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Separation barrier

A separation barrier or separation wall is a barrier, wall or fence, constructed to limit the movement of people across a certain line or border, or to separate peoples or cultures. A separation barrier that runs along an internationally recognized border is known as a border barrier.

David Henley opines in The Guardian that separation barriers are being built at a record-rate around the world along borders and do not only surround dictatorships or pariah states. In 2014, The Washington Post listed notable 14 separation walls as of 2011, indicating that the total concurrent number of walls and barriers which separate countries and territories is 45.

The term "separation barrier" has been applied to structures erected in Belfast, Homs, the West Bank, São Paulo, Cyprus, and along the Greece-Turkey border and the Mexico-United States border. In 2016, Julia Sonnevend listed in her book Stories Without Borders: The Berlin Wall and the Making of a Global Iconic Event the concurrent separation barriers of Sharm el-Sheikh (Egypt), Limbang border (Brunei), the Kazakh-Uzbekistan barrier, Indian border fence with Bangladesh, United States separation barrier with Mexico, Saudi Arabian border fence with Iraq and Hungary's fence with Serbia. Several erected separation barriers are no longer active or in place, including the Berlin Wall, the Maginot Line and some barrier sections in Jerusalem.

Construction rate of separation barriers and walls
David Henley opines in The Guardian that separation barriers are being built at a record-rate around the world along borders and do not only surround dictatorships or pariah states. In 2014, The Washington Post listed notable 14 separation walls as of 2011, indicating that the total concurrent number of walls and barriers which separate countries and territories is 45.

Central Europe
Communities in the Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia have long built Roma walls in urban environments when a Roma group is in close proximity to the rest of the population.

Cyprus

Since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, Turkey has constructed and maintained what economics professor Rongxing Guo has called a "separation barrier" of 300 km along the 1974 Green Line (or ceasefire line) dividing the island of Cyprus into two parts, with a United Nations buffer zone between them.

Egypt-Gaza barrier
The Egypt–Gaza barrier is often referred as "separation barrier" in the media or as a "separating wall". In December 2009, Egypt started the construction of the Egypt–Gaza barrier along the border with Gaza, consisting of a steel wall. Egypt's foreign minister said that the wall, being built along the country's border with the Gaza Strip will defend it "against threats to national security". Though the construction paused a number of times, the wall is nearly complete.

Sharm el-Sheikh barrier
According to Julia Sonnevend, the anti-terrorist barrier around the Sharm el-Sheikh resort in Egypt is in fact a separation barrier.

India
The Line of Control (LoC) refers to the military control line between the Indian and Pakistani controlled parts of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu—a line which, to this day, does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but is the de facto border. Originally known as the Cease-fire Line, it was redesignated as the "Line of Control" following the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control was known as the state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was split into two separate Union Territories. The two parts of the former princely state that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir (AJK). Its northernmost point is known as the NJ9842. This territorial division, which to this day still exists, severed many villages and separated family members from each other.

A separation fence construction between Indian and Pakistani controlled areas, based on 1972 cease-fire line, was initiated by India in 2003. In December 2013, it was revealed that India plans a construction of a separation wall in the Himalayan area in Kashmir. The wall is aimed to cover 179 km.

The other sections of India's borders also have a fence or wall.

Israel
Israel began building the Israeli West Bank barrier in 2002, in order to protect civilians from Palestinian terrorism such as suicide bombing attacks which increased significantly during the Second Intifada. Barrier opponents claim it seeks to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security and undermines peace negotiations by unilaterally establishing new borders. When completed it will be a 700-kilometres long network of high walls, electronic fences, gates and trenches. It is a controversial barrier because much of it is built outside the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line), de facto annexing potentially 10 percent of Palestinian land, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. It cuts far into the West Bank and encompasses Israel's largest settlement blocs containing hundreds of thousands of settlers.

In June 2004, the Israeli Supreme Court held that building the wall on West Bank Palestinian land is in itself legal, but it ordered some changes to the original route, which separated 35,000 Palestinian farmers from their lands and crops. The Israeli finance minister replied that it was disputed land, not Palestinian, and its final status would be resolved in political negotiation. In July 2004, the International Court of Justice at The Hague in an advisory opinion declared the barriers illegal under international law and called on Israel to dismantle the walls, return confiscated land and make reparations for damages. In spite of all this, the number of Arab terrorist suicide bombings continued to decrease with the gradual completion of segments of the Security Barrier as was initially stated it would by the Israeli authorities.

Israel refers to land between the 1949 lines and the separation barrier as the Seam Zone, including all of East Jerusalem. In 2003, the military declared that only Israeli citizens and Palestinians with permits are allowed to be inside it; Palestinians have found it increasingly difficult to get permits unless they own land in the zone. The separation barrier cuts off east Jerusalem and some settlement blocs from the West Bank, even as Israelis and Arabs build structures and communities in eastern Jerusalem. Palestinians in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, have continued to protest the separation barrier.

The existing barrier cuts off access to the Jordan River for Palestinian farmers in the West Bank. Due to international condemnation after the International Court ruling, Israel did not build an even stronger barrier, instead instituting permit-based access control. It has been opined that this change was to allow land to be annexed. Israeli settlement councils already have de facto control of 86 percent of the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea as the settler population steadily grows there.

Kuwait
Writer Damon DiMarco has described as a "separation barrier" the Kuwait-Iraq barricade constructed by the United Nations in 1991 after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was repelled. With electrified fencing and concertina wire, it includes a 5-meter-wide trench and a high berm. It runs 180 kilometers along the border between the two nations.

Lebanon
A 2016 separation wall around the Ain al-Hilweh camp in Lebanon is intended to separate the local Palestinian-Lebanese population and Syrian refugee Palestinians from the surrounding society.

Malaysia
Renee Pirrong of The Heritage Foundation described the Malaysia–Thailand border barrier as a "separation barrier". Its purpose is to cut down on smuggling, drug trafficking, illegal immigration, crime and insurgency.

Saudi Arabia
In 2004 Saudi Arabia began construction of a Saudi-Yemen barrier between its territory and Yemen to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods into and out of the Kingdom. Some have labeled it a "separation barrier". In February 2004 The Guardian reported that Yemeni opposition newspapers likened the barrier to the Israeli West Bank barrier, while The Independent wrote "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's 'security fence' in the West Bank, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen". Saudi officials rejected the comparison saying it was built to prevent infiltration and smuggling.

Saudi Arabia has also built a wall on the Saudi Iraqi border.

Turkey

The Syria–Turkey barrier is a wall and fence under construction along the Syria–Turkey border aimed at preventing illegal crossings and smuggling from Syria into Turkey. In 2017, The Syrian government accused Turkey of building a separation wall, referring to the barrier.

From 2017, Turkey began construction a barrier along the Iran–Turkey border aimed at preventing illegal immigration and smuggling.

United Kingdom

Over 21 miles of high walling or fencing separate Catholic and Protestant communities in Northern Ireland, with most concentrated in Belfast and Derry. The wall was built in 1969 in order to separate the Catholic and Protestant areas in Belfast. An Army Major, overseeing the construction of the wall at the time, said: 'This is a temporary measure ... we do not want to see another Berlin wall situation in Western Europe ... it will be gone by Christmas'. In 2013, that wall still remains and almost 100 additional walls and barriers now complement the original. Technically known as 'peace walls', there are moves to remove all of them by 2023 by mutual consent.

United States

The United States constructed a barrier on the border with Mexico of 3169 km to prevent unauthorized immigration into the United States and to deter smuggling of contraband. The US President Trump stated that he would replace the wall with a Trump wall; some parts of the old wall have been replaced.

The Detroit Wall was erected to enforce redlining as part of the policies of racial segregation in the United States.

Western Sahara

Morocco has constructed a 2,700 km (1,700 mi) long sand wall cutting through the length of Western Sahara. Minefields and watchtowers serve to separate the Moroccan-controlled zone from the sparsely populated Free Zone.

Germany

The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.

The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart" (Antifaschistischer Schutzwall) by GDR authorities, implying that the NATO countries and West Germany in particular were "fascists". The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the "Wall of Shame"—a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt—while condemning the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement. Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border (IGB), which demarcated the border between East and West Germany, it came to symbolize the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.

Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin, from where they could then travel to West Germany and other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the wall prevented almost all such emigration. During this period, around 5,000 people attempted to escape over the wall, with an estimated death toll of from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin.

In 1989, a series of radical political changes occurred in the Eastern Bloc, associated with the liberalization of the Eastern Bloc's authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro-Soviet governments in nearby Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left. Contrary to popular belief the wall's actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992. The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which was formally concluded on 3 October 1990.

Map of separation barriers worldwide

 * Excluding historical ones

title: Separation barrier


text:
User:Rorro

I'm French and live in the UK. I've been here a long time and I used to be very active (on fr: more than here). Apart from the odd bit of Wikignoming on articles I read, I'm mostly retired now.

Move along now! That's all there is to it.

br:Implijer:R de:Benutzer:R es:Usuario:R fr:Utilisateur:R it:Utente:Rorro

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Rorro


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Worshipful Company of Vintners

The Worshipful Company of Vintners, one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, retains close links with the wine trade.

The Vintners' Company traces its origins to the 12th century and received its swan rights from King Edward IV.

Its motto is Vinum Exhilarat Animum, Latin for "Wine cheers the Spirit".

History and origins
The vintners of London formed a guild as early as the twelfth century and received their first royal charter in 1363. This granted far-reaching powers including duties of search throughout English dominions and the right to buy herrings and cloth to sell to the Gascons.

This royal charter effectively granted a monopoly over wine imports from Gascony, securing the Company pre-eminence in the wine trade. Ranked eleventh in 1515 when the order of precedence of City Livery Companies was established by King Henry VIII, Queen Mary revoked the Company's rights in 1553. Its privileges removed under the Stuarts were restored by William and Mary, but the Company could not recover its former trading dominance in Europe. By 1725 few wine merchants were joining the livery, so the Company finally abandoned claim to the duty of search.

Until 2006, the Vintners' Company retained autonomous alcohol sale licensing rights in certain areas of England, such as the City of London and along the route of the old Great North Road. Its ancient rights being abolished, limited privileges remain to the livery.

Actively engaged in wine trade education, including the prestigious Master of Wine qualification, the Vintners' Company supports many charities, including those concerned with treating the effects of alcohol and drug abuse.

Vintners' Hall is situated on Lower Thames Street by Southwark Bridge, in Vintry Ward, London EC4. In medieval times, nearby Garlickhythe was where garlic and wine from France were docked in the City.

Swan upping
Since the reign of King Edward IV, the Vintners enjoy a peculiar right of swan upping, whereby swans on the Thames are apportioned among the Crown, the Vintners' and Dyers' Companies.

Vintners' swans are given two nicks to the beak (the Dyers' have one): hence The Swan with Two Necks, London.

Procession
The Vintners elect a new Master annually in July, celebrated by a publication service at the Guild Church of St James Garlickhythe, opposite the livery hall. The procession starts at Vintners' Hall with the Master and Wardens in Tudor dress carrying nosegays, their path being swept by a Wine Porter using a birch broom.

Sir Lionel Denny, is the Vintner most recently to serve as Lord Mayor of London, and elected Master Vintner for 2023/24 is Ant Fairbank.

In popular culture

 * The music video of Liberty X's 2002 smash hit "Just a Little" was filmed at Vintners' Hall, featuring a gang of professional burglars (with two of its members, Jessica Taylor and Kelli Young, in tight black latex catsuits) stealing a diamond from the building's atrium.
 * Vintners' Hall also features in Mimi Webb's 2022 music hit video "Ghost of You".

title: Worshipful Company of Vintners


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Saint-Tite

Saint-Tite is a Canadian city located at the foothills of the Laurentians, between Grandes-Piles and Saint-Adelphe, in the Mauricie RCM of Mékinac. A large body of water, Lake Pierre-Paul, bathes the northeastern part of the territory. '

History
The first real inhabitants of the area were Indigenous peoples of the Americas – Algonquins, Innu and Métis – who lived near Lake Kapibouska. Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The small settlement of Saint-Juste-de Kapibouska took the name of Saint-Tite at the end of the 1850. Small Indigenous and Métis communities lived in makeshift camps whose permanence or duration depended on the availability of hunting, fishing, the quality of the soil to be cultivated, as many also did some gardening, and the fur trade. All French attempts to settle the Algonquins had failed.

Mission. The Saint-Juste de Kapibouska mission was set up for the Aboriginal people living at Kapibouska Lake. At the beginning of the 19th century, missionaries visited the territory.

Pioneers. In the early 1830s, lumber yards were booming on the Rivière des Envies. The first settler of French-Canadian origin settled around 1833 in the area of the future city of Saint-Tite. Over time, several other pioneers were established.

Apart from the missionaries' visits, the settlers had to travel several kilometers to reach the church of St. Stanislaus. The first chapel-presbytery was built in the 1850s. The first resident priest arrived in 1859.

Easter water. From the beginning of colonization, it is likely that gathering Easter water was a common practice among members of the Christian community. In 1995, the first organized harvest and the blessing of Easter water took place at the Curé Boutet spring. The faithful get their feet wet, get dirty with mud, some fall on patches of ice. Safety and accessibility are the reasons for the construction of temporary sets. Today, throughout Quebec, this practice has become increasingly rare, becoming a social gathering or even a tourist activity. On Easter Sunday, we will have the celebration of Easter water at 4:30 a.m. before sunrise at the Curé spring at the end of Rue du Couvent. Afterwards, we will gather as a big family for a fraternal lunch at the Seniors' Club room around 5:30 am (Breakfast with baked beans, maple syrup and bread rolls, served by members of the Pastoral Council, free of charge). Source: The parish leaflet of the Christian community of the parish of Saint-Tite, April 12, 1998.

Railway Fever 1878: The vast territory north of the St. Lawrence Plain, with its opening onto the immensity of the Canadian Shield, evokes grandiose dreams. In 1878, St. Laurence, Lower Laurentian & Saguenay obtained permission to build a track between Trois-Rivières and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean via Saint-Tite. Note: Kapibouska: of Algonquian origin, this name means "place of camp where there are reeds", kapi, "place of camp", baska or bouska "rushes", "reeds".

Toponymy
The name of the parish of Saint-Tite is attested in 1859 and was established thanks to the canonical and civil erection that occurred in 1863 following its detachment from Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade and Saint-Stanislas de-la-Rivière-des-Envies. The post office, opened in 1859, and the parish municipality, established in 1863, took over the parish name that celebrates a companion of St. Paul the Apostle, who converted him in the first century by entrusting him with the task of organizing the Church of Ephesus.

Transports
Highway 153 connects Saint-Tite to Shawinigan and Lac-aux-Sables, and Highway 159 to Saint-Roch-de-Mékinac and Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade. Saint-Tite is also served by the Via Rail Canada passenger train service, the Saint-Tite station (station platform) is located at 310 Marchildon Street.

Geography
The city is crossed by the Rivière des Envies, a tributary of the Batiscan River. Rivière des Envies has its source at Lake Traverse in Sainte-Thècle and enters at the northern part (in "Grand marais" sector) of the territory of Saint-Tite. It crosses the municipality through the city, then heads to Proulxville.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the city was adopted in 1954 by the city council.

The coat of arms of Saint-Tite is blazoned thus: Greek cross gules a chief azure point, flanked by a toothed wheel segment money dexter and a gear segment sinister gold, containing a skin tight leather gold dextral and sinistral spruce money, overcoming mountains of sand placed on a terrace or charged with a blue river.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Tite had a population of $3,672$ living in $1,915$ of its $2,271$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $3,673$. With a land area of 91.1 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend:

Note: The two municipalities were merged in 1998.

According to the 2006 census:
 * Less than 1% of the population is immigrant.
 * 31% of the population over 15 years has no diploma.
 * 7% of the population over 15 years has a degree of higher education.
 * 60.2% of the population of Saint-Tite is urban. The urban area of Saint-Tite has a population of 2,306 and an area of 2.58 km2 in 2006, or a density of 893.8 inhabitants/km2.
 * Private dwellings occupied by usual residents in 2011: 1846 (total dwellings: 2155)

Mother language of Saint-Tite's citizens:

Almost all of the population speaks French as a mother tongue:
 * 16.2% of the population masters both official languages of Canada.
 * French as first language: 98.6%
 * English as first language: 0%
 * English and French as first language: 0.3%
 * Other as first language: 1.1%

Western Festival
The city of Saint-Tite is particularly known for the Festival Western de Saint-Tite, which takes place for 10 days in September every year. The Festival Western de Saint-Tite was developed from a rodeo inaugurated in 1967 to promote the leather industry. The Festival Western de Saint-Tite is the largest Western attraction in Eastern Canada. This festival of Eastern style, under the epithet Western, has an international reputation. The festival's success has led to the remodeling of some of the town's infrastructures to resemble a western frontier town of the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries.

Since 1999, the Rodeo of Festival Western de Saint-Tite is awarded as the "Best outdoor rodeo in Americas". The festival features a variety of activities that take place at a rate of horsemen and the sound of country music and in Eastern decor: competition, conference, parade, tasting, demonstrations, exhibitions, shows, etc... The horsemen and women can participate in various tests of skill on the Monte horse or wild bull (with or without a saddle). They can participate in speed events, such as steer socket, or skill tests, such as the race between barrels.

During the 10 days of the Festival, several events take place in the various marquees erected around the city or at the Country Club Desjardins, a site that looks like a typical western town. The festival is marked by a country western character. The "Galaxie Rising Star Award" awarded at the Festival contributes to the development of musical talent in the country western area.

Culture

 * Saint-Tite is an important part of the novel Les Filles de Caleb (Caleb's daughters), written by novelist Arlette Cousture. The backstory of this novel is based on the life of Émilie Bordeleau, a country school teacher who taught and lived with her children in schools in the area.

Notable people

 * Julie Boulet, politician, member of the Liberal Party of Quebec.
 * Gratien Gélinas (1909-1999), playwright and actor.

title: Saint-Tite


text:
Talk:Absence seizure

Word "seizure"
Since the word "seizure" refers to a police officer's taking property or the like, some context-setting would help. E.g., "In medicine ..." Michael Hardy 00:41, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Absence seizure is exclusively a medical term. Andrea Carter (at your service | my good deeds) 03:25, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Unhelpful overuse of terminology
This is written at a clinician level. Who is the wikipedian audience? Referring to symptoms by terminology that must further be looked up rather than a plain English explanation with the terminology in parentheses is much easier to use and educates at the same time. Absence of links and contextual descriptions makes for non-useful content. Thanks - normal human signing off — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.73.0.9 (talk) 00:42, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Vigabatrin is not an agonist
"In particular, the GABA agonists vigabatrin and tiagabine are used to induce..." vigabatrin is not an agonist. . It is an analog of GABA, but it is not a receptor agonist! Rcosta4540 (talk) 19:26, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Reasons other than epilepsy
Care to expand on the other causes of these seizures please? Cheers, --Rebroad 16:04, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Physical damage can be one: I have petit mal seizures. I was born with about half of my cerebellum missing. I'm not epileptic at all though. HalfShadow 15:51, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * In order for seizures to diagnosed as epilepsy they must be unprovoked or reflex. So a seizure occurring right after a stroke/cocaine usage couldn't be diagnosed as epilepsy but a seizure occurring later due to the long-term damage caused by stroke/cocaine could be. Andrea Carter (at your service | my good deeds) 03:25, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

What does the last paragraph in the summary mean?
They sometimes move from one location to another without any purpose. What are they? People experiencing seizures? The location of the seizure? 134.10.22.245 06:49, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The former. I clarified this in the article since the original was, as you pointed out, confusing. --Dpryan 18:46, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

I have had Absent Epilepsy since I was 3.
I have had absent epilepsy since I was 3 and i have found that if it does not go away i may never be able to drive. I have taken some medications too! 207.109.63.169 16:30, 16 November 2007 (UTC)Sam M.

IPA?
A doctor told me that it was not pronounced as English "Absence" but rather as French "Absence", ab-since versus ab-sohnz. Could anyone confirm? 67.5.156.119 (talk) 08:27, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

I've got no official source, but I work as an assistant to an epilepsy specialist and she pronounces it ab-since, for what good it does for you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.111.174.183 (talk) 17:27, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

I'm a med student in the US. All of our professors pronounced it ab-sohnz. Like petit mal, the term was introduced by a French physician (Louis-Florentin Calmeil), which is probably why it is pronounced in the French manner. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.98.124.10 (talk) 05:26, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Readability
In my opinion, I don't believe the average visitor to this page will have any idea what "thalamocortical oscillations" are. An explanation or perhaps a link to an external explanation would be helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.214.196.49 (talk) 02:57, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * i'm a different writer and I don't use wiki rules because i don't have the time. I also posted a section about the readability issue. If they only use terminology rather than description, this page will continue to be ignored. very little effort is made to address the concerns of casual, normal users who contribute. because they made it about a culture almost as much as a useful tool. bummer! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.73.0.9 (talk) 00:44, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

New study
I added a new (Mar 2010) study to the medications section and note that the following section mentions a new "large - more than 400 pts." study is to be done, and it seems that the one I have added actually may be from that "new" study. Does anyone watch over this article? I have no special interest in it and only wanted to add this study that I ran across, but it does need to be updated... Gandydancer (talk) 20:03, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Syndromes of genetic generalised epilepsies with absence seizures
There's no reference for this sort of classification. Most importantly, I'd like to see a reference for this: These types of seizures are also known to occur to patients suffering with Porphyria, and can be triggered by stress or other Porphrin-inducing factors.

Also, which type of seizures? Absence seizures or the syndromes described above? I'd like to mention that 3 of these syndromes seem to be the same one, namely juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.109.102.32.73 (talk) 10:21, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
There should be a pronunciation guide as the predominant pronunciation is ab-sonz as it is derived from french,but only if you dont know anything about medicibe (as with petit mal seizers). Nasukaren (talk) 20:19, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Format of the article
- this article is in need of "wikification" it does not flow very well and is all over the place with too much detail in some areas and not enough in others. There are things that need to be added to this subject but it is difficult to do so in its current format. Heyinternetman (talk) 01:27, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Use ICD10 as a guide to organizing content
The ICD10 coding provides a suitable context for the merging of particular classifications of the types of seizures, including juvenile. Perhaps this would help to organize this entry?

Entry is too clinical
This entry reads like a medical text or journal article and is too technical for the average Wikipedia user. I think it needs to be rewritten by someone who knows the subject but can tailor that knowledge to fit the needs of people with little or no medical background. It also needs more links. Rissa -- obsessive/compulsive copy editor 20:33, 8 April 2014 (UTC)

Etiology -- garbled sentence
The last sentence in this section,"...factors that trigger...", is garbled—it has three "and"s—and is not supported in the cite (refname "Albuja 2021"). And what does "lack of sleep and compliance" mean? Compliance with sleep? Compliance with medical instructions? General complaisance of character?? I started to copyedit for punctuation and syntax, tried to clarify it, but then realized it was unsupported, so I had no way to be sure of the intended meaning. I commented it out for now so the text would not be lost; it looks significant and appropriate, and is probably supported by some other source(s) cited elsewhere in the article.

Original text,verbatim, is "The factors that trigger an absence seizure are lack of sleep and compliance, drinking alcohol, and benzodiazepine withdrawal, and use of medication that reduces the threshold of seizure such as Isoniazid, antipsychotics.".

I hope someone familiar with the subject and the sources will be able to rescue the commented-out sentence. But:

Noted: Medscape Perceived trigger factors of seizures in persons with epilepsy (not in article) says: "...self perceived [trigger factors] should be interpreted with caution and differentiated from actual [trigger factors]", so caution should be exercised in restoring the original categorical statement asserting trigger factors. This review article or the original paper in journal Seizure might be an OK source for this subsection. D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 07:02, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Hi!
Hi dear Wikipedians,

I am a student at Uskudar University in Turkiye, and I take the course 'Special Topics in Neuroscience' in the summer school 2023. Editing this article, is my course assignment. So I will be editing this article any help will be welcomed. Ipekdo (talk) 13:51, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Proposing that Childhood absence epilepsy be merged with this page
I'm not 100% sure that this is the right move, but it seems like it could be, so I thought I would propose this and see what other people thought. As I understand it, CAE is a "generalized syndrome," whereas absence seizures are (naturally) just a type of seizure, one which might lead to a diagnosis of CAE. However, general medical literature on absence seizures seems almost invariably to focus the discussion primarily on CAE, which seems unsurprising since apparently absence seizures largely occur in childhood and CAE is a general diagnosis. I think that might imply that it would be easier to discuss CAE here than on its own page.

I note that Juvenile absence epilepsy already redirects here, even though I get the impression that JAE is a more narrowly-defined and uncommon condition. Also, Childhood absence epilepsy is a pretty sparse page, whereas this page is not only more detailed but also already discusses CAE in several places. I realized that this merge might make sense when I started looking into adding a "Prognosis" section to this page, but what I was coming across looking for info on the progression of absence seizures and patient outcomes seemed to frame the discussion largely in terms of CAE, even when it was about absence seizures in general. That made me feel like I wasn't sure where to add the information I found, a problem that would be resolved if the pages were merged. I looked most thoroughly at this article and this article.

I'm not a doctor—just a passing editor who finds biology and medicine interesting—so it would be great to have input on this from editors who have professional familiarity with absence seizures. I think, if the overlap between the topics of CAE and absence seizures is not truly as strong as I'm getting the impression of, then the merge might not make sense, but otherwise it would help resolve ambiguities about where to put some information on absence seizures. 🍉◜⠢◞ↂ🄜𝚎sₒᶜa𝚛🅟ම𛱘🥑《 𔑪talk〗⇤ 02:03, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. If you account for the overlap/duplicated content, there is not too much information in Childhood absence epilepsy to make it unreasonable to merge here. It would just have to be decided whether the childhood absence epilepsy content are split up and divided among the existing sections in this article, or if there should be a section specifically for childhood absence epilepsy. Kimen8 (talk) 18:40, 23 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Taking a closer look, there really is already section structure that childhood absence epilepsy can be easily merged into. Kimen8 (talk) 18:44, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Absence seizures are a type of epileptic seizure, and childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is an independent epilepsy syndrome. Absence seizures can occur in many other types of epilepsy syndromes, but in childhood absence epilepsy, absence seizures are the only type of seizure. The diagnosis of childhood absence epilepsy requires consideration of the age of onset, clinical manifestations, and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings (bilateral, symmetric 3Hz spike-and-wave discharges during seizures). Therefore, it is inappropriate to combine CAE with absence seizures. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.142.200.37 (talk) 15:02, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Absence seizure


text: Talk:Ole-Johan Dahl

title: Talk:Ole-Johan Dahl


text:
Worshipful Company of Dyers

The Worshipful Company of Dyers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The Dyers' Guild existed in the twelfth century; it received a Royal Charter in 1471. It originated as a trade association for members of the dyeing industry but is now mainly a charitable institution. Each year the company participates in the ceremony of Swan Upping along the River Thames.

The Dyers' Company ranks thirteenth in the order of precedence of Livery Companies. The company's motto is Da Gloriam Deo, Latin for "Give Glory to God".

Current activities

The activities of the company are focused on the development of dyeing techniques and the support of various charitable causes. The Dyers' are associated with several organisations, including the Society of Dyers and Colourists, the University of Leeds and Heriot Watt University. The company also maintains the Dyers Almshouses, a group of 28 almshouses built between 1939 and 1971, in the Northgate area of Crawley, West Sussex. In education, the company is associated with several schools including Boutcher School, Norwich School and St Saviour's and St Olave's Church of England School.

Dyers' Hall
The hall of the Dyers was originally located west of London Bridge, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666. The current hall, designed by Charles Dyer and constructed in 1839–40, is at 10–13 Dowgate Hill in the City of London.

Coat of arms
The blazon for the coat of arms is: ''Sable, a chevron engrailed argent, between three bags of madder of the last, corded or. Crest, on a wreath of the colours, three sprigs of a graintree erect vert, fructed gules. Supporters, two panthers incensed rampant guardant argent, spotted various colours, fire issuing from their ears and mouths proper, both ducally crowned or''.

title: Worshipful Company of Dyers


text:
Try This

Try This is the third studio album by American singer Pink, released on November 11, 2003, by Arista Records. Wanting to expand more on the rock sound, which she explored on her previous record, Missundaztood, for Try This Pink collaborated with punk band Rancid's singer and guitarist Tim Armstrong, and reunited with Linda Perry, who produced most of the Missundaztood album. As a result of this collaboration, Try This is a rock and roll and pop record, with lyrics exploring such themes as love and estrangement.

Try This received generally favorable reviews from music critics. However, retrospectively Pink herself expressed dissatisfaction with the record. She said that she was unhappy with the way the label wanted her to make an album after the success of M!ssundaztood. Commercially, the album was moderately successful, reaching the top ten in 13 countries, including the US, where it peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200. Internationally, the album also fared quite well, peaking at number three in the UK, and number eight in Canada. It was certified Platinum in the US by the RIAA for shipments of over one million copies.

Three singles were released from the album. The lead single, "Trouble", reached the top ten in Australia, Canada, the UK, and many European countries. Trouble earned Pink her second Grammy Award, for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the 2004 Grammy Awards. "God Is a DJ" and "Last to Know", the second and third singles from the album respectively, were modestly successful in European charts. However, all of the singles from Try This failed to garner much success in the US. Some of the album pressings also included the single "Feel Good Time" from the soundtrack for the movie Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. Pink supported the album with her Try This Tour in 2004, which performed across Europe and Australia. The live recording of the Manchester show was released in 2006, titled Pink: Live in Europe.

Background and composition
After the success of Missundaztood (2001) and its accompanying worldwide Party Tour, Pink began work on her third studio album. Wanting to expand more on the rock sound she explored with Missundaztood, Pink sought out producers and writers that had experience within the genre. Most of the tracks on Try This were produced and co-written by punk band Rancid singer and guitarist Tim Armstrong, whom Pink met through a mutual friend at a Transplants video shoot. The two hit it off and Pink ended up co-writing ten songs with him in a week when Transplants were on a tour with the Foo Fighters. Eight of these tracks appeared on Try This, which also features three songs written with Linda Perry, who co-wrote much of Missundaztood, Pink's second album. The album includes a collaboration with electroclash artist Peaches, "Oh My God", and Pink's contribution to the Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle film soundtrack, "Feel Good Time" (produced by and featuring William Orbit), as a non-U.S. bonus track.

Try This was Pink's final studio album under Arista Records. In 2006, Pink said that she was unhappy with the way the label wanted her to make an album after the success of M!ssundaztood. "I was kind of rebelling against the label on that one," she said. "I was going: 'You want a record? Fine, I'll write 10 songs in a week for your fuckin' record and you can press it up and put it out.'" She described the promotional campaign for the album as "an awful time. I was walking out of half my interviews crying. I just felt they were putting a quarter in the slot to watch the monkey dance." Try This is Pink's first album to carry a Parental Advisory warning, and therefore her first album released alongside an edited version. The font used throughout the album's artwork is the same that was used for then label-mates Ace of Base's Cruel Summer single.

Musically, Try This is a pop/rock & roll album, which incorporates elements of punk rock ("Trouble"), R&B ("Catch Me While I'm Sleeping", "Love Song"), new wave and disco ("Humble Neighborhoods").

Singles
The album's first single, "Trouble", a song Armstrong original wrote for his band Rancid in 2003, reached number two in Canada and the top ten in the UK and Australia, but it peaked only at number 68 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. In 2003, "Catch Me While I'm Sleeping" was issued as a promotional single in the U.S.; in the same period, a promo CD-R acetate of "Humble Neighborhoods" was made available in the UK. Follow-up single "God Is a DJ" failed to chart on the Hot 100, although it reached number 11 in the UK. A third single, "Last to Know", was released exclusively in Europe and peaked at 21 in the UK.

Tour
Pink embarked on the Try This Tour in Europe during 2004, and a DVD chronicling the tour was released in 2006. "Trouble" was used in the films White Chicks (2004), The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004) and Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005) as well as the first theatrical trailer for Tangled, and "God Is a DJ" was featured in the film Mean Girls (2004).

Critical reception
The album received almost entirely positive reviews from critics, with an average Metacritic rating of 71, indicating "generally favorable reviews." AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated the album four out of five stars. He found that "with Try This, Pink has firmly established a voice of her own, and in doing so, she's made another tremendous modern pop record." Blender critic James Slaughter felt that "with her third album, Pink has smartly navigated a way to be heard over the mass moaning that has followed her [...] The guitars are raunchier, the lyrics more potty-mouthed [but] the music never loses its melodic touch, whether essaying the gutsy rock or glossy Philly R&B balladry." Nick Catucci from The Village Voice noted that the album "dares Pink's huge but hardly guaranteed audience to hear the world her way — without wasting one moment on indulgent experimentation, rote grandstanding, or retreats into conformism [...]" Assisted by soft crusty-punk Tim Armstrong, Try This is a rare leap of faith — a miracle of pop."

David Browne, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the album a positive review and called it "A hooky, engaging throwaway that expands Pink's range while holding on fiercely to her irascible inner child." However, he was less impressed with Perry's contributions on Try This, further noting: "Maybe Pink isn’t very different from her teen-pop refugees: She’s a rebel only to a point, and she’s more than willing to compromise her rawness for crossover pop success. Yet while her peers struggle to grime themselves up, Pink and her exuberantly junky pop still stand head and bustier above the rest." However, there were some negative reviews, with Ethan Brown from New York magazine stating that "Pink pitches a brand of seriousness that is pure Lifetime-TV mawkishness," while Alexis Petridis from The Guardian commented that "Like a lot of pop at the moment, it just sounds like a wan imitation of Pink's second album."

Commercial performance
Try This debuted at number nine on the U.S. Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 147,000 copies, a weaker debut than that of Missundaztood. The album also reached the top ten on album charts in the UK, Canada and Australia. As of March 2007, it had sold 719,000 copies in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan. Try This re-entered the Australian album chart in June 2009.

Track listing
Notes
 * undefined signifies an additional producer.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Pink – lead vocals
 * Tim Armstrong – guitar, acoustic bass, keyboards, backup vocals, loops, sound effects, engineer, producer
 * Jonnie "Most" Davis – guitar, acoustic guitar, bass, drum programming, producer, keyboards, engineer, arranger
 * Linda Perry – guitar, sitar, mellotron, producer
 * Damon Elliott – percussion, keyboards, programming, producer
 * John Fields – bass, guitar, percussion, piano, keyboards, drums, wah wah guitar, programming, mixing, engineer, producer
 * Robbie Campos – acoustic guitar, producer, keyboards, arranger
 * Dave Carlock – organ, keyboards, bass, drum programming, backup vocals
 * Matt Mahaffey – synthesizer, glockenspiel, turntables, omnichord, keyboards, drums
 * Atticus Ross – synthesizer, percussion, loops, engineer
 * Vic Ruggiero – piano, Hammond organ
 * David Paich – organ, Hammond organ
 * Grecco Buratto – guitar
 * Eric Schermerhorn – guitar
 * Steve Stevens – guitar
 * Matt Freeman – bass
 * Janis Tanaka – bass
 * Nick Lane – trombone
 * Lee Thornburg – trumpet
 * Greg "Frosty" Smith – baritone sax
 * Charlie Bisherat – violin
 * Travis Barker – drums
 * Dorian Crozier – drums
 * Joshua Seth Eagan – percussion, drums
 * Bryan Keeling – drums
 * Brett Reed – percussion, drums
 * Galadriel Masterson – backup vocals
 * Hopey Rock – backup vocals
 * Lon Price – horn arrangements
 * Roger Davies – executive producer
 * Craig Logan – executive producer
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
 * Dave Pensado – mixing
 * Brian Gardner – mastering
 * David Guerrero – engineer
 * Dylan Dresdow – engineer
 * Padraic Kerin – engineer
 * Steven Miller – engineer, mixing
 * Tony Cooper – assistant engineer
 * John "Silas" Cranfield	– assistant engineer
 * Pat Dammer – assistant engineer
 * Jay Goin – assistant engineer
 * Femio Hernández – assistant engineer
 * Chris Testa – assistant engineer
 * Ethan Willoughby – assistant engineer
 * Joshua Sarubin – A&R
 * Jeri Heiden – art direction, design
 * Glen Nakasako – art direction, design
 * Andrew McPherson – photography

Certifications
!scope="row"|Worldwide
 * 2,700,000
 * 2,700,000

title: Try This


text:
Tie-in

A tie-in work is a work of fiction or other product based on a media property such as a film, video game, television series, board game, web site, role-playing game or literary property. Tie-ins are authorized by the owners of the original property, and are a form of cross-promotion used primarily to generate additional income from that property and to promote its visibility.

Types
Common tie-in products include literary works, which may be novelizations of a media property, original novels or story collections inspired by the property, or republished previously existing books, such as the novels on which a media property was based, with artwork or photographs from the property. According to publishing industry estimates, about one or two percent of the audience of a film will buy its novelization, making these relatively inexpensively produced works a commercially attractive proposition in the case of blockbuster film franchises. Although increasingly also a domain of previously established novelists, tie-in writing has the disadvantages, from the writers' point of view, of modest pay, tight deadlines and no ownership in the intellectual property created.

Tie-in products may also have a documentary or supplemental character, such as "making-of" books documenting the creation of a media property. Tie-in products also include other types of works based on the media property, such as soundtrack recordings, video games, or merchandise including toys and clothing.

Novelizations
A novelization is a derivative novel that adapts the story of a work created for another medium, such as a film, TV series, comic strip or video game. Film novelizations were particularly popular before the invention of home video, but continue to find commercial success as part of marketing campaigns for major films. They are often written by accomplished writers based on an early draft of the film's script and on a tight deadline.

Rebranding of previously published work
Tie-in books are sometimes reprints of novels rebranded to tie in with their film adaptation. As an example, after Roderick Thorp's 1979 novel Nothing Lasts Forever was adapted into the 1988 film Die Hard, it was retitled Die Hard with the film's poster on the cover. The Philip K. Dick novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was similarly republished to tie in with Blade Runner, the film loosely based on the book.

A tie-in book linked to a film based on short fiction may be published featuring the adapted story, as well as other stories from the same author; for example, while Stephen King's novella "Apt Pupil" was adapted to the eponymous film, King's collection Different Seasons, which featured the story, was reprinted as Apt Pupil: A Novella in Different Seasons. Similarly, novels were published to tie in with the films Minority Report and Paycheck, featuring Philip K. Dick's original short stories "The Minority Report" and "Paycheck". The official organization linked to writing media tie-ins is the International Association of Media Tie-In Writers.

Expanded universes
Tie-in works may also tell new stories in the form of sequels, prequels and other spin-offs, creating an expanded universe based on the original work; for example, the many books, comics and video games set in an expanded universe based initially on the first Star Wars trilogy. In 2015, the New York Times noted the flourishing market for TV series tie-in novels, coinciding with the increasing cultural significance of quality television series. The increasing number of previously established novelists taking on tie-in works has also been credited with these works gaining a "patina of respectability" after having previously been disregarded in literary circles as derivative and mere merchandise.

Video games
Some video games are tie-in licences for films, television series or books.

Video game movie tie-ins are expensive for a game developer to license, and the game designers have to work within constraints imposed by the film studio, under pressure to finish the game in time for the film's release. The aim for the publishers is to increase hype and revenue, as the two industries effectively market one another's releases.

Film license video games have a reputation for being of poor quality; for example, Amiga Power awarding Psygnosis's three film licenses (Dracula, Cliffhanger and Last Action Hero, all reviewed in June 1994) 36% in total; that magazine being cynical towards licensed games in general, with The Blues Brothers being one of the few exceptions. One of the first movie tie-in games, Atari's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) was deemed so bad it was cited as one cause of the video game industry crash. Such poor quality is often due to game developers forced to rush the product in order to meet the film's release date, or due to issues with adapting the original work's plot into an interactive form, such as in the case of the games based on the last two films of the Harry Potter film series, where one reviewer criticised some of the game's missions and side-quests as being unrelated to the film's storyline.

Video tie-in licences for novels tend to be adventure games. The Hobbit (1982) and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy are text adventures, whilst I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream (1995) is a point-and-click adventure and Neuromancer (1988) is a graphic adventure. Action games based on novels are less common (William Shatner's TekWar (1995), a first-person shooter). Novel tie-ins were published less frequently after the 1990s, with developers only taking risks with stories that had already been licensed for films.

Revenue and structure
Tie-ins are considered an important part of the revenue-stream for any major media release, and both planning and licensing for such works often begins at the very earliest stages of creating such a property. Tie-ins provide both an important way of generating additional income from a property, and a way of satisfying the desires of fans who enthusiastically support a popular media property.

The lineage of tie-in works can be quite convoluted; for example, a novelization might be done of a video game, which was based on a television series, based on a film, based on a comic book which was the original media property. In several cases, a novelization has been released based on a movie which was in turn adapted from an original novel. In such cases, it is not uncommon to see the novelization and a film release of the original novel side by side on the same shelf.

These tie-ins can be considered as forms of "free advertising", as they create more exposure for the media property. Tie-ins need not have a direct association with the property; for example, a particular pizza company can offer coupons that are associated with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films, but that specific pizza company itself does not necessarily have to appear in the films. By this association, however, the pizza company is exposed to a bigger audience. If a media property does well, the tie-ins gain that positive exposure as well.

Film
The American fan magazine Photoplay, first published in 1911, originally presented short stories based on popular films of the era. It later adopted a more traditional nonfiction format.

Comics
The Adventures of Superman by George Lowther (illustrated by original Superman artist Joe Shuster) was published in 1942.

Television
Some early examples of TV tie-in books are Leave It to Beaver (1960), Here's Beaver! (1961), and Beaver and Wally (1961) by Beverly Cleary.

title: Tie-in


text:
Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International

Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International (CGBCI) is a biblically conservative and fundamentalist group that separated from the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches in 1992.

In 1939 the National Fellowship of Brethren Churches developed from struggles that occurred within the progressive Brethren Church during the 1920s and 1930s. Later the National Fellowship became known as the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches (FGBC). In 1992, due to doctrinal disagreements in the FGBC, the Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International was formed. A central issue involved in the division within the FGBC was the so-called membership issue. The conservative faction objected to the bestowal of membership status upon individuals who could not tangibly demonstrate their support for the church's doctrinal convictions with regard to baptism, which is traditionally regarded as a triple immersion within historic Brethren circles, in accordance with Jesus' directives in. Within a larger context, the division within the FGBC paralleled the division between fundamentalists and neo-evangelicals that was taking place within many evangelical groups. Conservatives within the FGBC felt that the broader group was compromising its standards in the name of pragmatic growth strategies. Division was further cemented in the minds of conservatives with what was regarded as the unjust and ill-advised ouster of a much beloved and internationally respected professor, Dr. John C. Whitcomb, from the faculty of what was perceived as an increasingly liberalized Grace Theological Seminary, which was viewed by many conservatives as having fallen under the dominating influences of neo-evangelicalism.

The Conservative Grace Brethren maintain a 12-article statement of faith similar to the original FGBC statement of faith—which was subsequently radically restructured and revised by the FGBC (now known as the Charis Fellowship). Minor revisions and additional comments added to the CGBCI's statement of faith in 1994 were designed to "conserve" what the CGBCI asserts are the original Grace Brethren tenets, including a young earth creation, the cessation of miraculous sign gifts, a seven-year eschatological tribulation period, the doctrine of eternal punishment as a conscious state of unending torment, the absolute and unlimited inerrancy of Scripture, and the exclusive practice of baptism by trine immersion, as well as the exclusive practice of communion as a threefold ordinance (involving foot-washing, the Love Feast, and the Eucharist).

In 2003 the CGBCI had 46 churches in 15 states of the United States, with the main concentration being in Ohio and Pennsylvania. In 2007, a ministerial dispute over the discipline of a Mansfield, Ohio, pastor resulted in the withdrawal of several congregations from the CGBCI, and the participating congregations dropped to 39 churches. In 2020, the CGBCI listed 35 member churches in 10 states within the CGBCI fellowship in the United States.

The CGBCI supports endorsed foreign missions in Africa, Myanmar, and India.

The Conservative Grace Brethren is one of six Schwarzenau Brethren groups that cooperate ecumenically in the Brethren World Assembly (founded 1992), and with the Brethren Encyclopedia having one representative on the board of directors with the following groups: Church of the Brethren, Dunkard Brethren, Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, Old German Baptist Brethren, and The Brethren Church.


text:
American Locomotive Company

The American Locomotive Company (often shortened to ALCO, ALCo or Alco) was an American manufacturer that operated from 1901 to 1969, initially specializing in the production of locomotives but later diversifying and fabricating at various times diesel generators, automobiles, steel, tanks, munitions, oil-production equipment, as well as heat exchangers for nuclear power plants.

The company was formed by the merger of seven locomotive manufacturers and Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York. A subsidiary, American Locomotive Automobile Company, designed and manufactured automobiles under the Alco brand from 1905 to 1913. ALCO also produced nuclear reactors from 1954 to 1962. After World War II, Alco closed all of its manufacturing plants except those in Schenectady and Montreal.

In 1955, the company changed its name to Alco Products, Incorporated. In 1964, the Worthington Corporation acquired the company. The company went out of business in 1969, although Montreal Locomotive Works continued to manufacture locomotives based on Alco designs.

The ALCO name is currently being used by Fairbanks Morse Engine for their FM|ALCO line.

Foundation
The company was created in 1901 from the merger of seven smaller locomotive manufacturers with Schenectady Locomotive Engine Manufactory of Schenectady, New York:
 * Brooks Locomotive Works in Dunkirk, New York
 * Cooke Locomotive & Machine Works in Paterson, New Jersey
 * Dickson Manufacturing Company in Scranton, Pennsylvania
 * Manchester Locomotive Works in Manchester, New Hampshire
 * Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Rhode Island Locomotive Works in Providence, Rhode Island
 * Richmond Locomotive Works in Richmond, Virginia

The new company was headquartered in Schenectady. Samuel R. Callaway left the presidency of the New York Central Railroad to become president of Alco. When Callaway died on June 1, 1904, Albert J. Pitkin succeeded him as president of Alco.

In 1904, the American Locomotive Company acquired control of the Locomotive and Machine Company of Montreal, Quebec, Canada; this company was eventually renamed the Montreal Locomotive Works. In 1905, Alco purchased Rogers Locomotive Works of Paterson, New Jersey, the country's second-largest locomotive manufacturer behind Baldwin Locomotive Works.

Steam era
Alco produced more than 75,000 locomotives, including more steam locomotives than any U.S. company except Baldwin Locomotive Works. (Alco outlasted Baldwin, in part by shifting more readily to diesel.) Railroads that favored Alco products included the Delaware & Hudson Railway, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Milwaukee Road. Among Alco's better-known steam locomotives were the 4-6-4 Hudson, 4-8-2 Mohawk, and the 4-8-4 Niagara built for the New York Central; and the 4-8-4 FEF and the 4-6-6-4 Challenger built for the Union Pacific.

Alco built many of the biggest locomotives ever constructed, including Union Pacific's Big Boy (4-8-8-4). Alco also built the fastest American locomotives, the Class A Atlantic and Class F7 Hudson streamliners for the Milwaukee Road's Twin Cities Hiawatha run. Among the ambitious state-of-the-art designs of the late steam era, Alco's Challengers, Big Boys, and high-speed streamliners stood out for their success in operations.

Alco built the second production steam locomotive in North America to use roller bearings (after the Delaware & Hudson's 1924 addition of SKF roller bearings to the drivers and main and side rods of their own 4-6-2 locomotives). This was Timken 1111, a 4-8-4 commissioned in 1930 by Timken Roller Bearing Company and ultimately used for 100000 mi on 15 major United States railroads before it was purchased in 1933 by the Northern Pacific Railway. The Northern Pacific renumbered the Four Aces to No. 2626 and ran it on the North Coast Limited, as well as its pool trains between Seattle, Washington, and Portland, Oregon, and excursions, through 1957.

During World War II, Alco produced many 2-10-0 Decapods for the USSR. Many went undelivered, and ten of these were sold to Finland in 1947. One, Alco builder's No. 75214, is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.

Though the dual-service 4-8-4 steam locomotive had shown great promise, 1948 was the last year that steam locomotives were manufactured in Schenectady. These were the seven A-2a class 9400-series Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad 2-8-4 "Berkshires." Their tenders had to be subcontracted to Lima Locomotive Works, as Alco's tender shop had been closed. The building was converted to make diesel locomotives to compete with those of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors.

Joseph Burroughs Ennis (1879–1955) was a senior vice president between 1917 and 1947 and was responsible for the design of many of the company's locomotives.

Alco automobiles (1906-1913)
The company diversified into the automobile business in 1906, producing French Berliet designs under license. Production was located at Alco's Rhode Island Locomotive Works in Providence, Rhode Island. Two years later, the Berliet license was abandoned, and the company began to produce its own designs instead. An Alco racing car won the Vanderbilt Cup in both 1909 and 1910 and competed in the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911, driven on all three occasions by Harry Grant.

ALCO's automotive venture was unprofitable, and they abandoned automobile manufacture in 1913. The Alco automobile story is notable chiefly as a step in the automotive career of Walter P. Chrysler, who worked as the plant manager. In 1911 he left Alco for Buick in Detroit, Michigan, where he subsequently founded the Chrysler Corporation in 1925.

Electric locomotives
Alco made 60-ton center-cab electric freight motors from 1912 through the 1920s for electric railway lines in Oregon.

Diesel-electric locomotives
Already a leader in steam locomotives, Alco produced the first commercially successful diesel-electric switch engine in 1924 in a consortium with General Electric (electrical equipment) and Ingersoll-Rand (diesel engine). This locomotive was sold to the Central Railroad of New Jersey. It built additional locomotives for the Long Island Rail Road and the Chicago and North Western Railway.

The company bought the McIntosh & Seymour Diesel Engine Company in 1929 and henceforth produced its own diesel engines, though it always bought its electrical equipment from GE. The diesel program was largely overseen by Perry T. Egbert, vice president in charge of diesel locomotive sales and later president of the company.

In the early to mid-1930s, ALCo was the pre-eminent builder of diesel-electric switch engines in the United States. It was slower than its competition to develop reliable diesel power for full-size mainline trains, though it did provided motive power for the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad's Rebel streamliners in 1935.

In 1939, ALCo started producing passenger diesel locomotives to compete with General Motors' Electro-Motive Corporation. The following year, ALCo teamed up with General Electric (Alco-GE) for much-needed support in competing with EMC. In 1941, ALCo introduced the RS-1, the first road-switcher locomotive. The versatile road-switcher design gained favor for short-haul applications, which would provide ALCo a secure market niche through the 1940s. The entry of the United States into World War II froze ALCo's development of road diesel locomotives.

During that time, ALCo was allocated the construction of diesel switching locomotives, their new road-switcher locomotives, a small quantity of ALCO DL-109 dual-service engines and its proven steam designs, while EMD (formerly EMC) was allocated the construction of mainline road freight diesels (the production of straight passenger-service engines was prohibited by the War Production Board). Still, ALCo ranked 34th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts.

Alco's RS-1 road switcher was selected by the United States Army for a vital task: rejuvenating the Trans-Iranian Railway and extending it to the Soviet Union. This gave the U.S. ally a new supply line at a time when the German air force and navy had reduced Allied shipments to the Soviet port of Murmansk. The U.S. Army chose as locomotives the RSD-1, a six-axle, six-traction motor variant of the light ALCo RS-1. Not only was the company prevented from selling these locomotives to mainline U.S. railroads, but the 13 RS-1s that had already been built were commandeered for Iranian duty and converted to RSD-1s.

Post-war era
The postwar era saw ALCo's steam products fall out of favor while it struggled to develop mainline diesel locomotives competitive with EMD's E and F series road locomotives, which were well-positioned from GM-EMC's large development efforts of the 1930s and its established service infrastructure. ALCo would prove unable to overcome that lead.

In 1946, ALCo controlled 26% of the diesel locomotive market. The ubiquitous S series (660 and 1000 horsepower) switchers and RS series (1000 and 1500 horsepower) road switchers represented ALCo well during the late 1940s. Much of its success in this period can be tied to its pioneering RS locomotives, representing the first modern road-switcher, a configuration which has long-outlasted ALCo. The success of their switcher and road-switcher locomotives was not matched with the PA and FA-type mainline units, however.

The 244 engine, developed in a crash program to compete with EMD's powerful 567 engine, proved unreliable and sales of ALCo's mainline units soon went into decline. In 1948, ALCo-GE produced a prototype gas turbine-electric locomotive to address the concerns of operators such as Union Pacific that sought to minimize the number of locomotive units needed for large power requirements. In 1949, ALCo embarked on a clean-sheet design project to replace the 244. 1949 also saw the introduction of the EMD GP7 road-switcher, a direct challenge in ALCo's bread-and-butter market.

In 1953, General Electric, dissatisfied with the pace of ALCo's efforts to develop a replacement for the troubled 244 engine, dissolved their partnership with ALCo and took over the gas turbine-electric venture that had started series production the previous year. In 1956, ALCo made long-overdue changes, modernizing its production process and introducing road locomotives with its new 251 engine. However, the benefits to ALCo were negated by bad timing; the market for locomotives was declining after the height of the dieselization era and EMD's GP9 was on the market as a proven competitor backed by a service infrastructure that ALCo, since the dissolution of the GE partnership, lacked. Sales were disappointing and ALCo's profitability suffered.

GE entered the export road-diesel locomotive market in 1956, then the domestic market in 1960, and quickly took the No. 2 position from ALCo, and eventually eclipsed EMD in overall production. Despite continual innovation in its designs (the first AC/DC transmission among others), ALCo gradually succumbed to its competition, in which its former ally, General Electric, was an important element.

India during 1960s began gradual withdrawal of Steam locomotives from Indian Railways so the Diesel electric locomotive WDM series was developed by Banaras Locomotive Works with help of American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for Indian Railways. In 1962 Alco locomotives entered in service and since then Thousands of Alco class Locomotive WDM-2, WDM-3A , WDM-3D would be manufactured and rebuilt which would make most successful locomotives of Indian Railways serving both passenger and freight trains and still retain operational status for Indian railways today

A new line of Century locomotives including the 630 (the first AC/DC transmission), the 430 and the 636, the first 3,600 horsepower (2.7 MW) locomotive, failed to keep the enterprise going. Third-place in the market proved to be an impossible position; ALCo products had neither the market position nor reputation for reliability of EMD's products, nor the financing muscle and customer support of GE. It could not earn enough profits. In the late 1960s, Alco gradually ceased locomotive production, shipping its last two locomotives, a pair of T-6 switchers to the Newburgh & South Shore Railroad (#1016 and #1017) in January 1969. ALCo closed its Schenectady locomotive plant later that year, and sold its designs to the Montreal Locomotive Works in Canada. The vast ALCo Schenectady plant was completely demolished by 2019, and its site is now occupied by a large industrial park.

Diversification
Alco diversified into areas other than automobiles with greater success. During World War II, Alco built munitions for the war effort, in addition to locomotive production; this continued throughout the Korean War. After the Korean War, Alco began making oil production equipment and heat exchangers for nuclear plants.

In 1955, the company was renamed Alco Products, Incorporated. By this stage, locomotive production only accounted for 20% of the business.

The first nuclear power plant connected to the electrical grid, the SM-1, was built for the Army Nuclear Power Program at Fort Belvoir in Virginia in 1957. Another complete plant, the PM-2A, was shipped to and constructed at Camp Century in Greenland. The Camp Century plant was filmed by the U.S. Army.

Purchase and division
The company was purchased in 1964 by the Worthington Corporation, which merged with the Studebaker corporation in 1967 to form Studebaker-Worthington, Alco remaining a wholly owned subsidiary. Former divisions of Alco became semi-independent subsidiaries in 1968.

After the termination of locomotive production in 1969, the locomotive designs (but not the engine development rights) were transferred to the Montreal Locomotive Works, which continued their manufacture. The diesel engine business was sold to White Motor Corporation in 1970, which developed White Industrial Power. In 1977 White Industrial Power was sold to the British General Electric Company (GEC) which renamed the unit Alco Power. The business was subsequently sold to the Fairbanks-Morse corporation, which continues to manufacture Alco-designed engines in addition to their own design.

The heat exchanger business continued as Alco Products for a time. At some later point, some of the heat exchanger products were manufactured by the Alco Products Division of Smithco Engineering in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Smithco). In January 1983, certain assets of the Alco Products Division of Smithco, namely double-pipe and hairpin-type heat exchanger products sold under the "Alco Twin" name, mark and style, were sold in an asset sale by Smithco to Bos-Hatten, a subsidiary of Nitram Energy. Following the sale of these assets, Smithco remained in business, manufacturing other heat exchange products. In 1985, the assets acquired from Smithco were assigned by Bos-Hatten to its parent, Nitram. In 2008, Nitram was acquired by Peerless Manufacturing Co In 2015, Peerless sold its heat exchanger business to Koch Heat Transfer Co.

Epilogue
After the closure of Alco's Schenectady works, locomotives to Alco designs continued to be manufactured in Canada by Montreal Locomotive Works and in Australia by AE Goodwin.

In addition, Until 2022, Alco-derived locomotives accounted for most of the diesel power on the Indian Railways. Many thousands of locomotives with Alco lineage are in regular mainline use in India. Most of these locomotives were built by the Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) at Varanasi, India. The Diesel Loco Modernisation Works (DMW) at Patiala, India, do mid-life rebuilding and upgrading the power of these locomotives, typically the 2600 hp WDM-2 to 3100 hp.

A number of Alco and MLW diesel-electric locomotives (models DL500C, DL532B, DL537, DL543, MX627 and MX636) are in daily use hauling freight trains of the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE) in Greece. The oldest of them (class A.201, DL532B) were delivered to the former Hellenic State Railways (SEK) in 1962. In addition to a variety of standard gauge locomotives, the fleet includes 11 metre gauge Alco locomotives, mainly used for departmental trains in the Peloponnese network. The MX627 and MX636 locomotives have been extensively rebuilt at Piraeus Central Factory of OSE. The remaining Alco locomotives are also being rebuilt, starting with models DL532B and DL537.

The ALCO 251 diesel engine is still manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse of Beloit, Wisconsin, a company which also manufactured diesel locomotives. Additionally, Alco diesel engines are used to power the NASA Crawler Transporter.

Alco and MLW locomotives still work on many regional and tourist railroads across the United States and Canada, including the Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the Catskill Mountain Railroad in Kingston; the Livonia, Avon and Lakeville Railroad family of lines based in Lakeville, New York, the Lake Whatcom Railway in Wickersham, Washington and the Middletown & Hummelstown Railroad in Middletown, Pennsylvania. The latter owns one of the last true ALCO switchers ever built, #1016. The 1016 is a T-6 type switcher engine. This and ALCO sister 151 (ex Western Maryland Railway S-6) provide daily service in Middletown. Two original Alco RS-2's that were delivered to the Nevada Northern Railway are still in operation.

ALCO-Cooke 2-8-0 #18, built in 1920, survives in passenger service on the Arcade & Attica Railroad in Arcade, New York. It returned to service in May 2009 after a six-year overhaul to bring it into compliance with the FRA's new steam locomotive regulations.

Great Western 60, a 2-8-0 built in Schenectady in 1937, currently operates in passenger service on the Black River & Western Railroad in Ringoes, NJ.

Some Alcos survive on Australian networks, as well as in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Another fleet of Alco Bombardier locomotives run in rugged terrain on the Sri Lanka railway network. Argentina also has a healthy fleet of Alcos DL540 running commuter and cargo trains.

The Glenbrook Vintage Railway New Zealand, has a 2-4-4-2 articulated compound mallet, built by Alco in 1912. Only four mallets with this wheel arrangement were ever built; the other three by Baldwin. This unique loco is currently out of service awaiting overhaul.

During the 1970s, Romania's UCMR Resita made licensed engines from ALCo, putting the engines 6&12R251 into naval gensets and also with the 6R251 in FAUR factory were made locomotives known as LDH 1500 CP. (CFR Classes 67/68/70/71 and CFR Class 61). They were also exported in Iran and Greece (OSE)

Preserved Alco steam locomotives
While regular production of steam locomotives by Alco ended in the 1950s, Alco-built steam engines have been preserved in locations across North America. They can be found on the Nevada Northern Railway in Ely, Nevada; at the Orange Empire Railway Museum in California, on the Lake Whatcom Railway in Washington and on the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad in Colorado. Several Alco-built mainline engines are still operational, such as Union Pacific 844, Union Pacific Big Boy 4014, Milwaukee Road 261, Soo Line 1003, and Florida East Coast 148. UP Challenger 3985 ran in UP excursion service until 2010, but is now being restored by the Railroad Heritage of Midwest America museum.

In Portugal an Alco 2-8-2 locomotive built 1945 (Construction number: 73480) is displayed at the National Railway Museum at Entroncamento.

Another, preserved, Alco-built locomotive, is a 2-10-0 construction number 75506/1947 (local name Ty246), stored at Zduńska Wola Railway Museum, Poland.

In Spain an Alco 2-3-0 locomotive built 1916 (Construction number: 57068) is displayed at the Ceuta old Station.

In India, the very first WDM-1 and WDM-2 are preserved at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi.

Popular culture
In February 2014, in the episode The Locomotive Manipulation of the TV series The Big Bang Theory, takes place on a train pulled by what is described as an "Alco FA-4".

Noted railroad artist Howard L. Fogg began his career at Alco. Hired in 1946 as Alco's new company artist, Fogg began painting locomotives in the livery of prospective customers and taking photographs of them.

At an Alco gala at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, Lucius Beebe, a noted journalist with the New York Herald-Tribune, sought out Fogg. Beebe was considering leaving New York to write railroad books. They began a long-term collaboration, with Beebe buying Fogg's paintings and commissioning new ones for use in his books. In 1947, Beebe's book, Mixed Train Daily, was the first of many to use a Fogg painting on the cover. Fogg was also used by many other railroad authors because of his skill at capturing action shots. With commissions from individuals, authors, publishers, railroads, and related industrial firms flourishing, in 1957 Fogg ended his formal agreement with Alco. He continued to paint periodic commissions for them for a number of years.

title: American Locomotive Company


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User talk:Atlwomenbiker

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 01:03, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

User:Atlwomenbiker
I've added the "" template to your user page (User:Atlwomenbiker), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy).

Please note that the purpose of a user page is not as a personal homepage or used as a general webhosting service, but as a way for active editors of Wikipedia to introduce themselves to other editors. If you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues here or on my user talk page. You may remove the deletion notice, and the page will not be deleted for the moment, but note that it may still be sent to Miscellany for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Calton | Talk 05:08, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atlwomenbiker


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Wolf Prize

The Wolf Prize is an international award granted in Israel, that has been presented most years since 1978 to living scientists and artists for "achievements in the interest of mankind and friendly relations among people ... irrespective of nationality, race, colour, religion, sex or political views."

History
The prize is awarded in Israel by the Wolf Foundation, founded by Ricardo Wolf, a German-born inventor and former Cuban ambassador to Israel. It is awarded in six fields: Agriculture, Chemistry, Mathematics, Medicine, Physics, and an Arts prize that rotates between architecture, music, painting, and sculpture. Each prize consists of a diploma and US$100,000. The awards ceremony typically takes place at a session in the Knesset. The prize is described by the Foundation as being "awarded annually", but is not in fact awarded every year: between 2000 and 2010, only six prizes were awarded in most fields, and only four in Physics.

The Wolf Prizes in physics and chemistry are often considered the most prestigious awards in those fields after the Nobel Prize. The prize in physics has gained a reputation for identifying future winners of the Nobel Prize – from the 26 prizes awarded between 1978 and 2010, fourteen winners have gone on to win the Nobel Prize, five of those in the following year.

In medicine, the prize is probably the third most prestigious, after the Nobel Prize and the Lasker Award. Until the establishment of the Abel Prize, the Wolf Prize was probably the closest equivalent of a "Nobel Prize in Mathematics", since the more prestigious Fields Medal was only awarded every four years to mathematicians under forty years old. In agriculture, the prize has likewise been equated to a "Nobel Prize in Agriculture".

The most recent Wolf Prize was awarded in June 2022 to:

 * Agriculture—Pamela Ronald "for pioneering work on disease resistance and environmental stress tolerance in rice".
 * Chemistry—Bonnie L. Bassler, Carolyn R. Bertozzi, and Benjamin F. Cravatt III "for their seminal contributions to understanding the chemistry of cellular communication and inventing chemical methodologies to study the role of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in such biological processes".
 * Mathematics—George Lusztig "for groundbreaking contributions to representation theory and related areas".
 * Physics—Paul Corkum, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L'Huillier "for pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics".
 * Architecture—Yoshiharu Tsukamoto and Momoyo Kaijima "for their work that highlights the importance to Architecture of its ethnographic and inhabitational characteristics, in their writings and practice", and Elizabeth Diller "for her exceptional and influential work connecting architecture to artistic practice, engaged in the public domain".

Laureates per country
Below is a chart of all laureates per country (updated to 2023 laureates). Some laureates are counted more than once if have multiple citizenship.

title: Wolf Prize


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Talk:Library management

other issues
The points raised about library management are all true, of course. There are a couple of other issues that might be highlighted. These include: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.194.13.102 (talk • contribs)
 * the management of personnel within the library [among other things such issues as professional, para-professional and non-professional staff and their roles; changing nature of library work and workplaces; changing structures in libraries]
 * the management of budgets
 * the integration of libraries in their wider organisations [read: politics?]
 * the changing nature of information and its communication, and the significance of that for libraries and similar organisations.

library technical services
This article throws together issues of library management, the long-range planning handled by the head of the library or its board of directors, and library technical services, which deals with the day-to-day decisions of cataloging, acquisitions, etc. which are handled by library assistants and their supervisors. I'll create separate articles when I have time. GUllman 20:32, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Library constructs
I added a section that describes the most common library constructs and the dewey decimal system. My Best, --FGuerino (talk) 20:11, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Library management


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User:Littleoerwin

de:Benutzer:Erwin E aus U

hi,

my name is erwin, i am a Social Worker from Ulm, Germany, and my english is not so good (instead of saying very bad :-)).

my interests are music (especially rock of the 60th and 70th and Krautrock), my club, the DLRG, the German Lifeguard Society, sports (especially diving, skiing, swimming and volleyball), reading (sci-fi, fantasy, biographies and John Irving) and some others.

what i want do in the english wikipedia: i want to translate articles into german, maybe also german articles into english. and i set interlinks to the german edition of wikipedia, to make wikipedia an international free encyclopedia.

if you can understand the german language and you are interessted in my work, please see at my german homepage under the headword artikelseite.

hope to make a good work

erwin

my first article in english, Senta Berger, is a translation with babelfish of alta vista of my own article in de.wiki

title: User:Littleoerwin


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Street dance

Street dance is an umbrella term for a large number of social dance styles such as: breakdancing, popping, locking, house dance, waacking, voguing etc. Social dance styles have many accompanying steps and foundations, created organically from a culture, a moment in time, a way of life, influenced by natural social interaction. A street dance is a vernacular dance in an urban context. Vernacular dances are often improvisational and social in nature, encouraging interaction and contact with spectators and other dancers. These dances are a part of the vernacular culture of the geographical area that they come from.

History
Street dance evolved during the 1970s outside dance studios in any available open space. This includes streets, dance parties, block parties, parks, school yards, raves, and nightclubs. This is partly because African American and Latino people who created the style were generally not accepted into dance studios because of their race. A significant feature of street dance is that it was historically a dance of young people offering a sense of freedom and giving a 'voice' to unrepresented communities.

Due to the mix of styles within street dance, its origin can not be traced to one precise area, however, America is the birthplace of most street styles. Breakdance originated in the Bronx and Lite Feet emerged in Harlem, both in New York City, while popping and locking developed during the 1970s funk era in California, USA. Clogging, which evolved in the streets and factories of Northern England in the mid-19th century, is an early form of street dance.

title: Street dance


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Talk:Victoria University of Wellington

Photos of VUW
The picture of RH building needs replacing all you can see is the beehive

I agree with what was said about managerialism but it is not NPOV and therefore has no place in wikipedia

I'm happy to take a picture of as many VUW buildings as people want (almost all the other ones on the page are mine). Please suggest what you would like/guidelines and I'll get onto it. - dean

done - dean —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deanpemberton (talk • contribs) 09:14, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

VUWSA
Surely there needs to be a page for the student's association? --Gregstephens 01:13, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sir,I am studying B.Tech (C.S.E) in INDIA. I would like to do M.S in NEWZEALAND. Please list universities which offer free education. My mail address is satish2k5forever@yahoo.co.in

Sorry dude, you know what they say - There's no such thing as a free lunch. :-) Ppe42 12:52, September 10, 2005 (UTC)

University Entrance
The first paragraph implies that Bursary is the normal means of admission. Someone who knows how NCEA works (does any such person exist?) should update this. T J McKenzie 23:15, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

I talked to a year 13 student last night, who's applying for entrance to Vic for next year. According to her, the entry requirement for most subjects is only 42 credits; 14 from each of three different subjects. I've just had a look at the NZQA website, which indicates that it's slightly more complicated, but I'll have a go at updating the page now. T J McKenzie 07:32, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Victoria's entry requirements are relatively simple, they're not mysterious and a quick look at the University's website would have revealed this page: http://www.vuw.ac.nz/home/studying/enrol_admission.html Essentially if you have the required credits at NCEA (or equivalent) there is direct entry into all first year courses. However, for some courses, eg law, architecture, entry into second year is dependent on the students' grades at first year.

List of students
The list looks unreasonably long. It needs a trim and the rest of the names can be spun off to a separate article or its own category. Just before you cite another university's long list, I've seen University of Edinburgh and the likes, and they need a trim also. Mr Bluefin 11:47, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Personally, I don't see anything wrong with it. If someone is notable enough to have an article on Wikipedia, then they should be included on it I suppose, unless you want to create a category for them?  But the redlinks should go. --Midnighttonight please tell me off for procrastinating on my essay! 22:27, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Updating
I fixed up a few inaccuracies surrounding student numbers and added in links to pages on the University's website regarding Victoria's Maori name, its history, campuses and faculties. Also alumnus for a male, alumna for a woman, alumnae for a group of women and alumni for a mixed group

Marilyn Waring is now a Professor at AUT University. She was appointed to the Institute of Public Policy at AUT in May 2006. (Sinista 02:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC))

Further updating
As well, the University's style for an honours degree is BA(Hons) not BA (Hon). As well Douglas Lilburn only had an hon doc so by convention should not have been called Dr Douglas Lilburn. The article suggested that only Victoria and Auckland University offer architecture qualifications, this is incorrect, they are also offered by Unitec New Zealand.

Faculties and Schools at Victoria University
Clearly someone who knows nothing of the University's organisational structure has incorrectly changed the organisational section to place schools under faculties. This is not correct and even a quick glance at the University's website here: Org chart would have made that plain. The confusion occurs because many people, including the University's own staff, sadly cannot separate in their minds academic management from line management.

Academic management is in the hands of Faculties, each of which is headed by a Dean. Faculties are the collection of academics who meet in a Faculty Board and are the guardians of qualifications offered by the Faculty. For example, the Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences offers a Bachelor of Arts in Architectural Studies. Therefore, academic staff from the School of Architecture are entitled to attend meetings of the Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences. Likewise, academics from the School of Accounting and Commercial Law regularly attend the Faculty of Law meetings.

Line management sees the Heads of the 27 Schools at Victoria (the list left off one in Education, Te Kura Maori) reporting to a Pro Vice-Chancellor. For example, while staff of the School of Government provide courses largely for qualifications offered by the Faculty of Commerce & Administration (headed by Professor Peter Thirkell), the Head of that School (Professor Gary Hawke) reports to the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Government Relations) Professor Tony Smith who, is also a Dean of Law. Some courses are also offered by units other than Schools (eg, Va'aomanu Pasifika, the International Institute of Modern Letters and the Stout Research Centre for New Zealand Studies).

The confusion occurs primarily because, with the exception of the University's College of Education, there is no collective term to describe the group of Schools that report to a Pro Vice-Chancellor. Nznewsguy

Update
I updated the enrolment figures now that the 2006 Annual Report is available www.victoria.ac.nz/annualreports Someone had correctly added that Victoria was fourth in the 2006 PBRF but incorrectly said it was fourth in 2003 - it was third in 2003 and effectively dropped a place.

Minor correction
Someone put that John Clarke had graduated with a BA. You will find that while he was a student at Victoria, he never completed let alone graduated from the University. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nznewsguy (talk • contribs) 20:47, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Motto

 * sapientia magis auro desideranda
 * "Wisdom is more to be desired than gold"

The university does not now officially claim to have any motto at all; I do not know when the above motto ceased to be used. I've therefore added a cn tag. The above motto does still appear on a couple of memorial plaques around the campus, but only as a matter of historical interest. The tagline most associated with the university now is "It makes you think", from its advertising campaigns over the last few years.

(I leave it as an exercise for the reader to decide whether it is simply that the powers that be within the university would prefer that people forget the above motto ever existed.) 130.195.86.36 (talk) 23:41, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

(If the benchmark for a motto at VUW is "Appears on a plaque around campus" then an equally valid motto could well be "This University Sucks")  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deanpemberton (talk • contribs) 03:29, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

what does "Entry" being "open" mean?
From my background in the US, the sentence "Entry to all courses at first year is open, and entry to second year in some programmes (e.g. law, criminology, creative writing, architecture) is restricted." leaves me quite confused. Both the words 'entry' and 'course' seem to be used differently than they are in the US. I'm guessing it has something to do with requirements to declare a major in a course of study (vs a single course taken during a semester), but I'm guessing. Can someone clarify the language to be more widely understandable? Thanks! ★NealMcB★ (talk) 05:11, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

VUW no longer occupies railway
As far as I know, anyway — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.195.253.43 (talk) 01:51, 21 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes I believe you are correct - please feel free to correct the article. Andrewgprout (talk) 07:36, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Name change
The institution is consulting on a name change. Please don't change the name of the article until this actually happens, as per policy, since there is a great deal of work involved in changing the name, since it involves renaming categories with thousands of articles. Stuartyeates (talk) 19:37, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victoria University of Wellington