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East Street Market

East Street Market also known locally as 'East Street', 'The Lane', or 'East Lane', is a street market in Walworth in South East London.

Location
East Street is in the London Borough of Southwark and is between Walworth Road on the western side and the Old Kent Road on the Eastern side.

The market runs down East Street from the junction with Walworth Road to Dawes Street, passing East Street Baptist Church and a multitude of shops. The main entrance to the market is from Walworth Road. A bus stop on Walworth road serves the market, with buses arriving from Elephant and Castle or Camberwell Green. These include bus numbers 12, 35, 40, 45, 68, 148, 171, 176 and 468.

History
There has been street trading in the Walworth area since the 16th Century, when farmers rested their livestock on Walworth Common before continuing to the city. During the industrial revolution, stalls lined the whole of the Walworth Road, but the market has only been officially running since 1880.

In the 17th century, the area through which East Street now runs was rural fields and ‘common’ land where people could graze their animals. The area to the north was known as ‘Lock's Field’ and, in 1878, was described as little more than ‘a dreary swamp’. Conditions improved and by 1881 it was recorded as a site for gypsies to stay during the winter months. To the south was Walworth Common; a popular point for the farmers of Kent and Surrey to stop overnight before making their journey into the city. People would buy produce directly from these drovers and eventually a market was established. Most of the land in the area was owned by the Church, but some was eventually sold or leased. By the 1770s, some land near the junction with Old Kent Road (known then simply as The Kent Road) was cultivated as a flower nursery by the Driver family, who were also responsible for commissioning the grand buildings at nearby Surrey Square. A legal document from 1780 describes the sale of the land which led to the creation of East Street as a public highway, connecting Walworth Road with the Kent Road. By the 1800s London was expanding rapidly. Open fields were built upon and in the 1860s, Walworth Common was developed. The old markets were moved onto the Walworth Road and the vegetable sellers (Costermongers) were joined by an array of other traders. In 1875, the electric tram ran down Walworth Road bringing to an end the market. After heated negotiations with the traders, the market was split up and moved into the side streets of Westmoreland Road, East Lane and Draper Street. Draper Street was built over in the 1960s by the Elephant and Castle development. The construction of the Aylesbury Estate led to the decline of the Westmoreland Road market. Unlike the regulated market which serves the shoppers on East Street today, the original traders did not have allocated plots for their stalls. At 8am, a policeman blew a whistle and traders would rush to claim the best pitches, with shop owners on the Lane claiming the patches outside their front doors. This ended in 1927 when the licensing system was introduced. Many local men were called up in the Second World War and the market declined. In 1948 it was described as "a drab, dead thing, infinitely remote from the cockney tradition". However, the market survived and evolved. As the population of the area has diversified so have the goods on offer and, along with the traditional fruit and vegetables, the market now sells a mix of Caribbean food, ethnic clothing, CDs and household goods.

Recently, the Walworth Society has run an animated East Street tour to share the history of the market.

East Street was likely to have been the birthplace of Charlie Chaplin, although no birth certificate exists. It could therefore also have been the inspiration for his similarly named 1917 seminal short film Easy Street, a suggestion made as early as 1928 in the film 'The Life Story of Charlie Chaplin' by Harry B. Parkinson and reasserted in David Robinson's introduction to the most recent edition of My Autobiography, while the famous trousers and boots of Chaplin's trademark tramp costume may have been inspired by the every-day clothes Chaplin saw worn in what he called East Lane market.

It also features in the title sequence to the television programme Only Fools and Horses.

Produce
The market sells inexpensive new and second-hand clothing, jewellery, cosmetics, household products, confectionery, fruit and vegetables, CDs and DVDs, shoes, bags and hats, books, cards, meat and fish. The eclectic mix of fresh food ranges from cassava to courgettes, durian fruit to eel, sheep heads to cow hooves.

Opening times
The market is open every day except Monday: Tuesday to Friday 8am–5pm, Saturday 8am–6:30pm, Sunday 8am–2pm (though often is open until late afternoon). Saturday is the busiest day as the market consists of over 250 stalls including the weekly plant market. A small flea market operates on Sundays near Nursery Row Park towards the Old Kent Road side of East Street.

Politics
East street forms the boundary between two parliamentary constituencies and is therefore in the unusual position of being represented by two members of parliament. The north side of the street is in the Bermondsey and Old Southwark (before 2010 called North Southwark and Bermondsey) constituency which was represented for 32 years by Simon Hughes of the Liberal Democrats and since 2015 by Neil Coyle of the Labour Party. The south side of East Street is represented by Harriet Harman, the Member of Parliament (MP) for Camberwell and Peckham.

Similarly, East Street forms the boundary line between the wards of East Walworth on the north side and Faraday on the south side, both in the London Borough of Southwark. East Street is therefore represented in Southwark Council by six councillors, all Labour. The East Walworth councillors are Helen Morrissey, Martin Seaton and Darren Merrill. Faraday ward is represented by Dan Garfield, Lorraine Lauder and Abdul Mohammed.

East Street is under the jurisdiction of Walworth Community Council.

East Street market today
Southwark has an ethnically diverse and youthful population – and the East Street market venders and shoppers reflect this diversity. Southwark has the highest proportion of residents in the UK who were born in Africa (13%), as well as a significant population from Latin America, with 75% of reception-age (4–5 years old) children from black and minority ethnic groups. Over 120 languages are spoken in Southwark, with 11% of households having no member of the household who has English as a first language.

Some vendors have expressed concern about the implications of the redevelopment of the surrounding area for the market. In 2015, it was the subject of several immigration raids.

title: East Street Market


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Talk:Von Neumann architecture

an original work of Von Neumann
IMHO the book or article, where Von Neumann architecture was introduced should be mentioned (with a link, if possible) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.140.22.47 (talk • contribs) 03:08, 18 April 2005

 * There it is... You could have done it yourself, it only took two quick Google searches (one on "von neumann architecture eniac" to find the title and one on the title to find a PDF of the paper itself). -- RTC 21:54, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Earliest dates for stored program computers
If anyone has more information for the dates about the earlies stored program computers, please include it. --Bubba73 05:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Open problems
Currently this "von Neumann architecture" article is tagged with "Category: Open problems".

My understanding is that the "von Neumann architecture" itself is not an open problem, since many implementations of it seem to be working fine.

Is there, perhaps, one or more unsolved problems or other open problems associated with "von Neumann architecture", perhaps something related to the "von Neumann bottleneck"? If so, it would be nice if they were explicitly spelled out in this article rather than letting readers like me wonder what the open problems are. If not, the "Category: Open problems" tag should be removed. --DavidCary (talk) 23:17, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Done. The Von Neumann bottleneck is not an example of an open problem. --Guy Macon (talk) 23:37, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

Does the use of ROM make an architecture non Von Neumann?
It seems to me that the statement " both program instructions and data in read–write, random-access memory (RAM)" is incorrect. Does the use of ROM for instructions (or data) make an architecture not Von Neumann. DGerman (talk) 00:06, 15 August 2021 (UTC)

I'd like to make a note that this isn't even simply incorrect in the context of non-Von Neumann architectures, but it is also an incorrect description of the subject matter which the sentence in question is actually describing which is the stored-program computer. That jojo (talk) 15:05, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The article no longer speaks of instructions or data necessarily being stored in read-write memory. Guy Harris (talk) 06:44, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

"A control unit that includes an instruction register and a program counter"
Hello,

Not sure where to ask this so I'll do it here. Please tell me if you want this comment removed.

I learned in class that the instruction register and a program counter are the same things.

Why the use of the word "and" then ? Saulepleureur (talk) 15:05, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Because whoever taught you that in class might have been mistaken, in which case you learned something that's not correct. The instruction register Wikipedia page says that "the instruction register (IR) or current instruction register (CIR) is the part of a CPU's control unit that holds the instruction currently being executed or decoded". whereas the program counter Wikipedia page says that "The program counter (PC) ... is a processor register that indicates where a computer is in its program sequence."  The two definitions given in the article are not the same - the program counter indicates where the current instruction was fetched from or where the next instruction is going to be fetched from, whereas the instruction register contains the instruction in question.  (In practice, modern machines might not have something as simple as an "instruction register", but that's a different matter.) Guy Harris (talk) 06:40, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Von Neumann architecture


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User:Dancon7

A broadcasting graduate who lives in Chicago, IL.

title: User:Dancon7


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Pom Poko

Pom Poko (平成狸合戦ぽんぽこ) is a 1994 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Isao Takahata, animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Hakuhodo, and distributed by Toho.

The film centers around a colony of Japanese raccoon dogs living in the outskirts of Tokyo as they work to combat the growing deforestation of their home. Takahata's third film for Ghibli, Pom Poko was released on July 16, 1994, to critical and commercial success.

Background
The story features tanuki, or Japanese raccoon dogs (incorrectly referred to as "raccoons" in the English dialog). In Japanese folklore, tanuki are considered to be magical creatures, capable of shape-shifting into people or other objects. They are a highly sociable, mischievous species, too fun-loving and fond of tasty treats to be a real threat – unlike kitsune (foxes) and other shape-shifters.

The phrase "Pom Poko" in the title refers to the sound of tanuki drumming their bellies, from a 1919 poem by Ujō Noguchi which became a popular children's song when it was set to music in 1925.

Shigeru Sugiura and Hisashi Inoue and Shigeru Mizuki were credited as additional crews, as designs of tanuki and various yokai and parts of the plot were based on their works. A character based on Mizuki also appeared as the commentator in the film.

Plot
The story begins in late 1960s Japan. A group of tanuki are threatened by a gigantic suburban development project called New Tama, in the Tama Hills on the outskirts of Tokyo. The development is cutting into their forest habitat and dividing their land. The story resumes in early 1990s Japan, during the early years of the Heisei era. With limited living space and food decreasing every year, the tanuki begin fighting among themselves for the diminishing resources, but at the urging of the matriarch Oroku, they decide to unify to stop the development.

Several tanuki lead the resistance, including the aggressive chief Gonta, the old guru Seizaemon, the wise-woman Oroku, and the young and resourceful Shoukichi. Using their illusion skills (which they must re-learn after having forgotten them), they stage a number of diversions including industrial sabotage. These attacks injure and even kill people, frightening construction workers into quitting, but more workers immediately replace them. In desperation, the tanuki send out messengers to seek help from various legendary elders from other regions.

After several years, one of the messengers returns bringing a trio of elders from the distant island of Shikoku, where development is not a problem and the tanuki are still worshipped. In an effort at re-establishing respect for the supernatural, the group stages a massive ghost parade to make the humans think the town is haunted. The strain of the massive illusion kills one of the elders and his spirit is lifted up in a raigō, and the effort seems wasted when the owner of a nearby theme park takes credit for the parade, claiming it was a publicity stunt.

With this setback, the unity of the tanuki finally fails and they break up into smaller groups, each following a different strategy. One group led by Gonta takes the route of eco-terrorism, holding off workers until they are wiped out in a pitched battle with the police, and finally, fused into the form of a tsurube-otoshi, killed blocking the path of an oncoming dekotora. Another group desperately attempts to gain media attention through television appearances to plead their case against the habitat's destruction. One of the elders becomes senile and starts a Buddhist dancing cult among the tanuki who are unable to transform, eventually sailing away with them in a ship that takes them to their deaths, while the other elder investigates joining the human world as the last of the transforming kitsune (foxes) have already done.

When all else fails, in a last act of defiance, the remaining tanuki stage a grand illusion, temporarily transforming the urbanized land back into its pristine state to remind everyone of what has been lost. Finally, with their strength exhausted, the tanuki most trained in illusion follow the example of the kitsune: they blend into human society one by one, abandoning those who cannot transform. While the media appeal comes too late to stop the construction, the public responds sympathetically to the tanuki, pushing the developers to set aside some areas as parks. However, the parks are too small to accommodate all the non-transforming tanuki. Some try to survive there, dodging traffic to rummage through human scraps for food, while others disperse farther out to the countryside to compete with the tanuki who are already there.

One day, Shoukichi, who also joined the human world, is coming home from work when he sees a non-transformed tanuki leaping into a gap in a wall. Shoukichi crawls into the gap and follows the path, which leads to a grassy clearing where some of his former companions are gathering. He joyfully transforms back into a tanuki to join them. Shoukichi's friend, Ponkichi, addresses the viewer, asking humans to be more considerate of tanuki and other animals less endowed with transformation skills, and not to destroy their living space; as the view pulls out and away, their surroundings are revealed as a golf course within a suburban sprawl.

Voice cast
Additional voices in the English dub include Newell Alexander, Jeff Bennett, Mitch Carter, Holly Dorff, Zac Gardner, Sherry Hursey, Jordan Orr, Philece Sampler, Alyson Stoner, Erica Beck, Reeve Carney, David Cowgill, Ike Eisenmann, Richard Steven Horvitz, Hope Levy, Mary Mouser, Peter Renaday, Audrey Wasilewski, and Adam Wylie.

Release
The film was released in Japan on July 16, 1994. It was released on DVD on August 16, 2005 in North America by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment along with My Neighbors the Yamadas. Optimum Releasing released the film on DVD in the United Kingdom, a year later. Disney released a Blu-ray disc on February 3, 2015. GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on February 6, 2018 under a new deal with Studio Ghibli.

Box office
Pom Poko was the number one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1994, earning ¥2.63 billion in distribution income, and grossing ¥4.47 billion in total box office revenue. It became the 2nd highest-grossing animated film after The Lion King.

Critical response
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 14 reviews. It was chosen as the Japanese submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for that year. It won Best Animation Film at the 49th Mainichi Film Awards.

title: Pom Poko


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Robert Fortune

Robert Fortune (16 September 1812 – 13 April 1880) was a Scottish botanist, plant hunter and traveller, best known for introducing around 250 new ornamental plants, mainly from China, but also Japan, into the gardens of Britain, Australia, and North America. He also played a role in the development of the tea industry in India in the 19th century.

Life
Fortune was born in 1812 in the small settlement or "fermtoun" of Kelloe in the parish of Edrom, Berwickshire. After completing his apprenticeship, he was then employed at Moredun House, just to the south of Edinburgh, before then moving on to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. In 1840 he and his family moved to London to take up a position at the Horticultural Society of London's garden at Chiswick. Following the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, in early 1843 he was commissioned by the Horticultural Society to undertake a three-year plant collection expedition to southern China. His travels resulted in the introduction to Europe, Australia, and North America of many flowers and plants. His most famous accomplishment was the successful introduction, although it was not the first by any means, of Chinese tea plants (Camellia sinensis), along with skilled tea makers, from China to India in 1848 on behalf of the British East India Company. Robert Fortune worked in China for several years in the period from 1843 to 1861. Similar to other European travellers of the period, such as Walter Medhurst, Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese merchant during several, but not all, of his journeys beyond the newly established treaty port areas. Not only was Fortune's purchase of tea plants reportedly forbidden by the Chinese government of the time, but his travels were also beyond the allowable day's journey from the European treaty ports. Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces.

Fortune employed many means to obtain plants and seedlings from local tea growers, although this was some 150 years before international biodiversity laws recognised state ownership of such natural resources. He is also known for his use of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's portable Wardian cases to sustain the plants. It is also widely reported that he took skilled workers on contract to India who would facilitate the production of tea in the plantations of the East India Company. With the exception of a few plants that survived in established Indian gardens, most of the Chinese tea plants Fortune introduced in the northwestern provinces of India perished. The other reason for the failure in India was that the British preference and fashion was for a strong dark tea brew, which was best made from the local Assam subspecies (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) and not the selection that Fortune had made in China. The technology and knowledge that was brought over from China was, however, instrumental in the later flourishing of the Indian tea industry in Assam and Sri Lanka.

In subsequent journeys he visited Formosa (Taiwan) and Japan, and described the culture of the silkworm and the manufacture of rice. He introduced many trees, shrubs, and flowers to the West, including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn. Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate), and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums. A climbing white rose that he brought back from China in 1850, believed to be a natural cross between Rosa laevigata and R. banksiae, was dubbed R. fortuniana (syn. R. fortuneana) in his honour. This rose, too, proved a failure in England, preferring warmer climates. Today, both of these roses are still widely grown by antique rose fanciers in mild winter regions. Rosa fortuniana also serves as a valuable rootstock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States.

He related his travels in a series of books. He died in London in 1880, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

Legacy
Fortune is credited with the introduction of a large number of plants, shrubs, and trees to Europe from China. In 1913, botanists Rehder and E.H.Wilson named a plant genus from China, with one species, Fortunearia sinensis, in his honour.

Plants named after Robert Fortune

 * Arundinaria fortunei
 * Berberis fortunei
 * Cephalotaxus fortunei
 * Cyrtomium fortunei
 * Euonymus fortunei
 * Hosta fortunei
 * Keteleeria fortunei
 * Osmanthus × fortunei Carrière (O. fragrans × O. heterophyllus)
 * Paulownia fortunei
 * Pleioblastus fortunei
 * Rhododendron fortunei
 * Rosa fortuniana
 * Saxifraga fortunei Hook.
 * Trachycarpus fortunei (has synonym Chamaerops fortunei)

Publications

 * Three Years' Wandering in the Northern Provinces of China, A Visit to the Tea, Silk, and Cotton Countries, with an account of the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, etc. (1847, John Murray) Excerpt China Heritage Quarterly No. 29 (March 2012) ISSN 1833-8461.
 * A Journey To The Tea Countries Of China; Including Sung-Lo And The Bohea Hills; With A Short Notice Of The East India Company's Tea Plantations In The Himalaya Mountains. (1852, John Murray) Excerpt China Heritage Quarterly.
 * Two visits to the tea countries of China and the British tea plantations in the Himalaya: with a narrative of adventures, and a full description of the culture of the tea plant, the agriculture, horticulture, and botany of China (1853, John Murray; LCCN 04-32957; National Library: CAT10983833)
 * A Residence Among the Chinese; Inland, On the Coast and at Sea; being a Narrative of Scenes and Adventures During a Third Visit to China from 1853 to 1856, including Notices of Many Natural Productions and Works of Art, the Culture of Silk, &c. (1857, John Murray)
 * Yedo and Peking; A Narrative of a Journey to the Capitals of Japan and China, with Notices of the Natural Productions, Agriculture, Horticulture and Trade of those Countries and Other Things Met with By the Way (1863, John Murray)

References and further reading

 * Mather, Jeffrey. (2010). "Botanising in a Sinocentric world: Robert Fortune’s travels in China". Studies in Travel Writing, 14(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645145.2010.500099
 * Sarah Rose. For All the Tea in China: How England Stole the World's Favorite Drink and Changed History. Viking: 2010. ISBN 0670021520
 * Watt, Alistair, Robert Fortune, A Plant Hunter in the Orient. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 2017. ISBN 1842466194 (distributed by the University of Chicago Press)

title: Robert Fortune


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Section (fiber bundle)

In the mathematical field of topology, a section (or cross section) of a fiber bundle $$E$$ is a continuous right inverse of the projection function $$\pi$$. In other words, if $$E$$ is a fiber bundle over a base space, $$B$$:
 * $$ \pi \colon E \to B$$

then a section of that fiber bundle is a continuous map,
 * $$ \sigma \colon B \to E $$

such that
 * $$ \pi(\sigma(x)) = x $$ for all $$x \in B $$.

A section is an abstract characterization of what it means to be a graph. The graph of a function $$ g\colon B \to Y $$ can be identified with a function taking its values in the Cartesian product $$ E = B \times Y $$, of $$ B $$ and $$ Y $$:
 * $$\sigma\colon B\to E, \quad \sigma(x) = (x,g(x)) \in E. $$

Let $$ \pi\colon E \to B $$ be the projection onto the first factor: $$ \pi(x,y) = x $$. Then a graph is any function $$ \sigma $$ for which $$ \pi(\sigma(x)) = x $$.

The language of fibre bundles allows this notion of a section to be generalized to the case when $$E$$ is not necessarily a Cartesian product. If $$ \pi\colon E \to B $$ is a fibre bundle, then a section is a choice of point $$ \sigma(x) $$ in each of the fibres. The condition $$ \pi(\sigma(x)) = x $$ simply means that the section at a point $$ x $$ must lie over $$ x $$. (See image.)

For example, when $$E$$ is a vector bundle a section of $$E$$ is an element of the vector space $$ E_x $$ lying over each point $$x \in B$$. In particular, a vector field on a smooth manifold $$M$$ is a choice of tangent vector at each point of $$M$$: this is a section of the tangent bundle of $$M$$. Likewise, a 1-form on $$M$$ is a section of the cotangent bundle.

Sections, particularly of principal bundles and vector bundles, are also very important tools in differential geometry. In this setting, the base space $$B$$ is a smooth manifold $$M$$, and $$E$$ is assumed to be a smooth fiber bundle over $$M$$ (i.e., $$E$$ is a smooth manifold and $$\pi\colon E\to M$$ is a smooth map). In this case, one considers the space of smooth sections of $$E$$ over an open set $$U$$, denoted $$C^{\infty}(U,E)$$. It is also useful in geometric analysis to consider spaces of sections with intermediate regularity (e.g., $$C^k$$ sections, or sections with regularity in the sense of Hölder conditions or Sobolev spaces).

Local and global sections
Fiber bundles do not in general have such global sections (consider, for example, the fiber bundle over $$S^1$$ with fiber $$F = \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$$ obtained by taking the Möbius bundle and removing the zero section), so it is also useful to define sections only locally. A local section of a fiber bundle is a continuous map $$s \colon U \to E$$ where $$U$$ is an open set in $$B$$ and $$\pi(s(x))=x$$ for all $$x$$ in $$U$$. If $$(U, \varphi)$$ is a local trivialization of $$E$$, where $$\varphi$$ is a homeomorphism from $$\pi^{-1}(U)$$ to $$U\times F$$ (where $$F$$ is the fiber), then local sections always exist over $$U$$ in bijective correspondence with continuous maps from $$U$$ to $$F$$. The (local) sections form a sheaf over $$B$$ called the sheaf of sections of $$E$$.

The space of continuous sections of a fiber bundle $$E$$ over $$U$$ is sometimes denoted $$C(U,E)$$, while the space of global sections of $$E$$ is often denoted $$\Gamma(E)$$ or $$\Gamma(B,E)$$.

Extending to global sections
Sections are studied in homotopy theory and algebraic topology, where one of the main goals is to account for the existence or non-existence of global sections. An obstruction denies the existence of global sections since the space is too "twisted". More precisely, obstructions "obstruct" the possibility of extending a local section to a global section due to the space's "twistedness". Obstructions are indicated by particular characteristic classes, which are cohomological classes. For example, a principal bundle has a global section if and only if it is trivial. On the other hand, a vector bundle always has a global section, namely the zero section. However, it only admits a nowhere vanishing section if its Euler class is zero.

Generalizations
Obstructions to extending local sections may be generalized in the following manner: take a topological space and form a category whose objects are open subsets, and morphisms are inclusions. Thus we use a category to generalize a topological space. We generalize the notion of a "local section" using sheaves of abelian groups, which assigns to each object an abelian group (analogous to local sections).

There is an important distinction here: intuitively, local sections are like "vector fields" on an open subset of a topological space. So at each point, an element of a fixed vector space is assigned. However, sheaves can "continuously change" the vector space (or more generally abelian group).

This entire process is really the global section functor, which assigns to each sheaf its global section. Then sheaf cohomology enables us to consider a similar extension problem while "continuously varying" the abelian group. The theory of characteristic classes generalizes the idea of obstructions to our extensions.

title: Section (fiber bundle)


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Skyline

A skyline is the outline or shape viewed near the horizon. It can be created by a city's overall structure, or by human intervention in a rural setting, or in nature that is formed where the sky meets buildings or the land.

City skylines serve as a pseudo-fingerprint as no two skylines are alike. For this reason, news and sports programs, television shows, and movies often display the skyline of a city to set a location. The term The Sky Line of New York City was introduced in 1896, when it was the title of a color lithograph by Charles Graham for the color supplement of the New York Journal. Paul D. Spreiregen, FAIA, has called a [city] skyline "a physical representation [of a city's] facts of life ... a potential work of art ... its collective vista."

High-rise buildings
High-rise buildings, including skyscrapers, are the fundamental feature of urban skylines. Both contours and cladding (brick or glass) make an impact on the overall appearance of a skyline.

Towers
Towers from different eras make for contrasting skylines.

San Gimignano, in Tuscany, Italy, has been described as having an "unforgettable skyline" with its competitively built towers.

Remote locations
Some remote locations have notably striking skylines, created either by nature or by sparse human settlement in an environment not conducive to housing significant populations.

Architectural design
Norman Foster served as architect for the Gherkin in London and the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan, and these buildings have added to their cities' skylines.

Use in media
Skylines are often used as backgrounds and establishing shots in film, television programs, news websites, and in other forms of media.

Subjective ranking
Several services rank skylines based on their own subjective criteria. Emporis is one such service, which uses height and other data to give point values to buildings and add them together for skylines. The three cities it ranks highest are Hong Kong, New York City, and Singapore.

title: Skyline


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Portuguesa

Portuguesa is a Portuguese, Catalan, and Spanish feminine adjective meaning "Portuguese". It may also refer to:

Places

 * Portuguesa (state), one of the 23 states of Venezuela
 * Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro), a neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Portuguesa River, a river in Venezuela
 * Portuguese Circary, of the Premonstratensians
 * Portuguesa or Chiqllarasu, a mountain in Peru
 * Portuguesa Province, 1851-1864, one of the provinces of Venezuela

Other uses

 * Portuguese language
 * "A Portuguesa", the Portuguese national anthem
 * Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, a football club based in São Paulo, Brazil
 * Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ), a football club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 * Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos), a football club based in Santos, Brazil
 * Associação Portuguesa Londrinense, a football club based in Londrina, Brazil
 * Portuguesa Fútbol Club, a football club based in Acarígua, Venezuela

title: Portuguesa


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Black Madonna Shrine and Grottos

The Black Madonna Shrine and Grottos is a Catholic Marian shrine complex located in the unincorporated area south of Pacific, Missouri in the United States. It was constructed beginning in 1938 by Brother Bronislaus Luszcz, a Polish immigrant of the Franciscan order.

History

In 1927, John J. Glennon, Archbishop of St. Louis requested a group of Franciscans to come from Poland to set up a nursing home in the countryside. A number of Franciscan Missionary Brothers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus emigrated from Poland to the St. Louis area. Among them was Brother Bronislaus Luszcz, age thirty-four. They were given an abandoned convent in the foothills of the Ozarks, and built an infirmary. The brothers had a small farm that produced food for the infirmary and brothers. The Black Madonna Shrine is adjacent to the site of the infirmary which closed in 2008.

In 1937, Brother Bronislaus began clearing the thickly wooded land, built a cedar wood chapel and hung a portrait of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa above the altar. The image is referred as the Black Madonna because of its dark brown skin tones. The chapel soon became a center of religious devotion, with numerous pilgrimages, prayer services and masses being offered. A picnic pavilion is on site.

The Black Madonna Shrine was built out of his devotion to Mary, and dedicated to her as "Queen of Peace and Mercy". After completing the chapel, Brother Bronislaus began building grottoes, using concrete and native Missouri tiff rock acquired from the nearby mining town of Potosi. The stone and rock structures are made to resemble natural cave formations. The grottos feature statues of Saint Francis, Saint Joseph, Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Jesus and the disciples at Gethsemane, Our Lady of Sorrows, Mary's Assumption, and the Nativity. Each is an intricate mosaic with seashells, costume jewelry, ceramic figurines, and colorful bits brought to him by pilgrims from time to time. Cake pans shaped like lambs and rabbits became molds for the concrete animals that sit at the feet of St. Francis. The altar stone at the Our Lady of Sorrows Grotto is from the original monastery chapel. The Crucifix of the Gethsemane Grotto is used as landmark by local hikers making their way through the nearby woods.

Brother Bronislaus spent twenty three years building the shrine, and died from heat stroke in 1960 at the age of sixty-six, while working on a grotto of Our Lady of Fatima.

The shrine has been subjected to arson and vandalism many times in its history. In 1958 an arsonist set fire to the altar which burned the chapel. An open-air chapel was built in the early 1960s to replace the burned chapel. Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, Primate of Poland, donated a painting to replace one lost in the fire. John Carberry, Cardinal Archbishop of St. Louis donated a glass-encased icon of Our Lady of Czestochowa from the former Church of Our Lady of Czestochowa in St. Louis.

In 2013, a thief broke into shrine gift shop and stole some sterling silver medals, silver plated necklaces, and a donation jar containing change.

title: Black Madonna Shrine and Grottos


text:
Ujiji

Ujiji is the oldest town in western Tanzania and is located in Kigoma-Ujiji District of Kigoma Region. Originally a Swahili settlement and then an Arab slave trading post by the mid-nineteenth century nominally under the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the town is the oldest in western Tanzania. In 1900, the population was estimated at 10,000 and in 1967 about 41,000. The site is a registered National Historic Site.

History
Historically the town that is now Ujiji was the home of the Jiji people. The settlement has close connections with the Swahili community of Buyenzi north of Lake Tanganyika in Burundi. Ujiji is the place where Richard Burton and John Speke first reached the shore of Lake Tanganyika in 1858. It is the site of the famous meeting on 10 November 1871 when Henry Stanley found Dr. David Livingstone, and reputedly uttered the famous words “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Livingstone, whom many thought dead as no news had been heard of him for several years and who had only arrived back in Ujiji the day before, wrote “When my spirits were at their lowest ebb, the good Samaritan was close at hand, for one morning [my servant] Susi came running at the top of his speed and gasped out, ‘An Englishman! I see him!’ and off he darted to meet him. The American flag at the head of the caravan told of the nationality of the stranger. Bales of goods, baths of tin, huge kettles, cooking pots, tents, etc., made me think, ‘This must be a luxurious traveller, and not one at his wits’ end like me.’”

A monument known as the "Dr. Livingstone Memorial" was erected in Ujiji to commemorate the meeting. There is also a modest museum. There is a former slave route near the market. In 1878, the London Missionary Society established their first missionary post on the shore of Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji. Some in Burundi claim the location of the famous meeting is a few miles south of the former capital Bujumbura. However, the Livingstone-Stanley Monument in Mugere actually marks a visit the two men made 15 days later on their joint exploration of northern Lake Tanganyika.

Liwaliate of Ujiji or sometimes known as the Sultanate of Ujiji was a vassal state of Omani Empire and then Zanzibar Sultanate in Ujiji town established in 1830s under the auspices of Arab oligarchs of Ujiji town during slave trade.

title: Ujiji


text:
Seaforth

Seaforth may refer to:

Australia

 * Seaforth, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * Seaforth, Queensland, a town in the Mackay Region

Canada

 * Seaforth, Nova Scotia, Canada, a community
 * Seaforth, Ontario, Canada, a community

Jamaica

 * Seaforth, Jamaica, a settlement

United Kingdom

 * Seaforth, Merseyside, England, a district

United States

 * Seaforth, Minnesota, United States, a city
 * Seaforth, North Carolina, United States, an unincorporated community

Maritime

 * Seaforth Battery, dismantled in 1928
 * Seaforth Dock, on the River Mersey, England, at Seaforth, north of Liverpool
 * Seaforth Island, Scotland, an uninhabited island in the Outer Hebrides
 * Loch Seaforth, Scotland
 * Seaforth River, New Zealand

Ships

 * HMS Seaforth (1805), a Royal Navy ship, formerly the French brig Dame Ernouf
 * MV Seaforth, a coaster
 * MV Loch Seaforth 1947 and 2014, Stornoway ferries

Other

 * Seaforth (band), duo of Tom Jordan and Mitch Thompson from Australia
 * Seaforth Armoury, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Seaforth House, a mansion (1813–81)
 * Seaforth Country Classic, a golf tournament on the Canadian Tour
 * Seaforth railway station, Western Australia
 * Seaforth, a 1994 BBC mini-series set during and after the Second World War, and starring Linus Roache
 * Earl of Seaforth, a title in the Scottish and Irish peerage
 * Unionville Seaforths, a defunct Canadian junior ice hockey team

title: Seaforth


text:
Order of precedence in England and Wales

The following is the order of precedence in England and Wales as of July 2024. Separate orders exist for men and women.

Names in italics indicate that these people rank elsewhere—either higher in that table of precedence or in the table for the other sex. Titles in italics indicate the same thing for their holders, or that they are vacant.

Peers and their families make up a large part of these tables. It is possible for a peer to hold more than one title of nobility, and these may belong to different ranks and peerages. A peer derives his precedence from his highest-ranking title; peeresses derive their precedence in the same way, whether they hold their highest-ranking title in their own right or by marriage. The ranks in the tables refer to peers rather than titles: if exceptions are named for a rank, these do not include peers of a higher rank (or any peers at all, in the case of baronets). No exceptions are named for most categories, owing to their large size.

Royal family
Precedence is accorded to spouses, children and grandchildren of the reigning sovereign, as well as children and grandchildren of former sovereigns.

Cabinet, et al.
The Prime Minister determines the order of precedence for Secretaries of State as part of the ministerial ranking (also known as the order of precedence in Cabinet).

Royal Family
The order of precedence accorded to women of the royal family:

Cabinet, et al.
The Prime Minister determines the order of precedence for Secretaries of State as part of the ministerial ranking (also known as the order of precedence in Cabinet).

Members of orders, et al.

 * Members of the following orders:
 * Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * Wives of Companions of the following orders:
 * Order of the Bath
 * Order of the Star of India
 * Order of St Michael and St George
 * Order of the Indian Empire
 * Royal Victorian Order
 * Order of the British Empire
 * Wives of Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
 * Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * Wives of Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Wives of Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * Wives of Companions of the Imperial Service Order

Wives and daughters of peers, baronets, and knights, et al.

 * Wives of the eldest sons of sons of peers or peeresses
 * Daughters of sons of peers or peeresses
 * Wives of the eldest sons of baronets
 * Daughters of baronets
 * Wives of eldest sons of knights:
 * Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * Knights of the Order of St Patrick
 * Knights Grand Cross or Grand Commander
 * Knights Commander
 * Daughters of knights:
 * Daughters of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * Daughters of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * Daughters of Knights Grand Cross or Grand Commander
 * Daughters of Knights Commander
 * Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * Wives of members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * Wives of members of the Order of the British Empire

Wives of younger sons

 * Wives of younger sons of baronets
 * Wives of younger sons of knights:
 * Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * Knights of the Order of St Patrick
 * Knights Grand Cross or Knights Grand Commander
 * Knights Commander


text:
Treaty of Westminster (1674)

The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 was the peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Signed by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England, the treaty provided for the return of the colony of New Netherland (now New York) to England and renewed the Treaty of Breda of 1667. The treaty also provided for a mixed commission for the regulation of commerce, particularly in the East Indies.

It was signed on 9 February 1674 Old Style (19 February 1674 New Style) by Charles II of England and ratified by the States General of the Netherlands on 5 March 1674. England was forced to sign the treaty since Parliament would not allow more money to be spent on the war and had become aware of the secret Treaty of Dover in which Charles had promised Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism at an opportune moment. The English were dismayed by the unexpected fact that Dutch raiders had managed to capture more English ships than vice versa and that New Amsterdam had been retaken by the Dutch in 1673.

Background
In 1672, England and France had jointly attacked the Dutch Republic. France had occupied a large part of the Republic, but the Anglo-French fleet had been heavily damaged by Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. In 1673, sustained efforts by the Royal Navy to defeat the Dutch fleet and to land an army on the Dutch coast had failed. Repairs of the English warships proved to be very costly. English mercantile shipping suffered from frequent attacks by Dutch privateers. Meanwhile, France, the English ally in the war, was forced to a gradual withdrawal of its troops from most of the territory of the United Provinces. France threatened to conquer the Spanish Netherlands, which would harm English strategic interests. The war, more or less a private project of Charles and never popular among the English people, now seemed to most to have become a hopeless undertaking.

The English had also been convinced by Dutch propaganda that the war was part of a plot to make their country Roman Catholic again. The commander of the Royal Navy, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a devout Protestant, had begun to lead a vociferous movement aimed at breaking the French alliance. In late October, Charles asked Parliament for a sufficient war budget for 1674. Its members were extremely critical and denied that it was still necessary to eliminate the Dutch as commercial rivals because English trade had satisfyingly grown between 1667 and 1672. The proposed marriage of the King's brother, the Duke of York, with the Catholic Mary of Modena was lamented. Parliament demanded securities for the defence of the Anglican Church against papism, the disbanding of the standing army (commanded by York) and the removal of pro-French ministers.

When the situation threatened to escalate, Charles, on the advice of the French envoy but against the opinion of the Privy Council, prorogued Parliament. Charles made a last effort to continue the war, even without a war budget. He was promised increased subsidies by King Louis XIV of France. He made plans to capture the regular treasure fleet sailing from the Dutch East Indies. He removed his enemies from office, among them Chancellor Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, the main opponent of York's marriage. At the same time, Charles tried to lessen fears by reaffirming anti-Catholic measures such as the suspension of the Royal Declaration of Indulgence and by publicising many of his secret treaties with France.

To his dismay, Parliament became more adversarial, now strongly incited by Shaftesbury. Some called for William III of Orange, the stadtholder of Holland and grandson of Charles I of England, to become king if Charles died by excluding the Duke of York. That came as no surprise to William, who had secret dealings with Shaftesbury and many other English politicians. William had agents working for him in England, such as his secretary, Van Rhede. Spain assisted him by threatening to declare war and meanwhile bribing parliamentarians. The States-General had supported the pro-Dutch peace party of Lord Arlington in a more formal manner by making a peace proposal in October and by regularly distributing manifests and declarations in England that explained the official Dutch position and policy. In 1672, England and France had agreed never to conclude a separate peace, but the States now revealed to Charles that they had recently received a peace offer from Louis.

When in late December, General François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg withdrew the bulk of the French occupation army from Maastricht to Namur, Charles lost faith completely and decided to disentangle himself from the entire affair.

Procedure
Charles felt that continuing the alliance with France had become a grave threat to his personal position and expected that Parliament would no longer fund the war. He informed the French ambassador, Colbert de Croissy, that to his regret, he had to terminate the English war effort. He told the Dutch via the Spanish consul in London, the Marquess del Fresno, that his main war aim, to install his noble nephew as stadtholder, having been attained, he no longer objected to concluding a lasting peace between the two Protestant brother nations if only some minor "indemnities" could be paid. At first, the States of Holland were disinclined to grant Charles's demands. As England had accomplished nothing in the war, it was in their opinion not entitled to any reward. Many members admitted their personal satisfaction in the thought that the British might be kept suffering a bit longer. However, stadtholder William III of Orange convinced them that there was some chance of bringing Charles into the war against France eventually, which this had to take precedence over petty considerations of retribution that were unworthy of their high office. Furthermore, Spain had not yet declared war on France and was willing to do so only if England made peace because it feared English attacks on its American colonies.

On 4 January 1674, the States General of the Netherlands drafted a final peace proposal. On 7 January, a Dutch trumpeter arrived in Harwich carrying with him two letters for the Spanish consul. Though the herald was promptly arrested by the town mayor, the letters were sent to Lord Arlington, who hurriedly brought them in person to del Fresno. Arlington was, in turn, on 15 January, impeached by Sir Gilbert Gerard for high treason, as the very act showed him to have had secret dealings with the enemy. On 24 January, the consul handed the letters, containing the peace proposal, to Charles, who pretended to be greatly surprised. That posing was marred somewhat by the fact that he had especially recalled Parliament, prorogued by him in November, for that occasion the very same day. While addressing both Houses, Charles first emphatically denied the existence of any secret provisions of the Treaty of Dover and then produced the peace proposal, to the great satisfaction of the members, who, in turn, had to pretend surprise although Parliament had been informed by the Dutch beforehand of its full content. After some days of debate, the treaty was approved by Parliament.

This news was met with open joy by the populace. Charles sent his own trumpeter to Holland, who was received by the States General on 1 February. In his message, Charles announced the absolute agreement of himself and Parliament on the matter to which institution Charles gladly deferred. On 5 February, a Dutch trumpeter arrived in London, carrying the response of the States General. The very day, Parliament advised the King to conclude a "speedy peace". A Royal Commission was appointed to make a final draft. The Treaty of Westminster was signed in 1674 by the King on 9 February Old Style (19 February New Style). It was ratified by the Lord Keeper on 10 February by placement of the Great Seal. On 17 February at 10:00 a.m., it was publicly proclaimed at Whitehall. It was approved by the States of Holland and West Friesland on 4 March, (New Style) and ratified by the States General on 5 March. It was proclaimed in The Hague on 6 March. Due to the different calendars in use in the two countries and the complex procedure, when a single date is given the literature is not in agreement.

Terms
Most of the initial peace conditions demanded by the English in the Accord of Heeswijk of 1672 were not met, but the Dutch paid two million guilders, from an original demand of ten million, to be paid over a period of three years, basically to compensate for the loss of French subsidies, and again affirmed the English right of salute, their Dominium Marium, now extended from "Lands End", at the Bay of Biscay, northward to "Staten Land", on the Norwegian coast. Also, it was made explicit that the Dutch had to salute any Royal ship carrying the English flag, no matter how small it was or how numerous the Dutch fleet was in encountering it, a point that had proven to be very contentious: the so-called Merlin Incident had been a pretext for the war. It was qualified by the condition that Dutch fishery would in no way be impeded by that right.

The treaty conditions of 1668 regulating trade and shipping were reconfirmed. Within three months an Anglo-Dutch commission would meet to solve trade conflicts concerning the East Indies. As for territorial disputes, the treaty was a typical status quo ante arrangement:

 * That whatsoever countries, islands, towns, ports, castles, or forts have or shall be taken on both sides, since the time the late unhappy war broke out, either in Europe or elsewhere, shall be restored to the former lord or proprietor, in the same condition they shall be in when the peace itself shall be proclaimed.

The condition implied that New Netherland, which had been retaken by Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest in 1673, would again be an English possession and that Suriname, which had been captured by the Dutch in 1667, would remain their colony, legalising the status quo of 1667. These issues had been left undecided by the Peace of Breda of that year, an uti possidetis agreement. Also, the islands of Tobago, Saba, St Eustatius and Tortola, which had been taken by the English in 1672, were to be returned.

Despite the peace, the brigade of British troops under Charles's bastard son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, supporting the French, would not be withdrawn from the French Army and would be allowed to recruit in Britain until the end of the Franco-Dutch War. Charles continued to receive secret subsidies from Louis as long as the brigade fought on the French side.

Implementation
As the peace could not be communicated quickly to all parts of the world, different dates had been determined upon which legal hostilities would end. From the Soundings of England, i.e. its southwestern continental shelf edge, to the coast of Norway, fighting should end by 8 March; south to Tangier by 7 April; from there to the Equator, by 5 May; and in the rest of the world, after 24 October 1674.

Due to the slow proliferation of information at the time, conflicts could still occur after the declaration of peace. The Battle of Ronas Voe took place on 14 March 1674, when the VOC East Indiaman Wapen van Rotterdam was captured in Ronas Voe, Shetland, by HMS Newcastle. It, along with HMS Cambridge and HMS Crown, were sent instructions to capture the vessel, which had become stranded in Shetland because of poor weather that had caused the ship to lose its masts and rudder. Wapen van Rotterdam was taken back to England as a prize of war. A contemporary Dutch newspaper reported that four hundred crew were originally on board Wapen van Rotterdam, but only a hundred prisoners were later being transported by Crown, which suggested that up to three hundred crew may have been killed although additional prisoners might have been transported on the other English ships.

Eventually, William would force Charles to set off the "indemnities" against the debts that he owed to the House of Orange, which had militarily supported his father, Charles I of England, during the English Civil War and so Charles II actually received very little.

title: Treaty of Westminster (1674)


text:
Journalese

Journalese is the artificial or hyperbolic, and sometimes over-abbreviated, language regarded as characteristic of the news style used in popular media. Joe Grimm, formerly of the Detroit Free Press, likened journalese to a "stage voice": "We write journalese out of habit, sometimes from misguided training, and to sound urgent, authoritative and, well, journalistic. But it doesn't do any of that."

Examples
As early as the 1880s, people criticized the stilted, cliched language used in journalism as journalese. Journalists, who write many similar stories under time pressure, may fall back on cliched or familiar phrases. Journalese often takes the form of specific turns of phrase, such as "hammered out agreement" or "called for tighter restrictions". Terms with legal meanings, such as "mayhem", may be overused to the point that they become meaningless. Journalese can also take the form of specific word choice. This is most obvious with the use of rare or archaic words like ink (as a verb), nab, slated, ailing, quizzed (in place of "asked" or "questioned"), funnyman or synonyms of attack to mean criticise. In some cases this is due to fossil words present in idiomatic journalese statements. Journalese is also often a result of a desire to save on page space by using shorter words or phrases.

This need for brevity is particularly important in headlines, which have their own idiosyncratic style of writing called headlinese. Headlinese's focus on using the smallest possible words has influenced the vocabulary choice of news stories themselves. Anthropomorphization is another form of journalese, such as with the use of the verb saw (past tense of see) in the phrase "The 1990s saw an increase in crime", which is used to avoid using the past tense of "increase", as in "Crime increased in the 1990s". Other forms include use of onomatopoeia, genitives of place names ("New York's Central Park" rather than "Central Park, in New York"), and gap filler articles like bus plunge stories.

Some people regard journalese with amusement, due to the often colourful use of language, and some terms used can make news reports more easily understandable, such as replacing complex jargon with simple and concise phrases. However, one critic says that "lazy writing goes with lazy thought", and it is often a mark of a weak story with poor evidence or an attempt to dress up something as more significant or interesting: "Journalese is like a poker player's tell: it shows that the reporter knows the story is flimsy and he or she is trying to make it appear more solid." Other critics fault the use of the passive voice and similar constructions in journalese as a form of weasel wording that a writer chooses "to hide the culprit" of the action that the writer is describing. Subeditors (copy editors) on newspapers are trained to remove it, and the New York Times has a customised spell-checker that flags egregious examples.

title: Journalese


text:
Bronx High School of Science

The Bronx High School of Science is a public specialized high school in The Bronx in New York City. It is operated by the New York City Department of Education. Admission to Bronx Science involves passing the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test.

Founded in 1938 in the Bronx, New York City, Bronx Science is located in what is now Kingsbridge Heights, also known as Jerome Park, a neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx. Although originally known for its focus on mathematics and science, Bronx Science also emphasizes the humanities and social sciences.

Bronx Science has produced the most Nobel laureates in science of any secondary school in the world. Bronx Science alumni have also won three Turing Awards, sometimes unofficially referred to as the Nobel Prize in computer science; six National Medals of Science, the nation's highest scientific honor; and nine Pulitzer Prizes.

The Bronx High School of Science is often called Bronx Science, Bronx Sci, BX Sci, and sometimes just Science. It was formerly called Science High and its founder, Morris Meister, is said to have frequently called the school "The High School of Science".

20th century
Bronx High School of Science was founded in 1938 as a specialized science and math high school for boys, by resolution of the New York City Panel for Educational Policy, with Morris Meister as the first principal of the school. They were given use of an antiquated Gothic-gargoyled edifice located at Creston Avenue and 184th Street, in the Fordham Road-Grand Concourse area of the Bronx. The building, built in 1918 for Evander Childs High School, had been successively occupied by Walton High School (1930) and by an annex of DeWitt Clinton High School (1935). The initial faculty were composed in part by a contingent from Stuyvesant High School.

Meister put his imprint on the school from its formation, for example selecting as school colors "green to represent chlorophyll and gold the sun, both of which are essential to the chain of life."

From the beginning, the Parents Association and Principal Morris Meister campaigned for a new building. The number of students exceeded the capacity of the building on 184th Street, so the top floor of Public School 85 on Marion Avenue and 187th Street was used as the "Annex".

21st century
After twenty years, plans were finally completed for a new $8 million building, which was designed by the architectural firm of Emery Roth and Sons. The new building was on 205th Street near Bedford Park Boulevard, in a predominantly institutional area, between DeWitt Clinton High School and its large football field on one side, and Harris Field and Hunter College (now Lehman College) on the other. On March 3, 1959, students and faculty occupied the new building for the first time, solving the problem of how to move the books from the old library to the new in typical Bronx Science manner: on Friday afternoon each student took home five library books from the old building, and on Monday returned them to the new one.

They entered a school equipped with more modern classrooms, laboratories, and technical studio areas. The main lobby entrance featured a 63 ft, Venetian glass mosaic mural overhead, depicting  major figures from the history of science such as Marie Curie and Charles Darwin under the protective hands of a God-like figure representing knowledge, with this quote from John Dewey: "Every great advance in science has issued from a new audacity of imagination." The mural, Humanities Protecting Biology, Physics, Chemistry, is an original work by Frank J. Reilly. Legions of students over the years, bemoaning the lack of swimming facilities, have sarcastically referred to the mural as "the Science swimming pool", perpetuating the thesis that a choice was made to fund a mural rather than a pool in the new building.

In the first spring of the move, rumors swept the school that various Bronx youth street gangs were coming to the school, and that the Fordham Baldies would shave the hair of Science students. This never happened. Another incident did happen that spring: The first time Science girls appeared on the outdoor physical education field in gym clothes, some students from the neighboring, all-male DeWitt Clinton High School charged the separation fence between their field and the Science field. The fence held, but the female students exercised indoors for the remainder of that year.

When Bronx Science celebrated its silver anniversary in June 1963, President John F. Kennedy hailed it as "a significant and pathfinding example of a special program devoted to the development of the student gifted in science and mathematics." Kennedy had recently selected a 1943 Bronx High School of Science graduate, Harold Brown, as Director of Defense Research and Engineering; Brown would later serve as United States Secretary of Defense under President Jimmy Carter.

Academics
Bronx Science students take a college preparatory curriculum that includes four years of science, English, and social studies; three (usually four) years of math; two or three years of foreign language; and a year of fine arts, with required courses and a wide selection of electives, including honors and advanced placement (AP) classes, which allow students to place out of introductory college science courses. Over 100 unique courses are offered. All New York State Regents classes are offered, with the exception of earth science.

In the biological sciences, Bronx Science offers a special honors biology course, in addition to the Regents-level course, which includes additional laboratory exposure and intensive content. If students have already taken the Living Environment regents in 8th grade, they may take Regents-level or honors chemistry in freshman year. All students must take at least one year of a biological lab science at Bronx Science, a requirement that can be satisfied either by freshman biology or, if students took biology in middle school, one of the many advanced electives offered, including AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Psychology; non-AP advanced courses include animal behavior, cell biology, epidemiology, forensic science, microbiology, neuroscience, and nutritional science. Post-AP level classes in evolution, genetics, and psychology are also offered. In the physical science department, AP Chemistry and AP Physics are both offered, and both may be taken alongside introductory Regents-level courses in those respective classes. Electives offered include astronomy and astrophysics, electrical engineering, green design, organic chemistry, and post-AP Physics. In 2022, the school prepared to accept an astronomical observatory.

Freshmen at Bronx Science are required to take one-semester courses in research literacy and engineering, while sophomores take one-semester courses consisting of coding and rhetoric. Collectively, these are referred to as Foundational courses. Sophomore students may satisfy this requirement by instead taking a class in the research program, a three-year long program that culminates in an independent research project and final research paper that is submitted to Regeneron and other prestigious competitions in senior year. The research program is divided into biology, math, physical science/engineering, and social science research.

The mathematics department offers standard AP courses in AB/BC calculus, statistics, and computer science. Students can take precalculus alongside honors algebra 2 and trigonometry in their sophomore year, allowing them to take AP Calculus in their junior year. Post-AP courses in mathematics include multivariable calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, video game development, app development, game theory, and a newly introduced course in financial and actuarial math.

Students are required to take four years of English. AP English Language and AP English Literature are offered, along with journalism workshop and yearbook design. In junior year, students have the option to take the unique AP American Studies course, an interdisciplinary course that correlates the AP English Language and AP United States History courses, while in senior year, the AP English Literature course is divided into courses in creative writing and traditional literature. Four years of social studies or history classes are required. AP European History and AP World History are both offered in sophomore year in preparation for the Global History Regents, while juniors can take AP United States History to satisfy the U.S. history requirement. Senior social studies classes consist of several combinations of AP classes in U.S. Government and Politics, Comparative Government and Politics, Microeconomics, and Macroeconomics. Additional classes in social studies, which must be taken along with these ones, include AP Human Geography, race and gender, and unique classes in Holocaust leadership and speech and debate leadership. A minimum of 2 years of languages are required, if students had previously taken a year of language prior to high school. Bronx Science offers French, Spanish, Latin, Italian, Chinese, and Japanese. At one time Hebrew, Russian, Korean, and German were also offered. AP German Language and Culture is the only AP class not offered at Bronx Science.

Students must also obtain credits from two terms of a class in the fine arts or the equivalent. The fine arts requirement is usually satisfied during Bronx Science's Summer Program which offers Drama, Music, and Art. Students usually "double up" on two of these courses to satisfy the fine arts requirement for once and all during the time period of one summer. Students are expected to satisfy the arts requirement by the end of sophomore year. Students can also take art or music electives during the school year to satisfy the fine arts requirement by taking a music elective such as jazz band or an arts elective such as AP Art History or AP Studio Art during the regular school year. Health and physical education courses are also required, and the Health requirement may also be fulfilled during the Bronx Science Summer Program in addition to the two fine arts courses.

Advanced placement courses
Bronx Science offers all of the AP courses, except for AP German Language and Culture and the AP Capstone program. The courses include:
 * English – AP English Literature and Composition, AP English Language and Composition
 * Social Sciences – AP U.S. History, AP European History, AP World History (2 Years), AP U.S. Government & Politics, AP Microeconomics, AP Macroeconomics, AP Micro/Macroeconomics, AP Comparative Government & Politics with Economics, AP United States Government & Politics with Economics, AP Human Geography, AP Psychology
 * Mathematics – AP Calculus AB, AP Calculus BC, AP Statistics, AP Computer Science
 * Science – AP Biology, AP Environmental Science, AP Chemistry, AP Physics 1&2 (without Calculus), AP Physics C (with Calculus)
 * Language – AP Spanish Language, AP Spanish Literature, AP French Language and Culture, AP Italian Language and Culture, AP Latin (Caesar and Virgil), AP Chinese Language and Culture, AP Japanese Language and Culture
 * Arts – AP Studio Art, AP Art History, AP Music Theory

School publications
The Science Survey is Bronx Science's entirely student-run newspaper. Students manage everything: reporting, layout, design, editing, and final production, under the supervision of the journalism advisor. The paper is printed using funds from its advertisers, with no fiscal school support. The paper is distributed on average five times per year at no charge. The Science Survey has been the name of the Bronx Science student newspaper since the founding of the school in 1938.

Dynamo is the literary magazine sponsored by the English Department, consisting of original poems and stories submitted by students from all grades. The Observatory is Bronx Science's prize-winning yearbook. The yearbook office has a custom-built web server to manage its production, powered by MediaWiki and Coppermine software.

Other department-produced publications include the annual Math Bulletin, consisting of student term papers, original student mathematics research, and topics in mathematics; Exposition, an annual production of the Social Studies Department; and Reactions, written by physical science students.

Reputation
Bronx Science has received international recognition. In 2020, Newsweek's rankings of the top 5,000 STEM High Schools in the United States (public and private), listed Bronx Science as the 4th best STEM school in the nation.

In 2014, the school ranked 34th out of all high schools nationwide and 1st in New York; nationwide, Bronx Science ranked 33rd in 2008 and 58th in 2009. It attracts an intellectually gifted blend of culturally, ethnically, and economically diverse students from New York City. , Bronx Science is ranked as one of the "22 top-performing schools" in America on The Washington Post as well as number 50 out of a list of the best 1,000 high schools in the country on The Daily Beast's "America's Best High Schools" list. In 2014 it was ranked second highest on Cities Journal's list of the "15 Best High Schools in New York", along with Stuyvesant (ranked third) and Brooklyn Tech (ranked eighth).

The average SAT score at Bronx Science was 2100 out of 2400. Almost all Bronx Science graduates continue on to four-year colleges, and it is a "feeder school", with many graduates going on to Ivy League schools and other institutions of higher learning each year. Bronx Science has counted 132 finalists in the Regeneron (formerly Intel) Science Talent Search, the largest number of any high school. Nine graduates have won Nobel Prizes—more than any other secondary education institution in the world —and nine have won Pulitzer Prizes. Of the nine Nobel Prizes earned by graduates, seven of them are in physics, which earned Bronx Science a designation by the American Physical Society as a "Historic Physics Site" in 2010.

Bronx Science is a member of the National Consortium of Secondary STEM Schools (NCSSS). Together with Stuyvesant High School and Brooklyn Technical High School, it is one of the three original specialized science high schools operated by the New York City Department of Education.

Transportation
The New York City Subway's Bedford Park Boulevard and Bedford Park Boulevard–Lehman College  stations are located nearby. Additionally, New York City Bus's and  routes stop near Bronx Science.

Notable alumni
Many people who attended the Bronx High School of Science have achieved distinction in their respective fields, including winning the Nobel and Pulitzer Prizes, the Academy, Emmy and Turing Awards, the U.S. National Medal of Science, political office and numerous professional society honors.

In popular culture
Bronx Science was the primary rival of Millard Fillmore High School in Head of the Class, a television series that aired from 1986 to 1991.

The main character of Northern Exposure, Joel Fleischman, reveals he went to Bronx Science in Season 2, Episode 4.

Bronx Science formed the basis for the Midtown School of Science and Technology in Spider-Man: Homecoming, part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

title: Bronx High School of Science


text:
Order of precedence in Scotland

The order of precedence in Scotland was fixed by Royal Warrant in 1905. Amendments were made by further Warrants in 1912, 1952, 1958, 1999 to coincide with the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government and most recently in 2012.

The relative precedence of peers of Scotland is determined by the Act of Union 1707.

Royal family
Precedence is accorded to spouses, children and grandchildren of the reigning sovereign, as well as children and grandchildren of former sovereigns.

Judiciary, et al.

 * 1) Lord Justice General (The Rt Hon. Lord Carloway)
 * 2) Lord Clerk Register (office held by a woman)
 * 3) Lord Advocate (office held by a woman)
 * 4) Advocate General for Scotland (The Rt Hon. The Lord Stewart of Dirleton)
 * 5) Lord Justice Clerk (office held by a woman)

 * 1) Viscounts
 * 2) Eldest sons of earls
 * 3) Lord Frederick Windsor (only son of Prince Michael of Kent)
 * 4) Younger sons of marquesses

Viscounts, et al.

 * 1) Barons and Lords of Parliament
 * 2) Eldest sons of viscounts
 * 3) Younger sons of earls
 * 4) Eldest sons of barons
 * 5) Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 6) Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 7) Privy Counsellors
 * 8) Senators of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court
 * 9) Younger sons of viscounts
 * 10) Younger sons of barons
 * 11) Sons of law life peers
 * 12) Baronets
 * 13) Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 14) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 15) Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 16) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 17) Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 18) Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 19) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 20) Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 21) Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 22) Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 23) Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 24) Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 25) Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 26) Solicitor General for Scotland (Ruth Charteris – see Order of Precedence for Ladies below)
 * 27) Lord Lyon King of Arms (The Revd Canon Joseph Morrow)
 * 28) Scottish Barons
 * 29) Sheriffs-Principal
 * 30) Knights Bachelor
 * 31) Sheriffs as amended by
 * 32) Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 33) Companions of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 34) Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 35) Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 36) Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 37) Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 38) Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 39) Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
 * 40) Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 41) Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 42) Eldest sons of younger sons of peers
 * 43) Eldest sons of baronets
 * 44) Eldest sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 45) Eldest sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 46) Eldest sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 47) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 48) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 49) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 50) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 51) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 52) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 53) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 54) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 55) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 56) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 57) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 58) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 59) Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 60) Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 61) Younger sons of baronets
 * 62) Younger sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 63) Younger sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 64) Younger sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 65) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 66) Younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 67) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 68) Younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 69) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 70) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 71) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 72) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 73) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 74) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 75) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 76) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 77) King's Counsel as amended by
 * 78) Esquires
 * 79) Gentlemen

Royal Family
The order of precedence accorded to women of the royal family:

 * 1) Lord-Lieutenants (see list below)
 * 2) Sheriffs-Principal (during term of office and with bounds of Sheriffdom)
 * 3) Commonwealth Prime Ministers, while visiting the UK, in order of appointment
 * 4) Ambassadors of foreign countries and High Commissioners of Commonwealth countries according to date of arrival
 * 5) Duchesses
 * 6) Countess of Ulster, wife of Earl of Ulster
 * 7) Countess of St Andrews, wife of Earl of St Andrews
 * 8) Lady Davina Windsor, elder daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
 * 9) Lady Rose Gilman, younger daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
 * 10) Lady Helen Taylor, only daughter of the Duke of Kent
 * 11) Marchionesses
 * 12) Wives of dukes' eldest sons
 * 13) Daughters of dukes not married to peers
 * 14) Countesses
 * 15) Lady Nicholas Windsor, wife of Lord Nicholas Windsor
 * 16) Wives of marquesses' eldest sons
 * 17) Lady Gabriella Kingston, only daughter of Prince Michael of Kent
 * 18) Marquesses' daughters not married to peers
 * 19) Wives of dukes' younger sons
 * 20) Viscountesses
 * 21) Wives of eldest sons of earls or of countesses in their own right
 * 22) Earls' daughters not married to peers
 * 23) Lady Frederick Windsor, wife of Lord Frederick Windsor
 * 24) Wives of marquesses' younger sons
 * 25) Baronesses, wives of Lords of Parliament and female holders of Lordships of Parliament
 * 26) Wives of viscounts' eldest sons
 * 27) Viscounts' daughters not married to peers
 * 28) Wives of younger sons of earls or of countesses in their own right
 * 29) Wives of eldest sons of barons or baronesses
 * 30) Daughters of barons or baronesses
 * 31) Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 32) Lady Mary Fagan
 * 33) Lady Mary Peters
 * 34) Ladies of the Order of the Thistle
 * 35) The Rt Hon. Lady Elish Angiolini
 * 36) Wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter (all rank higher, except)
 * 37) June, Lady Hillary
 * 38) Jennifer, Lady Acland
 * 39) Dame Norma, Lady Major
 * 40) Cherie, Lady Blair
 * 41) Wives of Knights of the Order of the Thistle (all rank higher, except)
 * 42) Lady (Helen) Wood
 * 43) Lady (Daphne) Reid
 * 44) Lady (Margaret) Palmer
 * 45) Wives of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 46) Privy Counsellors
 * 47) Senators of the College of Justice
 * 48) Wives of viscounts' younger sons
 * 49) Wives of younger sons of barons or baronesses
 * 50) Wives of baronets
 * 51) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 52) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 53) Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 54) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 55) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 56) Wives of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 57) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 58) Wives of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 59) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 60) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 61) Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 62) Dames Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 63) Dames Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 64) Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 65) Solicitor General for Scotland (Ruth Charteris)
 * 66) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 67) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 68) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 69) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 70) Wives of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 71) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 72) Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 73) Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 74) Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 75) Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 76) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 77) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 78) Wives of Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 79) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 80) Wives of Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 81) Wives of Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 82) Wives of Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
 * 83) Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 84) Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 85) Wives of Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 86) Wives of Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 87) Wives of Senators of the College of Justice
 * 88) Wives of Knights Bachelor
 * 89) Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 90) Wives of Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 91) Wives of the eldest sons of sons of peers
 * 92) Daughters of sons of peers
 * 93) Wives of the eldest sons of baronets
 * 94) Daughters of baronets
 * 95) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 96) Wives of eldest sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 97) Wives of eldest sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 98) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 99) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 100) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 101) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 102) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 103) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 104) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 105) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 106) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 107) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 108) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 109) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 110) Daughters of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 111) Daughters of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 112) Daughters of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 113) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 114) Daughters of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 115) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 116) Daughters of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 117) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 118) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 119) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 120) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 121) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 122) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 123) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 124) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 125) Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 126) Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 127) Wives of Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 128) Wives of Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 129) Wives of younger sons of baronets
 * 130) Wives of younger sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 131) Wives of younger sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 132) Wives of younger sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 133) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 134) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 135) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 136) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 137) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 138) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 139) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 140) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 141) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 142) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 143) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order

Local precedence

 * 1) Lord-Lieutenants of the lieutenancy areas (the Lord Provost is Lord Lieutenant in the four largest cities):
 * 2) *The Lord Provost of Aberdeen (Dr David Cameron)
 * 3) *Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire (Sandy Manson)
 * 4) *Lord Lieutenant of Angus (Patricia Ann Sawers)
 * 5) *Lord Lieutenant of Argyll and Bute (Jane Margaret MacLeod )
 * 6) *Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire and Arran (Iona McDonald)
 * 7) *Lord Lieutenant of Banffshire (Andrew Simpson)
 * 8) *Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire (Jeanna Swan)
 * 9) *Lord Lieutenant of Caithness (The Rt Hon. The Viscount Thurso)
 * 10) *Lord Lieutenant of Clackmannanshire (Johnny Stewart)
 * 11) *Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries (Fiona Armstrong)
 * 12) *Lord Lieutenant of Dunbartonshire (Jill Williamina Young)
 * 13) *The Lord Provost of Dundee (Bill Campbell)
 * 14) *Lord Lieutenant of East Lothian (Roderick Urquhart)
 * 15) *The Lord Provost of Edinburgh (Robert Aldridge)
 * 16) *Lord Lieutenant of Fife (Robert William Balfour)
 * 17) *The Lord Provost of Glasgow (Jacqueline McLaren)
 * 18) *Lord Lieutenant of Inverness (James Wotherspoon)
 * 19) *Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire (Alastair Macphie)
 * 20) *Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire (The Rt Hon. The Lady Haughey)
 * 21) *Lord Lieutenant of Midlothian (Richard Callander)
 * 22) *Lord Lieutenant of Moray (Major-General Seymour Monro)
 * 23) *Lord Lieutenant of Nairn (George Russell Asher)
 * 24) *Lord Lieutenant of Orkney (Elaine Grieve)
 * 25) *Lord Lieutenant of Perth and Kinross (Stephen Leckie)
 * 26) *Lord Lieutenant of Renfrewshire (Colonel Peter McCarthy)
 * 27) *Lord Lieutenant of Ross and Cromarty (Joanie Whiteford)
 * 28) *Lord Lieutenant of Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale (HG The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury)
 * 29) *Lord Lieutenant of Shetland (Lindsay Tulloch)
 * 30) *Lord Lieutenant of Stirling and Falkirk (Alan Simpson)
 * 31) *Lord Lieutenant of Sutherland (Major-General Patrick Marriott)
 * 32) *Lord Lieutenant of The Stewartry of Kirkcudbright (The Rt Hon. The Lord Sinclair)
 * 33) *Lord Lieutenant of Tweeddale (Sir Hew Strachan)
 * 34) *Lord Lieutenant of the Western Isles (Iain Macaulay)
 * 35) *Lord Lieutenant of West Lothian (Moria Niven)
 * 36) *Lord Lieutenant of Wigtown (Aileen Brewis)
 * 37) The Provost
 * 38) The Deputy Provost
 * 39) Justices of the peace
 * 40) The Chief Constable

title: Order of precedence in Scotland


text:
Intra-species recognition

Intra-species recognition is the recognition by a member of a species of a conspecific (another member of the same species). In many species, such recognition is necessary for procreation.

Different species may employ different methods, but all of them are based on one or more senses (after all, this is how the organism gathers information about the environment). The recognition may happen by chemical signature (smell), by having a distinctive shape or color (sight), by emitting certain sounds (hearing), or even by behaviour patterns. Often a combination of these is used.

Among human beings, the sense of sight is usually in charge of recognizing other members of the same species, with maybe the subconscious help of smell. In particular, the human brain has a disproportionate amount of processing power dedicated to finely analyze the features of a human face. This is why we are able to distinguish almost all human beings from each other (barring look-alikes), and a human being from a similar species like some anthropomorphic ape, with only a quick glance.

Intra-species recognition systems are often subtle. For example, ornithologists have great difficulty in distinguishing the chiffchaff from the willow warbler by eye, and there is no evidence that the birds themselves can do so other than by the different songs of the male. Sometimes, intra-species recognition is fallible: in many species of frog, the males are commonly seen copulating with females of the wrong species or even with inanimate objects.

Heliconius charithonia displays intra-species recognition by roosting with conspecifics. They do this with the help of UV rhodopsins in the eye that help them distinguish between ultraviolet yellow pigments and regular yellow pigments. They have also been known to emit chemical cues in order to recognize members of their own species.

title: Intra-species recognition


text:
Whitefish Bay

Whitefish Bay is a large bay on the eastern end of Lake Superior between Michigan, United States, and Ontario, Canada. It is located between Whitefish Point in Michigan and Whiskey Point along the more rugged, largely wilderness Canadian Shield of Ontario. The international border runs through the bay, which is heavily used by shipping traffic northbound from and southbound to the Soo Locks.

The Whitefish Point Light marks the entry of the bay, Ile Parisienne Light is in the middle of the bay, and Gros Cap Reefs Light lies near the outlet of the bay and the approach to the Soo Locks at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.

Whitefish Point Lighthouse is the oldest active light on Lake Superior. Part of the lighthouse station houses the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. It holds artifacts from the shipwrecks listed below and has information on the notable wreck of SS Edmund Fitzgerald in 1975, in which all 29 crew were lost.

After the Soo Locks opened in 1855 and ship traffic increased on Lake Superior, Whitefish Bay was the site of numerous shipwrecks, often due to hazardous weather. The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve was established to preserve many of the shipwrecks of Whitefish Bay for future generations of sports divers. Known wrecks include the ships Comet, SS John B. Cowle (1902), Drake, SS Samuel Mather (1887),  Miztec, SS Myron, Niagara,  John M. Osborn, SS Sagamore (1892), SS Superior City, and SS Vienna (1873).

In Popular Culture
Whitefish Bay is included in the lyrics of singer/composer Gordon Lightfoot's memorial tribute, The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.

title: Whitefish Bay


text:
Saint Clair

Saint Clair (also spelled St. Clair or St Clair, and sometimes pronounced "Sinclair") may refer to:

Saints

 * Clair of Nantes (3rd century), first bishop of Nantes, the Saint named Clair
 * Clare of Assisi (1194–1253), source name for many "St. Clair" place names

Australia

 * St Clair, South Australia, a newer suburb of Adelaide
 * St Clair, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * Lake St Clair (Tasmania), a lake in the Central Highlands area of Tasmania

Canada

 * St. Clair, Ontario
 * St. Clair Beach, Ontario
 * St. Clair Carhouse, a former streetcar facility located in Toronto
 * St. Clair River
 * St. Clair station, a subway station located in Toronto
 * St. Clair West station, another subway station located in Toronto
 * St. Clair Avenue, located in Toronto
 * St. Clair College, located in Southwestern Ontario
 * St. Clair National Wildlife Area, located in Southwestern Ontario

France

 * Hérouville-Saint-Clair, in the Calvados département
 * Saint-Clair, Ardèche
 * Saint-Clair, Lot
 * Saint-Clair, Tarn-et-Garonne
 * Saint-Clair, Vienne
 * Saint-Clair-d'Arcey, in the Eure département
 * Saint-Clair-de-Halouze, in the Orne département
 * Saint-Clair-de-la-Tour, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Clair-du-Rhône, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, in the Val-d'Oise département
 * Saint-Clair-sur-Galaure, in the Isère département
 * Saint-Clair-sur-l'Elle, in the Manche département
 * Saint-Clair-sur-les-Monts, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Saint-Clair, a district of the commune of Le Lavandou, in the Var département

United States

 * St. Clair County, Alabama
 * Saint Clair, Georgia
 * St. Clair County, Illinois
 * St. Clair Township, Benton County, Iowa
 * St. Clair, Michigan
 * St. Clair Shores, Michigan
 * St. Clair, Minnesota
 * Saint Clair, Missouri
 * St. Clair County, Missouri
 * St. Clair, Pennsylvania, in Schuylkill County
 * St. Clair, Blair County, Pennsylvania
 * St. Clair (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of Pittsburgh
 * St. Clair Village, of the Pittsburgh Housing Authority
 * St. Clair Township (disambiguation)
 * Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania
 * Saint Clair, Tennessee

Other places

 * St Clair, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
 * St Clair, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin

Surname

 * Arthur St. Clair (1737–1818), U.S. revolutionary general
 * Blair St. Clair (born 1995), American drag queen
 * Bob St. Clair (1931–2015), sportsman
 * Earl St. Clair, American musician
 * Gairy St. Clair (born 1975), Australian boxer
 * Isla St Clair (born 1952), singer
 * James D. St. Clair (1920–2001), American lawyer
 * James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn (1762–1837), a Scottish soldier and politician
 * Jean Helen St. Clair Campbell, Girl Guide Chief Commissioner for the British Commonwealth
 * Jeffrey St. Clair (born 1959), editor
 * Lindi St Clair (born 1952), prostitute and political campaigner
 * Malcolm St. Clair (filmmaker) (1897–1952), film director, writer, producer, and actor
 * Malcolm St Clair (politician) (1927–2004), British Conservative Party politician
 * Margaret St. Clair (1911–1995), writer
 * Matthew St. Clair, American environmentalist
 * Richard St. Clair (born 1946), American composer and poet
 * Sally St. Clair (died 1782), a woman soldier in the American Revolution
 * Stuart St. Clair (born 1949), Australian lobbyist and politician
 * Terry St Clair (born 1951), British singer-songwriter
 * Veronica St. Clair (born 1994), American Actress.
 * William Saint-Clair (disambiguation)

Given name

 * St Clair Leacock, member of parliament in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * St. Clair Lee (1944–2011), singer and member of The Hues Corporation
 * St. Clair McKelway (1905–1980), writer and editor for The New Yorker magazine
 * St. Clair Smith (1889–1988), Justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court
 * Saint Clair Cemin (born 1951), Brazilian sculptor

Other

 * Saint-Clair (grape), another name for the French wine grape Saint-Pierre Doré
 * SS Ste. Claire
 * St. Clair, a predecessor of the Lake Cities (Amtrak train)
 * St. Clair Entertainment Group, a discount music distributor
 * St. Clair's Falls
 * St. Clair Winery

title: Saint Clair