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Will Hutton

William Nicolas Hutton (born 21 May 1950) is a British journalist. As of 2022, he writes a regular column for The Observer, co-chairs the Purposeful Company, and is the president-designate of the Academy of Social Sciences. He is the chair of the advisory board of the UK National Youth Corps. He was principal of Hertford College, University of Oxford from 2011 to 2020, and co-founder of the Big Innovation Centre, an initiative from the Work Foundation (formerly the Industrial Society), having been chief executive of the Work Foundation from 2000 to 2008. He was formerly editor-in-chief of The Observer.

Early life
Although born in Woolwich, where his father had worked at the Royal Ordnance factory (Royal Arsenal), Hutton began his education in Scotland. He went to Bishopton Primary School in Bishopton, Renfrewshire, then Paisley Grammar School when he was eight. His father moved to Bromley, then to Kent, and he attended Southborough Lane County Primary School in Petts Wood.

Hutton studied at Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School in Sidcup, where he was introduced to A level economics by a teacher, Garth Pinkney. He only got average marks at O-level but enjoyed the sixth form more, studying geography, history, and economics. He also organised the school tennis team. After studying sociology and economics at the University of Bristol, gaining a BSocSc (2.1), he started his career as an equity salesman for a brokerage firm, before leaving to study for an MBA at INSEAD at Fontainebleau near Paris.

Career

Hutton moved on to work in television and radio. He spent ten years with the BBC, including working as economics correspondent for Newsnight from 1983 to 1988, where he replaced Peter Hobday. He spent four years as editor-in-chief at The Observer and director of the Guardian National Newspapers, before joining the Industrial Society, now known as The Work Foundation, as chief executive in 2000. In 2010, he was criticised for his handling of the Industrial Society by a number of publications, including The Sunday Times and Private Eye, for having used the company for campaigning purposes rather than focusing on it as a business enterprise. Under Hutton's management, The Work Foundation became insolvent and was wound up. It was then sold to Lancaster University.

As well as a columnist, author, and chief executive, Hutton is a governor of the London School of Economics, a visiting professor at the University of Manchester Business School and the University of Bristol, a visiting fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford, a shareholder of the Scott Trust Limited, which owns the Guardian Media Group, rapporteur of the Kok Group, and a member of the Design Council's Millennium Commission. In March 2011, he was appointed as Principal of Hertford College, Oxford, taking up the post later in the year and retiring in 2020. He sits on the European Advisory Board of Princeton University Press.

Writing
As an author, Hutton's best-known and most influential works are The State We're In (an economic and political look at Britain in the 1990s from a social democratic point of view) and The World We're In, in which he expands his focus to include the relationship between the United States and Europe, emphasising cultural and social differences between the two blocs and analysing the UK as sitting between the two. In The World We're In, Hutton argues that many viewpoints in this book are neo-Keynesian and that it is critical of short-termism, viewing stakeholder capitalism as an alternative.

Hutton's book The Writing on the Wall was released in the UK in January 2007. The book examines Western concerns and responses to the rise of China and the emerging global division of labour, and argues that the Chinese economy is running up against a set of increasingly unsustainable contradictions that could have a damaging universal fallout. On 18 February 2007, Hutton was a featured guest on BBC's Have Your Say programme, discussing the implications of China's growth. The analysis in his books is characterised by a support for the European Union and its potential, alongside a disdain for what he calls American conservatism —defined, among other factors, as a certain attitude to markets, property, and the social contract. In 1992, he won the What the Papers Say award for Political Journalist of the Year. In 2003, he was made an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) by the University of Bristol.

In 2010, he published Them and Us: Changing Britain – Why We Need a Fair Society.

His latest book, How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country, was published in 2015.

Personal life
Hutton married Jane Atkinson, the daughter of a neurosurgeon, in 1978, and lives in London. They have two daughters and a son. His wife, who died in 2016, was a director of a property development company called First Premise, based in Richmond upon Thames, which she founded in 1987. Hutton calls himself an agnostic.

Major works

 * How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country  (2015) ISBN 978-1408705315
 * Them and Us: Changing Britain – Why We Need a Fair Society (2010) ISBN 978-1-4087-0151-5
 * The Writing on the Wall: China and the West in the 21st Century (2007) ISBN 978-0-316-73018-1
 * A Declaration of Interdependence: Why America Should Join the World (W.W. Norton & Company, 2003) ISBN 0-393-05725-9
 * The World We're In (2002) ISBN 0-316-85871-4
 * Global Capitalism (2000) Will Hutton (editor), Anthony Giddens (editor) ISBN 1-56584-648-6
 * On the Edge: Essays on a Runaway World (2000) Anthony Giddens (editor), Will Hutton (editor) ISBN 0-224-05937-8
 * The Stakeholding Society: Writings on Politics and Economics (1998) ISBN 0-7456-2078-7
 * The State to Come (1997) ISBN 0-09-977881-5
 * The State We're In: Why Britain Is in Crisis and How to Overcome It (1995) ISBN 0-224-03688-2
 * The Revolution That Never Was: An Assessment of Keynesian Economics (1986) ISBN 0-582-29603-X

Contributions to other books

 * Trust: From Socrates to Spin (2004) Kieron O'Hara, Will Hutton (introduction) ISBN 1-84046-531-X

Awards and honours

 * 1996: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Kingston University
 * 1999: Honorary Degree, Staffordshire University
 * 2003: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Bristol
 * 2003: Honorary Doctor of Laws, Glasgow Caledonian University
 * 2006: Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, University of East Anglia
 * 2011: Honorary Doctorate, Middlesex University
 * 2011: Honorary Fellowship, University of Central Lancashire
 * 2013: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Greenwich
 * 2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters, York St John University

title: Will Hutton


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Talk:Will Hutton

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This was pieced together from tidbits of info from various sources on the web, and I think the bibliography is incomplete. Still, it's probably gonna be the best source of information on Will Hutton on the web -- well, on google at least. --Sam

Industrial Society
Will Hutton seems to get an extremely easy ride in the article over his trashing of the Industrial Society which calls into question his much vaunted economic and industrial expertise http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-july-2002/14/will-hutton-feral-capitalist 86.145.180.173 (talk) 23:25, 9 October 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Will Hutton


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User:Baloo rch/pictures

Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María

Strait of Magellan

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Christen Købke

Christen Schiellerup Købke (26 May 1810 – 7 February 1848) was a Danish painter, and one of the best-known artists from the Golden Age of Danish Painting.

Childhood and early training
He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He was one of 11 children born to Peter Berend Købke (1771–1843) and Cecilie Margrethe Petersen (1778–1867). In 1815 the family moved to Kastellet, a military fortification area in Copenhagen, where his father was head baker. At the age of 11 he suffered from a bout of rheumatic fever. He made many drawings during his convalescence and decided that he would become an artist.

In 1822 at 12 years of age he started his studies at Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi). He studied first in the drawing class of Christian August Lorentzen (1749–1828) and finally 4 years under Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg (1783–1853) after Lorentzen's death in 1828. Eckersberg stressed observance of nature, and Købke's talent grew under Eckersberg's disciplined training. Eckersberg's influence is readily seen in Købke's first mature work "Parti af Århus Domkirke" painted in 1829. The painting was purchased by the Art Union (Kunstforening) and is now in the collection of the National Art Museum (Statens Museum for Kunst). He received the academy's small silver medallion in 1831 and a large silver medallion in 1833.

Early career
He lived in Kastellet until 1833 and made many paintings of the area. His painting "Gården ved bageriet i Kastellet" (ca. 1832) hangs in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek museum in Copenhagen.

In 1832 he shared a studio with his friend, landscape painter Frederik Hansen Sødring (1809–1862). He painted a portrait of Sødring which now hangs in the Hirschsprung Collection. In 1834 he moved, along with his parents, outside of Copenhagen's fortifications near Sortedam Lake (Sortedamssøen). He painted many views overlooking the lake towards the city and the embankments surrounding the city. His work became larger, more monumental.

Like many of his contemporary artists he came under the influence of art historian Niels Lauritz Høyen (1798–1870), who promoted a nationalistic art. Høyen called for artists to search for subject matter in the folk life of their country instead of searching for themes in other lands, such as Italy (which was at that time considered a requirement for an artist's training). On a visit to Hillerød in 1835 he painted a romantic picture of Frederiksborg Palace, Frederiksborg Slot ved Aftenbelysning (1835).

At the end of 1837 he married Susanna Cecilie Krohn (1810–1849), and shortly afterwards painted a portrait of his young bride.

Travel to Italy
In 1838 he received a travel stipend from the academy, left his new wife and traveled via Dresden and Munich to Italy accompanied by decorative painter Georg Hilker (1807–1875). They arrived in Rome by year's end where he met his brother-in-law, sculptor and medallionist, Frederik Christopher Krohn (1806–1883) and many other Danish artists. He traveled, along with Constantin Hansen (1804–1880) the following summer to Naples, Sorrento, Pompeii and Capri where he painted in the open air.

Return to Denmark
He returned home in 1840 with a large collection of sketches for later use and inspiration. Unfortunately, most of his later work with these Italian themes was uninspired, and they found little favor. Købke even considered at the time becoming a decorator, having participated in 1844–1845 in the decoration of the Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen, which is dedicated to the artistic works of neo-classicistical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844).

Two years after his father died in 1843, the family sold the property outside Copenhagen, and Købke moved back into the city. His application for admission to the academy, which was accompanied by one of his failed Italian landscapes, was rejected in 1846. He died in 1848 of pneumonia, and is buried in Assistens Kirkegård.

Aftermath
Købke, a national romantic, painted portraits, landscapes and architectural paintings. Most of Købke's portraits show friends, family members and fellow artists. He found most of his motifs in his immediate surroundings. Now he is recognized internationally for his well composed and harmonic paintings, for their coloristic qualities and for his sense of the everyday life. But in his lifetime he was almost forgotten, especially because of his early death and limited production. Despite his talent and the praise of various contemporaries, Købke had never been inundated with commissions.

Købke is recognized today as one of the most talented among Denmark's Golden Age painters and the most internationally renowned Danish painter of his generation. The painterly interpretations he made of his surroundings stand as high points of the period.

His works are in the collections of not only Danish museums but also such international museums as the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh.

Other sources

 * David Jackson; Kasper Monrad (2010) Christen Købke, Danish Master of Light (Yale University Press) ISBN 9780300166637
 * Kasper Monrad; Philip Conisbee; Bjarne Jornaes (1993) The Golden Age of Danish Painting (Hudson Hills Press) ISBN 9781555950859

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Lysis

Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a  cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic"  ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate. In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles.

Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme, found in animal saliva, egg white, and other secretions. Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall. If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used on gram-positive bacteria, then the bacterium is referred to as a protoplast, but if penicillin was used on gram-negative bacteria, then it is called a spheroplast.

Cytolysis
Cytolysis occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to move into the cell.

Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia, which rapidly pump water out of the cell. Cytolysis does not occur under normal conditions in plant cells because plant cells have a strong cell wall that contains the osmotic pressure, or turgor pressure, that would otherwise cause cytolysis to occur.

Oncolysis
Oncolysis is the destruction of neoplastic cells or of a tumour.

The term is also used to refer to the reduction of any swelling.

Plasmolysis
Plasmolysis is the contraction of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis. In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop the contraction of the cell membrane.

Immune response
Erythrocytes' hemoglobin release free radicals in response to pathogens when lysed by them. This can damage the pathogens.

Applications
Cell lysis is used in laboratories to break open cells and purify or further study their contents. Lysis in the laboratory may be affected by enzymes or detergents or other chaotropic agents. Mechanical disruption of cell membranes, as by repeated freezing and thawing, sonication, pressure, or filtration may also be referred to as lysis. Many laboratory experiments are sensitive to the choice of lysis mechanism; often it is desirable to avoid mechanical shear forces that would denature or degrade sensitive macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA, and different types of detergents can yield different results. The unprocessed solution immediately after lysis but before any further extraction steps is often referred to as a crude lysate.

For example, lysis is used in western and Southern blotting to analyze the composition of specific proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids individually or as complexes. Depending on the detergent used, either all or some membranes are lysed. For example, if only the cell membrane is lysed then gradient centrifugation can be used to collect certain organelles. Lysis is also used for protein purification, DNA extraction, and RNA extraction.

Chemical lysis
This method uses chemical disruption. It is the most popular and simple approach. Chemical lysis chemically deteriorates/solubilizes the proteins and lipids present within the membrane of targeted cells.

Acoustic lysis
This method uses ultrasonic waves to generate areas of high and low pressure which causes cavitation and in turn, cell lysis. Though this method usually comes out clean, it fails to be cost effective and consistent.

Mechanical lysis
This method uses physical penetration to pierce or cut a cell membrane.

Enzymatic lysis
This method uses enzymes such as lysozyme or proteases to disintegrate the cell membrane.

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Lyse

Lyse may refer to:

People

 * Lyse Doucet (born 1939), Canadian journalist, presenter and correspondent for BBC World Service radio and BBC World television
 * Lyse Richer (born 1958), Canadian administrator and music teacher
 * Carl L. Lyse (1899–1986), American businessman and politician

Places

 * Lyse Abbey, a former Cistercian abbey in Norway
 * Lyse, an alternative name of Lysebotn, Norway
 * Łyse, Masovian Voivodeship, a village in east-central Poland
 * Łyse, Podlaskie Voivodeship, a village in north-east Poland

Other

 * Lyse AS, a Norwegian power and telecommunications company
 * Lyse (mythology), daughter of Thespius and Megamede in Greek mythology, who bore Heracles a son, Eumedes
 * Lysine exporter (LysE), a superfamily of particular transport proteins
 * Lyse, a verb referring to the process of lysis, the death of a cell by bursting

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Chevremont

Chevremont may refer to:

 * Chevremont, a community in the municipality of Kerkrade in the Netherlands,
 * Chèvremont, a commune in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in France,
 * Chevremont-le-Myrr, the original Anglo-Norman name and etymological root of the village of Kirmond le Mire in Lincolnshire, England,
 * a French surname.

See also Guevremont.

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Eygelshoven

Eygelshoven (, Egelze, Ripuarian: Ejelze ) is a village, since 1982 part of the town of Kerkrade, in the southeast of the Netherlands, close to the German and Belgian borders.

It has two former coal mines, Laura and Julia, which were named after the wives of the two owners. Both pits closed in 1974. The local soccer club is also named after the former coal mines.

Eygelshoven has a small former church from the sixteenth century, which stands on top of a hill. In 1922, another church was built. Architect Alphons Boosten designed the new church. Plans to demolish the old church were abandoned in favour of a new use as a chapel and because of its historical worth.

A third Roman Catholic church was built in 1957, the Pastoor van Arskerk, which was torn down in 1994 when it became redundant.

The old mining village of Eygelshoven was a separate municipality until 1982, when after more than eight centuries it was merged with Kerkrade.

The dialect spoken in Eygelshoven is not the Ripuarian Kerkrade dialect, but a local East Limburgish variety called Egelzer plat. One of the biggest differences between the two is the pronunciation of the letter $⟨g⟩$; in Eygelshoven, it is pronounced as a voiced velar fricative, as in southern Standard Dutch, whereas in Kerkrade it is pronounced as a palatal approximant (as in Colognian), except after back vowels.

Transportation

 * Eygelshoven railway station
 * Eygelshoven Markt railway station

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Gheorghe Mureșan

Gheorghe Dumitru Mureșan (born 14 February 1971), known as The Giant is a Romanian former professional basketball player. At 7 ft, he is one of the two tallest players to have played in the NBA.

Early life
Mureșan was born in Tritenii de Jos, Cluj County, Romania. Although his parents' heights were relatively typical, he grew to his remarkable height due to a pituitary gland disorder called acromegaly.

CS Universitatea Cluj-Napoca (1991–1992)
Mureșan played competitive basketball at Universitatea Cluj, becoming national champion in 1992.

Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez (1992–1993)
Mureșan played professionally in the French league with Pau-Orthez during the 1992–93 season and was an instant hit with fans, also managing to win the French League Cup.

Washington Bullets / Wizards (1993–1998)
Mureșan was selected by the NBA's Washington Bullets in the 1993 NBA draft. He played in the NBA from 1993 to 2000 showing signs of a promising career that was derailed by injuries. His best season came in the 1995–1996 campaign, when he averaged 14.5 points per game.

Mureșan was named the NBA's Most Improved Player for the 1995–96 season after averaging 14.5 points, 9.6 rebounds, 2.26 blocks per game while making a league-leading 58.4 percent of his field goals. He led in field goal percentage again the following season, with a 60.4% average. Overall, he holds career averages of 9.8 points, 6.4 rebounds, 0.5 assists, 1.48 blocks per game and a .573 field goal percentage.

New Jersey Nets (1999–2000)
Mureșan joined the New Jersey Nets for the final 31 games of his NBA career.

Return to Pau-Orthez (2000–2001)
After ending his NBA career, Mureșan had another stint at Pau-Orthez where he won the French league before returning to the United States with his family. He normally wore number 77, in reference to his height.

On 11 March 2007, Mureșan played a game for the Maryland Nighthawks as part of the tallest lineup in the history of basketball. This was the only basketball game Mureșan played where he was not the tallest person on the court, as Sun Mingming is 7 ft.

Other work

In 2004, Mureșan founded the Giant Basketball Academy (GBA), a program dedicated to teaching the proper fundamentals of basketball to boys and girls of all ages. The Academy is located in Ashburn, Virginia.

Mureșan is also part of the Washington Wizards marketing and public relations team, serving as an "ambassador" for the team.

Mureșan co-authored two young adult fitness and health books: The Boy's Fitness Guide and The Girl's Fitness Guide.

In 2013, Mureșan participated in the first annual 3v3 UMTTR (You Matter) Basketball Tournament to increase awareness, prevention and research of teen suicide, the leading cause of death among adults and children between the ages of 15 and 24.

Acting
Outside basketball, Mureșan has dabbled in acting, playing the title character in 1998 feature film My Giant starring comedian Billy Crystal. Mureșan also acted in the films Adventures of Serial Buddies (2011) and Manodrome (2023).

He appeared as a ventriloquist in the music video for Eminem's breakthrough single "My Name Is". He has appeared in commercials for Snickers candy bars, and sports television network ESPN.

Personal life
Mureșan and his wife Liliana and sons George and Victor have resided in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, but they relocated to the suburbs of Washington, D.C. Since the 2016–2017 season, his oldest son, George, has played for the Georgetown University Hoyas as a walk-on forward. His younger son Victor joined the Hoyas as a walk-on in the 2020–2021 season. Victor is 6'10" and 190 pounds.

title: Gheorghe Mureșan


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When in Rome (band)

When in Rome are an English synth-pop/new wave group, which originally consisted of vocalists Clive Farrington and Andrew Mann, and keyboardist Michael Floreale. They are best known for their 1988 single "The Promise", which was their only top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. As of July 2012, there were two bands using the When in Rome name, although the original lineup has been disbanded since 1990.

Formation
Michael Floreale and Andy O'Connell were recruited by Clive Farrington to replace departed members of his Manchester-based group Beau Leisure. Floreale and Farrington began to write songs together. Later, Farrington and Floreale saw Andrew Mann, a beat poet, and had him join their performances. O'Connell left the group; the remaining trio recorded some demos – sometimes including Mann's friend Corinne Drewery of Swing Out Sister – while seeking a recording deal. Farrington and Floreale came up with the band name after using the famous proverb to note the cultural differences between Manchester and London. The band was signed to Elektra Records for a month before the label closed its London office, forcing the band to leave due to the time difference with the U.S.

Debut album
The band was signed to Virgin UK subsidiary 10 Records, and their self-titled debut album was released on 3 May 1988. Producers Ben Rogan (who had worked with Sade) and Richard James Burgess took special interest in the trio's song "The Promise", issued first as a 12" dance disc. When the song became popular, hitting the top of Billboards Dance Club Play chart, Virgin ordered an album. A remixed version of "The Promise" was the album's first single. It was an instant success, barely missing the top ten in the United States, peaking at No. 11. Months later, the trio reached Billboards pop chart's lower reaches for the last time with "Heaven Knows" (No. 95, 1990). Additional singles did little on the charts, and the group ultimately faded away.

Breakup, reformation, and legal issues
In 1990, Floreale was fired by Farrington and Mann over creative differences and When in Rome disbanded shortly after Virgin Records dropped them in 1993. Floreale moved to the United States, and now lives in Dallas, Texas, where he composes music for television and film. Tensions arose between the members again in 2003, when "The Promise" was used in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite and Floreale made sole claim to the song, despite the trio receiving equal royalties.

Floreale reformed the band in 2006 with vocalist and guitarist John Ceravolo under the name "When in Rome II". Since then, the band has toured the United States and South America with various other 1980s groups. Farrington and Mann reformed in 2009, under the name "When in Rome UK". Floreale, however, had trademarked the name "When in Rome" in 2010,   which was unsuccessfully challenged by Farrington and Mann. According to a Pollstar article in May 2011, the US trademark has been acknowledged: "In order to comply with the legal claim, the UK members, are billed as "Clive Farrington and Andrew Mann formerly of When In Rome" for U.S. gigs. In addition, Floreale filed an infringement claim against Rob Juarez, an associate of Farrington and Mann who attempted to trademark his tribute band name "When in Rome Revisited".

Present day
On 10 May 2016, Farrington, with Pat Flanagan, published his autobiography Confessions of a One Hit Wonder: "The Promise" ... And the Aftermath.

As of 2019, When in Rome UK performs in the U.S. as "Farrington+Mann Original Members of When in Rome UK".

In 2019, When In Rome II reformed with former Ultravox singer and Enuff Z'Nuff guitarist, Tony Fennell.

In 2020, Farrington+Mann, in collaboration with the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra and Slovenia Symphonic Film Orchestra, released a 30th anniversary orchestral edition of their hit song "The Promise" on both CD and vinyl.

Original line-up (1987–1990)

 * Clive Farrington – vocals
 * Andrew Mann – vocals
 * Michael Floreale – keyboards

When in Rome II (2006–present)

 * Michael Floreale – keyboards
 * Tony Fennell – vocals, guitar
 * Chris Willett – drums
 * Jack Ivins - drums

When in Rome UK (2009–present)

 * Clive Farrington – vocals
 * Andrew Mann – vocals
 * Rob Juarez – drums

title: When in Rome (band)


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Hfr cell

A high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr cell) (also called an Hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (for example, the F-factor) integrated into its chromosomal DNA. The integration of the plasmid into the cell's chromosome is through homologous recombination. A conjugative plasmid capable of chromosome integration is also called an episome (a segment of DNA that can exist as a plasmid or become integrated into the chromosome). When conjugation occurs, Hfr cells are very efficient in delivering chromosomal genes of the cell into recipient F− cells, which lack the episome.

History
The Hfr strain was first characterized by Luca Cavalli-Sforza. William Hayes also isolated another Hfr strain independently.

Transfer of bacterial chromosome by Hfr cells
An Hfr cell can transfer a portion of the bacterial genome. Despite being integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the bacteria, the F factor of Hfr cells can still initiate conjugative transfer, without being excised from the bacterial chromosome first. Due to the F factor's inherent tendency to transfer itself during conjugation, the rest of the bacterial genome is dragged along with it. Therefore, unlike a normal F+ cell, Hfr strains will attempt to transfer their entire DNA through the mating bridge, in a fashion similar to the normal conjugation. In a typical conjugation, the recipient cell also becomes F+ after conjugation as it receives an entire copy of the F factor plasmid; but this is not the case in conjugation mediated by Hfr cells. Due to the large size of bacterial chromosome, it is very rare for the entire chromosome to be transferred into the F − cell as time required is simply too long for the cells to maintain their physical contact. Therefore, as the conjugative transfer is not complete (the circular nature of plasmid and bacterial chromosome requires complete transfer for the F factor to be transferred as it may be cut in the middle), the recipient F− cells do not receive the complete F factor sequence, and do not become F + due to its inability to form a sex pilus.

Interrupted mating technique
In conjugation mediated by Hfr cells, transfer of DNA starts at the origin of transfer (oriT) located within the F factor and then continues clockwise or counterclockwise depending on the orientation of F factor in the chromosome. Therefore, the length of chromosomal DNA transferred into the F− cell is proportional to the time that conjugation is allowed to happen. This results in sequential transfer of genes on the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial geneticists make use of this principle to map the genes on the bacterial chromosome. This technique is called interrupted mating as geneticists allow conjugation to take place for different periods of time before stopping conjugation with a high-speed blender. By using Hfr and F− strains with one strain carrying mutations in several genes, each affecting a metabolic function or causing antibiotic resistance, and examining the phenotype of the recipient cells on selective agar plates, one can deduce which genes are transferred into the recipient cells first and therefore are closer to the oriT sequence on the chromosome.

The F-prime cell
F-prime cell contains F-plasmid that integrates with the chromosomal DNA and carries part of the chromosomal DNA along with it while being excised from the chromosome. Thus F-prime plasmid is the plasmid, containing part of the chromosomal DNA which can be transferred to recipient cell, along with the plasmid during conjugation.

title: Hfr cell


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Talk:Seasonal affective disorder

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 August 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Paigepotvin.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

NPOV dispute Role of occupational therapy in treating SAD
Most of the therapies under the section "Role of occupational therapy in treating SAD " are not specific to occupational therapy. Many of them would be better placed under general treatment and discussed as falling under the scope of those professions who would carry out or prescribe the treatment. Counsellors would be more likely than OT to do all the psychological approaches to sad listed under this section. Outdoor therapy, pharmacotherapy, and light therapy would most likely be prescribed by a psychiatrist or a primary care physician. This currently reads like a sales pitch for OT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.194.68.226 (talk) 21:22, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

The discussion on OTs is also longer than all of the other segments of the article combined including pathophysiology and diagnosis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.121.178.228 (talk) 04:17, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

 * You're right. The section on OT is indeed odd and should be fixed. I wouldn't have the time to do it, but wanted to voice my support for this change. Of course, you're free to edit the article yourself. Be sure to look at the sources and adhere to what they say. TimidGuy (talk) 09:50, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I posted a notice at Wikiproject Medicine regarding the issue you raised. Wikipedia Administrator Doc James explained that this section was a class project. Instead of integrating material into the section on general treatment, as you suggested, he moved the material to a new article: Occupational therapy in the management of seasonal affective disorder, presumably in order to retain the work of these students. Treatments mentioned in the new article that aren't included here could be added to this article. If I have time, I may take a look at that. You're also free to adapt some of the content of that article into this one. I also tried to fix some of the issues with the non-encyclopedic tone in the new article, but more needs to be done. TimidGuy (talk) 10:59, 11 June 2013 (UTC)

Scandinavian names
I remember this affection has some local names. Is it so? --93.147.30.191 (talk) 10:59, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

Original research?
"Fish are high in vitamin D. Fish also contain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which help with a variety of neurological dysfunctions." These statements are easily verifiable, and indeed a reference is included in the article. But there does not seem to be a source listed for the implication that vitamin D and DHA may explain the lack of SAD in Iceland and Japan. I've added an tag for this reason. Mr. Granger (talk) 20:11, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * And then you removed it altogether, which makes the paragraph useless.. Bataaf van Oranje (Prinsgezinde) (talk) 05:46, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Blue light therapy
Since blue light therapy is becoming more popular, it would be nice if we had a little about the theory behind it. Blue light stimulates the ipRGCs (Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells). We have about 3000 of them in each retina. They carry a light-sensitive molecule called melanopsin with peak sensitivity at 480 nm (roughly sky blue). The ipRGCs also receive input from rod and cone cells (through interneurons), so that the response curve is complex and non-linear. However, anything in the 460-480 nm range seems to work, so long as it's reasonably bright and of long duration (100 seconds or more). Effectiveness is measured by taking blood draws before and after. What is measured is serum melatonin levels. Melatonin builds up in our system in the evening and makes people feel sleepy. That's why you're supposed to avoid blue light in the last hour before you go to sleep. In the morning blue light stimulates melatonin suppression, which is supposed to wake you up.

SAD is thought to be caused by some sort of disruption in the biological clock, which is why light therapy is supposed to help. The problem with fluorescent lights is that they produce very little in the blue range, just red, green, and violet. That might explain why daylight and sunlight are more effective. Meanwhile, the blue light hazard peaks at about 440 nm, but is still moderately high at 460 nm. That's why 480 nm (peak) would probably be safer. Since LEDs are usually marketed in terms of dominant wavelength that would come out to about 490 nm dominant, which is widely available and cheap. (That wavelength is popular for cheap automobile accessories, used by young people to trick out or "pimp" their automobiles. If you search Google Images on "ice blue" "led" and "lights" you'll see what 480peak/490dominant looks like.) Zyxwv99 (talk) 23:59, 8 November 2015 (UTC)

Definition and Causes
I am interested in changing the description of the disorder from "depressive symptoms in the winter or summer", to “depressive symptoms at the same time each year”. This is because SAD, although most common in the winter, can arise at different times depending on the individual, although it must be consistent with a specific time of year to be considered seasonal. For example, some people may start experiencing symptoms in the early fall.

I also am interested in including a sentence on the social factors perspective in the Cause section, as well as research on predisposition to SAD based on personality traits, from an academic journal article titled "Chronotype And Personality Factors Of Predisposition To Seasonal Affective Disorder" that describes a correlation. LilyC414 (talk) 15:51, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Added animation
Animation about light entering eyes and signal pathway. Let me know if you want anything added or changed. Feedback welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommy animator (talk • contribs) 22:12, 29 July 2016 (UTC)

Controversy
The lead cited one article disputing SAD: "The validity of SAD has been questioned by a 2016 analysis by the Center for Disease Control, in which no links were detected between depression and seasonality or sunlight exposure." I removed it because it was giving undue weight to a fringe view. Furthermore, that study has received a number of replies in the literature:  Therefore, a summary of the replies should be written before the paragraph is restored. fgnievinski (talk) 03:26, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

I restored it because the view that SAD may not exist is not a fringe-theory by Wikipedia's standards. Fringe theories are pseudoscientific or based on unreliable sources, whereas the hypothesis that SAD does not exist is scientific and supported by credible data. It is also a well-known hypothesis, because when the CDC study came out, dozens of mainstream outlets like Scientific American reported on it. Given this notability, having a single sentence does not give undue weight to the hypothesis. On the other hand, removing references to the study is suppressing relevant information. If you think there needs to be more context given to the results of the study, then provide that context, but we should not suppress information from credible studies that were reported by many mainstream news outlets.

External links modified (January 2018)
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Nice name.
“SAD affects approximately 8% of individuals in the United States” SantacruiserMcWiki (talk) 23:21, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

Negative Ion and Pseudoscience
The bizarre psuedoscientific image posted without context on the page, and the regular mention of negative ion therapy, in addition to the previous discussions of this topic, makes me suspect that negative ion therapy is being pushed more than justified. As far as I can tell from the citations it is all researched by a single guy, and ion type therapies are extremely common scams.

I'm not a regular Wikipedia user but I would recommend that the image be removed, and that someone competent do a review of all the data, and summarise it to the best of our knowledge, and decide how much is pseudoscience and how prominent (if at all) a position negative ion therapy deserves. 118.209.192.158 (talk) 00:44, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Article bloat with city listing
, what are you doing? I just removed that massive wall-o-data that is only a tangent for this article subject. Images of the city skylines? Really? That chart was over 75K. We don't need that kind of bloating. What is the relevance? — Berean Hunter   (talk)  02:00, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 111 First-Semester College Composition
— Assignment last updated by Lincol7 (talk) 21:30, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seasonal affective disorder


text:
Kes

Kes or KES may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Kes (band), a musical ensemble from Trinidad
 * Kes (film), 1969 film directed by Ken Loach
 * Kes (Star Trek), a fictional character in Star Trek: Voyager

Education

 * Kellom Elementary School, an elementary school in the United States
 * KES College, a college in Cyprus
 * King Edward's School (disambiguation), several uses

Other uses

 * Keş, a village in Azerbaijan
 * Kes (Judaism), a rabbi in the Beta Israel community
 * Willem Kes (1856–1934), Dutch conductor and violinist
 * Kawabata evaluation system, a measure of the mechanical properties of fabrics
 * Kelsey Airport, Canada, IATA airport code KES
 * Kenyan shilling, the currency of Kenya, ISO code KES
 * Killer Elite Squad, a professional wrestling tag team
 * Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei, a defunct tram company in Oslo, Norway
 * Kesh (Sikhism), or kas, the uncut hair worn by members of the Sikh faith

title: Kes


text:
Israel Zangwill

Israel Zangwill (14 February 1864 – 1 August 1926; birth date sometimes given as 21 January 1864) was a British author at the forefront of cultural Zionism during the 19th century, and was a close associate of Theodor Herzl. He later rejected the search for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and became the prime thinker behind the territorial movement.

Early life and education
Zangwill was born in Whitechapel, London on 21 January 1864, in a family of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Moses Zangwill, was from what is now Latvia, and his mother, Ellen Hannah Marks Zangwill, was from what is now Poland. He dedicated his life to championing the cause of people he considered oppressed, becoming involved with topics such as Jewish emancipation, Jewish assimilation, territorialism, Zionism, and women's suffrage. His brother was novelist Louis Zangwill.

Zangwill received his early schooling in Plymouth and Bristol. When he was eight years old, his parents moved to Spitalfields, East London and he was enrolled in the Jews' Free School there, a school for Jewish immigrant children. The school offered a strict course of both secular and religious studies while supplying clothing, food, and health care for the scholars; presently one of its four houses is named Zangwill in his honour. At this school he excelled and even taught part-time, eventually becoming a full-fledged teacher.

While teaching, he studied for his degree from the University of London, earning a BA with triple honours in 1884.

Writings
Zangwill published some of his works under the pen-names J. Freeman Bell (for works written in collaboration), and Countess von S. and Marshallik.

He had already written a tale entitled The Premier and the Painter in collaboration with Louis Cowen, when he resigned his position as a teacher at the Jews' Free School owing to differences with the school managers and ventured into journalism. He initiated and edited Ariel, The London Puck, and did miscellaneous work for the London press.

Zangwill's work earned him the nickname "the Dickens of the Ghetto". He wrote a very influential novel Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892), which the late 19th-century English novelist George Gissing called "a powerful book".

The use of the metaphorical phrase "melting pot" to describe American absorption of immigrants was popularised by Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, a success in the United States in 1909–10. The theatrical work explored the themes of ethnic tensions and the idea of cultural assimilation in early 20th-century America.

When The Melting Pot opened in Washington, D.C., on 5 October 1908, former President Theodore Roosevelt leaned over the edge of his box and shouted "That's a great play, Mr. Zangwill. That's a great play." In 1912, Zangwill received a letter from Roosevelt in which Roosevelt wrote of The Melting Pot "That particular play I shall always count among the very strong and real influences upon my thought and my life."

The protagonist of the play is David Quixano, a Russian Jewish immigrant who arrives in New York City after the Kishinev pogrom, in which his entire family is killed. He writes a great symphony named "The Crucible" expressing his hope for a world in which all ethnicity has melted away, and becomes enamored of a beautiful Russian Christian immigrant named Vera. The dramatic climax of the play is the moment when David meets Vera's father, who turns out to be the Russian officer responsible for the annihilation of David's family. Vera's father admits guilt, the symphony is performed to accolades, and David and Vera agree to wed and kiss as the curtain falls.

"Melting Pot celebrated America's capacity to absorb and grow from the contributions of its immigrants." Zangwill was writing as "a Jew who no longer wanted to be a Jew. His real hope was for a world in which the entire lexicon of racial and religious difference is thrown away."

However, the play also addresses the challenges and conflicts that arise when different ethnic groups collide. It portrays the tensions between the Jewish and Christian communities, as well as the struggles of immigrants to find their place in a new society while preserving their cultural heritage.

"The Melting Pot" resonated with audiences during its time, as it captured the spirit of the American immigrant experience and explored issues of assimilation, identity, and the potential for a unified nation. The play contributed to the discourse on multiculturalism and the American identity, and it remains a significant work in the context of American theater and the portrayal of ethnic tensions on stage.

Zangwill wrote many other plays, including, on Broadway, Children of the Ghetto (1899), a dramatization of his own novel, directed by James A. Herne and starring Blanche Bates, Ada Dwyer, and Wilton Lackaye; Merely Mary Ann (1903) and Nurse Marjorie (1906), both of which were directed by Charles Cartwright and starred Eleanor Robson. Liebler & Co. produced all three plays as well as The Melting Pot. Daniel Frohman produced Zangwill's 1904 play The Serio-Comic Governess, featuring Cecilia Loftus, Kate Pattison-Selten, and Julia Dean. In 1931, Jules Furthman adapted Merely Mary Ann for a movie with Janet Gaynor.

Zangwill's simulation of Yiddish sentence structure in English aroused great interest. He also wrote mystery works, such as The Big Bow Mystery (1892), and social satire, such as The King of Schnorrers (1894), a picaresque novel (which became a short-lived musical comedy in 1979). His Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898) includes essays on famous Jews such as Baruch Spinoza, Heinrich Heine and Ferdinand Lassalle.

The Big Bow Mystery was one of the first locked room mystery novels. It has been almost continuously in print since 1891 and has been used as the basis for three movies. Another much produced play was The Lens Grinder, based on the life of Spinoza.

Politics
Zangwill endorsed feminism and pacifism, but his greatest effect may have been as a writer who popularised the idea of the combination of ethnicities into a single, American nation. The hero of his widely produced play The Melting Pot proclaims: "America is God's Crucible, the great Melting-Pot where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming...Germans and Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and Russians – into the Crucible with you all! God is making the American."

Jewish politics
Zangwill was also involved with specifically Jewish issues as an assimilationist, an early Zionist, and a territorialist. Jewish territorialism was a political movement that emerged as a response to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe during the early 20th century. It proposed the establishment of a Jewish homeland outside of Palestine, offering alternative solutions to the ongoing debate about Jewish self-determination and Zionism.  After having for a time endorsed Theodor Herzl, including presiding over a meeting at the Maccabean Club, London, addressed by Herzl on 24 November 1895, and endorsing the main Palestine-oriented Zionist movement. Zangwill changed his mind and founded his own organization, named the Jewish Territorialist Organization in 1905, advocating a Jewish homeland in whatever land might be available in the world which could be found for them, with speculations including Canada, Australia, Mesopotamia, Uganda and Cyrenaica.

Zangwill is inaccurately known for creating the slogan "A land without a people for a people without a land" describing Zionist aspirations in the Biblical land of Israel. He did not invent the phrase; he acknowledged borrowing it from Lord Shaftesbury. In 1853, during the preparation for the Crimean War, Shaftesbury wrote to Foreign Secretary Aberdeen that Greater Syria was "a country without a nation" in need of "a nation without a country.... Is there such a thing? To be sure there is, the ancient and rightful lords of the soil, the Jews!" In his diary that year he wrote "these vast and fertile regions will soon be without a ruler, without a known and acknowledged power to claim dominion. The territory must be assigned to some one or other.... There is a country without a nation; and God now in his wisdom and mercy, directs us to a nation without a country." Shaftesbury himself was echoing the sentiments of Alexander Keith, D.D.

In 1901, in the New Liberal Review, Zangwill wrote that "Palestine is a country without a people; the Jews are a people without a country".

Theodor Herzl got along well with Israel Zangwill, and Max Nordau. They were both writers or 'men of letters'. In a debate at the Article Club in November 1901 Zangwill was still misreading the situation: "Palestine has but a small population of Arabs and fellahin and wandering, lawless, blackmailing Bedouin tribes." To conclude his opening address to the Article Club, Zangwill pretended to speak as the weary, Ashkenazic folktale character, the Wandering Jew, saying, "restore the country without a people to the people without a country... For we have something to give as well as to get. We can sweep away the blackmailer—be he Pasha or Bedouin—we can make the wilderness blossom as the rose, and build up in the heart of the world a civilization that may be a mediator and interpreter between the East and the West."

In 1902, Zangwill wrote that Palestine "remains at this moment an almost uninhabited, forsaken and ruined Turkish territory". However, within a few years, Zangwill had "become fully aware of the Arab peril", telling an audience in New York, "Palestine proper has already its inhabitants. The pashalik of Jerusalem is already twice as thickly populated as the United States" leaving Zionists the choice of driving the Arabs out or dealing with a "large alien population". He moved his support to the Uganda scheme, leading to a break with the mainstream Zionist movement by 1905. In 1908, Zangwill told a London court that he had been naive when he made his 1901 speech and had since "realized what is the density of the Arab population", namely twice that of the United States. In 1913 he criticized those who insisted on repeating that Palestine was "empty and derelict" and who called him a traitor for reporting otherwise.

According to Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Zangwill told him in 1916 that, "If you wish to give a country to a people without a country, it is utter foolishness to allow it to be the country of two peoples. This can only cause trouble. The Jews will suffer and so will their neighbours. One of the two: a different place must be found either for the Jews or for their neighbours".

In 1917, he wrote "'Give the country without a people,' magnanimously pleaded Lord Shaftesbury, 'to the people without a country.' Alas, it was a misleading mistake. The country holds 600,000 Arabs." In 1921, Zangwill suggested Lord Shaftesbury "was literally inexact in describing Palestine as a country without a people, he was essentially correct, for there is no Arab people living in intimate fusion with the country, utilizing its resources and stamping it with a characteristic impress: there is at best an Arab encampment, the break-up of which would throw upon the Jews the actual manual labor of regeneration and prevent them from exploiting the fellahin, whose numbers and lower wages are moreover a considerable obstacle to the proposed immigration from Poland and other suffering centers".

Quotes
Zangwill listed the following as his more striking passages:

 * What is, is right. If aught seem wrong below,/Then wrong it is – of thee to leave it so. – Without Prejudice
 * Art is truth seen as beauty. – The Master
 * Hunted from shore to shore through the ages they had found the national aspiration – peace – in a country where Passover came without menace of blood. – Children of the Ghetto
 * The Jewish mission will never be over till the Christians are converted to the religion of Christ. – Dreamers of the Ghetto
 * Each poor man is a rung in the Jacob's ladder by which the rich man may, if he is charitable, mount to heaven. – The King of Schnorrers

Views
In his writings, Zangwill expressed mixed sentiments about the then-territory of Palestine, parts of which became the modern State of Israel in 1948, two decades after his death. After the establishment of the state, Philip Rubin speculated that the new state might have met his aspirations.

He was an early suffragist.

During World War I, he advocated the formation of a Jewish foreign legion to the central powers.

"The League of Damnations" is a term associated with Zangwill's critique of the anti-Semitic sentiment prevalent in Europe during his time. He used this phrase to describe the collective hostility and discrimination faced by Jewish people in various countries. Zangwill was an ardent opponent of anti-Semitism and used his writings to expose and challenge the prejudices and injustices faced by Jews.

Personal life
Zangwill married Edith Ayrton in 1903. She was a feminist and author, and the daughter of cousins William Edward Ayrton and Matilda Chaplin Ayrton. Ayrton's stepmother was Hertha Ayrton, who, like Zangwill, was Jewish.

The Zangwill family lived for many years in East Preston, West Sussex in a house named Far End. The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter. The younger of their two sons was the British psychologist Oliver Zangwill.

Zangwill died of pneumonia on 1 August 1926 at a nursing home in Midhurst, West Sussex. He had spent two months at the nursing home.

Other works

 * The Bachelors' Club (London : Henry, 1891)
 * The Old Maid’s Club (1892)
 * The Big Bow Mystery (1892)
 * Merely Mary Ann (1893) (London: Raphael Tuck & Sons, illustrated by Mark Zangwill)
 * The King of Schnorrers (1894)
 * The Master (1895) (based on the life of friend and illustrator George Wylie Hutchinson)
 * Without Prejudice (1896)
 * The Grey Wig: Stories and Novelettes (1903) which include The Grey Wig; Chasse-Croise; The Woman Beater; The Eternal Feminine; The Silent Sisters; Merely Mary Ann
 * Merely Mary Ann (1904) - Separate edition with photo illustrations from the stage production
 * The Serio-Comic Governess (1904)
 * Nurse Marjorie (1906)
 * The Melting Pot (1909)
 * Italian Fantasies (1910)
 * The Mantle of Elijah (London : Heinemann)
 * The Principle of Nationalities (1917)
 * Chosen Peoples (1919)

As translator:
 * Selected Religious Poems of Solomon ibn Gabirol; pub. The Jewish Publication Society of America (1923)

The "of the Ghetto" books:
 * Children of the Ghetto: A Study of a Peculiar People (1892)
 * Grandchildren of the Ghetto (1892)
 * Dreamers of the Ghetto (1898)
 * Ghetto Tragedies, (1899)
 * Ghetto Comedies, (1907)

Filmography

 * Children of the Ghetto, directed by Frank Powell (1915, based on the play Children of the Ghetto)
 * The Melting Pot, directed by Oliver D. Bailey and James Vincent (1915, based on the play The Melting Pot)
 * Merely Mary Ann, directed by John G. Adolfi (1916, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
 * The Moment Before, directed by Robert G. Vignola (1916, based on the play The Moment of Death)
 * Mary Ann, directed by Alexander Korda (Hungary, 1918, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
 * Nurse Marjorie, directed by William Desmond Taylor (1920, based on the play Nurse Marjorie)
 * Merely Mary Ann, directed by Edward LeSaint (1920, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
 * The Bachelor's Club, directed by A. V. Bramble (1921, based on the novel We Moderns)
 * We Moderns, directed by John Francis Dillon (1925, based on the play We Moderns)
 * Too Much Money, directed by John Francis Dillon (1926, based on the play Too Much Money)
 * Perfect Crime (1928 film), directed by Bert Glennon (1928, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)
 * Merely Mary Ann, directed by Henry King (1931, based on the play Merely Mary Ann)
 * The Crime Doctor, directed by John S. Robertson (1934, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)
 * The Verdict, directed by Don Siegel (1946, based on the novel The Big Bow Mystery)

Own writing

 * "The Return to Palestine", New Liberal Review, Dec. 1901
 * "Providence, Palestine and the Rothschilds", The Speaker, vol. 4, no. 125 (22 February 1902).
 * The War For The World. New York: Macmillan, 1916.
 * Hands Off Russia: Speech by Mr. Israel Zangwill at the Albert Hall, February 8th, 1919. London: Workers' Socialist Federation, n.d. [1919].
 * The Voice of Jerusalem. New York: Macmillan, 1921.
 * The Voice of Jerusalem. New York: Macmillan, 1921.

title: Israel Zangwill


text:
Hannah Weiner

Hannah Adelle Weiner (née Finegold) (November 4, 1928 – September 11, 1997) was an American poet who is often grouped with the Language poets because of the prominent place she assumed in the poetics of that group.

Early life and writings
Weiner was born in Providence, Rhode Island and attended Classical High School, until 1946, and then Radcliffe College. She graduated with a B.A. in 1950, with a dissertation on Henry James. Working in publishing and then in Bloomingdale's department store, she was married and then divorced after four years.

Weiner started writing poetry in 1963 though her first chapbook, The Magritte Poems after René Magritte, was not published until 1970. It is not indicative of her latter work, being "basically a New York School attempt to write verse in response to the paintings of René Magritte".

During the 1960s she also organized and participated in a number of happenings with other members of the New York City art scene, where she had been living for some time. These included 'Hannah Weiner at Her Job', "a sort of open house hosted by her employer, A.H. Schreiber Co., Inc." and 'Fashion Show Poetry Event' with Eduardo Costa, John Perreault, Andy Warhol and others in a "collaborative and innovative enterprise that incorporated conceptual art, design, poetry and performance."

During this time Weiner composed poems using flag semaphore and the International Code of Signals, including a version of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet titled "R+J." In 1968, These works were performed by off-duty U.S. Coast Guard signalers in Central Park.

In the late 1960s Weiner's work was published in 0 to 9 magazine, an experimental avant-garde magazine that explored language and meaning-making.

Mature work
In the early 1970s, Weiner began writing a series of journals that were partly the result of her experiments with automatic writing and partly a result of her schizophrenia. Judith Goldman claims that politics and ethics were central to a mode of writing she developed and called "clair-style," which used "words and phrases clairvoyantly seen" and that Weiner arrived at a method of composing that employed "these seen elements exclusively." Goldman also provides the insight that "Weiner let no representation of herself circulate that did not take her status as a clairvoyant into account." She influenced a number of the language poets and was included in the In the American Tree anthology of Language poetry (edited by Ron Silliman). Beginning with Little Books/Indians (1980) and Spoke (1984) Weiner's work engaged with Native American politics, particularly the American Indian Movement and the case of imprisoned activist Leonard Peltier.

Legacy
Interest in Weiner continues into the 21st century with the recent publication of Hannah Weiner’s Open House (2007), "a representative selection spanning her decades of poetic output" This volume was edited by Patrick F. Durgin, who provides an overview of Weiner's art:

Hannah Weiner’s influence extends from the 1960s New York avant-garde, where she was part of an unprecedented confluence of poets, performance and visual artists including Philip Glass, Andy Warhol, Carolee Schneemann, John Perrault, David Antin, and Bernadette Mayer. Like fellow-traveler Jackson Mac Low, she became an important part of the Language poetry of the 1970s and 1980s, and her influence can be seen today in the so-called "New Narrative" work stemming from the San Francisco Bay Area. With other posthumous publications of late, her work is being discussed by scholars in feminist studies, poetics, and disability studies. But there does not yet exist a representative selection spanning her decades of poetic output. Hannah Weiner’s Open House aims to remedy this with previously uncollected (and mostly never-published) work, including performance texts, early New York School influenced lyric poems, odes and remembrances to / of Mac Low and Ted Berrigan, and later “clair-style” works.

In 2016, her "Code Poems" and early performance work was commemorated in a Public Art Fund exhibition outside of New York City Hall. In 2019, the code poem "R+J" was publicly reperformed in Central Park for the first time in 50 years.

title: Hannah Weiner


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Lake County Captains

The Lake County Captains are a Minor League Baseball team in Eastlake, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland,  that plays in the Midwest League as the High-A affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians.

The Captains joined the Class A Midwest League following the 2009 season in a shuffle caused by the Columbus Catfish's move to Bowling Green, Kentucky, for the 2009 season. The move alleviated travel costs and time, as it was the South Atlantic League's northernmost team.

Prior to the 2003 season, the club was based in Columbus, Georgia, and known as the Columbus RedStixx. The Captains play their home games in Classic Park, which has a capacity of 6,157 and opened in 2003 as Eastlake Stadium. The current stadium name is the result of a naming rights arrangement; the sponsor is Classic Automotive Group, a major area chain of auto dealerships. Classic Park hosted the South Atlantic League All-Star Game on June 20, 2006.

In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Captains were organized into the High-A Central. In 2022, the High-A Central became known as the Midwest League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.

Franchise regular season win–loss records
Columbus Indians (73–69) Columbus RedStixx (823–711) Lake County Captains (853–810 entering 2016)
 * 1991: 73–69
 * 1992: 77–62 (1st Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 1993: 86–56
 * 1994: 87–51 (1st Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 1995: 80–62 (2nd Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 1996: 79–63 (2nd Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 1997: 62–76
 * 1998: 59–81
 * 1999: 70–71 (1st Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 2000: 67–70 (1st Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 2001: 77–59
 * 2002: 79–60 (2nd Half Southern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 2003: 97–43 (1st & 2nd Half Northern Division Champions – SAL) (Best regular season record in pro baseball in 2003, min 120 games)
 * 2004: 73–66
 * 2005: 72–66
 * 2006: 64–74
 * 2007: 64–74
 * 2008: 75–65 (1st Half Northern Division Champions – SAL)
 * 2009: 71–66
 * 2010: 77–62 (1st Half Eastern Division Champions – MWL & Midwest League Champions)
 * 2011: 53–86
 * 2012: 71–68 (2nd Half; Clinched MWL Wild Card - Lost in Semifinal Round)
 * 2013: 54–83
 * 2014: 65–74 (2nd Half; Clinched MWL Wild Card - Lost in Championship Round)
 * 2015: 71–66
 * 2016: 72–68
 * 2017: 54–85
 * 2018: 60–79
 * 2019: 74–64 (1st Half; Clinched MWL Wild Card - Lost in Quarterfinal Round)
 * 2020: Season Suspended due to COVID-19 Pandemic
 * 2021: 65–55
 * 2022: 76–53 (2nd half East Division Champions - MWL Runner-up)
 * 2023: 65–64
 * 2024: TBD (1st half East Division Champions)

Franchise records

 * Win–loss record entering 2024:
 * .510 overall
 * .500 as the Lake County Captains

 * Longest winning streak: 13 games (May 27 – June 8, 2003)
 * Longest losing streak: 10 games (June 8–18, 2011) & (April 10–19, 2012)
 * Pitcher with most wins in a season: Steve Kline, 18 in 1994 (also league leader that year)
 * Hitter with most home runs in a season: Russell Branyan, 40 in 1996 (also league leader that year)

Playoffs (since 2005)

 * 2008: Lost to West Virginia 2–1 in semifinals
 * 2010: Defeated West Michigan 2–1 in quarterfinals; Defeated Great Lakes 2–1 in semifinals
 * 2012: Defeated Bowling Green 2–0 in quarterfinals; lost to Fort Wayne 2–0 in semifinals
 * 2014: Defeated South Bend 2–0 in quarterfinals; defeated Fort Wayne 2–0 in semifinals; lost to Kane County 3–0 in finals
 * 2019: Lost to Great Lakes 2–1 in quarterfinals

Notable franchise alumni

 * Chris Archer (2007–2009) 2x MLB All-Star
 * David Bell (1991)
 * Russell Branyan (1995–1996)
 * Roberto Hernandez (2003, 2008–2009, 2012) MLB All-Star
 * Einar Diaz (1993–1994)
 * Alan Embree (1991)
 * Maicer Izturis (1999–2000)
 * Steve Kline (1994)
 * Ted Kubiak (2010–2011, MGR)
 * Tim Laker (2002)
 * Francisco Lindor (2012) 2x MLB All-Star
 * Albie Lopez (1992)
 * Torey Lovullo (2002, MGR) 2017 NL Manager of the Year
 * Víctor Martínez (2000) 5x MLB All-Star
 * Dave Mlicki (1991)
 * Eli Morgan (2018)
 * Jhonny Peralta (2000) 3x MLB All-Star
 * Scott Radinsky (2005, coach)
 * Jose Ramirez (2012) MLB All-Star
 * CC Sabathia (1999) 6x MLB All-Star; 2007 AL Cy Young Award
 * Danny Salazar (2009–2010) MLB All-Star
 * Marco Scutaro (1996) MLB All-Star
 * Richie Sexson (1994) 2x MLB All-Star
 * Kelly Stinnett (1991)
 * Eric Wedge (1998, MGR) 2007 AL Manager of the Year
 * Jaret Wright (1995)
 * Steven Wright (2007, 2011) MLB All-Star

Captains Call-Up Club
The names of all Captains players and franchise alumni who have advanced to play Major League Baseball are enshrined in the Lake County Captains Call-Up Club at Classic Park. The Call-Up Club also includes former Captains coaches and managers who've made it to Major League Baseball coaching staffs. A new wall of bronze plaques was installed at the main entrance of Classic Park in August of the 2017 season. The previous "Walk of Fame" started in the outfield of Classic Park and was moved to an interior wall of the ballpark near the right field corner of the stadium.

title: Lake County Captains


text:
Hypoplectrus

Hypoplectrus is a genus of fishes commonly known as hamlets, found mainly in coral reefs in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, particularly around Florida and the Bahamas. They are a popular choice for hobbyist saltwater aquariums, and come in a variety of colors.

Species
There are currently 17 recognized species in this genus:
 * Hypoplectrus aberrans Poey, 1868 (Yellowbelly hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus atlahua Tavera & Acero P, 2013 (Jarocho hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus castroaguirrei Del-Moral-Flores, J. L. Tello-Musi & J. A. Martínez-Pérez, 2012
 * Hypoplectrus chlorurus G. Cuvier, 1828 (Yellowtail hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus ecosur Victor, 2012
 * Hypoplectrus floridae Victor, 2012
 * Hypoplectrus gemma Goode & T. H. Bean, 1882 (Blue hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus gummigutta Poey, 1851 (Golden hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus guttavarius Poey, 1852 (Shy hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus indigo Poey, 1851 (Indigo hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus maculiferus Poey, 1871
 * Hypoplectrus maya Lobel, 2011 (Maya hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus nigricans Poey, 1852 (Black hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus providencianus Acero P & Garzón-Ferreira, 1994 (Masked hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus puella G. Cuvier, 1828 (Barred hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus randallorum Lobel, 2011 (Tan hamlet)
 * Hypoplectrus unicolor Walbaum, 1792 (Butter hamlet)

Reproduction
Hamlets are simultaneous hermaphrodites (or synchronous hermaphrodites): They have both male and female sexual organs at the same time as an adult, meaning that they function as a male and female, making them one of the few vertebrates that are male and female at the same time. They seem quite at ease mating in front of divers, allowing observations in the wild to occur readily. They do not practice self-fertilization, but when they find a mate, the pair takes turns between which one acts as the male and which acts as the female through multiple matings, usually over the course of several nights. Hamlets preferentially mate with individuals of their same color pattern.

title: Hypoplectrus


text:
Talk:Beagle Boys

Hm
Hm. Either this page should be moved to Beagle Boys, ... or Beagle Babes should be moved to The Beagle Babes and Beagle Brats to The Beagle Brats. -- Timwi 15:55, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Done. violet/riga (t) 13:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Bugle or Bebop?
As far as I can recall, the jazzy Beagle Boy went by the name Bugle in the cartoon, or at least in the episode Hero For Hire. I haven't seen any other episodes that he appears in in quite a while, so I could be mistaken. But my question is, when was he referred to as Bebop? The comic book?

Could it be an infringment with the Bebop character of the Ninja Turtles, which would've been on air around the same time? Giamberardino 03:56, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

not based on dogs or beagle breed
Being the owner of a beagle I cannot help but fully understand why the creator of the Walt Disney cartoon characters chose the name and "dog" characters. The beagle boys are always getting into trouble, they always get caught; just like a real beagle. The match is perfect.

the status seekers
The three Beagles on "The Status Seekers" (the ones hired by Charles Upstuck III) are introduced as Bonaparte (Big-Time), Bicep (Bouncer), and (I forgot Burger's name). They're virtually clones of Big Time, Burger, and Bouncer, possesing the same voices. However, they wear golf shirts, are in the "Club-Fed" prison, and have a more advanced vocabulary. Shouldn't they be considered as different beagles boys?

 * I just assumed that they were the same Beagle Boys, but they were in a fancy prison for no reason and hence had more posh names. But they were the same actual Beagle Boys. Nzseries1 (talk) 19:08, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Um, why does the family portrait say "Trish" where "Ma" should be? If there's no answer soon, I'm going to assume it's vandalism and change it back.

-

Running Gag

 * The fact that the Beagle Boys always fail in their attempts to rob Scrooge and keep trying is a running gag; only once did they nearly succeed {In both the Disney Comics and a episode of Duck Tales}-when challenged by Scoorge to determine the disputed ownership of the money bin, the Beagle Boys accepted a test of diving into the bin head first against Scrooge-and lost; their heads weren't as hard as Scrooge's! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.53.145.121 (talk) 01:09, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say the Beagle Boys always failing is a running gag. This is a children's comic - every criminal always fails! They have to send proper messages to the children. J I P  | Talk 15:17, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism warning
Although I'm probably one of the few people who checks this page daily, I want to give everyone else the head's-up. The user 96.226.67.102 keeps vandalizing "DuckTales" Beagles, adding Beagle Boys that may or may not be real in the comics, but with very fishy "evidence," as well as adding "Pa Beagle" to the DuckTales universe. Keep an eye out and try not to make a fuss. That's just what he wants. 70.249.163.132 (talk) 02:21, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Ma Beagle merge
Saw the merge notice, and have to agree with it. I don't see "Ma Beagle" as having notability distinct from the Beagle Boys as a group. Kww (talk) 14:46, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

The numbers (1, 7 and 6)
Is there any particular reason why their tags are always based on these three numbers? It'd be interesting to have it here. 189.112.59.185 (talk) 13:08, 10 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I've always thought it was simply a random choice. J I P  | Talk 20:25, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Mickey Mouse?
Since when have the Beagle Boys appeared in Mickey Mouse comics? J I P | Talk 20:24, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * This has now been unaddressed for three days. I have reverted the addition of the Mickey Mouse universe categories. If someone wants to add them back, they are welcome to, provided they provide an explanation. J I P  | Talk 21:56, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

-167 or -176 loves prunes?
There is an internal inconsistency. About their personalities, there is a throwaway comment that -167 loves prunes, but in the list of different characters, this is attributed to Burger Beatle, -176. I don't have comics here to verify, but my guess is that the throwaway comment should be removed. (if corrected, it would be good to include a couple more examples of how their personalities differ, shouldn't be hard to do based on the material already in the article.) Kjetilho (talk) 14:17, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It might not be consistent in the first place. Some things about comics characters' identities are not firmly established even in the comic itself. For example, I have yet to see a consistent definition of which of Huey, Dewey, and Louie wears which colour of cap. And as an example outside Disney comics, the only consistent thing about the Dalton cousins is that Joe Dalton is the shortest, most clever, and quickest to anger, while Averell Dalton is the tallest, most stupid, and has an enormous appetite. I have always had trouble remembering on which of the middle two - Jack and William Dalton - was which, and I later read that even Morris himself isn't consistent about it. J I P  | Talk 18:59, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * In the original Barksian comics it is -167 that loves prunes, the smell of stewed prunes specifically. In one episode though, it was boiled cabbage that he loved. Barks explained in some fanzine that he simply forgot what dish it was that the Beagle Boy loved and wrote cabbage. Since the explanation for his love was that they were served in prison, boiled cabbage actually seems likelier than stewed prunes. Prunes are funnier, though, and that counts for a lot. Burger is a character from the TV cartoons, so there is no real contradiction there, so many differences exist you have to consider it a different universe. And Barks was not always consistent from appearance to appearance as to what the number was of which Beagle.Halfelven (talk) 08:15, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * On your other subject, Huey, the eldest duckling and the bossy leader of the three, wears a red cap on both the covers and inside the American comics. He does most of the talking to adults and generally finalizes their consensus decisions. Huey is manipulative and politically astute, a born politician. Dewey wears blue and is the intellectual, scientist, and puzzle solver of the three and usually looks things up in the Junior Woodchuck Guidebook. He designs and builds gadgets, too. Louie is the youngest and wears a yellow cap on covers and a green cap inside the comics, partly because of the limitations of cheap printing methods. Louie is the athlete and daredevil and the one who most often challenges the bad guy physically or gets to lag behind to cover a retreat. The cap colors were not always consistent and Barks denied ever having decided which brother wore what color, again, in an interview in a fan publication I no longer own. He claimed that someone at Western Publishing must have made those decisions. There are a couple of books containing interviews with Mr. Barks and perhaps one of those reprints the article I read.Halfelven (talk) 08:15, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Lee Child, Beagle Boys Fan?
In the recent Jack Reacher novel, 61 Hours by Lee Child, reference is made in a prison context to an imaginary file number of 517713. Except for the first and last digits, this could be a Beagle Boy number. Halfelven (talk) 08:15, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * I find this rather far-fetched. Appearance of the digits 1 and 7 in a number isn't really that unusual. J I P  | Talk 18:51, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

"Barks/Rosa universe"
There's no such thing as a "Barks/Rosa univers". Barks stories are very different of Rosa stories. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.250.166.126 (talk) 19:35, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beagle Boys


text:
Ruthenian language

Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ;  see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages.

In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term (ruthenische Sprache; Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders.

Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries).

Nomenclature

Since the term Ruthenian language was exonymic (foreign, both in origin and nature), its use was very complex, both in historical and modern scholarly terminology.

Names in contemporary use
Contemporary names, that were used for this language from the 15th to 18th centuries, can be divided into two basic linguistic categories, the first being endonyms (native names, used by native speakers as self-designations for their language), and the second exonyms (names in foreign languages).

Common endonyms:
 * , written in various ways, as:, and also as:.
 * (meaning: the simple speech, or the simple talk), also written in various ways, as: прост(ѧ) мова or простй ѧзыкъ (Old Belarusian / Old Ukrainian: простый руский (язык) or простая молва, проста мова) – publisher Hryhorii Khodkevych (16th century). Those terms for simple vernacular speech were designating its diglossic opposition to literary Church Slavonic.
 * In contemporary Russia, it was sometimes also referred to (in territorial terms) as (Литовский язык / Lithuanian). Also by Zizaniy (end of the 16th century), Pamva Berynda (1653).

Common exonyms:
 * in lingua ruthenica, or lingua ruthena, which is rendered in English as: Ruthenian or Ruthene language.
 * in ruthenische Sprache, derived from the Latin exonym for this language.
 * in Rutén nyelv, also derived from the Latin exonym.

Names in modern use

Modern names of this language and its varieties, that are used by scholars (mainly linguists), can also be divided in two basic categories, the first including those that are derived from endonymic (native) names, and the second encompassing those that are derived from exonymic (foreign) names.

Names derived from endonymic terms:

 * One "s" terms: Rus’ian, Rusian, Rusky or Ruski, employed explicitly with only one letter "s" in order to distinguish this name from terms that are designating modern Russian.
 * West Russian language or dialect (западнорусский язык, западнорусское наречие) – terms used mainly by supporters of the concept of the Proto-Russian phase, especially since the end of the 19th century. Employed by authors such as Karskiy and Shakhmatov.
 * Old Belarusian language (Старабеларуская мова) – term used by various Belarusian and some Russian scholars, and also by Kryzhanich. The denotation Belarusian (language) (белорусский (язык)) when referring both to the post-19th-century language and to the older language had been used in works of the 19th-century Russian researchers Fyodor Buslayev, Ogonovskiy, Zhitetskiy, Sobolevskiy, Nedeshev, Vladimirov and Belarusian researchers, such as Karskiy.
 * Old Ukrainian language (Староукраїнська мова) – term used by various Ukrainian and some other scholars.
 * Lithuanian-Russian language (литовско-русский язык) – regionally oriented designation, used by some 19th-century Russian researchers such as: Keppen, archbishop Filaret, Sakharov, Karatayev.
 * Lithuanian-Slavic language (литово-славянский язык) – another regionally oriented designation, used by 19th-century Russian researcher Baranovskiy.
 * Chancery Slavonic, or Chancery Slavic – a term used for the written form, based on Old Church Slavonic, but influenced by various local dialects and used in the chancery of Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Names derived from exonymic terms:

 * Ruthenian or Ruthene language – modern scholarly terms, derived from older Latin exonyms (lingua ruthenica, lingua ruthena), commonly used by scholars who are writing in English and other western languages, and also by various Lithuanian and Polish scholars.
 * Ruthenian literary language, or Literary Ruthenian language – terms used by the same groups of scholars in order to designate more precisely the literary variety of this language.
 * Ruthenian chancery language, or Chancery Ruthenian language – terms used by the same groups of scholars in order to designate more precisely the chancery variety of this language, used in official and legal documents of the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania.
 * Ruthenian common language, or Common Ruthenian language – terms used by the same groups of scholars in order to designate more precisely the vernacular variety of this language.
 * North Ruthenian dialect or language – a term used by some scholars as designation for northern varieties, that gave rise to modern Belarusian language, that is also designated as White Ruthenian.
 * South Ruthenian dialect or language – a term used by some scholars as designation for southern varieties, that gave rise to modern Ukrainian language, that is also designated as Red Ruthenian.

Terminological dichotomy, embodied in parallel uses of various endoymic and exonymic terms, resulted in a vast variety of ambiguous, overlapping or even contrary meanings, that were applied to particular terms by different scholars. That complex situation is addressed by most English and other western scholars by preferring the exonymic Ruthenian designations.

Periodization

Daniel Bunčić suggested a periodization of the literary language into:

 * 1) Early Ruthenian, dating from the separation of Lithuanian and Muscovite chancery languages (15th century) to the early 16th century
 * 2) High Ruthenian, from Francysk Skaryna (fl. 1517–25), to Ivan Uzhevych (Hramatyka slovenskaia, 1643, 1645)
 * 3) Late Ruthenian, from 1648 to the establishment of the Ukrainian and Belarusian standard languages at the end of the 18th century

Literature

 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.
 * Pivtorak, Hryhorij. “Do pytannja pro ukrajins’ko-bilorus’ku vzajemodiju donacional’noho periodu (dosjahnennja, zavdannja i perspektyvy doslidžen’)”. In: Movoznavstvo 1978.3 (69), p. 31–40.

title: Ruthenian language


text:
User talk:Von Fiszman

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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title: User talk:Von Fiszman