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Interpleader

Interpleader is a civil procedure device that allows a plaintiff or a defendant to initiate a lawsuit in order to compel two or more other parties to litigate a dispute. An interpleader action originates when the plaintiff holds property on behalf of another, but does not know to whom the property should be transferred. It is often used to resolve disputes arising under insurance contracts.

Terminology and overview
In an interpleader action, the party initiating the litigation, normally the plaintiff, is termed the stakeholder. The money or other property in controversy is called the res (a Latin word meaning object or thing). All defendants having a possible interest in the subject matter of the case are called claimants. In some jurisdictions, the plaintiff is referred to as the plaintiff-in-interpleader and each claimant a claimant-in-interpleader.

An interpleader proceeding has two stages. The first stage determines if the stakeholder is entitled to an interpleader and if he should be discharged from liability. The second stage is like an action at law to determine which of the claimants is entitled to the res.

Application
Suppose a person dies with a valid life insurance policy in effect. The insurance company is ready, willing, and able to pay the policy proceeds in specified percentages to named beneficiaries as last directed by the policyholder, but becomes aware of a dispute among them and/or third parties as to who are the proper beneficiaries or the proper distribution of proceeds among the beneficiaries. Such a dispute commonly arises from interpersonal friction among the policyholder's survivors. One specific situation commonly seen in the reported cases is where the policyholder was allegedly murdered by a beneficiary (which would disqualify that beneficiary from receiving any proceeds).

To resolve such a dispute, the insurance company can file an interpleader action. The insurance company is the stakeholder, the claimants are the persons who might be beneficiaries under the policy, and the cash value of the policy benefit is the res. Under the proceeding as originally developed, the stakeholder would deposit the res with the court, and then the defendants would have their claims adjudicated by the court. Statutory modifications to the procedure, which vary by jurisdiction, sometimes allow the stakeholder to retain the res pending final disposition of the case. Typically, once the stakeholder deposits the res into the court (for example, the face value of the insurance policy), the stakeholder is released from the action and the claimants proceed against each other to determine which of them is legally entitled to the res. A disinterested stakeholder is entitled to costs including attorney's fees. Except for the denominations of the parties, the action proceeds for the most part as other civil lawsuits in the same jurisdiction.

In some jurisdictions, the res will earn interest at the legal rate until disbursed. The successful claimant is entitled to the interest as well as the principal.

Origins in common law and equity
Interpleader had its origins as a civil procedure at common law, which was later adopted and expanded by the Court of Chancery in its equitable jurisprudence. The common law procedure became obsolete over time and fell into disuse, but it remained active in the courts of equity.

It originally applied to bailees subject to multiple actions of detinue, and privity was required either between the parties or in detinue, in order for the defendant to be able to sue for garnishment.

In contrast, the equitable bill of interpleader required that:

 * 1) The same thing, debt, or duty must be the res claimed by all the claimants;
 * 2) All the adverse titles or claims must be dependent or derived from a common source;
 * 3) The stakeholder must not have or claim any interest it the res,
 * 4) The stakeholder must have incurred no independent liability to any claimant, i.e. he must be perfectly indifferent between them.

Subsequent development in England and Wales
In 1831 Parliament passed the Interpleader Act 1831 that authorized a bill of interpleader to be brought in the common law courts (such as the Court of Common Pleas) by:

 * sheriffs who have executed on goods or chattels that a third party makes a claim to, and defendants in actions of assumpsit, debt, detinue or trover, who:
 * do not claim any interest in the subject of the subject matter of the suit, but the right to them is claimed or supposed to belong to a third party who has sued or expect to sue for the subject matter of the suit;
 * has not colluded in any matter with such third party
 * is ready to bring into court or pay or depose of the subject matter of the action in such manner as the court directs.

Statutory interpleader was extended by Common Law Procedure Act 1860, which allowed a defendant to interplead claimants even if the title of the claimants to the res have no common origin, but are adverse to and independent of one another.

The statutory rules governing interpleader proceedings were replaced by rules of court that came into force upon the passage of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (as amended by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875), which came to be known as Order 17 of the Rules of the Supreme Court. A similar provision was enacted in the County Court Rules, known as Order 33 in the Rules of 1981.

In cases where a person was subject to multiple claims, the applicant had to show that he:

 * claimed no interest in the subject-matter in dispute other than for charges or costs;
 * did not collude with any of the claimants to that subject-matter; and
 * was willing to pay or transfer that subject-matter into court or to dispose of it as the court may direct.

As a result of the coming into force of Part 3 and Schedule 12 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 on 6 April 2014, Order 17 and Order 33 were replaced by the new Parts 83-86 of the Civil Procedure Rules. This replaced the interpleader proceedings previously governed by the court rules by the procedure of "enforcement by taking control of goods" under newly passed regulations. In addition, s. 65 of the 2007 Act declared:

"(1)This Chapter replaces the common law rules about the exercise of the powers which under it become powers to use the procedure in Schedule 12.

(2)The rules replaced include—
 * (a) rules distinguishing between an illegal, an irregular and an excessive exercise of a power;
 * (b) rules that would entitle a person to bring proceedings of a kind for which paragraph 66 of Schedule 12 provides (remedies available to the debtor);
 * (c) rules of replevin;
 * (d) rules about rescuing goods."

Procedures are in effect for claims where:

 * (a) a person makes an application to the court claiming that goods of which control has been taken belong to that person and not to the debtor;
 * (b) a person makes an application to the court claiming that goods, money or chattels taken or intended to be taken under a writ of execution or the proceeds or value of such goods or chattels belong to that person and not to the debtor; and
 * (c) a debtor, whose goods have been made subject to an enforcement power under an enactment, writ or warrant of control or have been taken or are intended to be taken under a writ of execution, claims that such goods or any of them are exempt goods.

The 2014 amendments have proved to be problematic, in that they now fail to cover a situation where:

 * a third party has given notice that they believe they are entitled to the goods under Rule 85.4(1),
 * a counter-notice is duly given by the creditor under Rule 85.4(3), but
 * the third party then fails to commence the application to the court which is required under Rule 85.5, and
 * the provisions of Rule 85.5 impose no time limit by which the application under that Rule must be made by the creditor or other party claiming an interest.

In February 2018, several High Court enforcement officers asked the Queen's Bench Division for directions as to how to proceed in such circumstances, and the Master ruled that the repeal of Rule 17 had the effect of reviving the equitable form of interpleader proceedings, as the 2007 Act did not expressly abolish the interpleader action itself, and "interpleader statutes are not at all to limit or affect the equitable jurisdiction of the court to entertain an interpleader suit or action."

In the United States
Formerly a plaintiff had to disavow any claim to the res in order to avail himself of the interpleader remedy, but this requirement has also been relaxed or abolished in most jurisdictions by there being a Bill in the Nature of Interpleader rather than a strict bill of interpleader. A plaintiff may now argue that neither of the claimants has a right to the property at issue. For example, a person dies with a life insurance policy that excludes coverage for suicide. Two people come forward claiming to be the beneficiary named in the policy. The insurance company believes that the deceased committed suicide, but the claimants believe the death was by accident. The insurance company could interplead the two claimants and simultaneously deny the claims.

The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in New York Life v. Dunlevy, that for a claimant to be bound by an interpleader that party must be served process in a way that obtains personal jurisdiction. In 1922 the United States Supreme Court in Liberty Oil Co. v. Condon Nat. Bank sustained that a defensive interpeader in an action at law in federal court could be taken under Judicial Code section 274b added by  that authorized the interposing of equitable defenses in actions at law.

The Federal Interpleader Act of 1917 was enacted by the 64th United States Congress approved February 22, 1917 to overcome the problem with an interpleader when the claimants live in different states raised in New York Life v. Dunlevy. The Federal Interpleader Act of 1917 allowed an insurance company, or fraternal benefit society subject to multiple claims on the same policy to file a suit in equity by a bill of interpleader in United States district courts and providing nationwide service of process. The policy must have a value of at least $500 claimed were claimed or may be claimed by adverse claimants; which is less than the amount in controversy of $3,000 in Judicial Code §48(1) then required for general diversity jurisdiction and two or more of the beneficiaries must live in different states. In 1926 it was repealed and replaced by, approved May 8, 1926, which added  to those who can bring suit casualty company and surety company, empowered the court to enjoin claimant from proceeding in any state or other federal court on the same liability, adding provisions as to the proper venue for the interpleader in certain cases but required that there must be actual claims by eliminating the words "may claim" that were in the 1917 act. In 1936 the Federal Interpeader Act was again repealed and replaced by the Federal Interpleader Act of 1936,, approved Jan. 20, 1936, drafted by Zechariah Chafee which codified it in as United States Judicial Code §41(26), and established the modern statutory interpleader allowing suit to be brought by any person, firm, corporation, association or society having custody of money or property or insurance policy or instrument valued at $500 or more which there are two or more adverse claimant who are citizens of different states, whether or not the claims have common origins, identical, adverse or independent of each other, and allowed it to be an equitable defense in actions at law, Judicial Code §274b. When the United States Judicial Code was enacted into United States Code as positive law in 1948,  approved June 25, 1948, it was reconstituted as, , and.

Federal courts have held that because of the deposit of the res with the court an interpleader action is an action to determine the validity of competing claims to identified property that served may be under which authorize other forms of service to obtain in rem jurisdiction over absent defendants.

Different types of interpleader in U.S. federal practice
There are two specific types of interpleader actions in the United States federal courts. Statutory Interpleader governed by, and Rule Interpleader established by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Statutory interpleader
Such an action may be entertained although the titles or claims of the conflicting claimants do not have a common origin, or are not identical, but are adverse to and independent of one another. .
 * allows an individual with a stake which is, or may be, claimed by two or more adverse claimants, to interplead those claimants and bring them into a singular action.
 * Jurisdiction: Under, a person anywhere within the United States may be served by the stakeholder
 * Diversity: Diversity jurisdiction is satisfied as long as there are two claimants of different states . For example, if you have three claimants, two of which are residents of Florida, and one from California, diversity would be satisfied. The diversity of the stakeholder, however, is irrelevant to the rule. This is known as minimal diversity and was held to be permissible under Article III, § 2 of the United States Constitution, State Farm Fire and Cas. Co. v. Tashire
 * Amount in controversy: The stake in the claim (amount in controversy) must be greater than or equal to $500 in value, opposed to the Rule Interpleader requirement of any amount exceeding $75,000 in diversity based actions.
 * Venue: The venue for a Statutory Interpleader is in the Judicial District in which one of the claimants resides,.
 * Deposit: A Statutory Interpleader action is commenced by the stakeholder who must initially deposit with the court, the amount in controversy, or post a specific bond with the court, . The stakeholder may, however, at trial claim they don't owe money to the claimants at all, since the action can be in the nature of interpleader.
 * Injunction: Once the statutory interpleader action is commenced, the court may restrict all claimants from starting or continuing any action which would affect the stake, make such injunction permanent, and discharge the stakeholder from liability. . Such injunction is not governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule.

The may claim language added in 1948 codification to Title 28 of the United States Code in the definitions of claim allow interpleader for unliquidated claims, such as multiple claimant to a liability insurance policy injured in  an accident before they are reduced to judgment or settled, however the injunction may only restrain the claimants from suits making claims against the res not suits to liquidate the claim or against third parties. The procedures for a Statutory Interpleader action are governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 22(b).

Rule interpleader
(Current as of December 1, 2011)

Interpleader is also allowed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 22 is known as rule interpleader. Rule interpleader provides a remedy for any person who is, or may be exposed to double or multiple liabilities. The stakeholder may invoke Rule 22 as a plaintiff, or by counter-claiming in an action already started against him by one, or more claimants. There are specific differences between Statutory Interpleader, and Rule Interpleader:
 * Jurisdiction: Rule Interpleader does not provide a basis for jurisdiction in the United States District Court; there must be an independent basis of jurisdiction under Title 28 of the United States Code, i.e., diversity jurisdiction   which requires that the claimants have complete diversity between the stakeholder, and all claimants; but not between the claimants, or federal question jurisdiction  i.e., when a claim is based on federal law; or there is a specific statute authorizing interpleader i.e.,  or.
 * Service: There is no nationwide service of process as in a statutory interpleader action. Service must be carried out within the state where the court sits, or according to the long-arm statute of the state, Rule 4(k)(1).
 * Amount in Controversy: The amount in controversy must exceed $75,000 if based on diversity jurisdiction meeting the requirements of.
 * Deposit: There is no deposit required to be made with the court for a Rule 22 interpleader action. The stakeholder may claim that they are not liable in whole, or part, to any or all the claimants, Rule 22(a)(1)(B). However for the stakeholder to be discharged he must deposit the money or property with the court pursuant to Rule.

Bankruptcy
In bankruptcy court interpleader under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure may be maintained as an adversary proceeding under Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 22
"(a) Grounds for an Interpleader Action

(1) By a Plaintiff. Persons with claims that may expose a plaintiff to double or multiple liability may be joined as defendants and required to interplead. Joinder for interpleader is proper even though:
 * (A) the claims of the several claimants, or the titles on which their claims depend, lack a common origin or are adverse and independent rather than identical; or
 * (B) the plaintiff denies liability in whole or in part to any or all of the claimants.
 * (2) By a Defendant. A defendant exposed to similar liability may seek interpleader through a crossclaim or counterclaim.

(b) Relation to Other Rules and Statutes.

This rule supplements – and does not limit – the joinder of parties allowed by Rule. The remedy this rule provides is in addition to – and does not supersede or limit – the remedy provided by,, and. An action under those statutes must be conducted under these rules."

Interpleader in U.S. State practice
The Uniform Commercial Code §7-603 adopted in all 50 of the states of the United States provides that a bailee when more than one person claims title to or possession of the goods under document of title (warehouse receipt or bill of lading) may bring an interpleader as an original action or as a defense to a suit for nondelivery.

In Louisiana interpleader is called concursus. In most states there are statutes or court rules that provide for interpleader similar to the federal rules.

title: Interpleader


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Rock candy

Rock candy or sugar candy, also called rock sugar, or crystal sugar, is a type of confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals. In some parts of the world, local variations are called Misri, nabat or navat.

This candy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation, such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after six to seven days. Food coloring may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.

Nomenclature
Etymologically, "sugar candy" derives from late 13th century English (in reference to "crystallized sugar"), from Old French çucre candi (meaning "sugar candy"), and ultimately from Arabic qandi, from Persian qand ("cane sugar"), probably from Sanskrit khanda ("piece of sugar)", The sense gradually broadened (especially in the United States) to mean by the late 19th century "any confection having sugar as its basis". In Britain, these are sweets, and "candy" tends to be restricted to sweets made only from boiled sugar and striped in bright colors.

The modern American term "rock candy" (referring to brittle large natural sugar crystals) should not be confused with the British term rock (referring to an amorphous and opaque boiled sugar product, initially hard but then chewy at mouth temperature).

Origins
Islamic writers in the first half of the 9th century described the production of candy sugar, where crystals were grown through cooling supersaturated sugar solutions. One of the famed makers of rock candy in the Muslim east is Hafiz Mustafa in 1864 in Istanbul founded during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz.

According to the production process, rock sugar is divided into two types: single crystal rock sugar and polycrystalline rock sugar.

Cuisine
Rock candy is often dissolved in tea. It is an important part of the tea culture of East Frisia, where a lump of rock sugar is placed at the bottom of the cup. Rock candy consumed with tea is also the most common and popular way of drinking tea in Iran, where it is called nabat; the most popular nabat flavor is saffron. This method of drinking tea can also be found in Central Asia as novvot.

It is a common ingredient in Chinese cooking. In China, it is used to sweeten chrysanthemum tea, as well as Cantonese dessert soups and the liquor baijiu. Many households have rock candy available to marinate meats, add to stir fry, and to prepare food such as yao shan. In less modern times, rock sugar was a luxury only for the wealthy. Rock candy is also regarded as having medicinal properties, and in some Chinese provinces, it is used as a part of traditional Chinese medicine.

Rock candy is used a lot in other countries. In Mexico, it is used during the Day of the Dead to make sugar skulls, often highly decorated. Sugar skulls are given to children so they will not fear death; they are also offered to the dead. In the Friesland province of the Netherlands, bits of rock candy are baked in the luxury white bread Fryske Sûkerbôle. Rock candy is a common ingredient in Tamil cuisine, particularly in the Sri Lankan city of Jaffna. In the US, rock candy comes in many colors and flavors, and is slightly hard to find, due to it being considered old-fashioned.

Misri
Misri refers to crystallized sugar lumps, and a type of confectionery mineral, which has its origins in India and Iran, also known as rock sugar elsewhere. It is used in India as a type of candy, or used to sweeten milk or tea.

Among Indian misri dishes are mishri-mawa (kalakand), mishri-peda, which are more commonly eaten in Northern-Western India, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Gujarat, North coastal of Andhra Pradesh and many other states and parts of India.

The Ghantewala Halwai of Delhi, who started his career by selling Misri mawa in 1790 is famous for Misari mawa and sells 40 varieties of sweets made from Misari.

Beverages
Rock and rye is a term used both for alcoholic liqueurs and cocktails using rye whiskey and rock candy, as well as for non-alcoholic beverages made in imitation thereof, such as the "Rock & Rye" flavor of soda pop made by Faygo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rock candy


text:
Talk:Jennifer Arroyo

Untitled
If this had a phone number and address, it would be for Wikiphonebook. Wetman
 * Yes it would. Is this a machine's attempt at humor? There never was anything like an address and phone number. I don't see your point. - user:zanimum

Reversion on December 27 2005
I reverted a bunch of edits added today by User: 24.164.136.190 because they are unverified, and appear to be solely an attempt to influence the voting at Articles for deletion/Not My Year. This user also blanked the nomination at the above deletion discussion, substituting an unsigned Keep. I would note that the one Web site linked for Jennifer is not available, and of the three sites linked for Suicide City (the band that made the album Not My Year, and which is included in the above referenced deletion discussion), only one has any mention of Jennifer Arroyo that I can find. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  18:04, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jennifer Arroyo


text:
New Jersey Route 173

Route 173 is a state highway in New Jersey, United States that is a designation for an old section of U.S. Route 22 (US 22). The route runs 14.62 mi from Interstate 78 (I-78) and US 22 in Pohatcong Township, Warren County to County Route 626 (CR 626, Beaver Avenue) in Clinton Township, Hunterdon County, just east of an interchange with Route 31. Route 173 parallels I-78 and US 22 for its entire length through rural areas of Warren and Hunterdon counties, passing through the towns of Bloomsbury and Clinton along the way. At one point just to the west of Clinton, Route 173 runs concurrent with I-78 and US 22.

The route was originally part of pre-1927 Route 9 from 1916 until 1927, when it became part of US 22 and Route 28. The Route 28 designation was removed from this portion of road in 1953. When I-78 was being built between exits 11 and 13 in the 1950s and 1960s, it was decided that part of US 22 would be used for the new highway. The eastbound lanes of US 22 became the westbound lanes of the new highway, the eastbound lanes of the new highway were newly constructed, and the westbound lanes of US 22 were turned into a two-lane road. In 1969, US 22 was moved to the alignment of I-78 between Pohatcong Township and Clinton Township and Route 173 was designated along most of the former alignment of US 22.

Route description

Route 173 begins at an interchange with Interstate 78 and U.S. Route 22 in Pohatcong Township, Warren County, where the route continues to the northwest as part of U.S. Route 22, a six-lane, divided highway that heads towards Phillipsburg. From this interchange, Route 173 heads east on a two-lane, undivided road that parallels Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 to the south, immediately entering Greenwich Township and passing through farmland and some suburban residential developments. County Route 644 (Greenwich Church Road) loops to the north of Route 173 as the route features three crossings of the Pohatcong Creek. Route 173 intersects County Route 637 (Main Street/Maple Drive), County Route 639 (Warren Glen Road), and the northern terminus of County Route 579 (Church Street). Past the County Route 579 intersection, the route parallels the Musconetcong River and intersects County Route 632 (Asbury Road), which provides access to westbound Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22.

Route 173 crosses the Musconetcong River into Bloomsbury, Hunterdon County. It comes to another interchange with Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22, where Route 173 takes on the name Brunswick Pike and closely parallels the interstate to the north. The route enters Bethlehem Township and passes under Norfolk Southern's Central Running Track line, continuing east through farmland The route parallels Norfolk Southern's Lehigh Line for a short distance, running farther to the north of Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22, before intersecting County Route 643 (West Portal-Asbury Road). Past this intersection, Route 173 heads south and then east through the Musconetcong Mountains as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The route crosses into Union Township, where it becomes Old Highway 22.

The route becomes a divided highway and meets County Route 614 (Little York Road) at a traffic circle near an interchange with Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22. Route 173 has direct ramps to and from the westbound direction of the interstate with access to and from the eastbound direction provided by way of County Route 614. Route 173 narrows back to a two-lane, undivided road and closely follows Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 to the north, meeting County Route 625 (Mechlin Corner Road) and County Route 635 (Charlestown Road) near another interchange with Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22. There is direct access to and from the westbound direction of Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 while access to and from the eastbound direction of Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 is provided by County Route 625. The route continues east and splits into a one-way pair. At this point, eastbound Route 173 crosses over Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 and makes a left turn to merge onto eastbound Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22. The westbound direction of Route 173 splits from Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 and continues west to join back with eastbound Route 173.

Route 173 follows Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 for a little over a mile in Franklin Township until an interchange County Route 513 (Pittstown Road), where the eastbound direction merges onto this route and heads into Clinton. It meets the westbound direction of Route 173, which splits at this point and heads west on West Main Street to merge into westbound Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 in Union Township. In Clinton, Route 173 crosses over the South Branch Raritan River and splits from County Route 513 where that route heads north on Leigh Street. The route crosses into Clinton Township and it features ramps connecting to Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22, with access from westbound Route 173 to westbound Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 and from eastbound Interstate 78/U.S. Route 22 to eastbound Route 173. Route 173 turns north to interchange with Route 31 and end at County Route 626 (Beaver Avenue).

History
Prior to 1927, Route 173 was part of Pre-1927 Route 9, which was designated in 1917 to run from Phillipsburg to Elizabeth. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, the route became Route 28. In addition, it was also designated as part of U.S. Route 22. In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, which eliminated long concurrencies between U.S. and State Routes, the Route 28 designation was removed along this portion of the route, leaving U.S. Route 22 the sole number along the route. In the late 1950s, construction began on Interstate 78 through the area. Construction of the portion of Interstate 78 built between Exit 11 (County Route 614) and Exit 13 in Union Township, completed in 1962, modified the alignment of U.S. Route 22 between these two points. It involved the creation of new eastbound lanes for Interstate 78 and conversion of the eastbound lanes of U.S. Route 22 into the westbound lanes of Interstate 78. The westbound lanes of U.S. Route 22 were turned into a two-lane frontage road. In 1969, U.S. Route 22 was moved to the Interstate 78 alignment between Exit 3 in Pohatcong Township and Exit 18 in Clinton Township. The former U.S. Route 22 became Route 173 between Exit 3 and Route 31 in Clinton Township, with the remainder of the former U.S. Route 22 alignment becoming county-maintained Beaver Avenue (currently County Route 626).

title: New Jersey Route 173


text:
Talk:Frankenfood

The term "obscene" is in fact used fittingly as per dictionary definitions (3.) and (1.) below; I am therefor reverting its removal.

 * ob·scene  Audio pronunciation of obscene ( P )  Pronunciation Key  (b-sn, b-) adj.
 * 1. Offensive to accepted standards of decency or modesty.
 * 2. Inciting lustful feelings; lewd.
 * 3. Repulsive; disgusting: “The way he writes about the disease that killed her is simply obscene” (Michael Korda).
 * 4. So large in amount as to be objectionable or outrageous: “local merchants in nearby stores get hammered by stratospheric rents and obscene taxes” (Joe Queenan).

Mkweise 20:12, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frankenfood


text:
Shining Time Station

Shining Time Station is a children's television series jointly created by British television producer Britt Allcroft and American television producer Rick Siggelkow. The series was produced by Quality Family Entertainment (the American branch of The Britt Allcroft Company), in association with Catalyst Entertainment in seasons 2 and 3, for New York City's PBS station WNET, and was originally taped in New York City during its first season and in Toronto during the rest of its run. It incorporated sequences from the British television show Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends, which was in turn based on the books of The Railway Series written by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry. The series aired on PBS from January 29, 1989, until June 11, 1993, with four hour-long "Family Specials" premiering in primetime throughout 1995. Reruns continued to air on PBS until June 11, 1998. Shining Time Station reruns aired on Fox Family from 1998 to 1999, and on Nick Jr. from June to August 2000 to promote the theatrical release of Thomas and the Magic Railroad. The series also aired on Canadian television networks such as APTN and SCN. Elements from the show were incorporated into the 2000 film Thomas and the Magic Railroad.

The initial 1989 season featured a cast that included Ringo Starr as Mr. Conductor, Didi Conn as Stacy Jones, Brian O'Connor as Horace Schemer, Leonard Jackson as Harry Cupper, Jason Woliner as Matt Jones and Nicole Leach as Tanya Cupper. The show was retooled for the second (1991) and third (1993) seasons, with only Conn and O'Connor reprising their prior roles. George Carlin replaced Starr as Mr. Conductor, while Erica Luttrell, Ari Magder, Danielle Marcot, and Tom Jackson joined the primary cast in newly created roles. In addition to the three main seasons, a Christmas special featuring the original cast, aired in 1990, and four "family specials" aired in 1995 featuring the second cast. Providing the musical numbers for the show was "The Jukebox Band", a group of puppets. In 1996, only Carlin appeared in a spin-off series called Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales, which featured only six episodes with five Thomas stories and one music video each. The station interior was kept for the spin-off.

Background
After the success of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends in the United Kingdom, Britt Allcroft and her production company teamed up with PBS station WNET in New York City to produce and distribute the sitcom-esque Shining Time Station, every episode of which would include a couple of episodes of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends. The series starred Ringo Starr, George Carlin, Didi Conn, Brian O'Connor, and the Flexitoon Puppets. Ringo Starr, who had already been providing the narration for the British series, agreed to extend the role to include the on-screen character called Mr. Conductor in Shining Time Station. He left the show after its initial season to focus on his musical career and was replaced by George Carlin.

Shining Time Station received critical acclaim. In a review for Entertainment Weekly, Ken Tucker states that, compared to the faster paced Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?, "'Shining Time Station' wants to slow things down. It's an old-fashioned show that creates a gentle, lulling atmosphere to convince children that life is fun and that trains are the way to travel." It was a ratings success as well. In its first season, the show averaged a 0.9 Nielsen rating, translating to about 1.2 million viewers on average. At the peak of its popularity, the show brought in up to 7.5 million viewers per week.

Overview
The Shining Time Station is a fictional train station on the Indian Valley Railroad in an unknown part of the United States. It is managed by Stacy Jones. Its workshop is run in the first season by Harry Cupper, and thereafter by Billy Twofeathers. A local named Horace Schemer, simply referred to as Schemer, runs the station's arcade and serves as the series' comic relief. He often comes up with tricks and schemes (hence his surname) to get his ways, although they usually backfire on him as a result of his foolishness. The narrative is driven by regular and incidental visitors to the station.

Mr. Conductor is a tiny man who lives in a signal house inside the station's mural and tells the stories taken from Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends to the kids. He also introduces songs to the kids in The Anything Tunnel. Sometimes, he may present a magic bubble to the kids that has the song inside as a way of introducing it. On occasion, the kids may look through a film viewer to see the song or film.

Main

 * Ringo Starr as Mr. Conductor (Season 1–Christmas special), a 20-centimetre tall conductor with a magic whistle that helps him teleport away.
 * Didi Conn as Stacy Jones (entire series), the kindhearted station master and aunt to Matt and Dan
 * Leonard Jackson as Henry "Harry" Cupper (Season 1–Christmas special and Family Special 3), an engineer and grandfather of Tanya and Kara
 * Nicole Leach as Tanya Cupper (main season 1 and Christmas special; guest season 2), Harry's granddaughter and Kara's cousin
 * Brian O'Connor as Horace Schemer (entire series), the proprietor of the station's arcade.
 * Jason Woliner as Matthew "Matt" Jones (Main season 1 and Christmas special; guest season 2), Stacy's nephew who visits the station
 * George Carlin as Mr. Conductor (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), the first Mr. Conductor's cousin
 * Tom Jackson as Billy Twofeathers (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), the engineer who replaced Harry after he left and Kit's uncle
 * Erica Luttrell as Kara Cupper (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), Harry's granddaughter and Tanya's cousin
 * Ari Magder as Daniel "Dan" Jones (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), Stacy's nephew and Matt's cousin
 * Danielle Marcot – Becky (recurring season 2; main season 3 and Family Specials), a local girl who is friends with Dan and Kara

Christmas Special cast (1990)

 * Ardon Bess as Tucker Cooper, Harry's cousin who helps out
 * Lloyd Bridges as Mr. Nicholas, a mysterious man who visits the station
 * Judy Marshak as Claire, a friend of Stacy's and Vickie's mother
 * Rachel Miner as Vickie, a mean little girl

Recurring

 * Jerome Dempsey as Mayor Osgood Bob Flopdinger (entire series), the mayor of the town of Shining Time
 * Mart Hulswit as Mr. J.B. King, Esq. (entire series), the superintendent of the Indian Valley Railroad, where Shining Time is located
 * Bobo Lewis as Midge Smoot (entire series), the town's gossip and a friend of Stacy and Ginny
 * Jonathan Shapiro as Schemee (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), Schemer's nephew
 * Gerard Parkes as Barton Winslow (seasons 2–3), the proprietor of the town's general store
 * Barbara Hamilton as Ginny Johnson (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), a farmer and friend of all
 * Aurelio Padrón as Felix Perez (seasons 2–3 and Family Specials), a bus driver
 * Bucky Hill as Kit Twofeathers (Family Specials), Billy's nephew

Special Guests

 * Ed Begley Jr. as Ned Kincaid and Ned Kincaid's Great-Grandson (Once Upon a Time)
 * Jack Klugman as Max Okowsky (Second Chances)
 * Teri Garr as Sister Conductor (One of the Family)
 * Jeannette Charles as The Queen (Queen for a Day)

The Jukebox Band

 * Steve Horelick – Composer and Music Producer
 * Jonathan Freeman – Tito Swing The Piano Man
 * Olga Marin – Didi The Drummer
 * Wayne White – Tex The Guitarist (1989)
 * Alan Semok – Tex The Guitarist (1990–1995)
 * Craig Marin – Rex The Guitarist
 * Peter Baird/Alan Semok/Vaneese Thomas – Grace The Bass Player (1989)
 * Peter Baird/Kenny Miele – Grace The Bass Player (1990–1995)

The songs were arranged and performed by Steve Horelick with Larry Wolf. They featured vocal performances by Rory Dodd, Vaneese Thomas, Emily Bindinger and Jonathan Freeman.

Segments
The intro to each episode consists of the main theme song of the show, played to footage of the Union Pacific Steam Locomotive 844 and the credits of the series' characters. Only the first verse is sung for the beginning theme. The closing credits contain more shots of the Union Pacific 844, in addition to the full Shining Time Station theme song. For the Christmas special "'Tis A Gift" the footage used for the opening and closing sequences were filmed at the Grand Canyon Railway in Williams, Arizona and features their locomotive #18.
 * Flexitoons Puppets & Marionettes – The Jukebox Band – the show's station band that performs a song inside the jukebox. They consist of pianist Tito Swing, drummer Didi, guitarists Tex and Rex (who control the guitar together), and bass guitarist Grace Bass. JJ Silvers is the manager of The Jukebox Band.
 * Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends – Storytellers, Ringo Starr and George Carlin.
 * The Anything Tunnel – Inside the anything tunnel, which is the tunnel on the station mural, there is a song with a cartoon, a stop motion clip, or a live action one. Sometimes instead of the anything tunnel, Mr. Conductor would show a magic bubble or one of the kids looks through a film viewer.

Season 1 (1989)
Mr. Conductor: Ringo Starr

Christmas Special (1990)
Mr. Conductor: Ringo Starr

Season 2 (1991)
Mr. Conductor: George Carlin

Season 3 (1993)
Mr. Conductor: George Carlin

Family Specials (1995)
Mr. Conductor: George Carlin

Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (1996)
Mr. Conductor: George Carlin

VHS
Several VHS releases (except for 'Tis a Gift, Shining Time Station Singsongs, Schemer Presents: The World According to Me, The Jukebox Band: A Day in the Life, and The Jukebox Band: Lullaby) featured new wraparounds, presenting the episode as the main feature at the "Shining Time Drive-In Movie Theater", complete with in-universe commercials. These videos also featured "Schemer Presents!", bonus educational sketches starring Schemer, following the episode. The model drive-in scenes are sampled from the art film "Easy Living", by Chip Lord & Mickey McGowan.
 * 'Tis a Gift
 * Sweet and Sour
 * Stacy Cleans Up
 * Schemer Alone
 * Bully for Mr. Conductor
 * Becky Makes a Wish
 * Billy's Party
 * Schemer's Special Club
 * Mr. Conductor's Evil Twin
 * Shining Time Station Singsongs
 * Schemer Presents: The World According to Me
 * The Jukebox Band: A Day in the Life
 * The Jukebox Band: Lullaby

Books

 * A book, titled This Old Band, was written by Britt Allcroft and Rick Siggelkow. It featured the Juke Box Band and was published by Quality Family Entertainment in 1994.

title: Shining Time Station


text:
Abdominoplasty

Abdominoplasty or "tummy tuck" is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to make the abdomen thinner and more firm. The surgery involves the removal of excess skin and fat from the middle and lower abdomen in order to tighten the muscle and fascia of the abdominal wall. This type of surgery is usually sought by patients with loose or sagging tissues, that develop after pregnancy or major weight loss.

History
Modern abdominplasties were developed starting in the 1960s. Heavier populations have led to increased demand for the surgeries, while technological advancements have improved their quality.

Procedures
Abdominoplasty operations vary in scope and are frequently subdivided into categories. Depending on the extent of the surgery, a complete abdominoplasty can take from 1 to 5 hours. A partial abdominoplasty (mini-tuck abdominoplasty) can be completed between 1 and 2 hours.

Complete abdominoplasty
In general, a complete or full abdominoplasty follows these steps:
 * 1) An incision is made from hip to hip just above the pubic area.
 * 2) Another incision is made to free the navel from the surrounding skin.
 * 3) The skin is detached from the abdominal wall to reveal the muscles and fascia to be tightened. The muscle fascia wall is tightened with sutures.
 * 4) Liposuction is often used to refine the transition zones of the abdominal sculpture.
 * 5) A dressing and sometimes a compression garment are applied and any excess fluid from the site is drained.

Partial abdominoplasty
A partial or mini abdominoplasty proceeds as follows:
 * 1) A smaller incision is made.
 * 2) The skin and fat of the lower abdomen are detached in a more limited fashion from the muscle fascia. The skin is stretched down and excess skin removed.
 * 3) Sometimes the belly button stalk is divided from the muscle below and the belly button slid down lower on the abdominal wall.
 * 4) Sometimes a portion of the abdominal muscle fascia wall is tightened.
 * 5) Liposuction is often used to contour the transition zone.
 * 6) The flap is stitched back into place.

Extended abdominoplasty
An extended abdominoplasty is a complete abdominoplasty plus a lateral thigh lift. The resulting scar runs from the posterior axillary line (when placing one's open hands on the hips, the thumbs lie along the posterior axillary line). The operation does all of the abdominal contouring of a complete abdominoplasty and allows further improvement of the flank (waist), as well as smoothing the contour of the upper lateral thigh.

High lateral tension tummy tuck
This is an advanced technique that takes a little more than four and half hours to perform. Conventional abdominoplasty tightens muscles in a vertical line. In this new method, known as high lateral tension abdominoplasty, in addition to vertical-line tightening, muscles are tightened horizontally. The result with this technique is a dramatically flat abdomen with significantly better-defined waistline.

Floating abdominoplasty or FAB technique
This new technique, also known as an extended mini abdominoplasty, allows for tightening and shaping through a smaller incision that is not placed around the belly button. Through this smaller incision, excess skin is removed and the belly button is temporarily detached, floating above the muscles during this process. The muscles are tightened and reshaped from sternum to pubic area. The skin is then tightened and the belly button is reattached, or moved down one or two cm if desired. Liposuction may also be performed to achieve desirable results.

Circumferential abdominoplasty
A circumferential abdominoplasty is an extended abdominoplasty plus a buttock lift. The resulting scar runs all the way around the body, and the operation is also called a Belt Lipectomy or lower body lift. This operation is most appropriate for patients who have undergone massive weight loss.

Combination procedures
An abdominoplasty can be combined with liposuction to make a Lipotuck, which performs body contouring around the hips, thighs, and buttocks.

It can also be combined with liposuction contouring, breast reduction, breast lift, or occasionally hysterectomy, depending on the reason for the hysterectomy. A popular name for breast enhancement procedures performed in conjunction with an abdominoplasty is a "mommy makeover".

Risks
Abdominoplasty is considered to be a safe procedure, but the risk of complication is higher than in other cosmetic surgeries. Possible complications include seromas, infection, necrosis of the skin, and hematomas.

Related procedures
Liposuction, also known as lipoplasty, is a type of surgery that removes fat from the human body in an attempt to change its shape.

Abdominoplasty is one type of body contouring, which is plastic surgery performed on different parts of the body with the aim of improving the shape and tone of the underlying tissue that supports fat.

Breast reduction, or reduction mammoplasty, is the cosmetic surgery used in resizing the breast, in women with oversized breasts and men with gynecomastia. This type of surgery is performed to treat a breast condition known as hypertrophy, which refers to oversized breasts. This condition usually occurs in both breasts and commonly develops at puberty or immediately after.

Breast lift, also referred to as mastopexy, is the surgical procedure that removes the excess skin and tightens the surrounding tissue of the breast, resulting in raising and firming the breast. Mastopexies carry a certain degree of risks as any other type of surgery does.

Hysterectomies are sometimes performed with abdominoplasty. A hysterectomy consists in removing the uterus and it may be complete (when the body, fundus and cervix are removed) or partial (when only the uterine body is surgically removed). This procedure is normally performed by gynecologists and it is one of the most common gynecological surgeries. This type of surgery is used to treat some benign tumors, cancers of the ovaries, uterus or cervix, Adenomyosis but not endometriosis and are also performed in trans men.

title: Abdominoplasty


text:
Ferdinand Freiligrath

Ferdinand Freiligrath (17 June 1810 – 18 March 1876) was a German poet, translator and liberal agitator, who is considered part of the Young Germany movement.

Life
Freiligrath was born in Detmold, Principality of Lippe. His father was a teacher. He left a Detmold gymnasium at 16 to be trained for a commercial career in Soest. There he also familiarized himself with French and English literature, and before he was 20 had published verses in local journals. He worked in Amsterdam from 1831 to 1836 as a banker's clerk. After publishing translations of Victor Hugo's Odes and Chants du crépuscule, and launching a literary journal, Rheinisches Odeon (1836–38), in 1837 he started working as a bookkeeper in Barmen, where he remained until 1839. Later on, he started writing poems for the Musen-Almanach (edited by Adelbert von Chamisso and Gustav Schwab) and the Morgenblatt (ed. Cotta).

His first collection of poems (Gedichte) was published in 1838 in Mainz. This contained his poems "Löwenritt", "Prinz Eugen", and "Der Blumen Rache". His early poems were inspired by Victor Hugo's Orientales, which he also partly translated into German; they often dealt with exotic subjects. The poem "Der Mohrenfürst", for example, tells the story of a black prince who was a fierce warrior. He is defeated in battle, sold as a slave and ends up as a drummer in a circus, only the lion's skin he wore that now decorates the drum still reminding him of his previous life. This poem was set as a song by Carl Loewe.

His 1838 book of poems won immediate and wide favour, and he decided upon a literary career which he embarked upon in 1839. He cooperated in several now unimportant works, and in 1842 received a pension of 300 thalers from the Prussian king, Frederick William IV. He married, and, to be near his friend Emanuel Geibel, settled at St. Goar.

Freiligrath was a friend of the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. In 1842, when Longfellow was taking a rigorous water cure at a health spa in the former Marienberg Benedictine Convent at Boppard on the Rhine, a fellow patient introduced him to Freiligrath at the latter's home in St. Goar. Freiligrath had a special interest in English and American poetry. There followed many meetings and outings in Germany where this topic was discussed, and Longfellow presented Freiligrath with copies of his books Hyperion and Ballads and Other Poems. The friendship developed further in their correspondence.

Due to political repression (censorship), and the encouragement of fellow poet Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Freiligrath later became more political. In 1844, he surrendered his pension, and in his Glaubensbekenntnis (Confession of Faith) placed his poetic gifts at the service of the democratic agitation that was to culminate in the Revolution of 1848. Such poems as "Trotz alledem" (a translation of Burns's "A man's a man for a' that"), "Die Freiheit", "Das Recht" and "Hamlet" made his absence from Germany expedient.

He left for Belgium where he met Karl Marx. From there, he proceeded to Switzerland and then to London, publishing in 1846 Englische Gedichte aus neuerer Zeit, a volume of translations, and Ça ira, a collection of political songs. He lived until 1848 in England, where he resumed his commercial career. At the invitation of Longfellow, he considered going to America, but on the short-lived triumph of liberalism returned to Germany as a democratic leader. In 1843, Franz Liszt set Freiligrath's poem "O lieb, so lang du lieben kannst" to music, published in 1847 — the song was later arranged by Liszt for solo piano as his "Liebesträume" No. 3 (1850), which subsequently became one of his most famous piano pieces. German composer Elise Schmezer set Freiligrath’s text to music in her Lieder, Romanzen und Balladen fur Tenor, opus 4.

Upon his return to Germany, Freiligrath settled in Düsseldorf, and worked for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (general editor: Karl Marx, editor of cultural pages: Georg Weerth), a paper which he cofounded with Marx, Friedrich Engels and Wilhelm Wolff. It was not long before he had again called down upon himself the ill-will of the ruling powers by a poem, Die Toten an die Lebenden (The Dead to the Living, 1848). He was arrested on a charge of lèse-majesté, but the prosecution ended in his acquittal. This trial, in which he was acquitted, is memorable for another reason, being the first jury trial ever held in Prussia. He published Zwischen den Garben (1849) and Neue politische und soziale Gedichte (New Political and Social Poems, 1850). New difficulties arose; his association with the democratic movement rendered him an object of constant suspicion, and in 1851 he judged it more prudent to go back to London. There he became the director of the London branch of the Schweizer Generalbank and set up residence in the north-east of the city at 3 Sutton Place, Hackney. He remained in London until 1868, supporting himself by office work and poetic translations, among which were an anthology, the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock (1854), Longfellow's Hiawatha (1857), and Shakespeare's Cymbeline and The Winter's Tale. These kept up his popularity in Germany, where in 1866 a subscription of 60,000 thalers was raised for him, partly as a political manifesto.

Back in Germany after the amnesty of 1868, Freiligrath settled first in Stuttgart and in 1875 in the neighbouring town of Cannstatt. He became a nationalist, publishing the patriotic poems "Hurrah, Germania!" and "Die Trompete von Vionville", inspired by Germany's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. His 1848 poem In Kümmernis und Dunkelheit attributed military symbolism to the colors of the German tricolor flag (which at the time stood only for the nation, not any political entity): the black was for gunpowder, the red for blood and the yellow the glow given off by the fire. He died in Cannstatt in 1876.

Among the first writers to translate Freiligrath into English was the Irish poet James Clarence Mangan (in the latter's Anthologia Germanica, no. XIX, published in the Dublin University Magazine in 1845). A selection, by his daughter, from the English translations of his poems was published in the Tauchnitz Collection of German Authors (Leipzig, 1869).

title: Ferdinand Freiligrath


text:
Shane MacGowan

Shane Patrick Lysaght MacGowan (25 December 1957 – 30 November 2023) was a British-born Irish singer-songwriter, musician and poet best known as the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of Celtic punk band the Pogues. He also produced solo material and collaborated with artists including Joe Strummer, Nick Cave, Sinéad O'Connor, and Cruachan. Known for his exceptional songwriting ability and his heavy alcohol and drug use, MacGowan was described by The New York Times as "a titanically destructive personality and a master songsmith whose lyrics painted vivid portraits of the underbelly of Irish immigrant life".

Born in Kent, England, to Irish parents, MacGowan spent his early childhood in Tipperary, Ireland. He moved back to England with his family at age six and a half. MacGowan was noted for his precocious interest in literature; by age 11, he was reading authors including Fyodor Dostoevsky and James Joyce, and at 13 he was among the winners of a literary contest sponsored by the Daily Mirror. He attended Holmewood House preparatory school and won a scholarship to Westminster School, but was expelled from the latter for drug offences. Between the ages 17 and 18, he spent six months in psychiatric care at Bethlem Royal Hospital in London due to his drug and alcohol abuse. He became active on the London punk scene under the alias Shane O'Hooligan, attending gigs, working in the Rocks Off record shop, and writing a punk fanzine. In 1977, with then-girlfriend Shanne Bradley, he formed the punk band the Nipple Erectors (subsequently called the Nips).

In 1982, MacGowan co-founded the Pogues—originally called Pogue Mahone, an anglicisation of the Irish phrase póg mo thóin, meaning "kiss my arse"—who fused punk influences with traditional Irish music. He rose to international fame as the principal songwriter and vocalist on the band's first five studio albums, including Rum Sodomy & the Lash (1985) and the critically acclaimed and commercially successful If I Should Fall from Grace with God (1988). With bandmate Jem Finer, he co-wrote the Christmas hit single "Fairytale of New York" (1987), which the Pogues recorded as a duet between MacGowan and Kirsty MacColl; the song remains a perennial Christmas favourite in the UK and Ireland and was certified quintuple platinum in the UK in 2022. Other well-known songs written by MacGowan during his time with the Pogues include "A Pair of Brown Eyes", "Dark Streets of London", "Sally MacLennane", "A Rainy Night in Soho", "The Body of an American", "The Broad Majestic Shannon", "The Sick Bed of Cúchulainn", and "Summer in Siam".

During a 1991 tour of Japan, MacGowan was dismissed from the Pogues due to the impact of his drug and alcohol dependency on the band's live shows. He subsequently formed a new band, Shane MacGowan and The Popes, with which he recorded his last two studio albums, The Snake (1994) and The Crock of Gold (1997). In 2001, MacGowan rejoined the Pogues for reunion shows; he remained with the group until it dissolved in 2014. In January 2018, the National Concert Hall in Dublin held a gala concert to celebrate his 60th birthday and gave him a lifetime achievement award for outstanding contributions to Irish life, music and culture. In May of that year, he received an Ivor Novello Inspiration Award; in November, he married his long-term partner, journalist Victoria Mary Clarke. Following years of deteriorating health, MacGowan died of pneumonia at his Dublin home in November 2023, aged 65. The president of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, paid tribute, calling him "one of music's greatest lyricists".

Early life
MacGowan was born on 25 December 1957 in Pembury, Kent, the son of Irish parents who were visiting relatives in England at the time of his birth. MacGowan spent his early childhood in Tipperary, Ireland. His younger sister, Siobhan MacGowan, was born in 1963; she later became a journalist, writer, and songwriter. MacGowan and his family moved to England when he was aged six and a half. His father, Maurice, from a middle-class background in Dublin, worked in the offices of department store C&A; his mother Therese, from Tipperary, worked as a typist at a convent, having previously been a singer, traditional Irish dancer, and model.

MacGowan lived in many parts of southeast England such as Brighton, London, and the home counties, and attended an English public school. His father encouraged his precocious interest in literature; by age 11, MacGowan was reading authors including Fyodor Dostoyevsky, John Steinbeck, and James Joyce. At 13, he was among the winners of a literary contest sponsored by the Daily Mirror. In 1971, he left Holmewood House preparatory school in Langton Green, Kent, with a literature scholarship for Westminster School. Found in possession of drugs, he was expelled in his second year. At age 17, he spent six months in a psychiatric hospital due to drug addiction; while there, he was also diagnosed with acute situational anxiety. Briefly enrolled at St Martin's School of Art, he worked at the Rocks Off record shop in central London, and started a punk fanzine under the pseudonym Shane O'Hooligan. He was first publicly noted in 1976 at a concert by London punk rock band The Clash, where his earlobe was damaged by future Mo-dettes bassist Jane Crockford. A photographer took a picture of him covered in blood, which was reported in the music paper NME with the headline "Cannibalism at Clash Gig". Shortly after this, he and bassist Shanne Bradley formed the punk band the Nipple Erectors (later known as 'The Nips').

1982–1991: Leading the Pogues
MacGowan drew upon his Irish heritage when founding the Pogues and changed his early punk style for a more traditional sound with tutoring from his extended family. Many of his songs were influenced by Irish nationalism, Irish history, the experiences of the Irish diaspora (particularly in England and the United States), and London life in general. These influences were documented in the biography Rake at the Gates of Hell: Shane MacGowan in Context. He often cited the 19th-century Irish poet James Clarence Mangan and playwright Brendan Behan as influences.

The Pogues' most critically acclaimed album was If I Should Fall from Grace with God (1988), which also marked the high point of the band's commercial success. Between 1985 and 1987, MacGowan co-wrote "Fairytale of New York", which he performed with Kirsty MacColl, and remains a perennial Christmas favourite. In 2004, 2005 and 2006, it was voted favourite Christmas song in a poll by music video channel VH1. Other notable songs he performed with The Pogues include "Dirty Old Town", "Sally MacLennane" and "The Irish Rover" (featuring the Dubliners). In the following years MacGowan and the Pogues released several albums. In 1988, he co-wrote "Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six", a song by the Pogues which proved highly controversial due to its support of the Birmingham Six – six men wrongly convicted of the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, but still serving prison sentences for the bombings at the time – and was banned on British commercial TV and radio.

In Yokohama, Japan, during a 1991 tour, the Pogues dismissed MacGowan for unprofessional behaviour. The band's performances had been affected by MacGowan's drug and alcohol problems, and his bandmates parted ways with him following "a string of no-shows, including when The Pogues were opening for Dylan".

1992–2005: Shane MacGowan and the Popes
After MacGowan had been dismissed from the Pogues, he formed a new band, Shane MacGowan and The Popes. The new band recorded two studio albums, a live album, three tracks on the Popes Outlaw Heaven (2010) and a live DVD; the band also toured internationally. In 1997, MacGowan appeared on Lou Reed's "Perfect Day", covered by numerous artists in aid of Children in Need. It was the UK's number one single for three weeks, in two separate spells. Selling over a million copies, the record contributed £2,125,000 to the charity's highest fundraising total in six years. From December 2003 up to May 2005, Shane MacGowan and the Popes toured extensively in the UK, Ireland and Europe.

2001–2014: Return to the Pogues
The Pogues and MacGowan reformed for a sell-out tour in 2001 and each year from 2004 to 2009 for further tours, including headline slots at Guilfest in England and the Azkena Rock Festival in the Basque Country. In May 2005, MacGowan rejoined the Pogues permanently. That same year, the Pogues re-released "Fairytale of New York" to raise funds for the Justice For Kirsty Campaign and Crisis at Christmas. The single was the best-selling Christmas-themed single of 2005, reaching number 3 in the UK Charts that year.

In 2006, he was seen many times with the Libertines and Babyshambles singer Pete Doherty; on occasions MacGowan joined Babyshambles on stage. Other famous friends included Johnny Depp, who appeared in the video for "That Woman's Got Me Drinking", and Joe Strummer, who referred to MacGowan as "one of the best writers of the century" in an interview featured on the videogram release "Live at the Town and Country Club" from 1988. Strummer occasionally joined MacGowan and the Pogues on stage (and briefly replaced MacGowan as lead vocalist after his sacking from the band). He also worked with Nick Cave and joined him on stage.

About his future with the Pogues, in a 24 December 2015 interview with Vice magazine, when the interviewer asked whether the band were still active, MacGowan said: "We're not, no", saying that, since their 2001 reunion happened, "I went back with [the] Pogues and we grew to hate each other all over again", adding: "I don't hate the band at all – they're friends. I like them a lot. We were friends for years before we joined the band. We just got a bit sick of each other. We're friends as long as we don't tour together. I've done a hell of a lot of touring. I've had enough of it."

2010–2011: The Shane Gang
In 2010, MacGowan played impromptu shows in Dublin with a new five-piece backing band, the Shane Gang, including In Tua Nua rhythm section Paul Byrne (drums) and Jack Dublin (bass), with manager Joey Cashman on whistle. In November 2010, this line-up went to Lanzarote to record a new album. MacGowan and the Shane Gang performed at the Red Hand Rocks music festival in the Patrician Hall, Carrickmore County Tyrone in June 2011.

2014–2023: Later career
MacGowan made a return to the stage on 13 June 2019 at the RDS Arena in Dublin as a guest of Chrissie Hynde and the Pretenders.

Following on from the success of Feis Liverpool 2018's finale, in which he was joined by artists such as Imelda May, Paddy Moloney, Albert Hammond Jr and many more, MacGowan was announced to appear on 7 July alongside a host of guests for the Feis Liverpool 2019's finale. The event was ultimately cancelled due to a lack of ticket sales and funding issues. Feis Liverpool is the UK's largest celebration of Irish music and culture.

In 2020, MacGowan reportedly returned to the studio to record several new songs with the Irish indie band Cronin.

Media and charity work
MacGowan appeared in an episode of Fair City, shown on 28 December 2008. In 2009, he starred in the RTÉ reality show Victoria and Shane Grow Their Own, as he and his wife Victoria Mary Clarke endeavoured to grow their food in their own garden.

In 2010, MacGowan offered a piece of unusual art to the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC) to auction off to support their services to children: a drawing on a living room door. It earned €1,602 for the charity.

Personal life
On 26 November 2018, after a decades-long relationship and subsequent 11-year engagement, MacGowan married Irish journalist Victoria Mary Clarke in Copenhagen. They lived in Dublin. MacGowan was a Roman Catholic, calling himself "a free-thinking religious fanatic" who also prayed to the Buddha. As an adolescent, he considered the priesthood.

Politics
In 2015, MacGowan stated that he had grown up in an Irish republican family and that he regretted not joining the IRA. In a filmed interview he said, "I was ashamed I didn't have the guts to join the IRA, and The Pogues was my way of overcoming that". The central figure in his 1997 song "Paddy Public Enemy No. 1" is based on ex-INLA leader Dominic McGlinchey. Asked his opinion of McGlinchey, MacGowan said "he was a great man". He also counted former Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams as a friend, according to his most recent biography.

Health and addictions
MacGowan "battled longstanding health issues, compounded by well-documented struggles with substance abuse". He was "a famously voracious consumer of drugs and prone to physical trauma".

MacGowan began drinking alcohol at age five, when his family gave him Guinness to help him sleep. His father frequently took him to the local pub while he drank with his friends. He suffered physically from years of binge drinking. MacGowan also used LSD, and he developed a heroin addiction during his tenure with the Pogues. In the 1980s, he "was repeatedly injured in falls and struck by moving vehicles". While in New Zealand during a 1988 Pogues tour, MacGowan "painted his hotel room, face and chest blue, apparently because 'the Maoris were talking to me'". Problems arising from his alcohol and drug abuse led to his firing from the Pogues in 1991, and he experienced stomach ulcers and alcoholic hepatitis in the 1990s. MacGowan often performed onstage and gave interviews while drunk. In 2004, on the BBC TV political magazine programme This Week, he gave incoherent and slurred answers to questions from Janet Street-Porter about the public smoking ban in Ireland.

In November 1999, MacGowan was arrested in London after Sinéad O'Connor found him passed out on his floor, and called emergency services. MacGowan was criminally charged with heroin possession in January 2000. When police formally cautioned MacGowan (a process that "requires the accused to admit their guilt"), MacGowan accepted the caution and the criminal case against him was terminated in March 2000. O'Connor said she took this action in an attempt to discourage him from using heroin. Although he was furious with O'Connor at first, MacGowan later expressed gratitude to her and said that the incident helped him kick his heroin habit.

MacGowan experienced years of ill health toward the end of his life. In the summer of 2015, as he was leaving a Dublin studio, he fell and fractured his pelvis. After that, he used a wheelchair. Later that year, MacGowan said: "It was a fall and I fell the wrong way. I broke my pelvis, which is the worst thing you can do. I'm lame in one leg, I can't walk around the room without a crutch. I am getting better, but it's taking a very long time. It's the longest I've ever taken to recover from an injury. And I've had a lot of injuries". He continued to use a wheelchair until his death in 2023.

In 2016, Clarke told the press that MacGowan was sober "for the first time in years". She indicated that MacGowan's drinking had "not just been a recreational activity", but that "his whole career has revolved around it and, indeed, been both enhanced and simultaneously inhibited by it". She said that his drinking problem was made much worse by the introduction of hard drugs such as heroin. Clarke added that a serious bout with pneumonia—compounded by his 2015 hip injury, which required a long hospital stay—was ultimately responsible for his sobriety. The hospital stay required a total detox, and MacGowan's sobriety continued after he returned home.

MacGowan was long known for having very bad teeth. He lost the last of his natural teeth sometime around 2008. In 2015, he had a new set of teeth—including one gold tooth—fitted in a nine-hour procedure. The new set of teeth was secured by eight titanium implants in his jaws. The procedure was the subject of the hour-long television programme Shane MacGowan: A Wreck Reborn.

In early February 2021, MacGowan broke his knee in a fall at his home and left him bed-ridden for a short time.

MacGowan was hospitalised for an infection on 6 December 2022. He was diagnosed with viral encephalitis. Days after MacGowan had entered hospital, Clarke told the Irish Independent that he "'seems perfectly normal now – he is pissed off because he can't have a drink in the hospital'". Clarke reportedly added that she had urged MacGowan to "ditch his hard-living lifestyle", but that her efforts had not met with success.

Death
It was reported on 23 July 2023 that MacGowan was hospitalised in an intensive care unit. Following treatment for an infection, he was visited by many celebrities while in hospital. He was discharged from St. Vincent's University Hospital on 23 November 2023 after 4 months of treatment. On 30 November 2023, after receiving last rites, MacGowan died from pneumonia at his home in Dublin with his wife by his side; he was 65.

On 8 December, MacGowan's coffin was borne through the streets of Dublin on a horse-drawn carriage as fans lined the streets for his funeral procession. Later hundreds gathered inside and outside Saint Mary of the Rosary Church in Nenagh, County Tipperary, including celebrities Nick Cave, Johnny Depp, Bob Geldof, Aidan Gillen, President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins and former Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams. There was dancing inside the church as "Fairytale of New York" was performed by The Pogues with Glen Hansard, Lisa O'Neill and John Sheahan from the Dubliners.

"Fairytale of New York" went to No. 1 in Ireland on the weekend of MacGowan's funeral. On 13 December 2023, the Pogues reissued the song as a charity seven-inch single in tribute to MacGowan and to benefit the Dublin Simon Community, an anti-homelessness organisation that MacGowan had supported.

Legacy
Following MacGowan's death, Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland, said: "Shane will be remembered as one of music's greatest lyricists. So many of his songs would be perfectly crafted poems, if that would not have deprived us of the opportunity to hear him sing them. The genius of Shane's contribution includes the fact that his songs capture within them, as Shane would put it, the measure of our dreams—of so many worlds, and particularly those of love, of the emigrant experience and of facing the challenges of that experience with authenticity and courage, and of living and seeing the sides of life that so many turn away from."

The New York Times described MacGowan as "a master songsmith whose lyrics painted vivid portraits of the underbelly of Irish immigrant life".

Following MacGowan's death, Tom Waits wrote on X: "Shane MacGowan’s torrid and mighty voice is mud and roses punched out with swaggering stagger, ancient longing that is blasted all to hell. A Bard’s bard, may he cast his spell upon us all forevermore".

Nick Cave called MacGowan "the greatest songwriter of his generation, with the most terrifyingly beautiful of voices". Bruce Springsteen said the "passion and deep intensity of [MacGowan's] music and lyrics is unmatched by all but the very best in the rock and roll canon... I don’t know about the rest of us, but they’ll be singing Shane’s songs 100 years from now".

When Bob Dylan performed a concert in Dublin in 2022, he paid tribute to MacGowan while onstage, describing the former Pogues frontman as one of his "favourite artists".

Paul Simon said MacGowan was "that kind of artist that needed to burn very brightly and intensely. Some artists are like that. They produce work that we treasure but they pay for it with their health – their bodily health and their mental health. That was Shane".

Autobiography and biographies
In 2001, MacGowan coauthored the autobiographical book A Drink with Shane MacGowan with his future wife, Victoria Mary Clarke. The book was published by Pan Macmillan.

Aside from Rake at the Gates of Hell: Shane MacGowan in Context, which covered a portion of his musical career, MacGowan was the subject of a 2015 biography, A Furious Devotion: The Life of Shane MacGowan, published by Omnibus Press. He was also the subject of several books and paintings. In 2000, Tim Bradford used the title Is Shane MacGowan Still Alive? for a humorous book about Ireland and Irish culture. Shaman Shane: The Wounded Healer by Stephan Martin brands Shane as a latter-day London-Irish spirit-raiser and exorcist. This commentary is found in the book Myth of Return: The Paintings of Brian Whelan and Collected Commentaries. London Irish artist Brian Whelan has painted MacGowan (for example Boy from the County Hell); his works are featured on MacGowan's official website, and he is also the illustrator of The Popes' Outlaw Heaven cover.

Honours and awards
In 2006, he was voted 50th in the NME Rock Heroes List. In January 2018, MacGowan was honoured with a concert gala to celebrate his 60th birthday at the National Concert Hall in Dublin, where Irish president Michael D. Higgins presented him with a lifetime achievement award for his outstanding contribution to Irish life, music and culture. He also won the 2018 Ivor Novello Inspiration Award.

The Nips/Nipple Erectors

 * Bops, Babes, Booze & Bovver (1987/2003 – Archived Compilation)

Albums
With the Pogues
 * Red Roses for Me (October 1984)
 * Rum Sodomy & the Lash (August 1985)
 * If I Should Fall from Grace with God (January 1988)
 * Peace and Love (1989)
 * Hell's Ditch (1990)
 * The Pogues in Paris: 30th Anniversary concert at the Olympia (November 2012)

As Shane MacGowan and The Popes
 * The Snake (1994)
 * The Crock of Gold (October 1997)
 * The Rare Oul' Stuff (2001 / January 2002) (a 2-disc best-of collection of B-sides and key album tracks spanning the years 1994 to 1998)
 * Across the Broad Atlantic: Live on Paddy's Day — New York and Dublin (with Shane MacGowan and the Popes, February 2002)

Singles
With the Pogues
 * Poguetry in Motion EP (No. 29 UK)
 * "The Irish Rover" (featuring the Dubliners) (No. 8 UK)
 * "Fairytale of New York" (featuring Kirsty MacColl) – No. 2 UK; reissued in 1991 (No. 24 UK), 2005 (No. 3 UK) and 2007 (No. 4 UK)
 * "Fiesta" (No. 24 UK)

Solo
 * "What a Wonderful World" (with Nick Cave, No. 69 UK 1992)
 * "The Church of the Holy Spook" (with the Popes, No. 74 UK 1994)
 * "That Woman's Got Me Drinking" (with the Popes, No. 34 UK 1994)
 * "Haunted" (with Sinéad O'Connor, No. 30 UK 1995)
 * "My Way" (No. 29 UK 1996)
 * "I Put a Spell on You" (Haiti Charity Song) (with Nick Cave, Bobby Gillespie, Chrissie Hynde, Mick Jones with actor Johnny Depp, Glen Matlock, Paloma Faith and Eliza Doolittle) (2010)

Guest appearances

 * "What a Wonderful World" (with Nick Cave, 1992)
 * "Suite Sudarmoricaine", "Tri Martolod", "The Foggy Dew" (Foggy Dew) (with Alan Stivell, Again, 1993)
 * "The Wild Rover" (with Sinéad O'Connor) – Soldat Louis, album Auprès de ma bande, 1993
 * "God Help Me" (with the Jesus and Mary Chain, Stoned & Dethroned, 1994)
 * "Death Is Not the End" (on Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds Murder Ballads LP, 1996)
 * "Perfect Day" (Children in Need single, No. 1 UK, 1997)
 * "The Wild Rover" and "Good Rats" (with Dropkick Murphys, June 2000)
 * "Town I Love So Well", "Satan Is Waiting", "Without You", "Long Back Veil" (with Lancaster County Prison, on Every Goddamn Time) Coolidge Records 2003
 * "Ride On" and "Spancill Hill" (with Cruachan, 2004)
 * "Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" (on the Priests' Noel, 2010)
 * "Fix It" (on Alabama 3's Revolver Soul, 2010)
 * "Sous le soleil exactement" (with Lulu Gainsbourg, From Gainsbourg to Lulu, 2011)

Filmography

 * The Punk Rock Movie – 1979 (archive footage appearance as himself)
 * Eat the Rich – 1987
 * Straight to Hell – 1987
 * The Pogues – Live at the Town & Country – 1988
 * The Ghosts of Oxford Street – 1991
 * Shane MacGowan & The Popes: Live at Montreux 1995 – 1995
 * The Great Hunger: The Life and Songs of Shane MacGowan – 1997
 * The Filth and the Fury – 2000 (archive footage appearance as himself)
 * If I Should Fall from Grace: The Shane MacGowan Story – 2001
 * The Clash: Westway to the World – 2002 (archive footage appearance as himself)
 * The Libertine – 2004
 * The Story of... Fairytale of New York – 2005
 * Harry Hill's TV Burp – 2007
 * Harry Hill's TV Burp – 2010 (Christmas special)
 * Rab C. Nesbitt – 2011
 * The Pogues in Paris: 30th Anniversary concert at the Olympia (DVD) – 2012
 * Crock of Gold: A Few Rounds with Shane MacGowan – 2020

title: Shane MacGowan


text:
Dionysius I Telmaharoyo

Dionysius I Telmaharoyo (Latin: Dionysius Telmaharensis, Syriac: ܕܝܘܢܢܘܣܝܘܣ ܬܠܡܚܪܝܐ, Arabic: مار ديونيسيوس التلمحري), also known as Dionysius of Tel Mahre, was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 818 until his death in 845.

Biography
Dionysius was born in Tal Mahre, near the city of Raqqa, into a wealthy family from Edessa, and became a monk at the Monastery of Qenneshre, where he studied philology, jurisprudence, philosophy, and theology. He also studied at the Monastery of Mar Jacob at Kayshum. In 818, Dionysius was elected Patriarch of Antioch unanimously by a synod of forty-eight bishops. After his consecration, he issued a proclamation and held three councils in Raqqa in the same year, at which he issued twelve canons. Dionysius restored the Monastery of Qenneshre in 822 after it was damaged by fire caused by dissenters.

In 826, Dionysius visited Egypt in the company of the Abbasid general Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani. He later held a council at the Monastery of Euspholis in 828, and returned to Egypt in 832 in the company of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Whilst in Egypt, Dionysius met with Pope Jacob of Alexandria, head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, a fellow miaphysite church, and several Coptic Orthodox bishops outside of the city of Tannis. He held another council at the city of Tagrit in 834, and met with Al-Ma'mun in Baghdad, and also his successor, Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. A total of one hundred bishops were ordained by Dionysius during his tenure and he served as patriarch until his death on 22 August 845.

Works
At the request of John, Bishop of Dara, Dionysius composed the Annals, a two volume history of the church and secular events from the coronation of the Roman Emperor Maurice in 582 to the death of the Roman Emperor Theophilus in 843. One volume was dedicated to church history whilst the other covered secular history, and each volume was divided into eight books. The work was composed with use of citations of the works of Theophilus of Edessa, an 8th-century scholar. The Annals were cited extensively by Michael I, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (r. 1166–1199), and the anonymous author of the Chronicle of 1234. Dionysius' accounts were also later used in the Ecclesiastical History of Bar Hebraeus, Maphrian of the East (r. 1266–1286).

The Chronicle of Zuqnin was erroneously ascribed to Dionysius by Giuseppe Simone Assemani, but this has since been disregarded.

title: Dionysius I Telmaharoyo


text:
Talk:Preservative

Correct information
Took following phrase out: -- note on security: can anybody edit this? How do you know the information given here is correct or even honest? -- Your question is the same as "how can you trust what someone is saying or has written in a book, or a newspaper?" You use some other sources to see if there is a concensus on the specific topic. Search wikipedia for a subject you think you know enough about and read it. What do you think about the content ? G.K.

Health Concerns
I am a science graduate and read this section. It has too many personal opinions, such as 'major studies' or 'become controversial'. The references given were often news articles, which are NOT scientific sources. I have removed large sections of the text, but I expect them to return. Please can an expert come and sort it out. My feeling is that the person who wrote it has a clear agenda against preservatives citing very dubious sources to prop up the claim they are unhealthy, when there is no proper conclusive evidence to support this. I did leave in section saying that they may cause allergy, or anaphylactic shock... as hypersensitivity is always likely when a human ingests peptides so almost goes without saying. I feel I improved it slightly, but much more work needs to be done. Its important misinformation is not given to the public. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.76.223 (talk) 13:33, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Sulfites
Reference to 'sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate)' are incorrect. Correct would be 'sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite)'. The latter two are lower oxidation states of sulfur, and act as antioxidants. The sulfates are not antioxidants. User: Ian H. Gibson

ok here is my opinion. preservatives are ok. but they need to make it harm free so that it cant do anything bad to harm our bodies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.131.194.158 (talk) 08:57, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

Sulfur Dioxide not a preservative? You might want to further read there buddy.

Here read this.

As a preservative

Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as a preservative for dried apricots, dried figs, and other dried fruits owing to its antimicrobial properties, and it is sometimes called E220 when used in this way. As a preservative, it maintains the colorful appearance of the fruit and prevents rotting. It is also added to sulfured molasses. ~Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by StormKat34 (talk • contribs) 02:35, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

In the table it says ”Sulfites E220-E227”. It should be E220-E228 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.52.32.111 (talk) 13:04, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

Incomprehensible
This is complete incomprehendable, crap, please simplify the article to make it very understandable for the average human.

Incomprehensible? That's because you're an uneducated Liberal.~StormKat34

Contraception
In various foreign languages, preservative is also a name given to contraception, such as condoms. I'm not sure if such a term has ever been used in English, but it might be helpful to point out that this is a common false friend that occurs a lot in erroneous translations. ADM (talk) 13:04, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I just added a "not to be confused with" in any case :) --Λeternus (talk) 14:40, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Natural food preservatives....
See Talk:Sodium benzoate --222.67.213.216 (talk) 08:55, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Salts uses.
Salt is a natural preservative. Enough to preserve would be I expct a full pack. Equivalent now of four to five bags of todays packs of salt. that is an estimate of course. As a condiment it is added as a flavour or additive to food. Also acts to preserve food. such as fish when fishermen bring their catch in from their days out fishing. and adds the fish to crates or vats. The salt can be dissolved and dried out. many schools test this theory also labroratory scientists.

Editing redundancies
There are a couple of redundant phrases that I've altered, but I am open to input if people think these statements could be further improved. I've changed the opening sentence from A preservative is a natural or synthetic substance or chemical that is added to products... to A preservative is a naturally occurring or synthetic substance that is added to products... In this case chemical and substance are effectively synonymous, and I fear that chemical is used here to capitalize on the common fear and misconception that chemicals are always bad. However, if people feel that chemical should be retained, that's fine, but I don't think we need to use both chemical and substance since in this instance they basically mean the same thing.

I also changed the second sentence of the Preservatives in food section from Preservatives may be antimicrobial preservatives, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi and mold growth... to Preservatives may be antimicrobial preservatives, which inhibit the growth of bacteria or fungi, including mold... and added links to fungi and mold. Mold are fungi, so I felt this was redundant. Any thoughts? I think this article needs a lot of work but I just thought I would fix a couple of small things for now. Myceteae (talk) 23:32, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

You may know their relation already, not everyone reading will know that yet. Mold seems a more commonly used term, a possibility is to have both mentioned and only one link Whitebox (talk) 15:20, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Health Concerns -- Misleading
I added the tag "misleading." I clicked on the second link given in the citation:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17825405

From reading the abstract, it appears that this study doesn't conclusively prove that the preservatives caused the hyperactivity. In this study, the hyperactivity could have been caused by either the artificial color or the preservative.

The sentence in the article, as written, is technically correct, but misleading:

"children exhibited increased hyperactivity after consuming drinks containing sodium benzoate or artificial food color and additives."

This sentence misleads the reader to think that preservatives cause hyperactivity. Just by virtue of including this sentence in an article about preservatives, the reader's attention is drawn to the preservatives in this sentence.

Really, this study shouldn't even be mentioned in an article about preservatives, because it doesn't prove anything that is specific to preservatives.

Split the content?
The article now focusses almost entirely on food preservation. Would it make more sense to move the food preservation content to food preservation, which currently redirects to this title? This would be consistent with the way that the topic of wood preservation is handled: a brief summary in this article and a full separate article for details. ChemNerd (talk) 11:25, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * This article is very very broad. I dont know what to do really. It could almost become a disambiguation page that directs readers to different types of preservation. We have what looks like a good article Food preservation that overlaps heavily. --Smokefoot (talk) 14:08, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I completely missed the fact that there was an existing article. In my first comment I thought I was linking to the redirect at food preservative, not the existing article at food preservation.  Thanks Smokefoot for working on merging the similar content from the two articles.   ChemNerd (talk) 19:22, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for raising this issue in the first place. I hope that I did not go overboard.  In any case, I think that what most readers want is a site that lists food additives and some commentary on each.  That remains to be done.  --Smokefoot (talk) 21:23, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

Based on the lead, this seems to the a WP:Broad-concept article, but it is lacking on information about preservatives that are not intended for food. I think that the specifics on food preservatives belong in food preservation, while leaving general coverage about what is a food preservative and general mechanisms. —Ost (talk) 18:26, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

বাংলা
girl 103.112.60.40 (talk) 16:17, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preservative


text:
Władysław Orlicz

Władysław Roman Orlicz (May 24, 1903 – August 9, 1990) was a Polish mathematician of Lwów School of Mathematics. His main interests were functional analysis and topology: Orlicz spaces are named after him.

Education and career
Orlicz was the third of Franciszek and Maria Orlicz's five children. His youngest brother died in the Polish-Soviet War, the eldest perished in the Stutthof concentration camp. The other brothers also became professors. The family moved several times. Orlicz attended school in Tarnów, Znojmo, and Lviv, where he finished school in 1920 and began studying mathematics at the Lviv Polytechnic University. He studied with Hugo Steinhaus, Antoni Łomnicki and Stanisław Ruziewicz, among others. As early as 1923 he took on small tasks at the Faculty of Mathematics. On August 1, 1925 he became a junior assistant at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lemberg (now University of Lviv). He published his first scientific work in 1926 at the age of 23. In 1928 he completed his dissertation on the theory of orthogonal sequences. In 1929 he went to University of Göttingen on a scholarship and returned to Lemberg in 1930 as a senior assistant. In 1934 he presented his habilitation thesis The investigations of orthogonal systems. The following year he became an assistant professor at the Lviv Polytechnic University and received his teaching license at the University of Lviv. In 1937, he became an associate professor at the University of Poznań.

The outbreak of the Second World War surprised him while he was on vacation in Lemberg. Since he could not return to Poznań, he was appointed professor in Lemberg. Officially he worked as a teacher. When it became clear in early 1945 that Lemberg would no longer belong to Poland, Orlicz went back to Poznań. In 1948 he was appointed full professor at the University of Poznań, where he remained until his retirement in 1970.

Orlicz was awarded the Stefan Banach Prize by the Polish Mathematical Society in 1948.

title: Władysław Orlicz