - 5%
 * Unggi (Sonbong County) - 5%
 * Anju - 15%
 * Sinuiju - 50%
 * Songjin (Kimchaek) - 50%
 * Chongju (Chŏngju) - 60%
 * Kanggye - 60% (reduced from previous estimate of 75%)
 * Haeju - 75%
 * Pyongyang - 75%
 * Kyomipo (Songnim) - 80%
 * Hamhung (Hamhŭng) - 80%
 * Chinnampo (Namp'o)- 80%
 * Wonsan (Wŏnsan)- 80%
 * Hungnam (Hŭngnam) - 85%
 * Sunan (Sunan-guyok) - 90%
 * Sariwon (Sariwŏn) - 95%
 * Hwangju (Hwangju County) - 97%
 * Kunu-ri (Kunu-dong)- 100%
 * Sinanju - 100%

title: Sinanju


text:
Charlie Case

Charley Case (August 27, 1858 – November 26, 1916) was an American vaudeville performance artist who delivered the first known example of stand-up comedy in the late 1880s, delivering humorous monologues directly to the audience while standing in one spot without props or costumes. He is credited with creating the term "punchline" as he often used his arms in a punch-line motion during his stories. Case also wrote and sang vaudeville parodies of the 19th-century ballad style. He influenced F. Gregory Hartswick, who wrote similar songs.

Case is thought to have been mulatto. He started his career as a blackface comedian in America, but switched to a monologue format without props. Little official documentation of his personal history is available, but there are reports that he was mixed and sought to "pass". It was not uncommon at the time for African-Americans to perform in blackface as a loophole into the entertainment business.

In 1910, after recovering from a nervous breakdown, he went on tour in England, where for the first time he performed the song "There was once a poor young man who left his country home." The 1933 film The Fatal Glass of Beer is based on this song, and comedian W. C. Fields performs it at the onset. Critic Harold Bloom remarked several years later that Fields, "croaking his ghastly dirge to the uncertain sound of his dulcimer, is a parodic version of the Bard of Sensibility, a figure out of the primitivism of Thomas Gray or William Blake."

Style
According to Sigmund Spaeth, in his 1926 book, Read 'Em and Weep: The Songs You Forgot to Remember, the interpreter of a Case song would sing in a "very matter-of-fact voice, with little or no expression, letting the words speak for themselves." Case is also sometimes credited with being one of the first to employ the stand-up style when, in the 1880s and 90s, he began to do comedic monologues without props or costumes, something that had never been done before.

In 1906, The Indianapolis Star wrote that, "He is of a quiet and retiring disposition when off the stage, and to see him on the street or at his hotel one would never take him for a comedian who makes thousands laugh every season." That year the Toledo Blade called him "one of the funniest monologue comedians in the business."

Death
He died on November 26, 1916, at the Palace Hotel on 45th Street in New York. Another vaudevillian reported that Case shot himself and that his dying words were "Pardon me." The police were told that a bottle of oil and a cleaning cloth were on the floor, evidence that he had accidentally killed himself while cleaning his gun. However, Spaeth wrote that, "Case's untimely death was supposedly due to the accidental explosion of a gun that he was cleaning, but it is generally recognized in the theatrical profession that he shot himself. Mixed blood was the chief reason." He was known for a quiet, shy, and brooding nature.

His wife Charlotte is said to have died from a heart attack upon hearing the news.

Music
Lyrics to two of Charley Case's songs:

"There was once a poor young man who left his country home, And came to the city to seek employment; He promised his dear mother that he'd lead the simple life, And always shun the fatal curse of drink.

He came to the city and accepted employment in a quarry, And while there he made the acquaintance of some college men; He little guessed that they were demons, for they wore the best of clothes, But clothes do not always make the gentleman.

One night he went out with his new-found friends to dine, And they tried to persuade him to take a drink; They tempted him and tempted him, but he refused and he refused, Till finally he took a glass of beer.

When he seen what he had done he dashed the liquor to the floor, And he staggered through the door with delirium tremens; While in the grip of liquor he met a Salvation Army lassie, And cruelly he broke her tambourine.

All she said was 'Heaven bless you!' and placed a mark upon his brow, With a kick that she had learned before she was saved; So kind friends, take my advice and shun the fatal curse of drink, And don't go around breaking people's tambourines."

And

"There was once a poor young girl who left her country home, And came to the city to seek employment; She had to leave her home because the wolf was at the door, And her father had fallen down and hurt his knee.

Just before she went away her sweetheart, whose name was Jack, Said to her 'I fear you will not be true'; And so she had to promise him before she got on the train, That every night at eight o'clock she would burst into tears.

She came to the city, and was riding on a street car, When a man got up and offered her his seat; She refused the offer with scorn, for she saw that he wore a ring, And she didn't know but that he might be a married man.

Then up came the conductor and said, 'I knew you would be true!' And tore off his false whiskers, and it was Jack! And that day she got a telegram saying that her father's knee was better, And an aunt had died and left her $58,000.00."

title: Charlie Case


text:
User talk:Pcb21/Old cetacean talk

''This cetacean page is an archive. Please add any new stuff to my regular talk apage''

Whales
Pete, I'll be delighted to do my little bit with the whales, but am tied up with (paid) work for the next few days, so won't be adding much. Great to see the stuff you have done already. Cheers, Tannin (Tony)

 * Great to hear you are on board. It's going to be a long-haul project for me too, never enough time do everything I want, but I thought it was worthwhile putting my thoughts on wikipaper (so other people can do my thought-tidying for me!) even if it is muddled to begin with. Pete 00:27, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * BTW, I'm not 100% convinced that my merge of Right whale and Balaenidae the other day was a wise thing. But we can ponder this at leisure - there are lots of other things that need doing. Later -- Tannin

 * Yeah that's a little bit messy at the moment but I don't see a big problem long-term. Maybe have Balaenidae redirect to Right whale (or the other way round) then have a shortish article there pointing to longer articles at Southern Right Whale, Northern Right Whale and Bowhead Whale (though as you rightly pointed out elsewhere there are two Northern Rights these days - a dearth of information probably means they'll be best stay as one article). Pete 00:27, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I'm likely to continue to dip into the cetaceans every now and then, so count me in. A couple of points: Jim
 * The existing family/order etc articles for cetaceans, other mammals and birds all list species with English name first, I assume we are not going to change this
 * No we're not. The layout of the list on the project is an artefact of my own personal listing format.
 * Existing policy is to make sure that there is a lower case redirect to the uppercase article. I think we should continue to do this to help searchers
 * Agreed. There may be a few redirects missing from already-created pages. I'll take a look.
 * The checklist of things to include looks fine to me - most of the info is readily available.
 * Great!

Hi Pete -

You seem nice, and polite, and considerate. So what are you doing on Wikipedia? :-0 NuclearWhale
 * Thanks for the kind words. By the way if you are going to go round calling yourself NuclearWhale you should be warned that there is already a girl band called AtomicKitten here in Britain! :-) Pete 14:42, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

River Dolphins
Nice work on adding that section on dolphins that can inhabit rivers but aren't true river dolphins. Just one question... do you really mean hybrid? Also, if you wouldn't mind, I'd love it if you could look over the articles on the river dolphins themselves and update anything that needs it. I tried making the articles passable a few months back, but fear that I wasn't up to it. Thanks!

--Dante Alighieri 16:59, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Ouch you are quite right, hybrid is a terrible word to use! I will change it.
 * Looks like I only used it in a summary comment not in the body tezt itself. Let me know if this is wrong. Pete 17:10, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * More generally I am slowly working through the cetaceans, using WikiProject Cetaceans essentially as my own personal scratch pad. I have access to loads of books (my girlfriend is a whale addict but unfortunately can't be persuaded to spend her spare time on Wikipedia) so eventually, and this is going to take me a while, all the species will have their own decent article. After that I will go back over the genus, family and other groupings to ensure consistency throughout the project. Hopefully Wikipedia will then cover all recognised classifications and their reasons for differences. I don't know of other texts that do this - they either stick to one classification or out-of-date or are both. I am concentrating on creating new articles first (for previously uncovered species) and will go back over previously created work afterwards. Pete 17:07, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Balaenoptera omurai
Liked the article. As a non-scientist it was great to find it so clearly readable. Couldn't resist making a copy edit, which you'd better check for technical accuracy. Bmills 17:30, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Think I'm climbing up on the same high horse. Bmills 09:00, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Cetacean articles
You're welcome. I went back to your user page one day and noticed this was the same Pete who had made the famous Sperm Whale page. I remembered editing that one and got curious when I saw you had two new articles on the Spectacled Porpoise and Chilean Dolphin. Those ones sorely needed editing indeed -- hey, where would Chilean Dolphin be if it were still lying around with the missing adjective? Maybe one day other cetacean articles too will end up as Brilliant Prose. Wiwaxia 21:40, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes I wish I had the time and drive to write as extensively on the other cetaceans as I did on Sperm Whale. It doesn't help that I don't know as much about them so have to rely more or less entirely on books. We'll get there eventually! Thanks again. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 22:28, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

More Dolphins etc
Thanks Pete - Finless Porpoise was actually my first page, and you're my first appreciative comment. :-) Looks like all the porpoises are done - I might see what I can do about Hectors Dolphin in the future.  Its in my part of the woods, too.  Once again, thank you!  -- Ppe42 - 02:31, 10 Dec, 2003 (NZT)
 * Well I am happy to give you the positive feedback as there is never enough of it around here. Yep we only have the one family of cetaceans (the delphinidae) left without articles so if you have the time to get one or two of them out it would be great. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 13:38, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pcb21/Old cetacean talk


text:
User talk:Pcb21/Old policy talk

minor edit
Hi Pcb21,

Please note that the indication "minor edit" is for spelling errors or adding or removing a blank line, etc.; making a word that was already there a link may or may not be considered minor. When adding or changing content (even if only one word) it is customary not to mark it minor.

I thought I should mention this because I saw you making interesting additions to articles, marked minor. People interested in the subject might miss them this way.

Patrick 14:06 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

Dross dressed up as NPOV
It's always a pleasure removing nonsensical drivel. I also find that "Critics say..." means "I say, but would prefer you to think it the opinion of someone actually qualified to say...." . But the Wikipedia is not bad performance art. At least not by choice! -- Someone else 08:12 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree. Also sometimes I find that a "Critics say..." line turns out to be an unnecessary attempt to write something negative about a subject even when there is not much negative to say... some articles are essentially lists of facts written as prose. These "critics" don't actually exist.. it is just an artifical way to NPOV an article where NPOV is required. Pete 10:26 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pcb21/Old policy talk


text:
User talk:Pcb21/Old misc talk

Broken HTML / Comic Relief
In order to ascertain the answer to your question, I clicked on Comic relief and Netscape crashed instantly. I don't know why it's doing that in this case, but I know that if tables are on a page and or fails to be followed by < / td > or < / tr > respectively then Netscape will crash. Whoever created the page titled Cover version was quite adamantly unwilling to fix that problem on that page. Brion Vibber fixed that problem on the various pages about provinces and territories in Canada. Michael Hardy 20:31 21 May 2003 (UTC)

football
I don't know if you're sympathetic to this cause, but I need support in trying to keep football at football. They want to move it to soccer, please see talk:list of footballers. Mintguy 10:14 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your contribution to the debate about football. I felt outgunned and needed all the support I could muster. Thanks. Mintguy

title: User talk:Pcb21/Old misc talk


text:
Notation system

In linguistics and semiotics, a notation system is a system of graphics or symbols, characters and abbreviated expressions, used (for example) in artistic and scientific disciplines to represent technical facts and quantities by convention. Therefore, a notation is a collection of related symbols that are each given an arbitrary meaning, created to facilitate structured communication within a domain knowledge or field of study.

Standard notations refer to general agreements in the way things are written or denoted. The term is generally used in technical and scientific areas of study like mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, but can also be seen in areas like business, economics and music.

Writing systems

 * Phonographic writing systems, by definition, use symbols to represent components of auditory language, i.e. speech, which in turn refers to things or ideas. The two main kinds of phonographic notational system are the alphabet and the syllabary. Some written languages are more consistent in their correlation of written symbols (or graphemes) with sound (or phonemes), and are therefore considered to have better phonemic orthography.
 * Ideographic writing, by definition, refers to things or ideas independently of their pronunciation in any language. Some ideographic systems are also pictograms that convey meaning through their pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

Linguistics

 * Various brackets, parentheses, slashes, and lines are used around words and letters in linguistics to distinguish written from spoken forms, etc. See.

Biology and medicine

 * Nucleic acid notation
 * Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN)
 * Sequence motif pattern-description notations
 * Cytogenetic notation
 * Energy Systems Language

Chemistry

 * A chemical formula describes a chemical compound using element symbols and subscripts, e.g. for water or  for glucose
 * SMILES is a notation for describing the structure of a molecule with a plain text string, e.g. N=N for nitrogen or CCO for ethanol

Computing

 * BNF (Backus normal form, or Backus–Naur form) and EBNF (extended Backus-Naur form) are the two main notation techniques for context-free grammars.
 * Drakon-charts are a graphical notation of algorithms and procedural knowledge.
 * Hungarian notation is an identifier naming convention in computer programming, that represents the type or intended use of a variable with a specific pattern within its name.
 * Mathematical markup languages are computer notations for representing mathematical formulae.
 * Various notations have been developed to specify regular expressions.
 * The APL programming language  provided a rich set of very concise new notations

Logic
A variety of symbols are used to express logical ideas; see the List of logic symbols

Management

 * Time and motion study symbols such as therbligs

Mathematics

 * Mathematical notation is used to represent various kinds of mathematical ideas.
 * All types of notation in probability
 * Cartesian coordinate system, for representing position and other spatial concepts in analytic geometry
 * Notation for differentiation, common representations of the derivative in calculus
 * Big O notation, used for example in analysis to represent less significant elements of an expression, to indicate that they will be neglected
 * Z notation, a formal notation for specifying objects using Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and first-order predicate logic
 * Ordinal notation
 * Set-builder notation, a formal notation for defining sets in set theory
 * Systems to represent very large numbers
 * Conway chained arrow notation, an arrow system
 * Knuth's up-arrow notation, an arrow system
 * Steinhaus–Moser notation, Polygon Numbers
 * Schläfli symbol in geometry
 * Symbol Levelled notation, The Ultimate Leveller
 * Numeral systems, notation for writing numbers, including
 * Arabic numerals
 * Roman numerals
 * Scientific notation for expressing large and small numbers
 * Sign-value notation, using signs or symbols to represent numbers
 * Positional notation also known as place-value notation, in which each position is related to the next by a multiplier which is called the base of that numeral system
 * Binary notation, a positional notation in base two
 * Octal notation, a positional notation in base eight, used in some computers
 * Decimal notation, a positional notation in base ten
 * Hexadecimal notation, a positional notation in base sixteen, commonly used in computers
 * Sexagesimal notation, an ancient numeral system in base sixty
 * See also Table of mathematical symbols - for general tokens and their definitions...

Physics

 * Bra–ket notation, or Dirac notation, is an alternative representation of probability distributions in quantum mechanics.
 * Tensor index notation is used when formulating physics (particularly continuum mechanics, electromagnetism, relativistic quantum mechanics and field theory, and general relativity) in the language of tensors.

Typographical conventions

 * Infix notation, the common arithmetic and logical formula notation, such as "a + b − c".
 * Polish notation or "prefix notation", which places the operator before the operands (arguments), such as "+ a b".
 * Reverse Polish notation or "postfix notation", which places the operator after the operands, such as "a b +".

Sports and games

 * Baseball scorekeeping, to represent a game of baseball
 * Aresti Catalogue, to represent aerobatic manoeuvres
 * Chess notation, to represent moves in a game of chess
 * Algebraic notation
 * Portable Game Notation
 * Descriptive notation
 * Forsyth–Edwards Notation
 * Siteswap notation represents a juggling pattern as a sequence of numbers
 * Singmaster notation, to represent Rubik's Cube moves

Music

 * Musical notation permits a composer to express musical ideas in a musical composition, which can be read and interpreted during performance by a trained musician; there are many different ways to do this (hundreds have been proposed), although staff notation provides by far the most widely used system of modern musical symbols.

Dance and movement

 * Benesh Movement Notation permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
 * Laban Movement Analysis or Labanotation permits a graphical representation of human bodily movements
 * Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation permits a graphical representation of bodily movements of other species in addition to humans, and indeed any kind of movement (e.g. aircraft aerobatics)
 * Juggling diagrams represent juggling patterns
 * Aresti aerobatic symbols provides a way to represent flight maneuvers in aerobatics

Science

 * Feynman diagrams permit a graphical representation of a perturbative contribution to the transition amplitude or correlation function of a quantum mechanical or statistical field theory
 * Structural formulas are graphical representations of molecules
 * Venn diagrams shows logical relations between a finite collection of sets.
 * Drakon-charts are a graphical representation of algorithms and procedural knowledge.
 * Unified Modeling Language is a standard notation for many types of diagrams

Other systems

 * Whyte notation for classifying steam locomotives by wheel arrangement

title: Notation system


text:
User talk:Pcb21/Old transport talk

Congestion Charge
Yep, thanks, saw your bit in the congestion charge thing, up to my eyes in it at work so can't respond properly - do please have a go at it: it certainly needs an update now. :) Nevilley 21:34 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Nice one, please see LCC talk page. :) Nevilley 21:13 Mar 29, 2003 (UTC)

London roads / It's Oliver!
Hello. I like your work on adding information about places in London. I'm not sure about the links within headings thing, though. I just think they look a little ugly. Sorry for moaning. :) Oh, and do you know why "London" is needed in parantheses after street names? I thought we didn't do pre-emptive disambiguation in general. Anyway, good luck with it all... -- Oliver P. 10:25 26 May 2003 (UTC)

Oh, I see; you're moving links out of headers. Thanks. :) -- Oliver P. 10:28 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up Oliver. I did quite a few of them before noticing on Recent Changes the havoc I left behind that you and Mav were tidying up. I have done pre-emptive redirects in the past, not knowing the policy on it, but am happy to stop that. I wanted to finish off the roads on the London Inner Ring Road, have done that now and will clear up the headings and what not. By the way, guessing from your name and the fact you have edited Selwyn College, Cambridge, I think we did maths at the same college. If I am right, you were the esperanto speaker two or maybe three years above me. Pcb21 10:34 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Good God, it is a small world! Yes, that was me, but shh, I've been keeping quiet about my past, because people might start expecting me to do something useful on the maths pages. ;) -- Oliver P. 10:46 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm, Peter Bartlett... That name does ring a bell... Well, I hope you did better in your degree than I did. I accidentally failed to do any work at Selwyn, by spending too much time on the Internet. Nothing has changed, unfortunately... By the way, I've corrected your link to the Selwyn article above - feel free to add to it if you want. :) -- Oliver P. 10:52 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Yep that's me. Started there 1997. Strange that, despite the Selwyn article being fairly short at the moment, my mind can't come up with anything to add to it. Selwyn, and uni life in general, seemed so important at the time but distinctly less so now! -- Pcb21 11:02 26 May 2003 (UTC)

 * I started there in 1994. Damn, now I've given away my age as well, so not only will people start expecting me to know about Maths, they'll expect me to act like a mature and responsible adult, as well. Ho hum. And no, I can't think of anything more to add about Selwyn, either. I think I must have blotted it out of my memory... Sorry, I'd better stop clogging up your talk page now. :) -- Oliver P. 11:10 26 May 2003 (UTC)

More London roads
Hi! I see you are auto-generating articles about London tube stations. The (also auto-generated) skeleton articles for London places (of the form X, London, England for various values of X) have links to nearby tube stations. As I recall, some sort of Voronoi map and bounding circle algorithm was used to determine "nearby". You might want to use this info to add back-links to nearby places from the tube stations. The Anome 11:46 28 May 2003 (UTC)

You might also want to see http://www.cs.queensu.ca/home/daver/235/A3/a3JavaQuestion.html which points to a data file containing a topology map of the London Underground in a very simple format (scroll down to see) -- the data in which is (presumably) OK to use as a collection of facts with no creative expression or selection. (IANAL). Not sure if the data is up to date, but errors can easily be corrected by manual editing on the Wiki. The Anome 11:57 28 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for the info. I will have a look at that and see what is possible. Also though, do you think the auto-generation of what is inevitably a stub is a good thing or should red links be left red until someone provides specific detail? Pcb21 11:58 28 May 2003 (UTC)

You might also want to note that http://www.aozc64.dsl.pipex.com/315/tube.txt has a list of lat/long GPS coordinates of tube stations, so you can generate the appropriate directions, for example, in the case of Oxford Circus tube station... The Anome 12:32 28 May 2003 (UTC)
 * North: Warren Street tube station
 * South: Green Park tube station

title: User talk:Pcb21/Old transport talk


text:
Jeffrey Donaldson

Sir Jeffrey Mark Donaldson (born 7 December 1962) is a British former politician, who served as leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) from 2021 to 2024, and leader of the DUP in the UK House of Commons from 2019 to 2024. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lagan Valley from 1997 to 2024.

Donaldson was a member of the Orange Order and served in the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) during the Troubles. He was also the campaign manager for the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) MP Enoch Powell's successful re-election campaigns in 1983 and 1986. He was the UUP candidate for Lagan Valley at the 1997 general election, and was elected as an MP to the House of Commons. He simultaneously represented the same constituency as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Northern Ireland Assembly from 2003 to 2010. Donaldson is known for his opposition to UUP leader David Trimble's support of the Good Friday Agreement during the Northern Ireland peace process, especially from 1998 to 2003. In 2003, Donaldson resigned from the UUP, becoming a member of the DUP in the following year.

Donaldson served in the Northern Ireland Executive from 2008 to 2009 as a Junior Minister for First Minister Peter Robinson. After Nigel Dodds lost his seat at the 2019 general election, Donaldson became the DUP Westminster leader. He was a candidate in the May 2021 DUP leadership election, losing to Edwin Poots. After Poots resigned the following month, Donaldson was elected unopposed to succeed Poots in the June DUP leadership election; he was confirmed in the post by the party's ruling executive on 30 June.

In February 2022, the Northern Ireland Executive collapsed due to DUP protests against the Northern Ireland Protocol. Donaldson was once again elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in the 2022 Assembly election, but he subsequently chose to remain as a Westminster MP, with Emma Little-Pengelly instead taking his seat. Donaldson opposed the Windsor Framework announced by the Sunak government in February 2023 and, for 22 months, Donaldson refused to nominate a deputy First Minister to restore Stormont. In February 2024, the Northern Ireland Executive was restored after a deal was agreed by Donaldson with Sunak's government.

In March 2024, he stepped down as leader of the DUP, having been charged with rape and historical sexual offences, triggering a leadership election. The party also suspended his membership. Donaldson said that he would strenuously contest the criminal charges. In May 2024, Donaldson's solicitor confirmed that he was not intending to stand for re-election at the 2024 general election.

Early life
Donaldson was born in Kilkeel, County Down, Northern Ireland, and was the oldest of five boys and three girls. He attended Kilkeel High School, where he excelled at debating, then Castlereagh College. At the age of sixteen he joined the Orange Order, and then the UUP's Young Unionists.

Two of Donaldson's cousins were killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) while serving in the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC): Sam Donaldson was killed in 1970 and Alex Donaldson, a Chief Inspector, died in a mortar attack on a Newry police station in 1985.

Donaldson served with the Kilkeel company of the 3rd Battalion UDR (3 UDR), and was promoted to corporal.

Donaldson worked as an insurance broker in the 1980s.

Political career
From 1982 to 1984, he was the constituency agent for the UUP MP Enoch Powell, managing Powell's successful re-election campaigns in 1983 and 1986. He then worked as personal assistant to the UUP leader James Molyneaux until Molyneaux retired from politics in 1997.

Entering politics
In October 1985, at the age of 22, following the death of Raymond McCullough, Donaldson was elected with a large majority in a by-election to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent South Down. In April 1986, Donaldson took part in a unionist demonstration attempting to blockade a conference of the Ulster Teachers' Union held in Newcastle, County Down, in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Demonstrators blocked teachers' cars and scuffled with the police; at one point protestors broke through police lines and attacked Education Minister Brian Mawhinney's car with flag poles. After further violence, arrests were made. Donaldson told reporters afterward: "What we're saying to Brian Mawhinney here today is that he may think that he is an Ulsterman but the people of Ulster want no part of a man who has betrayed the people of Ulster." Mawhinney labelled the protestors "thugs". In June that year, after Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Tom King, ordered the dissolution the Assembly, Donaldson was one of 21 unionist representatives who refused to leave the chamber at Stormont and was eventually physically removed from the building by the RUC.

In 1996, he was first-placed candidate on the UUP list for the Northern Ireland Forum elections, virtually guaranteeing him a seat. Donaldson, by that time serving as Assistant Grand Master of the Orange Order, was a prominent figure in the ongoing Drumcree conflict over a yearly loyalist parade in the town of Portadown. He justified unionist demonstrators cutting off Belfast International Airport by saying, "in a democracy people have the right to protest and unfortunately some people get inconvenienced." That led to his selection, in January 1997, as a candidate for the Westminster Parliament, and he was elected at the 1997 general election as the MP for the Lagan Valley constituency, succeeding James Molyneaux. At that time, he was tipped as a potential future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party.

Donaldson stated in Richard English's book, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, that because of a "deep sense of injustice that I felt had been perpetrated against my people and specifically against my family", he joined both the UDR and the UUP at the age of 18 to oppose the IRA both militarily and politically.

Role in the peace process
In 1998, Donaldson was in the UUP's negotiating team for the Good Friday Agreement. However, on the morning the day the agreement was concluded on 10 April 1998, Donaldson walked out of the delegation. He rejected some of the arrangements, notably the lack of a link between Sinn Féin's admittance to government and IRA decommissioning.

Dissent from the UUP
Donaldson engineered several party council meetings in protest against David Trimble's policies. The council, however, backed Trimble's leadership, and on 23 June 2003, along with fellow MPs David Burnside and Martin Smyth, Donaldson resigned the Ulster Unionist whip at Westminster. The MPs remained party members and in November 2003 Assembly election Donaldson was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly for the UUP as an MLA for Lagan Valley.

Following the success of the rival DUP in the same Assembly election of 2003, Donaldson reiterated his call for Trimble's immediate resignation, but the party continued to back Trimble. On 18 December 2003 Donaldson, Norah Beare MLA and Arlene Foster announced their resignation from the UUP, and on 5 January 2004 they announced that they had joined the DUP.

After joining the DUP
Donaldson was returned to the House of Commons in the 2005 UK general election and, in 2007, he was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, entitling him to the honorific style of The Right Honourable. At the March 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election, he was re-elected as an MLA for Lagan Valley.

In July 2009, The Daily Telegraph reported that Donaldson had repaid £555 claimed for pay-to-view films in overnight hotel stays. In total, Donaldson submitted claim forms, including receipts, for 68 pay-to-view movies. The newspaper claimed "hotel sources confirmed that films he put on his expenses during 2004 and 2005 were in the highest price category offered to guests, covering the latest blockbusters and adult movies", although no evidence was offered and Donaldson issued an official statement denying watching any content of an adult or pornographic nature.

Donaldson was appointed to government by First Minister Peter Robinson, and held the position of Junior Minister in the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister from 2008 to 2009. Being also an MP, he lost his position due to the DUP's phasing out of "double jobbing". Following his re-election to the House of Commons at the general election in May 2010, Donaldson stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly on 10 June, and was replaced on 16 June by Paul Givan.

He was a member of the Public Bill Committee for the Defence Reform Act 2014.

DUP leadership

On 3 May 2021, exactly 100 years after Northern Ireland was effectively established, Donaldson declared his candidacy for the leadership of the DUP to replace Arlene Foster. He lost the subsequent leadership election to Edwin Poots MLA, by 19 votes to 17.

Poots resigned after only 21 days as leader, having faced an internal revolt against his decision to proceed without delay to nominate Paul Givan as First Minister, after Sinn Féin had reached an agreement with the Westminster government about an Irish Language Act. The Belfast Telegraph described the events as "one of the most tumultuous days in the DUP's 50-year history".

On 21 June, Donaldson declared his candidacy for the leadership of the DUP to replace Poots, pledging to make the Northern Ireland Protocol his main priority. He was the sole candidate. The party's electoral college endorsed him as leader-designate and he was confirmed in the post by the party's ruling executive on 30 June.

In July 2021, Donaldson said in a UTV interview that he intended to resign his seat as a Westminster MP and become Northern Ireland First Minister before the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, but also said that he did not yet know precisely how he would bring that about.

In August 2021, UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, appointed Donaldson as the UK's trade envoy to Cameroon, in addition to his role as the trade envoy to Egypt.

It was announced on 24 August 2021, that Donaldson was planning to stand as a candidate for Lagan Valley in the Assembly election the following year if he was not co-opted to a vacant seat in the time leading up to the election. Plans were drawn up to temporarily re-allow "double jobbing", which would have allowed Donaldson to be in the Assembly and remain an MP. However, these plans were dropped, so, if Donaldson were to become a member of the Assembly, he would cease to be an MP, triggering a by-election. Donaldson was elected to the Assembly in the May 2022 election, but declined to take up his seat, with the party instead co-opting Emma Little-Pengelly. Donaldson said he would not take up his Assembly seat until the situation over the Northern Ireland Protocol was resolved.

On 29 March 2024, Donaldson resigned as DUP leader after being charged with rape and other historical sexual allegations, which he said he would "strenuously contest".

Views
Donaldson opposed the Good Friday Agreement. He supported Brexit, but called for the Northern Ireland Protocol agreement between the UK and the EU in December 2020, which establishes a customs and regulatory border in the Irish Sea separating Northern Ireland from Great Britain, to be reformed or revoked. Despite his earlier rejection of the Good Friday Agreement, he stated in January 2021 that the Protocol "actually undermines the Good Friday agreement".

In 2009, Donaldson was accused of making anti-Catholic comments. Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) deputy leader Alasdair McDonnell demanded an apology from Donaldson and a retraction of his claim that Catholics owed allegiance in the first instance to the Pope and the Holy See.

In March 2019, Donaldson was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT-inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools. He opposes same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, legalised by the British Government in December 2019.

Personal life
On 26 June 1987, Donaldson married Eleanor Cousins, with whom he has two daughters.

He is a member of the mainstream Presbyterian Church in Ireland.

Speaking of his national identity, Donaldson says that he is "Irish and British, Northern Irish and British, and British." He noted that he was a member of the Irish Presbyterian church, which is organised on an all-Ireland basis. He described his national identity as geographically Irish, but also as being "part of a wider group of nations that is British". He believes that there is no contradiction in identifying as Irish, Northern Irish and British.

Rape and sexual offences charges
On 28 March 2024, Donaldson was arrested by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) and charged with rape and a number of other sexual offences. His wife also faced aiding-and-abetting charges related to the same matter. The following day he stood down as leader of the DUP. The Orange Order and the DUP suspended his memberships in March 2024 pending the outcome of the judicial process, as required by their rules. Donaldson said that he would contest the charges.

As Donaldson and his wife are co-defendants they were initially bailed to separate properties, and thus she returned to their marital home in Dromore while he flew to London to reside in a flat in Greenwich. In response to what it deemed "unhelpful speculation" by some members of the public and media outlets (in regards to his legal issues being used to influence his decision to restore the Executive in January 2024), the PSNI released a statement clarifying that they first received a complaint that resulted in Donaldson's arrest in early March 2024. On 7 April 2024, the Irish Independent newspaper reported that allegations had been made to police as early as January 2024.

Donaldson is charged with 11 offences relating to two complainants. They are: one count of rape allegedly committed between 1985 and 1991, one count of gross indecency towards a child allegedly committed in 2005 or 2006, and nine counts of indecent assault against a female, allegedly committed between 1985 and 2006. His wife Eleanor is charged with two counts of cruelty to a person under 16 years old, one count of aiding and abetting rape, and one count of aiding and abetting indecent assault on a female. Her charges also relate to two complainants and are alleged to have occurred between 1985 and 2004.

On 24 April, Donaldson and his wife appeared before Newry Magistrates' Court to confirm that they understood the charges against them. They were given bail of £350 each and the no-contact was lifted.

On 3 July 2024, Donaldson and his wife again appeared before Newry Magistrates' Court, where prosecution lawyers asserted that there was a prima facie case to answer and both defendants had failed to offer any contrary submissions. Donaldson and his wife then confirmed they understood the charges against them and both declined to make any verbal or written statements in relation to the charges. The court heard that Jeffrey Donaldson was now accused of 18 charges in total (increased from 11 charges): one charge of rape, four of gross indecency and 13 charges of indecent assault. His wife's charges were also increased from four to five, specifically that she aided and abetted her husband in connection with the allegations he faced. Both defendants were then released on continuing bail to be arraigned on 10 September 2024 at Newry Crown Court.

Honours
Donaldson was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2007. That entitles him to the honorific style "The Right Honourable" for life.

In the 2016 Birthday Honours, he was appointed Knight Bachelor for political service.

title: Jeffrey Donaldson


text:
Talk:Locked-room mystery

Untitled
I added quite a few novels and shorts (many in French) and restored the alphabetic sort. Someone added a reference to Dick Donovan as one of the earliest locked room crime stories and as far as I'm concerned, it's without any attribution. Please contact me to discuss.

````owenburns 14 July 2007

I just added some new material about true crime and added/changed a couple of items in the authors/works section. It might not be obvious at first sight, but novels are listed first, sorted by author surname, followed by short stories. There was a reference among the Examples which included both Peter Lovesey's 'Amorous Corpse' (which is an impossible crime) and Dorothy Sayers' 'Five Red Herrings' (which isn't). I added the Lovesey short and deleted the Sayers reference. If I've misunderstood, please feel free to edit some more. Owenburns 20:48, 17 June 2007 (UTC)owenburns

Added a lot of exclusive content from Crime fiction in an attempt to shorten, regularise, organise and redistribute that overtly lengthy article. Hence, this article may be incomplete and appear a bit unencylopediac. May require attention chance 10:09, Dec 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't remember a whole lot about the series, so I didn't really feel like diving in. Cheers tho. Sockatume 01:14, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I think the first "Tooms" story in the X-Files TV series is like a locked room mystery. Doberdog 10:34, 8 June 2006 (UTC) Doberdog

Kiaros
Having read the story by Baum (Suicide of Kiaros), I don't really see it as a "hate crime", considering he perpetrated it out of desparation. 68.39.174.238 17:58, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Rules
''... "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841). The story contains Poe's statement of the "rules" of the locked-room mystery.'' - Where? Aliter 18:12, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not read the article "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", wherein you will find this information? I added an explicit pointer to aid the slow reader. Ortolan88 20:07, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I haven't been on en: much lately, and the whole mention of those ""rules"" has since been removed, but the answer to your question would have been: Aliter 00:33, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * short: because if we were to expect them there, than that text should have linked it.
 * long version: Because I knew that story very well, had reread it that very month, and had done so once more just before posting, just to be sure nothing remotely like rules was in them. And following your lead, I see that there was indeed nothing on that page to support that Poe was setting rules for this genre, if it could be called such at the time. The story does give, and that was quoted on the page, a good example of logical reasoning, if a faulty one.

True Crime
I must say that the recently added "true crime" section sure does read like it was written by an old-fashioned journalist:

 * 1) "Surely all the devious methods described above are the products of over-heated and diabolically cunning minds and could never actually happen in real life?"
 * 2) "It transpired . . . "
 * 3) "Another baffling puzzler . . . "

Since there is not a link to George Colvocoresses my interest in the authorship rises. Since the contributor User:Owenburns has no actual page, my interest in the authorship rises more. Since I was unfairly accused of plagiarism on the grounds that something I did was "too well written to be original" I would hardly say the same of someone else, but I sure would like to know where this stuff came from. Fascinating addition, by the way, and at least George Colvocoresses was really murdered, so I could be full of it here, but that's a big chunk of unattributed stuff all written in the same old-fashioned style. Ortolan88
 * It's a nice read, but the style is less encyclopedic and more like it was taken from a book of "true crime" stories. A Google search finds nothing but Wikipedia when searching for the sentences, so I can't conclusively say that it's a copyvio but it is pretty darn fishy. --TexasDex 06:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

I can only find one source for the Morton Conroy story, a semi-fictional book, What the Corpse Revealed by Hugh Miller. Miller writes that parts of his book are "products of the author's imagination and/or have been fictionalised". Can anyone find another citiation?

Also, I'm teased by the last sentence: "The technique was later used in a fictional locked-room mystery published in the UK and the US." Can anyone cite the title or author?

Elmore Judge 16:49, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

The story under the heading "A Heavy Question" seems to be reproduced from the book Mysteries of the Unexplained. I can't find my copy, so I'm not sure if the wording is indentical, but I suspect so. (Edit: the identical text is quoted from that book on this website. So it would appear to be plagiarized.) Several of the other stories in this section are in that book as well. Citations would be helpful. Parables 15:29, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed the paragraph which the editor above noted as being identical to a website and thus a copyright violation. It is stored here for convenience, in case someone can clear up the duplication.

A Heavy Question - At the end of a day's work in 1974, workers for the Dowing Construction Company of Indianapolis left a 5 ton steel wrecking ball hanging from a crane 200 feet above the ground. When they came back the next morning the ball was gone. Police and all concerned were baffled, and the ball was never found.

I have also removed the sentence beginning "Let us examine ..." as being non-encyclopedic in tone. Accounting4Taste 16:49, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Kindaichi Case Files
I would very much like to contact the lady/gentleman who inserted a reference to the Kinaichi Case Files, hitherto unknown to me.

Owenburns

How about Long Dark Teatime of the Soul
Dirk Gently's client in The Long Dark Teatime of the Soul is found decapitated in a locked and barricaded basement room, his head spinning on a record turntable several feet from his seated body. It turns out that he was decapitated by a demon that hid behind a molecule until the cops left. But because of the supernatural component, does this count? ChristinaDunigan 01:58, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Christina, I agree with you and I've added Teatime to the list. BrendanAdkins (talk) 23:02, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Five Red Herrings paragraph
I've edited the paragraph where it talks about "The killer is seen committing a crime then is found dead". I managed to identify one misspelled story title as being by Peter Lovesey, corrected the title of the Dorothy L. Sayers novel, but the other reference was just too mangled to identify. If someone can figure out whether this is a novel or short story and identify its writer, by all means put it back. Accounting4Taste 17:54, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe I found the reference; the title was half-missing. I've added distinguishing information for a number of other entries, and deleted the suggestion that Carr's The Case of the Constant Suicides had a ghost at its heart (there are plenty of these stories with supernatural trappings). I'm not familiar with a number of these references and think it would be appropriate if someone gave their authors as well as the title.  Accounting4Taste 18:10, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Identity
I'm sorry, I must strongly disagree with the recent addition about the 2003 film Identity and have thus deleted it. It's not a locked room mystery or even an impossible crime -- the characters do not have a "cast iron alibi", as suggested -- the solution to the mystery makes it dubious to include in this category (I don't wish to give away the ending, but it's not based on what I'd call a "physical" solution to the mystery, more a metaphysical one, which for me puts it in the category of solutions that depend upon supernatural means and hence rules it out of this category). Certainly it has a "twist" ending, and it's a movie I enjoyed very much, but I can't agree that it is an example that belongs here. Accounting4Taste 16:24, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Locked room puzzles
I've known similar scenarios used as a short lateral-thinking puzzle. The 'classic' being

A man is found hanging from a rope tied to the ceiling. He is too high to have got there unaided, and the room is locked from the inside, with no other exit. How?

and the usual answer, rot13ed (does Wikipedia have a better spoiler method?)

Ur fgbbq ba n oybpx bs vpr, juvpu zrygrq naq rincbengrq. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.232.250.254 (talk) 12:25, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Another:
 * A dead man wearing a backpack was found in the middle of an empty field. What's in the backpack?

 * Habcrarq cnenpuhgr. (Rot13)--RicHard-59 (talk) 17:17, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

To deal with the last question - which has nothing to do with 'locked room' mysteries. That was put to me many years ago as a 'puzzle' by a young workmate. After a few false attempts I found the solution with a gratifying 'eureka' sensation. The backpack is an unopened parachute. O Murr (talk) 18:03, 6 August 2018 (UTC)

How to proceed with wikification?
I've found the article in the list of those that need wikifying (it's there because of the tag). It's very long. As well as "Examples" it has a further long listing of works in the genre, broken down by language and other variables. I'm concerned that more and more works are being added without sources for whether they are a locked room mystery, and often without formatting or wikification, and they are by no means all notable enough to have an article or even an article on the author. One solution would be to split it into Locked room mystery and List of locked room mystery stories. What do others think? Itsmejudith (talk) 17:28, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Support split proposal. Henry Merrivale (talk) 02:54, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Speaking as someone who's just added Rupert Penny to the list, I support the split proposal; it will make the list easier to use. I wanted to add that sometimes the unlinked names of authors such as Mr. Penny are placeholders for an article I hope to create some day (when I find out enough about the author to make an article possible); I don't think it's a question necessarily of notability but quantum of information.  And I also suggest that some people look at lists like this to find out what other books might interest them; I agree that not all the entries are adequately sourced but feel free to remove things that you feel shouldn't be there, or perhaps (for lesser-known authors such as Penny) wait to see someone add a citation to verify the locked-room status of the particular work.  Accounting4Taste: talk 17:00, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

John Dickson Carr summary
"A man dies in a room at the top of a tower in a Scottish castle that is believed to be haunted. Despite evidence showing the people had no reason to kill themselves, they are shown to have been alone at the time of the murder." I haven't read this particular book, but this summary is obviously inadequate. Who are "the people" who "had no reason to kill themselves"? Only one man has been mentioned. 91.107.167.142 (talk) 21:48, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It's The Case of the Constant Suicides -- Jon Ascton    (talk)  10:02, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Another man (the suspected killer of the first, if memory serves) is later found dead in a cabin--locked from the inside, naturally. - Snarkibartfast (talk) 13:48, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

Definition and variations
It seems to me that two variations on the "impossible crime" format would be worth mentioning. In the first case, there is apparently only one person who could have committed the crime, and the reader has good reason to believe that person to be innocent (he is the hero of the story, for example). The job of the detective is to clear the suspect's name and show how the crime was really committed. In the second case, the killer is known, but has an airtight alibi that apparently makes it impossible for her to have committed the crime. The job of the detective is to explain how it was, nevertheless, done. (This form is also a type of "howdunnit".)

An example of the first variation in a somewhat unusual format is the series of Phoenix Wright games for the Nintendo DS, where you play as a defense attorney whose cases are always hopelessly impossible because your client is the only possible suspect (yet is always innocent). For example, two men are observed in a rowboat in the middle of a lake. Shots are heard, and one man falls over board. When the body is found he is dead, shot at close range. The other man is your client. - Snarkibartfast (talk) 13:48, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * As you say though, your examples are variations on "impossible crime", so rather than adding them here why not create an Impossible Crime page, where it would be natural to give examples of impossible crime such as locked room and your examples, among others. PL290 (talk) 14:55, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Isn't that what this article is about? As I've always understood the term, and as it's defined in the article, a "locked room mystery" doesn't necessarily involve a literal locked room. It refers to any mysterious crime (usually a murder, but occasionally a heist, disappearance or other skulduggery) that would seem to be impossible or could only be explained by supernatural phenomena. In fact, a large part of the stories in the genre are devoted to coming up with other situations that also apparently preclude mischief. Of course, without a source, all of this is original research. -Snarkibartfast (talk) 03:37, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * They are certainly treated as synonymous by some; however, a quick search finds, for example, a book reviewer saying The Lost Special features an impossible crime, rather than a locked-room mystery. My own understanding of the term is more-or-less identical to yours, to the extent that there doesn't have to be an actual locked room, but I thought the impossibility still had to be that of entering or leaving the crime scene, making this a subset of impossible crime because the latter could be impossible for a variety of other reasons (as, of course, you are saying). Using that definition of locked room, no, impossible crime isn't what this article is about. But my understanding may not be the majority view; hopefully someone will manage to produce a definitive source to answer this question. If you still feel it is what this article is about, I don't have any strong feeling against it going here. PL290 (talk) 08:07, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Is this another example?
What about Agatha Christie's "Murder on the Orient Express" ? The murderer has to be someone on the train, which in this context is surely a "locked room"? Old_Wombat (talk) 07:54, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * This wouldn't qualify, as according to the article on the novel, the train stops in a snowstorm on the night of the murder. Furthermore, Poirot suggests that the murderer could have been someone who boarded the train at the last stop and then escaped. — 194.74.1.82 (talk) 13:02, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Move page to "Locked-room mystery"
Strictly, the article title should be "Locked-room mystery" as it is the room that is locked, not the mystery. Several external links in the article already use this form. Should the page be moved? — 194.74.1.82 (talk) 13:04, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, agreed, as a compound modifier, hyphenated "locked-room mystery" is the correct form, and I have thus made the move. —Lowellian (reply) 10:29, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

Solutions
There's a long list of examples of mysterious locked rooms, but no mention of their solutions! Wouldn't it be a good idea to success the various solutions to locked room mysteries?! Gymnophoria (talk) 21:28, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

The Moonstone
Surely the Moonstone isn't an example of a locked-room murder? There is a murder towards the end of the book but the means of entry and exit are clear. If anything in the story qualifies as a locked-room situation it's the theft of the diamond, which makes it an (atypical) locked-room mystery but not a murder. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Machiajelly (talk • contribs) 00:27, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

"Locked room" vs "impossible crime"
This article treats the two terms synonymously, which they are not. A locked room mystery is a subset of the impossible crime genre. A locked room story needs a room - this seems self-evident. A unexplainable crime that takes place in the open is correctly labeled impossible crime, not locked room. Please note "The Mammoth Book of Locked-Room Mysteries and Impossible Crimes" "Locked Room Murders and Other Impossible Crimes: A Comprehensive Bibliography" "All but Impossible!: An Anthology of Locked Room and Impossible Crime Stories by Members of the Mystery Writers of America." If publishers of the genre recognize the difference, surely Wikipedia should. MarkinBoston (talk) 22:56, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

Pure brain power
"Hoch's protagonist is a gifted amateur detective who uses pure brainpower to solve his cases" Really? 155.192.180.10 (talk) 19:19, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

No mention of Roland T. Owen case?
Hello

I noticed that there is no mention in the article of the famous murder mystery of Roland T. Owen: https://the-line-up.com/roland-t-owen Considering that the article has a section on real-life cases, I believe this case definitely deserves notice as such an example. Okama-San (talk) 22:00, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

Add Banacek?
If the entry continues to conflate locked room and impossible crime genres, then it should include the TV series Banacek (about an insurance investigator who found items stolen in impossible thefts). 72.94.147.103 (talk) 14:47, 13 September 2020 (UTC) Gareth Griffith-Jones (contribs) (talk) 16:42, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Your understanding of the concept is completely wrong. And, for what it's worth, we are not compiling a list.

Locked Room International?
I had added information on Locked Room International since it's the biggest English publisher of locked room mysteries (it's the first hit if you Google locked room publishers). Does this not qualify as worthwhile information to add on the locked room mysteries page? I thought it was merited since there's no other publisher that focuses exclusively on it. My information was removed on grounds that it was advertisement (I'm not affiliated with them or anything though, I just read a lot of mysteries and it's one of the publishers I like). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lnfan11 (talk • contribs) 16:41, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

First locked room mystery?
Wouldn't the Deuterocanon edit of Daniel from the septuagint be near 2,000 years older? 2601:14E:4180:6880:6B8:9D5F:2A:2DB (talk) 00:41, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Locked-room mystery


text:
Simple English Wikipedia

The Simple English Wikipedia is a modified English-language edition of Wikipedia written primarily in Basic English and Learning English. It is one of seven Wikipedias written in an Anglic language or English-based pidgin or creole. The site has the stated aim of providing an encyclopedia for "people with different needs, such as students, children, adults with learning difficulties, and people who are trying to learn English."

Simple English Wikipedia's basic presentation style makes it helpful for beginners learning English. Its simpler word structure and syntax, while missing some nuances, can make information easier to understand when compared with the regular English Wikipedia.

History
Simple English Wikipedia was launched on September 18, 2001.

In 2012, Andrew Lih, a Wikipedian and author, told NBC News' Helen A.S. Popkin that the Simple English Wikipedia does not "have a high standing in the Wikipedia community," and added that it never had a clear purpose: "Is it for people under the age 14, or just a simpler version of complex articles?", wrote Popkin.

Material from the Simple English Wikipedia formed the basis for One Encyclopedia per Child, a project in One Laptop per Child that ended in 2014.

As of July 2024, the site contains over 0 content pages. It has more than 0 registered users, of whom 0 have made an edit in the past month.

Website structure
The articles on the Simple English Wikipedia are usually shorter than their English Wikipedia counterparts, typically presenting only basic information. Tim Dowling of The Guardian newspaper explained that "the Simple English version tends to stick to commonly accepted facts". The interface is also more simply labeled; for instance, the "Random article" link on the English Wikipedia is replaced with a "Show any page" link; users are invited to "change" rather than "edit" pages; clicking on a red link shows a "page not created" message rather than the usual "page does not exist". The project encourages, but does not enforce, the use of a vocabulary of around 1,500 commonly used English words that is based on Basic English, an 850-word controlled natural language created by Charles Kay Ogden in the 1920s.

title: Simple English Wikipedia