text:
Wikipedia talk:Spam

Propriety of tag
Discussion on Zach Iscol talk page concerning applicability of advertising assertion tag. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:7000:2143:8500:E82A:7668:3088:CA29 (talk) 20:41, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Source soliciting section
I was surprised today to read the WP:SPAM section, particularly the first two sentences:

I have definitely posted messages on article talk pages which explicitly solicit editors to use a specific external source to expand an article. I've used the template refideas, which has over 13,000 transclusions. Is this inappropriate? Does the word "anonymous" in the second sentence mean that it's OK for a logged-in editor to do this, but not for an IP editor?

I looked in the archive and it seems the last time this was discussed was in 2020 in Archive 5 (the thread that begins "The current consensus", which I can't figure out how to link to because of the brackets) by and, with WAID explaining the section was moved from WP:CANVASS in 2007 by.

Does anyone think this section accurately describes current consensus? If not, should we remove the section, or rewrite it? Levivich 21:56, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Since I still don't know what it means, I have no idea whether it describes current consensus. (When you can't make a link easily, switch to the visual mode and make Parsoid figure it out.  It usually works, and if it doesn't, then we can file a bug report.) WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:03, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Aaaand the bug number is now T303572. @Matma Rex, you might be interested in this bug. WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Levivich 15:29, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Anyone object if I remove the section? Levivich 15:29, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Perhaps revise to: Source solicitations are messages on article talk pages which explicitly solicit editors to use a specific external source to expand an article. Editors with a COI should follow Wikipedia policies and best practices scrupulously when soliciting editors to use a specific external source to expand an article.
 * A concern over 'anonymity' seems better phrased as a concern with a failure to disclose a COI, and particularly WP:PAY, which would also seem to more clearly reflect current consensus. There is a link to the COI main page at the top of the External link spamming section, but it seems helpful to also add relevant links within the section. Beccaynr (talk) 15:53, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thats a much better idea, thanks! I will make that revision if no one objects. Levivich 16:19, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Done, with a few minor changes. Thanks everyone! Levivich 18:05, 18 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Looks good. I'd object to it being removed. I wonder if there are RfCs supporting the previous wording, "The current consensus on Wikipedia...". --Hipal (talk) 18:46, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:Promotional" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Promotional&redirect=no Wikipedia:Promotional] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 21:35, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:PROMOTE" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PROMOTE&redirect=no Wikipedia:PROMOTE] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 10:42, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Mind reading
The opening lines say "adding references with the aim of promoting the author or the work being referenced". This occasionally seems to get interpreted as requiring editors to know the actual intentions of the accused refspammer. I think we are more concerned about the appearance or result. That is, if you cite the same source in 100 articles, we're going to be concerned about that because it looks like spamming even if your intentions might be as pure as new snow. WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:48, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Spam


text:
Cobble Hill, Brooklyn

Cobble Hill is a neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. A small neighborhood comprising 40 blocks, Cobble Hill sits adjacent to Brooklyn Heights to the north, Boerum Hill to the east, Carroll Gardens to the south, and the Columbia Street Waterfront District to the west. It is bounded by Atlantic Avenue (north), Court Street (east), Degraw Street (south) and the Brooklyn Queens Expressway (west). Other sources add to the neighborhood a rectangle bounded by Wyckoff Street on the north, Hoyt Street on the east, Degraw Street on the south, and Court Street on the west.

Through its early history, the area now called "Cobble Hill" was considered to be part of South Brooklyn, Red Hook, or simply the Sixth Ward, or as part of Brooklyn Heights. The current name, a revival of a name which had died out by the 1880s, was adopted in 1959. Much of the neighborhood, which has "one of the city's finest collections of nineteenth-century houses", is included in the Cobble Hill Historic District.

Cobble Hill is part of Brooklyn Community District 6 and its ZIP Codes are 11201 and 11231. It is served by the 76th Precinct of the New York City Police Department at 191 Union Street. Fire services are provided by the New York City Fire Department's Engine Company 206 and Ladder Company 108, located in nearby Carroll Gardens.

Early history and development
Cobble Hill – which was named after the conical shaped hill called "Cobleshill" or "Ponkiesbergh", located where the current intersection of Atlantic Avenue, Pacific Street, and Court Street now lies – was originally settled during the 1640s by Dutch farmers when Willem Kieft, the director of New Netherland, granted patents in the area. The hill was used as a fort – known as "Cobble Hill Fort", "Smith's Barbette", or "Corkscrew Fort" – during the American War of Independence; the British cut off the top of the hill during their occupation, so it could not be used to look down on their headquarters in Brooklyn Heights. They also seized the estate of Philip Livingston for use as a naval hospital. Cobble Hill was again fortified for the War of 1812, and was then called "Fort Swift".

In 1834, the Village of Brooklyn – chartered in 1816 and primarily made up of present-day Brooklyn Heights – became a city and soon expanded south beyond Atlantic Street (now Atlantic Avenue) to include South Brooklyn.

Until the establishment of the South Ferry, which connected Atlantic Avenue to Manhattan's Whitehall Street in 1836, South Brooklyn was primarily rural. After that time, with the guidelines for a gridiron street pattern already established in 1834, the area developed rapidly. New streets were being laid progressively, and with the development of new buildings – which started nearer to the waterfront and moved inward – the rural community slowly started changing into a middle-class suburban residential community dominated by small rows of houses, which began to be built as early as 1835. The transformation of the neighborhood was nearly completed by 1860; none of the farm houses from the neighborhood's rural period are extant.

According to the 1840 tax list and street directory, the neighborhood of present-day Cobble Hill contained 45 houses and 112 residents. Although this housing boom caused prices to rise, in 1850 it was still possible for a clerk to pay rent of $200 a year for a row house with a large backyard, albeit on a narrow lot. This provoked an influx of new residents from Manhattan.

Philanthropist Alfred Tredway White built two experimental housing projects in the neighborhood. These were the Romanesque revival "Towers" and "Home" buildings (now collectively known as Cobble Hill Towers), at 417–435 and 439-45 Hicks Street, meant as affordable housing for the working class, with adequate light and air for all; and the "Workingman's Cottages" of Warren Place, a one block mews from Warren Street to Baltic Street between Henry and Hicks Streets, which was two rows of narrow single family houses (11 ft wide) built around a private courtyard. These were intended for slightly more upscale workers. All were built on adjoining lots in 1876 and were designed by William Field & Son; they were restored in 1986 by Maitland, Strauss & Behr. With these projects, which served Native Americans, Irish, Swedes, Norwegians, English, and German workmen, White became the first builder of low rent/low profit housing in the United States. His philosophy was "Philanthropy plus 5%".

Beginning in the 1840s and progressing into the 1870s, wealthier Manhattanites, including bankers and merchants, began to move to various parts of Brooklyn, including Cobble Hill. By 1880, the population of the area was solidly upper-middle class and the cost of houses had almost equaled those in Brooklyn Heights, of which Cobble Hill was an outgrowth.

The Cobble Hill Historic District Designation Report lists the architecture of the neighborhood as including many rowhouses in the Greek Revival and Italianate styles and their offshoots, but also examples of the Romanesque Revival, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne, French Second Empire, and neo-Grec styles.

20th century
The 20th century saw an influx of immigrants into the neighborhood from Ireland, Italy, and the Middle East; some low-rise apartment buildings were constructed prior to the 1920s. After a period of relative quiet, by 1950, brownstones were being rejuvenated and the neighborhood began to experience a renaissance, leading to the revival of the "Cobble Hill" name, perhaps engendered by a real estate agent who saw the name "Cobles Hill" on a 1766 map and updated it. Organized community groups fought against large housing projects, and prevailed on the city to make the area an historic district.

The historic district – first designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (NYLPC) on December 20, 1969 and extended on June 7, 1988, – is roughly bordered by Atlantic Avenue to the north, Court Street to the east, Degraw Street to the south, and Hicks Street to the west, with a "bite" removed from the northeast corner of that rectangle. Its area measures approximately twenty-two city blocks. According to the NYLPC, the Cobble Hill Historic District is an "unusually fine 19th century residential area" and "retains an aura of the past with its charming streets and architecture". The Cobble Hill Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Today on the two main commercial streets – Court and Smith Streets – generations-old family-run stores and businesses such as Italian meat markets and barber shops sit side by side with trendy new shops, restaurants, and cafes. Atlantic Avenue, the northern border of the neighborhood, features one of New York City's largest collections of Middle-Eastern shops, some of which have been there for decades. The northern part of Smith Street is known as Brooklyn's "Restaurant Row" due to the large number of eateries and watering holes that opened on the street during the late 1990s and early 2000s. With a second blossoming of specialized bars along the corridor in the late 2000s, Smith Street became an upscale weekend nightlife destination.

Cobble Hill Park
Cobble Hill Park, on Clinton Street between Verandah Place and Congress Street, was created in 1965. The site had been the location of two mansions (the Weber and Whitten Mansions) and the Second Unitarian Church, which was abandoned by the 1940s, when the site was purchased by the Bohack Corporation, a supermarket chain. The mansions were demolished, and in the 1960s the corporation planned to build a supermarket on the site, a proposition which was opposed by the Cobble Hill community, which felt the need for a park for the neighborhood. Bohack sold the site to developers in 1962, who planned to build a low-rise apartment building. The community collected signatures and successfully petitioned the city to create a park.

The city bought the property in 1963 and the park was dedicated in 1965. It was reconstructed in 1989, winning the 1988 Annual Award for Excellence in Design from the Art Commission and the Parks Council's Philip Winslow Award for Public Projects in 1990, the first time it was awarded. The new design reflected the 19th-century brick-and-stone character of the tree-lined neighborhood.

Schools

 * Public School 29, also known as the John M. Harrigan School, is a school located on Henry Street.
 * The building on Baltic Street that formerly housed Intermediate School 293 – which closed in 2005 due to poor performance – now contains two 6–12th grade schools:
 * The Brooklyn School for Global Studies occupies the top floor
 * The School for International Studies is on the bottom floor.
 * Success Academy Cobble Hill, a charter primary school, opened in August 2012.

Libraries
Though there are no public libraries in Cobble Hill itself, Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) operates two branches nearby:
 * The Carroll Gardens branch, located at 396 Clinton Street near Union Street, in Carroll Gardens
 * The Pacific branch, located at 25 Fourth Avenue near Pacific Street, in Boerum Hill

Religion
The neighborhood has a multitude of churches, many of them dating from prior to the Civil War. Some have been converted for residential use.
 * Christ Church and Holy Family at Clinton and Kane Streets, built in 1840–41, was an early design in the Gothic Revival style by Richard Upjohn Some of the interior furnishings are by Louis Comfort Tiffany, and date from 1937. Christ Church was the first organized religious group in the Cobble Hill area, having been founded in 1835. The congregation later merged with that of the Church of the Holy Family.
 * Old St. Paul's Church at Court and Congress Streets was designed by Gamaliel King and built c.1838, allowing the claim that this church is the oldest Roman Catholic church in continuous use in Brooklyn. The steeple was added in the 1860s, and other enlargements were made. The church front faces Court Street, the chapel and former rectory face Congress Street. The parish was originally largely Irish.
 * Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes, which splintered off an earlier congregation, is located at 236 Kane Street in Cobble Hill, in the former Middle Dutch Reformed Church, built in the Romanesque style c.1856. It is currently the oldest continuously operating synagogue in Brooklyn.
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church on Hicks Street, built in 1860 and designed by Patrick Charles Keely, was part of a complex which included the church, a school, and a hospital. The church and the school have been converted to host condominium apartments. The original parish was largely Italian.
 * South Brooklyn Seventh-Day Adventist Church at 249 Degraw Street was built in 1905 as the Trinity German Lutheran Church, and was designed by Theobald Engelhart.
 * St. Francis Cabrini Roman Catholic Chapel at Degraw Street and Strong Place was built in 1851–52 as the Strong Place Baptist Church. It was designed by Minard Lafever in the Gothic Revival style. The building was converted into apartments in 2010.
 * The Second Unitarian Church, known as the "Church of the Turtle" because it physically resembled one, was designed by Jacob Wrey Mould and built in 1858 on the site where Cobble Hill Park is today.

Hospitals
In the northeast corner of the neighborhood, located partially in the Historic District, was University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital, which was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It began a school of medicine, the Long Island College of Medicine, in 1850; the school became a separate institution in 1930, and since 1954 was the primary teaching affiliate of SUNY Downstate Medical Center. The first private bacteriological laboratory in the United States, Hoagland Laboratory, was built in 1888 at 335 Henry Street, but was destroyed by fire and is no longer extant. The Polhemus Building, now Polhemus Memorial Clinic, was built in 1897 and was designed by Marshall Emery in the French Mannerist style. Dudley Memorial, designed by William Hough was built in 1902. Other buildings were designed by D. Everett Waid and William Higginson. Further expansion took place in the modern era, with buildings raised in 1963, 1974, 1984, and 1988. The hospital was the sixth largest in Brooklyn. After the closure of Long Island College Hospital in August 2014, a freestanding emergency department—NYU Cobble Hill, part of NYU Langone Medical Center—opened in October 2014. The hospital plans to replace the existing facility with a new ambulatory care center and freestanding emergency department at the site, estimated to cost $200 million.

Other points of interest

 * The DeGraw Mansion, also known as the Ralph L. Cutter House, at Clinton and Amity Streets, was built in 1845 and altered in 1891 with a tower in order to see the harbor, the view of which had become blocked by the development of the neighborhood.
 * The former Dr. Joseph E. Clark House, at 340 Clinton Street between Degraw and Kane Streets, was built c.1860, and is "the widest single house in Cobble Hill".
 * 272 Warren Street, a neo-Grec house built c.1899, stands out from its neighbors
 * 174 Pacific Street between Clinton and Court Streets, was built in 1889 as Public School 78
 * The commercial building that now houses Trader Joe's, formerly the South Brooklyn Savings Institution and then the Independence Savings Bank, was built in 1922 and was designed by McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin in the Florentine Renaissance style. Located at 130 Court Street at Atlantic Avenue, it was added to in 1936 by Charles A. Holmes. The cornice features one hundred eagles. The site is the location where General George Washington watched his troops retreat from the Battle of Long Island.

Transportation

The Cobble Hill Tunnel, under Atlantic Avenue, was built in 1844 to replace the railroad tracks that ran down the middle of Atlantic Avenue as part of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad. Trains used these tracks to transport goods to and from the waterfront during the 1840s, and the tunnel was built to avoid the trains' need to climb a steep hill. The tunnel is now abandoned, but originally ran from Times Plaza to the Ferry Terminal. The brick-lined vaulted tunnel is 17 feet high by 21 feet wide and 1,611 feet long. Walt Whitman, the poet and editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, said the tunnel was "a passage of solemnity and darkness".

New York City Subway service is available at the Bergen Street station on the IND Culver Line. The (Atlantic Avenue) and  (Court Street) bus routes also serve the area.

In June 2017, NYC Ferry's South Brooklyn route started stopping at Brooklyn Bridge Park Pier 6 on the border of Cobble Hill and Brooklyn Heights.

There are plans to build the Brooklyn–Queens Connector (BQX), a light rail system that would run along the waterfront from Red Hook through Cobble Hill to Astoria in Queens. However, the system is projected to cost $2.7 billion, and the projected opening has been delayed until at least 2029.

Notable residents

 * Martin Amis (1949–2023), writer
 * Lady Randolph Churchill (1854–1921), mother of Winston Churchill, was born in a rented house on Amity Street; note that the plaque at 426 Henry Street is incorrect, the Jeromes lived there before she was born.
 * Daniel Craig and Rachel Weisz
 * Mike D (born 1965), musician
 * Michelle Goldberg, author and New York Times op-ed columnist
 * Garth Risk Hallberg (born 1978), fiction writer
 * Norah Jones (born 1979), singer
 * Spike Lee (resident from 1961 to 1969), filmmaker
 * Alex McCord, performer on the reality TV program Real Housewives of New York City
 * Todd Rosenberg, cartoonist known for the website Odd Todd
 * Jenny Slate (born 1982), actress and comedian
 * Richard Upjohn (1802–1878) and Richard Upjohn Jr., architects, lived at 296 Clinton Street, which they designed; it was built in 1843 and added to in 1893 by Richard M. Upjohn.
 * Thomas Wolfe (1900–1938), writer, lived on Verandah Place between Henry and Clinton Street in the 1930s.

In popular culture

 * Cobble Hill Park is the setting of the inciting incident in the English translation of Yasmina Reza's Tony Award-winning play God of Carnage (2009).
 * In the TV show White Collar (2009–2014), main characters Peter and Elizabeth Burke live in Cobble Hill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cobble Hill, Brooklyn


text:
Barbara Morgan

Barbara Radding Morgan (born November 28, 1951) is an American teacher and a former NASA astronaut. She participated in the Teacher in Space program as backup to Christa McAuliffe for the 1986 ill-fated STS-51-L mission of the Space Shuttle Challenger. She then trained as a mission specialist, and flew on STS-118 in August 2007. She is the first teacher to have been to space.

Early life and education
Morgan was born to Dr. and Mrs. Jerry Radding in 1951 and raised in Fresno, California, where she attended Herbert Hoover High School. Following graduation in 1969, she was accepted to Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, where she graduated with distinction in 1973 with a B.A. in Human Biology. She obtained her teaching credential from Notre Dame de Namur University in nearby Belmont in 1974.

Teaching career since 1974
Morgan began her teaching career in 1974 on the Flathead Indian Reservation at Arlee Elementary School in Arlee, Montana, where she taught remedial reading and math. From 1975 to 1978, she taught remedial reading/math and second grade at McCall-Donnelly Elementary School in McCall, Idaho. From 1978 to 1979, Morgan taught English and science to third graders at Colegio Americano de Quito in Quito, Ecuador, for a year. From 1979 to 1998, Morgan taught second, third, and fourth grades at McCall-Donnelly Elementary School.

Teacher in Space Project
Morgan was selected as the backup candidate for the NASA Teacher in Space Project on July 19, 1985. From September 1985 to January 1986, Morgan trained with Christa McAuliffe and the Space Shuttle Challenger crew at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Following McAuliffe's death in the Challenger disaster, Morgan assumed the duties of Teacher in Space Designee. From March 1986 to July 1986, she worked with NASA, speaking to educational organizations throughout the country. In the fall of 1986, Morgan returned to Idaho to resume her teaching career. She taught second and third grades at McCall-Donnelly Elementary and continued to work with NASA's Education Division, Office of Human Resources and Education. Her duties as Teacher in Space Designee included public speaking, educational consulting, curriculum design, and serving on the National Science Foundation's Federal Task Force for Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering.

NASA career
In January 1998, 12 years after McAuliffe's death, Morgan was selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate (mission specialist) and reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1998 to begin training to become a full-time astronaut. Following the completion of two years of training and evaluation, she was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Space Station Operations Branch. She served in the Astronaut Office CAPCOM Branch, working in Mission Control as prime communicator with on-orbit crews.

Like many other astronauts and cosmonauts, Morgan is a licensed amateur radio operator, having passed the technician class license exam in 2003. This qualified her to use the facilities of the Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) project.

Morgan was initially scheduled to fly on the STS-118 mission on Space Shuttle Columbia in November 2004. During the disaster that destroyed Columbia in February 2003, she was aboard a training chase plane which was following the shuttle as it prepared to land. As a result of the disaster, STS-118 was delayed until 2007 and was moved to Endeavour.

Morgan's duties as a mission specialist were no different than those of other crew members. While NASA press releases and media briefings often referred to her as a "mission specialist educator" or "educator astronaut", Morgan did not train in the Educator Astronaut Project. NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin clarified at a press conference after STS-118 that Morgan was not considered a mission specialist educator, but rather was a standard mission specialist, who had been a teacher.

Prior to her flight on STS-118, NASA seemed to limit Morgan's exposure to the press, but she did a series of interviews shortly before the start of the mission about what the crew of STS-118 would be doing to help build the International Space Station,   commenting, "You know, there's a great sense of pride to be able to be involved in a human endeavor that takes us all a little bit farther. When you look down and see our Earth, and you realize what we are trying to do as a human race, it's pretty profound."

Three weeks after Morgan's mission ended, she conducted her first space education assignment at Walt Disney World in Florida. Morgan's words from that day were etched into a plaque on a wall of Mission: Space. The "Wall of Honor" contains quotes from notable people, such as Neil Armstrong, John F. Kennedy, Charles Lindbergh, Stephen Hawking, Carl Sagan, Galileo, and Christa McAuliffe. Morgan's plaque is placed beside McAuliffe's, which says: "Space is for everybody ... That's our new frontier out there." This event was one of a series of lectures Morgan would complete.

Spaceflight experience
STS-118, an assembly mission to the International Space Station, successfully launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center at 6:36:42 p.m. EDT, 8 August 2007. Morgan served as robotic arm operator and transfer coordinator, coordinating the transfer of over 5000 lb of cargo to the International Space Station, and bringing home over 3000 lb. In addition to her other duties, Morgan participated in twenty-minute amateur radio question-and-answer sessions with young people at the Discovery Center of Idaho and other centers, and joined Mission Specialist Alvin Drew in an education event with young people at the Challenger Center for Space Science Education in Alexandria, Virginia. The event was hosted by June Scobee, widow of Space Shuttle Challenger ' s commander, Richard "Dick" Scobee. The center honored Morgan with the President George H.W. Bush Leadership Award. STS-118 landed successfully at Kennedy Space Center on August 21, a day ahead of schedule due to concerns about Hurricane Dean.

Post-NASA career
On June 28, 2008, Morgan announced that she would leave NASA for a teaching job at Boise State University. In August 2008, Morgan took a full-time position as a distinguished educator in residence; a dual appointment to BSU's colleges of engineering and education. There she advises, leads and represents the university in policy development, advocacy and fund-raising in science, technology, engineering and math.

On July 4, 2008, Morgan received the "Friend of Education" award from the National Education Association. The following month, Barbara R. Morgan Elementary School opened in McCall, Idaho.

She appeared on the 2020 Netflix documentary miniseries Challenger: The Final Flight.

Awards and honors
Morgan received the Adler Planetarium Women in Space Science Award in 2008.

Actress Mary Chris Wall portrayed Morgan in the 1990 television film Challenger.

Personal life
Morgan is married to writer Clay Morgan of McCall, Idaho; they have two sons. She is a classical flutist who also enjoys jazz, literature, hiking, swimming, and cross-country skiing.

title: Barbara Morgan


text:
Iwami Province

Iwami Province (石見国) was an old province of Japan in the area that is today the western part of Shimane Prefecture. It was sometimes called Sekishū (石州). Iwami bordered Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō provinces.

In the Heian period (794–1192) the capital was at modern-day Hamada. In the Kamakura period (1192–1333) the Masuda clan belonged to the Minamoto clan (Genji) and conquered Iwami Province. From the sixteenth century onwards it played an important role in the economic history of East Asia as a major source of silver.

History
During the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, the battles were very furious in this area. At first, the Masuda clan was in alliance with the Ōuchi clan in neighboring Suō, but later the Masuda clan belonged to the Mōri clan in neighboring Aki.

Maps of Japan and Iwami Province were reformed in the 1870s when the prefecture system was introduced. At the same time, the province continued to exist for some purposes. For example, Iwami is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.

Historical districts

 * Shimane Prefecture
 * Ano District (安濃郡) - dissolved
 * Kanoashi District (鹿足郡)
 * Mino District (美濃郡) - dissolved
 * Naka District (那賀郡) - dissolved
 * Nima District (邇摩郡) - dissolved
 * Ōchi District (邑智郡)

title: Iwami Province


text:
Harima Province

Harima Province (播磨国) or Banshū (播州) was a province of Japan in the part of Honshū that is the southwestern part of present-day Hyōgo Prefecture. Harima bordered on Tajima, Tanba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka Provinces. Its capital was Himeji.

During the Edo period of Japanese history, the Akō Domain (fief) was part of Harima. The Forty-seven rōnin were samurai of Akō han. IHI Corporation, a shipbuilder and major Boeing engine subcontractor gets its name from the province.

History
Harima Province was established in 7th century. During the Meiji Restoration, Himeji Prefecture was established with the whole area of Harima Province as the territory. Himeji Prefecture was renamed to Shikama prefecture, and Shikama Prefecture was transferred to Hyōgo Prefecture finally.

Harima Sake Culture Tourism promotes the region as the "Hometown of Japanese Sake".

Temples and shrines
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Harima.

Historical districts

 * Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Akashi District (明石郡) - dissolved
 * Akō District (赤穂郡)
 * Innan District (印南郡) - dissolved
 * Issai District (揖西郡) - merged with Ittō District to become Ibo District (揖保郡) on April 1, 1896
 * Ittō District (揖東郡) - merged with Issai District to become Ibo District on April 1, 1896
 * Jinsai District (神西郡) - merged with Jintō District to become Kanzaki District (神崎郡) on April 1, 1896
 * Jintō District (神東郡) - merged with Jinsai District to become Kanzaki District on April 1, 1896
 * Kako District (加古郡)
 * Kamo District (賀茂郡)
 * Kasai District (加西郡) - dissolved
 * Katō District (加東郡) - dissolved
 * Mino District (美嚢郡) - dissolved
 * Sayō District (佐用郡)
 * Shikisai District (飾西郡) - merged with Shikitō District to become Shikama District (飾磨郡) on April 1, 1896
 * Shikitō District (飾東郡) - merged with Shikisai District to become Shikama District on April 1, 1896
 * Shisō District (宍粟郡) - dissolved
 * Taka District (多可郡)

title: Harima Province


text:
Talk:December 27

--mav 01:01, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Why Spielberg was born both December 27 of 1947 and December 18 of 1946 ?

Under births, the singer "Janin" is listed as a 1985 birth, but her wikipedia entry is listed as being born in 1981. Which one is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.226.125.15 (talk) 22:39, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Discussion of Heather O'Rourke's death needs editing. Daniel Hollander, the head of gastroenterology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center comments on her death, then is reintroduced, title and all, for a further comment.174.223.9.139 (talk) 20:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Patriot Act
Why is the Patriot act in the 2001 Aventar100@yahoo.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.225.180.186 (talk) 18:23, 23 March 2007 (UTC).

-

Who is Rebecca Louise Moss, and why is she mentioned here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.47.90.81 (talk) 21:38, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Twelve Days of Christmas
Dear John,

Aren't you the extravagant one! Now I really must protest. I don't deserve such generosity (three French hens), but I must insist; you've been too kind.

All my love,

Agnes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.177.161 (talk) 19:38, 7 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 27


text:
Herne Hill

Herne Hill is a district in south London, approximately four miles from Charing Cross and bordered by Brixton, Camberwell, Dulwich, and Tulse Hill. It sits to the north and east of Brockwell Park and straddles the boundary between the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark. There is a road of the same name in the area (which is part of the A215), as well as a railway station.

Toponymy
In Rocque's 1746 map, the area is shown as "Island Green", probably reflecting the presence of the River Effra and smaller tributaries. Early references to the area also use the form "Ireland Green".

The earliest documented reference to "Herne Hill" is in two fire insurance policies issued by the Sun Insurance Company in 1792 (where the spelling is "Hearns" and "Herns" Hill).

1291 – Manor of Milkwell
The area now known as Herne Hill was part of the Manor of Milkwell, which existed from at least 1291, and was a mixture of farms and woodland until the late 18th century. It was divided between the ancient parishes of Camberwell and Lambeth.

1783 – Samuel Sanders
In 1783, Samuel Sanders (a timber merchant) bought the land now occupied by Denmark Hill and Herne Hill from the Manor; he then began granting leases for large plots of land to wealthy families.

Mid-19th century
By the mid-19th century, the road from the modern Herne Hill Junction to Denmark Hill was lined with substantial villas set in spacious grounds and the area had become a prosperous suburb for the merchant class. (John Ruskin grew up, from the age of 4, in a house on Herne Hill, until moving in 1842 to a large villa on Denmark Hill).

1862 – arrival of the London, Chatham & Dover Railway
Herne Hill was transformed by the arrival of the London, Chatham & Dover Railway in 1862. Cheap and convenient access to London Victoria, the City of London, Kent and south-west London created demand for middle-class housing; the terraced streets that now characterise the area were constructed in the decades after the opening of Herne Hill station and the old estates were entirely built over.

The Half Moon public house
The Half Moon is a Grade II* listed public house in Half Moon Lane.

During World War II five V-1 flying bombs caused six deaths.

August 2013 floods
During the early morning of 7 August 2013, an 88‑year‑old 0.9 m diameter water main on Half Moon Lane burst, flooding Herne Hill, Dulwich Road and Norwood Road along with 36 properties (including the Half Moon public house) to create a scene described as "biblical" by local residents. Thames Water admitted liability and estimated the total cost of the damage to be around £4 million. The Half Moon reopened in March 2017, following a vigorous local campaign to save it as a pub; Southwark Council has designated it an asset of community value.

Brockwell Park
The area is home to the 50.8 ha Brockwell Park. Near a hilltop in Brockwell Park stands the Grade II* listed Brockwell Hall, which was built in 1811-13 to the design of the architect David Riddall Roper. The hall and the land surrounding it were opened to the public in 1891 after being purchased by London County Council. Brockwell Park hosts the annual Lambeth Country Show and was the site of London's Gay Pride festival for several years in the 1990s. The park also houses Brockwell Lido, a 1937 open-air swimming-pool that faces on to Dulwich Road, Grade II listed in 2003.

The railway station
Herne Hill railway station on Railton Road was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1862; the Gothic, polychrome brick station building was Grade II listed in 1998. The associated railway viaduct and bridges are also noteworthy; The Building News stated in 1863 that the viaduct was "one of the most ornamental pieces of work we have ever seen attempted on a railway" for its fine brickwork.

Herne Hill Velodrome
The Herne Hill Velodrome, situated in a park off Burbage Road, was built in 1891 and hosted the track cycling events in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Unlike most modern, steeply-banked velodromes, it is a shallow concrete bowl; as of 2010 the 'Save the Herne Hill Velodrome' campaign was seeking a way to secure the future of the site. The same park also has a football pitch and was the home of Crystal Palace F.C. from 1915 until 1918.

Sam Mussabini – 84 Burbage Road
A Blue plaque at 84 Burbage Road marks the former home of the athletics coach Sam Mussabini. In 1894, Mussabini was appointed coach to the Dunlop cycling team which trained at the Herne Hill Velodrome. In 1913, Mussabini was appointed coach to the Polytechnic Harriers at the Herne Hill athletics track, which ran round the inside of the Velodrome cycle track. Here he trained athletes, including the fourteen-year-old Harold Abrahams. Mussabini was later immortalised in the film Chariots of Fire, in which he was played by actor Ian Holm.

Conservation area
In recognition of the historical importance and specialist character of the area within its urban context, Stradella Road was designated as a Conservation Area, by Southwark Council in 2000, under the Civic Amenities Act of 1967. The Conservation Area consists principally of properties in Stradella and Winterbrook Roads, and includes bordering properties in Burbage Road and Half Moon Lane.

The Half Moon Public House
The Half Moon Public House on Half Moon Lane was built in 1896 (although a tavern has existed on the site since the 17th century) and was Grade II* listed in 1998. The pub hosted a boxing gym for more than 50 years. The freehold of the pub belongs to the Dulwich Estate. The Commercial on Railton Road was rebuilt in 1938, and is locally listed by Lambeth Council as an inter-war pub of architectural and historic interest.

St Paul's Church
The Church of St Paul on Herne Hill was originally built by G Alexander in 1843 at a cost of £6,707, but dramatically rebuilt by Gothic architect G E Street in 1858 after a destructive fire, although the tower and spire were saved. It is now Grade II* listed.

Sunray Gardens pond
The lake in Sunray Gardens (at the junction of Elmwood Road and Red Post Hill) was originally the fish pond in the grounds of Casino House (a large estate established in 1796/97, demolished 1906); the adjoining Casino Estate still bears the house's name. The Estate, now a Conservation Area, was built by Camberwell Borough Council after World War I, modelled on the garden suburb ideal and part of the drive to provide Homes Fit for Heroes.

Delawyk Crescent
Delawyk Crescent is a housing estate with an unusual Radburn layout, separating vehicle and pedestrian movements. It was built in the 1960s and 1970s built on land from the Dulwich Estate.

Hurst Street Estate
Hurst Street Estate comprises two pentagon plan tower blocks, Park View House and Herne Hill House, both 19 storeys (52 meters) high which dominate the skyline of the area. Completed in 1968 by Lambeth Borough Council, they each contain 72 dwellings.

Carnegie Public Library
The Carnegie Public Library on the road named Herne Hill Road (not to be confused with the much older road known as Herne Hill) opened in 1906 after a Lambeth librarian got a grant from Andrew Carnegie for building a library within the Herne Hill area. It is also a listed Grade II building.

Sax Rohmer – 51 Herne Hill
A Blue plaque at 51 Herne Hill (by the junction with Danecroft Road) marks the former home of author Sax Rohmer (a.k.a. Arthur Henry Ward), most famous as author of the series of novels featuring the master criminal Dr. Fu Manchu.

Politics
Herne Hill is represented on the Southwark London Borough Council by councillors for Dulwich Village ward and on the Lambeth London Borough Council by councillors for both the Herne Hill & Loughborough Junction and West Dulwich wards. Both wards are held by the Labour Party although Dulwich Village was historically a Conservative ward until the 2018 Southwark London Borough Council elections. Herne Hill is represented in the London Assembly by Marina Ahmad and in Westminster by Helen Hayes.

Buses
The London bus routes are 3, 37, 42, 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, P4 school route 690 and night buses N3 and N68.

Rail
Direct rail services are available from Herne Hill railway station to Blackfriars, City Thameslink, Farringdon, St Pancras International, and St Albans (all via the Thameslink Wimbledon loop) and Victoria (via Southeastern Metro Bromley South line).

Nearby railway stations offer services to other destinations: London Bridge can be reached from North Dulwich and Tulse Hill; Denmark Hill has trains to Clapham Junction and Highbury and Islington via the London Overground's South London Line. The nearest London Underground station is Brixton on the Victoria line. There have been past proposals to extend the Victoria line to Herne Hill station on a large reversing loop.

Notable residents
• George Nicoll Barnes, Labour politician

• Elhanan Bicknell, merchant and art collector

• Sir James Black, Nobel Prize winning pharmacologist

• John Blades, glassware manufacturer, builder of Brockwell Hall

• John Braham, singer

• Horace Brodzky, Australian-born artist and writer

• Anita Brookner, novelist, winner of the Booker Prize

• Richard Church, writer and poet

• Judah Cohen, merchant and slave-owner

• Olivia Colman, actress

• Michael Crawford, actor, singer, comedian

• Huw Edwards, broadcaster

• Henry Havelock Ellis, writer

• Hans Eysenck, psychologist

• Joel Fry, actor

• Andy Hamilton, comedian

• Harriet Harman, MP for Camberwell and Peckham

• Robert Hunt, Assistant Commissioner (Metropolitan Police)

• Ernie Izzard, British lightweight champion boxer, nicknamed "The Herne Hill Hairpin"

• Elly Jackson, lead singer of La Roux

• C.L.R. James, writer and political philosopher

• Reginald Victor Jones, physicist and Scientific Intelligence Expert

• Sam Beaver King, HMT Empire Windrush passenger and Mayor of Southwark

• Marie Loftus, music hall artiste

• Cecilia Loftus, actress

• Ida Lupino, actress and director

• Roddy McDowall, actor

• Eric Mottram, central figure in the British Poetry Revival

• James Nesbitt, actor

• Sam Mussabini, athletics coach

• Sinead O'Connor, Irish singer, songwriter and activist.

• Jay Rayner, food critic

• Lillian Rich, film actress

• George Robey, English music hall comedian and singer

• Sax Rohmer, Creator of Fu Manchu

• John Ruskin, art critic and social thinker

• Sinan Savaskan, composer and educator

• Ed Simons, one half of The Chemical Brothers

• Micky Stewart, England and Surrey cricketer

• Anna Storace, singer

• Steve Waller, musician

• Jessie Ware, singer

• Mortimer Wheeler, archaeologist

title: Herne Hill


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Carrel desk

A carrel desk is a desk, often found in libraries, with partitions at back and sides to provide privacy.

Description
Carrel desks are especially common in academic libraries. Sometimes the seat is integrated with the carrel desk. They may also have a shelf, built-in illumination, electrical outlets, or Ethernet ports. Unlike the cubicle desk, carrel desks usually have no file drawers or other facilities. They are designed to stand alone or to be grouped together, with or without common sides or walls.

The word carrel may also refer to a small, isolated "study room" in public libraries and on university campuses; the room may have a lockable door, to which the user is granted the key on request. Carrels typically contain a desk (not necessarily one described as above), shelving and a lamp.

Origins
Carrels originated in monasteries to help contain the cacophony of roomfuls of monks reading aloud, as was the early practice. Carrels are first recorded in the 13th century at Westminster Abbey, London, on the Garth side of the North Walk, though they probably existed from the late years of the 12th century.

title: Carrel desk


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Brockwell Park

Brockwell Park is a 50.8 hectare (125.53 acres) park located south of Brixton, in Herne Hill and Tulse Hill in south London. It is bordered by the roads Brixton Water Lane, Norwood Road, Tulse Hill and Dulwich Road.

The park commands views of the skyline of the city and Central London, and hosts almost 4 million annual visits. At the top of the hill within the park stands Brockwell Hall.

Whilst competing against multiple demands from a broad range of other interests, the entirety of Brockwell Park is a Site of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINC) of Borough Importance (Grade I), with mature trees including ancient oaks, substantial lawn areas set to meadow, and a series of lakes. As well as adding to the landscape value, these support a variety of birds, and bats including Pipistrelles, with frequent visits from rarer species like Daubentons, Noctule, Leisler's and Serotine bat.

The park is listed for its heritage value on The National Heritage List for England, Parks & Gardens, Grade II. Noted for its nineteenth-century layout as a gracious public park, the clocktower, water garden, JJ Sexby-designed walled garden and other monuments, the park provides a pleasant exploration with links to its eighteenth-century agricultural past in the hedge lines, and mature oak trees. The model village houses outside the walled garden were originally donated to London County Council by Edgar Wilson in 1943.

The Brockwell Lido, a Grade II listed art deco building near the north of the park, is an open-air swimming pool popular with swimmers and bathers. Its attached café/restaurant is also popular. Other amenities in Brockwell Park include tennis courts, a bowling green, a BMX track and a miniature railway.

Brockwell Park is open from 7.30am to 15 minutes before sunset every day.

History
The Grade II* listed Brockwell Hall was built between 1811 and 1813 when the area was part of Surrey and was the country seat of glass merchant John Blades Esq. The land and house were acquired by the London County Council (LCC) in March 1891 and opened to the public on 2 June in the following summer, led by the local MP Thomas Lynn Bristowe. At the unveiling, Bristowe died of a heart attack on the steps of the hall.

In 1901, the LCC acquired a further 43 acre of land north of the original park. In the 1920s, there were 13 cricket pitches in the park, which attracted crowds of up to 1,500. Brockwell Park was home to the Galton Institute.

During World War I it is recorded that Brockwell Park grazed a large flock of sheep. During World War II, three sites in the park were set aside for wartime food production in the form of 'Pig Clubs', built of timber and bricks salvaged from bombed houses. Pig swill for this purpose was collected from local homes.

A bust of Thomas Bristowe was returned to the park and unveiled on its 120th birthday, 2012.

The park is Grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Festivals and shows
The park is home to the free Lambeth Country Show, which usually takes place over two days in July, attracting crowds of up to 150,000 people. A ticketed annual fireworks display, attracting 30,000 people, also takes place around November 5.

Paid-for music events have been taking place in Brockwell Park for a number of years, including Found Festival in 2016 and Sunfall Festival in 2017. As far back as 1913, it was said that, "On the whole probably the people in Brockwell Park, like those in Hyde Park and the other parks, would refuse the weaker Italian stuff and demand the Wagner over and over again".

There is local opposition of monetizing the park and the erection of a 12 foot high steel fence around the pay to enter large festivals. The park has previously hosted large-scale free to attend un-fenced music events, including an estimated crowd of 150,000 in attendance at a Rock Against Racism carnival in September 1978, headlined by Elvis Costello and The Attractions, and with "people in trees, on the roofs of the flats and on the lido wall". Costello ended his Brockwell Park performance with the song '(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding'. A further Rock Against Racism event including performances by Aswad and Stiff Little Fingers was also held in the park in September 1979.

In May 1981, Aswad and Pete Townshend "swigging Remy Martin brandy" headlined a TUC benefit gig for the 'People's March For Jobs' campaign, with a crowd of 70,000 in attendance. In May 1982, Brockwell Park hosted a Cannabis Law Reform Rally, including "a wicked turbo sound rig with Jah Shaka, Coxone, King Sounds and DBC Rebel Radio´s boxes all connected in a huge horseshoe". Madness also headlined a Greater London Council / CND 'Festival for Peace' in Brockwell Park in 1983, compered by John Peel, with a crowd of 30,000 in attendance. Paul Weller's new band The Style Council made only their second public appearance at this festival. Unfortunate scheduling of the support acts, meant that many arriving in Brockwell Park hoping to see The Damned had already missed their 35-minute set, and subsequent support acts, including The Style Council and Hazel O'Connor, were pelted with mud, amid chants of "We want The Damned".

In August 1984, the park hosted a GLC free festival, where Leader Ken Livingstone gave a speech, and the increasingly rowdy crowd during performances by The Fall and Spear of Destiny was calmed by poet Benjamin Zephaniah before the headline set by The Damned. One eyewitness recalls The Fall being pelted with cans during their performance, with singer Mark E. Smith narrowly dodging one effort, "about an inch from his face, when he suddenly twitched to the right and let it sail past him".

The park has also hosted reggae festivals, and the London Pride festival in 1993 and 1994. In May 1994, an Anti Nazi League Carnival in Brockwell Park featured performances by The Manic Street Preachers, The Levellers, and Billy Bragg. Between 2000 and 2004, the park even hosted an annual cannabis festival. The cannabis festival was eventually stopped in 2005 by Lambeth Council, after drug dealing at previous events.

In June 2002, Australian band Midnight Oil headlined The Fierce Festival in Brockwell Park in front of a crowd of 20,000 people. A dance event called Purple in the Park was held on the preceding day, headlined by Grace Jones, and including performances by Boy George and Yoko Ono. The two events, held over the Queen's Golden Jubilee weekend, had a capacity set at 50,000.

In January 2018, Lambeth Council announced that Field Day Festival had been given permission to hold its event in Brockwell Park. Acts lined up for June 2018 included Erykah Badu, Thundercat, and Four Tet.

Sports facilities

 * The refurbished 1930s Brockwell Lido has, as well as the swimming pool, other health and fitness facilities
 * An all-weather pitch
 * A bowling green
 * A purpose-built BMX track
 * Tennis courts
 * A Basketball/Volleyball court
 * Grass and gravel football pitches
 * Cricket nets
 * A free weekly 5 km Saturday Parkrun
 * 5 a side football on Sunday

Family facilities

 * A children's paddling pool (open in the summertime only)
 * A dog free children's play area
 * A miniature railway gauge
 * One O'Clock Club

Other features

 * A café, inside Brockwell Hall at the top of the hill
 * A walled garden with many flowers and herbs
 * Community greenhouses
 * 12 foot high steel barrier fence enclosing a 1/3 of the park (50 days per year)
 * Three duck ponds

Brockwell Park in popular culture
The San Francisco band Red House Painters wrote a song about the park, named "Brockwell Park", for their 1995 album Ocean Beach. The Ocean Beach album also features an unlisted hidden track, referred to as "Brockwell Park (Part 2)".

In a 2015 Adele at the BBC TV special, singer and songwriter Adele stated that her song "Million Years Ago" is, "kind of a story about … I drove past Brockwell Park, which is a park in south London I used to live by. It’s where I spent a lot of my youth. It has quite monumental moments of my life that I’ve spent there, and I drove past it and I just literally burst into tears".

Brockwell Park is the setting for the music video of "Do Your Thing" by local band Basement Jaxx.

Brockwell Park was used as a filming base camp for the 2015 movie The Man from U.N.C.L.E directed by Guy Ritchie.

The park is a key location in Mo Hayder's crime novel The Treatment.

title: Brockwell Park


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Brockwell Lido

Brockwell Lido is a large lido in Brockwell Park, Herne Hill, London. It opened in July 1937, closed in 1990 and after a local campaign was re-opened in 1994. Two ex council employees Paddy and Casey took on the running of the Lido for the community. Lambeth council gave Paddy & Casey (ex council workers) a peppercorn lease rate from 1994–2001. Lambeth gave them a one-year extension in 2002 whilst a public consultation was held to decide on the longer term sustainable future of the Lido.

History
Brockwell Lido was designed by Harry Rowbotham and T. L. Smithson in the Moderne style for the London County Council's Parks Department. It replaced the Brockwell Park bathing pond and is almost identical in design to the Victoria Park Lido in Hackney. It opened in July 1937.

The lido closed in 1990 due to cost-saving measures by Lambeth Borough Council. A Brockwell Lido Users (BLU) group was established in 2001 to lobby for re-opening. The lido management was put out for tender and two former council employees won the contract and reopened the lido in 1994.

Lucy Blakstad's film The Lido was filmed at Brockwell Lido in 1995.

The lido has been listed Grade II on the National Heritage List for England since July 2003.

Description

In 2001, the Evian logo was painted on the pool floor in a sponsorship deal worth £110,000. In 2005, £500,000 was awarded from the Heritage Lottery Fund as part of the £2.5 million redevelopment. 2001 was also the year BLU were officially formed as a pressure group to save the Lido. With the backing of over 1000 local Lido lovers and swimmers, they demonstrated to Lambeth council the passion that the 'local' people and community had for their Lido. Lambeth brought in Consultants and public meetings were held to establish the best solution to save and preserve the Lido for future generations. A Brockwell Lido Steering Group was created with three of the six stakeholders coming from BLU.

In 2003 Fusion Lifestyle won the competitive tender from Lambeth Council to refurbish Brockwell Lido and create an all year round leisure complex at the site. A newly built gym, spa and fitness studios were constructed over four years and the newly expanded Brockwell Lido site was reopened in October 2007.

In 2012 the 'Brockwell Icicles' winter swimming group reformed and campaigned for all year round swimming... the current operator Fusion agreed. BLU with the help of BLSC, finally obtained 7 day swimming for the Lido in 2014. Brockwell Lido is now open 7 days a week all year for those who enjoy cold water swimming. (Membership is not required and new cold water swimmers can turn up and pay on the day)

In 2016 in April, Fusion finally installed a poolside sauna at the Lido and later that year at the BLU & BLSG AGM, Fusion agreed to open the whole pool every day from 1 November 2016, all thanks to a concerted campaign by BLU on behalf of the Lido users.

The Lido Café is an attached café/restaurant looking onto the pool.

Εvents
On 25 July 2019, amidst record high temperatures across the UK, the police were called as around 500 people tried to "storm" Brockwell Lido.

title: Brockwell Lido


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Fort Chipewyan

Fort Chipewyan, commonly referred to as Fort Chip, is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada, within the Regional Municipality (RM) of Wood Buffalo. It is located on the western tip of Lake Athabasca, adjacent to Wood Buffalo National Park, approximately 223 km north of Fort McMurray.

History
Fort Chipewyan is one of the oldest European settlements in the Province of Alberta. It was established as a trading post by Peter Pond of the North West Company in 1788. The fort was named after the Chipewyan people living in the area.

One of the establishers of the fort, Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne, always had a taste for literature, as was seen years later when he opened correspondence with traders all over the north and west, asking for descriptions of scenery, adventure, folklore and history. He also had in view the founding of a library at the fort, which would not be only for the immediate residents of Fort Chipewyan, but for traders and clerks of the whole region tributary to Lake Athabasca, so that it would be what he called, in an imaginative and somewhat jocular vein, "the little Athens of the Arctic regions." This library, built in 1790, held over 2000 books, and became one of the most famous in the whole extent of Rupert's Land.

From about 1815 to 1821 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) maintained a competing Fort Wedderburn (named after Andrew Colvile's family) on Coal Island 1+1/2 mi from the North West Company's fort. This fort was established by John Clarke, and Sir George Simpson arrived here in 1820–1821, where he began to reorganize the fur trade.

Sir John Franklin set out from Fort Chipewyan on his overland Arctic journey on 1820. In 1887–1888 there was a great famine. Electric lights did not arrive in Fort Chipewyan until 1959.

Historic sites
Old Fort Point, the site of the first Fort Chipewyan established in 1788 by Roderick Mackenzie, southeast of Fort Chipewyan was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1930. Historic places in the community include the site of the third Fort Chipewyan established in 1803, the Anglican Church built in 1880 and Day School built in 1874, and the Roman Catholic Mission Church built in 1909.

Climate
Fort Chipewyan has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with long, very cold, dry winters and short, warm, wetter summers. The highest temperature ever recorded in Fort Chipewyan was 39.3 C on 30 June 2021. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -51.1 C on 1 February 1917.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Chipewyan had a population of 798 living in 309 of its 387 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 852. With a land area of 9.93 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The population of Fort Chipewyan according to the 2018 municipal census conducted by the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo is 918, a decrease from its 2012 municipal census population count of 1,008.

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fort Chipewyan had a population of 852 living in 295 of its 372 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 847. With a land area of 10.7 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The hamlet's population is predominantly made up of Cree and Chipewyan (Dene) First Nations and Métis people.

Air
The hamlet is served by the Fort Chipewyan Airport, opened on June 18, 1966. Air is one of two methods of access to Fort Chipewyan in the summer.

Water
In the summer, the hamlet also can be accessed by boat from Fort McMurray via the Athabasca River.

Road
There are no all-weather roads to Fort Chipewyan, but it can be reached via winter roads in the winter. These include roads from Fort Smith to the north and from Fort McMurray to the south. In June 1998, and as part of the Northwestern Canadian Integrated Road Network Plan, the Alberta government conducted studies on all-weather road access by extending the existing Highway 63 from Fort McMurray. As of 2008 Highway 63 has been extended from Fort McMurray to Syncrude; there are currently no plans on extending it further to Fort Chipewyan. In December 2005, one-third of Fort Chipewyan's residents signed a petition to request the government to build a 50 km all-weather road to connect with existing roads to the northwest that provide access to Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. The major expenditure would be a bridge over the Slave River.

Solar energy
In September 2014, the community of Fort Chipewyan in collaboration with Keepers of the Athabasca installed a 1.8 kW solar array on the roof of the Elder Lodge to be used for emergency backup power. An energy baseline study was completed for Fort Chipewyan by the Pembina Institute in 2012.

The table below shows the mean daily global insolation (kWh/m2) in Fort Chipewyan for each month of the year using five different fixed solar array orientations and one which tracks the sun. The data was provided by Natural Resources Canada's Municipality database of photovoltaic potential and insolation which used data collected over 50 years from 144 locations compiled from Environment Canada's CERES CD.

Fort Chipewyan Solar Farm
The Fort Chipewyan Solar Farm was developed by Three Nations Energy LP, and constructed in 2019 through 2020. ATCO was the designer and builder, and operates the system. The Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation, Mikisew Cree First Nation, and Fort Chipewyan Métis Local 125 own the project. The solar farm is expected to supply approximately 25 percent of Fort Chipewyan's energy and annually replace 800,000 litres of diesel fuel. A battery storage system will store 1.5 MWh of power.

Phase 1 was planned to include 1,500 panels (400 kW) but was reported at the project completion as a 600 kW facility, while phase 2 was planned include 6,000 panels and was reported at the project completion to include 5,760 panels with the planned output of 2,200 kW. The Government of Canada provided $4.5M and the Government of Alberta provided $3.3M of the project's $7.8M cost.

ATCO will buy the solar farm's energy under a long-term purchase agreement and supply it to the local power grid, which is disconnected from the province-wide grid. ATCO stated that with the completion of the 2.2 MW-capacity project, about 25 fewer tanker trucks will trek across the winter ice road connecting the community with Fort McMurray, 220 kilometres to the south. In the summer, the community is only accessible by air or barge.

title: Fort Chipewyan


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Talk:History of aviation

Flight myths
I'd like to propose an additional section for this page called "flight myths", or something like that, in which to put the Icarus myth (as well as other myths). What do you all say about this? Dominic inquisitive (talk) 03:02, 11 September 2018 (UTC) Is it appropriate? Dominic inquisitive (talk) 03:04, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of an article called "Flight myths." I don't think a section by that name would be especially useful for this article, but I won't oppose it. Be advised that an existing article, Early flying machines, partially overlaps your idea. With more research and sources than now evident in that article and this one covering the "mythical" period, a separate Flight Myths seems like a good addition to the encyclopedia. Also be advised (and prepared) that a Myths article might generate controversy, as  editors in various parts of the world argue that some stories are not "myths," but are in fact real. DonFB (talk) 06:17, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

 * May I delete this whole "Flight myths" section (and your comment on it too) DonFB, since I no longer want to propose what I said above? Dominic inquisitive (talk) 22:03, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Don't delete the thread. It serves as a record of the discussion and may be useful if anyone thinks of the same idea. Meters (talk) 22:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

 * A redirect Flight myths could be created to point at Early flying machines though none of that section is cited (and probably would be quite difficult to cite!). Legends and myths are much the same thing. I agree that it is a good idea. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  09:19, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I just don't want to propose it anymore and I'd like to delete this "Flight myths" thread of this page. May I? Dominic inquisitive (talk) 18:05, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Please allow me to delete this thread. Dominic inquisitive (talk) 12:26, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I believe that only obvious vandalism can be removed from talk pages, see Talk page guidelines. I don't see anything wrong with this thread, why would you want to delete it? Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  13:28, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I replied above. Dominic inquisitive (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Don't delete talk page threads. They stay in place for a while and then they are archived. Binksternet (talk) 22:18, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * there is no proof given, citation, that the Chinese invented kites. We know Indians, South east Asians, and japan islands had kites throughout their history. We know from 1930 to 1980s red guard burned, mashed, and destroyed most of their culture, and then reinvented it.
 * However, there is no citation or evidence that is carbon dated to this time, that is listed. Can you show ONE Silk Kite that carbon dates to 2350 bca? Are we to take this as verbatim, that is was the "Chinese" that did not exist as today's nation state but a group of nations, kingdoms and warlord because some Rando person typed it in to start?
 * Shall it not be questioned without any proof other then a picture from the 1960s red guard drew? We know there is Chinese immoral vampires and dragons? are these real too? they are not sighted, there is no carbon dating or Any evidence other then, pictures drawn from the 1960s and upwards.
 * not citation claims in history as as bad as it gets, might as well say Starwars is real. Atlantis is though to be real by many, reality is Europe never was one state or people, even after the EU formed. China has always been 100s of states and cultures for 5000 years. Its like saying some one in Spain invented something from Russia.
 * Might as well it up a BIG bowl of Mythic Fancy 69.169.14.137 (talk) 02:33, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

Something seems fishy…
In section "Airships", there is a line that says:

"…Santos-Dumont went on to design and build several aircraft. The subsequent controversy surrounding his and others' competing claims with regard to aircraft overshadowed his great contribution to the development of airships."

Is it just me, or does this seem somewhat lopsided? What controversy? — Preceding unsigned comment added by FavoritoHJS (talk • contribs) 22:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Scientific American Aeronautic Trophy
"According to the April 1907 issue of the Scientific American magazine,[76]" SA was a weekly. This is the link for the issue.

The full quote might give a more accurate impression: "These men have undoubtedly made flights with their aeroplane, and these flights have been witnessed by a considerable number of people. The general appearance of their machine is known, and other experimenters are making good progress along somewhat the same lines"

Aviation timeline
Just a small nitpick. On the timeline where it reaches the B2 Spirit, it's actually the outline of an F117 Nighthawk. Should we find a correct one or just leave it as is considering the casual reader wouldn't notice the difference? GansMans (talk) 02:43, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * The aviation timeline needs to be redone, or eliminated if it is not possible to correct it. Besides the various spelling mistakes I've seen at a couple of spots, there are conceptual ones as well: militar should be military; sperimental should be experimental; Blerot should be Bleriot; aircraft should be airplanes, since the word aircraft includes hot-air balloons, and dirigibles. These are not just typos, and the ones I listed were from taking a glance, thus clearly there are more. -- Gciriani (talk) 14:45, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Otto Lilienthal became known as the "Glider King" or "Flying Man" of Germany. He duplicated Wenham's work.
Is there any source for this. 80.189.101.6 (talk) 20:53, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of aviation


text:
Talk:Examples of Markov chains

Imprecise statement
Note: The following in this entry is, apparently, imprecise:  "In a game such as poker or blackjack, a player can gain an advantage by remembering which hands have already been played (and hence which cards are no longer in the deck)". In most forms of poker currently spread, the deck(s) are reshuffled between hands, making card counting as such pointless. In poker, however, it is very advantageous to note patterns in player behavior (betting tendencies, hands raised pre-flop for games such as omaha and hold'em, general aggression, etc., etc.). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.197.158.187 (talk) 02:51, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Blackjack and Markov Chains
I disagree with the claim that blackjack cannot be treated as a Markov chain because it depends on previous states. This claim relies on a very narrow idea of what the current state is: i.e. what your current cards are and what the dealer's cards are. However, if you expand the current state to include all cards that have been seen since the last shuffle or conversely all the remaining cards in the deck, then the next card drawn depends only on the current state. This is similar to the idea of a "Markov chain of order m" as described in the Markov Chain article: you can construct a classical (order 1) chain from any order m chain by changing the state space.

The problem is that the next state depends on the decision of the player; so, you have to add a player strategy, which may be randomised, before you can make it a Markov chain. Therefore, you can investigate the value of a strategy by looking at the hitting probability of the "Win" states integrated over all possible starting states. --Nzbuu 12:16, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Monopoly
Actually, is Monopoly not also slightly non-Markovian? There is a certain amount of 'memory' in the sense that the 'Chance'-cards are not shuffled after every draw (so the chance of drawing a certain card that has not yet been drawn is higher). --Victor Claessen 11:31, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Players also decide whether to buy a property (if available) when landing on it, and whether to build houses on properties they own. These aspects don't seem to fit the Markov model. 24.46.211.89 (talk) 19:03, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Stable vs Oscillatory Models
The examples given are nice; however, I think one behavior of these models is missing: oscillation. A good example of a transition matrix that oscillates rather than converges would provide a more robust example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.248.79.229 (talk) 16:02, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Predicting the Weather Markov chain example
The eigen vector is good (sums to 100%) but the weather graphs is weird: Generally we would expect all ins and all outs sums to 100% (exclusive states). It seems the author has preferred to have an eigen vector where its components sums to 100%, but not the intermediate ones In another wikipage: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chain, stock market, we have a different example where all ins and outs sums (raws and columns of the matrix) to 100%, but in this case, the eigen vector sums with a probability of 187.5%...
 * going to sunny state has a probability higher than 100% (130%)
 * Leaving the rainy state has probability of 100% (0.5 +0.5)

It would be nice to provide the reader some explanations why the probability over the state space becomes > 100%, while we are tough in the 101 probability lessons it should sum to 100% (for the sake of consistency).. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.102.61.32 (talk) 17:29, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

 * removed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.102.61.32 (talk) 17:54, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Examples of Markov chains


text:
Talk:Quantum gauge theory

I'm not too sure about the redirect. The current gauge theory article is completely classical... Phys 04:16, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * How about adding the current content of this article to Gauge theory, and setting the redirect. Perhaps a section on Quantum gauge theories in the current gauge theory article - talking about BRST, ghosts, mass generation etc. ? -- [[User:AmarChandra|Amar | Talk]] 09:10, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)

A clearer proposal to expand the page or merge into Gauge theory was just now written by me at Talk:Gauge theory. Please comment.undefined—undefinedPt(T) 04:53, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantum gauge theory


text:
Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad

The Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad (earlier Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad and Transportation Company ) was a  narrow gauge railroad and was the first proper railroad to serve Seattle, Washington, preceded only by horse-drawn rail vehicles and by a coal train making the very short haul from Lake Union to Pike Street. Despite its ambitious name, actual construction never went beyond King County, the county of which Seattle itself is the seat. After being sold to Henry Villard's Oregon Improvement Company in 1880 it was renamed the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad. In 1916, that became the Pacific Coast Railroad Company.

Seattle and Walla Walla
When the Northern Pacific Railway chose nearby Tacoma as its western terminus (1873), many thought that this would condemn Seattle to, at best, a secondary role on Puget Sound. While most of the other towns that were passed over in favor of Tacoma simply accepted their fate, Seattle did not. Selucius Garfielde proposed a railway east through Snoqualmie Pass to the grainfields of Eastern Washington.

The railroad was incorporated September 19, 1873. Its founding trustees were Arthur Denny, John Collins, Franklin Mathias, Angus Mackintosh, Henry Yesler, James McNaught, J. J. McGilvra, J. M. Colman, and Dexter Horton. They ventured to Walla Walla, where they were given a warm welcome, but that city lacked Seattle's concern for the project: they already had land transport to Portland, Oregon, not to mention access to the Columbia River.

J. M. Colman, owner of the Seattle lumber mill founded by Henry Yesler, emerged as the leader of the enterprise. He staked US$20,000 of his own money—a fortune in those days, especially during the slow recovery from the Panic of 1873—on the condition that other Seattle businessmen would loan the enterprise at least twice that sum. Colman brought in labor contractor Chin Gee Hee, who organized cheap Chinese labor to continue the construction. (Chin would eventually become a railway entrepreneur in his native China.)

Despite Walla Walla's lack of interest, construction began on May 1, 1874, at Steele's Landing in Georgetown, the present-day intersection of E. Marginal Way S. and S. Lucille St., which was then near the mouth of the Duwamish River, later re-channeled and straightened. Twelve miles of track had been completed by October of that year, entirely through volunteer labor by the men of Seattle. The line reached the coal fields of Renton in 1877, with the first train running on March 7 and regular commercial runs commencing October 15. Coal made the line profitable, even if it did nothing to link Seattle to the national rail infrastructure.

The most difficult part of building the line was the trestle ran south from the King Street Coal Wharf, carrying trains through the tide flats that would later be filled to form Seattle's Industrial District. Joe Surber sunk numerous piles into the flats, using his pile driver. The resulting trestle was short-lived, though: shipworms attacked the pilings, and this portion of the line had to be replaced by the successor Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad less than five years after it was initially built.

On January 18, 1878 the railroad made it as far as the coal fields of Newcastle, ultimately 22.5 mi of railway with five locomotives, two passenger cars and sixty freight cars, but never attracted the capitalization that would take it anywhere near the city of Walla Walla from which it took half its name.

Henry Villard's Oregon Improvement Company bought the Seattle and Walla Walla November 25, 1880, combined it with the Seattle Coal and Transportation Co., and renamed it the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad. The sale was quite profitable for the line's owners, but still did little to connect Seattle to the national land transportation grid.

Columbia and Puget Sound
The Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad Company (C&PSRR), successor to the Seattle and Walla Walla, was incorporated November 26, 1880, the day after the purchase. Like its predecessor, the C&PSRR continued to lay track in the coal-rich terrain of Western Washington, mainly extending lines south and east from Renton via Black Diamond to Franklin (December 1884), but also extending service a short distance from Newcastle to nearby Coal Creek in December 1881. Additional short lines out of Black Diamond would eventually go to Denny (renamed Bruce in 1897) and 1.65 mi to Kummer; the latter opened no later than June 30, 1903); about halfway between Renton and Black Diamond, a line was extended from Maple Valley to Taylor (a company town owned by the Denny Clay Company ) around May 1893. The C&SPRR eventually had 60.26 mi of track.

The C&PSRR gave Seattle at least a tenuous link to major railways to its south and east. At Maple Valley, it connected to a line owned by the Milwaukee Road, the Chicago, & Puget Sound Railway Company. Beginning July 1, 1884, a third rail on C&PSRR track from Black River Junction north to Argo allowed the Northern Pacific to run their wide-gauge trains on C&PSRR's otherwise narrow-gauge track, and reach Seattle from the south with their Puget Sound Shore Railroad.

The Puget Sound Shore Railroad was never really an adequate connection to the nation's railroad network. The line was built from the Black River Junction via Kent to Stuck Junction (about halfway between Sumner and Kent ), leading in theory to the Northern Pacific's main terminal at Tacoma, but the Northern Pacific largely declined to operate the line. The name "Stuck Junction" became all too apt. "[S]ervice was unpredictable and sometimes absent altogether," charges were high, and no break bulk cargo was allowed (an individual merchant had to ship and receive by the carload). This situation drove Seattle to look at the possibility of connecting north, leading to the creation of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. There were various degrees of accommodation at various times, but it would not be until 1902 that a genuinely amicable agreement was reached with Northern Pacific, with details finalized in 1903.

The Great Seattle Fire in June 1889 destroyed C&PSRR's Seattle station, shops, roundhouse, coal bunkers, all of its wharves, four freight cars and a locomotive. The railroad was up and running again by the end of the year. The Panic of 1893 severely impacted the Oregon Improvement Company, which went into receivership in 1895, emerging in 1897 as the Pacific Coast Company, a name the reflected its inclusion of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.

C&PSRR upgraded to standard gauge, work that was completed in November 1897. The 1903 agreement with Northern Pacific gave C&PSRR a good route to access Pacific Coast Steamship Company's new Seattle coal pier at Dearborn Street, where they built a new roundhouse just off of Railroad Avenue (later Alaskan Way).

In 1909, following up on a 1906 agreement, the Milwaukee Road was extended similar trackage rights from the south to what had been granted to the Puget Sound Shore Railroad. By 1913, the C&PSRR was operating 11 locomotives, 8 passenger cars, 152 freight cars, and 236 coal cars. The C&PSRR was consolidated into the Pacific Coast Railroad Company on March 26, 1916.

Pacific Coast Railroad Company
The Pacific Coast Railroad Company was incorporated November 27, 1897, but did not operate until March 23, 1916. The line from Renton to Newcastle and Coal Creek was closed in 1933. The last of the extensions out of Black Diamond, to Franklin, was closed in 1936. In 1945 the line from Maple Valley to Taylor was closed, and in 1947 the stretch between Maple Valley and Henry's shut as well, leaving only the lines from Seattle via Black River Junction and Renton to Maple Valley, and from Henry's to Black Diamond, a total of about 30 mile of track.

In 1951, the Pacific Coast Railroad became a subsidiary of the Great Northern. It was sold to Burlington Northern (now part of the BNSF Railway) March 2, 1970.

title: Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad


text:
Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway

The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway (SLS&E) was a railroad founded in Seattle, Washington, on April 28, 1885, with three tiers of purposes: Build and run the initial line to the town of Ballard, bring immediate results and returns to investors; exploit resources east in the valleys, foothills, Cascade Range, and Eastern Washington in 19th-century style, attracting more venture capital; and boost a link to a transcontinental railroad for Seattle, the ultimate prize for incorporation. The historical accomplishment of the line was Seattle to Sumas at the border, with British Columbia, Canada, connecting with the Canadian Pacific transcontinental at the border at Huntingdon, British Columbia, now part of the City of Abbotsford.

In addition to the historical accomplishment, the SLS&E built and ran branches from Seattle through Bothell, on to Woodinville, to Sallal Prairie (just past North Bend); Salmon Bay (the industrial district of the town of Ballard); and Spokane to Davenport. Toward the latter end, one goal was creating a rail connection to North Dakota via Wallula, an outpost on the Columbia River in the early decades of railroad booms, near the present Tri-Cities. Local historian William Speidel reported that Henry Villard, tycoon of the Northern Pacific Railway (NP), had the federal rights and had the line through Wallula built. The SLS&E was first incorporated to build a line from the Seattle harbor in old Downtown, along Elliott Bay to the lumber and fishing town of Ballard.

Subsequent to its abandonment in 1971, a southern portion of the railroad’s right-of-way re-opened in 1978 as the Burke-Gilman Trail.

Promoting a railroad empire involving Seattle
Railroading in Seattle closely paralleled development and early hopes for the future. Like communications networks today, 19th century railroading represented more than track, stock, and trade. Romantic and practical potential wooed communities across the West, much as Web commerce and bandwidth today (bandwidth was narrow, desire high, competition passionate). Travel between America's coasts had taken months, whether overland by wagon or by sailing ship or steamer around Cape Horn, until the Union Pacific reached San Francisco in 1869 and the Northern Pacific opened to Tacoma in 1887.

The SLS&E was conceived and financed by Seattle business interests in response to Villard of the NP selecting Seattle's intense rival Tacoma as its transcontinental western terminus, and incorporated on 15 April 1885. The original scheme for the SLS&E was connecting with an intercontinental railroad somewhere, while actually building north and east from Seattle. By the late 1880s, the SLS&E needed more capital for ongoing construction toward Sumas and an extension toward Spokane. The Seattle & Eastern Construction Company was formed with many of the same investors as the SLS&E. Construction of the eastern line began in Spokane. By the end of 1889, construction ended, having only reached Sallal Prairie, some miles past North Bend and 63 mi from the Seattle station on Western Avenue at Columbia Street. In 1890, the plans were amended to focus on connecting Seattle to the Canadian Pacific Railway at Sumas on the border.

Local historian William Speidel (1967) observed that, "At best, insider boosters had hoped they might get as far as Denny's Iron Mountain in Snoqualmie Pass. While the SLS&E was designed to connect with one of the other transcontinentals, its primary purpose lay in 19th-century industrial development exploiting the city's hinterland: the fast-disappearing easy timber, then primarily coal and iron. A theory, which later became profitable in fact, was that commuter trains could run along the SLS&E track, and be only twenty scenic minutes away from the center of the city. Ever since, every suburb around the perimeter of the city has been advertised as only 'twenty scenic minutes away from downtown.'"

"The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad was a pretty weak reed for Seattle to cling to. City boosters blew a lot of money on that railroad and when they were through, it had only been built as far east as Rattlesnake Prairie above Snoqualmie Falls and as for north as Arlington. But it was the only hope that Seattle-New York Alki held out for a connection with a transcontinental system. On the other hand, the side benefits of the SLS&E enabled boosters to hit the jackpot with the Great Northern."

The verso of a promotional print celebrating an opening excursion of the SLS&E stated, The Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad company was organized April 15, 1885 and was financed by local men and Jamieson, Smith and Cotting of New York. The first division of the road was to Issaquah where the coal mines would furnish cargoes. The first depot of the road was built at the foot of Columbia Street, but as space for trackage and terminals was too limited, the city created Railroad Avenue, 120 feet wide. The city gave the new road thirty feet of the Avenue for trackage and offered the Northern Pacific an equal amount which was not accepted. Construction was soon started from the eastern end of Spokane and forty miles of road built. Startled by the success of this competing line, the Northern Pacific purchased control and abandoned its fight against Seattle in 1890. [The quote is text on the verso of a silver gelation print, "Excursion on the Seattle Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad, n.d.", A. Curtis 59932.]

The SLS&E accomplished 126.30 mi Seattle to Sumas at the Canada–US border, connecting with the Canadian Pacific transcontinental, late 1880s-1892; with branches of approximately 24.5 mi from Seattle through Bothell, 38.45 mi Woodinville Junction to Sallal Prairie (North Bend) (about 63 mi downtown Seattle to the prairie), 1886–1889; 5 – from downtown to Salmon Bay and spur to the town of Ballard, 1885; a Winsor branch (through Bothell and up North Creek); and 50.05 mi Spokane to Davenport, in 1888–1889.

"[A]ll along the line the road's construction caused a tremendous stir ... logging camps, mills, mines, and towns sprang into existence as if by magic." The SLS&E boosted not only the town of Ballard (connected 1886), but new towns like Ross, Fremont, Latona (in what is now east Wallingford, Brooklyn (in what is now west University District), Yesler (now part of Laurelhurst), Bothell (Thanksgiving, 1887) and towns out to Gilman (now Issaquah).

The verso of a print in UW archives noted, August 20, 1894. Wreck on [the] Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern just west of Latone [now Latona Avenue]. Freight train from Gilman [now Issaquah ] hit a cow. [Trainload was a] [m]ixer freight train, 10 co[a]l cars, logs and box cars. Train had slowed down at Brooklyn [Avenue] for cows. Engineer saw cows on a bank beyond Latona looking (?) one another[!]. One cow was tossed over [the] bank and hit the track just as [the] engine came by. [The] [e]ngine was raised off the track[,] and when it came down [the] wheels went off the rails. Engineer reversed but [it] was too late. [The] [c]oal tender shot ahead[,] tearing part of car [(the engine cab)] off and decapitating [the] fireman and killing [the] brakeman. Engineer and coal passer [were] unhurt. Steam and dust enveloped the derailed cars. Engineer ran to Fremont to telegraph to stop [the] evening passenger train[;] also [illegible] Engineer claimed train going 20 miles per hr. The streets at that time were rural, more tracks or plat lines than avenues. The run to Fremont Station was more than a mile (about 1.6 km). A small freight depot remains today at the foot of Stone Way N.

Bankruptcy
The company entered receivership on July 1, 1893, and continued to operate. The company was sold on May 16, 1896, and the assets split between two companies. The Spokane and Seattle Railway acquired the eastern line between Spokane and Davenport, while the Seattle and International Railway acquired the western lines around Seattle.

Building the SLS&E in Eastern Washington
The SLS&E was planned to be a larger railroad than it ultimately became. Construction was in two parts, with the eastern Washington section started in Spokane and headed west, begun in the late 1880s by largely the same group of investors incorporating the Seattle & Eastern Construction Company.

An old map shows the proposed line going from Davenport to Coulee City, up the Grand Coulee to Waterville, then on to Wenatchee, then along the Wenatchee River, and up over part of Stevens Pass then over toward Everett. With what is known today about Cascade Range topography that was little-known or unknown back then, how much was promotion and how much was actually expected according to the insiders' business plan remains part of the intrigue of railroad history.

The steam locomotive "A. M. Cannon." SLS&E number 11, was named after a prominent Spokane resident. Cannon was very instrumental in the building of the SLS&E in the Spokane area.

It has been reported that the Great Northern (GN) used the SLS&E bridge over the Spokane River while the GN was building its own during its transcontinental construction in 1893.

The eastern Washington line became the Spokane & Seattle Railway, which was purchased by the NP in two parts. The first—Medical Lake to Davenport—was purchased in 1899. The remainder, between Medical Lake and Spokane, was bought in 1900.

Recent history
The western Washington lines remained in fairly heavy use until 1963. By 1970, most of the line was acquired by Burlington Northern Railway which filed to abandon the lines a year later in 1971. Seven years later, in 1978, the 12.1 mi between Gas Works Park in Seattle and Tracy Owen Station in Kenmore was reopened as the Burke-Gilman Trail bike path and recreational rail trail, named after the leaders of the group that founded the railroad, Thomas Burke and Daniel Gilman. The bike path and rail trail has been extended along the SLS&E line west through Interbay, and extending east from Jerry Wilmot Park, South Woodinville, the King County Regional Trail system leads to the cross-state John Wayne Pioneer Trail. A 5.5 mi section of the railway, between Snoqualmie Falls and North Bend, was preserved in 1975, and is now owned and operated by the Northwest Railway Museum.

In eastern Washington, the Northern Pacific abandoned the section between Spokane and Medical Lake right after purchase, preferring to use their own branch from Spokane, the Central Washington Branch (CW Branch). The section from Medical Lake to Davenport was operated for a time before the line was trimmed back to include only an 18 mi spur out of Davenport to Eleanor. The Washington Water Power Company purchased the right-of-way between Spokane and Medical Lake from the Northern Pacific on or about 2 March 1904, for use as an interurban passenger railway. It remained in use as an interurban until early 1922, before the rails were torn up again. The only remaining eastern Washington section by 1970 was the spur out of Davenport that ran to Eleanor, abandoned in 1983. As of May 2019 the only remaining section is the Wye going south of Davenport; it is now used to turn locomotives around and storage for the Washington Eastern Railroad.

The right-of-way has long since reverted to adjacent landowners and has been used for other purposes, having been abandoned 1922–1983. If these lines had been operated in a more urban setting, and in more recent times, they might have been converted to use today as a trail. But at the time this line was abandoned, the rails to trails movement had not begun. By today much of the lines in the open country of Eastern Washington have gone the way of the "disappearing railroad blues." Some sections can still be seen, but otherwise much of it has become roadways or disappeared into history.

title: Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway


text:
Jamba

Jamba may refer to:

Places

 * Jamba, Cuando Cubango, Angola, former base of rebel group UNITA
 * Jamba, Huíla, Angola
 * Jamba, in Bap tehsil, Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, India

People

 * Jamba Ulengo (born 1990), South African rugby union player for the Tel Aviv Heat
 * Almerindo Jaka Jamba (1949–2018), an Angolan politician
 * João Pereira Jamba (born 1977), an Angolan football defender
 * Sousa Jamba (born 1966), Angolan writer

Other uses

 * Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement
 * Jamba!, a ringtone vendor owned by VeriSign (known as "Jamster!" in some countries)
 * Jamba Juice, a company producing blended fruit and vegetable juices, smoothies and similar products
 * "Jamba", a song by Tyler, the Creator from the album Wolf
 * Jamba, a fictional term in the plot of Kirby Star Allies

title: Jamba


text:
Bruneau Dunes State Park

Bruneau Dunes State Park is a public recreation and geologic preservation area in the western United States, located in Owyhee County in southwestern Idaho. It is northeast of Bruneau and 15 mi south of Mountain Home.

Featuring large sand dunes and small lakes, the state park is the site of North America's tallest single-structured sand dune, which is approximately 470 ft in height. The park encompasses 4800 acre and features the Bruneau Dunes Observatory, where visitors can use a telescope for stargazing.

Natural history
The park's dunes are unique in the Western Hemisphere: where others in the Americas form at the edge of a natural basin, the Bruneau dunes form near the center. The basin has acted as a natural trap for over 12,000 years. The dunes may have started with sands from the Bonneville Flood about 15,000 years ago. With prevailing winds blowing from the southeast 28 percent of the time and from the northwest 32 percent of the time, the dunes stay fairly stable, and unlike most dunes, do not drift far. The state park includes desert, dune, prairie, lake and marsh habitat. Desert wildlife is prominent along with birds of prey and waterfowl.
 * Geology
 * Flora and fauna

Park history
Land for the park was purchased under the Recreation and Public Purposes Act in May 1967. Additional acreage was acquired in 1980 and in 1984, bringing the park's total area to 4800 acre.

Recreation
Activities include sandboarding, fishing, birdwatching, camping, hiking, swimming, and viewing the stars at the public observatory. No motorized vehicles are allowed on the dunes but climbing and sledding are permitted. There are 7 mi and 9 mi horseback riding trails around the dunes. An educational center offers natural history displays and a gift shop. The astronomical observatory is open Friday and Saturday evenings mid-March through mid-October. Two cabins, 82 RV sites (with water/electricity) and 32 standard sites are available year round in two campgrounds: Eagle Cove Campground and Broken Wheel Campground. An equestrian overnight facility, with corrals, is also available. Fishing for bass and bluegill is popular in the park's small lake. Only non-motorized canoes, rafts and float tubes are allowed.

title: Bruneau Dunes State Park


text:
Talk:RAMSAR

Is there another name for this? This is the name of a city. RickK 04:26, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:RAMSAR