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The Morrow Project

The Morrow Project is a science fiction role-playing game created by Kevin Dockery, Robert Sadler and Richard Tucholka and published by Timeline Ltd. It is set after a devastating nuclear war. It was first released in the 1980s, and it still has a loyal following. The fourth edition was released as of December 15, 2013 by Chris Morrell and Robert O'Connor.

History
In 1974, Robert Sadler wrote an outline for a post-apocalyptic adventure story. Richard Tucholka added a second chapter, but then the project was buried for a year or more. In 1975, they were introduced to roleplaying, and Tucholka suddenly realized that The Morrow Project could be an adventure background for a roleplaying game. He used Sadler's story as a guide to write that game background. Then the two joined forces with Kevin Dockery to flesh out the military portion of the game.

After months of playtesting, it was run at an early Michicon and was a great success there. At that point, Timeline Games was born and shortly thereafter, due to internal conflicts, both Richard Tucholka and Robert Sadler left Timeline Games and created Tacky-Tac Games, which later became Tri Tac Games.

In late 2012, after several years of development, a Kickstarter campaign was run to provide the funds to finish the 4th edition of The Morrow Project. The Kickstarter campaign easily exceeded its goal and finished successfully on January 3, 2013. The new edition was released on December 15, 2013.

Setting
The game is based around the idea that a group of American industrialists predicted the coming of an apocalyptic nuclear war, and began to create a plan for an emergency operations and reconstruction infrastructure that would survive that war. This plan is the eponymous "Morrow Project". A number of volunteers were cryonically frozen in hidden bunkers called boltholes. They were provided with substantial caches of supplies and equipment, intended to help the teams rebuild civilization -- once the war had ended, it was thought some places would be identified where the hazards such as nuclear fallout had diminished sufficiently.

The plan was for the Morrow Project to be coordinated by a central command post and record-keeping facility called "Prime Base." This is an immense self-contained bunker with various annexes, hidden underground in Nevada, in the canyons near Soldier Meadow. Its details are explained in the game book entitled "Prime Base." The facility's advanced life support systems and huge variety of other equipment were intended to allow the Project's leaders not to sleep through the war, so as to chronicle it and be in the best position to determine out what should be done next. The Project's "Phoenix Team," a highly secret Tier-I special operations unit of approximately platoon strength, was also here, but kept in suspended animation to be used only on the highest authority if there was no alternative.

Prime Base was built in isolation according to schedule, but just before it could assume its role it was sabotaged and bombed by a shadowy madman called Krell, sustaining serious damage. The sudden attack wiped out the Morrow Project leaders, but 150 years after the war, the damaged central computer at Prime Base finally began to issue one or more wakeup signals. This revived at least one of the Morrow Project assets -- the team that the player characters are part of. The status of other Teams is purposefully kept unclear, so that details can be worked out by the person coordinating the game, who is called the Project Director.

The game therefore centers around the question of whether the Project is hopelessly compromised, or whether its scattered outposts can reconnect and replace the non-functional headquarters. Must they try to confront huge reconstruction tasks alone, when it was expected that thousands of Project members would help them? Do they have the courage to try?

Initial scenario
The initial scenario may be played with nothing other than the game book, dice, paper and pencil. Expansion sets are available introducing further scenarios, weapons and equipment.

One hundred and fifty years after the Third World War, the members of the Morrow Project wake to a strange world. Instead of being part of an organized plan to rebuild their civilization, they find themselves isolated in a world where the War is only a distant legend, the people are ignorant of anything but the struggle to survive and strange mutated animals haunt their footsteps.

Players of the Morrow Project must not only survive, but must carry out their original mission: to rebuild the world. To do this they have their equipment and training, their team and their own guts and imagination. Together with their teammates they must try to do alone a job that thousands were trained to do.

Included in the game book there are extensive details on the Morrow Project's teams, vehicles, weapons, other equipment, medical details, the various dangers arising from nuclear weapons effects, and also information to help the Project Director decide which people and creatures exist in the post-holocaust world -- in particular various animals affected in either more or less scientifically accurate ways. Up until Fourth Edition, there was also detailed information on which locations in the United States had been struck by Soviet ICBMs, which of the enemy MIRVs had failed to detonate, and which had struck targets other than those intended.

MARS, recon, science and specialty
While each team is equipped to survive on its own, it proved impossible to equip all the teams for every postwar contingency. For example, some Recon Teams are almost as heavily armed as MARS Teams, while others are not.

With teams having been put to sleep over a course of several years from the 1960s onwards, there will also be variations in the equipment they have. In some cases, teams may wake to find new equipment they are not yet trained on, and will have to teach themselves from instructional materials.

Below is a general summary of the Project groups:

 * Recon: The general purpose teams of the Project and the most numerous, Recon teams are equipped with varying types of weapons and equipment ranging from V-150 armored cars to SK-5 hovercraft. Their orders are to reconnoiter the countryside, report on local conditions, and provide advice to Prime Base concerning which teams should be awakened next.
 * MARS: These teams make up the military arm of the Project -- they are extremely formidable and heavily armed. In addition to conventional weapons, some of these teams have man-portable laser weapons, and some have an early generation of no-nonsense, minimalist powered armor. The purpose of the MARS teams is to support and defend civilians and other teams.  A large portion of MARS team members are ex-military personnel with combat experience. MARS stands for Mobile Assault, Rescue and Strike. Some MARS teams have heavy vehicles such as the Mars One. The Mars One is a large custom-built articulated vehicle with very heavy armor and powerful weapons. It is able to carry troops, employ onboard sensors, provide early warning, and serve as a command post.
 * Science: The Science teams are broadly cross-trained scientific and technical units that can cope with a wide range of situations -- from complex medical care and epidemiology to understanding unusual hazards and dangerous creatures. Their areas of knowledge range from biology to nuclear physics. They are equipped with a second type of versatile custom-built articulated vehicle, called the Science One, and have armament second only to that of the MARS teams.
 * Specialty: This is a broad term applied to Project groups that have a non-standard function in regard to their equipment and personnel. Specialty groups generally consist of assets frozen with orders to meet at a predesignated point.  Most Specialty teams are not as heavily armed as Recon or MARS teams, because the Project's planners felt that those teams could not fully perform the necessary functions if survivors felt threatened by them.  Specialty groups assigned to the Project include:

 * Engineering: Building, construction, repair and maintenance of Project and civilian equipment.
 * Agricultural: Farming and livestock preserved by using frozen embryos. Equipped to build and assist farming communities.
 * Psychological: Formed to handle extremist groups, riots, negotiation challenges, and other serious problems caused by stress.
 * Aviation: Air survey reconnaissance, fire support, and air mobility support for other teams. These missions are done with fixed-wing aircraft including cargo planes, as well as light helicopters, early types of unmanned aerial vehicles, and custom-built autogyros that are modular and man-portable.
 * Command: Oversight of Combined Group assets, both mobile field teams and fixed installations, generally for a city or limited geographical area such as. Combined Group Seattle.
 * Frozen Watch: Casualty replacement personnel for the field teams, as well as Morrow Project field police, internal security, and counterintelligence functions.
 * Power Reception: Reception of electrical power which is scheduled to be transmitted via microwaves, once Morrow Project power satellites have been lofted.
 * Support: Logistical support such as supply, repair, and replacement operations.
 * Communications: Restore radio frequency, laser microwave, and eventually even satellite communications. They also maintain the project's clandestine extremely low frequency systems that very slowly accumulate Prime Base's messages, such as briefings, for teams to read when they awaken—thus counterbalancing the minuscule data rate. For security reasons, ELF systems were not for use until after the war.
 * Medical: Health care for the general population and for project assets. Generally equipped with a fixed installation.
 * Decontamination: Render safe personnel, vehicles and structures contaminated by radiological, biological, or chemical hazards. Also assist in the salvage of equipment and materials recovered from unsafe areas.

Supplements

 * Game Master's Package: Basic Vehicular Loads was a supplement detailing basic equipment loads, with three copies of each, for 11 different Morrow Project vehicles. It was published by Timeline Ltd. in 1980 as 39 xeroxed sheets, stapled in groups. A second edition was published in 1980, as 39 loose-leaf hole-punched sheets with a large envelope. William A. Barton reviewed Vehicular Basic Loads in The Space Gamer No. 48. Barton commented that "If you're a Morrow Project GM, you should find these Vehicular Base Loads sheets of use in your campaigns."
 * The Morrow Project Vehicular Blueprints (1980)
 * Personal Basic Loads (1980)
 * The Morrow Project Gamemaster's Shield and Reference Tables (1981)
 * Security Cover Sheets (1981)
 * Personal and Vehicular Basic Loads and The Morrow Project Role Playing Expansion (1983)
 * Project Director's Shield

Adventures

 * Damocles (1982)
 * Liberation at Riverton (1982)
 * Operation Lucifer (1982)
 * The Ruins of Chicago (1983)
 * The Starnaman Incident (1984)
 * Operation Lonestar (1985)
 * Desert Search (1986)
 * Prime Base (1987)

Reception
In the May 1981 edition of The Space Gamer (Issue No. 39), William A. Barton commented that "overall, I'd have to give The Morrow Project the highest of ratings as a SF role-playing system. If it isn't at least nominated for the Origins awards this year, there just ain't no justice in gameland.".

In the June 1981 edition of Dragon (Issue #50), Bill Fawcett thought the combat realism of the rules made it "suitable, with very few changes, for a role-playing game of World War III infantry and armored combat." He did note the resultant complexity of the rules, saying, "The price of this realism is the great amount of dice-rolling necessary to determine the location and effect of wounds." Fawcett was not as impressed with the rest of the rules. "There is nothing too distinctive about the game system as a whole." He suggested that two types of gamers would be interested in this game: "those who are interested in modern weapons and combat, and those who play the Gamma World game, who will find the ideas in this game readily adaptable to that system."

Chris Baylis reviewed The Morrow Project for Imagine magazine, and stated that "My first impressions of the Morrow Project made me want to begin a game immediately. The idea seemed new and exciting, and the system looked advanced, well thought out and imaginative."

Phil Masters reviewed The Morrow Project for White Dwarf #42, giving it an overall rating of 5 out of 10, and stated that "The Morrow Project is a game with a very specific style, a lot of strengths. and a lot of weaknesses. Like any post-holocaust game, it may be a little depressing; it is certainly quite violent. It is, by current standards, simple and playable, and could be worse at the price."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan called this the most graphic and chilling RPG depiction of near-future nuclear carnage ever published." Swan was surprised that, given the great amount of detail given to nuclear war and military weapons, "the character creation rules are surprisingly fuzzy." Swan found that "The game comes alive with the combat rules, the most detailed treatment of violent encounters this side of Aftermath!" Swan concluded by giving the game a rating of 2.5 out of 4, saying, "As a game, Morrow Project has too many ambiguous rules for casual players, though hard-core science-fiction fans might enjoy it. But as a sourcebook of nuclear holocaust, it's without peer, unreservedly recommended to anyone with an interest in the subject."

title: The Morrow Project


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United Workers' Party

The United Workers' Party may refer to:

 * Polish United Workers' Party
 * United Workers' Party (Dominica)
 * United Workers Party (Guyana)
 * United Workers Party (Israel), commonly known as Mapam
 * United Workers Party (Saint Lucia)
 * United Workers Party (United States)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: United Workers' Party


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Charles, Prince of Viana

Charles, Prince of Viana (Karlos IV.a) (29 May 1421 – 23 September 1461), sometimes called Charles IV of Navarre, was the son of King John II of Aragon and Queen Blanche I of Navarre.

Background
His mother was the daughter and heiress of Charles III, King of Navarre. Both his grandfather Charles and his mother, who ruled over Navarre from 1425 to 1441, had bequeathed this kingdom to Charles, whose right had also been recognized by the Cortes; but when Blanche died in 1441 her husband John seized the kingdom to the exclusion of his son.

Marriage
The Prince of Viana was married in Olite (Navarre) on 30 September 1439, taking as his wife Agnes of Cleves (1422–1446), the daughter of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and Mary of Burgundy; sister of Philip III "the Good", Duke of Burgundy. Agnes died, childless, on 6 April 1448, eight years after her marriage to Charles, aged only about twenty-six. After her death, the prince took a mistress, Brianda de Vaca, and by her had an illegitimate son, born about 1449. He wished to remarry, and a possibility which was canvassed was a match with Isabella of Scotland (1426–1494), the widow of Francis I, Duke of Brittany, after he died on 18 July 1450, but this was opposed by Charles VII of France. A match was then agreed between Charles and the Infanta Catherine of Portugal (1436–1463), daughter of King Edward I, but the marriage was delayed and had not taken place when Charles died in 1461. Charles left three illegitimate children by three different mistresses:

 * 1) Anna, Countess of Medinaceli
 * 2) Philip, Archbishop of Palermo
 * 3) John, Bishop of Huesca

Clashes with his father
The ill feeling between father and son was increased when in 1447 John took for his second wife Juana Enriquez, a Castilian noblewoman (of a bastard cadet line from Castilian kings), who soon bore him a son, afterwards Ferdinand II of Aragon, and who regarded her stepson as an interloper. When Joanna began to interfere in the internal affairs of Navarre, a civil war broke out, and in 1452 Charles, although aided by King John II of Castile, was defeated and taken prisoner. Released upon promising not to take the kingly title until after his father's death, the prince, again unsuccessful in an appeal to arms, took refuge in Naples with King Alfonso V of Aragon. In 1458 Alfonso died and John became king of Aragon, while Charles was offered the crowns of Naples and Sicily. He declined these proposals, and having been reconciled with his father returned to Navarre in 1459. Aspiring to marry Isabella of Castile, he was then thrown into prison by his father, and the Catalans rose in his favor. This insurrection soon became general and John was obliged to yield. He released his son, and recognized him as perpetual governor of Catalonia, and heir to the kingdom.

Death and legacy
Soon afterwards, however, on 23 September 1461, the prince died at Barcelona, not without a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his stepmother, Joanna Enriquez.

Charles was a cultured and amiable prince, fond of music and literature. He translated Aristotle's Ethics into Aragonese, a work first published at Zaragoza in 1509, and wrote a chronicle of the kings of Navarre, Cronica de los reyes de Navarra.

title: Charles, Prince of Viana


text:
National Democratic Congress

National Democratic Congress may refer to:

 * National Democratic Congress (Ghana)
 * National Democratic Congress (Grenada)
 * National Democratic Congress (Zambia)

title: National Democratic Congress


text:
New National Party

New National Party may refer to:
 * New National Party (Grenada)
 * New National Party (Netherlands)
 * New Nation Party
 * New National Party (South Africa)
 * New National Party, a proposed name for the National Democratic Party (Egypt)

title: New National Party


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Alliance for Democracy

Alliance for Democracy may refer to:
 * Alliance for Democracy (Dominican Republic)
 * Alliance for Democracy (Malawi)
 * Alliance for Democracy in Mali
 * Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)
 * Alliance for Democracy (UK)
 * Alliance for Democracy (USA)
 * Alliance for Democracy, a fictional multinational organization in S. M. Sterling's Domination of Draka series of alternate-history novels

title: Alliance for Democracy


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Adolfo Suárez

Adolfo Suárez González, 1st Duke of Suárez (25 September 1932 – 23 March 2014) was a Spanish lawyer and politician. Suárez was Spain's first democratically elected prime minister since the Second Spanish Republic and a key figure in the country's transition to democracy after the dictatorship of Francisco Franco.

When Spain was still an autocratic regime, he was appointed prime minister by King Juan Carlos in 1976, hoping that his government could bring about democracy. At the time of his appointment, he was not a well-known figure, making many political forces skeptical of his government. However, he oversaw the end of the Francoist Cortes, and the legalisation of all political parties (including the Communist Party of Spain, a particularly difficult move). He led the Union of the Democratic Centre and won the 1977 general election. In 1981, he resigned and founded the party Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), which was elected to the Cortes numerous times. He retired from politics in 1991 and from public life in 2003, due to Alzheimer's disease.

Early life
Adolfo Suárez González was born on 25 September 1932 in Cebreros in the Province of Ávila of Spain, the eldest son of Hipólito Suárez Guerra, a lawyer, and Herminia González Prados. Both of his parents supported the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. At the age of 18, Suárez was president of the Ávila chapter of Catholic Action. He studied law at the University of Salamanca, after which he took a job at the municipal government of Ávila in 1955. He subsequently became a member of Opus Dei, and obtained a doctorate at the Central University of Madrid. He also worked briefly as a porter at Madrid's Atocha railway station.

Early career
In 1958, Suárez became the personal secretary of Fernando Herrero Tejedor, the newly appointed civil governor of Ávila. When Tejedor was made deputy secretary-general of the Movimiento Nacional in 1961, Suárez became his chef de cabinet. He gradually rose through the ranks of the Movimiento. In 1965, Suárez was appointed programme director of the state broadcaster Radio y Televisión Española (RTVE). In 1967, he was elected to the Francoist Cortes. In 1968, Suárez was promoted to civil governor and provincial head of the Movimiento in Segovia. In 1969, he was made director general of RTVE. Under this capacity, he became a close friend to future king Prince Juan Carlos.

In March 1975, Herrero Tejedor became secretary-general of the Movimiento while Suárez was appointed deputy secretary-general. Herrero Tejedor was considered a likely candidate for prime minister until his death in a car accident in June. In December, shortly after Francisco Franco's death, Suárez was promoted to secretary-general by prime minister Carlos Arias Navarro, and became a member of Arias's cabinet. In the same year, he also became a founding member of the Spanish People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Español, UDPE).

Premiership
In July 1976, King Juan Carlos requested the resignation of Arias. The relatively obscure Suárez was chosen as the new Prime Minister of Spain, surprising many observers. At the age of 43, he was Spain's youngest prime minister in the 20th century. Due to his Francoist ties, Suárez enjoyed the trust of the political right, while the reformists were dismayed by his appointment. Nevertheless, it was noted that due to his age (he turned 7 years old in the year the civil war ended), Suárez was not as strongly associated with the bloody Civil War or the most brutal years of Franco's rule as the older politicians.

Within a year of his appointment, Suárez had rapidly introduced reform measures and taken decisive steps in Spain's transition to democracy (La Transición). The Political Reform Act, which permitted universal suffrage and established the basis for a new, bicameral parliament, was passed by a huge majority in the Francoist Cortes in November 1976 and overwhelmingly approved by a referendum in December. Suárez managed to placate the conservative military officers, while also reaching out to Felipe González's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and later, Santiago Carrillo's Communist Party of Spain (PCE). Between February and April 1977, the PSOE and the PCE were both legalised, trade unions were recognised, and the Movimiento was abolished. The legalisation of the PCE in particular provoked fury in the Spanish military; Suárez responded by sacking hardliners and promoting more liberal officers such as Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado. On 15 June, Suárez led the Union of the Democratic Centre (Unión de Centro Democrático, UCD) to victory in Spain's first free elections in 41 years, and became the first democratically elected prime minister of the post-Francoist Spain.

Suárez's centrist government instituted further democratic reforms. A new constitution, which recognised Spain as a constitutional monarchy, was approved by a referendum in December 1978. In an effort to address separatist tensions and calls for increased local autonomy, Suárez also negotiated the creation of Spain's autonomous communities. Suárez's coalition won the 1979 elections under the new constitution.

Suárez's political power eroded as he struggled to deal with economic recession, mounting violent activity by ETA, calls for further regional autonomy and divisions within his own party. He became increasingly withdrawn from governance, partly due to a chronic dental condition. He survived a motion of no confidence presented by Felipe González and the PSOE in May 1980. In January 1981, trailing in the polls behind the PSOE and faced with a revolt within the UCD, Suárez announced his resignation as prime minister. A month later, as parliament took the vote to confirm Suárez's successor Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio Tejero and around 200 Civil Guards stormed the chamber in an attempted coup and held the lawmakers hostage for some 22 hours. Suárez, along with two other parliamentarians, exhibited defiance by remaining calmly seated during the panic. The 23-F coup attempt ("El Tejerazo") failed as it was opposed by Spain's main newspaper El País (who managed to get a special edition in favor of the constitution issued and distributed on the evening of the coup attempt) and denounced by King Juan Carlos I in a televised address. Meanwhile promised military support for the coup failed to materialise – with few exceptions, most notably Jaime Milans del Bosch who led pro-coup troops in Valencia.

Post-premiership
In 1982, Suárez founded the Democratic and Social Centre (Centro Democrático y Social, CDS) party, which never achieved the success of UCD, though Suárez and its party were important elements in the Liberal International, joining it in 1988, leading to it being renamed Liberal and Progressive International, and Suárez became President of the Liberal International in 1988. He retired from active politics in 1991, for personal reasons.

In 1981, Suárez was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos of Spain and given the hereditary title of "Duque de Suárez" (Duke of Suárez), together with the title Grande de España (English: Grandee of Spain) following his resignation as Prime Minister and in recognition of his role in the transition to democracy. Suárez was awarded the Príncipe de Asturias a la Concordia in September 1996 for his role in Spain's early democracy. On 8 June 2007, during the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the first democratic elections, King Juan Carlos appointed Suárez the 1,193rd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He was also a member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization (based in Madrid) that is composed of more than 80 former democratic Prime Ministers and Presidents. The group works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.

Illness and death
On 31 May 2005, Suárez's son, Adolfo Suárez Illana, announced on Spanish television that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The announcement followed speculation about Suárez's health in the Spanish media. On 21 March 2014, his son announced that his death from neurological deterioration was imminent. Suárez then died as a result of a respiratory infection on 23 March 2014 in a clinic in Madrid. Suarez was given a state funeral and was buried in the cloister of Ávila Cathedral.

Pope Francis shared his condolences, saying: "In fraternal suffrage with you all, I make fervent prayers to the Lord for the eternal rest of this esteemed and feature figure of the recent history of Spain."

On 26 March 2014, the Spanish government decided to rename the Madrid-Barajas Airport to Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport in honour of his service to the country.

Family
Suárez married María del Amparo Illana Elórtegui in 1961. She died from cancer on 17 May 2001. Their eldest daughter, María del Amparo ("Mariam") Suárez Illana (1962–2004), died of breast cancer on 6 March 2004, following an 11-year illness. Both of her younger sisters also suffered from the same illness. She was the mother of two children, Alejandra Romero Suárez (born 1990), herself the current holder of her grandfather's dukedom, and Fernando Romero Suárez (born 1993).

Suarez' youngest daughter, María Sonsoles Suárez Illana (born 1967), became a TV news anchor for Antena 3. From 1992 to 1994 she was married to José María Martínez-Bordiú y Bassó de Roviralta (a nephew of Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, the son-in-law of Francisco Franco); the couple was without issue. In 2012 she married the Mozambican musician Paulo Wilson, and they separated in 2017.

Suárez's eldest son, Adolfo Suárez Illana, is a politician, lawyer, and is heavily involved with the world of bullfighting and has two sons. Suárez had two more children, his daughter Laura and his son Francisco Javier; both remain unmarried.

National

 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg 1,193rd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (8 June 2007).
 * Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg Collar of the Order of Charles III (Posthumously) (24 March 2014).
 * ESP Charles III Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (23 June 1978).
 * ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (29 September 1973).
 * Order of Civil Merit (Spain) GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (18 July 1969).
 * ESP Alfonso X Order GC.svg Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (1 April 1970).
 * ESP Alfonso X Order - Common.svg Commander's Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (1 April 1967).
 * ESP Gran Cruz Merito Naval (Distintivo Rojo) pasador.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit (1 April 1972).
 * Orde del Cardenal Cisneros.gif Grand Cross of the Order of Cisneros (18 July 1972).
 * Ordem-Yugo-Flechas.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Yoke and the Arrows (4 July 1975).
 * ESP Gran Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg Grand Cross of the Military Merit with White Decoration (14 September 1970).

Foreign

 * 🇵🇹 Portugal:
 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (20 April 1978).
 * PRT Order of Liberty - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty (22 February 1996).

Awards

 * Gold Medal of Segovia (17 November 1969).
 * Gold Medal of Ávila (12 February 1981). Received on 9 June 2005.
 * Adopted Son of Ávila (12 February 1981). Received on 9 June 2005.
 * Alfonso X the Wise International Prize in Toledo (21 October 1994).
 * Gold Medal of Madrid (30 November 1995). Received on 10 November 1998.
 * Honorary Degree by the Complutense University of Madrid (28 May 1996).
 * Prince of Asturias Concord Award (13 September 1996).
 * Coexistence Award of Ceuta (30 April 1999).
 * Gold Medal of Castilla y León (22 March 1997).
 * Medal of Honor of Madrid (15 May 2011).
 * Adopted Son of Madrid (Posthumous, 27 March 2014).

title: Adolfo Suárez


text:
List of political parties in Tunisia

This article lists political parties in Tunisia. Tunisia was a dominant-party state of the Constitutional Democratic Rally ("RCD" from its French language initials) before the Tunisian revolution. In the aftermath of the revolution the RCD was dissolved by the new state authorities and over 70 new political parties formed. The country is now a multiparty state. Although there are two numerically major parties, no single party has a realistic chance of governing alone.

Other parties
The following opposition parties exist de jure and/or de facto. On January 20, 2011 the cabinet of the interim government recognized all previously banned parties, with the exception of Hizb ut-Tahrir and a few other parties.

Legalized before the Tunisian revolution

 * Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (FDTL, or Ettakatol)
 * Ettajdid Movement, or Renewal Movement
 * Green Party for Progress (PVP, حزب الخضر للتقدم, Parti des verts pour le progrès)
 * Movement of Socialist Democrats (MDS)
 * Popular Unity Party (PUP)
 * Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), now merged into the Republican Party.
 * Social Liberal Party (PSL)
 * Unionist Democratic Union (UDU)
 * Liberal Democratic Social Party (Parti social démocratique liberal)

Legalized after the Tunisian revolution

 * El Amen Party
 * Congress for the Republic (CPR)
 * Cultural Unionist Nation Party
 * Democratic Alliance Party
 * Democratic Patriots' Unified Party, formerly the Democratic Patriots' Movement
 * Democratic Social Nation Party
 * Equity and Equality Party
 * Free Patriotic Union
 * Future Tunisia Party (حركة تونس المستقبل, Mouvement Tunisie de l'Avenir)
 * Green Tunisia Party
 * Hizb ut-Tahrir or the Liberation Party
 * Homeland Party or Al Watan
 * Al Iklaa Party
 * Initiative
 * Justice and Development Party
 * Maghrebi Republican Party (PRM)
 * Movement of the Republic
 * New Destour Party
 * Patriotic and Democratic Labour Party (حزب العمل الوطني الديمقراطي, Parti du travail patriotique et démocratique)
 * Parti Democrate Liberal
 * Patriotic Construction Party
 * Pirate Party
 * Popular Unity Movement
 * Popular Unity Party
 * Progressive People's Party
 * Reform and Development Party
 * Reform Front Party
 * Republican Party
 * Social Democratic Path
 * Socialist Party, formerly the Left Socialist Party
 * Third Alternative
 * Third Republic الجمهورية الثالثة
 * Tunisia Forward
 * Tunisian Ba'ath Movement (حركة البعث تونس, Mouvement Baath de Tunisie)
 * Tunisian Movement for Freedom and Dignity
 * Tunisian National Front
 * Tunisian Nationalist Party
 * Tunisian Pirate Party
 * Voice of the People of Tunisia
 * Wafa Movement
 * Al-Watan Party
 * Workers' Party (PT), formerly the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party (PCOT)

Defunct parties

 * Destour, founded 1920; split in 1934 resulted in the Neo Destour.
 * Neo Destour, which became the PSD in 1964.
 * Socialist Destourian Party (PSD), which became the RCD in 1988.
 * Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD). Dissolved in 2011.
 * Tunisian Communist Party. Became the Ettajdid Movement.
 * Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), merged into the Republican Party.
 * Ettajdid Movement. Merged into the Social Democratic Path.
 * Free Patriotic Union. Merged into Nidaa Tounes.
 * National Destourian Initiative. Merged into Long Live Tunisia.

title: List of political parties in Tunisia


text:
El-P

Jaime Meline (born March 2, 1975), better known by the stage name El-P (shortened from his previous stage name El Producto), is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Starting his career as a member of Company Flow, he has been a driving force in alternative hip hop since the mid-1990s, producing for rappers including Aesop Rock, Cage, and Mr. Lif. He was a member of The Weathermen and was the co-founder, owner, and CEO of the Definitive Jux record label.

After releasing four solo studio albums that were critically acclaimedFantastic Damage (2002), High Water (2004), I'll Sleep When You're Dead (2007), and Cancer 4 Cure (2012)El-P began experiencing mainstream success in 2013 when he formed the hip hop superduo Run the Jewels with fellow rapper Killer Mike. They have released four studio albums for free, all of which have received widespread acclaim: Run the Jewels (2013), Run the Jewels 2 (2014), Run the Jewels 3 (2016), and RTJ4 (2020).

Early life
El-P was born Jaime Meline in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on March 2, 1975, the son of Nan Dillon and jazz pianist Harry Meline (who performed under the stage name Harry Keyes). He is of Cajun, Irish, and Lithuanian descent. Although his mother was raised Catholic and his father was raised Jewish, they did not emphasize either faith to him during his childhood and he later joked that he "got none of it except a circumcision at birth".

El-P's parents divorced when he was seven years old, and he later wrote the song "Last Good Sleep" about once hearing his mother being assaulted by his drunken stepfather in the next room and not realizing what had happened until the next day. His mother responded to the beating by immediately ending the relationship, reporting El-P's stepfather to the police, and changing their home's locks; however, El-P had recurring nightmares about the incident for many years, and once chased a stranger he misidentified as his ex-stepfather through the New York subway.

El-P was expelled from two high schools for various issues, including his refusal to stop wearing his baseball cap backwards. He later got his GED. He went to musical engineering school at the Center for the Media Arts in Manhattan. After graduating, he enrolled at Hunter College, but dropped out because most of his courses did not relate to the career he wanted.

Early career
Getting involved with the hip hop culture of New York City at an early age, El-P met Mr. Len when he hired Len as the DJ for his 17th birthday party. The two became friends and formed Company Flow in 1992. They released their first single, "Juvenile Technique", in 1993. Bigg Jus joined the group and in 1995 the trio released their debut EP, Funcrusher. It sold well for an independently released record, with more than 30,000 copies sold despite only being available on vinyl. Subject to a major-label bidding war after the success of the EP, Company Flow waited until it could get a contract on its own terms. The group eventually signed with Rawkus Records, and released its debut full-length album, Funcrusher Plus (1997).

After an instrumental album titled Little Johnny From the Hospitul: Breaks & Instrumentals Vol.1 (1999), also on Rawkus, disagreements between El-P and the label led to Company Flow leaving Rawkus. El-P decided to start his own record label, Definitive Jux (known informally as Def Jux, and extra-formally as Definitive Juxtapositions), and because of critically acclaimed albums such as Cannibal Ox's The Cold Vein (produced by El-P) and Aesop Rock's Labor Days, the label rose to prominence.

Company Flow dissolved amicably in 2001 and the following year El-P released his debut solo album Fantastic Damage, to critical acclaim. In 2004, El-P collaborated with the Blue Series Continuum for a jazz-fusion album titled High Water, which received favorable reviews from both hip hop and jazz critics, as well as from more mainstream critics independent of both scenes. 2005 saw the release of Collecting the Kid, an odds-and-ends assortment including work from High Water and Bomb the System, in addition to several songs of unknown provenance. El-P's second proper studio album, I'll Sleep When You're Dead, was released on March 20, 2007. It generally received very favorable reviews and became El-P's most commercially successful album as a solo artist to date, peaking at No. 78 on the U.S. Billboard 200. In an interview about I'll Sleep When You're Dead, he identifies himself as an atheist.

In October 2009, El-P announced that he was working on his third studio album, titled Cancer 4 Cure. El-P was a part of a group called Central Services, which consisted of El-P, Camu Tao, and Allysin Baker. In the fall of 2010, the EP Forever Frozen in Television Time, was released exclusively on the Def Jux digital download service. In August 2011, it was announced that El-P signed with Fat Possum Records, which would release Cancer 4 Cure. Later that month, El-P released a single off the upcoming album, via the Adult Swim Singles program, titled "Drones Over BKLYN". On February 22, 2012, El-P announced on his Facebook page that Cancer 4 Cure was complete. The album was released to music retailers on May 22.

Run the Jewels
Run the Jewels, a collaboration of El-P with Atlanta-based rapper Killer Mike, was formed in 2013. The two rappers were introduced to each other by Adult Swim executive Jason DeMarco in 2011. The meeting led to several collaborations, including Killer Mike being featured on the song "Tougher Colder Killer" from Cancer 4 Cure while El-P produced the entirety of Killer Mike's sixth album R.A.P. Music. When R.A.P. Music and Cancer 4 Cure were released within weeks of each other, a joint tour was planned. The success of the tour eventually led to the formation of Run the Jewels. The duo released their self-titled debut album on June 26, 2013. They released Run the Jewels 2 on October 28, 2014. Run the Jewels 3 was released on December 24, 2016, three weeks prior to the previously announced release date of January 13, 2017. A fourth album, RTJ4 was released on June 3, 2020. All of their albums to date have been released for free.

Production and featured appearances
El-P has contributed productions and guest rhymes to albums by Aesop Rock, Evil Nine, DJ Krush, Murs, Cage, Mr. Lif, Prefuse 73, Del tha Funkee Homosapien, Mike Ladd, The High and Mighty, Jedi Mind Tricks, Aceyalone, Atmosphere, Techno Animal, and Das Racist. He collaborated with Alec Empire on the first Handsome Boy Modeling School album and with Cage and Chino Moreno on the second. He was selected, along with DJ Shadow and Trent Reznor, to work on Rage Against the Machine frontman Zack de la Rocha's solo album (which never materialized). He has provided remixes for the likes of Beans (of Anti-Pop Consortium), Beck, Blackalicious, Head Automatica, Hot Hot Heat, Dizzee Rascal, Syd Matters, Nine Inch Nails, Push Button Objects, Rob Sonic, TV on the Radio, Lorde, and Yasushilde, among others. El-P provided the soundtrack for the graffiti film Bomb the System.

Film scoring
El-P was the principal composer for the 2005 film Bomb the System. His track "Another Body" was made for Josh Trank's 2015 superhero film Fantastic Four and featured in the film's end credits. He called the track "an homage to one of my biggest influences Philip Glass". El-P was one of the candidates to score a trailer for 2017's Blade Runner 2049, but his score was "rejected or ignored". He later worked again with Trank and created the score for the 2020 biopic Capone.

Style
El-P's rapping style is characterized by dense, aggressive, and verbose attacks that include heavy use of metaphors, sci-fi fantasy themes, pop culture references, and associative wordplay. His lyrics often feature themes found in the works of sci-fi author Philip K. Dick, such as paranoia and questions about the nature of reality. Reviewing his 2002 album Fantastic Damage, critic Steve Huey described El-P as "one of the most technically gifted MCs of his time, spitting out near-impossible phrases and rhythmic variations that simply leave the listener's head spinning".

El-P's 2004 album High Water was a radical departure, pitting his beats and production against a jazz band under the direction of pianist Matthew Shipp, a fan of El-P's music. In a 2003 interview with Shipp for Bomb magazine, El-P stated, "First and foremost, I wanted to [make a different album] because it scared the shit out of me. And when I get offered the chance to be involved with something that scares me, I usually do it, because I'm trying to learn, I'm trying to understand music as much as I can, to become a better musician in general and work in different capacities."

Personal life
El-P began dating comedian and musician Emily Panic in 2010, and they married in October 2018. Panic was featured on Killer Mike's 2012 album R.A.P. Music, which El-P produced.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Fantastic Damage (2002)
 * High Water (2004)
 * I'll Sleep When You're Dead (2007)
 * Cancer 4 Cure (2012)

title: El-P


text:
User talk:Jheise

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Years in science
Your additions to the years in science pages are quite appreciated, but you might want to reconsider where you're putting detailed information. The years in science pages are intended to provide a brief overview of scientific discoveries. Detailed explanations and source citations should go on a linked-to page. -- Cyrius|&#9998 18:47, Apr 21, 2004 (UTC)

John Michell
Hi Jheise. I noticed that the text you added to John Mitchell appears to be copied verbatim from. As you know Wikipedia is very careful about copyright problems. Unless there is a notice on the page which allows copying under the GFDL, or permission is obtained in some other way from the copyright holder, the text can't be included in Wikipedia. For what it's worth, Wile E. Heresiarch 13:55, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

reply: you are right. I reduced the text to the part that motivated me to include him in Wikipedia.

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 * Similarly Image:Path in polarcoordinates.png also needs a copyright tag. Can you give some pointers to the source of that image too? Also see the above message regarding the copyright of Image:Oscillating line.jpg. Thanks! -- Paddu 19:26, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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World Line Velocity Reference
Hello Jheise,

I am writing this message in regards to the "Trivial examples of spacetime curves" chart located in the World Line section which shows three different world lines traveling at different constant speeds.

I'm doing some research on world lines and was curious on where you found this chart? Do you know of any other good information regarding the velocity or speed of world lines?

Thanks, --Ecb0038 23:20, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jheise


text:
User talk:Ruakh

Archives of old discussions
There are archives of old discussions at User talk:Ruakh/Archive 1 and User talk:Ruakh/Archive 2. They're not complete; when I was a new Wikipedian I sometimes deleted old discussions (which you're not supposed to do, but I didn't know that at the time), and sometimes discussions have gotten moved back and forth between this page and another user's talk-page and ended up there (or, confusingly, partly here and partly there). If there's something specific you're looking for, you might need to check this page's history.

If you'd like to revive an old discussion, please do so on this page, not at the archive; either move or copy the existing discussion from the archive, or start a fresh discussion here on the same topic.

Ruakh 22:12, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * And now also User talk:Ruakh/Archive 3. —Ruakh 16:50, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

"Narrowing" listed at Redirects for discussion
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 * Thanks for the note! I agree, a disambiguation page would make sense. (I've now commented accordingly.) —Ruakh 16:47, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

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Scipio Nasica

Scipio Nasica was the name of several members of the Scipiones, a branch of the patrician Roman gens Cornelia. Metellus Scipio was born into this family, but was later adopted out to the gens Caecilia. He still retained his former name by combining it with that of his adoptive father.

This name may refer to:

 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 191 BC) (b. 227 BC), son of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus.
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum (d. 141 BC), son of the above, consul in 162 and 155 BC, pontifex maximus in 150 BC, and princeps senatus in 147 BC.
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, son of the above, pontifex maximus in 141 BC and consul in 138 BC. The murderer of Tiberius Gracchus.
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 111 BC), son of the above. Some sources mistakenly call him Serapio like his father.
 * Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (d. 46 BC), grandson of the above, consul in 52 BC, adopted by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius.

title: Scipio Nasica


text:
Treaty of Sèvres

The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire. It was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.

The treaty was signed on 10 August 1920 in an exhibition room at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres porcelain factory in Sèvres, France.

The Treaty of Sèvres marked the beginning of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty's stipulations included the renunciation of most territory not inhabited by Turkish people and their cession to the Allied administration.

The ceding of Eastern Mediterranean lands saw the introduction of novel polities, including the British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.

The terms stirred hostility and Turkish nationalism. The treaty's signatories were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly, led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, which ignited the Turkish War of Independence. Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in the Chanak Crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October, leading the former Allies of World War I to return to the negotiating table with the Turks in November 1922. The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, ended the conflict and saw the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Parties
George Dixon Grahame signed for the United Kingdom, Alexandre Millerand for France and Count Lelio Longare for Italy. One Allied power, Greece, did not accept the borders as drawn, mainly because of the political change after the 1920 Greek legislative election and so never ratified the treaty. There were three signatories for the Ottoman Empire:

 * 1) Ex-Ambassador Hadi Pasha,
 * 2) Ex-Minister of Education Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı,
 * 3) Second secretary of the Ottoman embassy in Bern, Reşat Halis.

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was not a party to the treaty because it had negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Ottoman Empire in 1918.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed with the German Empire before the Treaty of Sèvres and annulled German concessions in the Ottoman sphere, including economic rights and enterprises.

Also, France, Britain, and Italy signed a Tripartite Agreement on the same date. It confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a tripartite corporation.

The United States, having refused in the Senate to assume a League of Nations mandate over Armenia, decided not to participate in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The US wanted a permanent peace as quickly as possible, with financial compensation for its military expenditure. However, after the Senate rejected the Armenian mandate, the only US hope was its inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos.

Provisions
thumb|upright=1.4|Original map from 1920 illustrating the Treaty of Sèvres region (not depicting the zones of influence) The treaty imposed a number of territorial losses on Turkey and had a number of provisions that applied to the territory recognised as belonging to Turkey.

Financial restrictions
The Allies were to control the Ottoman Empire's finances, such as approving and supervising the national budget, implementing financial laws and regulations and totally controlling the Ottoman Bank. The Ottoman Public Debt Administration, instituted in 1881, was redesigned to include only British, French, and Italian bondholders. The Ottoman debt problem had dated back to the time of the Crimean War (1854–1856) during which the Ottoman Empire had borrowed money from abroad, mainly from France. Also the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, which had been abolished in 1914 by Talaat Pasha, were restored.

The empire was required to grant freedom of transit to people, goods, vessels etc. passing through its territory, and goods in transit were to be free of all customs duties. Future changes to the tax system, the customs system, internal and external loans, import and export duties and concessions would need the consent of the financial commission of the Allied Powers to be implemented. To forestall the economic repenetration of Germany, Austria, Hungary or Bulgaria, the treaty demanded the empire to liquidate the property of citizens of those countries living within its territories. The public liquidation was to be organized by the Reparations Commission. Property rights of the Baghdad Railway were to pass from German control.

Military restrictions
The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men, and the Ottoman Navy could maintain only seven sloops and six torpedo boats. The Ottoman Empire was prohibited from creating an air force. The treaty included an interallied commission of control and organisation to supervise the execution of the military clauses.

International trials
The treaty required determination of those responsible for the Armenian genocide. Article 230 of the Treaty of Sèvres required the Ottoman Empire to "hand over to the Allied Powers the persons whose surrender may be required by the latter as being responsible for the massacres committed during the continuance of the state of war on territory which formed part of the Ottoman Empire on August 1, 1914". However, the inter-allied tribunal attempt to prosecute war criminals as demanded by the Treaty of Sèvres was eventually suspended, and the men who orchestrated the genocide escaped prosecution and traveled relatively freely throughout Europe and Central Asia.

France
Within the territory retained by Turkey under the treaty, France received Syria and neighbouring parts of southeastern Anatolia, including Antep, Urfa and Mardin. Cilicia, including Adana, Diyarbakır and large portions of east-central Anatolia all the way north to Sivas and Tokat, were declared a zone of French influence.

Greece

The Greek government administered the occupation of Smyrna from 21 May 1919. A protectorate was established on 30 July 1922. The treaty transferred "the exercise of her rights of sovereignty to a local parliament" but left the region within the Ottoman Empire. The treaty had Smyrna to be administered by a local parliament, with a plebiscite overseen by the League of Nations after five years to decide if Smyrna's citizens wished to join Greece or to remain in the Ottoman Empire. The treaty accepted Greek administration of the Smyrna enclave, but the area remained under Turkish sovereignty. To protect the Christian population from attacks by the Turkish irregulars, the Greek army expanded its jurisdiction also to nearby cities creating the so-called "Smyrna Zone".

Italy
Italy was formally given possession of the Dodecanese Islands, which had been under Italian occupation since the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 despite the Treaty of Ouchy according to which Italy should have returned the islands to the Ottoman Empire. Large portions of southern and west-central Anatolia, including the port city of Antalya and the historic Seljuk capital of Konya, were declared to be an Italian zone of influence. Antalya Province had been promised by the Triple Entente to Italy in the Treaty of London, and the Italian colonial authorities wished the zone to become an Italian colony under the name of Lycia.

Zone of the Straits

A Zone of the Straits was proposed to include the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara. Navigation would be open in the Dardanelles in times of peace and war alike to all vessels of commerce and war, regardless of flag. That would effectively lead to the internationalisation of the waters, which were not to be subject to blockade, and no act of war could be committed there except to enforce decisions of the League of Nations.

Free zones
Certain ports were to be declared to be of international importance. The League of Nations insisted on the complete freedom and the absolute equality in treatment at such ports, particularly regarding charges and facilities, to ensure that economic provisions in commercially-strategic places were carried out. The regions were to be called "free zones". The ports were Constantinople from San Stefano to Dolmabahçe, Haidar-Pasha, Smyrna, Alexandretta, Haifa, Basra, Trabzon and Batum.

Thrace
Eastern Thrace (up to the Chatalja line), the islands of Imbros and Tenedos and the islands of the Sea of Marmara were ceded to Greece. The waters surrounding the islands were declared international territory and left to the administration of the "Zone of the Straits".

Kurdistan
The Kurdistan region, including Mosul Province, was scheduled to have a referendum to decide its fate.

There was no general agreement among Kurds on what the borders of Kurdistan should be because of the disparity between the areas of Kurdish settlement and the political and administrative boundaries of the region. The outlines of Kurdistan as an entity had been proposed in 1919 by Şerif Pasha, who represented the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti) at the Paris Peace Conference. He defined the region's boundaries as follows:

"The frontiers of Turkish Kurdistan, from an ethnographical point of view, begin in the north at Ziven, on the Caucasian frontier, and continue westwards to Erzurum, Erzincan, Kemah, Arapgir, Besni and Divick (Divrik?); in the south they follow the line from Harran, Sinjar Mountains, Tel Asfar, Erbil, Süleymaniye, Akk-el-man, Sinne; in the east, Ravandiz, Başkale, Vezirkale, that is to say the frontier of Persia as far as Mount Ararat."

That caused controversy among other Kurdish nationalists, as it excluded the Van Region (possibly as a sop to Armenian claims to that region). Emin Ali Bedir Khan proposed an alternative map that included Van and an outlet to the sea via what is now Turkey's Hatay Province. Amid a joint declaration by Kurdish and Armenian delegations, Kurdish claims concerning Erzurum vilayet and Sassoun (Sason) were dropped, but arguments for sovereignty over Ağrı and Muş remained.

Neither proposal was endorsed by the treaty of Sèvres, which outlined a truncated Kurdistan on what is now Turkish territory (leaving out the Kurds of Iran, British-controlled Iraq and French-controlled Syria). The current Iraqi–Turkish border was agreed upon in July 1926.

Article 63 explicitly granted the full safeguard and protection to the Assyro-Chaldean minority, but that provision was dropped in the Treaty of Lausanne.

Armenia

Armenia was recognised as a "free and independent" state in Section VI "Armenia", Articles 88-93. By Article 89, "Turkey and Armenia, as well as the other High Contracting Parties agree to submit to the arbitration of the President of the United States of America the question of the frontier to be fixed between Turkey and Armenia in the vilayets of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van and Bitlis, and to accept his decision thereupon, as well as any stipulations he may prescribe as to access for Armenia to the sea, and as to the demilitarisation of any portion of Turkish territory adjacent to the said frontier".

The treaty specified that the frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan and Georgia were to be determined by direct negotiation between those states, with the Principle Allied Powers making the decision if those states fail to agree.

British Mandate for Iraq
The details in the treaty regarding the British Mandate for Iraq were completed on 25 April 1920 at the San Remo Conference. The oil concession in the region was given to the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which had held concessionary rights to Mosul Province. British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over the new oil concession. The League of Nations voted on the disposition of Mosul, and the Iraqis feared that without British support, Iraq would lose the area. In March 1925, the TPC was renamed the "Iraq Petroleum Company" (IPC) and granted a full and complete concession for 75 years.

British Mandate for Palestine
The three principles of the British Balfour Declaration regarding Palestine were adopted in the Treaty of Sèvres:

 * Article 95: The High Contracting Parties agree to entrust, by application of the provisions of Article 22, the administration of Palestine, within such boundaries as may be determined by the Principal Allied Powers, to a Mandatory to be selected by the said Powers. The Mandatory will be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on 2 November 1917 by the British Government, and adopted by the other Allied Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
The French Mandate was settled at the San Remo Conference: it comprised the region between the basin of the Euphrates River and the Syrian Desert on the east and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and extended from the Nur Mountains in the north to Egypt in the south. This represented an area of about 60000 sqmi with a population of about 3,000,000, including Lebanon and an enlarged Syria, both of which were later reassigned under a League of Nations Mandate. The region was divided under the French into five governments as follows: Aleppo, from the Euphrates region to the Mediterranean, which included the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (modern-day Hatay); Damascus, including Damascus, Hama, Homs and the Hauran; Greater Lebanon, extending from Tripoli to Palestine; the Alawite State, comprising the coast between the Sanjak of Alexandretta and Greater Lebanon, and the Jabal Druze State, around the city of As-Suwayda. Faisal ibn Husayn, who had been proclaimed king of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by the French in July the same year. The next year, he became king of Iraq.

Kingdom of Hejaz
The Kingdom of Hejaz, on the Arabian Peninsula, was granted international recognition and had an estimated area of 100000 sqmi and a population of about 750,000. The main cities were the Holy Places of Makka, with a population of 80,000, and Medina, with a population of 40,000. Under the Ottomans, it had been the vilayet of Hejaz, but during the war, it became an independent kingdom under British influence.

Abandonment
The Treaty of Sèvres imposed terms on the Ottoman Empire that were far more severe than those imposed on the German Empire by the Treaty of Versailles. France, Italy and Britain had secretly begun planning the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. The open negotiations covered a period of more than 15 months, started at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, continued at the Conference of London of February 1920 and took definite shape only after the San Remo Conference in April 1920. The delay occurred because the powers could not come to an agreement, which, in turn, hinged on the outcome of the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified, and after the Turkish War of Independence, most of the Treaty of Sèvres's signatories signed and ratified the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and 1924.

While the Treaty of Sèvres was still under discussion, the Turkish national movement under Mustafa Kemal Pasha split with the monarchy, based in Constantinople, and set up a Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara in April 1920. He demanded for the Turks to fight against the Greeks, who were trying to take the land that had been held by the Ottoman Empire and given to Greece in the treaty. That started the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), which resulted in a Turkish victory.

On 18 October, the government of Damat Ferid Pasha was replaced by a provisional one under Ahmed Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier, who announced an intention to convene the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Sèvres if national unity was achieved. That required seeking the co-operation of Mustafa Kemal, who expressed disdain for the treaty and started a military assault. As a result, the Turkish government issued a note to the Entente that the ratification of the treaty was impossible at the time.

Eventually, Mustafa Kemal succeeded in his War of Independence and forced most of the former wartime Allies to return to the negotiating table.

Aside from Mustafa Kemal's armed opposition to the treaty in Anatolia, Arabs in Syria were unwilling to accept French rule, the Turks around Mosul attacked the British, and Arabs were up in arms against British rule in Baghdad. There was also disorder in Egypt.

Subsequent treaties
During the Turkish War of Independence, the Turkish Army successfully fought Greek, Armenian and French forces and secured the independence of a territory similar to that of present-day Turkey, as was aimed at by the Misak-ı Milli.

The Turkish national movement developed its own international relations with the Treaty of Moscow with Soviet Russia on 16 March 1921, the Accord of Ankara with France putting an end to the Franco-Turkish War, the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Armenians and the Treaty of Kars to fix the eastern borders.

Hostilities with Britain over the neutral zone of the Straits were narrowly avoided in the Chanak Crisis of September 1922, when the Armistice of Mudanya was concluded on 11 October, leading the former Allies of World War I to return to the negotiating table with the Turks in November 1922. That culminated in 1923 in the Treaty of Lausanne, which replaced the Treaty of Sèvres and restored a large territory in Anatolia and Thrace to the Turks. Under the Treaty of Lausanne, France and Italy had only areas of economic interaction, rather than zones of influence. Constantinople was not made an international city, and a demilitarised zone between Turkey and Bulgaria was established.

title: Treaty of Sèvres


text:
Democratic Constitutional Rally

The Democratic Constitutional Rally or Democratic Constitutional Assembly (التجمع الدستوري الديمقراطي et-Tajammu‘ ed-Dustūrī ed-Dīmuqrāṭī, Rassemblement Constitutionnel Démocratique, sometimes also called Constitutional Democratic Rally in English), also referred to by its French initials RCD, formerly called Neo Destour then Socialist Destourian Party, was the ruling party in Tunisia from independence in 1956 until it was overthrown and dissolved in the Tunisian revolution in 2011.

History and profile
In 1920, Tunisian nationalists formed the Destour (Constitutional) Party in opposition to French rule. As the party developed, a schism occurred within the party, leading to the founding of the Neo Destour Party in 1934 by Habib Bourguiba and several younger members of the old Destour. Under his leadership, the Neo Destour Party successfully garnered independence from France in 1956. As it was, for all intents and purposes, the only well-organized party in the country, it swept the Constituent Assembly elections held later that year. A year later, Tunisia was declared a republic with Bourguiba as first president.

In 1963, the Neo Destour was formally declared the only legally permitted party in Tunisia, though for all intents and purposes, party and state had been one since independence. In 1964, the Neo Destour Party became the Destourian Socialist Party (PSD).

Opposition parties were legalized once again in 1981. From then on, the PSD faced opposition from Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Tendency Movement, the Tunisian Communist Party, the Movement for Popular Unity and student groups. Although its influence was slightly weakened, the RCD still effectively ruled Tunisia as a one-party state; it continued to sweep all elections to the legislature until 1994.

On 7 November 1987, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, who had been named Prime Minister only a month earlier, became president after Bourguiba was declared medically unfit for office. The following year, President Ben Ali instituted economic reforms increasing economic privatization and renamed the party the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD). Ben Ali did not face an opponent for reelection until 1999, but even then was reelected by implausibly high margins. While opposition parties finally managed to enter the legislature for the first time in 1994, they never won more than 24 percent of the seats, and there was little meaningful opposition to presidential decisions. For all intents and purposes, the RCD continued to hold complete political control over the country.

In the 2009 general election, the last held before the revolution, the RCD won 161 of 214 seats with the remaining 53 seats going to minority parties. Ben Ali was elected to a fifth full term with 89.6 percent of the vote. These elections, like virtually all others in the country since independence, were widely seen as fraudulent. The outcry over the elections proved to be a major cause of the revolution which forced Ben Ali to resign and flee into exile.

In response to the RCD's attempt to suppress the protests, the Socialist International expelled the RCD on 17 January 2011—three days after Ben Ali fled the country. In order to placate protesters and designated coalition participants, the incumbent president and prime minister resigned from their memberships in the RCD on 18 January and all remaining RCD-aligned ministers resigned their party memberships on 20 January, the effect of which left the RCD with only a parliamentary majority. On 27 January, Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi carried out a major reshuffle, removing all former RCD members other than himself from the government.

The interior ministry suspended the party's operations on 6 February, a little less than a month after Ben Ali fled into exile. On 9 March, the party was dissolved by the Tunisian courts.

Leaders

 * Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1988–2011)
 * Mohamed Ghannouchi (2011)

Congresses

 * 29–31 July 1993
 * 29–31 July 1998
 * 30 August – 2 September 1998
 * 28–31 July 2003

title: Democratic Constitutional Rally


text:
User talk:Asoane

Hello, Andrew! Welcome to the Wikipedia.

The easiest way to include your signature after your contributions at talk pages is to write ~ (that is, 4 "tildes"), which gets transformed into your username and the UTC time of your edit.

BTW, it is common here to add comments at the end of the talk page, though this may seem strange at the beginning, it is the natural way to read them in our languages (discussions tend to have long threads and it is easier to get acquainted with them if one reads them top-to-bottom).

Thans for your help. Pfortuny 19:22, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I saw your comments in the Talk page of the Opus Dei article and you were once active in editing it. Can you please give me any feedback on the present state of article. Thanks. Rabadur 14:15, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Hello Rabadur, and sorry about the delay. I worked on the article for a while but was eventually put off by the polemics. Perhaps the ground rules currently being laid down for both parties will lead to a better outcome for the present article. Asoane 10:24, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Asoane! I have just seen your comments in my message board. The question you ask is key: "Opus Dei was over-represented" (me) versus "members of Opus Dei were over-represented" (you). I agree that the most correct is the second one. None the less, as far as each individual member was not representing himself, the correct sentence would be something like "membership of the Opus Dei was overrepresented in the government", although it is an odd sentence.

However, and I think this is important also, an organisation is made by its members. And this is specially important when there are few members and when its organisation tries to be "reserved". I accept that an organization is something different and, in some way, more than the sum of its individual members. That's why I can accept that Opus Dei, as an organisation, did not explicitly supported Francoism when some of its members entered the cabinet in the late 1950s. But I cannot accept that those unlikely coincidences (the proportion among the members of the cabinet, first, the proportion among the higher staff and proprietors of Spanish banks, secondly, the proportion of journalists and journal owners, thirdly, and the proportion of middle-upper and upper classes in their firsm members, finally) does not mean purpose. And thus, I underline these "coincidences", first. And I analyse the kind of people was recruited in the very firs years of Opus Dei (around the Civil War), and why. Aand, as far as we cannot resolve if most of historians lie (or are wrong), I prefer to believe the history those eminent historians told, first, and to rely on reliable knowledge such as statistics, secondly.

And, if you don't mind, I prefer to make these discussions publicly. --Uncertain 13:13, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asoane


text:
Talk:Adolfo Suárez

Untitled
I am little uncertain here. Should the political parties first be stated with the original spanish name, then the english name in parenthesis? That's what I have done now. Please tell me if it's wrong....

Family
A lot of the info about his family (and their problems) did not seem relevant to him, so I have made it more concise. --Holdspa

What is relevant and what isn't?
Holspa,

It is very common to use personal and family information profusely, above all in biographies written in England and the United States. You should not delete informatión based on such subjective criteria.

Have a look at, for example, articles on any Kennedy familiy member.

Please use deletion with caution. It easily turns into censorshiop.

--Savedor 19:22, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Original First
In response to the first message, the convetion is that the original name comes first and then the translation in parenthesis.

--Savedor 19:31, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Chosen by Aznar?
The article says that "Son Adolfo Suárez Illana was chosen by José María Aznar as the People's Party (PP) candidate for the post of president of the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha". The current wording implies that it was a personal decision of Aznar what would mean, for example, that the People's party in Castilla la Mancha had no opportunity to express its opinion or that nobody else was in favor of him. I believe this line needs urgently a source or a change in its wording. MJGR 10:27, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Reverted vandalism in the name "Don Adolfo Suárez y tontazález apesta" is like say "D. Adolfo suarez and dummy smelly" the real name is "Adolfo Suárez González" --88.9.30.157 (talk) 02:03, 19 January 2009 (UTC) I'm spanish wikipedista my username is [Wing Leader]

About spanish naming conventions.
I'd like to point out, that even though I do not know exactly if this is true for every person in this article, the accumulation of "y"s between surnames seems strange to me. Even if the name should have it in the spanish name registry, it is usually never used. I would then ask if someone should know if any of those people actually went by those names, "y" included or not. For instance I know for certain that José_Bono_Martínez does not. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.0.117.27 (talk) 18:16, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Proposal to rename the page "Adolfo Suarez Gonzales"
In all the news reports I ever read about Prime Minister Suarez, I never once saw him referred to as the "1st Duke of Suarez". Wikipedia has lots of articles about nobility, but Suarez is most notable for having become Prime Minister in the process of a democratic election. While the "Duke of Suarez" thing can be fine as a redirect, he really needs to be set apart from the zillions of articles about people whose notability was, literally, inherited. Mandsford (talk) 20:39, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree. He's notable as Prime Minister of Spain, and he was given a title afterward, and he never did any substantive governing as a Duke to my knowledge. SnowFire (talk) 00:29, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

Legal image added
Legal image added. See wikicommons (spanish): http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Adolfo_Suarez.JPG —Preceding unsigned comment added by Infinauta (talk • contribs) 02:02, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Adolfo Suárez. Favonian (talk) 11:57, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Adolfo Suárez, 1st Duke of Suárez → Adolfo Suárez – With the current title and lede, a reader would assume that a noble, someone in the old guard with connections, was the first Prime Minister of Spain. That isn't true at all; Suárez was a lawyer & normal politician. The King gave Suárez his title *after* he left office, presumably as a royal stamp of approval on the fragile young democracy. A decent move, but it is a largely meaningless title, it involves no realms to govern, nobody else has ever held the position of Duke of Suárez before, etc. He is basically never referred to as Duke; if referred to with a title it should be "Prime Minister" 99.9% of the time as that was the *important* title he held. The Spanish Wikipedia page is at es:Adolfo Suárez, and Googling shows 14,500 hits for "Duque de Suárez" and 386,000 results for "Adolfo Suárez." See also the similar requested move at Talk:Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, 1st Marquis of the Ría de Ribadeo, Suárez's successor. SnowFire (talk) 01:04, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Support as there is noone else named so and with equal importance to distinguish from. Suédoise (talk) 07:19, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Britannica, Columbia and A Dictionary of Contemporary World History call him "Adolfo Suárez González." None of these sources considered his dukedom to be something worth mentioning. Duke of Kauffner 13:45, 27 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support: per nom and Kauffner's references --RJFF (talk) 11:34, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. ``` t o l l ` b o o t h ` w i l l i e `` $1.25 PLEASE ``` 21:04, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Born and died
he born in Cebreros (Ávila) and he died in Madrid — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.44.14.154 (talk) 15:41, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

Copyright cleanup
Content added by has been removed from this article for copyright reasons. In spite of warning, the individual using this IP has persisted in copying content from copyrighted sources without compatible licensing to Wikipedia. Please do not restore any removed text without first ensuring that the text does not duplicate, closely paraphrase or plagiarize from a previously published source, whether the one cited or another (issues have been detected from other sources than those named). Based on the editing pattern of this person, we cannot make the assumption that the content is usable. You are welcome to use sourced facts that may have been removed to create new content in your own words or to incorporate brief quotations of copyrighted material in accordance with the non-free content policy and guideline. See Copy-paste and Contributor copyright investigations/67.184.212.160. Thank you. --💵Money💵emoji💵💸 02:33, 18 July 2019 (UTC)

Most Excellent
It is ridiculous and wrong to add to certain Spanish biographies “Most Excellent” over the picture. It is wrong because in the. Est case it should be “His Excellency”, which is the equivalent to “Excelentísimo señor”. It is ridiculous because in Spain such treatment is strictly restricted to obituaries, diplomas, and very particular official documents. Baduell (talk) 13:32, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adolfo Suárez


text:
Arnoldo Alemán

José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo (born 23 January 1946 ) is a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 81st president of Nicaragua from 10 January 1997 to 10 January 2002. In 2003, he was convicted of corruption and sentenced to a 20-year prison term; the conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Nicaragua in 2009.

Early life
Alemán was born in Managua and received his early education at the La Salle institute in Managua. His father was a prominent lawyer who was an associate of the 1970s Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and served as Somoza's minister of education for a period, and the family owned a large coffee plantation south of Managua.

In 1967 he graduated with a law degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León with specializations in regional economic integration and financial law. Between 1968 and 1979, he worked as a lawyer in the commercial and banking world. He became an official in the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. In 1980 he was arrested by the Sandinista junta, had some of his property seized and spent nine months in prison. The period of his arrest coincided with the death of his father. This kept him from attending his father's funeral. After he was released from prison, he spent some time in the United States.

Upon his return to Nicaragua, Alemán became heavily involved in business, political, and academic activities. He was a member of the Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP, 1988–1990), vice-president of the Unión de Productores Agropecuarios de Nicaragua (UPANIC, 1986–1990). He was president of the Asociación de Cafetaleros de Managua (1983–1990); the Unión de Cafetaleros de Nicaragua (UNCAFENIC, 1986–1990); the Federación de Municipios de América Central (1992–1993) and of the Federación Municipal de Ciudades de Centroamérica (1993–1995). He also imparted conferences at Tulane University and at Florida International University in the United States.

Political career
In the early 1990s he became mayor of Managua after serving for two months as a councillor in Managua. He was popular due to his urban renewal projects which helped spruce up the city, severely damaged and never rebuilt after a 1972 earthquake. He became known as "El Gordo" ("The Fat Man").

Alemán became president of the Liberal Alliance and helped to resurrect it. Besides the PLC, other members of this alliance were the Partidos Neoliberal (PALI), Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional (PLIUN) and the Liberal Nacionalista (PLN). On 1 September 1995 he resigned as mayor in order to be able, under Nicaraguan law, to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming presidential election.

In 1996 he campaigned for president as the Liberal Alliance's candidate under a strong anti-Sandinista platform. It is reported that unidentified individuals attempted to shoot Alemán, killing one of his bodyguards in the process. He defeated Daniel Ortega, the Sandinista leader, by 48% of the vote to Ortega's 40%. Many claimed widespread election fraud and Ortega refused to concede.

Alemán was successful in promoting economic recovery with reduced inflation and growth of GDP. Foreign investment grew during his administration, which helped to improve Nicaragua's infrastructure. Under his slogan of "Obras, no palabras!" ("Actions, not words"), Alemán directed a comprehensive reconstruction of the roadway system throughout Nicaragua. In the 1980s roads had deteriorated to the point that many were little more than sparsely paved dirt trails. Alemán also created a program to build schools throughout Nicaragua in some of the poorest regions.

He has participated in international conferences and awards given to him include the Orden Nacional al Mérito of the Colombian government and the Orden de Isabel la Católica of the Spanish government.

His first wife, Maria Dolores Cardenal Vargas died of cancer in 1989. Alemán has two sons and two daughters by his first wife. On 23 October 1999, ten years after the death of his first wife, he married Maria Fernanda Flores Lanzas, with whom he has two daughters and a son.

Elections for mayor of Managua 1990
Managua mayor elected by acclamation of the Managua City Council 26 April 1990.

Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo, a lawyer by profession, was one of the 20 councilors of the National Opposition Union (UNO), elected for a term of six years in general elections and municipals of 25 February 1990, these 20 councilors, 16 belonged for the UNO, and the other 4 the Sandinista National Liberation Front. Subsequently, at its first session, the city council chose from among its members the mayor of Managua in the person of Dr. Arnoldo Aleman Lacayo and mayor substitute functions of vice mayor, in the person of Roberto Cedeño Borgen engineer.

Corruption charges and conviction
Alemán, constitutionally barred from another term, was succeeded by his vice president, Enrique Bolaños. Allegations emerged that Alemán had concealed massive corruption in his administration. At the end of his presidency, public information about alleged corruption committed under his government became available.

Bolaños accused Alemán of widespread corruption in the Alemán administration. The scheme was reported to have involved several members of Arnoldo Alemán's closest family, including a brother and sister. Ex–ministers and close friends were also charged, some of whom fled the country. However, one of the central figures in the corruption plot, the former chief of the Department of Taxes Byron Jeréz, was imprisoned "on the basis of another charge of corruption. All in all, fourteen persons were charged." Several foreign governments froze Alemán's bank accounts in their countries and threatened to confiscate the funds. In such cases, his defense has been to claim that the funds were not stolen, but that they came from his coffee plantations.

Alemán was formally charged in December 2002, and on 7 December 2003 he was sentenced to a 20-year prison term for a string of crimes including money laundering, embezzlement and corruption. During his trial, prosecutors produced evidence showing that he and his wife had made extremely large charges to government credit cards, "including a $13,755 bill for the Ritz Carlton hotel in Bali and $68,506 for hotel expenses and handicrafts in India." In addition prosecutors allege that on top of the $30,878 he spent at the Taj Mahal Hotel in India during a vacation, in Cairo in 1999, he charged $22,530 at a carpet shop, and in August that year, charged $3,867 at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida, for his engagement party. He also used $25,955 for a honeymoon trip to Italy after his wedding. All of these expenses, along with others, have contributed to the growing concerns about the political corruption scandals in Nicaragua, a nation where the average citizen earns about $430 a year. Because of health problems, he had been serving his prison term under house arrest. He was also barred from entering the United States. In 2004, Transparency International named him the ninth most corrupt leader in recent history, estimating that he had looted the country of $100 million in state funds to Panamanian bank accounts controlled by him and his family and then funneled some of the money to his party's candidates affiliates.

Meanwhile, following his presidency, Alemán developed a strategic alliance with Daniel Ortega to rule without effective opposition by offering employment in public offices and other privileges to key members of the Sandinista party, in order to stabilize the country. There are those who claim that the main purpose of this agreement, which led to a constitutional reform, was to distribute the institutions of the state in proportion to the power managed by the two main political parties of the country.

On 16 January 2009, Nicaraguan Supreme Court justices and Chief Justice Manuel Martinez overturned the 20-year corruption sentence against former President Arnoldo Alemán. The decision generated some controversy: "stunned opposition lawmakers immediately suspected a secret deal between Mr. Alemán, ranked one of the world's 10 most corrupt leaders ever by Transparency International, and Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua and leader of the Sandinista Party, who wields considerable influence and control over the courts. "He's handing over the National Assembly in exchange for his personal liberty", said Congressman Enrique Saenz. Mr. Alemán, who denies the allegation, said, "Justice has finally been served"."

The following president, Enrique Bolaños, who served under Aleman as his vice president, succeeded him in January, pledging to clean up the corruption in the nation's government, which put him at odds with his predecessor and his administration.

On 9 November 2020, the United States Department of State put Alemán on a list of corrupt foreign officials and also barred his family from entering the country.

title: Arnoldo Alemán


text:
Independence Party

Independence Party may refer to:

Outside United States

 * Independence Party (Egypt)
 * Estonian Independence Party
 * Independence Party (Finland)
 * Independence Party (Iceland)
 * Independence Party (Mauritius)
 * Independence Party (Morocco)
 * Puerto Rican Independence Party
 * UK Independence Party

United States

 * Alaskan Independence Party
 * United Independent Party, Massachusetts
 * Independence Party of Minnesota
 * Independence Party of New York

Former parties

 * Independence (Israeli political party)
 * Independence Party (Lithuania)
 * Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)
 * Independence Party (Mauritius)
 * Irish Independence Party, Northern Ireland
 * Korea Independence Party, South Korea
 * Independence Party (United States)
 * Independence Party of America, U.S.
 * Independence Party (Victoria)
 * Taiwan Independence Party
 * Swatantra Party (Independence Party), India (1959–1974)
 * Sikkim Swatantra Dal (Sikkim Independence Party), Sikkim, India (1958–1975)

title: Independence Party