text:
Isle of Wight Festival

The Isle of Wight Festival is a British music festival which takes place annually in Newport on the Isle of Wight, England. It was originally a counterculture event held from 1968 to 1970.

The 1970 event was by far the largest of these early festivals and the unexpectedly high attendance levels led, in 1971, to Parliament adding a section to the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971 preventing overnight open-air gatherings of more than 5,000 people on the island without a special licence from the council. The event was revived in 2002.

Original festival
The original events were promoted and organised by the Foulk brothers (Ron and Ray Foulk) under the banner of their company Fiery Creations Limited and their younger brother Bill Foulk. The venues were Ford Farm (near Godshill), Wootton and Afton Down (near Freshwater) respectively. The 1969 event featured Bob Dylan and the Band. This was Dylan's first paid performance since his motor cycle accident some three years earlier, and was held at a time when many still wondered if he would ever perform again. Followers from across the world trekked to the Isle of Wight for the performance. Estimates of 150,000–250,000 attended. The 1969 festival opened on Friday 29 August—eleven days after the close of Woodstock. Dylan was living in Woodstock, New York, at the time and it was widely believed that he would perform there, after the event had been "put in his own backyard". As it happened, Dylan left for the Isle of Wight on 15 August—the day the Woodstock festival began.

The 1970 event was by far the largest of these early festivals; indeed it was said at the time to be one of the largest human gatherings in the world, with estimates of over 600,000, surpassing the attendance at Woodstock. Included in the line-up of over fifty performers were Jimi Hendrix, Miles Davis, The Doors, The Who, Lighthouse, Ten Years After, Terry Reid, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Joni Mitchell, The Moody Blues, Melanie, Donovan, Gilberto Gil, Free, Chicago, Richie Havens, John Sebastian, Leonard Cohen, Jethro Tull, Taste (Irish band) and Tiny Tim. The unexpectedly high attendance levels led, in 1971, to Parliament adding a section to the Isle of Wight County Council Act 1971 preventing overnight open-air gatherings of more than 5,000 people on the island without a special licence from the council.

The 1970 festival was filmed by a film crew under director Murray Lerner, who at that point had just directed the Academy Award-nominated documentary Festival of the Newport Folk Festival. The footage passed to Lerner in settlement of legal fees after a dispute with the Foulk brothers in which each side claimed against the other for breach of contract. Lerner distilled material from the festival into the film Message to Love (released on video in the US as Message to Love: The Isle of Wight Festival: The Movie ) released theatrically in 1996 and subsequently on DVD. In addition to this film, Lerner has created full-length films focused on performances by individual artists at the 1970 festival. To date there have been individual films of Miles Davis, Jimi Hendrix, The Who, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, The Moody Blues, Free, Taste (Irish band), Leonard Cohen, Jethro Tull, The Doors and Joni Mitchell. Dave Roe (ex Liverpool Collegiate) produced all the psychedelic artwork for posters and advertising material.

1968
The first festival was held at Hells Field, Ford farm, near Godshill, on 31 August and 1 September 1968, and was attended by about 10,000 people. Jefferson Airplane headlined, with Arthur Brown, The Move, Smile, Tyrannosaurus Rex, Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation, Plastic Penny, Fairport Convention, and The Pretty Things also performing.

1969
This took place on 30 and 31 August 1969 at Wootton, with an estimated attendance of 150,000. The line-up included Bob Dylan, The Band, The Nice, The Pretty Things, Marsha Hunt, The Who, Third Ear Band, Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Fat Mattress, Joe Cocker. Many celebrities of the day also attended the Festival, including John Lennon and Yoko Ono, George Harrison with Pattie Boyd, Ringo Starr with Maureen Starkey, Keith Richards and Jane Fonda.

1970
This event was held between 26 and 30 August 1970 at Afton Down. Attendance has been estimated by the Guinness Book of Records to have been 600,000 or even 700,000. However promoter Ray Foulk has said he believes it to have been half of that. It was widely reported on, due to its line-up and extremely high attendance. Acts included Jimi Hendrix, Miles Davis, Jethro Tull, Ten Years After, Chicago, The Doors, Lighthouse, The Who (whose set produced a live album), Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Supertramp, The Moody Blues, Joan Baez, Free, Joni Mitchell, Leonard Cohen, Kris Kristofferson, Donovan, Ralph McTell, John Sebastian, Terry Reid, Taste (Irish band), Redbone and Shawn Phillips.

Revived festival details
The event was revived in 2002 at Seaclose Park, a recreation ground on the outskirts of Newport. It has been held annually since that year, progressively extending itself northwards beyond Seaclose Park along the fields of the eastern Medina valley. Many artists have performed since its revival including The Rolling Stones, Blondie, Amy Winehouse, Robbie Williams, Paolo Nutini, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, The Prodigy, Green Day, Paul McCartney, Fleetwood Mac, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Muse, Boy George, Sex Pistols, Rod Stewart, Calvin Harris, Stereophonics, Yungblud, Pulp, Faithless, Donovan, Ray Davies, Robert Plant, Queen + Adam Lambert, David Bowie, Liam Gallagher, Noel Gallagher’s High Flying Birds, Manic Street Preacher, The Who,  The High Kings, Placebo, R.E.M., Travis, Coldplay, The Zombies, Pearl Jam, The Proclaimers, Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams, The Police, Foo Fighters, The Killers, Nile Rodgers and Chic, The Stone Roses, Madness, Lewis Capaldi, Paloma Faith, James Marriott, Kings of Leon and Rick Astley. Bowie's 13 June 2004 concert would prove to be his last live performance in the UK following emergency angioplasty in Hamburg after a concert in Germany twelve days later which eventually saw him retire from touring. It was sponsored by Nokia from 2004 to 2006. The promoters of the event now are Solo Promoters Ltd.

There was no festival in 2020.

2002
Held 3 June 2002
 * Attendance: 8,000 (approx.)
 * Headline acts (Saturday): The Charlatans, Robert Plant

2003
Held 14–15 June 2003
 * Attendance: 15,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Saturday: Paul Weller, Starsailor
 * Sunday: Bryan Adams, Counting Crows

2004
Held 11–13 June 2004
 * Attendance: 35,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Friday: Stereophonics, Groove Armada
 * Saturday: The Who, Manic Street Preachers
 * Sunday: David Bowie, The Charlatans

2005
Held 10–12 June 2005
 * Attendance: 50,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Friday: Faithless, Razorlight
 * Saturday: Travis, Roxy Music
 * Sunday: R.E.M., Snow Patrol

2006
Held 9–11 June 2006
 * Attendance: 50,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Friday – The Prodigy, Placebo
 * Saturday: Foo Fighters, Primal Scream
 * Sunday: Coldplay, Richard Ashcroft

2007
Held 8–10 June 2007
 * Attendance: 60,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Friday: Snow Patrol, Groove Armada
 * Saturday: Muse, Kasabian
 * Sunday: The Rolling Stones, Keane

2008
Held 13–15 June 2008
 * Attendance: 55,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Björn Again, Suspiciously Elvis
 * Friday: Kaiser Chiefs, N.E.R.D
 * Saturday: Sex Pistols, Ian Brown
 * Sunday: The Police, The Kooks

2009
Held 12–14 June 2009
 * Attendance: 50,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) The Human League, King Meets Queen
 * Friday: The Prodigy, Basement Jaxx
 * Saturday: Stereophonics, Razorlight
 * Sunday: Neil Young, Pixies

2010
Held 11–13 June 2010
 * Attendance: 60,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Squeeze, Are You Experienced
 * Friday: Jay-Z, Florence and the Machine
 * Saturday: The Strokes, Blondie
 * Sunday: Paul McCartney, P!nk

2011
Held 10–12 June 2011
 * Attendance: 65,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Boy George, ABC
 * Friday: Kings of Leon, Kaiser Chiefs
 * Saturday: Foo Fighters, Pulp
 * Sunday: Kasabian, Beady Eye

2012
Held 22–24 June 2012
 * Attendance: 55,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Primal Scream, The Stranglers
 * Friday: Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers, Elbow
 * Saturday: Pearl Jam, Biffy Clyro
 * Sunday: Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

2013
Held 14–16 June 2013
 * Attendance: 58,000 (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Happy Mondays, The Farm
 * Friday: The Stone Roses, Paul Weller
 * Saturday: The Killers, Bloc Party
 * Sunday: Bon Jovi, The Script

2014
Held 12–15 June 2014
 * Attendance: 58,000+ (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Boy George, Inspiral Carpets
 * Friday: Calvin Harris, Biffy Clyro
 * Saturday: Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Specials
 * Sunday: Kings of Leon, Suede

2015
Held 11–14 June 2015
 * Attendance: 58,000+ (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Billy Idol, UB40
 * Friday: The Prodigy, The Black Keys
 * Saturday: Blur, Pharrell Williams
 * Sunday: Fleetwood Mac, Paolo Nutini

2016
Held 9–12 June 2016
 * Attendance: 58,000+ (approx)
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Status Quo, Cast
 * Friday: Faithless, Stereophonics
 * Saturday: The Who, Richard Ashcroft
 * Sunday: Queen + Adam Lambert, Ocean Colour Scene

2017
Held 8–11 June 2017
 * Attendance: 45,000+
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Razorlight, Starsailor
 * Friday: David Guetta, Run-D.M.C.
 * Saturday: Arcade Fire, Catfish and the Bottlemen
 * Sunday: Rod Stewart, Bastille

2018
Held 21–24 June 2018
 * Attendance: 72,000
 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) The Wombats, Hot Dub Time Machine
 * Friday: Kasabian, The Script
 * Saturday: Depeche Mode, Liam Gallagher
 * Sunday: The Killers, Manic Street Preachers

2019
Held 13–16 June 2019
 * Attendance: 59,000
 * Headline Acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Wet Wet Wet, Heather Small
 * Friday: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Courteeners
 * Saturday: Fatboy Slim, George Ezra
 * Sunday: Biffy Clyro, Richard Ashcroft

2020
The 2020 event, which had been scheduled for 11–15 June, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

 * Originally scheduled headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Happy Mondays
 * Friday: Lionel Richie, Lewis Capaldi
 * Saturday: Snow Patrol, The Chemical Brothers
 * Sunday: Duran Duran, Black Eyed Peas

On 12–14 June 2020, Absolute Radio and Sky Arts both held virtual festivals, broadcasting selected acts from the festival's archives, including exclusive footage from the 1970 edition.

2021
The 2021 event was originally scheduled to take place on 17–20 June, it was postponed to 16–19 September, the first time that it took place in the autumn.

 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Scouting for Girls, Sophie Ellis Bextor
 * Friday: Liam Gallagher, Tom Jones
 * Saturday: David Guetta, Snow Patrol
 * Sunday: Duran Duran, The Script,

Sky Arts broadcast sets from the show each night of the festival from 7pm with Becky Hill, Kaiser Chiefs and Razorlight's sets shown alongside the headliners.

2022
The 2022 event took place on 16–19 June.

 * Headline acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Happy Mondays, Heather Small
 * Friday: Lewis Capaldi, Madness,
 * Saturday: Pete Tong, Kasabian,
 * Sunday: Muse, Rudimental

2023
The 2023 event took place on 15–18 June.

 * Headline Acts:
 * Thursday: (Big Top) Groove Armada (DJ set), LF System
 * Friday: Pulp, Courteeners
 * Saturday: The Chemical Brothers, George Ezra
 * Sunday: Robbie Williams, Blondie

2024
The 2024 event took place on 20-23 June

 * Headline Acts:

 * Thursday: (Big Top) Scouting for Girls, Dagny

 * Friday: The Prodigy, The Streets

 * Saturday: Pet Shop Boys, Keane
 * Sunday: Green Day, Simple Minds

Awards

 * rowspan="2" |2007
 * rowspan="2" |UK Festival Awards
 * Best Major Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" |
 * Outstanding Contribution to UK Festivals
 * John Giddings
 * Won
 * 2009
 * ILMC 21 Arthur Awards
 * Liggers' Favourite Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="4" |2015
 * rowspan="2" |UK Festival Awards
 * Best Family Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" |
 * Headline Performance of the Year
 * Fleetwood Mac
 * Won
 * Isle of Wight Visitor Attraction Association Awards
 * Best Activity/Event
 * N/A
 * Won
 * Festival Baby Awards
 * Best Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="4" |2016
 * Family Traveller Awards
 * Best Family Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * ILMC 28 Arthur Awards
 * Liggers' Favourite Festival
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Live Music Business Awards
 * Best Festival
 * N/A
 * Won
 * Red Funnel Isle of Wight Awards
 * Best Event to Lie Back & Soak Up the Sounds
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="2" |2017
 * ILMC 29 Arthur Awards
 * Liggers' Favourite Festival
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Red Funnel Isle of Wight Awards
 * Best Event to Lie Back & Soak Up the Sounds
 * N/A
 * Won
 * rowspan="12" |2018
 * Red Funnel Isle of Wight Awards
 * Best Event to Lie Back & Soak Up the Sounds
 * N/A
 * Won
 * Audio Production Awards
 * Best New Producer
 * Nick Harris
 * Won
 * Event Production Awards
 * Music Event of the Year
 * N/A
 * Won
 * ILMC 30 Arthur Awards
 * Liggers' Favourite Festival
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Music Week Awards
 * Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="3" |Radio Academy Awards
 * Best Coverage of an Event
 * Absolute Radio|| Nominated
 * rowspan="3" |
 * Best New Presenter
 * James Bay|| Nominated
 * Best Factual Storytelling
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * Best Festival/Event
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="3" |UK Festival Awards
 * Best Festival Production
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="4" |
 * Best Major Festival
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Line-Up of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="5" |2019
 * Broadcast Awards
 * Best Music Programme
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Event Production Awards
 * Music Event of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Live Music Business Awards
 * Best Festival Performance
 * Biffy Clyro|| Nominated
 * Music Week Awards
 * Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * Q Best Festival/Event
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * 2020
 * Pollstar Awards
 * International Music Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * James Bay|| Nominated
 * Best Factual Storytelling
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * Best Festival/Event
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="3" |UK Festival Awards
 * Best Festival Production
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="4" |
 * Best Major Festival
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Line-Up of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * rowspan="5" |2019
 * Broadcast Awards
 * Best Music Programme
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Event Production Awards
 * Music Event of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Live Music Business Awards
 * Best Festival Performance
 * Biffy Clyro|| Nominated
 * Music Week Awards
 * Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * Q Best Festival/Event
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * 2020
 * Pollstar Awards
 * International Music Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Biffy Clyro|| Nominated
 * Music Week Awards
 * Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * Q Awards
 * Q Best Festival/Event
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * 2020
 * Pollstar Awards
 * International Music Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * 2020
 * Pollstar Awards
 * International Music Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated
 * International Music Festival of the Year
 * N/A|| Nominated

title: Isle of Wight Festival


text:
Ring Road (disambiguation)

A ring road is a road that encircles a town, city or country. The article includes examples of ring roads.

Ring Road may also refer to:

Roads

 * List of ring roads

Arts and entertainment

 * Ring Road (film), a 2015 Indian Kannada-language film
 * Ring Road (EP), a 2020 EP by American indie rock band Dirty Projectors
 * "Ring Road" (song), by Underworld, 2008
 * "Ring Roadu", a song by Hemachandra, Geetha Madhuri and Koti from the 2011 Indian film Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju
 * Ring Roads, a translation of Les Boulevards de ceinture, a 1972 novel by Patrick Modiano

Other uses

 * Ring languages, or Ring Road languages, in Cameroon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ring Road (disambiguation)


text:
DJ Rap

Charissa Saverio (born 7 December 1968), and better known as DJ Rap, is a British drum and bass, house and progressive electronic music producer and DJ.

While the majority of her work is in the jungle style, her more successful work is in traditional electronic music. DJ Rap owns, records for, runs and A&Rs two record labels Propa Talent and Impropa Talent. She is also a producer, model and actress.

Biography
DJ Rap was born in Singapore, daughter of an Italian father and an Irish-Malaysian mother. The family moved to Southampton, England, when Saverio was a teenager. She later lived in Walthamstow, East London before she became a DJ.

She has worked as an engineer, often collaborating with other artists. After being the first artist on the scene to self-release her first CD, she signed to Sony along with Grooverider and Leftfield.

Her artist album, Learning Curve, was released in 1999 to critical acclaim, and resulted in several stylized music videos, including two versions of "Good to Be Alive" (one for the CD version and another for the radio remix) and "Bad Girl", a song about having to be a strong woman to survive. Rolling Stone gave Learning Curve three and a half stars, stating "this is the record Madonna wanted to make".

She also released compilation albums Journeys by DJ, Propa Classics Vol. 1 and   2, Brave New World, Armani Exchange CHEMISTRY and Touching Bass, Bulletproof, and Up All Night.

DJ Rap has also done vocals for several artists, including BT (for "Giving Up the Ghost") and Art of Trance (for "Madagascar [Domi Nation Remix]").

In 2014, she played "Hologram Girl" in The Principle, a documentary examining the Copernican Principle.

In the short films Riddle of the Mask and Truth of the Mask, she portrayed Helena Bertinelli aka the Huntress.

Albums

 * Intelligence (1995)
 * Learning Curve (1999)
 * Synthesis (2010)

Mix albums

 * Journeys Through the Land of Drum N Bass (Journeys by DJ, 1995)
 * Propa Talent Classics, Volume 1 (2001)
 * Touching Bass (2003)
 * Bulletproof (2005)
 * Up All Night (2006)
 * A Propa History, Volume 1 (2008)

Singles

 * "Divine Rhythm" (1992) (with Voyager)
 * "Spiritual Aura" (1994)
 * "Total Tangent / Tibetan Jungle" (1994)
 * "Digable Bass" (1994)
 * "Switch" (1995) (with Outlaw Candy)
 * "Intelligent Woman" (1995) (with Outlaw Candy)
 * "I'm So" (1997) (vs. Da Boss)
 * "Bad Girl" (1998)
 * "Everyday Girl" (1998)
 * "Good to Be Alive" (1998) (US Dance Chart #5)
 * "Give It All Away" (2010)
 * "Feel So Alive" (2010) (with Jo)
 * "Talking to Myself" (2012) (with tyDi)
 * "Back & Forth" (2021)

title: DJ Rap


text:
Wire obstacle

In the military science of fortification, wire obstacles are defensive obstacles made from barbed wire, barbed tape or concertina wire. They are designed to disrupt, delay and generally slow down an attacking enemy. During the time that the attackers are slowed by the wire obstacle (or possibly deliberately channelled into killing zones, or both) they are easy to target with machine gun and artillery fire. Depending on the requirements and available resources, wire obstacles may range from a simple barbed wire fence in front of a defensive position, to elaborate patterns of fences, concertinas, "dragon's teeth" (which serve a similar purpose as wire obstacles, but for combat vehicles instead) and minefields (both anti-personnel and anti-armor) hundreds of metres thick.

One example is "low wire entanglement", which consists of irregularly placed stakes that have been driven into the ground with only some 15 cm (six inches) showing. The barbed wire is then wrapped and tightened on to these. An enemy combatant running through the barrier, which is difficult to see, is apt to trip and get caught.

History

Wire obstacles were used by Union Army general Ambrose Burnside during the Battle of Fort Sanders in the Knoxville campaign of the American Civil War, when telegraph wire was strung between tree stumps 30 to 80 yards in front of one part of the Union line. The Royal Danish Army also used wire fences in front of its Danevirke fortifications during the Second Schleswig War. They first saw significant military use by British forces during the Second Boer War, and reached the pinnacle of visibility during World War I where they indirectly, together with machine guns, were responsible for many (although not the majority of) casualties in the trench warfare that dominated that conflict. Wire obstacles served to magnify the substantial advantage that the repeating rifle and rapid-firing artillery, along with machine guns, had given to the defending side in the new era of warfare.

World War I entanglements could in some places be tens of metres thick and several metres deep, with the entire space filled with a random, tangled mass of barbed wire. Entanglements were often not created deliberately, but by pushing together the mess of wire formed when conventional barbed wire fences had been damaged by artillery shells. Whenever there was time and opportunity to plan and emplace wire obstacles during World War I, it was standard practice to deploy designs that would channel and concentrate attacking troops, through avenues of approach, herding them like cattle into designated killing zones i.e. fixing multiple screw pickets of wire running diagonally, away from the protected zone. This meant that a belt-fed machine-gun such as the Maschinengewehr 08 sited along that diagonal line had easy targets to enfilade when attacking troops were blocked from advancing by the wire and then massed together in a line.

Another method was to deliberately leave attractive-looking gaps in wire obstacles to give the appearance of a weak link in the defences. Such gaps were designed to act like a funnel, luring attacking troops through the opening and straight into the concentrated direct and enfilade fire of different machine gun emplacements. Because multiple water-cooled machine-guns such as the Vickers gun were used, continuous fire could be sustained for hours at a time if required. Methods for soldiers to face this threat were a small wheeled steel plate that was slowly pushed forward in front of the soldier to shield them from bullet fire as they crawled, shielded machine gun carts, the MacAdam Shield Shovel or systems like the mobile personnel shield among others. When the obstacle was reached, access holes in the shield allowed the attacking soldier to cut away at the wire obstacle with pliers from behind the protection of the armored shield.

Stormtrooper platoons included ballistic shields in their equipment list, as infiltration was one of their specialities. Relatively elaborate obstacles were also used in some phases of the Korean War, and continue to be used on the Korean Demilitarized Zone, and a few other borders. However the more fluid nature of modern war means that most obstacles used today are relatively simple, temporary barriers. Tanks and light armored vehicles can generally flatten unmined wire obstacles, although the wire can become entangled in the tracks and immobilize the vehicle. This can also occur to wheeled vehicles once the wire becomes wrapped around the axle. Wire obstacles can also be breached by intense artillery shelling or Bangalore torpedoes.

Enhanced effectiveness
The effectiveness of any wire obstacle is greatly increased by planting anti-tank and blast antipersonnel mines in and around it. Additionally, connecting bounding anti-personnel mines (e.g. the PROM-1) to the obstacle with tripwires has the effect of booby-trapping the obstacle itself, hindering attempts to clear it. Dummy tripwires can be added to cause further confusion. If anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is very easy to connect hand-grenades to the wire using trip-wires. If the use of lethal explosive devices is deemed to be unsuitable, it is easy to emplace tripflares in and around the wire obstacle in order to make night-time infiltration harder.

title: Wire obstacle


text:
Murli Manohar Joshi

Murli Manohar Joshi (born 5 January 1934) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of which he was the President between 1991 and 1993. Joshi is the former Member of Parliament from Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency. He is a former professor of physics in University of Allahabad. He is one of the senior most leaders of the BJP and one of the founding members. Joshi later became the Union Human Resources & Development Minister in the National Democratic Alliance government. Joshi was awarded Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian award, in 2017 by the Government of India. Joshi has been a member of RSS since his college days.

Background and personal life
Joshi was born in Delhi on 5 January 1934. His family hails from Almora in Kumaon region, which is now part of the Uttarakhand state. His father's name was Manmohan Joshi. The family belongs to the Brahmin community. In 1956, Joshi was married to Tarla Joshi, a lady of his own community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian way. The lifelong marriage has proven entirely harmonious and conventional. The couple are the parents of two daughters, Nivedita and Priyamvada.

Education
Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, district Bijnor and in Almora, from where his family hails. He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. In Allahabad, one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became the Sarsanghchalak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Joshi did his doctorate in physics at Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was spectroscopy. He published a research paper in Physics in Hindi, which was a first of its kind. After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching physics at Allahabad University.

Politics and activism
Joshi came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.

In December 1991, Joshi held a yatra, the Ekta Yatra, intended to signal that BJP supported national unity and opposed separatist movements. It began on 11 December in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu and visited 14 states. The rally's final stop to hoist the Indian flag in Jammu and Kashmir on 26 January 1992 was considered unsuccessful, with minimal local participation.

Joshi is known to have been influenced by the life and work of Babasaheb Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule and Deendayal Upadhyaya. Joshi was a three-term M.P. from Allahabad before he was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections of May 2004. He won election to the 15th Lok Sabha from Varanasi as a BJP candidate. He also served as the home minister for 13 days government in 1996. Joshi was appointed as Chairman of the Manifesto Preparation Board of the BJP in 2009. He was honoured as "Proud Past Alumni" of Allahabad University by Allahabad University Alumni Association.

He was a sitting MP from Varanasi and he vacated that seat for Narendra Modi in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections. He later contested from Kanpur and won from the constituency by a margin of 2.23 lac votes.

Awards and honours

 * Padma Vibhushan (2017)

title: Murli Manohar Joshi


text:
Interface bloat

In software design, interface bloat (also called fat interfaces by Bjarne Stroustrup and Refused Bequests by Martin Fowler) is when an interface incorporates too many operations on some data into an interface, only to find that most of the objects cannot perform the given operations.

Interface bloat is an example of an anti-pattern. One might consider using visitor pattern, Adapter Pattern, or interface segregation instead.

title: Interface bloat


text:
Kajol

Kajol Devgan (née Mukherjee; born 5 August 1974), known mononymously as Kajol, is an Indian actress. Described in the media as one of the most successful actresses of Hindi cinema, she is the recipient of numerous accolades, such as six Filmfare Awards, which include a record-tying five Best Actress wins. In 2011, she was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India.

The daughter of Tanuja and Shomu Mukherjee, Kajol made her acting debut with Bekhudi (1992) while still in school. She subsequently quit her studies, and had commercial successes in Baazigar (1993), and Yeh Dillagi (1994). Starring roles in the top-grossing romances Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998) established her as a leading star in the 1990s and earned her two Filmfare Awards for Best Actress. She also gained critical appreciation for playing a psychopathic killer in Gupt: The Hidden Truth (1997) and an avenger in Dushman (1998).

After starring in the family drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), which won her a third Filmfare Award, Kajol took a sabbatical from full-time acting and worked infrequently over the next decades. She won two more Best Actress awards at Filmfare for starring in the romantic thriller Fanaa (2006) and the drama My Name Is Khan (2010). Her highest-grossing releases came with the comedy Dilwale (2015) and the period film Tanhaji (2020). She has since starred in the streaming projects Tribhanga (2021) and The Trial (2023).

In addition to acting in films, Kajol is a social activist and noted for her work with widows and children. She has featured as a talent judge for the reality show Rock-N-Roll Family in 2008, and holds a managerial position at Devgn Entertainment and Software Ltd. Kajol has been married to the actor and filmmaker Ajay Devgn since 1999, with whom she has two children.

Early life and background
Kajol was born in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) on 5 August 1974. Her mother, Tanuja, is an actress, while her father Shomu Mukherjee was a film director and producer. Her younger sister, Tanishaa, is also an actress. Her maternal aunt was actress Nutan and her maternal grandmother, Shobhna Samarth, and great-grandmother, Rattan Bai, were both involved in Hindi cinema. Her paternal uncles, Joy Mukherjee and Deb Mukherjee, were film actors, while her paternal and maternal grandfathers, Sashadhar Mukherjee and Kumarsen Samarth, respectively, were filmmakers. Kajol's cousins Rani Mukerji, Sharbani Mukherjee, and Mohnish Bahl are also actors; whereas Ayan Mukerji is a director.

Kajol describes herself as being mischievous, stubborn, and impulsive at a young age. Her parents separated when she was young, but Kajol was unaffected by it since the matter was never discussed at home. Kajol was looked after by her maternal grandmother, who "never let me feel that my mother was away and working". According to Kajol, her mother inculcated a sense of independence in her since she was young. Growing up between two separate cultures, she inherited her "Maharashtrian pragmatism" from her mother and her "Bengali temperament" from her father. As part of tradition, along with the Mukherjee family, Kajol, a practising Hindu, celebrates the Durga Puja festival in the suburban neighbourhood of Santacruz annually.

Kajol was educated at St. Joseph's Convent School, Panchgani. Apart from her studies, she participated in extra-curricular activities, such as dancing. It was in school that she began to form an active interest in reading fiction, as it helped her "through the bad moments" in her life. In the early 1990s, Tanuja tried to direct a film to launch her as an actress, but it was shelved after a few days of shooting. At sixteen, Kajol began work on Bekhudi, which according to her was a "big dose of luck"; she was cast by him when she visited the studio of the photographer Gautam Rajadhyaksha, who also wrote the film's screenplay. She intended to return to school after shooting during her two-months summer vacation but eventually dropped out to pursue a full-time career in film—though she later regretted the decision.

Early work (1992–1994)
Kajol made her acting debut at age seventeen in the 1992 romantic drama Bekhudi alongside another debutant, Kamal Sadanah, and her mother Tanuja. Kajol played Radhika, who falls in love with Sadanah's character against her parents' disapproval. The film turned out to be a box office flop, but Kajol's performance gained positive notice. The following year, she was cast in Abbas–Mustan's crime thriller Baazigar (1993), the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year with revenues of inr 182500000. Co-starring Shah Rukh Khan and Shilpa Shetty, the film saw Kajol in the role of Priya Chopra, a young woman who falls in love with her sister's murderer, unaware of his identity. Kajol's performance in the film drew critical attention.

In 1994, Kajol appeared in Udhaar Ki Zindagi as an orphaned girl who visits her estranged grandparents (Jeetendra and Moushumi Chatterjee). It failed to do well at the box office, however, Kajol was named the Best Actress (Hindi) by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association. The film was an emotionally draining experience for Kajol, and she later maintained that it had affected her so deeply that after shooting ended, she was on the verge of a crisis. Consequently, she made a deliberate decision to sign up lighter films in which she would have roles of minimal importance and no intense dramatic efforts, including Hulchul, Gundaraj, and Karan Arjun—all released a year later.

She gained wider public recognition for her role in Yeh Dillagi, a romance produced by Yash Raj Films and based on the 1953 American play Sabrina Fair. She starred as Sapna, a chauffeur's daughter who becomes a model and catches the interest of the two sons of her father's employers (Akshay Kumar and Saif Ali Khan). A financial success, Yeh Dillagi proved to be a breakthrough for Kajol, earning her a first Best Actress nomination at the annual Filmfare Awards. The Indian Express took note of her believable performance, and Screen concluded that Yeh Dillagi had changed her screen persona from a girl next door to a beauty extraordinaire.

Established actress (1995–1998)
In 1995, Kajol had two major commercial successes: Karan Arjun and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. The former is an action film by Rakesh Roshan, based on the concept of reincarnation, and it offered her the small part of Sonia Saxena Singh. She explained her minor role in the film, saying that she wanted to be in an ornamental role and admitting she had nothing to do in the film except be glamorous. The film emerged as the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India. Kajol's next releases—Taaqat, Hulchul and Gundaraj—underperformed at the box office; the latter two were her earliest collaborations with her future-husband, Ajay Devgn, and trade analysts linked the failure to their chemistry.

In Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Kajol's final 1995 release, she and Shah Rukh Khan starred as non-resident Indians from London who fall in love during a trip across Europe and reunite in India to persuade her conservative father to call off her upcoming arranged marriage. Kajol spoke of her attachment to the project and her full emotional involvement with her character, Simran. One of the most successful films of all-time in India, it has been continuously running in Mumbai and, having surpassed 1000 weeks of screening in 2014, became the longest-running Indian film ever. Equally popular with critics, the film earned ten Filmfare Awards, including a first Best Actress for Kajol. It has been voted one of the best films ever made in polls by the British Film Institute. Raja Sen from Rediff.com thought Kajol was well-cast as Simran, arguing that "the real-as-life actress bringing warmth and credulity to the initially prudish and reluctant Simran". 1996 saw her in the poorly received action film Bambai Ka Babu.

In 1997, Kajol's portrayal of Isha Diwan, an obsessive lover turned psychopathic serial killer, in Gupt: The Hidden Truth, was labelled by critics a turning point. The director Rajiv Rai said that he "tapped the versatile artistry in Kajol", commending her for the finesse she brought to the part. The suspense thriller, also starring Bobby Deol and Manisha Koirala, was a mainstream success. India Today noted Kajol for outpacing her co-stars, and The Times of India wrote in 2016 that she was "probably the first to have broken her goody-two-shoes image". In 2002, Rediff.com included her performance in its listing of best villain performances. Kajol eventually became the first female actor to be nominated for and win the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role. In later years, Kajol said she accepted the part to avoid typecasting and expressed her desire to play more roles of the type.

Following a leading role in the reincarnation-based film Hameshaa, Kajol replaced Madhuri Dixit to play the lead opposite Prabhu Deva and Arvind Swamy in Rajiv Menon's Tamil-language romantic musical Minsara Kanavu. Kajol found dancing alongside Deva (himself a dance choreographer) difficult and it took her dozens of retakes and rehearsals to get the steps right. She played Priya Amalraj, a convent student who aspires to become a nun, and her voice was dubbed by actress Revathi. The Indian Express reviewed: "Kajol is full of beans and fits into her character with commendable ease. Hers is perhaps one of the most expressive faces of the present". While the original version was embraced by audiences, the Hindi-dubbed version of the film (titled Sapnay) failed commercially. Her next release was Indra Kumar's comedy-drama Ishq, alongside Aamir Khan, Juhi Chawla and Ajay Devgn. A commercial success, the film won critical praise for the performances of the four leads.

In 1998, Kajol reinforced her status as a leading actress of Hindi cinema by featuring in the three highest-grossing productions of the year: Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya, Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai; all of which were nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Film, with the lattermost winning it. Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya, where she played a naïve village girl, released first and won her positive feedback. She next played twin sisters, Sonia and Naina, in Dushman. Revolving around Naina's quest to avenge the murder of Sonia, the film saw Kajol in one of her best-reviewed performances. Having initially refused the offer due to her lack of comfort shooting the rape scene, she finally accepted it on the condition that a body-double be used in it. The film won her the Screen Award for Best Actress. Suparn Verma noted her for being in "superb form" in both roles.

Anees Bazmee's romantic comedy Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha, a remake of the 1995 American film French Kiss, followed. She played the comic role of Sanjana, a clumsy woman who travels from Paris to India in search of her philandering fiancé, but falls for another man (Ajay Devgn). The film became a hit and fetched Kajol another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare that year. Deepa Deosthalee from The Indian Express called Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha "Kajol's film all the way" and commended her presence that made the film to be worth-watching; Khalid Mohamed referred to her as "the show's super-saving grace. Bubbly and spontaneous as ever, hers is a perfectly balanced performance, rescuing even the loudest scenes from going over the top."

The biggest success of 1998 for Kajol was her final release of that year, Karan Johar's directorial debut, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. The first Indian feature to be shot in Scotland, it emerged as an all-time blockbuster in both India and overseas. Kajol played Anjali Sharma, a tomboyish college student who is secretly in love with her best friend from college (Shah Rukh Khan). The story follows their renewed encounter years later when he is widowed and she has transformed her appearance and is already engaged to marry someone else. Critics considered Kajol's performance bold and convincing, despite an otherwise unrealistic plot. Nikhat Kazmi wrote that she is "almost mesmeric" in the part. She won her second Best Actress award at the 44th Filmfare Awards and first Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female for her work. Filmfare included Kajol's performances in both Dushman and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai in its listing of Indian cinema's "80 Most Iconic performances". In a year-end column, The Tribune Madhur Mittal reported that Kajol had "emerged as the consummate heroine with her excellent emoting and sensational screen presence in each portrayal".

Career fluctuations and hiatus (1999–2001)
Journalists speculated that the supporting role of the other woman of Ajay Devgn's character in Dil Kya Kare, Kajol's first release after marriage, would be "the acid test" for her. She explained that she accepted the role solely "because it had shades of grey". The film met with largely negative reviews,  though Deccan Herald noted her for playing the role with finesse. Commercially too, the film failed to do well. The drama Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain, on the other hand, performed well with critics and audiences. Co-starring Anil Kapoor, it gave her experience with "the stereotypical, sacrificing woman role" and earned her another Best Actress Filmfare nomination. The film generated media coverage for being one of the few woman-centered films to attract viewers in Indian cinemas. Her final release of the year was Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya. The Hindustan Times noted her chemistry with Jackie Shroff but wrote off the film.

The following year, Kajol and her husband starred together in his home-production Raju Chacha, whose plot revolves on the love story between a conman and a governess of three children belonging to a wealthy family. The children's film, with a production cost of inr 300000000, was declared as among the most expensive Hindi films at the time. Dinesh Raheja wrote of the lack of imagination in the script, which affected the chemistry between Kajol and Ajay Devgn. In Rahul Rawail's Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001) Kajol played twin sisters who are separated at birth. The film was poorly reviewed as was Kajol's dual role, dismissed as "a double bore". Roshmila Bhattacharya from Screen defended Kajol's presence and her energetic performance. Both Raju Chacha and Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi were flops at the box office.

Later that year, Kajol played a leading role in Karan Johar's ensemble drama Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..., which was the top-grossing Indian production of all-time in the overseas market. She played Anjali Sharma, a young Punjabi woman from the Chandni Chowk area who falls for a wealthy man. She identified herself with the character's noisy nature and found similarities between it and that of Hema Malini in Sholay (1975). The role required Kajol to speak in Punjabi, a language she was not fluent in, and although she struggled at first to master it, she achieved the pronunciation and diction with the help of producer Yash Johar and some of the crew members. Her comic-dramatic performance and Punjabi dialect met with critical acclaim and won her a third Filmfare Award in the Best Actress category. Ziya Us Salam, in a review for The Hindu, asserted: "Kajol steals the thunder from under very high noses indeed. With her precise timing and subtle lingering expression, she is a delight all the way."

Following Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..., Kajol took a sabbatical from full-time acting and declined a number of film roles. She has said that she did so to focus on her marriage. Film observers generally perceived at this time that her career was over.

Success with intermittent work (2006–2020)
Kunal Kohli's romantic thriller Fanaa (2006) marked Kajol's return to films. She portrayed Zooni Ali Beg, a blind Kashmiri woman who unwittingly falls in love with a terrorist (Aamir Khan). The film was promoted as her comeback, a term she disliked saying that she did not retire but only took a break. Upon release, the film was a financial success, grossing inr 1000000000 against its inr 220000000 budget. Both the film and Kajol's performance were received well. Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu wrote Kajol is enough of a reason to watch it, and Deepa Gahlot believed Kajol's conviction in the part made up for the film's flaws. Fanaa fetched Kajol a fourth Filmfare Award and second Zee Cine Award for Best Actress.

Kajol worked intermittently through the rest of the decade. In 2007, she started filming for Rajkumar Santoshi's unreleased mythology film Ramayana, based on the epic of the same name, where she played the goddess Sita. She considered her husband's directorial debut U Me Aur Hum (2008) a special film in her career. In it, she starred as Piya Thapar, a woman suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Although the film underperformed commercially, she received another Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance. The Economic Times' Gaurav Malini noted that Kajol's "simmering pace and ... recurring amnesiac spells, rather than getting repetitive, add compelling credibility to the story".

Kajol was next cast opposite Shah Rukh Khan in My Name Is Khan (2010), based on the discrimination faced by American Muslims after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It was the first Indian film distributed by Fox Star Studios. It opened to mixed-to-positive reviews, and emerged as an international success. My Name Is Khan was screened at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival, the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, and the Rome Film Festival. Kajol's portrayal of Mandira, a Hindu single mother who marries a Muslim man with Asperger syndrome was praised by Indian and overseas critics. Rajeev Masand wrote positively of Kajol's sensitive performance, while the Los Angeles Times found her to be appealing in an emotion-based role. For the film, Kajol won a record-tying fifth Best Actress award at Filmfare. Additionally, she was nominated for the Screen Award for Best Actress, the Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Drama and the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female.

In the same year, Kajol was the protagonist in Siddharth Malhotra's We Are Family, an adaptation of the 1998 American drama Stepmom, alongside Kareena Kapoor and Arjun Rampal. Kajol played Maya, a character she identified with for being a "control freak" in chase of perfection, and found it largely different from the one played by Susan Sarandon in the original. Malhotra modelled Maya in part after his grandmother Bina Rai. Mayank Shekhar singled out Kajol's performance as being better than Sarandon's, and Rachel Saltz of The New York Times commented that "her naturalism gives the movie a genuine emotional kick". Kajol's next release that year, Toonpur Ka Super Hero featured her as Priya Kumar, a woman stuck in a cartoon world. Kajol spoke of the challenge and difficulty dubbing for the film. Dubbed the first Hindi live-action animated film, the film polarised critics and failed to attract an audience. Her role was dismissed as not having provided her with scope to perform. She followed it with a second hiatus upon the birth of her son in 2010 although she provided voiceover to the opening credits of the Hindi version of the fantasy film Eega, which released in 2012.

Following a five-year absence, Kajol teamed with Shah Rukh Khan for the seventh time in Rohit Shetty's action romance Dilwale (2015). She portrayed Meera Dev Malik, the daughter of a mafia don who falls for a man from the rival family. Reviewers were varied in their opinions about the film; Mint declared it as the "most tiresome film of the year". Kajol's performance drew positive comments despite a lesser character; in the words of Suhani Singh of India Today, "Kajol is a radiant presence on the screen and delivers what's expected out of her—which is not much." Dilwale emerged as a major commercial success, grossing more than inr 3800000000 worldwide, and ranks among of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time. Kajol's performance garnered Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies, including Filmfare.

Later that year, she made her debut as a producer with the Marathi period drama Vitti Dandu, co-produced by Ajay Devgn and Leena Deore, and exploring the relationship between a grandfather and his grandson. The film won the Best Marathi Film trophy at the Screen Awards and was well received by critics. In 2017, Kajol starred opposite Dhanush in Velaiilla Pattadhari 2, a sequel to the 2014 masala film Velaiilla Pattadhari and her second Tamil-language film after Minsara Kanavu. She was cast as Vasundhara Parameshwar, the chairwoman of the construction company Vasundhara Constructions. Kajol was somewhat apprehensive about doing the film but eventually accepted the role due to her faith in Dhanush and director Soundarya Rajinikanth, citing them for giving the bravery she needed to acting in a non-Hindi-language film. Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 opened to a negative critical reception but succeeded financially.

In 2018, Kajol portrayed a helicopter parent with an aspiration to be a singer who enrolls at her son's (Riddhi Sen) college to complete her education in the drama Helicopter Eela, based on Anand Gandhi's Gujarati play Beta, Kaagdo. She was particularly drawn to the role for its colourful personality and her relationship with her son. The feature failed both commercially and with critics, and Kajol's performance was not well-received. A reviewer for Scroll.in wrote that she "doesn't have Riddhi Sen's comfort level in the comic scenes. She settles down when the movie finally does." The same year she dubbed the character Helen Parr in the animated superhero film Incredibles 2 Hindi version.

By 2020, Kajol said she preferred to consider the importance of character rather than its length. Her first release of the year was the period drama Tanhaji, co-starring Ajay Devgn and Saif Ali Khan. Based on the life of Tanaji Malusare, it went onto become the highest-grossing film of the year, earning inr 3670000000. She played Tanhaji's wife Savitribai whom she called a strong character which she found similar to herself. Critics were appreciative of her turn despite her limited screen time. Later in the year, she was seen in her first short film, Devi, a suspense drama about nine women who stay in one room sheltered from the outer world. It was reviewed positively by critics, and Kajol was singled out for leading the diverse ensemble.

Streaming projects (2021–present)
Kajol's next project was Renuka Shahane's social drama Tribhanga (2021), which marked her first collaboration with Netflix. It revolves around the intergenerational conflicts between three women from one family (Kajol, Mithila Palkar and Tanvi Azmi), with Kajol starring as foul-mouthed Odissi dancer Anuradha Apte. She found resemblance between the relationship of the three leading characters and her own with her mother and daughter. The film and Kajol's performance received positive reviews. Saibal Chatterjee from NDTV praised her for providing the thrilling atmosphere the film needs "to keep trundling along at an even pace"; Stutee Ghosh of The Quint found Azmi and Kajol's strong performances to have "a stunning hold and it's difficult to focus on anyone else when they are in the frame". At the 2nd Filmfare OTT Awards, her performance was nominated in the Best Actress category.

In 2022, Kajol starred in Revathi's Salaam Venky, a drama about euthanasia. The film and her performance was not well-received. It also emerged as a box office bomb. The following year, Kajol starred in a segment of the Netflix anthology film Lust Stories 2 and in Disney+ Hotstar's legal drama series, The Trial, an adaptation of the American show The Good Wife. Reviewing the latter, Divya Nair of Rediff.com found her "brilliant" and was appreciative of her chemistry with her co-stars.

Kajol will next star alongside Prithviraj Sukumaran and Ibrahim Ali Khan in the thriller, Sarzameen, as well as Netflix's mystery thriller, Do Patti, with Kriti Sanon.

Off-screen work
In 1998, Kajol participated in concert tour "Awesome Foursome" alongside Shah Rukh Khan, Juhi Chawla, and Akshay Kumar. After travelling across the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, Kajol refused to participate in any more world tours, unable to handle the stress. In 1999, following the launch of Ajay Devgn's production company, Devgan Films (renamed as Devgn Entertainment and Software Ltd.), Kajol worked towards building a website: "I'm computer savvy. Or at least I know more about computers than those around me. So I should be of some help there."

In 2000, she launched the filmmaking-related online portal Cineexplore for the company, working as the supervisor. Devgn established another company, Ajay Devgn FFilms, in 2009. Kajol clarified she was not involved in its production aspect, but participated in the supervising and overseeing. She featured as a talent judge with husband Ajay Devgn and mother Tanuja in Zee TV's 2008 reality show Rock-N-Roll Family, which she found to be a much tougher experience than that of in films. She was named a part-time member of the public broadcaster Prasar Bharati in 2016. In 2019, she wrote the foreword of a biography on the actress Sridevi, entitled Sridevi: The Eternal Screen Goddess.

Kajol has been actively involved in several philanthropic endeavours related to women and children. She is involved with Shiksha, a non-governmental organisation for children's education, and in 2009 she launched a campaign to support the cause. In 2011, Kajol participated in a fashion show organised by the Cancer Patients Aid Association, to generate funds for the organisation, and as the international goodwill ambassador and patron of The Loomba Trust (a charity organisation devoted to supporting widows and their children around the world, particularly in India). In 2012, Kajol was appointed as the brand ambassador of Pratham, a charity organization for children, and she featured in a short film on education and literacy, with the Hanuman Basti Primary School's students in Mumbai, to support it. Also that year, she made a documentary about protection of the girl child as a part of the Government of Maharashtra's campaign "Save the Girl Child". For her contribution in social service, Kajol was awarded the Karmaveer Puraskar.

Personal life
Kajol began dating actor Ajay Devgn in 1994, while filming Gundaraj. Members of the media, however, labelled them as an "unlikely pair" due to their contrasting personalities. Devgn explained their relationship by saying, "We never resorted to the usual 'I love you' routine. A proposal never happened. We grew with each other. Marriage was never discussed, but it was always imminent". The couple married on 24 February 1999 in a traditional Maharashtrian ceremony at Devgn's house. The wedding was subject to wide media scrutiny, as certain members of the media criticised Kajol's decision to settle down at the pinnacle of her career. Kajol, however, maintained that she would not quit films, but would cut down on the amount of work that she did.

Following her marriage, Kajol moved in with Devgn and his parents at the latter's ancestral house in Juhu. Tabloids have often romantically linked Devgn with other Bollywood actresses, and reported an imminent divorce. Dismissing the rumors as gossip, Kajol attested to not paying attention to such talk. Kajol prefers not to talk much about her personal life and dislikes being interviewed, considering it "a waste of time". She gave birth to a daughter, Nysa, on 20 April 2003. Seven years later, on 13 September 2010, she gave birth to a son, Yug. She described motherhood as "fab" and added that her kids brought out "the best in her". Kajol has used Devgn as her surname since 2015. She speaks English, Hindi and Marathi, and can understand Bengali.

Screen persona and reception
Kajol is acknowledged for her natural acting prowess. The Hindu stated she "does not act out her scenes and deliver her lines; she inhabits her characters." After portraying leading roles in a series of family dramas, Kajol showed her acting versatility with Gupt: The Hidden Truth (1997), for which she was noted as being one of the first actresses of her era to play female anti-hero characters and becoming more popular than the male actors. She was also praised for her lively and spirited nature on-screen. Rajiv Menon credited Kajol as representing the joie de vivre of the 1990s, and Khalid Mohammed described her as "a great packet of talent". According to Open, her spontaneity brought "a unique energy" to her films, and Karan Johar said, "I would call 'action' on a shoot and expect a little atom bomb explosion on set every time Kajol was around because that is who she was. She kept us all on our toes." The scholar Ashish Rajadhyaksha observed that she was the actress "around whom a script can be written and a film made". Film distributor Ramesh Sippy stated that she added prospects to films she starred in.

Unlike most of her contemporaries, Kajol has had a successful career post-marriage and motherhood, for which she was characterised as "the archetypal New Age woman". On breaking the stereotype, she opined: "Perceptions have changed a lot in the last few years. Married actresses don't necessarily have to play character roles in films. Filmmakers are experimenting and this is truly the best time for actresses like us." Following her marriage, journalists speculated it would be the ending point of her career. She continued to work in films but has been more selective, attributing it to the lack of worthy offers and her unwillingness to see herself in "films that are absolutely meaningless".

In the media

Known for her impulsive and stubborn nature, Kajol has been described by commentators to have a striking personality. Sukanya Verma wrote, "Think Kajol, think emotions. Either she is the firebrand or the emotional sensitive type. And sometimes she is pure, wicked fun." While interviewing her for the Hindustan Times in 2008, the journalist Hiren Kotwani took note of her straightforwardness when she was answering the given questions. India Today presumed that her outspoken behaviour have contributed in helping her winning film awards, and further commented, "There is a sparkling spontaneity to Kajol ... Film brats are rapidly tutored on the conventional wisdom of the industry, the line to success that needs to be toed. Maybe Tanuja never taught it, maybe Kajol never listened, for she has abandoned the predictable."

Kajol has been criticised for her lack of interest in maintaining her appearance. Gautam Rajadhyaksha stated she was apathetic of hairstyles and clothes, and would be really happy if she was allowed to wear jeans, a white shirt, and a scarf every day. The journalist Kaveree Bamzai elaborated, "She hardly looks into the mirror, barely even glances at the set monitor, usually the crutch of every insecure actor, puts on make-up only under extreme duress, and ... never watches her old movies." Comparing her to Shabana Azmi and Smita Patil, the producer Mahesh Bhatt observed that Kajol "may not have [their] earthy sensuality but she has that extra sparkle in her eyes and a kind of energy she generates on screen which make her incredible". Filmfare however labelled her an "unconventional beauty", adding that she "set her own rules in the '90s".

Kajol was listed in Box Office India's "Top Actresses" for five consecutive years (1995–1999), topping the list in 1998. In 2001 and 2006, Kajol featured in Rediff.com's annual "Top Bollywood Actresses" listing. Rediff.com also featured her in other lists: "Best Bollywood Actresses Ever", "Best Dressed Woman" and "Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010". She peaked the fifth position as "the all-time favorite female star" in a 2008 poll conducted by Outlook. In 2012, Kajol was placed at the fourth position by NDTV in the listing of "The Most Popular Actress of All Time", behind Madhuri Dixit, Sridevi and Meena Kumari, and Yahoo! featured her as "one of the ten most iconic beauties of Hindi cinema". Kajol was included on Forbes India's "Celebrity 100", a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities, in 2012, 2013 and 2017.

In 2002, Kajol was presented with the Rajiv Gandhi Awards by the Mumbai Pradesh Youth Congress. She was one of the four Bollywood actors, alongside Priyanka Chopra, Hrithik Roshan and Shah Rukh Khan, whose miniature dolls were launched in the United Kingdom, under the name of "Bollywood Legends" in 2006. Kajol and Khan also became the first Indian actors to be invited by NASDAQ to open the NYSE American for promoting their film, My Name Is Khan (2010). In the next year, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour of the country, for her contribution to India's cinema. The Chief Minister of Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis honoured her with the Swabhimani Mumbaikar Awards. Kajol unveiled her wax statue at Singapore's Madame Tussauds museum in 2018.

title: Kajol


text:
East Claydon

East Claydon is a village and is also a civil parish in the unitary authority of Buckinghamshire, England. It is about 2+1/2 mi south-west of Winslow.

The village name 'Claydon' is Anglo Saxon in origin, and derives from the clægig + dun meaning 'clay hill'. The affix 'East' is used to differentiate the village from nearby Steeple Claydon and Middle Claydon, and from the hamlet of Botolph Claydon that lies within the parish of East Claydon.

The parish church dedicated to St Mary was demolished during the English Civil War by Cornelius Holland,  one of King Charles's judges, but was rebuilt after the restoration. The current structure is largely of 18th century design, but comprises components from various centuries, the earliest of which is the 13th century.

East Claydon School is a mixed, community, nursery, infant and junior school, which takes children from the age of three through to the age of 11, when they generally move to a school in Waddesdon or Winslow. The school is quite small, with approximately seventy pupils.

authors: ล้อไม่อยู่ที่นั่น

title: East Claydon


text:
Edgcott

Edgcott is a village and a civil parish in Buckinghamshire district in the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Aylesbury Vale, about eight miles east of Bicester.

The village name is derived from the Old English for "oak cottage". In the Domesday Book of 1086 it is recorded as Achecote, "æcen" (from which the word "acorn" is derived) being the Old English word for oak.

The manor of Edgcott was once owned by the physician and poet Sir Samuel Garth.

The village also has HM Prison Grendon located nearby.

In 1807 Edgcott was described as:"The property is divided among a few. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Oxford. The church is old but good. There is an Independent chapel."

Population
The parish had a population of 256 people according to the 2011 census Edgcott's population during the 1830s had a very small pool of job occupations, with the only noticeable job being an agricultural labourer. Obviously there are employers at this time who own the land and need manpower to work it, and according to the 'A Vision of Britain through Time', there were 4. This model of industry present in Edgcott is predictable, due to the poor transport modes in that time. People couldn't travel very far to work so needed to work locally, therefore everyone who lived in Edgcott would most likely be working the land there. The following graph shows the number of people in their different age brackets who reside in Edgcott. The data used is from 2001 and shows a top heavy population, with the majority of the population being aged between 30 and 59. 141 people are in this bracket, which is approximately 55% of the population.

St. Michael's Church
The Church dates back to the 12th century, with many rebuilding and restorations occurring through the years. Main restorations took place in 1604 and 1875. The building was added to gradually; in the 12th century the nave and chancel were built, and then in the 15th century the west steeple was constructed. The vestry was added in the 1875 restorations.

St. Michael's is a listed building under the Planning Act of 1990 due to its architectural and historic features.

Parish Council
There is an active parish council in Edgcott, meeting every six weeks in the evening. Meetings are held in the village hall, with the current chairman being Peter Harper. They contribute to decisions ranging from planning permission to extend a property, to fundraising for the local community.

They recently approved and carried out street light repairs in 2015 to 2016 which cost over £400, illustrating their active role in the village.

HM Prison Grendon
This institution was opened in 1962 but was originally an experimental psychiatric prison, which dealt with prisoners with antisocial personality disorders.

It changed to operate as a normal prison since opening, with it being able to accommodate 238 inmates in Category B security conditions, however it still offers therapeutic care to offenders. Inmates must be over 21 years of age to be eligible of residence in the prison, as well as other requirements such as committing to be drug-free and work to change their ways. The governor as of 2016 is Jamie Bennett.

title: Edgcott


text:
Joe Menosky

Joe Menosky is a television writer known for his work on the various Star Trek series.

Career
He graduated from Pomona College in 1979, where the number 47 holds special importance (see 47 as an in-joke). Menosky is the writer credited with starting the trend of trying to work the number 47 into many scripts.

Menosky joined the writing staff for Season 4 of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and also wrote for several episodes for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. As a writer on Voyager, he usually co-wrote with Brannon Braga. In June 2016, it was announced that Menosky had joined the writing staff for Star Trek: Discovery.

He later began work as a co-producer on The Orville, and wrote the second-season episode "Sanctuary".

Writing credits
===Hunter ===
 * “The Jade Woman,” Air date: October 17, 1987
 * “Hot Prowl,” (Teleplay; Story by Joseph Gunn), Air date: December 8, 1987
 * “Allegra,” Air date: December 29, 1987
 * “Presumed Guilty,” Air date: November 26, 1988
 * “The Pit,” Air date: January 14, 1989
 * “City Under Siege, Part 1,” (Teleplay; Story by George Geiger & Tom Chehak), Air date: February 4, 1989
 * “Return of White Cloud,” (co-writer with Erin Conroy and Stepfanie Kramer ), Air date: May 21, 1989

Star Trek: The Next Generation

 * "Legacy"
 * "First Contact" with Marc Scott Zicree, Dennis Russell Bailey, David Bischoff, Ronald D. Moore and Michael Piller
 * "The Nth Degree"
 * "In Theory" with Ronald D. Moore
 * "Clues" with Bruce D. Arthurs
 * "Darmok" with Philip Lazebnik
 * "Hero Worship" with Hilary J. Bader
 * "Time's Arrow", Parts I and II with Michael Piller
 * "The Chase" with Ronald D. Moore
 * "Suspicions" with Naren Shankar
 * "Masks"
 * "Emergence" with Brannon Braga

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

 * "Dramatis Personae"
 * "Rivals" with Jim Trombetta and Michael Piller
 * "Distant Voices" with Ira Steven Behr and Robert Hewitt Wolfe

Star Trek: Voyager

 * "Cathexis" with Brannon Braga
 * "The Thaw" with Richard Gadas
 * "Remember" with Brannon Braga
 * "Future's End" Parts 1–2 with Brannon Braga
 * "Alter Ego"
 * "Distant Origin" with Brannon Braga
 * "Scorpion" Parts 1–2 with Brannon Braga
 * "The Gift"
 * "Year of Hell" Parts 1–2 with Brannon Braga
 * "The Killing Game" Parts 1–2 with Brannon Braga
 * "Living Witness" with Bryan Fuller & Brannon Braga
 * "Hope and Fear" with Rick Berman & Brannon Braga
 * "Timeless" with Rick Berman & Brannon Braga
 * "Equinox" Parts 1–2 with Rick Berman & Brannon Braga
 * "Tinker, Tenor, Doctor, Spy" with Bill Vallely
 * "The Voyager Conspiracy"
 * "Blink of an Eye" with Michael Taylor
 * "Muse"

Star Trek: Discovery

 * "Lethe" with Ted Sullivan

===For All Mankind ===
 * "The Weight"
 * "Best-Laid Plans"
 * "Happy Valley"

title: Joe Menosky


text:
Talk:Joe Menosky

Writing credits
The edition I have of the Star Trek Chronology only goes up to Deep Space Nine Season 4 and Voyager Season 2. I believe Menosky continued to write for those two series all the way through to their final seasons, but I can't say for sure. I don't know if he's written for the new series, Enterprise. -- Anonymous User —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Joe Menosky. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for //www.pomona.edu/welcome/trek/trek.shtml
 * Corrected formatting/usage for //www.pomona.edu/welcome/trek/kyl.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:16, 1 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Menosky


text:
Drayton

Drayton may refer to:

People

 * Drayton (surname)

Legal cases

 * United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194 (2002)

Australia

 * Drayton, Queensland, a locality in the Toowoomba Region
 * Shire of Drayton, a former local government area in Queensland

Canada

 * Drayton, Ontario

United Kingdom

 * Drayton, Hampshire, a close suburb of Portsmouth
 * Drayton, Leicestershire
 * Drayton, Norfolk, a satellite village of Norwich
 * Drayton, Northamptonshire, a suburb of Daventry
 * Drayton, Cherwell, Oxfordshire, a satellite village of Banbury
 * Drayton, Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire, a satellite village of Abingdon

 * Drayton St. Leonard, Oxfordshire, locally abbreviated sometimes to Drayton
 * Drayton, Somerset

 * Drayton Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire
 * Drayton, a former hamlet, later known as Drayton Green, now part of West Ealing, Greater London
 * Drayton Green railway station
 * Drayton Manor High School
 * Drayton, the south-east of the parish of Swineshead, Lincolnshire
 * Drayton, a reduced, much renamed and subdivided estate of Barton Stacey, north-west Hampshire
 * Drayton, a reduced, partly renamed and subdivided estate of South Petherton, Somerset
 * Drayton, Worcestershire, a largely subdivided estate of Chaddesley Corbett, Worcestershire

United States

 * Drayton, Georgia
 * Drayton, North Dakota
 * Drayton, South Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Drayton Hall, South Carolina
 * Drayton Plains, Michigan

United Kingdom

 * Drayton Bassett, Staffordshire
 * Drayton Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire
 * Drayton House, Northamptonshire
 * Drayton Manor, Staffordshire
 * Drayton Manor Theme Park, Staffordshire
 * Drayton Park railway station, Greater London
 * Drayton Parslow, Buckinghamshire
 * East Drayton, Nottinghamshire
 * Fenny Drayton, Leicestershire
 * Market Drayton, Shropshire
 * West Drayton, Greater London
 * West Drayton, Nottinghamshire

title: Drayton