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Welfare reform

Welfare reform is the process of proposing and adopting changes to a welfare system in order to improve the efficiency and administration of government assistance programs with the goal of enhancing equity and fairness for both welfare recipients and taxpayers. Reform programs have various aims: empowering individuals to help them become self-sufficient, ensuring the sustainability and solvency of various welfare programs, and/or promoting equitable distribution of resources. Welfare reform is constantly debated because of the varying opinions on a government's need to balance the imperatives of guaranteeing welfare benefits and promoting self-sufficiency.

Overview
From the 1970s, welfare systems came under greater scrutiny around the world. Demographic changes such as the post-war "baby boom" and the subsequent "baby bust", coupled with economic shifts such as the 1970 oil shocks, led to aging populations, a dwindling workforce, and increased dependency on social welfare systems, which inevitably brought up the issue of welfare reform. U.S. systems primarily focused on reducing poor single parents' need for welfare assistance through employment incentives. The U.K. focused primarily on reducing general unemployment through the U.K. New Deal introduced by the Labour Government in the 1990s. The Netherlands emphasized reforming disability programs, and Latin America focused primarily on pension reforms.

Politics of Welfare Reform
Classical liberals, libertarians, and conservatives generally argue that welfare and other tax-funded services reduce incentives to work, exacerbate the free-rider problem, and intensify poverty. On the other hand, social democrats and socialists generally criticize welfare reforms that minimize the public safety net and strengthens the capitalist economic system.

History
Many historians trace the beginnings of contemporary welfare in Europe and America to Germany's health insurance laws introduced in the late 19th century. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced government healthcare and approved the 1883 Health Insurance Act which was the first to introduce compulsory government-monitored health insurance. The German legislation ensured contributory retirement and disability benefits. Participation became mandatory. In the United States, the Great Depression led to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's introduction of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and the Social Security Program through the Social Security Act, which created a public welfare system to provide assistance to various dependent persons in need. This eventually evolved into the system we know today.

United States
In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson introduced pieces of legislation collectively known as the War on Poverty in response to a persistently high poverty rate of approximately 20%. This initiative funded welfare programs such as Social Security, Food Stamps, Job Corps, and Head Start. The War on Poverty included new federal programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, which provided seniors, low-income individuals, and other disadvantaged groups with health insurance. Furthermore, the U.S. Government began providing direct assistance to school districts, passed sweeping environmental protections, instituted urban renewal projects, furthered civil rights protections, and expanded funding for the arts and humanities.

President Richard Nixon's administration proposed the 1969 Family Assistance Plan, which instituted a work requirement for all welfare recipients except mothers with children under three years of age. This requirement was removed in 1972 amidst criticism from liberals that the plan provided too little support and having excessively stringent work requirements. Ultimately, the Nixon Administration presided over the continued expansion of welfare programs, however the Family Assistance Plan facilitated greater debate over the state of the welfare system and began the rhetoric for anti-welfare sentiment.

In 1981, President Ronald Reagan cut spending for the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and allowed states to require welfare recipients to participate in workfare programs. Charles Murray's book Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (1984) argued that the welfare state actually harms the poor, especially single-parent families, by making them increasingly dependent on the government, and discouraging them from working. Murray proposed that current welfare programs be replaced by short-term local programs.

In his 1992 campaign, Bill Clinton promised to “end welfare as we have come to know it.”

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act was crafted as a response to the perceived failings of AFDC Concerns about AFDC had started in the 1960s, at the same time when anti-poverty solutions and programs were being debated and created. Some of these concerns included that it: caused family dysfunction among the poor (especially among poor black families as a result of the Moynihan Report), discouraged marriage and promoted single-motherhood, and discouraged poor women from seeking employment by encouraging dependency on government aid. The 1980s concerns about the budget and spending on welfare also intensified with the growth of AFDC caseloads. Concerns about fraudulent welfare claims, dependency, and misuse by recipients created the stereotypical trope of the “welfare queen.” Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, growing public concern about out-of-wedlock births and teen pregnancy also fueled concern towards AFDC. Despite the public and political concerns, “sociologists, poverty analysts, and ethnographers have demonstrated that AFDC itself had little impact on women’s marital or childbearing decisions and the program acted for most recipients as a supplement to earnings or as a temporary source of support between periods of employment.”

In addition to public and political perception of welfare, also important to welfare reform is the drastic change in women's labor market participation since ADC was first enacted. By the 1990s it was more common for women to engage in waged work, and this change contributed to the expectation that women receiving welfare should be required to do work outside the home. The economic and social context of the labor market had changed as well. Jobs that provided a steady and livable family wage had declined over the decades, the growth and expansion of the low-wage labor market had created jobs that provided little economic security or chance for upward economic mobility. The idea of the “work-first” approach to work requirements prioritized getting recipients to quickly enter the job market, with the work programs offered focusing on job readiness and immediate job placement at the first available job. These concerns about the women receiving AFDC and the impact of the program on marriage and motherhood, as well as the increased demand for low-wage, low-skilled workers in the job market and the expectation for women to participate in the labor-market provide the context for the 1996 welfare reform act.

The 1996 PRWORA ended AFDC and replaced it with Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. The most significant change from AFDC to TANF is the end to an individual entitlement for poor families to receive federal aid. This signified that no one could “make a legally enforceable claim for assistance just because they were poor.”

New Deal
In recent years reform of the welfare system in Britain began with the introduction of the New Deal programme introduced by the Labour government in 1997. The aim of this programme was to increase employment through requiring that recipients make serious efforts to seek employment. The Labour Party also introduced a system of tax credits for low-income workers.

Welfare Reform Act 2007
The Welfare Reform Act 2007 provides for "an employment and support allowance, a contributory allowance, [and] an income-based allowance". The objectives of the Welfare Reform Act of 2007 were to increase the employment rate to 80% from 75%, to assist 300,000 single parents find employment, to increase the number of workers over 50 by 1 million, and to reduce the number of people claiming incapacity benefits by 2 million.

Welfare Reform Act 2009
This welfare reform proposed an increase of personal responsibility within the welfare system. The reform eliminated Income support, and allocated funds over to the Jobseeker's allowance, to encourage employment. It also encouraged increased parental responsibility by amending child support laws, and requiring births be registered jointly by both parents.

Welfare Reform Act 2012
This welfare reform proposed changes to the Housing Benefit, which reduced the benefit paid to recipients depending on the size of their living space. This act got the nickname of the “Bedroom Tax.” from the media. It was stated that similarly to other welfare reforms, this act would reduce welfare dependency.

France
Beginning in the mid-1970s, a deficit in the social insurance program began to appear. The deficit saw peaks at 27.75% of the social insurance budget in 1992. This led to a major push by the government to cut back spending in the welfare program. By the end of the 1990s the deficit had been almost completely eradicated. The often large deficits that the program has endured has led to a tremendous amount of opposition to the program as it stands.

In February 2020, a pension overhaul was adopted by decree using Article 49 of the French constitution.

Brazil
During the 2015–2018 Brazilian economic crisis, there has been both economic and political turmoil. President Dilma Rousseff, who was later impeached and replaced by President Michel Temer, strived to expand the social welfare program Bolsa Família instated by her predecessor Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. As a social-democrat, Rousseff pledged that "Brazil will continue to grow, with social inclusion and mobility." When Michel Temer took office, to cope with the severe economic recession, he proposed social welfare reforms to change labor rules and the social security pension system. Temer's plan included limiting pension benefits and raising the retirement age in order to save money and fix the economy. Additionally, under his reform, companies have greater power to require longer work days and use part-time workers. In response to this reform, labor unions, rural workers, and government employees held protests all over Brazil. The vote to approve the pension reform was first suspended until February 2018, and now has been further postponed as a campaign issue in this year's election. Temer's critics believe that the reason for the postponed reform is its vast public disapproval.

India
India has taken substantial strides toward dramatically reforming its welfare architecture over the last five years especially, ranging from direct benefit transfers (DBT), Ayushman Bharat, income support (PM-Kisan), and the implementation of the 14th Finance Commission recommendations. However, crucial unanswered and hotly debated concerns regarding the welfare state's architecture lie under these changes. The issues are concentrated on centralisation and the ability of different levels of government to deliver. The new government's welfare policy would inevitably have to address these issues, as well as the opportunities and threats they raise. The new government's ability to manage this complexity would decide its ability to provide high-quality public services to India's poorest citizens. But the trend of introducing welfare reforms has not been introduced lately as some schemes were brought into action since the 1960s. Hence, giving an insight in India's historical background of welfare schemes is essential to form the base layer for further examples.

India’s Banks Nationalised
Indira Gandhi, who was both Prime Minister and Finance Minister in charge, agreed to nationalise 14 of the country's largest private banks on July 19, 1969. In 1955, with Imperial Bank having already been nationalised and renamed State Bank of India, this decision in 1969, effectively placed 80 percent of banking assets under state control. Nationalization of banks was defined as the "single most significant economic decision taken by any government since 1947" in the third volume of the Reserve Bank of India's history. The aim of nationalising banks was to align the banking sector with the Indian government's post-independence socialist goals. According to the RBI's records, the proposal to nationalise banks and insurance companies was first proposed in a report by the All India Congress Committee in 1948.

Nationalization of banks is perhaps the most significant systemic change in the financial sector in India's post-independence period. Bank nationalisation, according to the second volume of the Reserve Bank of India's official history, after 1947, was the single most critical economic policy decision made by any government. After 1967, banks were not lending to agriculture nor lending enough to industries making these sectors face heavy crisis. There has long been a perception that Indian banks are unwilling to lend money especially to agriculture sector. Furthermore, since private banks were controlled by large industrialists, they often ended up lending to themselves. The top bank directors have held directorships in a variety of other sectors, creating a conflict of interest.

Aside from political and economic considerations, there were also banking considerations. Some included, examining the escalating economic crisis that afflicted the 1960s. Removing the few's monopoly in the banking sector. Ensuring adequate credit for agriculture, small businesses, and exports. Professionalizing the banking sector's management. Encouraging new business owners and enhancing and developing India's rural areas. This action resulted in a significant rise in bank deposits and investment and this transition had a long-term effect on the success of small-scale industries and agriculture. It has also resulted in increased bank penetration in rural India.

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched this financial inclusion programme in the year 2014 as his welcome move. It aims at laying the groundwork for the construction of the infrastructure needed to implement direct cash transfers across the region. The Jan Dhan Yojana, which pledges each Indian household a bank account, insurance coverage, and overdraft facility over the next two years, would finally give the government the opportunity to implement a universal basic income transfer to all people, reshaping the country's leaky affluent economy and even the dysfunctional welfare system. Until now, the scheme hasn't proved much beneficial in organising the welfare system of India and the country still awaits it advantages.

Technology, income support, citizens and bureaucracy
For the last decade, technology has been at the forefront of the welfare reform project. When the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) first came to power in 2014, it adopted Aadhar (national document) and DBT (direct benefit transfers) systems (effort and rapid progress) and just 28 schemes used DBT to pass funds in March 2014 but by May 2019, it has risen to over 400. With the introduction of PM-Kisan in January 2019, India made its first national attempt to implement a basic income support programme using the DBT architecture. However, putting too much emphasis on technology to enforce DBT has revealed three major flaws in the system: the last-mile challenge, a lack of reliable data to identify beneficiaries, and citizen alienation.

The desire to reduce payment leakage and increase performance is a key reason for scaling DBT and shifting toward direct cash transfers by income support programmes. In arguing for a Universal Basic Income (UBI), the 2017 Economic Survey claimed that income transfers have the ability to reduce bureaucratic layers by transferring money directly into beneficiary accounts. This will minimise corruption by reducing discretion and simplifying monitoring. Recent research, however, show that having the DBT architecture correct necessitates substantial bureaucratic interference, rather than reducing it. Local bureaucrats are important to DBT, from opening accounts to fostering financial literacy and facilitating bank transactions.

Recent research, however, show that having the DBT architecture correct necessitates substantial bureaucratic interference, rather than reducing it. Local bureaucrats are important to DBT, from opening accounts to fostering financial literacy and facilitating bank transactions. Muralidharan et al. recently completed a Niti Aayog-commissioned process monitoring exercise by using DBT to access the Public Distribution System scheme in three Union Territories (Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Puducherry). Muralidharan et al. discovered that 20% of beneficiaries acknowledged not receiving payment, despite official records indicating a transfer rate of failure of less than 1%. The study attributes the difference to a lack of beneficiary awareness and knowledge of transactions, as well as administrative problems such as amount paid into bank accounts that recipients may not have access to, or processing errors.

However, once a new welfare reform system in inculcated into the system, it faces a lot of challenges and as by its very nature, technology produces centralised networks that are distant and perplexing for average people, in ways similar to the unpleasant daily interactions readers of this document have had with call centre agents. When citizens' rights are denied, digital welfare programmes run the risk of closing off spaces for citizens to petition, protest, and seek transparency and the point being made here is not to argue against efficiency of administration. Therefore, a balance must be struck between centralised power for performance and decentralised, citizen-centric governance for responsiveness.

Canada
In 1945, the White Paper on Employment and Income was introduced by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. At this time, King had already begun to change and remove many of the previous policies for state intervention that were established during the world war periods. This paper focused on a new Keynesian approach to economic management, such as full employment and high income. Full employment was to be mainly achieved through assistance to private enterprises. In this regard, King deviated from the idea of expanding welfare measures and wanted to instead focus on liberal corporatism. However, despite this new approach, the King government did eventually go on to expand some social insurance and health measures.

Between 1951 and 1952 there were several key welfare reforms in Canada. Under then Prime Minister, Louis St. Laurent, an amendment to the Indian Act was made in 1951, to allow Indigenous people to apply for provincial social welfare for the first time. This permitted Indigenous people to collect cash benefits. However, these changes to the Indian Act also gave more powers to the provinces over the lives of Indigenous people. Under this amendment, the provinces were permitted to take Indigenous children under their care which facilitated the beginning of a period in the 1960s where many Indigenous children were forcibly taken from their homes and enrolled into residential schools, or placed with other families. Prime Minister St. Laurent also adopted universal old-age pensions for Canadians over 70, and means-test old age security for Canadians between 65 and 70 in the period of 1951 to 1952. In 1956, the Unemployment Assistance Act was also adopted under St. Laurent due to increasing pressure from the provinces over high unemployment rates.

During the beginning of the 1960s, the country saw the introduction of three key pieces of legislation of the modern Canadian welfare state. In 1964, under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, the National Housing Act was amended significantly to allow for federal loans to the provinces for the establishment of public housing, up to 90% of the cost of construction. Following this development, in 1965 the Canada Pension Plan and Quebec Pension Plan were established as a national compulsory contributory pension plan. In 1966, the Canada Assistance Plan was made to merge the Unemployment Assistance Act with other assistance plans such as those for the physically disabled and single parents. The Canadian Assistance plan also established a federal cost-sharing mechanism for social service such as a national healthcare system. The provinces became responsible for administering the new national healthcare systems within their own jurisdictions.

In 1971, under the government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Unemployment Insurance coverage was expanded to an extent that it became almost universal. At this point, the only people who were excluded from coverage were the self-employed, people over the age of 70, and people who did not earn the minimum weekly earnings of 20% of the maximum weekly insurable earnings. One of the main goals was to "provide adequate income support for all persons experiencing temporary earnings interruptions". This new amendment liberalized the former system. The National Housing Act was also expanded under Trudeau to cover co-operative and non-profit assistance. In 1978, for the first time the tax system was also used to provide Canadians with a child tax credit.

The 1970s in Canada saw economic stagnation and rising inflation. This led to a new conservative political approach that rejected the former Keynesian beliefs held by Prime Ministers such as Mackenzie King. This decade favoured politicians who promised decreasing government expenditure on social programs. During this time unemployment was used strategically to reduce wage increases and inflation. In 1977, the Established Programs Financing and Fiscal Arrangements Act "replaced the previous federal–provincial cost-sharing arrangements, which were conditional grants, with a formula that increased federal contributions to provincial programs according to increases in gross national product". Arguably this decade saw the beginning of the decline of the Canadian welfare state.

In 1989 the federal Family Allowance was terminated. As a result of similar measures such as reductions and terminations of welfare programs, the 1980s and 1990s saw a rise in charity based institutions such as food banks and emergency shelters. This was due to the lack of government-funded facilities, and the growth of unemployment and housing costs.

In 1995, under the government of Jean Chrétien, the Canada Assistance Plan was terminated. It was a federal-provincial cost sharing agreement. In 1996 it was replaced by the Canada Health and Social Transfer which provided funds to provinces and territories to support health care, post-secondary education, social assistance and social services. The Canada Health and Social Transfer "was a combination of the 1977 tax transfer and a cash transfer, and the total was allocated on an equal per capita basis". Following the adoption of this plan, many provinces adopted workfare policies which placed pressure on those who were deemed employable to find employment and leave welfare. This included single parents and people with addictions. In keeping with the trend of this decade, the federal government also raised the requirements for unemployment insurance to require 30% more hours worked to qualify.

In 1997, the Social Union Framework Agreement was signed by the Federal government and every province except Québec. This agreement helped to increase funds once again in the areas of health care, social assistance, and social services under a neo-liberalt approach.

Prime Minister Stephen Harper focused his welfare policies mainly on reducing the public service and supporting families. To achieve this, in 2006 Harper passed the Universal Child Care Benefit. This benefit provided $100 a month per child to households caring for a child under the age of six. This program is similar to the previous Family Allowance that was terminated.

In 2022, under the current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the federal government finalized an agreement with all the provinces and one territory for a publicly funded, Canada-wide system of childcare. Trudeau promised to deliver $10 a day daycare for families in Canada.

Netherlands
In 2023, the Future Pensions Act came into effect revising the Dutch pension system.

title: Welfare reform


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Boca Juniors

Club Atlético Boca Juniors, more commonly referred to as simply Boca Juniors, is an Argentine professional sports club based in La Boca, a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. The club is best known for its men's professional football team which, since its promotion in 1913, has always played in the Argentine Primera División. The team has won 74 official titles, the most by any Argentine club. National titles won by Boca Juniors include 35 Primera División championships, and 17 domestic cups. Boca Juniors also owns an honorary title awarded by the Argentine Football Association for their successful tour of Europe in 1925.

Internationally, Boca Juniors has won 22 major titles,  with 18 organised by CONMEBOL and the rest organised jointly by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations. Consequently, Boca is ranked third in the world in terms of number of complete international titles, after Real Madrid (33) and Egyptian side Al Ahly (26). Boca Juniors' international achievements also include one Tie Cup, one Copa de Honor Cousenier, and two Copa Escobar-Gerona, organized jointly by AFA and AUF together. Their success usually has the Boca Juniors ranked among the IFFHS's Club World Ranking Top 25, which they have reached the top position six times (mostly during the coaching tenure of Carlos Bianchi). Boca was named by the IFFHS as the top South American club of the first decade of the 21st century (2001–2010). It was designated by FIFA as the joint twelfth-best Club of the Century, in December 2000, occupying the same place as Liverpool of England, Internazionale of Italy, and Benfica of Portugal, among others.

Boca Juniors has a fierce rivalry with River Plate, and matches between them are known as the Superclásico. It is the most heated rivalry in Argentina and one of the biggest in the world, as the clubs are the two most popular in the country. Boca's home stadium is the Estadio Alberto J. Armando, better known colloquially as La Bombonera. The youth academy has produced many Argentine internationals who have played or are playing for top European clubs, such as Oscar Ruggeri, Sebastián Battaglia, Nicolás Burdisso, Carlos Tevez, Éver Banega, Fernando Gago, Leandro Paredes, and Nahuel Molina.

In addition to men's football, Boca Juniors has professional women's football and basketball teams. Other (amateur) activities held in the club are: bocce, boxing, chess, field hockey, futsal, artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, handball, martial arts (judo, karate, and taekwondo), swimming, volleyball, weightlifting, and wrestling. As of January 2023, Boca Juniors ranked first among the clubs with the most members in Argentina, with 315,879.

History
On 3 April 1905, a group of Greek and Italian boys (more specifically from Genoa) met in order to find a club. The house where the meeting was arranged was Esteban Baglietto's and the other four people who attended were Alfredo Scarpatti, Santiago Sana and brothers Ioannis (Juan) and Theodoros (Teodoro) Farengas from Chios and Konstantinos Karoulias from Samos. Other important founding members include Arturo Penney, Marcelino Vergara, Luis Cerezo, Adolfo Taggio, Giovanelli, Donato Abbatángelo, and Bertolini.

In 1913, Boca was promoted to Primera División after some previous failed attempts. This was possible when the Argentine Association decided to increase the number of teams in the league from 6 to 15.

In 1925, Boca made its first trip to Europe to play in Spain, Germany and France. The squad played a total of 19 games, winning 15 of them. For that reason Boca was declared "Campeón de Honor" (Champion of Honour) by the Association.

During successive years, Boca consolidated as one of the most popular teams of Argentina, with a huge number of fans not only in the country but worldwide.

Kit and badge
According to the club's official site, the original jersey colour was a white shirt with thin black vertical stripes, being then replaced by a light blue shirt and then another striped jersey before adopting the definitive blue and gold. Nevertheless, another version states that Boca Juniors' first jersey was pink, although it has been questioned by some journalists and historians who state that Boca, most probably, never wore a pink jersey, by pointing out the lack of any solid evidence and how this version stems from, and is only supported on, flawed testimonies.

Legend has it that in 1906, Boca played Nottingham de Almagro. Both teams wore such similar shirts that the match was played to decide which team would get to keep it. Boca lost, and decided to adopt the colors of the flag of the first boat to sail into the port at La Boca. This proved to be a Swedish ship, therefore the yellow and blue of the Swedish flag were adopted as the new team colours. The first version had a yellow diagonal band, which was later changed to a horizontal stripe.

Through Boca Juniors history, the club has worn some alternate "rare" models, such as the AC Milan shirt in a match versus Universidad de Chile (whose uniform was also blue) in the 1963 Copa Libertadores. When Nike became official kit provider in 1996, the first model by the company introduced two thin white stripes surrounding the gold band, causing some controversy. The brand also introduced a silver jersey designed exclusively for the 1998 Copa Mercosur. For the 100th anniversary of the club, Nike launched commemorative editions of several models worn by the club since its foundation, including a version of the 1907 shirt with the diagonal sash, which was worn in two matches during the 2005 Torneo de Verano (Summer Championship). Other models were a black and white striped jersey (similar to Juventus FC) and a purple model, worn in the 2012 and 2013 "Torneos de Verano," respectively.

Nevertheless, no shirt caused more controversy than the pink model released as the away jersey for the 2013–14 season, which was widely rejected by the fans. Because of that, the introduction of this model (to be initially worn v. Rosario Central) was delayed until the last fixture when Boca played Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP). As a replacement for the pink model, Nike designed a fluorescent yellow shirt launched that same season.

In 2016, the club wore a black jersey for the first time in its history, originally launched as the third kit. Although the President of the club, Daniel Angelici, had stated that the black kit would never be worn, the kit debuted in a match v. Tigre, only four days after the announcement.

Adidas is the club's current kit supplier since January 2020. The agreement (which will remain in force until 2029) was signed for US $10,069,000 plus 40% in royalties per year for the club.

Kit evolution
Uniforms worn by the team through its history:
 * Notes

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

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Badge
The club has had five different designs for its badge during its history, although its outline has remained unchanged through most of its history. The first known emblem dates from 1911, appearing on the club's letterhead papers. In October 1932, the club stated that one star would be added to the badge for each Primera División title won. Nevertheless, the stars would not appear until 1943, on a Report and Balance Sheet.

A version with laurel leaves appeared in a magazine in 1955 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the club, although the club never used it officially.

The emblem with the stars was announced in 1932, but it has regularly appeared on Boca Juniors uniforms since 1993.

In 1996, the Ronald Shakespear Studio introduced a new badge (with the horizontal band suppressed) as part of a visual identity for the club. The new Boca Juniors image also featured new typography and style.

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Stadium
Boca Juniors used several locations before settling on their current ground on Brandsen. Club's first ground was in Dársena Sur of the old Buenos Aires port (currently Puerto Madero) but it was vacated in 1907 as it failed to meet the minimum league requirements. Boca Juniors then used three grounds in the Isla Demarchi area between 1908 and 1912. In the first year in the Primera Division (1913) the club hadn't an own stadium and played the home games in the pitches of the other teams, likely in Estudiantes de Buenos Aires in Palermo (on Figueroa Alcorta y Dorrego), but also in Avellaneda (first official derby against the River). Between 1914 and 1915, the club moved away from La Boca for the second time in its history (beyond the 1913), moving to Wilde in the Avellaneda Partido of the Greater Buenos Aires but a relatively poor season and poor attendances in 1915 forced the club to move back to La Boca.

On 25 May 1916, Boca Juniors opened its new stadium at the intersection of Ministro Brin and Senguel streets, playing there until 1924 when the club moved to Brandsen and Del Crucero (Del Valle Iberlucea nowadays) streets, to build a new stadium there, which lasted until 1938 when the club decided to build a totally new venue, made of concrete grandstand instead of wood.

Building of Boca Juniors' current stadium began in 1938, under the supervision of Engineer José L. Delpini. Boca played its home matches in Ferro Carril Oeste's Estadio Ricardo Etcheverry in Caballito until it was completed on 25 May 1940. A third level was added in 1953, originating then its nickname La Bombonera ('The Chocolate Box'). The stand opposite the Casa Amarilla railway platforms remained mostly undeveloped until 1996, when it was upgraded with new balconies and quite expensive VIP boxes. Three sides of the Bombonera are thus made up of traditional sloping stadium stands, but the fourth side was built vertically, with several seating areas stacked one on top of the other, the only way that makes it stand into the club premises.

La Bombonera is known for vibrating when Boca fans (La 12) jump in rhythm; in particular, the unique vertical side will sway slightly, leading to the phrase, "La Bombonera no tiembla. Late" (The Bombonera does not tremble. It beats)

La Bombonera currently has a capacity of around 54,000. The club's popularity make tickets hard to come by, especially for the Superclásico game against River Plate. There are further improvements planned for the stadium, including measures to ease crowd congestion, use of new technology and improved corporate facilities.

Apart from the venues listed, Boca Juniors also played its home games at Estudiantes de Buenos Aires's stadium (in 1913, then located on Figueroa Alcorta Avenue) and Ferro Carril Oeste stadium (1938–40, while La Bombonera was under construction).

 * Notes

Supporters

Boca Juniors is traditionally regarded as the club of Argentina's working class, in contrast with the supposedly more upper-class base of cross-town arch rival Club Atlético River Plate.

Boca Juniors claims to be the club of "half plus one" (la mitad más uno) of Argentina's population, but a 2006 survey placed its following at 40%, still the largest share. They have the highest number of fans, as judged by percentage in their country.

As of early 2023 Boca has a 314,000 member base, which ranks second only to Bayern Munich worldwide, and it is first in Argentina and also first in South America.

The Boca-River Superclásico rivalry is one of the most thrilling derbies in the world. Out of their 338 previous meetings, Boca have won 126, River have won 107 and there have been 105 draws. After each match (except draws), street signs cover Buenos Aires at fans' own expense, "ribbing" the losing side with humorous posters. This has become part of Buenos Aires culture ever since a Boca winning streak in the 1990s.

In 1975, a film (La Raulito) was made about the life of Mary Esher Duffau, known as La Raulito, a well-known Boca Juniors fan. She died at the age of 74 on 30 April 2008, the same day Boca Juniors played a Copa Libertadores match against Brazilian club, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube with the players and fans observing a minute's silence in her memory.

Nicknames
Boca fans are known as Los Xeneizes (the Genoese) after the Genoese immigrants who founded the team and lived in La Boca in the early 20th century.

Many rival fans in Argentina refer to the Boca Juniors' fans as Los Bosteros (the manure handlers), originating from the horse manure used in the brick factory which occupied the ground where La Bombonera stands. Originally an insult used by rivals, Boca fans are now proud of it.

Reflecting the team's colors, Boca's shirt is also called la azul y oro (the blue and gold).

There is also a society which dedicates all of its activities to supporting the team known as la número 12 or la doce (player number doce or 12, meaning "the 12th player"). The origin of the group dates back to 1925, when the Boca Juniors fanatic "Toto" Caffarena accompanied the team during a tournament in Europe in 1925. From then on, he was considered the "twelfth player", hence the name "La doce". The ultra organization is similar to other "barra brava" gangs associated with football clubs in Argentina. Illegal activities by La doce include assault, drug sales and trafficking, extortion, and murder. La doce finances its activities by selling parking, reselling club tickets, and extorting commissions from the sale of players. La doce also extorts Boca Juniors for transportation to domestic and international events as well as their means of financing their activities. If their demands are not met, they threaten violence at home matches or to take down club officials.

The naming of "La 12" (the twelfth player), by which Boca Juniors' fans became known, dates back to the year 1925, during the European tour they made that year. At that time, the team was accompanied by a Boca fan called Victoriano Caffarena, who belonged to a wealthy family and funded part of the tour. During that tour he helped the team in everything, thus establishing a strong relationship with the players, so they named him "Player No. 12". When they returned to Argentina, Caffarena was as well known as the players themselves. Nowadays, this nickname is used primarily to name their group of supporters, known as "La 12".

International
Peñas (fan clubs) exist in a number of Argentine cities and abroad in countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Spain, Israel and Japan. Boca Juniors are particularly popular in Japan, because of the club's success in the early 2000s at the Intercontinental Cup held in Japan. Elsewhere internationally, fans are drawn to Boca by the club's international titles and by the success of Boca players who went on to play in European football such as Hugo Ibarra, Rodolfo Arruabarrena, Diego Cagna, Enzo Ferrero, Roberto Abbondanzieri, Nicolás Burdisso, Fernando Gago, Diego Maradona, Claudio Caniggia, Gabriel Batistuta, Juan Román Riquelme and Carlos Tevez.

Boca has fans throughout Latin America and also in parts of the United States where there has been Latin immigration. In July 2007, after the club had toured pre-season, it was reported that the club was considering the possibility of creating a Boca Juniors USA team to compete in Major League Soccer.

Rivalries
Boca Juniors has had a long-standing rivalry with River Plate. The Superclásico is known worldwide as one of world football's fiercest and most important rivalries. It is particularly noted for the passion of the fans, the stands of both teams feature fireworks, coloured confetti, flags and rolls of paper. Both sets of supporters sing passionate songs (often based on popular Argentine rock band tunes) against their rivals, and the stadiums are known to bounce with the simultaneous jumping of the fans. Sometimes the games have been known to end in riots between the hardest supporters of both sides or against the police. The English newspaper The Observer put the Superclásico (played at La Bombonera) at the top of their list of 50 sporting things you must do before you die.

The two clubs both have origins in the poor riverside area of Buenos Aires known as La Boca. River however moved to the more affluent district of Núñez in the north of the city in 1923.

Boca Juniors and River Plate have played 259 official games all time against each other, with Boca winning 91, River winning 85 and 83 draws.

This intense rivalry has not stopped players from playing for both clubs, most notably José Manuel Moreno, Hugo Orlando Gatti, Alberto Tarantini, Oscar Ruggeri, Julio Olarticoechea, Carlos Tapia, Gabriel Batistuta and Claudio Caniggia.

Reserves and Academy
For the reserve and academy squads, see Boca Juniors Reserves and Academy

Most goals

Last updated on: 31 July 2023 – Los 10 máximos goleadores at historiadeboca.com.ar

Most appearances

Last updated on: 31 July 2023 – Top 10 most appearances of all time at historiadeboca.com.ar

Notable players

 * This section lists players who have appeared in least 100 matches or scored at least 35 goals for the club.

1905–1930s

 * Máximo Pieralini (1909–18)
 * 🇦🇷 Francisco Taggino (1910–15)
 * 🇦🇷 Pedro Calomino (1911–13; 1915–24)
 * 🇦🇷 Enrique Bertolini (1912–23)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Elli (1916–28)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Garasini (1916–28)
 * 🇦🇷 Américo Tesoriere (1916–27)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Bozzo (1918–23)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Busso (1918–27)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Cerroti (1920–29)
 * 🇦🇷 Ramón Muttis (1923–32)
 * 🇦🇷 Ludovico Bidoglio (1922–31)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Médici (1922–31)
 * 🇦🇷 Domingo Tarasconi (1922–32)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Cherro (1926–35)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Evaristo (1926–31)
 * 🇦🇷 Estaban Kuko (1926–33)
 * 🇦🇷 Gerardo Moreyras (1927–33)
 * 🇦🇷 Donato Penella (1928–32)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Alberino (1929–34)
 * 🇦🇷 Pedro Arico Suárez (1929–42)

1930s–1970s

 * 🇦🇷 Francisco Varallo (1931–39)
 * Delfín Benítez Cáceres (1932–38)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Yustrich (1932–37)
 * 🇦🇷 José Manuel Marante (1934–38; 1940–50)
 * 🇦🇷 Ernesto Lazzatti (1934–47)
 * 🇦🇷 Víctor Valussi (1935–36; 1938–45)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Alberto Estrada (1938–43)
 * 🇦🇷 Claudio Vacca (1938–40; 1942–50)
 * 🇦🇷 Segundo Gregorio Ibáñez (1939–42)
 * 🇦🇷 Jaime Sarlanga (1940–48)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Boyé (1941–49; 1955)
 * 🇦🇷 Pío Corcuera (1941–48)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Sosa (1941–51)
 * 🇦🇷 Natalio Pescia (1942–56)
 * Severino Varela (1943–45)
 * 🇦🇷 Obdulio Diano (1944–53)
 * 🇦🇷 Rodolfo Dezorzi (1945–48)
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Raúl Otero (1948–56)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcos Busico (1949–54)
 * 🇦🇷 Herminio Antonio González (1949–54; 1956–59)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Carlos Colman (1950–57)
 * 🇦🇷 José Borello (1951–58)
 * 🇦🇷 Federico Roberto Edwards (1951–59)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Francisco Lombardo (1952–60)
 * 🇦🇷 Eliseo Mouriño (1953–60)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Musimessi (1953–59)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Rattín (1956–70)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan José Rodríguez (1956–62; 1964)
 * 🇦🇷 Osvaldo Nardiello (1958–62)
 * 🇦🇷 Ernesto Grillo (1960–66)
 * 🇦🇷 Silvio Marzolini (1960–72)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Roma (1960–72)
 * 🇧🇷 Heleno de Freitas (1948–49)
 * 🇧🇷 Paulo Valentim (1960–64)
 * 🇧🇷 Almir Pernambuquinho (1961–62)
 * 🇧🇷 Orlando (1961–65)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Mario González (1962–68)
 * 🇦🇷 Norberto Menéndez (1962–67)
 * 🇦🇷 José María Silvero (1962–66)
 * 🇦🇷 Carmelo Simeone (1962–67)
 * 🇦🇷 Ángel Clemente Rojas (1963–71)
 * Alcides Silveira (1963–68)
 * 🇦🇷 Óscar Pianetti (1964–71)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Rojas (1964–68)
 * 🇦🇷 Norberto Madurga (1966–71)
 * 🇮🇹 Nicolás Novello (1966–72; 1974)
 * 🇦🇷 Armando Ovide (1966–76)
 * 🇦🇷 Ramón Héctor Ponce (1966–74)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Nicolau (1967–72; 1974–75)
 * 🇦🇷 Rubén Omar Sánchez (1967–75)
 * 🇦🇷 Rubén Suñé (1967–72; 1976–80)
 * 🇵🇪 Julio Meléndez (1968–72)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Rogel (1968–75)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Coch (1969–71; 1980)
 * Orlando José Medina (1969–72)
 * 🇦🇷 Rubén Peracca (1969–73)

1970s–1990s

 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Curioni (1970–73)
 * 🇦🇷 Enzo Ferrero (1971–75)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Mouzo (1971–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Osvaldo Potente (1971–75; 1979–80)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge José Benítez (1973–83)
 * 🇦🇷 Vicente Pernía (1973–81)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Tarantini (1973–77)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Trobbiani (1973–76; 1981–82)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos García Cambón (1974–77)
 * 🇦🇷 Abel Alves (1975–83)
 * 🇦🇷 Darío Felman (1975–78)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Gatti (1976–88)
 * 🇦🇷 Ernesto Mastrangelo (1976–81)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Ribolzi (1976–78, 1980–81)
 * 🇦🇷 Francisco Sá (1976–81)
 * 🇦🇷 José María Suárez (1976–82)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Veglio (1976–78; 1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Zanabria (1976–80)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Alves (1977–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Perotti (1977–82; 1982–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Córdoba (1978–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Gareca (1978–80; 1982–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Oscar Ruggeri (1980–84)
 * Ariel Krasouski (1981–85; 1986–88)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Maradona (1981–82; 1995–97)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Passucci (1981–86)
 * 🇦🇷 Fabián Carrizo (1983–90; 1994–96)
 * 🇦🇷 Ivar Stafuza (1983–91)
 * 🇦🇷 Luis Abramovich (1985–92)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Graciani (1985–91; 1993–94)
 * 🇦🇷 Enrique Hrabina (1985–91)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Daniel Tapia (1985–94)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Comas (1986–89)
 * 🇦🇷 José Luis Cuciuffo (1987–90)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Latorre (1987–92; 1996–98)
 * 🇦🇷 José Luis Villarreal (1987–93)
 * 🇨🇴 Carlos Navarro Montoya (1988–96)
 * 🇦🇷 Walter Pico (1988–92; 1994–96)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Simón (1988–94)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Soñora (1988–95)
 * 🇦🇷 Blas Giunta (1989–93; 1995–97)
 * 🇦🇷 Víctor Hugo Marchesini (1989–93)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Moya (1989–94)

1990s–2000s

 * 🇦🇷 Luis Carranza (1992–95)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Mac Allister (1992–96)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Márcico (1992–95)
 * Sergio Martínez (1992–97)
 * 🇦🇷 Rodolfo Arruabarrena (1993–00)
 * 🇦🇷 Néstor Fabbri (1994–98)
 * 🇦🇷 Claudio Paul Caniggia (1995–98)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Cagna (1995–98; 2003–05)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Román Riquelme (1995–02; 2007–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Aníbal Matellán (1996–01; 2004–05)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Abbondanzieri (1997–06; 2009–10)
 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Barros Schelotto (1997–07)
 * 🇦🇷 José Basualdo (1997; 1998–00)
 * 🇨🇴 Jorge Bermúdez (1997–02)
 * 🇨🇴 Óscar Córdoba (1997–01)
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Palermo (1997–00; 2004–11)
 * 🇦🇷 Walter Samuel (1997–00)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Traverso (1997–02; 2004–05)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Barijho (1998–02; 2003–04)
 * 🇨🇴 Mauricio Serna (1998–02)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Ibarra (1998–01; 2002–03; 2007–10)
 * 🇦🇷 Sebastián Battaglia (1998–03; 2005–13)
 * 🇦🇷 Nicolás Burdisso (1999–04)

2000s–
Source:

 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Delgado (2000–03; 2005–06)
 * 🇦🇷 José María Calvo (2000–06; 2008–11)
 * 🇦🇷 Clemente Rodríguez (2001–04; 2007; 2010–13)
 * 🇦🇷 Rolando Schiavi (2001–05; 2011–12)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Tevez (2001–04; 2015–16; 2018–21)
 * 🇦🇷 Raúl Alfredo Cascini (2002–05)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Ledesma (2003–08; 2012–14)
 * 🇨🇴 Fabián Vargas (2003–06; 2007–09)
 * 🇦🇷 Neri Cardozo (2004–08)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Gago (2004–07; 2013–18)
 * Claudio Morel Rodríguez (2004–10)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Chávez (2005–13)
 * 🇦🇷 Daniel Díaz (2005–07; 2013–16)
 * 🇦🇷 Rodrigo Palacio (2005–09)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Mouche (2006–12)
 * 🇦🇷 Facundo Roncaglia (2007–12; 2022–23)
 * 🇦🇷 Lucas Viatri (2007–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Nicolás Colazo (2008–16)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Erbes (2009–16)
 * Gary Medel (2009–2011)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Insaurralde (2010–12; 2016–18)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Sánchez Miño (2010–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Walter Erviti (2011–13)
 * 🇦🇷 Agustín Orion (2011–16)
 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Fernández (2012–15; 2020; 2022–)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Pavón (2014–22)
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Pérez (2015–18)
 * 🇦🇷 Darío Benedetto (2016–19; 2022–)
 * 🇨🇴 Frank Fabra (2016–)
 * 🇦🇷 Leonardo Jara (2016–21)
 * 🇦🇷 Agustín Rossi (2017–23)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Buffarini (2018–21)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Izquierdoz (2018–22)
 * 🇨🇴 Sebastián Villa (2018–23)
 * 🇨🇴 Jorman Campuzano (2019–)
 * 🇮🇹 Daniele De Rossi (2019–2020)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Medina (2020–)
 * 🇦🇷 Alan Varela (2020–23)
 * 🇵🇪 Luis Advíncula (2021–)

FIFA World Cup participants
List of players that were called up for a FIFA World Cup while playing for Boca Juniors. In brackets, the tournament played:

 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Cherro (1930)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Evaristo (1930)
 * 🇦🇷 Ramón Muttis (1930)
 * 🇦🇷 Arico Suárez (1930)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Francisco Lombardo (1958)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Musimessi (1958)
 * 🇦🇷 Federico Edwards (1958)
 * 🇦🇷 Eliseo Mouriño (1958)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Mario González (1962, 1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Silvio Marzolini (1962, 1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Rattín (1962, 1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Antonio Roma (1962, 1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfredo Rojas (1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Carmelo Simeone (1966)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Maradona (1982)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Olarticoechea (1986)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Tapia (1986)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Simon (1990)
 * 🇦🇷 Alejandro Mancuso (1994)
 * 🇨🇴 Jorge Bermúdez (1998)
 * 🇨🇴 Óscar Córdoba (1998)
 * 🇨🇴 Mauricio Serna (1998)
 * 🇦🇷 Roberto Abbondanzieri (2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Rodrigo Palacio (2006)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Roman Riquelme (2006)
 * Gary Medel (2010)
 * Claudio Morel Rodríguez (2010)
 * 🇦🇷 Martín Palermo (2010)
 * 🇦🇷 Fernando Gago (2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Agustín Orión (2014)
 * 🇨🇴 Wílmar Barrios (2018)
 * Nahitan Nandez (2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Cristian Pavón (2018)

Coaches
The first Boca Juniors coach recorded is Mario Fortunato, who had been player before becoming coach of the team. Fortunato led Boca to win a total of five titles (4 league in 1930, 1931, 1934 and 1935) and one National cup (Copa de Competencia Británica in 1946). He had three tenures on the club, coaching Boca Juniors in 1930–1936, 1946 and 1956.

Carlos Bianchi is the most successful coach in Boca Juniors' history, having won nine titles, including Aperturas in 1998, 2000 and 2003, the 1999 Clausura, the Copa Libertadores in 2000, 2001 and 2003, and the Intercontinental Cup in 2000 and 2003.

Juan Carlos Lorenzo (1976–79, 1987), El Toto, won five titles with the team, including the Copa Libertadores in 1977 and 1978, the Intercontinental Cup in 1977, and the Metropolitano and Nacional in 1976.

Alfio Basile also won 5 titles along with Mario Fortunato and Toto Lorenzo. With Basile, Boca won two domestic titles, 2005 Apertura and 2006 Clausura and three international (2005 Copa Sudamericana, 2005 and 2006 Recopa Sudamericana), all of them won within two years.

Current coaching staff

 * Head coach || 🇦🇷 Diego Martínez
 * Assistant coach || 🇦🇷 Cristian Bardaro
 * Assistant coach || 🇦🇷 Adrián González
 * Assistant coach || 🇦🇷 Gustavo Rodríguez
 * Goalkeeping coach || 🇦🇷 Pablo Campodónico
 * Fitness coach || 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Conte
 * Fitness coach || 🇦🇷 Leandro Mazziotti
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Rubén Argemi
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Lucas Logioco
 * Kinesiologist || 🇦🇷 Leonardo Betchakian
 * Fitness coach || 🇦🇷 Juan Manuel Conte
 * Fitness coach || 🇦🇷 Leandro Mazziotti
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Rubén Argemi
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Lucas Logioco
 * Kinesiologist || 🇦🇷 Leonardo Betchakian
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Rubén Argemi
 * Team doctor || 🇦🇷 Lucas Logioco
 * Kinesiologist || 🇦🇷 Leonardo Betchakian
 * Kinesiologist || 🇦🇷 Leonardo Betchakian
 * Kinesiologist || 🇦🇷 Leonardo Betchakian

Executive board
Juan Román Riquelme is the current President of Boca Juniors since December 2023, when he was elected over Andrés Ibarra, getting more than 65% of the votes (a record of 46,400 members went to the club to vote). Jorge Amor Ameal (which was president 2019–23) was elected vice-president of the club.

Staff
Presidents of Boca Juniors sections:
 * Football: Juan Román Riquelme
 * Basketball: Alejandro Desimone
 * Amateur Sports: Martín Mendiguren
 * Culture: Christian Debortoli

 * Notes

Other titles

 * Independent leagues
 * Liga Central de Football: 1906
 * Copa Barone : 1908

 * Friendly

 * Copa La Reacción: 1909
 * Copa Riachuelo: 1910
 * Copa Consejo Deliberante: 1922
 * Copa Cervecería del Norte: 1926
 * Copa Standart: 1926
 * Copa Banco Comercial: 1927
 * Copa Intendencia de Tandil: 1927
 * Triangular Nocturno: 1940
 * Copa Jorge IV: 1945
 * Gobernación de Mendoza: 1954
 * Trofeo "Joyería Grossi": 1954
 * Torneo de Buenos Aires: 1962
 * Torneo Triangular Buenos Aires: 1963
 * Torneo Cuadrangular de Montevideo: 1963
 * Mohammed V Trophy: 1964
 * Copa 60th Anniversary Boca Juniors: 1965
 * Trofeo Ciudad de San Sebastián (Spain): 1966
 * Copa Rio de la Plata: 1970
 * Trofeo Ciudad de Valladolid (Spain): 1975
 * Cuadrangular de los Grandes: 1985
 * Trofeo Naranja: 1985
 * Trofeo Isla de Tenerife: 1993
 * Vodafone Cup (England): 2004
 * Copa 100 Años de Atilio García (Uruguay): 2014
 * Antonio Puerta Trophy (Spain): 2016
 * Maradona Cup: 2021

Reserve and Youth titles
For the reserve and academy honours, see Boca Juniors Reserves and Academy

 * Notes

Records and facts

 * Seasons in Primera División: 110 (all seasons since the team's debut in 1913).
 * Largest win:
 * Domestic: 11–1 to Tigre, on 7 June 1942.
 * International: 7–0 to Bolívar on 26 April 2007 at 2007 Copa Libertadores
 * Worst defeat:
 * Domestic: 0–7 v San Isidro on 10 October 1915.
 * International: 1–6 v Palmeiras at 1994 Copa Libertadores
 * Worst position in official domestic tournaments: 19th. at 2013 Torneo Final
 * All-time topscorer: Martín Palermo (236 goals)
 * Topscorer in a single tournament: Domingo Tarasconi (40 goals in 33 games during 1923 Primera División)
 * Topscorer at international tournaments: Martín Palermo (43 goals)
 * Topscorer at Copa Libertadores: Román Riquelme (25 goals)
 * Most games unbeaten in domestic tournaments: 40 matches (from 15th fixture of Clausura 1998 to 16th fixture of 1999 Clausura)
 * Most capped player: Roberto Mouzo (426 matches)
 * Player with most titles won: Sebastián Battaglia (17 titles)
 * Goalkeeper with minute-record scoreless goal: Esteban Andrada (864' with no goals allowed)
 * Tied for 4th club in the world with most international cups won (18)

Football reserves and academy
The reserve and youth academy football teams of the club, currently coached by former club player Rolando Schiavi, who debuted in February 2015. Boca Juniors is the most winning Torneo de Reserva championships with 21 titles won since it was established in 1910.

Notable players from the youth academy include Américo Tesoriere, Natalio Pescia, Ernesto Lazzatti, Antonio Rattín, Ángel Clemente Rojas, Roberto Mouzo, Oscar Ruggeri, Diego Latorre, Carlos Tevez and Fernando Gago, among others.

Women's football
The Boca Juniors women's football team plays in the Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino and have won the championship a record 27 times of which 10 were in succession from the 2003 Apertura to the 2008 Clausura.

Though the club has not yet won any international competition, it secured the third place at the 2010 Copa Libertadores de Fútbol Femenino, and in the 2022 Copa Libertadores Femenina finished in second place.

Basketball
The Boca Juniors basketball team, established in 1929, won several Argentine championships organised by now-defunct bodies "Asociación de Básquetbol de Buenos Aires" and "Federación Argentina de Básquetbol". Since the Liga Nacional de Básquet was created in 1985, Boca Juniors has won the LNB league title three times (1996–97, 2003–04, and 2006–07), five Copa Argentina (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006), and one Torneo Top 4 (in 2004).

At international level, Boca Juniors won three South American Club Championships in 2004, 2005, and 2006.

Their home arena is the Estadio Luis Conde, better known as La Bombonerita (small Bombonera).

Field hockey
In September 2022, Boca Juniors announced the club would open a field hockey section for men and women. In May 2023, the club inaugurated a hockey field, with Las Leonas all-time top scorer Vanina Oneto as part of the project. Oneto was appointed manager of Boca Juniors Hockey.

Futsal
Boca Juniors men's compete in Primera División de Futsal, the top division of the futsal league system and organised by AFA. The club is the 2nd most winning team (after Club Pinocho) of Primera División, with 13 titles. One of those came in 2017 when they defeated Kimberley in the finals. The men's team won those thirteen league championship in 1992, 1993, 1997 Clausura, 1998 Apertura, 2003 Clausura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Apertura, 2013 Apertura, 2013 Clausura, 2014 Apertura, 2014 Clausura, 2017, 2020–21.

Boca also has a women's futsal team which plays in the Campeonato de Futsal Femenino, they won the inaugural tournament in 2004 and they won it again in 2014.

Volleyball
Boca Juniors has a men's professional volleyball team that won the Metropolitan championship in 1991, 1992 and 1996, and achieved the second place in the 1996–97 A1 season. Because of a lack of sponsors, the team was disbanded, but later it was reincorporated through the coaching of former Boca player Marcelo Gigante; after playing in the second division, it returned to the A1 league in 2005.

In August 2015 it was announced that Boca Juniors's volleyball team would not participate in the Liga Argentina de Voleibol – Serie A1 from 2016. The decision was personally taken by Boca Juniors chairman, Daniel Angelici. The club alleged that taking part in a professional league resulted in a hugh commercial deficit so Boca Juniors declined to participate, although the volleyball department had reached an agreement with several sponsors which would put the money to cover the costs (about A$ 3 million).

On 1 August 2023, it was announced that Boca Juniors after almost 8 years, will once again play in the Liga Argentina de Voleibol – Serie A1.

Boca has a women's volleyball team that plays in the Liga Femenina de Voleibol Argentino and it has won the tournament a record 8 times (2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023).

Also
Boca representatives compete in other disciplines such as judo, karate, taekwondo, wrestling, weight lifting and gymnastics, amongst others.

Merchandising
Boca Juniors has expanded its activity beyond sport, providing its fans with a number of other products and services.

In 2003, it became the fifth football club in the world to open its own TV channel. Boca TV broadcast 24 hours a day, featuring sports programs and talk shows. The channel was closed in 2005 due to low audience, returning in 2015 as a website. In 2005, a funerary company started to produce a line of coffins available for dead fans. The club also opened a "Boca Juniors" exclusive section of 3,000 hectare in the Parque Iraola Cemetery of La Plata Partido in 2006.

Also in 2006, Boca expanded its business launching its own fleet of taxis operating in Buenos Aires, as well as its own brand of wine, called "Vino Boca Juniors".

In 2012 Boca Juniors opened in Buenos Aires its first thematic hotel not only in Argentina but worldwide. The hotel was designed by Uruguayan architect Carlos Ott. All the rooms were decorated with the colours of the club, apart from photos and paintings of notable players in the history of the club.

There is an Argentine steakhouse in Queens, NYC which is a Boca Juniors theme restaurant.

Sponsorships
In racing, Argentine Turismo Carretera stock-car competition league spun off the Top Race V6 category, in which teams were sponsored by football teams. Veteran race pilots Guillermo Ortelli and Ernesto Bessone and former Boca player Vicente Pernía drove for the "Boca Juniors" team; Ortelli finally won the first Top Race V6 championship with his car painted in Boca Juniors colors.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boca Juniors


text:
List of Indigenous Australian musicians

This is a list of Indigenous Australian musicians.

Solo artists

 * Trevor Adamson – country/gospel singer
 * Danzal Baker (Baker Boy) – rapper, singer
 * Barkaa – rapper
 * Auriel Andrew – country musician
 * Christine Anu (Torres Strait Islander) – singer-songwriter, actress, producer, and speaker
 * David Arden – singer and guitar player
 * George Assang – singer and actor
 * Mark Atkins – didgeridoo player
 * Maroochy Barambah – mezzo-soprano
 * Black Allan Barker – country/blues singer
 * William Barton – didgeridoo player
 * Lou Bennett – musician and actor
 * Birdz – rapper, songwriter
 * Harold Blair – tenor
 * David Blanasi – didgeridoo player
 * Briggs – hip hop performer
 * Brothablack – hip hop performer
 * Burragubba – didgeridoo player
 * Sammy Butcher – guitarist, ex Warumpi Band
 * Kev Carmody – singer-songwriter
 * Bernard Carney – all-round Australian musician
 * Troy Cassar-Daley – country musician
 * Deborah Cheetham – opera singer
 * Jimmy Chi – composer, musician and playwright
 * Marcus Corowa – blues, soul and jazz musician
 * Marlene Cummins – blues singer and saxophonist
 * Miiesha – singer songwriter
 * Seaman Dan (Torres Strait Islander) – singer-songwriter
 * Ash Dargan – didgeridoo player
 * Alan Dargin – didgeridoo player
 * Scott Darlow – singer-songwriter, didgeridoo player
 * Reggae Dave – reggae musician
 * Casey Donovan – pop/rock singer, winner of the second season (2004) of Australian Idol
 * Emma Donovan – singer-songwriter
 * Kutcha Edwards – singer-songwriter
 * Dewayne Everettsmith – Tasmanian singer
 * Sharnee Fenwick – country singer
 * Isaiah Firebrace – soul/pop singer
 * Tom Foster (musician) – Gospel songwriter
 * Leah Flanagan – Darwin singer-songwriter
 * Richard Frankland – playwright, musician and activist
 * Tia Gostelow – singer-songwriter
 * Gawurra – singer-songwriter
 * Joe Geia – musician, composer of the song "Yil Lull"
 * Robyn Green – gospel singer
 * Djalu Gurruwiwi – didgeridoo player
 * Grant Hansen – musician and broadcaster
 * Becca Hatch – musician and singer-songwriter
 * Glen Heald – musician, songwriter, producer
 * David Hudson – didgeridoo player
 * Ruby Hunter – singer-songwriter
 * Adam James – country singer
 * Toni Janke – soul singer
 * Jimblah – hip hop artist
 * JK-47 – rapper, musician
 * J-Milla – rapper, singer-songwriter
 * Tasman Keith – rapper, singer-songwriter
 * Roger Knox – country singer
 * Sharon-Lee Lane – country singer
 * The Kid Laroi – rapper, singer-songwriter
 * Lady Lash – rapper, singer-songwriter
 * Herbie Laughton – country singer
 * Georgia Lee – jazz and blues singer
 * Tom E. Lewis – actor and musician
 * Little G – rapper
 * Jimmy Little – country singer
 * Mau Power – hip hop artist from the Torres Strait Islands
 * Jessica Mauboy – pop and R&B singer, runner-up in the third season (2006) of Australian Idol
 * Djolpa McKenzie – reggae, rock, dub and funk singer
 * Bobby McLeod – activist, poet, healer and musician
 * Sasha McLeod (Sycco) – singer-songwriter
 * Ali Mills – singer from Darwin
 * Rita Mills – singer from Torres Strait Islands
 * Shellie Morris – singer-songwriter
 * Munkimuk – hip hop artist
 * Johnny Nicol – jazz singer
 * Rachel Perkins – director, producer, screenwriter and singer
 * Thelma Plum – pop singer-songwriter
 * Ziggy Ramo – singer-songwriter
 * Bob Randall – singer and author
 * Wilma Reading – jazz singer
 * Archie Roach – singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * George Rrurrambu – rock singer, ex Warumpi Band
 * Xavier Rudd – Australian folk singer of Aboriginal heritage
 * Vic Simms – singer-songwriter
 * Glenn Skuthorpe – folk and country singer-songwriter
 * Alice Skye – singer-songwriter
 * Budjerah Slabb (Budjerah) – singer-songwriter
 * Radical Son – Indigenous Australian and Tongan singer
 * Dan Sultan – rock singer
 * Richard Walley – activist and didgeridoo player
 * Kaiit Bellamia Waup (Kaiit) – neo soul singer
 * Rochelle Watson – R&B and soul singer
 * Brenda Webb – rock singer
 * Naomi Wenitong – singer-songwriter from Shakaya and The Last Kinection
 * David Williams – didgeridoo player
 * Gus Williams – country musician, community leader
 * Warren H Williams – country musician
 * Bart Willoughby – musician, No Fixed Address, Coloured Stone, Mixed Relations
 * Emily Wurramara – roots singer-songwriter
 * Frank Yamma – indigenous roots musician
 * Isaac Yamma – country musician
 * Dougie Young – country musician
 * Ursula Yovich – actress and singer
 * Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu – singer and guitarist, Yothu Yindi, Saltwater Band
 * Mandawuy Yunupingu – singer, community leader, Yothu Yindi

Indigenous bands

 * A.B. Original – hip hop duo
 * Aim 4 More – Brisbane band
 * Amunda – rock band from Alice Springs
 * Banawurun – "outback motown" band
 * Beddy Rays – punk rock band from Redland Bay, Queensland, frontman 'Jacko' is a Woppaburra man
 * The Black Arm Band – concert band of some of Australia's premier Indigenous musicians
 * Black Image – North Queensland band
 * Blackfire – rock band from Melbourne
 * Blackstorm – rock/blues band from Yuendumu
 * Blekbala Mujik (Blackfella Music) – band from Arnhem Land
 * Busby Marou – folk country pop band from Rockhampton
 * Coloured Stone – rock/reggae group from Ceduna
 * The Country Lads – country rock band
 * Deadheart – rock/pop band from Geelong
 * Dispossessed – Sydney heavy metal band
 * Djaambi – band from Melbourne
 * The Donovans – country band featuring the Donovan family
 * East Journey – rock/reggae band
 * Electric Fields – electronic music duo
 * Fitzroy Xpress – country rock group from Fitzroy Crossing
 * Ilkari Maru – rock band from Central Australia
 * Iwantja – rock band from Indulkana, South Australia
 * King Stingray – punk rock band, descendents from members of Yothu Yindi
 * Kuckles – Broome band featuring Jimmy Chi
 * Kulumindini Band – rock band from Elliott, Northern Territory
 * Lajamanu Teenage Band – rock band from Lajamanu, Northern Territory
 * The Last Kinection – hip-hop group from Newcastle, New South Wales
 * Letterstick Band – reggae/rock band from Northeast Arnhem Land
 * Local Knowledge – hip-hop group from Newcastle, New South Wales
 * Lonely Boys – rock band from Ngukurr, Northern Territory
 * The Medics – rock band from Cairns, Queensland
 * Microwave Jenny – singer-songwriters
 * Mills Sisters – band from Torres Strait Islands
 * Mixed Relations – reggae, pop, rock and jazz band
 * Mop and the Dropouts - Brisbane rock band
 * Nabarlek – Indigenous roots band from Arnhem Land
 * Native Ryme Syndicate – Brisbane rap group
 * No Fixed Address – reggae/ska/rock band from Ceduna
 * NoKTuRNL – hip hop/metal group from Alice Springs
 * North Tanami Band – reggae/ska band from Lajamanu, Northern Territory
 * Ntaria Ladies Choir – choir from Hermannsburg, Northern Territory
 * The Pigram Brothers – country/folk group from Broome
 * Saltwater Band – Indigenous roots band from Galiwin'ku on Elcho Island
 * Scrap Metal – country/reggae band from Broome, Western Australia
 * Shakaya – two piece girl group
 * Soft Sands – country and gospel band from Galiwin'ku on Elcho Island
 * South West Syndicate – hip hip group
 * Spin.FX – reggae, rock, country band from Papunya, Northern Territory
 * Spinifex Gum – adolescent choral ensemble
 * Stiff Gins – acoustic group from Sydney
 * Stik n Move – hip hop duo
 * Street Warriors – hip-hop group from Newcastle, New South Wales
 * Sunrize Band – rock band from Maningrida
 * The Merindas – pop duo
 * Thylacine – rock band from Darwin, Northern Territory
 * Tiddas – three girl folk band from Victoria, Australia
 * Tjimba and the Yung Warriors – hip hop group from Melbourne
 * Tjintu Desert Band – desert reggae band
 * Tjupi Band – reggae band from Papunya, Northern Territory
 * Us Mob – rock band from South Australia
 * Warumpi Band – rock/reggae group from Papunya
 * The Wilcannia Mob – rap/hip-hop group from Wilcannia, New South Wales
 * Wild Water – reggae, rock, dub and funk band
 * Wildflower – rock/reggae band
 * Harry and Wilga Williams – country music artists
 * Wirrinyga Band – rock band from Milingimbi, Northern Territory
 * Yabu Band – desert rock/reggae band
 * Yothu Yindi – rock/folk group from Arnhem Land
 * Yugul – blues band

title: List of Indigenous Australian musicians