text:
Talk:Street fighting

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Neutrality
"Other evidence indicates that many of the recent violent conflicts between peaceful, legal protesters and police are the work of "agent provocateurs" working for the police or even policemen themselves. Dressed as a protester and usually masked, police provocateurs commit violence such as throwing bottles at police, or rocks through windows or even committing arson. The police use these acts by provocateurs as an excuse to march on otherwise peaceful protesters, with batons, horses and tear gas. Video has identified police officers, in one case by their SWAT issued police boots, at several protests acting in this capacity. Canadian police have admitted one "protester" with a rock and a bandanna tied around his face was in fact a police officer. The video shows a burly guy with a crew cut handling a hefty rock and trying to throw it at police while real protesters try and stop him. The Canadian police insist he was there to stop any violence with his rock."

I'm no great fan of the police, but this has got to be one of the more slanted pieces of writing on Wikipedia. Any sources, or are we just throwing arbitrary rants into articles now? The fact that the authour cites a video which they haven't even bothered to link, suggests to me this is bullshit. NLI, 6/8/09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.239.159.6 (talk) 13:58, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

"Youtube Fights"
Really? Give me a break. I'm removing this unless there is some documented phenomenon Mylakovich (talk) 11:22, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Looks like it's still there Brohammed.24.9.166.18 (talk) 02:04, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Havent you seen how so many school kids are fighting and uploading. Its an epidemic! Portillo (talk) 06:59, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Wouldn't this be better covered in the page Happy slapping? --Daniel Cull (talk) 06:34, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

There are more than a few videos of street fighting on YouTube, but even as a whole they don't seem culturally significant. Maybe something more general? Fedoragirl (talk) 06:11, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality disputed
The neutrality of this article is disputed. At the moment, it's merely an anti-police rant. -- The Anome 09:35, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * What is this drivel all about? Ditch it I say!  User:Big Jim Fae Scotland

 * Neutrality or lack thereof aside, this article's got a lot of good information in it. It should be refined and edited rather than deleted. Bryan 09:22, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * This page now seriously lacks real information. User: Masssiveego

 * This page is alot of shit. It's alot of dubious statements, like victims of muggings won't stand a chance in a fight. That's speculation, not fact. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.43.194.106 (talk • contribs)

Definition of street fight
I was going to complain that by "street fight" we mean small street fight, having only a few participants. But what do you call large street fights between two (or more) factions? If governments or government-like things are involved, it's war, revolt or revolution. But the new text cites examples where this is not the case (and the Irish faction fights qualify too).

Nevertheless, big street fights are different from small street fights. Martial artists have little interest in the former, while historians have little interest in the latter. Also the big fights section is much better written. I'm going to go ahead and put them in a different section. --Andrew 07:56, Apr 19, 2004 (UTC)

Edit conflict
Sorry about the edit conflict! I'll stay away for a while... --Andrew 08:48, Apr 19, 2004 (UTC)

Deletion of article
I second Big Jim's recommendation to delete this article. Unfounded statements such as "The most common factor in street fights is drunkenness" and informalities such as "Of course, when drunk people spill out of nightclubs, the bouncers do not follow" have no place in scholarly writing. The entire article seems to be based on the author's anecdotal experience with the topic.

On a broader note, Wikipedia is the encyclopedia that "anyone can edit," not that "anyone should edit." I would encourage potential editors/authors to make an honest assessment of their qualification to write encyclopedia articles before doing so. A strong grasp of formal writing is a prerequisite. 64.231.204.49 02:57, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I came to this article expecting an article on Street Fighting, people fighting unofficially for sport or money. Instead I found an article on people fighting in the street....delete this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.186.22 (talk • contribs)

 * Erm, bullet. Jasca Ducato 12:27, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this is an important topic, though obviously not a very well written article. I have written a whole e-book on the topic and if I have a chance will clean it up.  Remember that the Nazis rose through the conscious tactic of street fighting.  And that it was a tactic rejected by leftists in this country through the 1980s and 1990s until re-adopted after the 1999 Seattle "riots."
 * Carol Moore 04:18, 4 April 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

 * personally i think this is rather alot of shit because this does not tell you what you need to know just stuff about legal street fighting not the real stuff like people fighting in a circle for money.. so personally i think this is a load of bullshit! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrsmanson666 (talk • contribs)

 * This article talks about fighting in the media more than what people have come to expect from an article about fighting itself. I'm taking it upon myself to make this an article about street fighting in general

 * Also, when I'm done, please contribute. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weightofair (talk • contribs)

 * There, I got this started. If anyone doesn't like the definition, go to www.dictionary.com. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weightofair (talk • contribs)

Urgent Re-write Required
As it stands, this page is awful. It contains woeful English, childish and unencyclopaedic material and stark irrelevencies to the topic. Can anyone salvage this? Should it be salvaged? Blaise Joshua 13:20, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You spelled "irrelevancies" wrong, and "unencyclopaedic" is not a word.... I rushed through this article but I'm fixing it now. It is now an article about anything related to street fighting instead of just violence in the media.  It's also difficult to make this encyclopedic cause there's no written law when it comes to street fighting so if someone could help me out on that, I'd be very thankful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weightofair (talk • contribs)

 * You're quite right about the typo on irrelevancies, but I would dispute that 'unencyclopaedic' isn't a real word. You did seem to understand me well enough, though. However, all of this is yet another irrelevancy to the article - I assume in good faith that you're just attempting to be helpful, and I'm much obliged. However, your assertion that there being no written law on street fighting making it difficult to make the article encyclopaedic is, I believe, false. There's no written law on, say, skateboarding, but it hasn't prevented an article being produced that is considerably more encyclopaedic than the one found here. Blaise Joshua 13:17, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK ... nothing's been suggested, so I'm going to put over a few things that I believe need attention in the article's opening:

 * 1) Street fighter - the opening definition, apart from being unsourced and waffle, is odd as the article is actually on street fighting.
 * 2) Street fighting - this definition is just as bad. Firstly, it says it's spontaneous, but then talks about organised "pit fights". The sentence "This violence is intended to end in a number of ways" is vague, uninformative and pointless. Also, the point that the lack of control in street fighting means it can result in death is, again, ridiculous. Boxing is a controlled sport and that can result in death.
 * 3) Lack of sources / references - as you will all see, I'm not an expert on this subject, but after reading the article I'm wondering if it really is an actual subject. If it is, and someone knows what they're talking (or writing) about, can we get some actual references to back up what is on here? Otherwise, it just looks like adolescent waffle. Blaise Joshua 15:55, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I've attempted to improve the definition myself. Please, if anybody knows about this subject, please come forward. Blaise Joshua 14:01, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

I give up
While I admit I suck at editing articles, I am pleased to announce the article is open for someone else to fix. I'm not fixing the parts about violence in the media though. Someone else do it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weightofair (talk • contribs)

 * Wish I had the time to update the parts I'm familiar with since again it IS an important political topic in today's world, whatever one may think of the phenomena (and I'm not a big fan myself). Witness the "street fights" with cops just last week at the G8 Conference!! By the way at least some insights on the **organized political version** of street fighting can be read in my article RETURN OF STREET FIGHTING MAN  It probably would not be appropriate for me to link to it, but someone else can.  Or maybe I just will anyway as one of many references. In fact there's a few things I could link to. When I get a chance.
 * Carol Moore 16:24, 13 June 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

Changes to First Two Sections
OK, I started cleaning up this mess, starting with the first two sections, deleting a lot of verbiage, tightening things up.

I don't think pit fighting belongs here since it's more a quasi-commercial illegal sport, like cockfighting. Unless I hear some rousing defense of it, will delete all references.

"In the media" as a section title makes no sense. I think we need to more clearly differentiate between SPONTANEOUS and ORGANIZED street fights which is what the "media" and "faction" sections seem to be about. Noting that obviously it only takes a couple organized people to promote a "spontaneous" fight. Or some other obvious differentiation. Will think about it.

Finally there should be a reference to the avid interest in street fighting video games, videos and manuals etc. to show that this is a social phenomena. Carol Moore 15:55, 22 June 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

Re-Wrote The Page - Feel Free to Add Examples and References!
I mostly reorganized it more rationally, cleaned up excess verbiage, added a few more examples. But it still needs more examples and more references, which I'll do at some point. Feel free to research and add some, now that the organization isn't so chaotic. Also, might add a social psychology of street fights section at some point since have a lot of referenced material on that, but not til add other references and referenced material. Carol Moore 02:38, 2 July 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

Street Fighting Article Socio-Political More Than Martial arts
Someone added "Start-Class Martial arts articles" which does not reflect over all thrust of article which is more socio-political that a martial arts page. It should probably be added to sociology category.

The original writers actually specifically excluded use of martial arts in street fighting which I think went to far in one direction. I'm working on another version which admits possibility of using martial arts in a limited fashion, since I'm sure people do and it seems arbitrary to exclude them. So article probably could use a section on martial arts if related to actual people street fighting in the streets and not the kind in movies, video games, etc.

Carol Moore 03:25, 2 August 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

 * The article is about fighting and while not primarily about marital arts it is related, boxing, kickboxing & wrestling listed in the first paragraph are all martial arts. --Nate1481(t/c) 10:33, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Your changes make sense. Just didn't want to see the non-marital arts features overwhelmed and the page becoming a martial arts page as the category might lead some to assume.
 * Carol Moore 17:01, 7 August 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

 * Fair enough, martial artists do get involved in street fights, there were news reports about some UFC fighters being attacked a while back, and several people I train with work as bouncers. The most likely problem is you will get a drive by advert about some martial art being "T3h d34dly 0n t3h 5r33t!". A section on progress and outcome etc would not be unreasonable, and would compliment the causes sections, but I don't have the time or sources to write any thing worth while right now the article seems to be partly on street fights partly on riots might be worth linking in there --Nate1481(t/c) 09:22, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

I thought it was weird some original poster totally ruled out martial arts, and article does want to reflect reality. I actually am updating it offline with more references now. Not sure what you mean by "progress and outcome."

Also, does it need to be made more clear that the strategy of street fighting when used by political types and labor organizers -- or even sports fans -- may or may turn into a full blown riot? Obviously, there can be a thin line between the two, usually as more people join randomly and things become more chaotic and more property destruction, arson, happens. Like the Seattle "black bloc" property destruction of specific targets and attacks vs. cops, where locals started joining in "for fun" and police also began to riot, as well as some more activists, and part of the protests became a real riot. Carol Moore 14:32, 9 August 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

 * Sorry, "progress and outcome" is not all that clear, there is very little on what actual happens in the fights, dose it start with individuals pushing, or in large (street wars?) 'calling out the champions' where two 1 or two start fighting then others join in? or go straight in to an all on all, this will partly depend on the participants, but is largely not touched upon.
 * I admit I'm looking at this from the MA perspective in that I'm thinking of the actual fighting bit rather than the back ground to why fight. One of the common things I've heard anecdotally, but believe is true, is that in 1-on-1 'drunken brawl' type situation it start with insults & the first punch is aimed at the mouth in a 'shut-up' mentality. --Nate1481(t/c) 15:00, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As a separate note, I'd just like to mention that care should be taken that this article does not begin to overlap with Riot. Bradford44 15:06, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Street fighting in popular culture?
The article mentions briefly games that depict street fighting, but perhaps there should be a section on games and movies (such as West Side Story) in which it features. Thoughts? 211.30.131.91 01:38, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Personally I would say go for it. Read through talk since it seems others might have wanted clearer divide in past. But if they don't pipe up now with their objections, I see no problem. thanks for asking! :-)
 * Carol Moore 13:40, 27 October 2007 (UTC)User:Carolmooredc User talk:Carolmooredc

Useful book
Anyone who wants to add citations and more material to this page should take a look at Streetfighters by Julian Davies. It contains accounts of streetfighting from a fair number of fighters, ranging in styles from bare-knuckle boxing (esp gypsy fighters) to bouncing and bar-brawling. Here's its page on Amazon  almost - instinct 13:00, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
 * PS Its a British book; all the subjects are resident in UK. However, it has been published in the US  almost - instinct 13:32, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

"While street fighting as an actual activity is relatively rare" Excuse me? Rare? Under what ridiculous definition are street fights rare? Was the author thinking of his own little corner of the world? I suggest that the article should either cite specific statistics (e.g. in Town A streetfights occur at an average rate of 50 per year, according to police statistics) or not use qualitative words like "rare", "common", "(in)frequent". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.54.224 (talk) 07:47, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Changing Page Format
The current page does have useful information, but as the layout and organization of the content may need work, I propose the following layout for the page and may implement it in the next few weeks if nobody has any objections.

=Street Fighting= ==Background== ==Street Fighting and Martial Arts== Types of martial arts used in street fighting. Organized and competitive aspects of street fighting. ==Gangs== Street fighting and violence between gangs. Hyperlinks to appropriate articles. ==Street Fighting and Political Movements== A few notes on revolution and social movements where violence in the streets has become an issue.

Much of the information from the existing article could be brought into these categories, and they are the categories I think would be most useful. Ideas? Fedoragirl (talk) 06:08, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It does need a reorganisation a 'motivations' and a reporting section would help. "street figting & martial arts" is a whole can of worms, many/any are tried but this will lead to lots of people trying to say there's is the best for it. -- Natet/c 11:55, 5 January 2010

Articles for deletion/Street fighting
As most watchers of this page will know this AfD is now closed and the overwhelming response was keep. As I expressed in that AfD though, my concern is that this is still a very poor article, full of what looks like WP:OR and incorrect information and is almost completely unreferenced. Since so many editors want to keep it, who will volunteer to take on the job of removing the OR and incorrect information, expanding it and finding refs for the retained text? - Ahunt (talk) 13:33, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I suppose the total lack of response here shouldn't be a surprise, as I forecast that in the AfD. I would like to propose that this article be edited as proposed by User:Yoninah in the AfD, who said: "This article reads like OR from beginning to end. While it is an extremely notable subject, I agree with Ahunt that we can't just leave it and wait for someone else to insert references to match all the assertions. Are any of us prepared to take the time to do that? On the other hand, we can't delete it entirely, or else someone will probably come up with a new post that looks just as rough as this one. I suggest leaving the first paragraph and deleting the rest, with a wiki note on the editing page that warns people to reference whatever they're going to say. This might be unconventional, but maybe it will solve the problem here." If there are objections to this proposal please state them. I will leave this a few days to see if anyone has any thoughts on this. - Ahunt (talk) 20:54, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * It looks like User:Simonm223 has taken that task on and reduced the article! - Ahunt (talk) 21:16, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Stubbing is the appropriate course of action when a notable topic has no refs. Simonm223 (talk) 22:15, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * No criticism intended at all - as you can tell from above we were heading that way anyway - you just sped things up, which is greatly appreciated! - Ahunt (talk) 23:27, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Images
These images would be a good illustration of street fighting, but I am not sure if the licence permits putting them on wikipedia. More info about the source can be found here.

The image shown in the current version of this article looks more like some guys having fun training than a real fight.

Niky cz (talk) 04:19, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that those are better images, but they are copyrighted and so cannot be used on Wikipedia. The one I put into the article was the best one I found on Commons, but if anyone can substitute a better free image that would be great. I am certainly not attached to the image in the article right now, but I thought a photo would help dress up the article a bit. Of interest a search for "street fight" images on commons picks up about 90% scenes of fighting in streets during events such as the Battle of Stalingrad. The military use of the term refers to warfare in urban areas and is very different from what we have in this article and we should probably add a section on that. - Ahunt (talk) 11:39, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * My solution to the military term was to add a link to Urban warfare on Street Fight, which is the general disambiguation page on this subject area. - Ahunt (talk) 15:34, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Problem of the article: it tries to follow the term's narrow definition by a late 20th century phenomenon
The article has the same problem as many articles about general terms: it was written by people who arbitrarily follow the terminology of some minor subcultural scene, here, the martial arts scene. And that's just because you have got nothing else to rely upon. While of course there are differences between social phenomenons like brawl, free fight, affair of honour, duel, self defense situation, assault, hooliganism, urban riot and urban warfare, the differentiation between the terms used here is in no way sociological founded. It's obviously taken from some special interest magazine for the practioners of a certain hobby. Outside martial arts fanzines, a street fight is just a (physical) fight on the street. For now the whole article appears to be a pretty ridiculous attempt that doesn't represent many common definitions of the term in any way. If people don't want to delete this article, they will have to work on it with much more sources and from a wider perspective. Otherwise they'll have this nasty childish thing in Wikipedia. (On the other hand it's funny to think that someone could stumble across that photo in the article Battle of Stalingrad, which shows a scene of urban warfare and is described by "A street fight in Stalingrad", and that this someone might think the picture depicted a couple of martial artists who agreed to have a bare handed affair of honour.) --JakobvS (talk) 21:08, 12 April 2015 (UTC)
 * While you make some very good points here, expanding the scope of the article relies on references. - Ahunt (talk) 13:15, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Laws about and regulation of street fighting
This article should make some mention of the law concerning fighting in the street and other similar public places. In many jurisdictions, it is against the law to fight in a public place, while organised fights are often subject to various forms of regulation and control. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 12:00, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

 * It can be added, but we need references to do that. Any sources? - Ahunt (talk) 13:00, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Biological?
Under "biological" it states that human jaw muscles have "evolved" to protect the mandible, and that human teeth have "evolved" to become larger and thicker.

However, over hundreds of thousands of years human musculoskeletal structure has evolved to be generally less muscular with much lighter bones and smaller teeth. Joe Eggett (talk) 17:19, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

 * The claims in the text are sourced to WP:RS. - Ahunt (talk) 17:50, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
 * So, the source material for those claims was talking about pre-Hominins and early Hominin species, including the earliest species of Homo. It is true that the modern Homo Sapien has a more gracile frame as compared to archaic humans, and the source material does make mention of that. I've edited the "biological" section to be less conclusive in phrasing as the source material article, while well-argued and well written, is still theoretical in nature. Soldier198 (talk) 22:09, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Street fighting


text:
List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland

This is a list of people on stamps of Ireland, including the years when they appeared on a stamp.

Because no Irish stamps were designed prior to 1929, the first Irish stamps issued by the Provisional Government of Ireland were the then-current British definitive postage stamps bearing a portrait of George V that were overprinted Rialtas Sealadaċ na hÉireann 1922 (translates as Provisional Government of Ireland 1922) and issued on 17 February 1922. The overprint was later changed to Saorstát Éireann 1922 (Irish Free State 1922).

The Irish Free State issued the first commemorative stamps depicting a person on 22 June 1929 when Oifig an Phoist, the Irish Post Office, a section of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, issued a set of three stamps showing Daniel O'Connell. O'Connell is one of a small number of people shown in two issues, including Wolfe Tone and Arthur Guinness. The 2009 Guinness issue included postmarks with his trade mark signature, a first in philately.

The Department of Posts and Telegraphs and, after 1984, An Post, designed stamps showing statesmen, religious, literary and cultural figures, athletes, etc. Until the mid-1990s it was usual policy not to issue stamps showing living persons, the only exceptions being Douglas Hyde (stamp 1943, d. 1949, illustrated below) and Louis le Brocquy (stamp 1977, d. 2012, illustrated below),  but this policy has been put aside and there have recently been several issues showing living persons. For the millennium, 30 millennium stamps were issued showing living Irish sportsmen.

During the release of the 2022 Irish Oscar Winners stamps, An Post's retain managing director stated that The Irish Oscar Winners stamps celebrate the best in the business and serve as a reminder of what we, as Irish people, can achieve.

1929–1950s
• 1929 Daniel O'Connell

• 1937 Saint Patrick

• 1938 Father Mathew

• 1939 George Washington

• 1943 Sir William Rowan Hamilton

• 1943 Douglas Hyde

• 1944 Edmund Ignatius Rice

• 1948 Wolfe Tone

• 1949 James Clarence Mangan

• 1952 Thomas Moore

• 1953 Robert Emmet

• 1954 Cardinal John Henry Newman

• 1956 Commodore John Barry

• 1957 John Redmond

• 1957 Tomás Ó Criomhthain

• 1957 Admiral William Brown

• 1957 Father Luke Wadding

• 1958 Mother Mary Aikenhead

• 1958 Thomas J. Clarke

• 1959 Arthur Guinness

1960s and 1970s
• 1962 John O'Donovan

• 1962 Eugene O'Curry

• 1964 Wolfe Tone

• 1965 William Butler Yeats

• 1966 Éamonn Ceannt

• 1966 Thomas Clarke

• 1966 Joseph Mary Plunkett

• 1966 Seán Mac Diarmada

• 1966 Roger Casement

• 1966 Pádraig Pearse

• 1966 James Connolly

• 1966 Thomas MacDonagh

• 1967 Jonathan Swift

• 1968 Countess Markievicz

• 1969 Mahatma Gandhi

• 1970 Kevin Barry

• 1970 Terence MacSwiney

• 1970 Tomás Mac Curtain

• 1971 John Millington Synge

• 1974 Edmund Burke

• 1974 Oliver Goldsmith

• 1975 Nano Nagle

• 1976 Alexander Graham Bell

• 1976 Benjamin Franklin

• 1976 James Larkin

• 1977 Jack Butler Yeats

• 1977 Johannes Scottus Eriugena

• 1977 Louis le Brocquy

• 1978 Catherine McAuley

• 1978 William Orpen

• 1979 Pádraic Pearse

• 1979 Rowland Hill

• 1979 Pope John Paul II

1980s
• George Bernard Shaw
 * 1980

• Oscar Wilde

• Seán O'Casey

• Saint Jean Baptiste de la Salle

• Charles Parsons
 * 1981

• Harry Ferguson

• James Hoban

• Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa

• John Holland

• Robert Boyle

• St. Francis of Assisi
 * 1982

• Francis Makemie

• Pádraic Ó Conaire

• John Field

• James Joyce

• Charles Kickham

• Éamon de Valera

• Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha
 * 1983

• Seán Mac Diarmada

• St. Vincent de Paul

• Andrew Jackson

• John McCormack
 * 1984

• St. Brendan

• Charles Stanford
 * 1985

• Turlough Carolan

• George Frideric Handel

• Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti

• Johann Sebastian Bach

• Thomas Ashe

• George Berkeley

• Arthur Griffith
 * 1986

• William Mulready

• Canon John Hayes
 * 1987

• Mother Mary Martin

• Cathal Brugha

• Sidney Nolan
 * 1988

• Barry Fitzgerald

• Robert O'Hara Burke

• W. T. Cosgrave

• John F. Kennedy

• Seán T. O'Kelly
 * 1989

• Jawaharlal Nehru

• Margaret Burke Sheridan

1990s

 * 1990
 * Michael Collins

• General Godart van Ginkel
 * 1991

• Patrick Sarsfield

• John A. Costello

• Charles Stewart Parnell

 * 1993
 * Edward Bunting

• Edmund Ignatius Rice
 * 1994

• Edmund Burke

• Éamonn Andrews

• George Bernard Shaw

• Samuel Beckett

• Seán MacBride

• William Butler Yeats

• Guglielmo Marconi
 * 1995

• Bartholomew Mosse

• Louie Bennett
 * 1996

• Lady Augusta Gregory

• Stanley Woods

• Artie Bell

• Alec Bennett

• Robert & Joey Dunlop

• Michael Davitt

• Thomas A. McLaughlin

• Brenda Fricker as Mrs Brown in My Left Foot
 * 1996 Centenary of Irish Cinema, a 4-stamp set featuring 12 Irish actors in 4 Irish films

• Daniel Day-Lewis as Christy Brown in My Left Foot

• Andrew Strong as Declan "Deco" Cuffe in The Commitments

• Angeline Ball as Imelda Quirke in The Commitments

• Maria Doyle Kennedy as Natalie Murphy in The Commitments

• Bronagh Gallagher as Bernie McGloughlin in The Commitments

• Richard Harris as 'Bull' McCabe in The Field

• Seán Bean as Tadhg McCabe in The Field

• John Hurt as The 'Bird' O'Donnell in The Field

• Colman "Tiger" King as A Man of Aran in Man Of Aran

• Maggie Dirrane as His Wife in Man Of Aran

• Michael Dirrane as Their Son in Man Of Aran

• Linda Martin, singer
 * 1997 75th Anniversary of Irish Free State

• Sonia O'Sullivan, athlete

• Alan Gough, soccer player

• Damian Hogan, Garda

• Marie Egan, Garda

• Brendan Walsh, Garda

• Kate O'Brien
 * 1997

• St. Columcille

• Daniel O'Connell

• John Wesley

• Lady Mary Heath née Sophie Catherine Pierce
 * 1998

• Col. James Fitzmaurice

• J.P. "Paddy" Saul

• Capt. Charles Blair

• Theobald Wolfe Tone

• Henry Joy McCracken

• Seán Flanagan Millennium GAA Team
 * 1999

• Seán Murphy Millennium GAA Team

• John Joe O'Reilly Millennium GAA Team

• Martin O'Connell Millennium GAA Team

• Mick O'Connell Millennium GAA Team

• Tommy Murphy Millennium GAA Team

• Seán O'Neill Millennium GAA Team

• Seán Purcell Millennium GAA Team

• Pat Spillane Millennium GAA Team

• Mikey Sheehy Millennium GAA Team

• Tom Langan Millennium GAA Team

• Kevin Heffernan Millennium GAA Team

• Dan O'Keeffe Millennium GAA Team

• Enda Colleran Millennium GAA Team

• Joe Keohane Millennium GAA Team

• Micheál MacLiammóir

• Siobhán McKenna

• Noel Purcell

• Grace Kelly of Monaco

• Seán Lemass

• Jesse Owens

• St. Francis Xavier

• John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• Mother Teresa

• John McCormack

• Nelson Mandela

2000–2004
• W. T. Cosgrave
 * 2000

• Éamon de Valera

• John A. Costello

• Seán Lemass

• Rev Nicholas Callan

• Thomas Alva Edison

• Albert Einstein

• Marie Curie

• Galileo Galilei

• Oscar Wilde

• Ludwig van Beethoven

• Ninette de Valois

• James Joyce

• Lady Lavery

• William Shakespeare

• Lory Meagher

• Eddie Keher

• Paddy Phelan

• Jim Langton

• Christy Ring

• Jack Lynch

• Ray Cummins

• John Doyle

• Tony Reddin

• Jimmy Doyle

• Bobby Rackard

• Nick O'Donnell

• Mick Mackey

• Brian Whelahan

• John Keane

• Charles Lindbergh
 * 2001

• James Cook

• Robert O'Hara Burke

• Marco Polo

• Ernest Shackleton

• Gay Byrne

• Éamon de Valera

• Micheál Ó Hehir

• Peter Lalor

• Ned Kelly

• Nicky Rackard

• Frank Cummins

• Pádraic Cummins

• Jack O'Shea

• Packie Bonner
 * 2002

• Roy Keane

• Paul McGrath

• David O'Leary

• Padre Pio

• Peter McDermott

• Jimmy Smyth

• Matt Connor

• Seánie Duggan

• U2: Bono

• U2: The Edge

• U2: Adam Clayton

• U2: Larry Mullen, Jr.

• Phil Lynott

• Van Morrison

• Rory Gallagher

• St. Patrick
 * 2003

• Shauna Bradley

• Michael Breen

• Ezra Canty

• Michael Mullins

• Robert Emmet

• Thomas Russell

• Anne Devlin

• James Barry

• Frank O'Connor

• Ernest Walton

• Admiral William Brown

• Commodore John Barry

• Captain Robert Halpin

• Captain Richard Roberts

• Pope John Paul II

• 2004 St. Patrick
 * 2004

• 2004 Ernest Shackleton

• 2004 William Butler Yeats

• 2004 George Bernard Shaw

• 2004 Samuel Beckett

• 2004 Séamus Heaney

• 2004 Patrick Kavanagh

• 2004 George Fox

2005–2010
• William Rowan Hamilton
 * 2005

• Albert Einstein

• Erskine H. Childers

• Pádraig Harrington – Ryder Cup

• Darren Clarke – Ryder Cup

• Paul McGinley – Ryder Cup

• Éamonn Darcy – Ryder Cup

• Philip Walton – Ryder Cup

• Christy O'Connor Jnr – Ryder Cup

• Ronan Rafferty – Ryder Cup

• Harry Bradshaw – Ryder Cup

• Christy O'Connor Snr – Ryder Cup

• Arthur Griffith

• Paddy "the Cope" Gallagher
 * 2006

• Harry Clarke

• Máirtín Ó Cadhain

• Johann Caspar Zeuss

• Ronnie Delany

• Michael Cusack

• Michael Davitt

• Gerhard Markson (principal conductor) & RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra

• The Chieftains

• The Clancy Brothers & Tommy Makem

• Altan

• The Dubliners

• Luke Wadding
 * 2007

• Aodh Ó Néill

• Ruaidhrí Ó Domhnaill

• Saint Charles of Mount Argus

• RTÉ Performing Groups

• * RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra

• * RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet

• * RTÉ Concert Orchestra

• * RTÉ Cór na nÓg

• * RTÉ Philharmonic Choir

• Coláiste Íosagáin Girls Choir

• Paul O'Connell

• Irish Rugby Team

• Fr. Joseph Mullooly

• James Fintan Lalor

• Charles Wesley

• Liam Whelan
 * 2008

• Saint Patrick

• Hugh Lane

• Lt. Col. Justin McCarthy – Irish UN peacekeeper

• Comdt. Malachy Higgins – Irish UN peacekeeper

• Capt. Patrick Lavelle – Irish UN peacekeeper

• Comdt. Gerald Coghlan – Irish UN peacekeeper

• Capt. Ruairí Henderson – Irish UN peacekeeper

• Cillian Murphy

• Bríd Ní Neachtain

• Colm Meaney

• Pat Shortt

• Pádraic Pearse

• Planxty

• Dé Dannan

• The Bothy Band

• The Tulla Céilí Band

• Saint Patrick
 * 2009

• Charles Darwin

• Francis Bacon

• James Larkin

• Anthony Trollope

• Augustine Birrell

• George Frideric Handel

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Frédéric Chopin

• Joseph Haydn

• Arthur Guinness

• Brian Friel

• Tom Murphy

• Frank McGuinness

• Máirtín Ó Direáin
 * 2010

• Roderic O'Conor

• Mother Teresa

• Henry Dunant

• The Freshmen

• The Miami Showband

• The Royal Showband

• Drifters Showband

• Shane Barker & Oliver Murphy – (Irish Wheelchair Association)

• Bernardo O'Higgins

• John MacKenna

• Philip Treacy

• Paul Costelloe

• Louise Kennedy

• John Rocha

• Lainey Keogh

• Orla Kiely

2011–2015
• Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh
 * 2011

• Stephen O'Reilly & David Joyce – Irish Amateur Boxing Association

• Suzann Pettersen & Michelle Wie – Solheim Cup

• Brian O'Nolan Flann O'Brien

• Gay Byrne – 50 Years of Irish Broadcasting

• Emma O'Driscoll – 50 Years of Irish Broadcasting

• Anne Doyle – 50 Years of Irish Broadcasting

• Flann O'Brien

• Fabulous Beast – Contemporary Arts: Dance
 * 2012

• Irish Modern Dance Theatre – Contemporary Arts: Dance

• Dance Theatre of Ireland – Contemporary Arts: Dance

• CoisCéim – Contemporary Arts: Dance

• Thomas Andrews – RMS Titanic shipbuilder

• Edward J. Smith – RMS Titanic captain

• Father Francis Browne – Irish photographer on RMS Titanic

• The unsinkable Molly Brown – RMS Titanic survivor

• Bram Stoker

• Robert Boyle

• Hannah Mahony – Barnardo's

• Lucia Reynolds & Kathy Hardiman – St Patrick's Day parade
 * 2013

• John F. Kennedy & Mary Anne Ryan (Kennedy's second cousin)

• John F. Kennedy, Seán Lemass & Cmdt. Pat Daly

• Jim Larkin, James Connolly, Countess Markiewicz

• Garda Dongdong Zheng – Integrated Society issue

• Sammy Akorede – Integrated Society issue

• Christian Tshibangu – Integrated Society issue

• Anna Gąciarz – Integrated Society issue

• Group of Irish Volunteers from Waterford

• Irish Citizen Army
 * 2014

• Brendan Behan

• John Redmond

• Edward Carson

• Séamus Heaney

• Thomas Davis

• Paris Curtis

• Seán Lemass
 * 2015

• Terence O'Neill

• William Butler Yeats

• Pádraic Pearse

• St Columbán

2016 Easter Rising centenary definitives
• Thomas J. Clarke

• Seán Mac Diarmada

• Éamonn Ceannt

• Thomas MacDonagh

• Pádraic Pearse

• Joseph Plunkett

• James Connolly

• Constable James O’Brien

• Seán Connolly

• Lieutenant Michael Malone

• Sergeant William Malone

• Kathleen Lynn

• Elizabeth O’Farrell

• Jack Doyle

• Tom McGrath

• Seán Foster

• Louisa Nolan

• Sir Francis Fletcher-Vane

• Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

• Roger Casement

 * 2016
 * St Patrick
 * Charles Gavan Duffy

• Thomas Francis Meagher
 * 2017

• Niamh Briggs

• Francis Ledwidge

• Jack Lynch

• Lauren Dench & Michael Duke

• Che Guevara

• Sir Alfred Chester Beatty
 * 2018

• Shah Jahan

• Mary, mother of Jesus

• Saint Anne

• Saint Patrick

• John Redmond

• Martin Luther King Jr.

• Nelson Mandela

• Saint Kevin of Glendalough

• Pope Francis

• Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington

• Éamon de Valera

• Noel Hogan
 * 2019

• Fergal Lawler

• Mike Hogan

• Dolores O'Riordan

• Luke Kelly

• John McCormack

• Bono

• The Edge

• Adam Clayton

• Larry Mullen Jr.

• Joe Schmidt

• Johnny Sexton

• Carmel Snow
 * 2020

• Maureen O'Hara

• Lilian Bland

• Maeve Kyle

• Sarah Purser

• Kathleen Lonsdale

• Richard Harris

• Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore

• Edna O’Brien

• Fr. Michael Kelly

• Mary Elmes

• Liam Cosgrave

• Gerald of Wales

2021–25
• Jane Wilde
 * 2021

• Tom Crean

• Hozier

• Christy Moore

• Sinéad O'Connor

• Lisa Hannigan • Neil Jordan
 * 2022

• Brenda Fricker

• Daniel Day-Lewis

• Glen Hansard

• Markéta Irglová

• Martin McDonagh • Jennie Wyse Power
 * 2023

• Thekla Beere

• Mary Robinson

• Susan Denham

• Philomena Begley

• Nathan Carter

• Cliona Hagan

• Daniel O'Donnell

• Big Tom

• Patrick Hillery • Austin Clarke
 * 2024

References and sources

 * Notes

 * Sources

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Europa (moon)

Gigantothermy
"The heating by radioactive decay, which is almost the same as in Earth (per kg of rock), cannot provide necessary heating in Europa because the volume-to-surface ratio is much lower due to the moon's smaller size."

I just think the sentence above should be reworded. Asuming the Earth and Europa to both be nearly spherical the volume-to-surface ratio would be the same regardless of size. Also, Europa's smaller surface area means it radiates less heat than earth if radioactive decay where the only heat source. JTTyler (talk) 00:56, 23 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The Earth has a dense atmosphere which helps hold heat in - and is closer to the sun - Europa bleeds heat into space much more rapidly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.3.150 (talk) 21:25, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

User:JTTyler: That is not correct Surface-area-to-volume ratio. Let's call them spheres for a moment to make things easier. Volume = 4*pi*(r^3)/3, area = 4*pi*(r^2). Earth's mean radius is 6371 km, therefore it's surface area is roughly 5.1×10^8 km^2, its volume is roughly 1×10^12 km^3, resulting in a ratio of 4.7×10^-4. Europa's mean radius is about 1561 km, its area is roughly 3×10^7 km^2, its volume is roughly 1.6×10^10 km^3, leaving a ratio of 0.0019. Area to volume ratio varies inversly, if the radius is double, the ratio is half. So, Europa blows off heat much more easily than the earth in that respect.Are1718 (talk) 03:18, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

"habitable" in the lede
" ... whether Europa could be habitable" - let's find another word here - whether or not there are sea salts has nothing to do with human "colonization" - the article cite is not referring to that, but whether native life might exist under the ice crust. Thanks. 50.111.44.55 (talk) 09:53, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * "Habitable" does not mean "habitable to humans."  Serendi pod ous  16:18, 17 June 2021 (UTC)
 * common English usage - late Middle English: via Old French from Latin habitabilis, from habitare ‘possess, inhabit’. - this clearly speaks about human activity — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.40.110 (talk) 22:36, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I would have to comment that "habitable" does not exclusively mean habitable by humans, we could just be more detailed in the article to avoid confusion. MaximusEditor (talk) 23:32, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Regarding the Musk video
Since there has been a revert (which I just re-reverted):

First of all, yes, I agree completely that proposals to inhabit the surface of Europa, without a lot of radiation shielding, are fundamentally ridiculous.

But: Europa is clearly not the focus of Musk's video. The actual video is clearly mostly interested in Mars. The rest of the Solar System was mentioned in passing (around 63 minutes in) in the context of where his proposed Interplanetary Transport System can get you. He did not talk much about colonising Europa as opposed to Mars. All he said was a throwaway line "It would be really great to do a mission to Europa, particularly." That and a piece of concept art are it, pretty obviously showing that this was not the focus and main proposal Musk was making. And in fact, the paper Musk wrote in 2017 that is based on this presentation doesn't even have that sentence (it only mentions an example of having a propellant depot at Europa). I see no serious "proposal" for Europa here. Given the amount of time he devoted to that vs the much greater amount of time he devoted to Mars, I don't see fixating on such a throwaway remark as due weight.

Second: surely we can do better than citing a video from a self-published YouTube channel prominently featuring "The complete and ongoing MoonFaker series, proving that the Apollo landings were hoaxes. The Grandson Of The Apollo Hoax Theory Will Return" (direct quote). Seems that White still believed Apollo was a hoax in 2019.

Third: The Thunderf00t video is (1) also self-published and (2) the substantive new criticism (about solar panels) is addressed to the idea of going to Saturn with solar panels. Not Jupiter. So it is even irrelevant to what is being discussed here. Yes, the picture of the spaceship at Saturn with solar panels is in Musk's presentation (and again it does not seem to be treated as a serious proposal), but that's not what's being discussed here. Thunderf00t only addresses the radiation-belt issue at Jupiter, which is all fine and well and correct, except that it does not seem to be countering something that was ever a serious proposal. In fact, going to Jupiter with solar panels is not stupid. Proof: NASA already did it. Inverse-square law just means you need very large solar panel arrays, of course.

There have been actual, serious proposals in scholarly literature to do human exploration of the Jovian system. (Obviously in the future.) The ones that I am aware of all focus on Ganymede and/or Callisto where the radiation environment is saner. (Online: a paper, NASA study of Callisto. Ganymede has some radiation, but much less than Europa, and on the low latitudes is partially protected even further by its magnetosphere. Not to mention that the paper by Kerwick suggesting it suggests a "shielded underground base" on Ganymede, which solves the radiation problem.) Robert Zubrin's old Entering Space (1999) comes to the same conclusion (p. 167), that only Callisto and perhaps Ganymede are sensible for settlement among the Galilean moons. And indeed, there is serious discussion at Callisto (moon).

If you can find a serious study suggesting Europa, feel free to add it. But it should preferably be backed up by a source that actually focuses on that as its main point, and any supporting or criticising material should preferably be (1) serious and (2) actually supported by its own citations. Double sharp (talk) 14:19, 18 July 2021 (UTC)
 * P.S. Finally found a Europa proposal that actually got some notice. That said, it's old, and the question is simply assumed fixed: Providing material shielding against this radiation would add prohibitive amounts of mass to the manifest. For the purposes of our mission, we assume that it takes place in an era in which the engineering challenges of providing electromagnetic shielding have been mastered. Oh well. Double sharp (talk) 08:29, 31 July 2021 (UTC)

This article needs a true color picture at the top
All these images of Europa featuring red-orange-brown streaks are made using luminance data from near infrared, green and violet exposures. Some are further overly saturated and have their constrasts heavily increased. I was unable to find a decent image of this satellite made using calibrated red, green and blue exposures, but by all means, if you find it, replace the main picture. It's sad we don't have a realistic view of this world. Europa is a beige-streaked, bright, icy world.

The closest I found is Gordan Ugarković's recalibration on Flickr and I'll ask him for permission to use it here.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugordan/4932718561/ Lajoswinkler (talk) 20:03, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The spacecraft that have thus far produced high resolution color images of Europa have all used filter sets that were not fully in the visible color range. For example, the color filters on Galileo’s SSI camera (the one used for the current top image and Gordon’s images) typically use Violet, Green, and some Near-IR filter (in Gordon’s case, 756 nm). Voyager’s filters topped out at Orange. So I think what you are wanting is an image stretched more to reflect how Europa would appear to the naked eye than one with a histogram stretched meant to make surface features appear more clearly.
 * In the case of visible-light color images you are in luck though. If you can wait just 5 more weeks, there is a close flyby of Europa by Juno that should produce a nice RGB image of Europa. It won’t be a full-disk image, more like a half-moon view, but JunoCAM does have RED, GREEN, and BLUE channels. —Volcanopele (talk) 23:01, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

https://europa.nasa.gov/resources/91/natural-and-false-color-views-of-europa/ According to this, the left image is true color. It looks very similar to the alledgedly false color image used at the top of the article, while the false color looks farther from the one the article uses. Are we sure that it isn't already true color? I can imagine it more likely that a wikipedia user made a mistake than NASA, but its not impossible for it to be the other way around. 63.231.197.105 (talk) 20:27, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 04:00, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Volunteer(s) to update Europa's article on James Webb's recent detection of carbon dioxide and carbon
Last September 21, 2023, James Webb released a NIR image of Europa that confirmed the presence of carbon dioxide and carbon crystallines on Europa's Tara Region. This is extra hint that Europa can support life (or even supporting life right this moment). I am not confident enough to interpret the data or convert it into readable wordings: so can someone write a section about it?

Reference: https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasas-webb-finds-carbon-source-on-surface-of-jupiters-moon-europa IapetusCallistus (talk) 18:40, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Europa (moon)


text:
Brian Lehrer

Brian Lehrer (born October 5, 1952) is an American radio talk show host on New York City's public radio station WNYC. His daily two-hour 2007 Peabody Award-winning program, The Brian Lehrer Show, features interviews with newsmakers and experts about current events and social issues. Lehrer was formerly an anchor and reporter for NBC Radio Networks and has been in broadcast journalism for over 30 years.

Early life and education
Lehrer was born in Queens and grew up in the neighborhood of Bayside. He went to Bayside High School. His parents, both children of Jewish immigrants from Poland, grew up in the South Bronx and met in high school.

Lehrer obtained B.A. degrees in Music and Mass Communications from the State University of New York at Albany. While a student there, he hosted a radio program on the college radio station WSUA which has since become WCDB Albany. Lehrer also hosted radio programs in Columbus, Ohio, and Norfolk, Virginia.

He holds a Master of Public Health degree from the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and a master's degree in journalism from Ohio State University. In 2012, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters from Montclair State University.

The Brian Lehrer Show
Lehrer has been hosting his show, originally called On the Line, since its inception in 1989. The show was conceived in part as a response to the 1987 abolishment of the Fairness Doctrine, which required broadcast license holders to portray controversial topics in a balanced and equitable manner.

The format is interviews with newsmakers, combined with listener phone calls. Newsmakers are local, national and international, often authors on book tours, or metropolitan area politicians, including both of New York's senators, and most congress, state and city representatives from the New York, New Jersey and Connecticut area. Sometimes guests are less-famous individuals affected by the news, like Brooklyn residents on the site of giant housing developments or neighbors of noisy Manhattan night clubs.

From 2016 until 2021, Lehrer hosted the weekly "Ask the Mayor" segment, where the mayor of New York City directly answers questions from callers. The monthly segment, "Speak to the Speaker", which hosts City Council Speaker Corey Johnson, provides another opportunity for callers to engage with local politicians.

Frequent topics are housing, health care, transportation, education, and other government functions; the arts; the experience of living in New York and the surrounding area; and international affairs, such as the Iraq war or Israel/Palestinian conflict, particularly from a New York perspective. Lehrer's programs often use The New York Times for leads and guests. He tries to maintain a balance between issues as they affect listeners and "horse-race" pundit discussions of politics.

Prominent political guests include Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Mitch McConnell, and Kellyanne Conway. Other guests also include musician Wynton Marsalis, author Margaret Atwood, author Junot Diaz, filmmaker Judd Apatow, writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and baseball player Yogi Berra, among others.

The show won a 2007 Peabody Award "for facilitating reasoned conversation about critical issues and opening it up to everyone within earshot."

CUNY TV shows
Lehrer hosted a cable TV talk show called BrianLehrer.TV (formerly Brian Lehrer Live) on CUNY TV (channel 75 on New York City cable systems) from 2005 to 2015. In 2009 the show was nominated for a regional New York Emmy Award. He hosted POTUS 2017 from September 2015–August 2017. From October 2017–May 2018, Lehrer hosted the weekly CUNY TV show "Brian Talks New York".

Other work
Lehrer's op-ed pieces have appeared in The New York Times, The New York Sun, Newsday, and the New York Daily News, and on Slate. His WNYC commentaries are also distributed globally on the NPR website.

Lehrer was a questioner in the WABC-TV New York City Mayoral debates in 1997, 2001, and 2005. Since 1997, Lehrer has been a moderator in every New York City mayoral election.

He has appeared on television as a commentator on New York 1, WNET Channel 13, and CNNfn, and hosted public affairs shows on WPXN-TV and WNET from 1990 to 1998.

Lehrer was the recipient of the New York Associated Press (NYAP) Broadcasters "Best Interview" Award in 2000 for an interview with a rape survivor, and in 2001 for his role as moderator on NYC radio of the only mayoral primary debate between Michael Bloomberg and Herman Badillo. Since 2000, Lehrer has been awarded seven "Best Interview" awards from the NYAP. During his tenure as host of NPR's On the Media, the national program was named "Best Weekly Show" by the Public Radio News Directors in 1999.

He currently moderates several major public forums, including The Nation vs. The Economist series and the Harper's Forum series, and has moderated or hosted major events for the American Museum of Natural History and Westinghouse Science Foundation, among others.

Personal life
, Lehrer resides in Inwood with his two sons, Nathan and Simon. His wife, Victoria Ann Dennis, died in February 2014.

Awards and nominations

 * 1999 Public Radio News Directors, "Best Weekly Show" winner, On the Media
 * New York State Associated Press Broadcaster Awards (7 total "Best Interview" awards since 2000)
 * 2011 – Brian Lehrer and Megan Ryan, The Brian Lehrer Show, "Daniel Ellsberg on Wikileaks"
 * 2012 – Brian Lehrer and Megan Ryan, "The Brian Lehrer Show 's interview with Supreme Court Justice Breyer"
 * 2007 George Foster Peabody Award, "Radio That Builds Community Rather Than Divides" winner, The Brian Lehrer Show
 * 2009 New York Emmy Awards, "Interview/Discussion" nomination, Brian Lehrer Live: Focus on the City (April 3, 2008)
 * 2011 New York Press Club Journalism Awards, "Best Web Exclusive Content" winner, Anna Sale, Jody Avirgan, Kathleen Ehrlich, Brian Lehrer, John Keefe, Dean Cappello, "Election Coverage, It's a Free Country"
 * 2012 Garden State Journalists Association Awards
 * Radio Feature, The Brian Lehrer Show, "The Brian Lehrer Show: Live from New Jersey"
 * Talk Radio, The Brian Lehrer Show, "The Business of Bringing Business to New Jersey"
 * 2014 Garden State Journalists Association Award "1st Place Talk Radio Show" winner, The Brian Lehrer Show, "Debating Newark School Reform" (March 21, 2013)
 * 2017 Edward R. Murrow Awards, Excellence in Social Media, "3 New Ways to Cover the Election (including #HamiltonDebates, #BruceTheDebate and Audio Tweets in the Christie Tracker)" Newsroom Elections Team, The Brian Lehrer Show and editor Nancy Solomon

title: Brian Lehrer


text:
John Walvoord

John Flipse Walvoord (May 1, 1910 – December 20, 2002) was a Christian theologian, a pastor, and the president of Dallas Theological Seminary from 1952 to 1986. He was the author of over 30 books, focusing primarily on eschatology and theology, including The Rapture Question, and was co-editor of The Bible Knowledge Commentary with Roy B. Zuck. He earned AB and DD degrees from Wheaton College, an AM degree from Texas Christian University in philosophy, a Th.B., Th.M., and Th.D. in Systematic Theology from Dallas Theological Seminary, and a Litt.D. from Liberty Baptist Seminary.

History
Walvoord was brought up in a Christian home, but had little interest in the faith until he was fifteen, when his family moved to Racine after his father accepted a position as superintendent of the junior high. They joined the Union Gospel Tabernacle, where Walvoord committed his life to Jesus Christ after attending a Bible study on Galatians.

After continuing his education at Wheaton College, Walvoord went on to Texas Christian University and then Dallas Theological Seminary, where he completed his Th.D. in 1936. Seminary president and mentor Lewis Sperry Chafer appointed Walvoord to the position of registrar. During Walvoord's tenure, he also taught systematic theology at the seminary, and pastored the Rosen Heights Baptist Church in Fort Worth. Walvoord became more involved in the administration of the school, serving as Chafer's assistant and secretary to the faculty. Upon Chafer's death in 1952, he became the seminary's second president, serving until his retirement in 1986.

In addition to his responsibilities at the seminary, Walvoord earned a reputation as one of the most influential dispensational theologians of the 20th century. He played a prominent role in advocating the doctrine of a rapture of Christians from the earth prior to a time of great tribulation, followed by a literal thousand-year millennial reign of Christ, and a renewed focus of God on the nation of Israel (which he associated with modern-day Jews) as distinct from the Church. As part of his dispensationalist theology, he claimed there was prophetic biblical justification for the restoration of a Jewish state in Palestine. Stephen Sizer, an Anglican priest who is a prominent critic of Christian Zionism, lists Walvoord as one of the "leading dispensationalists who are also overtly Zionist", including also Charles Ryrie, Dwight Pentecost, Eric Sauer, Charles Dyer and Hal Lindsey, all associated with Dallas Theological Seminary.

Selected publications

 * The Revelation of Jesus Christ, John Walvoord, Moody Publishers (1966), ISBN 0-8024-7309-1
 * Daniel: The Key to Prophetic Revelation, John Walvoord, Moody Publishers (1971), ISBN 0-8024-1753-1
 * Armageddon, Oil and the Middle East Crisis, Zondervan. (1974, rev. ed. 1976 and 1990), ISBN 0-310-53921-8
 * Jesus Christ Our Lord, John F Walvoord, Moody Publishers (1974), ISBN 0-8024-4326-5
 * Major Bible Themes (with Lewis Sperry Chafer) (1974)
 * The Blessed Hope and the Tribulation: A Historical and Biblical Study of Posttribulationism (1976)
 * The Rapture Question (1979)
 * The Millennial Kingdom (1983)
 * The Bible Knowledge Commentary (with Roy B. Zuck), Cook Communications (1989), ISBN 0-89693-800-X
 * The Holy Spirit: A Comprehensive Study of the Person and Work of the Holy Spirit (1991)
 * (contributor) Five Views on Sanctification (1996)
 * (contributor) Four Views on Hell, Zondervan Corp. (1996), ISBN 0-310-53311-2
 * Matthew: Thy Kingdom Come, The Moody Bible Institute of Chicago (1974), ISBN 0-8024-5189-6
 * The Final Drama: Fourteen Keys to Understanding the Prophetic Scriptures, Kregel Publications (1998), ISBN 0-8254-3971-X
 * Every Prophecy of the Bible, Cook Communications (1999), ISBN 1-56476-758-2
 * The Church in Prophecy: Exploring God's Purpose for the Present Age, Kregel Publications (1999), ISBN 0-8254-3968-X
 * The Power of Praying Together: Experiencing Christ Actively in Charge (with Oliver W. Price), Kregel Publications (1999), ISBN 0-8254-3552-8
 * Major Bible Prophecies, Zondervan Corp. (1999), ISBN 0-310-23467-0
 * Blessed Hope (autobiography with Mal Couch), AMG Publishers (2001), ISBN 0-89957-361-4
 * Prophecy in the New Millennium, Kregel Publications (2001), ISBN 978-0-8254-3967-4

Audio programs

 * Harold Camping (Amillennialism) vs. John Walvoord (Premillennialism) – 1980 debate MP3

title: John Walvoord


text:
Mountain (band)

Mountain was an American hard rock band formed on Long Island, New York, in 1969. Originally consisting of vocalist-guitarist Leslie West, bassist-vocalist Felix Pappalardi, keyboardist Steve Knight, and drummer N. D. Smart (soon replaced by Corky Laing), the group disbanded in 1972, but reunited on several occasions prior to West's death in 2020. They are best-known for their 1970 smash hit song "Mississippi Queen", which remains a staple of classic rock radio, as well as the heavily sampled song "Long Red", and their performance at Woodstock Festival in 1969. Mountain is one of many bands commonly credited with influencing the development of heavy metal music during the 1970s. The group's musical style primarily consisted of hard rock, blues rock, and heavy metal.

The beginning of the live recording of their song "Long Red" has become one of the most sampled drum breaks in hip hop, sampled in over 700 songs by artists such as EPMD, Pete Rock & CL Smooth, A Tribe Called Quest, Nas, Kanye West, the Game, among many others. Songs using the sample include Jay-Z's "99 Problems" and Kanye West's "The Glory".

1969–1972
In early 1969 Leslie West, formerly of the Long Island R&B band The Vagrants, put together a band, Leslie West Mountain, with Norman Landsberg (keyboards, bass) and Ken Janick (drums) and began playing gigs and recording demos. Right around this time, former Cream collaborator/producer Felix Pappalardi, who had previously produced the Vagrants, expressed an interest in producing West's work. West, previously disgruntled and unsatisfied with the lack of success in his first project, found Cream to be a great inspiration. He began to feel disillusioned with the R&B and blues scenes of the 1960s in which he had played. He envisioned a project that would take on a rawer and much harder style which he had begun to favor, with his newly-developed guitar style inspired by hearing Cream's Eric Clapton.

Pappalardi rejected the demos by the West-Landsberg-Janick trio, but took a suggestion that he play bass on West's solo album, Mountain. The album also featured Landsberg and former Remains drummer N.D. Smart. The album spotlighted West's raw vocals and melodic, bluesy guitar style, and Pappalardi's bass lines were prominent. According to West, when Pappalardi asked what would be next, West suggested the pair go on the road. Keyboardist Steve Knight (from Devil's Anvil, another of Pappalardi's productions) was added after Landsberg left to form another group, Hammer, with Janick.

Naming themselves "Mountain", after West's 1969 solo album, West, Pappalardi, Smart, and Knight played shows on the west coast before getting to play their third concert as a working band at the 1969 Woodstock Festival in Bethel, New York. Mountain was received enthusiastically by the festival audience but the band did not appear in the film of the event, nor was their performance included on volume 1 of the festival's live album. Their performances of "Blood of the Sun" (from West's album) and "Theme for an Imaginary Western" (a song they planned to record for Climbing! and written by former Cream bassist Jack Bruce) did appear on the second volume of Woodstock performances called "Woodstock II" (Neither of those "live" songs were recorded at Woodstock, however.) The 40th Anniversary Edition of Woodstock on DVD and Blu-ray features filmed performances of "Beside The Sea" and "Southbound Train".

Soon after Woodstock, Smart was replaced by Canadian Laurence "Corky" Laing, who was the drummer on Climbing!, which was released in March 1970. It led off with what became the band's signature song, "Mississippi Queen", which reached No. 21 in the Billboard Hot 100, and was featured in the 1971 cult film Vanishing Point, while the album reached No. 17.

Mountain began a hectic touring schedule in the middle of which they recorded a follow-up album, Nantucket Sleighride, released in January 1971. This album reached No. 16 but failed to yield a hit single. The title track was used in the UK as the theme to ITV's Sunday political program Weekend World. After these early releases the band continued to receive a certain measure of critical acclaim but never again achieved great commercial success.

After Nantucket Sleighride, the band produced Flowers of Evil (November 1971) consisting of one side of studio material and one live side, culled from a concert at New York's Fillmore East.

Mountain disbanded in February 1972 after a tour of the UK. West has since cited a combination of drug abuse within the band and Pappalardi's road weariness and burgeoning hearing impairment as primary factors. A live album, Mountain Live: The Road Goes Ever On, was issued in April 1972.

Pappalardi returned to studio work, while West and Laing formed West, Bruce and Laing with former Cream bassist Jack Bruce. Their first American performance was a Carnegie Hall concert, prompting a bidding war that Columbia Records won, and the new trio cut two studio albums and a live release over the next two years. After Bruce suddenly pulled out of the trio in 1973, West and Laing continued on briefly as Leslie West's Wild West Show, which also featured special guest Mitch Ryder plus NYC guitarist Peter Baron and bassist Tom Robb (formerly with Mylon LeFevre's band and later with the Marshall Tucker Band).

Post-1972
By August 1973, West and Pappalardi had reformed Mountain with Allan Schwartzberg on drums and Bob Mann (ex-Dreams) on keyboards and guitar; the new lineup toured Japan and produced a double live album, Twin Peaks (February 1974), from the tour. The studio work Avalanche (July 1974), for which Laing returned to play drums and David Perry became the new second guitarist (from November 1973 to September 1974), would be Mountain's final album with Pappalardi as a participant; the group broke up again after playing a final show at Felt Forum in New York City on December 31, 1974.

On April 17, 1983 Gail Collins Pappalardi, Pappalardi's wife and songwriting partner (she had designed many of the band's album covers and wrote many of their lyrics), shot Pappalardi in the neck in their fifth-floor East Side Manhattan apartment and he died.

After pursuing separate musical paths for almost a decade, West and Laing reunited Mountain, recruiting Miller Anderson (ex-Savoy Brown & Keef Hartley) on bass in 1981. After Anderson had travel visa troubles, he was replaced in 1984 by Mark Clarke and the group recorded Go for Your Life (March 1985). This line up played at the Knebworth Fayre on June 22, 1985 alongside Mama's Boys, Blackfoot, Meat Loaf, Scorpions, Deep Purple, and others. Go For Your Life was dedicated to Pappalardi's memory. Shortly thereafter, the band performed with Triumph at the Prairie Capital Convention Center in Illinois.

Mountain went dormant again until 1992, when West and Laing teamed up once again and brought in Richie Scarlet (known for his solo work and collaborations with Ace Frehley) to round out the lineup that had a live appearance in The Dennis Miller Show. Scarlet was replaced with Randy Coven in 1993 and in 1994 there was a Mountain lineup that included West, Laing, Noel Redding and occasional special guest guitarist Elvin Bishop. By 1995, the 1984–85 lineup of West, Laing and Mark Clarke was back, and recorded Man's World in 1996. In 1998 things went quiet in the Mountain camp again until 2001. That year, with Scarlet back in the lineup, the band toured, then recorded Mystic Fire, released in 2002.

In 2003 West and Laing authored a book of recollections, Nantucket Sleighride and Other Mountain On-the-Road Stories, detailing their time with the band at its peak and their subsequent careers.

Mountain's video game debut came in 2007 on RedOctane's Guitar Hero III, featuring "Mississippi Queen" as a playable track. The song is also featured in the Harmonix video game Rock Band, although the version featured is a cover of the studio recording.

Their final album was 2007's Masters of War, featuring twelve Bob Dylan covers and a guest appearance from Ozzy Osbourne.

The band headed out on the road during October and November 2008 on a North American tour opening for Joe Satriani, and with former Michael Schenker Group member Rev Jones on bass. A review of the San Diego House of Blues date covered the Mountain set, including "Blowing in the Wind" from the Masters of War album, with enthusiasm. Of the Satriani set, the reviewer was also pleased with the blues influence he felt Mountain brought to the evening, and with West joining in on a Satriani-led closing "Stormy Monday" and "Going Down" blues jam.

Fellow Long Island native Howard Stern has called Mountain one of his favourite bands and has occasionally played their music on his show. Other Mountain fans include Randy Rhoads, John McLaughlin, Johnny Ramone, Clutch, Karma to Burn, comedian Dennis Miller, and John Frusciante (the Red Hot Chili Peppers track "Readymade" off 2006's Stadium Arcadium features a Mountain-influenced riff ). Martin Barre, guitarist for Jethro Tull has stated in interviews that Leslie West was a direct influence on his playing.

Beastie Boys are also noted for their use of a brief sample of "Mississippi Queen" on the track "Lookin' Down the Barrel of a Gun" from their sample-heavy 1989 album, Paul's Boutique.

Mountain continued to perform occasionally with Leslie West, Corky Laing and Rev Jones. On June 20, 2011, West had his lower right leg amputated as a result of complications from diabetes. Following the surgery, West performed and recorded under his own name; his concerts featured many Mountain songs. Corky Laing formed a new project, Corky Laing Plays Mountain, in 2015. This project included bassist/vocalist Joe Venti and guitarist/vocalist Phil Baker in 2015. For their 2016 United States tour, Laing and Venti were joined by Richie Scarlet, now on lead guitar, and Ken Sidotti on keyboards. They performed Mountain music in addition to songs by West, Bruce and Laing and Cream. And in 2017, Mark Mikel was playing bass with Chris Shutters and Richie Scarlet on guitar in the lineup. Mikel continued until touring was ceased in 2020 due to COVID-19.

Leslie West died on December 22, 2020, after suffering a heart attack. He was 75.

In 2021 Corky Laing's Mountain resumed touring with a lineup of Laing (drums, vocals), Joe Venti (bass, vocals) and Richie Scarlet (guitar, keyboards).

Band members

 * Classic line-up
 * Leslie West – guitar, vocals (1969–1972, 1973–1974, 1981–1985, 1992–1998, 2001–2010; died 2020)
 * Felix Pappalardi – bass, vocals, keyboards (1969–1972, 1973–1974; died 1983)
 * Steve Knight – keyboards (1969–1972; died 2013)
 * Corky Laing – drums, percussion (1969–1972, 1973–1974, 1981–1985, 1992–1998, 2001–2010)

title: Mountain (band)


text:
WNYC

WNYC is the trademark and a set of call letters shared by WNYC (AM) and WNYC-FM, a pair of nonprofit, noncommercial, public radio stations located in New York City. WNYC is owned by New York Public Radio (NYPR), a nonprofit organization that did business as "WNYC RADIO" until March 2013.

WNYC (AM) broadcasts on 820 kHz, and WNYC-FM broadcasts on 93.9 MHz. Both stations are members of NPR and carry local and national news/talk programs. Some hours the programming is simulcast, some hours different shows air on each station. WNYC reaches more than one million listeners each week and has the largest public radio audience in the United States. The WNYC stations are co-owned with Newark, New Jersey-licensed classical music outlet WQXR-FM (105.9 MHz), and all three broadcast from studios located in the Hudson Square neighborhood in lower Manhattan. WNYC's AM transmitter is located in Kearny, New Jersey; WNYC-FM's transmitter is located at the Empire State Building in New York City.

As of 2018, WNYC also owns and operates the website Gothamist.

Early years
WNYC began as WNYC (AM), one of the oldest radio stations in New York. Funds for the establishment of the station were approved on June 2, 1922, by the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment. WNYC made its first official broadcast two years later on July 8, 1924, at 570 AM with a second-hand transmitter shipped from Brazil. With the commencement of WNYC's operations, the City of New York became one of the first American municipalities to be directly involved in broadcasting. Studios and transmitter were at The Municipal Building, 1 Centre Street. Herman Neuman was the station's first music director, and oversaw the music department for over 40 years until his retirement in 1967.

In 1928 WNYC was forced into a time-sharing arrangement on 570 AM with WMCA, another pioneering New York radio outlet. This situation lasted until 1931, when the Federal Radio Commission (a forerunner to today's FCC) moved WNYC to 810 AM. The frequency move did not help WNYC from an operational standpoint as it now had to share its frequency with the more-powerful WCCO in Minneapolis, limiting WNYC to daytime-only operations, broadcasting from sunrise to sunset. (AM radio waves travel farther at night and WNYC had to protect WCCO from interference.) WNYC is also known for having an extensive online archive of broadcasts and recordings.

Great Depression and World War II
WNYC's transmitter was moved in 1937 from the Municipal Building to city-owned land at 10 Kent Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, as part of a Works Progress Administration project. In 1938 the Municipal Broadcasting System was established by the City of New York to run the station. For its first 14 years, WNYC had been run by the New York City Commissioner for Bridges, Plant and Structures. Now, under an agency devoted singularly to its function and with the leadership of new director Morris S. Novik, appointed by Mayor LaGuardia, WNYC became a model public broadcaster. Among its many landmark programs was the annual American Music Festival.

In 1941 the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement shifted WNYC's frequency a second time, to 830 kHz. WCCO was moved to 830 as well, and was given clear-channel authority. WNYC would remain a 1,000-watt outlet for the next 48 years. Later that year, WNYC was the first radio station in New York City to announce the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Beginning during World War II, the FCC allowed WNYC to stay on the air 6 am to 10 pm (in addition to its normal daylight hours) due to the public service it was providing.

WNYC-FM began regularly scheduled broadcasts on the FM band on March 13, 1943, at 43.9 MHz. Known originally as W39NY, the FM outlet adopted its present WNYC-FM identity and its present frequency of 93.9 MHz within a few years. In 1961 the pair were joined by a television operation, as WUHF (channel 31) took to the air in an experimental format. The following year the station was renamed WNYC-TV.

The Municipal Broadcasting System (which was renamed the WNYC Communications Group in 1989) helped to form National Public Radio in 1971, and the WNYC stations were among the 90 stations that carried the inaugural broadcast of All Things Considered later that year.

In 1979, several Tri-State residents formed the WNYC Foundation as the stations' fundraising arm.

In 1990, as a result of continued interference with WCCO (and a court ruling in WCCO's favor rescinding the WWII-era approval for nighttime operation by WNYC), WNYC moved from 830 kHz to 820 kHz, commenced around-the-clock operations and increased its daytime power to 10,000 watts, while maintaining 1,000 watts at night, to protect WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas; WBAP is also a clear-channel 50,000-watt station but is farther from New York City than Minneapolis. The AM transmitter was moved to Belleville Turnpike in Kearny, New Jersey, sharing three towers with WMCA its former shared-time partner. The Brooklyn transmitter site was decommissioned and is now WNYC Transmitter Park.

The station's ownership by the City meant that it was occasionally subject to the whims of various mayors. As part of a crackdown on prostitution in 1979, then-Mayor Ed Koch tried to use WNYC to broadcast the names of "johns" and "janes" arrested for soliciting. Announcers threatened a walkout and station management refused to comply with the idea; after one broadcast the idea was abandoned. See John Hour.

Independence from the City
Shortly after assuming the mayoralty in 1994, Rudy Giuliani announced he was considering selling the WNYC stations. Giuliani believed that broadcasting was no longer essential as a municipal service, and that the financial compensation from selling the stations could be used to help the City cover budget shortfalls. The final decision was made in March 1995: while the City opted to divest WNYC-TV (now WPXN-TV) through a blind auction to commercial buyers, WNYC-AM-FM was sold to the WNYC Foundation for $20 million over a six-year period, far less than what the stations could have been sold for if they were placed on the open market. While the sale put an end to the occasional political intrusions of the past, it required the WNYC Foundation to embark on a major appeal towards listeners, other foundations, and private benefactors. The station's audience and budget have continued to grow since the split from the city.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 destroyed WNYC-FM's transmitter atop the World Trade Center. WNYC's studios, in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, had to be evacuated and station staff was unable to return to its offices for three weeks. The FM signal was knocked off the air for a time. Various WNYC programs moved into studios loaned by the NPR's New York bureau, WKCR-FM of Columbia University, and WNET. It broadcast on its still operating AM signal transmitting from towers in Kearny, New Jersey and by a live Internet stream, while its FM programming resumed on WNYE-FM's frequency, 91.5. The stations eventually returned to the Municipal Building. In 2022, WNYC's broadcasts on September 11 were selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry.

Move to new studios
On June 16, 2008, WNYC moved from its 51400 sqft of rent-free space scattered on eight floors of the Manhattan Municipal Building to a new location at 160 Varick Street, near the Holland Tunnel. The station now occupies 3$1/2$ floors of a 12-story former printing building in Hudson Square.

The new offices have 12 ft ceilings and 71900 sqft of space. The number of recording studios and booths has doubled, to 31. There is a new 140-seat, street-level studio for live broadcasts, concerts and public forums and an expansion of the newsroom of over 60 journalists.

Renovation, construction, rent and operating costs for the new Varick Street location amounted to $45 million. In addition to raising these funds, WNYC raised money for a one-time fund of $12.5 million to cover the cost of creating 40 more hours of new programming and three new shows. The total cost of $57.5 million for both the move and programming is nearly three times the $20 million the station had to raise over seven years to buy its licenses from the City in 1997.

Acquisition of WQXR
On October 8, 2009, WNYC took control of classical music station WQXR-FM, then at 96.3 FM. WQXR's intellectual property (call letters and format) was acquired from the New York Times Company as part of a three-way transaction with Univision Radio. WNYC also purchased the 105.9 FM frequency of Univision's WCAA (now WXNY-FM). WQXR-FM's classical format moved to 105.9 and WXNY's Spanish Tropical format debuted at 96.3. The deal resulted in WQXR becoming a non-commercial station. With WQXR as a co-owned 24-hour classical station, WNYC-FM dropped its remaining classical music programming to become a full-time news/talk station.

New Jersey expansion
On June 6, 2011, the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority agreed to sell four FM stations in northern New Jersey to New York Public Radio. The transaction was announced by Governor Chris Christie, as part of his long-term goal to end State-subsidized public broadcasting. The four stations were previously the northern half of New Jersey Network's statewide radio service, with the stations in southern New Jersey going to Philadelphia public radio station WHYY-FM. Upon taking control of the four stations on July 1, 2011, they were rebranded as New Jersey Public Radio.

Gothamist acquisition
In late 2017, the website network including Gothamist, LAist, and DCist ceased operations. Three months later, in February 2018, anonymous donors funded a joint purchase of the properties by radio stations KPCC, WAMU, and WNYC, which would each operate the publication relevant to their broadcast region.

Past personalities
Past WNYC radio personalities include H. V. Kaltenborn, who hosted radio's first quiz program on WNYC in 1926, the Brooklyn Eagle's Current Events Bee, a forerunner to shows like National Public Radio's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! In its early years the station lacked funds for a record library and would borrow albums from record stores around the Manhattan Municipal Building, where its studios were located. Legend has it a listener began lending classical records to the station and in 1929, WNYC began broadcast of Masterwork Hour, radio's first program of recorded classical music.

Following the U.S. entry into World War II, then-Mayor Fiorello La Guardia made use of the station every Sunday in his Talk to the People program. During a lengthy newspaper workers strike, La Guardia also used the WNYC airwaves to read the latest comic strips to local youngsters while they were not available in New York.

Margaret Juntwait, an announcer and classical music host at WNYC for 15 years, left for the Metropolitan Opera in September 2006. Prior to her death in 2015, Juntwait served as announcer for the Met's Saturday afternoon radio broadcasts, the first woman to hold the position and only the third regular announcer of the long-standing broadcast series, which was launched in 1931. John Schaefer, a music show host at WNYC since 1982, has written liner notes for more than 100 albums, for everyone from Yo-Yo Ma to Terry Riley and was named a "New York influential" by New York Magazine in 2006.

The Leonard Lopate Show, (originally New York & Company), hosted by Leonard Lopate, who was fired on December 21, 2017. The Leonard Lopate Show won a Peabody Award in 2012 "for considering all things New York in lively broadcasts that, like the host, value light more than heat."

Programming
WNYC produces and broadcasts programming for a local audience, including news and interview shows The Brian Lehrer Show and All of It with Alison Stewart, along with a roster of nationally syndicated WNYC Studios produced including Radiolab, On the Media, and The New Yorker Radio Hour. WNYC is a leading member station of NPR, broadcasting NPR's major daily news programs including Morning Edition and All Things Considered. WNYC also broadcasts programs from the BBC World Service and selected programs from other producers including This American Life, Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!, and Fresh Air. The broadcasts airs on WNYC 93.9 FM and AM 820 in New York City, and also streams live over the internet. As a result, the station reaches listeners from across the country and around the globe. WNYC-AM-FM has a local news team of approximately 60 journalists, producers, editors, and other broadcasting professionals.

WNYC and WNYC Studios programs and podcasts include:

 * The Brian Lehrer Show is a two-hour weekday talk show covering local and national current events and social issues hosted by Brian Lehrer, a former anchor and reporter for NBC Radio Network. It won a Peabody Award in 2007 "for facilitating reasoned conversation about critical issues and opening it up to everyone within earshot." In 2014, the show won first place in the Garden State Journalists Association Awards.
 * All of It with Alison Stewart covers culture in the broadest sense – religion, food, language, music etc. In October 2019 the show launched the monthly book club Get Lit with All of It. In April 2020, as New York City neared the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the show partnered with the New York Public Library to shift the book club to a virtual monthly event.
 * On the Media is a nationally syndicated, weekly one-hour program hosted by Brooke Gladstone covering the media and its effect on American culture and society. Stories also regularly cover such topics as video news releases, net neutrality, media consolidation, censorship, freedom of the press, spin, and how the media is changing with technology. It won a Peabody Award in 2004 for providing listeners "an insightful journey into the inner workings and outer effects of the media.". In 2013, then co-host Brooke Gladstone won a Gracie Award for Outstanding Host. The episode "Bench Press", which looked at the Supreme Court and its relationship with the media, won both a New York Press Club Award and the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel Award in 2016. Bob Garfield co-hosted the program until 2021, when he was fired from WNYC for violating its anti-bullying policies.
 * New Sounds – Since 1982, founder and host John Schaefer has devoted the program to present new and eclectic music. The New York Times hailed the program as "a genre-defying radio program that has played an outsize role in [New York City's] new music scene for nearly four decades." In early 2018, the 24-hour streaming music site NewSounds.org was launched.
 * Radio Rookies – provides teenagers with the tools and training to create radio stories about themselves, their communities and their world. The show won a Peabody Award in 2005 for "teaching teens the fundamentals of radio reporting and giving listeners unvarnished insights into worlds ignored and disregarded," with the awarding body calling the show "ingenious." In 2017 the story "Gentrification: Feeling Like an Outsider in Your Own Neighborhood" won a National Edward R. Murrow Award. One of the stories from a rookie reporter, "Trying to Graduate from High School at 21", won both a Regional and National Edward R. Murrow Award in 2019.
 * Trump, Inc., hosted by Peabody Award-winning journalist Andrea Bernstein and Ilya Marritz, is a joint reporting project with ProPublica about President Donald Trump, his family, and the Trump administration's potential conflicts of interest. In 2018 the show was awarded an Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award, the medallion for Radio Features News in the Excellence in Journalism Award Competition conducted by the Society of the Silurians, and Apple named it as one of the most popular podcasts launched that year.
 * Fishko Files – Sara Fishko produces sound-rich essays on art, culture, music and media. The feature "Realism and Rebellion" won a Regional Edward R. Murrow Award in 2019.
 * The Takeaway – a weekday one-hour news show, hosted by Melissa Harris-Perry, co-produced with Public Radio Exchange.
 * Death, Sex & Money – Host Anna Sale talks to celebrities and regular people about relationships, money, family, work and making it all count.
 * Radiolab – two-time Peabody Award-winning podcast attempts to approach broad, difficult topics such as "time" and "morality" in an accessible and light-hearted manner and with a distinctive audio production style. Hosted by Jad Abumrad, Lulu Miller, and Latif Nasser.
 * Free Shakespeare on the Radio was a co-production between WNYC Studios and The Public Theater that reimagined the Theater's annual "Free Shakespeare in the Park" as a multi-episode radio play. The production was conceived after the COVID-19 pandemic prevented the annual outdoor play from taking place, the first time in nearly 60 years. The originally scheduled performance of Richard II was adapted for radio and directed by Saheem Ali. The performance was dedicated to the Black Lives Matter movement and featured a cast composed predominantly of BIPOC actors, including André Holland, Phylicia Rashad, and Lupita Nyong'o. The New York Times said the cast "delivered electric performances, spotlighting the aural delights of Shakespeare's language."

Listenership and new media
WNYC has been an early adopter of new technologies including HD radio, live audio streaming, and podcasting. RSS feeds and email newsletters link to archived audio of individual program segments. WNYC also makes some of its programming available on Sirius XM satellite radio.

title: WNYC


text:
Warsaw Confederation

The Warsaw Confederation, signed on 28 January 1573 by the Polish national assembly (sejm konwokacyjny) in Warsaw, was one of the first European acts granting religious freedoms.

It was an important development in the history of Poland and of Lithuania that extended religious tolerance to nobility and free persons within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and is considered the formal beginning of religious freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Though it did not prevent all conflict based on religion, it did make the Commonwealth a much safer and more tolerant place than most of contemporaneous Europe, especially during the subsequent Thirty Years' War.

History
Religious tolerance in Poland had a long tradition (e.g. Statute of Kalisz) and had been de facto policy in the reign of the King Sigismund II. However, the articles signed by the Confederation gave official sanction to earlier customs. In that sense, they may be considered either the beginning or the peak of Polish tolerance.

Following the childless death of the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, Polish and Lithuanian nobles (szlachta) gathered at Warsaw to prevent any separatists from acting and to maintain the existing legal order. For that the citizens had to unconditionally abide by the decisions made by the body; and the confederation was a potent declaration that the two former states are still closely linked.

In January the nobles signed a document in which representatives of all the major religions pledged each other mutual support and tolerance. A new political system was arising, aided by the confederation which contributed to its stability. Religious tolerance was an important factor in a multiethnic and multi-religious state, as the territories of the Commonwealth were inhabited by many generations of people from different ethnic backgrounds (Poles, Lithuanians, Ruthenian, Germans and Jews) and of different denominations (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Jewish and even Muslim). "This country became what Cardinal Hozjusz called "a place of shelter for heretics". It was a place where the most radical religious sects, trying to escape persecution in other countries of the Christian world, sought refuge.

This act was not imposed by a government or by consequences of war, but rather resulted from the actions of members of Polish-Lithuanian society. It was also influenced by the 1572 French St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, which prompted the Polish-Lithuanian nobility to see that no monarch would ever be able to carry out such an act in Poland.

The people most involved in preparing the articles were Mikołaj Sienicki (leader of the "execution movement"), Jan Firlej and Jan Zborowski. Their efforts were opposed by many dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church, Franciszek Krasiński was the only bishop who signed them (Szymon Starowolski claimed he did so under the "threat of the sword"), and the future legal acts containing the articles of the Confederation were signed by bishops with the stipulation: "excepto articulo confoederationis." Another bishop, Wawrzyniec Goślicki, was excommunicated for signing the acts of the Sejm of 1587.

The articles of the Warsaw Confederation were later incorporated into the Henrician Articles, and thus became constitutional provisions alongside the Pacta conventa also instituted in 1573.

Importance
Late-16th-century Poland stood between the Orthodox Muscovy in the East, the Muslim Ottoman Empire to the South, and Western Europe, torn between Reformation and Counter-Reformation, to the North and West. Its religious tolerance made it a welcome refuge for those escaping religious persecution elsewhere; in the words of Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius, it became "a place of shelter for heretics". The confederation legalized the previously unwritten customs of religious tolerance.

There is debate as to whether religious freedom was intended only for the nobility or also for the peasants and others; most historians favor the latter interpretation.

In 2003, the text of the Warsaw Confederation was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.

Quotes
"Certainly, the wording and substance of the declaration of the Confederation of Warsaw of 28 January 1573 were extraordinary with regards to prevailing conditions elsewhere in Europe; and they governed the principles of religious life in the Republic for over two hundred years."

- Norman Davies

title: Warsaw Confederation


text:
Timothy Dwight V

Timothy Dwight V (November 16, 1828 – May 26, 1916) was an American academic, educator, Congregational minister, and President of Yale University (1886–1898). During his years as the school's president, Yale's schools first organized as a university. His grandfather was Timothy Dwight IV, who served as President of Yale College ninety years before his grandson's tenure.

Biography
Dwight was born in Norwich, Connecticut, the son of James Dwight. His paternal grandfather, Timothy Dwight IV, served as president of Yale College from 1795 to 1817. He was the great-grandson of Major Timothy Dwight and Mary (Edwards) Dwight, the latter's father being the Rev. Jonathan Edwards, the third president of Princeton University. His mother was Susan, daughter of John McLaren Breed, by his second wife Rebecca (Walker) Breed, who was the daughter of Robert Walker, a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut.

Timothy Dwight entered Yale in 1845, and during his undergraduate course received prizes in mathematics and Latin, and was a member of the Linonian Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Skull and Bones. As the Clark Scholar, he spent the period from 1849 to 1851 in graduate work at Yale, in the fall of the latter year entering the Theological Department, where he studied for two years. He served as a tutor in the College from 1851 to 1855, and then went abroad to continue his studies at the universities of Bonn and Berlin.

Career
Returning to America in July 1858, he became professor of sacred literature at Yale at the opening of the next college year. His work in the Divinity School continued until 1886, when he was elected president of Yale College. Yale had begun to develop the departments of professional study—particularly of theology and medicine—at the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the administration of the elder President Dwight; and the institution, long a University in fact, became one in name at the inauguration of the younger Dwight. During the thirteen years of his presidency, from 1886 to 1899, the University began that rapid development in scope, in numbers of students and faculty, in material prosperity, and in national influence.

Dwight was licensed to preach May 22, 1855, and ordained to the ministry of the Congregational Church six years later. In 1869, Chicago Theological Seminary conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity upon him, and Yale honored him with a similar degree in 1886. He also received the degree of LLD from Harvard in 1886 and from Princeton in 1888. He was an associate member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and elected an honorary member of the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati in 1895.

Dwight was a member of the American committee for the revision of the English version of the Bible, and for a number of years he was one of the editors of the New Englander. He had contributed extensively to various publications on theological and educational subjects. In 1886, he translated and edited, with additional notes, Frédéric Louis Godet's Commentary on the Gospel of John, and he had also edited several of Meyer's commentaries, including those on Romans, on several other Pauline Epistles, on Hebrews, and on the Epistles of James, Peter, John, and Jude.

He was the author of "Thoughts of and for the Inner Life" (1899), and in 1903 published "Memories of Yale Life and Men" Address Delivered at the Funeral of President Porter (1892) and a Commemorative Address in honor of W. D. Whitney and J. D. Dana (1895).

On April 19, 1889, he was a delegate to the organizational meeting of the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution at Fraunces Tavern in New York City. He was elected as the first chaplain of the National Society.

Dwight played an important role in the founding and early growth of the Hotchkiss School, a college preparatory boarding school located in Lakeville, Connecticut. After Maria Bissell Hotchkiss received a large inheritance from her husband, Benjamin B. Hotchkiss, Dwight approached her with the idea that she "finance a school that would prepare young men for college—for Yale, to be precise." Dwight was one of the incorporators and original trustees of Hotchkiss when the school was founded in 1891, and he continued to serve as a trustee for 25 years until his death in 1916, when the school's board noted in a resolution that the institution "in a large sense was the child of his creation... [and] that it was his wisdom that largely dominated its inception, creation, and upbuilding."

He served as Secretary of the Class of 1849 continuously from graduation until his death, which occurred, without warning, at his home in New Haven, May 26, 1916, as the result of infirmities incident to his advanced age. Burial was in Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven.

Dwight's full-length portrait by Edmund C. Tarbell hangs in the stairwell of Woodbridge Hall, the Yale administration building.

Family
He was married in that city, December 31, 1866, to Jane Wakeman, daughter of Roger Sherman Skinner, who graduated from Yale in 1813, and Mary Lockwood (DeForest) Skinner. She survived him with their son, Winthrop Edwards (B.A. 1893, Ph.D. 1895, LL.B. 1896). Their daughter, Helen Rood, died October 16, 1909. John Breed Dwight, a graduate of Yale in 1840, and James McLaren Breed Dwight (B.A. 1846, LL.B. Columbia 1861) were his brothers. He was a cousin of Theodore Dwight Woolsey (B.A. 1820), who for 25 years was the president of Yale. In 1935, Yale constructed the ninth of its twelve residential colleges, Timothy Dwight College. It was named for Dwight and his grandfather, who were both regarded as particularly important presidents of Yale.

Jane Wakeman (Skinner) Dwight was the great-granddaughter of American founding father Roger Sherman.

title: Timothy Dwight V


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title: User talk:130.102.128.60