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Opel Vectra

The Opel Vectra is a mid-size car (large family car) that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel from 1988 until 2010. Available in saloon, hatchback and estate (from model year 1997 onwards) body styles, the Vectra was also sold by the Vauxhall marque in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Cavalier from 1988 to 1995 and then as the Vauxhall Vectra from 1995 to 2008, and it was also sold by Holden in Australia as the Holden Vectra, by Chevrolet in Latin America as the Chevrolet Vectra.

The Vectra was introduced in October 1988 as a replacement for the Opel Ascona, and was itself replaced in November 2008 by the new Opel Insignia, the nameplate spanning three generations and almost twenty one years.

Vectra A (1988–1995)
The first generation Vectra, known as the Vectra A, was introduced in October 1988 for the 1989 model year, as a four-door notchback saloon, replacing the Opel Ascona C. A five-door hatchback version arrived in March 1989, and a coupé based on the Vectra, called the Calibra, was introduced in the end of that year. Both cars were designed by the Opel design chief at the time, Wayne Cherry.

Vauxhall Motors, the British GM subsidiary that shared most of its models with Opel, did not use the "Vectra" model name - opting instead to continue the use of the Cavalier nameplate - effectively making the Vectra A a third-generation Cavalier when carrying Vauxhall branding. It was not until the introduction of the Vectra B into the United Kingdom in October 1995 that the Cavalier name was retired in favour of Vectra. However, left hand drive Opel Vectras were produced at Vauxhall's Luton plant for export to other European countries.

The 1989 Vectra came in Base, LS, GL, GLS, CD, and GT models, its sister model was the third-generation Cavalier. Engines ranged initially from a 75 PS (55 kW) 1.4 L to a 130 PS (96 kW) 2.0 L Family II. The top-of-the-line Vectra 2000 16V arrived in September 1989. Its sixteen valve version of the 2.0 L engine produces 150 PS (110 kW) and was only available with the sedan bodywork, with available four wheel drive.

The sixteen valve engine also appeared in GT (GSI in some markets) models after the facelift, now mainly as a hatchback. Two four-wheel drive versions were added to the lineup in January 1989, and in September 1992, the car received a limited edition turbocharged version, with 204 PS (150 kW). In, the European Turbo 4x4 version of the Vectra was used in Formula One as its Safety Car.

Most notably, it was deployed at the San Marino Grand Prix.

The 1.4 litre engine was not available in all markets, and even then, it was generally only available in basic trims (Base/L in United Kingdom, LS/GL in Europe). In markets as Italy, where smaller engines were favored by the taxation system, a 1.4 GLS was also offered. With the introduction of Euro I emissions regulations, the 1.4 was replaced by a 1.6 L with the same output for most markets.

A 2.5 L V6 engine appeared towards the later stages of the Vectra's life, developing 170 PS (125 kW), turning the car into a relaxed motorway cruiser rather than giving it sporty pretensions. There were a choice of two diesel engines; one was an Isuzu 1.7 L 4EE1 inline-four unit, in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged form (1686 cc), this one capable of achieving 82 PS, and an Opel designed 1.7 "low blow" turbodiesel (1699 cc), and naturally aspirated diesel unit, delivering 57 to 60 PS.

The front suspension was fully independent, with MacPherson struts, pressed steel lower control arms, and an anti-roll bar. The front suspension, together with the major mechanicals (engine and transmission) is remotely mounted on a front subframe. On front wheel drive models, the rear suspension is semi independent, consisting of a torsion beam linked to trailing arms, with double conical coil springs and direct acting telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers, with certain models also having an anti roll bar.

On the four wheel drive GSi, 4x4 and Turbo models, the rear suspension is a subframe mounted fully independent design, with semi trailing arms, double conical coil springs, direct acting gas assisted telescopic shock absorbers, and an anti roll bar. Steering gear is a rack and pinion-type (manual or power assisted, depending on model), mounted on the bulkhead (firewall), with a telescopically deformable steering column.

The Vectra also received a refresh in September 1992. The range received new front grilles and a black plastic strip above the rear taillamps, along with an upgrade to the structure for improved crashworthiness. Airbags became available onwards from 1993.

In New Zealand, the Vectra A was offered initially as an Opel between 1989 and 1994, but it wore Holden badges between 1994 and 1996 until the introduction of the Vectra B. It was not sold in Australia, where Holden instead offered a rebadged Toyota Camry called Apollo until 1997. In Japan, the Vectra (and Omega) were the first Opels to be distributed by Isuzu Motors Ltd. rather than long standing importer Toho Motors (東邦モーターズ), beginning in July 1989.

In Egypt, the Opel Vectra A was not introduced until 1994 through GM Egypt dealerships, and started production in the end of 1994 by GM Egypt through the beginning of 1996, with a range of 1.6 GL, 2.0 GL trim and 2.0 GLS trim and only Saloon body style boosting strong sales during this short run. This was similar to the Opel Kadett.

Chevrolet Vectra (Brazil)
In Brazil, the Chevrolet badged Vectra A was not introduced until 1993, when it replaced the top versions of Chevrolet Monza, a restyled version of the Ascona C. The first Brazilian model had two engine options: 2.0 8 valve, for the GLS and CD versions and the 2.0 16 valve with 150 hp imported from Germany, the later only available for the GSI version. The assembly of the Vectra A goes until 1996, when the Vectra B was launched. Its production was made from CKD.

Vectra B (1995–2002)
The second model, the Vectra B, was introduced in October 1995 for the 1996 model year, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, and the model range came to include an estate version for the first time. This model replaced the Vauxhall Cavalier in the United Kingdom. The five-door estate version premiered in September 1996, with the tagline ‘One step ahead of the Mob’.

The Vauxhall badged Vectra B was the last Vauxhall to be produced at the company's Luton plant, where the end of automobile production was announced in December 2000, taking effect just over a year later. Car production at the site finished in March 2002, although production of commercial vehicles continued.

Engines started from the 75 PS (55 kW) 1.6 L, Family 1 but eventually the 8-valve engines were all replaced by 16-valve powerplants. The 2.0 L Family II engine, with 136 PS (100 kW) was developed as a basis for touring car racing (later in Australia, 2.2 L 108 kW), but the top of the line was a 2.5 L V6 with 170 PS (125 kW).

Diesel power came once again from Isuzu, with 1.7 liters and 82 PS, also a 2.0 L Ecotec with either 82 PS or 101 PS and 2.2 L Ecotec with 125 PS. In 2001, the all new 2.2 L petrol engine, as carried over to the Vectra C, was introduced with the 2.5 L petrol in its last incarnation being upgraded to a 2.6 L to accommodate emissions improvements. In April 1999, the Vectra was updated, receiving a mildly modified body (that can be identified by the single piece headlight units and body coloured bumpers) together with somewhat improved handling and better equipment.

Sporting limited edition models included the touring car championship inspired i500, Super Touring and GSi. The first model was developed in Germany by Opel Motorsport, with the V6 engine's power increased to 195 PS (143 kW), and the other two were created in Milton Keynes by Motor Sport Developments.

Only 3,900 2.5 GSi models were ever produced, mostly in saloon and hatchback guise. With only 317 estate versions produced during this time, they became one of the rarest production Vauxhalls ever.

On model years 2001 and 2002, a last of the line 2.6 GSi was made also but these were limited to five hundred cars. These were again mostly saloons and hatchbacks, however 37 estates were made. These models received a host of extra upgrades, including to Xenon headlamps, and larger front brakes.

In October 2013, Top Gear magazine placed the 1995 Vectra on its list of The 13 Worst Cars Of The Last 20 Years, describing the car as "so mediocre that Jeremy Clarkson refused to drive it."

Production of the Vectra B ended in March 2002.

International production
In Egypt, the production of the Opel Vectra B continued during 1996 with two models, initially a 1.6l 8v GLS trim with manual transmission, and a 2.0l 8v CD trim with automatic transmission.
 * Egypt

Later in 2000, the revised model was produced with three models 1.6 8v GLS trim with manual transmission (later replaced by the 1.6 16v GLS trim with automatic transmission), 2.0 16v CD trim with automatic transmission, and a 2.0 CDX trim automatic transmission and all with saloon body style. In 2002, local production of the Opel Vectra ceased, in favour of the Opel Corsa Saloon and Opel Astra Saloon.

A related model sold in North America was the Saturn L-Series, introduced in 2000, but dropped from the line up in 2005. It was replaced by the 2007 Saturn Aura, which was built around GM's Epsilon architecture, shared with the Vectra C.
 * North America

The release of the second generation of the Chevrolet Vectra happened at the same time that the IndyCar series in Brazil, GM made a deal to use the Vectra as a Medical and Safety car for the race. The Vectra B came with the already available 2.0 8-valve engine with 110 PS on the GL and GLS versions and a national version of the previously 2.0 16 valve with 136 PS for the CD version.
 * South America

In 1998, GM introduced the new torqueous 2.2 8 valve engine with 123 PS for the GL and GLS, and the 2.2 16 valve with 138 PS and 207Nm for the CD version.

A facelift was done for the 2000 models, just like the European version. Production ran until 2005, when it was replaced by the new generation Vectra, based on the Opel Astra H Sedan. The Vectra was only offered in a 4-door saloon body in both generations (A & B).

Vectra C (2002–2010)
Built on the new GM Epsilon platform, the Opel Vectra C, released in March 2002 for the 2003 model year was initially available as a four-door notchback saloon and a five-door hatchback, known as the GTS. A five-door estate was added in October 2003. The Vectra C's official debut was at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show.

Originally, the Vectra C was due to début with the Saab 9-3 in October 2001, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, but in July 2001, it was announced that delays had forced General Motors to postpone the introduction. The hatchback version premiered in September 2002. The four door notchback saloon version of the Vectra C almost resembled a two-box four door fastback saloon. While the earlier Cavalier and Vectras had been built at the company's Luton plant, the second generation Vauxhall Vectra was built at the Ellesmere Port plant from the introduction. Pilot production at Ellesmere Port started in late 2001.

The Vectra C was first seen in November 1999, in a copy of Auto Express. At the Frankfurt Motor Show in October 2003, the estate version premièred, which had a slightly longer wheelbase than the hatchback and saloon versions. Sharing the 2830 mm wheelbase of the estate, an "executive hatchback" sold under the Opel/Vauxhall Signum nameplate. The Signum, which was based partly on the Vectra C, featured a completely different layout in the rear.

The engine range was substantially modified to account for the increased curb weight of the Vectra C. The 90 kW 1.8 litre Family 1 Ecotec engine was reserved for the base model, with the main petrol engine for the Vectra C, making up the vast bulk of production, being the Ecotec 2.2 litre chain driven unit producing 108 kW; along with a new range topping 3.2 litre 54-Degree V6, with 155 kW. From June to July 2002, Ed Harris starred in adverts for the Vauxhall Vectra in the United Kingdom. Pierluigi Collina also starred in adverts across Europe for the Vectra, as well as the Signum, in the end of 2005.

In 2003, a 2.0 litre turbocharged Ecotec engine with 129 kW was also notionally offered. Being a main engine for another GM brand, Saab, it was only ever sold in small numbers in the Vectra. The 2.2 litre was upgraded in 2004, with the 'Direct' name added to the model line, indicating the new high pressure direct injection update that increased power output to 115 kW with improved emissions.

Diesel power, which had become important for commercial success in Europe, was provided by CDTI 1.9, 2.0 and 2.2 engines, with a top of the range Isuzu sourced 3.0 litre DMAX V6 outputting 132 kW.

In October 2004, the four cylinder diesel engine was replaced with a Fiat designed 1.9 litre Ecotec CDTI engine capable of producing 89 kW in 8v form and 110 kW in 16v form. Handling was reported to be much better than the previous Vectra.

The Vectra C received a facelift in September 2005, with the début at the Frankfurt Motor Show, and it retained a similar line of engines. However, the power of the 3.0 diesel was increased to 137 kW, and the petrol 3.2 litre V6 engine was replaced by an Australian built turbocharged 2.8 litre High Feature V6 unit. This Saab co-developed motor could produce 170 kW. Opel installed the twin scroll turbo engine in its Signum productline with 185 kW output.

The 185 kW version was available for the Vectra later in 2006. Opel also introduced – for the first time – an OPC version of the Vectra, using the VXR name in the United Kingdom. These high performance variants were only available as hatchbacks and estates. In the United Kingdom the power of the High Feature V6 engine was increased to 188 kW, giving a maximum speed approaching 250 km/h (155 mph).

Production of the Vectra C and Signum ended in July 2008.

Overseas markets

 * Australia and New Zealand

The Vectra C was branded as the Holden Vectra in Australia and New Zealand. Between 1998 and 2001, Holden in Australia assembled the Vectra for export to other RHD markets in the region, with a view to exporting 60 per cent of output, although this was adversely affected by the Asian economic crisis.

Locally designated the ZC series, the Vectra C was only available as a saloon and hatchback. Holden did not offer the Vectra C estate due to the presence of the Astra and later Holden Viva (Daewoo Lacetti) estates. The Vectra was dropped and replaced by the Holden Epica, a badge engineered Daewoo Tosca early in 2007.

Due to stockpiling of Vectras from 2005 for the market in Australasia, there was enough supply of the car for deliveries to last through to 2007. As a result, facelifted Vectra Cs were not sold in those markets. In 2008, the Vectra OPC was available with either six speed manual or six speed automatic transmission (Previous Vectra OPC had manual gearbox only). The 2.8L DOHC V6 turbo engine could generate 206 kW.

 * United Kingdom

Sales of the Vectra C in the United Kingdom were not as strong as those of its predecessors. For much of its production life, the original Vectra was the fourth best selling car in the country, but the Vectra C never came higher than tenth in the country's car sales charts, though within its own market sector it held on to second place, behind the Ford Mondeo.

In 2007, it finally made the Top 10 of Britain's car sales charts, being the nation's tenth most popular new car with over 50,000 sales, outselling the Ford Mondeo for the first time since 1999. Also, in January 2007, the estate variant was awarded Estate Car of the Year 2007, by What Car? magazine.

 * South America

While the Vectra C was sold in Mexico and Chile as the Chevrolet Vectra, it was not marketed in Brazil, where Chevrolet opted to sell the Astra H under the Vectra brand from 2006 to 2011. Both local spec cars were powered by the FlexPower SOHC engine originally introduced in 1982 in the Chevrolet Monza.

 * Ireland

In Ireland, the Vectra C was produced until February 2010.

Chevrolet Vectra D (2009–2012)
The Chevrolet Vectra D is the rebadged Version Opel Insignia in the market of Chile. It is a very rare model of Chevrolet in Chile, with not many found.

Renaming
In June 2013, the Vectra was renamed the Opel Insignia with a facelift since, it was the last rebadged Opel model from Chevrolet. It was available with the same name in Argentina, which was discontinued at the same time because, in February 2017, Opel was sold to the PSA Group.

Motorsport
The Vectra was used in several touring car racing series.

In the 1990s, and the beginning of the 2000s, the Vectra B Super Touring took part in the British Touring Car Championship, the Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship, the German Super Tourenwagen Cup, the Australian Super Touring Championship, the Japanese Touring Car Championship, the Italian Superturismo Championship, the French Supertouring Championship and the Swedish Touring Car Championship.

Uwe Alzen was third in Super Tourenwagen Cup in 1997 and 1998, and second in 1999; John Henderson was runner up in the 2000 Australian Super Touring Championship; John Cleland was British Touring Car Champion in 1995 and finished third in 1992 and fourth in 1993 and 1994; Yvan Muller was sixth in the 1999 British Touring Car Championship and fourth in 2000; and Nicklas Karlsson was third in the 2002 Swedish Touring Car Championship. A prototype Vectra C was built to the BTC Touring specifications in 2003 by Triple Eight Race Engineering, with the view to using it in the 2004 BTCC, but it was never raced, despite being shown publicly at the 2004 Birmingham Motor Show as the 'Vectra Diesel Concept'.

After being replaced by the Astra H in the British Touring Car Championship, the Vauxhall Vectra was introduced in 2007. Fabrizio Giovanardi was champion in 2007 and 2008. VX Racing competed in the season of 2009, with three Vectras, driven by Giovanardi, Matt Neal and Andrew Jordan.

The Vectra has been used as a silhouette racing car: in the Stock Car Brasil in 2000 to 2003 (it was the champion for four seasons) and 2009, in the Argentine Top Race V6 since 2005 (Guillermo Ortelli was 2005 champion), and in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in 2004 and 2005, with little success.

In 1994, a Vectra A was the official Formula 1 safety car during the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix driven by Max Angelelli at the time and was in front of Ayrton Senna for 5 laps before he crashed into Tamburello on lap 7.

title: Opel Vectra


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Talk:Hexadecimal

74LS47
The revert (diff) does not seem desirable to me. Is there some text in the reference (a long pdf spec of the 74LS47) which verifies that the chip was designed to only produce 0–9 correctly? It's WP:BLUESKY obvious that a 7-segment display cannot show A–F other than with made-up symbols. What is the problem with the new text? Johnuniq (talk) 03:41, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Lots of decoder chips show A-F in 7-segment displays (abCdEF). Yea you have to use both lower and upper case so that solution is dealing with "the limitations of 7-segment displays" and doing much better than this chip. The referenced documentation is not giving any reason behind the results shown, the fact that they are showing them just means they are documenting the behavior, not that it was "designed".
 * In any case my main complaint was the claim that these patterns are "due to the limitations of 7-segments" when it is quite obvious that much better results are possible within these limitations. Unless there is a reference it is pretty much impossible to say anything about the patterns, perhaps "seemingly random, it is unknown if the chip designers purposely modified the circuit to produce these patterns, or if they are just the random result of a circuit designed to produce the digits 0-9 correctly".Spitzak (talk) 17:22, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Excellent article
In my opinion, this article is of extremely high quality. I am a software developer, and I could not do better. Thank you everyone for your work on this. 38.158.133.244 (talk) 04:34, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

Sexadecimal section needed
I recently learned about a variant on hexadecimal called sexadecimal from Dave's Garage on YouTube. It uses the symbols K S N J F L instead of the usual A B C D E F for the digits 10–15. Sexadecimal redirects to Hexadecimal, but the former isn't really discussed on the latter. The unusual K S N J F L sequence is also mentioned on the pages for ORDVAC AND BRLESC, but without much discussion. More info — or perhaps even a new section on this page — would be nice. Dave's Garage managed to fill 22 minutes on this obscure topic. Elert (talk) 21:43, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * From what I can tell, from Dave's video, he just made up the term "sexadecimal" as a cute alternative to "hexadecimal", and the word "sexadecimal" is not actually the word that was officially used for KSNJFL. -- leuce (talk) 15:05, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Decimal value of the first and last Chinese character
Please, could anyone tells me what ares the decimal value of the first and the last Chinese character, the last being the one which has the higher value ? ThanksValp (talk) 10:33, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hexadecimal


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Henry Abel Smith

Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, (8 March 1900 – 24 January 1993) was a British Army officer who served as Governor of Queensland, Australia. He married Lady May Cambridge, a niece of Queen Mary, consort of King George V.

Early life and family
Abel Smith was born in London on 8 March 1900, the eldest son of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Abel Smith (1861–1908) of Wilford House, Nottinghamshire, and of Coleorton Hall, Leicestershire, and of Selsdon Park, a descendant of the prominent banking Smith family founded by Abel Smith (1717–1788), by his wife Madeline S Maur Seymour (1862–1951), a descendant of Edward Seymour, 8th Duke of Somerset.

His grandparents were Henry Abel Smith (1826–1890) and Elizabeth Mary Pym (1826–1877), a daughter of Francis Pym (1790–1860) and Lady Lucy Leslie-Meville (1796–1848), a daughter of Alexander Leslie-Melville, 9th Earl of Leven. His younger brother was Brigadier Sir Alexander Abel Smith (1904–1980), whose second wife was Henriette Alice Cadogan (d.2005), a descendant of the 4th Earl Cadogan, who between 1949 and 1987 served as a lady-in-waiting to Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II).

Career
Abel Smith attended Eton College and subsequently the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where on 17 December 1919 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Royal Horse Guards. Promoted on 17 December 1921 to lieutenant, between 1928 and 1930 he served as aide-de-camp (ADC) to Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, whose daughter he later married. He was promoted to captain on 1 February 1930 and major on 26 June 1934.

Abel Smith served in the Second World War, where from 1941 to 1945 he commanded the 2nd Household Cavalry Regiment, leading it throughout the entire North West Europe Campaign from June 1944 shortly after D-Day to Victory in Europe Day in May 1945. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in February 1945. In 1944 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and in 1946 colonel. He retired as a colonel in 1950. In 1953 he was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire. On 18 March 1958 Abel Smith was appointed Governor of Queensland in Australia and served in that office until 18 March 1966.

Marriage and progeny
On 24 October 1931, at St Mary's Church, Balcombe, Sussex, Abel Smith married Lady May Cambridge, the only surviving child of his former commander, Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. She was born Princess May of Teck, and was a niece of King George V and Queen Mary, and a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. By his wife he had three children:
 * Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith (born 28 July 1932); on 14 December 1957 she married David Liddell-Grainger (26 January 1930 – 12 March 2007); they were divorced in 1981 but have five children and eight grandchildren. Her eldest son is Ian Liddell-Grainger, a Conservative Party Member of Parliament.
 * Colonel Richard Francis Abel Smith (11 October 1933 – 23 December 2004); he married Marcia Kendrew (born 27 March 1940) on 28 April 1960, a daughter of Sir Douglas Kendrew, a Governor of Western Australia; they have one daughter and four grandchildren.
 * Elizabeth Alice Abel Smith (born 5 September 1936); on 29 April 1965 at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, she married Peter Wise (29 December 1929 – 16 November 2021), a shipping executive. The wedding was attended by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent and Princess Sybilla of Sweden and Princess Margaretha. Peter Wise was the son of Captain Anthony Forster Wise by his wife Eva Elizabeth Glentworth Baillie (1904–1976), daughter of Ronald Hugh Baillie, D.L., O.B.E., of the Royal Horse Guards (son of Lt.-Gen. Duncan Baillie). Peter Wise's sister Elizabeth Ursula Forster Wise (1924–1993) married Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton. Peter Wise's grandfather was Bernhard Ringrose Wise (1858–1916), an Australian politician and Attorney General of New South Wales. They divorced in 1975 having had one daughter Emma Charlotte Abel Wise (1 Sept 1973 - 9 June 1974) who died in infancy.

Death and burial
Abel Smith died at home at Barton Lodge, Winkfield, Berkshire, on 24 January 1993 aged 92, just weeks away from his 93rd birthday. His funeral service took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. His cremated remains were buried at the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. His wife survived him by sixteen months.

Honours

 * 1961: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
 * 1958: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)
 * 1950: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
 * 1945: Distinguished Service Order (DSO)

title: Henry Abel Smith


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Talk:Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball

Categorizing in "Idioms"
May or may not be the right decision but it seems right to me -- feel free to correct me if I'm wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Theman98 (talk • contribs) 16:31, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

Out Of The Box
Referring to getting a quick start, as a runner would after hitting the ball. This is different from "outside the box" as in "think outside the box." 76.208.6.63 (talk) 07:24, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Walk
Is "walk -- an acquittal given to a defendant" really a reference to baseball?

I thought it was...this was probably the one I was least certain of. My understanding was that a walk is a "free pass" in baseball, and this is how it came to be used in court. If someone can confirm/disconfirm this for certain, that would be nice. Revolver 01:18, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Clarification please
Is this a list of baseball terms that have transcended baseball or a list of terms that are used both in baseball and in other walks of life? I don't know if terms like the breaks came from baseball necessarily. Charley horse? Unless there's documentation of it being popularized in baseball, I don't think this qualifies a baseball slang either. Surely picnics and other events were rained out before baseball games were. If Jim-dandy refers to a baseball player, it should be noted.

Some of these definitely are baseball terms that are now common in American English, such as step up to the plate, hit a home run, pinch hit, strike out, southpaw, curve ball, etc. Some of these should probably be moved to baseball jargon as they describe terms inside of baseball (whiff may be connected to real life but the connection isn't made in the article. I don't know of any common usage of inning outside of baseball). And some of them, though used in baseball, probably don't originate in it. muff, in jeopardy, lightning delay.

IMO this space should be reserved for terms that originated or became popular in baseball and are now used in everyday life. Sympleko ( Συμπλεκω ) 10:18, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I thought that was the general idea. Maybe it has veered from the original intent a bit. Wahkeenah 15:40, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, I'm going to shorten this list right now. —Sean κ. + 5 July 2005 15:39 (UTC)

 * Bench clearer -- A physical brawl. Refers to a fight between two teams onfield, in which :the dugouts of both teams are emptied and everyone participates in a free-for-all. Originated from :the semi-annual phenomenon of Boston Red Sox-New York Yankees fights.
 * Big gun -- A dominant player, especially offensively. A "big gun" in baseball is a :powerful hitter with an impressive batting average.
 * Ockham's razor here - "Big Gun" was probably brought into baseball from where big guns started - the Artillery. So it's more properly military-related slang. SigPig 05:06, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Big show (or, just the show, the major leagues, or the majors) -- :competing with others at the highest level of competition within any genre.
 * Break open or break wide open -- When one team goes on a big offensive run, especially :during the middle to latter stages of a tightly contested game.
 * Bush or bush league -- Amateurish, unprofessional or inferior, especially when bias :(toward a sports team, political candidate, etc.) is involved. The term was originally a slang :reference to minor league baseball, with the implication that something was not ready for wide :exposure and competition.
 * I believe this did start as a baseball term; I've heard it a police officer in a news conference use it to refer to a crime as a "bush-league operation" as opposed to a major organized crime racket. SigPig 05:10, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * "The bushes" or "the sticks" refers to small-town, i.e. minor league, but further research would be needed to see if it truly originated with baseball. I think the editor here got a little carried away with his chopping, but maybe the article is too broad-based. Wahkeenah 10:00, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Can of corn -- An easy accomplishment; derived from a description for an easy outfield :catch.
 * Catch napping -- To catch off guard. Originally a term for when a pitcher or catcher throws :to an occupied base and puts out a runner who is taking a lead and not paying attention to activity :on the mound.  Also "catch leaning" the thrown-out runner can also be said to be cut :down or picked off.
 * Charley horse -- A muscle cramp in the lower leg.
 * Chin music -- A sock on the jaw. Refers to a beanball (see above) or knockdown pitch that :passes close to the batter's jaw. May also come from gangster slang.
 * Clear the bench -- Same as bench clearer (as in, a large brawl).
 * Also, in a one-sided game whose outcome has been decided, to "clear the bench" means to :remove a game's top players — i.e., starters and top substitutes — from the game and allow reserves :(players perceived to have less ability) to play until the game is officially over. For instance, in :a basketball game where one team is ahead by 30 points with three minutes left in the fourth :quarter, fans may see one or both coaches "clear the bench."
 * Clutch or In the clutch - The ability to do well when the pressure is on, or when it :really counts (e.g. the bottom of the 9th, with bases loaded and two outs, when the team is about to :lose). Refers to the controversial belief in the phenomenon of clutch hitting, an uncharted :variable in baseball for which no reliable statistical formula has yet been devised.
 * Crackerjack -- A really good player or team.
 * Cup of coffee -- A brief or fleeting moment. Reference to having :played only briefly in the Major leagues, as in "He had a cup of coffee a few years back."
 * Cut down —- A degrading, disparaging remark directed at someone or something. Reference to a :player getting thrown out, either via a force play or while attempting to steal a base.
 * Fan -- A strong supporter of a person or organization. Originally a boxing term, those who :followed or "fancied" the sport were called "the fancy"; the term was shortened to "the fans", :adopted into baseball, and reinforced by its apparent connection to the word "fanatic".
 * In jeopardy -- A batter-runner or base runner at risk of being thrown out because a ball is :in play. Probably comes from legal terminology.
 * (The) Inning —- When everything seems to finally be coming together for someone to :succeed at something long desired, only for something to go horribly wrong (especially when the goal :is just about to be realized) and the end result is failure. Refers to a latter inning of a game :when a team is on the verge of a huge victory, but a series of events allows the opponent (who is :behind) to stage a big rally and eventually win, as what happened to the Chicago Cubs in the :eighth inning of Game 6 of the 2003 National League Championship Series vs. the Florida Marlins.
 * Jim-dandy -- Admirable or superior. Kind of a cousin to "Crackerjack".
 * Muff -- To screw up [transitive]; make a big mistake.
 * Pick off -- To shoot and kill someone (an animal or person), especially from a distance; or to intercept something — such as a package or money shipment — often during a crime. Derived from a catcher who throws a baserunner out while trying to steal; or a pitcher/catcher who catches a baserunner taking a lead.
 * Put away or put a team away -- When one team goes on an offensive run, usually during the middle to later stages of a game, to seal the outcome before the game's natural conclusion. In this case, a comeback rally by the losing team is unrealistic.
 * Rained out -- When an outdoor event — sporting or otherwise — is cancelled or postponed to a :later time because of the weather. A rain delay, on the other hand, means a game or event is :stopped because of the weather, with the hopes it will continue later in the day.
 * Related: lightning delay (when a thunderstorm forces an event to be postponed or cancelled).
 * Rhubarb -- A noisy or heated argument between players or between one or more umpires and :players. Can also refer to a difficult situation for a team to get out of.
 * Score -- Just what the name implies; to earn points toward a possible victory, or to acquire :something valuable, as in "I scored tickets to the concert". In a sexual contest, it means to :succeed in having sex, especially with someone desirable (see "Get to first base").
 * Wait 'til next year -- Expression of hope and nihilism, used especially by fans of a :perpetually losing sports team, especially during the waning stages of a losing season. This phrase :was most notably used by Brooklyn Dodgers fans in the late 1940s and early :1950s until they finally won the 1955 World Series. More recently, it has been used frequently :by Chicago Cubs supporters in reference to their various attempts to succeed since their last :World Series champsionship in 1908, or their last World Series appearance :in 1945.
 * Walk -- An acquittal given to a defendant in a criminal trial. A base on balls, or "walk" :is a "free pass" to first base.
 * Whiffleball, whiff, whiff out -- When a pitcher strikes out a batter because the batter makes poor swings, OR when a batter makes a weak hit that goes straight to the mound.
 * Tinker to Evers to Chance -- An activity that routinely proceeds according to plan. Named for a famous early 20th Century double play combination for the Chicago Cubs.
 * Wait 'til next year -- Expression of hope and nihilism, used especially by fans of a :perpetually losing sports team, especially during the waning stages of a losing season. This phrase :was most notably used by Brooklyn Dodgers fans in the late 1940s and early :1950s until they finally won the 1955 World Series. More recently, it has been used frequently :by Chicago Cubs supporters in reference to their various attempts to succeed since their last :World Series champsionship in 1908, or their last World Series appearance :in 1945.
 * Walk -- An acquittal given to a defendant in a criminal trial. A base on balls, or "walk" :is a "free pass" to first base.
 * Whiffleball, whiff, whiff out -- When a pitcher strikes out a batter because the batter makes poor swings, OR when a batter makes a weak hit that goes straight to the mound.
 * Tinker to Evers to Chance -- An activity that routinely proceeds according to plan. Named for a famous early 20th Century double play combination for the Chicago Cubs.

Is there a page where these terms can possibly be included? IMO these are probably sports-related slang terms that should be in some article in some form. Briguy52748 5 July 2005 23:23 (UTC)]]
 * There already is a page, baseball jargon, that probably has most of them already. —Sean κ. + 6 July 2005 00:47 (UTC)
 * Sean - Thanks for the reply. I guess I was thinking of something else, as I was already aware of the baseball jargon page, which includes some (but not all) of these terms. As I was thinking about this, I thought perhaps a new article, such as sports slang or something of that effect. After all, there probably are many slang words and terms that are common in sports and in the everyday venacular that aren't restricted just to baseball. Briguy52748 6 July 2005 14:33 (UTC)]]

That's an excellent idea. It could also allow for situations where a slang term has been taken from one sport or game and applied to another. "Deuces wild", for example, when there are two on, two out, two balls, two strikes. Wahkeenah 6 July 2005 14:38 (UTC)

Cover all the bases
I had always understood this to refer to defensive play: a base is covered when the baseman is close enough to tag it easily. If no men are on base, you might use the third (or even second) baseman as an additional outfielder, gambling that the shortstop can cover it. I'll look for a source. Robert A West 18:51, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Truth to tell, I don't recall hearing that term actually used in baseball. It's more like a metaphor that refers to baseball. And, yes, it would refer to the defense. Wahkeenah 19:13, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sure, you hear the term all the time in baseball. "Matsui throws to third, but no one's covering the base, and the runner advances to home."  —Sean κ. + 19:23, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, in that sense. I meant that you would likely never hear anyone playing the game literally say, "You've got to cover all the bases". That's fundamentally obvious. I'm not arguing for taking it out, though. "Cover all the bases" is good baseball-referencing slang. d:) Wahkeenah 19:44, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * ah of course —Sean κ. + 02:38, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

AAAA entry
I brought in the AAAA entry from AAAA. I would now ask whether this is a real slang term in use sufficient to be encyclopedic and or garner a definition entry in Wiktionary ... or might this term have been created locally or by a single person and it not in common usage (though the creator might aspire to establish it as a common term). Thanks for the input, which should be used to determine whether the term remains here, on AAAA and on AAAA. Courtland 05:28, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

I have often heard the local San Diego Padres being referred to (locally) as a AAAA team (usually pronounced "four-A"), or its players as AAAA players, due to the team's history of fielding players who weren't ready to play major league ball, and then trading the same players to other teams where they would develop into stars. The former Montreal Expos, who entered the National League in the same year as the Padres (1969), were the other typical example of a AAAA team. I honestly can't recall whether I've heard it on national broadcasts, but I personally have seen it used in conversations with baseball fans from elsewhere who clearly understood its implications. Disbomber 09:02, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Articles for Deletion debate
This article survived an Articles for Deletion debate. The discussion can be found here. -Splash talk 22:11, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Removal of term
I have removed the term "utility" from this list and added it to the list of baseball jargon under the name "utility player." I think this term better belongs in that article, as it is a term relating to the game of baseball, and not an idiom derived from the game of baseball. Gujuguy 20:10, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed "break". I can find no evidence that the word for a stroke of good or ill luck came from baseball. SigPig 04:14, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Got rid of "swing both ways". Seems it started out with the term "swing", meaning having promiscuous sex - hence, swinging. A person who enjoyed hetero- and homosexual sex swung "both ways". The baseball analogy probably sprung from it, as did the phrase "French door" for the same thing. SigPig 05:25, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Out of your league!
It seems to me that the common phrase that someone/something is "out of your league" must have come from baseball. Maybe somebody knows? It could possibly refer to the different major and minor levels, or to the separate American and National Leagues. Static3d 00:04, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily. The British have sports leagues, too, and Oxford's first cite of this term, "She's out of your league, me lad..." comes from a British novel, Cannonball, by John Chamier in 1966 SigPig 03:08, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

More edits
Here are some of the edits I just made, and the rationale behind them.
 * rm AAAA; Bye bye baby; Petey - not idioms outside baseball, perhaps slang terms in baseball
 * hid Ride the pine - The slang dictionaries I checked indicate this is a sports slang term, not necessarily originating in baseball; if you can find a cite, unhide it
 * "say it ain't so" add "joe" - clearly needs a cite; however, "say it ain't so, Joe" is used idiomatically, similarly to "I don't think so, Tim". Was "say it ain't so" idiomatic before the Black Sox scandal? SigPig 04:50, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Attention: Slang Glossary policy discussion underway
Slang glossaries violate the following policy:

Wikipedia is not a dictionary

Wikipedia is not a dictionary or a usage or jargon guide. Wikipedia articles are not:

 * 1) Dictionary definitions. Because Wikipedia is not a dictionary, please do not create an entry merely to define a term. An article should usually begin with a  good definition; if you come across an article that is nothing more than a definition, see if there is information you can add that would be appropriate for an encyclopedia. An exception to this rule is for articles about the cultural meanings of individual  numbers.
 * 2) Lists of such definitions. There are, however,  disambiguation pages consisting of pointers to other pages; these are used to clarify differing meanings of a word. Wikipedia also includes  glossary pages for various specialized fields.
 * 3) A usage guide or slang and idiom guide. Wikipedia is not in the business of saying how words, idioms, etc. should be used. We aren't teaching people how to talk like a Cockney chimney-sweep. However, it may be important in the context of an encyclopedia article to describe just how a word is used to distinguish among similar, easily confused ideas, as in nation or freedom. In some special cases an article about an essential piece of slang may be appropriate.

Due to the many AfDs which are initiated to enforce this policy and due to the resistance to such deletion by defenders of the glossaries, I have started a discussion at Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not to rewrite the policy in order to solve this problem and to readdress this question: should slang glossaries by allowed on Wikipedia? --List Expert 23:13, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the article is not a slang glossary. Many if not most of these expressions are idiomatic English. It is not a prescriptive guide, but a descriptive one of the origins of idiomatic English phrases. To that end I'd like to move it to "List of baseball idioms", or List of idioms derived from baseball" or somesuch. I'd like to hear some input on that. --SigPig 20:22, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No input, so...WP:BOLD. --SigPig 03:45, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

bicth
What is a rubber stamp game?

Going, going, gone!
Surely this one's from auctioneering, not from baseball? This phrase must have been part of the English language long before it was used in baseball. — Paul G 14:13, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You are probably correct; RH specifically gives as meaning 12:
 * "'12. to be sold: I have a bid of two dollars. Going! Going! Gone!'"
 * I'm removing it. --  SigPig  |SEND - OVER 18:20, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

"Out of options"
Does this come from baseball player dealings, or did baseball take this from the idiom? 151.197.179.177 03:48, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Out of left field
In a baseball game, what comes OUT of left field? In many ballfields the hometeam (or both) bullpens are behind the left field fences or along the left field baseline. Who are, traditionally, the zaniest characters in baseball? Relief Pitchers. Speculative but it makes sense. :)

Another speculation is since most pitchers are right handed, balls approaching the plate do tend to come from the left side of the infield from the batters POV. And a pitched ball that suddenly crossed the plate unexpectedly might seem to "come out of left field". I think this may actually be the true derivation, perhaps reinforced with the location of the bullpen. Fastballs in particular sometimes seem to disappear and reappear suddenly.

Other notes:

"Catbird seat" -- I'm pretty sure was a ruralism before being a baseball term. Catbirds eat insects and during farmwork, they would frequently perch on the head or rump of the horse to watch for insects disturbed by movement. Catbirds have a reddish patch of feathers under their tail. While perching in their preferred spot, they would frequently flash that red patch at the farmer before diving on some hapless grasshopper. A very saucy bird. Other insect-eating small birds do this too but the catbird is more memorable and seems "saucier" because of the red flash from its tail. :) Catbirds, BTW, do not sing from high perches like mockingbirds, instead they tend to hide in bushes before uttering their catlike growls and ducklike rattles.

"Rhubarb" is another probable ruralism. Long before I heard rhubarb used in the baseball meaning, I had heard "rub-up" used by country folk to mean "minor altercation probably involving physical threats" and "to rub-up against someone" as "being deliberately or obtusely provocative or annoying". I can't find a single citation, though. Rhubarb seems a likely elaboration or mishearing of this. Halfelven 06:52, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Touch Base - is it really from baseball?
The explanation for 'Touch Base' is just a description of someone 'touching base' in the game: There is no explanation of why the phrase is used for 'meeting up briefly' or 'catching up'??? Is it really a baseball phrase ? [Sounds more like an aviation metaphor to me....??] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Monowiki (talk • contribs) 16:52, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Transwiki complete
--Connel MacKenzie - wikt 01:41, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Well, almost. We appear to have lost "See also 'A swing and a miss'" from the striking out section. In both versions. VonBlade 19:35, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Batting for the other team?
I don't see that one on here.. for those who don't know, it refers to people who are homosexual. I could add it, I would just need to find a reference. Drummerdg (talk) 06:44, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

Hit or Miss
This one dates from the 1600s, can it really be called a baseball term? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.41.228.232 (talk) 13:46, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

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What is AHDI?
Pardon my ignorance, but what does AHDI stand for? It appears several times in the article, as well as in the references (where there are two dead links). There's also a mention of "ADHI," which I presume is an error. I'm a baseball fan and I have no clue about this. I tried Googling it but had no luck. Does anyone know? Yesthatbruce (talk) 05:42, 25 January 2024 (UTC)


text:
Acetobacter

Acetobacter is a genus of acetic acid bacteria. Acetic acid bacteria are characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. Of these, the genus Acetobacter is distinguished by the ability to oxidize lactate and acetate into carbon dioxide and water. Bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have been isolated from industrial vinegar fermentation processes and are frequently used as fermentation starter cultures.

History of research
The acetic fermentation was demonstrated by Louis Pasteur, who discovered the first acetobacter - Acetobacter aceti - in 1864.

In 1998, two strains of Acetobacter isolated from red wine and cider vinegar were named Acetobacter oboediens and Acetobacter pomorum.

In 2000, Acetobacter oboediens and Acetobacter intermedius were transferred to Gluconacetobacter on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing.

In 2002, Acetobacter cerevisiae and Acetobacter malorum were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of Acetobacter strains.

In 2006, a strain of Acetobacter isolated from spoiled red wine was named Acetobacter oeni.

Microbiota
The genus Acetobacter contains species which are important commensal bacteria in the gut microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster. The species A. pomorum specifically helps uphold the physiology and development of D. melanogaster through insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling.

title: Acetobacter


text:
Ruskin Pottery

The Ruskin Pottery was an English art pottery studio founded in 1898 by Edward R. Taylor, the first principal of both the Lincoln School of Art and the Birmingham School of Art, to be run by his son, William Howson Taylor, formerly a student there. It was named after the artist, writer and social thinker John Ruskin, as the Taylors agreed with, and followed the tenets of Ruskin. The pottery was situated at 173-174 Oldbury Road, Smethwick, then in Staffordshire (now part of Sandwell, in the West Midlands county).

The pottery produced was notable for the innovative glazes used on a range of brightly coloured pots, vases, buttons, bowls, tea services and jewellery. The ceramic glazes devised by William Howson Taylor included misty soufflé glazes, ice crystal effect glazes - 'crystalline', lustre glazes resembling metallic finishes, and the most highly regarded of all, sang-de-boeuf and flambé glazes which produced a blood red effect. The sang-de-boeuf glazes were created using reduction of copper and iron oxides at high temperature. This was a difficult technique, first developed in China in the 13th century and reinvented by several art potters in Europe in the late 19th century. William Howson Taylor was one of the principal exponents of 'high fired' techniques, producing a range of colours and unique 'fissured' glaze effects.

Having exhibited at home and at international fine art exhibitions, the award of a "grand prize" in 1904 at the St Louis International Exhibition, gave them the recognition they needed. Further awards were gained at other international exhibitions, including Milan 1906; Christchurch, New Zealand, 1907; London 1908; Brussels 1910; Turin 1911; Ghent 1913.

When the studio closed in 1935 the formulae for the glazes and all the pottery documentation were deliberately destroyed, so that the unique Ruskin products could never be replicated.

A large collection of Ruskin Pottery is on public display at Wednesbury Museum and Art Gallery, Wednesbury, about 3.5 mi north of the factory. The collection is owned by Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council and is managed by Sandwell Museum Service.

The site of the factory is now an industrial estate, "Ruskin Place". A blue plaque marking the site, erected by the Smethwick Local History Society, was subsequently stolen.

title: Ruskin Pottery


text:
Talk:Outer darkness

Outer Darkness
Part of an ongoing conversation:

Sorry about my recent rants about Outer Darkness but am curious if what I'm saying makes sense to you. It is a hard thing to explain. It's basically the name differences, not a shift in concepts. B seems to be busy, and I was hoping to get some feedback from him on how to write/word the issue.

Anyway, thanks for putting up with my asinine doctrinal issues. I know I'm more of a stickler than most, and I know I don't have a clue on most of the real issues. All I know is that many things we hold to as absolutes are speculation - not that they are wrong, just speculative. Visorstuff 20:20, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The current text of the Outer Darkness article makes sense to me and it lines up with what I've always understood. Perhaps we could add links to Celestial, Terrestial and Telestial Kingdoms in parantheses after "...and continue on to a Kingdom of God," but since no articles exist for them yet, there's really no point (right now).

 * The only thing I think we don't really sync up on right now is eternal progression. My view has been, after one dies, one goes to Spirit Prison or Paradise, depending on righteousness/baptimal state. In Prison (if one accepts the Gospel), one may pass on to Paradise if one's work is done for them (hence all the work we do in the temples). SPrison is not necessarily an unpleasant place (we really don't know AFAIK), but it's not as nice as SParadise.

 * My understanding was that SoPs would go to Outer Darkness after the Final Judgement. While awaiting judgement, they would be in Spirit Prison. However, this is not a big deal to me and I'm willing to accept whatever change you feel is correct. You seem to have a much better grasp on the scriptures than I do—I really haven't been reading them as much as I should lately (two conflicting commandments: have children, read your scriptures...). —Frecklefoot 20:49, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

K-you can delete this after you read it. I don't mean to put so much on your page.

Our understandings are the same as far as eternal progression (and the process), however, I am using the scriptural terms and you are using the "common mormon markup language." Let me try this in bullets, cause I really want you to understand where I'm coming from on this. Again, the idea is the same, just different names that what you hear in sunday school. However, what I use are the scriptural names.

 * When you die you go to the spirit world. Which has two parts. The righteous go to a good place, the unrighteous to to a bad one. (I think we agree on this)
 * If you recieve the gospel while in the bad place you can go to the good place so to speak. No word on if the division is geographical or not (I think we agree on this).
 * According to D&C 138, the whole post-mortal spirit world is also called Spirit Prison (same place, just another name). It is called this because we don't have bodies. It is a good place. We just feel in bondage because we don't have bodies. The dead captive will arise and be made free at the resurrection. (138: 16 "the bands of death", 138:50 "looked on their long absence of their spirits from their bodies as a bondage," 138:29 Christ went to prison, but only to the unrighteous to organize missionary work). (we differ on the correct name of this place).
 * The good place in the spirit world (or spirit prison) is called paradise (Alma 40:13) (we differ on the correct name of this place).
 * Christ went to the spirit world or spirit prison (see 1 peter 3&4, 138:29), not to teach the wicked (the bad division), in "prison" (the whole post mortal spirit world), but to organize the righteous (paradise) in "prison" (the whole post mortal spirit world) to teach the gospel to those in the bad part of the spirit world (D&C 138).
 * The bad place in the spirit world (or spirit prison) is called outer darkness (Alma 40:13)
 * Alma taught that when you die you go to paradise or outer darkness (Alma 40:13)
 * At the time of the final judgement, all will be resurrected (whether in the first or second resurrections)
 * All will be assigned to various kingdoms of glory (celestial, terrestrial, telestial), except the sons of perdition.
 * Sons of perdition go to a really bad place that most Mormons call "outer darkness." Although used by Mormons, the place is not named this. No one knows why they call it that. Nowhere in scripture or correlated materials is the words "outer darkness" used to discuss where the sons of perdition go. How this started, we don't know. One thing is for user - the term has been assigned a different connotation than it was meant or that was revealed, at it's never made it out of our vocabulary and will continue to stay a misconception for many more years.
 * Joseph Smith said the place where sons of perdition go is called Gnolom.

Here are the mormon markup terms and the correct, scriptural terms

Common Mormon Markup Language=Scriptural term(s)
 * Spririt World = Spirit World or Spirit Prison (same place)
 * Paradise = Paradise
 * Spirit Prison = Outer Darkness or Hell (same place)
 * Outer Darkness = Everlasting punishment (D&C 76:44), Gnolom, Gnolaum.

In summary, my concept is the same as what you refer to as paradise or prison, however, I am using the correct scriptural terms. The chart we draw and the progression is the same, just different names. As stated on another page, according to church publications, one of the reasons why Section 138 was added to the D&C was to clarify that the post mortal spirit world is called spirit prison and to fix the "naming" misnomer.

References:  Mormon Doctrine p551 for "Post-mortal Spirit World" is the same as "Spirit Prision" correlation. Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith p361, Mormon Doctrine p316 for Joseph Smith saying Gnolom is where sons of perdition go. He did not use the words "outer darkness"

Alma 40:11-14 11 Now, concerning the state of the soul between death and the resurrection—Behold, it has been made known unto me by an angel, that the spirits of all men, as soon as they are departed from this mortal body, yea, the spirits of all men, whether they be good or evil, are taken home to that God who gave them life.

12 And then shall it come to pass, that the spirits of those who are righteous are received into a state of happiness, which is called paradise, a state of rest, a state of peace, where they shall rest from all their troubles and from all care, and sorrow.

13 And then shall it come to pass, that the spirits of the wicked, yea, who are evil—for behold, they have no part nor portion of the Spirit of the Lord; for behold, they chose evil works rather than good; therefore the spirit of the devil did enter into them, and take possession of their house—and these shall be cast out into outer darkness; there shall be dweeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth, and this because of their own iniquity, being led captive by the will of the devil.

14 Now this is the state of the souls of the wicked, yea, in darkness, and a state of awful, fearful looking for the fiery dindignation of the wrath of God upon them; thus they remain in this estate, as well as the righteous in paradise, until the time of their resurrection.

D&C 76:25-38 25 And this we saw also, and bear record, that an angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God, who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son whom the Father loved and who was in the bosom of the Father, was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son,

26 And was called Perdition, for the heavens wept over him—he was Lucifer, a son of the morning.

27 And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen! is fallen, even a son of the morning!

28 And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord commanded us that we should write the vision; for we beheld Satan, that old serpent, even the devil, who rebelled against God, and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—

29 Wherefore, he maketh war with the saints of God, and encompasseth them round about.

30 And we saw a vision of the sufferings of those with whom he made war and overcame, for thus came the voice of the Lord unto us:

31 Thus saith the Lord concerning all those who know my power, and have been made partakers thereof, and suffered themselves through the power of the devil to be overcome, and to deny the truth and defy my power—

32 They are they who are the sons of perdition, of whom I say that it had been better for them never to have been born;

33 For they are vessels of wrath, doomed to suffer the wrath of God, with the devil and his angels in eternity;

34 Concerning whom I have said there is no forgiveness in this world nor in the world to come—

35 Having denied the Holy Spirit after having received it, and having denied the Only Begotten Son of the Father, having crucified him unto themselves and put him to an open shame.

36 These are they who shall go away into the lake of fire and brimstone, with the devil and his angels—

37 And the only ones on whom the second death shall have any power;

38 Yea, verily, the only ones who shall anot be redeemed in the due time of the Lord, after the sufferings of his wrath.

D&C 138: 28-30, 50-51 28 And I wondered at the words of Peter—wherein he said that the Son of God preached unto the spirits in prison, who sometime were disobedient, when once the long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah—and how it was possible for him to preach to those spirits and perform the necessary labor among them in so short a time.

29 And as I wondered, my eyes were opened, and my understanding quickened, and I perceived that the Lord went not in person among the wicked and the disobedient who had rejected the truth, to teach them;

30 But behold, from among the righteous, he organized his forces and appointed messengers, clothed with power and authority, and commissioned them to go forth and carry the light of the gospel to them that were in darkness, even to all the spirits of men; and thus was the gospel preached to the dead.

50 For the dead had looked upon the long absence of their spirits from their bodies as a bondage.

51 These the Lord taught, and gave them power to come forth, after his resurrection from the dead, to enter into his Father’s kingdom, there to be crowned with immortality and eternal life, — Preceding unsigned comment added by Visorstuff (talk • contribs) 22:25, 21 November 2003

---

 * Just FYI, I'm pretty sure spirit prison, in LDS theology, is NOT the same as outer darkness- spirit paradise and prison are temporary "waiting places", but spirits will ultimately go to either the celestial, terrestial, or telestial kingdoms, or go to outer darkness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs) 08:19, 29 January 2009\\69.169.140.228
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_in_Christian_beliefs#Latter-day_Saints explains gives a summary of that 58.6.129.115 (talk) 22:42, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

 * From what I understand, this article still has serious factual errors. The idea that outer darkness can be interpreted as the place for sons of perdition has no foundation in scripture or official church teachings. The only reference in the last 40 years from general conference that I find that could be so construed is a talk by Marion G. Romney in 1981, the Perfect Law of Liberty -- and being just one time in 40 years, I can't take that as a baseline. I stay with "outer darkness" strictly as a place in the postmortal spirit world, and I want to rewrite the article based on the word's intended meaning rather than the traditional meaning it´s inherited, but I won't do it without community-built consensus. Slb1900 (talk) 02:05, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. I think it's currently very ambiguous in the LDS Church; from what I can see, both meanings are used. There are certainly current LDS sources that can be interpreted to mean that outer darkness is the place where the sons of perdition go. For example, see Gospel Principles, chapter 46: The Final Judgment. It discusses the Celestial, Terrestrial, and Telestial Kingdoms in turn, and then has a section on Outer Darkness. It says about the people who go there, "There is no forgiveness for them, for they denied the Holy Spirit after having received it. They will not have a kingdom of glory. They will live in eternal darkness, torment, and misery with Satan and his angels forever." To me, this clearly sounds like it's talking about sons of perdition, and not the (temporary) post-mortal spirit world. Note, however, that the scriptural sources used in the section are verses from D&C 76, so it's open to argument that Gospel Principles has got it wrong if one interprets section 76 in a certain way. Good Ol’factory (talk) 03:04, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Further source: The Life and Teachings of Jesus and His Apostles: chapter 53: "Outer darkness is the habitation of those 'angels which kept not their first estate' but rebelled against God and joined forces with Lucifer. Here they will be joined by sons of perdition". (I think that one is pretty unambiguous.) Good Ol’factory (talk) 03:10, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Man, there are some things even correlation can't catch. I guess I can't say it's right or wrong then. Thanks for the sources, I'll leave the article as is. Slb1900 (talk) 04:54, 26 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I know that as "evidence", this is poor, but check out the illustration on p. 35 of the April 2014 Liahona. Just saw this today. Good Ol’factory (talk) 00:11, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Protestantism header
I must admit to confusion and a bit of ire that an entire section, which should be fairly significant, is relegated to a single sentence, and one that is 80% devoted to the controversial views of a few that are quite against the traditionally accepted protestant view. --Thistledowne (talk) 17:07, 13 May 2011 (UTC)
 * It's still waiting for an editor with sources.

OR removed
Sorry to whoever added it, but this was removed for being both OR and incorrect:
 * "Translated literally, the Greek text of Matthew reads "into the darkness, the outer", with a definite article before both the noun and the adjective. For this reason, the New International Version translates this text as "outside, into the darkness".

Not true ἐκβληθήσονται εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον / ἐκβάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον / εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον completely standard Greek for "outer adj. darkness def. noun" in all 3 cases.

This was removed for being both OR
 * The best interpretation of the biblical phraseology "outer darkness" carries with it echoes of the darkness of the plagues of Egypt and the covenant curses promised to Israel in the Mosaic Covenant. These foreshadow the darkness that covers the land at the death of Christ. It is clearly a picture of Divine justice. God the Father sends the covenant curses on God the Son at Calvary. Jesus, by dying for those who will believe in Him, endures the wrath of God that unconverted sinners will get for all eternity. It is for this reason that hell is called "the outer darkness." In Hell men will be cast away from the light of the presence of God. The language of "outer darkness" is metaphorical according to this interpretation.
 * Another interpretation is that outer darkness refers to a literal place away from all physical light. When God creates the new heavens and the new earth, there will be no sun because God Himself will be the light. Those who are in outer darkness will be so far away from God that the physical light of God will not reach them. They will be in a place so far from God that it is utterly dark. In the same way, a black hole is so far from the light of sun and stars that it is completely dark. This place of outer darkness will be filled with the sound of weeping and the grinding of teeth, sounds made by those suffering intense pain and torture.
 * If we consider the length of our universe, plus the millions of galaxies, and the whole of all physical space that exists, we can imagine a place so far from our earth, so removed from light, out in the farthest reaches of space, which is called "outer darkness."

Hey ho. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:03, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Hi
By 223.229.196.199 (talk) 11:28, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outer darkness


text:
Talk:Jonathan Brandis

Comment
Should this be linked to the main page due to his recent suicide? -- ''anon. user''

It's messed up, this guy was Heath Ledger before he was famous, kinda bullcrap he got nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.238.90.163 (talk) 20:54, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

I think the way he committed suicide (by hanging) is a legitimate fodder for the article. Not the grisly details (as someone earlier mentioned), but just a statement of fact. What does everyone else think? --Raul654 22:26, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think that saying someone died in a particular way (which is all that the article said before the removal you mention) is either a particular detail, nor is it 'grisly'. Further, I think that it would not abnormal to mention the way that people commit suicide in articles about them (Kurt Cobain, Boudicca, and Alan Turing come to mind).
 * James F. (talk) 23:00, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think it is something that shouldn't be left out. sik0fewl 05:47, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I came here to ask how he went about doing it ... only to see it above. I know I'm weighing in 'late', but I agree that – as a matter of fact – it should be added to the article.  And what sort of death isn't grisly?  E Pluribus Anthony 18:27, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wait to reply to a 2 year old comment ;)
 * In point of fact, the article does say he hanged himself. Raul654 18:30, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah! Not only am I tardy, but I'm blind ... in any event, I think I've consolidated the notions effectively and clearly (I also noticed your edit; I think we crossed paths ... my regrets.) E Pluribus Anthony 18:41, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey there. Just a note: the only reason why I wikified the date in the quote as I did (in US style) is because that's a direct quote from the press release ... in which case (I believe) that should trump wikifying and user preferences elsewhere.  I also removed the second 12 November since it seems redundant: it's wikified earlier; however, I'm neither here nor there regarding that.  I hope this makes sense.  Merci beaucoup!  E Pluribus Anthony 04:48, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that if everyone kept in mind the sole purpose of the site (which is to simply provide as much info as possible), they wouldn't have a problem with this.

I was about to add the film "Dumb & Dumber" to the Filmography list, as according to the trivia section of the Dumb & Dumber article Jonathan played the main child in a (persumably fictious) Pacific Bell commercial that can be breifly seen on a TV during a scene in that movie. However, I'm not sure such a brief apperance warrants a addition to the list and also I cannot find any sources to back it up (although have not performed a very extensive search). Therefor I will leave it up to someone else to decide whether the movie "Dumb & Dumber" should be added to the Filmography list. Canderra 23:47, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Here follows a comment moved from the article. I think it fits better on the talk page. I left a reference to that website in the infobox. Rjgodoy 02:27, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Contrary to some Website reports, Jonathan stood 5'9" as an adult. The Website CelebHeights correctly states this height. 71.14.143.121

I had just found out today that he committed suicide. I normally don't keep up with actors' personal lives because they need their privacy but I've enjoy some of his works on film and was saddened to find out about this. Jeremy706 (talk) 02:37, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:28, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Time of hanging
There is no approximate time for when he hung himself, quit changing it without a source to back it up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by KingSinestroPrime (talk • contribs) 22:52, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Do you actually understand what "approximately" means? It is literally a synonym for "around", except it's in a more formal register. That is to say: "at around 11:40 p.m." means the exact same thing as "at approximately 11:40 p.m." except the latter is more suitable for Wikipedia because it's more formal. —Joeyconnick (talk) 06:32, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jonathan Brandis


text:
Sanation

Sanation (Sanacja, ) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 Coup d'État, and came to power in the wake of that coup. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR).

The Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "sanation" (healing) of the Polish body politic. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following Piłsudski's death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President Ignacy Mościcki and his partisans).

Sanation, which advocated authoritarian rule, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including Walery Sławek, Aleksander Prystor, Kazimierz Świtalski, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Józef Beck, Tadeusz Hołówko, Bogusław Miedziński, and Edward Rydz-Śmigły. It preached the primacy of the national interest in governance, and contended against the system of parliamentary democracy.

Background
Named after the Latin word for "healing" ("sanatio"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the perceived corruption in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation.

Sanation appeared prior to the May 1926 Coup d'État and lasted until World War II but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the Polish Socialist Party, had grown to disapprove of political parties, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem ("Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.

History
Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as strongman of a generally popular centrist regime. Kazimierz Bartel's government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President.

In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while economic stagnation was ended by Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski's reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted communist parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally register as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of opposition parties by splitting their forces.

A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-scale dictatorship. Freedom of speech and press and political parties were never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified perpetrators" rather than court sentences. Sanation allowed the 1928 election to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its supporters in the BBWR came up far short of a majority. Before the 1930 election some opposition parties united into the Centrolew coalition, calling for a violent overthrow of the government; Sanacja reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition leaders that participated in Centrolew. Under these conditions, the BBWR won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses.

Józef Piłsudski's personal cult stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was Gazeta Polska (the Polish Gazette).

Legislative agenda
The Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August and with increasing pressure on the opposition started a new campaign, the new elections being scheduled to November. Using the anti-government demonstrations as a pretext, 20 members of the opposition parties, including most of the leaders of Centrolew alliance (from the Socialists, Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie") were arrested in September without a warrant, only on the order of Piłsudski and the then-Minister of Internal Security, Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, accusing them of plotting an anti-government coup. The opposition members (who included the former prime minister Wincenty Witos, and Wojciech Korfanty) were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress, where their trial took place (thus the popular name for the election: the 'Brest election'). A number of less known activists were arrested throughout the country. They were released after the end of the election in the same month. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with 10 accused receiving sentences up to three years of imprisonment; the appeals of 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government however gave the accused choice of emigrating: five of them took it, the other five to serve the prison term instead.

In April 1935, shortly before Piłsudski's death, a new constitution (the "April Constitution") was adopted, which supported Sanation's principal ideas: a strong centralized state with a presidential system of government. Piłsudski died soon after, however, and Sanation faced some serious internal problems. Eventually it devolved into three separate movements:
 * 1) "the "Colonels" (Pułkownicy, formed around Walery Sławek), which sought a modus vivendi with the opposition;
 * 2) "the Castle" (Zamek, formed around President Ignacy Mościcki, who resided in the Warsaw Castle — hence the movement's name), which became the center; and
 * 3) GISZ (Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych, formed around General Inspector Edward Rydz-Śmigły), which soon became virtually indistinguishable from the Camp of National Unity.

The first of these Sanation movements soon lost much of its importance, but the other two continued the ideological struggle within the country until the outbreak of war.

World War II
During the 1939 invasion of Poland, many Sanation members were taken prisoner-of-war by the Germans, while others evacuated to Romania, where they remained until war's end or were able to go on to France or Britain.

Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the Polish Government in Exile, many remained highly influential. During the war, Sanation members created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the Fighting Poland Movement (Obóz Polski Walczącej) and the Convention of Independence Organizations (Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych), which in 1943 became subordinate to the Home Army and in 1944 merged into the Union of Independence Organizations (Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych).

After World War II, the Soviet-installed communist regime executed or forced many Sanationists into permanent exile, and branded them enemies of the state.

Notable members

 * Józef Beck
 * Tadeusz Hołówko
 * Janusz Jędrzejewicz
 * Wacław Jędrzejewicz
 * Adam Koc
 * Leon Kozłowski
 * Ignacy Matuszewski
 * Bogusław Miedziński
 * Ignacy Mościcki
 * Bronisław Pieracki
 * Józef Piłsudski
 * Aleksander Prystor
 * Edward Rydz-Śmigły
 * Adam Skwarczyński
 * Walery Sławek
 * Kazimierz Świtalski

title: Sanation


text:
Dendrology

Dendrology (δένδρον, dendron, "tree"; and -λογία, -logia, science of or study of) or xylology (ξύλον, ksulon, "wood") is the science and study of woody plants (trees, shrubs, and lianas), specifically, their taxonomic classifications. There is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species.

In the past, dendrology included the study of the natural history of woody species in specific regions, but this aspect is now considered part of ecology. The field also plays a role in conserving rare or endangered species.

Relationship with botany
Dendrology is a branch of botany that specializes in the characterization and identification of woody plants, while botany is the study of all types of general plants.

Noted dendrologists

 * Mike Baillie, Queen's University of Belfast
 * Francis A. Bartlett, founder of Bartlett Arboretum and Gardens and the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratory
 * Ludwig Beissner
 * William Douglas Cook, founder of Eastwoodhill Arboretum and Pukeiti (New Zealand)
 * Michael Dirr
 * Maciej Giertych
 * Owen Johnson
 * Humphry Marshall
 * Alan Mitchell
 * Alfred Rehder
 * Viscount Philippe de Spoelberch

title: Dendrology


text:
Science Council

The Science Council is a UK organisation that was established by Royal Charter in 2003. The principal activity of The Science Council is the promotion of the advancement and dissemination of knowledge of and education in science pure and applied, for the public benefit. The Science Council is the Competent Authority with respect to the European Union directive 2005/36/EC. It is a membership organisation for learned and professional bodies across science and its applications and works with them to represent this sector to government and others. Together, the member organisations represent over 350,000 scientists. The Science Council provides a forum for discussion and exchange of views and works to foster collaboration between member organisations and the wider science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medical communities to enable inter-disciplinary contributions to science policy and the application of science.

History Timeline
The Science Council was founded in 2003 by the late Professor Sir Gareth Roberts FRS, who served as the council's Founding President. In February 2007, Sir Tom McKillop FRS, became the President of the Science Council and he was succeeded in June 2011 by Professor Sir Tom Blundell, and then by Professor Sir Keith Burnett FRS in June 2016. In May 2021 Professor Carole Mundell was appointed the new president.

In November 2008 the Science Council launched Future Morph, a website aimed at providing children, parents, teachers and the general public with information about science and how it might help in future careers.

In 2015 an amended Charter was granted a Privy Council seal.

Purpose
The Science Council's charitable purpose as stated in its 2015 Royal Charter is "to promote the advancement and dissemination of knowledge of and education in science, pure and applied, for the public benefit."

To fulfil this purpose, the Science Council advances professionalism in science through the professional registration of scientists and technicians who meet a high professional standard and competence and follow an established code of conduct.

The Science Council's Royal Charter also defines its role as an umbrella organisation, providing a forum to connect members for discussion and information exchange.

The Science Council provides member bodies with a forum to raise standards through sharing practice and knowledge, and to hold each other to account through a peer-review approach. A successful example of this approach is the recent Diversity, Equality and Inclusion programme of work.

Designations
The Science Council promotes the profession and contribution of science and scientists through the Chartered Scientist (CSci), Registered Scientist (RSci), Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) and Chartered Science Teacher (CSciTech) designations and the development of codes of practice.

Chartered Science Teacher was launched in 2004. Registered Science Technician and Registered Scientist were launched in October 2011 alongside the Chartered Scientist award, to build a framework of professional standards and recognition across the science workforce

Member organisations

 * Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
 * Association for Science Education
 * Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare
 * Association of Anatomical Pathology Technology
 * Association of Neurophysiological Scientists
 * Biochemical Society
 * British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences
 * British Psychological Society
 * British Society of Soil Scientists
 * Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
 * College of Podiatry
 * Geological Society of London
 * Institute of Animal Technology
 * Institute of Biomedical Science
 * Institute of Corrosion
 * Institute of Food Science and Technology
 * Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology
 * Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
 * Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
 * Institute of Physics
 * Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
 * Institute of Science and Technology
 * Institute of Water
 * Institution of Chemical Engineers
 * Institution of Environmental Sciences
 * The Nuclear Institute
 * Oil and Colour Chemists' Association
 * Operational Research Society
 * Royal Astronomical Society
 * Royal Meteorological Society
 * Royal Society of Biology
 * Royal Society of Chemistry
 * Royal Statistical Society
 * Society of Dyers and Colourists
 * The Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs

To become a member of the Science Council an organisation must:
 * Be an independent professional body which exists for the collective pursuit of professional aims and objectives with practicing scientists in its membership
 * Have at least one membership category which is based on standards of competence (i.e. appropriate qualification and / or relevant professional practice)
 * Become a signatory to the Science Council Declaration on Diversity, Equality and Inclusion
 * Have a code of conduct for its members

title: Science Council