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Shih Ming-teh

Shih Ming-teh (15 January 1941 – 15 January 2024), commonly known as Nori Shih, was a Taiwanese statesman and human rights defender. He was once a political prisoner for 25-and-a-half years.

Arrested at the age of 21 in 1962 and charged with creating the "Taiwan Independence League" (a study group) with the intention of overthrowing the Kuomintang government, Shih was sentenced to life imprisonment. The sentence was commuted to 15 years in 1975, and Shih was released on 16 June 1977.

Shih promptly joined the Tangwai (literally meaning "outside the party", because the Kuomintang was the only legally existing political party in Taiwan at that time), became a reporter for the Liberty Times and married the American researcher Linda Gail Arrigo. After he played a part in organizing the 10 December 1979 pro-democracy rally subsequently known as the Kaohsiung Incident (also known as the Formosa Incident or Meilitao Incident), an arrest warrant was issued charging Shih with treason, and following 26 days on the run he was again arrested and sentenced to life in prison. In 1984, while he was incarcerated, Polish politician and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Lech Wałęsa nominated him for the Peace Prize.

In July 1987, Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law and offered an amnesty to Shih, but he refused to accept. On 20 May 1990 he was finally released. In total, he spent 25 years in prison, 13 years in solitary confinement and over 4 years on hunger strike.

In 1993, he was elected leader of the legalized opposition Democratic Progressive Party. He was also elected legislator on three occasions. Shih proposed a political "grand reconciliation" in Taiwan. He resigned from the Democratic Progressive Party on 14 November 2000.

In 2006, Shih carried out a huge protest, known as Million Voices Against Corruption, President Chen Must Go, in an effort to force the embattled president Chen Shui-bian to resign. He led a round-the-clock sit-in in front of the Presidential Building and Taipei Railway Station in Taipei City, pledging to remain there until President Chen resigned, or he reached the end of his term in March 2008. On 5 December 2006, he left Taipei Railway Station pledging to continue the protest alone in "self-reclusion" at an apartment nearby. This protest ended April 2007.

Shih was one of the most prominent personalities of the Tangwai movement and greatly contributed to Taiwan's democratization. He has been referred to by some as "Taiwan's Mandela" on account of his efforts for democracy and prolonged incarceration.

Early life
Shih Ming-teh's father Shih Kuo-tsui was a well-known practitioner of Chinese medicine.

In February 1947, Shih Ming-teh witnessed at Kaohsiung Station that would later be known as the February 28 Incident. The student leaders of schools were charged as instigators and some were executed as riots broke out. Students seized weapons from the Harbor Garrison and exchanged fire with the guards.

Shih entered Kaohsiung's Chung-Cheng Senior High in 1957. In 1959, after failing to pass his college entrance exam, he signed up with the ROC Army, passing the admission exams for the artillery school. On occasion he vowed in public to overthrow the ROC government by force, through an armed coup d'état as an army officer. That same year, his girlfriend gave birth to a daughter when he was 19.

Shih briefly served as an artillery officer in Kinmen.

First imprisonment: 1962–1977
In 1962 Shih was arrested for alleged involvement in the "Formosa Independence Movement"; over 30 more accomplices, mostly army school and university students, were also arrested. Shih's two brothers, poet and painter Shih Ming-cheng and medical school student Shih Ming-hsiung were among them.

In 1964 Shih was sentenced to life imprisonment for orchestrating the independence movement. He was also stripped of his civil rights for life. Shih was roughed up and suffered the loss of his teeth and spinal damage at the age of 22.

The Kuomintang regime considered outspoken Shih as a highly dangerous political criminal and therefore prevented him from doing any forced labor that would put him in contact with the world outside prison. This gave him time to do research and study. Shih focused on philosophy, history, international law, linguistics and Japanese. He also developed a strong and resolute personality in prison.

In the 1970s, Taiwan's government suffered several blows to its international status. First, its seat at the United Nations was taken over by the People's Republic of China, then the United States established official ties with Beijing, severing those with Taipei. A rebellion in the Taiyuan prison, where many of the inmates were political prisoners, was planned. Access to the Taitung radio station and a publicly broadcast declaration of Taiwan's independence from China was one of their goals. Many pro-independence prisoners took part in the plot. On 8 February 1970 five prisoners murdered a guard and tried to take his gun. Ultimately the five inmates broke from prison, only to be caught soon after. The breakout plot was foiled. The Kuomintang believed Shih was one of the masterminds of the uprising and therefore kept him in isolation during his time in Taiyuan. To this day, the investigation documents are still kept confidential and the implication of Shih was disputed by Shih himself, who sued Lin Shu-chi for defamation.

In 1974, after 12 years of imprisonment, Shih's first wife Chen Li-chu asked for a divorce. She had had an affair with one of Shih's friends, who had been released before Shih. In 1975, when president Chiang Kai-shek died, his son Chiang Ching-kuo succeeded him as KMT Chairman. Under his rule, a leniency policy was implemented. On 16 June 1977, Shih was released after serving only 15 years of a life sentence.

Leader of the Kaohsiung Incident
During Chiang Ching-kuo's presidency, political opposition to the Kuomintang was suppressed. After Peter Huang's attempt to assassinate Chiang proved unsuccessful, the KMT became more aware of opposition. Shih Ming-teh created a "party without a name" amidst the absence of freedom of association in Taiwan at that time. In September 1978 Shih became active in the Tangwai movement. In May 1979 this group of non-Kuomintang activists established the Meilitao Magazine, of which Shih was named general manager. During this time, he adopted the English nickname "Nori", after the Japanese pronunciation of the second Chinese character in his given name, "Teh". For historical reasons, this nickname served as a shibboleth to enrage Waishengren people in Taiwan (mainlanders whose ancestors fought the Japanese), and endear him to the benshengren (less-recent Hokkien migrants disenfranchised by the Waishengren, and who have a more positive view of Japanese colonization). On 10 December 1979, the Tangwai group commemorated Human Rights Day in Kaohsiung. The rally operated without prior approval, with specific stipulations that no torches and weapons were allowed. Police intervened and clashed with the protestors resulting in various damage. The event would be known as the Kaohsiung Incident, a milestone in Taiwan's democratization process.

Three days later, Shih dramatically escaped: Chang Wen-ying, then a dentist and later Mayor of Taichung City, performed plastic surgery on Shih to change his looks so he could escape overseas. Shih was later caught along with the dentist, and sentenced to life in prison for the second time.

During the 1980 Meilitao Incident trials Shih was defiant and proud facing a potentially fatal court-martial decision. He declared during his defense: "Taiwan should be independent, in fact, it already is, it has been for 30 years and currently it is known as the Republic of China". Shih also demanded an end to the political monopoly of the Kuomintang, the control of the Taiwanese press, and martial law, so that the 30-plus-year rubber-stamping legislative session could be dissolved.

Second imprisonment and hunger strike: 1980–1990
In 1983, one of Shih's allies, Chen Wen-chen, was murdered; Shih Ming-teh began a 1-month hunger strike to protest what he believed to be an assassination ordered by the secret police.

Polish union leader Lech Wałęsa (Nobel Peace 1983) nominated Shih Ming-teh for the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize..

In 1985, Shih commenced an indefinite hunger strike. He demanded an end to martial law and state-sponsored political murders, implementation of a democratic system and release of all Meilitao Incident political prisoners. Shih was sent to the Tri-Service General Hospital and underwent force-feeding through a nasogastric tube during his four and half years of protest.

On 15 July 1987, the 38-year-long order of martial law was declared over by the KMT government, when President Chiang Ching-kuo announced nationwide sentence reductions and conditional releases. Shih declined the offer. In 1988, Shih went on another hunger strike protest with his brother Shih Ming-cheng. His brother died on 23 August 1988; Shih survived.

Release
On 20 May 1990, the new president Lee Teng-hui officially assumed the presidency and ordered a special amnesty for all Meilitao Incident prisoners. Shih ripped up his amnesty document and demanded an unconditional release. When President Lee announced the invalidation of the Meilitao Trials, Shih Ming-teh finally accepted his release as an innocent person. Upon recovering his freedom, he joined the now legal Democratic Progressive Party, which originated in the Tangwai movement.

Political career
In 1992, Shih was elected legislator for the Tainan County constituency in the Legislative Yuan. This election was the first free direct legislative elections in Taiwan history.

Between 1994 and 1996 Shih was elected Chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party. During his tenure, he claimed that "Taiwan is already an independent and sovereign nation, when the Democratic Progressive Party is in power, there is no need and it will not announce Taiwan's independence". At the same time Shih proposed a political and social Grand Reconciliation. Elected legislator for a new term in 1996, he ran for the presidency of the Legislative Yuan, gaining a vote from former archrival New Party but losing one from Democratic Progressive Party legislator Chang Chin-cheng. Liu Sung-pan was elected the President of the Legislative Yuan.

On 23 March 1996, Taiwan's first direct presidential election was held. The Democratic Progressive Party's candidate was defeated by incumbent president Lee Teng-hui, with only 21.1% of the vote (The DPP got around 30% in before regional elections). Shih Ming-teh resigned to his position as party chief, and Chang Chun-hsiung assumed as acting leader of the opposition party. Shih shifted his attention to the completion of the "Meilitao Oral History Records".

On 1 April 1997, Shih was indicted for a violation to the Mass Gathering and Demonstration Act. He had organized in 1992 a protest demanding direct presidential elections. Huang Hsin-chieh, Hsu Hsin-liang and Lin Yi-hsiung went to prison with Shih for 50 days. This was the third time Shih was imprisoned, but now as a legislator. He was released after 41 days.

In 1998, Shih was re-elected legislator but this time representing a Taipei City constituency. He would continue his efforts for the completion of the "Meilitao Oral History Records". In three years, 200 individuals of the political spectrum. The oral testimonies amounted to over 6 million words, and were edited to a 600,000-word four-volume version. To date, this is the most comprehensive historical research of the 1970–1990 era in Taiwan's development, earning it a publishing prize. This was the result of Shih's individual efforts, using his own financial and personal resources. Neither the Democratic Progressive Party nor the government of Taiwan has helped complete this overwhelming historic research project.

In 2000, Chen Shui-bian, the former Mayor of Taipei City, was elected president. Shih congratulated the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party Lin Yi-hsiung for the triumph. He said in an interview that since his childhood dream of ousting Chiang's KMT regime had been accomplished, he would leave the political party. In May, Chen before he assumed the presidency, visited Shih's office to personally ask him if he was willing to be appointed senior political advisor. Shih rejected Chen's offer once more, but instead proposed Hsu Hsin-liang for the position.

Shih condemned President Chen for leading the country with a minority government, ignoring the KMT majority in the Legislative Yuan and risking political stability. After Chen rejected his suggestion for an alliance with the opposition majority in the Legislative Yuan, Shih further walked away from the party. Believing that Taiwan's greatest challenge in the 21st century was globalization, together with former colleagues Hsu Hsin-liang and Sisy Chen, the famous Wen Shih-ren and a dozen other intellectuals and entrepreneurs, founded the "Shan (Mountain) Alliance". Their goal: to draw a road map for Taiwan in the 21st century.

Shih ran as an independent twice, in December 2001 and December 2004. On the first occasion he lost with 24,925 votes, on the second he narrowly lost the race by receiving 26,974 votes in the highly contested Taipei North Constituency. He had proposed a parliamentary political system to overcome the aggravation of political differences in Taiwan's society.

In December 2002, Shih ran as a mayoral candidate for Kaohsiung City. His platform: turn the port-city into a free port, much like Hong Kong or Amsterdam, to cope with the challenge of globalization. Direct maritime links with Chinese ports were also part of the proposal. Shih perceived that the political division was so severe that he decided to announce his withdrawal three days before the election.

In September 2003, Shih Ming-teh was a visiting scholar at George Mason University for a one-year period. During his tenure, Shih researched what he called the "One China: European Union Model" as a means of ending the impasse between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, and reiterated his proposal for a constitutional amendment in favor of a parliamentary system, in an attempt to put an end to the political polarization into the two camps (blue or Kuomintang-based and green or Democratic Progressive Party-centered) which was deteriorating into ethnic rivalry between Chinese refugees coming to rule Taiwan in 1949, and those who were there before that time.

On 6 October 2005, the Department of Political Science at the National Taiwan University opened the "Shih Ming-teh Lecture" series; ethnic harmony, political reconciliation and cross-strait peace are its core values.

In May 2006, the "Shih Ming-teh Lecture" invited Frederik Willem de Klerk, Former State President of South Africa, to a dialog with Shih Ming-teh: "Maintaining Peace: South Africa's Experience, a Perspective for Taiwan?" was the topic.

In May 2015, Shih announced his intention to run for president as an independent candidate in 2016. He again reiterated the Broad One China Framework first proposed in 2014, in which China and Taiwan govern one legal entity separately. Both governments would be allowed to join international organizations and not use military force against the other, instead "resolving issues through consensus." Shih ended his campaign in September, as he had not been able to fulfill the Central Election Commission requirements needed to stand in the 2016 election.

Chronology
On 9 August 2006, Shih wrote an open letter to President Chen Shui-bian, whose aides, wife and son-in-law were implicated in several corruption cases. Shih urged Chen to resign as a display of strength in times of crisis, respect for public opinion and acknowledgement of wrongdoing. Ironically, Chen Shui-bian had been Shih's defense attorney in the aftermath of the Kaohsiung Incident and had been imprisoned for 18 months himself.

On 12 August 2006, Shih gave a keynote speech to kick-start the "Million Voices Against Corruption-Chen Must Go" campaign in the 28 February Incident Memorial Park. He argued that the people could not bear with so much corruption anymore. Shih asked of all those who supported the movement a NT$100 (US$3, €2.3) donation as a symbol of commitment and consent, as well as a display of determination to ask Chen Shui-bian to leave the Presidential Office. Shih vowed to lead the people in a protest until Chen Shui-bian stepped down if the donations came in. By 22 August 2006, a sum equivalent of that from over 1 million people had been received (the actual number of donors cannot be computed because there was no restriction on the maximum amount of money one could transfer to the designated account) in only seven days. The designated account was quickly closed and the preparations for the marathon protest started.

On 1 September 2006, the anti-corruption campaign organizers started training for the sit-ins (emergency procedures in case of police intervention). The sit-in began on a rainy day on 9 September 2006. According to the Chinapost, over 300,000 people gathered that day on Ketagalan Avenue, in front of the Presidential Building in Taipei under the pouring rain. The Taipei Police Department claimed there were only 90,000 protestors. According to the organizers' request, most of them were wearing red shirts; no controversial flags or political icons should be displayed, not even the Republic of China flag, perceived as a pro-Kuomintang device. Some protestors still brought along a small Republic of China flag or other campaign items with them.

On 15 September 2006, a Democratic Progressive Party Taipei city counselor booked the Ketagalan Boulevard site where the red-clad protestors were still gathered. Shih Ming-teh decided to move the protest to Taipei Railway Station. A climax was reached the night of the procession: a large perimeter of over 5.5 kilometers around the heavily guarded Presidential Building and Residence at the heart of Taipei was quickly flooded by peaceful red-clad protestors: the China Post reported that over 8 hundred thousand people had joined the candlelight encirclement; the Taipei Police again contradicted this with an estimate of 3 hundred thousand.

On 22 September 2006, Shih declared that he would not form his own political party nor participate in any political negotiations, he also made it clear that he was not willing to engage in negotiations with former president Lee Teng-hui; instead he would stay with the red-clad anti-Chen protestors. On 20 November 2006, Shih Ming-teh urged Taipei City Mayor Ma Ying-jeou (the Kuomintang's 2008 presidential hopeful) to resign amidst accusations of corruption. Shih said he was not contemplating anti-corruption protests against Ma, but insisted there should not be double standards regarding corruption allegations. Ma was acquitted.

On 30 November 2006, the last night of protest by the Million Voices Against Corruption, Chen Must Go Campaign. Shih Ming-teh later travelled to Thailand for a TV interview and panel discussion.

On 7 December 2006, the Special State Funds case of President Chen and his wife was underway, campaign organizers claimed that Taiwan needed to go back to normal, but Shih would protest until Chen stepped down. On 1 April 2007, Shih announced the end to his self-imprisonment and started preparations for the second stage of the anti-Chen campaign. Plans involved presenting candidates for the next legislative elections. Originally scheduled for late 2007, the elections would instead be carried out in early 2008.

Death
Shih died on 15 January 2024 of cancer at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, on his 83rd birthday. Several Taiwanese political figures acknowledged Shih's death. Lai Ching-te described Shih as a "trailblazer for democracy, a staunch defender of human rights, and a wise and courageous politician." Tsai Ing-wen stated that Taiwanese people would "consolidate all our endeavors and persist in building a better Taiwan," reflecting Shih's dedication to the same cause. Chiang Wan-an commended Shih's advocacy for Taiwanese people and efforts to monitor government actions.

Controversy
Shih was often considered a "romantic revolutionary" in Taiwan media. He believed that he was rooted in his ability "to pursue unlimited aspirations and ideals under restrictive conditions". The latest editions of Taiwan's High-School textbooks list Shih Ming-teh as a political activist. Shih's former Legislative Yuan secretary, cartoonist and writer Lin Kuei-you, thinks Shih "is never quite sure of his own place in history".

Shih was accused by his former wife Chen Li Zhu, in her book The Innocent Song of a Taiwanese Woman, of using her as a sex toy, and failing his responsibility as a husband. Chen also claimed Shih had been indifferent to his responsibility toward their daughter. Shih Ming-teh often said: "I have been locked up for 25 years, where were you then?".

Another former secretary of Shih, Kuo Wen-pin, wrote about his opinion of Shih in Taiwan Daily (15 October 2000): Taking a look at 40 years of his struggle for Taiwan's democracy, he revealed himself as a visionary, making several pioneering proposals ahead of his time.

Over 20 years ago, Shih already said the four evils of Taiwan's path towards democracy were the political monopoly by the Kuomintang, the press control in Taiwan, the martial law and the "ten-thousand-year congress". Risking the death penalty, Shih advocated for a "Republic of China, Taiwanese Independence Model", and added that "Taiwan is already an independent country, it has been so for over 30 years". For his opinions, Shih was considered seditious and the media, organizations, academia, everyone attacked him and humiliated him, only for the Democratic Progressive Party to adopt and implement his ideas; they even led the way to Lee Teng-hui's "Silent Revolution" political compromises. When the Kuomintang's 50 years in power ended, the Chen Shui-bian administration accepted some of his teachings. Arrests and repression are no longer the defensive measures of the regime when facing harsh criticism, but the abuse of public power and the media by individuals to insult, humiliate, and defame others is still common practice. The DPP party has vowed to improve its image with more diplomatic means, but this has yet to be seen.

In the aftermath of Shih's "red-shirt" movement, he became a darling of PRC-controlled media, including CCTVPhoenix TV, and the People's Daily. Shih's efforts in discrediting the DPP have been widely praised and reported by various media outlets controlled or owned by the Chinese government. On 20 November 2006, ifeng.com, web portal of pro-CCP television channel Phoenix TV, reported Shih planned a trip to Thailand to discuss his "red shirt" philosophy. In the same article, Shih also rebutted claims by representative of the American Institute in Taiwan that the red shirts instigated violence and caused social upheaval.

On 16 January 2010, chinanews.com.cn, a PRC media outlet, reported the possibility of Shih running for presidency in 2012. On 19 April 2010, www.chinataiwan.org, a Chinese government sponsored site, reported Shih claimed numerous prominent DPP leaders, including Chen Shui-bian and Hsieh Chang-ting, were undercover agents for the Kuomintang against political dissidents during the 1980s. According to Huaxia.com, yet another pro-CCP website, Shih's accusations have caused a general panic in the DPP. A former supporter and pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Wang, Jie Nan, wrote an opinion piece highlighting his disappointment with Shih, starting from Shih's "red shirt" movement and his subsequent efforts to undermine the DPP with outlandish accusations.

On 17 April 2011, Shih courted controversy when he asked Tsai Ing-Wen to publicly disclose her sexual orientation before she participated in her presidential bid. Despite his own support for LGBT rights in Taiwan, Shih was roundly criticized by major women's groups including the Awakening Foundation, the Taiwan Women's Link and the Taiwan Gender Equity Education Association. Tsai herself characterized the request as "surprising" and refused to reply.

Works

 * Shih Ming-te, 2021, "死囚 ("Death row inmates ")—— Memoire of Shih Ming-te 1962-1964 volume I ", new edition. Taipei, China times publishing Co.
 * Shih Ming-te, 2006, "囚室之春" ("Spring in a Prison Cell"), new edition. Taipei, Linking books.
 * Shih Ming-te, 2002, "無私的奉獻者 ("The Selfless Devotee"). Taipei, Commonwealth Publishing Group.
 * New Taiwan Foundation, 2002, "永遠的主題：施明德與 魏京生 對談錄" ("A timeless theme: dialogs between Shih Ming-te and Wei Jingsheng"), Taipei, Linking books.
 * Shih Ming-te, 2001, "閱讀施明德 ("Reading Shih Ming-te"). Taipei, New Taiwan Foundation.
 * Shih Ming-te, 1988, "施明德的政治遺囑：美麗島事件軍法大審答辯全" ("Shih Ming-te's Political Testament: The Formosa Incident Hearings"). Taipei, Avanguard.
 * Shih Ming-te, 1989, "囚室之春" ("Spring in a Prison Cell"), Kaohsiung, Tunli Publishing.
 * Shih Ming-te, 1992, "囚室之春：施明德散文集" ("Spring in a Prison Cell: A Collection of Essays"). Taipei, Avangard.
 * New Taiwan Foundation, 1995, "施明德國會三年" ("Shih Ming-te's Three-year Term in the Legislative Yuan"). Taipei, New Taiwan Foundation.

title: Shih Ming-teh


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Talk:Difference operator

solved example of non linear differential equation using finite difference  method. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.127.71.98 (talk • contribs).

Can someone help me with the equations in "my" new section "Rules for finding the difference operator apply to a combination of sequences"? It's not rendering equations today. Fixed. Never mind.Arthur Rubin | (talk) 01:25, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

OOPS -- I may have made a GFDL mistake. The first quotient equation was taken from the current revision of Selector calculus. All the others are from the literature or are "obvious", even if they happen to be in that page. Arthur Rubin | (talk) 02:08, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Organization of articles
On Talk:Finite difference schemes, I'm proposing a reorganization of that article and finite difference. As a result, the latter article would contain the definitions of the forward, backward and centred difference, how they approximate the derivative, and perhaps higher-order approximations (basically the current contents of finite difference schemes). Since this is closely related with this article (as I see it, a finite difference is the result of evaluating a difference operator), I'm wondering whether it would be better to merge these topics here. Comments are welcome. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 11:57, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Conflicting redirects
I just redirected backward difference operator to this page. Then I noticed that backward difference redirects to a different page. That shouldn't happen. In some cases I might choose one that seems best and redirect both to that one. But in this case I've tentatively proposed merging those two target pages. Michael Hardy (talk) 00:39, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that they should be merged. Charvest (talk) 15:21, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Difference operator


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Deutscher Werkbund

The Deutscher Werkbund (English: "German Association of Craftsmen"; ) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The Werkbund became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, particularly in the later creation of the Bauhaus school of design. Its initial purpose was to establish a partnership of product manufacturers with design professionals to improve the competitiveness of German companies in global markets. The Werkbund was less an artistic movement than a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States. Its motto Vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau (from sofa cushions to city-building) indicates its range of interest.

History
The Deutscher Werkbund emerged when the architect Joseph Maria Olbrich left Vienna for Darmstadt, Germany, in 1899, to form an artists' colony at the invitation of Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse. The Werkbund was founded by Olbrich, Peter Behrens, Richard Riemerschmid, Bruno Paul and others in 1907 in Munich at the instigation of Hermann Muthesius, existed through 1934, then re-established after World War II in 1950. Muthesius was the author of the exhaustive three-volume "The English House" of 1905, a survey of the practical lessons of the English Arts and Crafts movement. Muthesius was seen as something of a cultural ambassador, or industrial spy, between Germany and England.

The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms. The architects include Peter Behrens, Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann, Bruno Paul, Max Laeuger and Richard Riemerschmid. Other architects affiliated with the project include Heinrich Tessenow and the Belgian Henry van de Velde. By 1914, it had 1,870 members, including heads of museums. The Werkbund commissioned van de Velde to design a theater for the 1914 Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne. The exhibition was closed and the buildings dismantled ahead of schedule because of the outbreak of World War I. Eliel Saarinen was made corresponding member of the Deutscher Werkbund in 1914 and was invited to participate in the 1914 Cologne exhibition. Among the Werkbund's more noted members was the architect Mies van der Rohe, who served as Architectural Director.

Key dates of the Deutscher Werkbund

 * 1907, Establishment of the Werkbund in Munich
 * 1910, Salon d'Automne, Paris
 * 1914, Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne
 * 1920, Lilly Reich becomes the first female Director
 * 1924, Berlin exhibition
 * 1927, Stuttgart exhibition (including the Weissenhof Estate)
 * 1929, Breslau exhibition
 * 1934, Werkbund declare dissolution
 * 1947, Reestablishment

100th anniversary
The Verband Deutscher Industrie Designer (Association of German Industrial Designers, or VDID) and the Bund Deutscher Grafik-Designer (Federation of German Graphic Designers, or "BDG-Mitte") held a joint meeting to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Deutscher Werkbund. A juried exhibition and opening was held on 14 March 2008.

Museum der Dinge
The collections and archives (Werkbundarchiv) of the Werkbund are housed at the Museum der Dinge (Museum of Things) in Berlin. The museum is focused on design and objects used in everyday life in the 20th century up to the present. Among other exhibits, it includes a Frankfurt kitchen.

Members

 * Konrad Adenauer
 * Friedrich Adler
 * Adolf Arndt
 * Anker-Werke Delmenhorst
 * Ferdinand Avenarius
 * Otto Bartning
 * Willi Baumeister
 * Adolf Behne
 * Hendrik Petrus Berlage
 * Richard Berndl
 * Johann Michael Bossard
 * Raymund Brachmann
 * Fritz August Breuhaus de Groot
 * Bazon Brock
 * Ulrich Böhme
 * Max Burchartz
 * Charles Crodel
 * Carl Otto Czeschka
 * Wilhelm von Debschitz
 * Franz Karl Delavilla
 * Peter A. Demeter
 * Walter Dexel
 * Eugen Diederichs
 * Bruno Dörpinghaus
 * Karl Duschek
 * Adolph Eckhardt
 * Egon Eiermann
 * Albert Eitel
 * August Endell
 * Jupp Ernst
 * Lyonel Feininger
 * Wend Fischer
 * Karl Ganser
 * Hansjörg Göritz
 * Hermann Gretsch
 * Walter Gropius
 * Moritz Hadda
 * Richard Hamann
 * Luise Harkort
 * Hugo Häring
 * Hans Heckner
 * Max Heidrich
 * Erwin Heerich
 * Hans Hertlein
 * Max Hertwig
 * Lucy Hillebrand
 * Georg Hirth
 * Theodor Heuss
 * Ot Hoffmann
 * Helmut Hofmann
 * Ferdy Horrmeyer
 * Paul Horst-Schulze
 * Klaus Humpert
 * Walter Maria Kersting
 * Harald Kimpel
 * Moissey Kogan
 * Hans P. Koellmann
 * Ludwig König
 * Ernst Kühn
 * Hugo Kükelhaus
 * Klaus Küster
 * Ferdinand Kramer
 * Günter Kupetz
 * Emil Lange
 * Carl Langhein
 * Josef Lehmbrock
 * El Lissitzky
 * Johannes Ludovicus Mathieu Lauweriks
 * Richard Luksch
 * Gerhard Marcks
 * Ewald Mataré
 * Ernst May
 * Kunstmuseen Krefeld
 * Erich Mendelsohn
 * Wolfgang Meisenheimer
 * Georg Metzendorf
 * Mies van der Rohe
 * Leberecht Migge
 * Anna Muthesius
 * Hermann Muthesius
 * Friedrich Naumann
 * Walter Neuhäusser
 * Hans Neumann
 * Karl Ernst Osthaus
 * Ludwig Paffendorf
 * Bernhard Pankok
 * Karl Poser
 * Walfried Pohl
 * Jan Thorn Prikker
 * Peter Raacke
 * Adolf Rading
 * Jochen Rahe
 * Dieter Rams
 * Walther Rathenau
 * Carl Rehorst
 * Lilly Reich
 * Albert Reimann
 * Albert Renger-Patzsch
 * Paul Renner
 * Richard Riemerschmid
 * Alexander Michailowitsch Rodtschenko
 * Gregor Rosenbauer
 * Walter Rossow
 * Werner Ruhnau
 * Hans Scharoun
 * Karl Schmidt-Hellerau
 * Willy Schönefeld
 * Werner Schriefers
 * Rudolf Alexander Schröder
 * Reinhard Schulze
 * Fritz Schupp
 * Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky
 * Walter Schwagenscheidt
 * Rudolf Schwarz
 * Hans Schwippert
 * Ferdinand Selle
 * Bernd Sikora
 * Anna Simons
 * Carl Sonntag jun.
 * Friedrich Spengelin
 * Bernhard Stadler
 * Anton Stankowski
 * Heinz Stoffregen
 * Ludwig Sütterlin
 * Heinrich Straumer
 * Gustav Stresemann
 * Bruno Taut
 * Heinrich Tessenow
 * Paul Thiersch
 * Emil Thormählen
 * Walter Tiemann
 * Paul Ludwig Troost
 * Otto Ubbelohde
 * Henry van de Velde
 * Theodor Veil
 * Otto Voelckers
 * Heinrich Vogeler
 * Fritz Wärndorfer
 * Wilhelm Wagenfeld
 * Otto Wagner
 * Udo Weilacher
 * Werkbund Werkstatt Nürnberg
 * Edward Weston
 * Alfred Wiener
 * Karl With
 * Dieter Witte
 * Georg Wrba
 * Christoph Zöpel
 * Berta Zuckerkandl

title: Deutscher Werkbund


text: User talk:194.83.168.1

title: User talk:194.83.168.1


text:
Talk:Modoc War

Photos
I've recently visited Lava Beds National Monument and took some photos that may be useful here. See User:Maveric149/Images - Lava Beds National Monument. --mav 09:42, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Reference
A good reference for the modoc war is a book titled The Indian History of the Modoc War(ISBN hardcover 0-913522-03-1) It is authored by Jeff C. Riddle and was first Printed in 1914. Mr. Riddle, was he himself, a Modoc Indian, the son of the chief figure in that struggle. He witnessed most of the events that he describes in the book. A lot of the events described in this website are contrary to the story written by Riddle. It is unusually odd to me to find so many different stories in regard to this sad page of American history. 132 years after the tragic events that occurred in the region of southern Oregon and northern California, it is still somewhat a mystery given the contrary of evidence that is available to us in present date. While some speculate that the so called savage Modoc Indians were murdering ruthless people, some settlers have said that they lived in harmony with them for quite a long time. I hope that some of the people that read this will find it a must to seek the truth themselves and formulate their own opinion of what is factual and what is not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * ref to book added. thanks. (p.s. you can add ~ to your messages anywhere on the 'pedia and it will automatically add your name and the date.) jengod 05:47, Feb 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Added more info, as the book is available online at Internet Archive.Parkwells (talk) 20:27, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Note that Jeff Riddle was not the "son of the chief figure." Jeff's father was Frank Riddle, a white man married to a Modoc woman, both of whom worked as translators for the Army. Jeff's Mother, Toby (or Tobey), was a neice of Capt. Jack, the "chief figure." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.189.64.2 (talk) 21:51, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Both the Riddles worked as interpreters earlier in this period and during the peace talks. Winema (or Toby) Riddle, carried messages between the commissioners and Capt. Jack. She reported having overheard that the Modoc were planning an attack against the commissioners, but they went ahead with the April 10 meeting. There she saved the life of Alfred B. Meacham, chairman, by interrupting the warriors, yelling that soldiers were coming. They fled and he was saved from being scalped.  He dedicated a book to her, which was about her, and petitioned Congress to grant her a military pension for her heroism, which it finally did in 1891. And, he arranged for Toby and Frank Riddle, as well as other Modoc and Klamath, to go with him on a national lecture tour about the war and its issues.  So she was a major figure, just a different kind.Parkwells (talk) 20:25, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for noticing the "discrepencies". Jeff Riddle's book is what I used for my novel, Lost River, Berkley, 1999. As you know, the great majority of American Indian history was written by non-Indian historians, encompassing their cultural viewpoints and prejudices. -- Pax Riddle —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Canby's Cross
Comments moved from main page by Katr67

Canby's Cross, contrary to this article, is not erected where he fell if the peace tent was erected where this article claims. Canby's Cross is erected very near the south shore of Tule Lake between the shoreline and the north side of Captain Jack's Stronghold and what is now the Lava Beds National Monument (LBNM). This article states the Peace Tent was erected 1.5 miles west which would place it in the valley above and behind the bluff that overlooks the Lava Beds on the western side. The actual site is now private property and the dirt road that runs west over Gold Diggers Pass is as close as the public can get today. Of the soldiers that were buried in a cemetery west of where Canby's Cross stands today, all were exhumed and reburied mostly at the Presidio in San Franciso. The lava rock perimeter that marks the military cemetery stills stands in the northwest corner of the LBNM.

This amendment is not based on what I've read but what I've seen and heard during the many days I spent exploring the area over a 22 year period. It was possible to drive west over Gold Driggers Pass out of the LBNM through several ranchs before reaching HWY 97 if you opened and closed several cattle gates as you went but, it's been many years since I've traveled through the west side ranchs out and the road was very bad then. I wouldn't suggest trying it without a very rugged four wheeler with a low center of gravity and a very high axle base. The ruts are extremely deep and your cell phones probably won't work out there. If you get stuck you'll face perhaps two problems; having to walk out and getting cited for tresspassing on private property. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

The cemetary marks Gillem's Camp at the base of the bluff, and Canby's Cross is located at the site of his death about .8 miles to the east of the cemetary (just off Hill Road). The turn off from the road to Jack's Stronghold is about 2.25 miles east of the Cross. The Cross marks the Peace Tent and is located inside the National Monument boundaries. 198.189.64.2 (talk) 22:02, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Paraphrasing
I have a hunch that large parts of this article are either paraphrased or quoted verbatim in a manner inconsistent with true research.

Furthermore, as part of this paraphrasing old-school type bias against the Modoc sticks out. While I'm able to read through this (and hopefully others) and see it as permissible: 1) It'd be nice if someone could make sure that the paraphrasing isn't so heavy that it includes source bias so clearly and 2) It'd be nice if other perspectives of the events in question were contemplated. Maybe including other perspectives would obscure the narrative, granted. But as good and natural as bias is in first-hand sources, I would hope that representatives of an intelligent species would choose to couch their history in more humble terms.

-Wikipedia User "Epigraphist", from remote source 35.9.174.13 (talk) 01:45, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Media accounts from the time
I recall reading that the Klamath (Linkville at the time) residents hated the Modoc and wanted to organize militias to kill them, but that California residents and newspapers were pretty supportive and traded with the Modocs. There was also involvement from peace and human rights activists on the east coast asi recall. It seems like the media coverage of the war would be good to include. It was a very interesting conflict that included a lot of the issues and problems inherent in US-Indian interractions and policies. The military were there to defend settlers, but also in some cases to protect the Indians and keep order. You had a lot of different political and economic interests involved. Anyway, good luck. It's a cool area to visit for birding, lava tubes and volcanice sights (many unmarked and open to exploring), as well as history. Captain Jack's restaurant is pretty good too as I recall. Didn't some of the Modoc go on tour afterwards? This would be a good addition too if it's not in there. Many of teh perceptions and views were colored by newspaper accoutns and these Wild West shows taht served as the popular culture of the time.(JoeTimko (talk) 02:23, 28 October 2008 (UTC))

Captain Jack's Stronghold
This guy has been largely redeemed in revised histories. And he has his own restaurant: Captain Jack's Stronghold Restaurant on Hwy 139 Tulelake CA 96134 530-664-5566 Captain Jack's Stronghold Restaurant is a landmark in the Tulelake - Lava beds National Monument area. Homemade pies, soups and bread are specialties. Was he known as Kientpoos? It seems like the names given in the article are all Western. (JoeTimko (talk) 02:34, 28 October 2008 (UTC))

Table Rock Treaty???
I am not sure where to place this, so I am providing a link for the information and hope that someone else will place it later... Samuel Colver became an Indian Agent in the Rogue River Valley, where he was a signer of the Table Rock Treaty that effectively ended the Modoc Indian War. UofOregon Library.

Unless there were two Table Rock Treaties, which is possible, the Table Rock Treaty referred to here is way before the war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greg.collver (talk • contribs) 16:12, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Modocs

 * Did they have a blunt Tomahawk or a piercing one. I don't know. The blunt ones were a fashion statement since armor in teh northern theatre were useless in a dense forest. Mt knowledge is useless. InternetHero (talk) 21:13, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

Blogs are not reliable sources (RS)
According to Wikipedia, blogs are not RS unless managed by an official site, such as a newspaper, TV station, etc. Deleted an assertion about activities of the shaman attributed to a blog by Erik on Ghost Dancing. Parkwells (talk) 20:25, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Wrong date in template?
I'm not a native speaker of english, so I might have gotten something wrong, but why states the template "July 6, 1874 – June 4, 1876" as date of the war? The information in the text doesn't seem to support this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.97.201.116 (talk) 16:41, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ It was vandalism--thank you for pointing it out! Valfontis (talk) 17:44, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

Using the plural
Hmmm. I'm sure I made these edits years ago, so perhaps the author could fix them again? I suggest replacing all singular references to the Modoc people as "Modocs" and not "Modoc". After all, we don't refer to non-Native peoples in this way, right? We don't say "the German"; we say "the Germans", etc. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Histfic (talk • contribs) 16:40, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

 * But we do say "the Russian people", the French (people understood). That is why the people should be referred to as "the Modoc", as a group.Parkwells (talk) 18:54, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Movie Drum Beat
Hi all. I'd never heard of this war but just saw the 1954 film Drum Beat on cable. I thought this should be mentioned in your article. It's a Hollywood film, but it's still accurate regarding the historical details; and unlike the typical cowboys and Indians films of the time, it treats both sides fairly. Thought you might be interested in mentioning it as a popular account of the war.

Captain Jack is played by Charles Bronson, in his first starring role.

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046936/

71.198.226.61 (talk) 07:32, 20 July 2012 (UTC) steve@your-mailbox.com

"Jump Off Joe" McAlester?
Could someone please delete "Jump Off" Joe Mcalester from the list of "Leaders" in the Modoc War as he is a fictional character and not an actual person involved in the war? Seriously. Likewise, may we delete the passage about the "massacre" on December 3, 1872? There was no such battle or such massacre in any record of the Modoc War, and this appears to be entirely made up (and obviously, not cited).

Having done a fair bit of research into the Modoc War looking at both secondary and primary sources, and I've never see any references to a "Jump Off Joe" McAlester. (For example, Erwin N. Thompson, in his MODOC WAR Its Military History & Topography, names all the local settlers who were at the Battle of Lost River, and no McAlester appears.)

Nor have I see any evidence of a fight between the militia and the Modocs on Dec. 3, 1872 (in which the current entry claims 23 militiamen were all massacred by the Modocs). So, where is this "info" coming from? What are the sources on this person and the events he supposedly was involved in? I'm convinced that this "Jump Off Joe" and the fight on Dec. 3 is entirely fictitious, and I recommend that all mention of him be deleted from the Modoc War entry. Beanbag82 (talk) 17:27, 1 March 2014 (UTC)Beanbag82 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beanbag82 (talk • contribs) 17:16, 1 March 2014 (UTC)

I went ahead and removed all references to "Jump Off Joe" McAlester from the Modoc War entry as he is an entirely fictional character. Also, the reference to the Modocs massacring McAlester and his militia has been removed as no such event took place. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beanbag82 (talk • contribs) 03:06, 9 February 2017 (UTC) OK, deleted, again, all references to "Jump Off Joe" McAlester from the Modoc War entry as he is an entirely fictional character. If you've got documented citations for such a person in the events of the Modoc War, by all means, bring them into the entry. But he is a fictional, legendary character and had no involvement in the Modoc War. Beanbag82 (talk) 20:37, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

Ben Wright
The Ben Wright Massacre needs some looking into. As I recall, Wright was seeking to regain two white women that were held captive but it was just a ruse by the Indians to massacre Wright and his men. So outnumbered by the Indians, Wright met their chief who then told him it was a trap but Wright, suspecting as much, had two pistols under his serape and shot the chief dead, whereupon his men opened fire. 50.202.81.2 (talk) 00:25, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Captain William Francis Drannan U.S. Army Scout etc
Captain Drannan's stories have been in dispute for many years. Google: Captain William F. Drannan, U.S. Army scout Retrieved: 23 January 2015. All my Relations Tjlynnjr (talk) 05:17, 23 January 2015 (UTC).

Not spam.
At or about 15:16, 22 October 2015 User:GermanJoe did the following edit: (External links: rmv - EL spam (SPA)). SEE HISTORY. This action removed the "Oregon Experience" series documentary film The Modoc War which was produced by Oregon Public Broadcasting in cooperation with the Oregon Historical Society. I reviewed the film and detected no spam, nor advertisements. I have restored the external link. All my Relations Tjlynnjr (talk) 20:55, 24 October 2015 (UTC).
 * You're correct. The documentary is without spam and is very well researched. Activist (talk) 11:36, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

Only Californian Indian War?
Although the Modoc War is certainly the best known and publicized war, the Humboldt County Indian Wars, titled in Wikipedia as the Bald Hills War, occurred earlier. Because it was during the Civil War, and it was undertaken by California Militia, not Regular Army, it certainly didn't receive the widespread notice of the Modoc conflict. Perhaps there are other wars as well; I know about this one because I'm native to that county. Yet I'm hesitant to edit the statement. Are there some particular criteria that makes a conflict an official "Indian War"?PhilD86 (talk) 06:00, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modoc War


text:
Constance Markievicz

Constance Georgine Markievicz (Markiewicz ; ' Gore-Booth; 4 February 1868 – 15 July 1927), also known as Countess Markievicz and Madame Markievicz''', was an Irish politician, revolutionary, nationalist, suffragist, socialist, and the first woman elected to the Westminster Parliament. She was elected Minister for Labour in the First Dáil, becoming the second female cabinet minister in Europe. She served as a Teachta Dála for the Dublin South constituency from 1921 to 1922 and 1923 to 1927. She was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Dublin St Patrick's from 1918 to 1922.

A founding member of Fianna Éireann, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Citizen Army, she took part in the Easter Rising in 1916, when Irish republicans attempted to end British rule and establish an Irish Republic. She was sentenced to death but her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on the grounds of her sex. On 28 December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the UK House of Commons, though, being in Holloway Prison at the time and in accordance with party policy, she did not take her seat. Instead, she and the other Sinn Féin MPs (as TDs) formed the first Dáil Éireann. She was also one of the first women in the world to hold a cabinet position, as Minister for Labour, from 1919 to 1922.

Markievicz supported the anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War. She continued as an (abstentionist) Dáil member for Sinn Féin until 1926 when she became a founding member of Fianna Fáil. She died in 1927.

Early life
Constance Georgine Gore-Booth was born at Buckingham Gate in London in 1868, the elder daughter of the Arctic explorer and adventurer Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet, an Anglo-Irish landlord who administered a 100 km2 estate, and Georgina, Lady Gore-Booth, née Hill. During the famine of 1879–80, Sir Henry provided free food for the tenants on his estate at Lissadell House in the north of County Sligo in the north-west of Ireland. Their father's example inspired in Gore-Booth and her younger sister, Eva Gore-Booth, a deep concern for working people and the poor. The sisters were childhood friends of the poet W. B. Yeats, who frequently visited the family home Lissadell House, and were influenced by his artistic and political ideas. Yeats wrote a poem, "In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz", in which he described the sisters as "two girls in silk kimono, both beautiful, one a gazelle" The gazelle being Eva, whom Yeats described as having "a gazelle-like beauty". Eva later became involved in the labour movement and women's suffrage in Great Britain, although initially Constance did not share her sister's ideals.

Gore-Booth wished to train as a painter, to her family's dismay; in 1892, she went to study at the Slade School of Art in London, where she lived at the Alexandra House for Art Pupils, Kensington Gore, founded five years before by Sir Francis Cook, a wealthy great-uncle of Maud Gonne. One of her contemporaries there was Blanche Georgiana Vulliamy. It was at this time that Gore-Booth first became politically active and joined the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Later she moved to Paris and enrolled at the prestigious Académie Julian where she met her future husband, Casimir Markievicz, an artist from a wealthy Polish family from present-day Ukraine.

The Markieviczes settled in Dublin in 1903 and moved in artistic and literary circles, with Constance gaining a reputation as a landscape painter. In 1905, along with artists Sarah Purser, Nathaniel Hone, Walter Osborne and John Butler Yeats, she was instrumental in founding the United Arts Club, which was an attempt to bring together all those in Dublin with an artistic and literary bent. This group included the leading figures of the Gaelic League founded by the future first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde. Although formally concerned only with the preservation of the Irish language and culture, the league brought together many patriots and future political leaders. Sarah Purser, whom the young Gore-Booth sisters first met in 1882, when she was commissioned to paint their portrait, hosted a regular salon where artists, writers and intellectuals on both sides of the nationalist divide gathered. At Purser's house, Markievicz met revolutionary patriots Michael Davitt, John O'Leary and Maud Gonne. In 1907, Markievicz rented a cottage in the countryside near Dublin. The previous tenant, the poet Padraic Colum, had left behind copies of The Peasant and Sinn Féin. These revolutionary journals promoted independence from British rule. Markievicz read them and was propelled into action.

Politics
In 1908, Markievicz became actively involved in nationalist politics in Ireland. She joined Sinn Féin and Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland'), a revolutionary women's movement founded by the actress and activist Maud Gonne, muse of WB Yeats. Markievicz came directly to her first meeting from a function at Dublin Castle, the seat of British rule in Ireland, wearing a satin ball gown and a diamond tiara. Naturally, the members looked upon her with some hostility. This refreshing change from being "kowtowed"-to as a countess only made her more eager to join, she told her friend Helena Molony. She performed with Maud Gonne in several plays at the newly established Abbey Theatre, an institution that played an important part in the rise of cultural nationalism. In the same year, Markievicz played a dramatic role in the women's suffrage campaigners' tactic of opposing Winston Churchill's election to Parliament during the Manchester North West by-election, flamboyantly appearing in the constituency driving an old-fashioned carriage drawn by four white horses to promote the suffragist cause. A male heckler asked her if she could cook a dinner, to which she responded, "Yes. Can you drive a coach and four?" Her sister Eva had moved to Manchester to live with fellow suffragist Esther Roper and they both campaigned against the anti-suffragist Churchill with her. Churchill lost the election to Conservative candidate William Joynson-Hicks, in part as a result of the suffragists' dedicated opposition.

In 1909 Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann, a nationalist scouting organisation that instructed teenage boys in scouting, in the style of Robert Baden-Powell's then-paramilitary Boy Scouts. At the Fianna's first meeting in Camden Street, Dublin, on 16 August 1909, she was almost expelled on the basis that women did not belong in a physical force movement. She had drawn in Bulmer Hobson, who had earlier founded a less successful boy scout group in Belfast. He supported her, and she was elected to the committee. She was jailed for the first time in 1911 for speaking at an Irish Republican Brotherhood demonstration attended by 30,000 people, organised to protest against George V's visit to Ireland. During this protest, Markievicz handed out leaflets, erected great banners emblazoned Dear land thou art not conquered yet, participated in stone-throwing at pictures of the King and Queen and attempted to burn the giant British flag taken from Leinster House, eventually succeeding, but then seeing James McArdle imprisoned for one month for the incident, despite Markievicz testifying in court that she was responsible. Her friend Helena Molony was arrested for her part in the stone-throwing and became the first woman in Ireland to be tried and imprisoned for a political act since the time of the Ladies Land League.

Markievicz joined James Connolly's socialist Irish Citizen Army (ICA), a volunteer force formed in response to the lock-out of 1913 to defend the demonstrating workers from the police. Markievicz recruited volunteers to peel potatoes in the basement of Liberty Hall while she and others worked on distributing the food. Markievicz was forced to take out loans and to sell her jewellery. That year, with Inghinidhe na hÉireann, she ran a soup kitchen to feed poor children and enable them to attend school.

In the Inghininidhe na h-Éireann magazine Bean na h-Éireann, Markievicz's advice to women was: "Dress suitably in short skirts and strong boots, leave your jewels in the bank and buy a revolver."

Easter Rising
As a member of the Citizen Army, Markievicz took part in the 1916 Easter Rising. She was deeply inspired by the founder of the ICA, James Connolly. Markievicz designed the Citizen Army uniform and composed its anthem, based on the tune of a Polish song.

Markievicz fought in St Stephen's Green, where on the first morning —according to the only two pages surviving of the diary of an alleged witness — she shot a member of the Dublin Metropolitan Police, Constable Lahiff, who subsequently died of his injuries. Other accounts place her at City Hall when the policeman was shot, only arriving at Stephen's Green later. It was long thought that she was second in command to Michael Mallin, but in fact it was Christopher "Kit" Poole who held that position. Markievicz supervised the setting-up of barricades on Easter Monday and was in the middle of the fighting all around Stephen's Green, wounding a British army sniper. Trenches were dug in the Green, sheltered by the front gate; however, after British machine gun and rifle fire from the rooftops of tall buildings on the north side of the Green including the Shelbourne Hotel, the Citizen Army troops withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green.

The Stephen's Green garrison held out for six days, ending the engagement when the British brought them Pearse's surrender order. The British officer, Captain (later Major) de Courcy Wheeler, who accepted their surrender was married to Markievicz's first cousin, Selina Maude Beresford Knox.

They were taken to Dublin Castle and then to Kilmainham Gaol through what Matt Connolly described as "several groups of hostile people". There, she was the only one of 70 women prisoners who was put into solitary confinement. At her court-martial on 4 May 1916, Markievicz pleaded not guilty to "taking part in an armed rebellion...for the purpose of assisting the enemy," but pleaded guilty to having attempted "to cause disaffection among the civil population of His Majesty". Markievicz told the court, "I went out to fight for Ireland's freedom and it does not matter what happens to me. I did what I thought was right and I stand by it." She was sentenced to death, but the court recommended mercy "solely and only on account of her sex". The sentence was commuted to life in prison. When told of this, she said to her captors, "I do wish your lot had the decency to shoot me".

Markievicz was transferred to Mountjoy Prison, Holloway Prison and then to Aylesbury Prison in England in July 1916. She was released from prison in 1917, along with others involved in the Rising, as the government in London granted a general amnesty for those who had participated in it. It was around this time that Markievicz, born into the Church of Ireland, converted to Catholicism.

First Dáil
Along with other leading Sinn Féin members, she was jailed again in 1918 for her part in the supposed German Plot. At the 1918 general election, Markievicz was elected for the constituency of Dublin St Patrick's, beating her opponent William Field with 66% of the vote, as one of 73 Sinn Féin MPs. The results were called on 28 December 1918. This made her the first woman elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons. However, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she did not take her seat in the House of Commons.

Markievicz was in Holloway prison when her colleagues assembled in Dublin at the first meeting of the First Dáil, the Parliament of the revolutionary Irish Republic. When her name was called, she was described, like many of those elected, as being "imprisoned by the foreign enemy" (fé ghlas ag Gallaibh). She was re-elected to the Second Dáil in the elections of 1921.

Markievicz served as Minister for Labour from April 1919 to January 1922, in the Second Ministry and the Third Ministry of the Dáil. Holding cabinet rank from April to August 1919, she became both the first Irish female Cabinet Minister and at the same time, only the second female government minister in Europe. She was the only female cabinet minister in Irish history until 1979 when Máire Geoghegan-Quinn was appointed to the cabinet post of Minister for the Gaeltacht for Fianna Fáil. Her Labour department was concerned with setting up Conciliation Boards, arbitrating labour disputes, surveying areas and establishing guidelines for wages and food prices.

Civil War and Fianna Fáil
Markievicz left the government in January 1922 along with Éamon de Valera and others in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty. She worked actively for the Republican cause in the Irish Civil War, including directing the Citizen Army in the occupation of Moran's Hotel in Dublin. After the civil war she toured the United States. She was not elected in the 1922 Irish general election but was returned in 1923 for the Dublin South constituency. In common with other Republican candidates, she did not take her Dáil seat. She was arrested again in November 1923. In prison, she went on a hunger strike, and within a month, she and other prisoners were released.

She left Sinn Féin and joined the Fianna Fáil party on its foundation in 1926, chairing the inaugural meeting of the new party in La Scala Theatre. In the June 1927 general election, she was re-elected to the 5th Dáil as a candidate for Fianna Fáil, which was pledged to return to Dáil Éireann, but died only five weeks later, before she could take her seat. Her fellow Fianna Fáil TDs signed the controversial Oath of Allegiance and took their seats in the Dáil on 12 August 1927, less than a month after her death. The party leader Éamon de Valera described the Oath as "an empty political formula".

Family life
Constance's husband, Casimir Markievicz, was known in Paris as Count Markievicz, a title that was the norm for large landowners in Poland at this time. When the Gore-Booth family enquired as to the validity of the title, they were informed through Pyotr Rachkovsky of the Russian Secret Police that he had taken the title "without right", and that there had never been a "Count Markievicz" in Poland. However, the Department of Genealogy in Saint Petersburg said that he was entitled to claim to be a member of the nobility. Markievicz was married, though separated, at the time they met; his wife died in 1899 and he and Gore-Booth married in London on 29 September 1900. She gave birth to their daughter, Maeve, at Lissadell in November 1901. The child was mainly raised by her Gore-Booth grandparents. Stanislas, Casimir's son from his first marriage, accompanied the couple to Ireland after their honeymoon visit to his homeland.

In 1913 Markievicz's husband moved back to Ukraine, and never returned to live in Ireland. However, they did correspond and he was by her side when she died.

Death
Markievicz died at the age of 59 on 15 July 1927, of complications after two appendicitis operations, a dangerous surgery in the days before antibiotics. She had given away the last of her wealth, and died in a public ward "among the poor where she wanted to be". One of the doctors attending her was her revolutionary colleague Kathleen Lynn. Also at her bedside were Casimir and Stanislas Markievicz, Éamon de Valera and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington. Prior to her death, Esther Roper maintained a vigil at Constance's bed with Marie Perolz, Helena Molony, Kathleen Lynn and other friends. Refused a state funeral by the Free State government, she was laid out in the Rotunda, where she had spoken at so many political meetings. Thousands of the Dubliners who loved her lined O'Connell Street and Parnell Square to pass by her body and pay their respects to 'Madame'. It took four hours for the beginning of the funeral, starting from the Rotunda, to reach the gates of Glasnevin Cemetery. Eamon de Valera gave the funeral oration, while Free State soldiers stood on guard to prevent the rifle salute that Michael Collins had called “the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian”.

Her former Citizen Army colleague the playwright Seán O'Casey said of her: "One thing she had in abundance—physical courage; with that she was clothed as with a garment."

Tributes
In County Sligo Markievicz Road and Markievicz Park (the main GAA stadium in the county) both bear her name. In Dublin, the flat complex Countess Markiewicz House also bears her name.

In 2018, a portrait of Markievicz was donated by the Irish parliament to the British House of Commons to commemorate the 1918 Representation of the People Act, under which, some women were allowed the right to vote for the first time in the United Kingdom.

In 2019, a Dublin City Council Commemorative Plaque was unveiled at Markievicz's former home in Dublin, Surrey House on Leinster Road in Rathmines.

In 2008, a Ukrainian village of Zhyvotivka, where Constance stayed with the Markievicz family in 1903, opened a room dedicated to the couple with the documents brought from Lissadel.

title: Constance Markievicz


text:
Petsoe End

Petsoe End is a hamlet in Emberton civil parish, in the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.

The name Petsoe is used frequently in the local area, with other local hamlets being called Petsoe Manor and Petsoe Lodge.

Petsoe was formerly a separate parish from Emberton, but was annexed to the latter parish in 1650 for ecclesiastical purposes. There was another parish nearby, called Ekeney which was also annexed at the same time, though nothing remains of Ekeney today.

Today nothing remains of Petsoe church, though the landmarkings showing where it once stood are still discernible.

title: Petsoe End


text:
Frieder Nake

Frieder Nake (born December 16, 1938) is a mathematician, computer scientist, and pioneer of computer art. He is best known internationally for his contributions to the earliest manifestations of computer art, a field of computing that made its first public appearances with three small exhibitions in 1965.

Art career
Nake had his first exhibition at Galerie Wendelin Niedlich in Stuttgart in November, 1965 alongside the artist Georg Nees.

Until 1969, Nake generated in rapid sequence a large number of works that he showed in many exhibitions over the years. He estimates his production at about 300 to 400 works during those years. A few were limited screenprint editions, single pieces and portfolios. The bulk were done as China ink on paper graphics, carried out by a flatbed high precision plotter called the Zuse Graphomat Z64.

Nake participated in the important group shows of the 1960s, such as, most prominently, Cybernetic Serendipity (London, UK, 1968), Tendencies 4: Computers and Visual Research (Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1968),  Ricerca e Progettazione. Proposte per una esposizione sperimentale (35th Venice Biennale, Italy, 1970), Arteonica (São Paulo, Brazil, 1971).

In 1971, he wrote a short and provocative note for Page, the Bulletin of the Computer Arts Society (whose member he was and still is), under the title „There Should Be No Computer-Art“ (Page No. 18, Oct. 1971, p. 1-2. Reprinted in Arie Altena, Lucas van der Velden (eds.): The anthology of computer art. Amsterdam: Sonic Acts 2006, p. 59-60). The note sparked a lively controversial debate among those who had meanwhile started to build an active community of artists, writers, musicians, and designers in the digital domain. His statement was rooted in a moral position. The involvement of computer technology in the Vietnam War and in massive attempts by capital to automate productive processes and, thereby, generate unemployment, should not allow artists to close their eyes and become silent servants of the ruling classes by reconciling high technology with the masses of the poor and suppressed.

His book Ästhetik als Informationsverarbeitung (1974) is one of the first to study connections between aesthetics, computing, and information theory, which has become important to the transdisciplinary area of digital media. This book and many of his ca. 300 publications (2012) evince his intellectual position between science and the humanities – a position that has always included an element of concern regarding the threats to a fully human society represented by computer technology, and which concern is on full display in a summary interview focused on what he describes as the "Algorithmic Revolution".

Academic career
Frieder Nake has been a professor of interactive computer graphics at the Department of Computer Science at Bremen, Germany, since 1972. Since 2005, he has also been teaching digital media design there. After studying mathematics at the University of Stuttgart, where he earned his diploma and doctoral degrees (in probability theory), he has taught in Stuttgart, Toronto and Vancouver, before coming to Bremen. His courses and seminars, besides computer graphics, interactivity, and digital media, are in the areas of computer art, aesthetics, semiotics, computers and society, and theory of computing. He has been a visiting professor to Universitetet Oslo, Aarhus Universitet, Universität Wien, Danube University Krems, University of Colorado, University of Lübeck, University of Basel, University of Costa Rica, Xi'an University of Science and Technology and Tongji University.

Awards
He won the First Prize of the Computer Art Contest of Computers & Automation in 1966. In 1997, his teaching work was honored by the Berninghausen Award for Excellence and Innovation in Teaching (University of Bremen).

Public collections

 * Abteiberg Museum, Mönchengladbach, Germany
 * Kunsthalle Bremen, Germany
 * Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Evanston Illinois
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb, Croatia
 * Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec
 * Sprengel Museum, Hannover, Germany
 * Tama Art University Museum, Tokyo, Japan
 * Tate Gallery, London
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London

title: Frieder Nake


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Flackwell Heath

Flackwell Heath is a village in the civil parish of Chepping Wycombe on the outskirts of High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England. With an elevation of about 150 m, in the Chiltern Hills. It has a population of around 6000.

History
The name 'Flackwell' is of dubious origin but may describe the source of a stream which once started in this area. The heath was once covered with cherry orchards, "a place of annual resort and festivity during the cherry season" with many cherry pickers traveling from London for the annual event.

This is now commemorated in the name of a pub, the Carrington school emblem and in road names such as Cherrywood Gardens. The area covered by Flackwell Heath was once four villages; Flackwell Heath, North-End Woods, Heath End, and Sedgemoor. However, housing developments, particularly post-1945, meant the four eventually formed one large village: Flackwell Heath.

The original villagers were in the main farm workers, but some bargemen and mill workers also lived in the village. In the late 19th century, industrial mill workers became more commonplace in the village, and the first furniture makers and workers began to settle too, with Flackwell Heath's close proximity to High Wycombe – well known for the Chair and Furniture industry.

Amenities
The village has several shops with Sainsbury's (Local) being the largest of these. There are two Indian takeaways and a fish and chip shop as well as convenience stores and other shops.

Although Flackwell Heath previously had six public houses in the village, the site of The Magpie has been redeveloped and The Green Man (1755 to 2011) demolished, with a Sainsbury's Local store built on the site in the centre of the village. The remaining four pubs are; The Cherry Tree (found on Straight Bit in the heart of the village), The Green Dragon (located in the south of the village, on the corner between Blind Lane and Green Dragon Road), The Three Horseshoes on Common Road (close to the Golf Club) and The Stag (at the Western end of the village on Heath End Road).

Other features of the village include a water tower, war memorial and recreation ground. There is only one listed building, a former farmhouse dating from the 17th – early 18th century.

There is a wind turbine situated in the playing field of Carrington Junior School. The turbine generates around a third of the school's energy.

Sport and leisure
A golf course Flackwell Heath Golf Club dating from 1904 is located on the village outskirts. In the 90s the golf club kitchen was run by Frank Wood. He cooked roast dinners and catered for hundreds of Members during his time at the golf club.

There is also Flackwell Heath Football Club, a Non-League football team who play at Wilkes Park in the west of the village.

Community
There is a Methodist Church and the recently extended Christ Church, which includes stained glass designed by Patrick Reyntiens. A community centre is situated in the village centre, and has notably been made use of for the Scout's 2006 Christmas Pantomime, "Treasure Island", the 2007 pantomime, "Robin Hood", "Cinderella" in 2008 and most recently, "Dick Whittington" in 2009. The Scout Pantomimes were "enjoyed by all". The Community Centre is also home to an 'indoor boot sale' has been held every Sunday during Winter for the past few years, attracting many to the village. It is also used as a polling station for general elections.

There is an annual firework display on the weekend nearest 5 November in the Carrington School Playing field, next to the 1st Flackwell Heath Scout's HQ (it was previously held on the recreation ground), which features two firework displays and several foods and drink stores. The firework display has been hugely successful for 30 years. A village Fête held every year on the recreation ground was revived as the 'Cherry Fayre'. Every year, this celebration has had a different theme – one such theme being Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. In celebration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in June 2012, a number of village organisations (including the Residents' Association, Community Association, Scout Group, WI and Royal British Legion) ran a series of events across the Bank Holiday Weekend.

Every Remembrance Sunday, there is a parade around the village war memorial, hosted by the Royal British Legion and attended by service men and women past and present, 1st Flackwell Heath Scout Group, Flackwell Heath Guide District, Flackwell Heath Girl's Brigade and more recently a local Troop of the Boy Scouts of America. Every year the parade sees hundreds of residents stood around the memorial and many wreaths laid.

The Flackwell Heath Residents' Association and the Flackwell Heath Community Association both host numerous events throughout the year for the residents, including Race Nights, Quiz Nights, Music Events and Dances. There are also a number of establishments including pubs such as the Cherry Tree and restaurants such as the Radhuni that entertain residents with tribute acts and music events. The Grapevine newsletter is distributed to the village community ten times a year and is put together and run by volunteers.

There is a large wood (Fennels Wood), which runs alongside a large part of Flackwell Heath and consists mainly of Beech trees. It also has an area where people ride their bicycles, this is locally known as 'The Dells'. The wood hit the news in September 2006, as it was briefly closed off, due to a suspicious find relating to the transatlantic aircraft terrorist plot.

House prices are relatively high in Flackwell Heath due to its closeness both to London and pleasant rural areas.

Education
There are three primary schools in the village, Juniper Hill, Carrington Junior School, and Carrington Infant School. The catchment areas for the schools are the east and west sides of the village respectively. Flackwell Heath is also home to the Wycombe campus of Amersham & Wycombe College. The college is based in Spring Lane on the site of a former secondary school that was built in the late 1960s and closed in 1985. The village is also in the catchment area of Grammar Schools, including John Hampden Grammar School for boys and Wycombe High School for girls, which are both situated 3 miles from the centre of the village in High Wycombe.

Transportation
The M40 from junction 3 to 4 runs through the middle of Fennels Wood. Junction 3 of the M40 can be found a short distance away from Flackwell Heath in Loudwater.

Flackwell Heath was once served by the High Wycombe to Maidenhead railway line, via Loudwater railway station at the bottom of Treadaway Hill. The line and station were closed in 1970 although you can walk along the disused railway line through Fennels Wood.

Arriva operate the council contracted bus services 5 and 6 from Flackwell Heath to High Wycombe and Bourne End, Buckinghamshire. There are also a number of school buses that operate from Flackwell Heath and in the mornings and afternoons.

Famous residents (past and present)

 * Nicola Blackwood – MP for Oxford West and Abingdon
 * Kevin Keen – English Footballer for West Ham United and other top clubs
 * Matt Sealy – British Paralympian
 * Ed Welch – Singer-songwriter and composer of classical music. Best known for TV theme tunes including Blockbusters and the new version of Thomas the Tank Engine.
 * Kevin Buzzard - British mathematician
 * James Gibbins - Dungeon Master

title: Flackwell Heath


text:
Talk:Tangwai movement

Isn't the Dangwai movement generally spelled Tang Wai?
 * Yes, I'll move it. --Jiang | Talk 10:00, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why was this page moved to [Tang Wai]? I've seen it in academic texts as [Tangwai], but don't have time to fix the double redirects if I move it now. --Jiang 19:24, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, Tangwai might be preferable. I just know that "Tang wai" definitely looked weird, and a preliminary search on Google turned up some "Tang Wai" instances. Also, I looked at the comment at the top of this talk page, which spells it "Tang Wai", and assumed the poster knew what he or she was talking about. I'd be fine with moving it to Tangwai. --Lowellian 19:31, Mar 17, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, go ahead. --Jiang

Pinyin vs. Wade-Giles
Just wanted to suggest, though, that we realize that Wade-Giles may not exist as prevalently as it does today forever...if we put pinyin and Wade-Giles on equal footing (e.g. boldfacing/capitalzing the pinyin), this may be helpful to some people. Thanks ~ Dpr 01:58, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tangwai/Dangwai factions
Not all Tangwai factions joined the Democratic Progressive Party. The China Tide (Xiachao, 夏潮) faction took part in forming the Labor Party (Gongdang, 工黨), which later split to produce the Workers' Party (Laodongdang, 勞動黨), which now calls itself the Labor Party in English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.218.68.178 (talk) 07:21, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tangwai movement


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Infernal Affairs

Infernal Affairs is a 2002 Hong Kong action thriller film directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak, from a screenplay written by Mak and Felix Chong. The film stars Andy Lau, Tony Leung, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang, Sammi Cheng and Kelly Chen. The film follows an undercover Hong Kong Police Force officer who infiltrates a Triad, and another officer who is secretly a spy for the same Triad. It is the first in the Infernal Affairs series and is followed by Infernal Affairs II and Infernal Affairs III.

The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards but was not nominated. Miramax Films acquired the United States distribution rights and gave it a limited US theatrical release in 2004. Martin Scorsese remade the film in 2006 as The Departed, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture as well as Academy Award for Best Director, Scorsese's first and only Oscar in his career, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

A 4K remaster of the Infernal Affairs trilogy was released on 12 December 2022, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Infernal Affairs.

Plot
Hon Sam, a Hong Kong Triad boss, sends Lau Kin-ming, a young gangster, to the police academy to serve as his spy in the Hong Kong Police Force. Around the same time, Chan Wing-Yan, a young police cadet, is seemingly expelled from the police academy. In reality, Chan has secretly become an undercover cop, reporting only to Superintendent Wong Chi-shing, who sends him to infiltrate Hon's triad. Over the course of ten years, Chan experiences great stress from his undercover work while Lau quickly rises through the ranks in the police force, eventually becoming a Senior Inspector. Wong and his team interrupt a deal between Hon and a group of Thai cocaine dealers after receiving a tip from Chan. However, Lau alerts Hon, giving him enough time to get his henchmen to dispose of the evidence.

After this incident, both Wong and Hon realize that they have a spy within their own organizations, placing them in a race against time to find out who the spy is. Chan nearly finds out Lau's identity when he tries to follow Lau after seeing him talking to Hon in a cinema; Lau manages to get away before Chan could see his face. By this time, both Chan and Lau are struggling with their double identities – Chan starts losing faith in himself as a cop after being a gangster for ten years; Lau becomes more accustomed to the life of a police officer and wants to end his association with the triad. At their next meeting on a rooftop, Wong wants to pull Chan out of undercover work for fear of his safety.

However, Hon, who knows about the meeting from Lau, sends "Crazy" Keung and other henchmen to confront them. Chan escapes from the building while Wong tries to distract the gangsters and ends up being thrown off the roof to his death. Just then, the police show up and a shootout ensues. Keung, not knowing that Chan is the spy, drives them away from the scene but dies from a gunshot wound later. When the news report that Keung was actually another undercover cop, Hon assumes that he was the spy and that Chan killed him to protect himself. Lau retrieves Wong's cell phone and contacts Chan; both of them agree to foil a drug deal by Hon. The plan succeeds and many of Hon's men are arrested, while Lau betrays and kills Hon.

Everything seems to have returned to normal – Chan can revert to his true identity as a cop, while Lau has erased his criminal connections by eliminating the triad. However, back at the police headquarters, Chan discovers that Lau was the spy and leaves immediately. Realising what has happened, Lau erases Chan's file from the police database and makes a copy on his personal computer, intending to use the proof of Chan's identity as leverage, so that he would not reveal his real identity. Chan sends to Lau a compact disc with a recording that Hon kept between himself and Lau. The disc inadvertently ends up in the hands of Lau's girlfriend, Mary. Chan and Lau meet on the same rooftop where Wong was killed earlier. Chan disarms Lau and holds his pistol to Lau's head; Lau states calmly that he "wants to be a good person" now, but Chan rejects Lau's plea to help him conceal his criminal past.

Inspector "Big B" arrives on the scene shortly and orders Chan to release Lau. Chan holds Lau as a hostage at gunpoint and backs into an elevator, but gets shot in the head by "Big B" when he moves his head from behind Lau. "Big B" then reveals to Lau that he is also a spy planted by Hon in the police force, and assures Lau that he has destroyed evidence of Lau's criminal associations. When they take the elevator to the ground floor, Lau kills "Big B". Lee discovers records that prove Chan's identity as an undercover cop, while "Big B" is identified as the spy in the police force and the case is closed. Lau salutes Chan at his funeral, with Cheung and Lee present as well. A flashback reaffirms the point that Lau wished he had taken a different route in life.

Cast

 * Andy Lau as Senior Inspector Lau Kin-ming (劉健明), Hon's spy in the Hong Kong Police Force.
 * Edison Chen as young Lau Kin-ming
 * Tony Leung as Chan Wing-yan (陳永仁), an undercover cop in Hon's Triad.
 * Shawn Yue as young Chan Wing-yan
 * Anthony Wong as Superintendent Wong Chi-shing (黃志誠), Chan's superior.
 * Eric Tsang as Hon Sam (韓琛), the Triad boss.
 * Chapman To as "Silly" Keung (傻強), Hon's henchman.
 * Gordon Lam as Inspector B (大B; Big B), Lau's subordinate who is also a spy in the HKPF.
 * Sammi Cheng as Mary, Lau's fiancée.
 * Kelly Chen as Lee Sum-yee (李心兒), Chan's psychiatrist.
 * Berg Ng as Senior Inspector Cheung (張Sir), Wong's subordinate.
 * Wan Chi-keung as Officer Leung (梁Sir), the Chief Superintendent of the internal affairs department.
 * Dion Lam as Del Piero (迪路), Hon's henchman.
 * Elva Hsiao as May, Chan's ex-girlfriend.
 * Hui Kam-fung as Officer Yip (葉Sir), Chan's cadet school principal

Alternate ending
An alternate ending for the film was shot in order to comply with Article 25 (7) of the Chinese Film Administration Regulations specifying that films cannot propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, or abet to commit crimes. In the original (Hong Kong) ending, Lau concealed his true identity as a Triad spy and identified himself as a police officer to avoid legislative punishment. Therefore, the original ending was deemed to promote criminal activity and injustice, and an alternate ending was filmed to make the film suitable for mainland China. In the alternate ending, inspector Cheung discovers evidence of Lau's criminal activity and immediately arrests Lau outside the elevator. This alternate ending was shown in mainland China and Malaysia.

Postcolonial identity crisis in Hong Kong
In Infernal Affairs, the identity crisis suffered by both Chan and Lau as a mole is hinting at the struggle of Hong Kong residents, who faced both the colonization by the British and the reunification with Mainland China. Specifically, under Deng Xiaoping’s "One Country, Two System policy", the duplicity, unsettling, and uncertain nature of the future of Hong Kong residents is tightly echoed in Chan and Lau's character developments. Scholar Howard Y. F. Choy further claimed that "this postcolonial (re)turn is actually more a recolonization than a decolonization of the capitalist Cantonese city by the mainland Mandarin master."

Quotes from Buddha
Infernal Affairs opens with Buddhist classic Nirvana Sutra Verse Nineteen, stating that "The worst of the Eight Hells is called Continuous Hell. It has the meaning of Continuous Suffering. Thus the name." The film also closes with another quote from Buddha, stating that "He who is in Continuous Hell never dies. Longevity is a big hardship in Continuous Hell." In Buddhism, Continuous Hell is also termed The Avici, where one can never reincarnate nor be relieved from guilt and suffering. This concept of timeless, placeless, and endless suffering especially applies to the character Lau throughout the trilogy, who infinitely bears the burden of self-betrayal (serves as a mole), loss of family and friendship, and unsettledness.

Box office
Upon its premiere in Hong Kong, Infernal Affairs grossed $160,356 during the opening day (16–19 January). In total, the film grossed $7,035,649 during its run in Hong Kong theatres. The film was then released across Asia, where it grossed a further $169,659 from theatre receipts. In 2016, South Korean theaters re-released the film, which went on to gross $128,026 across three weeks. The total lifetime gross of the film in Korea is $977,903.

In total, worldwide, the film grossed $8,836,958 across release in both domestic markets and European theatres which displayed the film.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Infernal Affairs has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 64 critics, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus from the site reads as "Smart and engrossing, this is one of Hong Kong's better cop thrillers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". It was ranked as the 62nd Best Movie of 2004, 86th Most Discussed Movie of 2004, and the 95th Most Shared Movie of 2004.

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film a three-out-of-four star rating and described Infernal Affairs as offering "rare emotional depth." In his words, "The movie pays off in a kind of emotional complexity rarely seen in crime movies. I cannot reveal what happens but will urge you to consider the thoughts of two men who finally confront their own real identities—in the person of the other character." New York Times reviewer Elvis Mitchell was so enraptured with the film that he stated that "Infernal Affairs is so beautifully shot that the images occasionally distract you from the condensed policier plot."

Accolades
Infernal Affairs played an integral role in Andrew Lau's breakout films in entering the 21st century. Being the most critically acclaimed film of his to date, it was ranked No. 30 in Empire Magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.

Infernal Affairs gained significant traction during its festival run as it was nominated for sixteen awards during the 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards, winning seven of those categories. It also won the Best Picture at the 40th Golden Horse Awards, the 8th Golden Bauhinia Awards, and the Best Foreign Language Film at the 46th Blue Ribbon Awards.

Eventually, Infernal Affairs would spark the creation of two more films, with Infernal Affairs II getting 11 nominations and Infernal Affairs III getting 7 nominations during the 23rd Hong Kong Film Awards, with Infernal Affairs II winning Best Original Film Song.

Music
The original film score for Infernal Affairs was written and performed by Chan Kwong-wing.

The theme song, Infernal Affairs (無間道), was composed by Ronald Ng, lyrics provided by Albert Leung, and performed in Cantonese and Mandarin by Andy Lau and Tony Leung.

Although not included in the soundtrack album, Tsai Chin's (蔡琴) song "Forgotten Times" (《被遺忘的時光》) features prominently in this film as a recurring element of its storyline, and also in its sequels.

Script
Writer Alan Mak had long wanted to write a story about police and gangsters. The script of Infernal Affairs was inspired by John Woo's Face/Off (1997) but Mak knew that faces cannot swap in the real world. Instead, he focused on the exchange of identity and psychology between the two leads and delved into human nature and the human heart. In the process of Mak's creation, his good friend Felix Chong also encouraged and supported him. The script, written by Mak and revised by Chong, took three years to complete.

The dialogue in the famous rooftop showdown was created on the spot by Felix Chong and Tony Leung, with Chong playing Andy Lau's part. The script originally included a typical shootout in the third act, but Leung insisted on turning it into a dialogue scene.

Gordon Lam did not receive the full script and did not know his character was also a triad mole until the final scene.

Investment
The script for Infernal Affairs originally belonged to Andy Lau's Teamwork Motion Pictures, but due to the company's entanglement in a lawsuit at the time, it was unable to produce the film. In addition, the creative team could not find investors because other studios at the time thought that an undercover film wasn't novel enough to make money. Eventually, Andrew Lau made a hopeless bid and showed the script to John Chong at Media Asia Entertainment Group. To his surprise Chong and company chairman Peter Lam saw potential in the story. Lam proceeded to invest HK $20 million in the film, under the condition that Andy Lau will star the film.

Adaptations
With star power, visual allure, and an engaging script, Andrew Lau and Alan Mak's Infernal Affairs (2002) did very well critically and financially, spawned two sequels and a television series, and attracted the attention of Hollywood. In 2003, Brad Pitt's production company Plan B Entertainment acquired the rights for a Hollywood remake, named The Departed, which was directed by Martin Scorsese, written by William Monahan, starred Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen, Ray Winstone, Vera Farmiga, and Alec Baldwin, set in Boston, Massachusetts, and roughly based on the life of famed Boston mobster James "Whitey" Bulger. The Departed was released on 6 October 2006 by Warner Bros. Pictures and won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay for Monahan, and Best Director for Scorsese. Andrew Lau, the co-director of Infernal Affairs, who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily, said: "Of course I think the version I made is better, but the Hollywood version is pretty good too. [Scorsese] made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture." Andy Lau, one of the main actors in Infernal Affairs, when asked how the movie compares to the original, said: "The Departed was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three Infernal Affairs movies together." Lau pointed out that the remake featured some of the "golden quotes" of the original but did have much more swearing. He ultimately rated The Departed 8/10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view, though according to Lau's spokeswoman Alice Tam, he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in The Departed was not as good as the original storyline.

Lau, Tsang, and Jacky Cheung parodied the cinema scene to promote the Hong Kong Film Awards. Lau and Tsang, in their respective characters, go through the scene where they meet to gather info on the undercover cop amongst Hon Sam's gang. Lau Kin-ming asks Hon, "Why do we always meet in a cinema?", to which Hon answers, "It's quiet. No one comes to movies". Cheung comes out from the shadows behind them and says, "I don't know...quite a few people watch movies" and we see a slew of Hong Kong celebrities watching various clips of Hong Kong films on the screen. Originally Tony Leung was going to appear but scheduling conflicts led to the recasting.

The 2003 TVB spoof celebrating the Chinese New Year called Mo Ba To (吐氣羊眉賀新春之無霸道), the 2004 comedy film Love Is a Many Stupid Thing by Wong Jing, and the 2004 TVB television drama Shades of Truth were re-writings based on the plot of the film.

In Taiwan SHODA (劉裕銘) and a secondary school student Blanka (布蘭卡) cut and rearranged the original film and inserted new sound tracks to produce their videos Infernal Affairs CD pro2 and Infernal Affairs iPod on the web. The videos had many views and both producers removed their videos after receiving cease and desist letters from the Group Power Workshop Limited (群體工作室), the Taiwan distributor of the film.

Media Asia released a limited edition of eight-DVD set of the Infernal Affairs trilogy in an Ultimate Collectible Boxset (無間道終極珍藏DVD系列(8DVD套裝)) on 20 December 2004. Features included an online game and two Chinese novelisations of the film series by Lee Muk-Tung (李牧童), titled 無間道I+II小說 and 無間道III終極無間小說.

The hi-fi shop scene was later recreated with additions of excerpts of the film to encourage businesses to join the Quality Tourism Services Scheme in Hong Kong.

In 2009, a Korean remake City of Damnation, which was directed by Kim Dong-won was released on 22 January 2009. In 2009, a Telugu remake Homam, which directed and acted by JD Chakravarthy along with Jagapathi Babu was released and became a notable movie. In 2012, Double Face (ダブルフェイス), a Japanese television remake starring Hidetoshi Nishijima was released by TBS and WOWOW. The production aired in two parts: "Police Impersonation" on WOWOW and "Undercover" on TBS.

A TV series remake debuted in 2018 produced by Media Asia and former TVB producer Tommy Leung. The series, which is titled Infernal Affairs like the film, stars Gallen Lo, Damian Lau, Paul Chun, Lo Hoi-pang, Eric Tsang, Derek Kok, Dominic Lam, Toby Leung and Yuen Biao. The story takes place years after the films' events, with some minor characters reprising their roles alongside a new cast. The TV series uses the same concept as the film, but with an entirely new story and characters, and the setting expanded beyond Hong Kong to include Thailand and Shenzhen. It stretched through three seasons with each season consisting of 12 episodes.

Hindi remake is going to be a joint development between Warner Bros. India and Mumbai – based banner Azure and is set for a remake for a two-picture deal

The success of the film inspired many genres, including an open-world video game from United Front Games titled Sleeping Dogs (or True Crime: Hong Kong before canceled by Activision Blizzard in 2011), with the protagonist of the story infiltrating the criminal underworld as an undercover police.

title: Infernal Affairs