text:
Talk:Zebra

Running speeds
I think there are some issues with the paragraph “The zebra can reach a speed of 68.4 km/h (42.5 mph) compared to 57.6 km/h (35.8 mph) for the lion, but lions have a higher maximum acceleration” in the “Ecology and behaviour” section. 1) It seems ridiculous to me to give a speed down to a tenth of a km/h, given the difficulty in measuring speed, the terrain, the individual animal, the species of zebra etc. 2) If I click on the cited reference I can’t actually search the reference to back up the statement there. 3) The articles on Wikipedia cite different top speeds.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion ... about 80 km/h
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_zebra ... about 60-70 km/h

I suggest altering the figures in the paragraph to match the other figures on Wikipedia. Bringing in @LittleJerry who reverted this edit. BrightOrion (talk) 04:53, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The precision is ridiculous. I've linked the page number in the sfn template and combined the two sentences so it is now clear the one source gives maximum speeds, accelerations, and the conclusion about the 6 second window of opportunity for the lion. I've changed the numbers to 68 km/h (43 mph), i.e the best approximation of the source 19 m/s, and 58 km/h (36mph) for 16 m/s. I couldn't get the convert template to give the right numbers with right precision so removed them.
 * If the other articles have better sources for the speeds then they can be used instead, but now the text follows the source with sensible precision. —  Jts1882 | talk 14:13, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that Jts1882! The only issue I still have is the figure for the lion's top speed. Numerous articles on the Internet suggest a lion can run at about 50 mph (80 km/h), which is a lot more than the 36 mph (58 km/h) given in this article. (Example: https://www.britannica.com/list/the-fastest-animals-on-earth) BrightOrion (talk) 14:26, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I saw that, but just wanted to deal with the precision issue you rightly drew attention to. The conversions are as follows:
 * Zebra speed: 19 m/s and 19 m/s (conversions using templates)
 * Lion speed: 16 m/s and 16 m/s (ditto)
 * 68 km/h (wrong mph)
 * 68.4 km/h (wrong precision for km/hr; needs to round both)
 * 19 m/s (68 km/h or 43 mph) and 16 m/s (58 km/h or 36 mph) (preferred output; can a template do this?)
 * I prefer the latter format, which gives the speed as given by the source (in m/s) and then shows the two conversions in parentheses.
 * The best number for the top speed of the lion should definitely be given further consideration. —  Jts1882 | talk 14:50, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It can be done: 19 m/s —  Jts1882 | talk 14:54, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I found this academic paper on the speed of lions. https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00477.x
 * Unfortunately, I can't open the whole document. I can see a section where it says: "the lion attained a lower running speed (10.4 m s−1 ) than …" BrightOrion (talk) 10:22, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Have you tried the Wikipedia Library?
 * If you look at the beginning of the results (p216) it says:
 * This suggests not all measurements are equal and that the highest speeds will only be achieve under true hunting conditions. The Elliott number seems reasonably compatible with the slightly higher 16m/s currently quoted. —  Jts1882 | talk 10:56, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks Jts! And I just found a viewable copy here https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230025975_Limb_bone_stresses_during_fast_locomotion_in_the_African_lion_and_its_bovid_prey
 * Yes, the figure of 13.5ms-1 is quite close to the 16ms-1 mentioned in this Zebra article.
 * Of course, there may be other studies showing lions running faster than this. I'll do some more searching. BrightOrion (talk) 11:03, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry this discussion is getting so long. I found another academic paper called "Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala". If anyone can access it, please post the data for lion speed here. Thanks. The video of that paper says lions are faster than zebras (at the 1:38 mark) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVRkmPfkECE&t=98s BrightOrion (talk) 12:27, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * This is the purpose of talk pages. To decide on what information to include.
 * The paper is available as pdf here
 * These numbers look good, although I'm not sure how to present it. The 98% percentile speed is a good measure to make the comparison, but the data shows the lion can exceed 20m/s in some cases. So a statement along the lines of the lion can reach 20m/s during a chase would be accurate, but isn't something explicitly stated in the source. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:05, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * These numbers look good, although I'm not sure how to present it. The 98% percentile speed is a good measure to make the comparison, but the data shows the lion can exceed 20m/s in some cases. So a statement along the lines of the lion can reach 20m/s during a chase would be accurate, but isn't something explicitly stated in the source. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:05, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * These numbers look good, although I'm not sure how to present it. The 98% percentile speed is a good measure to make the comparison, but the data shows the lion can exceed 20m/s in some cases. So a statement along the lines of the lion can reach 20m/s during a chase would be accurate, but isn't something explicitly stated in the source. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:05, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

That article is already cited!!!!! LittleJerry (talk) 12:51, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi LittleJerry, this issue relates to the paragraph in this article (Zebra article): "The zebra can reach a speed of 19 m/s (68 km/h; 43 mph) compared to 16 m/s (58 km/h; 36 mph) for the lion, but lions have almost twice the maximum acceleration, so a lion has to surprise a zebra within the first six seconds of breaking cover."
 * I dispute the idea that zebras are faster than lions--I think it's the other way around. BrightOrion (talk) 12:55, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * It's cited but I can't see the data in it. Does it say anything about a lion's speed? BrightOrion (talk) 12:56, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Try page 33. LittleJerry (talk) 13:05, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Page 40, it says 13.9 ms-1 for the lion and 10.6 ms-1 for the zebra. BrightOrion (talk) 13:14, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * ,, make the change then. LittleJerry (talk) 14:52, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, one further comment. That source says "The 98th percentile of speed was C - 19.9, I - 13.8, L - 13.9 and Z - 10.6 ms-1 which is 84, 78, 67 and 77% of the maximum achieved by three individuals which were C - 23.8, I - 17.7, L - 20.6 and Z - 13.8ms-1." (C=cheetah, I=impala, L=lion and Z=zebra)
 * When talking about the speed of an animal, we should talk about the speed of the fastest individual, right?
 * So, I think we should use the figures of 20.6 ms-1 (46 mph) for the lion and 13.8 ms-1 (about 31 mph) for the zebra. But I'm still not convinced by this. A lot of webpages on the Internet say a zebra can run at 40 mph (17.8 ms-1). BrightOrion (talk) 15:42, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Just become its popularly reported on the internet, doesn't make it true. Let's stick to acedemic sources. LittleJerry (talk) 15:52, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, being used many times on the web says little about reliability. They often all just repeat a single source, which may or may not be reliable. It can also be taken from Wikipedia.
 * The Zebra article currently says 19 m/s (68 km/h; 43 mph) for the zebra and 16 m/s (58 km/h; 36 mph) for the lion following Caro, who references Garland 1983. I've found the Garland 1983 reference and it uses 64.0 km/h for the zebra. So it looks like the Caro book is a conversion (to m/s) and an inaccurate one at that (19 instead of 18m/s). Garland also says the methodology of the estimate is unknown and cites Bourliere (1964), a general book on mammals. The Garland estimate for the lion (59km/h) cites another book (Schaller, 1972) and lists the method as "subjective estimate". Another recent paper (Bro-Jørgensen, 2013) also uses 59km/h for the lion, citing Janis and Wilhelm, 1993, who also use Garland (1983). I'm not convinced by that any of these estimates are based on rigorous scientific studies. The Wilson et al (2018) seems a much better source. —  Jts1882 | talk 17:02, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Jts1882 and LittleJerry, how about changing the text to this:
 * (Ecology and behaviour section)
 * [When threatened by lions, zebras flee, and when caught they are rarely effective in fighting off the big cats.] **New Insertion**
 * Although it has been said anecdotally that zebras can run at about 17.9 m/s, the maximum speed reliably recorded is 13.8 m/s. This compares with a top speed of 20.6 m/s for the lion.**Add Wilson reference** A 2018 study found that zebras do not escape lions by speed alone but by sideways turning, especially when the predator is close behind. **Add Wilson reference (different page)** BrightOrion (talk) 17:08, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * There are two potential problems there:
 * While I agree with your statement, we need a source to say the maximum speed reliably recorded is 13.8m/s. That is our conclusion about one study. Similarly its not for us to decide what is anecdotal evidence. We need a source saying it.
 * The Wilson et al (2018) makes estimates of speed using the 98 percentile value. They also mention a maximum speed. One must be wary of using extreme values from a data set as they could be statistical outliers. They say this maximum speed is "the maximum achieved by three individuals". If this means its the average of the fastest measurement by three individuals then it might be acceptable, but it might be better to say some individuals reached speeds of about 20m/s.
 * —  Jts1882 | talk 17:27, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, agreed. My next suggestion:
 * (Ecology and behaviour section)
 * [When threatened by lions, zebras flee, and when caught they are rarely effective in fighting off the big cats.] **New Insertion**
 * In one study, the maximum speed of a zebra was found to be 13.8 m/s while a lion was measured at 20.6 m/s.**Add Wilson reference** A 2018 study found that zebras do not escape lions by speed alone but by sideways turning, especially when the predator is close behind. **Add Wilson reference (different page)**
 * This doesn't eliminate the problem that those figures might be outliers, but I think it's the best we can do with the data available. BrightOrion (talk) 17:46, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * We don't cite page numbers for journal articles. Just cite Wilson once at the end. LittleJerry (talk) 21:29, 29 March 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, so if there are no objections. I'll make that change, unless anyone has another suggestion. BrightOrion (talk) 06:29, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Black with white stripes or white with black stripes
Despite the debate, scientifically they are black with white stripes. Lmharding (talk) 23:11, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

 * belated reflist

 * It's probably a good thing I'm not a professor, because I would hard fail any undergraduate paper, from freshman year up, that advanced the argument in that paper.
 * In mammalian biology, with a few notorious exceptions that cast the birds among the beasts, all of our cells contain all of our genes. It's not so different than the original security model of MS-DOS (aka none whatsoever) where all programs could access all memory. Species can go through phases where the regulatory system suppresses a gene globally (in the long term, a totally inactive gene will tend to degrade), but that vestigial gene can spring back to life again as the environment changes, in whole or in part.
 * So the argument from that paper above boils down to this: if the "default" is that every gene is turned on everywhere and always, then zebras are innately black. But there's no such default in mammalian biology. Most genes are turned off in most tissues most of the time, or we'd have sperm cells with hairy eyeballs.
 * A thick and contingent tapestry of suppression and activation is the only way this symphony has ever carried a tune, except as filmed by David Cronenberg.
 * The argument above is also [ed: close to] parallel to the argument that any human with XY chromosomes is inherently male, regardless of whether the special sauce in the Y chromosome is suitably activated (when it isn't, such a person typically becomes hyper-feminized). Yikes. Men have been nailed to crosses and then buried in stone crypts for suggesting less contentious perspectives on human nature. — MaxEnt 22:40, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Challenge black and white distillation
Zebra meat was mainly eaten by European colonisers; among African cultures only the San are known to eat it regularly.

Reason from above:

From search for term "meat" in Google books (did not return page numbers): "As noted above, most colonizers didn't take to zebra meat, though Africans continued to eat it." Other snippets also suggest this was far from black and white.

— MaxEnt 22:12, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

The ISBN is the web verison of the book. And on page 41 it states

"Unlike European visitors, African cultures have rarely, if ever, hunted zebra for sport. Eating zebra, however, has always been a part of the San experience..."

LittleJerry (talk) 21:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

আপনার Shukkur8785-এর জন্য রিকোয়েস্ট করা নতু
MDali 2400:C600:451D:13A1:1:0:B68D:CCE6 (talk) 21:02, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 December 2023
Characteristics tab > Stripes > function > crypsis hypothesis > Sentence beginning "Melin and colleagues (2016) found that lions..", "expect" should be changed to "except". Catch a ride (talk) 09:13, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thank you for spotting this typo!  Delta  space 42 (talk • contribs) 09:49, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Use the same non-metric unit for height on all 3 species
In the table of extant species, Grévy's zebra is listed with a shoulder height of 4.10–5.25 ft. The other two species are listed with their non-metric heights in inches (43–57 and 46–57 for the plains and mountain zebras, respectively).

Recommend changing Grévy's imperial unit height to 49–63 in to match the other two. It'd also internally match the other non-metric measurements for body & tail length. Finally, listing shoulder heights in inches is an easy conversion to HH (yes, hh is supposed to be for the withers). Cjmcjmcjmcjm (talk) 18:54, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 March 2024
2601:401:4300:3720:C8C:19DC:59D8:4D77 (talk) 00:53, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: No reliable source is given for the Pliocene dating. The subgenus link should not be added per MOS:CIRCULAR. Jamedeus (talk) 03:57, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 May 2024
Under "Characteristics": Change "amount of stripes" to "number of stripes". "Amount" pertains to a singular, "number" to a plural. Thank you. Walter Delahunt 24.222.182.150 (talk) 00:57, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 02:57, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/2024 zebra escape
This deletion attempt may be of interest to editors of this page. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:34, 24 M this is fake!!!,!!,!!,!!!!,!,!,!,!,!,!,!!!,,

=

title: Talk:Zebra


text:
East-Link (Dublin)

The Tom Clarke Bridge, formerly and commonly known as the East-Link Toll Bridge, is a toll bridge in Dublin, Ireland, on the River Liffey, owned and operated by Dublin City Council. The bascule-type lifting bridge, which links North Wall to Ringsend, is the last bridge on the Liffey, which opens out into Dublin Port and then Dublin Bay just beyond. The bridge forms part of the R131 regional road.

Background and use
The bridge is the most easterly crossing on the Liffey, and replaced a number of ferries that carried cross-river traffic at the point as early as 1655. The bridge was built by NTR, and opened to vehicular traffic in October 1984. The bridge reverted to city council control on 31 December 2015.

The city centre is west of the bridge, which links routes on the eastern side of Dublin city. The Dublin Port Tunnel terminates north of the East-Link along East Wall Road, in the Docklands on the north bank of the Liffey. Most of Dublin's docklands are east of the bridge, but it is raised on average three times per day to allow river traffic to pass.

As of 2016, between 14,000 and 17,000 vehicles per day cross the bridge. As of 2016, lorries and cars pay, either in cash or using electronic tokens, and cycles and motorbikes cross for free. The tolling area and administrative offices are on the south (Ringsend) side of the bridge.

Name
Originally adopting a functional name, the East-Link bridge was officially renamed as Thomas Clarke Bridge by President Michael D. Higgins to commemorate the Irish republican Thomas Clarke.

The renaming ceremony was held on 3 May 2016, marking the centenary of the day Clarke was shot in Kilmainham Gaol for his involvement in the 1916 Easter Rising.

Incidents
In October 1985, a ship named the MV Miranda Guinness, with a cargo of Guinness beer bound for Liverpool, collided with the bridge.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: East-Link (Dublin)


text:
Midden-Delfland

Midden-Delfland is a municipality (gemeente) in the Westland region in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. It had a population of 0 in, and covers an area of undefined km2 of which undefined km2 is water.

It was formed on January 1, 2004, through the merger of the former municipalities:
 * Maasland (population: 6,844), covered an area of 24.42 km2 of which 0.6 km2 water.
 * Schipluiden (population: 11,173), covered an area of 30.00 km2 of which 0.39 km2 water.

Population centres
The municipality comprises the population centres: • Hodenpijl

• Den Hoorn

• Gaag

• Maasland

• Negenhuizen

• Schipluiden

• 't Woudt

• Zouteveen

• Zweth

Topography

Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Midden-Delfland, June 2015

Geography
The green area that comprises the municipality of Midden-Delfland was named Midden-Delfland before 2004, and it referred to the green area surrounded by cities (such as The Hague and Rotterdam) and the horticulture area of Westland. The supporters of a continuous green area were lucky that the municipality of Midden-Delfland became a reality: the cities of Delft, Vlaardingen and Schiedam wanted to build new houses here, and the Westland gardeners also wanted to expand. Now, Midden-Delfland is designated as a recreation area for people from the surrounding cities.

Notable people

 * Jan Vermeer van Utrecht (1630 in Schipluiden – ca. 1696) a Dutch Golden Age painter
 * Marja van Bijsterveldt (born 1961) a Dutch politician, Mayor of Delft since 2016
 * IJsbrand Chardon (born 1961) a Dutch equestrian and winner at the World Equestrian Games
 * Ronald Vuijk (born 1965) a Dutch politician, alderman of Midden-Delfland 2011/2012
 * Gerben Moerman (born 1976 in Schipluiden) a Dutch sociologist and academic

title: Midden-Delfland


text:
Tolib Sodiqov

Tolibjon Sodiqov (12 March 1907 – 5 September 1957) was among the founders of professional music in Uzbekistan, as well as the composer of musical dramas, quartets, operas, and romances.

Sodiqov was born in Tashkent. From 1924 to 1928, he studied at the Institute of Music and Choreography in Samarkand, where his teachers included leading Uzbek poets and composers, such as Sadriddun Ayni, Sergey Mironov and Viktor Uspensky. He then studied at the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow from 1934 to 1941, where he graduated as a composer and conductor in the class of Reinhold Glière.

His many honors included the People's Artist of the Uzbek SSR and the Stalin Prize. Sodiqov also founded the Uzbek Composers Union in 1934 and served as its director for the following 14 years.

In 1939, he wrote the first Uzbek opera, Leili and Mejnun, based on the poem by Alisher Navoi and libretto by Khurshid. The opera was given its first performance by the Alisher Navoi State Academic Bolshoi Theatre of Opera and Ballet in 1940. Among his other operas are Gulsara, Zainab and Omon. His more than 100 songs include Bul-bul (Song-bird), Bakhor (Spring), Sarvi-Gul (Flower), and Johon kurnur (I see such beauty). He also wrote the string quartet Eastern Dances, many film scores (Alisher Navoi, Yigit [Young Man], etc.) and choral works.

title: Tolib Sodiqov


text:
Mildew

Mildew is a form of fungus. It is distinguished from its closely related counterpart, mold, largely by its colour: molds appear in shades of black, blue, red, and green, whereas mildew is white. It appears as a thin, superficial growth consisting of minute hyphae (fungal filaments) produced especially on living plants or organic matter such as wood, paper or leather. Both mold and mildew produce distinct offensive odours, and both have been identified as the cause of certain human ailments.

In horticulture, mildews are species of fungus in the order Erysiphales, or fungus-like organisms in the family Peronosporaceae. It is also used more generally to mean mold growth. In Old English, mildew meant honeydew (a substance secreted by aphids on leaves, formerly thought to distill from the air like dew), and later came to mean mold or fungus.

Household varieties

The term mildew is often used generically to refer to mold growth, usually with a flat growth habit. Molds can thrive on many organic materials, including clothing, leather, paper, and the ceilings, walls and floors of homes or offices with poor moisture control. Mildew can be cleaned using specialized mildew remover, or substances such as bleach (though they may discolour the surface). There are many species of mold. The black mold which grows in attics, on window sills, and other places where moisture levels are moderate often is Cladosporium. Colour alone is not always a reliable indicator of the species of mold. Proper identification requires a microbiologist or mycologist. Mold growth found on cellulose-based substrates or materials where moisture levels are high (90 per cent or greater) is often Stachybotrys chartarum. "Black mold," also known as "toxic black mold", properly refers to S. chartarum. This species is commonly found indoors on wet materials containing cellulose, such as wallboard (drywall), jute, wicker, straw baskets, and other paper materials. S. chartarum does not, however, grow on plastic, vinyl, concrete, glass, ceramic tile, or metals. A variety of other mold species, such as Penicillium or Aspergillus, may appear to grow on non-cellulosic surfaces but are actually growing on the biofilm that adheres to these surfaces. Glass, plastic, and concrete provide no food for organic growth and as such cannot support mold or mildew growth alone without biofilm present. In places with stagnant air, such as basements, molds can produce a strong musty odour.

The pink "mildew" often found on plastic shower curtains and bathroom tile is a red yeast, Rhodotorula.

Environmental conditions
Mildew requires certain factors to develop. Without any one of these, it cannot reproduce and grow. The requirements are a food source (any organic material), sufficient ambient moisture (a relative humidity of 62–93%), and reasonable warmth (77-88 F) is optimal. Still, some growth can occur anywhere between freezing and 95 F. Slightly acidic conditions are also preferred. At warmer temperatures, air can hold a greater volume of water; as air temperatures drop, so does the ability of air to hold moisture, which then tends to condense on cool surfaces. This can work to bring moisture onto surfaces where mildew is then likely to grow (such as an exterior wall).

Preventing the growth of mildew therefore requires a balance between moisture and temperature. This can be achieved by minimizing the moisture available in the air.

Air temperatures at or below 70 F will inhibit growth, but only if the relative humidity is low enough to prevent water condensation (i.e., the dew point is not reached).

With warmer temperatures, the water holding capacity of the air increases. This means that if the amount of water vapour in the warming air remains the same, the air will become drier (i.e. it has a lower relative humidity). This again inhibits fungal growth. However, warm, growth-favoring temperatures coupled with high relative humidity will support mildew growth.

Air conditioners are one effective tool for removing moisture and heat from otherwise humid warm air. The coils of an air conditioner cause moisture in the air to condense on them, eventually losing this excess moisture through a drain and placing it back into the environment. They can also inhibit mildew growth by lowering indoor temperatures. For them to be effective, air conditioners must recirculate the existing indoor air and not be exposed to warm, humid outside air. Some energy efficient air conditioners may cool a room so quickly that they do not have an opportunity to also effectively collect and drain significant ambient water vapour.

title: Mildew


text:
Balibo

Balibo is a town in East Timor situated approximately 10 km from the Indonesian border. It is located in the sub-district of Balibo, Bobonaro District.

It was estimated by Human Rights Watch that 70 percent of the town was destroyed during the militia violence that preceded the vote on East Timorese independence.

Balibo achieved notoriety as the site of the killing of five Australian-based journalists, now known as the Balibo Five, by Indonesian forces in the 1970s. Australian reporters from Channels 7, 9 and ABC were covering an incursion by Indonesia into what was then Portuguese Timor. The reporters from Channels 7 and 9 were killed on 16 October 1975 by Indonesian Special Forces, to prevent information about the invasion from being released. In December 1975, another Australian reporter, Roger East, who was investigating the deaths of the other five, was reportedly seized by Indonesian soldiers, and then shot by a firing squad.

The town is home to a 400-year-old fort, which was the scene of several battles during the Indonesian invasion in 1975. The Balibo Five were also filming from the fort when Indonesian forces landed in Balibo on the day they died. The fort has been converted into a hotel as of 2016 by the Balibo House Trust, with support from the Rotary Club of Port Melbourne.

The Balibo Declaration, which criticised the declaration of independence, and was later used by the Indonesian government as partial justification for its invasion, was said to have been signed here, but was actually drafted by Indonesian intelligence and signed in Bali, Indonesia.

During the International Force East Timor (INTERFET) mission after the Indonesian withdrawal, the fort was used as a base for approximately one thousand United Nations (UN) troops, as part of Operation Lavarack. Kylie Minogue performed an unplugged concert in Balibo to entertain UN troops in 1999, as part of the Tour of Duty series of concerts.

In 2003, the government of Victoria, Australia purchased the house where the five journalists had stayed, as it had fallen into disrepair, and renovated it to serve as a creche, library, and vocational training centre. International aid organisations have also been involved in other reconstruction work in the town, such as the rebuilding of a dormitory for schoolchildren from remote communities that had been razed during the militia attacks.

title: Balibo


text:
Michel Piccoli

Jacques Daniel Michel Piccoli (27 December 1925 – 12 May 2020) was a French actor, producer and film director with a career spanning 70 years. He was lauded as one of the greatest French character actors of his generation who played a wide variety of roles and worked with many acclaimed directors, being awarded with a Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival and a Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin Film Festival.

Life and career
Piccoli was born in Paris to a musical family; his French mother was a pianist and his Swiss father was a violinist from the canton of Ticino.

He appeared in many different roles, from seducer to cop to gangster to Pope, in more than 170 movies. He appeared in six films directed by Luis Buñuel including Belle de Jour (1967) and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972), but also appeared as Brigitte Bardot's husband in Jean-Luc Godard's Contempt (1963) and as the main antagonist in Alfred Hitchcock's Topaz (1969). He also appeared in many films by Claude Sautet, sometimes co-starring in them with Romy Schneider, and became a frequent collaborator of director Marco Ferreri, with whom he worked on several films, including Dillinger Is Dead and La Grande Bouffe.

In the 1990s, Piccoli also worked as a director on three films. One of his last leading roles was his portrayal of a depressed, newly elected pope in Nanni Moretti's We Have a Pope (2011), for which he was awarded with the David di Donatello Award for Best Actor.

Political views
Piccoli was part of the Saint-Germain-des-Prés circle in the 1950s, which included Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. He was a member of the French Communist Party in this era. A lifelong left-winger, he objected to repression in the Soviet bloc, and supported the Solidarity trade union in Poland.

Personal life and death
Piccoli married three times and divorced twice. His first marriage was to Éléonore Hirt. They had one daughter together. He was then married for eleven years to singer Juliette Gréco. His final marriage was to Ludivine Clerc, with whom he adopted a daughter and a son.

Piccoli died from complications of a stroke on 12 May 2020, at the age of 94.

Europe Theatre Prize
In 2001, he was awarded the IX Europe Theatre Prize, in Taormina, with the following motivation: "Michel Piccoli began his career on the stage - his Don Juan remains celebrated - before crossing to the 'other shore', the cinema, finally coming to accept the relativity of travelling back and forth between the two and taking full advantage of their potential interaction. Piccoli captivates us because he is halfway between the clearly defined identity of the film actor and the ductile identity of the stage actor. When Bondy, Brook, and Chéreau turned to him, despite his reputation as a cinema performer, it was undoubtedly because of this receptiveness and adaptability. He was not trapped by an image, but brought a unique presence. He was also ready to take on an unprecedented variety of roles, which took him from Schnitzler to Chekhov and Pirandello, from Shakespeare to Koltès. The film actor was able of step back and make way for his double, the stage actor. What is it that we love about Piccoli? The fact that he is an artist who has lasted over time without turning into an effigy… he provides certainty and maintains a hidden dimension. The light does not expel the shadow, which always accompanies the brilliance of the legendary actor that he is. There is nothing one-dimensional about him. Michel Piccoli is a European figure. In him we do not see so much an international star unaware of borders, but an open-minded actor who strives to cross them. A free citizen, he does not want to become a prisoner and his whole life bears witness to this unquenched desire to go beyond limits. National as well as artistic limits. Michel Piccoli refuses civil indifference. He has never lacked commitment, and has always taken sides and got involved. His ethic is constant, whether as an actor or as a citizen. If he is taken as a model, it is always despite himself. He is not a hero who puts himself on display. More than anyone else, Piccoli has managed to maintain his humanity. A vibrant humanity that continues to guide his actions and his words. Michel Piccoli is an exemplary actor, responsible towards himself and towards his art."

Awards and nominations

 * Cannes Film Festival
 * 1980: Best Actor Award for A Leap in the Dark
 * Berlin Film Festival
 * 1982: Silver Bear for Best Actor for Strange Affair
 * Locarno Festival
 * 2007: Best Actor Award for Les Toits de Paris
 * 2007: Excellence Award
 * César Awards
 * 1981: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actor for Strange Affair
 * 1984: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actor for Dangerous Moves
 * 1990: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actor for May Fools
 * 1991: Nominated for the César Award for Best Actor for La Belle Noiseuse
 * Shanghai International Film Festival
 * 1997: Golden Goblet Award for Best Actor for Traveling Companion
 * David di Donatello Awards
 * 2012: David di Donatello for Best Actor for We Have a Pope
 * European Film Awards
 * 2001: Nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actor for I'm Going Home
 * 2007: Nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actor for Belle Toujours
 * 2011: Honorary Award
 * 2011: Nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actor for We Have a Pope
 * Europe Theatre Prize - 2001

title: Michel Piccoli


text:
User:Tonderai

Contributions
Articles which I've created or made significant contributions to, most recent first.

Earth science
Carbonaceous chondrite, Orgueil meteorite, Panspermia, Methane clathrate, Ice core, Coccoliths, Earth science, Chemical oceanography, Physical oceanography, Thermohaline circulation, Phytoplankton, Euphotic zone, Nekton, Emiliana Huxleyi.

Other
Otford

To do

 * condensation of the solar nebula (in solar system?)
 * primary production
 * methane clathrates + climate
 * find some public domain images for coccoliths, orgueil

title: User:Tonderai


text:
Projective linear group

In mathematics, especially in the group theoretic area of algebra, the projective linear group (also known as the projective general linear group or PGL) is the induced action of the general linear group of a vector space V on the associated projective space P(V). Explicitly, the projective linear group is the quotient group
 * PGL(V) = GL(V)/Z(V)

where GL(V) is the general linear group of V and Z(V) is the subgroup of all nonzero scalar transformations of V; these are quotiented out because they act trivially on the projective space and they form the kernel of the action, and the notation "Z" reflects that the scalar transformations form the center of the general linear group.

The projective special linear group, PSL, is defined analogously, as the induced action of the special linear group on the associated projective space. Explicitly:
 * PSL(V) = SL(V)/SZ(V)

where SL(V) is the special linear group over V and SZ(V) is the subgroup of scalar transformations with unit determinant. Here SZ is the center of SL, and is naturally identified with the group of nth roots of unity in F (where n is the dimension of V and F is the base field).

PGL and PSL are some of the fundamental groups of study, part of the so-called classical groups, and an element of PGL is called projective linear transformation, projective transformation or homography. If V is the n-dimensional vector space over a field F, namely V = Fn, the alternate notations PGL(n, F) and PSL(n, F) are also used.

Note that PGL(n, F) and PSL(n, F) are isomorphic if and only if every element of F has an nth root in F. As an example, note that PGL(2, C) = PSL(2, C), but that PGL(2, R) > PSL(2, R); this corresponds to the real projective line being orientable, and the projective special linear group only being the orientation-preserving transformations.

PGL and PSL can also be defined over a ring, with an important example being the modular group, PSL(2, Z).

Name
The name comes from projective geometry, where the projective group acting on homogeneous coordinates (x0 : x1 : ... : xn) is the underlying group of the geometry. Stated differently, the natural action of GL(V) on V descends to an action of PGL(V) on the projective space P(V).

The projective linear groups therefore generalise the case PGL(2, C) of Möbius transformations (sometimes called the Möbius group), which acts on the projective line.

Note that unlike the general linear group, which is generally defined axiomatically as "invertible functions preserving the linear (vector space) structure", the projective linear group is defined constructively, as a quotient of the general linear group of the associated vector space, rather than axiomatically as "invertible functions preserving the projective linear structure". This is reflected in the notation: PGL(n, F) is the group associated to GL(n, F), and is the projective linear group of (n − 1)-dimensional projective space, not n-dimensional projective space.

Collineations
A related group is the collineation group, which is defined axiomatically. A collineation is an invertible (or more generally one-to-one) map which sends collinear points to collinear points. One can define a projective space axiomatically in terms of an incidence structure (a set of points P, lines L, and an incidence relation I specifying which points lie on which lines) satisfying certain axioms – an automorphism of a projective space thus defined then being an automorphism f of the set of points and an automorphism g of the set of lines, preserving the incidence relation, which is exactly a collineation of a space to itself. Projective linear transforms are collineations (planes in a vector space correspond to lines in the associated projective space, and linear transforms map planes to planes, so projective linear transforms map lines to lines), but in general not all collineations are projective linear transforms – PGL is in general a proper subgroup of the collineation group.

Specifically, for n = 2 (a projective line), all points are collinear, so the collineation group is exactly the symmetric group of the points of the projective line, and except for F2 and F3 (where PGL is the full symmetric group), PGL is a proper subgroup of the full symmetric group on these points.

For n ≥ 3, the collineation group is the projective semilinear group, PΓL – this is PGL, twisted by field automorphisms; formally, PΓL ≅ PGL ⋊ Gal(K/k), where k is the prime field for K; this is the fundamental theorem of projective geometry. Thus for K a prime field (Fp or Q), we have PGL = PΓL, but for K a field with non-trivial Galois automorphisms (such as Fpn for n ≥ 2 or C), the projective linear group is a proper subgroup of the collineation group, which can be thought of as "transforms preserving a projective semi-linear structure". Correspondingly, the quotient group PΓL/PGL = Gal(K/k) corresponds to "choices of linear structure", with the identity (base point) being the existing linear structure.

One may also define collineation groups for axiomatically defined projective spaces, where there is no natural notion of a projective linear transform. However, with the exception of the non-Desarguesian planes, all projective spaces are the projectivization of a linear space over a division ring though, as noted above, there are multiple choices of linear structure, namely a torsor over Gal(K/k) (for n ≥ 3).

Elements
The elements of the projective linear group can be understood as "tilting the plane" along one of the axes, and then projecting to the original plane, and also have dimension n.

A more familiar geometric way to understand the projective transforms is via projective rotations (the elements of PSO(n + 1)), which corresponds to the stereographic projection of rotations of the unit hypersphere, and has dimension $\textstyle{1+2+\cdots+n=\binom{n+1}{2} }$. Visually, this corresponds to standing at the origin (or placing a camera at the origin), and turning one's angle of view, then projecting onto a flat plane. Rotations in axes perpendicular to the hyperplane preserve the hyperplane and yield a rotation of the hyperplane (an element of SO(n), which has dimension $\textstyle{1+2+\cdots+(n-1) =\binom{n}{2} }$.), while rotations in axes parallel to the hyperplane are proper projective maps, and accounts for the remaining n dimensions.

Properties

 * PGL sends collinear points to collinear points (it preserves projective lines), but it is not the full collineation group, which is instead either PΓL (for n > 2) or the full symmetric group for n = 2 (the projective line).
 * Every (biregular) algebraic automorphism of a projective space is projective linear. The birational automorphisms form a larger group, the Cremona group.
 * PGL acts faithfully on projective space: non-identity elements act non-trivially. Concretely, the kernel of the action of GL on projective space is exactly the scalar maps, which are quotiented out in PGL.
 * PGL acts 2-transitively on projective space. This is because 2 distinct points in projective space correspond to 2 vectors that do not lie on a single linear space, and hence are linearly independent, and GL acts transitively on k-element sets of linearly independent vectors.
 * PGL(2, K) acts sharply 3-transitively on the projective line. Three arbitrary points are conventionally mapped to [0, 1], [1, 1], [1, 0]; in alternative notation, 0, 1, ∞. In fractional linear transformation notation, the function $x − a⁄x − c$ ⋅ $b − c⁄b − a$ maps a ↦ 0, b ↦ 1, c ↦ ∞, and is the unique such map that does so. This is the cross-ratio (x, b; a, c) – see  for details.
 * For n ≥ 3, PGL(n, K) does not act 3-transitively, because it must send 3 collinear points to 3 other collinear points, not an arbitrary set. For n = 2 the space is the projective line, so all points are collinear and this is no restriction.
 * PGL(2, K) does not act 4-transitively on the projective line (except for PGL(2, 3), as P1(3) has 3 + 1 = 4 points, so 3-transitive implies 4-transitive); the invariant that is preserved is the cross ratio, and this determines where every other point is sent: specifying where 3 points are mapped determines the map. Thus in particular it is not the full collineation group of the projective line (except for F2 and F3).
 * PSL(2, q) and PGL(2, q) (for q > 2, and q odd for PSL) are two of the four families of Zassenhaus groups.
 * PGL(n, K) is an algebraic group of dimension n2 − 1 and an open subgroup of the projective space Pn 2−1 . As defined, the functor PSL(n, K) does not define an algebraic group, or even an fppf sheaf, and its sheafification in the fppf topology is in fact PGL(n, K).
 * PSL and PGL are centerless – this is because the diagonal matrices are not only the center, but also the hypercenter (the quotient of a group by its center is not necessarily centerless).

Fractional linear transformations
As for Möbius transformations, the group PGL(2, K) can be interpreted as fractional linear transformations with coefficients in K. Points in the projective line over K correspond to pairs from K2, with two pairs being equivalent when they are proportional. When the second coordinate is non-zero, a point can be represented by [z, 1]. Then when ad − bc ≠ 0, the action of PGL(2, K) is by linear transformation:
 * $$[z,\ 1]\begin{pmatrix} a & c \\ b & d \end{pmatrix} \ = \ [az + b,\ cz + d] \ = \ \left [\frac{a z + b}{c z + d},\ 1\right ].$$

In this way successive transformations can be written as right multiplication by such matrices, and matrix multiplication can be used for the group product in PGL(2, K).

Finite fields
The projective special linear groups PSL(n, Fq) for a finite field Fq are often written as PSL(n, q) or Ln(q). They are finite simple groups whenever n is at least 2, with two exceptions: L2(2), which is isomorphic to S3, the symmetric group on 3 letters, and is solvable; and L2(3), which is isomorphic to A4, the alternating group on 4 letters, and is also solvable. These exceptional isomorphisms can be understood as arising from the action on the projective line.

The special linear groups SL(n, q) are thus quasisimple: perfect central extensions of a simple group (unless n = 2 and q = 2 or 3).

History
The groups PSL(2, p) for any prime number p were constructed by Évariste Galois in the 1830s, and were the second family of finite simple groups, after the alternating groups. Galois constructed them as fractional linear transforms, and observed that they were simple except if p was 2 or 3; this is contained in his last letter to Chevalier. In the same letter and attached manuscripts, Galois also constructed the general linear group over a prime field, GL(ν, p), in studying the Galois group of the general equation of degree pν.

The groups PSL(n, q) (general n, general finite field) for any prime power q were then constructed in the classic 1870 text by Camille Jordan, Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques.

Order
The order of PGL(n, q) is
 * (qn − 1)(qn − q)(qn − q2) ⋅⋅⋅ (qn − qn−1)/(q − 1) = qn 2−1 − O(qn 2−3 ),

which corresponds to the order of GL(n, q), divided by q − 1 for projectivization; see q-analog for discussion of such formulas. Note that the degree is n2 − 1, which agrees with the dimension as an algebraic group. The "O" is for big O notation, meaning "terms involving lower order". This also equals the order of SL(n, q); there dividing by q − 1 is due to the determinant.

The order of PSL(n, q) is the order of PGL(n, q) as above, divided by gcd(n, q − 1). This is equal to $|SZ(n, q)|$, the number of scalar matrices with determinant 1; $|F^{×}/(F^{×})^{n}|$, the number of classes of element that have no nth root; and it is also the number of nth roots of unity in Fq.

Exceptional isomorphisms
In addition to the isomorphisms
 * L2(2) ≅ S3, L2(3) ≅ A4, and PGL(2, 3) ≅ S4,

there are other exceptional isomorphisms between projective special linear groups and alternating groups (these groups are all simple, as the alternating group over 5 or more letters is simple):
 * L2(4) ≅ A5
 * L2(5) ≅ A5 (see  for a proof)
 * L2(9) ≅ A6
 * L4(2) ≅ A8

The isomorphism L2(9) ≅ A6 allows one to see the exotic outer automorphism of A6 in terms of field automorphism and matrix operations. The isomorphism L4(2) ≅ A8 is of interest in the structure of the Mathieu group M24.

The associated extensions SL(n, q) → PSL(n, q) are covering groups of the alternating groups (universal perfect central extensions) for A4, A5, by uniqueness of the universal perfect central extension; for L2(9) ≅ A6, the associated extension is a perfect central extension, but not universal: there is a 3-fold covering group.

The groups over F5 have a number of exceptional isomorphisms:
 * PSL(2, 5) ≅ A5 ≅ I, the alternating group on five elements, or equivalently the icosahedral group;
 * PGL(2, 5) ≅ S5, the symmetric group on five elements;
 * SL(2, 5) ≅ 2 ⋅ A5 ≅ 2I the double cover of the alternating group A5, or equivalently the binary icosahedral group.

They can also be used to give a construction of an exotic map S5 → S6, as described below. Note however that GL(2, 5) is not a double cover of S5, but is rather a 4-fold cover.

A further isomorphism is:
 * L2(7) ≅ L3(2) is the simple group of order 168, the second-smallest non-abelian simple group, and is not an alternating group; see PSL(2, 7).

The above exceptional isomorphisms involving the projective special linear groups are almost all of the exceptional isomorphisms between families of finite simple groups; the only other exceptional isomorphism is PSU(4, 2) ≃ PSp(4, 3), between a projective special unitary group and a projective symplectic group.

Action on projective line
Some of the above maps can be seen directly in terms of the action of PSL and PGL on the associated projective line: PGL(n, q) acts on the projective space Pn−1(q), which has (qn − 1)/(q − 1) points, and this yields a map from the projective linear group to the symmetric group on (qn − 1)/(q − 1) points. For n = 2, this is the projective line P1(q) which has (q2 − 1)/(q − 1) = q + 1 points, so there is a map PGL(2, q) → Sq+1.

To understand these maps, it is useful to recall these facts:
 * The order of PGL(2, q) is
 * (q2 − 1)(q2 − q)/(q − 1) = q3 − q = (q − 1)q(q + 1);
 * the order of PSL(2, q) either equals this (if the characteristic is 2), or is half this (if the characteristic is not 2).

Thus the image is a 3-transitive subgroup of known order, which allows it to be identified. This yields the following maps:
 * The action of the projective linear group on the projective line is sharply 3-transitive (faithful and 3-transitive), so the map is one-to-one and has image a 3-transitive subgroup.
 * PSL(2, 2) = PGL(2, 2) → S3, of order 6, which is an isomorphism.
 * The inverse map (a projective representation of S3) can be realized by the anharmonic group, and more generally yields an embedding S3 → PGL(2, q) for all fields.
 * PSL(2, 3) < PGL(2, 3) → S4, of orders 12 and 24, the latter of which is an isomorphism, with PSL(2, 3) being the alternating group.
 * The anharmonic group gives a partial map in the opposite direction, mapping S3 → PGL(2, 3) as the stabilizer of the point −1.
 * PSL(2, 4) = PGL(2, 4) → S5, of order 60, yielding the alternating group A5.
 * PSL(2, 5) < PGL(2, 5) → S6, of orders 60 and 120, which yields an embedding of S5 (respectively, A5) as a transitive subgroup of S6 (respectively, A6). This is an example of an exotic map S5 → S6, and can be used to construct the exceptional outer automorphism of S6. Note that the isomorphism PGL(2, 5) ≅ S5 is not transparent from this presentation: there is no particularly natural set of 5 elements on which PGL(2, 5) acts.

Action on p points
While PSL(n, q) naturally acts on (qn − 1)/(q − 1) = 1 + q + ... + qn−1 points, non-trivial actions on fewer points are rarer. Indeed, for PSL(2, p) acts non-trivially on p points if and only if p = 2, 3, 5, 7, or 11; for 2 and 3 the group is not simple, while for 5, 7, and 11, the group is simple – further, it does not act non-trivially on fewer than p points. This was first observed by Évariste Galois in his last letter to Chevalier, 1832.

This can be analyzed as follows; note that for 2 and 3 the action is not faithful (it is a non-trivial quotient, and the PSL group is not simple), while for 5, 7, and 11 the action is faithful (as the group is simple and the action is non-trivial), and yields an embedding into Sp. In all but the last case, PSL(2, 11), it corresponds to an exceptional isomorphism, where the right-most group has an obvious action on p points: Further, L2(7) and L2(11) have two inequivalent actions on p points; geometrically this is realized by the action on a biplane, which has p points and p blocks – the action on the points and the action on the blocks are both actions on p points, but not conjugate (they have different point stabilizers); they are instead related by an outer automorphism of the group.
 * L2(2) ≅ S3 $$\twoheadrightarrow$$ S2 via the sign map;
 * L2(3) ≅ A4 $$\twoheadrightarrow$$ A3 ≅ C3 via the quotient by the Klein 4-group;
 * L2(5) ≅ A5. To construct such an isomorphism, one needs to consider the group L2(5) as a Galois group of a Galois cover a5: X(5) → X(1) = P1, where X(N) is a modular curve of level N. This cover is ramified at 12 points. The modular curve X(5) has genus 0 and is isomorphic to a sphere over the field of complex numbers, and then the action of L2(5) on these 12 points becomes the symmetry group of an icosahedron. One then needs to consider the action of the symmetry group of icosahedron on the five associated tetrahedra.
 * L2(7) ≅ L3(2) which acts on the 1 + 2 + 4 = 7 points of the Fano plane (projective plane over F2); this can also be seen as the action on order 2 biplane, which is the complementary Fano plane.
 * L2(11) is subtler, and elaborated below; it acts on the order 3 biplane.

More recently, these last three exceptional actions have been interpreted as an example of the ADE classification: these actions correspond to products (as sets, not as groups) of the groups as A4 × Z/5Z, S4 × Z/7Z, and A5 × Z/11Z, where the groups A4, S4 and A5 are the isometry groups of the Platonic solids, and correspond to E6, E7, and E8 under the McKay correspondence. These three exceptional cases are also realized as the geometries of polyhedra (equivalently, tilings of Riemann surfaces), respectively: the compound of five tetrahedra inside the icosahedron (sphere, genus 0), the order 2 biplane (complementary Fano plane) inside the Klein quartic (genus 3), and the order 3 biplane (Paley biplane) inside the buckyball surface (genus 70).

The action of L2(11) can be seen algebraically as due to an exceptional inclusion L2(5) $\hookrightarrow$ L2(11) – there are two conjugacy classes of subgroups of L2(11) that are isomorphic to L2(5), each with 11 elements: the action of L2(11) by conjugation on these is an action on 11 points, and, further, the two conjugacy classes are related by an outer automorphism of L2(11). (The same is true for subgroups of L2(7) isomorphic to S4, and this also has a biplane geometry.)

Geometrically, this action can be understood via a biplane geometry, which is defined as follows. A biplane geometry is a symmetric design (a set of points and an equal number of "lines", or rather blocks) such that any set of two points is contained in two lines, while any two lines intersect in two points; this is similar to a finite projective plane, except that rather than two points determining one line (and two lines determining one point), they determine two lines (respectively, points). In this case (the Paley biplane, obtained from the Paley digraph of order 11), the points are the affine line (the finite field) F11, where the first line is defined to be the five non-zero quadratic residues (points which are squares: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9), and the other lines are the affine translates of this (add a constant to all the points). L2(11) is then isomorphic to the subgroup of S11 that preserve this geometry (sends lines to lines), giving a set of 11 points on which it acts – in fact two: the points or the lines, which corresponds to the outer automorphism – while L2(5) is the stabilizer of a given line, or dually of a given point.

More surprisingly, the coset space L2(11)/(Z/11Z), which has order 660/11 = 60 (and on which the icosahedral group acts) naturally has the structure of a buckeyball, which is used in the construction of the buckyball surface.

Mathieu groups
The group PSL(3, 4) can be used to construct the Mathieu group M24, one of the sporadic simple groups; in this context, one refers to PSL(3, 4) as M21, though it is not properly a Mathieu group itself. One begins with the projective plane over the field with four elements, which is a Steiner system of type S(2, 5, 21) – meaning that it has 21 points, each line ("block", in Steiner terminology) has 5 points, and any 2 points determine a line – and on which PSL(3, 4) acts. One calls this Steiner system W21 ("W" for Witt), and then expands it to a larger Steiner system W24, expanding the symmetry group along the way: to the projective general linear group PGL(3, 4), then to the projective semilinear group PΓL(3, 4), and finally to the Mathieu group M24.

M24 also contains copies of PSL(2, 11), which is maximal in M22, and PSL(2, 23), which is maximal in M24, and can be used to construct M24.

Hurwitz surfaces

PSL groups arise as Hurwitz groups (automorphism groups of Hurwitz surfaces – algebraic curves of maximal possibly symmetry group). The Hurwitz surface of lowest genus, the Klein quartic (genus 3), has automorphism group isomorphic to PSL(2, 7) (equivalently GL(3, 2)), while the Hurwitz surface of second-lowest genus, the Macbeath surface (genus 7), has automorphism group isomorphic to PSL(2, 8).

In fact, many but not all simple groups arise as Hurwitz groups (including the monster group, though not all alternating groups or sporadic groups), though PSL is notable for including the smallest such groups.

Modular group
The groups PSL(2, Z/nZ) arise in studying the modular group, PSL(2, Z), as quotients by reducing all elements mod n; the kernels are called the principal congruence subgroups.

A noteworthy subgroup of the projective general linear group PGL(2, Z) (and of the projective special linear group PSL(2, Z[i])) is the symmetries of the set $x^{n} →$ ⊂ P1(C) which is known as the anharmonic group, and arises as the symmetries of the six cross-ratios. The subgroup can be expressed as fractional linear transformations, or represented (non-uniquely) by matrices, as:
 * {| class="wikitable"

1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ 0 & 1\\ -1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ 1 & -1\\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ -1 & 1\\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ 1 & 0\\ 1 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$$ 0 & i\\ i & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ -i & i\\ 0 & i \end{pmatrix}$$ i & 0\\ i & -i \end{pmatrix}$$ Note that the top row is the identity and the two 3-cycles, and are orientation-preserving, forming a subgroup in PSL(2, Z), while the bottom row is the three 2-cycles, and are in PGL(2, Z) and PSL(2, Z[i]), but not in PSL(2, Z), hence realized either as matrices with determinant −1 and integer coefficients, or as matrices with determinant 1 and Gaussian integer coefficients.
 * align="center" | $$x$$
 * align="center" | $$1/(1-x)$$
 * align="center" | $$(x-1)/x$$
 * align="center" | $$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" | $$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" | $$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" | $$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" | $$\begin{pmatrix}
 * colspan="3" |
 * align="center" | $$1/x$$
 * align="center" | $$1-x$$
 * align="center" | $$x/(x-1)$$
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" | $$x/(x-1)$$
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * align="center" |$$\begin{pmatrix}
 * }

This maps to the symmetries of $|μ_{n}|$ ⊂ P1(n) under reduction mod n. Notably, for n = 2, this subgroup maps isomorphically to PGL(2, Z/2Z) = PSL(2, Z/2Z) ≅ S3, and thus provides a splitting PGL(2, Z/2Z) $\hookrightarrow$ PGL(2, Z) for the quotient map PGL(2, Z) $\twoheadrightarrow$ PGL(2, Z/2Z).

The fixed points of both 3-cycles are the "most symmetric" cross-ratios, $$e^{\pm i\pi/3} = \tfrac{1}{2} \pm \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}i$$, the solutions to x2 − x + 1 (the primitive sixth roots of unity). The 2-cycles interchange these, as they do any points other than their fixed points, which realizes the quotient map S3 → S2 by the group action on these two points. That is, the subgroup C3 < S3 consisting of the identity and the 3-cycles, $|(F^{×})^{n}|$, fixes these two points, while the other elements interchange them.

The fixed points of the individual 2-cycles are, respectively, −1, 1/2, 2, and this set is also preserved and permuted by the 3-cycles. This corresponds to the action of S3 on the 2-cycles (its Sylow 2-subgroups) by conjugation and realizes the isomorphism with the group of inner automorphisms, S3 $|F^{×}|$ Inn(S3) ≅ S3.

Geometrically, this can be visualized as the rotation group of the triangular bipyramid, which is isomorphic to the dihedral group of the triangle D3 ≅ S3; see anharmonic group.

Topology
Over the real and complex numbers, the topology of PGL and PSL can be determined from the fiber bundles that define them:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

\mathrm{ Z} &\cong& K^\times &\to& \mathrm{GL} &\to& \mathrm{PGL} \\ \mathrm{SZ} &\cong& \mu_n &\to& \mathrm{SL} &\to& \mathrm{PSL} \end{matrix}$$ via the long exact sequence of a fibration.

For both the reals and complexes, SL is a covering space of PSL, with number of sheets equal to the number of nth roots in K; thus in particular all their higher homotopy groups agree. For the reals, SL is a 2-fold cover of PSL for n even, and is a 1-fold cover for n odd, i.e., an isomorphism:
 * $\{0, 1, ∞\}$ → SL(2n, R) → PSL(2n, R)
 * SL(2n + 1, R) $\{0, 1, ∞\}$ PSL(2n + 1, R)

For the complexes, SL is an n-fold cover of PSL.

For PGL, for the reals, the fiber is R× ≅ $\{0, 1, ∞\}$, so up to homotopy, GL → PGL is a 2-fold covering space, and all higher homotopy groups agree.

For PGL over the complexes, the fiber is C× ≅ S1, so up to homotopy, GL → PGL is a circle bundle. The higher homotopy groups of the circle vanish, so the homotopy groups of GL(n, C) and PGL(n, C) agree for n ≥ 3. In fact, π2 always vanishes for Lie groups, so the homotopy groups agree for n ≥ 2. For n = 1, we have that π1(GL(n, C)) = π1(S1) = Z. The fundamental group of PGL(2, C) is a finite cyclic group of order 2.

Covering groups
Over the real and complex numbers, the projective special linear groups are the minimal (centerless) Lie group realizations for the special linear Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{sl}(n)\colon$$ every connected Lie group whose Lie algebra is $$\mathfrak{sl}(n)$$ is a cover of PSL(n, F). Conversely, its universal covering group is the maximal (simply connected) element, and the intermediary realizations form a lattice of covering groups.

For example, SL(2, R) has center $\{0, 1, ∞\}$ and fundamental group Z, and thus has universal cover $\{−1, 1/2, 2\}$ and covers the centerless PSL(2, R).

Representation theory
A group homomorphism G → PGL(V) from a group G to a projective linear group is called a projective representation of the group G, by analogy with a linear representation (a homomorphism G → GL(V)). These were studied by Issai Schur, who showed that projective representations of G can be classified in terms of linear representations of central extensions of G. This led to the Schur multiplier, which is used to address this question.

Low dimensions
The projective linear group is mostly studied for n ≥ 2, though it can be defined for low dimensions.

For n = 0 (or in fact n < 0) the projective space of K0 is empty, as there are no 1-dimensional subspaces of a 0-dimensional space. Thus, PGL(0, K) is the trivial group, consisting of the unique empty map from the empty set to itself. Further, the action of scalars on a 0-dimensional space is trivial, so the map K× → GL(0, K) is trivial, rather than an inclusion as it is in higher dimensions.

For n = 1, the projective space of K1 is a single point, as there is a single 1-dimensional subspace. Thus, PGL(1, K) is the trivial group, consisting of the unique map from a singleton set to itself. Further, the general linear group of a 1-dimensional space is exactly the scalars, so the map K× $\{ζ_{−}, ζ_{+}\}$ GL(1, K) is an isomorphism, corresponding to PGL(1, K) := GL(1, K)/K× ≅ $\{, (0 1 ∞), (0 ∞ 1)\}$ being trivial.

For n = 2, PGL(2, K) is non-trivial, but is unusual in that it is 3-transitive, unlike higher dimensions when it is only 2-transitive.

Examples

 * PSL(2, 7)
 * Modular group, PSL(2, Z)
 * PSL(2, R)
 * Möbius group, PGL(2, C) = PSL(2, C)

Subgroups

 * Projective orthogonal group, PO – maximal compact subgroup of PGL
 * Projective unitary group, PU
 * Projective special orthogonal group, PSO – maximal compact subgroup of PSL
 * Projective special unitary group, PSU

Larger groups
The projective linear group is contained within larger groups, notably:
 * Projective semilinear group, PΓL, which allows field automorphisms.
 * Cremona group, Cr(Pn(k)) of birational automorphisms; any biregular automorphism is linear, so PGL coincides with the group of biregular automorphisms.

title: Projective linear group


text:
User talk:Tonderai

Hello Tonderai welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Usefull links (if you didnt get to them already): How does one edit a page, manual of style, Sandbox, Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump or my talk page. Cheers, Muriel Gottrop

 * Thanks. Actually I've used Wikipedia for a while now and decided to give some input. Its amazing coming back to well-known sections and seeing how much they've progressed. See you around, Tonderai

Welcome Tondarai. I see you are interested in phytoplankton and maybe other oceanography and water quality topics. Look forward to your contributions and improvements to our efforts here - Marshman 17:09, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes. Oceanography's my degree so I'll hopefully be able to bring some of that up to speed. Actually whole disciplines of oceanography don't yet exist. Good to see some other water babies here ;) I'm new to the style here though, so if you have any suggestions they'd be welcome Tonderai 17:17, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi Tondarai, a short comment/suggestion about the thermohaline ciculation article. In the opening paragraph you mention the atlantic waters moving north and ending up in the ne pacific which, "then flows downhill into the deep water basins, only resurfacing in the NE Pacific 1200 years later.". What about the Strait of Magellan don't waters mix there. The Antartic is surely a masive water mixer from what i've read about the winds and currents. It can't all go through the north atlantic?? sunja 14:57, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Is Thermohaline about just the cold water currents or all currents?, if the later i would make that clear in the opening paragraph.sunja 10:22, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Sunja, sorry I've been away for a while. You are quite right that a lot of mixing goes on in the Southern Ocean: this article needs quite a bit more work. I'll look at it asap. Thermohaline is about the density-driven circulation: this is generally in operation all over the ocean, but in many cases other forces (such as wind) are dominant e.g in the surface ocean. Tonderai 18:00, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Copy Vio Sidney Coleman
Why blank the whole page on put a copy-vio notice for one paragraph??? It would have taken all of 2 minutes to re-write the paragraph, or move the offending paragraph to the talk page so at least some of the perfectly valid article remains.
 * Jackliddle 19:12, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought it was necessary to flag these things up so that repeated copyvios can be dealt with. Having reread Copyright problems, however: Pages where the most recent edit is a copyright violation, but the previous article was not, should not be deleted. They should be reverted. The original does remain at Sidney_Coleman/Temp, but you are right - this was overzealous. Sorry, my mistake. Tonderai 19:25, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Carbon Rationing Action Groups
A tag has been placed on Carbon Rationing Action Groups, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of Carbon Rationing Action Groups and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Mjroots (talk) 12:49, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tonderai


text:
Bușteni

Bușteni is a small mountain town in the north of Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is located in the Prahova Valley, at the bottom of the Bucegi Mountains, that have a maximum altitude of 2505 m. Its name literally means tree-logs in Romanian. One village, Poiana Țapului, is administratively part of the town, formerly a separate commune prior to 1950. According to the 2021 census, it has 8,368 inhabitants.

Bușteni's average altitude is 875 m. It is one of the most popular mountain resorts in Romania, with year-round tourism opportunities, including skiing and mountain climbing.

The town and the surrounding mountains were the site of military confrontations in 1916, during World War I (see Romania during World War I). A large commemorative monument (about 25 m high), Heroes' Cross (Crucea Eroilor) lies atop nearby Caraiman Peak, at nearly 2260 m. The monument is lighted at night and is visible from virtually everywhere in Bușteni.

The main local industries are wood industry and tourism. Many holiday houses have been built in the town since the 2000s.

Also a new Information Tourism Center was set up near the City Hall.

Natives

 * Ovidiu Bali
 * Ion Cașa
 * Marian Chițescu
 * Dan Cristea
 * Victor Fontana
 * Vasile Ionescu
 * Alina Vera Savin
 * Robert Taleanu

Honorary citizens

 * Ana Maria Brânză: fencer
 * Alina Dumitru: judoka
 * Simona Halep: tennis player
 * Adrian Mutu: footballer

International relations
Bușteni is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Moissy-Cramayel, France, since 1993
 * 🇹🇳 Djerba-Midoun, Tunisia, since 2000

Climate
Bușteni has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

title: Bușteni


text:
Eastern meadowlark

The eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) is a medium-sized blackbird (family: Icteridae), very similar in appearance to sister species western meadowlark. It occurs from eastern North America to northern South America, where it is also most widespread in the east. The Chihuahuan meadowlark was formerly considered to be conspecific with the eastern meadowlark.

Taxonomy
The eastern meadowlark was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the larks and pipits in the genus Alauda and adopted the binomial name Alauda magna. Linnaeus based his description on the "large lark" that had been described and illustrated in 1729–1732 by the English naturalist Mark Catesby. Catesby also used the Latin Alauda magna but as his book predates the introduction of the binomial system, he is not acknowledged as the authority. Catesby reported that "they inhabit Carolina, Virginia and most of the Northern continent of America." Confusingly, Linnaeus specified the habitat as "America, Africa". The type location was restricted to South Carolina by the American Ornithologist's Union in 1931. The eastern meadowlark is now placed with the western meadowlark and Chihuahuan meadowlark in the genus Sturnella that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot. The name Sturnella is a diminutive of the Latin sturnus meaning "starling".

Fourteen subspecies are recognised:
 * S. m. magna (Linnaeus, 1758) – southeast Canada and central, east USA
 * S. m. argutula Bangs, 1899 – south-central, southeast USA
 * S. m. hoopesi Stone, 1897 – south Texas (south-central USA) and northeast Mexico
 * S. m. saundersi Dickerman & Phillips, AR, 1970 – southeast Oaxaca (south Mexico)
 * S. m. alticola Nelson, 1900 – south Mexico to Costa Rica
 * S. m. mexicana Sclater, PL, 1861 – southeast Mexico to Belize and Guatemala
 * S. m. griscomi Van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 – north Yucatán (southeast Mexico)
 * S. m. inexspectata Ridgway, 1888 – Honduras and northeast Nicaragua
 * S. m. subulata Griscom, 1934 – Panama
 * S. m. meridionalis Sclater, PL, 1861 – north-central Colombia to northwest Venezuela
 * S. m. paralios Bangs, 1901 – north Colombia and north, central Venezuela
 * S. m. praticola Chubb, C, 1921 – llanos of east Colombia and southeast Venezuela to Guyana and Suriname
 * S. m. monticola Chubb, C, 1921 – montane south Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil
 * S. m. hippocrepis (Wagler, 1832) – Cuba

The list of subspecies formerly included S. m. lilianae and S. m. auropectoralis. These are now considered to be a separate species, the Chihuahuan meadowlark. The split was based on a study published in 2021 that showed that there were significant morphological, vocal and genomic differences between these two taxa and the other subspecies of the eastern meadowlark.

Description
The adult eastern meadowlark measures from 19 to 28 cm in length and spans 35 - 40 cm across the wings. Body mass ranges from 76 to 150 g. The extended wing bone measures 8.9 - 12.9 cm, the tail measures 5.3 - 8.6 cm, the culmen measures 2.8 - 3.7 cm and the tarsus measures 3.6 - 4.7 cm. Females are smaller in all physical dimensions. Adults have yellow underparts with a black "V" on the breast and white flanks with black streaks. The upperparts are mainly brown with black streaks. They have a long pointed bill; the head is striped with light brown and black.

The song of this bird is of pure, melancholy whistles, and thus simpler than the jumbled and flutey song of the western meadowlark; their ranges overlap across central North America. In the field, the song is often the easiest way to tell the two species apart, though plumage differences do exist, like tail pattern and malar coloration.

The pale Chihuahuan meadowlark of northern Mexico and the southwestern US is split off as a separate species.

Distribution and habitat
Their breeding habitat is grasslands and prairie, also pastures and hay fields. This species is a permanent resident throughout much of its range, though most northern birds migrate southwards in winter. In 1993 this species was first recorded in El Salvador, and the discovery of a breeding pair in 2004 confirmed that the species is a resident there.

Breeding
Nesting occurs throughout the summer months. The nest is also on the ground, covered with a roof woven from grasses. There may be more than one nesting female in a male's territory. Nests are placed on the ground in depressions 1 to 3 inches deep, such as in the hoofprints of cattle, in pastures, meadows, hay fields, and on the edges of marshes. The nests are made of dried grass and plant stems, and are lined with grass lespedezas, pine needles, or horse hair.

Food and feeding
These birds forage on the ground or in low vegetation, sometimes probing with the bill. They mainly eat arthropods, but also seeds and berries. In winter, they often feed in flocks. About three-quarters of the eastern meadowlark's diet is from animal sources like beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets. They also eat grain and seeds.

Conservation status
The numbers of this species increased as forests were cleared in eastern North America. This species is ideally suited to farmland areas, especially where tall grasses are allowed to grow. Their numbers are now shrinking with a decline in suitable habitat. On the other hand, its range is expanding in parts of Central America toward the Pacific (western) side of the continent, in agricultural-type areas.

Eastern meadowlarks are species at risk in Nova Scotia and the subject of agricultural conservation program seeking to reduce mortality through modified practices. Allowing marginal areas of fields on farms to seed with grass can provide nesting habitat for meadowlarks and all grassland birds. Delaying hay harvest can also improve survival, giving young meadowlarks a chance of fledging

Books

 * Lanyon, W. E. 1995. Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). In The Birds of North America, No. 160 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.

Theses

 * Armacost JW, Jr. M.S. (1998). Habitat use by the Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) in Mississippi. Mississippi State University, United States – Mississippi.
 * Baker DL. M.S. (1988). Responses of bobwhites, eastern meadowlarks, mourning doves, and their habitat to two intensities of continuous grazing. Texas A&I University, United States – Texas.
 * Brown SL. Ph.D. (1988). The maintenance and consequences of polygyny in Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna). Purdue University, United States – Indiana.
 * Cassell LP. M.S. (2002). Analysis of vocalizations of Lilian's race of the eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna lilianae) in west Texas. Sul Ross State University, United States – Texas.

Articles
-->
 * Bock CE & Bock JH. (1992). Response of Birds to Wildfire in Native Versus Exotic Arizona Grassland. Southwestern Naturalist. vol 37, no 1. pp. 73–81.
 * Bollinger EK. (1995). Successional changes and habitat selection in hayfield bird communities. Auk. vol 112, no 3. pp. 720–730.
 * Burley JB. (1989). Multi-Model Habitat Suitability Index Analysis in the Red River Valley Minnesota USA. Landscape & Urban Planning. vol 17, no 3. pp. 261–280.
 * Bye SL, Robel RJ & Kemp KE. (2001). Effects of human presence on vocalizations of grassland birds in Kansas. Prairie Naturalist. vol 33, no 4. pp. 249–256.
 * D'Agincourt LG & Falls JB. (1983). Variation of Repertoire Use in the Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella-Magna. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 61, no 5. pp. 1086–1093.
 * DeVault TL, Scott PE, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). Breeding bird communities of reclaimed coal-mine grasslands in the American midwest. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 73, no 3. pp. 268–275.
 * Dickerman RW. (1989). Notes on Sturnella-Magna in South America with a Description of a New Subspecies. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. vol 109, no 3. pp. 160–162.
 * Elliott PF. (1978). Cowbird Parasitism in the Kansas USA Tall Grass Prairie. Auk. vol 95, no 1. pp. 161–167.
 * Elliott PF. (1980). Evolution of Promiscuity in the Brown-Headed Cowbird Molothrus-Ater. Condor. vol 82, no 2. pp. 138–141.
 * Faanes CA. (1981). Birds of the St-Croix River Valley Minnesota and Wisconsin USA. North American Fauna. vol 73, pp. 1–196.
 * Falls JB & D'Agincourt LG. (1981). A Comparison of Neighbor Stranger Discrimination in Eastern Meadowlarks Sturnella-Magna and Western Meadowlarks Sturnella-Neglecta. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 59, no 12. pp. 2380–2385.
 * Falls JB & D'Agincourt LG. (1982). Why Do Meadowlarks Switch Song Types?. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 60, no 12. pp. 3400–3408.
 * Falls JB, Dickinson TE & Krebs JR. (1990). Contrast between Successive Songs Affects the Response of Eastern Meadowlarks to Playback. Animal Behaviour. vol 39, no 4. pp. 717–728.
 * Flickinger EL, White DH, Mitchell CA & Lamont TG. (1984). Monocrotophos and Dicrotophos Residues in Birds as a Result of Misuse of Organophosphates in Matagorda County Texas USA. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. vol 67, no 4. pp. 827–828.
 * Galligan EW, DeVault TL & Lima SL. (2006). Nesting success of grassland and savanna birds on reclaimed surface coal mines of the midwestern United States. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol 118, no 4. pp. 537–546.
 * Granfors DA, Church KE & Smith LM. (1996). Eastern meadowlarks nesting in rangelands and Conservation Reserve Program fields in Kansas. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 67, no 2. pp. 222–235.
 * Hamilton JD & Klimstra WD. (1985). Taxonomy of Southern Illinois USA Meadowlarks. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 78, no 3-4. pp. 233–240.
 * Herkert JR, Reinking DL, Wiedenfeld DA, Winter M, Zimmerman JL, Jensen WE, Finck EJ, Koford RR, Wolfe DH, Sherrod SK, Jenkins MA, Faaborg J & Robinson SK. (2003). Effects of prairie fragmentation on the nest success of breeding birds in the midcontinental United States. Conservation Biology. vol 17, no 2. pp. 587–594.
 * Hobart HH, Gunn SJ & Bickham JW. (1982). Karyotypes of 6 Species of North American Blackbirds Icteridae Passeriformes. Auk. vol 99, no 3. pp. 514–518.
 * Horn DJ, Fletcher RJ, Jr. & Koford RR. (2000). Detecting area sensitivity: A comment on previous studies. American Midland Naturalist. vol 144, no 1. pp. 28–35.
 * Horn DJ, Koford RR & Braland ML. (2002). Effects of field size and landscape composition on grassland birds in south-central Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 109, no 1-2. pp. 1–7.
 * Hubbard RD, Althoff DP, Blecha KA, Bruvold BA & Japuntich RD. (2006). Nest site characteristics of eastern meadowlarks and grasshopper sparrows in tallgrass prairie at the Fort Riley military installation, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol 109, no 3-4. pp. 168–174.
 * Ingold DJ. (2002). Use of a reclaimed stripmine by grassland nesting birds in east-central Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science. vol 102, no 3. pp. 56–62.
 * Jobin B, Desgranges J-L & Boutin C. (1996). Population trends in selected species of farmland birds in relation to recent developments in agriculture in the St. Lawrence Valley. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. vol 57, no 2-3. pp. 103–116.
 * Joseph L. (2001). The type-locality of Sturnella magna quinta Dickerman, 1989: A correction to the original publication. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. vol 121, no 1. pp. 69–71.
 * Kershner EL & Bollinger EK. (1996). Reproductive success of grassland birds at East-central Illinois airports. American Midland Naturalist. vol 136, no 2. pp. 358–366.
 * Kershner EL, Walk JW & Warner RE. (2004). Breeding-season decisions, renesting, and annual fecundity of female eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in Southeastern Illinois. Auk. vol 121, no 3. pp. 796–805.
 * Kershner EL, Walk JW & Warner RE. (2004). Postfledging movements and survival of juvenile Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in Illinois. Auk. vol 121, no 4. pp. 1146–1154.
 * Kinstler KA & Sordahl TA. (1994). A comparison of perch use by vocalizing eastern and western meadowlarks. Prairie Naturalist. vol 26, no 3. pp. 195–200.
 * Knapton RW. (1987). Intraspecific Avoidance and Interspecific Overlap of Song Series in the Eastern Meadowlark. Auk. vol 104, no 4. pp. 775–779.
 * Knapton RW. (1988). Nesting Success Is Higher for Polygynously Mated Females Than for Monogamously Mated Females in the Eastern Meadowlark. Auk. vol 105, no 2. pp. 325–329.
 * Kobal SN, Payne NF & Ludwig DR. (1998). Nestling food habits of 7 grassland bird species and insect abundance in grassland habitats in northern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 91, no 1-2. pp. 69–75.
 * Lemon RE, Falls JB, Dickinson T, Perreault S & Tittler R. (2000). Song clustering by meadowlarks: Is it related to repertoire size?. Behaviour. vol 137, no 1. pp. 75–92.
 * Linn SA. (2003). Eastern meadowlark nest success in relation to row crop agriculture. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 96, no Supplement.
 * Mason LC, Desmond MJ & Agudelo MS. (2005). Influence of grassland type, nest type, and shrub encroachment on predation of artificial nests in Chihuahuan desert grasslands. Western North American Naturalist. vol 65, no 2. pp. 196–201.
 * McCoy TD, Ryan MR & Burger LW, Jr. (2001). Grassland bird conservation: CP1 vs. CP2 plantings in conservation reserve program fields in Missouri. American Midland Naturalist. vol 145, no 1. pp. 1–17.
 * McCoy TD, Ryan MR, Kurzejeski EW & Burger LW, Jr. (1999). Conservation Reserve Program: Source or sink habitat for grassland birds in Missouri?. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 63, no 2. pp. 530–538.
 * Mora MA, Lee MC, Jenny JP, Schultz TW, Sericano JL & Clum NJ. (1997). Potential effects of environmental contaminants on recovery of the aplomado falcon in south Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol 61, no 4. pp. 1288–1296.
 * Nack JL & Ribic CA. (2005). Apparent predation by cattle at grassland bird nests. Wilson Bulletin. vol 117, no 1. pp. 56–62.
 * O'Leary CH & Nyberg DW. (2000). Treelines between fields reduce the density of grassland birds. Natural Areas Journal. vol 20, no 3. pp. 243–249.
 * Patten MA, Shochat E, Reinking DL, Wolfe DH & Sherrod SK. (2006). Habitat edge, land management, and rates of brood parasitism in tallgrass prairie. Ecological Applications. vol 16, no 2. pp. 687–695.
 * Payne NF, Kobal SN & Ludwig DR. (1998). Perch use by 7 grassland bird species in northern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol 91, no 1-2. pp. 77–83.
 * Pearson SF & Rohwer S. (1998). Determining clutch size and laying dates using ovarian follicles. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 69, no 4. pp. 587–594.
 * Peer BD, Robinson SK & Herkert JR. (2000). Egg rejection by cowbird hosts in grasslands. Auk. vol 117, no 4. pp. 892–901.
 * Peterson R & Peterson J. (1990). First Nest Records for South Dakota USA for Eastern Meadowlark and Cassin's Kingbird. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 42, no 4. pp. 85–86.
 * Picman J. (1992). Egg Destruction by Eastern Meadowlarks. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 104, no 3. p. 520.
 * Powell AFLA. (2006). Effects of prescribed burns and bison (Bos Bison) grazing on breeding bird abundances in tallgrass prairie. Auk. vol 123, no 1. pp. 183–197.
 * Prather JW, Ortega CP & Cruz A. (1999). Aggressive responses of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) toward brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in areas of recent and long-term sympatry. Bird Behavior. vol 13, no 1. pp. 1–7.
 * Price RD. (1977). The Menacanthus Mallophaga Menoponidae of the Passeriformes Aves. Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 14, no 2. pp. 207–220.
 * Quinn JS, Guglich E, Seutin G, Lau R, Marsolais J, Parna L, Boag PT & White BN. (1992). Characterization and Assessment of an Avian Repetitive DNA Sequence as an Icterid Phylogenetic Marker. Genome. vol 35, no 1. pp. 155–162.
 * Renfrew RB & Ribic CA. (2002). Influence of topography on density of grassland passerines in pastures. American Midland Naturalist. vol 147, no 2. pp. 315–325.
 * Ribic CA & Sample DW. (2001). Associations of grassland birds with landscape factors in southern Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist. vol 146, no 1. pp. 105–121.
 * Roberts JP & Schnell GD. (2006). Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 77, no 1. pp. 46–60.
 * Scott PE, DeVault TL, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 30, no 4. pp. 1006–1014.
 * Swanson DA. (1996). Nesting ecology and nesting habitat requirements of Ohio's grassland-nesting birds: A literature review. Ohio Fish & Wildlife Report. vol 0, no 13. pp. 3–60.
 * Teel PD, Fleetwood SC, Hopkins SW & Cruz D. (1988). Ectoparasites of Eastern and Western Meadowlarks from the Rio Grande Plains of South Texas USA. Journal of Medical Entomology. vol 25, no 1. pp. 32–38.
 * Twedt DJ, Wilson RR, Henne-Kerr JL & Grosshuesch DA. (2002). Avian response to bottomland hardwood reforestation: The first 10 years. Restoration Ecology. vol 10, no 4. pp. 645–655.
 * Warren KA & Anderson JT. (2005). Grassland songbird nest-site selection and response to mowing in West Virginia. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 33, no 1. pp. 285–292.
 * Wiens JA & Rotenberry JT. (1980). Patterns of Morphology and Ecology in Grassland and Shrub Steppe Bird Populations. Ecological Monographs. vol 50, no 3. pp. 287–308.

title: Eastern meadowlark


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of Wikipedians by number of edits in July 2003

Is it suppose to do a page like this for every month, or every trimester? I'm curious about my "improvements". Muriel Victoria 11:19, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Talk:The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne

I own the SAJV.org site and plan to close it within the next month. So, there is no copyvio davodd 11:38, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The Official Site is no longer there - should we link to the Internet Archive version? 157.128.83.162 04:19, 13 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
North Korean

North Korean may refer to:
 * Something of, from, or related to the country of North Korea
 * A Korean from North Korea, or of North Korean descent. For information about the North Korean people, see Demographics of North Korea and Culture of North Korea
 * The Korean language as spoken in North Korea, including a number of Korean dialects

title: North Korean


text:
Talk:Jules Verne (SAJV)

I own the SAJV.org site and plan to close it within the next month. So, there is no copyvio from that site. davodd 11:40, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Atlantic and Brittany
Hello, I had permit myself to add "Brittany" in this article. It can't be impartial to relate Nantes just to the Atlantic and not to Brittany, at least in Nantes and Brittany. Real Jules Verne was talking about his mother, from Nantes, as a breton women and his father, from Paris, as a parisian man. Thanks

title: Talk:Jules Verne (SAJV)