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Ostankino Tower

Ostankino Tower (Оста́нкинская телеба́шня) is a television and radio tower in Moscow, Russia, owned by the Moscow branch of unitary enterprise Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network. Standing 540.1 m, it was designed by Nikolai Nikitin. , it is the tallest free-standing structure in Europe and 12th tallest in the world. Between 1967 and 1974, it was the tallest in the world. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m in height. Ostankino was built to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. It is named after the surrounding Ostankino district of Moscow.

Upon the completion of construction, approximately 10,000,000 individuals resided within the transmitter coverage area, which expanded to over 15,000,000 people by 2014. This area encompasses Moscow and the Moscow Region, as well as certain portions of the Vladimir and Kaluga regions. The ownership of the TV tower lies with the Moscow Regional Center, a division of the Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network (RTRN).

Under favorable weather conditions, the Ostankino TV Tower can be observed by residents of certain cities in the Moscow Region, including Balashikha, Voskresensk, Zelenograd, Korolev, Krasnogorsk, Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Odintsovo, Podolsk, Khimki, and Shchyolkovo.

Choosing a site for construction
The primary function of the Ostankino TV Tower is to transmit TV signals. Prior to its establishment, this task was fulfilled by a structure devised by Vladimir Shukhov in 1922. During that era, the "wicker" tower located on Shabolovka Street was widely regarded as an extraordinary feat of engineering ingenuity. However, it became apparent in the 1950s that the tower had reached the end of its lifespan. Originally designed primarily for radio signal transmission, the tower found itself adapting to the emergence of television broadcasting in the late 1930s.

Initial design
The project was initially assigned to the Kiev Design Institute specializing in steel structures, which won the All-Union competition for the best TV tower design. Their proposal was an openwork metal tower similar to the Eiffel Tower in Paris or the renowned Shukhov Tower in Moscow. However, the architects tasked with realizing the project were not very enthusiastic about it. Numerous engineers, including Nikolai Nikitin, a member of the competition committee and an expert in reinforced concrete and metal structures, came up with an alternative idea. Nikitin expressed a strong dislike towards his colleagues' project, deeming the design unappealing. He suggested building the tower out of reinforced concrete, citing a successful similar project in Stuttgart that had been completed two years prior, in 1956. He firmly believed that such a type of structure would be much more aesthetically pleasing. Nikitin's proposal was taken seriously, and he was given the opportunity to prepare his own application. To ensure the strength and stability of the concrete frame, Nikitin incorporated 149 taut steel ropes. Nikitin later asserted that he had conceived the project overnight, and the prototype for the cone-shaped foundation of the tower was inspired by the upside-down lilium flower, known for its robust petals and sturdy stem, which the engineer had envisioned in his dream just days before the deadline for submitting sketches. However, it is possible that the reality was different. His design was inspired by the work of scientist Yuri Kondratyuk in the 1930s, who had envisioned a thin and hollow concrete structure for a wind farm on Mount Ai-Petri in the Crimea. Kondratyuk successfully designed a 165-meter structure and took precautions by reinforcing it with steel cables to ensure its stability against strong winds. The project was left incomplete due to several factors, but the concept remained in Nikitin's mind. In 1932, architect Pier Luigi Nervi presented a project called the "Monument of the Banner" in Rome for a competition. It is uncertain whether Nikolai Nikitin was acquainted with these sketches, but the base of the structure bears a striking resemblance to the Ostankino TV tower.

Nikolai Nikitin suggested constructing a 540-meter rocket, but the proposed tower had minimal foundation, with only a 4.6-meter base underground. Many of Nikitin's colleagues expressed concerns about the stability of the structure and recommended reinforcing it with 40-meter piles. They even wrote collective letters to halt construction. However, despite their efforts, the project was ultimately completed and the tower remained stable. This was primarily due to the shifted center of gravity. The center of gravity can be compared to the Soviet toy called Nevalashka, which means that the structure can sway in strong winds. The maximum deflection of the spire throughout the construction process was approximately 12 meters. Certainly, in addition to the shifted center of gravity, there was a need for further structural reinforcement. As a result, a total of 150 steel cables were carefully installed inside. In order to safeguard against any potential corrosion of the iron over time, the cables were coated with a substance known as gun oil. This particular type of petroleum oil is made thicker by combining it with petrolatum and ceresin.

Construction
The construction work commenced in 1959, leading to the establishment of an entire town dedicated to the project. This town included essential facilities such as a boiler house, a concrete plant, and a mechanical workshop. The tower trunk was successfully erected using a self-lifting crane, while alternative methods, specifically the utilization of helicopters, were employed to install the antenna atop the TV tower.

Of course, the engineering features of the tower hold great significance. However, it was the architects who skillfully enhanced the tower's appearance. Leonid Batalov and Dmitry Burdin were responsible for shaping the structure's appearance. They incorporated elegant arches between the supports, constructed a sleek glazed cylinder beneath the tower trunk to accommodate technical services and live broadcasting studios, and artistically integrated illuminator windows in the upper section of the cone, giving the tower a striking similarity to a rocket. Furthermore, at the height of 325–360 meters, the tower was extended with a structure resembling a 10-storey house, featuring essential equipment, a magnificent revolving restaurant spanning three floors, and an observation deck inspired by the design of the TV tower in Stuttgart. Moreover, the balconies and trunk of the tower efficiently housed equipment for radio relay lines, mobile television stations, radiotelephone communications, special services facilities, and a meteorological complex.

The grand opening of the Ostankino TV Tower occurred in 1967, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. However, initially only a portion of the structure was operational. The remaining works were successfully completed by 1969, allowing for the opening of observation platforms and a restaurant for visitors. Speaking of the observation decks, the tower boasts two of them. One is a glazed deck situated at a height of 337 meters, while the second is an open deck positioned approximately 3 meters closer to the top of the tower. Although it is referred to as "open", there are bars in place for safety reasons. Additionally, it is only open on rare occasions, specifically during favorable weather conditions without wind.

Prior to 1976, the Ostankino TV Tower held the prestigious title of being the tallest structure in the entire world, standing impressively at a height of 540 meters. Extensive use of prestressed concrete resulted in a simple and sturdy structure. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. However, this remarkable achievement was subsequently overshadowed by the construction of the CN Tower, situated in the city of Toronto, Canada. Towering above the ground at an astonishing height of 553 meters, the CN Tower effortlessly claimed the new record.

Vantage point
Over the course of 30 years leading up to the fire, the vantage point and the "Seventh Heaven" restaurant welcomed over 10 million guests. Following the fire, both the platform and the restaurant underwent reconstruction, with the observation deck being fully renovated by January 2008. Although the observation deck resumed operations with pilot tours on March 27, 2008, the restaurant remained closed as it continued its reconstruction efforts.

One of the key guidelines for visiting entails implementing heightened security measures, which require the presence of an adult accompanied by a valid passport and a child accompanied by a birth certificate. It would be appreciated if you could kindly keep in mind that the ticket remains valid for a duration of 2.5 hours, and it is necessary to vacate the tower within that allocated time. Additionally, we kindly request that you refrain from taking photographs of the staff as it is against our policy.

On 21 July 2018, there was a race up the tower, featuring athletes from 12 countries. They ran up the narrow, spiral staircase and reached the location at an altitude of 337.0 meters. The fastest of the 28 athletes was German, Christian Riedl, who made it to the top in 9 minutes and 51 seconds. The women's winner was Cynthia Harris (US), who reached the top in 12 minutes and 15 seconds.

Fire of 2000

On 27 August 2000, a devastating blaze not only engulfed the renowned restaurant "Seventh Sky," but also caused extensive damage to the entire structure. Out of the 150 steel cables that once held the building together, only 19 remained intact after the fire had subsided. The fire initially broke out at a height of 460 meters, or approximately 98 m above the observation platform and the Seventh Heaven restaurant, around 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Within moments, the flames rapidly spread, engulfing nearby structures and leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. It took the efforts of firefighters and emergency personnel until the following evening to finally extinguish the flames. The aftermath of the fire had far-reaching consequences, as the entire city of Moscow was left without television reception, with additional disruption to radio signals. While some channels were able to quickly restore their services, it took several months to completely repair and reinstate the signal citywide.

There were three fatalities as a result of the fire. A firefighter and lift operator died when their elevator cabin crashed to the ground level due to the fire.

The fire necessitated the evacuation of all visitors and staff from those locations. As reported by Russian news agencies, the evacuation was successfully carried out within 90 minutes from the onset of the fire. The substantial loss incurred was primarily attributed to the outdated and inadequately maintained electronic equipment, a significant portion of which had been installed during the 1960s. Furthermore, the tower had become increasingly crowded with equipment.

The failure of the fire suppression systems resulted in significant damage to the interior of the tower. Despite the efforts of over 300 firefighters and emergency workers, they had to manually bring heavy equipment, including chemical fire extinguishers, up the tower to stop the fire. Temporary firewalls made of asbestos were installed at a height of 70 m to prevent further spreading. As a result of the fire, television broadcasts in Moscow and the surrounding areas were mostly disrupted, except for the privately owned NTV station. However, the government prioritized state channels and therefore the RTR TV channel began transmitting to several districts in Moscow. The fire caused the upper spire of the tower to tilt slightly, which caused concerns that the tower might collapse. However, upon further inspection, it was determined that although the structure suffered significant damage, there was no immediate risk of collapse. Immediate efforts were initiated to rebuild the tower, which turned out to be a lengthy and costly endeavor.

The fire was the third disaster in Russia in a month, following an explosion in Moscow's Pushkinskaya Metro Station (which killed 12 people and injured 150), and the sinking of the submarine Kursk in the Barents Sea, in which 118 died. Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that "This latest accident shows the shape of our vital installations and the overall state of our country. We should not fail to see major problems in the country behind this accident, and we should not forget the economy. Whether or not such accidents happen again in the future will depend on how we work in this vital direction."

On 25 March 2005, the first new elevators since the August 2000 fire, made by the German company ThyssenKrupp, were tested and put into service. The new elevators travel at a speed of 6 m/s

The tower remained inaccessible to visitors until its reconstruction was fully completed in 2008, marking the reopening of the structure. During this time, individuals had the opportunity to access the observation decks, providing them with extensive views. However, the restoration efforts did not extend to the tower's restaurant, which remained closed for an additional eight years. The current restaurant within the tower's premises bears little resemblance to its Soviet-era counterpart or the establishment that existed prior to the devastating fire. This transformation is evident not only in the culinary offerings but also in the interior decor, showcasing a complete overhaul of the dining experience. and the Seventh Heaven restaurant reopened in November 2016.

2004 base jumping accident
On 1 July 2004, Austrian BASE jumper Christina Grubelnik collided with the tower, resulting in a concussion and causing her to lose consciousness. Her parachute became caught on a service platform located at a lower level. Russian emergency services responded quickly.

Fire of 2007
In 2006, representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations assured that a significant fire incident at the Ostankino Tower would no longer occur as there were no combustible materials remaining within the structure. Following the necessary repairs, the tower has been compartmentalized into multiple sections. In case of a fire in any of these sections, access will be promptly restricted from both sides. Moreover, special installations have been installed to introduce nitrogen into the rooms of the tower during a fire, effectively preventing the development of combustion.

However, in May 2007, smoke was noticed at a height of 342 meters. As a result of the emergency situation, the elevators were temporarily out of service. Consequently, firefighters had to reach the location of the smoke on foot. The fire in the Ostankino TV Tower was classified as a second (heightened) level of complexity. As per the statement from the Emergencies Ministry, the cause of the fire at the tower was attributed to a breach of fire safety regulations during welding operations. All people inside the tower were evacuated and the fire was successfully extinguished, with no casualties.

Elevator system
Originally, German elevators by R.Stahl were installed in the Ostankino TV Tower. During the fire in 2000, the high temperatures resulted in the severe damage of almost all elevator cables, leading to their collapse. There were three individuals present in one of the cabins during the incident, and none of them survived.

ThyssenKrupp manufactured four new elevators in 2003, but their installation was not completed until November 21, 2005. Additionally, a service elevator from the Shcherbinsky plant was also installed in the building. One of the elevators in the antenna section of the TV tower was also designed by ThyssenKrupp. Currently, elevators #6 and #7, which are located above the observation deck and go up to approximately 450 meters, are not functioning. It is unlikely that they will be restored due to the elevator shafts being blocked with cables and feeders. As of September 2017, five elevators are in operation, consisting of four high-speed elevators from ThyssenKrupp and one service elevator from Shcherbinsky elevator plant.

The machine units of the high-speed elevators are installed at distances of 360 and 364 meters. These elevators have a feature where their speed can be automatically reduced when signals from sensors detect any tower sway. Additionally, the elevators are equipped with a unique system that enables contactless transmission of electricity to the cabin. This is achieved through inductive energy transfer using a transformer principle. To make this possible, inductive energy transfer elements are positioned in the shaft and current collectors are attached to the car. The CPS inductive power transmission system was provided by the reputable German company Paul Vahle GmbH & Co. KG.

High-speed elevator No. 4 was put into operation in December 2006.

Restaurant
Within the tower, there is a restaurant called "Seventh Sky" that offers a unique dining experience. The restaurant has visited by the USSR leaders Nikita Podgorny, Alexei Kosygin, and Leonid Brezhnev on November 7, 1967.

The restaurant was made up of three halls named "Bronze", "Silver", and "Golden". These halls were located on separate floors at heights ranging from 328 to 334 meters above the ground. Each hall had 24 four-seat tables arranged in a circle near the panoramic windows, with a radius of 9.2 meters. The total area of the halls was 600 m2, and each hall was 2.5 meters wide. Due to limited capacity, reservations were necessary in advance, with each level accommodating a maximum of 80 people. Since its opening in 1967, it has been considered the highest establishment for dining in the Soviet Union and was also one of the most expensive. In 1987, the cheapest hall ("Bronze") charged 7 rubles for a day visit, and there was no choice of dishes. The restaurant was a popular tourist attraction in Moscow because its circular rooms rotated once every forty minutes. Throughout its operation, approximately 10 million people visited the restaurant.

The restaurant had the honor of operating without interruption for a remarkable span of 33 years, until a devastating fire occurred on August 27, 2000. This tragic incident resulted in the complete destruction of all three floors, thus necessitating a lengthy period of sixteen years for the reconstruction process to be completed.

The fire of 2000 caused extensive damage to the interiors of "Seventh Sky" and its reconstruction was significantly delayed for a period of 16 years. Initially, the project faced challenges in securing an investor, and subsequently, the implementation of safety regulations by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations posed an obstacle as it limited the number of visitors to a maximum of 50 in the tower at any given time.

During the time frame of August 28, 2000 to April 2012, various measures were taken to enhance fire safety in the restaurant halls. These included the installation of new water fire extinguishing systems, treatment of all metal structures with fireproofing compounds, replacement of exterior cladding and old double-glazed windows with newer ones. Additionally, significant renovations were done on the ventilation system, air conditioning, water supply, and other related aspects in the restaurant. The Seventh Sky restaurant complex is currently operational.

In 2016, the coffee shop and cafe levels of the complex reopened. The restaurant hall was also launched in 2017, and had to be temporarily closed in 2020 due to the ongoing coronavirus restrictions. The Seventh Heaven restaurant complex comprises three levels, namely the coffee shop (at the 334 meter mark), the cafe (at the 331 meter mark), and the restaurant (at the 328 meter mark).

Flagpole
The Ostankino Tower held the title of the tallest flagpole in the world for a long time. On April 27, 1967, the flag of the USSR was placed on top of the tower and was regularly replaced twice a year, for May Day and November 7. Originally, the flag was intended to be 50 by 20 meters, but it was reduced to 5 by 2 meters due to concerns about wind load.

In 1991, the flag was taken down and the tower remained without it for over 17 years. On June 12, 2009, which is the Day of Russia, the flag of Russia was respectfully hoisted on the tower. The flag specifically made for the tower was carefully sewn in Vladimir using a reinforced fabric. The previous flag of the USSR, which was lowered in December 1991, is currently preserved in the tower museum.

Analogue television
In Moscow and the Moscow Region, along with 18 other regions, analogue television closed on 15 April 2019, at 12:00 (UTC+3).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ostankino Tower


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Talk:Clog

Bahrain
I moved this out of Europe into Asia. Whilst Asia is technically correct, what is the concensus over Asia vs Middle East? Do we need a proliferation of continents given that there is only one other entry in Asia? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:47, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Paduka_footwear_of_Saints.jpg prefer the Middle East, but for not over categorizing I think Asia is at the moment the best. I am not able to find an example of a Bahrein wooden shoe in Google and therefor I have my doubts if it exist. What I did found were clogs in India: padukas. Strangely it is a high class shoe and not a working class one. The picture shown on Wikipedia seems to be a special form. At Wikimedia I found a picture of a more common model, as you can find more of them at Google. It is not the best picture. Is it an idea to ad this to Asia? Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 12:25, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Absolutly. They are clearly wooden soled, particularly the high platformed padukas. Now you remind me I have seen them on British TV before as wedding attire. If we had Middle East separate from Asia, then the subcontinent also has a claim for separate status, so for the moment I'd say keep Bahrain and India in Asia. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 12:48, 30 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll make a text and add it this week. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 13:18, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Lead
I've rejigged the lead to note sandal types and to indicate that some clogs are high fashion. The old section on overshoes only had a single line in it which duplicated what was said in the lead, so I've removed it. I'm concerned that the lead is getting a little long, so I propose to shortly create a section "types of clogs" above section 1 and move most of the second and third paragraphs into it. Comments? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 13:56, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds as a good idea. A section "types of clogs". The Oxford Dictionary definition is a useful way of looking at wooden footwear, but there seems to be some overshoe hybrids. The Indian clog text will take some time. It´s strange wooden footwear to summarize it in a few words. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 07:31, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. I think something needs to be added to the types to cover the bottoms: flat like Dutch/English, feet like Spanish or high towers (geta).  Unless someone beats me to it I may have a go in a week or so's time.  Don't worry about the description of the Indian padukas being a little long, better too much than too little.  Can anyone clarify: how much of the uppers of German and Italian clogs is fabric and how much wood? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 12:21, 2 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Made some adjustments to the lead section and the section types of clogs. What do you think? Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 13:05, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Shortening/restructuring the page
I propose to shorten/restructure the page. It is becoming very long. I have made a concept, see User:Berkh/Notebook. For the existing text per country, new pages can be made. What do other editer`s think? If there are no objections I will replace the page in two weeks time. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 13:40, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure. One one hand I like the gallery but on the other I think the short comparative notes help a reader, who may know little about the subject, to appreciate the different styles.  A picture and a link will not highlight this comparative study.  I wouldn't worry too much about the length.  Possibly we need to develop a more prose style and less of a list-by-nation style.  I'll have a think and put up a suggestion in the next week or so in my sandbox, I'll post the link here when I do.
 * By the way, we must have a think about the history. The earliest extant examples are certainly Roman (see Sommerfeld, Adolf: "Die Holzsohlen-Fussbekleidung" translated as "History of footwear with wooden soles": Klompenmuseum Gebr. Wietzes*).  Sommerfeld also references sandals in Egypt, Persia, Assyria and Babylon, but it is not clear from the (English) text whether they were wooden soled or not.
 * Note: * I'm sorry if the reference is incorrectly interpreted, my total knowledge of Dutch can be written on the back of a very small stamp. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 15:28, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I think a general history is not suitable for the subject. Most likely wooden footwear is invented at several places in the world and time. For instance, according to the bata museum, paduka's are 5,000 years old. See: http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/index.php. I think we must be aware we easily write a European centered story. When you show a draft of your ideas we can discuss it further. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 18:08, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * What I am trying to say is, there is too much not known about clogs in literature, especially outside Europe. I have also seen pictures of very old Chinese clogs, but I can not find it back. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 20:06, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Here are three concepts of clog pages for Dutch, French and British clogs. When using these pages, a few question has to be answered:
 * 1). what do we do with the interwiki's? Do we add at the Dutch and French page a Dutch and French interwiki?
 * 2). What do we do with the categories? Do we make a new categorie "clog"?
 * 3). what do we do with the the Template:Footwear? Do we add a new group: "wooden footwear"?
 * Replacing the current clog page by this concept would offer a lot of possibilities for interactive research. What do other editer`s think?
 * Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 07:53, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

I'm sorry I didn't get back earlier - too much time spent on the day job! I like what I'm seeing, keep up the good work. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 09:53, 1 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks Martin. The job is more important than Wikipedia. Although, we are talking about clogs here ... I am not sure if the name for the clogs you wear are right; "British clogs". It can be renamed of course. The same with Swedish clogs and Traeskor. Kind regards Berkh (talk) 09:22, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

 * It's a reasonable compromise. The problem with an English language encyclopedia is that the English word will tend to refer to the English (or American) instance, in this case clogs => English clogs, which doesn't fit Wiki's policies.  I could nit-pick over English/British, but it is good enough for most readers.  Were you to write the article in Dutch, then I suspect you would have a main article on "Klompen" pointing to sub articles on "Clogs" for the English form and "Klompen(Nederlands)".  Please excuse my approximation to the Dutch language, errors are entirely due to my ignorance! Martin of Sheffield (talk)
 * That is an interesting question! In the Netherlands we call Swedish fashion clogs, "Zweedse klompen". We can not buy your English clogs. With the word "clogs" Dutch people refer to woman´s high heeled shoes, especially when the make a lot of low-toned noise and look sturdy. Often the wood-ones. So for the Dutch Wikipedia I would suggest "Engelse klompen" for your clogs. You are doing fine with Dutch! What can be difficult for English speaking people is that Dutch people like to use English words, but with a slightly different explanation. The Rihanna n*gga-b*tch gate is a good example. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 10:57, 2 March 2012 (UTC)
 * No, not "Engelse klompen". We don´t see your clogs as "klompen". For us they are "schoenen", shoes. The dictionary defines "klompen as "footwear consisting of a hollowed piece of wood, wooden shoe". "Clogs" or "English Clogs" is better for the Dutch Wikipedia. Kind rgerads, Berkh (talk) 11:13, 2 March 2012 (UTC).

Clogs in The Netherlands
I have no desire to start a editwar about this. But you really do not see them that often in the netherlands. In rural areas some old people still wear them. But usage of clogs isn't really widespread. If you see them there is usually a history reinactment or other tourist like act in town. That and farmers. But less then one percent of the dutch population is a farmer (and the amount is dropping every day). (My edit got reverted by another dutch user) Soyweiser (talk) 13:22, 21 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Gents, I've been watching this one but as an Englishman I have little input on the facts. Perhaps I might help with the phrasing though?  AIUI:

 * clogs are sold as tourist gifts
 * they are worn in rural areas, particularly by farmers
 * they are rarely worn in towns
 * they are geographically widespread even if uncommon.

 * If this assessment is correct then perhaps phrasing it as: "... sold as tourist gifts but are still occasionally worn as practical footware throughout the Netherlands. They are more likely to be worn in farming communities than elsewhere."

 * Alternatively, and it would be my preference, stop at "... leather shoes" and put the rest of the information on the Klomp page. HTH, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:32, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello Soyweiser, Clogs are indeed not used that much in The Netherlands anymore. But there is no need to present it as a folkloristic rural relic. Clogs, or klompen are still popular among farmers, market gardeners and gardeners everywhere in The Netherlands. Sometimes you have to search for them, but clogs are sold in villages and cities in tool shops, garden centres and of course by the Blokker Holding. In touristic cities as Amsterdam, Alkmaar etc they are sold as tourist gift. This touristic clog business gives the impression that it is all fake. My experience is that you indeed do not see them that often, but a lot of people do have a pair somewhere, which they do use sometimes for some reason, mostly at home. According to Wiedijk: "3 million pairs of wooden shoes leave our [Dutch] factories each year. It is true that a large proportion leaves the country as souvenirs, but there is a tendency to wear them as well. Approximately 1 million Dutch people still wear clogs regularly" (Wooden shoes of Holland (2000), p. 25). Therefore I stand by the current text. If you want, I can add this as annotation. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 14:47, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

 * My experience is that you see them almost never. If you see them is is mostly because people use them as decorative objects. Sure I own a pair of them. Nice decorative ones I made when I was very young at some sort of museum. If your 1 million number is correct 1 in 16 people should wear them regularly. Most of the real life people I know are dutch. (Some would say, all the people I know IRL ;) ). I never see anybody wear them, outside of reinactment or tourist attractions. (Which should be enough information to disprove the whole "sold and worn throughout the Netherlands." statement). I see them perhaps once a year. And then it is a WTF moment. This book: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Wooden-Shoes-Holland-Fr-Wiedijk/dp/9071816125/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1348645543&sr=1-1 does not seem that reputable to me. And as it is published by Kooijman Souvenirs & Gifts it looks like a not so neutral book to me. More of a "Wij van wc-eend ..." situation. (Dutch joke, bit hard to explain). (Publisher according to: http://books.google.nl/books/about/Wooden_Shoes_of_Holland.html?id=B7G7YgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y)

 * If you compare the English pages on clogs or klompen on the dutch ones, you see a different picture. The dutch ones focus on the past. None of this "we still wear them a lot today" bs. You actually had the same fight there. The other dutch people seem to agree with me. It is a folkloristic relic. Are you sure you have a neutral point of view? Do you work for the Internationaal Klompenmuseum? (If you do, it is hard to switch from the dutch site to the english one. You might want to tell the maintainers of the website that. If you hit the dutch site as an English speaker you cannot switch). If you do not. Nevermind then.

 * But feel free to leave it in. The least it will do is give the dutch visitors of this page something to laugh and smile about. Soyweiser (talk) 07:48, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Right, I've bee WP:BOLD. I have moved some Dutch-specific material to Klomp (please feel free to modify or discuss it there).  I have brought up one image of each main type of clog as an illustration to help the reader, and referenced the same in the text.  Generally I feel this page should just define what clogs are and point the reader to the specific types and countries elsewhere.  Berkh (and to a lesser extent myself) spend quite some time making this an introduction and sorting out any Anglo-Dutch war! :-) Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:37, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I like artin suggestion for adapting the page of 21 September best. I think three large pictures on top make readers focus on that and not on the gallery pictures below. I think studying the gallery is more informative. Then about neutrality. The clog page is neutral written. There is a small general introduction about European history and usage. I don´t think it is neutral to highlight one clog in a folkloric way and the others not. It is better to leave it to something as: "Dutch poplar klompen". Further I am not affiliated with the wooden shoe museum. I live not to far away and visited it November last year for the first time. I am an historian interested in Dutch history and came to the realization that this symbol of Dutch culture does not get the attention it deserves. There are hardly any books about clogs. In contrast to for example windmills. Most of them are hard to get detailed in depth books for clogs in a region. Only one book exist for clogs in Europe (Tet de Boer). Wiedijk is a small introduction used mainly for tourism. I got the book and must say that as an historian I am jealous. I think it is very good. The passage about one million users is in the chapter about the machine made clog clog. This chapter is clearly written with knowledge of the present day industry. I think that the million clog wearers is what the clog industry considers as the present day internal market. The Dutch Wikipedia page focuses on Dutch clogs only. This English clog page is a page about clogs worldwide. There is no Dutch equivalent of this page. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 14:35, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * @Martin; yes we've got some history in common ... Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 14:46, 26 September 2012 (UTC)
 * For now we have Sabot (Belgian) Sabot (Belgian) as a "redirect". Peter Horn User talk 16:48, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Belgium clogs
Clogs in Belgium are called sabot (French) and klomp (Dutch). In the Ardennes there is a model that can not be found in French nor in The Netherlands. What to do with a redirect to clogs from Belgium? A redirect to a page for Belgium clogs, or a redirect to French sabot and Dutch klomp? I prefer a page for Belgian clogs alone. Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 12:15, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi Berkh. I noticed that the new picture of Belgian sabots had been put up, but the link was to the type of sabot used in guns!  I corrected it to sabot (shoe) and then saw that sabot (shoe) only mentioned France.  Clearly they are the same sort of footware, so since the page is "sabot (shoe) not sabot (France) I modified it slightly.  I've then been chasing up the galoshes/pattens link.  Might I suggest that sabot (shoe) remains as it is to deal with a particular design and instead the gallery picture is changed to "Klompen or sabots from Belgium" ("Klompen or sabots from Belgium").
 * You mention a different model in the Ardennes, what is in the picture? If the picture is of a type common to The Netherlands, Belgium and France then we don't need another article.  If the picture is of the Ardennes style klomp/sabot then a new article is needed.
 * As a general point, is there any structural difference between a klomp and a sabot? If not then it might be worth combining the two under klomp and setting sabot to be a redirect.  I'll bow to your judgement here, I'm no expert on these whole foot types.  If there is a structural difference, then both articles need a bit more of an explanation about the difference, and then we can judge the Belgian one!  Kind regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 12:44, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Hello Martin. The galoshes is a great find. I've seen the page once, but failed to see the relation. According to European wooden shoes from Tet de Boer, there are two types of Belgian clogs. The "kloefen" or "blokken" in the east of Flanders. They look like something in between Dutch en French (Normandy and Brittan) clogs. The picture of the French clog on this page is a Normandy/Brittan clog. Besides that there are distinct models in the Vosges, the Pyrenees and central France. In Spain you also got different types, see the Spanish Albarca page. In The Netherlands there is also another type, one with a leather strip on top. The other Belgian type is the Wallonian "walekes" or "klepperkes". The clogs of the picture are of this type.

 * So there are different types per country. It is possible to make a page for each type, but I think it is more user friendly to follow a structure of a (compilation) page per country. To avoid misunderstandings with Belgian clogs it is maybe an idea to rename them in "blokken"? I searched Google with the Belgian type names, but the don't give results. The Dutch klomp page however uses the word "holleblokken" for male clogs and "klompen" for female clogs. With that (working) name Belgian clogs would have a name of their own. It could prevent misunderstandings with Dutch klompen and French sabots? What do you think? Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 13:38, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I think we need to keep WP:RF in mind. What does a 14 year old South American boy who has heard of clogs want to know?  First he needs to know what defines a clog, and I think that the main page does that reasonably.  Next he is curious about the different types, so looks at the gallery - good.  He than sees that there are a number of named types: clogs, klompen, sabots, geta, paduka etc and clicks on an interesting syle.  I don't think we need too much proliferation of pages, just one for each of the main styles concentrating on the most significant prototype and explaining variants.  A good page that draws attention to detail is of more use that a plethora of poor pages, some of which are red links.  The geographic information is interesting but on a continent such as Europe where political boundaries have changed a lot it can be misleading.  After all, when the klomp was developed it was in the Spanish Netherlands. :-o  Even England is not exempt from this, if our clogs are as old as is supposed, then we were a Roman province at the time, certainly later part of France - perhaps clogs = sabots!
 * To sum up, I would suggest that klomp concentrates on Dutch design as the most significant form, with reference to nearby variants. A good idea from the next village (over the border) is of more interest to a farmer than a remote capital city.  Sabot should refer to all sabots, comparing them to klompen and again being flexible with the border.
 * I do think that I will update the main page however, there are a significant number of intermediate forms where the toes are covered in wood but a strap passes over the foot, such as the Wallon type (if I've understood corectly). I would regard these as a form of whole foot due to the manufacturing methods, but in some ways are intermediate.  Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:39, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Section 1 of the main page updated. Let me know what you think. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 16:59, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * That are good remarks about user friendliness! But we should not forget that the structure of using the word clog in the different national languages is simply a tool to create some user friendly order in regional chaos. And that the knowledge about different (national/regional) clogs models is not available yet on the English Wikipedia. The red links and poor national pages are possibly not user friendly, but they also serve as a signal that there is (way) more and as an invitation to people who do know to add it.
 * You are sure right that you can see clogs with a leather as a distinct meta model. However the OED definition does not give room for a 4th model. Maybe it is an idea to split the definition of "whole feet" clogs in something as "compleet wood" and "half open with leather streps" ? Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 15:19, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Belgium is clearly an exception in the followed system. It has no language of its own. French speaking Belgians call them sabots en Dutch speaking Belgians klompen. All the other words are dialect. Further in Ardennes, which is Belgium, there is a distinct model. I think it is not user friendly to use a system of European countries, except Belgium. Further I think it is not objective not to give Belgium a page of its own, when you use a system of countries. So we have a problem. I think I would like to keep the description as it is now. The model from the Ardennes is the most distinct model in Belgium and in the Ardennes they speak french. So een interwiki ]]Sabot (Belgian)Berkh (talk) 16:12, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Found a nice Belgian website with pictures of Belgian clogs. It says there are a lot of different (dialect) names for klompen. He uses the word "kloefen" frequently. Also for the Wallonian model. Kloefen!? See the data 10/10/2010. http://www.bloggen.be/everbeek/archief.php?ID=1057338 Kind regards, Berkh (talk) 13:57, 14 February 2013 (UTC)
 * For now we have Sabot (Belgian) Sabot (Belgian) as a "redirect". Peter Horn User talk 16:45, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * And by the way kloefen is the Dutch word for hoofs. Funny. Peter Horn User talk 16:54, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Pedantic quibble: Ardennes is also in France and Germany Elinruby (talk) 09:15, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Clog (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:30, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

References and quotes
The OED definition given- refers to the online version.

Clog (noun) a. A wooden-soled overshoe or sandal worn (chiefly by women) in some localities, to protect the feet from wet and dirt. b. A shoe with a thick wooden sole protected by a rim of metal, worn in the north. [Probably the name belongs originally to the thick wooden sole alone: compare clog v. 9] which is different to that used on the page. I don't see that this gives a full international overview.

The next section which analyses the versions is without reference- does anyone know its source? -- Clem Rutter (talk) 09:50, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I've just looked up the online OED entry for clog:

1. A thick piece of wood; a short piece of the trunk, or of a large root, of a tree; a block, clump.
 * The section you quote is meaning 6. Does not the single sentence:

The Oxford English Dictionary[1] defines a clog as a "thick piece of wood", and later as a "wooden soled overshoe" and a "shoe with a thick wooden sole".
 * adequately summarise this? Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:00, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

I am afraid the subdivision is just made up. For example the wooden upper clogs into: the whole foot clogs and the half open clogs. This against all Wikipedia regulations of not presenting your own research ... This simply because there is -so far- no literature known about clogs in a bigger than national perspective. Except the book of De Boer-Olij, T. (2002), ''European Wooden Shoes. Their History and Diversity''. Kind regards Berkh (talk) 16:48, 30 October 2015 (UTC).
 * Not really a problem- just a challenge. A little rewording- and some deeper research and references will appear. It may take a little longer to get this one to FA though! -- Clem Rutter (talk) 02:16, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

Harry Kershaw
I followed the link on Trefor Owen page to a distantly remembered poem- Mi clogs. and Mr Google found this for me dunkerley-tuson dialect poems not only the poem- but the illustrations of the pivot knives. Now Tefor's page may help with the reference above. -- Clem Rutter (talk) 23:11, 31 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Hello Clem Rutter, Nice find, the Trefor Owen page. He clearly distinguish clogs into wooden upper, wooden soled and overshoes. He gives a nice overview of clogs worldwide. Why do you say it was retrieved on June 2012?
 * Further, I must admit the poem in dialect goes beyond my understanding of the English language. I like the rythm though. For me, looking with binoculars from the Netherlands this is typical English. Or Welsh? Something. Typical United Kingdoms. That is a neutral word, that don't make me step on toes. Berkh (talk) 07:09, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

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Takunya or nalin
Do you have a citation for the change? I notice that the Turkish WP uses this same image on Türk_ve_İslam_Eserleri_Müzesi and Sedef_kakma and on both pages refers to them as Takunya. The Slovakian Drevák and Danish Træsko WPs also use the image under the name Takunya, but since I think their articles are a traslation from the English WP, that is not suprising. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:29, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, here's the source I used for this but it would be good to have a more definitive answer. Seems that there is a distinct difference between nalin and takunya - . "Today, instead of the Nalın, wooden slippers called “Takunya” are worn in both new and historical Turkish baths. Takunya are lower-height wooden bathing clogs." -- Fuzheado | Talk 09:57, 1 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for getting back to me on this. There's not a lot on the internet, but what there is seems to support Dörtbaş.  I've been rooting around on Wikicommons and patching up categories.  I think there is enough now to put together a small article on "Turkish clogs" which will cover takunya, nalin and even mention the plastic slippers.  There appear to be plenty of free images of Nalin but few of Takunya, indeed, the only ones I've seen are at the foot of Dörtbaş's page on which copyright is claimed.  It's lunchtime in the UK, so I may get started this afternoon.  Once I have a basic article hammered out I'll update the main clogs gallery to point to it.  Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 11:33, 1 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I've got a stub organised, see Turkish clogs. I've also redone your original takunya -> nalin change, as well as linking the image to Turkish clogs.  I've been looking for an alternative to Dörtbaş, simply to avoid charges of just using a single source.  Have you any more sources that can be quoted?  Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 22:34, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Merge suggestion
An IP user has posted merge tags at the top of Sabot (shoe) and here. The IP has not created a discussion topic nor provided a rationale other than the edit summary: "The Dutch clog is not called sabot but klomp. Via the language links to other wikipedias, clog links to the correct french page, not this one." on the Sabot page and "Sabot is just french for clog". I do not believe that this merge suggestion is in bad faith, so I've created this section to open the discussion.
 * Keep - the structure of Clog and related terms has been evolved over the last decade to cater for different types, languages and nationalities. The structure holds together as a whole.  I'll accept that some of the types referenced may be short, but bringing them all together would create an indigestible mess.  Bringing just some for the benefit of a foreign language Wiki is not really our remit and leads to a fractured, chaotic style. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 07:55, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

 * do not merge - the word is in current (or at least 20th century) use in Canada as the word for shoe. I, at least, find it interesting as a reflection of the origin of most settlers in New France. I would also be willing to bet money that if somebody were to dig, the would find that French and Dutch sabots were somewhat different. In English, I associate the word “clog” with a covered backless shoe rather like a bedroom slipper. A sabot onthe other hand is, in France, specifically a wooden shoe worn by peasants. For what it is worth, that’s the linguistic nuance, and I think it is worth noting.Elinruby (talk) 09:08, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * "In English, I associate the word 'clog' with a covered backless shoe", I think that must be regional rather than linguistic. In England "clogs" are either English style clogs or Dutch klompen, which agrees with the OED definition as a "wooden soled overshoe" and a "shoe with a thick wooden sole".  However since the 1960s (or thereabouts) Swedish träskors were sold under the DrScholl brand, and I suspect those are what you are thinking of. They were seen as new and exotic and, being Swedish, somewhat sexy.  See Clog (British), Morris dance, Träskor and Clog dance et seq. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 09:57, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Closing, given the consensus not to merge, the French sabot being sufficiently distinctive to warrant separate discussion. Klbrain (talk) 11:02, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 4 January 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Aside from being a majority, the opposition invokes WP:SINGULAR, which is part of Wikipedia's naming policy. Favonian (talk) 18:05, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Clog → Clogs – The article itself refers to them exclusively in the plural, and most sources I found about the shoes refer to them exclusively in the plural. This seems to be a rare situation where the plural is the more common term. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 17:46, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * To be precise there are a couple of places in the article where the singular is used. It is exactly the same as shoe, due to the fact that most people have two feet they tend to have two shoes or clogs.  Indeed shoes is a redirect to shoe.  Unless there is a good reason this does seem a little pointless IMHO. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 18:34, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The same argument would hold for shoe, mitten, sock, glove and other things that come almost always in pairs. For consistency we should not change this one either. Arnoutf (talk) 18:39, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Remind me of that the next time I put on my eyeglass and jean, and then cut the tag off with a scissor. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 18:58, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Arnoutf. YorkshireExpat (talk) 20:50, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a close call, but I think the plural title would be better in this particular case. In my mind, this is very similar to Flip-flops. The singular makes me think of something changing their position, but the plural makes me think of shoes. When I hear "clog" I think of something like a clog in a pipe, but when I hear "clogs" I think of the shoes. Rreagan007 (talk) 16:12, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The use of the title 'Flip-flops' is probably a better disambiguation for something that may not be considered the primary topic at Flip-flop. YorkshireExpat (talk) 21:31, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think comparison with jeans and glasses is flawed as those objects are undividable (eyeglasses are different from a set of monocles). Flip-flops is closer but I think there the issue is that to cause the onomatopoeia working (i.e. the sound flip...flop...) you always need both of them (to avoid the problem of the sound of a single hand being clapped), so I would argue it is not that similar at all. Arnoutf (talk) 18:17, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose this isn't like scissors or handcuffs.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:43, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * But it is like flip-flops. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 06:12, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As I sit here I have a clog (singular) on my left foot (singular).  I have another clog (singular) on my right foot (singular).  That is, I have a pair of clogs (plural) on my pair of feet (plural).  Now, unless you are an historical re-enactor, you will never have a trouser and are unlikely to wear a glass (ie monocle).  A clog is a single identifiable object, therefore that is the appropriate main heading. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:23, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:SINGULAR, the examples of nearly all footwear at Template:Footwear and various comments above.
 * FYI, I have nominated the few plural footwear articles for moves. If you care, please discuss these moves here.  —  AjaxSmack  05:01, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Come in pairs. Almost invariably referred to in the plural. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:40, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Crocs
- "a rose by any other name would smell as sweet", in other words you can call anything by any name, but it doesn't alter what it is. As the article clearly says in the first line "Clogs are a type of footwear made in part or completely from wood", The first line under §Types quotes the OED: "The Oxford English Dictionary defines a clog as a "thick piece of wood", and later as a "wooden soled overshoe" and a "shoe with a thick wooden sole". Now if some random manufacturer wants to call their plastic shoes clogs, then only US Government (Federal Trade Commission?) can stop them.  However, a random misleading advertising claim has no place in an encyclopaedia which aims to present reliable, citable article.  Put simply, plastic is not wood, crocs are not clogs.

Turning briefly to another point. Please have a read of WP:BRD. If you add a fact (Bold), and it is Reverted, then the next step is to Dicuss, not to edit war, which is why I haven'e re-reverted you. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 21:42, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

 * (My appologies for not following BRD. I wasn't aware of it)
 * The article on crocs says Crocs, Inc. is an American footwear company that manufactures and markets the Crocs brand of foam clogs. And a lot of sources call crocs as a type of clog: ]. Maybe the article description needs to be updated.
 * ~Shubjt 03:26, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Fair point, I've edited the Crocs article to mention that they do not meet the description of traditional clogs whatever Crocs want to call them. Unless challenged manufactueres will call their products all sorts of things, consider the "unsinkable" Titanic or "Mild As May" Marlboro cigarettes.  I've also edited the photo description to explain that this is simply advertising spin.  Hope you're happy with that. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:53, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clog


text:
User talk:Panthouse

Nice job with cloggs, but check out clog – think you could combine your information (and nice photo!) there? (correct spelling is clog/clogs, by the way). Hjr 01:16, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nomination of Steady State Model for deletion
The article Steady State Model is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Steady State Model until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

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title: User talk:Panthouse


text:
Talk:Un ballo in maschera

I have corrected the capitalization of the title from Un Ballo in Maschera to Un ballo in maschera. - - Kleinzach 16:16, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

The following was on (somewhat bizarrely) Amelia, but it's pretty clearly about Ballo. I (Camembert) don't feel inclined to merge it into this article right now (if merging there is indeed to be done), so I'll stick it here for the time being:

Amelia is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. Libretto by Piave.

Plot
ACT I. Officers and citizens in the house of Count Richard express their love for him, while the Conspirators, Samuel, Tom and their friends, declare their hatred. Ulrica is about to be banished as a witch. Richard loves Amelia, the wife of his secretary. Her husband, having seen a list of the invited guests, warns the governor of treachery to come, and he resolves to visit Ulrica in disguise. The conspirators, learning of this, determine to take advantage of the opportunity to wreak their vengeance. Change of scene: Ulrica’s dwelling. Incantation scene. Amid a crowd of women and children, Richard appears in the disguise of a fisherman and is recognised by Ulrica. When Amelia also arrives the witch dismisses the crowd; Richard overhears that he is beloved by Amelia, who desires forgetfulness from the sorceress. Ulrica tells Amelia to pluck a certain plant at midnight in a lonely place, and she departs. Richard now has his fortune told, and hears that death is his portion and that the man who first presses his hand that day will be the murderer. Renato appears, and extends his hand to Richard. Richard is recognised as the governor and is joyfully greeted by the people.

ACT II. Midnight. A deserted spot. Amelia, conuering her fears, approaches; she meets Richard and both declare their love. Renato unexpectedly arrives on the scene to save the governor from the conspirators. He does not recognise his disguised wife, and first having changed cloaks with Richard, promises to escort her to safety. The Conspirators are foiled, but in revenge tear the veil from Amelia’s face, and Renato, thunderstruck, recognises his wife. Renato’s love for the governor turns to hate and he arranges for the conspirators to meet him on the morrow. He keeps his word to the governor and escorts Amelia to the city.

ACT III. Renato’s chamber. Renato plans to kill his wife, but changes his mind and determines to avenge the insult he has received in the blood of Richard. He promises aid to the conspirators and compels Amelia to take part in the drawing of lots; his name is found on the slip and Amelia suspects his design. Oscar, the page, brings an invitation to the masked ball, which Renato accepts. Change of scene: Masked ball at the palace of the governor. Richard resolves to allow Renato and Amelia to sail for England and thus be true to honour and duty. Crowd of maskers. The conspirators seek the governor, but he is warned by Amelia and bids her farewell, renouncing his love for her. He is stabbed by Renato, who has followed him. Dying, he declares Amelia’s innocence and forgives Renato.

References and external links: Plot taken from The Opera Goer's Complete Guide by Leo Melitz, 1921 version.

Note that many performances today now revert back to the 'original' version by Verdi - set in Sweden, though this is only partly based on fact. The king is shot at the end of the opera. In real life he actually lived for several weeks, and died eventually of infection caused by the treatment of his wounds. Anckarström was executed.

Made a few changes, especially to the synopsis...but I'm afraid it's still rather incoherent. I think a complete rewrite would be an improvement. Herbivore 01:48, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

I've written a new synopsis. Cast, history, etc., to follow. Herbivore 18:44, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Name
Why has this article title lost its caps? Normally I'd just move it to Un Ballo in Maschera, but since someone clearly did it deliberately I thought I'd ask before doing so. DJ Clayworth 14:09, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Boston Debut
I'm an opera neophyte, and so not sure where to start, but can does anyone have information about when/where the Boston debut of this opera was? I imagine colonial Bostonians might react as badly to an opera about the assassination of their governor as Europeans would to one about the death of the King of Sweden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bomar2300 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Hi Bomar2300. The Boston debut was on March 15, 1861, long after Massachusetts ceased to be a British colony. In any case, the whole point of the American Revolution was to get rid of British rule. So they would hardly mind having the King's (imaginary) representative assassinated. In fact, the American critics at the time jokingly proposed that the two conspirators (Sam and Tom) must be Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson and lamented the absence of a Ben (Franklin) conspirator. As in New York, where it was premiered the previous month by the same company, the audience and critics were not offended but were quite bemused by the anachronisms and incongruities—most notably, the concept of holding a lavish masked ball in a Puritan colony. Apparently for both the New York and Boston performances, extra music (not composed by Verdi) was added to the ball scene, and "selected" members of the audience were invited to join in the dancing on stage, with management providing suitable masks for them to wear. For more, see:
 * Lawrence, Vera Brodsky (1999). Strong on Music: Repercussions, 1857-1862, p. 406. University of Chicago Press
 * Voceditenore (talk) 12:07, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Thank you! If there's no objection, I will edit that in at first convenience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bomar2300 (talk • contribs) 23:09, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

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File:Giuseppe Verdi, Un Ballo in maschera, Vocal score frontispiece - restoration.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Giuseppe Verdi, Un Ballo in maschera, Vocal score frontispiece - restoration.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on April 10, 2018. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2018-04-10. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 05:06, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

"widely known flamboyantly homosexual ruler"
§ Homosexuality of Gustav III includes the quote:
 * David Richards has argued that although the opera was no longer explicitly based on Gustav III, Verdi deliberately deviated from his usual practice and set Oscar for a soprano - despite disliking women singing men's parts: "Verdi goes as far as one could go within the repressive conventions of his period to portray Gustavo (based on a widely known flamboyantly homosexual ruler) as either a gay man or, at a minimum, a bisexual man".

Who was this "widely known flamboyantly homosexual ruler"? Richards may amplify this statement elsewhere in the book, or on the same page (p.118), but if so it doesn't appear in Google's very small snippet view. In my opinion, it should be in the article, if known.

--Thnidu (talk) 18:44, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

Old and new character names.

According to the Schirmer, Sam is Count Horn, and Tom is Count Ribbing. The article has them the other way round. CountHorn (talk) 16:01, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

I would prefer the Synopsis to match the overwhelmingly performed version
Since nearly anyone listening to or watching a performance of this opera is going to hear the King Gustavo version, the Synopsis should match that. In the setting for the existing Synopsis in this article, Stockholm is listed at the top as the default setting, so the character names should match. Could someone go through and change the character names to the King Gustavo character list? Softlavender (talk) 02:05, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Un ballo in maschera


text:
KVLY-TV mast

The KVLY-TV mast (formerly the KTHI-TV mast) is a television-transmitting mast in Blanchard, North Dakota. It is used by Fargo station KVLY-TV (channel 11) and KXJB-LD's Argusville/Valley City/Mayville translator K28MA-D (channel 28), along with KNGF (channel 27). Completed in 1963, it was once the tallest structure in the world, and stood at 2,063 feet (629 meters) until 2019, when the top mount VHF antenna was removed for the FCC spectrum repack, dropping the height to 1987 ft.

In 1974, it was succeeded by the Warsaw radio mast as the world's tallest structure. The Warsaw mast collapsed in 1991, again making the KVLY-TV mast the tallest structure in the world until the Burj Khalifa surpassed it in 2008. It became the third tallest when the Tokyo Skytree was completed in 2012, then the fourth tallest when the Shanghai Tower took third place in 2013. It remained the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere, and the tallest broadcasting mast in the world until the antenna removal in 2019.

Location
The mast is located 3 mi west of Blanchard, North Dakota, halfway between Fargo and Grand Forks. It became the tallest artificial structure, and the first man-made structure to exceed 2000 ft in height, upon the completion of its construction on August 13, 1963.

Construction
The tower was built by Hamilton Erection Company of York, South Carolina, and Kline Iron and Steel, and required thirty days to complete, at a cost of approximately $500,000 (roughly $ today). Construction was completed August 13, 1963.

Owners
Owned by Gray Television of Atlanta, Georgia, the tower broadcasts at 356 kW on channel 36 for television station KVLY-TV (channel 11 PSIP, an NBC/CBS affiliate) which is based in Fargo, North Dakota. The tower provides a broadcast area of roughly 9700 sqmi, which is a radius of about 55.6 mi. CBS/CW+ affiliate KXJB-LD's translator K28MA-D also broadcasts on this tower at 15 kW on UHF channel 28 (also its virtual channel).

When the mast was built, the call letters of the television station for which it was built were changed to KTHI, the "HI" referring to the height of the mast. The top is reachable by a two-person service elevator (built by Park Manufacturing of Charlotte, North Carolina) or ladder.

Specifications
The tower consists of two parts: a lattice tower of 1950 ft; topped by the transmitting antenna array of 53 ft. The total height of both is 1987 ft. The antenna weighs 9,000 lb, the lattice tower weighs 855,500 lb, giving a total weight of 864,500 lb. It takes up 160 acre of land with its guy anchors. Its height above mean sea level is 2962 ft.

Federal rule change
Some time after its completion, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imposed a policy that states, "Although there is no absolute height limit for antenna towers, both agencies have established a rebuttable presumption against structures over 2,000 feet above ground level." The FCC and FAA may approve a taller structure in "exceptional cases."

Structures of similar height

 * KRDK-TV mast (2060 ft)
 * KXTV/KOVR tower (2049 ft)

title: KVLY-TV mast


text:
Talk:Bobby Hatfield

Untitled
Hatfield's deterioration.

I can't put this into the article because it is an undocumented personal impression. Nevertheless, I saw the Righteous Brothers on TV on a golden oldie review in the late 1990's and thought that Bill Medley was still in fine voice. Bobby Hatfield, however, was not in such good shape. His eyes had the paranoid, antsy look of a chronic cocaine user and his voice was no longer the glorious instrument of the past, but a somewhat nervous and forced sounding imitation of himself. I felt very bad for Bobby and for Bill. A few years later Bobby was dead. 67.85.165.191 (talk) 11:00, 6 May 2011 (UTC)Kolef8867.85.165.191 (talk) 11:00, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Under personal life, out of the blue, there is mention of his second wife, "Linda". No last name; no other mention. Is this like, say, Cher? Is the reader supposed to know who Linda is? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.203.214.14 (talk) 07:16, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Bobby Hatfield's second wife's name was Linda Torrison. Married in 1979. Barblawson (talk) 23:30, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bobby Hatfield


text:
Gabrielle Weidner

Gabrielle Weidner (Brussels, 17 August 1914 - Königsberg in der Neumark, 17 February 1945) was a Dutch resistance fighter playing an active role in the French Resistance during World War II.

Early life
Gabrielle Weidner was born in Brussels to Dutch parents. She spent her childhood in Switzerland, close to the French border. Her father, Johan Henry Weidner Sr., taught Latin and Greek at the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Collonges-sous-Salève, a village on the French side of the border. Attending secondary school in London, Gabrielle learned to speak several languages.

Activities during World War II
A devoutly religious woman, Gabrielle was living and doing church work for the Seventh-day Adventists in Paris at the outbreak of World War II. With the ensuing German occupation of France, she fled with her brother Jean Weidner and several others to Lyon, in the unoccupied part of France. Following the 22 June 1940 signing of the agreement with the Nazis to create Vichy France, she returned to Paris while her brother went to Lyon where he established the "Dutch-Paris" underground.

In Paris, she resumed her work for the Seventh-day Adventist Church. With the help of her brother and other volunteers, she secretly coordinated plans for people to escape from occupied Paris, following the Dutch-Paris routes out of France into Switzerland or Spain. She thus helped rescue at least 1,080 people, including 800 Dutch Jews and more than 112 downed Allied airmen.

Arrest
In February 1944, a young female courier was arrested by the French police and extradited to the Gestapo. Against all rules, she had a notebook with her containing names and addresses of Dutch-Paris members. She was brutally interrogated by a guard that held her head under cold water repeatedly. Under torture she revealed many names of key members of the underground network. As a result, a large number of Dutch-Paris members were arrested. The name of Jean's sister, Gabrielle, was among those in the notepad. She was arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Fresnes prison in Paris, as it was hoped that her comrades would try to free her. In Fresnes she was treated fairly good, but when this trap did not work, she was shipped by railway cattle car to a concentration camp at Ravensbrück in Germany.

She entered Königsberg / Neumark, a women's subcamp of Ravensbrück. The camp was called Petit-Königsberg by the French prisoners to distinguish the village in Neumark from the city Königsberg in East Prussia. In this concentration camp, the conditions were inhumane, and she was subjected to hard labor and beatings by camp guards. On 17 February 1945, several days after the liberation by Soviet troops, Gabrielle died in Königsberg / Neumark from the effects of malnutrition.

Recognition
On 24 May 1950, Gabrielle Weidner posthumously received the Dutch Cross of Resistance for her efforts in the war. On the Dutch Orry-la-Ville honorary cemetery (north of Paris), her name is recorded on a plaque dedicated to the Dutch resistors.

title: Gabrielle Weidner