text:
Index of Aruba-related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the nation of Aruba.

0–9

 * .aw – Internet country code top-level domain for Aruba

A

 * Airports in Aruba
 * Americas
 * North America
 * North Atlantic Ocean
 * West Indies
 * Caraïbische Zee (Caribbean Sea)
 * Antillen (Antilles)
 * Kleine Antillen (Lesser Antilles)
 * Islands of Aruba
 * Antilles
 * Aruba
 * Aruba at the Olympics
 * Aruba at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Aruba Dushi Tera
 * Atlas of Aruba

B

 * Bibliography of Aruba

C

 * Capital of Aruba: Oranjestad
 * Caribbean
 * Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
 * Caribbean Sea
 * Categories:
 * Category:Aruba
 * Category:Aruba stubs
 * Category:Aruban people
 * Category:Aruba-related lists
 * Category:Buildings and structures in Aruba
 * Category:Communications in Aruba
 * Category:Culture of Aruba
 * Category:Economy of Aruba
 * Category:Environment of Aruba
 * Category:Geography of Aruba
 * Category:Government of Aruba
 * Category:Health in Aruba
 * Category:History of Aruba
 * Category:Politics of Aruba
 * Category:Society of Aruba
 * Category:Sport in Aruba
 * Category:Transport in Aruba
 * commons:Category:Aruba
 * Cities of Aruba
 * Coast guard – Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard
 * Coat of arms of Aruba
 * Communications in Aruba
 * Constitution of Aruba
 * Culture of Aruba

D

 * Demographics of Aruba
 * Diario Newspaper
 * Divi-divi
 * Druif Beach
 * Dutch colonization of the Americas
 * Dutch language

E

 * Economy of Aruba
 * Education in Aruba
 * Elections in Aruba

F

 * Flag of Aruba

G

 * Geography of Aruba
 * Government of Aruba
 * Gross domestic product

H

 * History of Aruba

I

 * International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for Aruba: AW
 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code for Aruba: ABW
 * Internet in Aruba
 * Islands of Aruba:
 * Aruba
 * Indiaanskop
 * Key Cay
 * Long Cay
 * Ronde Island

J
Juwana Morto

K

 * Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden)

L

 * Languages of Aruba
 * Leeward Antilles
 * Lesser Antilles
 * LGBT rights in Aruba
 * Lists related to Aruba:
 * List of airports in Aruba
 * List of Aruba-related topics
 * List of cities in Aruba
 * List of countries by GDP (nominal)
 * List of islands of Aruba
 * List of mammals of Aruba
 * List of political parties in Aruba
 * List of rivers of Aruba

M

 * Mammals of Aruba
 * Jossy Mansur
 * Military of Aruba
 * Music of Aruba

N

 * Northern Hemisphere

O

 * Oranjestad – Capital of Aruba
 * Outline of Aruba

P

 * Papiamento language
 * Politics of Aruba
 * List of political parties in Aruba
 * Prime Minister of Aruba

Q

 * Queen Beatrix International Airport

R

 * Rivers of Aruba

S

 * Scouting in Aruba
 * South America

T

 * Transportation in Aruba

V

 * Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean

W

 * West Indies
 * Western Hemisphere

Z

 * Gerald Zimmermann
 * Enrique Zschuschen

title: Index of Aruba-related articles


text:
Index of Australia-related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of articles related to Australia.

A

 * Aboriginal:
 * Aboriginal Australians
 * Aboriginal breastplate
 * Aboriginal deaths in custody
 * Aboriginal Tasmanians
 * Aboriginal title
 * Aboriginal Tent Embassy
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984
 * Adelaide
 * Alfred Deakin
 * Andrew Fisher
 * Aquaculture in Australia
 * Arnhem Land
 * Arthur Fadden
 * Arthur Phillip
 * Australia
 * Australian:
 * Australian actors
 * Australian archaeology
 * Australian birds
 * Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 * Australian Capital Territory
 * Australian Constitutional history
 * Australian cuisine
 * Australian Dollar
 * Australian electoral system
 * Australian English
 * Australian fauna
 * Australian Fellowship of Faith Churches and Ministers International
 * Australian flora
 * Australian Football League
 * Australian Greens Party
 * Australian hardcore
 * Australian House of Representatives
 * Australian Labor Party
 * Australian literature
 * Australian nationality law
 * Australian public holidays
 * Australian rules football
 * Australian Senate
 * Australians
 * States and territories of Australia

B

 * Ballarat
 * Banksia
 * Belfast Coastal Reserve
 * Belinda (film)
 * Ben Chifley
 * Bennelong
 * Bill Hayden
 * Billy Hughes
 * Black Saturday bushfires (February 2009 in Victoria)
 * Bland Oak
 * Bob Hawke
 * Brisbane
 * Burke and Wills expedition

C

 * Cairns
 * Campdrafting
 * Canberra
 * Carbon capture and storage in Australia
 * Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
 * Central Coast
 * Chain Valley Colliery
 * Charles Kingsford Smith
 * Christ Watson
 * Cinema of Australia
 * City West Housing
 * Climate change in Australia
 * Coal in Australia
 * Coal mining in Australia
 * Commonwealth Heritage
 * Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
 * Communications in Australia
 * Constitution of Australia
 * Contribution to global warming by Australia
 * Convicts in Australia
 * Council of Australian Humanist Societies
 * COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
 * CSIRO
 * Culture of Australia

D

 * Darwin
 * Date and time notation in Australia
 * Demographics of Australia
 * Deserts of Australia
 * Dharug language
 * Diminutives in Australian English
 * Don Bradman
 * The Dreaming
 * Drought in Australia

E

 * Earle Page
 * Economy of Australia
 * Edmund Barton
 * Effects of global warming on Australia
 * Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories
 * Energy policy of Australia
 * Energy Sources in Victoria
 * Environment of Australia
 * Eucalyptus

F

 * Fairfield Showground
 * Feed-in tariffs in Australia
 * Foreign relations of Australia
 * Forests of Australia
 * Frank Forde

G

 * Garnaut Climate Change Review
 * Geelong
 * George Reid
 * Gender inequality in Australia
 * Geography of Australia
 * Geology of Australia
 * Geothermal energy exploration in Central Australia
 * Gija people
 * Gold Coast
 * Government of Australia
 * Governor-General of Australia
 * Grand Final
 * Great Barrier Reef

H

 * Harold Holt
 * Health of prisoners in Australia
 * High Court of Australia
 * History of Australia
 * History of Australia before 1901
 * History of Australia since 1901
 * History of Western Australia
 * Hobart
 * Hospitals in Australia
 * Human rights in Australia

I

 * IDS Enterprise Systems
 * Indigenous Australians
 * List of Australian inventions
 * Indonesia Project (ANU)
 * IPP-SHR
 * ITCRA.

J

 * James Cook
 * James Scullin
 * John Curtin
 * John Dawkins
 * John Dawkins (South Australian politician)
 * John Gorton
 * John Howard
 * John Kerin
 * John McEwen
 * Joseph Cook
 * Joseph Lyons
 * Julia Gillard
 * Julian Assange

K

 * Kangaroo
 * Kangaroo paw
 * Kata Tjuta
 * Kevin Rudd

L

 * Australian Labor Party
 * LGBT rights in Australia
 * Liberal Party of Australia
 * List of Australians in international prisons
 * List of cities in Australia
 * List of people who have walked across Australia
 * List of political parties in Australia
 * List of proposed coal-fired power stations in Australia
 * List of cities and towns in South Australia
 * List of Western Australian towns
 * List of wind farms in Australia
 * List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Australia

M

 * Malcolm Turnbull
 * Martu Wangka dialect
 * Melaleuca
 * Melbourne
 * Melocco and Moore
 * Metrication in Australia
 * Michael Jeffery (Australian Army officer)
 * Military of Australia
 * Military history of Australia during World War I
 * Military history of Australia during World War II
 * Mining in Australia
 * Mitigation of global warming in Australia
 * Monkey Mia
 * Mosie Burton
 * Music of Australia

N

 * National Basketball League
 * National Party of Australia
 * National Sorry Day
 * Native Plants
 * Newcastle
 * New South Wales
 * Ngarigo language
 * Ngarinyin language
 * Ngunnawal language
 * Noongar language
 * North Australia
 * Northern Territory
 * NSW Minerals Council
 * Northmead

O

 * One Nation Party (Pauline Hanson's One Nation)
 * Optometrists Association Australia

P

 * Paul Keating
 * Pauline Hanson's One Nation
 * Parliament of Australia, Perth
 * Perth
 * Photovoltaic engineering in Australia
 * Pipeline Authority Act
 * Pitjantjatjara
 * Politics of Australia
 * Prime Minister of Australia
 * Prisons
 * Prospect Hill
 * Protected areas of Australia

Q

 * Queensland
 * Queensland Telugu Association

R

 * Renewable energy commercialization in Australia
 * Renewable energy in Australia
 * Republicanism in Australia
 * Revenue stamps of Australia
 * Revenue stamps of the Australian Capital Territory
 * Revenue stamps of New South Wales
 * Revenue stamps of the Northern Territory
 * Revenue stamps of Queensland
 * Revenue stamps of South Australia
 * Revenue stamps of Tasmania
 * Revenue stamps of Victoria
 * Revenue stamps of Western Australia
 * Road transport in Australia
 * Robert Menzies

S

 * SAFTAG
 * Scott Morrison
 * Seafood in Australia
 * Seven Network
 * Simpson Desert
 * Site of Ficus superba var. henneana tree
 * South Australia
 * Sydney
 * Sydney Central Courier
 * Schapelle Corby
 * Solar Cities in Australia
 * Solar hot water in Australia
 * Solar power in Australia
 * Solar power plants in Central Australia
 * Solar power station in Victoria
 * Solar thermal energy in Australia
 * Stanley Bruce
 * Sunshine Coast
 * Shipwrecks of Western Australia

T

 * Taronga Zoo
 * Tasmania
 * Television in Australia
 * Time in Australia
 * Torres Strait Islanders
 * Thomas Keneally
 * Transportation in Australia
 * Tent boxing
 * Townsville

U

 * Uluru
 * Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park

V

 * Victoria
 * Visa policy of Australia
 * Visa requirements for Australian citizens

W

 * Walkabout
 * Warlpiri people
 * Waste management in Australia
 * Water security in Australia
 * Western Australia
 * Whaling in Australia
 * William McMahon
 * Wind power in Australia
 * Wind power in South Australia
 * Wollongong

X

 * Xantippe, Western Australia
 * XXXX (beer)

Y

 * Yarra Valley
 * Yarra River

Z

 * Zetland

Search
Search all pages with prefix

 * All pages with titles beginning with Australia
 * All pages with titles beginning with Australian

Search all pages with title

 * All pages with titles containing Australia
 * All pages with titles containing Australian

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Index of Australia-related articles


text:
Aeschines

Aeschines (Greek: Αἰσχίνης Ἀτρομήτου Κοθωκίδης; 389–314 BC) was a Greek statesman and one of the ten Attic orators.

Biography

Although it is known he was born in Athens, the records regarding his parentage and early life are conflicting; but it seems probable that his parents, though poor, were respectable. Aeschines' father was Atrometus, an elementary school teacher of letters. His mother Glaukothea assisted in the religious rites of initiation for the poor. After assisting his father in his school, he tried his hand at acting with indifferent success, served with distinction in the army, and held several clerkships, amongst them the office of clerk to the Boule. Among the campaigns that Aeschines participated in were Phlius in the Peloponnese (368 BC), Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), and Phokion's campaign in Euboea (349 BC). The fall of Olynthus (348 BC) brought Aeschines into the political arena, and he was sent on an embassy to rouse the Peloponnese against Philip II of Macedon.

In spring of 347 BC, Aeschines addressed the assembly of Ten Thousand in Megalopolis, Arcadia urging them to unite and defend their independence against Philip. In the summer 347 BC, he was a member of the peace embassy to Philip, where he found it necessary, in order to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented by his opponents, to defend Philip and describe him at a meeting of the Athenian popular assembly as being entirely Greek. His dilatoriness during the second embassy (346 BC) sent to ratify the terms of peace led to him being accused by Demosthenes and Timarchus on a charge of high treason. Aeschines counterattacked by claiming that Timarchus had forfeited the right to speak before the people as a consequence of youthful debauches which had left him with the reputation of being a whore and prostituting himself to many men in the port city of Piraeus. The suit succeeded and Timarchus was sentenced to atimia and politically destroyed, according to Demosthenes. This comment was later interpreted by Pseudo-Plutarch in his Lives of the Ten Orators as meaning that Timarchos hanged himself upon leaving the assembly, a suggestion contested by some modern historians.

This oration, Against Timarchus, is considered important because of the bulk of Athenian laws it cites. As a consequence of his successful attack on Timarchus, Aeschines was cleared of the charge of treason.

In 343 BC the attack on Aeschines was renewed by Demosthenes in his speech On the False Embassy. Aeschines replied in a speech with the same title and was again acquitted. In 339 BC, as one of the Athenian deputies (pylagorae) in the Amphictyonic Council, he made a speech which brought about the Fourth Sacred War.

By way of revenge, Aeschines endeavoured to fix the blame for these disasters upon Demosthenes. In 336 BC, when Ctesiphon proposed that his friend Demosthenes should be rewarded with a golden crown for his distinguished services to the state, Aeschines accused him of having violated the law in bringing forward the motion. The matter remained in abeyance till 330 BC, when the two rivals delivered their speeches Against Ctesiphon and On the Crown. The result was a complete and overwhelming victory for Demosthenes.

Aeschines went into voluntary exile at Rhodes (to avoid the judgement of the jury, which was likely a large sum of money), where he opened a school of rhetoric. He afterwards removed to Samos, where he died aged 75. His three speeches, called by the ancients "the Three Graces," rank next to those of Demosthenes. Photius knew of nine letters by him which he called The Nine Muses; the twelve published under his name (Hercher, Epistolographi Graeci) are not genuine.

Editions

 * Gustav Eduard Benseler (1855–1860) (trans. and notes)
 * Andreas Weidner (1872)
 * Friedrich Blass (Teubner, 1896)
 * Thomas Leland, Weidner (1872), (1878), G. A. Simcox and W. H. Simcox (1866), Drake (1872), Richardson (1889), G. Watkin and Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (1890).
 * The Speeches of Aeschines. Translated by Charles Darwin Adams. Loeb Classical Library 106. Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1919. Available at archive.org
 * Teubner ed. of Orationes: 1997, edited Mervin R. Dilts. ISBN 3-8154-1009-6
 * Aeschines. Translated by Chris Carey. The Oratory of Classical Greece Volume 3. University of Texas Press, Austin, 2000. ISBN 0-292-71222-7

title: Aeschines


text:
Index of Azerbaijan-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to the Azerbaijan Republic include:

0–9
26 Baku Commissars - 26 Commissars Memorial - 1993-2016 military reforms in Azerbaijan - 1994 Baku Metro bombings - 1995 Baku Metro fire - 2000 Baku earthquake - 2007 Baku terrorist plot

A
.az - Abbasgulu Bakikhanov - Abdulla Shaig - Abdurahman Fatalibeyli - Abulfaz Elchibey - Absheron - Afag Masud - Afrasiyab Badalbeyli - Ag-Gol National Park - Agdam (rayon) - Agdash - Aghasi Mammadov - Aghstev - Agjabadi - Agstafa - Agsu - Ajami Nakhchivani - Ak Koyunlu - Alakbar Rezaguliyev - Alazani - Alexander Kazembek (Russian orientalist) - Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku - Ali Bayramli - Ali Ismayilov - Ali Kerimli - Ali-Agha Shikhlinski - Aliguluushagi - Alihan Samedov - Alimardan Topchubashev - Alliance Party for the Sake of Azerbaijan - Almas Ildyrym - Altaic languages - Altyaghach National Park - Always (album) - Amaras Monastery - Amina Figarova - Amiraslan Isgandarov - Anar Rzayev - Anatoliy Banishevskiy - Andre Luiz Ladaga - Andrei Dobrokhodov - ANSAD-Petrol Neftçala - Anthem of Azerbaijan SSR - Aras River - Area codes in Azerbaijan - Arif Malikov - Armenian Apostolic Church - Armenian language - Armenian National Council of Karabagh - Armenian-Azerbaijani War - Armenian-Tatar massacres - Armenians - Army of Azerbaijan - Arran (Caucasus) - Arshin Mal Alan (operetta) - Artsakh - Artsakh State Museum - Artur Rasizade - Asaf Zeynally - Ashik - Ashik Kerib - Asia - Askeran - Askeran clash - Aslan Kerimov - Asma kasma - Association of Scouts of Azerbaijan - Astara, Azerbaijan - Astara (rayon) - Atabeg - Atabegs of Azerbaijan - Atropatene - Aturpatakan - Avar language - Avarı - Avrami Aslanbegov - Ayaz Mutallibov - Aygun Kazimova - Ayran - Ayrums - Azal Avia Cargo - Azat ou Ankakh Artsakh - Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan-the OIC relations - Azerbaijan Air Force - Azerbaijan Air Defense Force - Azerbaijan Airlines - Azerbaijan America Alliance - Azerbaijan and GUAM relations- Azerbaijan and the European Union - Azerbaijan at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Azerbaijan–Belgium relations - Azerbaijan Border Guard - Azerbaijan Coast Guard - Azerbaijan Communist Party Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993) - Azerbaijan Communist Party (on Platform of Marxism-Leninism) Azerbaijan Cup - Azerbaijan Democratic Republic - Azerbaijan Democratic Party - Azerbaijan Hope Party - Azerbaijan–Germany relations - Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation - Azerbaijan Liberal Party - Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest - Azerbaijan Interior Guard - Azerbaijan International Operating Company - Azerbaijan International University - Azerbaijan Investment Holding - Azerbaijan National Guard - Azerbaijan National Independence Party - Azerbaijan–NATO relations - Azerbaijan–Netherlands relations - Azerbaijan and Organization for Economic Co-operation - Azerbaijan–OBSEC relations - Azerbaijan–OSCE relations - Azerbaijan Political Party of Democratic Reforms - Azerbaijan Popular Front Party - Azerbaijan Social Democratic Party - Azerbaijan Social Prosperity Party - Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre - Azerbaijan State Agricultural Academy - Azerbaijan State Carpet Museum Azerbaijan State Economic University - Azerbaijan State Museum of Art - Azerbaijan State Russian Drama Theatre - Azerbaijan Medical University - Azerbaijan Navy - Azerbaijan-Portugal relations - Azerbaijan SSR - Azerbaijan State Oil Academy - Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall - Azerbaijan Technical University - Azerbaijan Trade Unions Confederation - Azerbaijan–United States relations - Azerbaijan University of Languages - Azerbaijani hip hop - Azerbaijani language - Azerbaijani literature - Azerbaijani manat - Azerbaijani National Council - Azerbaijan national rugby union team - Azerbaijani diplomatic missions - Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 1990 - Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 1995–1996 - Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 2000–2001 - Azerbaijani parliamentary election, 2005 - Azerbaijani people - Azerbaijani presidential election, 2003 - Azerbaijani rug - Azercell - Azeri TV Tower - Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli - Azerbaijanis in Armenia - Azerbaijanis in Russia - Aziza Mustafa Zadeh - Aziza Mustafa Zadeh (album) - AzTV - Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Himni

B
Baba Samit - Bağlama - Baháʼí Faith - Baháʼí Naw-Rúz - Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh - Baklava - Baku - Baku-Rostov highway bombing - Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline - Baku Academy of Music - BakuBus - Baku City Executive Committee - Baku Congress Center- Baku Governorate - Baku International Jazz Festival - Baku Khanate - Baku Metro - Baku Oil Fields - Baku Polytechnicum - Baku Private Turkish School - Baku Slavic University - Baku State University - Baku Stock Exchange - Baku Transport Agency - Balakan - Balakishi Arablinski - Banine - Barda, Azerbaijan - Barda (rayon) - Barkhudarli - Barzavu - Basut-Chay State Reserve - Battle of Baku - Battle of Chalagan - Battle of Chaldiran - Battle of Kelbajar - Battle of Shamkor - Bazardüzü Dağı - Bella Davidovich - Beylagan - Beylagan (town) - Bilasuvar - Black January - Black Sea Forum for Partnership and Dialogue - Book of Dede Korkut - Branobel - Brilliant Dadashova - Bulbul (singer) - Bulbuljan - Bulla Island - Buzlukh

C
Capture of Shusha - Caspian expeditions of the Rus - Caspian Sea - Caspian Guard Initiative - Caspians Caucasian Albania - Caucasian Albania alphabet - Caucasian Avars - Caucasus - Caucasus Germans - Caucasus Mountains - Caucasus Viceroyalty (1785–1796) - Caucasus Viceroyalty (1844–1881) - Centrocaspian Dictatorship - Children’s rights in Azerbaijan - Chilov - Chingiz Mustafayev (journalist) - Chingiz Sadykhov - Chirag Gala - Christianity in Azerbaijan - Chupanids - Church of Kish - Church of the Immaculate Conception, Baku (1912) - Church of the Immaculate Conception, Baku - Cinema of Azerbaijan - City of Winds - Civic Solidarity Party - Civil Union Party - Climate of Azerbaijan - Coat of arms of the Azerbaijan SSR - Coat of arms of Nagorno-Karabakh - Committee for Oil Industry Workers' Rights - Commonwealth of Independent States - Communications in Azerbaijan - Compatriot Party - Conscription in Azerbaijan - Contrasts - Copyright Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Copyright law in Azerbaijan - Council of Europe - COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan - Criminal Code of Azerbaijan - Culture of Azerbaijan - Custom and traditions in Azerbaijan

D
Daf - Daliboz - Dance of Fire - Daria Timoshenko - Dashkasan - Davachi - Demographics of Azerbaijan - Deodoraki - Dilara Aliyeva - Dolma - Doymenj - Duduk

E
East Slavic languages - Eastern Christianity - Eastern Europe - Eastern Orthodox Church - ECO Cup - Ecological Issues in Azerbaijan - Economic Cooperation Organization - Economic development in Azerbaijan - Economic history of Azerbaijan- Economic regions and districts of Azerbaijan - Economy of Azerbaijan - Economy of Baku - Eldar Mahmudov - Eldar pine-tree State Reserve - Elections in Azerbaijan - Eleventh Army (Soviet Union) - Elisabethpol Governorate - Eliza Mustafa Zadeh - Elmar Huseynov - Elnara Kerimova - Elshan Hajizadeh - Emil Sutovsky - Emma Hagieva - Empress Alexandra Russian Muslim Boarding School for Girls - Ernani Pereira - Erivan Governorate - Europe - European Neighbourhood Policy - Evan Siegel - Extreme points of Azerbaijan - Eynulla Fatullayev

F
Family structure of Azerbaijan - Farid Mansurov - Farman Salmanov - Farrukh Gayibov - Farrukh Yassar - Fatali Khan Khoyski - Fatma Gadri - Fauna of Azerbaijan - Fazli (poet) - Fikret Amirov - Finance in Azerbaijan - Firearms policy in Azerbaijan - Fire Temple of Baku - First Nagorno-Karabakh War - Firudin bey Kocharli - Fizuli - Fuzuli - Flag of Azerbaijan - Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh - Fuad Aslanov - FC AMMK Baku - FC Sahdag Qusar - FK Baku - FK Gäncä - FK Gänclärbirliyi Sumqayit - FC Inter Baku - FK Karabakh - FK Karvan - FK Khazar Lenkoran - FK MKT Araz Imisli - FK Olimpik Baku - FK Shamkir - Flora of Azerbaijan - Footballers of Azerbaijan Foreign relations of Azerbaijan - Forum of Azerbaijani Students in Europe (FASE) Franghiz Ali-Zadeh - Freedom (Azerbaijan)

G
Gadabay - Gamar Almaszadeh - Gandzasar monastery - Ganja (city) - Ganja Airport - Ganja State University - Gara Garayev - Gara-Gel State Reserve - Gara-Yaz State Reserve - Garachi - Garry Kasparov - Gavril Ilizarov - Genrich Altshuller - Geography of Azerbaijan - Georgian language - Georgians - German Caucasus Expedition - Germans in Azerbaijan - Getashen - Gey-Gel State Reserve - Ghazanchetsots Cathedral - Gilan Qäbälä - Gilavar - Gizil-Agach State Reserve - Gobustan State Reserve - Goranboy - Goychay - Goygol (city) - Goygol (lake) - Goygol (rayon) - Great Order Party - Greater Caucasus - Grigory Korganov - GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development - Gurban Gurbanov - Gurdbasar

H
Habibi (poet) - Hadrut - Hagigat Rzayeva - Haji Khanmammadov - Haji-Mirza Hassan Roshdieh - Hajigabul - Hamida Omarova - Hamlet Isakhanli - Hanafi - Hasan Hasanov - Hazi Aslanov - Healthcare in Azerbaijan- Heydar Aliyev - Heydar Aliyev Palace - Heydar Aliyev International Airport - Heydarabad - Hidayat (poet) - Hirkan National Park - Hinduism in Azerbaijan - History of Azerbaijan - History of Baku - History of Nagorno-Karabakh - History of Nagorno-Karabakh (1918-1923) - Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral - House of Hasan-Jalalyan - Housing in Azerbaijan - Human rights in Azerbaijan - Huseyn Javid - Huseyn Khan Nakhichevanski - Huseyngulu Sarabski

I
Ibrahim I of Shirvan - Ibrahim Khalil Khan - Igor Lukanin - Igor Pashkevich - Ildeniz - Ilgar Gurbanov - Ilham Aliyev - Ilisu State Reserve - Ilkhanate - Imadaddin Nasimi - Imair Airlines - Imam Mustafayev - Imishli - In That Distant Neighboring Village - Individual Partnership Action Plan - Indo-European languages - Indo-Iranian languages - Inner City (Baku) - Inspiration (Aziza Mustafa Zadeh album) - Intellectual Property Law in Azerbaijan- Investment in Azerbaijan - Investments of Azerbaijan - Irada Ashumova - Iranian languages - Isa Gambar - Isgandar Hamidov - Islam in Azerbaijan - Ismail I - Ismailli - Ismailli State Reserve - ISO 3166-2:AZ - Israfil Mamedov - Ittihad - Ivan Blagov - Ivan Fioletov

J
Jabrayil - Ja'fari jurisprudence - Jafar Jabbarly - Jahan Talyshinskaya - Jalil Mammadguluzadeh - Jalilabad - Javanshir - Javad Khan - Javad Malik-Yeganov - Javid Taghiyev (boxer) - Jazziza - Jeyhun Hajibeyov - Jovdat Hajiyev - Józef Gosławski (Russian architect) - Judaism in Azerbaijan - Judiciary of Azerbaijan - Juhuri language - Julfa, Azerbaijan (city) - Julfa (rayon) - Justice Party (Azerbaijan)

K
Kalbajar - Kamancheh - Kanach Zham - Kangarli (rayon) - Kara Koyunlu - Karabakh - Karabakh carpet - Karabakh horse - Karabakh khanate - Karapapak - Karki (Azerbaijan) - Karim Shukurov - Kebab - Kerim Kerimov - Khalaj language (Iranian) - Khalilullah I - Khanlar Safaraliyev - Khazar University - Khazars - Khazri - Khinalyg - Khizi - Khojali - Khojavend - Khojavend (town) - Khojaly Massacre - Khudat - Khurshidbanu Natavan - Khyrdalan - Kirovabad Pogrom - Kishvari - Kristin Fraser - Kura River - Kura-Araxes culture - Kurdamir - Kurdish language - Kurdish people - Kurdistan Uyezd - Kurmanji - Kypchak languages

L
Labour rights in Azerbaijan - Lachin (rayon) - Lachin corridor - Lahıc, Goygol - Lahıc, Ismailli - Lahıc, Zaqatala - Lala Shevket - Landmine situation in Nagorno Karabakh - Languages of Azerbaijan - Lankaran (rayon) - Latif Gandilov - Latif Safarov - Lavash - League for the Liberation of the Peoples of the USSR - Leandro Melino Gomes - Legal reform in Azerbaijan - Lesser Caucasus - Lev Landau - Lev Nussimbaum - Leyla Vakilova - Lezgian language - Lezgins - LGBT rights in Azerbaijan - List of airports in Azerbaijan - List of Azerbaijani Jews - List of Azerbaijanis - List of Azerbaijani boxers - List of Azerbaijani futsal players - List of Azerbaijani Paralympic competitors - List of Azerbaijani soups and stews - List of Azerbaijani wrestlers - List of Azerbaijan legislation - List of Baku metro stations - List of birds of Azerbaijan - List of cities in Azerbaijan - List of football clubs in Azerbaijan - List of Israeli ambassadors to Azerbaijan - List of leaders of Azerbaijan's state security agencies - List of mammals of Azerbaijan - List of National Heroes of Azerbaijan - List of newspapers in Azerbaijan - List of Northwestern Iranian languages - List of people on stamps of Azerbaijan - List of political parties in Azerbaijan - List of presidential trips made by Ilham Aliyev- List of renamed cities in Azerbaijan - List of Southwestern Iranian languages - List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan - Lotfi Asker Zadeh - Lutfali Abdullayev

M
Madina Gulgun - Magsud Ibrahimbeyov - Mahmud Gurbanov - Mahsati - Maiden Tower (Baku) - Mammed Amin Rasulzade - Mammed Said Ordubadi - Manaf Suleymanov - Manat - Maraghar Massacre - March Days - Mardakert - Mardakert and Martuni Offensives - Martuni District (NKAO) - Martuni Province - Martyrs' Lane - Maryam Bayramalibeyova - Marziyya Davudova - Masally - Masud ibn Davud - Mehdi Huseynzade - Mehman Azizov - Mehriban Aliyeva - Meshadi Azizbekov - Meskhetian Turks - Meykhana - Mikayil Mushfig - Military of Azerbaijan - Military history of Nagorno-Karabakh - Mingachevir - Mingachevir Polytechnic Institute - Mingachevir reservoir - Middle East - Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan - Mir Hasan Vazirov - Mir Jafar Baghirov - Mir Mohsun Navvab - Mirza Alakbar Sabir - Mirza Davud Huseynov - Mirza Fatali Akhundov - Mirza Shafi Vazeh - Mizrahi Jews - Modern Equality Party - MOIK Baku - Molla Nasraddin (magazine) - Molla Panah Vagif - Molokan - Momine Khatun Mausoleum - Motherland Party (Azerbaijan) - Mountain Jews - Movlud Miraliyev - Mstislav Rostropovich - Mugham - Mugham Festival - Mughan Soviet Republic - Multiculturalism in Azerbaijan - Munavvar Kalantarli - Murtuza Mukhtarov - Musa Manarov - Musa Nagiyev - Musavat - Music of Azerbaijan - Muslim Magomayev (composer) - Muslim Magomayev (musician) - Muslim Social Democratic Party

N
Nabran - Naftalan, Azerbaijan - Nagorno-Karabakh - Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast - Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum, 2006 - Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army - Nagorno-Karabakh presidential election, 2007 - Najaf bey Vazirov - Nakhichevan Airport - Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic - Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Nakhichevan City - Nakhichevan khanate - Nakhichevan State University - Namig Abdullayev - Naqareh - Nardaran - Nariman Gasimoglu - Nariman Narimanov - Natig Rasulzade - National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan - National Assembly of Azerbaijan - National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh - National Library of Azerbaijan - National parks of Azerbaijan - National Unity (Azerbaijan) - Natural Resources of Azerbaijan - Nature of Azerbaijan - Neftchala - New Azerbaijan Party - Nezami Mausoleum - Nigar Shikhlinskaya - Nikolay Gikalo - Nikolai Morozov (figure skater) - Nina Fisheva - Nizami Bahmanov - Nizami Ganjavi - Nizami Museum of Azerbaijan Literature - Nizami Pashayev - Nizami Street - Northeast Caucasian languages - Nowruz

O
Odlar Yurdu University - Oghuz languages - Oguz - Oil industry in Azerbaijan - Oil Rocks - Old Udi script - Operation Ring - Ordubad (city) - Ordubad (rayon) - Ordubad National Park - Organisation of Islamic Cooperation - Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation - Orography of Azerbaijan - OSCE Minsk Group

P
Palace of the Shirvanshahs - Pamphylia Tanailidi - Panah Ali Khan - Parigala - Partnership for Peace - Pastırma - Paytakaran - Persian language - Persianate society - PFC Neftchi - PFC Turan Tovuz - Pir Huseyn Khanqah - Pirallahı Island - Pirgulu State Reserve - Piruz Dilenchi - Plov - Polad Sabir Sirajov - Polikarp Mdivani - Politics of Azerbaijan - Politics of Artsakh - Porak - Port Ilich - Pottery in Azerbaijan - President of Azerbaijan - President of Artsakh - Prime Minister of Azerbaijan - Prime Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic - Principality of Khachen - Privatization in Azerbaijan - Prokopius Dzhaparidze - Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan - Public holidays in Azerbaijan - Pyotr Kotlyarevsky

Q
Qabala (rayon) - Qajar dynasty - Qafqaz University - Qax - Qazakh - Qırmızı Qəsəbə - Qizilbash - Qobustan - Quba - Quba Khanate - Qubadli - Qusar

R
Rafael Allahverdiyev - Rafiq Tağı - Ramana, Azerbaijan - Ramil Safarov - Rashad Sadygov - Rashid Behbudov - Rasim Başak - Rasul Guliyev - Reformist Communist Party of Azerbaijan - Reforms in Azerbaijan - Religion in Azerbaijan - Renewable energy sources in Azerbaijan - Republic of Aras - Republic of Mountainous Armenia - Richard Sorge - Rivers and lakes in Azerbaijan - Roman Catholicism in Azerbaijan - Roya (singer) - Rubaba Muradova - Russian Empire - Russian language - Russian Orthodox Church - Russians - Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) - Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) - Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) - Ruslan Khairov - Ruslan Majidov - Rustam Ibrahimbeyov - Rustam Mustafayev - Rutul language - Rutuls - Yalchin Rzazadeh

S
Saatly - Sabirabad - Sadarak - Sadigjan - Safavid dynasty - Saingilo - Sajids - Salatyn Asgarova - Samad bey Mehmandarov - Samad Vurgun - Samukh - Sarsang reservoir - Sattar Bahlulzadeh - Science Development Foundation (Azerbaijan) - September Days - Sergei Rylov - Sergei Yesenin - Sevda Alekperzadeh - Seventh Truth - Shaddadid - Shafi`i - Shah Deniz gas field - Shahbuz - Shahbuz State Reserve - Shahin Imranov - Shahumian - Shakhriyar Mamedyarov - Shaki - Shaki (rayon) - Shaki Khanate - Shakili Alasgar - Shamakhi - Shamans (album) - Shamkir - Shamsi Badalbeyli - Sharur - Shia Islam - Shikhov Beach - Shirali Mislimov - Shirvan - Shirvan Khanate - Shirvan National Park - Shirvan State Reserve - Shirvani Arabic - Shirvanshah - Shovkat Alakbarova - Shovkat Mammadova - Shusha - Shusha (rayon) - Siazan - Silk Way - Silk Way Airlines - Slavic languages - Small and medium-sized enterprises in Azerbaijan- Soltan Hajibeyov - South Caucasus - South Caucasus Pipeline - Southwest Asia - Soviet Union - Special State Protection Service of Azerbaijan- St. Gregory the Illuminator's Church, Baku - State Employment Service (Azerbaijan) - State Oil Company of Azerbaijan - State Reserves of Azerbaijan - State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Stepan Shahumyan - Stepanakert - Subuk - Sufism - Suleyman Sani Akhundov - Sumgait Pogrom - Sumqayit - Sumqayit State University - Sunni Islam - Surakhany - Synagogues in Azerbaijan - Süreyya Ağaoğlu

T
Tahir Salahov - Talish-i Gushtasbi - Talysh Khanate - Talysh language - Talysh people - Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic - Tar (lute) - Tartar (rayon) - Tat language (Caucasus) - Tatar language - Tatars - Tatiana Zatulovskaya - Tat people (Caucasus) - Teimour Radjabov - Teymur Bayramalibeyov - The Congress of World Azerbaijanis - The European Azerbaijan Society (TEAS) - The Opera of Koroglu - Thomas Goltz - Tofig Guliyev - Tofik Bakhramov - Togrul Narimanbekov - Topchubashi family - Tovuz (rayon) - Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic - Transcaucasian SFSR - Transport in Azerbaijan - Treaty of Gulistan - Treaty of Kars - Treaty of Turkmenchay - Tsakhur language - Tsakhur people - Tskhouk-Karckar - Tulipa armena - Turan Air - Turian-Chay State Reserve - Turkey-Azerbaijan relations - Turkic languages - Twelvers - "Ty kto takoy? Davay, do svidaniya!"

U
Udi language - Udi people - Ukrainian language - Ukrainians - United Communist Party of Azerbaijan - United States Ambassador to Azerbaijan - Utik - Uzeyir Hajibeyov - Uzundara - United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/285 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/114

V
Vagif Dzavadov - Vagif Mustafazadeh - Vagit Alekperov - Vali Gasimov - Vandam - Vasif Adigozal - Vasif Asadov - Vasif Talibov - Vilayat Guliyev - Virtue Party (Azerbaijan) - Visa policy of Azerbaijan - Vladimir Rokhlin - Vladimir Makogonov - Voghdji - Vugar Alakparov - Vulf

W
Water supply and sanitation in Azerbaijan - Western Iranian languages - Western University - Wildlife of Azerbaijan - Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front Party

Y
Yakov Zevin - Yanar Dag - Yardymli - Yaşar Aliyev - Yerazi - Yerevan state Azerbaijan dramatic theater - Yevlakh - Yevlakh (rayon) - Yosef Shagal - Yuksak Liqa Yusuf Meddah

Z
Zabit Samedov - Zagatala State Reserve - Zağulba - Zangilan - Zaqatala (rayon) - Zaqatala (city) - Zardab - Zdroj - Zemfira Meftahatdinova - Zeynalabdin Shirvani - Zeynalabdin Taghiyev - Ziya Bunyadov - Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan - Zurna

title: Index of Azerbaijan-related articles


text:
Dahlia Ravikovitch

Dahlia Ravikovitch (דליה רביקוביץ'; November 17, 1936 – August 21, 2005) was an Israeli poet, translator and recipient of the Israel Prize for Poetry in 1998.

Biography
Ravikovitch was born in Ramat Gan on November 17, 1936. She learned to read and write at the age of three. Her father, Levi, was a Jewish engineer originally from Russia who arrived in Mandatory Palestine from China. Her mother, Michal, was a teacher who came from a religious household. When Dahlia was six, her father was run over and killed by a drunken driver. She moved to Kibbutz Geva with her mother but did not fit into the collectivist mentality and at 13 moved to a foster home in Haifa, the first of several foster homes. It was in those formative years in Haifa that she wrote her very first poem, "Painting", which contrasted the blue of the seaside landscape to the yellow and grey of her inner world.

Ravikovitch married at 18, but divorced after 3 months. Her subsequent marriages also ended in divorce. She has one son, Ido Kalir. After completing her service in the Israel Defense Forces, she studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She worked as a journalist and high school teacher. She translated works of W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot and Edgar Allan Poe, and the book Mary Poppins into Hebrew. Ravikovitch was active in the Israeli peace movement. From her home in central Tel Aviv she collaborated with artists, musicians and public figures seeking peace, equality and social justice.

During the last years of her life, she suffered from severe bouts of depression. On August 21, 2005, Ravikovitch was found dead in her apartment. Initial reports speculated the cause of death to be suicide, but the autopsy determined the cause to be sudden heart irregularities.

Literary career
Ravikovitch's first poems appeared in the Hebrew language poetry journal Orlogin (Hourglass), edited by Avraham Shlonsky, and it was Shlonsky who encouraged her to pursue writing as a career. Her first book of poetry, The Love of an Orange, published in 1959, established her as one of Israel's leading young native-born poets.

Her earlier poetry shows her command of formal technique without sacrificing the sensitivity of her always distinct voice. Although never totally abandoning traditional poetic devices, she developed a more prosaic style in the latter decades of her work. Her popular poem published in 1987, "The End of a Fall" (also called "The Reason for Falling") is from this period. Like many of Ravikovitch's poems, it may strike the reader as, at once, poignant, metaphysical, disturbing, and even political: "If a man falls from a plane in the middle of the night / only God can lift him up...". In her book Haifa: City of Steps literary critic Nili Gold has argued that Haifa and its landscape are crucial to understanding Ravikovitch's early poetry, most notably "Painting" and "Day Unto Day Uttereth Speech". Gold has also argued against the popular interpretation of Ravikovitch's poem "Hovering at a Low Altitude" as a political poem, instead contending that it should be understood as a personal, lyrical one.

In all, Ravikovitch published ten volumes of poetry in her native Hebrew. In addition to poetry, she contributed prose works (including three collections of short stories) and children's literature, and translated poetry into Hebrew. Many of her poems were set to music. Her best known poem is Booba Memukenet (Clockwork Doll).

Her poems are taught in schools and universities. Scholars at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia sponsored a "Memorial in Piano, Poetry, and Song" in her honor on March 21, 2006; one of the performers at this event was the late Moroccan poet and performer, Fatema Chebchoub. Several of Ravikovitch's poems were turned into popular songs. Her poetry has been translated into 23 languages.

Awards

 * In 1987, Ravikovitch was a co-recipient (jointly with Moshe Dor) of the Bialik Prize for literature.
 * In 1998, she was awarded the Israel Prize for poetry.
 * In 2005, she won the Prime Minister's Prize.
 * Other awards include the Brenner Prize and the Shlonsky Prize.

Books in English translation

 * Dress Of Fire (1978)
 * The Window (1989)
 * Hovering at a Low Altitude: The Collected Poetry of Dahlia Ravikovitch (2009)

title: Dahlia Ravikovitch


text:
Stanford Hall, Leicestershire

Stanford Hall is a stately home in Leicestershire, England, near the village of Stanford on Avon (which is in Northamptonshire) and the town of Lutterworth, Leicestershire. The population of any residents in the area is included in the civil parish of Misterton with Walcote.

History
Ancestral home of the Cave family from c. 1430, the hall was built in the 1690s for Sir Roger Cave, 2nd Baronet. Described by Simon Jenkins as the "perfect William and Mary house", the architect was William Smith of Warwick.

In 1792 Sarah, daughter of Sir Thomas Cave Bt, inherited the Cave estate on the death of her nephew Sir Thomas Cave, 7th Baronet. She had married Henry Otway in 1790 and was created Baroness Braye in 1839. Her descendants remain in residence. (Henry Otway was High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1804). The River Avon flows through the grounds, with a weir downstream, so a small lake is formed.

The aviation pioneer Percy Pilcher built some of his early gliders here in the 1890s; he also built a powered flying machine here that many historians believe was capable of flight, but he was killed nearby in an accident in 1899 before he could try it. An exact replica of Pilcher's "The Hawk" glider is exhibited at the hall.

During World War II the nuns and pupils from the Sacred Heart Convent and School in Roehampton, London, were evacuated to the Hall. Their premises were so badly damaged that when war ended they had to relocate to Woldingham School near London. From 1947 until 1949 it was the country branch of St. Mary's Town and Country School. By that time the roof was uncared for and in serious need of repair, but the Historic Buildings Council recommended a large grant for restoration and the hall was opened to the public in 1958.

Attractions
Today the hall is a tourist attraction open to the public on limited days in the year. Among the attractions are guided tours of the hall and its grounds, a forge, a beautiful rose garden, a shop and tea rooms. The house has a significant collection of antique furnishings; for example, the hall has one room with original 17th-century furnishings including a refectory table and set of Charles II chairs.

The grounds of the hall are used for concerts and classic car shows, including the Wartburg/Trabant/IFA Club Rally and since 1983 has hosted the annual National Mini Day for owners of Mini cars. The grounds hosted the first Stanford Hall Half Marathon and 10k running race in March 2014. Since 2003 Stanford Hall has been host to Firework Champions – the UK's leading firework competition.

Some of the parkland is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest called Stanford Park due to the diversity of lichen species on the trees.

title: Stanford Hall, Leicestershire


text:
Static Shock

Static Shock is an American superhero animated television series based on the Milestone Media/DC Comics superhero Static. It premiered on September 23, 2000, on the WB Television Network's Kids' WB programming block. Static Shock ran for four seasons, with 52 half-hour episodes in total. The show revolves around Virgil Hawkins, a 14-year-old boy who uses the secret identity of "Static" after exposure to a mutagen gas during a gang fight which gave him electromagnetic powers. It was the first time that an African-American superhero was the titular character of their own broadcast animation series.

Static Shock was produced by Warner Bros. Animation from a crew composed mostly of people from the company's past shows, but also with the involvement of two of the comic's creators, Dwayne McDuffie and Denys Cowan. Static Shock had some alterations from the original comic book because it was oriented to a pre-teen audience. Although originally not intended to be part of the DC Animated Universe, it was incorporated into it in the second season.

The show approached several social issues, which was positively received by most television critics. Static Shock was nominated for numerous awards, including the Daytime Emmy. Some criticism was directed towards its humor and animation, which was said to be unnatural and outdated. The series also produced some related merchandise, which sold poorly; McDuffie cited the low sales as one of the main factors behind the series' cancellation. In spite of this, its popularity revived interest in the original Milestone comic and introduced McDuffie to the animation industry.

Plot
Virgil Hawkins is a 14-year-old who lives with his older sister Sharon, and their widowed father Robert in Dakota City. He attends high school with his best friend Richie Foley, and has a crush on a girl named Frieda. He also has a dispute with a bully named Francis Stone, nicknamed "F-Stop." A gang leader named Wade recently helped Virgil, hoping to recruit him, but Virgil is hesitant, as he knows his mother died in an exchange of gunfire between gangs. Wade eventually leads Virgil to a restricted area for a fight against F-Stop's crew, but it was interrupted by police helicopters. During the dispute with the police, chemical containers explode, releasing a gas that causes mutations among the people in the vicinity (this event was later known as "The Big Bang"). As a result, Virgil obtains the ability to create, generate, absorb, and control electricity and magnetism—he takes up the alter-ego of "Static". The gas also gives others in the area their own powers, and several of them become supervillains known as "Bang Babies".

Characters

 * Virgil Ovid Hawkins / Static (voiced by Phil LaMarr) – A high school student in Dakota City. As a result of accidental exposure to an experimental mutagen in an event known as the Big Bang, he gained the ability to control and manipulate electromagnetism, and uses these powers to become the superhero "Static". Countless others who were also exposed also gained a wide variety of mutations and abilities, and Static spends much of his time dealing with these "Bang Babies", many of whom use their abilities in selfish, harmful, and even criminal ways.
 * Richard "Richie" Osgood Foley / Gear (voiced by Jason Marsden) – Virgil's best friend and confidant. At first, he merely provides support for his friend, making gadgets for him and helping protect his secret identity. In the third season, it is revealed Richie's passive exposure to the Bang Gas gave him super-intelligence, which enabled him to easily invent rocket-powered boots and "Backpack", a highly intelligent multipurpose device worn on the back capable of surveillance and other semi-independent activities. With this equipment, he became a superhero named "Gear" and Static's full-time partner in crime-fighting.
 * Robert Hawkins (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) – A social worker who runs the Freeman Community Center as head counselor. He is a widower and the single father of two teenagers—Virgil and Sharon. A strict but caring and genuinely understanding parent, he dislikes gangs and the destructive attitudes of most Bang Babies, and his work at the community center is motivated by a desire to counteract their bad influence.
 * Sharon Hawkins (voiced by Michele Morgan) – Virgil's older sister, who attends college, but she still lives at home. She volunteers at a hospital, and counsels young people at the Freeman Community Center. While they do argue frequently, Sharon and Virgil really do care about each other and are quick to come to the other's defense if one of them is in danger. After their mother died, Sharon took it upon herself to act as the woman of the house, including when it comes to allocating chores between her and her brother, not least of all the cooking (which, at least according to Virgil, Sharon is not all that good at).
 * Adam Evans / Rubberband Man (voiced by Kadeem Hardison) – A Bang Baby whose body structure consists of shapeable rubber. He is the younger brother of Static's archenemy, Ebon. Rubber-Band Man first appears as a tragic villain when he goes after an opportunistic record producer who stole one of his songs. He subsequently breaks out of prison, but decides not to pursue a criminal career. He and Sharon eventually start dating, with Sharon helping Adam turn over a new leaf. He and Virgil initially clash, but Virgil comes to accept Adam's relationship with his sister, and they become allies in crime-fighting, with Adam even becoming like an older-brother figure to Virgil.
 * Francis Stone / Hotstreak (voiced by Danny Cooksey) - A Bang Baby who was an enemy of Virgil long before they gained their respective superpowers. Prior to the "Big Bang," Francis was a local bully and gang leader known as the "F-Stop". He and his gang would antagonize Virgil, being stopped only by his rival Wade. As a result of the Big Bang, he gained pyrokinesis that allow him to ignite fire at will, which lead to him and Static clashing on a daily basis.
 * Ivan Evans / Ebon (voiced by Gary Anthony Sturgis) – The head of a large group of Bang Babies called "The Meta-Breed" and the series' main antagonist. Ebon is an unusually powerful metahuman able to create portals and manipulate pure darkness and shadows.

Production
The series was produced by Warner Bros. Animation based on the Milestone Media/DC Comics character Static. Its supervising producer was Alan Burnett, and Scott Jeralds was the main producer under the executive production of Jean MacCurdy and Sander Schwartz. The production team consisted mostly of people who were involved with Batman: The Animated Series and Superman: The Animated Series, but also included Static's co-creator Denys Cowan. Although the show hired the comic series' co-creator Dwayne McDuffie as story editor and writer, McDuffie had no direct involvement on the development of Static Shock. The idea of a Static cartoon first emerged with DC's editor-in-chief Jenette Kahn during the time McDuffie was working for Milestone under Kahn. In 1993, Kahn proposed to adapt some Milestone comics; Burnett was hired to write a pilot episode for an X-Men-esque series with Milestone superheroes called The New Guard. After attempts to produce several other Milestone projects, Static was eventually the series "they went for". By the time Milestone and DC drafted their contract over DC distributing Milestone comics, the characters were from separate fictional universes. However, when crossovers between Static Shock and other DC animated series were suggested, it was established that they were from the same DC Animated Universe —"rather than having to muck around with multiple dimensions, or whatever."

Although McDuffie stressed that the show remains loyal to "the spirit and the tone" of the comic book, some changes were done because of its timeslot and target audience of pre-teens. For example, guns appeared less frequently, Richie is not explicitly portrayed as homosexual, and he is Virgil's confidant instead of Frieda. Virgil is also younger in the animated series, his costumes and use of his powers are different from the original, and his mother is dead in the show despite the fact that she is alive in the comics. The latter change was done because producers had the intention "to focus on a strong, complex relationship between an African-American father and son." Nevertheless, McDuffie was concerned by the change because he originally intended to oppose the stereotype of black people not having a complete nuclear family. However, McDuffie said "that [it] worked out okay" as the crew could use the absence of Virgil's mother to create a "couple of great stories". Virgil's father, Robert, "for all intents and purposes, is a new character", as he was reconceptualized as a social worker. The same goes for Richie, who is described as an amalgam of different characters from the original comic. For the villains, Hotstreak was reused from the Static comics, Edwin Alva was brought from another Milestone's series—Hardware—, and the group Meta-Breed was created for the TV series.

The third season of the show saw some of the biggest changes; in addition to Richie's superhero powers and a new opening, Static changed his costume. Cowan stated that the change was done to give his clothes a "feel of the comic book", while McDuffie said it represented a growth that Virgil was passing through. This maturation made possible to "explore some of the darker places in his world," and to have more varied conflicts, as the villains have also become more mature. He described it is as "a natural outgrowth of all that, as is the new, more naturalistic look of the show." This change followed the second-season premiere—"The Big Leagues"—when Static meets Batman and Robin. Burnett said, "after that show, everybody went, 'Let's go in that direction.'" Writer John Semper, Jr. commented, "of course, I always lean toward the dramatic ... But the same old light-hearted Static spirit is still there." Richie gains superhero powers because it was becoming hard to fit him into the story and the producers wanted to keep the "chemistry" between voice actors LaMarr and Marsden. There was also a positive response from children in focus groups so "[t]he answer seemed pretty obvious."

The series' music director was Richard Wolf, while he, Stanley Clarke and Max Gousse were the composers, and Kennard Ramsey was the orchestrator. For action sequences, Wolf wanted to use "real adrenaline-pumping beat" of 125 beats per minute; however, hip hop music usually only reached 110 beats. The predominant score was electronica with some hip hop-type and DMX-type vocals. R&B and old school hip hop melodies were also used depending on the scenes, and each character had a specific theme. Wolf composed the opening theme for the first two seasons. Starting from the third season, the show had a new opening theme, written by Master P and Lil' Romeo (and performed by the latter).

Released episodes
Static Shock aired on the Kids' WB programming block of The WB from September 23, 2000, until May 22, 2004. The first African American superhero–centered television series, it ran a total of 52 episodes. The series later premiered on Cartoon Network, starting in December 2001, and on Disney XD in February 2009. The first six episodes were released to DVD on September 28, 2004, in a single volume entitled "The New Kid". The complete first season was made available for download on iTunes on July 4, 2011. In 2017, Warner Bros. started to release Static Shock complete seasons on manufacture on demand DVDs as a part of the Warner Archive Collection. The first season was published on March 28; the second season on May 23; the third on January 30, 2018; and the fourth on April 13, 2018. Starting in September 2018, all episodes of the series have been made available on the DC Universe digital streaming service. The series is now streaming on HBO Max since 2021. In addition, the entire series is now also available for digital purchase, either individually or in a complete series pack such as on iTunes.

Static Shock's episodes handle different issues, including gangs, gun violence, homelessness, bullying, racism, mental illness, bigotry, and drugs. Other episodes also featured the subject of Hanukkah and Christmas celebrations. The series was also marked by several crossover episodes with characters from the DC animated universe like Superman, Green Lantern, the Justice League, and the Batman Beyond cast. Several episodes also featured guest voice actors, including basketballers (like Shaquille O'Neal and Karl Malone) and musicians, such as the B2K group, Lil' Romeo and the Backstreet Boys' AJ McLean. Guest crew was also featured, including cartoonist Rick Hoberg as storyboard artist, and Paul Dini and John Ridley as writers.

Static Shock was an extremely popular show, granting its new renewal for a second season just a month after its debut. As of December 2000, it was the highest-rated preteen show (from 2 to 11 years old) among all networks on its timeslot, and the third best on the Kids' WB! lineup. From its debut to July 2003, the show secured the second post among boys aged 6 to 11 years. Ratings increased after Richie's character obtained superhero powers; McDuffie affirmed that this is what secured the renewal for a new season. Indeed, the show's third season was its most popular and was the second best-rated Saturday morning program among boys aged 6 to 11 years, and tweens and male tweens aged 9 to 14. From February to April 2003, ratings regularly performed over the 4.0 stake among the public aged 9 to 14 years;        it even reached the 6.4 mark in May. Static Shock's last season was only surpassed by the children's anime Pokémon, and the show's reruns on Cartoon Network were only surpassed by the adult animated sitcom Family Guy. Static Shock was the only program on Cartoon Network to be among the top 30 most watched kids shows in a week of October 2004. It was also the best rated program of the channel among kids on a week of January 2005, and the best rated show on Cartoon Network's Miguzi block as of March 2005. For the 2004–05 season, it was the 18th most watched Saturday morning children's show of all networks. Static Shock was ultimately cancelled due to the low production of associated merchandising products.

Accolades
Static Shock's episode "The Big Leagues" earned director Dave Chlystek a nomination for Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television Production at the 2002 Annie Awards. This episode was also nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation in 2003. That same year, for the episode "Jimmy", McDuffie and Burnett were awarded the Humanitas Prize in the Children's Animation Category in 2003. At the 30th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2003, the show was nominated for Special Class Animated Program and Richard Wolf was nominated for Achievement in Music Direction and Composition. At the 31st Daytime Emmy Awards in 2004, both the animated series and Wolf were again nominated for the same categories—this time, Wolf won the award.

Reviews
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes only provides an average score for the series first season; it reports a 75% approval rating based on eight reviews. Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club described it as "a surprising and sometimes rewarding success". October 2001 issue of Wizard listed the 100 best cartoon shows ever as selected by their readers, with Static Shock ranked at number 88. Jonathon Dornbush, in a 2014 Entertainment Weekly article, included it among the nine best comics-based animated TV series. He asserted, "Static Shock didn't have quite the name recognition of its DC brethren when it debuted, but the show proved it could stand alongside the greats." Charlie Jane Anders, for io9, ranked it 91st on a list of the best science fiction and fantasy shows; she commented, "amidst a glut of superhero cartoons, this is one of the most memorable."

In The Superhero Book, Andy Mangels praised Static Shock's multicultural approach, while Emily Ashby from Common Sense Media lauded it for encouraging diversity. Mangels declared that "Static Shock provides solid superheroic entertainment and a role model and promotion of diversity for not only African-American viewers, but for audiences of all colors and ages." Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Monique Jones praised the series for a positive depiction not only of an African American superhero but of an African country—Ghana. Jones also commended how the series incorporated social issues in "an easily digestible" way without having to "sugarcoat" them. Lynne Heffley of Los Angeles Times commented it "isn't your typical Saturday-morning cartoon series", praising its themes and electing the episode "Jimmy"—about gun violence—as an example. Evan Levine, writing for Rome News-Tribune, asserted that "the series is at its best when it confronts issues actually facing kids."

Jones commended Virgil's portrayal as an everyman teenager, while Ashby appreciated Virgil's "relatable" character. Colby Lanham of Comic Book Resources said Virgil "was perhaps the most human of many superheroes on television at the time" and considered the series was canceled too soon. Ashby was also positive to the fact that Virgil usually counted on dialogues before going into action; this action was also praised by John Sinnott of DVD Talk, who said it is "something that most animated heroes never think to do." Ashby also applauded Virgil's "surprising depth of character" to not follow a gang but to use his powers for good.

While Levine praised "its bright, cartoony visuals [that] are a notch above those of many other animated series," Sinnott considered some of the animation to be "a little stilted." Sinnott called it "a fun series overall", but considered some jokes to be "a little stale". Neil Dorsett of DVD Verdict was generally disappointed; he called voice acting "very standard", and said that "artwork and animation are also both behind the times". Dorsett also criticized Virgil's one-lines, which "invites, like many other elements of the series, comparison to Spider-Man." He, however, pondered that his opinion may come from a bad first impression: "Although there are lots of things to nitpick about the show, there's not really anything wrong with it." Both Sinnott and Dorsett compared it unfavorably to the original comic book.

Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker questioned why The WB made a TV show based on a cancelled, poorly-sold comic and criticized the "uttering tired, condescending lines" professed by Virgil. Nancy Imperiale Wellons from the Orlando Sentinel said "Virgil has a believable relationship with his family -- including a strong father figure -- but the show's pacing lags." Paul Schultz wrote for the New York Daily News that "Many of the characters -- the conservative, the annoying sister -- are cliches." Thelma Adams criticized the show in the New York Post; first she called it "formulaic but appealing" and ultimately dubbed it "lame".

Legacy
The show's popularity led to new demand for Milestone's Static comics: the first four issues of it were reissued as Static Shock: Trial by Fire in 2000 and a miniseries, Static Shock!: Rebirth of the Cool, was released between January and September 2001. It also led to the production of an unreleased video game, toys, and books. In May 2003, Midway Games announced the production of a platform game based on the show for the Game Boy Advance. Although it was displayed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo, the game was later cancelled. For a period starting on July 4, 2004, Subway Restaurants released a series of toys based on the TV series to be offered in the United States and Canada. On September 1, 2004, Scholastic Corporation published two tie-in children's books written by Tracey West.

McDuffie's work on Static Shock placed him in the circles of animated series, and he became a writer and producer for shows like Justice League, Teen Titans, Justice League Unlimited, and Ben 10: Alien Force. McDuffie was responsible for diversifying the DC animated universe's Justice League by including black and female characters. Moreover, Arie Kaplan credits McDuffie and his co-writers for giving "a depth and complexity" the group was lacking since the 1970s. A future, older version of Virgil appeared in the Justice League Unlimited episode "The Once and Future Thing, Part 2: Time, Warped" in January 2005.

Home media
As part of the DC Animated Universe, a compilation DVD was released on DVD on September 28, 2004.

The Complete First Season was released on DVD on March 28, 2017. The Complete Second Season was released on DVD on May 23, 2017. The Complete Third Season was released on DVD on January 30, 2018. The Complete Fourth Season was released on DVD on April 13, 2018.

title: Static Shock


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User talk:Abo~enwiki

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title: User talk:Abo~enwiki


text:
Doug Drabek

Douglas Dean Drabek (born July 25, 1962) is a retired American professional baseball pitcher, and a current minor league baseball coach. He is the pitching coach for the Reno Aces, the Triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played in MLB for the New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, Houston Astros, Chicago White Sox and Baltimore Orioles between 1986 and 1998. Drabek batted and threw right-handed. Known for his fluid pitching motion and sound mechanics, he won the National League Cy Young Award in 1990. Drabek was an MLB All-Star in 1994.

Early life
Drabek was born in Victoria, Texas. He attended St. Joseph High School in Victoria, where he played football and baseball. Drabek was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 4th round of the June 1980 MLB Draft, but did not sign. He attended the University of Houston and played three seasons for the Cougars baseball team. Following his junior year, Drabek was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 11th round of the June 1983 MLB Draft and signed on June 11.

Career
After signing with the White Sox, Drabek was assigned to the Niagara Falls Sox in the short-season New York-Penn League where he finished 6–7 with a 3.67 earned run average (ERA) in 16 games with 103 strikeouts in $103 2/3$ innings. After pitching one game for the Class A Appleton Foxes, Drabek was promoted to the AA Glens Falls White Sox and was 12–5 with a 2.24 ERA. On August 13, he was traded to the New York Yankees along with Kevin Hickey to complete an earlier deal made on July 18 for Roy Smalley. Drabek then spent the rest of the 1984 season at AA Nashville. In 1985, Drabek returned to AA and spent the entire season at Albany-Colonie in the Eastern League and finished with a 13–7 record with a 2.99 ERA with 153 strikeouts in $192 2/3$ innings. After starting the 1986 season at AAA Columbus, Drabek made his Major League debut on May 30, coming in relief for starter Joe Niekro in a 6–3 loss to the Oakland Athletics. He would spend the rest of the season with the Yankees, appearing in 27 games (21 starts) and go 7–8 with a 4.10 ERA. Following the season, the Yankees traded Drabek with Logan Easley and Brian Fisher to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Rick Rhoden, Cecilio Guante and Pat Clements.

Drabek enjoyed his best years with Pittsburgh, from 1987 to 1992, during which time he regularly pitched over 230 innings and consistently finished in the top 10 in the National League ERA race. He went 22–6 with a 2.76 ERA in 1990 en route to winning the National League Cy Young Award and leading the Pirates to the postseason (where they lost in the NLCS to the Cincinnati Reds). His 22 wins that year were a league high; it was also 7 more wins than his previous single-season mark. On August 3, 1990, while with the Pirates, Drabek had a no-hitter broken up by a Sil Campusano single with two out in the ninth. The hit was the only one Drabek would allow in defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 11–0.

Drabek signed as a free agent after the 1992 season with the Houston Astros. Despite a solid 3.79 ERA and playing for a rising team, he posted a 9–18 record and led the National League in losses. He improved in the strike-shortened 1994 season to 12–6 with a 2.84 ERA, and was named an All-Star for the first and only time in his career.

When play resumed after the players' strike in 1995, however, he was unable to maintain his success and retired after the 1998 season, having compiled a 35–40 record over his final four seasons.

Retirement and personal life
After retiring, Drabek coached his son's Little League and select league teams, often teaching them how to bat at a faster pitch, with their personal pitching machine so as to gain an advantage over the other little league teams. Drabek returned to professional baseball in 2010, accepting a position in the Arizona Diamondbacks system as the pitching coach for the Yakima Bears in the short-season Class A Northwest League. On December 31, 2010, the D-backs announced that Drabek was promoted to the pitching coach for the Visalia Rawhide in the Class A California League.

Drabek is married to wife Kristy and has three children; sons Justin (born 1986) and Kyle (born 1987) and daughter Kelsey (born 1991). Justin spent time playing in independent ball. Kyle was a starting pitcher who played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Chicago White Sox and Toronto Blue Jays.

In February 2018, Drabek was named as the pitching coach for the AA Jackson Generals. He served as the pitching coach for the Amarillo Sod Poodles in 2019.

Drabek was named pitching coach of the Reno Aces for the 2024 season.

title: Doug Drabek


text:
Chenies

Chenies is a village and civil parish in south-east Buckinghamshire, England. It is on the border with Hertfordshire, east of Amersham and north of Chorleywood.

History
Until the 13th century, the village name was Isenhampstead. There were two villages here, called Isenhampstead Chenies and Isenhampstead Latimers, distinguished by the lords of the manors of those two places. In the 19th century the prefix was dropped and the two villages became known as Chenies and Latimer.

Near this village there was once a royal hunting-box, where both King Edward I and King Edward II were known to have resided. It was the owner of this lodge, Edward III's shield bearer, Thomas Cheyne, who first gave his name to the village and his descendant, Sir John Cheyne, who built Chenies Manor House in around 1460 on the site.

Several paper mills were once established in Chenies, operated by the River Chess, which flowed here from further west in Buckinghamshire.

St Michael's Church
The parish church of St Michael includes the Bedford Chapel, burial place of many notable members of the Russell family. The church is not of great architectural interest but stands in an attractive position in the Chess Valley near the manor house. "The fabulous series of monuments to the Russells, Dukes of Bedford, and their connexions ... [are according to] the late Mrs. Esdaile ...'one of the finest collections of tombs in England'."

The Churchyard Extension contains the war grave of an airman of World War II, Aircraftsman 2nd Class John Lionel Crook who died on 12 December 1944.

Sport
Chenies and Latimer Cricket Club play at the cricket ground in the village.

title: Chenies


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Capture of Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein, the deposed president of Iraq, was captured by the United States military in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq on 13 December 2003. Codenamed Operation Red Dawn, this military operation was named after the 1984 American film Red Dawn.

The mission was executed by joint operations Task Force 121—an elite and covert joint special operations team, supported by the 1st Brigade Combat Team (led by Colonel James Hickey) of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Raymond Odierno.

They searched two sites, "Wolverine 1" and "Wolverine 2", outside the town of ad-Dawr, but did not find Saddam. A continued search between the two sites found Saddam hiding in a "spider hole" at 20:30 hrs local Iraqi time. Saddam did not resist capture.

In popular culture
In January 2021, a 2003 BBC graphic depicting Saddam Hussein's hiding place became an internet meme.

Background
Saddam disappeared from public view shortly after the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq began. The U.S. military labelled him "High Value Target Number One" (HVT1) and began one of the largest manhunts in history.

Between July and December 2003, JSOC's Task Force 121 carried out twelve unsuccessful raids to find Saddam, together with 600 other operations against targets, including 300 interrogations. On 1 December 2003, a former driver divulged the name Muhammed Ibrahim Omar al-Musslit, Saddam's comrade, known to TF 121 as "the source" or "the fatman". Over the next two weeks, nearly 40 members of his family were interrogated to ascertain his location. On 12 December 2003, a raid on a house in Baghdad that was being used as an insurgent headquarters captured Omar. Early the next morning he revealed where Saddam may be found. This intelligence and other intelligence from detained former members of the Ba'ath Party, supported by signals intelligence from the ISA, finally pinpointed Saddam at a remote farm compound south of Tikrit.

Operation
Operation Red Dawn was launched after gaining actionable intelligence identifying two likely locations of Saddam's whereabouts code-named Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2, near the town of ad-Dawr. C squadron Delta Force, ISA operators under Task Force 121, and the First Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division conducted the operation. The operation was named after the 1984 film of the same name starring Patrick Swayze. The site names "Wolverine 1" and "Wolverine 2" are also a reference to the American insurgent group in the movie Red Dawn. The forces involved in the operation consisted of approximately 600 soldiers including cavalry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and special operations forces.

The forces cleared the two objectives but initially did not find the target. Then, as the operators were finishing and the helicopters called in to extract them, one soldier kicked a piece of flooring to one side, exposing a spider hole; he prepared to throw a fragmentation grenade into it – in case it led to an insurgent tunnel system – when suddenly Saddam appeared. The Delta operator struck him with the stock of his M4 carbine and disarmed him of a Glock 18C.

Saddam surrendered and offered no resistance; he was taken by a MH-6 Little Bird from the 160th SOAR to the Tikrit Mission Support Site where he was properly identified. He was then taken in an MH-60K Blackhawk helicopter by 160th SOAR from Tikrit to Baghdad and into custody at Baghdad International Airport. Along with the Glock, an AK-47 and $750,000 in U.S. bank notes were recovered from the spider hole.

Two other individuals were also detained.

Aftermath
Following the capture of Hussein, the 4th Infantry Division's area of operations in the upper Tigris saw its "first period of real calm." CJTF-7 also saw IED attacks reduce by 39 percent. The perceived security improvements led to CJTF-7 and the CPA to adopt an optimistic outlook as 2003 ended. CJTF-7 believed that the capture of Saddam and his money heralded the defeat of the former regime insurgency. Using documents and materials captured as a result of the operation, CJTF-7 units pursued "what they believed were the last vestiges of the former Ba'athist resistance."

Conspiracies
It is also believed, that Saddam Hussein was captured earlier, and that the story of him being found in a hole was simply to humilate him, and give a boost of morale for the Amercians, and that his apperance was altered for the photos, and that he was actually found praying in a normal room in the farmhouse that was found near to the site the United States claimed to have found him.

Middle East
🇧🇭 Bahrain: The official Bahrain News Agency quoted a foreign ministry spokesman who said [his capture] should restore unity and cohesion to the Iraqis, to build "a promising future in a prosperous Iraq enjoying security and co-operating with its neighbors to promote stability and development" in the region.

🇪🇬 Egypt: Foreign Minister Ahmed Maher said, "I don't think anyone will be sad over Saddam Hussein. His arrest does not change the fact that his regime was finished, and it is the natural consequence of the regime's fall. The Iraqi regime had harmed the Iraqi people, and had pulled the Arab region into several storms."

🇮🇷 Iran: Vice President Mohammad-Ali Abtahi expressed satisfaction, stating, "I am happy they have arrested a criminal, whoever it may be, and I am even more happy, because it is a criminal who committed so many crimes against Iranians." Abtahi joined the call for justice, adding, "Iranians have suffered much, because of him, and [the] mass graves in Iraq prove the crimes he has committed against the Iraqi people".

🇮🇱 Israel: Prime minister Ariel Sharon congratulated President Bush on the fight against terrorism, and stated: "Today is a great day for the democratic world and the fight for freedom and justice and for those who fight against terror. We are relieved that this murderer and dictator can no longer stand in the way of the rebuilding and reconstruction of the country he destroyed."

🇯🇴 Jordan: The government spokeswoman said she hoped that a page has been turned and that the Iraqi people would be able to assume their responsibilities as soon as possible and build their future according to their will. The first and last word concerning the capture of Saddam or his fate must be given to the Iraqi people.

🇱🇧 Lebanon: The country was tense at news of the U.S. capture of Saddam at the weekend; people were surprised by how easily he was captured, however, it did not equal a U.S. military victory. "The capture of Saddam will not save the U.S. from the world's condemnation for supporting the greater enemy, Israeli P.M. Ariel Sharon", said Selim Al-Hoss, ex-Lebanese Prime Minister.

Palestinian Authority: Palestinian President Yasser Arafat's government had no comment; however Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi, a senior Hamas leader, said the U.S. would "pay a very high price for the mistake" of capturing Saddam. Following Saddam's capture, the climate among Palestinians was disbelief and gloom.

🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia: Prince Bandar bin Sultan, Saudi ambassador to the United States, stated that "Saddam Hussein was a menace to the Arab world."

Syria: Syrian Information Minister Ahmad al-Hassan advised Syria's position on Iraq was not based on the fate of individuals. "We want an Iraq that preserves its territorial integrity, its unity and its sovereignty."

Asia
🇦🇫 Afghanistan: The Afghan government welcomed news of the capture of Saddam, deeming it a warning to opposition leaders such as Osama bin Laden and Mullah Omar.

🇧🇩 Bangladesh: Foreign Minister Morshed Khan was quoted as saying, "We hope this will pave the way for the Iraqi people to have a government of their own, a government by the people and for the people of Iraq."

People's Republic of China: Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Jianchao hoped that the latest development of the situation in Iraq was conducive to the Iraqi people taking their destiny into their own hands, and to realizing peace and stability in Iraq.

🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Sing Tao Daily editorialized: "The desperate capture of Iraqi former president Saddam symbolizes the bad fate of a corrupt dictator and also the best Christmas present this year for US President George Bush, but for the Iraqis who have undergone a baptism of fire in the war, the days of peace are still far away, and the road of reconstruction is as long and arduous as before." South China Morning Post editorialized: "With Hussein's capture, Iraqis can at last begin to close this brutal and tragic chapter in their history."

🇮🇳 India: The Indian government's response to the capture of Saddam was measured and guarded. When Secretary of State Colin Powell called Foreign Minister Yashwant Sinha on Monday to discuss the capture of Saddam, whom Washington had named a tyrant, Sinha is said to have reacted in a manner that did not echo the effusion flowing from the rest of the world. In the words of an official with the foreign ministry, Sinha "maintained a stiff upper lip". Sinha, in his brief conversation with Powell, merely expressed hope that such developments would contribute to the stabilization of Iraq. Powell told Sinha that the capture would bring "a change in the existing situation and lead to greater respect for the Iraqi Governing Council."

🇮🇩 Indonesia: In Indonesia, the reaction was muted. Foreign Ministry spokesman Marty Natalegawa said the arrest of the former Iraqi president had not changed how Indonesia felt about the situation in Iraq. Indonesia's leaders strongly opposed the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Indonesian leaders also said they hoped the capture of Saddam would help bring peace to Iraq and return control of the country back to its citizens.

🇯🇵 Japan: Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi on Monday said he hoped that Saddam's capture would lead to improvements in Iraq. He said the capture would be positive if it brings major steps toward the stability and reconstruction of Iraq. Koizumi's cabinet had approved a controversial plan to send troops to Iraq. He said he would continue to assess the security situation in Iraq before dispatching the soldiers. Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuo Fukuda agreed the arrest was "great news," but cautioned it would not necessarily lead to peace. "The problem, however, is terrorism. I don't think the arrest of Saddam Hussein can stop all terror attacks," Fukuda said.

🇲🇾 Malaysia: The Malaysian government said the Iraqi people should decide how Saddam would be brought to justice on accusations of gross human rights violations. Iraqis should "be given the right to decide on the manner and procedure of bringing Saddam Hussein to face justice," said Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, head of the Non-Aligned Movement. Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar expressed hope that the capture of Saddam Hussein would contribute towards bringing peace and stability in Iraq and the surrounding region and stated that the United Nations should now play a bigger role in achieving this objective. "With peace and stability in Iraq, we hope that an Iraqi government representing the free and independent Iraqi people could be set up to start the reconstruction process of that nation for the benefit of its people," he said. He said the views and inputs of the Iraqis should be taken into account in deciding whatever action would be initiated against Saddam. Former prime minister Mahathir Mohammed urged a fair trial for Saddam.

🇵🇰 Pakistan: The response in Pakistan also was low-key. Foreign Office spokesman Masood Khan called the capture an important development.

🇰🇷 South Korea: South Korea welcomed the news, which came hours after its government made a final decision to send 3,000 troops to Iraq.

Republic of China (Taiwan): An hour after U.S. announced the capture, President Chen Shui Bian congratulated the U.S. for what he called "a big victory".

Europe
🇧🇪 Belgium: The Flemish-language newspaper De Standaard editorialized that "Showing degrading pictures of a prisoner, even if he was a cruel tyrant, does not increase the moral authority of those who overpowered him."

🇫🇷 France: A statement from President Jacques Chirac said, "Saddam Hussein's arrest is a major event."

🇩🇪 Germany: Chancellor Gerhard Schröder greeted the development "with much happiness." In a telegram to George W. Bush, he called for intensified efforts to rebuild Iraq.

🇻🇦 Vatican City: Top Curia official Renato Martino, a cardinal deacon and President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, attacked the way Saddam was treated by his captors, saying he had been dealt with like an animal. Martino said he had felt pity watching video of "this man destroyed, [the military] looking at his teeth as if he were a beast." The cardinal, a leading critic of the U.S.-led war in Iraq, said he hoped the capture would not make matters "worse." Pope John Paul II did not comment.

🇵🇱 Poland: Poland at the time commanded thousands of international troops in Iraq. Defence Minister Jerzy Szmajdziński welcomed the news, but said the arrest could prompt retaliation from Saddam's supporters. "The coming days could be equally dangerous as these past days," he said.

🇷🇺 Russia: Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov said, "We think the arrest of Saddam Hussein will contribute to the strengthening of security in Iraq and to the process of political regulation in the country with the active participation of the United Nations."

🇬🇧 United Kingdom: Prime Minister Tony Blair, President George W. Bush's strongest ally in the Iraq War, called the capture good news for Iraqis, saying: "It removes the shadow that has been hanging over them for too long of the nightmare of a return to the Saddam regime."

North America
🇨🇦 Canada: Prime Minister Paul Martin congratulated U.S. troops, and sent telegrams of congratulations to U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He would state that he was confident that the deposed Iraqi leader will be prosecuted fairly. "What's important is that he be tried before a tribunal that is just, that is credible and that has international recognition," said Martin, "I'm sure that will be the case." Martin spoke to reporters from his Montreal riding, saying Saddam's capture would bolster reconstruction efforts in Iraq. "Now that he has been captured there's no doubt in my mind that we will now be able to move to a very very different level of reconstruction," he said. "This is a great victory to the coalition forces but the biggest winners of all of this will be the people of Iraq," he said.

🇺🇸 United States:
 * President George W. Bush said that Saddam would "face the justice he denied to millions. For the Ba'athist holdouts responsible for the violence, there will be no return to the corrupt power and privilege they once held".
 * Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld stated, "Here was a man who was photographed hundreds of times shooting off rifles and showing how tough he was, and in fact, he wasn't very tough, he was cowering in a hole in the ground, and had a pistol and didn't use it, and certainly did not put up any fight at all. I think that ... he resulted in the death of an awful lot of Iraqi people, In the last analysis, he seemed not terribly brave." Rumsfeld said the U.S. had not decided whether to classify Saddam as a prisoner of war, but that the U.S. would abide by the Geneva Conventions. More than 24 hours after his capture, the uncooperative Saddam had said little in his interrogation.

Oceania
🇦🇺 Australia: Prime Minister John Howard welcomed the news. He said the Iraqi people could breathe a sigh of relief now that the former dictator was no longer at large.

🇳🇿 New Zealand: Prime Minister Helen Clark reiterated the New Zealand legislature's opposition to capital punishment, with such opposition extending to the treatment of Saddam.

Africa
🇰🇪 Kenya: The newspaper People Daily wrote, "The capture of deposed Iraq leader Saddam Hussein is, no doubt, a major victory for the United States and the coalition of the willing, chief among which is Britain. The curtain has now fallen on one of the world's most ruthless and intriguing leaders."

International organizations

 * Arab League
 * Secretary General Amr Mussa said the Iraqi people should "decide the fate of the old regime and its old leaders," alluding to the discovery of mass graves after Saddam's fall during the US invasion in April.

 * International Committee of the Red Cross
 * The International Committee of the Red Cross says the US-led coalition in Iraq had given the agency the "green light" to visit Saddam Hussein, the former Iraqi leader. Red Cross spokesman Florian Westphal confirmed that ICRC visits to the captured Iraqi leader would go ahead according to international rules governing the detention of all prisoners of war. He said discussions are under way as to how and where those visits would take place.

 * 🇺🇳 United Nations
 * A spokesman for Kofi Annan, United Nations Secretary General, said the capture "offers an opportunity to give fresh impetus to the search for peace and stability in Iraq". Former UN chief weapons inspector Hans Blix said the Allied coalition might ask Saddam meaningful questions about Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programmes, "He ought to know quite a lot, and be able to tell the story; we all want to get to the bottom of the barrel".

POW status

A Pentagon spokesman said he was given prisoner of war (POW) status as he was the leader of the "old regime's military forces."

The spokesman, Major Michael Shavers, said Saddam, captured by U.S. troops in December, was entitled to all the rights under the Geneva Conventions. The International Committee of the Red Cross had asked to visit the former Iraqi leader as soon as possible. Shavers did not give further details about Saddam's conditions of detention.

POW status for Saddam meant that the former Iraqi leader would be eligible to stand trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

There was controversy over TV pictures which showed Saddam undergoing a medical examination after his capture—footage regarded by some as a failure to protect him from public curiosity. A leading Vatican clergyman described the scenes as Saddam being "treated like a cow," and some sections of the Arab world were deeply offended by them. The U.S. maintains that the pictures were shown to demonstrate to the Iraqi people that they no longer had anything to fear.

A senior British official said Saddam—who was being held at an undisclosed location and interrogated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—was still refusing to co-operate with his captors, but the former president's capture the previous month was yielding results "far greater than we expected," the official told reporters on condition of anonymity.

The U.S.-led coalition had used documents found with the ex-leader to mount operations against Saddam loyalists, the official said.

title: Capture of Saddam Hussein


text:
Lullaby (Palahniuk novel)

Lullaby is a horror-satire novel by American author Chuck Palahniuk, published in 2002. It won the 2003 Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award, and was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel in 2002.

Plot summary
Newspaper reporter Carl Streator has been assigned to write articles on a series of cases of sudden infant death syndrome, from which his own child had died. Carl discovers that his wife and child had died immediately after he read them a "culling song", or African chant, from the book Poems and Rhymes Around the World. During his investigations into other SIDS cases, he finds that a copy of the book was at the scene of each death. In every case, the book was open to a page that contained the culling song. As Carl learns, the rhyme has the power to kill anyone to whom it is spoken. Because of the stress of Carl's life, the deadly rhyme becomes unusually powerful, allowing him to kill by only thinking the poem. Carl unintentionally memorizes it and semi-voluntarily becomes a serial killer who makes people die over minor annoyances.

Carl turns to Helen Hoover Boyle, a real estate agent who has also found the rhyme in the same book and knows of its destructive power. While she is unable to help him stop using the rhyme, she is willing to help him stop anyone else from being able to use it again. The two of them decide to go on a road trip across the country to find all remaining copies of the book and destroy the page containing the rhyme. They are joined by Helen's hippie assistant, Mona "Mulberry" Sabbat, and Mona's boyfriend, a nihilistic environmentalist and vegan named Oyster. Carl must not only deal with the dangers of the rhyme, but with the risk of it falling into the hands of Oyster, who may want to use it for sinister purposes.

In addition to tracking down and destroying any copy of the rhyme, the foursome hope to find a grimoire, a hypothesized spellbook which also contains the rhyme. Carl wants to destroy it, believing that the knowledge contained in it is too dangerous, while the others in his group want to learn what other spells it contains—partly in the hope that there is a spell to resurrect the dead. The group eventually abandons Oyster on a highway after he assaults Helen in an attempt to learn the rhyme. Mona eventually realizes that the datebook Helen had been carrying throughout the trip is the grimoire they had been looking for, written in invisible ink. Helen had acquired it years earlier in the estate of the publisher of Poems and Rhymes Around the World, whom she had killed with the rhyme as revenge for the deaths of her husband and child.

Initially, Mona attempts to persuade Helen and Carl to allow her to translate the grimoire, but they are distrustful of her relationship with Oyster, leaving Mona infuriated. Helen, utilizing the resources she obtained from the publisher's estate, translates the book. In addition to the culling song, the grimoire is found to contain other spells. Carl and Helen have a romantic moment where they declare their love for each other, but Carl later is left skeptical of the relationship after Mona convinces him that Helen was using a love spell from the grimoire to control him. After confronting Helen about the accusation, Carl decides to kill Nash, a paramedic to whom he inadvertently gave knowledge of the rhyme. Nash uses the rhyme to kill beautiful models in order to have sex with their corpses.

After his confrontation with Nash, Carl surrenders himself to the police and is placed in a maximum security prison. During a rectal exam, the police sergeant asks him if "he is up for a quickie"; to Carl's astonishment, Helen has used the grimoire to possess the officer's body, and she helps Carl escape. During this time, Oyster steals the grimoire (with the exception of the culling song) with help from Mona. He uses it to possess Helen and commit suicide. With her last amount of energy, Helen possesses the police sergeant and joins Carl to kill Mona and Oyster, who have been using the spells to advance their extremist views.

Structure
Lullaby uses a framing device, alternating between the normal, linear narrative and the temporal end after every few chapters. Palahniuk often uses this format alongside a major plot twist near the end of the book which relates in some way to this temporal end (what Palahniuk refers to as "the hidden gun").

Lullaby starts with Mr. Streator talking to the reader, narrating where he is today and why he is going to tell us the backstory that will give us perspective on his current situation. "Still, this isn't a story about here and now. Me, the Sarge, the Flying Virgin. Helen Hoover Boyle. What I'm writing is the story of how we met. How we got here".

This present tense information that makes this book a frame story is incorporated every few chapters as its own chapter, entirely italicized. Palahniuk uses these segments as a way to set up his "hidden gun" and as a means to foreshadow where the story is going. His present seems disconnected from the past that he narrates throughout the rest of the novel. The final chapter concludes in the present, providing the puzzle-piece that strings together all the events and makes sense out of the backstory and their current workings searching for "phenomenons".

Background
In 1999, Chuck's father, Fred Palahniuk, began dating an Idaho woman named Donna Fontaine. Fontaine had recently put her ex-husband Dale Shackleford in prison for sexual abuse. Shackleford had vowed to kill Fontaine as soon as he was released. After his release, Shackleford followed Fred Palahniuk and Fontaine home from a date to her apartment in Kendrick, Idaho. After shooting Fred Palahniuk in the abdomen and Fontaine in the back of the neck, Shackleford left them to die, though he allegedly returned to the scene multiple times to attempt to start a fire large enough to destroy the evidence.

After Shackleford's arrest and prosecution for the two first degree murders, Chuck Palahniuk was asked to be part of the decision as to whether Shackleford would receive the death sentence. Palahniuk had worked in a hospital and as a crime reporter and struggled with his stance on capital punishment. Over the next few months he began working on Lullaby. According to him it was a way to cope with the decision he had to make regarding Shackleford's death. In the spring of 2001 Shackleford was found guilty for two counts of murder in the first degree. A month after Palahniuk finished Lullaby, Shackleford was sentenced to death.

Film adaptation Kickstarter campaign
On May 17, 2016, a Kickstarter campaign was launched aimed at adapting the novel Lullaby into a feature film. The film will be directed by Andy Mingo, who previously directed the short film Romance, based on Palahniuk's short story of the same name originally published in Playboy Magazine. The adaptation is Palahniuk's first screenwriting endeavor, as he and Mingo have co-written the script together.

In popular culture
American punk rock band Lagwagon's song "Lullaby" was inspired by this novel. Almost every phrase from the lyrics can be found in the book.

British band The Bluetones's song "Culling Song" from the album A New Athens makes reference to the Culling Song from this book.

title: Lullaby (Palahniuk novel)


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title: User:Ianb


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User talk:SilverLancer

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