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Danny Wallace (humorist)

Daniel Frederick Wallace (born 16 November 1976) is a British filmmaker, comedian, writer, actor, and presenter of radio and television. His notable works include the books Join Me and Yes Man, narrating Thomas Was Alone and as Shaun Hastings for the Assassin's Creed game series, and fronting TV series How to Start Your Own Country.

Early life
Wallace was born in Dundee, Scotland. He is half Swiss. He attended Park Place Primary School, also growing up in Loughborough and Bath, England. He began writing reviews for video game magazines aged 13 for school work experience: a reviewer had become ill and so Wallace was given the opportunity to review a game. At 18 he started writing comedy, mainly through the magazine Comedy Review. He specialised in media studies at the University of Westminster.

Career
At 22, he became a BBC producer. He was part of the production team behind British Comedy Award-winning Dead Ringers, the original producer of the critically acclaimed cult hit The Mighty Boosh, and creator and producer of Ross Noble Goes Global.

As a journalist, Wallace has worked for The Scotsman, The Guardian, The Independent, Elle, Cosmo, The Times and other publications.

From 2007, Wallace wrote a column in the free weekly magazine ShortList, circulation 520,000.

In June 2014 Wallace was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Dundee, in the city where he was born.

Politically, Wallace is a supporter of the UK Labour Party.

Books
As an author, Wallace's best-selling books have been translated into more than a dozen languages. Danny's first book was published in 1999, titled 'Are You Dave Gorman?'

Are You Dave Gorman?
In 1999, Wallace challenged comedian Dave Gorman, who at the time was his flatmate, to find 54 other people called Dave Gorman ("one for every card in the pack, including the Jokers"). Wallace accompanied Gorman on his quest and the men created Are You Dave Gorman?, an award-winning comedy stage show about what happened during their journey. A BBC series, also co-written and co-produced by Wallace, followed, as did a book, written by both men.

Join Me
In 2003, Wallace's book Join Me was published. The book explains how he "accidentally started a 'cult'" called Join Me.

The movement would go global, with each member committing to undertaking one random act of kindness for a stranger every Friday ("Good Fridays"). Tens of thousands joined. Join Me celebrates "Karmageddon 10" in December 2011. Traditionally, hundreds of members travel to London for the meet-up and undertake good deeds for strangers, with Wallace present.

The movement is now generally referred to as the "Karma Army", although members are still typically "Joinees". He became a minor celebrity in Belgium whilst on his quest for Joinees. While on a book tour through America, Wallace was dubbed a "Generation X legend" by the Wisconsin State Journal.

Random Acts of Kindness: 365 Ways To Make the World A Nicer Place
Wallace next wrote a short book called Random Acts of Kindness: 365 Ways To Make the World A Better Place, with the help of submissions from Joinees.

It includes many humorous Random Acts of Kindness (RAoK) ideas, such as "Contradict Demeaning Graffiti", and "Make An Old Man Very Happy."

Yes Man
Wallace's second solo book, Yes Man, was published in July 2005. In it, he describes how he spent six months "saying Yes where once I would have said No", to make his life more interesting and positive. In this book he shows the tribulations and mischief that he got up to while he said yes to any question or proposal. The book was described as "one of those rare books that actually has the potential to change your life" by the San Francisco Bay Guardian and as "a fascinating book and a fascinating experiment" by David Letterman.

A film adaptation of Yes Man was developed with Warner Bros. and stars Jim Carrey and Zooey Deschanel. It was released on 19 December 2008 in the US and 26 December 2008 in the UK. Wallace appeared on screen in a cameo in a bar scene in the last ten minutes of the film, holding a British pint glass. The film made almost $100 million at the US Box Office. The critical reception was mixed. For example, when the DVD of Yes Man was released in April 2009, The Independent gave it two stars. Two days later, its sister paper, The Independent on Sunday, gave it 4 out of 5.

Danny Wallace and the Centre of the Universe
Danny Wallace and the Centre of the Universe was published in 2006. It is linked with World Book Day which in 2006 was on Thursday 2 March. It tells the story of Wallace's trip to Idaho, to visit a manhole cover in a small town, whose residents have proclaimed it the centre of the universe. The cover identifies it as a "Quick Read"; the price and length of the book have been curbed to encourage people who may not often read books to purchase it.

Friends Like These
Wallace's book, Friends Like These, was released on 3 July 2008, and tells the story of how he spent a summer trying to track down his old school friends from his days in Dundee, Scotland, and beyond. The film rights went to Miramax and a screenplay is currently underway.

Awkward Situations for Men
Wallace's book Awkward Situations for Men, was released on 3 June 2010 and reached number 3 in the best-sellers list. The follow-up, More Awkward Situations for Men, was released on 30 June 2011.

Charlotte Street
Wallace's debut novel, Charlotte Street, was released on 10 May 2012 under Ebury Publishing. It follows journalist Jason Priestley's search to find a woman who has dropped a disposable camera.

Who Is Tom Ditto?
Who Is Tom Ditto?, was released on 24 April 2014. It is a comic novel about a radio newsreader's search for his missing girlfriend.

F You Very Much: Understanding the Culture of Rudeness--and What We Can Do About It
Also published under the title "F*** You Very Much: The surprising truth about why people are so rude". Non-fiction about rudeness.

Hamish and the PDF series
Written by Wallace, this children's book series follows the adventures of ten-year-old Hamish Ellerby as he faces off against terrifying monsters, with the help of his best friend Alice and the other members of the PDF (Pause Defence Force). Every book has been illustrated by Jamie Littler.

Television and radio
Wallace filmed a pilot episode for his own American television sitcom in 2010, commissioned by ABC and made by Warner Bros. Television. In it, Wallace plays himself ("Danny"), a writer who moves to San Francisco to support his wife's new job, and finds that he doesn't quite fit in. The pilot also starred Tony Hale (Arrested Development) and Laura Prepon (That '70s Show). It was directed by acclaimed director Andy Ackerman, who had previously directed almost 90 episodes of Seinfeld.

A second script was later commissioned for the 2011 American TV pilot season. The pilot made it to the final shortlist for the 2011 American TV pilot season; however, ABC wanted to shoot the show in front of a studio audience, which Wallace had not planned for. ABC instead commissioned another script, and Awkward Situations for Men was not commissioned for the 2011 season.

Of his work in Hollywood, Empire magazine said, "Hollywood must be gazing in wonder at the walking high-concept machine that is Wallace."

Wallace began television presenting in 2004. In 2005, Wallace presented a documentary comedy, How to Start Your Own Country, in which he started his own micronation – "Lovely" – in his London flat. The series charted his journey around the world exploring citizenship and what a country actually is. He has described it as "a way of hiding politics in entertainment".

Beginning late August 2005 he co-presented on BBC One's Saturday night show He's Having a Baby with Davina McCall, which ran at the same time as his BBC Two series, How to Start Your Own Country. The latter won two BAFTAs in early 2006.

Radio X
From 9 February 2008 to October 2008 Wallace presented a weekly show at 10am – 2pm on Saturday mornings at XFM London (now Radio X), taking over the old Ricky Gervais slot.

Wallace and co-presenter Richard Glover decided to leave after they were asked to pre-record their show instead of broadcast live, which would have taken away from the interactive nature of the show.

On 1 August 2011, Wallace returned to XFM London to present the weekday breakfast show.

The show eventually gained a cult following, and this was recognised by making the show operate as if it were a totalitarian state. Listeners would often text in calling themselves 'confirmed listeners', and the show eventually become known as 'The Important Broadcast'. Wallace eventually used terminology such as 'listenerpad' and 'listening partner', to imply and joke about state-like rules for joining in with the show. With Producer Dave the show had a number of features which caught on:

 * 'Good news' (where presenters and listeners shared things since the last broadcast that either made them feel good or not so bad in life) ending with the phrase: "that's not just good news, that's great news".
 * 'Snap My Pitch Up' – The famous guests and entertainers were presented with pitches for their participation films or shows with titles typically based around the stars' name.
 * 'Quizface' – A series of nonsensical quiz formats which would be portrayed as adventures or needlessly complex game shows, throughout which bemused and uninformed listeners and participants would be reminded that 'You should know the rules by now'. It was originally conceived as a one off, but Wallace and Matt Dyson eventually kept making the joke make less sense and more funny. Wallace claimed to listeners that they could find the rules on their issued 'listenerpads' or by reading the (not-real) London Gazette. Each quiz was eventually won by completing the 'well-known phrase', 'We are XFM'. The quiz was awarded a prestigious Sony Bronze Award in the category of 'Best Quiz'
 * Five minute listener bans – Received by listeners who shared content that receives playful disapproval. Listeners would be told, as if sternly, as if Wallace had control, that they were not allowed to listen for five minutes.
 * Sparky Wednesday – Every third Wednesday as a celebration of "the best of Britain's tradesmen"
 * The Dog House – A parody of ""The Good Life"", in which the presenters and listeners would compare modern woes of what they had done wrong to their friends or partners.
 * The Showbiz Update – Satirical coverage of showbusiness stories from tabloid newspapers, and Wallace discussing stories often portrayed with opinion pieces in pure basic facts, and the team often humorously analysed and dissected the stories as if they were major news stories.
 * Angry Nerds – Using the 'Angry Birds' theme tune in the background, the team and listeners shared anger and 'observational comedy about things no-one else notices'.

In December 2012 it was announced that Wallace would be leaving the Breakfast Show. He was replaced by Jon Holmes, and the show is now presented by Chris Moyles

Wallace returned to Radio X in January 2018 in the Sunday 11am - 1pm slot vacated by Russell Brand. He is joined by former XFM Breakfast Show contributor Stephen Ferdinando, and 'Producer Joe' Attewell. Similar idiosyncrasies to previous incarnations of the show are employed, while new features include:

 * Dinner Winner - 2 cast members go head to head recounting their dinners, often in a humorous fashion. The third, non-participating member, adjudicates and declares a winner using a points based system. The winner will then go head to head with that week's judge, unless the outcome is a draw, in which case the following week sees a re-match. 2020's Champion was Stephen Ferdinando. 2021's Champion is contested due to dishonesty on behalf of Stephen Ferdinando on whether he paid for a meal or not.
 * Small Talk Texter - the audience is invited to 'warm-up' by contributing answers to a simple small-talk based question, often based on topical events
 * Explain That - Contributor Stephen Ferdinando is asked to assess a paranormal incidence and offer an explanation as to how it came about, usually instead declaring the story 'nonsense' and being berated by the rest of the team for failing at the task he's been given
 * Tell Me Something I Don't Know - The three members of the team try to out do each other with facts they have discovered during the week that the others may not know. Being awarded points based on who knows it and who does not.
 * The No-Biz - Items from the "showbiz" sections of tabloids that are not particularly newsworthy. Frequently revolving around Paul Hollywood (56) and his incumbent partner.

Video games
Wallace lent his face and voice to the 2009 video game sequel Assassin's Creed II where he played Shaun Hastings – a historian and modern day member of the Assassin Order. He was sought after for the part by developer Ubisoft when he went to the BAFTA video game awards with a friend. He reprised his role in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Assassin's Creed III, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, Assassin's Creed Unity, Assassin's Creed Syndicate, Assassin's Creed Valhalla, Assassin's Creed Nexus VR, and the audio drama Assassin's Creed: Gold. Each game has sold more than 8 million units apiece.

He also narrated the 2012 indie game, Thomas Was Alone. Wallace's role as narrator won the "Performance" category at the 9th British Academy Video Games Awards, while the game itself was nominated in the "Story" category.

In 2015, he voiced Alan in the indie game Volume, his second collaboration with Thomas Was Alone creator Mike Bithell.

Other work
Wallace has written for and presented television shows such as Danny Wallace's Hoax Files (Sky One), Conspiracies (Sky One), School's Out (BBC1), and in 2006 he took over from Phillip Schofield as co-presenter of BBC1's Test the Nation.

He appeared in Channel 4's The IT Crowd (Series 1 Episode 2) in a role his friend, writer and director Graham Linehan, originally planned to play himself. Wallace was asked to do it when Linehan realised appearing in and simultaneously directing the episode would be tricky.

Wallace was the first person in 43 years to be asked to front an episode of flagship BBC science series Horizon. The episode aired on 10 October 2006. In it, Wallace attempted to prove the hypothesis that chimps could be considered 'people' too.

On 16 December 2008 he presented his second episode of Horizon on BBC Two. Where's My Robot?. In it, Wallace travelled the world to meet roboticists and ask them, simply: "Where's my robot?". The documentary is based on the belief in the 1980s that by the next century personal robots would be available and be an accepted part of society. Wallace investigates why it did not become a reality and whether it will in the future.

Wallace presented a series of reality show Castaway on BBC One. The series was live from Great Barrier Island in New Zealand for three months, beginning 9 March 2007, and featured a spin-off BBC Three series and BBCi webisodes.

On 4 January 2008 Wallace appeared on a celebrity spin-off episode of the BBC's Mastermind. His specialist subject was the Ghostbusters films, he did not get a single question wrong on the subject but came third with 27 points.

He appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on 20 June 2008 to discuss his books, film and television projects.

On 31 January 2009, he stood in for Adam and Joe on BBC 6 Music. He followed this up by another stint on 6Music, standing in for Shaun Keaveny's breakfast show for two weeks in May 2009. He stood in for Adam and Joe again for seven weeks over the summer of 2009 with XFM DJ Pete Donaldson and was again asked to take over from Adam & Joe during their recent hiatus.

He was a regular presenter on the National Lottery live draw on BBC 1, as well as the National Television Awards Backstage Live.

In October 2012, American television network ABC added a comedy project to be co-produced by Wallace entitled Man & Boy.

Since 2016, Wallace has provided commentary for Channel 5's coverage of The World's Strongest Man Contest.

In 2021, Wallace created a website called "Assembly" (assemblehere.co.uk). "It’s a place for men who say nice things behind people’s backs, who can cook a decent omelette but want to cook a better one, who’d prefer to be funny, but can stretch to serious."

Films

 * Yes Man

Television

 * 8 Out of 10 Cats
 * Castaway 2007
 * The Dave Gorman Collection
 * Dave Gorman's Important Astrology Experiment
 * How to Start Your Own Country
 * The IT Crowd – series 1, episode 2
 * Heston's Feasts – series 1, episode 4
 * Richard Bacon's Beer & Pizza Club – series 1, episode 4
 * Would I Lie to You? – series 3, episode 7

Charity support
Wallace is a patron of the charity Build Africa. Wallace is also the patron of The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence, which he also officially opened in 2009.

title: Danny Wallace (humorist)


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User talk:Rbates

I believe that rb should let everybody know what his favourite colour is and why he keeps yesterday's bus ticket in his shoe.

 * Hello Rb (Tamsssin?). Please post information about yourself in your talk page. Cheers, Muriel 12:24, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rb. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rb~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Your submission at Articles for creation: Dream Reality Interactive (November 7)
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title: User talk:Rbates


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Yeomanry

Yeomanry is a designation used by a number of units and sub-units in the British Army Reserve which are descended from volunteer cavalry regiments that now serve in a variety of different roles.

Origins
In the 1790s, following the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, the perceived threat of invasion of the Kingdom of Great Britain was high. To improve the country's defences, Volunteer regiments were raised in many counties from yeomen. While the word "yeoman" in normal use meant a small farmer who owned his land, Yeomanry officers were drawn from the nobility or the landed gentry, and many of the men were the officers' tenants or had other forms of obligation to the officers. At its formation, the force was referred to as the Yeomanry Cavalry. Members of the yeomanry were not obliged to serve overseas without their individual consent.

Early 19th century
During the first half of the nineteenth century, Yeomanry Regiments were used extensively in support of the civil authority to quell riots and civil disturbances, including the Peterloo Massacre; as police forces were created and took over this role, the Yeomanry concentrated on local defence. In 1827, it was decided for financial reasons to reduce the number of yeomanry regiments, disbanding those that had not been required to assist the civil power over the previous decade. A number of independent troops were also dissolved. Following these reductions, the yeomanry establishment was fixed at 22 corps (regiments) receiving allowances and a further 16 serving without pay.

During the 1830s, the number of yeomanry units fluctuated, reflecting the level of civil unrest in any particular region at any particular time. The Irish Yeomanry, which had played a major role in suppressing the rebellion of 1798, was completely disbanded in 1838.

Mid and late 19th century
For the next thirty years, the Yeomanry Force was retained as a second line of support for the regular cavalry within Britain. Recruiting difficulties led to serious consideration being given to the disbandment of the entire force in 1870, but instead measures were taken the following year to improve its effectiveness. These included requirements that individual yeomanry troopers attend a minimum number of drills per year in return for a "permanent duty" allowance, and that units be maintained at a specific strength. Yeomanry officers and permanent drill instructors were required to undergo training at a newly established School of Instruction and the Secretary of State for War took over responsibility for the force, from individual Lords Lieutenant of counties. While these reforms improved the professionalism of the Yeomanry Force, numbers remained low (only 10,617 in 1881).

In 1876, the role of the Yeomanry Force was fixed as that of light cavalry. During the previous decades, horse artillery troops had been raised to be attached to a number of yeomanry regiments and dismounted detachments appeared where horses were not available in sufficient numbers. These supernumerary units were now abolished.

Boer War
During the Second Boer War, companies of Imperial Yeomanry were formed to serve overseas from volunteers from the Yeomanry. In 1901, all yeomanry regiments were redesignated as "Imperial Yeomanry", and reorganised. In 1908, the Imperial Yeomanry was merged with the Volunteer Force to form the Territorial Force, of which it became the cavalry arm. The "Imperial" title was dropped at the same time.

World War I and later
On the eve of World War I in 1914, there were 55 Yeomanry regiments (with two more formed in August 1914), each of four squadrons instead of the three of the regular cavalry. Upon embodiment, these regiments were either brought together to form mounted brigades or allocated as divisional cavalry. For purposes of recruitment and administration, the Yeomanry were linked to specific counties or regions, identified in the regimental title. Some of the units still in existence in 1914 dated back to those created in the 1790s, while others had been created during a period of expansion following on the Boer War.

After the First World War, the Territorial Force was disbanded and later reformed and redesignated as the Territorial Army. Following the experience of the war, only the fourteen senior yeomanry regiments retained their horses, with the rest being re-designated as armoured car companies, artillery, engineers, or signals. Two regiments were disbanded. The converted units retained their yeomanry traditions, with some artillery regiments having individual batteries representing different yeomanry units.

World War II
On the eve of the Second World War in 1939, the Territorial Army was doubled in size, with duplicate units formed; this led to some regiments being de-amalgamated. The last mounted regiment of yeomanry was the Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons, who were converted to an armoured role in March 1942, and later converted into an infantry battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry—KOYLI. Volunteers from the Yeomanry served in the Long Range Desert Group from 1940 through to 1943, incorporated into "Y Patrol".

Post-war
There were reductions in the size of the TA in both 1957 and 1961, which led to the amalgamation of some pairs of yeomanry regiments. There was a major reduction in reserve forces in 1967 with the formation of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve; all existing yeomanry regiments were reduced to squadron, company or battery sub-units. A number of further reorganisations have taken place since then.

Current Yeomanry regiments
In the current Army Reserve, several remnants of former Yeomanry regiments are still serving, usually as a sub-unit of a larger unit:

 * Royal Yeomanry
 * F (Westminster Dragoons) Squadron
 * A (Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry) Squadron
 * B (Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * C (Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry) Squadron (Croydon)
 * D (Shropshire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * E (Leicestershire and Derbyshire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * The Royal Yeomanry Band (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry)

 * Royal Wessex Yeomanry
 * B (Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * A (Dorset Yeomanry) Squadron
 * C (Royal Gloucestershire Hussars) Squadron
 * D (Royal Devon Yeomanry) Squadron
 * Y (Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry) Squadron

 * Queen's Own Yeomanry
 * A (Yorkshire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * B (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Squadron
 * C (Cheshire Yeomanry) Squadron
 * C & S (Command and support) (Northumberland Hussars) Squadron

 * Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry
 * A (Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry) Squadron in Ayr
 * B (North Irish Horse) Squadron in Beflast and Coleraine
 * C (Fife and Forfar Yeomanry/Scottish Horse) Squadron in Cupar
 * E (Lothians and Border Yeomanry) Squadron in Edinburgh

Royal Signals

 * 32 (Scottish) Signal Regiment
 * 40 (North Irish Horse) Signal Squadron
 * 37 Signal Regiment
 * 54 (Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry) Support Squadron
 * 39 (Skinners) Signal Regiment
 * 93 (North Somerset Yeomanry) Support Squadron
 * 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron
 * 71st (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment
 * 31 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron
 * 36 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron
 * 68 (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry) Signal Squadron
 * 265 (Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)) Support Squadron

Royal Artillery

 * 104 Regiment Royal Artillery
 * C (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Troop
 * 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery
 * 457 (Hampshire Carabiniers Yeomanry) Battery
 * 295 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery

Army Air Corps

 * 6 Regiment, Army Air Corps
 * 677 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Squadron Army Air Corps

Royal Engineers

 * 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment
 * 2 (Surrey Yeomanry) Field Troop
 * 1 (Sussex Yeomanry) Field Troop
 * 71 Engineer Regiment
 * Lovat Scouts

Royal Logistic Corps

 * 157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC
 * 224 (Pembroke Yeomanry) Squadron
 * 398 (Flint & Denbighshire Yeomanry) Squadron

 * 165 Port and Maritime Regiment RLC
 * 710 (Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars) Operational Hygiene Squadron
 * 142 (Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars) Vehicle Squadron

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps)
In 1907 the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry was established as an all female volunteer organisation to provide a link between field hospitals and the front line, with their primary role being to rescue the wounded, rather than provide nursing care. Because the organisation as initially formed was mounted it adopted the yeomanry name. The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry is an independent charity that is not part of the Armed Forces, today it provides teams to aid civil agencies.

title: Yeomanry


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Borough of Rugby

The Borough of Rugby is a local government district with borough status in Warwickshire, England. The borough comprises the town of Rugby where the council has its headquarters, and the rural areas surrounding the town. At the 2021 census the borough had a population of 114,400, of which 78,125 lived in the built-up area of Rugby itself and the remainder were in the surrounding areas.

Aside from Rugby itself, more notable settlements include Binley Woods, Brinklow. Dunchurch, Long Lawford, Monks Kirby, Wolston, Wolvey and the new large development of Houlton. It includes a large area of the West Midlands Green Belt in the mostly rural area between Rugby and Coventry.

Between 2011 and 2021, the population of Rugby borough saw a 14.3% increase in population from around 100,100 in to 114,400, meaning it has had the largest percentage increase of any local authority area in the West Midlands region since 2011.

The borough extends from Coventry in the west to the borders with Leicestershire and Northamptonshire in the east, it borders the Warwickshire districts of Nuneaton and Bedworth to the north-west, Stratford-on-Avon to the south, and Warwick to the south-west. The Leicestershire districts of Hinckley and Bosworth, Blaby and Harborough are bordered to the north and north-east, whilst West Northamptonshire is bordered to the south-east.

History
The town of Rugby had been a local board district from 1849. Such districts became urban districts in 1894. At the same time the Rugby Rural District was created covering the surrounding rural parishes. The urban and rural districts had separate councils, both based in Rugby. In 1932, Rugby Urban District was upgraded to become a municipal borough, and its boundaries were expanded to include most of Bilton (including New Bilton), Brownsover, Hillmorton and Newbold-on-Avon.

The present borough was created on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. It was created by a merger of the municipal borough of Rugby (which covered the town of Rugby) and the Rugby Rural District. The new district was named Rugby after its largest settlement. The district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor, continuing Rugby's series of mayors dating back to 1932.

Governance
Rugby Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Warwickshire County Council. Much of the borough is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government for their areas.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since the 2023 election, being led by a Conservative minority administration.

Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Rugby. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2002 have been:

Composition
Following the 2024 election in May 2024, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2026.

Elections
Since the last full review of boundaries in 2012 the council has comprised 42 councillors representing sixteen wards, with each ward electing either one or three councillors. Elections are held three years out of every four, with a third of the council being elected each time for a four-year term of office. Warwickshire County Council elections are held in the fourth year of the cycle when there are no borough council elections.

Premises
The council is based at Rugby Town Hall on Evreux Way in the town centre, which was purpose-built for the old borough council and opened in 1961.

Parishes
The borough of Rugby has 41 civil parishes mainly covering the rural areas of the borough. Rugby town is an unparished area and so does not have a separate town council.

Here is a list of parishes in the borough, some of which contain several settlements. Where a parish contains more than one settlement these are listed in brackets:

 * Ansty,
 * Binley Woods, Birdingbury, Bourton and Draycote, Brandon and Bretford, Brinklow, Burton Hastings
 * Cawston, Church Lawford, Churchover, Clifton-upon-Dunsmore, Combe Fields, Copston Magna, Cosford,
 * Dunchurch (incl: Toft)
 * Easenhall
 * Frankton,
 * Grandborough
 * Harborough Magna
 * King's Newnham
 * Leamington Hastings (incl: Broadwell, Hill & Kites Hardwick), Little Lawford, Long Lawford
 * Marton, Monks Kirby,
 * Newton and Biggin
 * Pailton, Princethorpe
 * Ryton-on-Dunsmore
 * Shilton and Barnacle, Stretton Baskerville, Stretton-on-Dunsmore, Stretton-under-Fosse
 * Thurlaston,
 * Wibtoft, Willey, Willoughby, Withybrook, Wolfhampcote (incl: Flecknoe & Sawbridge), Wolston, Wolvey.

Places of interest
Places of interest in Rugby town include: Places of interest around Rugby include:
 * The Rugby School Museum, which has audio-visual displays about the history of Rugby School and of the town.
 * Rugby Art Gallery and Museum. The art gallery contains a nationally recognised collection of contemporary art. The museum contains, amongst other things, Roman artefacts dug up from the nearby Roman settlement of Tripontium.
 * The Webb Ellis Rugby Football Museum, where traditional rugby balls are handmade. It contains much rugby football memorabilia.
 * The Benn Hall, a conference, seminar, exhibition and party venue.
 * Newbold Quarry Park, nature reserve
 * Swift Valley Nature Reserve
 * Brandon Marsh
 * Brinklow Castle
 * Coombe Abbey
 * Draycote Water – Reservoir and nature reserve
 * Garden Organic
 * Oxford Canal

title: Borough of Rugby


text:
User:Tamsssin

A sauna complex in the Sahara:

Pretty complex!

The sauna is a small room or hut heated to 80 degrees Celsius. It is used for bathing as well as for mental and physical relaxation. This complex makes use of many small rooms and large rooms compartmentalized into smaller rooms. To get away from the high heats of the desert, relax in the steam and let the purifying begin.

The sauna has a long history and close relatives in other cultures: the Russian banya, the Native American sweat lodge or inipi, the Turkish hamam, even the Japanese onsen.

When taking part in a sauna always consider taking in a smaller towel to sit on.

title: User:Tamsssin


text:
University College (disambiguation)

A university college is a college institution that provides tertiary education but does not have full or independent university status.

University college or University College may also refer to:

 * University college (Scandinavia), institutions that grant degrees on limited extents

Australia

 * University College (University of Melbourne)

Alberta

 * Canadian University College, Lacombe; former name of Burman University
 * Concordia University College of Alberta, Edmonton; former name of Concordia University of Edmonton
 * King's University College (Edmonton); former name of The King's University

British Columbia

 * Kwantlen University College, Greater Vancouver; former name of Kwantlen Polytechnic University
 * Malsapina University College, Nanaimo; former name of Vancouver Island University
 * University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, British Columbia; merged with British Columbia Open University to become Thompson Rivers University
 * University College of the Fraser Valley, Fraser Valley

Manitoba

 * University College of the North, The Pas
 * Booth University College, Winnipeg

Ontario

 * University College, University of Toronto
 * University of Waterloo, affiliate colleges:
 * Conrad Grebel University College
 * Renison University College
 * St. Paul's University College
 * University of Western Ontario, affiliated colleges:
 * Brescia University College
 * Huron University College
 * King's University College (University of Western Ontario)
 * University College (University of Western Ontario), a building on the campus of the University of Western Ontario
 * Algoma University College, Sault Ste. Marie; former name of Laurentian University

Denmark

 * Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen; formerly CVU Øresund, The Danish Teacher Training, National Management College, the Social School, Frederiksberg Seminarium and Suhr's Seminarium
 * University College Capital, formerly Greater Copenhagen CVU and CVU Copenhagen & North Zealand
 * UCL University College, formerly CVU Fyn, CVU Jelling, CVSU Fyn and the Social College of Odense
 * University College of Northern Denmark
 * University College Sealand, formerly South CDE and CDE Zealand
 * University College South, formerly CDE Sønderjylland
 * VIA University College, central Denmark; formerly CVU'erne (Center for Higher Education)
 * West Jutland University College, Esbjerg; formerly CVU Vest

Germany

 * University College Freiburg, founded by University of Freiburg

India

 * Pachhunga University College, Aizawl
 * University College, Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
 * University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

Ireland

 * National University of Ireland, Galway, formerly University College, Galway
 * University College Cork, formerly University College, Cork
 * University College Dublin, formerly University College, Dublin

Netherlands

 * Amsterdam University College, founded by University of Amsterdam and the VU University Amsterdam
 * Erasmus University College, the undergraduate college of Erasmus University Rotterdam
 * Leiden University College The Hague, part of Leiden University
 * University College Groningen, a faculty of University of Groningen
 * University College Maastricht, part of Maastricht University
 * Utrecht University, honors colleges:
 * University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, Zeeland
 * University College Utrecht

New Zealand

 * University College, Otago, Dunedin

Nigeria

 * University of Ibadan, formerly University College, Ibadan

Norway

 * Arctic University of Norway, formed from the merger of:
 * Finnmark University College
 * Harstad University College
 * Narvik University College
 * Tromsø University College
 * Bergen University College, one of the colleges that joined to become Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
 * Lillehammer University College, part of Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
 * Molde University College
 * Nord University, formed from the merger of:
 * Bodø University College
 * Nesna University College
 * Nord-Trøndelag University College
 * Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), formed from the merger of:
 * Aalesund University College
 * Gjøvik University College
 * Sør-Trøndelag University College
 * Oslo and Akershus University College, former name of Oslo Metropolitan University
 * Østfold University College
 * Sogn og Fjordane University College
 * Stavanger University College
 * Stord/Haugesund University College
 * University College of Southeast Norway, formed from the merger of:
 * Buskerud and Vestfold University College
 * Telemark University College
 * Volda University College (Høgskolen i Volda)

Pakistan

 * Government College University, Lahore
 * Islamia College University

Colleges of universities

 * University College, Durham, the founding college of the University of Durham
 * University College, Oxford, the oldest college of the University of Oxford, established in 1249
 * University College London, a founding college of the University of London
 * University College Hospital, a hospital in London, founded as part of University College London
 * University College School, a private school in Hampstead, founded as part of University College London
 * Wolfson College, Cambridge, a college of the University of Cambridge, formerly called University College, Cambridge

Former university colleges

 * Arts University Bournemouth, formerly The Arts University College at Bournemouth
 * Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe; formerly Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College
 * Falmouth University, formerly University College Falmouth
 * Harper Adams University, Edgmond; formerly Harper Adams University College
 * Newman University, Birmingham; formerly Newman University College
 * Norwich University of the Arts, formerly Norwich University College of the Arts
 * Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester; formerly Royal Agricultural College
 * St Mary's University, Twickenham; formerly St Mary's University College
 * University College Birmingham, formerly Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies until January 2008
 * University College, Bristol, predecessor institute of the University of Bristol
 * University for the Creative Arts, formerly University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester
 * University of St Mark & St John (commonly known as Marjon), Plymouth; formerly University College Plymouth St Mark & St John

University colleges

 * Ifs University College, the London Institute of Banking & Finance
 * St Mary's University College, Belfast
 * Stranmillis University College, Belfast
 * University College of Estate Management, Reading

United States

 * University College, an undergraduate college of Arizona State University
 * University College, an undergraduate college of Sacred Heart University, Connecticut
 * University College, an undergraduate college of the University of Northern Colorado
 * University College University of Denver, online and evening programs for working adults at the University of Denver, Colorado
 * Kennesaw State University University College, an undergraduate college of Kennesaw State University, Georgia
 * University of Maryland University College, focusing on "non-traditional" students
 * University College, the adult evening and professional studies division of Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
 * University College (Rutgers University), New Jersey
 * University College, an undergraduate college of the University of Toledo, Ohio
 * University College, an undergraduate college of the University of Oklahoma
 * University College, a college of Texas Tech University
 * University College, an undergraduate college of the University of Rhode Island
 * University College, an undergraduate college of Washington State University

title: University College (disambiguation)


text:
Gondokoro

Gondokoro (formerly Ismailïa) island is located in Central Equatoria. The island was a trading-station on the east bank of the White Nile in Southern Sudan, 750 mi south of Khartoum. Its importance lay in the fact that it was within a few kilometres of the limit of navigability of the Nile from Khartoum upstream. From this point the journey south to Uganda was continued overland.

The Austrian Catholic missionary Ignatius Knoblecher set up a mission there in 1852. It was abandoned in 1859. In 1862, the explorer Alexine Tinne became the first person to photograph the town. Gondokoro was the scene for the arrival of John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant after their two years and five months long journey through Central Africa from Zanzibar. They arrived exhausted on February 13, 1863, and expected to be met by the British consul John Petherick and his rescue party. As Petherick was away hunting in the countryside, the two explorers instead were welcomed by Samuel Baker and his wife Florence Baker, who greeted them with a cup of tea.

In 1874 Charles George Gordon seized the town in favor of the khedive from the Khedivate of Egypt, thus ensuring Egypt's rule over all of southern Sudan (then the province of Equatoria).

A passage from Alan Moorehead´s The White Nile (p. 61) describes it thus: "The sportsman Samuel Baker and his wife had come up the Nile to look for them, and there had been others as well who had arrived at Gondokoro on the same mission, three Dutch ladies, the Baroness van Capellan and Mrs and Miss Tinne, but they had been forced to return to Khartoum through sickness. ... 'Speke', Baker says, 'appeared the more worn of the two: he was excessively lean, but in reality he was in good tough condition; he had walked the whole way from Zanzibar, never having once ridden during that wearying march. Grant was in honourable rags; his bare knees projecting through the remnants of trousers that were an exhibition of rough industry tailor's work.'"

Theodore Roosevelt passed through Gondokoro on the Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition with his son, Kermit Roosevelt, Edgar Alexander Mearns, Edmund Heller, and John Alden Loring.

The site of Gondokoro is near to the modern-day city of Juba. Other notable nearby settlements include Lado and Rejaf (Rageef).

Other explorers died there, such as Wilhelm von Harnier, Alphonse de Malzac, Alfred Peney and Alexandre Vaudey.

title: Gondokoro


text:
Melanie

Melanie is a feminine given name derived from the Greek μελανία (melania), "blackness" and that from μέλας (melas), meaning "dark". Borne in its Latin form by two saints, Melania the Elder and her granddaughter Melania the Younger, the name was introduced to England by the Normans in its French form Melanie. However, the name only became common in English usage in the 1930s because of the popularity of Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind and its 1939 film adaptation, as one of the novel's main characters was named Melanie Hamilton. The name's popularity increased until the 1970s, since remaining constant. Melanie was the 80th most popular name for girls born in the United States in 1957 and, as Mélanie, it was the 86th most popular name for girls born in France in 2004.

People named Melanie

 * Melanie Amaro (born 1992), American singer
 * Melanie Blake, English talent agent and author
 * Melanie Blatt (born 1975), English singer and member of All Saints
 * Melanie le Brocquy (1919–2018), Irish sculptor
 * Melanie Brown (born 1975), English singer and member of Spice Girls
 * Melanie L. Campbell, American voting rights activist
 * Melanie Chisholm (born 1974), English singer and member of Spice Girls
 * Melanie Clewlow (born 1976), English hockey defender
 * Melanie Counsell (born 1964), Welsh filmmaker, sculptor, and installation artist
 * Melanie Doane (born 1967), Canadian singer
 * Melanie Eusebe (born 1977), English author and entrepreneur
 * Melanie Fiona (born 1983), Canadian singer
 * Melanie Fontana (born 1986), American singer
 * Melanie Wade Goodwin (1970–2020), American politician
 * Mélanie Gourarier, French social anthropologist
 * Melanie Griffith (born 1957), American actress
 * Melanie Hall (1970–2004), English murder victim
 * Melanie Hall (basketball) (born 1977), Australian basketball player
 * Sister Mary Melanie Holliday (1850–1939), American Catholic nun
 * Melanie Jans (born 1973), Canadian squash player
 * Melanie Johnson (born 1955), English politician
 * Melanie Klaffner (born 1990), Austrian tennis player
 * Melanie Klein (1882–1960), Austrian–English psychoanalyst
 * Melanie Kreis (born 1971), German businesswoman
 * Melanie Lambert (born 1974), American adagio and pair skater
 * Melanie Leslie (born 1961), dean of the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
 * Melanie Lynskey (born 1977), New Zealand actress
 * Melanie Martinez (born 1972), American actress
 * Melanie Martinez (singer) (born 1995), American singer and songwriter
 * Melanie Marquez (born 1964), Filipina beauty queen
 * Melanie Mayron (born 1952), American actress
 * Melanie McFadyean (1950–2023), English journalist
 * Melanie McGuire (born 1972), American nurse and murderer
 * Melanie Melanson (born 1974), a missing teenager from Woburn, Middlesex County, Massachusetts since 1989
 * Melanie Merkosky (born 1986), Canadian actress
 * Melanie Nolan (born 1960), New Zealand historian
 * Melanie Oudin (born 1991), American tennis player
 * Melanie Phillips (born 1951), English author and journalist
 * Melanie Safka (1947–2024), American singer-songwriter often credited as just "Melanie"
 * Melanie Scrofano, Canadian actress
 * Melanie South (born 1986), English tennis player
 * Melanie Stabel (born 1999), German sport shooter
 * Melanie Stansbury (born 1979), American politician and scientist
 * Melanie Thornton (1967–2001), American singer
 * Melanie Weisner (born 1986), American professional poker player
 * Melanie D. Wilson, American academic administrator and law professor

People named Mélanie
Mélanie is a feminine French given name. Notable people with the name include:
 * Mélanie Bernier (born 1985), French actress
 * Mélanie Bonis (1858–1937), French composer
 * Mélanie Calvat (1831–1904), French nun
 * Mélanie Cohl (born 1982), Belgian singer
 * Mélanie Doutey, French actress
 * Mélanie Hahnemann (1800–1878), French homeopathic physician
 * Mélanie Laurent (born 1983), French actress and director
 * Mélanie de Pourtalès (1836–1914), French salonnière and courtier
 * Mélanie Turgeon (born 1976), Canadian skier

Fictional characters

 * Melanie Barnett, a character from the television series The Game
 * Melanie Bush, a character in the television series Doctor Who
 * Melanie Daniels, a character in the film The Birds
 * Melanie Hamilton, a character in the novel Gone with the Wind
 * Melanie Jonas, a former character on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives
 * Melanie Marcus, a character in the television series Queer as Folk
 * Melanie Stryder, a character from the book The Host by Stephenie Meyer
 * Melanie Walker, a character from Batman Beyond

title: Melanie


text:
The Starr Affair

The Starr Affair is a 1954 book written by Jean Overton Fuller. It was published by Victor Gollancz.

It tells the story John Renshaw Starr, an officer of the British Special Operations Executive sent to establish the Acrobat Network in north-eastern France during the Second World War. He was subsequently captured, tortured and imprisoned in Fresnes prison, at 84 Avenue Foch and in Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps.

It is based on the subject's own account of his activities, captivity and survival and the subsequent investigations concerning his suspected collaboration with the enemy.

title: The Starr Affair


text:
Snork

Snork may refer to:

 * Snorks, a comic book, and later a cartoon series that began in the mid 80's and ended by the late 80's.
 * Snork Maiden, a member of the species known as Snorks and a character in the writings and illustrations of Tove Jansson
 * Snork, a member of the species known as Snorks and a character in the writings and illustrations of Tove Jansson. Brother of Snork Maiden.
 * Snork, an English/Belgian punk/prog rock band fronted by Elle Revel who played the 2013 GU1 festival in protest at the alleged "corporate takeover" of Guilfest

 * See also
 * Snark (disambiguation)

title: Snork


text:
User:JdeRen

I am computer programmer from Ljubljana, Slovenia, fairly old (62) for this kind of work. I have hit Wikipedia by chance and got hooked to it immedately. I am interested in everything, but my special love are Mathematics and Botany.

I don't expect to contribute much to Wikipedia, just some minor edit here and there with special emphasis on slovenian version.

title: User:JdeRen


text:
ARMM (Usenet)

Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation (ARMM) was a program developed by Richard Depew in 1993 to aid in the control of Usenet abuse. Concerned by abusive posts emanating from certain anonymous-posting sites, Depew developed ARMM to allow news administrators to automatically issue cancel messages for such posts. This was a controversial act, as many news administrators and users were concerned about censorship of the netnews medium.

An early version of ARMM contained a bug which caused it to post follow-ups to its own messages, recursively sending posts to the news.admin.policy newsgroup. This was an early example of (unintentional) Usenet spam.

title: ARMM (Usenet)


text:
Talk:Byōdō-in

Untitled
Is Byodoin really the world's oldest wooden structure? I think the oldest is Horyuji (法隆寺) in Nara-prefecture, not Byodoin. A Part of Horyuji's existing cathedral was built (more precisely rebuilt) before the early 8th Century (probably in the late 7th Century).--Ideyal

--Byodoin, finished in 1053, is quite a bit newer than the Horyuji. Horyuji was claiming to have the "oldest wooden building" title last time I was there, so I hope they're not lying! Heian-794

Merge?
In my opinion, no. They're about two temples that are geographically separate, were built at different times, have individual cultural and historical significances. They share the same name, but that's about it. Fg2 06:29, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree and I have removed the merge tag. Icd 09:59, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point, I didn't notice that. Should we maybe make the titles clearer, to make sure other readers aren't confused? - Nat Krause(Talk!) 05:38, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Worth considering. Still, each has a link to the other. Not sure. Fg2 11:40, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

English sources for the English language Wiki
This is a quote from Wiki policy on Verifiability

"Where editors use non-English sources, they should ensure that readers can verify for themselves the content of the original material and the reliability of its author/publisher.

Where editors use a non-English source to support material that others might challenge, or translate any direct quote, they need to quote the relevant portion of the original text in a footnote or in the article, so readers can check that it agrees with the article content." 67.180.48.33 (talk) 04:56, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

"Byōdō-in" translates to what?
--93.220.34.173 (talk) 14:09, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

The literal translation would be something like "temple of equality/evenness/impartiality", where "temple"="-in" is often used for subtemples (as opposed to "temple"="-ji/tera/dera". However, as with most proper names, I am not sure how relevant this literal translation is. bamse (talk) 20:36, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

File:Byodoin Phoenix Hall Uji 2009.jpg Nominated for Deletion
There should be an aerial photo to showcase its phoenix-like shape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.208.34.57 (talk) 23:42, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Byōdō-in


text:
Talk:November 13

--mav 00:46, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Untitled
1982 - Ray Mancini defeats Duk Koo Kim in a bout that changes the landscape of boxing forever.

How? I admit I don't follow the sport, but this is the first I'vew heard of any Korean hegemony 20 years ago. --Charles A. L. 13:19, Nov 13, 2003 (UTC)

Duk Koo Kim (why is that backwards?) clarified, but "change[d] the landscape of boxing forever." had a whiff of unencyclopediacness about it. --Charles A. L. 14:14, Nov 13, 2003 (UTC)

Notice to "1805": It is reported, that Johann Georg Lahner first "Wiener's" created at May 15, 1805 in Vienna. --195.93.60.142 20:37, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

- Removed:
 * 2002 - Former NBA basketball player Manute Bol, 7 foot 7 (91 inches) tall, gets signed to join an ice hockey team, setting his sights on possibly becoming the first African in the NHL in the future.

Unimportant trivia is not supposed to be on this page. --mav

Removed:
 * 1789 - Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Jean-Baptiste Leroy, pens "...in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes."

Unimportant trivia is not supposed to be on this page. --mav

Moved:
 * 1971 - Mariner program: Mariner 9 reaches Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet.

According to NASA it happened on November 14. --mav 07:05, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Removed
 * 2007  – Opie and Anthony unofficial website, opieanthony.net was deleted.

Not a death. aldibibable (talk) 18:41, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

---

The Hundred Thousand Martyrs of Tbilisi (Georgian Orthodox Church)
@Mufka: It's neither wrong nor unsupported: --KoberTalk 14:42, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
 *
 *

Births and Deaths
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I'm removing some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines. Deb (talk) 11:53, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

removed Feronia
I removed Feronia, as per Days of the year " observances that are currently celebrated (not the date it was once celebrated or will be celebrated)."--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 14:51, 10 November 2017 (UTC)

November 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) is omitted
Why? —71.105.243.101 (talk) 14:30, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 13


text:
Talk:A. E. van Vogt

Inspiration for Spock?
Isn't the Nexialist in The Voyage of the Space Beagle the inspiration for Spock on Star Trek? Shouldn't this be mentioned? Also, it's mentioned that several sci-fi films have used the idea of the carnivorous alien stalking the crew of the space ship; a mention of the names of these movies would allow searches on the movie title to find the van Vogt article, which would be good for van Vogt's fame. -- 66.239.48.29

 * Elliot Grosvenor, the Nexialist in the Space Beagle, is very unlike Spock. He is not particularly logical, relying rather on a very wide ranging scientific knowledge gained by using advanced learning techniques including hypnotism. He also has little compunction in using his techniques to defend himself against the internal politics of the ship as much as against external threats, and, in the end, he uses those same techniques to manipulate the crew of the Space Beagle into doing what he thinks is the right thing (and of course since he is the hero, it is the right thing). He knows something about everything, especially human motivation and emotions, a matter on which Spock seems happy to admit ignorance. I really don't think that they have much in common. -- Derek Ross

 * Which is very interesting and accurate, but doesn't seem to address the question of whether Grosvenor was the inspiration for the character of Spock. This is a factual matter of what Roddenberry (or whoever) was thinking.  Alan Nicoll 16:12, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Also: Does anyone know how van Vogt's name is to be pronounced? This should go in the article. -- 66.239.48.29

 * Vogt is pronounced as "vote." The "g" is silent.  My encounters with this pronunciation include a pun, I think by Forry Ackerman, something about "he gets my Vogt for" a distinction; and visits to a few science fiction conventions where Van was introduced. -- Alan Nicoll

 * Ben Bova introduced me to Van Vogt at the WorldCon back in '76 and I *thought* he pronounced it "Vo" as in "go", but I could easily be wrong about this.... Hayford Peirce 19:11, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Come to think of it, the pun works even if you pronounce the "g." Alan Nicoll

General Semantics
I question the characterization of General Semantics presented here, especially in characterizing it as "fuzzy logic." Seems to me GS is fundamentally about avoiding bewitchment by language, as in confusing the map with the territory, and the person today with the person tomorrow. The null-A angle is a rejection of two-valued logic, which differs significantly from fuzzy logic. Alan Nicoll 22:48, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And the current version seems to mischaracterize fuzzy logic. Does anyone know what Van Vogt actually said, so we can present his views as such? Dan 07:06, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Since the Null-A books are to some extent an exposition of General Semantics, there should be some wothwhile quotes in them. -- Derek Ross | Talk

 * In fact each chapter of Pawns of Null-A starts with a little snippet illustrating a point from the philosophy. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:52, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the A._E._van_Vogt article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Meta-systems
"all-encompassing systems of knowledge (akin to modern meta-systems)" -- If you follow that link, the article on Meta-systems is worthy in tone of Van Vogt, but it doesn't appear to describe the kind of General Semantics/Dianetics/"Nexialism"-type Theory of Everything in question. If there is a true connection, let's clarify it. -- Dell Adams 07:13, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Now I'm doing it too! Good grief! -- Dell Adams 07:18, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

What were the dates of publication of Van's novels? --k d f

criticism
I removed some of the "criticism" of Vogt's writings but I see Antaeus Feldspar restored them.... anyone else want to chime in about this? I feel like given the genre and the period, it's a bit pedantic to list various scientific "mistakes" in old sci-fi novels. These stories are fanciful by nature, and it's a bit like saying that Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator violates the laws of physics, or that Teletubbies have no valid physiological explanation for their abdominal television implants. wikipediatrix 17:54, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest that some note of the issues might be in order, but not to the extent that it currently is. Perhaps simply a note to the effect "As with many authors of the period, Van Vogt's works were meant to entertain and not educate.  To that end, he permitted scientific errors to enter his stories when they would help his story."Shsilver 18:32, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * These are fairly large mistakes, however, and I don't think the genre and the period account entirely for that. I mean, can you honestly say that the two "Charlie" books or the Teletubbies actually fall into the same genre as van Vogt's science fiction and establish the standard by which they should all be judged?  I fully support putting in notes to explain that perhaps those technical errors should be judged by a different standard due to the genre and period, but I can't support just removing them entirely and therefore making the choice for the reader that they're insignificant. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:54, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Name me any science fiction book ever written (but especially in the 1940s-1960s) and one can pick out major glaring scientific flaws. Does this mean one should? Probably not. Most science fiction authors of his era do not have such a section in their article, and it seems rather unfair to single out Vogt. wikipediatrix 19:19, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Whether it was fair or not (opinions differ), Knight's criticism of van Vogt's science and style was highly visible and influential at the time, so it's certainly worth mentioning, e.g., his later characterization of the magazine version of _The Worlds of Null-A_ as a pretentious, foolish, wildly complicated and self-contradictory magazine serial. Ahasuerus 04:43, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Also consider that while no one is likely to look on the "Charlie" books or the Teletubbies or most of the science fiction books you are counting as comparable as anything but entertainment, van Vogt gets credited for popularizing Non-Aristotelian logic through his writing (the famous "null-A" he wrote so much about). That sort of real-world influence is frequently accompanied in articles with criticism which may present reasons why assertions or implications from that source should be taken with caution; see the article on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation for an example. -- Antaeus Feldspar 14:39, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

This whole section is poorly written, out-of-context, misleading, and void of citations! The Knight quote was regarding ONLY The World of Null-A, written at the start of his career. It maybe would fit on the novel's page (in context and cited) but definitely shouldn't be here. The scientific accuracy critiques are absolute drivel. M31/M33? Absolute zero for a spaceship traveling the speed of light?

A valid critique of his work would be on his portrayal of women and sexism, for example. I'm removing this stuff.

Citation
How about page 626 of "The S.F. Encycl." by Peter Nicholls (the 1979 edition), which, in the article on van Vogt states: "It was during these years that AEVV, along with Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, and to a lesser extent Theodore Sturgeon, seemed nearly alone to create, by writing what Campbell wanted to publish, the first genuinely successful period of American sf...." Reader polls and surveys at the time also almost always put AEVV near the top. Hayford Peirce 16:10, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Luckily, we don't have to guess. An analysis of Analytical Laboratory data indicates that van Vogt was more popular than any other Golden Age author except Heinlein and Doc Smith. Ahasuerus 16:25, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow! I had no idea such an article existed. Perfect example of a guy with too much time on his hands, hehe.... Hayford Peirce 22:56, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The reason I tagged it is because the phrasing seemed uncomfortably like what I'd read in the typical band-vanity page ("Their many fans would agree that Retching Lemur is one of the best bands of all time!") Of course I know that van Vogt did indeed have a quite significant following -- but any claim made for how significant, such as him being in the top three of the time, really should be backed up with more than the conditional that's there now about who fans "would have named".  So, since we've got some better data now, perhaps it should get edited in? -- Antaeus Feldspar 01:47, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, we can do that. Keep in mind that his standing with the fans was very high in 1939-1943, but dropped precipitously at the end of WWII -- see the graph at the bottom of the linked page. Ahasuerus 02:05, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Lydia Bereginsky
Lydia Bereginsky's name was a link. I didn't think it necessary. If she is notable for something other than marrying Van Vogt, somebody please say so, and create a Wikipedia page about her. Mr Frosty 17:08, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Snipped "Golden Age" claim
I've taken out the line, "It was the cover story of the issue of Astounding which ushered in the Golden Age of science fiction. " For one, this is unsourced, and a pretty grand claim. For two, it's unclear what's doing in the ushering, the story, the cover, or the issue. Wasn't germane to the subject at hand. -- P L E A T H E R talk 00:30, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Never thought that the oft repeated assertion needed a cite, having read versions of the story for decades on end, but since such memories do have a tendency to fade, the need for a cite is not in doubt. The other issue by Pleather, about clarifying what was being ushered in, still needs to be better addressed.  The minor modification doesn't seem to do much toward that end, so a bit more editing is needed.  Ombudsman 03:24, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The July 1939 magazine issue ushered in the Golden Age. The reason for the claim is that both Van Vogt and Asimov had their first published stories in this issue (and Van Vogt's was indeed the cover story). Heinlein's first story was published in the next issue, August 1939, Sturgeon shortly afterwards, and things took off from there. A cite confirming this should be easy to find. As to being germane, van Vogt is one of the authors whose work is characteristic of the Golden Age, so of course it's germane. -- Derek Ross | Talk 04:11, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * In fact it's all laid out and cited in our John W. Campbell article, so I just copied the citation in. That's better than deleting something which is common knowledge among serious SF fans. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:23, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Empire of the Atom
Please add the following: Although Van Vogt has a gigantic reputation as an sf writer, it seems that he has been allowed to get away with what I would call "the Queen's award for plagiarism" - namely his story EMPIRE OF THE ATOM which was shamelessly derived from I, CLAUDIUS by Robert Graves.

Thanks to the writer/s of this article. -- (unsigned by Anon)
 * That's interesting. I haven't read Empire of the Atom but I'll watch out for it. However Graves himself shamelessly derived I, Claudius from Suetonius work, so van Vogt wasn't alone. Authors do that kind of thing, even good ones. -- Derek Ross | Talk 23:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

"Big Three"
Many fans of that era would have named van Vogt, Robert A. Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov as the three greatest science fiction writers.

A.C. Clarke, Heinlein and Asimov maybe. The statement should be revised. -- (Said User:OblioOblio who didn't bother to sign)

 * Clarke didn't publish until 1946 and wasn't considered a Big Three until maybe the '60s. VanVogt was early '40s Big Three. Hayford Peirce 18:14, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Picking the "Big Three" of SF is not easy. Heinlein will always be the Dean of SF and Asimov will always be there. The last spot is not easy to pick. Clarke is an obvious choice but Frank Herbert, Larry Niven and Frederik Pohl deserve consideration. WAB Houston 15:53, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Traditionally, the nickname "Dean of Science Fiction" belongs to Murray Leinster.Shsilver 16:11, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Frank Herbert does nto deserve consideration for mereley one novle or concept. While it was awe inspiring in complexity, it did little to promote science ficiton. -- wrote an editor who didn't bother to sign with ~

I see the line has now been removed. Well, well, so be it. However as a matter of interest there is some objective research which backs the claim. Take a look at this extremely interesting article, originally published in Analog's 50th Anniversary issue, on the popularity of their authors between 1938 and 1976 which has been reproduced on the web. It indicates that, based purely on reader's letters to Astounding/Analog, the top three prior to 1973 were Heinlein, Smith and van Vogt. -- Derek Ross | Talk 21:03, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Three books
Don't know about a citation but the information about van Vogt's "textbooks" appears in a couple of places, http://www.enter.net/~torve/articles/vanvogt/vanvogt1.html, for one. If that's not good enough, I suppose the info will have to be removed. -- Derek Ross | Talk 01:49, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, that looks pretty good, why don't you put it in as a reference and footnote. Hayford Peirce 02:00, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * , I'm never very confident about doing that. -- Derek Ross | Talk 02:01, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, okay, I'll do it after dinner. Thanks for the pertinent info. Hayford Peirce 02:06, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

"Van Vogt" vs. "van Vogt"
Almost every instance of Van Vogt's name I've seen (I have most of his books, and many magazines with his works in them) has both V's capitalized. Therefore, I'm proposing that we move this article to "A. E. Van Vogt" and correct all instances of his name where the first V is not capitalized. Thoughts? ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihon joe 21:53, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, on page 627 of the Nicholls "The Science Fiction Encyclopedia", the article about Van Vogh, which calls him AEVV throughout, has a sentence that starts: "In his autobiographical Reflections of A.E. van Vogh (1975), AEVV uses the term...." The article on E. Mayne Hulls says she was married to A.E. van Vogh. Later in the same article there is a reference to Van Vogh.  The article on John Campbell refers to A.E. van Vogh.  What Nicholls is apparently doing is referring to the full name with a small "v" and to the last name alone (Van Vogh) with a capital "V".  This makes sense, as most writing about Charles deGaulle uses a small "d" for his full name but a capital "D" when the name stands alone, as in "Churchill had lunch with DeGaulle and gave him a cigar."  So, I think, the article's name should be left as it is. Hayford Peirce 22:26, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, you might want to check the ISFDB entry on AEVV at: http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?A.%20E.%20van%20Vogt Hayford Peirce 22:33, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably considered Original Research, but in dealing with his widow for a book recently, she was always van Vogt, including on the contracts. I'd say A.E. van Vogt is correct. Shsilver 01:30, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That's good enough for me. Hayford Peirce 01:35, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Science Fiction Hall of Fame lists it as A.E. van Vogt, it was edited by Robert Silverberg FYI- Random Man

My copy of The Money Personality is published in 1972 (Parker Publishing Company, West Nyack, NJ ISBN 0-13-600676-0), NOT 1975 as listed. And his name is spelled A. E. van Vogt —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.49.43.3 (talk) 20:01, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

No-Time Language Method
Is this the same A.E. Van Vogt who invented the "No-time" language method? I have used the German tapes and the method is quite remarkable. The following is from a language company:

(I won't mention the company name because my question is informational rather than trying to spam.)

 * "Developed by A.E. Van Vogt, the renowned writer and language expert, this unusual method uses no text or printed materials. Available in Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Russian, Spanish, Swahili and Tagalog."

 * "These courses have been developed by A.E. Van Vogt, a well-known writer, language expert, and author of 46 books."

The reason it's important is obvious only if you're familiar with the method, and that is his extraordinary insight into the language-learning process. Steve Harnish (talk) 21:00, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Interesting! Well it's not exactly a common name, so chances are high that it's the same person. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 21:23, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

No Biography @ All?
Would we not @ least like to know his schooling?Slarty2 (talk) 19:09, 23 July 2010 (UTC)

Clean-up!
It's been a long time since I came across an article so full of errors, mis-spellings, awkward sentences, irrelevant facts, and unreferenced and fatuous statements. I've started the long process of clean-up but it's going to take a while. LyleHoward (talk) 23:59, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Three citations
I have three citations for “The story served as the inspiration for a number of science fiction movies.[citation needed]” in the ‘Early life and writings’ section, but none are definitive. Is this a good way (below) to arrange the citations with the quotes included or are these quotes better placed in the main body of the text, or left out?

Carey McCarthy (talk) 19:03, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'd put them in a note. You might also want to use: " 'Black Destroyer' has been cited as the inspiration for the movie Alien and its many sequels and imitations", which is from the NYT obit, 4 Feb 2000, by Gerry Jonas -- no page number available via the online index, unfortunately. Mike Christie (talk) 19:37, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I put the citations in as a 'Note' as you suggested (Note 1) -- the text of the Note has a blue background; is this ok?

Carey McCarthy (talk) 18:25, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The blue background in the Note text has disappeared so I suppose that’s ok now. Carey McCarthy (talk) 18:30, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Yep. The background colour of Notes is the sort of thing that someone else works on behind the scenes. As long as it's consistent throughout Wikipedia and not too garish, everyone is happy. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 20:38, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

New Heading?
The text below could maybe be added at the end of the ‘Recognition’ section or is it worth adding a new heading e.g. ‘Recent Perspectives’?

TEXT:

Writing in 1984 David Hartwell said :

 * “No one has taken van Vogt seriously as a writer for a long time. Yet he has been read and still is. What no one seems to have notices is that van Vogt, more than any other single SF writer, is the conduit through which the energy of Gernsbackian, primitive wonder stories have been transmitted through the Campbellian age, when earlier styles of SF were otherwise rejected, and on into SF of the present.”

The literary critic Leslie A. Fiedler said something similar:

 * ”Van Vogt is a test case, … since an apology for or analysis of science fiction which fails to come to terms with his appeal and major importance, defends of defines the genre by falsifying it.”

Thus in the July 2010 edition of Asimov’s Science Fiction magazine the reviewer Paul Di Filippo can write of the book under review: “This post-apocalypse story reads like some oneiric combo of Andre Norton, Kathleen Ann Goonan, Rudy Rucker, and A.E. van Vogt." Here Di Filippo clearly assumes in the reader a knowledge of van Vogt. Perhaps reflecting Fiedler’s contention that one must “come to terms” with van Vogt’s  “appeal and major importance,“ in 2009 the veteran science fiction writer and critic Robert Silverberg devoted the whole of his regular column in a science fiction periodical to an assessment of van Vogt’s ‘’The World of Null-A’’, a text he first encountered “when I was a beginning reader of science fiction, some sixty years ago”.

Carey McCarthy (talk) 09:38, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I have reworked the above draft (removed 'personal research') and added it to the end of the Critical Reception section.

Carey McCarthy (talk) 13:39, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

External Links Need Updating
The URLs for two of the websites linked to under the External Links section need to be updated. I would do this myself, but probably shouldn't due to possible conflict of interest -- I run one of them myself, while the other is run by someone else but is now hosted on the same domain.

1. Earthlink.net - 'Icshi: the A.E. van Vogt information site'

This is the site I run. It used to be at http://www.home.earthlink.net/~icshi/ but is now at http://www.icshi.net/sevagram/. Also, it is now called just "Sevagram" rather than "Icshi: the A.E. van Vogt information site."

2. MMedia.is - 'Weird Worlds of A. E. van Vogt: 1912–2000'

This site was created by Magnus Axelsson. It used to be at http://vanvogt.www4.mmedia.is/ but is now hosted at http://www.icshi.net/worlds/. This site is no longer being updated, and is now stored on my Icshi.net domain for archival purposes, thanks to the generosity and cooperation of the site's creator, Magnus Axelsson. This site remains an independent entity from the other topical sections on Icshi.net, and to all intents and purposes remains a separate website from my own site.

All links within the article itself that point to either of these websites needs to be updated as well.

By the way -- this is my first participation on Wikipedia, so if I have transgressed any of the editorial guidelines, please let me know before you throw me in the dungeon!

Isaac Walwyn (talk) 03:30, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, you have not transgressed at all, but rather you have shown good judgment and honesty in recognizing and disclosing your conflict of interest. Thank you for that.

 * Now that one site is archived on the other, there is no need to have two external links to the same site, especially if the archived one already has citations in the article.

 * Based on that, I have removed one link from the external links section and updated the rest. ~Amatulić (talk) 06:46, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Violent Male (1992)
We list under Works: Nonfiction
 * A Report on the Violent Male (1992, Paupers' Press, UK, ISBN 978-0-946650-40-8)

This is six years after the latest science fiction mentioned here (one item) or listed in ISFDB (two 1986 items). Was this Report new material by AEVV?

In the infobox writer I have specified "1940–1986 (science fiction)" in order to finesse the point. If he was subsequently active for some time outside science fiction, however, this biography should at least make that clear in prose (and probably should give him a nonfiction infobox subject). At the moment we have in prose only work considered to be in progress mid-1980s but never delivered, great decline by mid-1990s with some 1995 cogency per Harlan Ellison, and death of Alzheimer's complications 2000.

--P64 (talk) 21:33, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Harlan Ellison
I feel like there's a bit too much about Harlan Ellison in here. There is a good quote about Vogt's influence on Ellison early in the article. However, later he compliments Vogt but then spends longer claiming major responsibility in getting Vogt the award, and getting his licks in on Knight as well. But the kicker is the other guy supposedly eulogizing Vogt but actually crediting Elluson for the award, and glowingly referring to Ellison as someone with an "impeccable moral compass." Seriously? Ironically, in wikiquotes Ellison furthers his ego by *claiming* that some folks who delayed the award to van Vogt blamed Ellison for being so pushy about it.

I have to say that I dislike Ellison (solely based on multiple reports of his misbehavior), and I can't trust my objectivity to make an edit, so I'm not. But even a cited quote complimenting Ellison as an "impeccable moral compass," doesn't seem to belong in an article which is about Vogt. If someone would evaluate this issue I would be grateful. Ukrpickaxe (talk) 21:57, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

And some of us who agree with Ellison, think there's a little too much about the opinions of Damon Knight. I personally feel Knight's criticism is given much more weight than it deserves. Remember, he is the same man who dismissed "I Am Legend." Gil gosseyn (talk) 07:44, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

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Alien
This was removed from the article. However it should have been moved into the talk page for discussion since it is in fact correct and partially verifiable by anyone. A simple read of the stories concerned will show that Alien is obviously far more similar to Discord in Scarlet than to Black Destroyer, whatever the current source may wrongly say.

 * A.E. van Vogt did not bring a lawsuit against the filmmakers of Alien. Source: Intimate knowledge of A.E. van Vogt's literacy legacy, by family member, Greg Brayman

 * The short story which most resembles the movie series is "Discord in Scarlet"...not Black Destroyer. It was Van's second story published that same year.  The two stories are somewhat similar; however, the differences in "Discord in Scarlet" are what make it much more like the story of the series.  Give it a read and you'll see what I mean. Source: Intimate knowledge of A.E. van Vogt's literary legacy by family member, Gregory D. Brayman

So here it is -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 15:01, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

 * It was removed because it's original research based on personal knowledge. As such it didn't belong in the article, and we don't need to be discussing inclusion of original research or personal knowledge on this talk page. ~Amatulić (talk) 21:16, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

Military SF
The quote by Schweitzer actually aims at all military SF. Consequently van Vogt's work has to be regarded---and praised---from that viewpoint, and as belonging to the military genre, as well. Logically Dick has his military merits too. - SCIdude (talk) 05:56, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:A. E. van Vogt


text:
Zilog Z800

The Zilog Z800 was a 16-bit microprocessor designed by Zilog and meant to be released in 1985. It was instruction compatible with their existing Z80, and differed primarily in having on-chip cache and a memory management unit (MMU) to provide a 16 MB address range. It also added a huge number of new more orthogonal instructions and addressing modes.

Zilog essentially ignored the Z800 in favor of their 32-bit Z80000 and the Z800 never entered mass production. After more than five years had elapsed since it was originally introduced, the effort was redubbed the Z280 in 1986. An actual product, the Z280 would ship in 1987 with almost the same design as the Z800, but this time implemented in CMOS.

The Z800 contrasts with Zilog's first 16-bit effort, the Zilog Z8000, in that the Z800 was intended to be Z80 compatible, while the Z8000 was only Z80-like and did not offer any direct compatibility. Zilog sought to rectify the lack of Z80 compatibility exhibited by the Z8000 when introducing the Z800, seeking to offer Z80 binary compatibility with an eightfold performance increase over the Z80, mirroring plans by National Semiconductor to incorporate emulation of the Intel 8080 in certain products in its own 32000 series of microprocessors.

Short description
There was no expansion of the register set but the registers and instructions were significantly orthogonalized in order to make them more general-purpose and powerful. Many new 8-bit and 16-bit operations were added, and the HL, IX, and IY registers were upgraded from their rather limited possibilities as accumulators in the Z80 to more versatile accumulators. In addition to the register operands possible in the Z80, they could be used with immediate data, direct address, register indirect, or indexed operands, even program counter-relative. Eight-bit operations had even more possibilities, including stack pointer-relative addressing and a choice of 8-bit or 16-bits immediate offsets.

The address bus was expanded to 24-bits to address 16 MB of memory. The chip was offered with either a 19-bit external bus for 512kB RAM, or a full 24-bit bus for 16MB RAM, the advantage to the smaller bus was a smaller 40-pin package. Like the Z80 before it, the Z800 retained the internal DRAM controller and clock, but added 256 bytes of RAM that could be used either as "scratchpad" RAM, or as a cache. When used in cache mode the programmer could configure it as a data or instruction cache, or both, and the internal memory controller then used it to reduce access to (slower) external memory.

There were also ambitious provisions for multiprocessing and either loosely or tightly coupled slave processors, with or without shared global memory. This was known as the extended processing architecture and extended processing units (EPU).

Another change was the addition of an optional 16-bit data bus, which doubled the rate at which it could access memory if set up properly. Combined with the two address bus sizes this meant that the chip was offered in a total of four versions:

Reason for the failure
The Z800 was, in most ways, a minicomputer-inspired "super Z80" that would run existing, and larger, programs at considerably higher speeds. However the address and data buses were multiplexed and the chip was, also in other respects, somewhat complicated to program and interface to. Calculation of exact execution times was also very much harder to do than for the Z80. Moreover, the plain Z80 were good enough for most applications at the time so the extra computing power was, in many cases, not worth the added complexity. Bad marketing seems to have hurt the product as well.

Hitachi developed the HD64180, as a less ambitious Z80 derivative. It had great success, probably because it is almost as simple to program and interface to as the original Z80.

More successful Z80 derivatives (from Zilog)
Apart from the successful Zilog Z180 (developed largely by Hitachi) and Zilog Z182 other attempts were made to extend the Z80 architecture, the 32-bit Z380 (introduced 1994) was a commercial disappointment except for some specific telecom applications. On the other hand, the fast 24-bit eZ80 (introduced 2001) has been both commercially successful and won engineering awards. Unlike the Z800, Z280, and Z380, the eZ80 does not introduce many new instructions or addressing modes, in comparison to the original Z80, but instead primarily extends the 16-bit registers of the Z80 to 24 bits wide. This enables it to reach 256 times as much memory, and adds a fully pipelined execution unit that executes Z80 opcodes 4× as fast as the original.

title: Zilog Z800


text:
The Perfect Storm (book)

The Perfect Storm is a creative nonfiction book written by Sebastian Junger and published by W. W. Norton & Company in 1997. The paperback edition (ISBN 0-06-097747-7) followed in 1999 from HarperCollins' Perennial imprint. The book is about the 1991 Perfect Storm that hit North America between October 28 and November 4, 1991, and features the crew of the fishing boat Andrea Gail, from Gloucester, Massachusetts, who were lost at sea during severe conditions while longline fishing for swordfish 575 mi out. Also in the book is the story about the rescue of the three-person crew of the sailboat Satori in the Atlantic Ocean during the storm by the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Tamaroa (WMEC-166).

The book was adapted for the film of the same title, directed by Wolfgang Petersen and released in 2000. Satori is renamed Mistral in the movie, and the since-retired USCGC Tamaroa is portrayed by a newer, 210-foot medium-endurance cutter.

The book follows the lives of the swordfishing crew of Andrea Gail and their family members before and during the 1991 Perfect Storm. Among the men boarding Andrea Gail were Billy Tyne, Alfred Pierre, David "Sully" Sullivan, Michael "Bugsy" Moran, Dale "Murph" Murphy, and Bobby Shatford, each bringing his own intelligence, physical strength, and hope aboard with him. The men were raised with the expectation that they would become fishermen. As "Sully" said, even before they had left for their long journey, "It's the money ... If I didn't need the money I wouldn't go near this thing."

Much of the early part of the book gives detailed descriptions of the daily lives of the fishermen and their jobs, and is centered around activities at the Crow's Nest, a tavern in Gloucester popular with the fishermen.

The latter part of the book attempts to reconstruct events at sea during the storm, aboard Andrea Gail as well as rescue efforts directed at several other ships caught in the storm, including the attempted rescue of pararescuemen who were themselves caught in the storm. Lost from the New York Air National Guard HH-60 helicopter was TSgt. Arden "Rick" Smith. A week-long search off the South Shore of Long Island failed to find his remains. Surviving the helicopter crash were Maj. David Ruvola, Capt. Graham Buschor, SSgt. Jimmy Mioli and TSgt. John Spillane, the second pararescueman aboard.

All six crew members of Andrea Gail were missing, presumed dead. The ship and crew were never found. A few fuel drums, a fuel tank, the EPIRB, an empty life raft, and some other flotsam were the only wreckage ever discovered.

title: The Perfect Storm (book)