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Lake View, Chicago

Lakeview, also spelled Lake View, is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois. Lakeview is located in the city's North Side. It is bordered by West Diversey Parkway on the south, West Irving Park Road on the north, North Ravenswood Avenue on the west, and the shore of Lake Michigan on the east. The Uptown community area is to Lakeview's north, Lincoln Square to its northwest, North Center to its west, and Lincoln Park to its south. The 2020 population of Lakeview was 103,050 residents, making it the second-largest Chicago community area by population.

Lakeview includes West Lakeview and Lakeview East. West Lakeview includes smaller neighborhood enclaves, namely Roscoe Village, Lincoln Hub and Southport Corridor. Lakeview East known as the Greater Lakeview area, hosts the Central Lakeview Business District, Sheridan Station Corridor, Wrigleyville, Broadway Corridor and North Halsted, famous for its large LGBT population, holds a pride parade each June. Wrigleyville surrounds Wrigley Field, the home of the Chicago Cubs. Lakeview is home to the Belmont Theater District, showcasing over 20 theaters and live performance venues located near the Belmont ‘L’ station. In 2013, Money Magazine named Lakeview number three in its top ten big-city neighborhoods in its Best Places to Live rankings.

Settlement
Lakeview was used as a camp and trail path for the Miami, Ottawa, and Winnebago Native American tribes. In 1837, Conrad Sulzer of Winterthur, Zürich, Switzerland, became the first known European settler to live in the area. In 1853, one of the first permanent structures was built by James Rees and Elisha Hundley on the corner where present-day West Byron Street (or West Sheridan Road) meets North Lake Shore Drive. It was called the Hotel Lakeview, named for the hotel's unobstructed view of the shore of Lake Michigan. It gained what was characterized as a resort atmosphere.

The early settlement continued to grow amongs the English settlers and, especially because of increased immigration of the farming families from Germany, Luxembourg, and Sweden. Lakeview experienced a population boom as Chicago suffered a deadly and devastating cholera outbreak. The Hotel Lakeview served as a refuge for many Chicagoans but became filled to capacity. Homestead lands were sold, and housing was built. Access to the new community was provided by a wooden plank road connected to present-day West Fullerton Parkway, which was called Lakeview Plank Road and is present-day North Broadway. With infrastructure and a growing population, residents realized it was time to organize formal governance to provide essential public services.

Lakeview Township
Also according to the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce, Lakeview was an incorporated Illinois civil township with a charter granted by the Illinois General Assembly, independent of neighboring Chicago. Lakeview's first township election was held in 1857. The main building was Town Hall at the intersection of present-day West Addison and North Halsted streets. A building still bearing that name stands today as the former headquarters of the Chicago Police Department's 23rd District. Lakeview Township included all land east of Western Avenue, between Devon Avenue and North Avenue, generally encompassing the community areas of Edgewater, Uptown, Lakeview and Lincoln Park, as well as the eastern sections of what are now the community areas of North Center and Lincoln Square.

During the Civil War, the present-day bustling intersection of North Broadway, North Clark Street and West Diversey Parkway was home to Camp Fry. When the camp opened in May 1864, it served as a training facility for the volunteer 132nd and 134th Illinois Infantry regiments. Shortly after their deployment to Columbus, Kentucky, the camp was converted to a prison for Confederate soldiers, where conditions were markedly different from those of many other prisoner-of-war camps. The few residents of the area known as Lakeview Township often complained of rebel sing-alongs held in the camp from time to time.

Lakeview's early industry was farming, especially crops of celery, and at the time it was considered a celery-growing capital. From 1870 to 1887, the population of the township grew from 2,000 citizens to 45,000. As a result, there was growing need of more public-service access, and Lakeview was absorbed into Chicago in 1889 as a way of meeting those demands. In 1889, a real estate boom became a major economic stimulant. According to the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce, over forty percent of the neighborhood's present-day buildings were constructed during that time.

Streets

West Addison Street was named after Thomas Addison, an English doctor who first described Addison's disease. West Barry Avenue was named after the commander of the Continental Navy ship Lexington during the Revolutionary War, John Barry. West Belmont Avenue was named after the American Civil War's Battle of Belmont on November 7, 1861, in Mississippi County, Missouri. North Broadway, which used to be called Evanston Avenue after the nearby municipality of Evanston, Illinois, was renamed after Broadway in New York City. North Clark Street was named after the legendary frontier explorer George Rogers Clark. West Diversey Parkway was named after beer brewer Michael Diversey. William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, named North Halsted Street after financiers William H. and Caleb Halsted. It was formerly called Dyer Street, in honor of Thomas Dyer, mayor of Chicago. West Irving Park Road was named after the author Washington Irving.

Philip Sheridan features prominently on the corner of West Belmont Avenue and North Lake Shore Drive, memorialized as a towering statue depicting Sheridan on horseback. The U.S. Army general is the namesake of North Sheridan Road, which heads north to Racine, Wisconsin. In 1871, he brought troops to Chicago in the aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire and was authorized by Mayor Joseph Medill to take control of the city under martial law. He was later made commanding general of the U.S. Army by President Chester A. Arthur.

Notable residents

 * John Peter Altgeld (1847–1902), 20th Illinois Governor and significant progressive era politician. He resided at the Brewster Apartments at 500 W. Diversey after leaving the governorship in 1897.
 * Dean Baker (born 1958), macroeconomist
 * Charlie Chaplin, the silent film comedian, lived at the Brewster Apartments when he was filming movies with Essanay Studios in 1915.
 * Lucy Flower, the social reformer who was instrumental in establishing Cook County's juvenile court system, lived at 1920 W. Wellington.
 * Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), the famous inventor, lived at 429 W. Belmont and had his studio at 729 W. Belmont.
 * John Gunther (1901–1970), journalist and writer. He was a childhood resident of Lake View.
 * Pearl M. Hart (1890–1975), Chicago criminal defense attorney known for representing homosexuals, juveniles, and others, lived at 2821 N. Pine Grove.
 * Paul Harvey (1918–2009), radio broadcaster for ABC News Radio notable for his The Rest of the Story segments. He resided at 3400 North Lake Shore Drive in the 1950s.
 * Cody Keenan, Director of Speechwriting for President Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017. He was a childhood resident of Lake View until his family moved to Evanston, Illinois.
 * Robert S. Kennemore (1920–1989), recipient of the Medal of Honor for conduct at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He resided at 746 West California Terrace prior to his enlistment in the United States Marine Corps in 1940.
 * Scott MacArthur (born 1979), actor and writer. He was a childhood resident of Wrigleyville.
 * Minnie Miñoso, the first Afro-Cuban player in Major League Baseball and first Black player to play for the Chicago White Sox. He lived in Wrigleyville after his retirement from baseball.
 * Mike Nussbaum (1923–2023), actor and director of stage and screen. Lived at 3800 North Lake Shore Drive.
 * Mike Royko (1932–1997), author and Pulitzer Prize winning newspaper columnist. He lived in Lake View from 1981 to 1985 during his self-described Condo-Man period.
 * Steven Schiff (1947–1998), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico's 1st congressional district (1989–1998). He was a childhood resident of Lake View, living at 1022 West Belmont Avenue.
 * Michael Silverstein (1945-2020), linguist, MacArthur Fellow, and pioneering professor of linguistics, anthropology, and sociology at the University of Chicago. He resided at 3800 North Lake Shore Drive.
 * Art Telcser (1932–1999), 64th Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. Telcser was a resident of Lake View during his legislative career including his two-day stint as Speaker.
 * Elizabeth Wood, the first executive director of the Chicago Housing Authority, lived at 3145 North Cambridge Avenue.

Communities
Lakeview is divided into Lakeview East and Lakeview West, with Lakeview East having distinctive areas that include Wrigleyville, and North Halsted with the latter including Boystown, the city's gay village. Lakeview East expanded borders to also include the Central Lakeview area which is home to Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs. The boundaries of Lakeview are 1800 west to the west, Montrose to the north and Clark to the east north of Irving Park, but the rest is of Irving Park to the north, Lake Michigan to the east, and Diversey to the south.

Lakeview (East)
Lakeview East is considered the Greater Lakeview area. Lakeview East expanded its boundaries in 2017 to include the Central Lakeview area which is home to Wrigley Field. Lakeview East boundaries are defined as: Lake Shore Drive on the East, Racine on the West, Diversey Parkway on the South and Irving Park on the north. Lakeview East area consists of two of the largest entertainment districts in Chicago, Boystown and Wrigleyville. Lakeview East is notable for its Jewish population and has Four synagogues, Chabad of East Lakeview Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel (Modern Orthodox), Anshe Emet Synagogue (Conservative), and Temple Sholom (Reform and largest synagogue in the Chicago area).

Lakeview, especially along the Lake Shore Drive and Broadway corridors, consists of upscale condominiums and higher-rent mid-rise apartments and lofts. Small businesses, boutiques, restaurants and community institutions are found along North Broadway and North Halsted Street.

Gentrification, diversification and population shift have changed Lakeview, with new developments and new businesses such as Mariano's and Target. Historic churches remain preserved as integral parts of the community, such as Lakeview Presbyterian Church and Saint Peter's Episcopal Church. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church is the residence of an episcopal vicar and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is also the mother church of the local vicariate and the Archdiocesan Gay and Lesbian Outreach, controversially created by Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, which is one of the largest of the few gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender Catholic welcoming congregations created and authorized by a diocese in the United States.

The Lakeview Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is in southeastern Lakeview, as is the Newport Avenue District, which spans Newport Avenue between Halsted Avenue and Clark Street and includes the historic Vautravers Building.

Wrigleyville
Formerly a working-class neighborhood, Wrigleyville is the nickname of the neighborhood directly surrounding Wrigley Field. Wrigley Field is the home of the Chicago Cubs. Within Lakeview East, its borders run from north to south, Grace Street to Cornelia Avenue and from east to west, Wilton Avenue to Racine Avenue.

Wrigleyville features low-rise brick buildings and houses, some with rooftop bleachers colloquially called Wrigley Rooftops where people can purchase seats to watch baseball games or concerts that, while generally more expensive than tickets for seats within the park itself, come with all you can eat and drink service. Proprietors are able to do so under special agreements with the Cubs organization. Many Wrigleyville bars and restaurants (particularly on North Clark Street) feature sports-oriented themes. Bars such as Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers, Casey Moran's, Merkle's, Sports Corner and The Cubby Bear host the Cubs crowds near the Wrigley Field intersection of North Clark Street and West Addison Street.

Boystown
The Boystown section of Lakeview holds the distinction of being the nation's first officially recognized gay village. In 1998, then Mayor Richard M. Daley endeavored to create a $3.2 million restoration of the North Halsted Street corridor, and the city erected rainbow pylon landmarks along the route. In 2012, the Legacy Project began the ongoing process of installing plaques on the pylons that commemorate important people and milestones in LGBT history. It is also the cultural center of one of the largest lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities in the nation. Boystown has grown into a cultural center for the LGBT residents living within the Chicago metropolitan area.

The area caters to Chicago nightlife, featuring more than 60 gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender bars, restaurants and nightclubs. It is now home to Center on Halsted, an LGBT community center that hosts an array of public programs open to the public that provide fun, educational and enlightening opportunities for members of the LGBT community and allies.

The area is host to the Chicago Pride Parade, one of the largest gay pride parades in the nation, which takes place in Lakeview on the last Sunday of each June. The community area has also been host to several other major events: In 2006 it played host to an international sports and cultural festival, Gay Games VII, with its closing ceremonies held at Wrigley Field and headlined by Cyndi Lauper. The area also holds the Northalsted Market Days, an annual two-day festival event geared toward the LGBT community. Northalsted also includes some of Chicago's off-Loop theater, specialty restaurants, greystone and brownstone walk-up buildings and other historic architecture, trendy fashion outlets, wine boutiques, chain stores, and independent shops.

The district's informal boundaries, overlapping with Lakeview East, are Irving Park Road on the north, Broadway on the east, Wellington Avenue on the south, and Sheffield Avenue on the west. The Center on Halsted, an LGBT community center, is also located in this area.

Inclusiveness concerns and attempted Northalsted name change
In November 2020, the Chicago Reader, an alternative newspaper, published an article criticizing the area for focusing on "gay men." Resulting in, the Boystown name being dropped by some businesses and some community organizations in exchange for a more neutral, "Northalsted", a name styled by the area business association in 2021. Despite the renaming efforts, the area is still colloquially called Boystown.

Some residents have voiced concern that the name change will dilute the neighborhood's history as a haven for gay peoples.

Lakeview (West)
West Lakeview is located along the border of the Roscoe Village community area. West Lakeview Neighbors, a residential organization, defines West Lakeview as the area bounded by West Addison Street on the north, West Diversey Parkway on the south, North Southport Avenue on the east and North Ravenswood Avenue on the west. Affordable real estate and popular culture, such as that found along busy Southport Avenue, draws young adults from all over the city for quiet living or casual dining. A historic destination that opened just north of West Lakeview on August 22, 1929, is the Music Box Theatre, which opened as a new technology sound film venue. The theater brands itself today as "Chicago's year-round film festival". Dinkel's Bakery, which was located in West Lakeview near Lincoln and Roscoe, operated in the neighborhood for a century (1922-2022).

Sheridan Station Corridor
Sheridan Road, from Irving Park Road to the North and Byron/W. Sheridan Street to the South, is the home of the CTA's Sheridan station. The neighborhood name, although only comprising a small area, helps to differentiate this particular Sheridan Road from the other parts of Sheridan Road in Lakeview, Uptown, Edgewater and Rogers Park (and into the North Shore suburbs). This area was once known colloquially as "Restaurant Row". The strip itself has been located at various times in either the 44th or 46th ward. It is distinguished by the Sheridan "L" Station as well as its proximity to Wrigley Field. Neither technically East, West or Central Lakeview, it is seen as the gateway between Uptown to the North and Lakeview to the South. The residential neighborhood organization is Lakeview East Neighbors Association and the business district has recently been enveloped by Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce.

Elected officials
Lakeview belongs to four Chicago City Council wards, electing four aldermen as representatives of these wards. Business owner Thomas Tunney represents the 44th Ward. Social worker James Cappleman represents the 46th Ward and Scott Waguespack represents the 32nd Ward. A small portion of the Lakeview community (which includes Lakeview H.S., the Graceland West neighborhood and a small part of the Southport Neighbors Association) is represented by Matt Martin of the 47th Ward. Tunney is the first openly gay alderman to serve in the Chicago City Council.

Lakeview residents are represented in the Illinois Senate by Sara Feigenholtz of the state's 6th District. The residents also elect members of the Illinois House of Representatives: Ann Williams of the 11th District, Yoni Pizer of the 12th District and Greg Harris of the 34th District.

Lakeview is represented in the United States Congress by former Cook County Commissioner Mike Quigley, elected from the 5th Congressional District, and by a former consumer rights advocate, Jan Schakowsky, elected from the 9th Congressional District.

Neighborhood councils
Thirteen independent neighborhood organizations made up of residents serve as vehicles for direct neighborhood involvement and provide input to municipal and commercial leaders. The Lakeview Citizens' Council was formed in 1952 and is composed of: Belmont Harbor Neighbors, Central Lakeview Neighbors, East Lakeview Neighbors, Hamlin Park Neighbors, Hawthorne Neighbors, Sheil Park Neighbors, South East Lakeview Neighbors, South Lakeview Neighbors, Southport Neighbors Association, Triangle Neighbors, West DePaul Neighborhood Association and West Lakeview Association.

Two of these organizations do not all fall in the Lakeview Community Area. West DePaul Neighborhood Association is in the Lincoln Park Community Area and Hamlin Park Neighbors is in the North Center Community Area. All others fall within Lakeview's boundaries.

Another community group, the Lakeview Action Coalition, is composed of 44 institutional members. They include religious congregations of various denominations, social service agencies, banks, and merchants.

Presidential elections
The Lake View community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Lake View cast 40,357 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 5,646 votes for Donald Trump (82.75% to 11.58%). In the 2012 presidential election, Lake View cast 32,004 votes for Barack Obama and cast 10,172 votes for Mitt Romney (73.89% to 23.49%).

Houses of worship

 * Anshe Emet Synagogue
 * Anshe Sholom B'nai Israel Congregation
 * Broadway United Methodist Church
 * Chabad of Lakeview
 * Chicagoland Community Church
 * Cornelia Avenue Baptist Church
 * Destination Church Chicago
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Luke
 * Grace Chicago Church
 * Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
 * Lakeview Lutheran Church
 * Lakeview Presbyterian Church
 * Messianic Congregation of Chicago
 * Missio Dei
 * New Life Community Church
 * North-side Islamic Mosque of Chicago, Roscoe Masjid.
 * Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church
 * Resurrection Lutheran Church
 * Saint Alphonsus Roman Catholic Church
 * Saint Andrew Roman Catholic Church
 * Saint Bonaventure Catholic Oratory (closed in 2024)
 * Saint Peter's Episcopal Church
 * Salvation Army
 * Second Unitarian Church
 * Temple Sholom
 * Wellington Avenue United Church of Christ

Health
Lakeview is an important area of the city for health and medicine as it is home to several hospitals and other related institutions. Despite the comparative affluence of the community area, Lakeview social services are also geared toward those needing affordable care, such as displaced youth living on the streets.

Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center and Saint Joseph Hospital of Resurrection Health Care serve residents throughout Chicago and its suburbs.

The Howard Brown Health Center, with several branch locations throughout Lakeview, provides health services for the gay, lesbian and transgender communities as well as for the poor. It offers specialized assistance in HIV, AIDS, domestic violence, therapy and various youth services such as the Broadway Youth Center and the PATH Program for HIV+ Youth.

Center on Halsted, formerly Horizons Community Services, is also a major source of comprehensive social services for the gay and lesbian community. The Illinois Department of Public Health contracts the services of Center on Halsted for a telephone hotline for HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Parking
Automobile parking is at a premium in Lakeview, especially during special events such as Chicago Cubs home games at Wrigley Field. Special residential parking permits are required for parking on some Lakeview streets; in commercial areas, limited metered parking is available. High-priced public parking lots are available for visitors and baseball fans but are hard to come by. Lakeview residents on blocks with parking restrictions may purchase temporary parking permit slips, available at aldermanic constituent offices, for guests invited to private residences.

Transportation
A majority of Lakeview's public transportation needs are met by the Chicago Transit Authority, which provides resident and visitor access to the Red Line, Purple Line and Brown Line services of the Chicago Elevated railway rapid transit. Lakeview is served by six L stations: Addison (Red Line), Belmont (Red, Brown, Purple Lines), Paulina (Brown Line), Sheridan (Red Line), Southport (Brown Line), and Wellington (Brown and Purple Lines). The Chicago Transit Authority also operates numerous bus routes in Lakeview, the busiest being those running along North Lake Shore Drive with express services to downtown Chicago, including the Loop, via North Michigan Avenue and its Magnificent Mile. Bus routes entering and leaving Lakeview are 8 Halsted, 9 Ashland, 22 Clark, 36 Broadway, 77 Belmont, 134 Stockton–LaSalle Express, 135 Clarendon–LaSalle Express, 136 Sheridan–LaSalle Express, 143 Stockton–Michigan Express, 146 Inner Drive Express, 147 Outer Drive Express, 148 Clarendon–Michigan Express, 151 Sheridan, 152 Addison, and 156 LaSalle.

Private entities also offer many transportation services. I-GO and Zipcar have several locations in Lakeview. Private companies offer trolley and bus services to certain destinations in the city from Lakeview. Taxi and limousine services are plentiful in the Lakeview area, as well as non-traditional modes of transportation. Bicycle rickshaws can be found especially near Wrigley Field. Bike paths are becoming more and more available on some major streets as well as on some smaller side-streets as part of the City and 44th Ward's "greenway" bike path initiative. For those who prefer to walk or run, manicured walking and running paths are found throughout the community area, with a special path designed for Chicago Marathon training along the lakefront.

The Chicago Marathon training path curves around the Belmont Harbor marina, belonging to the Chicago Park District and managed by contracted companies. There are ten transient slips, several stalls, and finger dock, star dock, and other mooring facilities where boats and yachts can be kept. It is the home of the Belmont Yacht Club.

Entertainment

 * Theaters
 * Alamo Draft House
 * Athenaeum Theatre
 * Annoyance Theatre
 * ComedySportz
 * Briar Street Theater
 * The Music Box Theatre
 * The Playground Theater
 * Saint Sebastian Players
 * Stage 773
 * Theatre Wit
 * Under the Gun Theater

 * Music venues
 * Metro Chicago
 * Vic Theatre

 * Sports
 * Wrigley Field

Education
Colleges and Universities

The Salvation Army - College for Officer Training

Primary and secondary schools
Residents are served by Chicago Public Schools.

Zoned K-8 schools serving the area include Agassiz, Greeley, Hamilton, Ravenswood, Nettelhorst, Blaine, and Burley.

Most residents are zoned to Lake View High School while some are zoned to Lincoln Park High School.

The magnet schools Inter-American Magnet School (IAMS) and Hawthorne Scholastic Academy are in Lakeview.

Libraries
As one of the most populated community areas in the city of Chicago, Lakeview has many outlets for education. The John Merlo Branch of the Chicago Public Library (CPL) houses one of the city's largest collections of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender literature and large collections called the African American Heritage Collection, Chicago History Collection, Judaica Collection, and Large Print Collection. The Chicago Public Library classifies Merlo's Drama and Theatre Collection as very large in size compared to other branches. Although not in Lakeview proper, the Conrad Sulzer Regional Library is host to a special Ravenswood–Lakeview Historical Collection. CPL also states that the Uptown Branch in Uptown provides services to people in Lake View.

Kwagulth Totem Pole
In the Lakeview section of Lincoln Park, overlooking the intersection of North Lake Shore Drive, and West Addison Street is a totem pole of Kwanusila, the Thunderbird of the Kwagu'ł Native American tribe. A plaque below the totem pole reads:

"Kwanusila the Thunderbird, is an authentic Kwagu'ł totem pole, carved in Red Cedar by Tony Hunt of Fort Rupert, British Columbia. The crests carved upon the totem pole represent Kwanusila the Thunderbird, a whale with a man on its back, and a sea monster. Many people do not realize that totem poles were only regionally used by First Nations along the coastal areas of British Columbia. Kwanusila is an exact replica of the original Kraft Lincoln Park totem pole, which was donated to the City of Chicago by James L. Kraft on June 20, 1929, and which stood on the spot until October 9, 1985. It was discovered some years before the pole was moved, that a pole of this type did not exist in the types at the Provincial British Columbia Museum located in Victoria, B.C., Canada. Arrangements were made for a duplicate of the Chicago original to be made by the same Amerindian tribe that made the original. A request was made and approved by the Chicago Park District for the original totem pole which existed here to be presented back to British Columbia. Kwanusila is dedicated to the school children of Chicago, and was presented to the City of Chicago by Kraft, Inc. on May 21, 1986."

Prominently visible from Lake Shore Drive, the totem pole is highlighted on Chicago city maps as a place of interest, visited by residents and tourists alike. The totem pole stands in front of the Jarvis Migratory Bird Sanctuary.

Events
A major portion of the Bank of America (formerly LaSalle Bank) Chicago Marathon, one of the largest road races in the world, winds through Lakeview East. The marathon packs spectators onto the sidewalks of Lakeview to cheer race competitors. The route of the annual Bike the Drive noncompetitive bicycle event, which allows participants to bike on Lake Shore Drive, also travel through Lakeview East.

Lakeview hosts many art events. Each spring, the Lakeview East Chamber of Commerce supports gallery tour groups, taking participants through several area art galleries. September brings visitors to the Lakeview East Festival of the Arts on North Broadway between West Belmont Avenue and West Roscoe Street. More than 150 juried artists exhibit their works along with live entertainment, fine food and a variety of performers.

Paramount among Lakeview's events, drawing the largest crowds, is the annual Chicago Gay Pride Parade held on the last Sunday of each June along North Broadway, North Halsted Street, and West Diversey Parkway. In addition, for one weekend each August, the North Halsted Street corridor is closed off to automobile traffic for Northalsted Market Days, a popular street fair featuring nationally prominent bands and other entertainment. Food and merchandise booths line the temporary pedestrian thoroughfare.

Lakeview hosts a solemn vigil and march each October, gathering at the intersection of West Roscoe and North Halsted streets, in honor of Matthew Shepard. Each year at the Matthew Shepard March Against Anti-Gay Hate, participants focus on several activist themes. In the past, they have marched against hate crimes and anti-gay social policy or have offered support for gay youth. As the event reflects its socially liberal agendas, political organizations such as the Green Party and Democratic Party have shown an increased presence. Socially liberal Republicans also participate to a smaller degree.

Small but popular Lakeview events take place throughout the year. Each July, the Lakeview Garden Walk takes visitors on trolley tours and walks throughout the neighborhood to over eighty garden exhibits. Each exhibit is prepared and presented by individual residents of Lakeview. Once an event that focused on West Lakeview gardens, the exhibits now span the entire Lakeview area. Families with children are drawn to Nettelhorst Elementary School on Easter weekend for an egg hunt and visit with the Easter bunny. They return on Halloween weekend for a costume parade and story-telling.

Halloween is also the time for a major costume competition that takes place on North Halsted, from Belmont to Cornelia, with an annual theme and categories from children and pets to adult groups from humorous to scary.

title: Lake View, Chicago


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Market saturation

In economics, market saturation is a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market; the actual level of saturation can depend on consumer purchasing power; as well as competition, prices, and technology.

Theory of natural limits
The theory of natural limits states: "Every product or service has a natural consumption level. We just don't know what it is until we launch it, distribute it, and promote it for a generation's time (20 years or more) after which further investment to expand the universe beyond normal limits can be a futile exercise." —Thomas G. Osenton, economist

Osenton introduced the theory in his 2004 book, The Death of Demand: Finding Growth in a Saturated Global Economy; it states that every product or service has a natural consumption level that is determined after a number of years of sales- and marketing-investment (usually around 20 to 25 years). In effect, a relative universe of regular users is naturally established over time, after which any significant expansion of that universe becomes extraordinarily difficult. The point at which these natural limits are reached is known as "innovation saturation".

Example
For example, Time Inc. launched the American weekly consumer-magazine Sports Illustrated in 1954 with 400,000 subscribers and the numbers of purchasers grew through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s until it reached 3.5 million subscribers in the late 1980s, where it has remained ever since. With some estimates of up to 100 million sports-fans in the United States, many at Time Inc. believed that the Sports Illustrated subscription-base could have increased much more. However, after many years of investment, the sports weekly reached its natural (and most profitable) consumption-level – where it remained for more than 20 years.

"Flooding the market"
When suppliers abruptly offer large quantities for sale and saturate the market, this is known as flooding the market.

For example, in advanced economies, more than 97% of households own refrigerators. Hence, the diffusion rate is more than 97%, and the market is said to be saturated; i.e. further growth of sales of refrigerators will occur basically only as a result of population growth and in cases where one manufacturer is able to gain market share at the expense of others.

To give another example, in advanced western households (and depending on the economy), the number of automobiles per family is greater than 1. To the extent that further market growth (i.e. growth of the demand for automobiles) is constrained (the main buyers already own the product), the market is said to be basically saturated. Future sales depend on several factors including the rate of obsolescence (at what age cars are replaced), population growth, societal changes such as the spread of multi-car families, and the creation of new niche markets such as sports cars or camper vans.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Market saturation


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Wage

A wage is payment made by an employer to an employee for work done in a specific period of time. Some examples of wage payments include compensatory payments such as minimum wage, prevailing wage, and yearly bonuses, and remunerative payments such as prizes and tip payouts. Wages are part of the expenses that are involved in running a business. It is an obligation to the employee regardless of the profitability of the company.

Payment by wage contrasts with salaried work, in which the employer pays an arranged amount at steady intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked, with commission which conditions pay on individual performance, and with compensation based on the performance of the company as a whole. Waged employees may also receive tips or gratuity paid directly by clients and employee benefits which are non-monetary forms of compensation. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms (or all monetary forms) of employee compensation.

Origins and necessary components
Wage labour involves the exchange of money for time spent at work. As Moses I. Finley lays out the issue in The Ancient Economy:
 * The very idea of wage-labour requires two difficult conceptual steps. First it requires the abstraction of a man's labour from both his person and the product of his work. When one purchases an object from an independent craftsman ... one has not bought his labour but the object, which he had produced in his own time and under his own conditions of work. But when one hires labour, one purchases an abstraction, labour-power, which the purchaser then uses at a time and under conditions which he, the purchaser, not the "owner" of the labour-power, determines (and for which he normally pays after he has consumed it). Second, the wage labour system requires the establishment of a method of measuring the labour one has purchased, for purposes of payment, commonly by introducing a second abstraction, namely labour-time.

The wage is the monetary measure corresponding to the standard units of working time (or to a standard amount of accomplished work, defined as a piece rate). The earliest such unit of time, still frequently used, is the day of work. The invention of clocks coincided with the elaborating of subdivisions of time for work, of which the hour became the most common, underlying the concept of an hourly wage.

Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome. Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds were promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2254–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including shekels. Codex Hammurabi Law 234 (c. 1755–1750 BC) stipulated a 2-shekel prevailing wage for each 60-gur (300-bushel) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3-gerah per day on a charterparty between a ship charterer and a shipmaster. Law 276 stipulated a 2$1/2$-gerah per day freight rate on a contract of affreightment between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a $1/6$-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel.

Determinants of wage rates
Depending on the structure and traditions of different economies around the world, wage rates will be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), labour organisation, legislation, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan.

Wage differences
Even in countries where market forces primarily set wage rates, studies show that there are still differences in remuneration for work based on sex and race. For example, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2007 women of all races made approximately 80% of the median wage of their male counterparts. This is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations. Similarly, white men made about 84% the wage of Asian men, and black men 64%. These are overall averages and are not adjusted for the type, amount, and quality of work done.

Corruption
It is known that the wage level of employees in the public sector affects the frequency of corruption, and that higher salary levels for public sector workers help reduce corruption. It has also been shown that countries with smaller wage gaps in the public sector have less corruption.

Wages in the United States
[[File:Wages in the United States.webp|thumb|Wages in the United States

{{legend|#0094EC|outline=#0076BA|Adjusted for inflation wages}} ]]

Seventy-five million workers earned hourly wages in the United States in 2012, making up 59% of employees. In the United States, wages for most workers are set by market forces, or else by collective bargaining, where a labor union negotiates on the workers' behalf. The Fair Labor Standards Act establishes a minimum wage at the federal level that all states must abide by, among other provisions. Fourteen states and a number of cities have set their own minimum wage rates that are higher than the federal level. For certain federal or state government contacts, employers must pay the so-called prevailing wage as determined according to the Davis–Bacon Act or its state equivalent. Activists have undertaken to promote the idea of a living wage rate which account for living expenses and other basic necessities, setting the living wage rate much higher than current minimum wage laws require. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the well being of the working class. In the second quarter of 2022, the total U.S. labor costs grew up 5.2% year over year, the highest growth since the starting point of the serie in 2001.

Definitions
For purposes of federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(a) defines the term "wages" specifically for chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code:

"For purposes of this chapter, the term “wages” means all remuneration (other than fees paid to a public official) for services performed by an employee for his employer, including the cash value of all remuneration (including benefits) paid in any medium other than cash;" In addition to requiring that the remuneration must be for "services performed by an employee for his employer," the definition goes on to list 23 exclusions that must also be applied.

title: Wage


text:
Talk:November 8

Removed

 * 1789 - Bourbon whiskey first distilled, in Bourbon County, Kentucky.

It did happen, but I could not confirm the exact date outside of 'this day in history'-type websites (very bad source). --mav 01:35, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * 1963 - Submarine eruption of Surtsey begins.

Trivial. The day it emerged is significant and is already linked at November 14. --mav

Removed historically uneventful election (Corzine Becomes New Jersey Gov)
Sen. Jon Corzine winning the New Jerseys governors race was no more eventful or meaningful then any other governors race.Ucscottb4u 14:58, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Related to that, any normal election result from any country doesn't count as notable per project guidelines. Rklawton 06:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Miracle of the sun-1950
When I selected the hyperlink called "the miracle of the sun" about something Pope Pius witnessed in 1950, I was taken to a page about an event happening on the 13th October 1917. Surely these are not the same events, so I was wondering if anything could be done about this as it is misleading and confusing. Natalie  cites an October 13, 1917 edition of "O Seculo" (government newspaper) that described the event, including the "dancing sun." Miracle or UFO?

When was this? Can't find it in Wikipedia
1977 - 3,100 people mysteriously register to vote in Perry County, Ohio, unearthed by the U.S. House Judiciary Committee report investigating 2004 election inconsistencies in Ohio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pakopako (talk • contribs) 16:27, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

2008
The EGM-14B Saturn article is being tagged for speedy deletion. Remove it from this page? Kortaggio (talk) 23:19, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

NZ Election
Why was my edit removed? Presumably since it is in New Zealand it is not notable but a photo of John Key was on the main page in the news section. Doesn't that mean it is notableTshiels1 (talk) 02:18, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * See WP:DOY. Elections are very rarely notable.  They occur on a predictable schedule and the election itself is generally not notable.  They are only notable if they represent a social milestone - first black, first woman, etc.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 14:13, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect labeling of example X-ray image
The label says it's X-ray of W. Röntgen's wife's hand whereas it's X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen of Albert von Kölliker's hand. Either the label should be changed or preferably the image to .LeCon Vivek (talk) 23:31, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

1917 – The People's Commissars give authority to Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin. Абассака! ROFLMAOSTC!!! 46.138.148.173 (talk) 08:49, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 8


text:
Diclofenac

Diclofenac (pronounced or  ), sold under the brand name Voltaren, among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout. It is taken by mouth or rectally in a suppository, used by injection, or applied to the skin. Improvements in pain last for as much as eight hours. It is also available in combination with misoprostol in an effort to decrease stomach problems.

Common side effects include abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, nausea, dizziness, headache, and swelling. Serious side effects may include heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, and stomach ulceration. Use is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy. It is likely safe during breastfeeding. Diclofenac is believed to work by decreasing the production of prostaglandins, like other drugs in this class.

In 2021, diclofenac was the 61st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11million prescriptions. It is available as its acid or in two salts, as either diclofenac sodium or potassium.

It is also widely used for livestock; such use was responsible for the Indian vulture crisis, during which in a few years 95% of the country's vulture population was killed, and in many countries agricultural use is now forbidden.

Medical uses
Diclofenac is used to treat pain related to arthritis, dysmenorrhea, rheumatic diseases and other inflammatory disorders, kidney stones and gallstones. An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines. Diclofenac is used commonly to treat mild to moderate postoperative or post-traumatic pain, in particular when inflammation is also present.

Diclofenac is also available in topical forms and has been found to be useful for osteoarthritis but not other types of long-term musculoskeletal pain. Diclofenac may also help with actinic keratosis and with acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains and contusions.

In many countries, eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of the anterior part of the eyes (such as postoperative states). The eye drops have also been used to manage pain for traumatic corneal abrasion.

Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic pain associated with cancer, especially if inflammation is present. Use of diclofenac gel should not exceed 32 g in a day.

Contraindications

 * Hypersensitivity to diclofenac
 * History of allergic reactions (bronchospasm, shock, rhinitis, urticaria) to other NSAIDs, such as aspirin
 * Third-trimester pregnancy
 * Active stomach and/or duodenal ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding
 * Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
 * Severe congestive heart failure (NYHA III/IV)
 * Pain management in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
 * Severe liver insufficiency (Child-Pugh Class C)
 * Severe chronic kidney disease (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min)
 * Caution in patients with pre-existing hepatic porphyria, as diclofenac may trigger attacks
 * Caution in patients with severe, active bleeding such as cerebral hemorrhage
 * NSAIDs in general should be avoided during dengue fever, as it induces (often severe) capillary leakage and subsequent heart failure.
 * Caution in patients with fluid retention or heart failure
 * Can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension
 * Can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal

Adverse effects
Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in a study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen. Upper gastrointestinal complications were also reported. Major adverse cardiovascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death is increased significantly by diclofenac.

In October 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the drug label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in fetuses that result in low amniotic fluid. They recommend avoiding NSAIDs in pregnant women at 20 weeks or later in pregnancy.

Heart
In 2013, a study found major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 people allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased by diclofenac (1·65).

Following the identification of increased risks of heart attacks with the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib in 2004, attention has focused on all the other members of the NSAIDs group, including diclofenac. Research results are mixed, with a meta-analysis of papers and reports up to April 2006 suggesting a relative increased rate of heart disease of 1.63 compared to nonusers. Professor Peter Weissberg, medical director of the British Heart Foundation said, "However, the increased risk is small, and many patients with chronic debilitating pain may well feel that this small risk is worth taking to relieve their symptoms". Only aspirin was found not to increase the risk of heart disease; however, this is known to have a higher rate of gastric ulceration than diclofenac. In Britain the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said in June 2013 that the drug should not be used by people with serious underlying heart conditions – people who had had heart failure, heart disease or a stroke were advised to stop using it completely. As of 15 January 2015, the MHRA announced that diclofenac will be reclassified as a prescription-only medicine (POM) due to the risk of cardiovascular adverse events.

A subsequent large study of 74,838 Danish users of NSAIDs or coxibs found no additional cardiovascular risk from diclofenac use. A very large study of 1,028,437 Danish users of various NSAIDs or coxibs found the "Use of the nonselective NSAID diclofenac and the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 2.42; and odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.59, respectively), with a dose-dependent increase in risk."

Diclofenac is similar in COX-2 selectivity to celecoxib.

Gastrointestinal

 * Gastrointestinal complaints are most often noted. The development of ulceration and/or bleeding requires immediate termination of treatment with diclofenac. Most patients receive a gastro-protective drug as prophylaxis during long-term treatment (misoprostol, ranitidine 150 mg at bedtime or omeprazole 20 mg at bedtime).

Liver

 * Liver damage occurs infrequently, and is usually reversible. Hepatitis may occur rarely without any warning symptoms and may be fatal. Patients with osteoarthritis more often develop symptomatic liver disease than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Liver function should be monitored regularly during long-term treatment. If used for the short-term treatment of pain or fever, diclofenac has not been found more hepatotoxic than other NSAIDs.
 * , Endo, Novartis, and the US FDA notified healthcare professionals to add new warnings and precautions about the potential for elevation in liver function tests during treatment with all products containing diclofenac sodium.
 * Cases of drug-induced hepatotoxicity have been reported in the first month, but can occur at any time during treatment with diclofenac. Postmarketing surveillance has reported cases of severe hepatic reactions, including liver necrosis, jaundice, fulminant hepatitis with and without jaundice, and liver failure. Some of these reported cases resulted in fatalities or liver transplantation.
 * Physicians should measure transaminases periodically in patients receiving long-term therapy with diclofenac. Based on clinical trial data and postmarketing experiences, transaminases should be monitored within 4 to 8 week after initiating treatment with diclofenac.

Kidney

 * NSAIDs "are associated with adverse renal [kidney] effects caused by the reduction in synthesis of renal prostaglandins" in sensitive persons or animal species, and potentially during long-term use in nonsensitive persons if resistance to side effects decreases with age. However, this side effect cannot be avoided merely by using a COX-2 selective inhibitor because, "Both isoforms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2, are expressed in the kidney... Consequently, the same precautions regarding renal risk that are followed for nonselective NSAIDs should be used when selective COX-2 inhibitors are administered." However, diclofenac appears to have a different mechanism of renal toxicity.
 * Studies in Spain showed diclofenac caused acute kidney failure in vultures when they ate the carcasses of animals that had recently been treated with it. Drug-sensitive species and individual humans are initially assumed to lack genes expressing specific drug detoxification enzymes.

Mental health

 * Mental health side effects have been reported. These symptoms are rare, but exist in significant enough numbers to include as potential side effects. These include depression, anxiety, irritability, nightmares, and psychotic reactions.

Pharmacology
As with most NSAIDs, the primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic action is thought to be inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis through COX-inhibition. Diclofenac inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 with relative equipotency.

The main target in inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis appears to be the transiently expressed prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGES-2), also known as cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). That is, diclofenac is partially selective for COX-2. It inhibits COX-2 approximately four times as much as COX-1.

The drug may be bacteriostatic via inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis.

Diclofenac has a relatively high lipid solubility, making it one of the few NSAIDs that are able to enter the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. As in the rest of the body, it is thought to exert its effect in the brain through inhibition of COX-2. In addition, it may have effects inside the spinal cord.

Diclofenac may be a unique member of the NSAIDs in other aspects. Some evidence indicates it inhibits the lipoxygenase pathways, thus reducing formation of leukotrienes (also pro-inflammatory autacoids). It also may inhibit phospholipase A2, which may be relevant to its mechanism of action. These additional actions may explain its high potency – it is the most potent NSAID on a broad basis.

Marked differences exist among NSAIDs in their selective inhibition of the two subtypes of cyclooxygenase, COX-1 and COX-2. Drug developers have focused on selective COX-2 inhibition, particularly as a way to minimize the gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs. In practice, use of some COX-2 inhibitors with their adverse effects has led to massive numbers of lawsuits alleging wrongful death by heart attack, yet other significantly COX-selective NSAIDs, such as diclofenac, have been well tolerated by most of the population.

Besides the COX-inhibition, a number of other molecular targets of diclofenac possibly contributing to its pain-relieving actions have recently been identified. These include:
 * Blockage of voltage-dependent sodium channels (after activation of the channel, diclofenac inhibits its reactivation, also known as phase inhibition)
 * Blockage of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)
 * Positive allosteric modulation of KCNQ- and BK-potassium channels (diclofenac opens these channels, leading to hyperpolarization of the cell membrane)

The duration of action (i.e., duration of pain relief) of a single dose is longer (6 to 8 h) than the drug’s 1.2–2 h half-life. This could be partly because it persists for over 11 hours in synovial fluids.

History
Diclofenac was first synthesized by Alfred Sallmann and Rudolf Pfister in 1973. The name "diclofenac" derives from its chemical name: 2-(2,6-dichloranilino) phenylacetic acid. It was patented in Germany in 1978 by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis). It came into medical use in the United States in 1988. GlaxoSmithKline purchased the rights in 2015. Currently, it is available as a generic drug.

Formulations and brand names
Diclofenac formulations are available worldwide under many different brand names.

Voltaren and Voltarol contain the sodium salt of diclofenac. In the United Kingdom, Voltarol can be supplied with either the sodium salt or the potassium salt, while Cataflam, sold in some other countries, is the potassium salt only. However, Voltarol Emulgel contains diclofenac diethylammonium 1.16%, being equivalent to 1% sodium salt. In 2016, Voltarol was one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £39.3 million.

In the United States, 1% diclofenac gel was approved by the FDA in 2007 as a prescription drug for the temporary relief of the pain of osteoarthritis of joints in the hands, knees and feet. In 2020, the FDA approved the gel formulation for nonprescription use.

In January 2015, diclofenac oral preparations were reclassified as prescription-only medicines in the UK. The topical preparations are available without prescription.

Ecological effects
Use of diclofenac for animals is controversial due to toxicity when eaten by scavenging birds that eat dead animals; the medication has been banned for veterinary use in several countries.

Use of diclofenac in animals has been reported to have led to a sharp decline in the vulture population in the Indian subcontinent – a 95% decline by 2003 and a 99.9% decline by 2008. The mechanism is presumed to be kidney failure; however, toxicity may be due to direct inhibition of uric acid secretion in vultures. Vultures eat the carcasses of livestock that have been administered veterinary diclofenac, and are poisoned by the accumulated chemical, as vultures do not have a particular enzyme to break down diclofenac. At a meeting of the National Wildlife Board in March 2005, the Government of India announced it intended to phase out the veterinary use of diclofenac. Meloxicam is a safer alternative to replace use of diclofenac. It is more expensive than diclofenac, but the cost is dropping as more pharmaceutical companies are beginning to manufacture it.

Steppe eagles have the same vulnerability to diclofenac as Old World vultures, and are therefore at a similar risk from its effects. Diclofenac has been shown also to harm freshwater fish species such as rainbow trout. In contrast, New World vultures, such as the turkey vulture, can tolerate at least 100 times the level of diclofenac that is lethal to Gyps species.

"The loss of tens of millions of vultures over the last decade has had major ecological consequences across the Indian subcontinent that pose a potential threat to human health. In many places, populations of feral dogs have increased sharply from the disappearance of Gyps vultures as the main scavenger of wild and domestic ungulate carcasses. Associated with the rise in dog numbers is an increased risk of rabies" and casualties of almost 50,000 people. The Government of India cites this as one of the major consequences of a vulture species extinction. A major shift in the transfer of corpse pathogens from vultures to feral dogs and rats could lead to a disease pandemic, causing millions of deaths in a crowded country like India, whereas vultures' digestive systems safely destroy many species of such pathogens. Vultures are long-lived and slow to breed. They start breeding only at the age of six and only 50% of their young survive. Even if the government ban is fully implemented, it will take many years to revive the vulture population.

The loss of vultures has had a social impact on the Indian Zoroastrian Parsi community, who traditionally use vultures to dispose of human corpses in Towers of Silence, but are now compelled to seek alternative methods of disposal.

Despite the vulture crisis, diclofenac remains available in other countries including many in Europe. It was controversially approved for veterinary use in Spain in 2013 and continues to be available, despite Spain being home to around 90% of the European vulture population and an independent simulation showing that the drug could reduce the population of vultures by 1–8% annually. Spain's medicine agency presented simulations suggesting that the number of deaths would be quite small. A paper published in 2021 identified the first authenticated death of a vulture from diclofenac in Spain, a cinereous vulture.

Diclofenac is on the European Union's watch list because it pollutes the Baltic Sea. When the substance enters freshwater, it has an environmental impact and is considered more difficult to remove in wastewater treatment plants than, for example, ibuprofen. Harmful residues have been found in blue mussels and fish, among others, where it has been found to cause damage to internal organs such as the gills, kidneys and liver.

Veterinary use
Though its use in veterinary medicine is banned in some countries,   diclofenac is approved as a veterinary medication in others; it is used in the treatment of pets as well as in livestock. In sheep, pigs, cattle and goats, it is used in the management of several bacterial diseases, including diarrhoea, enteritis, dysentery, foot rot and septicaemia. In some species of birds, diclofenac causes accumulation of uric acid crystals in internal organs—especially the liver and kidneys—resulting in visceral gout, as well as cellular damage and necrosis. In South Asia in the 2000s, vulture populations were decimated after feeding on carcasses of livestock that had been treated with diclofenac.

title: Diclofenac


text:
Talk:Homosexuality in China

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Tibetan Buddhist monks and homosexuality
Homosexual practices were tolerated in Tibetan monasteries as long as they were limited to the thighs and did not involve anal penetration.

http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanMonks/documents/Tibetan_Buddhism_and_Mass_Monasticism.pdf

http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Drepung.pdf

https://tibetanhistory-20thcentury.wikischolars.columbia.edu/The+Struggle+for+Modern+Tibet

http://www.academia.edu/1470188/_Macho_Buddhism_Gender_and_Sexualities_in_the_Diamond_Way_in_Religion_and_Gender_1_2011_pp._85-103

http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7538.html

http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2014/07/Stoltz-Tibetan-Polyandry-final1.pdf

http://www.iep.utm.edu/santideva/

https://collab.itc.virginia.edu/wiki/tibettourism/Gay%20%26%20Lesbian%20Travelers.html

Rajmaan (talk) 22:38, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Added material
Hi all, I added a quick paragraph about the effects of Western gay and lesbian culture on the Chinese scene within the "Gay, lesbian, and queer culture in contemporary Mainland China" section. Somewhat undecided about whether or not it is okay to simply refer to the general culture as "gay" culture, or if it is more correct and inclusive to continue referring to it as the "lesbian and gay" culture. I stuck with the latter to stay safe. Patriqueliu (talk) 21:00, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Requested move 25 August 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Obvious consensus against. (non-admin closure).  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )   06:24, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Homosexuality in China → LGBT+ Identity in China – The term h*mosexual is considered a slur by many gay and lesbian people, and it is inappropriate to continue referring to them as such when this article is meant to provide clarity into their history. Furthermore, this article mentions many subjects that fall under the rest of the LGBT+ umbrella, such as transgender identity. Therefore, the name should be changed to LGBT+ Identity in China as that would provide a more concise and accurate title which would not offend LGBT+ people. Faunadolls (talk) 01:46, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Homosexuality is a factual, neutral description, not a slur. — JFG talk 08:26, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – The proposed title is not more accurate or concise than the current title. Homosexuality is not a slur and is not inappropriate for a encyclopedic topic. The proposer does not give a strong rational to move this page. Ḉɱ̍ 2nd anniv.   16:36, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose - At the end of the article there are two navigation boxes: LGBT rights in Asia and Homosexuality in Asia.  This article logically fits in the latter group and thus should retain its current title.  (Compare to the related article LGBT rights in China) - Reidgreg (talk) 16:56, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

 * "China" is considered a slur by many people too but this alone cannot guide article titles. —  AjaxSmack   01:53, 26 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Hah, very witty,, thanks for a good chuckle! — JFG talk 03:20, 26 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose! "Homosexuality" is not a slur, and Wikipedia policy doesn't ban supposed slurs in article titles. Furthermore, the current title is more consistent with other pages on the wiki.  ONR  (talk) 04:41, 27 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Homos in china would be slur but not homosexuality Norschweden (talk) 14:15, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose as WP:GREATWRONGS and WP:NOT language-change activism. Such a move would be culturally inappropriate, politicized, and confusing to most readers.  "Homosexuality" is not at all a pejorative, it's a neutral descriptor (though not always accurate; whether sources distinguish clearly between homosexuality and bisexuality in China is worth looking into).  The word "homosexual" applied as a label ("she is a homosexual") has a (not exclusively) pejorative use, but these are not the same thing.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  20:37, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not in any way insulting or a slur. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:56, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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'continue to limit marriage to men and women'
I saw the following information in the Taipei Times and I think it might be relevant on this page: "At a news conference, Zang Tiewei (臧鐵偉), spokesman for the Chinese National People’s Congress’ legal affairs commission, emphatically declared that Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) “lawmakers” would continue to limit marriage to men and women, noting that “this rule suits our country’s national condition and historical and cultural traditions.”" Geographyinitiative (talk) 05:44, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

CCP vs Weibo?
In the short description of this article, it states that "the Communist Party of China criticized [Sina Weibo] for banning homosexual content." However, the article linked to it mentioned nothing about the Communist Party and instead only talked about public backlash. Should this part of the short description be altered in light of this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MangaMaster21 (talk • contribs) 21:26, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

" being attributed by some writers to the influence of Christian and Islamic values"
The citation indicated (Hinsch 1990 p. 70–71) does not include this information. I have looked at the index and checked every indication in this source for information about Christianity and Islam and the author does not make any statements that would support the quoted claim. There does not seem to be any evidence that the above claim represents a historical consensus or even a significant view among historians. In addition, given that Christian and Muslim communities during the Tang period were quite small in number and had their influence on Chinese culture during this period was moderate, the claim appears quite dubious. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.79.195.206 (talk) 19:45, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: HIST 4048 Women and Gender in Modern China
— Assignment last updated by Clementineshou (talk) 19:49, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homosexuality in China


text:
Pollux (star)

Pollux is the brightest star in the constellation of Gemini. It has the Bayer designation β Geminorum, which is Latinised to Beta Geminorum and abbreviated Beta Gem or β Gem. This is an orange-hued, evolved giant star located at a distance of 34 light-years, making it the closest giant to the Sun. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. In 2006 an exoplanet (designated Pollux b or β Geminorum b, later named Thestias) was announced to be orbiting it.

Nomenclature
β Geminorum (Latinised to Beta Geminorum) is the star's Bayer designation.

The traditional name Pollux refers to the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek and Roman mythology. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Pollux for this star.

Castor and Pollux are the two "heavenly twin" stars giving the constellation Gemini (Latin, 'the twins') its name. The stars, however, are quite different in detail. Castor is a complex sextuple system of hot, bluish-white type A stars and dim red dwarfs, while Pollux is a single, cooler yellow-orange giant. In Percy Shelley's 1818 poem Homer's Hymn to Castor and Pollux, the star is referred to as "... mild Pollux, void of blame."

Originally the planet was designated Pollux b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Thestias for this planet. The winning name was based on that originally submitted by theSkyNet of Australia; namely Leda, Pollux's mother. At the request of the IAU, 'Thestias' (the patronym of Leda, a daughter of Thestius) was substituted. This was because 'Leda' was already attributed to an asteroid and to one of Jupiter's satellites.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Muekher al Dzira, which was translated into Latin as Posterior Brachii, meaning the end in the paw.

In Chinese, 北河 (Běi Hé), meaning North River, refers to an asterism consisting of Pollux, ρ Geminorum, and Castor. Consequently, Pollux itself is known as 北河三 (Běi Hé sān, the Third Star of North River.)

Physical characteristics
At an apparent visual magnitude of 1.14, Pollux is the brightest star in its constellation, even brighter than its neighbor Castor (α Geminorum). Pollux is 6.7 degrees north of the ecliptic, presently too far north to be occulted by the Moon. The last lunar occultation visible from Earth was on 30 September 116 BCE from high southern latitudes.

Parallax measurements by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite place Pollux at a distance of about 33.78 ly from the Sun.

The star is larger than the Sun, with about two times its mass and almost nine times its radius. Once an A-type main-sequence star similar to Sirius, Pollux has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. The effective temperature of this star's outer envelope is about $$, which lies in the range that produces the characteristic orange hue of K-type stars. Pollux has a projected rotational velocity of 2.8 km·s−1. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 85% to 155% of the Sun's abundance.

An old estimate for Pollux's diameter obtained in 1925 by John Stanley Plaskett via interferometry was 13 million miles (20.9 million km, or ), significantly larger than modern estimates. A more recent measurement by the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer give a radius of. Another estimate that uses Pollux's spectral lines obtained.

Evidence for a low level of magnetic activity came from the detection of weak X-ray emission using the ROSAT orbiting telescope. The X-ray emission from this star is about 1027 erg s−1, which is roughly the same as the X-ray emission from the Sun. A magnetic field with a strength below 1 gauss has since been confirmed on the surface of Pollux; one of the weakest fields ever detected on a star. The presence of this field suggests that Pollux was once an Ap star with a much stronger magnetic field. The star displays small amplitude radial velocity variations, but is not photometrically variable.

Planetary system
Since 1993 scientists have suspected an exoplanet orbiting Pollux, from measured radial velocity oscillations. The existence of the planet, Pollux b, was confirmed and announced on June 16, 2006. Pollux b is calculated to have a mass at least 2.3 times that of Jupiter. The planet is orbiting Pollux with a period of about 590 days.

The existence of Pollux b has been disputed; the possibility that the observed radial velocity variations are caused by stellar magnetic activity cannot be ruled out.

title: Pollux (star)


text:
Talk:Bathos

Would the fresco of Jesus Christ "restored" by the inept Spanish amateur painter be an example of bathos? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19349921  She was innocent of her ineptitude (ie it was not intentionally done as a joke) and the results are hilarious, puncturing the sublime and sinking it. 88.27.20.193 (talk) 23:57, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Couldn't the first sentence state explicitly that poetry is what this is about? Even the second sentence, in stating that the term was introduced by a poet, doesn't really say it's about poetry; a poet can introduce a term that's about morality or nature or war and almost anything else. Michael Hardy 01:46, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * It can, except that the term isn't about poetry. Peri Bathos itself is prose, and, while Pope was talking about poetry, the term now refers to any situation in which an unintended comic effect is produced by an incongruous combination of high and low.  I will try to clarify some more.  Thanks for the input. Geogre 00:59, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

God - any decent person with a grasp of the English language will tell you that that first sentence is very poorly written. What a trainwreck.75.119.241.188 (talk) 05:54, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Where is Pope's "Rape of the Lock"?
This is his own most elegant contribution to "The Art of Sinking in Poetry"

Terry Foreman

I highly disagree. I think "The Rape of the Lock" definitely includes bathos. Look at these examples (there are many more of course): --Bobjohnson111980 (talk) 07:14, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Only if you consider "bathos" to be synonymous with undercutting (see below). Parody itself relies upon a countertext and an inversion.  The Rape of the Lock takes the form of Virgil to discuss the apotheosis of a curl.  Because Pope is fully aware that a lock of hair is not the proper cause of a feud, the joke works.  If he were stupid and unaware and believed that the snipping of a curl warranted a fight, then he would be Lord Petre or Arabella Fermor and silly.  (I.e. if Rape of the Lock is bathos, then so is Macflecknoe, Lines on the Death of Dean Swift, Absalom and Achitophel, The Splendid Shilling, and Namby Pamby.)  Geogre 03:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
 * "Here Thou, great Anna! whom three Realms obey, / Dost sometimes Counsel take--and sometimes Tea."
 * "The hungry Judges soon the Sentence sign, / And Wretches hang that Jury-men may Dine; / The Merchant from th'exchange returns in Peace, / And the long Labours of the Toilette cease"
 * The entire first verse-paragraph of Canto IV
 * "Then flash'd the living Lightnings from her Eyes, / And Screams of Horror rend th' affrighted Skies. / Not louder Shrieks to pitying Heav'n are cast, / When Husbands or when Lap-dogs breath their last, / Or when rich China Vessels, fal'n from high, / In glittring Dust and painted Fragments lie!"

Late rewrites a bit ... eh... ungood
The article is now entirely rambling. Furthermore, it definitely conflates bathos with deflation, which is a longstanding comic technique that is totally unrelated to bathos. The first two examples are, in fact, not bathos at all. When Pope says, in Rape of the Lock, that great tragedies, like the death of a lover or Shock (the dog), he is doing it consciously for humorous effect. Consciousness of the technique means, in fact, that it is not "sinking" in poetry, but rather undercutting. (E.g. Kierkegaard saying that the self may be easily lost, and the loss of "an arm, a leg, or a wife" would be noticed more is a joke, and not bathos.) I almost reverted way back to the last version by Wetman.

I think there are some nice things said since then, but I also think it has wandered and flopped about too much. Yes, Pope applies it to all arts. Yes, the radical juxtaposition of high and low is bathos. No, it is not bathos when a person undercuts on purpose. (Peri Bathos was a satire. Not much point satirizing people who are doing it on purpose.)  Further, I have yet to hear the term used in contemporary English for deflation or undercutting. I have heard it for unwitting undermining. The Mechanicals' performance of Pyramus and Thisbe in A Midsummer Night's Dream is the only case I can think of where there is conscious bathos: it is funny because it combines very lofty tragedy with very bad acting, and it only functions because the players themselves must be unaware of how bad they are.

In general, I have to say, "no, no, no." This article now needs a major restructuring. Geogre 03:20, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Bathos requires innocence in the author and disjunctive reception
The thing about using an example from the book of Revelation is that while it might be possible for someone to see the poetic figures as bathos, it is extremely unlikely. The verses are allegorical, and, generally, allegory regularly violates physical reality to achieve its philosophical and historical message. For example, Milton would never be accused of being bathetic for describing "the darkness visible." So, similarly, while it's possible for someone who misses the entirety of the allegory of Revelation of St. John to see the mere poetic tropes as disjunctive, the readership would never be looking at those tropes that way in the first place. In other words, there is no innocence of the author. (Bathos requires a poet unaware of the disjunction being created and therefore a significant failure ("art of sinking in poetry"), but John is aware of paradox and intent on it.) That's why I have removed the example: it simply isn't bathos. Geogre 11:39, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair enough. To be honest, I came to the page to find out what bathos actually was after hearing the Monty Python sketch where a gangster uses sarcasm as a weapon:
 * "Well, I was terrified. Everyone was terrified of Doug.  I've seen grown men pull their own heads off rather than see Doug.  Even Dinsdale was frightened of Doug. He used…sarcasm.  He knew all the tricks, dramatic irony, metaphor, bathos, puns, parody, litotes and…satire. He was vicious."

Having read what bathos was, especially the 'Dover pier' example, it reminded me of the verse in Revelation which I have always found funny. I visualise angels standing around looking at their watches. That's the disjunctive reception, on my part at least. Anyway, thanks for clearing it up. I'll be looking up litotes next. Best regards, MatthewPetty 08:44, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry for being prickly, but there was a major rewriter who introduced a lot of ... static ... into the article, and since then people have been gradually trying to get it back in order. The rewriter also introduced some good stuff, so no one just wanted to revert him.  At any rate, Pope's definition is still, I think, the operative one.  Bathos is wonderful, though.  It's probably like kitsch, except that it's specifically a radical disjunction between high and low.  My favorite example from life was seeing a children's theatre doing MacBeth.  I know that Tudor theater was often performed by children's companies, etc., but there is something surreal about 13 year olds acting out the complex grime of that play: the difference between the seriousness of the material and the youth and innocence of the actors created bathos -- a radical disjunction that the producers were unaware of.  Some people have suggested that the The Langley Schools Music Project's version of The Eagles's "Desperado" is bathetic, but I disagree.  A 14 year old girl signing about longing and sadness is actually sort of right on the mark.  (For more unconscious humor, though, where the reader being ironic creates the humor (which is what I think your example shows) is the infamous stage direction in Hamlet that Graham Chapman said was the funniest line in literature: "All die.")  The Pythons were highly educated folks and bright fellows, but I think Dougie Dimsdale may have been using the term inappropriately. :-)  ("He shows up -- in a tank -- and he says, 'Come on, Reg, let's go for a little scrape.'")  Geogre 09:41, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Now someone (oh, I see it's a Scottandrewhutchins) has added a Fact notice into one of the examples. How could this little challenge have been avoided? It intentionally defaces the article. Might we expect an explanation of his action by Scottandrewhutchins here at the Talkpage, if this little tag is not to be reverted again and ignored. Perhaps a better example of bathos would be best, to demonstrate that the perpetrator is not merely tone-deaf and eliminate any possible doubts about good intents. What about it? Let's hear Scottandrewhutchins's example of bathos! Perhaps if the term is obscure to this one reader, the article needs to be made plainer and more obvious, so that everyone can understand bathos, and no one feels excluded and cross. --Wetman 04:41, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm against "citation needed" tags tossed in when what's really involved in "this makes no sense." I see from edit comments that he has a problem with the language, but I have a problem with the example itself.  I don't think that the Moody Blues lyric is particularly bathetic, or at least not obviously so, and therefore we might be better off with another example.  There is nothing wrong with putting "senior citizens" in.  For serious bathos among contemporaries, I'd turn to Rod McKuen, whose poetry is dripping with bathos, or, in lyrics, perhaps "MacArthur Park."  Some of the bad hair metal bands that attempted trolls 'n elves mythology (a la Spinal Tap's "Stonehenge") manage it, too, and Donovan's "Atlantis" is pretty bathetic, but it's difficult to use pop music for bathos.  Geogre 10:26, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that "MacArthur Park" is bathetic. "Weird Al" Yankovic's parody, "Jurassic Park" is easier to take seriously. But something other than pop music might be altogether better.  A line form a crappy romance novel, perhaps?  --Scottandrewhutchins 01:18, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Part of the problem— which is more like the cultural equivalent of a language barrier than to tone-deafness— has been that "Decorum" in Wikipedia was merely a redirect to "Etiquette" (vivid!). So I've begun an article on literary decorum: its deconstruction by modernism has rendered post-historical readers— those lacking any historical perspective— unable to hear bathos, mock-heroic or literary burlesque, because they have no expectations. You'all might help out with decorum as well as finding some better examples of bathos here, to introduce both ideas more effectively in virgin territory. --Wetman 06:35, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oooh, very good idea. We really, really need to explain decorum.  It's an important subject, and the classical locus of the discussion is Addison in The Spectator.  He, of course, had French sources, but he also interpreted and made an English version of it.  You have to have decorum to understand why bathos is such a literary crime.  (As for the examples in Bathos, I was getting accused of WP:OWN because this has been "my" article, so I stepped back.  When a mass of stuff got added in, I asked other readers if they thought I should revert.  They didn't.  They thought it was a mess, but that there was too much good with the bad to just revert, and then I got overwhelmed by the task of a wholesale rewrite that wouldn't leave me open to "OWN"ership criticisms.)  Geogre 11:15, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

this is complete bollocks. as far as I can tell, this article expends most of its energy piously explaining how bathos isn't the appropriate term for a joke along the lines of "the essentials of a judge are integrity, learning, and an ermine robe". And yet this is an example included with the OED's second definition: 2. Rhet. Ludicrous descent from the elevated to the commonplace in writing or speech; anticlimax. 131.172.99.15 16:55, 1 October 2007 (UTC)snaxalotl

 * The OED has never been wrong, of course. Not once, ever.  "Anticlimax" is not bathos.  Bathos may be an unintentional anticlimax, but if it is a figure of speech, then it isn't bathos.  Go read a book -- preferably Peri Bathos.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Geogre (talk • contribs) 20:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Narm
Why does narm redirect to here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.211.75.182 (talk) 07:51, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No idea. :) I've changed the redirect to a more appropriate entry (National Association of Recording Merchandisers). 78.105.161.182 (talk) 10:17, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Looks like someone's idea of a joke/vandalism. Whatever "NARM" was supposed to be someone must have thought it laughable. We usually get people redirecting their least favorite person to "gay," so this is a step up the intellectual ladder, at least. Geogre (talk) 12:04, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

TV Tropes reference, most likely. Their article links here. No idea who actually did it, though, or whether they even knew it was an acronym for something else. 75.0.29.29 (talk) 04:02, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest making a "narm" disambiguation page. Qit el-Remel (talk •  contribs) 01:57, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Yes, "narm" is the preferred term for bathos on TV Tropes. The term has become so entrenched on that wiki that it probably wasn't vandalism to redirect it here. In fact, the term "narm" might even deserve mention as an internet slang term, whereas "bathos" is a more obscure professional literary term. - Gilgamesh (talk) 10:55, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that the article on “Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry” should be merged into this one, on the grounds that the content is almost entirely duplicated. Лудольф (talk) 14:36, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The notability of Pope's essay suggests that it should have its own article.--Sum (talk) 14:32, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose - the topics are discrete subjects and deserve their own articles even though they may be short. However, Лудольф is right to draw attention to duplication of content, and the articles should be edited to avoid/remove overlap. Mooncow (talk) 16:18, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose - there is no reason for an article about a particular essay by Alexander Pope should be merged into the article about the subject of that essay. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:46, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

I am closing this discussion, since it has had no support after almost a year of being open. --EncycloPetey (talk) 19:46, 26 February 2011 (UTC)

I don't think Titian ever painted the Last Supper, I assume Michelangelo is probably meant. PatGallacher (talk) 21:31, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bathos