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Prime Time Entertainment Network

The Prime Time Entertainment Network (PTEN) was an American television network that was operated by the Prime Time Consortium, a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Domestic Television subsidiary of Time Warner and Chris-Craft Industries. First launched on January 20, 1993, and operating until 1997, the network mainly aired drama programs aimed at adults between the ages of 18 and 54. At its peak, PTEN's programming was carried on 177 television stations, covering 93% of the country.

Origins
At the time of PTEN's founding, co-owner Chris-Craft Industries owned independent television stations in several large and mid-sized U.S. cities (among them its two largest stations, WWOR-TV in New York City and KCOP-TV in Los Angeles) through its BHC Communications and United Television divisions, which formed the nuclei of the network.

PTEN was launched in 1993 as a potential fifth television network (the second since the demise of Star Television Network, launched in 1990, but shutdown the year after, in 1991), and was created in reaction to the launch of the Fox network (which debuted in October 1986, seven years before PTEN launched) as well as the successes of first-run syndicated programming during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It offered packaged nights of programming to participating television stations, beginning with a two-hour block on Wednesday evenings, with a second block (originally airing on Saturday, before moving to Monday for the 1994-95 season) being added in September 1993. Originally, the station groups involved in the Prime Time Consortium helped finance PTEN's programs; however, that deal was restructured at the beginning of the network's second year.

The service sought affiliations with various television stations not affiliated with the Big Three television networks. However, close to half of PTEN's initial affiliates were stations that were already affiliated with Fox; as a result, these stations usually scheduled PTEN programming around Fox's then five-night prime time schedule (although Fox would expand its schedule to seven nights with the addition of programming on Tuesdays and Wednesdays on January 19, 1993, the day before PTEN launched). PTEN launched on January 20, 1993, with two series: the science fiction series Time Trax and the action drama Kung Fu: The Legend Continues.

Demise
PTEN faced two obstacles created by its parent companies which would affect the network. On November 2, 1993, the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner announced that it would form its own fifth network, The WB, as a joint venture with the Tribune Company, Six days earlier, on October 27, Chris-Craft Industries announced the launch of the United Paramount Network (UPN), in a programming partnership with Paramount Television division of Viacom (which would become part-owner of the network in 1996). As a result, the core Chris-Craft independent stations (as well as those owned by Paramount) would serve as charter stations of the new network; Chris-Craft also chose to pull out of the partnership to focus on operating UPN.

The network also faced issues from some PTEN-affiliated stations that took issue with the network's barter split, which gave nine minutes of advertising time per hour to the syndicator, leaving only five minutes for the stations to sell and program locally. PTEN also ran into difficulty when the studio was forced to let stations out of their back-end commitments for several series. PTEN adopted a variable schedule for the 1995-1996 season, for affiliates to schedule around The WB and UPN's programming on the night of their choosing. With Chris-Craft pulling out of the venture, PTEN essentially became a syndication service for its remaining shows, before ceasing operations altogether in 1997. One of the two series that aired during the service's final year of operation, the science fiction drama Babylon 5, would later be revived by TNT, where it aired for a fifth and final season beginning in 1998.

Series

 * Babylon 5 (February 22, 1993, as a television film; January 26, 1994 – October 27, 1997, as a weekly series)
 * Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (January 27, 1993 – January 1, 1997)
 * Pointman (January 24, 1994, as a television film; January 26 – November 27, 1995, as a series)
 * Time Trax (January 20, 1993 – December 3, 1994)

Films and mini-series

 * The History of Rock 'n' Roll (March 6, 1995) 10 hour documentary
 * Island City (March 2, 1994)
 * The Wild West (March 22–26, 1993)

title: Prime Time Entertainment Network


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Coldmoorholme

Coldmoorholme (or Coldmoorholm, formerly Coldmoorham or Coldmorham) is a hamlet in the parish of Little Marlow in Buckinghamshire, England. It is now considered part of the village of Bourne End, and locally the area is known as 'Spade Oak'.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coldmoorholme


text:
Talk:Indigo children

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aceandretti.

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Hi, BVLSingler here :) I'm entirely new to wikipedia so I thought I would drop a suggestion of a link to my book on the Indigo Children that came out in 2017 and someone can decide if it is appropriate to add into the wiki page or not :) link is: https://www.routledge.com/The-Indigo-Children-New-Age-Experimentation-with-Self-and-Science-1st/Singler/p/book/9781472489630

B — Preceding unsigned comment added by BVLSingler (talk • contribs) 14:16, 7 February 2019 (UTC)

"pseudoscientific"
Pseudoscientific isn't just another word for wrong. Pseudoscientific implies the claim purports to be scientific in the first place. No doubt many New Agers make pseudoscientific claims, but the subject is not intrinsically "pseudoscientific" any more than any religion or unfalsifiable intellectual endeavour is. Maskettaman (talk) 08:57, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Re Pseudoscientific implies the claim purports to be scientific in the first place -- this includes scientifically testable claims that pretend to be magic instead.
 * Re any more than any religion or unfalsifiable intellectual endeavour is -- There's a difference between "this is outside the boundaries of science" and "this is something scientifically testable but please don't." "Is there an Absolute or Ground-of-Being" would fall under the former, "I believe my baby will glow purple in Kirlian photography (even if I've not actually checked), so therefore anyone who says he has less than a 200 IQ and lacks telepathy is just testing him wrong" falls well into the later. Ian.thomson (talk) 15:24, 17 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Re any more than any religion or unfalsifiable intellectual endeavour is -- There's a difference between "this is outside the boundaries of science" and "this is something scientifically testable but please don't." "Is there an Absolute or Ground-of-Being" would fall under the former, "I believe my baby will glow purple in Kirlian photography (even if I've not actually checked), so therefore anyone who says he has less than a 200 IQ and lacks telepathy is just testing him wrong" falls well into the later. Ian.thomson (talk) 15:24, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Science is just a school of thought based on(mostly) 3rd dimensional reality. Since you have not achieved Satori, you will never, ever, ever, understand anything. I have more content to add to this page, but it's all original research, because I am the one researching this in the western world. I am Metteyya. Jsderwin (talk) 10:19, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia does not use original research and talk pages are not general discussion forums. Take your pseudo-Buddhism elsewhere.  Ian.thomson (talk) 13:18, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Ian, it's concerning when a person with your attitude, and editing power, thinks he knows everything. You are prideful. Good for you. Enjoy your role in the game. Cheers. Jsderwin (talk) 22:21, 14 September 2018 (UTC)
 * I never claimed to know everything. You, however, decided you know what my spiritual state is from a single post -- that's pride, haughty hypocrite.  Ian.thomson (talk) 22:43, 14 September 2018 (UTC)

ian and the others 4 the record, " Take your pseudo-Buddhism elsewhere." Ian, if you don't know that that is rude, then I apologize. Otherwise, I rest my case. Jsderwin (talk) 12:50, 15 September 2018 (UTC) and 4 the record I AM METTEYYA — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jsderwin (talk • contribs) 12:52, 15 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Dude, you're pretty much shouting that you're the Buddhist messiah, after deciding that someone you don't know will never understand anything. That's beyond pride, that's the sort of arrogance that Buddhism warns against and it misses the point of the great vehicle entirely.  Ian.thomson (talk) 17:19, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

You should ask a Buddhist, or Hindu sometime, instead of reading it online... So I am going to help you by sending some real life Gods here, to help me explain to you, the western mind, what the rest of the world already knows. We are all God. Jsderwin (talk) 18:25, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

you are so filled with sin, you cannot see your own arrogance. iI have already met the western God, my God, me of the blood of the missing tribe. I have complete access to the Ahkasic records. I am the Librarian, and the Programmer. You, my son, live the THE MATRIX. Here is some basic information to help you begin to understand that you are nothing more than an idea. I am the Sly Man. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vq0l1Jx9MY Jsderwin (talk) 18:29, 15 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Are you here to build an encyclopedia according to this community's standards or are you here to preach about how great you think you are? Your past several contributions suggest the latter. Ian.thomson (talk) 18:30, 15 September 2018 (UTC)

cool man. adios, padre. Jsderwin (talk) 18:44, 15 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Er, do you have any suggestions for how we mere mortals may improve this article, oh Great One? - LuckyLouie (talk)
 * His tantrums aside, satori is not an elitist experience. Many people have experienced it and will experience it, and no, they do not become world teachers or get magic powers just because they had an experience of religious ecstasy. Tgeorgescu (talk) 11:04, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

3RR exemption
Reverting vandalism is 3RR exemption. Tgeorgescu (talk) 10:51, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

Facts about indigo children!!
Indigo children have an indigo/blue aura hints the name indigo children. They noticed the aura started to be indigo in the 60s with certain children. This started the whole want to research the "indigo aura" and found these similar traits in the children. 75.71.144.108 (talk) 15:44, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Missing from this: Sources about those facts!!
 * We won't just add your opinions to the article because you say they are facts. See WP:OR and WP:RS. --Hob Gadling (talk) 17:54, 21 August 2022 (UTC)
 * In fact, the stuff about auras is already mentioned in the article. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 12:36, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indigo children


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Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden

The Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden, officially Alexandru Borza Cluj-Napoca University Botanic Garden (Grădina Botanică Alexandru Borza a Universităţii Cluj-Napoca), is a botanical garden located in the south part of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It was founded in 1872 by Hungarian linguist Sámuel Brassai, known as the "Last Transylvanian Polymath". Its director in 1905 was Aladár Richter, then Páter Béla, Győrffy István, and then, in 1920, it was taken over by the local university and by Alexandru Borza.

In addition to its role as a tourist destination, the garden also serves as a teaching and research center as part of the Babeș-Bolyai University. In 2010, the Romanian Ministry of Culture and National Patrimony categorized it as a historical monument.

The garden is over 14 hectares in area, with over 10,000 plants found throughout the world. It is divided into ornamental, phytogeographic (geobotanical), systematic (taxonomical), economic, and medicinal sections. Romanian flora and vegetation are represented by plants from the Transylvanian plains, the Carpathian Mountains, Banat, etc.

Among the Botanical Garden's interesting attractions are the Japanese Garden (a garden in Japanese style, with a brook and a Japanese-style house), the Roman Garden with archeological remains from the Roman colony of Napoca, among them a statue of Ceres, goddess of cereals and bread, alongside cultivated plants that dominate contemporary Romanian agriculture. Jablonovszki Elemér was its head gardener for 45 years.

History
After the establishment of the first universities, the existing herb gardens beside the monasteries were subordinated to them, gradually forming the true botanical gardens where the botanical sciences with their different branches became study disciplines. Likewise is the case similar with the botanical garden of Alexandru Borza of Cluj-Napoca, and its history has been tied to the Romanian University situated in the capital of Transylvania.

Precursors
In 1872, with the founding of the Franz Josef University in Cluj, the unique botanical department was attached to a vast garden, the attachment having been orchestrated in said park by Count Mikó, the Ardelean National Museum. This was to be later transformed into a botanical garden. A rich collection of trees and shrubs formed the foundation and the promising beginning of a botanical garden. At the entrance of the park was a four-room building, which served as a Botanical Institute and office. The first director, Prof. Dr. A. Kanitz (1872-1896), failed to organize a solid institution. Despite the funds he disposed of having been of minimal value, he could hardly achieve either a systematically medicinal school or a small greenhouse for tropical plants. Consequently, more than three-quarters of space remained unsolved. In 1882, the Institute of Chemistry was built in the middle of the garden. Count Mikó's House was transformed into a Zoological Museum, rather than being used as part of a Botanical Museum. In 1897, when the second director, Prof. Dr. J. Istvánffi (1897-1901) was instated, the building of the Botanical Institute was demolished, the whole garden thereby losing its original meaning despite considerable efforts to raise the garden to Western standards. Until 1901 and the instatement of the garden's third director, Prof. Dr. Aladár Richter, who had rich experience and modern views, the Botanical Garden was endowed with a larger greenhouse. This greenhouse was raised in the outside garden, which had been abandoned until then. At that time Prof. Dr. Aladár Richter was expecting a flourishing era for this cultural institution when suddenly Prof. Apathy placed her new Zoological Institute in the middle of the botanical garden. Thus, with the Institute of Chemistry and Zoology away from its botanical institute, the Botanical Garden could no longer serve the botanical sciences seriously.

After many efforts, director Aladár Richter managed to convince the government of the need for measures to save the garden. In 1910–1912, as compensation for the museum garden, a great land for a new botanical farden was purchased. The chosen territory was corrugated and rugged, rendering it suitable for different cultures and rare landscapes. It was endowed with separate buildings for the director, staff and household.

Professor Richter retired and thus did not personally handle the arrangement of this garden. For lack of funds and initiative, Gyorffy (1913-1919) also did not handle the arrangement, but rather cultivated fruits and vegetables for hospitals and housed the Hungarian refugees in 1916 during World War I. The new Romanian administration was tasked with transforming the orchard of existing fruit trees into a true botanical garden.

Foundation and growth
After the Great Union, a conflict emerged between the newly enlarged Kingdom of Romania and staff at the University of Cluj, which refused to recognise the authority of the Romanian state. Consequently, the university's assets were nationalised and on 12 May 1919 a committee of 14 Transylvanian specialists was appointed to administer these assets. In the area of biology this task fell to Alexandru Borza. In 1920, Borza and Kornél Gürtler devised a plan for a botanical garden.

In 1920 two neighbouring parcels separated by a creek are bought and the landscaping work begins. The marshy land hosting the parcels is drained and a diverse array of seeds are planted.

In 1923 a dam with a reservoir and a water tower are built. The water tower is accessible to the public and doubles as a panoramic viewing platform overlooking the garden. The rocky sections are landscaped for Mediterranean flora and a Japanese garden is constructed.

In 1924 a greenhouse is set up to host palm trees. New paths through the garden are constructed and paved.

The official inauguration of the garden takes place on 25 June 1925.

A series of renovation and expansion works take place throughout the 1960s. The most notable are six new greenhouses, paving the garden's main alleys, and consolidation works on the central lake's foundation.

title: Cluj-Napoca Botanical Garden


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Urban One

Urban One, Inc. (formerly Radio One) is a Silver Spring, Maryland-based American media conglomerate. Founded in 1980 by Cathy Hughes, the company primarily operates media properties targeting African Americans.

It is the largest African-American-owned broadcasting company in the United States, currently operating over 50 radio stations. The company also operates digital arm Interactive One, cable networks TV One & Cleo TV, and is a majority-owner of syndicator Reach Media.

As of 2014, it was the ninth-highest-earning African-American-owned business in the United States.

Early years
Radio One in 1980 by Cathy Hughes, a then-recently divorced single mother, with the purchase of the Washington, D.C. radio station WOL-AM for $995,000. She changed the station's programming format from all-music to one that examined politics and culture from an African American perspective. Hughes purchased her second station, WMMJ in Washington, seven years later, which began to turn a profit once she converted it into a rhythm and blues station. This established Radio One's early strategy of purchasing small, underperforming radio stations in urban markets and refocusing them to serve the demographics of their communities.

After joining the company in 1985 and managing its day-to-day operations since 1993, Hughes's son, Alfred C. Liggins III, took over as CEO in 1997, with Hughes becoming the board's chairperson. In 1995, Radio One purchased WKYS-FM in Washington, D.C., for $34 million, and also entered the Atlanta market by purchasing WHAT-FM for $4.5 million. In 1997, the company entered the Philadelphia market with its purchase of WPHI-FM for $20 million. The company added numerous stations in the late 1990s, including stations in Atlanta, St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, Richmond, San Francisco, Detroit and Boston.

In 1996, Radio One moved its corporate offices from Washington, D.C., to Lanham, Maryland. The company is now based in Silver Spring, Maryland. Under the guidance of recently appointed CEO Liggins, Radio One went public on May 6, 1999, while continuing to be controlled by the family. The company's initial public offering was for 6.5 million shares at $24 per share. This made Hughes the first African American woman to chair a public company. As of 2010, Hughes and Liggins control 90% of Radio One's voting stock.

In 2000, Radio One purchased 12 stations for approximately $1.3 billion from Clear Channel, bringing Radio One into Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston and Miami, along with stations in Cleveland and Greenville, South Carolina. Soon after, Radio One added two more Dallas stations. In total, the company added 21 radio stations in 2000.

Further expansion
In 2001, Radio One expanded into 22 markets, with 18 million listeners, making it the nation's largest urban-market radio broadcasting company. In February, Radio One purchased rival company Blue Chip Broadcasting for approximately $135 million ($45 million cash with the remainder in stock). The purchase included 15 radio stations owned and operated by Cincinnati-based Blue Chip in Ohio, Minnesota and Kentucky. Earlier that month, Radio One had also purchased another Dallas radio station for $52.5 million. In June 2001, Radio One purchased Georgia radio station WPEZ-FM from US Broadcasting for $55 million.

In January 2004, Radio One launched the TV One cable network in a joint venture with Comcast.

In February, Radio One purchased country station WSNJ in Bridgeton, New Jersey, for $35 million; it had been on the air since 1937 and family-owned by the Ed and Katherine Bold family for over 50 years. The company would also purchase KRTS-FM in Houston for approximately $72.5 million in cash, giving it three stations in the Houston market.

In November 2004, Radio One acquired a 53% stake in Reach Media, a Texas-based media company owned by radio host Tom Joyner, for $56.1 million in cash and stock.

From 2006 through the beginning of 2008, Radio One sold nearly $150 million in assets, primarily underperforming radio stations.

Radio One would reach a peak of owning over 70 stations in 22 markets by 2007, becoming the largest African-American-owned-and-operated broadcast company in the US. In January of that year, Radio One purchased GIANT magazine for $275,000.

However, that same year, Radio One would sell ten stations to Main Line Broadcasting for approximately $76 million in cash. The stations sold were in Radio One's markets with the smallest African American populations. The sale decreased the number of Radio One's stations from 71 to 61.

In 2008, Radio One launched its Interactive One subsidiary. The company also acquired social networking firm Community Connect, the parent company of BlackPlanet, AsianAvenue and MiGente, for $38 million. BlackPlanet at the time had 20 million members and was the nation's fourth-most visited social networking site.

In December 2009, the company suspended publication of the print version of the bi-monthly magazine, relaunching it online as GIANTLife.com. The website is a part of the Interactive One network.

In 2011, Radio One changed stations in Houston, Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio, from African American to general interest formats, due to low ratings. In May 2018, they purchased Washington, D.C. sports station "The Team 980" WTEM from Washington Commanders owner Dan Snyder's Red Zebra Broadcasting.

Rebranding as Urban One
On May 8, 2017, Radio One was renamed Urban One. Radio One would be retained as the company's secondary name, and as a name for its radio division.

On January 19, 2019, Urban One launched Cleo TV, a cable channel aimed at millennial and Generation X African American women.

In April 2023, it was announced that Urban One would acquire the Houston radio cluster of Cox Media Group. This, at the time of the sale, would have resulted in Urban One being over FCC ownership limits, forcing the divestitures of 2 stations in the combined cluster; the stations to be sold were later determined by the two companies to be KROI and Cox's KTHT, which would be placed into the temporary Sugarland Station Trust divestiture trust, overseen by Scott Knoblauch. It was reported that Urban was already in the process of negotiations for KROI with a "minority-owned" broadcaster marking their entry into the market; on April 20, it was announced said broadcaster was Spanish Broadcasting System, who would ultimately buy the station for $7.5 million.

Stations
As of May 2023, Urban One's Radio One division operates 58 radio stations in 13 markets.

TV One Networks
TV One Networks is the unit that oversees Urban One's cable networks.

On January 19, 2004, Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday, Urban One launched TV One in a joint venture with Comcast. The network primarily produces and airs African American entertainment, lifestyle, and scripted programming.

A sister network aimed at young millennial and Generation X African American women, Cleo TV, would launch in January 2019.

Interactive One
Interactive One (also known as iOne), launched in 2008, is Urban One's online portfolio of digital brands complementing other media companies. The unit operates numerous digital brands, including NewsOne (a news website which curates stories from other media sources for an African-American audience. ), The Urban Daily, and Hello Beautiful. By 2011, Interactive was the largest network of owned and operated sites aimed at an African-American audience, and by 2014, had reached over 18 million unique monthly users on its platform through over 80 national and local brands.

In 2011, Interactive One entered into an editorial and sales partnership with NBC News, aligning NewsOne with NBC's The Grio.

As of 2013, Interactive One has a partnership with Global Grind, a website founded by Russell Simmons and focused on pop culture and music content for African American and Hispanic audiences. In 2015, Interactive One launched HB Studios, a video production studio focused on creating scripted and unscripted programming about women and the diversity of their experiences. The programming will be featured on the iOne Women Channel, HelloBeautiful.com, YouTube and Facebook.

Reach Media
Reach Media is a Texas-based media company owned by radio host Tom Joyner.

In November 2004, Radio One acquired a 53% stake in Reach for $56.1 million in cash and stock. The deal also gave Radio One ownership rights to Joyner's syndicated Tom Joyner Morning Show, which was at the time airing on 115 stations to 8 million listeners; and news website BlackAmericaWeb.com, which had at the time approximately 800,000 members, giving Radio One its first strong Internet presence.

In 2005, Radio One and Reach Media launched a new African-American-centered talk radio network, with programming hosted by the Reverend Al Sharpton, to be broadcast on up to 10 of Radio One's stations, as well as stations owned by other companies.

In December 2012, under a new deal, Radio One increased its ownership stake in Reach Media to 80%. That same month, Radio One announced that the following year, it would merge its "Syndication One" urban programming lineup with Reach Media.

title: Urban One


text:
Talk:Index of East Germany–related articles

The idea of this page is to pull together articles that are specifically about the GDR or GDR personalities. It's not meant to be a partial duplication of the Germany page. Secretlondon 22:34, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)


text:
Talk:List of Brazilians

John VI, king of Brazil
Doesn't John VI become a brazilian when he becomes King of Brazil? Brazil has, then, the same status of Portugal as part of the United Kingdom.

Sergio de Mello
Should not also Sergio de Mello be added into this list? None of the categories cover him, maybe there should be a category of 'Diplomat' added Geoff97 22:34, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Question
What is Pedro Álvares Cabral, a portuguese navigator, doing in this list?--Alfred300p 23:49, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)

Correction
Frei Caneca to be executed by hanging, but the ones responsible for the execution denied the task. So he was shot by a firing squad instead...(dfv10). I corrected the information myself (The way he was executed does not matter after all!)

TV Celebrities
What about other TV celebrities, such as Silvio Santos, Cid Moreira, Renato Machado, etc. --Pinnecco 08:48, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Change to category
Wouldn't it be better to change this from a list (article) to a category instead? --Pinnecco 07:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. -- Rudá 22:43, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * What are the guidelines for entering names in this list? There are 190 million living Brazilians, I am sure Wikipedia doesn't want all of them in this list.  Should we limit only to names with an entry in the Wikipedia?  It looks tlike there are more than a few "self-nominations" this list.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.67.160.233 (talk) 16:55, 30 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What seems to work is that lists like this will have hidden text instructing editors to only add names of people who have articles on wikipedia, and that those articles indicate the person is of brazilian descent of some sort. If the name doesnt have an article, then they should be a likely candidate for an article, but the name would need at least one reference showing the persons notability AND brazilian descent/origin. I will, in time, get around to this, but anyone can do it. We can have both a category and a list for this subject, especially when the list is broken up into sections, and birthdates and other interesting info is added. this list need heavy editing and attention.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 20:22, 28 August 2010 (UTC)
 * there, about 2/3 done. this should stay stable for a while. sorry if it seems drastic, but when lists get this redlinked, it becomes a place for requesting articles or just unverified data. the "main" lists also need to be edited, and ultimately it doesnt make sense to duplicate the list info. It should either be a section here, or just a link to another list, not both.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 07:39, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

Change to list of lists
Shouldn't we change this into a list of lists, in the same model of the australian one, for example? LuizdeO (talk) 15:41, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Brazilians


text:
User:Carlj7

Born in Rock Hill, South Carolina, Carl was a double major in Philosophy and Computer Science at Furman University. Formerly employed as an Assistant Language Teacher for the JET Program in Takaoka, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, he is now earning a Master's degree in Philosophy at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

title: User:Carlj7


text:
Coleshill, Buckinghamshire

Coleshill (formerly Stoke) is a village and civil parish within Chiltern district in Buckinghamshire, England. It is 2 miles south of Amersham and 3 miles north of Beaconsfield.

History
The village name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'Coll's hill', though it has only been known by this name since the early 16th century. It appears as 'Colshull' on John Speed's maps in the early 17th century. Previously it was known as 'Stoke'. In 1844 the village was transferred from Hertfordshire to Buckinghamshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844.

From 1919 to 1939, the village was home to the Coleshill Convalescent Home, officially opened on 27 June 1919 by Lady Portman. It had 12 beds for soldiers wounded in World War I.

Facilities
The village has a junior school (Coleshill Church of England Infant School), community hall, two pubs (The Red Lion http://www.theredlioncoleshill.pub and The Harte & Magpies), a tennis club with two courts, and a cricket club. A small play park exists in Hill Meadow.

The village has a pond which is notable for the presence of Starfruit, Damasonium alisma, which is found at only a few locations in Buckinghamshire and Surrey in Southern England. The pond is centrally located and while the village does have a Common, it is rather hidden from view.

Notable buildings
All Saints Church was built of flint and stone in 1861.

The village includes Georgian villas and some 1809 cottages with bottle ends set into the upper walls for decoration.

The site of the long vanished manor house where Edmund Waller was born is nearby. The house known as 'Wallers Oak' was built in 1909 as a vicarage for All Saints Church.

Porch House, Village Road, was the home of composer and painter Laura Wilson Barker following the death of her husband Tom Taylor in 1880 until her own death in 1905. Her choral setting of Keats's A Prophecy, composed in 1850, was performed for the first time 49 years later at the Hovingham Festival in 1899.

Just outside the village is The Water Tower a 30 metre (100') tall structure which once fed water to Amersham but is now a residential property. This development was the subject of season one, episode four of the TV show Grand Designs

title: Coleshill, Buckinghamshire


text:
Cooks Wharf

Cooks Wharf is a hamlet in the parish of Cheddington, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located where the main road into Cheddington from Pitstone crosses the Grand Union Canal. At the 2011 census the population of the area was included in the civil parish of Marsworth.

Apples from the surrounding orchards were loaded onto the narrowboats here to travel down the canal to London.

title: Cooks Wharf


text:
Cores End

Cores End is a hamlet in the civil parish of Wooburn (where at the 2011 Census the population was included), in Buckinghamshire, England.

title: Cores End


text:
Crafton, Buckinghamshire

Crafton is a hamlet in the civil parish of Mentmore, in Buckinghamshire, England.

The hamlet's name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'farm where saffron grows'. Edith of Wessex, a queen of England, had a hunting lodge in the small area between Mentmore and Crafton known as Berrystead. The remains of the Lodge, converted in the 15th century to a farmhouse, were demolished when Mentmore Towers was under construction in the mid 19th century.

The hamlet while in the ecclesiastic parish of Wing, is nearer to Wingrave. It is however under the jurisdiction the parish council of Mentmore. There are two 16th century farmhouses, one of which (known as Hellesthorpe) has the unusual distinction of having a Crafton postal address, but is in the parish of Wingrave. Many residents of the hamlet are equally confused by their parish's whereabouts, most have chosen to worship and be buried at Mentmore, the village most socially connected to Crafton.

Crafton once had a small Methodist chapel; this is now a private house.

The remainder of the settlement comprises small terraced 18th century cottages. However the hamlet was substantially rebuilt after the 1850s when it became part of the Mentmore estate of Baron Mayer de Rothschild.

In addition to building some cottages the Baron built his famed Crafton Stud farm in the hamlet. In the short space of ten years following its creation the stud farm bred two Epsom Derby winners for the Baron. These were Ladas and Sir Visto.

One of the most attractive buildings in the hamlet is Keeper's Cottage, originally the home of the head game-keeper it also served as the lodge to the Crafton drive of Mentmore Towers.

The hamlet is reached only by one small cul-de-sac road. It contains no public house or shop.

title: Crafton, Buckinghamshire


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WikiCup 2018 November newsletter
The WikiCup is over for another year! Our Champion this year is, who over the course of the competition has amassed 147 GAs, 111 GARs, 9 DYKs, 4 FLs and 1 ITN. Our finalists were as follows:

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WikiCup 2019 March newsletter
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WikiCup 2021 March newsletter
Round 1 of the competition has finished; it was a high-scoring round with 21 contestants scoring more than 100 points. Everyone with a positive score moves on to Round 2, with 55 contestants qualifying. You will need to finish among the top thirty-two contestants in Round 2 if you are to qualify for Round 3. Our top scorers in Round 1 were:

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WikiCup 2021 May newsletter
The second round of the 2021 WikiCup has now finished; it was a high-scoring round and contestants needed 61 points to advance to Round 3. There were some impressive efforts in the round, with the top eight contestants all scoring more than 400 points. A large number of the points came from the 12 featured articles and the 110 good articles achieved in total by contestants, as well as the 216 good article reviews they performed; the GAN backlog drive and the stay-at-home imperative during the COVID-19 pandemic may have been partially responsible for these impressive figures.

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title: User:Jonathan Chang


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Wheel sizing
I just came across your Wheel Sizing entry, and I think I cleaned it up pretty well. Tell me what you think.

It'll have to be changed a bit more — the capitalization being the major problem (Wikipedia standard is for sentence case, so "sizing" would have to be lowercase) — but at least it's closer to Wiki standard now. Azure Haights 23:07, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

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List of boxing families

This is a list of boxing families with two or more notable boxers. Many families have had multiple members become famous in the sport of boxing, with some having held multiple world titles. While this does not have extensive details, their highest career achievements are listed.

Argentina

 * Matthysse siblings
 * Walter Matthysse (1978–), WBO Latino welterweight champion
 * Edith Soledad Matthysse (1980–), WBA and WBC female featherweight champion
 * Lucas Matthysse (1982–), WBA (Regular) welterweight, WBC interim light welterweight champion

 * Bermúdez siblings
 * Gustavo David Bermúdez (1988–), WBC Latino interim light welterweight champion
 * Daniela Romina Bermúdez (1989–), WBO female super flyweight; IBF, and WBO female bantamweight champion
 * Roxana Ayelyn Bermúdez (1995–)
 * Evelyn Nazarena Bermúdez (1996–), IBF female light flyweight champion

Australia

 * Mundine family
 * Tony Mundine (1951–), Commonwealth middleweight champion; Australian middleweight, light heavyweight, cruiserweight and heavyweight champion
 * Anthony Mundine (Tony's son; 1975–), WBA super middleweight champion; IBO middleweight champion
 * Moloney brothers
 * Andrew Moloney (1991–), Interim WBA super-flyweight champion
 * Jason Moloney (1991–), WBO bantamweight champion
 * Nissen brothers
 * Henry Nissen (1948–), Former Australian flyweight title, Commonwealth flyweight title, induction into Australian National Boxing Hall of Fame
 * Leon Nissen (1948–), Former amateur boxer, represented Australia at the 1970 Commonwealth Games
 * Tszyu family
 * Kostya Tszyu (1969–), Former IBF, WBC, WBA, and The Ring light-welterweight Champion
 * Tim Tszyu (1994–), Current WBO light middleweight Champion, Australasian light middleweight Champion
 * Nikita Tszyu (1998–), Current Australian super welterweight Champion

Brazil

 * Falcão brothers
 * Yamaguchi Falcão (1987–), WBO Latino middleweight champion, silver medal at 2011 Pan American Games, bronze at 2012 Olympics
 * Esquiva Falcão (1989–), Middleweight bronze medal at 2011 World Championships, silver at 2012 Summer Olympics

Bulgaria

 * Pulev brothers
 * Kubrat Pulev (1981–), European heavyweight champion
 * Tervel Pulev (1983–), Bronze medal at 2012 Summer Olympics, European cruiserweight champion

Canada

 * Gatti brothers
 * Joe Gatti (1967–), light middleweight world title challenger
 * Arturo Gatti (1972–2009), IBF super featherweight champion; WBC light welterweight champion

 * Hilton family
 * Dave Hilton Sr. (1940–), Canadian middleweight champion
 * Dave Hilton Jr. (Dave Sr.'s son; 1963–), WBC super middleweight champion
 * Alex Hilton (Dave Sr.'s son; 1964–), Canadian middleweight champion
 * Matthew Hilton (Dave Sr.'s son; 1965–), IBF light middleweight champion

 * Vanderpool brothers
 * Fitz Vanderpool (1967–), World Boxing Federation (WBF) welterweight and light middleweight champion
 * Syd Vanderpool (1972–), WBO-NABO super middleweight champion

Colombia

 * Cardona brothers
 * Prudencio Cardona (1951–2019), WBC flyweight champion
 * Ricardo Cardona (1952–2015), WBA super bantamweight champion

Cuba

 * Savón family
 * Félix Savón (1967–), Gold medals at 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics, and 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995 and 1997 World Championships
 * Erislandy Savón (Félix's nephew; 1990–), Bronze medal at 2016 Summer Olympics, gold medal at 2017 World Championships

 * Ribalta brothers
 * José Ribalta (eldest), welterweight
 * José Ribalta (middle), heavyweight, 1976 Giraldo Córdova Cardín participant, fought Teófilo Stevenson three times in the mid-1970s, also fought Aziz Salihu
 * José Manuel Ribalta (youngest; 1963–), heavyweight, 1979-1981 Florida State Golden Gloves Champion and AAU District Champ, 1981 National Golden Gloves finalist, WBC contender during the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, fought James Smith, Mike Tyson, Leon Spinks, Larry Holmes, Vitali Klitschko, Chris Byrd, Donovan Ruddock

Denmark

 * Bredahl brothers
 * Jimmi Bredahl (1967–), WBO, IBO, European super featherweight champion
 * Johnny Bredahl (1968–), WBA, IBO, WBU, European bantamweight, WBO super flyweight champion; first Danish WBA champion

The only brothers in the world to become world champions the same night at the same event. Took place at Parken Stadium on September 4, 1992.

Dominican Republic

 * Cruz brothers
 * Carlos Cruz (1937–1970), WBA, and WBC lightweight champion
 * Leo Cruz (1953–), WBA super bantamweight champion

France

 * Tiozzo brothers
 * Christophe Tiozzo (1963–), WBA super middleweight champion
 * Fabrice Tiozzo (1969–), WBA, and WBC light heavyweight, WBA cruiserweight champion

Germany

 * Rocchigiani brothers
 * Ralf Rocchigiani (1963–), WBO cruiserweight champion
 * Graciano Rocchigiani (1963–2018), IBF super middleweight, WBC light heavyweight champion

Italy

 * Dundee brothers (first siblings to become world champions)
 * Joe Dundee (1903–1982), NYSAC welterweight champion
 * Vince Dundee (1907–1949), NYSAC middleweight champion

 * Stecca brothers
 * Loris Stecca (1960–), WBA super bantamweight champion
 * Maurizio Stecca (1963–), WBO featherweight champion

Japan

 * Ioka family
 * Kazunori Ioka (Kazuto's father; 1967–), Promoter
 * Hiroki Ioka (Kazunori's brother; 1969–), WBC mini flyweight, WBA light flyweight champion
 * Kazuto Ioka (Kazunori's son & Hiroki's cousin; 1989–), WBA mini flyweight, WBC mini flyweight, WBA light flyweight, WBA flyweight, WBO super flyweight champion

 * Kameda family
 * Shiro Kameda (1965–), Trainer of Kameda brothers
 * Koki Kameda (Shiro's son; 1986–), WBA light flyweight, WBA bantamweight, WBC flyweight champion
 * Daiki Kameda (Shiro's son; 1989–), WBA flyweight, IBF super flyweight champion
 * Tomoki Kameda (Shiro's son; 1991–), WBO bantamweight champion

 * Inoue family
 * Shingo Inoue (Naoya's father), former amateur fighter; trainer of Naoya, Takuma, and Koki
 * Koki Inoue (Naoya's cousin; 1992–), WBO Asia Pacific light welterweight champion
 * Naoya Inoue (1993–), WBC light flyweight, WBO super flyweight, undisputed bantamweight, and undisputed super bantamweight world champion
 * Takuma Inoue (Naoya's brother; 1995–), WBA bantamweight champion

 * Noguchi family
 * Susumu Noguchi, welterweight champion
 * Kyō Noguchi, flyweight champion
 * Osamu Noguchi, boxing promoter

Mexico

 * Álvarez brothers
 * Rigoberto Álvarez (1978–), WBA interim light middleweight champion
 * Ricardo Álvarez (1981–), WBC Latino and WBC Continental Americas light welterweight champion
 * Ramon Álvarez (1986–), WBC-NABF light middleweight champion
 * Canelo Álvarez (1990–), WBA (Unified), WBC, WBO, and The Ring light middleweight, WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, and The Ring middleweight, WBA (Super), WBC, WBO, and The Ring super middleweight, and WBO light heavyweight champion

 * Arce brothers
 * Jorge Arce (1979–), WBC, WBO light flyweight, WBO super flyweight, WBO bantamweight, WBO super bantamweight champion
 * Francisco Arce Armenta (1981–), WBC-NABF super bantamweight champion

 * Arredondo brothers
 * Ricardo Arredondo (1949–1991), WBC super featherweight champion
 * Roberto Arredondo (1958–), Japanese featherweight champion
 * René Arredondo (1961–), WBC light welterweight champion

 * Burgos family
 * Víctor Burgos (1974–), IBF light flyweight champion
 * Juan Carlos Burgos (Victor's nephew; 1987–), WBC Silver super featherweight champion

 * Castillo brothers
 * José Luis Castillo (1973–), WBC lightweight champion
 * Ricardo Castillo (1979–), WBC-NABF featherweight champion

 * Chávez family
 * Julio César Chávez (1962–), WBC super featherweight, WBA, and WBC lightweight, WBC, and IBF light welterweight champion
 * Roberto Chávez González (Julio's brother), bantamweight
 * Julio César Chávez Jr. (Julio's son; 1986–), WBC middleweight champion
 * Omar Chávez (Julio's son; 1990–), WBO-NABO light middleweight champion

 * Díaz brothers
 * Joel Díaz (1973–), IBF lightweight champion
 * Antonio Díaz (1976–), IBA light welterweight champion
 * Julio Díaz (1979–), IBF lightweight champion

 * Espadas family
 * Guty Espadas (1954–), WBA flyweight champion
 * Guty Espadas Jr. (Guty's son; 1974–), WBC featherweight champion

 * García brothers
 * Raúl García (1982–), IBF, and WBO mini flyweight champion
 * Ramón García Hirales (1982–), WBO light flyweight champion

 * González family
 * Alejandro Martín González (1973–), WBC featherweight champion
 * Alejandro González Jr. (Alejandro's son; 1993–), super bantamweight

 * Juárez sisters
 * Mariana Juárez (1980–), WBC female flyweight and WBC female bantamweight champion
 * Lourdes Juárez (1986–), WBC female super flyweight champion

 * Karass brothers
 * Jesús Soto Karass (1982–), WBC-NABF welterweight champion

 * López family
 * Ricardo Lopez (1966–), WBA, WBC, and WBO mini flyweight, IBF light flyweight champion
 * Alonso López (Ricardo's son; 1986–), flyweight

 * Margarito family
 * Antonio Margarito (1978–), WBA, IBF, and WBO welterweight champion
 * Hanzel Martínez (Antonio's brother-in-law; 1991–), bantamweight

 * Márquez brothers
 * Juan Manuel Márquez (1973–), IBF & WBO featherweight, WBC super featherweight, WBA, and WBO lightweight, WBO light welterweight champion
 * Rafael Márquez (1975–), IBF, and IBO bantamweight champion

 * Mijares family
 * Vicente Mijares (1954–), lightweight
 * Cristian Mijares (Vicente's nephew; 1981–), WBA, WBC, and IBF super flyweight champion
 * Ricardo Mijares (Vicente's nephew; 1988–), lightweight

 * Montiel family
 * Manuel Montiel Sr., 1970s flyweight and trainer
 * Alejandro Felix Montiel (Manuel Sr.'s son; 1971–), IBA flyweight champion
 * Pedro Montiel (Manuel Sr.'s son; 1973–), middleweight
 * Fernando Montiel (Manuel Sr.'s son; 1979–), WBO flyweight, WBO super flyweight, WBC, and WBO bantamweight champion
 * Manuel Montiel Jr. (Manuel Sr.'s son), bantamweight
 * Eduardo Montiel (Manuel Sr.'s son), middleweight

 * Morales family
 * José Morales, 1970s boxing contender, Erik's manager
 * Érik Morales (Jose's son; 1976–), WBC, and WBO super bantamweight, WBC featherweight, WBC, and IBF super featherweight, WBC light welterweight champion
 * Diego Morales (Jose's son; 1979–), WBO super flyweight champion
 * Iván Morales (Jose's son; 1991–), bantamweight prospect

 * Páez family
 * Jorge Páez (1965–), IBF, and WBO featherweight champion
 * Jorge Páez Jr. (Jorge's son; 1987–), WBC Youth Intercontinental welterweight champion
 * Azriel Páez (Jorge's son; 1989–), welterweight

 * Ruelas brothers
 * Gabriel Ruelas (1970–), WBC super featherweight champion
 * Rafael Ruelas (1971–), IBF lightweight champion

 * Sánchez family
 * Salvador Sánchez (1959–1982), WBC featherweight champion
 * Salvador Sánchez II (Salvador's nephew; 1985–), featherweight

 * Solís brothers
 * Jorge Solís (1979–), WBA interim super featherweight champion
 * Ulises Solís (1981–), IBF light flyweight champion

 * Zárate family
 * Carlos Zárate (1951–), WBC bantamweight champion
 * Joel Luna Zárate (Carlos's nephew; 1965–), WBO Latino super flyweight champion
 * Carlos Zárate Jr. (Carlos's son; 1988–), light welterweight

Norway

 * Havnå family
 * Magne Havnå (1963–2004), WBO cruiserweight champion
 * Kai Robin Havnå (Magne's son; 1989–), IBO International cruiserweight champion

Panama

 * Durán family
 * Roberto Durán (1951–), WBA, and WBC lightweight, WBC welterweight, WBA light middleweight, WBC middleweight champion
 * Santiago Samaniego (Roberto's nephew; 1974–), WBA light middleweight champion
 * Irichelle Durán (Roberto's daughter; 1976–), super bantamweight

 * Pedroza Family
 * Eusebio Pedroza (1956–2019), WBA featherweight champion
 * Rafael Pedroza (Eusebio's cousin; 1955–), WBA super flyweight champion

Philippines

 * Donaire family
 * Glenn Donaire (Nonito's brother; 1979–), WBC Latino super flyweight champion
 * Nonito Donaire (1982–), IBF, and IBO flyweight, WBA (Super), WBC, and WBO bantamweight, WBO, IBF, and The Ring super bantamweight, WBA (Super) featherweight champion
 * Richard Donaire (Nonito's cousin; 1987–), super flyweight

 * Magramo family
 * Ric Magramo Sr., 1960s Flyweight contender
 * Ric Magramo Jr. (Ric Sr.'s son; 1961–), light flyweight
 * Melvin Magramo (1971–), WBO Inter-Continental, and OPBF flyweight champion
 * Ronnie Magramo (1972–), WBF mini flyweight champion
 * Giemel Magramo (Melvin's son; 1994–), WBC International flyweight champion

 * Pacquiao brothers
 * Manny Pacquiao (1978–), WBC flyweight, IBF super bantamweight, WBA (Super), IBF, and The Ring featherweight, WBC, and The Ring super featherweight, WBC lightweight, IBO, and The Ring light welterweight, WBA (Super), and WBO welterweight, WBC light middleweight champion
 * Bobby Pacquiao (1980–), WBO Asia-Pacific lightweight champion

 * Pagara brothers
 * Jason Pagara (1988–), WBO Asia-Pacific Youth lightweight, WBO Asia-Pacific Youth and WBO International light welterweight champion
 * Albert Pagara (1994–), IBF Intercontinental, and WBO Intercontinental super bantamweight champion

 * Peñalosa family
 * Carl Peñalosa (1938–), lightweight and light welterweight
 * Jonathan Peñalosa (Carl's son), WBC International flyweight champion
 * Dodie Boy Peñalosa (Carl's son; 1962–), IBF light flyweight, IBF flyweight champion
 * Gerry Peñalosa (Carl's son; 1972–), WBC super flyweight, WBO bantamweight champion
 * Dodie Boy Jr. (Carl's grandson; 1991–), featherweight

 * Jaro family
 * Aljoe Jaro (1973–), 1980-90s super featherweight contender, Amnat Ruenroeng's trainer
 * Francisco Jaro (Aljoe's younger brother), Amnat Ruenroeng's trainer
 * Sonny Boy Jaro (Francisco & Aljoe's cousin; 1982–), WBC flyweight champion

 * Rubillar brothers
 * Ernesto Rubillar (1970–), mini flyweight and flyweight
 * Juanito Rubillar (1977–), light flyweight
 * Robert Rubilar (1981–), super bantamweight

 * Sonsona family
 * Eden Sonsona (1988–), Philippines Games & Amusement Board bantamweight champion
 * Marvin Sonsona (Eden's cousin; 1990–), WBO super flyweight champion

Poland

 * Skrzecz brothers
 * Grzegorz Skrzecz
 * Paweł Skrzecz

 * Kosedowski brothers
 * Dariusz Kosedowski
 * Krzysztof Kosedowski
 * Leszek Kosedowski

 * Malinowski brothers
 * Dallas Malinowski
 * Aj Malinowski

Puerto Rico

 * Arroyo brothers
 * McJoe Arroyo (1985–), WBO Latino super flyweight champion
 * McWilliams Arroyo (1985–), WBO Latino flyweight champion

 * Bisbal brothers
 * Victor Bisbal (1980–), heavyweight
 * Gerardo Bisbal (1984–), amateur heavyweight
 * Camacho family
 * Héctor Camacho (1962–2012), WBC super featherweight, WBC lightweight, WBO light welterweight, IBC welterweight, IBC middleweight, and IBC light middleweight champion
 * Felix Camacho (Héctor's brother; 1966–), WBF super bantamweight champion
 * Héctor Camacho Jr. (Héctor's son; 1978–), welterweight

 * Cotto family
 * José Miguel Cotto (1977–), WBO Intercontinental super featherweight champion
 * Abner Cotto (José's cousin; 1987–), lightweight
 * Miguel Cotto (José's brother; 1980–), WBO light welterweight, WBA, and WBO welterweight, WBA light middleweight, WBC middleweight champion

 * Serrano sisters
 * Cindy Serrano (1986–), WBO female featherweight champion
 * Amanda Serrano (1988–), WBO female super flyweight, bantamweight, super bantamweight, featherweight, lightweight, light welterweight, and IBF female super featherweight champion

 * Solis brothers
 * Enrique Solis, world title challenger
 * Santos Solis (1954–2007), light welterweight, welterweight and light middleweight
 * Julian Solís (1957–), WBA bantamweight champion
 * Rafael Solis (1958–), super featherweight world title challenger

 * Vázquez family
 * Wilfredo Vázquez (1960–), WBA bantamweight, WBA super bantamweight, WBA featherweight champion
 * Wilfredo Vázquez Jr. (Wilfredo's son; 1984–), WBO super bantamweight champion

Romania

 * Simion brothers
 * Marian Simion (1975–), light middleweight silver medal at 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Dorel Simion (1977–), welterweight bronze medal at 2000 Summer Olympics

Thailand
Amateur
 * Boonjumnong brothers
 * Manus Boonjumnong (1980–), light welterweight gold medal at 2004 Summer Olympics, silver medal at 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Non Boonjumnong (1982–), welterweight silver medal at 2007 AIBA World Championships

 * Kamsing brothers
 * Somrot Kamsing (1971–), light flyweight participant at 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Somluck Kamsing (1973–), featherweight gold medal at 1996 Summer Olympics

 * Jongjohor family
 * Somjit Jongjohor (1975–), flyweight gold medal at 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Weerapon Jongjoho (Somjit's nephew; 2001–), Best Male Boxer at 2017 Thailand Youth Amateur Boxing Championships

 * Pannon family
 * Suban Pannon (1978–), light flyweight gold medal at 1998 Asian Games
 * Bannaphol Pannon (Suban's son), welterweight bronze medal at 2017 Asian Youth Amateur Boxing Championships

Professional
 * Poontarat brothers
 * Payao Poontarat (1957–2006), light flyweight bronze medal at 1976 Summer Olympics, WBC super flyweight champion
 * Panieng Poontarat (1969–), PABA light flyweight champion, Fahlan Sakkreerin Jr.'s trainer

 * Galaxy twins
 * Khaosai Galaxy (1959–), WBA super flyweight champion
 * Kaokor Galaxy (1959–), WBA bantamweight champion

 * Payakaroon brothers
 * Samart Payakaroon (1962–), WBC super bantamweight champion
 * Kongtoranee Payakaroon (1960–), WBC, and WBA super flyweight challenger

 * Sor Vorapin brothers
 * Ratanapol Sor Vorapin (1974–), IBF mini flyweight champion
 * Ratanachai Sor Vorapin (1976–), WBO bantamweight champion
 * Kaichon Sor Vorapin (1981–), WBO Asian Pacific light flyweight champion
 * Kosol Sor Vorapin (1984–), PABA super bantamweight champion

 * Sitbangprachan brothers
 * Pichit Sitbangprachan (1966–), IBF flyweight champion
 * Pichitnoi Sitbangprachan (1975–), WBA light flyweight champion

 * Porpaoin twins
 * Chana Porpaoin (1966–), WBA mini flyweight champion
 * Songkram Porpaoin (1966–), WBA interim mini flyweight champion

 * Charoen family
 * Wanwin Charoen (1971–), WBF mini flyweight challenger
 * Wandee Singwancha (Wanwin's cousin; 1980–), WBC mini flyweight, WBC interim light flyweight champion

 * Dejrath family
 * Takrawlek Dejrath (1972–), 1990s light flyweight contender
 * Chainoi Worawut (Dejrath's nephew; 1997–), WBC-ABC super bantamweight champion

 * Dutch Boy Gym brothers
 * Samson Dutch Boy Gym (1972–), WBF super flyweight champion
 * Dutch Boy Dutch Boy Gym, 1990s contender

 * Sor Rungvisai brothers
 * Suriyan Sor Rungvisai (1989–), WBC super flyweight champion
 * Nawaphon Sor Rungvisai (1991–), WBC-ABC flyweight champion

 * Sakkreerin family
 * Fahlan Sakkreerin (1968–), IBF mini flyweight, WBF flyweight champion
 * Fahlan Sakkreerin Jr. (Fahlan's son; 1993–), IBF mini flyweight, IBF interim light flyweight challenger

 * Kratingdaenggym family
 * Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym (1980–), WBA super bantamweight champion
 * Stamp Kratingdaenggym (Poonsawat's cousin; 1998–), WBA interim flyweight champion

 * Petchyindee family
 * Sagat Petchyindee (1957–), WBC super bantamweight challenger
 * Suriya Prasathinphimai (Petchyindee's cousin; 1980–), middleweight bronze medal at 2004 Summer Olympics

 * Phisitvuthinun family
 * Surachart Phisitvuthinun (1950–), 1960s contender, Venice Borkhorsor's boxing partner, Veeraphol Sahaprom, Suriyan Sor Rungvisai & Srisaket Sor Rungvisai's manager
 * Chokchai Phisitvuthinun (Surachart's son; 1977–), Suriyan Sor Rungvisai & Srisaket Sor Rungvisai's trainer

Ukraine

 * Klitschko brothers
 * Vitali Klitschko (1971–), WBC, WBO, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Wladimir Klitschko (1976–), super heavyweight gold medal at 1996 Summer Olympics, WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, and The Ring heavyweight champion

 * Sydorenko brothers
 * Volodymyr Sydorenko (1976–), WBA Bantamweight champion
 * Valeriy Sydorenkno (twin; 1976–), 2000 Sydney Olympian

United Kingdom

 * Benn family
 * Nigel Benn (1964–), WBO middleweight and WBC super middleweight champion
 * Conor Benn (Nigel's son; 1996–), WBA Continental welterweight champion

 * Booth brothers
 * Jason Booth (1977–), British and Commonwealth flyweight champion; IBO super flyweight champion; Commonwealth bantamweight champion; British and Commonwealth super bantamweight champion
 * Nicky Booth (1980–2021), British and Commonwealth bantamweight champion

 * Dubois siblings
 * Daniel Dubois (1997–), British, Commonwealth, and WBC Silver heavyweight champion
 * Caroline Dubois (2001–), lightweight gold medal at 2018 Youth Olympics

 * Edwards brothers
 * Charlie Edwards (1993–), WBC flyweight and British super flyweight champion
 * Sunny Edwards (1996–), IBF flyweight and British super flyweight champion

 * Eubank family
 * Chris Eubank (1966–), WBO middleweight and sBO uper middleweight champion
 * Chris Eubank Jr. (Chris Sr.'s son; 1989–), British and WBA interim middleweight champion; IBO super middleweight champion

 * Finnegan brothers
 * Chris Finnegan (1944–2009), British, Commonwealth, and European light heavyweight champion
 * Kevin Finnegan (1948–2008), British and European middleweight champion

 * Fury family
 * John Fury (Tyson's father; 1964–)
 * Peter Fury (Tyson's uncle; 1968–)
 * Andy Lee (Tyson's cousin; 1984–), WBO middleweight champion
 * Tyson Fury: (1988–), WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO, The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Hosea Burton (Tyson's cousin; 1988–), British light heavyweight champion
 * Hughie Fury (Tyson's cousin; 1994–), British heavyweight champion
 * Nathan Gorman (Tyson's cousin; 1996–), WBC International Silver heavyweight champion
 * Tommy Fury (Tyson's half brother; 1999–), light heavyweight and Love Island contestant

 * Hatton family
 * Ricky Hatton (1978–), WBA, IBF, IBO, and The Ring light welterweight champion; WBA welterweight champion
 * Matthew Hatton (Ricky's brother; 1981–), European welterweight champion
 * Campbell Hatton (Ricky's son; 2001–)

 * Khan brothers
 * Amir Khan (1986–), WBA (Super) and IBF light welterweight champion,
 * Haroon Khan (1991–), flyweight bronze medal at 2010 Commonwealth Games

 * London family
 * Jack London (1913–1963), British heavyweight champion
 * Brian London (Jack's son; 1934–2021), British heavyweight champion

 * Magee brothers
 * Terry Magee (1964–), Northern Ireland Area light middleweight champion; BUI light middleweight champion
 * Noel Magee (1965–), Commonwealth light heavyweight champion
 * Eamonn Magee (1971–), Commonwealth light welterweight champion

 * McDonnell twins
 * Gavin McDonnell (1986–), British and European super bantamweight champion
 * Jamie McDonnell (1986–), WBA (Regular) and IBF bantamweight champion

 * Minter family
 * Alan Minter (1951–2020), WBC middleweight champion
 * Ross Minter (1978–), English welterweight champion

 * Selby brothers
 * Lee Selby (1987–), IBF featherweight champion
 * Andrew Selby (1988–), flyweight silver medal at 2011 AIBA World Championships, flyweight bronze medal at 2013 AIBA World Championships

 * Smith brothers
 * Paul Smith (1982–), British middleweight champion; British super middleweight champion
 * Stephen Smith (1985–), British, and Commonwealth featherweight, British super featherweight champion
 * Liam Smith (1988–), British, Commonwealth, and WBO light middleweight champion
 * Callum Smith (1990–), WBA (Super) and The Ring super middleweight champion

 * Yafai brothers
 * Khalid Yafai (1989–), WBA super flyweight champion
 * Gamal Yafai (1991–), Commonwealth super bantamweight champion
 * Galal Yafai (1992–), light flyweight gold medal at 2018 Commonwealth Games

United States

 * Ali family
 * Muhammad Ali (1942–2016), WBA, WBC, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Rahaman Ali (Muhammad's brother; 1943–), heavyweight
 * Laila Ali (Muhammad's daughter; 1977–), WBC female super middleweight champion
 * Ibn Ali (Rahaman's son; 1979–), cruiserweight and heavyweight
 * Nico Ali Walsh (Rasheda's son, Muhammad's grandson; 2001–), amateur boxer
 * Ayala family
 * Tony Ayala Sr. (1935–2014), former boxer and trainer of his four sons
 * Mike Ayala (Tony Sr.'s son; 1958–), WBC-NABF super bantamweight, WBC-NABF featherweight champion
 * Sammy Ayala (Tony Sr.'s son; 1959–), welterweight
 * Tony Ayala Jr. (Tony Sr.'s son; 1963–), light middleweight
 * Paulie Ayala (Tony Sr.'s son), featherweight
 * Edgar Ayala

 * Baer brothers
 * Max Baer (1909–1959), heavyweight world champion
 * Buddy Baer (1915–1986), heavyweight

 * Baltazar brothers
 * Frankie Baltazar (1958–), super featherweight contender
 * Tony Baltazar (1961–), lightweight contender
 * Robert Baltazar (1963–), welterweight contender

 * Beard brothers
 * Rickey Beard (1959–1985), welterweight
 * Jackie Beard (1961–), WBC-NABF featherweight champion
 * Obie Beard, light welterweight

 * Byrd family
 * Joe Byrd Sr., 1992 US Olympic Team head coach
 * Antoine Byrd (Joe Sr.'s son; 1962–), IBF-USBA super middleweight champion
 * Tracy Byrd (Joe Sr.'s daughter; 1964–), IBA female lightweight, WIBO light welterweight champion
 * Patrick Byrd (Joe Sr.'s son; 1968–), welterweight
 * Chris Byrd (Joe Sr.'s son; 1970–), IBF, and WBO heavyweight champion
 * Lamon Brewster (Joe Sr.'s nephew; 1973–), WBO heavyweight champion

 * Carbajal brothers
 * Michael Carbajal (1967–), light flyweight silver medal at 1988 Summer Olympics, WBC, IBF, and WBO light flyweight champion
 * Cruz Carbajal (1974–), WBO bantamweight champion

 * Canizales brothers
 * Gaby Canizales (1960–), WBA, and WBO bantamweight champion
 * Orlando Canizales (1965–), IBF bantamweight champion

 * Charlo brothers
 * Jermall Charlo (1990–), IBF light middleweight, WBC middleweight champion
 * Jermell Charlo (1990–), WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, and The Ring light middleweight champion

 * Cisneros family
 * Ron Cisneros (1961–), bantamweight
 * Mike Alvarado (Ron's son; 1980–), WBO light welterweight champion
 * Ricky Lopez (Mike's cousin; 1987–), super bantamweight

 * Cortez brothers
 * Joe Cortez (1943–), featherweight and world championship referee
 * Mike Cortez (1942–), lightweight

 * Curry brothers
 * Bruce Curry (1956–), WBC light welterweight champion
 * Graylin Curry (1960–), light middleweight
 * Donald Curry (1961–), WBA, WBC, IBF welterweight, and The Ring welterweight, WBC light middleweight champion

 * De La Hoya family
 * Joel De La Hoya Sr., Mike Anchondo & Daniel Ponce de León's manager
 * Joel De La Hoya Jr. (Joel Sr.'s son), Diego De La Hoya's manager
 * Oscar De La Hoya (Joel Sr.'s son; 1971–), lightweight gold medal at 1992 Summer Olympics, WBO super featherweight, IBF, and WBO lightweight, WBC light welterweight, WBC welterweight, WBA, WBC, and The Ring light middleweight, WBO middleweight champion
 * Diego De La Hoya (Oscar's cousin; 1994–), WBC-NABF, and WBO-NABO super bantamweight champion

 * Douglas family
 * William Douglas (1940–1999), middleweight and light heavyweight
 * James Buster Douglas (William's son; 1960–), WBA, WBC, and IBF heavyweight champion
 * Lamar Douglas (James' son)

 * Eklund & Ward brothers
 * Dicky Eklund (1957–), welterweight
 * Micky Ward (1965–), WBU light welterweight champion

 * Flanagan brothers
 * Del Flanagan (1928–2003), welterweight
 * Glen Flanagan (1926–1979), featherweight

 * Folley family
 * Zora Folley (1931–1972), heavyweight
 * Robert Folley (Zora's son; 1959–), light heavyweight and cruiserweight

 * Foreman family
 * George Foreman (1949–), WBA, WBC, IBF, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Freeda Foreman (George's daughter; 1976–2019), middleweight
 * George Foreman III (George's son; 1983–), heavyweight

 * Frazier family
 * Joe Frazier (1944–2011), NYSAC, WBA, WBC, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Marvis Frazier (Joe's son; 1960–), heavyweight
 * Jackie Frazier-Lyde (Joe's daughter; 1961–), WIBA light heavyweight champion
 * Tyrone Frazier (Joe's nephew; 1962–), super middleweight and light heavyweight
 * Joe Frazier Jr. (Joe's son; 1962–), welterweight

 * Fullmer brothers
 * Gene Fullmer (1931–2015), WBA middleweight champion
 * Jay Fullmer (1937–2015), lightweight and welterweight
 * Don Fullmer (1939–2012), middleweight

 * Garcia family
 * Eduardo Garcia (1942–), world champion trainer
 * Robert Garcia (Eduardo's son; 1975–), IBF super featherweight champion
 * Miguel Garcia (Eduardo's son; 1987–), WBO featherweight, WBO super featherweight champion
 * Irving Garcia (Robert's nephew; 1989–), lightweight prospect
 * Javier Garcia Calderón (Robert's nephew; 1989–), lightweight
 * David Garcia (Robert's nephew; 1990–), welterweight

 * Gardner brothers
 * George Gardner (1877–1954), light heavyweight world champion
 * Billy Gardner (1879–1950), New England featherweight champion
 * Jimmy Gardner (1885–1964), welterweight world champion

 * Gibbons brothers
 * Mike Gibbons (1887–1956), middleweight
 * Tommy Gibbons (1891–1960), heavyweight title challenger

 * Hagler & Sims brothers
 * Marvin Hagler (1954–2021), WBA, WBC, IBF, and The Ring middleweight champion
 * Robbie Sims (1959–), middleweight title challenger

 * Harris & Johnson brothers
 * James Harris
 * Mark Johnson (1971–), IBF flyweight, IBF, and WBO super flyweight champion

 * Hearns family
 * Thomas Hearns (1958–), WBA welterweight, WBC light middleweight, WBO super middleweight, WBA, and WBC light heavyweight, IBO cruiserweight champion
 * Billy Hearns (Thomas's brother), super featherweight
 * Ronald Hearns (Thomas's son; 1978–), middleweight title challenger

 * Holyfield family
 * Evander Holyfield (1962–), Undisputed cruiserweight and heavyweight champion
 * Evan Holyfield (1997–), light middleweight contender

 * Hopkins family
 * Bernard Hopkins (1965–), WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO, and The Ring middleweight, WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, and The Ring light heavyweight champion
 * Demetrius Hopkins (Bernard's nephew; 1980–), IBF-USBA light welterweight

 * Jackson family
 * Julian Jackson (1960–), WBA light middleweight, WBC middleweight champion
 * Julius Jackson (Julian's son; 1987–), super middleweight
 * John Jackson (Julian's son; 1989–), light middleweight

 * Jones family
 * Roy Jones Sr.
 * Roy Jones Jr. (1969–), IBF middleweight, IBF super middleweight, WBA, WBC, IBF, IBO, and The Ring light heavyweight, WBA heavyweight champion

 * Judah family
 * Johnny Saxton (1930–2008), The Ring welterweight champion
 * Yoel Judah (Johnny's nephew; 1956–), boxing trainer and kickboxing champion
 * Daniel Judah (Yoel's son; 1977–), light heavyweight
 * Zab Judah (Yoel's son; 1977–), IBF, and WBO light welterweight, WBA (Undisputed), WBC, IBF, and The Ring welterweight champion
 * Josiah Judah (Yoel's son; 1978–), super middleweight

 * Leonard brothers
 * Roger Leonard (1953–), light welterweight
 * Sugar Ray Leonard (1956–), WBA, WBC, and The Ring welterweight, WBA, and The Ring light middleweight, WBC, and The Ring middleweight, WBC super middleweight, WBC light heavyweight champion

 * Litzau brothers
 * Allen Litzau (1982–), featherweight
 * Jason Litzau (1983–), NABF super featherweight champion

 * Lopez brothers
 * Ernie Lopez (1945–2009), welterweight title challenger
 * Danny Lopez (1952–), WBC featherweight champion

 * Magdaleno brothers
 * Diego Magdaleno (1986–), NABF super featherweight champion
 * Jessie Magdaleno (1991–), WBO super bantamweight champion
 * Marco Magdaleno (1995–), lightweight

 * Mancini family
 * Lenny Mancini (1919–2003), lightweight
 * Ray Mancini (Lenny's son; 1961–), WBA lightweight champion

 * Mayweather family
 * Floyd Mayweather Sr. (1952–), super welterweight, trainer
 * Roger Mayweather (Floyd Sr.'s brother; 1961–2020), Floyd Jr.'s Trainer, WBA super featherweight, WBC light welterweight champion
 * Jeff Mayweather (Floyd Sr.'s brother; 1964–), 1990s lightweight
 * Floyd Mayweather Jr. (Floyd Sr.'s son; 1977–), WBC super featherweight, WBC, and The Ring lightweight, WBC light welterweight, WBA, WBC, IBF, and The Ring welterweight, WBA, WBC, and The Ring light middleweight champion
 * Justin Jones (Floyd Sr.'s son; 1987–)

 * McCall family
 * Oliver McCall (1965–), WBC heavyweight champion
 * Elijah McCall (1988–), heavyweight

 * McCrory brothers
 * Milton McCrory (1962–), WBC welterweight champion
 * Steve McCrory (1964–2000), flyweight gold medal at 1984 Summer Olympics

 * McGirt family
 * Buddy McGirt (1964–), IBF light welterweight, WBC welterweight champion
 * James McGirt Jr. (Buddy's son; 1982–), super middleweight

 * McNeeley family
 * Tom McNeeley Sr., heavyweight
 * Tom McNeeley Jr. (1937–2011), heavyweight world title challenger
 * Peter McNeeley (1968–), heavyweight

 * Norris brothers
 * Orlin Norris (1965–), WBA cruiserweight champion
 * Terry Norris (1967–), WBC, and IBF light middleweight champion

 * Patterson family
 * Floyd Patterson (1935–2006), WBA, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Raymond ”Ray” Patterson (Floyd's brother; 1942–), heavyweight
 * Tracy Harris Patterson (Floyd's adopted son; 1964–), WBC super bantamweight, IBF super featherweight champion

 * Perez Brothers
 * Irleis (Cubanito) Perez
 * Tomas Perez

 * Quarry brothers
 * Jerry Quarry (1945–1999), heavyweight
 * Mike Quarry (1951–2006), light heavyweight
 * Bobby Quarry (1962–), heavyweight

 * Richardson family
 * Greg Richardson (1958–), WBC bantamweight champion
 * Durrell Richardson (1979–), light middleweight
 * Chester, Golden Gloves champion
 * Randy, Golden Gloves champion
 * Ollie, Golden Gloves champion

 * Russell brothers
 * Gary Russell Jr. (1988–), WBC featherweight champion
 * Gary Allen Russell (1993–), 2010 National Golden Gloves light welterweight champion

 * Sandoval brothers
 * Alberto Sandoval (1958–), bantamweight
 * Richie Sandoval (1960–), WBA bantamweight champion

 * Shuler brothers
 * James Shuler (1959–1986), WBC-NABF middleweight champion
 * Marvin Shuler (1960–)

 * Spinks family
 * Leon Spinks (1953–2021), WBA, WBC, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Michael Spinks (Leon's brother; 1956–2021), WBA, WBC, IBF, and The Ring light heavyweight, IBF, and The Ring heavyweight champion
 * Leon Spinks Jr. (Leon's son; 1970–1990), fought as Leon Calvin
 * Darrel Spinks (Leon's son; 1973–), super welterweight
 * Cory Spinks (Leon's son; 1978–), WBA, WBC, IBF, The Ring welterweight, IBF light middleweight champion
 * Leon Spinks III (Leon's grandson; 1988–)

 * Tate brothers
 * Thomas Tate (1965–), WBC-NABF super middleweight champion, middleweight and super middleweight world title challenger
 * Frank Tate (1964–), IBF middleweight champion

 * Tubbs family
 * Tony Tubbs (1958–), WBA heavyweight champion
 * Nate Tubbs (Tony's brother; 1964–), heavyweight
 * Robert Tubbs (Tony's cousin; 1972–), middleweight
 * Roy Dale (Tony's uncle; 1942–), middleweight
 * Antwaun Taylor (Tony's son; 1985–)

 * Tucker family
 * Bob Tucker
 * Tony Tucker (1958–), IBF heavyweight champion

 * Vargas brothers
 * Fernando Vargas (1977–), WBA, and IBF light middleweight champion
 * Rogelio Vargas (1982–), super middleweight

 * Webber sisters
 * Cora Webber (1958–), IFBA light middleweight champion
 * Dora Webber (1958–), IWBF lightweight champion

 * Zivic brothers
 * Fritzie Zivic (1913–1984), NYSAC, NBA, and Ring Magazine welterweight champion
 * Jack Zivic (1903–1973), lightweight and welterweight contender
 * Peter Zivic (1901–1987), bantamweight and featherweight contender
 * Eddie Zivic (1910–1996), welterweight contender

Venezuela

 * España brothers
 * Ernesto España (1954–), WBA lightweight champion
 * Crisanto España (1964–), WBA welterweight champion

title: List of boxing families


text:
Kenji Doihara

Kenji Doihara (土肥原 賢二) was a Japanese army officer. As a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, he was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

As a leading intelligence officer, he played a key role to the Japanese machinations that led to the occupation of large parts of China, the destabilization of the country, and the disintegration of the traditional structure of Chinese society to diminish reaction to the Japanese plans by using highly-unconventional methods. He became the mastermind of the Manchurian drug trade and the sponsor behind many underworld activities in Japanese-occupied China.

After the end of World War II, he was prosecuted for war crimes in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and hanged in December 1948.

Early life and career

Kenji Doihara was born in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, and graduated from the 16th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1904. He was assigned to various infantry regiments as a junior officer, and returned to school to graduate from the 24th class of the Army Staff College in 1912.

Doihara spent most of his early career in various postings in northern China, except for a brief tour in 1921-1922 as part of the Japanese forces in eastern Russia during the Siberian Intervention. He was attached to the IJA 2nd Infantry Regiment from 1926 to 1927 and the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment in 1927. In 1927, he was part of an official tour to China and then attached to the IJA 1st Division from 1927 to 1928.

He learned to speak fluent Mandarin Chinese and other Chinese dialects, and with this, he managed to take a position in military intelligence. From that post in 1928, it was he who masterminded the assassination of Zhang Zuolin, the Chinese warlord who controlled Manchuria, devising a scheme to detonate Zuolin's train as it traveled from Beijing to Shenyang. After that he was made a military adviser to the Kuomintang Government until 1929. In 1930, he was promoted to colonel and commanded the IJA 30th Infantry Regiment. In 1931, he became head of the military espionage operations of the Japanese Army of Manchuria in Tianjin. The following year, he was transferred to Shenyang as head of the Houten Special Agency, the military intelligence service of the Japanese Kwantung Army.

"Lawrence of Manchuria”
While at Tianjin, Doihara, together with Seishirō Itagaki engineered the infamous Mukden Incident by ordering Lieutenant Suemori Komoto to place and fire a bomb near the tracks at the time when a Japanese train passed through. In the event, the bomb was so unexpectedly weak and the damage of the tracks so negligible that the train passed undamaged, but the Imperial Japanese Government still blamed the Chinese military for an unprovoked attack, invaded and occupied Manchuria. During the invasion, Doihara facilitated the tactical cooperation between the Northeastern Army Generals Xi Qia in Jilin, Zhang Jinghui in Harbin and Zhang Haipeng at Taonan in the northwest of Liaoning province.

Next, Doihara took the task to return former Qing dynasty Emperor Puyi to Manchuria as to give legitimacy to the puppet regime. The plan was to pretend that Puyi had returned to resume his throne due to imaginary popular demand of the people of Manchuria and that although Japan had nothing to do with his return, it could do nothing to oppose the will of the people. To carry out the plan, it was necessary to land Puyi at Yingkou before that port froze; therefore, he had to arrive there before 16 November 1931. With the help of the legendary spy Kawashima Yoshiko, a woman well-acquainted with the Emperor, who regarded her as a member of the Chinese Imperial Family, he succeeded in bringing him into Manchuria within the deadline.

In early 1932, Doihara was sent to head the Harbin Special Agency of the Kwantung Army, where he began negotiations with General Ma Zhanshan after he had been driven from Qiqihar by the Japanese. Ma's position was ambiguous; he continued negotiations while he supported Harbin-based General Ding Chao. When Doihara realized his negotiations were not going anywhere, he requested that Manchurian warlord Xi Qia advance with his forces to take Harbin from General Ding Chao. However, General Ding Chao was able to defeat Xi Qia's forces, and Doihara realized he would need Japanese forces to succeed. Doihara engineered a riot in Harbin to justify their intervention. That resulted in the IJA 12th Division under General Jirō Tamon coming from Mukden by rail and then marching through the snow to reinforce the attack. Harbin fell on 5 February 1932. By the end of February, General Ding Chao retreated into northeastern Manchuria and offered to cease hostilities, ending Chinese formal resistance. Within a month, the puppet state of Manchukuo was established under Doihara's supervision who had named himself mayor of Mukden. He then arranged for the puppet government to ask Tokyo to supply "military advice". During the next months 150,000 soldiers, 18,000 gendarmes and 4,000 secret police came into the newly founded protectorate. He used them as an occupying army, imposing slave labour and spreading terror to force the 30 million Chinese inhabitants into abject submission.

Ma's fame as an uncompromising fighter against the Japanese invaders survived after his defeat and so Doihara made contact with him offering a huge sum of money and the command of the puppet state's army if he would defect to the new Manchurian government. Ma pretended that he agreed and flew to Mukden in January 1932, where he attended the meeting on which the state of Manchukuo was founded and was appointed War Minister of Manchukuo and Governor of Heilongjiang Province. Then, after using the Japanese funds to raise and re-equip a new volunteer force, on 1 April 1932, he led his troops to Qiqihar, re-establishing the Heilongjiang Provincial Government as part of the Republic of China and resumed the fight against the Japanese.

From 1932 to 1933, the newly promoted Major General Doihara commanded IJA 9th Infantry Brigade of IJA 5th Division. After the seizure of Rehe in Operation Nekka, Doihara was sent back to Manchukuo to head Houten Special Agency once again until 1934. He was then attached to IJA 12th Division until 1936.

For the key role he played in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he earned the nickname "Lawrence of Manchuria," a reference to Lawrence of Arabia. However, according to Jamie Bisher, the flattering sobriquet was rather misapplied, as that Colonel T.E. Lawrence had fought to liberate, not to oppress people.

Second Sino-Japanese War and Second World War
From 1936 to 1937, Doihara was the commander of the 1st Depot Division in Japan until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, when he was given command of the IJA 14th Division under the Japanese First Army in North China. There, he served in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation and spearheaded the campaign of Northern and Eastern Henan, where his division opposed the Chinese counterattack in the Battle of Lanfeng.

After the Battle of Lanfeng, Doihara was attached to the Army General Staff as head of the Doihara Special Agency until 1939, when he was given command of the Japanese Fifth Army, in Manchukuo under the overall control of the Kwantung Army. In 1940, Doihara became a member of the Supreme War Council. From 1940 to 1941, he was appointed Commandant of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. He then became head of the Army Aeronautical Department of the Ministry of War, and Inspector-General of Army Aviation until 1943. On 4 November 1941, as a general in the Japanese Army Air Force and a member of the Supreme War Council he voted his approval of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

In 1943, Doihara was made Commander in Chief of the Eastern District Army. In 1944, he was appointed the Governor of Johor State, Malaya, and commander in chief of the Japanese Seventh Area Army in Singapore until 1945.

Returning to Japan in 1945, Doihara was promoted to Inspector-General of Military Training (one of the most prestigious positions in the Army) and commander in chief of the Japanese Twelfth Area Army. At the time of the surrender of Japan in 1945, Doihara was commander in chief of the 1st General Army.

Criminal activities
Doihara's activity in China vastly exceeded the normal behaviour of an intelligence officer. As chief of the Japanese secret services in China, he worked out, put in motion, and oversaw a wide series of activities, systematically exploiting the occupied areas and disrupting Chinese social structure in the rest of the country to weaken public resistance by using every possible kind of action, including deliberately fueling criminality; fostering drug addiction; sponsoring terrorism, assassinations, blackmail, bribery, opium trafficking, and racketeering; and spreading every kind of corruption in the almost-ungovernable country. The extent of his activities and covert operations is still inadequately understood. According to Ronald Sydney Seth, his activity played a key role in shattering China's ability to confront Japan's expansion by generating chaotic conditions, which prevented any mass reaction in the invaded country.

After the occupation of Manchuria, the Japanese secret service, under his supervision, soon turned Manchukuo into a vast criminal enterprise in which rape, child molestation, sexual humiliation, sadism, assault, and murder became institutionalized means of terrorizing and controlling Manchuria's Chinese and Russian populations. Robbery by soldiers and gendarmes of the Kempetai, arbitrary confiscation of property, and unabashed extortion became common. Underground brothels, opium dens, gambling houses, and narcotics shops run by Japanese gendarmes competed with the state monopoly syndicate of opium. Many conscientious Japanese officers protested the conditions, but Tokyo ignored them and so they were silenced.

Doihara soon expanded his activity into the still unoccupied parts of China. By using about 80,000 paid Chinese agents known as Chiang Mao Tao, he funded hundreds of criminal groups, using them for every kind of social disturbance, turnover, assassinations and sabotage inside unoccupied China. Through the organizations, he soon managed to control a large part of the opium traffic in China, using the money earned to fund his covert operations.

He hired an army of agents and sent them throughout China as representatives of various humanitarian organizations. They established thousands of health centers, mainly in the villages of the districts, for curing tuberculosis, which was then epidemic in China. By adulterating medicines with opium, he managed to addict millions of unsuspecting patients, expanding societal degeneration into areas which had been hitherto untouched by the increasing breakdown of Chinese society. The scheme also created a pool of addicted victims desperate to offer any kind of service to secure a daily dose of opium.

He initially gave food and shelter to tens of thousands Russian White émigré women who had taken refuge in the Far East after the defeat of the White Russian anti-Bolshevik movement during the Russian Civil War and the withdrawal of the Entente and Japanese armies from Siberia. Having lost their livelihoods, and with most of them widowed, Doihara forced the women into prostitution, using them to create a network of brothels throughout China where they worked under inhuman conditions. The use of heroin and opium was promoted to them as a way to tolerate their miserable fate. Once addicted, the women were used to further spread the use of opium among the population by earning one free opium pipe for every six they were selling to their customers.

Winning the necessary support from the authorities in Tokyo he persuaded the Japanese tobacco industry Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu to produce special cigarettes bearing the popular to the Far East trademark "Golden Bat". Their circulation was prohibited in Japan, as they were intended only for export. Doihara's services controlled their distribution in China and Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of opium or heroin was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers were added to the ever-growing crowds of drug addicts in the crippled country, simultaneously creating huge profits. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated as twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.

Given the chaotic situation in China, the corruption Doihara methodically spread did not take long to reach the very top. In 1938, Chiang had eight generals, all in command of Chinese divisions, executed when it was found that they were informers for Doihara's services. This heralded a wave of executions of high-ranking Chinese officials found guilty for every kind of dealing with Doihara during the next six years of the war. To many Westerners in touch with the Chinese leadership, the purges did not have lasting results.

Prosecution and conviction
After the surrender of Japan, he was arrested by the Allied occupation authorities and tried before the International Military Tribunal of the Far East as a Class A war criminal together with other members of the Manchurian administration responsible for the Japanese policies there. He was found guilty on counts 1, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, and 54 and was sentenced to death, while his close colleague Naoki Hoshino, financial expert and director of the Japanese State Opium Monopoly Bureau in Manchuria, was sentenced to life imprisonment. According to the indictment, as tools of successive Japanese governments they: "... pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people." He was hanged on 23 December 1948 at Sugamo Prison.

title: Kenji Doihara