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Talk:List of Atari 2600 games

Are all of these games really going to be article worthy?
Are all of these games really going to be article worthy? I'm not disputing the validity of listing them, but it seems that far too many of these will wind up as nothing more than stubs. Al b 21:25, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

So help me, they will not. The greatest thing about the Internet is there's some nut out there, yours truly in this case, who cares enough about any mundane topic enough to spend hours educating others about it. My goal is to document basic release information, history, gameplay, and any other significant details about these games including screenshots and cartridge pictures, most of which I can provide from my own collection. I have others I can request permission to use pictures from for others. Sadangel 03:11, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Rearranged
I've rearranged this page to be an alphabetical list by game name with publisher information attached, as I think this is more useful. It also makes it consistent with the other similar lists linked from List of computer and video games, which I also consider a Good Thing™ - IMSoP 20:02, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

9 to 5
That game should not be on the list cause it was unreleased, as well as prototype games.They can be in thier own mini list.--96.235.13.240 (talk) 02:34, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

History
I think this list represents a history that might be forgotten. then again since very few of them are being written about, then they are getting lost. I updated some stuff on the commodor64 game list page. i am sure if anyone takes the time they will find the bases of alot of game types originating in theose days. just looking at them bring lost memories that could be someone else's new discovery :)

Homebrews
I'm planning to add homebrews to this list. Any objections? Zachm 07:49, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

The list now includes a numbers of homebrews. My list includes only homebrews that have been produced on cartridge and made available to the public. When variants of games exist, for example INV and INV+, only the earliest version is listed. (FlapPing is an exception.) A small minority of homebrews that have been deemed trademark or copyright violations were not included at this time. Whether they should be listed deserves more discussion. My apologies if I have overlooked any homebrews that should be added.

I also put in Malagai since it was missing.

Zachm 06:35, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Deleted homebrew
I don't mean to offend anyone but the inclusion of homebrew games is not a good idea, as they are not notable and including them could confuse people as to their importance. Also, none of these games will ever be notable enough to warrant its own page, so the links will always be red. Only including games that were produced by actual companies will also have the benefit of making this list completable, as there are not likely to be any more commercial releases for this system. JohnnyMrNinja 10:08, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Disambiguations, publishers, and my thoughts on homebrews
First-- I just did a lot of disambiguation with links, with the appearance that many links are now "broken." Unfortunately, many 2600 titles have generic names (give ya a hint as to what subject the game Coconuts linked to), licensed titles and movie adaptations, or names that have been used by later game publishers... all of which meant that half of the links on the list went to pages talking about movies, 90's PC games, biological topics, etc. For the most part, I changed each link to include (Atari 2600) after the title-- Coconuts now goes to Coconuts (Atari 2600) instead of the page about the fruit. Putting "Atari 2600" instead of "video game" or whatever avoids ambiguity with other games with the same name.

On publishers. Apollo was linking to the mythical god, not helpful at all. I changed all of them to link to Games by Apollo, their most common moniker. I shortened "Sears, Roebuck, and Co." to Sears-- short, and the brand name by which the department store advertised themselves in that era. Yeah, they link to the same page, but hey. USA (apparently a republisher of M Network titles) was made uniform by linking to USA (games publisher), which was a link already in use on some entries. And I reverted 77.249.32.69's edit changing the publisher of Pole Position from Atari to Namco-- sorry, Namco didn't publish the 2600 adapt, Atari did, so Atari it should remain.

Homebrews. My thought? They belong in the list. JohnnyMrNinja's protest that the games aren't "notable" or "important" would make sense if this were a list of notable releases... but it's not. It's a "list of Atari 2600 games" which seems to indicate a more universal, all-inclusive listing. The generic status of the list also seems to mean that non-commercial releases belong; after all, the list isn't called "List of commercially released Atari 2600 games." (Plus, hell, most homebrews have higher print runs than, say, Video Life.) I do think, however, that homebrews could be/should be cordoned off in their own section of the list, and not interspersed in the general alphabetical list. This way, the list will show all games released for the 2600, while also usefully showing the difference in status between commercial and homebrew games. Student Driver 08:40, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks like a very helpful cleanup. Thank you! Also, I agree with the Homebrew games being left on the page, and also with the concept that they have a separate heading - maybe. That would almost beg for a separate page i.e. List of Homebrew Games for the Atari 2600 - not that I'm condoning that concept. It is arguable that any Complete list of games for ANY console could potentially grow indefinitely, due to homebrew creations for those systems. Also, the list of games for any given system tends to grow very quickly while the system is currently on the market, and no one seems to be fussing about complete lists of games there ... why get agitated when a system's complete list grows by a few a year? But, that's MHO. Duckingham 10:35, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Great work! I've just done some more disambiguating of names (I think they're all OK now) and some typo-fixing.  I also marked prototypes that weren't already noted as such and added Steeplechase (the Sears one), which was mysteriously missing.  I'm in favor of including homebrews, though I think we should probably restrict it to ones that are entirely new games and not just hacks of previous games.  Pinball22 16:25, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the kudos. I noticed that I didn't uniformly follow my own ideas on adding (Atari 2600) on a lot of the disambiguations (though for arcade game translations, I linked to the arcade game's pages instead), so there's probably still a lot of correcting to do just there.  I think a lot more Sears titles are missing as well.

 * If/when homebrews are added back, what should the criteria for inclusion be? I'm loathe to include all of the batari BASIC stuff-- anyone can hack out a "game" in a few minutes-- but batari games like Space Treat and Phantom II got cartridge releases, and are relatively complex efforts.  Hacks are also problematic-- I agree that hacks could mostly be ignored, but some have also gotten cart releases (Xevolux or however it's spelled), putting a few in that nebulous category that Air Raid occupies.  Maybe hacks with cart releases would be listed? Student Driver 11:45, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Would like to see a list of Atari 2600 games by year
Given the nature of the topic, i.e. that the Atari 2600 was the first really successful home game system, I think it would be interesting to be able to view the games by year so that one could see the progression. Sbroadwe (talk) 16:58, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

FYI, the list by year would be:

Air-Sea Battle (Atari) - 1977

Basic Math (Atari) - 1977

Blackjack (Atari) - 1977

Combat (Atari) - 1977

Indy 500 (Atari) - 1977

Outer Space (Sears) - 1977

Basketball (Atari) - 1978

Brain Games (Atari) - 1978

Breakout (Atari) - 1978

Canyon Bomber (Atari) - 1978

Casino (Atari) - 1978

Codebreaker (Atari) - 1978

Concentration (Atari) - 1978

Flag Capture (Atari) - 1978

Football (Atari) - 1978

Fun With Numbers (Atari) - 1978

Hangman (Atari) - 1978

Home Run (Atari) - 1978

Human Cannonball (Atari) - 1978

Hunt & Score (Atari) - 1978

Maze Craze: A Game Of Cops And Robbers (Atari) - 1978

Night Driver (Atari) - 1978

Othello (Atari) - 1978

Outlaw (Atari) - 1978

Adventure (Atari) - 1979

BASIC Programming (Atari) - 1979

Backgammon (Atari) - 1979

Bowling (Atari) - 1979

Miniature Golf (Atari) - 1979

3-D Tic-Tac-Toe (Atari) - 1980

Boxing (Activision) - 1980

Championship Soccer (Atari) - 1980

Circus Atari (Atari) - 1980

Dodge 'Em (Atari) - 1980

Dragster (Activision) - 1980

Fishing Derby (Activision) - 1980

Golf (Atari) - 1980

Asteroids (Atari) - 1981

Bridge (Activision) - 1981

Checkers (Activision) - 1981

Freeway (Activision) - 1981

Haunted House (Atari) - 1981

Ice Hockey (Activision) - 1981

Kaboom! (Activision) - 1981

Laser Blast (Activision) - 1981

Missile Command (Atari) - 1981

Adventures of Tron (M-Network) - 1982

Airlock (Data Age) - 1982

Air Raiders (M-Network) - 1982

Alien (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Amidar (Parker Brothers) - 1982

Armor Ambush (M-Network) - 1982

Astroblast (M-Network) - 1982

Atlantis (Imagic) - 1982

Atlantis II (Imagic) - 1982

Barnstorming (Activision) - 1982

Beany Bopper (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Bermuda Triangle (Data Age) - 1982

Berzerk (Atari) - 1982

Blue Print (CBS Electronics) - 1982

Bugs (Data Age) - 1982

Carnival (Coleco) - 1982

Cathouse Blues (Playaround) - 1982

Centipede (Atari) - 1982

Challenge of Nexar (Spectravision) - 1982

Chopper Command (Activision) - 1982

Coconuts (Telesys) - 1982

Commando Raid (US Games) - 1982

Communist Mutants from Space (Cassette) (Starpath) - 1982

Cosmic Ark (Imagic) - 1982

Cosmic Creeps (Telesys) - 1982

Cosmic Swarm (CommaVid) - 1982

Crazy Climber (Atari) - 1982

Crypts Of Chaos (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Dancing Plate (Bit Corporation) - 1982

Dark Cavern (M-Network) - 1982

Defender (Atari) - 1982

Demon Attack (Imagic) - 1982

Demons To Diamonds (Atari) - 1982

Dishaster (Zimag) - 1982

Donkey Kong (Coleco) - 1982

Dragonstomper (cassette) (Starpath) - 1982

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (Atari) - 1982

Earth Dies Screaming (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Eggomania (US Games) - 1982

Entombed (US Games) - 1982

Escape From The Mindmaster (Cassette) (Starpath) - 1982

Fantastic Voyage (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Fast Eddie (20th Century Fox) - 1982

Fast Food (Telesys) - 1982

Final Approach (Apollo) - 1982

Fire Fighter (Imagic) - 1982

Frogger (Parker Brothers) - 1982

Frogs And Flies (M-Network) - 1982

Gigolo (Playaround) - 1982

Gopher (US Games) - 1982

Gorf (CBS Electronics) - 1982

Grand Prix (Activision) - 1982

Guardian (Apollo) - 1982

I Want My Mommy (Zimag) - 1982

Infiltrate (Apollo) - 1982

International Soccer (M-Network) - 1982

Jawbreaker (Tigervision) - 1982

Journey Escape (Data Age) - 1982

Jungle Fever (Playaround) - 1982

Killer Satellites (Cassette) (Starpath) - 1982

King Kong (Tigervision) - 1982

Knight On The Town (Playaround) - 1982

Lady In Wading (Playaround) - 1982

Lochjaw (Apollo) - 1982

Lock 'N Chase (M-Network) - 1982

M*A*S*H (20th Century Fox) - 1982

MAD (US Games) - 1982

Marauder (Tigervision) - 1982

Math Gran Prix (Atari) - 1982

Megamania (Activision) - 1982

Miner 2049er (Tigervision) - 1982

Mouse Trap (Coleco) - 1982

Ms. Pac-Man (Atari) - 1982

Name This Game (VidTec) - 1982

Oink! (Activision) - 1982

Philly Flasher (Mystique) - 1982

Smurf: Rescue in Gargamel's Castle (Coleco) - 1982

Alpha Beam with Ernie (Atari) - 1983

Artillery Duel/Chuck Norris Superkicks (Xonox) - 1983

Artillery Duel/Ghost Manor (Xonox) - 1983

Artillery Duel/Spike's Peak (Xonox) - 1983

Artillery Duel (Xonox) - 1983

Assault (Bomb) - 1983

Asterix (PAL) (Atari) - 1983

Bachelor Party (Mystique) - 1983

Bachelorette Party (Mystique) - 1983

Bank Heist (20th Century Fox) - 1983

Battlezone (Atari) - 1983

Beat Em and Eat Em (Mystique) - 1983

Big Bird's Egg Catch (Atari) - 1983

Bobby Is Going Home (Bit Corporation) - 1983

Boing! (First Star Software) - 1983

Buck Rogers: Planet of Zoom (Sega) - 1983

Bump 'n' Jump (M-Network) - 1983

Bumper Bash (Spectravision) - 1983

Burgertime (M-Network) - 1983

Burning Desire (Playaround) - 1983

Busy Police (Zellers) - 1983

Cakewalk (Commavid) - 1983

Chase the Chuck Wagon (Spectravision) - 1983

China Syndrome (Spectravision) - 1983

Chuck Norris Superkicks/Ghost Manor (Xonox) - 1983

Chuck Norris Superkicks/Spike's Peak (Xonox) - 1983

Chuck Norris Superkicks (Xonox) - 1983

Condor Attack (Ultravision) - 1983

Congo Bongo (Sega) - 1983

Cookie Monster Munch (Atari) - 1983

Cosmic Corridor (Zimag) - 1983

Crackpots (Activision) - 1983

Crash Dive (20th Century Fox) - 1983

Cross Force (Spectravision) - 1983

Custer's Revenge (Mystique) - 1983

Deadly Discs (Telegames) - 1983

Decathlon (Activision) - 1983

Demolition Herby (Telesys) - 1983

Dice Puzzle (Panda Computer Games) - 1983

Dig Dug (Atari) - 1983

Dolphin (Activision) - 1983

Donkey Kong Jr (Coleco) - 1983

Dragonfire (Imagic) - 1983

Enduro (Activision) - 1983

Exocet (Panda Computer Games) - 1983

Fathom (Imagic) - 1983

Flash Gordon (20th Century Fox) - 1983

Frankenstein's Monster (Data Age) - 1983

Frogger II: Threeedeep! (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Frogger, The Official (cassette) (Starpath) - 1983

Front Line (Coleco) - 1983

Frostbite (Activision) - 1983

GI Joe: Cobra Strike (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Galaxian (Atari) - 1983

Gangster Alley (Spectravision) - 1983

Gas Hog (Spectravision) - 1983

Gauntlet (Answer Software) - 1983

Ghost Manor/Spike's Peak (Xonox) - 1983

Ghost Manor (Xonox) - 1983

Glacier Patrol (Telegames) - 1983

Glib (Selchow and Righter) - 1983

Gravitar (Atari) - 1983

Gyruss (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Halloween (Wizard Video) - 1983

Harbor Escape (Panda Computer Games) - 1983

James Bond 007 (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Joust (Atari) - 1983

Jungle Hunt (Atari) - 1983

Kangaroo (Atari) - 1983

Karate (Ultravision) - 1983

Keystone Kapers (Activision) - 1983

Kool-Aid Man (M-Network) - 1983

Krull (Atari) - 1983

Laser Gates (Imagic) - 1983

Laser Volley (Zellers) - 1983

London Blitz (Avalon Hill) - 1983

Malagai (Answer Software) - 1983

Mangia' (Spectravision) - 1983

Marine Wars (Konami) - 1983

Mario Bros. (Atari) - 1983

Master Builder (Spectravision) - 1983

Masters of the Universe: Power of He-Man (M-Network) - 1983

Megaforce (20th Century Fox) - 1983

Miner 2049er II (Tigervision) - 1983

Mogul Maniac (Amiga) - 1983

Montezuma's Revenge: Starring Panama Joe (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Moon Patrol (Atari) - 1983

Moonsweeper (Imagic) - 1983

Mountain King (CBS Electronics) - 1983

Mr. Do! (CBS Electronics) - 1983

Mr. Do's Castle (Parker Brothers) - 1983

Mr. Postman (Bit Corporation) - 1983

No Escape! (Imagic) - 1983

Nuts (Technovision) - 1983

Oscar's Trash Race (Atari) - 1983

Out of Control (Avalon Hill) - 1983

Tac-Scan (Sega) - 1983

Tank Brigade (Panda Computer Games) - 1983

Beamrider (Activision) - 1984

Crystal Castles (Atari) - 1984

Espial (Tigervision) - 1984

H.E.R.O. (Activision) - 1984

Millipede (Atari) - 1984

Motocross Racer (Xonox) - 1984

Roc 'N Rope (Coleco) - 1984

Up'n Down (Sega) - 1984

Cosmic Commuter (Activision) - 1985

Ghostbusters (Activision) - 1985

Gremlins (Atari) - 1986

California Games (Epyx) - 1987

Cruise Missile (Froggo) - 1987

Jr. Pac-Man (Atari) - 1987

Kung-Fu Master (Activision) - 1987

Midnight Magic (Atari) - 1987

Commando (Activision) - 1988

Crossbow (Atari) - 1988

Dark Chambers (Atari) - 1988

Defender II (Atari) - 1988

Double Dunk (Atari) - 1988

BMX Airmaster (TNT Games) - 1989

Double Dragon (Activision) - 1989

Fatal Run (Atari) - 1989

Off the Wall (Atari) - 1989

32 in 1 (Atari) - 1990

Ghostbusters II (Salu) - 1990

Ikari Warriors (Atari) - 1990

Klax (Atari) - 1990

MotoRodeo (Atari) - 1990

My Golf (HES) - 1990

Acid Drop (Salu Ltd) - 1992

Sbroadwe (talk) 17:16, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Is it ok if I make a table?
Like this.

0–9
I'll do it little by little if that's cool with everyone.

NewAgeRed--68.94.77.37 (talk) 23:17, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If it was a small list I'd say go ahead. But right now its in the standard format for large lists.  --Marty Goldberg (talk) 00:09, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Make it a table. Then have a table for homebrew games and another for prototypes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.235.13.240 (talk) 02:47, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Do you mean it's too big to bother with? or impossible? Because I was going to put tables. NewAgeRed--68.94.77.37 (talk) 01:56, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No I mean a list that size here generally doesn't go in to table format. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 01:57, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

N64 games list, like this. I'll change it soon, like Sonday or something If that's cool. NewAgeRed--68.94.77.37 (talk) 02:51, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Doing it in table form would also allow for it to be sortable by title, release year or manufacturer, which would be a huge plus. Lambertman (talk) 14:13, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

I've just converted the list of arcade games to table format. I can do the same here if folks want it. 2fort5r (talk) 02:52, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Why is there pointless numbering in the list?
The first 484 games are numbered 001 to 484. Why? This isn't the order they were released in, their popularity, or anything else. No reason to have a useless category.  D r e a m Focus  02:31, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed... I've removed them. 28bytes (talk) 03:05, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Year by year search thrown off by dividing things in alphabetical order
When I try to organize the list by year, it only does one section at a time. Can we have everything together, not separate list by what letter of the alphabet they start with?  D r e a m Focus  02:31, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Catalog numbers (Atari releases)
The Atari releases featured catalog numbers in the format of CX26xx or CX261xx for later games. Would it be feasible to include these catalog numbers in a column? Kyojikasshu (talk) 03:09, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be feasible, but would it be particularly useful for the reader? I'm not necessarily opposed to the idea. (And I would be happy to help put in the data if everyone thinks it would be a good addition.) 28bytes (talk) 14:26, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Controllers/Peripherals
Since many of these games required or made use of special controllers or peripherals like the paddles or keypads, I think it would be a good idea to incorporate that information into the table. There were several other peripheral controllers and other add-ons for the Atari VCS/2600. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rsegrest (talk • contribs) 19:36, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that's an excellent idea. Since the vast majority were joystick games, the thing to to might be to add "uses paddle controller" or "uses driving controller" in the comments field rather than adding another column. 28bytes (talk) 19:48, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Unreleased games
I've removed three games from the homebrew section because I can't find any references that say they've been released. The only information I've found suggests they're still in development. If anyone can find reliable source references that they've been released we can put them back in. 28bytes (talk) 16:36, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

different sections
Why is it that this is the only system that has the games divided in two sections? One being Atari/Sears and the second being third party. None of the other systems do this and I'm sure that it's not difficult to figure out which ones are which. Looks at all the other lists of games for other consoles they don't do this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.10.239.120 (talk) 12:58, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

Third party in the Atari/Sears list
Air Raid belongs in the third party list — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.122.162.212 (talk) 18:58, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Actionauts Should be homebrewed not Third party — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.122.162.212 (talk) 20:41, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Atlantis and Atlantis 2 is in both Catagories of Atari & Sears and Third Party — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.122.162.212 (talk) 22:53, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Dark Chamber link goes to Night Stalker50.122.162.212 (talk) 03:11, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Fighter pilot in third party questionable game link transfers to page on fighter pilots50.122.162.212 (talk) 04:58, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Frogger listed twice, both go to same game by Konomi but the regular frogger is by the same developers as Frogs and Flies50.122.162.212 (talk) 02:49, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Gauntlet is in both First and third party lists50.122.162.212 (talk) 03:07, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Atariage - clarification needed
In the Homebrew section a considerable number of games seem to be published by Atariage in the 2000's, but the linked article for this publisher says they were only operational from 1982 - 1984. Derek Andrews (talk) 23:16, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * There are two different Atari Ages: the magazine (1982-1984) and the website/homebrew game manufacturer (1998-present). Until 2015 the Atari Age article included [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atari_Age_(magazine)&oldid=688533838#AtariAge_.28website.29 information about both] but someone removed the information about the latter. I will try to restore that info to a separate article when I get a free minute. 28bytes (talk) 00:46, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem should be fixed now. There are now separate articles for AtariAge the homebrew publisher and Atari Age the magazine from the '80s. 28bytes (talk) 04:07, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you . Derek Andrews (talk) 17:35, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

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I think a singular games list would be best
Having separate game lists only renders the ability to sort by column pointless. No other system article segments games based on publisher. That's something one could do by column in a unified list. 2601:602:880:9A40:1878:948D:1FD9:CE6C (talk) 12:04, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Article cleanup
Per Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Video games/Archive 172 there is a community consensus on how to cleanup this article. Sergecross73  msg me  16:18, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Atari 2600 games


text:
Case citation

Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information.

A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position." Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information:
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The Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites and most published court decisions now appear in that way. They can be found through many national and other websites, such as WorldLII and AfricanLII, that are operated by members of the Free Access to Law Movement.

The resulting flood of non-paginated information has led to numbering of paragraphs and the adoption of a medium-neutral citation system. This usually contains the following information: Rather than utilizing page numbers for pinpoint references, which would depend upon particular printers and browsers, pinpoint quotations refer to paragraph numbers.
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Pronunciation of case titles
In common law countries with an adversarial system of justice, the names of the opposing parties are separated in the case title by the abbreviation v (usually written as v in Commonwealth countries and usually as v. in the U.S. ) of the Latin word versus, which means against. When case titles are read out loud, the v can be pronounced, depending on the context, as and, against, versus, or vee.

Commonwealth pronunciation
Most Commonwealth countries follow English legal style:

 * Civil cases are pronounced with and. For example, Smith v Jones would be pronounced "Smith Jones".
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American pronunciation
In the United States, there is no consensus on the pronunciation of the abbreviation v. This has led to much confusion about the pronunciation and spelling of court cases:

 * Versus is most commonly used, leading some newspapers to use the common abbreviation vs. in place of the legal abbreviation v.
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 * And is used by some law professors, but other law professors regard it as an affectation.
 * Pronouncing the letter V|vee is used almost exclusively for Roe v. Wade, probably due to its widespread invocation in American culture. This pronunciation—which is discouraged within the legal profession—is otherwise rare among the general public, even when referring to other well-known cases like Brown v. Board of Education.

During oral arguments in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the participants demonstrated the lack of consensus on the pronunciation of "v.", using different pronunciations. Solicitor General Ken Starr even managed to use all three of the most common American pronunciations interchangeably: "This is the process of analysis that is quite familiar to the Court, very lengthily laid out by Justice Harlan in his dissent in Poe versus Ullman, and then adumbrated in his concurring opinion in Griswold against Connecticut. ... Well, I think that that is the necessary consequence of Roe vee Wade."

Australia
Legal citation in Australia generally mirrors the methods of citation used in England. A widely used guide to Australian legal citation is the Australian Guide to Legal Citation, commonly known as AGLC, published jointly by the Melbourne University Law Review and the Melbourne Journal of International Law.

The standard case citation format in Australia is:

As in Canada, there has been divergence among citation styles. There exist commercial citation guides published by Butterworths and other legal publishing companies, academic citation styles and court citation styles. Each court in Australia may cite the same case slightly differently. There is presently a movement in convergence to the comprehensive academic citation style of the Australian Guide to Legal Citation published jointly by the Melbourne University Law Review and the Melbourne Journal of International Law.

Neutral citation
Australian courts and tribunals have now adopted a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report. Most cases are now published on AustLII using neutral citations.

The standard format looks like this: So the above-mentioned Mabo case would then be cited like this: Mabo v Queensland (No 2) [1992] HCA 23.

There is a unique court identifier code for most courts. The court and tribunal identifiers include:

The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
There are a number of citation standards in Canada. Many legal publishing companies and schools have their own standard for citation. Since the late 1990s, however, much of the legal community has converged to a single standard—formulated in The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique, commonly known as the "McGill Guide" after the McGill Law Journal, which first published it. The following format reflects this standard:

 * Hunter v Southam, [1984] 2 SCR 145.

Broken into its component parts, the format is:

The Style of Cause is italicized as in all other countries and the party names are separated by v (English) or c (French). Prior to 1984 the appellant party would always be named first. However, since then case names do not switch order when the case is appealed.

Undisclosed parties to a case are represented by initials (e.g., R v RDS). Criminal cases are prosecuted by the Crown, which is always represented by R for Regina (queen) or Rex (king). Reference questions (advisory opinions) are always entitled Reference re followed by the subject title.

If the year of decision is the same as the year of the report and the date is a part of the reporter's citation, then the date need not be listed after the style of cause. If the date of the decision is different from the year of the report, then both should be shown.

Where available, cases should be cited with their neutral citation immediately after the style of cause and preceding the print citation. For example,

 * Chaoulli v Quebec (Attorney General), 2005 SCC 35, [2005] 1 SCR 791.

This format was adopted as the standard in 2006, in the sixth edition of the McGill Guide. Prior to this format, the opposite order of parallel citation was used.

The seventh edition of the McGill Guide, published 2010-08-20, removes most full stop/period (".") characters from the citations, e.g., a citation to the Supreme Court Reports that previously would have been [2005] 1 S.C.R. 791, is now [2005] 1 SCR 791. Most full stops are also removed from styles of cause. The seventh edition also further highlights the significance of neutral citations (i.e., tribunal-assigned citations that are publisher-independent).

Neutral citation
In 1999 the Canadian Judicial Council adopted a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report.

The standard format looks like this:

Court identifiers
There is a unique court identifier code for most courts.

Denmark
Denmark has no official standard or style guide governing case citation. However, most case citations include the same elements.

Published decisions
Citations of decisions published in a reporter usually consist of the name or abbreviation of the reporter, the year or volume, the page number where the decision begin (sometimes followed by an identifying number if more than one judgment is on a page), as well as the name or abbreviation of the court which decided the case. As an example, the "Aalborg Kloster-judgment", a precedent-setting Supreme Court judgment regarding strict liability, is published in Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen volume 1968 as the second judgment on page 84. A citation of this case could take the form U.1968.84/2H, UfR 1968 84/2 H, Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen 1968, p. 84/2, or something similar. In this case U, UfR and Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen identify the reporter, 1968 identifies the year or volume, 84 identifies the starting page, /2 indicates that the judgment is the second one on that particular page, and H identifies the court which decided the case.

Certain reporters, such as Tidsskrift for Skatter og Afgifter, do not identify published decisions by page number, but by a serial number. Citations to these reporters use the serial number in place of a page number.

Unpublished decisions
If a decision has not been published in a reporter, more identifying information is needed. Generally, citations to unreported cases involve the name of the court, the date of the decision and the case number assigned by the court. For example: Sø- og Handelsrettens dom af 3. maj 2018 i sag nr. V-17-17 (The Maritime and Commercial Court's judgment of May 3 in case no. V-17-17). Certain authors format these citations to mimic the "short citation" of published cases.

Neutral citations and the ECLI
The Danish Court Administration is currently working on a public database which will make all judgments available to the public (currently only the Supreme Court as well as the Maritime and Commercial Court do this). The database is expected to implement the European Case Law Identifier, which will make uniform, neutral citations of decisions possible.

Germany
In Germany there are two types of citation: the full citation of a case and its shortened form. In e.g. scientific articles, the full citation of a particular case is only used at its first occurrence; after that, its shortened form is used. In most law journals, the articles themselves only use the shortened form; the full citations for all articles sometimes are summarized at the beginning of that journals edition.

A third type (yet not too widely spread) is the citation by using the European Case Law Identifier, a ″neutral″ citation system introduced by the Council of the European Union in 2011, which Germany is participating in.

Federal Constitutional Court
The most important cases of the Federal Constitutional Court are published by the court in its official collection. This collection is abbreviated BVerfGE, whereas BVerfG is short for Bundesverfassungsgericht, the German court name, and E stands for Entscheidung (decision).

Starting in 2004, the court also publishes the BVerfGK collection, containing decisions made only by a Kammer, a specific panel of the court.

The so-called Volkszählungsurteil for example could be cited
 * BVerfGE 65, 1 (43), Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 15. Dezember 1983 auf die mündliche Verhandlung vom 18. und 19. Oktober 1983, Az. 1 BvR 209, 269, 362, 420, 440, 484/83.

in full and
 * BVerfGE 65, 1 (43).

in short.

For the meaning of the different case numbers of the BVerfG see the German article.

If decisions are not yet published by the court, or will not be published at all, law journals can be cited, e.g.,
 * BVerfG, NJW 2009, 1234 (1235 f.).

Where NJW stands for the law journal Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, 2009 is the year, 1234 the page of the beginning and 1235 the cited page(s) – "f." stands for "seq.". In general, citations of the official collections are preferred.

Federal Court of Justice
The Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof, short BGH) publishes the official collections Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Strafsachen for its criminal law decisions and Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen for those in private law.

The Katzenkönigfall e.g. would be cited
 * BGHSt 35, 347 ff., Urteil des 4. Strafsenats vom 15. September 1988, Az. 4 StR 352/88.

in full and
 * BGHSt 35, 347 ff.

in short (in this example, the page cited is not specifically page 347 but that and those which follow, as indicated by the abbreviation "ff.").

Other federal courts
The official collection of the Federal Social Court (Bundessozialgericht, BSG) is abbreviated Entscheidungen des Bundessozialgerichts.

The official collection of the Federal Fiscal Court (Bundesfinanzhof, BFH) is Entscheidungen des Bundesfinanzhofs.

The official collection of the Federal Labour Court (Bundesarbeitsgericht, BAG) is Entscheidungen des Bundesarbeitsgerichts.

The official collection of the Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht, BVerwG) is Entscheidungen des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts.

Other courts
For other courts, generally the same rules apply, though most do not publish an official collection, so they must be cited from a law journal.

European Case Law Identifier
According to the ECLI system the Volkszählungsurteil would be cited as

and the Katzenkönigfall as

India
India's vast federated judicial system admits to a large number of reporters, each with their own style of citation. There are over 200 law reports in India – subject-wise and state (province)-wise, authorized and unauthorized.

Supreme Court of India
The official reporter for Supreme Court decisions is the Supreme Court Reports. These reports however lag behind other journals in the speed of reporting. While decisions themselves are uploaded by the Supreme Court itself on www.courtnic.nic.in, the edited versions with headnotes in the official reporter take years to compile. However, some reporters have been authorised to publish the Court's decisions. The All India Reporter (AIR) is an old and respected reporter that, in addition to the Supreme Court, also reports decisions of the various State High Courts. Other popular reporters include Supreme Court Cases, which has become the most cited report in the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court Almanac, and Judgements Today.

Sebastian Hongray v. Union of India:
 * AIR 1984 SC 571 – "AIR" refers to the All India Reporter, "1984" is the year of judgement (AIR does not use a volume-based classification), "SC" refers to the Supreme Court of India, and "571" is the first page number of the report within the volume;
 * (1984) 1 SCC 339 – "1984" is the year of publication, "1" is the volume number of the reporter, "SCC" stands for Supreme Court Cases (the name of the reporter), and "339" is the first page number of the report within the volume; and
 * 1984 Cri LJ 289 (SC) – "1984" is the year of publication, "Cri LJ" is an abbreviation for the Criminal Law Journal (the name of the reporter), and "289" is the first page number of the report within the volume. The "SC" in parentheses indicates that the case was heard by the Supreme Court.

A citation of the "Supreme Court Almanac":
 * Additional Secretary, Government of India v. Alka Subhash Gadia (1990) 2 Scale 1352

A citation in "Judgements Today":
 * Premium Granites v. State of Tamil Nadu JT (1994) 1 SC 374

The "Supreme Court Cases (SCC)" published supplementary reports for a few years in the early 1990s. Those citations looked like this:
 * Federation of Mining Associations v. State of Rajasthan 1992 Supp (2) SCC 239, which points to page 239 of the Second Supplementary Volume of the SCC reports in the year 1992. From 1996 the Supplementary Volumes were numbered in sequence after the regular volumes.

The SCC also have a separate series of subject-based reporting of the decisions of the Supreme Court:
 * Rathinam Nagbhushan Patnaik v. Union of India 1994 SCC (Cri) 740, which refers to the SCC Criminal Reports
 * Delhi Transport Corporation v. Mazdoor Congress 1991 SCC (L&S) 1213, which refers to the SCC Labour & Services Reports

National Judicial Reference System (NJRS)
National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) is a project started by the Income-tax Department, Government of India. It has been envisaged as a tool to achieve efficiency in the tax litigation process of Income Tax Department (ITD). Within this project the Judicial Research & Reference System (JRRS) – JRRS is a repository of judicial orders as a single, indexed, searchable, cross-linked, database of Judgments / orders of ITAT, Authority of Advance Ruling (AAR), HC and SC.

The Citation nomenclature followed within NJRS :
 * Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax 2009-LL-1021, which refers to NJRS citations.

This Citation further allows to add the Authority where the judgment / order was pronounced.
 * Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax 2009-LL-1021-SC, which refers to NJRS citations.

New Zealand
The standard case citation format in New Zealand is:

Several leading law reviews in New Zealand have also adopted the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) such as the Canterbury Law Review. The AGLC style is also rather similar to citation style in New Zealand.

Reporters
Additionally, a number of other report series exist for specialist areas such as Family, Employment and Tax Law.

Neutral citation
New Zealand courts and tribunals have begun to adopt a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report.

The standard format looks like this:

There is a unique court identifier for each court or tribunal. These identifiers are:

Where both a neutral citation and a reporter citation exist, the neutral citation should come first e.g. R v AM [2010] NZCA 114, [2010] 2 NZLR 750

Norway
The Norwegian standard case citation format for published court decisions is:

 * Rt. 1952 s. 989 (Telefonsjikanedommen)

where:

 * Rt. identifies the report series.
 * All supreme court judgments are published in Retstidende (Court Times), abbreviated Rt.
 * Many judgments and decisions from lower courts are published in Rettens gang (RG).
 * 1952 is the year of reporter
 * s. is the Norwegian abbreviation for page. This is optional.
 * 989 is the first page number of the decision in the reporter.
 * Finally, one can add the popular name of the decision. It is unusual to refer to name of the plaintiff(s) and defendant(s), but often there is an unofficial name. Telefonsjikanedommen refers to a 1952 case where the Supreme Court ruled that telephone harassment ("telefonsjikane") was not illegal under the current criminal code.

Philippines
Despite the long-standing civil law tradition in the Philippines, reliance on judicial precedents has become indispensable since the period of American rule. Supreme Court decisions are expressly recognized as part of the internal law, and are thus frequently cited in court decisions and legal pleadings. Though there is only one Supreme Court in the Philippines, the citation of its decisions varies, depending on which reporter of a case is relied on by the person citing that case.

Philippine Reports
The Philippine Reports is the official reporter of decisions of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The standard format for citation of the Philippine Reports is:

 * Disini v. Secretary of Justice, 727 Phil. 28 (2014)

where:

 * Disini v. Secretary of Justice is the name of the case
 * 727 is the volume number of the Philippine Reports where the case may be found
 * Phil. is the standard abbreviation of Philippine Reports
 * 28 is the page number in the Philippine Reports that contains the beginning of the decision. If this number is followed by a comma then another page number (i.e., 727 Phil. 28, 30), the latter number indicates the particular page where the annotated text can be found
 * (2014) is the year the case was decided.

As of present, Philippine cases are contained in quarterly issues.

Supreme Court Reports Annotated
In the last few decades, the Philippine Reports has suffered from production problems, resulting in long delays in publication, as well as significant gaps within its published series. As a result, the privately published Supreme Court Reports Annotated (published by Central Professional Books, Inc.) has become more widely used than the Philippine Reports, even by the courts. The proper format for citation of the Supreme Court Reports Annotated is:

 * Neri v. Senate, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008, 549 SCRA 77

where:

 * Neri v. Senate is the name of the case
 * G.R. No. 180643 is the case docket number originally assigned by the Supreme Court at the time the action was filed with the Court (G.R. stands for General Register)
 * 25 March 2008 is the exact date the decision of this case was promulgated
 * 549 is the volume number of the Supreme Court Reports Annotated where the case may be found
 * SCRA is the standard abbreviation of Supreme Court Reports Annotated
 * 77 is the page number in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated that contains the beginning of the decision. If this number is followed by a comma then another page number (i.e., 549 SCRA 77, 79), the latter number indicates the particular page where the annotated text can be found

When citing cases not yet reported in the SCRA or Philippine Reports, the above citation without reference to the SCRA is preferred (i.e., Neri v. Senate, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008).

Lower court decisions
As there are no official or unofficial reporters that regularly publish decisions of the Court of Appeals and other lower courts, citation of their decisions hews to the same format as cases not reported either in the Philippine Reports or the SCRA. Thus: (case name), (docket number), (date of promulgation of decision). For the Court of Appeals, docket numbers begin as CA-G.R. No., followed by either CR for criminal, CV for civil, and SP for the "Special Cases Section".

Switzerland
Citations vary by court and by language. Cases of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court are cited as follows:

Officially published cases are cited as ''BGE 133 II 292 [E. 3.2 S. 296] (German: Bundesgerichtsentscheide) or ATF 133 II 292 [consid. 3.2 p. 296] (French: arrêts du tribunal fédéral''). In this example, 133 is the annual issue of the court reports, II the part indicating the division of the Court, and 292 the page on which the decision begins. Optionally, "E. 3.2" and "S. 296" are the section and page specifically cited.

Supreme Court decisions not selected for official publication are cited as ''Urteil [des Bundesgerichts] 5C.260/2006 vom 30. März 2007 or arrêt [du Tribunal fédéral] 5C.260/2006 du 30 mars 2007'' respectively. In this example, 5C is the division of the Court, 260 the case number and 2006 the year in which the case was opened.

The citation style for cases of the inferior federal courts of Switzerland is similar.

Neutral citation
Since 2001, judgments in the House of Lords, Privy Council, Court of Appeal and Administrative Court have been issued with neutral citations. This system was extended to other parts of the High Court in 2002. Judgments with neutral citations are freely available on the British and Irish Legal Information Institute website (www.bailii.org). Neutral citations identify judgments independently of any series of reports, and cite only parties, year of judgment, court and case number. For example, Rottman v MPC [2002] UKHL 20 identifies the 20th judgment in 2002 in the UK House of Lords. UKHL stands for UK House of Lords. EWHC and EWCA identify the England and Wales High Court and Court of Appeal respectively. These abbreviations are generally followed by an abbreviation indicating the court or division (e.g. Admin, Ch, Crim, Pat).

How to cite a case
If a neutral citation is available for a judgment, it should immediately follow the party names. If the judgment has also been reported in a law reports series, follow the neutral citation with the best report, which is usually from the official Law Reports series (Appeals Cases – AC, Chancery – Ch, Family – Fam, Queen's Bench – QB etc.).

The case of Rottman v MPC was reported in the Appeals Cases, so the citation should be:
 * Rottman v MPC [2002] UKHL 20, [2002] 2 AC 692.

This means that a report of the case and the judgment can be found in the 2002 volumes, vol 2, of the Law Reports series called Appeals Cases, beginning at page 692.

To cite a particular paragraph from the judgment, add the paragraph number in square brackets at the end of the citation:
 * Rottman v MPC [2002] UKHL 20, [2002] 2 AC 692 [58].

If a case is not reported in the Law Reports, the next best report is the Weekly Law Reports (e.g. [2002] 2 WLR 1315), and then the All England Reports (e.g., [2002] 2 All ER 865). In some situations, it might be preferable to cite a specialist series, e.g., Rottman v MPC was also cited in the Human Rights Law Reports, at [2002] HRLR 32.

For cases before 2001, cite the best report. If referring to a particular page of the judgment, give that page number after the page number on which the report begins. The following citation refers to page 573 of the Donoghue v Stevenson judgment:

 * Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, 573.
 * See Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities

England and Wales
The standard case citation format in England and Wales is:

In England and Wales as with certain Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation "R" for rex (king) or regina (queen), is used for cases in which the state is a party (typically criminal cases or judicial review cases). If the Attorney General for England and Wales or the Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales) prosecute the case, the abbreviation "AG" or "DPP" will be used instead of "R"

Square brackets "[ ]" are used when the year is essential to locating the report (e.g., the official law reports either—as with Donoghue v Stevenson, above—do not have volume numbers or, if there are multiple volumes in a single year, they are numbered 1, 2, etc.). Round brackets "" are used when the year is not essential but is useful for information purposes, e.g., in reports that have a cumulative volume number such as R v Dudley and Stephens, above.

Law reports
The term "reporter", meaning a law report or a series of them, is not widely used in England and Wales. Before 1865, English courts used a large number of privately printed reports, and cases were cited based on which report they appeared in. (This system was also used in the United States and other common law jurisdictions during that period.)

Two main unofficial law reports report all areas of law: the Weekly Law Reports (WLR) and the All England Reports (All ER). In addition, a number of unofficial specialist law reports focus on particular areas, e.g., Entertainment and Media Law Reports (EMLR) or the Criminal Appeal Reports (Cr App R).

For the citation of "The Law Reports" of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, see Law Reports. These have been published since 1865. They have always been split into a number of different series, the current series being the Appeal Cases (AC), Chancery (Ch), Family (Fam), and Queen's Bench (QB) (or King's Bench—KB—depending on the monarch of the time). These four series are cited in preference to all others in court.

The table below is an incomplete list of law reports other than "The Law Reports", nominate reports and reprints.

The table below is a list of series that are reprints of earlier reports.

For nominate reports, see Nominate reports.

Scotland
The standard case citation formats in Scotland are:

The Supreme Court has issued a practice note on the use of neutral citation. The Scots Law Times is cited as "SLT".

United States
The standard case citation format in the United States is:
 * Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)

where:
 * Roe v. Wade is the abbreviated name of the case. Generally, the first name (here, Roe) is the surname of the plaintiff, who is the party who filed the suit for an original case, or the appellant, the party appealing in a case being appealed from a lower court, or the petitioner when litigating in the high court of a jurisdiction; and the second name (here, Wade) is the surname of the defendant, the party responding to the suit, or the appellee, the party responding to the appeal, or the respondent, when defending in the high court of the jurisdiction. Litigants are generally referred to by their last name (when they are natural persons), and a case is generally referred to by the first named litigant on each side of the case. In this example, Roe refers to "Jane Roe," a pseudonym commonly used when it is appropriate to keep the identity of a litigant out of the public spotlight, and Wade refers to Henry Wade, the Dallas County District Attorney at the time.
 * 410 is the volume number of the "reporter" that reported the Court's written opinion in the case titled Roe v. Wade.
 * U.S. is the abbreviation of the reporter, or printed book of court opinions. Here, "U.S." stands for United States Reports.
 * 113 is the page number (in volume 410 of United States Reports) where the opinion begins.
 * 1973 is the year when the court rendered its decision.
 * The abbreviated name of the court is included inside the parenthesis before the year if the name of the court is not obvious from the reporter. This rule comes into play because certain reporters, such as members of the West National Reporter System, publish opinions originating from multiple courts. In this example, the name of the court (United States Supreme Court) is obvious (since only decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are published in United States Reports) and is thus omitted as a matter of convention.

Case citations are used to find a particular case, both when looking up a case in a printed reporter and when accessing it via the Internet or services such as LexisNexis or Westlaw.

This format also allows different cases with the same parties to be easily differentiated. For example, looking for the U.S. Supreme Court case of Miller v. California would yield four cases, some involving different people named Miller, and each involving different issues.

Supreme Court of the United States
Cases from the Supreme Court of the United States are officially printed in the United States Reports. A citation to the United States Reports looks like this:

 * Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
 * Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

Many court decisions are published in more than one reporter. A citation to two or more reporters for a given court decision is called a "parallel citation". For U.S. Supreme Court decisions, there are several unofficial reporters, including the Supreme Court Reporter (abbreviated S. Ct.) and United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition (commonly known simply as Lawyers' Edition) (abbreviated L. Ed.), which are printed by private companies and provide further annotations to the opinions of the Court. Although a citation to the latter two is not required, some attorneys and legal writers prefer to cite all three case reporters at once:

 * Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965)

The "2d" after the L. Ed. signifies the second series of the Lawyers' Edition. United States case reporters are sequentially numbered, but the volume number is never higher than 999. When the 1,000th volume is reached (the threshold in earlier years was lower), the volume number is reset to 1 and a "2d" is appended after the reporter's abbreviation. Some case reporters are in their third series, and a few are approaching their fourth.

Some very old Supreme Court cases have odd-looking citations, such as Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). The "(1 Cranch)" refers to the fact that, before there was a reporter series known as the United States Reports compiled by the Supreme Court's Reporter of Decisions, cases were gathered, bound together, and sold privately by the Court's Reporter of Decisions. In this example, Marbury was first reported in an edition by William Cranch, who was responsible for publishing Supreme Court reports from 1801 to 1815. Such reports, named for the individual who gathered them and hence called "nominative reports", existed from 1790 to 1874. Beginning in 1874, the U.S. government created the United States Reports, and at the same time simultaneously numbered the volumes previously published privately as part of a single series and began numbering sequentially from that point. In this way, "5 U.S. (1 Cranch)" means that it is the 5th overall volume of the United States Reports series, but the first that was originally published by William Cranch; four volumes of opinions prior to that were (for example) published by Alexander Dallas (for example, "4 U.S. (4 Dall.)"), and after Cranch's 9 volumes, 12 more were published by Henry Wheaton (e.g., "15 U.S. (2 Wheat.)"). See the Supreme Court of the United States Reporter of Decisions for other edition names. The name of the reporter of decisions has not been used in citations since the U.S. government began printing the United States Reports.

When a case has been decided, but not yet published in the case reporter, the citation may note the volume but leave blank the page of the case reporter until it is determined. For example, Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. 302 (2012) was properly cited as Golan v. Holder, 565 U.S. ___ (2012) before publication.

In the caption of a Supreme Court case, the first name listed is the name of the petitioning (appealing) party, followed by the party responding (respondent) to the appeal. In most cases, the appealing party was the losing party in the prior court. This is no longer the practice used in cases in the federal courts of appeal, in which the original alignment of parties from the lower court is preserved.

Lower federal courts
United States court of appeals cases are published in the Federal Reporter (F., F.2d, or F.3d). United States district court cases and cases from some specialized courts are published in the Federal Supplement (F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d). Both series are published by Thomson West; they are technically unofficial reporters, but have become widely accepted as the de facto "official" reporters of the lower federal courts because of the absence of a true official reporter. (Of the federal appeals and district courts, only one, the D.C. Circuit, has an official reporter, United States Court of Appeals Reports, and even that one is rarely used today.)

When lower federal court opinions are cited, the citation includes the name of the court. This is placed in the parentheses immediately before the year. Some examples:

 * Geary v. Visitation of Blessed Virgin Mary School, 7 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 1993) – a 1993 case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 * Glassroth v. Moore, 229 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (M.D. Ala. 2002) – a 2002 case in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

U.S. circuit and district court cases from 1789 to 1880 were reported in Federal Cases, abbreviated F. Cas. An example of the citation form is: Wheaton v. Peters, 29 F. Cas. 862 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1832) (No. 17,486).

State courts
State court decisions are published in several places. Many states have their own official state reporters, which publish decisions of one or more of that state's courts. Reporters that publish decisions of a state's highest court are abbreviated using the traditional abbreviation for the state's name (i.e., not the postal abbreviation), regardless of what the actual title of the reporter is. Thus, the official reporter of decisions of the California Supreme Court (titled California Reports) is abbreviated "Cal." (or, for subsequent series, "Cal. 2d," "Cal. 3d", or "Cal. 4th").

 * Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co., 248 N.Y. 339 (1928), a case in the New York Court of Appeals, reported in New York Reports. Note that the New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in New York. Because the New York Reports only report opinions of the New York Court of Appeals, there is no need to repeat the court designation before the year.
 * Green v. Chicago Tribune Company, 286 Ill. App. 3d 1 (1996) – a case in the Illinois Appellate Court, reported in Illinois Appellate Court Reports. Note that, in contrast to New York, the Illinois Appellate Court is only the intermediate court of appeals in Illinois; decisions of the Illinois Supreme Court are reported in Illinois Reports, abbreviated "Ill." (or "Ill. 2d"). Because the Illinois Appellate Court Reports are dedicated solely to reporting decisions of the Illinois Appellate Court, there is no need to repeat the court designation before the year.
 * Harte v. Hand, 438 N.J. Super. 545 (Ch. Div. 2014). Note that although all published opinions of the New Jersey Superior Court are published in the New Jersey Superior Court Reports, the organization of the Superior Court into three divisions (the Law Division, the Chancery Division, and the Appellate Division) means the citation must specify which division issued the opinion. This is especially salient as the Appellate Division hears appeals from the Law and Chancery Divisions, as occurred with the example case (a rehearing on remand of Harte v. Hand, 433 N.J. Super. 457 (App. Div. 2013)).

In addition to the official reporters, Thomson West publishes several series of "regional reporters" that cover several states each. These are the North Eastern Reporter, Atlantic Reporter, South Eastern Reporter, Southern Reporter, South Western Reporter, North Western Reporter, and Pacific Reporter. California, Illinois, and New York also each have their own line of Thomson West reporters, because of the large volume of cases generated in those states (titled, respectively, West's California Reporter, Illinois Decisions, and West's New York Supplement). Some smaller states (like South Dakota) have stopped publishing their own official reporters, and instead have certified the appropriate West regional reporter as their "official" reporter.

Here are some examples of how to cite West reporters:

 * Jackson v. Commonwealth, 583 S.E.2d 780 (Va. Ct. App. 2003) – a case in the Virginia Court of Appeals (an intermediate appellate court) published in the South Eastern Reporter's 2nd series
 * Foxworth v. Maddox, 137 So. 161 (Fla. 1931) – a case in the Florida Supreme Court published in the Southern Reporter
 * People v. Brown, 282 N.Y.S.2d 497 (N.Y. 1967) – a case in the New York Court of Appeals (New York's highest court) published in West's New York Supplement's 2nd series. The case also appears in West's regional reporter: People v. Brown, 229 N.E.2d 192 (N.Y. 1967). Note, in both forms, that "N.Y." is placed in the parenthetical, because both West's New York Supplement and the North Eastern Reporter report the opinions of more courts than only the New York Court of Appeals. A citation to the officially published reports, People v. Brown, 20 N.Y.2d 238 (1967), however, does not require the court name in the parenthetical, because the official New York Reports only report opinions of the New York Court of Appeals.

Abbreviations for lower courts vary by state, as each state has its own system of trial courts and intermediate appellate courts. When a case appears in both an official reporter and a regional reporter, either citation can be used. Generally, citing to the regional reporter is preferred, since out-of-state attorneys are more likely to have access to these. Many lawyers prefer to include both citations. Some state courts require that parallel citations (in this case, citing to both the official reporter and an unofficial regional reporter) be used when citing cases from any court in that state's system.

Like the United States Supreme Court, some very old state case citations include an abbreviation of the name of either the private publisher or the reporter of decisions, a state-appointed officer who originally collected and published the cases. For example, in Hall v. Bell, 47 Mass. (6 Met.) 431 (1843), the citation is to volume 47 of Massachusetts Reports, which, like United States Reports, was started in the latter half of the 19th century and incorporated into the series a number of prior editions originally published privately, and began numbering from that point; "6 Met." refers to the 6th volume that had originally been published privately by Theron Metcalf. An example of a case cited to a reporter that has not been subsequently incorporated into an officially published series is Pierson v. Post, 3 Cai. 175 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804), reported in volume 3 of Caines' Reports, page 175, named for George Caines, who had been appointed to report New York cases; the case was before the New York Supreme Court of Judicature (now defunct). Most states gave up this practice in the mid-to-late 19th century, but Delaware persisted until 1920.

Some states, notably California and New York, have their own citation systems that differ significantly from the various federal and national standards. In California, the year is placed between the names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter; in New York, the year is wrapped in brackets instead of parentheses, while California uses brackets for parenthetical explanations of a case's holding or relevance. Both New York and California styles wrap an entire citation in parentheses when used as a stand-alone sentence to support the preceding sentence, although New York places the terminating period outside the parentheses, whereas California places it inside. New York wraps just the reporter and page references in parentheses when the citation is used as a clause.

Either way, both state styles differ from the national/Bluebook style of simply dropping in the citation as a separate sentence without further adornment. Both systems use less punctuation and spacing in their reporter abbreviations.

For example, assuming that it is being placed as a stand-alone sentence, the Brown case above would be cited (using the official reporter) to a New York court as:

 * (People v. Brown, 20 NY2d 238 [1967]).

And, again, as a stand-alone sentence, the famous Greenman product liability case would be cited to a California court as:

 * (Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. (1963) 59 Cal.2d 57.)

Unpublished decisions
A growing number of court decisions are not published in case reporters. For example, only 7% of the opinions of the California intermediate courts (the Courts of Appeal) are published each year. This is mainly because judges certify only significant decisions for publication, due to the massive number of frivolous appeals flowing through the courts and the importance of avoiding information overload.

It is also argued that this is in part because in many states, especially California, the legislature has failed to expand the judiciary to keep up with population growth (for various political and fiscal reasons). To deal with their crushing caseloads, many judges prefer to write shorter-than-normal opinions that dispose of minor issues in the case in a sentence or two. They avoid publishing such abbreviated opinions, however, so as not to risk creating bad precedents.

Attorneys have several options in citing "unpublished" decisions:
 * For cases that have not been published or put in an electronic database, or very recently decided cases that have not yet been published or put in an electronic database, a citation to the case's docket number before the court that decided it is required.
 * Groucho Marx Prods. v. Playboy Enters., No. 77 Civ. 1782 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 1977) – a decision of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York; the docket number and specific date allow a researcher to track down the printed copy maintained by the court if needed (legal citation forms strongly prefer citations to traditional printed resources).
 * Even though only some decisions of the U.S. Courts of Appeal are considered "published" (those appearing in Federal Reporter), Thomson West has recently started making available all decisions officially considered "unpublished" in a separate publication called Federal Appendix (abbreviated "F. App'x").
 * Cases intentionally left officially unpublished are nonetheless often "published" on computer services, such as LexisNexis and Westlaw. These services have their own citation formats based on the year of the case, an abbreviation indicating the computer service (or a specific database of that computer service), and an identification number; citations to online databases also usually include the case's docket number and the specific date when it was decided (due to the preference for citation to traditional printed resources). Examples include:
 * Fuqua Homes, Inc. v. Beattie, No. 03-3587, 2004 WL 2495842 (8th Cir. Nov. 8, 2004) – a case found on the Westlaw electronic database, decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit; the citation includes the case's original docket number (No. 03-3587), and a citation to the electronic database that indicates the date of decision, the database (WL for Westlaw) and a unique serial number in that database (2495842).
 * Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n, No. 3:02CV458(MRK), 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11266 (D. Conn. June 1, 2004) – a case decided by the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut; the citation includes the case's original docket number (No. 3:02CV458(MRK)), the date of decision, the database (U.S. Dist. LEXIS, indicating the LexisNexis database for U.S. District Court cases), and a unique serial number in that database (11266).

Some court systems—such as the California state court system—forbid attorneys to cite unpublished cases as precedent. Other systems allow citation of unpublished cases only under specific circumstances. For example, in Kentucky, unpublished cases from that state's courts can only be cited if the case was decided after January 1, 2003, and "there is no published opinion that would adequately address the issue before the court". From 2004 to 2006, federal judges debated whether the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (FRAP) should be amended so that unpublished cases in all circuits could be cited as precedent. In 2006, the Supreme Court, over the objection of several hundred judges and lawyers, adopted a new Rule 32.1 of FRAP requiring that federal courts allow citation of unpublished cases. The rule took effect on January 1, 2007.

Vendor-neutral citations
With the rise of the web, many courts placed new cases on websites. Some were published while others never lost their "unpublished" status. The major legal citation systems required cites to the officially published page numbers, in which publishers such as West Publishing claimed a copyright interest.

A vendor-neutral citation movement led to provisions being made for citations to web-based cases and other legal materials. A few courts modified their rules to specifically take into account cases "published" on the web.

An example of a vendor-neutral citation:
 * Equal. Found. of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. City of Cincinnati, 1997 FED App. 0318P (6th Cir.) – a 1997 case decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; the citation to the numbering system adopted by the court ("1997 FED App. 0318P") eliminates the need to cite to a specific vendor's product, in this case Thomson West's Federal Reporter (i.e., 128 F.3d 289).

Pinpoint citations
In practice, most lawyers go one step farther, once they have developed the correct citation for a case using the rules discussed above. Most court opinions contain holdings on multiple issues, so lawyers need to cite to the page that contains the specific holding they wish to invoke in their own case. Such citations are known as pinpoint citations, "pin cites", or "jump cites".

For example, in Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the word "person" as used in the Fourteenth Amendment does not include the unborn. That particular holding appears on page 158 of the volume in which the Roe decision was published. A full pin cite to Roe for that holding would be as follows:

 * Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 158 (1973).

And a parallel cite to all three U.S. Supreme Court reporters, combined with pin cites for all three, would produce:

 * Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 158, 93 S. Ct. 705, 729, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 180 (1973).

But in its opinions, the Court usually provides a direct pin cite only to the official reporter. The two unofficial reporters, when they reprint the Court's opinions, add on parallel cites to each other, but do not add pin cites. Therefore, a citation to Roe v. Wade in a later Supreme Court decision as viewed on Lexis or Westlaw would appear as follows:

 * Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 158, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147 (1973).

Even then, such citations are still quite lengthy, and may look quite mysterious and intimidating to laypersons when they read court opinions. Since the 1980s, there has been an ongoing debate among American judges as to whether they should relegate such lengthy citations to footnotes to improve the readability of their opinions, as strongly urged by Bryan A. Garner, one of the leading authors on legal writing and style. Most judges do relegate some citations to footnotes, but jurists such as Justice Stephen Breyer and Judge Richard Posner refuse to use footnotes in their opinions.

Types of citations
There are two types of citations: proprietary and public domain citations. There are many citation guides; the most commonly acknowledged is called The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, compiled by the Columbia Law Review, Harvard Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and Yale Law Journal. Public domain citations refer to the official reporters, rather than a publication service such as Westlaw, LexisNexis, particular legal journals, or specialization-specific reporters. States with their own unique style for court documents and case opinions also publish their own style guides, which include information on their citation rules.

Law by state (US)

 * State Laws, Code, & Statutes
 * State Statutes by Topic
 * State Statutes by Jurisdiction

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Case citation


text:
Trefoil knot

In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, the trefoil knot is the simplest example of a nontrivial knot. The trefoil can be obtained by joining the two loose ends of a common overhand knot, resulting in a knotted loop. As the simplest knot, the trefoil is fundamental to the study of mathematical knot theory.

The trefoil knot is named after the three-leaf clover (or trefoil) plant.

Descriptions
The trefoil knot can be defined as the curve obtained from the following parametric equations:
 * $$\begin{align}

x &= \sin t + 2 \sin 2t \\ y &= \cos t - 2 \cos 2t \\ z &= -\sin 3t \end{align}$$

The (2,3)-torus knot is also a trefoil knot. The following parametric equations give a (2,3)-torus knot lying on torus $$(r-2)^2+z^2 = 1$$:
 * $$\begin{align}

x &= (2+\cos 3t) \cos 2t \\ y &= (2+\cos 3t )\sin 2t \\ z &= \sin 3t \end{align}$$

Any continuous deformation of the curve above is also considered a trefoil knot. Specifically, any curve isotopic to a trefoil knot is also considered to be a trefoil. In addition, the mirror image of a trefoil knot is also considered to be a trefoil. In topology and knot theory, the trefoil is usually defined using a knot diagram instead of an explicit parametric equation.

In algebraic geometry, the trefoil can also be obtained as the intersection in C2 of the unit 3-sphere S3 with the complex plane curve of zeroes of the complex polynomial z2 + w3 (a cuspidal cubic).

If one end of a tape or belt is turned over three times and then pasted to the other, the edge forms a trefoil knot.

Symmetry
The trefoil knot is chiral, in the sense that a trefoil knot can be distinguished from its own mirror image. The two resulting variants are known as the left-handed trefoil and the right-handed trefoil. It is not possible to deform a left-handed trefoil continuously into a right-handed trefoil, or vice versa. (That is, the two trefoils are not ambient isotopic.)

Though chiral, the trefoil knot is also invertible, meaning that there is no distinction between a counterclockwise-oriented and a clockwise-oriented trefoil. That is, the chirality of a trefoil depends only on the over and under crossings, not the orientation of the curve.

Nontriviality
The trefoil knot is nontrivial, meaning that it is not possible to "untie" a trefoil knot in three dimensions without cutting it. Mathematically, this means that a trefoil knot is not isotopic to the unknot. In particular, there is no sequence of Reidemeister moves that will untie a trefoil.

Proving this requires the construction of a knot invariant that distinguishes the trefoil from the unknot. The simplest such invariant is tricolorability: the trefoil is tricolorable, but the unknot is not. In addition, virtually every major knot polynomial distinguishes the trefoil from an unknot, as do most other strong knot invariants.

Classification
In knot theory, the trefoil is the first nontrivial knot, and is the only knot with crossing number three. It is a prime knot, and is listed as 31 in the Alexander-Briggs notation. The Dowker notation for the trefoil is 4 6 2, and the Conway notation is [3].

The trefoil can be described as the (2,3)-torus knot. It is also the knot obtained by closing the braid σ13.

The trefoil is an alternating knot. However, it is not a slice knot, meaning it does not bound a smooth 2-dimensional disk in the 4-dimensional ball; one way to prove this is to note that its signature is not zero. Another proof is that its Alexander polynomial does not satisfy the Fox-Milnor condition.

The trefoil is a fibered knot, meaning that its complement in $$S^3$$ is a fiber bundle over the circle $$S^1$$. The trefoil K may be viewed as the set of pairs $$(z,w)$$ of complex numbers such that $$|z|^2+|w|^2=1$$ and $$z^2+w^3=0$$. Then this fiber bundle has the Milnor map $$\phi(z, w) = (z^2+w^3) / |z^2+w^3|$$ as the fibre bundle projection of the knot complement $$S^3 \setminus \mathbf{K}$$ to the circle $$S^1$$. The fibre is a once-punctured torus. Since the knot complement is also a Seifert fibred with boundary, it has a horizontal incompressible surface—this is also the fiber of the Milnor map. (This assumes the knot has been thickened to become a solid torus Nε(K), and that the interior of this solid torus has been removed to create a compact knot complement $$S^3 \setminus \operatorname{int}(\mathrm{N}_\varepsilon(\mathbf{K})$$.)

Invariants
The Alexander polynomial of the trefoil knot is $$\Delta(t) = t - 1 + t^{-1}, $$ and the Conway polynomial is $$\nabla(z) = z^2 + 1.$$ The Jones polynomial is $$V(q) = q^{-1} + q^{-3} - q^{-4}, $$ and the Kauffman polynomial of the trefoil is $$L(a,z) = za^5 + z^2a^4 - a^4 + za^3 + z^2a^2-2a^2. $$ The HOMFLY polynomial of the trefoil is $$L(\alpha,z) = -\alpha^4 + \alpha^2z^2 + 2\alpha^2. $$ The knot group of the trefoil is given by the presentation $$\langle x,y \mid x^2=y^3 \rangle $$ or equivalently $$\langle x,y \mid xyx=yxy \rangle. $$ This group is isomorphic to the braid group with three strands.

In religion and culture
As the simplest nontrivial knot, the trefoil is a common motif in iconography and the visual arts. For example, the common form of the triquetra symbol is a trefoil, as are some versions of the Germanic Valknut.

In modern art, the woodcut Knots by M. C. Escher depicts three trefoil knots whose solid forms are twisted in different ways.

title: Trefoil knot


text:
Talk:Saab Sonett

Untitled
I'm not sure we ought to use a copyrighted picture. --Uncle Ed 21:28, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * "permission to use with credits given" as it says in the text you get if you click the picture. We could perhaps replace "©" with "Photo by" if that would make you feel better. // Liftarn

 * Why not ask the owner? martin.bergstrand'at'f16.mil.se (MH 2004-05-16)

Done, he has agreed to using the CC attribution license. // Liftarn

Sonett IV page possible merge
I believe that the Sonett IV article should be merged with the Saab Sonett page, since it merits its own page no more than any other Sonett model and arguably perhaps less so, in view of the fact that it is still hypothetical in nature. Ballista 15:50, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Said and done. // Liftarn

"Så nätt den är" explanation
It would be good of someone could translate "Så nätt den är" into English and insert that translation into the article after the phrase. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.189.130.57 (talk) 15:33, 14 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Done, but I think the idea is that the name comes from "Så nätt" (meaning "How nice") becoming Sonett

Fair use rationale for Image:Saab Sonett.jpg
Image:Saab Sonett.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 08:15, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Sonett V section
I've added an unreferenced tag. I don't have much hope for the section though, its nothing but unverified, unreferenced conjecture/rumors. It should likely be removed. --Silver86 (talk) 16:11, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

No improvements, still un-encyclopedic, still full of conjecture and rumors, section removed. --Silver86 (talk) 06:01, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Sonett 1 in the US
2 reported in the US in this article, one in a museum. Does anyone know where the other one is? I ask because I'm fairly certain I just saw a red one driving by in San Carlos, CA. The high pointy headlight protrusion caught my eye as it was passing. Actually, I seem to recall it might have been LHD, so perhaps it was another make/model. Which cars look similar?

Copy edit
I completed a copy edit of the page. It looks like a number of the links have changed or gone dead; unfortunately, the Wayback Machine wasn't helpful. Also, one section appears to make improper synthesis: it claims a certain degree of parts commonality, but doesn't cite a source that actually says this; it cites a parts database. I own a Saab... I'm sure there must be better sources out there, though I suspect some of them aren't available online. This article would really benefit from more sources! // ⌘macwhiz (talk) 01:39, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20111103031702/http://inside.saab.com/saab-sonett-sets-bonneville-land-speed-record/ to http://inside.saab.com/saab-sonett-sets-bonneville-land-speed-record/

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title: Talk:Saab Sonett


text:
Bishopstone

Bishopstone, a place name meaning 'Bishop's estate', may refer to:

Places

 * England
 * Bishopstone, Buckinghamshire
 * Bishopstone, East Sussex
 * Bishopstone, Herefordshire
 * Bishopstone, Salisbury, Wiltshire
 * Bishopstone, Swindon, Wiltshire

People

 * Cyril Asquith, Baron Asquith of Bishopstone (1890–1954), English judge and law lord

title: Bishopstone