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Groton School

Groton School is a private college-preparatory day and boarding school located in Groton, Massachusetts. It is affiliated with the Episcopal tradition.

Groton enrolls about 380 boys and girls from the eighth through twelfth grades, dubbed Forms II-VI in the British fashion. Its $475 million endowment enables the school to admit students on a need-blind basis. Typically, 40–44% of students are on financial aid. Students with family incomes under $80,000 attend for free, and families making $120,000 typically pay no more than $5,000.

The school admitted 8% of applicants in 2022. Its list of notable alumni includes U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Nobel laureate John B. Goodenough.

The Peabody era, 1884–1940
Groton School was founded in 1884 by Endicott Peabody, an Episcopal priest. Peabody was backed by Harvard president Charles Eliot and affluent figures of the time, such as Peabody's father Samuel Peabody, Phillips Brooks, William Lawrence, William Crowninshield Endicott, and J. P. Morgan. The school also enjoyed the patronage of the Roosevelt family, as Theodore Roosevelt was one of Peabody's close friends. Peabody served as headmaster for fifty-six years. A proponent of "muscular Christianity," he instituted a Spartan educational system that included cold showers and dormitory cubicles instead of individual bedrooms. He successfully attracted the children of wealthy families, whom he hoped to toughen up through this program of "corrective salutary deprivation."

Under Peabody, Groton sought to inspire its students to serve the public good, rather than enter professional life. In peacetime, many graduates were involved in public affairs, but the alumni typically gravitated to business, finance, law, or similar professional positions. In wartime, the school's ethos of public service played a more prominent role. 475 of Groton's 580 military-age alumni served in World War I; 24 died and another 36 were wounded, at a time when the graduating class contained roughly 27 students. Roughly 700 alumni served in World War II, with 31 deaths.

Peabody also expected his students to "be ready for advanced courses at the universities." He sought to improve the academic qualities of the student body, introducing competitive entrance examinations and a scholarship program in 1907. (One such scholarship student, Henry Chauncey '23, went on to popularize the Scholastic Aptitude Test with American universities. ) Since even Ivy League universities could not always be counted on for financial aid at the time, Peabody also helped certain students pay for college. Chauncey was able to transfer from Ohio State to Harvard after Peabody arranged for a Groton donor to subsidize the cost, and Peabody gave the 1940 valedictorian John B. Goodenough a tutoring job to help make ends meet after the latter was admitted to Yale.

The Crocker era, 1940–65
Peabody was succeeded by John Crocker '18, the Episcopal chaplain at Princeton University. Crocker's 25-year tenure overlapped with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement. In September 1951, Groton accepted its first African-American student. In April 1965, Crocker and his wife—accompanied by 85 Groton students—marched with Martin Luther King Jr. during a civil rights demonstration in Boston. (Four years earlier, Southern authorities had arrested Crocker's son John Jr. '42 during the Freedom Rides, leading to the Supreme Court case Pierson v. Ray. ) Crocker also significantly expanded the school's financial aid program; by his retirement in 1965 approximately 30% of Groton students were on scholarship.

Co-education and change, 1965–77
After Crocker, Groton cycled through three brief Headmasterships: Bertrand Honea Jr. (1965–69), Paul Wright (1969–74), and Rowland Cox (1974–77). These years were marked by disputes over how (if at all) to implement co-education at Groton. Honea proposed either merging with a girls' school or formalizing a sister-school relationship with Concord Academy, a well-regarded girls' school twenty miles away. (Concord declined Groton's offer to help relocate the academy to the town of Groton, and mooted the issue by opening its doors to boys in 1971. ) Following Honea's departure, Wright successfully proposed an organic transition to co-education by expanding the student body from 225 to 300 students; this plan limited the number of boys that would be rejected under the new system. After Wright reached Groton's mandatory retirement age, the school tapped Cox to implement the plan. Groton welcomed its first female students in 1975. Applications tripled, and today, Groton's student body is evenly split between boys and girls.

The new headmasters also relaxed some of the more Spartan aspects of Peabody's Groton in response to changing preferences within the American upper class, which increasingly favored private day schools over boarding schools. They replaced the sleeping cubicles with proper bedrooms, added more holidays to the academic calendar, relaxed the dress code, authorized a school newspaper, and gave students more free time over the weekends to explore the town of Groton or their own personal interests. However, some traditions remain, such as the school's commitment to public service, its small community, and its attachment to the Episcopal Church.

Contemporary Groton, 1977–present
In the spring of 1999, the Middlesex County District Attorney began investigating the claims of three Groton seniors, who alleged that they, and other students, had been sexually abused by other students in dormitories in 1996 and 1997. During the school's investigation of the matter, another student brought a similar complaint to the school's attention. In 2005, the school pleaded guilty to a criminal misdemeanor charge of failing to report the latter student's sexual abuse complaint to the government and paid a $1,250 fine. The school issued an apology to the victims, and the civil suit stemming from the first student's complaint was settled out of court. In the fall of 2006, as part of the settlement, the school published a full apology to the boy who first alleged the abuse in 1999.

Groton reached its modern form under William Polk '58 (1978–2003) and Richard Commons (2003–13), who significantly upgraded the campus' buildings and grounds and internationalized the admissions process; and the current Headmaster, the South African Temba Maqubela (2013–present). In recent years the school has focused on broadening affordability. In 2008, Groton, Andover, and Exeter began offering free tuition to families with household incomes below $75,000 (now $80,000). From 2014 to 2018, the school conducted a $74 million fundraising campaign that allowed it to begin admitting students on a need-blind basis.

Members of the Groton community continue to play a notable role in the secondary school community. At present, former Groton masters are the heads of school at Cranbrook (Aimeclaire Roche, also president of the national Heads and Principals Association), St. Paul's (Kathleen Giles), Roxbury Latin (Sam Schaffer), Dana Hall (Katherine Bradley), Salisbury (William Webb), and Brewster International (Craig Gemmell), among others.

Curriculum and test scores
The Form of 2023's average combined SAT score was 1490 and its average combined ACT score was 33.5. The school's 4:1 student-teacher ratio allows the school to offer a variety of courses and an individualized study program for seniors whose academic interests have gone beyond the regular curriculum. Although not every academic department offers Advanced Placement classes, Groton students took 2,582 AP exams (approximately 6.5 per student) from 2018 to 2022 and passed 93% of them.

Role as feeder school
Groton has historically served as a feeder school for Harvard College. From 1906 to 1932, 405 Groton students applied to Harvard and 402 were accepted.

There were at least three major reasons for this level of success. First, even Ivy League schools accepted most of their applicants until after World War II and the Korean War, when the G.I. Bill made it possible for many veterans to afford a college education. (Stanford, which accepted seven of every eight applicants in 1951, was rejecting four of every five by 1965. ) Second, Groton students often performed well on college entrance examinations. From 1906 to 1934, only six students received perfect scores on the English component of the College Boards (the predecessor to the SAT), and four were Groton alumni. Third, even when Groton produced middling students, elite colleges were often willing to admit them anyway because of their parents' legacy status, wealth, or connections. One especially rich Groton boy did so poorly in school that Endicott Peabody threatened to ban him from applying to Harvard. Despite "appalling" scores on his entrance exams, Harvard admitted him anyway. (In those days, a student did not actually have to pass his entrance exams to be admitted. )

In 1953, McGeorge Bundy '36 became the faculty dean at Harvard, a role which gave him oversight of undergraduate admissions. Although he became a Groton trustee in 1957, he believed that the college entrance exams of the time were doing a poor job of identifying the most talented students, and concluded that "[t]he untrained boy of real brilliance is more valuable to [Harvard] than the dull boy who has been intensely trained." In 1958, Bundy commissioned a report urging Harvard to diversify its student body and to give greater weight to raw academic talent in undergraduate admissions. Two years later, Groton's 75th anniversary book accurately warned that prep school students were now "challenged ... by boys who come from public schools all over the country. As one [Yale] dean said to me, 'There has been a dramatic rise in the academic competence of Yale's students during the last few years. The best of the present are no better than the best of previous years; there are simply more of them.'" The share of prep school graduates at Harvard declined from 57% of the freshman class in 1941 to 32% in 1980.

Related educational institutions
Groton has contributed to several other educational institutions.

In 1909, Bishop Charles Henry Brent founded Baguio School (now Brent International School Baguio) in Baguio, Philippines to educate the children of American colonial administrators, military personnel, missionaries, and businesspeople. The school's first headmaster was Remsen B. Ogilby, a former Groton teacher, and Peabody lent the school Guy Ayrault, who became its first assistant headmaster. Peabody's son Malcolm '07 ran the school from 1911 to 1913. The school sought to be a "determinedly American institution" in Southeast Asia until the Philippines gained their independence in 1946.

In 1926, Peabody founded Brooks School in North Andover, Massachusetts. Groton was heavily oversubscribed, and the introduction of competitive examinations in 1907 had not meaningfully trimmed the waitlist. Peabody did not want to increase the size of the school, but also did not want to turn away too many parents. Accordingly, he raised over $200,000 from Groton donors to build a new school, which, like Groton, would be Episcopal and small enough to be familial. Brooks sought to replicate Groton's emphasis on "stern Christian principles ... to train boys for life," but avoided the "character-building cold showers that had been a dreaded prebreakfast ritual at Groton."

Groton currently supports Epiphany School, an academically intensive, tuition-free, lottery-admission Episcopal middle school for at-risk youth in the Boston area. The school was founded by John Finley '88, and Groton headmaster William Polk previously served on Epiphany's board. Epiphany's academic year is 11 months long, and the entire school relocates to Groton's campus in the summer.

Admission policies
Groton's acceptance rate normally hovers around 12%. Applications increased by 20% during the COVID-19 pandemic, driving the acceptance rate down to 9% in 2021 and 8% in 2022. Since then, the school has not published its acceptance rate.

In 2016, Business Insider ranked Groton as the most selective boarding school in the United States. In 2024, the website Private School Review repeated this ranking, although it did not say whether it confirmed this information with Groton.

Groton admits students on a need-blind basis. Before adopting need-blind admissions, full-pay applicants had an advantage in the application process; in 2012, the last year the school reported these statistics, 25–30% of full-pay applicants were admitted compared to 10–20% of financial aid applicants. In 2018, the school announced that its admission rate was the same for both financial aid applicants and full-pay applicants.

At the start of the 2018–19 school year, 18 of Groton's 96 incoming students were siblings of current students, and another 5 were children of school employees.

Grade levels
At Groton, grades are known as Forms, a term used in the United Kingdom and adopted by Endicott Peabody from his time at Cheltenham College. In 1967, the last class of seventh graders (in school jargon, "First Formers") was admitted. In the 2022–23 school year, Groton enrolled 26 eighth graders ("Second Formers"), 81 freshmen ("Third Formers"), 87 sophomores ("Fourth Formers"), 92 juniors ("Fifth Formers"), and 91 seniors ("Sixth Formers"), for a total enrollment of 377 students.

Student body
When Groton was founded in 1884, American boarding schools primarily catered to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. St. Paul's accepted only students with "sound Episcopal credentials," and in 1885 Andover admitted a Jew "[f]or the first time in twelve years." Although Groton was open to Jews and non-Episcopalian Christians (for example, the Presbyterian Theodore Roosevelt and the Jewish Otto Kahn both sent their sons to Groton ), the results were not substantially different.

In Groton's early years, most of its students came from wealthy families in New York; some others came from New England. A 1902 graduate recognized that "[n]inety-five percent of these boys came from what they considered the aristocracy of America. Their fathers belonged to the Somerset, the Knickerbocker, the Philadelphia or the Baltimore Clubs. Among them was a goodly slice of the wealth of the nation." Accordingly, schools like Groton considered it their mission "to make virtuous and brave those who, through the accident of birth, would someday exercise great power and influence."

In the 2023–24 school year, 46% of Groton students identified as students of color, and 15% commuted to school from towns and cities in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. In addition, 7% of the student body were international students; they came from 25 countries.

Tuition and financial aid
In the 2023–24 school year, Groton charged boarding students $59,995 and day students $46,720, plus other optional and mandatory fees. Typically, 40–44% of students are on financial aid,  which covers, on average, $46,519 for boarding students and $32,371 for day students. The school's policy is that students with family incomes under $80,000 pay nothing to attend. In addition, students with family incomes under $120,000 typically pay no more than $5,000.

In 2014, Groton adopted a policy of restricting frontline tuition below that of its competitors. In 2022, it was the least expensive school among a sample of 40 peer schools. However, after financial aid is taken into consideration, other boarding schools may still offer competitive tuition packages once a student is admitted. For example, at Lawrenceville, boarding tuition for 2023–24 was $76,080 (roughly $16,000 more than Groton), but the average aid grant for boarding students was around $60,000 (roughly $13,000 more than Groton).

Endowment and expenses
Groton's financial endowment stands at $475 million. In its Internal Revenue Service filings for the 2021–22 school year, Groton reported total assets of $623.4 million, net assets of $537.3 million, investment holdings of $471.1 million, and cash holdings of $3.1 million. Groton also reported $37.8 million in program service expenses and $7.8 million in grants (primarily student financial aid).

Organization
Groton is an independent (private) school accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. The school was initially organized as a charitable trust. In 1893, the Massachusetts legislature passed an act reorganizing the school into a non-profit corporation governed by a board of trustees. The Articles of Incorporation have been amended only twice since 1893: to enable girls to attend Groton, and to change the name of the legal entity from Trustees of Groton School to (simply) Groton School.

External affiliations
Groton does not participate in either the Eight Schools Association or the Ten Schools Admissions Organization. Outside of athletics, Groton has collaborated with other independent schools on a primarily ad hoc basis. For example, after the Kent State shootings, Groton, St. Paul's, Andover, and Exeter held an emergency meeting to discuss how boarding schools should respond to growing student unrest. Groton also worked with St. Paul's, Andover, Deerfield, and Hotchkiss to create the Gateway to Prep Schools application portal. The current headmaster, Temba Maqubela, sits on the board of the Heads and Principals Association.

Funding
As an independent school, Groton is not dependent on public funding. However, private schools are still eligible for government grants and indirect assistance. The Massachusetts Development Finance Agency has issued tax-exempt bonds to finance renovations and/or new buildings at Groton, Andover, Deerfield, St. Mark's, and Nobles. The schools are still required to pay back the bonds on their own, but obtain tax benefits and more attractive repayment terms by working with the government.

Campus
Groton has a 480-acre campus, including academic buildings, dormitories, athletic fields, and undeveloped land for conservation. The campus layout and landscape was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed Central Park in New York City and many other educational institutions. The school's core buildings are arranged around a (mostly) circular lawn, and "The Circle" is the primary metonym for Groton's campus. In 2018, Architectural Digest named Groton the most beautiful private high school campus in Massachusetts.

The earliest surviving buildings on campus surround the Circle. Most of them were designed by Peabody & Stearns between 1884 and 1902. These buildings include the Brooks House dormitory (1884), the Fives Court (1890), the Hundred House dormitory (1891), the Schoolhouse (1899), and the old gymnasium (1902), the latter of which is now the dining hall. The present Chapel was consecrated in 1900.

Other architects who worked at Groton include Graham Gund (Campbell Performing Arts Center), R. Clipston Sturgis (Sturgis House and Gardner House), McKim, Mead & White (Norton House), and Henry Forbes Bigelow (Cutting House). More recently, the school built a solar battery farm and a net-zero emissions faculty residence to improve energy efficiency on campus.

The school's athletic facilities include the Athletic Center (which contains two hockey rinks, three basketball courts, twelve squash courts, and a swimming pool), a crew boathouse on the Nashua River, a track and field complex, and 18 tennis courts.

Chapel program
St. John's Chapel opened in 1900. It was the gift of William Amory Gardner, one of the school's original teachers. It was designed by Henry Vaughan, who also designed Washington National Cathedral and the New Chapel at St. Paul's School. The Chapel replaced an earlier Vaughan design (now the Sacred Heart Church of Groton), which the school donated to the local Catholic community.

The Chapel's large size reflects the school's dual role as high school and parish church (cf. Christ Church, Oxford). Local landowners James and Prescott Lawrence donated the land for the campus on the understanding that the school would serve as the town's parish church, as there was no Episcopal church in Groton. In 1950, the school's pastoral responsibilities were transferred to its satellite church in Ayer.

The Chapel's Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ (b. 1935) was designed by G. Donald Harrison, and was one of the first American organs designed to play Baroque music. Over the next few decades, Harrison used the organ as a "laboratory" for the American Classic organ style.

Since 1929, the school has hosted an annual Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, based on the version at King's College, Cambridge.

Episcopal heritage and ecumenicism
At Groton, students are required to attend five religious services a week: four ecumenical services on weekday mornings (comparable to morning assembly at a non-religious school) and one sectarian service of the student's choice on weekends. According to Catholic commentator William F. Buckley Jr., when a prospective Catholic parent asked Groton whether it would encourage his son to attend Sunday Mass, the school replied, "No, he won't be encouraged to. He'll be required to."

The school's Protestant liturgy and architecture reflect Endicott Peabody's low church tendencies. To this day, the Chapel does not have any pews for students except in the choir. One scholar has suggested that the relative lack of ritual at Sunday services helped attract non-Episcopalian students to the school. School chaplain Allison Read sits on the board of the National Association of Episcopal Schools.

The school's continued adherence to religious services on weekends has made it somewhat of an anomaly among Eastern boarding schools. In the 1990s, the aforementioned Buckley surveyed twelve American boarding schools and reported that Groton, Kent, and St. George's were the only schools in the study that required students to attend a sectarian religious service on the weekend. Since then, Kent has dropped its requirement, and St. George's moved its mandatory service to Thursdays. However, students have found ways to accommodate their own preferences. In 2018, a student wrote in the school newspaper that the Buddhist service (which allows students to use smartphones) has become a popular "catch-all for non-religious students."

Motto
Groton adopted its current motto, cui servire est regnare, in 1902. Its proper English translation has been debated over the years. The Anglican Communion still uses Thomas Cranmer's translation "in whose [God's] service is perfect freedom" from the original Anglican Book of Common Prayer. However, other sources, including the Catholic Church (Lumen gentium), have used the more straightforward translation "to serve [God] is to reign." The school acknowledges the validity of both translations.

The phrase cui servire est regnare was originally attributed to Saint Augustine, and has been used in Christian liturgies since the 8th century at the latest (Gelasian Sacramentary). The school adopted the motto after guest speaker Arthur C. A. Hall, the bishop of Vermont, used the term in a sermon on campus.

Athletics
Groton's sports teams compete in the Independent School League (ISL), a group of boarding and day schools in Greater Boston. ISL schools may only award financial aid based on a family's ability to pay; as such, they do not offer athletic scholarships. In addition, ISL schools may not recruit post-graduate students, unlike the Founders League.

Sports
Groton offers 47 teams in 22 interscholastic programs.

Fall athletic offerings
 * Cross country
 * Field hockey (girls)
 * Football (boys)
 * Soccer
 * Volleyball (girls)

Winter athletic offerings
 * Basketball
 * Ice hockey
 * Squash
 * Swimming

Spring athletic offerings
 * Baseball (boys)
 * Rowing
 * Lacrosse
 * Tennis
 * Track and field

The Groton football team has produced three national championship-winning college football coaches, including four-time champion Percy Haughton, and four members of the College Football Hall of Fame. In 1905, when several colleges (including Stanford, California, Northwestern, and Duke) dropped football citing player safety, Endicott Peabody persuaded Theodore Roosevelt to push the remaining colleges to make the game safer by reforming the rules of football; this resulted in the legalization of the forward pass, the rule requiring 10 yards for a first down, and the creation of the neutral zone. Caleb Coleman ‘20, Robert Long ‘21, and Wilson Thors ‘21 are currently playing college football.

The Groton boys' crew has won nine New England championships and has produced five Olympic gold medalists (Frederick Sheffield ‘20, Howard T. Kingsbury '22, Donald Beer '53, Charles Grimes ‘53, and Emory Clark ‘56) and twelve Olympic rowers overall. The younger girls' crew has won four New England championships and has produced world champion Liane Malcos '96. Both teams send crews to the Henley Royal Regatta and Henley Women's Regatta with some regularity.

Both the Groton girls' and boys' squash teams won the 2020 U.S. high school team division three national championship.

Rivalry (or rivalries)
Groton's sports rival is St. Mark's School. The two schools began playing in 1886 and contest the fifth-oldest high school football rivalry in the United States. The rivalry began when St. Mark's rejected Endicott Peabody for its vacant headmaster job on the basis that the school bylaws required the headmaster to be an Episcopal priest and Peabody had not yet been ordained, only to turn around and hire a different layperson for the position. It took on a friendlier tone when St. Mark's hired Peabody's deputy William Greenough Thayer as its new headmaster.

Groton's crews have rowed against Noble and Greenough School since 1922. This rivalry developed because historically, Groton and St. Mark's only played each other in football, baseball, and fives, although the schools now play in all sports.

Groton and St. Paul's School play each other in all sports and compete for a trophy. Groton also plays its neighbor Lawrence Academy in various sports, but because the ISL is split into different divisions for football and hockey, matchups are less frequent.

In popular culture

 * The school has inspired (to some extent) several novels, such as the boarding schools Justin Martyr in Louis Auchincloss '35's The Rector of Justin and Ault School in Curtis Sittenfeld '93's Prep. The New York Times has also speculated that Whooton School in J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye may have been based on Groton.
 * Groton was a minor filming location for Alexander Payne's 2023 film The Holdovers, standing in for the fictional Barton Academy. The production team shot footage in the chapel (although most of the chapel scenes were shot at Northfield Mount Hermon) and outside Groton's boathouse on the Nashua River. As shown in the film, the west wall of the chapel has a large stained-glass window dedicated to the Groton alumni who died in World War I.
 * In the TV show Gilmore Girls, Logan Huntzberger (Matt Czuchry) has a picture of Endicott Peabody from his time at Groton. Both characters Logan and Christopher Hayden (David Sutcliffe) claim to have been kicked out of Groton.
 * In Wendy Wasserstein's play Third, a college professor is assigned to teach a Groton alumnus who, despite his WASPy name, cannot afford college tuition without an athletic scholarship.
 * In Robert Littell's novel The Company, several CIA officers are alumni of Groton, including the main character's (fictional) son and his (non-fictional) boss Richard Bissell.
 * The school has been parodied in several New Yorker cartoons.

title: Groton School


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Ed (TV series)

Ed is an American comedy-drama television series that was co-produced by David Letterman's Worldwide Pants Incorporated, NBC Productions and Viacom Productions that aired on NBC from October 8, 2000, to February 6, 2004. The hour-long comedy drama starred Tom Cavanagh as Ed Stevens, Julie Bowen as his love interest Carol Vessey, Josh Randall as his friend Dr. Mike Burton, Jana Marie Hupp as Mike's wife Nancy, Lesley Boone as their friend Molly Hudson, and Justin Long as awkward high-school student Warren Cheswick. Other supporting cast members included Michael Genadry and Ginnifer Goodwin as Warren's friends Mark and Diane, and Michael Ian Black, Mike Starr, Rachel Cronin, and (later) Daryl Mitchell as the employees of Ed's bowling alley. Long term guest stars included John Slattery as Dennis Martino and Sabrina Lloyd as Frankie Hector. The show was created by executive producers Jon Beckerman and Rob Burnett. David Letterman is also credited as one of the show's executive producers.

Ed received casting, writing, and directing Primetime Emmy Award nominations in 2001. Tom Cavanagh received a Golden Globe Award nomination and a TV Guide Award for his work on the program.

Premise
The show revolves around Ed Stevens, a hotshot New York lawyer who, on the same day he is fired from his job (for drafting a contract with a misplaced comma that ended up costing his firm $1.6 million), comes home to discover his wife having an affair with a mailman that she claims she met at Starbucks. Dejected, Ed decides to return to his (fictional) hometown of Stuckeyville, Ohio, to spend some time. Upon his arrival, he is reunited with friends that he has missed, as well as Carol Vessey, his high school crush. Determined to win her heart, Ed decides to stay, buying a rundown bowling alley and setting up a new law firm in the process, earning him the undesired nickname "The Bowling Alley Lawyer" which leads him to make a distinction to a judge during one of his first trials: "I am a lawyer, I own a bowling alley. Two separate things."

Ed has a number of running gags, such as bowling alley employee Phil (Michael Ian Black) hatching ludicrous schemes usually to gain fame and fortune, ten-dollar bets between Ed and his best friend, Mike, that would require one of them to do something extremely embarrassing, mentions of Arbor Day as a big holiday, and various characters named "Godfrey" appearing in many episodes. The series also deals with issues of social popularity and self-esteem both through Ed—who was unpopular in high school and yet had a crush on stereotypically popular blond cheerleader Carol Vessey—and through Molly, Carol's coworker and friend who was similarly unpopular in high school and continues to have self-esteem issues due to her being overweight.

Main

 * Tom Cavanagh as Edward Jeremy "Ed" Stevens. A lawyer who worked for a prestigious law firm in New York City, he loses his job for drafting a contract with a misplaced comma, and on the same day catches his wife having an affair with a mailman. He returns to his home town of Stuckeyville where he reconnects with old friends, buys the old Stuckeybowl Bowling Alley, and opens a legal practice inside of an office in the bowling alley. Phil comes up with the idea to combine Ed's legal knowledge with bowling and Ed comes to represent many of the townspeople in court. He attempts to win Carol Vessey for 4 years, and while she is in love with him, she cannot believe good men like Ed exist. Ed is a compassionate and caring man and often takes cases where he represents the underdogs, while he sometimes finds himself working for people he disagrees with he still treats all of his clients with fairness. He also believes that the law, common sense, and moderation need not be mutually exclusive.
 * Julie Bowen as Carol Phyllis Vessey. The object of Ed's affection, she has stayed in Stuckeyville most of her life as she teaches English at Stuckeyville High and is also an aspiring writer. She is seen dating a long-term boyfriend, a fellow English teacher Nick Stanton, but she breaks up with him shortly after Ed returns. Later, she starts to develop feelings for Ed until an old flame from Ed's life comes back to Stuckeyville. Carol was a beautiful and popular cheerleader in high school, and Ed has had feelings for her since he first saw her in freshman Biology. She almost marries Stuckeyville High's new principal Dennis Martino (John Slattery), but she is left at the altar as Dennis realizes that she is in love with Ed. Later in the series she comes to understand that she does truly love Ed and that Ed truly loves her. Ed and Carol marry in the series finale.
 * Jana Marie Hupp as Nancy Burton. Mike's wife and a good friend of Ed and Carol's, she is originally a working Mom in marketing, then later becomes a substitute teacher at Stuckeyville High, and then finally a guidance counselor where she is well liked by the Students at Stuckeyville. She is often seen as having a sense of moderation and wisdom for everyone in the series, often rolling her eyes at Mike's and Ed's antics, but she is a good friend to Ed and a loving, loyal and supportive wife to her husband.
 * Josh Randall as Dr. Michael "Mike" Burton. He is Ed's best friend and has been since their high school days. He is now a doctor, starting out working for the cantankerous Dr. Jerome, but branches out and starts his own practice. A graduate of Johns Hopkins Medical School, He is very caring towards his patients and takes his oath and role as a physician very seriously. He is happily married to his wife Nancy Burton (Jana Marie Hupp), having known her since high school as well and has a young daughter named Sarah. Mike is also shown to be a good athlete as a runner, basketball player, and wrestler.
 * Lesley Boone as Molly Hudson. Carol's best friend and a chemistry teacher at Stuckeyville High who eventually becomes the principal. Molly was unpopular in high school but becomes close friends with Carol and Nancy. She is Ed's first client when he tries a case as he had never been to court while in New York, a case that he wins. Molly has insecurity issues due to her feeling that Carol is always the better half, but comes to assert herself more and more as the series goes on. She is liked by her students as a teacher and principal, and despite her insecurities, she is courted by many men during the series. During the bouquet toss at Carol and Ed's wedding, she does not catch the bouquet but rather has it given to her by Carol as a sign of their deep friendship.
 * Michael Ian Black as Philip "Phil" Stubbs. Phil is a natural slacker who runs the front counter at Stuckeybowl. He does not take his job very seriously and is always trying to hatch get-rich-quick schemes, using the bowling alley as a means to do so. He is terrible in managing his own money as he lives in a Motel 6 after he had been sleeping on the far right lane in the bowling alley. His schemes seem to get under Ed's skin from time to time, but Phil is a loyal employee to Ed who refers to him as "Bosco" as a term of endearment. He is an ordained minister by the fictional "Grand Exalted Church of the Universe" via the internet and performs Ed and Carol's wedding as the original minister refused to do so in a bowling alley.
 * Rachel Cronin as Shirley Pifko. Shirley also works at Stuckeybowl and is a very awkward and shy person who has odd and quirky personality traits, but is liked by Ed and all of the main characters. She breaks character from time to time by trying to help others in personal situations and is shown to be ambitious and a worker who strives to take her role at the bowling alley seriously. She also serves as Ed's legal assistant after asking for the job.
 * Mike Starr as Kenny Sandusky (seasons 1–2; guest season 3). Kenny is a lovable and loyal Stuckeybowl employee who is a talented bowler and also is the brains behind many of the events that the bowling puts on. He helps Ed turn the bowling alley from a dump where nobody goes into an attractive place. After bowling a perfect game in the third season, Kenny tells Ed he has "done all I was meant to do" and leaves the bowling alley and hugs Ed goodbye.
 * Justin Long as Warren Cheswick. Warren is an awkward yet good-natured student at Stuckeyville High. He is in love with Jessica Martell, the most popular girl at his school. Ed feels a kinship to him as he reminds Ed of himself at that age. While he can be overbearing at times, Warren's friends Mark, Diane, and Gavin accept his quirks and are there to help him when he is in tough situation.
 * Michael R. Genadry as Mark Vanacor (seasons 2–4; recurring season 1). Mark is Warren's best friend and closest confidant. After Mark's father has a heart attack, Mark is confronted by Mike, Warren and Diane about his severe weight problem to undergo a gastric bypass surgery. Initially refusing, he realizes his very life is on the line and loses over 200 pounds after the surgery.
 * Ginnifer Goodwin as Diane Snyder (seasons 2–3). Diane is a smart and assertive student who is Warren's friend and later Mark's girlfriend.
 * Daryl Mitchell as Eli Goggins (seasons 3–4). A young, focused, and effective employee, he joins the Stuckeybowl team in Season 3. He is proactive in his approach and is given the job of alley manager by Ed as he is impressed by Eli's ideas and work ethic. He is a paraplegic who became paralyzed in a motor cycle accident and struggles with insecurity, but is assured by Phil and Shirley that he is worthy of a good life and a woman who accepts him as he is. He later is seen dating a young and attractive baker. A young black male, he often makes jokes about African-American stereotypes.

Recurring

 * Gregory Harrison as Nick Stanton. A self-absorbed ex-boyfriend of Carol's, he is also an English teacher and aspires to be a great writer. He takes Carol for granted which leads her to break up with him. After they break up, he is seen in only one more episode before moving on.
 * Marvin Chatinover as Dr. Walter Jerome. He is a doctor who owns the practice where Mike works at the beginning of the series. He wants Mike to succeed in his practice, so he is strict in his methods and often berates and insults Mike, but does so with the goal of making Mike a good doctor and effective physician. Although he can be cantankerous, his methods are meant to keep his medical practice in high esteem.
 * Rena Sofer as Bonnie Haine. A district attorney for Stuckeyville, she and Ed clash and do battle with each other in court, but Bonnie tells Ed she likes him, causing a rift between him and Carol. They start to date, but it ends when Bonnie takes a job in Washington D.C. She briefly returns in season 2 to try to get Ed back, but she becomes fully aware Ed is in love with Carol.
 * John Slattery as Dennis Martino. The new principal at the high school, he and Carol take an instant and strong disliking to each other. He is blunt, withdrawn, and egotistical. He is a recovering alcoholic who battles his urges every day, causing Carol to show pity on him, which then leads to a romance, an engagement and almost a marriage. Dennis leaves Carol at the altar when it is obvious that Carol is in love with Ed despite wanting to marry Dennis. He leaves Stuckeyville and is never seen or heard from again.
 * Robin Paul as Jessica Martell, a beautiful popular girl at Stuckeyville High. She is the object of Warren's affections. She initially turns Warren down twice, until she realizes that he truly likes her for her and eventually falls for Warren, though their relationship is short lived as she moves schools due to her parents' divorce.
 * Lea Thompson as Liz Stevens, Ed's ex-wife. She makes an appearance in the fourth season and finds it hard to completely let Ed go even after their divorce is finalized.
 * Nicki Aycox as Stella Vessey, Carol's younger sister. A free spirit, she travels around searching for her purpose in life, but forms a short yet strong relationship with Warren on two occasions.
 * Kelly Ripa as Jennifer Bradley. A free spirited woman who falls for Ed, she tries to win him over even though Ed is struggling with the fact Carol is about to marry Dennis. They almost end up leaving for Africa with each other, but Jennifer, like all others realizes that she is Ed's second choice and refuses to wait around for him, but remains a friend to help him with his heartbreak over Carol.
 * Dan Lauria as Richard Vessey. Carol Vessey's Father. He deeply loves his daughter and is hesitant to give Ed his blessing after witnessing Carol being left at the altar by Dennis. He eventually comes to realize that Ed is not Dennis and that he will not leave his daughter. Originally a widower, he has gotten remarried and is seen with his new wife in the series finale.
 * Sabrina Lloyd as Frankie Hector. Frankie moves to Stuckeyville and convinces Ed to take her on as a partner in his law firm, and the two develop a romance. Like all other women in Ed's life, she senses that Carol had Ed's heart. She gives Ed an ultimatum, for either her or Carol. She leaves after Ed does not give her a reason to stay and moves back to Houston, Texas to work things out with her ex-boyfriend.
 * Mike Hodge as the Judge (7 episodes)

Guest appearances
The series has featured a number of guest stars, including, Janeane Garofalo, Marianne Hagan, Eddie Bracken, Joanna Going, Suzanne Shepherd, M. Emmet Walsh, Philip Bosco, Charles S. Dutton, John Goodman, Adam Wylie, Curtis Armstrong, Stephen Root, Neil Patrick Harris, Chris Elliott, Vincent Pastore, Keir Dullea, Josh Duhamel, Danny DeVito, Jim Parsons, Tim Matheson, John Krasinski, Taye Diggs, Molly Shannon, Chris Isaak, James Barbour, Christopher Lloyd, Burt Reynolds, and Mädchen Amick.

The pilot
While the premise of the show hinges on the changes in Ed's life in New York and his initial return to Stuckeyville, the pilot which illustrated these events was not aired as part of the series. A summary using footage from the pilot, appeared at the beginning of the first regular episode.

The pilot also contained some notable casting choices, with Donal Logue portraying Phil and Janeane Garofalo guest-starring as Ed's ex-wife Liz. Michael Ian Black replaced Logue as Phil in re-shot scenes of the first episode and for the entire series, and a number of different actresses played Liz in her few appearances (including Lea Thompson who played the character in several episodes near the end of the series).

The show was originally called Ed, then titled Stuckeyville when in development at CBS, and then renamed Ed again when it was picked up by NBC.

Locations
Although set in the fictional town of Stuckeyville, Ohio, the majority of the series was actually shot in various towns in northern New Jersey including Montclair, Hillsdale, Haworth, Westfield, Cranford, Nutley, Ridgewood, Harrington Park, Allendale, Northvale, Demarest and Rockland County, New York (Tappan, Nyack). Many of the street names and towns mentioned on the show are real New Jersey street and town names. The opening sequence showed Ed driving past the Rialto movie theater in the downtown of Westfield. Stuckeybowl was actually the former Country Club Lanes in Northvale, NJ, and also served as the show's headquarters. Many of the show's other sets were built in a cleared out portion of the bowling alley such as the interiors of Stuckeyville High School, the courtroom, and The Smiling Goat. Country Club Lanes has since gone out of business, and was completely demolished in the late Spring of 2006, to make room for new housing.

Theme song
The opening credits theme song for the majority of the show's run was "Next Year" by Foo Fighters, except during the entire second season when Clem Snide's "Moment in the Sun" was used. Season three reverted to "Next Year" in the United States, after resolving the "complicated business reasons" that prevented its use the previous year. "Moment in the Sun" continued to be used outside the U.S., although the end credits list "Next Year" as the opening theme.

A framed Foo Fighters poster hung on the wall of Stuckeyville High School principal Molly Hudson's office.

Critical reception
The first season of Ed was met with favorable reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes for the first season it had an approval rating of 83% based on reviews from 24 critics, with an average score of 8.80/10. The site's consensus states: Tom Cavanagh's Ed is ready to try a little tenderness in this sweet-natured romantic comedy that will leave most viewers with a giddy sugar high. Review aggregator website Metacritic, gave the show a score of 87 out of 100 based on 32 reviews. Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Ken Tucker described it as "the best new show of the season...possess[ing] all the bright romantic magic and tart humor of a first-rate screwball film comedy," with particular praise for the performances of Cavanagh and Bowen.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ed (TV series)


text:
Nattō

Nattō (納豆) is a traditional Japanese food made from whole soybeans that have been fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. It is often served as a breakfast food with rice. It is served with karashi mustard, soy or tare sauce, and sometimes Japanese bunching onion. Within Japan, nattō is most popular in the eastern regions, including Kantō, Tōhoku, and Hokkaido.

Nattō is often considered an acquired taste because of its powerful smell, strong flavor, and sticky, slimy texture. A 2009 survey revealed that 70% of Japanese people find the taste pleasant, and others who may not find the taste of the food pleasant still eat it out of habit.

History
Sources differ about the earliest origin of nattō. One theory is that nattō was codeveloped in multiple locations in the distant past, since it is simple to make with ingredients and tools commonly available in Japan since ancient times.

Legendary origins
One story about the origin of nattō attributes it to the samurai Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039–1106), who was on a campaign in northeastern Japan between 1086 AD and 1088 AD. One day, his troops were attacked while boiling soybeans for their horses. They hurriedly packed up the beans, and did not open the straw bags until a few days later, by which time the beans had fermented. The soldiers ate it anyway, and liked the taste, so they offered some to Yoshiie, who also liked the taste.

Another story involves Prince Shotoku (574–622), who is said to have wrapped the leftovers of boiled soybeans in straw bags for his horse. As people happened to eat these fermented beans and found them delicious, this type of fermented stringy beans soon gained popularity in Japan because of its unique taste and strong flavor.

Chinese douchi
Before nattō, there was a similar dish of fermented black soybeans food in China called 豉 (chǐ) or douchi. These are salted, fermented and aged whole soybean seasonings or condiments invented in China and spread throughout East Asia. They are usually made from fermented soybeans and with an ample amount of salt; however, the ingredients and production methods differ in Japan. Chinese use both black and yellow soybeans to produce douchi. The amount of salt used also differentiates douchi and nattō in taste and appearance.

The cultivation methods of soybeans and rice were imported from China to Japan during the Yayoi period, and later on, the circulation of salt began to flourish in Japan. This provided an opportunity for the production of douchi to become popular in Japan. Because salt was expensive at the time, it has been suggested that nattō was invented by accident during the production of douchi.

A wooden slip was excavated in Heijō-kyō, which had the Chinese character 豉 (chǐ; soybean) written on it. The excavation of the slip is considered an evidence to support the hypothesis that the invention of nattō was based on the Chinese douchi imported to Japan.

The Chinese character 豉 entered Japan in the 8th century. It was pronounced "kuki" until the 11th century, when nattō became a new name for fermented soybeans.

Commercialization in the Taisho period
A change in the production of nattō occurred in the Taishō period (1912–1926), when researchers discovered a way to produce a nattō starter culture containing Bacillus subtilis without the need for straw, thereby simplifying the commercial production of nattō and enabling more consistent results.

Nutrition
Nattō is 55% water, 13% carbohydrates, 19% protein, and 11% fat (table). In a 50 g serving, nattō supplies 110 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several dietary minerals, especially iron (33% DV) and manganese (73% DV), and vitamin K (542% DV). Nattō contains some B vitamins and vitamin C in moderate amounts (table).

Appearance and consumption
Nattō has a distinctive odor, somewhat akin to a pungent aged cheese. Stirring nattō produces many sticky strings. The dish is eaten cold with rice, mixed with the included soy sauce or karashi mustard. Other ingredients such as long onion or kimchi are often added.

Nattō is frequently eaten as nattō gohan (nattō on rice). Nattō is occasionally used in other foods, such as nattō sushi (nattōmaki), nattō toast, in miso soup, tamagoyaki, salad, as an ingredient in okonomiyaki, chahan, or even with spaghetti. Sometimes soybeans are crushed before fermenting.

Many find the taste unpleasant and smelly while others relish it as a delicacy. Nattō is more popular in some areas of Japan than in others. Nattō is known to be popular in the eastern Kantō region, but less popular in Kansai.

For those who dislike the smell and texture of natto, "dried natto" and "fried natto" were developed around 1990. The smell and stickiness are reduced, making it easier to eat for those who do not like conventional natto. Another type of fermented soybeans called "Mamenoka (豆乃香)" has also been developed by improving the soybean and natto bacillus varieties to make it less sticky.

Commercial
Nattō is made from soybeans, typically nattō soybeans. Smaller beans are preferred, as the fermentation process will be able to reach the center of the bean more easily. The beans are washed and soaked in water for 12 to 20 hours to hydrate them, and increase their size. Next, the soybeans are steamed for six hours, although a pressure cooker may be used to reduce the time. The cooked beans are mixed with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, known as nattō-kin in Japanese. From this point on, care must be taken to keep the ingredients away from impurities and other bacteria. The mixture is fermented at 40 °C for up to 24 hours. Afterward, the nattō is cooled, then aged in a refrigerator for up to one week to allow the development of stringiness.

In nattō-making facilities, these processing steps have to be done while avoiding incidents in which soybeans are touched by workers. Even though workers use B. subtilis natto as the starting culture, which can suppress some undesired bacterial growth, workers pay extra-close attention not to introduce skin flora onto soybeans.

Home
Nattō continues to be a popular home fermentation with some families starting new batches daily. Home production was historically done using rice straw to maintain moisture and as insulation with placement in naturally warmer parts of the home or fermentation shed, but is now done with moist towels over glass pans or perforated plastic wrap on thermostat controlled heating pads. At home fermentation machines are also available, but are rarely marketed specifically for natto as natto is a less finicky culture capable of sustaining its own ideal temperature once it gets going.

End product
Mass-produced nattō is sold in small polystyrene containers. A typical package contains two, three, or occasionally four containers, each 40 to 50 g. One container typically complements a small bowl of rice.

Nattō odor comes from diacetyl and pyrazines, but if it is allowed to ferment too long, then ammonia is released.

The fermenting of Nattō develops glutamic acid, which is why it has the elusive "savory" umami flavor.

Related products
Many countries around Asia also produce similar traditional soybean foods fermented with Bacillus bacteria, such as shuǐdòuchǐ (水豆豉) of China, cheonggukjang (청국장) of Korea, thua nao (ถั่วเน่า) of Thailand, kinema of Nepal and the Himalayan regions of West Bengal and Sikkim, tungrymbai of Meghalaya, hawaijaar of Manipur, bekang um of Mizoram, akhuni of Nagaland, and piak of Arunachal Pradesh, India.

title: Nattō


text:
Sharp-tailed sandpiper

The sharp-tailed sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) is a small-medium migratory wader or shorebird, found mostly in Siberia during the summer breeding period (June to August) and Australia for wintering (September to March).

Taxonomy
The genus name calidris comes from the Ancient Greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific acuminata is from Latin acuminatus, 'sharp, pointed'.

It had previously been suggested that the sharp-tailed sandpiper should perhaps be placed into the genus Philomachus – as P. acuminatus – which contains the ruff, however this proposed change has yet to receive widespread acceptance.

Description
A small-medium wader, the portly sandpiper has a pot belly, flat back and somewhat drawn-out rear end. It has a mottled chestnut-brown upper body with sharp-looking feathers with a dark centre, a chestnut cap on its head and a brown stripe through each eye. Its bill is dark grey to black and straight, and its legs are olive- to yellow-coloured. The underparts are white or paler in colour, with the mottling similar to that on the breast and sides of the belly. The plumage is duller during wintering and more vivid during the breeding season. The juveniles are brighter in colour during wintering than adults, with sharper feathers and brighter chestnut-coloured crowns contrasting with the white mantle stripes and bright, buffy chests.

A similar-looking species is the pectoral sandpiper, within whose Asian range the sharp-tailed sandpiper breeds. It differs from that species in its breast pattern, stronger supercilium, and more chestnut-coloured crown. It has some similarities to the long-toed stint, but is much larger.

Measurements

 * Size: 22 cm
 * Weight: 39–114 g
 * Wingspan: 36–43 cm

Distribution and occurrence
Sharp-tailed sandpipers are strongly migratory, breeding solely in eastern Siberia from the Taymyr Peninsula to Chaunskaya Bay in Chukotka. They have a complex migration, with adults departing Siberia in July and juveniles in August to head south, where the majority of the population winters in Australasia. They take two main routes, with the majority of post-breeding adults flying south in flocks of less than 1000, east of Lake Baikal, to the Pacific coast of Russia and the Yellow Sea coasts of China and Korea. They mostly all fly directly to Micronesia and New Guinea in late August, departing here with the onset of the wet season to northwest Australia in mid-September. They start moving towards southeast Australia with numbers peaking in December to February. The other route heads east, taking most juveniles and a few adults into Alaska across the Bering Strait. Staying here from mid-August to late October to fatten up, it is presumed they then take a direct non-stop trans-Pacific flight of more than 10,000 km to reach Australia and New Zealand. Some will continue south along the Pacific coast of North America into Washington, less frequently to California, and possibly into Latin America, but only two recent records occur in Panama and Bolivia.

It occurs as a rare autumn migrant to North America, but in western Europe only as a very rare migrant with records in 11 different countries, mostly in the United Kingdom, between August and October. It has been recorded in the Middle East and Central Asia, six times in Kazakhstan, once in Yemen and Oman. Within the Indian Ocean they have been documented at Christmas Island four times, totalling 16 birds between October and December. There have been three recorded observations at Cocos Island in November and December; five records at the Chagos archipelago from September to December; and five records in Seychelles, one in July, two in September to February overwintering, and two on passage in November. They have been recently documented in Mozambique, recorded in southern Africa for the first time in 2018.

Habitat
In Siberia the breeding ground is mostly tundra made up of peat-hummock and lichen. On passage between breeding and wintering areas they favor the muddy edges of shallow freshwater or brackish wetlands with grass, emergent or inundated sedges, saltmarsh or other low vegetation. These include swamps, lakes, lagoons, and pools near coasts, waterholes, dams, saltpans and hypersaline salt lakes inland. In Alaska they seem to prefer coastal moist graminoid meadows and riverine intertidally exposed mudbanks. In Australia they are largely found around wetlands, preferring freshwater inland wetlands with grassy edges. Once the ephemeral terrestrial wetlands have dried out, they tend to be seen on coastal mudflats, salt marsh and brackish lagoons and less often on similar wet fields of short grass. Other areas they have been spotted in Australia include around sewage farms, flooded fields, mangroves, rocky shores and beaches.

Behaviour
Little is known about the specific behaviour of the sharp-tailed sandpiper, but generally its behaviour and structure are most similar to the pectoral sandpiper.

Breeding
Sharp-tailed sandpipers breed from to June to August in the short Siberian summer, making shallow, hollow, lined nests made of leaves and grass. The nests are hidden on the ground and hard to distinguish from surrounding the surrounding landscape. The clutch size is usually four eggs, with the females incubating and raising the chicks. The breeding plumage is more vivid, with breast feathers greater in chestnut colour and their chevron-shaped markings becoming more defined.

Foraging and feeding
Sharp-tailed sandpipers forage on the edge of wetlands, intertidal mudflats, either on sand or bare wet mud and in shallow water. They will also forage among inundated vegetation of grass, sedges or saltmarsh. After rain they can be found in paddocks of short grass, well away from water. At low tides they can be found on the intertidal mudflats, before moving inland to freshwater wetlands at the high tide. Occasionally they forage on dry or wet mats of algae, among rotting seaweed or seagrass on beaches, edges of stony wetlands and exposed reefs. Picking up food by sight or sometimes by probing, they mainly eat aquatic insects, molluscs, crustaceans, worms, occasionally seeds and other invertebrates.

Conservation
The species is currently listed as vulnerable globally by the IUCN in 2021, with an estimated number of 60,000 to 120,000 mature individuals and a decreasing population trend. The major threats to the species are habitat loss, with the staging areas used in migration being reduced through reclamation of land for aquaculture or degraded from human activities. In Australia this occurs through clearing, inundation, draining or infilling of wetlands, and reduces the availability of foraging and roosting sites. This affects their ability to build up the energy to complete the return trip back to the breeding grounds in Siberia. Habitat degradation also occurs in the form of the loss of riparian vegetation, invasive species, water pollution, and hydrological regime changes from human-induced regulation. Sharp-tailed sandpipers are also subject to disturbance from humans, namely in encroaching residential and recreational activities, disturbing their breeding and foraging habits. They also experience increased direct mortality from hunting, vehicle collisions, aircraft strikes and predation by pest fauna, foxes and cats.

title: Sharp-tailed sandpiper


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Zoopraxiscope

The zoopraxiscope (initially named zoographiscope and zoogyroscope) is an early device for displaying moving images and is considered an important predecessor of the movie projector. It was conceived by photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879 (and built for him by January 1880 to project his famous chronophotographic pictures in motion and thus prove that these were authentic). Muybridge used the projector in his public lectures from 1880 to 1895. The projector used 16" glass disks onto which Muybridge had an unidentified artist paint the sequences as silhouettes. This technique eliminated the backgrounds and enabled the creation of fanciful combinations and additional imaginary elements. Only one disk used photographic images, of a horse skeleton posed in different positions. A later series of 12″ discs, made in 1892–1894, used outlines drawn by Erwin F. Faber that were printed onto the discs photographically, then colored by hand. These colored discs were probably never used in Muybridge's lectures. All images of the known 71 disks, including those of the photographic disk, were rendered in elongated form to compensate the distortion of the projection. The projector was related to other projecting phenakistiscopes and used some slotted metal shutter discs that were interchangeable for different picture disks or different effects on the screen. The machine was hand-cranked.

The device appears to have been one of the primary inspirations for Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson's Kinetoscope, the first commercial film exhibition system. Images from all of the known seventy-one surviving zoopraxiscope discs have been reproduced in the book Eadweard Muybridge: The Kingston Museum Bequest (The Projection Box, 2004).

"...it is the first apparatus ever used, or constructed, for synthetically demonstrating movements analytically photographed from life, and in its resulting effects is the prototype of all the various instruments which, under a variety of names, are used for a similar purpose at the present day."

- Eadweard Muybridge

As stipulated in Muybridge's will, the original machine and disks in his possession were left to Kingston upon Thames, where they are still kept in the Kingston Museum Muybridge Bequest Collection (except for four discs that are in other collections, including those of the Cinémathèque française and the National Technical Museum in Prague).

Muybridge also produced a series of 50 different paper 'Zoopraxiscope discs' (basically phenakistiscopes), again with pictures drawn by Erwin F. Faber. The discs were intended for sale at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, but seem to have sold very poorly and are quite rare. The discs were printed in black-and-white, with twelve different discs also produced as chromolithographed versions. Of the coloured versions only four different ones are known to still exist (with a total of five or six extant copies).

title: Zoopraxiscope


text:
Talk:Mystique (character)

Sexuality?
Why was the tag for "Category:Fictional gays and lesbians" taken off?Zephyrprince 16:03, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to have been restored by now... I've also added a trivia bit on her being the only character in the Marvel Universe openly depicted as bisexual... I'm guessing this can be taken as fact...?Zeppocity 03:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you mean the LGBT category? I think someone might have removed it because they didn't know what it meant when they saw "LGBT"; when I first saw it I didn't know what it meant either. -- VederJuda 13:40, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it was removed when it was under the category Category:Fictional gays and lesbians. It was done by the user Merman, who also removed the gay content from the Alan Cumming article. --DrBat 14:31, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

I'm thinking that ''Mystique may be the most well-known bisexual character in the Marvel Universe. There has not been a great negative reaction to this, due to the lesser stigma being attached to bisexual (especially female) characters than the few of those who are male homosexual, as shown notably by the popularity of lesbian pornography among young celibate men, composing the core audience of comic readers.'' can be trimmed down to remove the theorizing. Thoughts? 204.69.40.7 13:48, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Overstated and unnecessary - her (questionable) bisexuality does not need to become a mini-treatise on the [greater] acceptability of female homosexuality. Nevermind the presumption that the "core audience" of comic books are "young celibate men".  There's no evidence to support that statement, nor is there any reason for it to be in an article about Mystique.  The whole paragraph is pretty much useless for this article.  Godheval 14:28, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I see this was trimmed to "There has not been a great negative reaction to this, due to the lesser stigma being attached to bisexual (especially female) characters than the few of those who are male homosexual." That still seems questionable.  A lesser reaction -- assuming it's true -- could also be explained by the fact that unlike with characters like Northstar and Ultimate Colossus, Mystique's sexuality is never directly stated in canon.  Instead, there are a few small references to her relationship with Destiny, of which the first was disguised by using an archaic term and the second found only in a recap.  Also, by the time it was made unambiguous that they were lovers, Destiny was already dead.  I'm not sure if fan reaction is important enough to be worth getting into this in the article, so I've cut the sentence for now. --Celithemis 11:56, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

The Destiny article states that it has been confirmed that she and Mystique are NOT lovers, yet this article says that they were in a "relationship", within the context of her bisexuality. The implication there is misleading, unless the information cited in the Destiny article is false. I'm going to fix it. If I'm wrong, feel free to change it back. Godheval 14:15, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * And so now, barring the relationship with Destiny, what evidence do we have for her bisexuality? Godheval 14:23, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure the Destiny article is correct as the "not" was recently edited in. Seems to be a revert war in the making to me. Destiny is called Mystique's "leman" in Uncanny X-Men #265 and I believe that X-Men Forever just flatout confirms it, but I don't have the copies of that here so I'm not reverting until I have checked. Dizzy D 02:24, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There was always her solo series which has her in male form checking out a girl. Of course, it could be argued that she was doing this to blend in, but that seems a bit loose. I was at an X-Men panel in Wizard World Chicago and I had asked a question about whether or not her sexuality would be discussed in her title and they said it wouldn't in order to keep the book's current rating (can't remember if it was PG or PSR at the time) but that they may hint at it.--Tuberculosisness 03:29, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

The anon-user 69.183.73.241 removed all the references to Mystique and Destiny's romantic relationship; I've restored them. --DrBat 01:00, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Just in case this should come up again: I can confirm that Destiny is referred to as Mystique's leman in Uncanny #265 and as her lover in a recap in X-Men Forever #5.  Sage also describes Mystique as Destiny's "true love" in X-Treme #1.  I've accordingly added her to the LGBT Characters in Comics category. --Celithemis 11:17, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

There's no cite for the interview with Claremont saying he originally intended Mystique to be LGBT in an interview. The cite provided is an LGBT cite that states that Claremont said he intended Mystique to be LGBT but doesn not cite the interview. Hearsay. I can't find the interview and from what I'm aware Mystique was created by Cockrum, not Claremont. Please find the interview or adjust accordingly Guinness4life (talk) 04:20, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Somebody at the IP address 200.17.83.50 took off the Category:Fictional bisexuals and Category:LGBT supervillains bottom links. I have restored them and left a message on their talk page asking them not to remove relevant links. I took a look at their history and apparently they are doing this to several gay/lesbian characters on other pages. Circleof05ths (talk) 03:07, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

While I don't doubt that she could be anything she wants, or that Irene Adler (Destiny) was her lover; "X-Men Forever" probably shouldn't be quoted as evidence simply because it's explicitly an alternate continuity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2404:4404:141E:1700:A44B:1585:71F0:AB42 (talk) 07:54, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

Ageless?
Is she really ageless, as listed in her abilities? I know that she's aged incredibly well, but this could be chalked down to her ability to shape shift. I'm unsure if she's got herself an eternal life span. Anyone have any sources that indicate her being ageless? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.194.195 (talk) 21:50, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Picture
Is the main picture really appropriate for the site? I mean she's got a gun jammed in between her boobs... what if a child say that, maybe we can have a better picture not so... edgy. It does some pretty close up to it seems to be a mugshot how about a full body (more appropriate)image.74.108.143.82 (talk) 23:37, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Re-write
Hi All. I did an extensive re-write of the article. So much so that Wikipedia's auto-vandalism feature warned me when I saved the page.

Anyway, I have tried to make it more encyclopedic, but I know the article has a long way to go. I tried to cut the most blatantly non-notable or non-encyclopedic content. I am by no means an expert on Mystique so I cannot really deal with the fictional character biography section without making it more of a mess than it already is. The same goes for "other versions."

If someone with a more thorough knowledge could clean up these sections, the article is well on its way to becoming respectable. ZedZed77 (talk) 12:29, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It pains me to do this, because your edit has some good aspects and it was good faith, but a lot of what you edited is contrary to the format and guidelines of of the comicbook character pages under the WikiProject, of which you are familiar, so I'm going to revert it for now. Luckily, what is good will be salvaged in the archives of changes and can be selectively added back in or used for reference when re-edited.  One of the first problems is that you reduced the opening section to lines, when the style guide favors full paragraphs with notable information.  The sections have been misplaced and burned to the ground.  What I notice most is the gutting of the FCH section.  While I also believe it needs to be pruned, FCH's provide enough context detail to describe what happened.  Publication histories can afford to be sparser, but an FCH can be a little more elaborate.  Not to mention, by gutting it, the sections have been reduced to "sections" that only contain one line of information.  If you're not an expert on Mystique, then I would stick to copy editing the page to other standards of good comic articles and locating references for the claims in the text and request that someone who is more familiar with her character history re-edit the content itself.  As of now, despite some good changes and good faith, the page seems to have taken a step backwards.Luminum (talk) 17:56, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I generally agree with your assessment Luminum, but would be welcome to examining parts of the article individually rather than the whole shebang all at once. 24.148.0.83 (talk) 19:00, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry to cause trouble. I hope you got something useful out of it. ZedZed77 (talk) 16:15, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * You weren't causing trouble, and new editors are always welcome. To get a feel, take a look at some Good-rated (and higher) articles on comic book characters at the category links here.  A lot of people at the Comic Project can also give you some pointers or answer any questions you might have. :)Luminum (talk) 05:53, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Can...
... Someone please change mystique will appear in to mystique is a playable character in in the video game section for lego marvel? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DangerousJXD (talk • contribs) 21:17, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mystique (character)


text:
Public land

In all modern states, a portion of land is held by central or local governments. This is called public land, state land, or Crown land (Commonwealth realms). The system of tenure of public land, and the terminology used, varies between countries. The following examples illustrate some of the range.

Commonwealth realms
In several Commonwealth realms such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada, public lands are referred to as Crown lands. Recent proposals to sell Crown lands have been highly controversial.

France
In France, (domaine public) may be held by communes, départements, or the central State.

Portugal
In Portugal the land owned by the State, by the two autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira) and by the local governments (municipalities (Portuguese: municípios) and freguesias) can be of two types: public domain (Portuguese: domínio público) and private domain (Portuguese: domínio privado). The latter is owned like any private entity (and may be sold), while public domain land cannot be sold and it is expected to be used by the public (although it can be leased to private entities for up to 75 years in certain cases). Examples of public domain land are the margins of the sea and of the rivers, roads, streets, railways, ports, military areas, monuments. The State's private domain is managed by Direção-Geral do Tesouro e Finanças and the State's public domain is managed by various entities (state companies and state institutes, such as the Portuguese Environment Agency, Infraestruturas de Portugal, Administração do Porto de Lisboa S.A., etc.).

West Bank
Public lands on the West Bank of Palestine are in part based on the Ottoman Empire law specifying that land not worked for over ten years becomes "state lands".

United States

In the United States, governmental entities at all levels- including townships, cities, counties, states, and the federal government- all manage land which are referred to as either public lands or the public domain.

The majority of public lands in the United States are held in trust for the American people by the federal government and managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, or the Fish and Wildlife Service under the Department of the Interior, or by the United States Forest Service under the Department of Agriculture. Other federal agencies that manage public lands include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the United States Department of Defense, which includes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

In general, Congress must legislate the creation or acquisition of new public lands, such as national parks; however, under the 1906 Antiquities Act, also known as the National Monuments Act, the President may designate new national monuments without congressional authorization if the monument is on federally-owned land.

Each western state also received federal "public land" as trust lands designated for specific beneficiaries, which the States are to manage as a condition to acceptance into the union. Those trust lands cannot any longer be considered public lands as allowing any benefits to the "public" would be in breach of loyalty to the specific beneficiaries. The trust lands (two sections, or about 1280 acre per township) are usually managed extractively (grazing or mining), to provide revenue for public schools. All states have some lands under state management, such as state parks, state wildlife management areas, and state forests.

Wilderness is a special designation for public lands which have been completely undeveloped. The concept of wilderness areas was legislatively defined by the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas can be managed by any of the above Federal agencies, and some parks and refuges are almost entirely designated wilderness. A wilderness study area is a tract of land that has wilderness characteristics, and is managed as wilderness, but has not received a wilderness designation from Congress.

Typically each parcel is governed by its own set of laws and rules that explain the purpose for which the land was acquired, and how the land may be used.

History
The concept of a formal designation and conservation of public lands dates back to the first National Parks. While designating the parks as public, the conservation was another matter. Theodore Roosevelt and his conservation group, Boone and Crockett Club created laws and regulations that protected public land. Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club continued on influencing the creation of large amounts of public lands including the National Refuge System, USFS and the United States National Forest system.

Recreation on U.S. public lands
Most state- and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the less restrictive, undeveloped wide open spaces of BLM lands to the highly developed and controlled national and state parks. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat, are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.

Grazing on U.S. public lands
Historically in the western United States, much public land is leased for grazing by cattle or sheep (most National Park Service areas are closed to livestock grazing). This includes vast tracts of National Forest and BLM land, as well as land on some Wildlife Refuges. National Parks are the exception. This use became controversial in the late 20th century as it was examined by environmentalists and scientists concerned about the impact of these exotic animals on native plant populations and watersheds.

Oil and gas drilling and mining on U.S. public lands
Large tracts of public land in the United States are available for leasing for petroleum or mineral production. Lands which have a high likelihood of producing valuable resources can, as of 2018, command prices as high as $80,000 an acre per year. Large tracts of other lands, where the likelihood of the presence or successful exploitation of resources are very low, could be leased, as of 2018, for as low as $1.50 an acre per year. The Trump administration greatly expanded mineral leasing resulting in a substantial increase in fracking in likely locations in Wyoming and New Mexico, but a great deal of land where prospects for successful production were limited was leased at very low rates to speculators.

title: Public land