text:
Seussical

Seussical is a musical comedy by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty, based on the many children's stories of Dr. Seuss, with most of its plot being based on Horton Hears a Who!, Gertrude McFuzz, and Horton Hatches the Egg while incorporating many other stories. The musical's name is a portmanteau of "Seuss" and the word "musical". Following its Broadway debut in 2000, the show was widely panned by critics, and closed in 2001 with huge financial losses. It has spawned two US national tours and a West End production, and has become a frequent production for schools and regional theaters.

Plot
This synopsis describes the tour version of the show, currently being licensed as "Seussical the Musical" by Music Theatre International (MTI).

Act I
The show opens on a bare stage, save for an odd red-and-white-striped hat in the center. A small boy wanders into view and notices the hat, wondering to whom it might belong. He finally mentions the word Cat in the Hat, who appears before the Boy and tells him he has been brought to life by the Boy's "Thinks". The Cat urges this boy to Think up the "Seussian" world and characters around the boy and himself ("Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!"). The Cat then reveals to the Boy that he is about to tell a story about someone as imaginative as the Boy is.

To begin the story, the Cat encourages the Boy to think up the Jungle of Nool, where Horton the Elephant is bathing. Horton hears a strange noise coming from a nearby speck of dust, and reasons that someone must be on it, calling out for help. He carefully places the speck on a soft clover and decides to guard it ("Horton Hears a Who"). But he is mocked mercilessly by the Sour Kangaroo and the other animals of the jungle, who do not believe him ("Biggest Blame Fool"). The only exceptions are Horton's bird neighbors, Gertrude McFuzz, who admires his compassion, and Mayzie LaBird, who is more concerned about herself.

Horton soon discovers that the speck is actually a microscopic planet populated by creatures called Whos. The citizens of Who-ville introduce themselves and their yearly Christmas pageant directed by their friend the Grinch. They also reveal that in addition to being unable to control where the speck flies, they are on the brink of war and their entire population of Truffula Trees has been cut down ("Here on Who"). The Whos thank Horton and ask for his protection, and he agrees to guard their planet.

At this point, the Cat pushes the Boy into the story; he becomes Jojo, the son of the Mayor of Who-ville and his wife. Jojo has been getting into trouble at school for having Thinks, so his parents order him to "take a bath and go to bed, and think some normal Thinks, instead". Jojo blames the Cat for getting him into trouble and tries to send him away. The Cat refuses and persuades Jojo to imagine the tub is McElligot's Pool ("It's Possible"). Jojo inadvertently floods the house, leading the Mayor and his wife to contemplate what to do with their son ("How to Raise a Child"). When the Cat hands them a brochure, they decide to send Jojo to a military school run by General Genghis Khan Schmitz, who is preparing to go to war with those who eat their bread with the butter side down ("The Military"). While there, Jojo meets Horton, and finds a mutual friend in him ("Alone in the Universe").

Gertrude, meanwhile, has fallen in love with Horton, but is afraid he does not notice her because of her own tail, which consists of only "one droopy-droop feather" ("The One Feather Tail of Miss Gertrude McFuzz"). At the advice of Mayzie, whose tail is enormous and dazzling, she consumes pills which make her tail grow new feathers. Gertrude is so excited that she overdoses, causing her tail to grow long and unwieldy ("Amazing Mayzie"/"Amazing Gertrude").

Horton is ambushed by the Wickersham brothers, a gang of delinquent monkeys, who steal the clover and make off with it ("Monkey Around"). Horton gives chase until the Wickershams hand the clover to an eagle named Vlad Vladikoff, who drops it into a large patch of identical clovers ("Chasing the Whos"). Here, the Cat cuts briefly into the action to remind the audience how lucky they are to not be Horton ("How Lucky You Are"). Undeterred, Horton begins to look for the clover, hoping the Whos are still alive, when Gertrude catches up with him and tries to get him to notice her new tail. Horton is too busy, so she leaves to take more pills ("Notice Me, Horton").

Horton is about to search his three millionth clover when he loses hope. Mayzie, sitting in a nearby tree, offers to help him forget about the Whos by hatching an egg that she is too lazy to care for ("How Lucky You Are (Reprise)"). Horton reluctantly agrees, and Mayzie leaves for a vacation. Horton sits through months of harsh weather as he tries to decide between the egg and the Whos ("Horton Sits on the Egg") before he is captured by hunters, who take him away along with the entire tree. Gertrude tries to stop the hunters, but cannot fly due to her heavy tail.

The Cat closes the act with a reprise of "How Lucky You Are", and conducts the band during the intermission.

Act II
Horton, still hatching the egg, is auctioned off to the traveling Circus McGurkus ("Egg, Nest, and Tree"/"Circus McGurkus"/"How Lucky You Are (Reprise)"). At one show in Palm Beach, he meets up with Mayzie, who insists that he keep the egg for himself before leaving ("Amayzing Horton"). Horton mourns the loss of the Whos and Jojo, but vows just as surely to protect the egg, as it, too, is alone without its mother ("Alone in the Universe (Reprise)"), and sings it a lullaby with Jojo about a magical place called Solla Sollew. At the same time, the Mayor and his wife begin to miss Horton and Jojo, and wish for Solla Sollew, as well ("Solla Sollew").

Jojo is with General Schmitz and his platoon as the Butter Battle commences. Jojo deserts Schmitz, but sprints into a minefield and vanishes in an explosion. Schmitz assumes the worst and heads to Who-ville to tell Jojo's parents that their son has died. The Cat returns to perform a re-enactment of the dramatic scene. But in reality, Jojo has survived, but is lost with no idea of where to turn. The Cat appears to him with a band of Hunches, encouraging him to use his Thinks to find his way home ("Havin' a Hunch"). Jojo does so and happily reunites with his parents, who forgive him for his Thinks.

Gertrude sneaks into the circus to free Horton, explaining she plucked out all but one of her tail feathers to fly there, and confesses her love for him. She also reveals she has found his clover, delighting and relieving Horton to find the Whos alive and well ("All For You"). However, the Sour Kangaroo and the Wickersham brothers arrive to take Horton back to the jungle.

In the jungle, Horton is put on trial for the crimes of "talking to a speck, disturbing the peace, and loitering... on an egg" ("The People Versus Horton the Elephant"). Aided by Gertrude, Horton makes his best case, but Judge Yertle the Turtle finds him guilty. He orders Horton remanded to the "Nool Asylum for the Criminally Insane" and the clover destroyed in a kettle of hot "Beezle-Nut" oil. Desperate, Horton encourages the Whos to make as much noise as possible to prove their existence, but the animals do not hear them. Jojo finally uses his Thinks to conjure a new word, "Yopp", which he shouts loudly enough to reach the animals' ears. Convinced at last, the animals repent and promise to help protect the Whos, and Horton is acquitted. Jojo is accepted by his parents and the rest of Who-ville as "Thinker Non-Stop" for saving their planet. Horton's egg hatches into a tiny flying "Elephant-Bird", amazing everyone, but dismaying Horton, who panics at the thought of flying progeny. Gertrude reassures him that they can raise the child together, and they agree to do so.

With the story finished, the Cat returns to close the show ("Finale - Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!"), then vanishes along with the scenery, leaving only his hat and Jojo, who is now the Boy again. The Boy picks the hat up, dons it, and says, "Seuss!"

During a curtain call, the company performs a number based on Green Eggs and Ham ("Green Eggs and Ham").

Cast
† In the Broadway production and the 1st US National Tour, the role of Jojo was alternated by two actors.

Notable Broadway replacements

 * The Cat in the Hat: Rosie O'Donnell, Cathy Rigby
 * Jojo: Aaron Carter, Cameron Bowen, Andrew Keenan-Bolger

Major characters

 * The Cat in the Hat - A trickster who serves as the narrator of the story and also plays many small roles throughout.
 * Jojo - The imaginative and misunderstood young son of the mayor. In touring and licensed productions, the actor who plays Jojo begins as an unnamed boy whom the Cat brings into the story.
 * Horton the Elephant - An elephant whose compassion and determination lead him to follow through on any task.
 * Gertrude McFuzz - Horton's next-door neighbor, a shy bird with a short tail who falls in love with Horton and seeks to have her tail made longer to catch his attention
 * Mayzie LaBird - A bird neighbor of Horton and Gertrude with an extravagant tail. She becomes single mother to an unwanted egg that she ultimately gives up to Horton.
 * Sour Kangaroo - A mother who seeks to protect her jungle community from strange ideas like Horton's.
 * Mr. and Mrs. Mayor - Jojo's parents and the community leaders of Whoville who don't know how to deal with their overimaginative son.
 * General Genghis Khan Schmitz - An overbearing military academy instructor who leads his cadets into combat in The Butter Battle

Minor characters

 * Bird Girls, a group of female birds who act as a Greek chorus
 * Wickersham Brothers, a gang of monkeys who mock Horton and steal the clover
 * The Grinch, a notable resident of Who-ville who is responsible for organizing the Christmas pageant based on the tale of his own redemption
 * Young Kangaroo, the Sour Kangaroo's young joey (often portrayed by a puppet)
 * Yertle the Turtle, the judge who presides over the Jungle of Nool's court
 * Vlad Vladikoff, an eagle ally of the Wickershams
 * Citizens of Who-ville, Jungle Creatures, Fish, Cadets, Hunches, Circus Animals, Hunters

Act I

 * "Overture" – Orchestra/The Boy Who Thinks
 * "Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!" – The Cat in the Hat and Company
 * "Horton Hears a Who" – Bird Girls, Horton the Elephant, and Citizens of the Jungle of Nool
 * "Biggest Blame Fool" – Sour Kangaroo, Young Kangaroo, Horton the Elephant, Wickersham Brothers, Bird Girls, Gertrude McFuzz, Mayzie LaBird, Citizens of the Jungle, the Boy and The Cat
 * "Here on Who" – The Mayor, Mrs. Mayor, The Grinch, Whos, Schmitz and Horton
 * "A Day for the Cat in the Hat" - The Cat in the Hat, JoJo and Cat's Helpers
 * "It's Possible (In McElligot's Pool)" – JoJo, The Cat in the Hat and Fish
 * "How to Raise a Child" – The Mayor and Mrs. Mayor
 * "The Military" – General Genghis Khan Schmitz, The Mayor, Mrs. Mayor, JoJo, and Cadets
 * "Alone in the Universe" – Horton the Elephant and JoJo
 * "The One Feather Tail of Miss Gertrude McFuzz" – Gertrude
 * "Amazing Mayzie" – Mayzie LaBird, Gertrude and the Bird Girls
 * "Amazing Gertrude" – Gertrude and Bird Girls
 * "Monkey Around" – Wickersham Brothers and Horton the Elephant
 * "Chasing the Whos" – Horton the Elephant, Sour Kangaroo, Young Kangaroo, Bird Girls, Wickersham Brothers, The Cat in the Hat, Vlad Vladikoff and Whos
 * "How Lucky You Are" – The Cat in the Hat and Whos
 * "Notice Me, Horton" – Gertrude McFuzz and Horton
 * "How Lucky You Are" (Reprise) – Mayzie LaBird and Horton the Elephant
 * "Horton Sits on the Egg / Act I Finale" – Full Company

Act II

 * "Entr'acte" – Orchestra
 * "Our Story Resumes" – The Cat in the Hat, JoJo, Horton, Gertrude McFuzz, General Genghis Khan Schmitz, Bird Girls and Hunters
 * "Egg, Nest, and Tree" – Sour Kangaroo, Bird Girls, Wickersham Brothers, The Cat in the Hat and Hunters
 * "The Circus McGurkus" – The Cat in the Hat, Horton and Circus Animals
 * "The Circus on Tour" – Horton
 * "Mayzie in Palm Beach" – Mayzie LaBird, The Cat Jose the Pool Boy and Horton
 * "Amazing Horton" – Mayzie LaBird and Horton
 * "Alone in the Universe" (Reprise) – Horton the Elephant
 * "Solla Sollew" – Horton, The Mayor, Mrs. Mayor, JoJo, and Circus McGurkus Animals and Performers
 * "All for You" – Gertrude, Horton and Bird Girls
 * "The People Versus Horton the Elephant" – Principals (except Mayzie and Schmitz), Wickershams, Yertle, Bird Girls, Sour Kangaroo, Young Kangaroo
 * "Finale" / "Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!" (Reprise) – Full Company
 * "Curtain Call" / "Green Eggs and Ham" – Full Company

Contributing Dr. Seuss books
Seussical incorporates these Dr. Seuss stories:

 * And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street
 * The Butter Battle Book
 * The Cat in the Hat
 * Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?
 * Dr. Seuss's ABC
 * Fox in Socks
 * Green Eggs and Ham
 * Hop on Pop
 * Horton Hatches the Egg
 * How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
 * Hunches in Bunches
 * I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew
 * If I Ran the Circus
 * The Lorax
 * McElligot's Pool
 * Oh Say Can You Say?
 * Oh, the Places You'll Go!
 * Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!
 * The Sneetches and Other Stories
 * Yertle the Turtle

Pre-Broadway
In a reading in New York City, Eric Idle played the Cat in the Hat, and was credited at the time for contributions to the story line. In the Toronto workshop in 2000, coordinated by Livent Inc., Andrea Martin played the Cat in the Hat. Positive early buzz set off a bidding war among New York theatre producers, with Barry and Fran Weissler acquiring the rights. The musical had its out-of-town tryout in Boston, Massachusetts at the Colonial Theatre in September 2000.

An extensive sequence adapting The Lorax was seen in the original script, which involved Jojo meeting the Once-ler after deserting the army, and receiving the last Truffula Tree seed from him, giving him the courage to save Who-ville. Relevant characters included the Lorax himself as well as Bar-ba-loots, Swomee-Swans, and Humming-Fish, who would all appear and disappear as the Once-ler told his story. The sequence faced numerous difficulties due to the show's already lengthy running time, and was ultimately cut entirely after its Boston tryout.

Broadway
Seussical opened on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on November 30, 2000. It was directed by Frank Galati and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall. Marshall's brother Rob Marshall was hired to direct the show when it returned to Broadway from Boston, though was uncredited. Originally, Catherine Zuber was the costume designer who made costumes as close to Seuss's illustrations as possible, and her costumes were seen in the Boston run. However, for Broadway, Zuber was replaced by William Ivey Long, whose costumes were more realistic and clashed with the Seussian set design. David Shiner played the Cat in the Hat, while Kevin Chamberlin played Horton, Michele Pawk played Mayzie LaBird, Stuart Zagnit and Alice Playten played Mr. and Mrs. Mayor, and Sharon Wilkins played the Sour Kangaroo.

The show received almost universally negative reviews. In January 2001, in response to falling ticket sales, producers brought in Rosie O'Donnell to replace Shiner as the Cat in the Hat for a month-long engagement. O'Donnell also came in because Shiner went on vacation to see his wife in Germany. The move was criticized as stunt casting, but was successful at temporarily boosting ticket sales. After O'Donnell's run ended, Shiner returned to Seussical as the Cat in the Hat in February until March. In March, young pop star Aaron Carter and former Olympic gymnast Cathy Rigby were cast as JoJo and the Cat respectively for short engagements. Due to poor box office, the show closed on May 20 the same year after 198 performances. Its ultimate financial losses were estimated at $11 million, making it one of the worst financial flops in Broadway history.

US tours
Following the Broadway production, there were two US national tours. Rigby reprised her role as the Cat for the first tour which ran from September 2002 to June 2003. A second non-Equity production toured from 2003 to 2004.

The script for the first tour was reworked extensively after the show's poor showing on Broadway, resulting in the removal or reworking of several songs. The biggest change involved Jojo, who would now initially appear as an anonymous boy imagining the events onstage before the Cat pushed him into the story. Additional dialogue was included, and some songs and their reprises were cut. This version of the show is the one currently licensed by MTI as Seussical the Musical.

Off-Broadway
A 90-minute Off-Broadway production was staged at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in 2007 by Theatreworks USA. It was directed and choreographed by Marcia Milgrom Dodge. This production was downscaled for the National Tour, which had its last show in spring 2018.

West End (London)
Seussical opened on the West End at the Arts Theatre on December 4, 2012, presented by Selladoor Worldwide. It returned in 2013.

Off West End (London)
Seussical opened at the Southwark Playhouse on 22 November 2018, and ran performances until 29 December.

South Africa
Seussical opened at the Lyric Theatre at Gold Reef Cityon December 20, 2019, for the festive season, presented by AndCoSA &CO.

One-act versions
A one-act version of the Broadway show titled Seussical Jr. has been created as part of MTI's Jr. series. It is intended to be shorter and more accessible for junior high or middle school students, and has an average run time of 60 minutes. For Jr., various songs are cut and shortened; the subplots based on The Butter Battle Book and How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, and their relevant songs and characters, are removed to make the story more understandable for younger audiences, though the Grinch retains one line during the song "Here on Who". General Schmitz is replaced in "Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!" by the Wickersham Brothers. Songs cut include "Our Story Resumes", "The Circus McGurkus" and "The Circus on Tour".

An even shorter version of the show, Seussical KIDS, is also available from MTI. The 30-minute KIDS version is intended for a large cast of young performers. Notable differences between Jr. and KIDS include the introduction of three Cats in the Hats and the removal of the songs "Biggest Blame Fool", "Amayzing Mayzie", and "Notice Me, Horton".

In 2004, Seussical was reworked into a "Theatre for Young Audiences" version. The cast was reduced to 12 actors, with the plot changed to focus more on Horton.

title: Seussical


text:
CIAM

CIAM may refer to:
 * Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, the International Congresses of Modern Architecture
 * Commission Internationale Aeromodelling, a section of Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
 * Central Institute of Aviation Motors, a specialized Russian research and engineering facility
 * CIAM-FM, is a radio station in Fort Vermilion, Alberta, Canada
 * CIAM, former call sign of CJDV-FM, a radio station in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
 * CIAM, Customer Identity Access Management

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CIAM


text:
AS-102

AS-102 (also designated SA-7) was the seventh flight of the Saturn I launch vehicle, which carried the boilerplate Apollo spacecraft BP-15 into low Earth orbit. The test took place on September 18, 1964, lasting for five orbits (about seven and a half hours). The spacecraft and its upper stage completed 59 orbits before reentering the atmosphere and crashing in the Indian Ocean on September 22, 1964.

Objectives
AS-102 was designed to repeat the flight of AS-101. It would once again carry a boilerplate Apollo command and service module. The only difference from Boilerplate 13 carried on AS-101 was that on Boilerplate 15, one of the simulated reaction control system thruster quads (attitude control thrusters) was instrumented to record launch temperatures and vibrations. Another major difference on AS-102 was that the launch escape system (LES) tower would be jettisoned using the launch escape and pitch control motors.

AS-102 was the first time a Saturn rocket carried the ST-124 programmable guidance computer. Previous launches had used an onboard "black box" that was preprogrammed. On AS-102 it would be possible to reprogram the computer during flight so that any anomalous behavior could potentially be corrected.

Flight
In early July, a small crack in engine number six was found. This meant removing the engine, the first time that the ground crew had to do this with a Saturn rocket. It was then decided to return all eight engines to the manufacturer, which meant a job that would take about ten hours because of the large number of tubes, hoses and wires that connected each engine to the rocket. The replacement delayed the launch by about two weeks, followed by another delay of several days because of Hurricanes Cleo and Dora.

Launch was on 18 September from Cape Kennedy, Florida just before noon local time. The first stage burned for 147.7 seconds, with separation 0.8 seconds later. The second stage ignited 1.7 seconds later, and the LES jettisoned at 160.2 seconds after launch. It burned until +621.1 seconds with the stage and boilerplate in a 212.66 by 226.50 km orbit.

The flight met all its objectives. The spacecraft continued to transmit telemetry for five orbits and was tracked until re-entry on its 59th orbit over the Indian Ocean.

The only anomalous event on the flight was the failure to recover the eight film-camera pods. They had landed downrange of the expected area, where Hurricane Gladys forestalled a continued search. However, two of the pods did wash ashore two months later. The pods were covered with barnacles, but the film inside was undamaged.

title: AS-102


text: User talk:64.12.96.72

title: User talk:64.12.96.72


text:
James II of Cyprus

James II (Jacques; c. 1438/1439 or c. 1440 – 10 July 1473) was the penultimate King of Cyprus (usurper), reigning from 1460/1464 until his death.

Archbishop of Nicosia
James was born in Nicosia as the illegitimate son of John II of Cyprus and Marietta de Patras. He was a great favourite of his father, and in 1456, at the age of 16, he was appointed to the archbishopric of Nicosia. After murdering Iacopo Urri, the royal chamberlain, on 1 April 1457, he was deprived of the archbishopric and fled to Rhodes on a ship of the Catalan Juan Tafures. He was pardoned by his father, and the archbishopric was returned to him.

King of Cyprus
In 1458, his father died and his half-sister Charlotte became Queen of Cyprus. Then in 1460, with support from the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Sayf ad-Din Inal, James challenged her right to the throne, blockading her and her husband, Louis of Savoy, in the castle of Kyrenia for three years. Charlotte fled to Rome in 1463.

With the fall of Kyrenia before the autumn of 1464, de facto Charlotte and Louis lost their throne. James was crowned king in her stead. In gratitude, he made his friend and supporter Juan Tafures Master of his Household and titular Count of Tripoli.

Marriage, death and succession
In Venice, on 30 July 1468, seeking political support, he married a 14-year-old Venetian, Catherine Cornaro, by proxy. She finally sailed to Cyprus in 1472 and married in person at Famagusta in October or November. James died in Famagusta a few months later amidst some suspicion that he might have been poisoned by agents of Venice, possibly by Catherine's uncles. According to his will, Catherine, who was pregnant, became regent. The couple's son, James III, died under suspicious circumstances in 1474 before his first birthday, leaving Catherine as queen regnant of Cyprus. During her reign, the island was controlled by Venetian merchants. In 1489, Venice forced her to abdicate, and Cyprus became a colony of the Republic of Venice.

Illegitimate children
Prior to his marriage, King James II had three natural children with an unnamed mistress: He had another mistress, by the name of Eschive de Nores (d. after 1468), who married his cousin, Philippe, Titular Prince of Galilee, a natural son of his great-uncle, Henry. However, there is no record of any children with her.
 * Eugene of Lusignan (b. c. 1468 - d. Venice, 1536), married Donna Paola Mazzara of Sicily after 1509.
 * Janus of Lusignan (d. after 1552), married (1) 1504 to N de Toro, married (2) 1547 to Virginia Cosanza dei Duchi di San Sava, with issue.
 * Charlotte of Lusignan (b. April 1468 - d. 24 July 1480 in Castel of Padua), she was either married or engaged to the designated heir of her aunt, Alonso, batard d'Aragona (1460–1510), a son of Ferdinand I of Naples. She was imprisoned by Queen Charlotte's opponents and died in captivity shortly before her twelfth birthday.

title: James II of Cyprus


text:
Horton Hears a Who!

Horton Hears a Who! is a children's book written and illustrated by Theodor Seuss Geisel under the pen name Dr. Seuss. It was published in 1954 by Random House. This book tells the story of Horton the Elephant and his adventures saving Whoville, a tiny planet located on a speck of dust, from the animals who mock him. These animals attempt to steal and burn the speck of dust, so Horton goes to great lengths to save Whoville from being incinerated.

"A person's a person, no matter how small" is the most popular line from Horton Hears a Who! and also serves as the major moral theme that Dr. Seuss conveys to his audience. Horton endures harassment to care for and ensure the safety of the Whos, who represent the insignificant. Horton Hears a Who! has been well-received in libraries, schools, and homes across the world. The book has been adapted as a 1970 television special and a 2008 animated film by Blue Sky Studios and 20th Century Fox Animation, and much of its plot was incorporated into the Broadway musical production Seussical.

Background
Geisel began work on Horton Hears a Who! in the fall of 1953. It is his second book to feature Horton the Elephant with the first being Horton Hatches the Egg. The Whos would later reappear in How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The book's main theme, "a person's a person no matter how small", was Geisel's reaction to his visit to Japan, where the importance of the individual was an exciting new concept. Geisel, who had harbored strong anti-Japan sentiments before and during World War II, changed his views dramatically after the war and used this book as an allegory for the American post-war occupation of the country. His comparison of the Whos and the Japanese was a way for him to express his willingness for companionship. Geisel strived to relay the message that the Japanese should be valued equally, especially in a stressful post-war era. He dedicated the book to a Japanese friend.

Plot
The book tells the story of Horton the Elephant, who, "On the 15th of May, in The Jungle of Nool", while splashing in a pool, hears a speck of dust talking to him. Horton surmises that a small person lives on the speck and places it on the top of a red clover, vowing to protect it. He later discovers that the speck is actually a tiny planet, home to a community called Whoville, where microscopic creatures called Whos live. The Mayor of Whoville asks Horton to protect them from harm, which Horton happily agrees to, proclaiming throughout the book, "A person's a person, no matter how small".

Throughout the book, Horton is trying to convince the Jungle of Nool that "a person is a person no matter how small" and that everyone should be treated equally. In his mission to protect the speck, Horton is ridiculed and harassed by the other animals in the jungle for it since they believe that anything that can't be seen or heard is nonexistent. He is first criticized by the sour kangaroo and her joey. The splash they make as they jump into the pool almost reaches the speck, so Horton decides to find somewhere safer for it. But the news of his odd new behavior spreads quickly, and he is soon harassed by the Wickersham Brothers, a group of monkeys (which are actually apes). They steal the clover from him and give it to Vlad Vladikoff, a “black-bottomed” eagle. Vlad flies the clover a long distance, with Horton in pursuit, until Vlad drops it into the middle of a field of clovers that stretches for hundreds of miles.

After an extremely long search, Horton finally finds the clover (the 3,000,000th flower) with the speck on it. However, the Mayor informs him that Whoville, the town on the speck, is in bad shape from the fall, and Horton discovers that the sour kangaroo and the Wickersham Brothers (along with their extended family) have caught up to him. They tie Horton up and threaten to boil the speck in a pot of "Beezle-Nut" oil. To save Whoville, Horton implores the little people to make as much noise as they can, to prove their existence. So almost everyone in Whoville shouts, sings, and plays instruments, but still no one but Horton can hear them. So the Mayor searches Whoville until he finds a very small shirker named JoJo, who is playing with a yo-yo instead of making noise. The Mayor carries him to the top of Eiffelberg Tower, where JoJo shouts out a loud "Yopp!", which finally makes the kangaroo and the monkeys hear the Whos. Now convinced of the Whos' existence, the other jungle animals vow to help Horton protect the tiny community.

Publication history
Horton Hears a Who! was published on August 28, 1954, by Random House Children's Books which is a division of the publishing company Random House. There are four formats of the book that exist including a hardcopy version, a paperback version, an e-book version, and an audio version. There are several editions of the hardcopy version including a "Party Edition" and a 65th-anniversary edition. Dr. Seuss has sold hundreds of millions of copies in over thirty languages of his well-known children's books, which includes Horton Hears a Who!

Reception and analysis
Horton Hears a Who! is written in anapestic tetrameter, like many other Dr. Seuss books. Unlike some of his books, however, Horton contains a strong moral message—"a person's a person, no matter how small"—which Thomas Fensch identifies as "universal, multinational, multi-ethnic. In a word: Equality".

The book unites two polar opposite worlds through Horton's determination, integrity, faithfulness, and bravery.

Horton Hears a Who! received praise for the moral message Dr. Seuss exemplifies through Horton the Elephant. A 2002 news article in the Santa Fe Reporter details comedic performer Susan Jayne Weiss saying, "Horton is the ultimate metaphor for believing in yourself, your mission and what you know to be true, against societal prescriptions to the contrary". Ben Witherington of the Asbury Theological Seminary applauds Dr. Seuss for his work in the characterization of Horton as the elephant fights to show the other animals that even the small people are people deserving of respect and love. Additionally, Witherington commended Dr. Seuss for his disdain for cynicism while proving that the imagination can solve life's troubles.

Peter Tonguette, writing for National Review, lauded the book's intricate and thoughtful rhymes and appealing illustrations defined Seuss's work.

In recent years, the book has been co-opted by the United States anti-abortion movement, with some interpreting "a person's a person, no matter how small" as being an allegory for the human fetus. This interpretation has been criticized by Audrey Geisel, the widow of the author, and Karl ZoBell, an attorney for Dr. Seuss Enterprises.

1970 television special
Horton Hears a Who! was adapted into a half-hour animated TV special by MGM Animation/Visual Arts in 1970. It was directed by Chuck Jones, produced by Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss), and narrated by Hans Conried, who also voiced Horton. The Sour Kangaroo (voiced by June Foray)'s name is Jane Kangaroo while her son is named Junior. Horton's contact in Whoville was not the Mayor, but a scientist named Dr. Hoovie who was also voiced by Hans Conried. Vlad Vladikov's name was changed to Whizzer McWoff. Dr. Seuss was awarded a Peabody Award for the animated special Horton Hears a Who!

2000 stage production
The story, along with Horton Hatches the Egg, also provides the basic plot for the 2000 Broadway musical Seussical with "the biggest blame fool in the jungle of Nool", Horton the Elephant, as the main protagonist. Seussical debuted on November 30, 2000, at the famed Richard Rodgers Theatre with high expectations. The music in the play was written by Tony Award winners Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty. The show flopped and eventually closed six months later on May 20, 2001. Known as one of "Broadway's biggest losers", Seussical lost an estimated 11 million dollars. During its time on Broadway, Seussical's Kevin Chamberlin was nominated for one Tony Award (Best Actor in a Musical).

2008 film
Horton Hears a Who! was adapted into a computer-animated feature-length film of the same name in 2008, using computer animation from Blue Sky Studios, the animation arm of 20th Century Fox. The cast includes Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Carol Burnett, Will Arnett, and Amy Poehler. It was released on March 14, 2008. The film received 18 award nominations including a Kids' Choice Award, Golden Schmoes Award, and Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. The film also won the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Award at the ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards show.

Upcoming streaming series
An animated series based on the book Horton Hears a Who! aimed at preschoolers, among other Seuss story adaptations, is in development for Netflix.

title: Horton Hears a Who!


text:
Talk:Zener cards

reinforcement -- "negative reinforcement" incorrectly used
In the Ghostbusters example, the term "negative reinforcement" is used in the non-technical (that is, incorrect) sense of "reinforcement that is bad" -- i.e., to refer to what is technically termed "punishment." "Negative reinforcement" properly refers to no enforcement at all, "negative" here meaning "none, nothing." Seinfeld capitalizes on this misunderstanding -- Geroge receives a "negative prognosis" and panics. He understanding "negative" to mean" "bad;" in medicine, however, as in science generally, "negative" means nothing, no cancer, for example, is present -- a negative prognosis is a good thing! The example ought to be changed so as not to be misleading and further "reinforce" this common misunderstanding.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joeletaylor (talk • contribs) 20:31, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

poor explanation of the law of averages/law of large numbers
This article's rather poor explanation of the law of averages/law of large numbers should be replaced with a link. -Smack 03:15, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * How is this explanation "poor"? If you didn't link it, what would you say instead? Wiwaxia 21:40, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Doesnt this article violate NPOV? I mean, it seems to be throwing ESP around quite casually, while the ESP page itself is careful to refer only to 'people who believe in ESP' or 'proponents of ESP'. Is a change warranted? - Aparajit

Mathematical analysis of clairvoyance using Zener Cards
I've created an online experiment that utilizes zener cards to test for clairvoyance/precognition in a statistically meaningful manner; I plan to include a reference to it in this wikipedia article if there are no objections. Also, the mathematics in this article is lacking, I (being a professional mathematician and Masters in Applied Mathematics) can correct it, also if there are no objections. Let me know your thoughts. Thank you. -Scotopia 10:40, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

I just implemented my edit, which comprised an additional paragraph in "Use in Experiments" to describe online tests and an added reference. In addition I swept up the "Statistics" section a little to make it more mathematically accurate. I can expand on this much more but I figured I'd let my edits sit for a while and give you guys a chance to poke holes in them. Let me know your thoughts. Thank you. -Scotopia 12:08, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

NPOV issues with Psi Assumptions
This article could use a lot of rewriting to balance out the POV, it seems to me. Particularly galling is how it throws about the Psi assumption (yeah, I plan to write an article on that soon. For now, see ). Basically, the problem is how it implies that any score over 20% would definately indicate Psi. Why Psi, and not God sending messages to the subject? For that matter, why not use it as evidence that the Flying Spaghetti Monster is manipulating the cards with His Noodly Appendage?

Additionally, the statistical analysis is flawed. Zener cards are presented in decks of 25, with five of each card. With the predisposition of a subject to not guess the same card twice, the hit rate immediately rises to around 25%.

I'm putting the NPOV tag on this now to inform readers, but I'll try to get back to it and fix it myself. ---DrLeebot 15:05, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, any result far away from 20% is statistically improbable. A consistent score of 0% would indicate PSI powers as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rizzardi (talk • contribs) 10:36, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the problem is that the card experiment itself is flawed. It probably requires a review and some research to find people debunking it though, as it is old. Its a good idea in theory, and a clever test, but it falls short as an experiment. No one has come along to fix it though :\ Titanium Dragon 00:59, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a perfectly valid experiment. It test whether the subject is receiving information about the deck.  That's it.  You're right to say that there's no diagnosis of what that information is, nor what the source of that information is, but to say that it's not an experiment is to fundamentally misunderstand the scientific method. 02:09, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I just added some stuff, needs more. Possibly should just be merged with the page this links from, as it seems to be largely the same thing. Titanium Dragon 01:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see how the hit rate rises to about 25% as you say, if the person doesn't get any feedback on if they guessed correctly or not. Secondly, it depends on how far above 20% it is in order to be significant, and that varies according to the number of tests (and assumes that they are done correctly).  Bubba73 (talk), 01:09, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, finite size of the deck affects it. No that only helps if they are given feedback along the way. Bubba73 (talk), 02:16, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Psi present/missing
Should a short explanation of psi present and psi missing be included in this article? (i.e. low scores also indicate a possible existence of psi) or should that be confined to articles on general explanations on research? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 212.159.114.88 (talk) 14:27, 10 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Psi_hit has its own stub. It might overwelm this short article to explain such concepts here, but it certainly seems relevant. Perhapse this article could benefit from a "See Also" section, referring the curious reader to such related topics as Psi missing, Probability, Sheep-Goat effect, and Statistical_significance? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.235.31.212 (talk) 13:22, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

Two N's?
Aren't there 2 N's in the word Zener, and not one? SmileToday☺(talk to me, My edits) 20:51, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've redirected Zenner Card to here, so that is no longer a problem. SmileToday☺(talk to me, My edits) 19:58, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * But the article is still not consistent. The title says Zener, the lead says Zenner and the rest of the article flip-flops. Surely it cannot be that hard to figure out if Karl's last name is Zener or Zenner? Shinobu (talk) 07:55, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Any testing with colored cards?
Just curious if there is any better/worse statistics if each card was a different color? --70.167.58.6 (talk) 00:18, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Other uses
Has somebody devised alternate uses for Zener cards? Such as playing cards? --Error (talk) 22:45, 1 January 2010 (UTC)

Zener cards also known as Rhine cards —Redirect?
Zener cards are also known as Rhine cards —Shouldn't there be a redirect? 67.243.186.3 (talk) 05:48, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Done.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 14:43, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

Are Zener cards trademarked or patented?
Or can people freely print them and sell them without violating anyone's intellectual property? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crenchaboodar (talk • contribs) 20:36, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Judging by the number of various decks out there for sale by different vendors, I'd say that they ARE being rather freely printed and sold. Not sue if this is violating any one's intellectual property rights, though.
 * Although a deck of cards could potentially be patented, it is more likely (and usual) for the artwork printed on the cards to be copyrighted. I have not turned up any evidence that the Zener designs are copyright protected, either.
 * It might be worth mentioning in the article that, while Zener decks are available from multiple sources, it extremely difficult to find an unmarked set of Zener cards. The vast bulk of them seem to be sold for use as props in stage magic, and are marked in various ways.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 19:44, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It might be worth mentioning in the article that, while Zener decks are available from multiple sources, it extremely difficult to find an unmarked set of Zener cards. The vast bulk of them seem to be sold for use as props in stage magic, and are marked in various ways.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 19:44, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * It might be worth mentioning in the article that, while Zener decks are available from multiple sources, it extremely difficult to find an unmarked set of Zener cards. The vast bulk of them seem to be sold for use as props in stage magic, and are marked in various ways.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 19:44, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

POV work
Need a bit of work here, especially regarding an impartial skeptical perspective. Material gathering begins for me now. I would, of course, enjoy help and suggestions and concerns and etc... her and on my talk page.

Will likely be sandboxed as a copy of the article and rewritten in parts, rearranged in others, and hopefully substantially added to. Cheers.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 14:30, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Since I'm working this off page I will be watching here in order to incorporate any changes made to the current article in between now and when am ready to paste in the work.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 14:39, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Will shortly begin replacing the article with my re-work. I will do it in stages so that the changes I made are clearer than they would be if I did a wholesale paste over.

 * 1) I refreshed references and added language where appropriate.
 * 2) Rewrote sections for clarity.
 * 3) Added several citations to clarify criticism, especially the statistics section.

Given the age of the topic and it's largely dead-in-the-water nature there is not a lot of super current stuff out there on it. I did what I could and hopefully it'll spur some activity and people can expand/revise to create an ever better piece of work. Cheers.Rap Chart Mike (talk) 15:28, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Colored Cards in Infobox
Zener cards are always printed with black on white background. 108.200.234.93 (talk) 05:01, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Not always, although they were originally.
 * Color cards are quite common, these days. See, for example:  https://www.amazon.com/Low-Cost-Zener-UNMARKED-Testing/dp/B01MS003JE/
 * Note also that while many sellers claim to be selling "unmarked" decks, most of these decks actually ARE marked in some way. This is easily verified through various magic forums on the web.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 19:50, 27 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Note also that while many sellers claim to be selling "unmarked" decks, most of these decks actually ARE marked in some way. This is easily verified through various magic forums on the web.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 19:50, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

Strange probabilities
Guessing 20 out of 25 has a probability of about 1 in 5 billion. Guessing all 25 correct has a chance of (.2) = 3.3 x 10, or about 1 in 300 quadrillion.

Numbers look strangely formatted, as if exponents were missing. The formula in the picture in the source article where this was taken from also looks as if it had missing parts.

Also probabilities look as if 25 cards were drawn from infinite deck, not of a permutation of a finite desk.

For permutation I get P = 1/623360743125120, which is much lower.

Update: now I see that the section talks about a test with 25 one-in-five questions, not about a deck of 25 cards, which is what the article is about. Isn't this misleading? _Vi (talk) 11:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zener cards


text:
James III of Cyprus

James III of Cyprus (or Jacques III de Lusignan) (6 August 1473 – 26 August 1474) was the only child by the marriage of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro. He died in mysterious circumstances as an infant, leaving his mother as the last Queen of Cyprus. His death paved the way for Republic of Venice to gain control of Cyprus.

Biography
On 30 July 1468, James II of Cyprus married a 14-year-old Venetian, Catherine Cornaro, by proxy in Venice, seeking political support. She finally travelled to Cyprus and married in person at Famagusta in October or November, 1472. Later on, James II died on 10 July 1473, a month before his son's birth. However, a three-day festival was held to celebrate the newborn in the capital, Nicosia, in which all the prisoners were released.

The infant was baptized on 26 September, and received the name James in memory of his father. His mother had assumed the regency before his birth, but her power was practiced by her Venetian relatives. In November 1473, there were unsuccessful attempts to seize power by nobles of the Crown of Aragon, during which Catherine Cornaro's uncle, Andrea Cornaro, was assassinated.

James died in Famagusta, probably of malaria, on August 26, 1474, twenty days after his first birthday. His was buried along with his father in the Cathedral of Saint Nicholas in Famagusta. With his death, the Lusignan dynasty of Cyprus became extinct and the island lost its independence. His sudden death opened the doors to the rule of the Venetian Republic over the island. His mother, Catherine Cornaro, was appointed as the Queen of Cyprus, under strict Venetian surveillance.

title: James III of Cyprus


text:
The Final Problem

"The Final Problem" is a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring his detective character Sherlock Holmes. It was first published in The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom, and McClure's in the United States, under the title "The Adventure of the Final Problem" in December 1893. It appears in book form as part of the collection The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.

The story, set in 1891, introduces the criminal mastermind Professor Moriarty. It was intended to be the final Holmes story, ending with the character's death, but Conan Doyle was later persuaded to revive Holmes for additional stories and novels.

Conan Doyle later ranked "The Final Problem" fourth on his personal list of the twelve best Holmes stories.

Plot summary
An injured Holmes arrives at Watson's residence one evening, having escaped three separate murder attempts that day. Holmes reveals to Watson he has been tracking Moriarty and his organisation for months, who are responsible for most of the crimes orchestrated in London. As Holmes is close to snaring them all and delivering them to the police, Moriarty visits Holmes at 221B Baker Street earlier that day and warns him to withdraw from his pursuit of justice against him. Holmes admits that Moriarty could thwart his plans given his great mind that could rival his, and plans to flee to Europe while the police capture Moriarty and his gang.

Watson decides to join Holmes on the trip. Holmes then gives him unusual instructions intended to hide his tracks to the boat train at Victoria station before leaving Watson's house by climbing over the back wall in the garden, paranoid that he might be followed. The next day, Watson follows Holmes's instructions and finds himself waiting in the reserved first-class coach for his friend, who is disguised as an elderly Italian priest. As the boat train pulls out of Victoria, Holmes spots Moriarty on the platform trying to stop the train. Despite extraordinary precautions, Holmes deduces that Moriarty has tracked Watson. Changing their planned route, Holmes and Watson alight at Canterbury, allowing Moriarty on board a special one-coach train to pass them as they hide behind the luggage.

Having made their way to Strasbourg via Brussels, Holmes receives a message from the London Police that most of Moriarty's gang have been arrested in England, but Moriarty has escaped and is in pursuit of Holmes in Europe. He urges Watson to return to England as he considers himself a very dangerous companion for Watson. Watson, however, decides to stay with his friend. Holmes and Watson continue to Meiringen, Switzerland and visit the Reichenbach Falls. At the Falls, a boy hands Watson a letter, saying that there is a dying Englishwoman at the hotel who seeks an English doctor. While Holmes realises it is a hoax, he allows Watson to see the patient.

Watson soon realises the trick when returning to the hotel and rushes back to the Falls. He only finds two sets of footprints that lead to the end of the path, where he uncovers other signs of a violent struggle and a note from Holmes explaining that he knew about the hoax but chose to fight Moriarty himself. Holmes and Moriarty have both fallen to their deaths down the gorge and their bodies cannot be recovered. A saddened Dr Watson returns to England. The Moriarty gang are all convicted on the strength of evidence secured by Holmes. Watson ends his narrative by saying that Sherlock Holmes was the best and the wisest man he had ever known.

Background
"The Final Problem" was intended to be exactly what its name says. Conan Doyle meant to stop writing about his famous detective after this short story; he felt the Sherlock Holmes stories were distracting him from more serious literary efforts and that "killing" Holmes off was the only way of getting his career back on track. "I must save my mind for better things," he wrote to his mother, "even if it means I must bury my pocketbook with him."

Conan Doyle sought to sweeten the pill by letting Holmes go in a blaze of glory, having him rid the world of a criminal so powerful and dangerous that any further task would be trivial in comparison; indeed, Holmes says as much in the story.

In 1893, Conan Doyle and his wife toured Switzerland and discovered the village of Meiringen in the Bernese Alps. This experience fired Conan Doyle's imagination.

""In 1893 he wrote in his diary, which still exists, that he wanted to kill Sherlock Holmes at the Reichenbach Falls," says Jürg Musfeld, director of the Park Hotel du Sauvage, where Conan Doyle is believed to have stayed during his visit to the village."

Publication history
The story was published in the UK in The Strand Magazine in December 1893, and in the US in McClure's in the same month. It was also published in the US edition of The Strand Magazine in January 1894. It was published with nine illustrations by Sidney Paget in the Strand, and with eleven illustrations by Harry C. Edwards in McClure's. It was included in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in December 1893 in the UK and February 1894 in the US.

Reaction
In an article published by the BBC, Jennifer Keishin Armstrong noted that "The public reaction to the death was unlike anything previously seen for fictional events." The Strand Magazine "barely survived" the resulting rush of subscription cancellations. There were some stories that "young men throughout London wore black mourning crêpes on their hats or around their arms for the month of Holmes’ death" although these may have been exaggerations propounded by Doyle's son. Armstrong continues, "Readers typically accepted what went on in their favourite books, then moved on. Now they were beginning to take their popular culture personally, and to expect their favourite works to conform to certain expectations."

Pressure from fans eventually persuaded Doyle to bring Holmes back, writing The Hound of the Baskervilles (set before "The Final Problem") and reviving him in "The Adventure of the Empty House". There were enough holes in eyewitness accounts to allow Doyle to plausibly resurrect Holmes; only the few free surviving members of Moriarty's organisation and Holmes' brother Mycroft (who appears briefly in this story) know that Sherlock Holmes is still alive, having won the struggle at the Reichenbach Falls and sent Moriarty to his doom—though nearly meeting his own at the hands of one of Moriarty's henchmen.

Influence and legacy
Inhabitants of Meiringen are still grateful to Doyle and his creation Holmes for ensuring the enduring worldwide fame of their falls and considerably promoting tourism to the town.

A museum dedicated to Holmes is housed in the basement of the English Church, located in what has now been named Conan Doyle Place.

At the funicular station near the falls, there is a memorial plate to "the most famous detective in the world".

The actual ledge from which Moriarty fell is on the other side of the falls. It is accessible by climbing the path to the top of the falls, crossing the bridge, and following the trail down the hill. The ledge is marked by a plaque written in English, German, and French. The English inscription reads "At this fearful place, Sherlock Holmes vanquished Professor Moriarty, on 4 May 1891." It is also marked by a large cross so as to be visible from the viewing platform.

Fans who call themselves "pilgrims" travel to Meiringen dressed as characters, both major and minor, from the Holmes stories. There, they take part in a reenactment of the events of "The Final Problem" organized by the Sherlock Holmes Society of London.

Film
"The Final Problem" was adapted as a 1923 silent short film as part of the Stoll film series, starring Eille Norwood as Holmes and Hubert Willis as Watson, with Percy Standing as Moriarty.

The 1931 film The Sleeping Cardinal, the first film in the 1931–1937 film series starring Arthur Wontner as Holmes, is based in part on "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "The Final Problem." The scene from "The Final Problem" in which Moriarty confronts Holmes at Baker Street and attempts to persuade Holmes to stop his investigations is used in The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935), another film in the series.

In the 1939–1946 film series starring Basil Rathbone as Holmes and Nigel Bruce as Watson, a number of films borrow elements from "The Final Problem". Most noticeable of these elements are the methods of killing Moriarty off; in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939), Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1942) and The Woman in Green (1945), Moriarty is seen in all three films falling from a great height to his death. The Woman in Green contains a variation on the conversation between Holmes and Moriarty in Baker Street, as well as the idea of Moriarty manipulating Watson out of the way by hoaxing an injured Englishwoman who requires his treating.

The 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows is based in part on "The Final Problem". Like the story, it ends with Holmes and Moriarty plummeting into the falls, and Watson is shown writing the final sentences of "The Final Problem" on his typewriter. However, in the film, the characters are attending a European Peace Conference held near the falls which Moriarty seeks to sabotage, and the two plunge down from a balcony overlooking the falls rather than from the ledge of the original story. Holmes is also shown falling over the edge with Moriarty rather than simply being assumed to have fallen, being too injured to defeat Moriarty in a straight fight but knowing that Moriarty will go after Watson if he lives. While Holmes is shown to have survived, having used his brother's oxygen inhaler to survive the water at the bottom of the falls, Moriarty's fate is less certain.

Television
The Soviet television film series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979–1986) adapted "The Final Problem" as "The Deadly Fight" (and "The Adventure in the Empty House" as "Hunt for the Tiger").

In the television series Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett, the 1985 episode based on the story begins with the theft of the Mona Lisa, masterminded by Moriarty in order to sell prepared fakes to collectors. Holmes recovers the original painting just before Moriarty makes a sale to a "Mr. Morgan". Holmes's interference with his plans convinces Moriarty that the detective must be eliminated, and Holmes is subsequently presumed to have died in a tumble down the Reichenbach Falls. This was the last episode to star David Burke as Dr. Watson. Burke was replaced by Edward Hardwicke until the end of the show's run, starting with the adaptation of "The Empty House" which acted as the first episode of The Return of Sherlock Holmes.

The BraveStarr episode "Sherlock Holmes in the 23rd Century" begins with a revised version of the climax of "The Final Problem", in which only Holmes plummets down Reichenbach Falls, but instead of falling to his doom, he falls into a natural time warp that transports him into the year 2249.

The first episode of the animated television series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2001) begins with the climax of "The Final Problem", where it is later revealed in the second episode that while Holmes managed to survive the fall by grabbing a tree branch and would go on to solve many more cases (later being entombed in honey upon his death of old age, which preserved his body enough to be revitalized in the 22nd century), Moriarty had indeed perished and was buried by Holmes himself, preserved in ice in a freezing cave. Holmes, the robotic Watson and Inspector Beth Lestrade later visit the burial site at Reichenbach Falls to confirm Moriarty's death upon news of a lookalike causing a crime spree in New London. Upon seeing a drill hole in the ice, Holmes surmises that the new Moriarty is in fact a clone with all the original's memories and skills.

The two part sixth season finale of Monk, "Mr. Monk is on the Run" (2008), is loosely inspired by both "The Final Problem and "The Empty House." Adrian Monk is supposedly shot over a pier after being accused of murder, only to be alive in the second part. The orchestrator is revealed to be Dale "the Whale" Biederbeck, described as "the Genghis Khan of world finance," much like Moriarty as "the Napoleon of Crime."

Episode three of the first season of BBC's Sherlock, titled The Great Game shows a variation of the part where Moriarty confronts Holmes at Baker Street in the story. The story is also the basis of the episode "The Reichenbach Fall"(Season 2, Episode 3), which first aired on 15 January 2012 and shows Holmes falling from the roof of St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, supposedly leading to his death. Throughout a confrontation between Sherlock and Jim Moriarty in Baker Street, Moriarty repeatedly utters the phrase "the final problem". The special episode of Sherlock, "The Abominable Bride", which was broadcast on 1 January 2016, featured a re-creation of the showdown between Sherlock and Moriarty set in Victorian times, as depicted in the book. The 2017 series finale of Sherlock is named for this story, but bears little to no resemblance to the canon.

The 2012 series finale of the American medical drama House—which was inspired by the Sherlock Holmes stories—sees Dr. Gregory House fake his own death, in an ode to "The Final Problem".

The 2013 Russian television series Sherlock Holmes adapted "The Final Problem" as "Holmes' Last Case".

The 2018 HBO Asia/Hulu Japan series Miss Sherlock loosely adapts this story for its series finale "The Dock." In this version, the famous scene at the Reichenbach Falls is replaced by an analogous scene set at a fictional "Reichenbach Building" in Tokyo.

The 2019 penultimate episode (Season 7 Episode 12) of the CBS adaptation of Sherlock Holmes, Elementary, was titled "Reichenbach Falls", and portrayed Sherlock's ploy to bring down a powerful serial killer billionaire, Odin Reichenbach. Holmes fakes his death on a bridge, which puts Odin Reichenbach under investigation for the murder of Sherlock Holmes and thereby exposes Reichenbach's past crimes.

Radio
"The Final Problem" was loosely adapted for multiple episodes of the American radio series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Richard Gordon as Sherlock Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Dr. Watson, including episodes titled "Murder in the Waxworks" (March 1932), "The Adventure of the Ace of Spades" (May 1932), and "Murder by Proxy" (January 1933).

The story was later adapted for radio by John Kier Cross; it was broadcast on the BBC Light Programme in December 1954 and starred John Gielgud as Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Dr. Watson, with Orson Welles as Professor Moriarty. The production was also broadcast on NBC radio on 17 April 1955.

Felix Felton adapted the story as a radio adaptation which aired on the BBC Home Service in March 1955 as part of the 1952–1969 radio series starring Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson, with Ralph Truman as Moriarty. Another dramatisation of the story adapted by Felton aired on the BBC Home Service in November 1957, again starring Hobbs and Shelley, with Felton playing Moriarty. Hobbs and Shelley also starred as Holmes and Watson in a 1967 BBC Light Programme adaptation of the story which was adapted by Michael Hardwick.

"The Final Problem" was dramatized for BBC Radio 4 in 1992 by Bert Coules as part of the 1989–1998 radio series starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson. It featured Michael Pennington as Professor Moriarty, Frederick Treves as Colonel Moran, Sean Arnold as Inspector Patterson, Terence Edmond as Steiler, Richard Pearce as Jenkinson, and Norman Jones as Sir George.

An episode of The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, a series on the American radio show Imagination Theatre, combined "The Final Problem" with the events of "The Empty House". The episode, titled "The Return of Sherlock Holmes", aired in 2009, and starred John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes and Lawrence Albert as Watson.

Other media
William Gillette's 1899 stage play Sherlock Holmes is based on several stories, among them "The Final Problem." Films released in 1916 (starring Gillette as Holmes) and 1922 (starring John Barrymore), both titled Sherlock Holmes, were based on the play, as well as a 1938 Mercury Theatre on the Air radio adaptation titled The Immortal Sherlock Holmes, starring Orson Welles as Holmes, although in none of these retellings do Holmes die (and indeed in the two film versions he marries).

In 1975, DC Comics published Sherlock Holmes #1, a comic book which adapted both "The Final Problem" and "The Adventure of the Empty House". It was intended to be an ongoing series, but future issues were canceled due to low sales.

The 1999 comic series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill briefly adapts "The Final Problem" in issue #5 and shows Holmes triumphing over Moriarty and climbing the cliff, although Moriarty survives as well. The film adaptation references these events, but does not show them; the novelization copies the event almost verbatim from the graphic novel.

An arc of the Japanese manga series Moriarty the Patriot, a series featuring a young Moriarty as a crime consultant, is named after the Japanese translation of the story's title. The final two episodes, "The Final Problem Act 1" and "The Final Problem Act 2", feature Sherlock and William (Moriarty) falling from Tower Bridge to River Thames, though revealed that both of them are alive and in Switzerland.

title: The Final Problem


text:
User:Imran/copyvio

Here is a list of pages where I suspect a copyright-violation but haven't had enough time to research in detail.

 * List of well known ports (computing)
 * possibly from http://www.zid.tuwien.ac.at/security/portliste.php
 * Galactic coordinate system
 * Possibly GPL/GFDL incompatibility.

title: User:Imran/copyvio


text:
Test-and-set

In computer science, the test-and-set instruction is an instruction used to write (set) 1 to a memory location and return its old value as a single atomic (i.e., non-interruptible) operation. The caller can then "test" the result to see if the state was changed by the call. If multiple processes may access the same memory location, and if a process is currently performing a test-and-set, no other process may begin another test-and-set until the first process's test-and-set is finished. A central processing unit (CPU) may use a test-and-set instruction offered by another electronic component, such as dual-port RAM; a CPU itself may also offer a test-and-set instruction.

A lock can be built using an atomic test-and-set instruction as follows:

This code assumes that the memory location was initialized to 0 at some point prior to the first test-and-set. The calling process obtains the lock if the old value was 0, otherwise the while-loop spins waiting to acquire the lock. This is called a spinlock. At any point, the holder of the lock can simply set the memory location back to 0 to release the lock for acquisition by another--this does not require any special handling as the holder "owns" this memory location. "Test and test-and-set" is another example.

Maurice Herlihy (1991) proved that test-and-set (1-bit comparand) has a finite consensus number and can solve the wait-free consensus problem for at-most two concurrent processes. In contrast, compare-and-swap (32-bit comparand) offers a more general solution to this problem, and in some implementations compare-double-and-swap (64-bit comparand) is also available for extended utility.

Hardware implementation of test-and-set
DPRAM test-and-set instructions can work in many ways. Here are two variations, both of which describe a DPRAM which provides exactly 2 ports, allowing 2 separate electronic components (such as 2 CPUs) access to every memory location on the DPRAM.

Variation 1
When CPU 1 issues a test-and-set instruction, the DPRAM first makes an "internal note" of this by storing the address of the memory location in a special place. If at this point, CPU 2 happens to issue a test-and-set instruction for the same memory location, the DPRAM first checks its "internal note", recognizes the situation, and issues a BUSY interrupt, which tells CPU 2 that it must wait and retry. This is an implementation of a busy waiting or spinlock using the interrupt mechanism. Since all this happens at hardware speeds, CPU 2's wait to get out of the spin-lock is very short.

Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM performs the test given by CPU 1. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets the memory location to the value given by CPU 1. Then the DPRAM wipes out its "internal note" that CPU 1 was writing there. At this point, CPU 2 could issue a test-and-set, which would succeed.

Variation 2
CPU 1 issues a test-and-set instruction to write to "memory location A". The DPRAM does not immediately store the value in memory location A, but instead simultaneously moves the current value to a special register, while setting the contents of memory location A to a special "flag value". If at this point, CPU 2 issues a test-and-set to memory location A, the DPRAM detects the special flag value, and as in Variation 1, issues a BUSY interrupt.

Whether or not CPU 2 was trying to access the memory location, the DPRAM now performs CPU 1's test. If the test succeeds, the DPRAM sets memory location A to the value specified by CPU 1. If the test fails, the DPRAM copies the value back from the special register to memory location A. Either operation wipes out the special flag value. If CPU 2 now issues a test-and-set, it will succeed.

Software implementation of test-and-set
Some instruction sets have an atomic test-and-set machine language instruction. Examples include x86 and IBM System/360 and its successors (including z/Architecture). Those that do not can still implement an atomic test-and-set using a read-modify-write or compare-and-swap instruction.

The test and set instruction, when used with boolean values, uses logic like that shown in the following function, except that the function must execute atomically. That is, no other process must be able to interrupt the function mid-execution, thereby seeing a state that only exists while the function executes. That requires hardware support; it cannot be implemented as shown. Nevertheless, the code shown helps to explain the behaviour of test-and-set. NOTE: In this example, 'lock' is assumed to be passed by reference (or by name) but the assignment to 'initial' creates a new value (not just copying a reference).

function TestAndSet(boolean_ref lock) { boolean initial = lock; lock = true; return initial; }

Not only is the code shown not atomic, in the sense of the test-and-set instruction, it also differs from the descriptions of DPRAM hardware test-and-set above. Here, the value being set and the test are fixed and invariant, and the value is updated regardless of the outcome of the test, whereas for the DPRAM test-and-set, the memory is set only when the test succeeds, and the value to set and the test condition are specified by the CPU. Here, the value to set can only be 1, but if 0 and 1 are considered the only valid values for the memory location, and "value is nonzero" is the only allowed test, then this equates to the case described for DPRAM hardware (or, more specifically, the DPRAM case reduces to this under these constraints). From that viewpoint, this can, correctly, be called "test-and-set" in the full, conventional sense of that term. The essential point to note is the general intent and principle of test-and-set: a value is both tested and set in one atomic operation such that no other program thread or process can change the target memory location after it is tested but before it is set. (This is because the location must only be set if it currently has a certain value, not if it had that value sometime earlier.)

In the C programming language, the implementation would be like:

The code also shows that there are really two operations: an atomic read-modify-write and a test. Only the read-modify-write needs to be atomic. (This is true because delaying the value comparison by any amount of time will not change the result of the test once the value to test has been obtained. Once the code writes the initial value, the result of the test has been established, even if it has not been computed yet — e.g., by the == operator.)

Mutual exclusion using test-and-set
One way to implement mutual exclusion is by using a test-and-set based lock as follows:

Pseudo-C implementation of a spin lock
The lock variable is a shared variable i.e. it can be accessed by all processors/threads. Note the volatile keyword. In absence of volatile, the compiler and/or the CPU(s) may optimize access to lock and/or use cached values, thus rendering the above code erroneous. Conversely, and unfortunately, the presence of volatile does not guarantee that reads and writes are committed to memory. Some compilers issue memory barriers to ensure that operations are committed to memory, but since the semantics of volatile in C/C++ is quite vague, not all compilers will do that. Consult your compiler's documentation to determine if it does.

This spin lock function can be called by multiple processes, but it is guaranteed that only one process will be in the critical section at a time. The rest of the processes will keep spinning until they get the lock. It is possible that a process is never granted the lock. In such a case it will loop endlessly. This is a drawback of a spin lock implementation as it doesn't ensure fairness. These issues are further elaborated in the performance section.

Assembly implementation
Here  is an atomic instruction and   is the lock variable. The process doesn't return unless it acquires the lock.

Performance evaluation of test-and-set locks
The four major evaluation metrics for locks in general are uncontended lock-acquisition latency, bus traffic, fairness, and storage.

Test-and-set scores low on two of them, namely, high bus traffic and unfairness.

When processor P1 has obtained a lock and processor P2 is also waiting for the lock, P2 will keep incurring bus transactions in attempts to acquire the lock. When a processor has obtained a lock, all other processors which also wish to obtain the same lock keep trying to obtain the lock by initiating bus transactions repeatedly until they get hold of the lock. This increases the bus traffic requirement of test-and-set significantly. This slows down all other traffic from cache and coherence misses. It slows down the overall section, since the traffic is saturated by failed lock acquisition attempts. Test-and-test-and-set is an improvement over TSL since it does not initiate lock acquisition requests continuously.

When we consider fairness, we consider if a processor gets a fair chance of acquiring the lock when it is set free. In an extreme situation the processor might starve i.e. it might not be able to acquire the lock for an extended period of time even though it has become free during that time.

Storage overhead for TSL is next to nothing since only one lock is required. Uncontended latency is also low since only one atomic instruction and branch are needed.

title: Test-and-set


text:
Mary Elizabeth Lease

Mary Elizabeth Lease (September 11, 1850 – October 29, 1933) was an American lecturer, writer, Georgist, and political activist. She was an advocate of the suffrage movement as well as temperance, but she was best known for her work with the People's Party (Populists).

She was born to Irish immigrants Joseph P. and Mary Elizabeth Murray Clyens (an anglicization of the Gaelic name Mac Giolla Chaillín), in Ridgway, Pennsylvania.

She made her political debut in 1888 with the Union Labor Party or Socialist Labor Party and soon joined the Farmers' Alliance or Populist Party. She was referred to as the "People's Joan of Arc". In that party's 1890 campaign she made more than 160 speeches and claimed credit for the defeat of Kansas senator John Ingalls. (William A. Peffer was elected on the Populist ticket.)

She opposed big business and stated flatly that "Wall Street owns the country." She was called "Our Queen Mary" while campaigning with the Populists candidate James B. Weaver during his 1892 run for president, and also "Mother Lease" by her supporters, as well as, "Mary Yellin" by some of her enemies.

In 1895, she wrote The Problem of Civilization Solved. In 1896, she moved to New York City where she edited the democratic newspaper, World. In addition, she worked as an editor for the National Encyclopedia of American Biography.

Lease died in Callicoon, New York on October 29, 1933.

Early life
At the age of 20, she moved to Kansas to teach school in Osage Mission (St. Paul, Kansas), and three years later, she married Charles L. Lease, a local pharmacist. They lost their Kingman County farm in the Panic of 1873 and moved to Denison, Texas, where she studied law. The Leases and their four children later moved to Wichita, Kansas, where she took a leading role in civic and social activities.

Political career
Lease began her speaking career in 1885 when she went on her first public speaking tour to raise money for the Irish National Land League. She also spoke at the Kansas state convention of the Union Labor Party. By 1888, she was active within the party, stumping for the 1888 campaign and editing the party newspaper. Her work led her to the Farmer's Alliance and Knights of Labor, and in 1891, she was elected leader of a local Knights assembly.

She was involved in African American suffrage. From there she became involved in the movement that would become the Populist Party. She believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves", declaring, "Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, but a government of Wall Street, by Wall Street, and for Wall Street. The great common people of this country are slaves, and monopoly is the master."

She was said to have exhorted Kansas farmers to "raise less corn and more hell", but she later said that the admonition had been invented by reporters. Lease decided to let the quote stand anyway because she thought "it was a right good bit of advice".

She was recognized as being a powerful orator who was adept at expressing the discontent of the people. Emporia Gazette editor William Allen White, who did not share her political views, wrote on one occasion that "she could recite the multiplication table and set a crowd hooting and hurrahing at her will". While many considered her speeches inspirational, the fervor of her words and the vehemence of her conviction, made others hesitant to support her cause. Farmers and labor unions loved her, while the press and the major party politicians criticized her mercilessly.

Most went far beyond disagreeing with the content of Lease's arguments and resorted to ad hominem and misogynistic tactics, focusing their attacks on her looks, self-confidence, and her "unwomanly" argumentative behavior. One reporter described her as "untrained, and while displaying plenty of a certain sort of power, is illogical, lacks sequence and scatters like a 10-gauge gun." The Wellington Monitor called her “a miserable character of womanhood and hideously ugly of features and foul of tongue”. A Republican editor similarly characterized her as "...the petti-coated smut-mill. Her venomous tongue is the only thing marketable about the old harpy, and we suppose she is justified in selling it where it commends the highest price."

Despite the abuse, Lease persevered, continuing to deliver her message throughout America. She would eventually make more than 160 speeches for the Populist cause, campaigning throughout Kansas, as well as the Far West and the South.

Split with Populists
Lease was a leader of the anti-fusion faction within the party who opposed merger with the Democratic Party. Lease began drifting away from the Populist Party after Populist Governor Lorenzo D. Lewelling was elected into office. By November 1893, she was reported to have openly criticized the Lewelling administration, only to deny it in an interview several days later.

It would seem that the first interview reflected her true feelings. By December 1893, Lewelling attempted to have her removed from the board of charities, a position to which he originally had appointed her. Lease felt the attempt to have her removed stemmed from her determination to have women's suffrage and temperance as her main focus at the Populist Party's next state convention. Her public outrage at the attempt to remove her prompted other Populist parties to distance themselves from her.

By 1896, Lease had become alienated from the Populist Party, and historian Gene Clanton cites her split with the Populist Party as being a major contributor to the Populist party's defeat in 1894.

Despite her fallout with—and the eventual destruction of—the Populist Party, Lease felt that their work and efforts were ultimately rewarded with the election of Theodore Roosevelt and the national push for reforms that she had championed years earlier:

"In these later years I have seen, with gratification, that my work in the good old Populist days was not in vain. The Progressive party has adopted our platform, clause for clause, plank by plank. Note the list of reforms which we advocated which are coming into reality. Direct election of senators is assured. Public utilities are gradually being removed from the hands of the few and placed under the control of the people who use them. Women suffrage is now almost a national issue...

The seed we sowed out in Kansas did not fall on barren ground."

Later life
She divorced her husband in 1902 and spent the rest of her life with one or another of her children in the East until her death in 1933.

Literary scholar Brian Attebery claimed Mary Elizabeth Lease to have been the model for Dorothy in L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Synthetic food
In 1893 Lease predicted that by 1993 people would be eating synthetic food. She predicted that in one hundred year's time 'Agriculture will be developed by electricity, the motive power of the future. Science will take, in condensed form from the rich loam of earth, the life force or germs now found in the heart of the corn, in the kernel of the wheat, and in the luscious juices of the fruit. A small phial of this life from the fertile bosom of Mother Earth will furnish man with subsistence for days. And thus the problems of cooks and cooking will be solved'. This theory, it is suggested, remained a 'private fantasy' until 1930 when it found its way into the early science-fiction musical film Just Imagine.

Famous quotes
"Wall Street owns the country. It is no longer a government of the people, by the people, and for the people, but a government of Wall Street, by Wall Street and for Wall Street... Our laws are the output of a system which clothes rascals in robes and honesty in rags..."

title: Mary Elizabeth Lease


text:
Petoskey stone

A Petoskey stone is a rock and a fossil, often pebble-shaped, that is composed of a fossilized rugose coral, Hexagonaria percarinata. Such stones were formed as a result of glaciation, in which sheets of ice plucked stones from the bedrock, grinding off their rough edges and depositing them in the northwestern (and some in the northeastern) portion of Michigan's lower peninsula. In those same areas of Michigan, complete fossilized coral colony heads can be found in the source rocks for the Petoskey stones.

Petoskey stones are found in the Gravel Point Formation of the Traverse Group. They are fragments of a coral reef that was originally deposited during the Devonian period, approximately 350 million years ago. When dry, the stone resembles ordinary limestone but when wet or polished using lapidary techniques, it reveals the distinctive mottled pattern of the six-sided coral fossils. It is sometimes made into decorative objects, or even used as a gemstone. Other forms of fossilized coral are also found in the same location.

In 1965, it was named the state stone of Michigan.

Etymology
The stone was named for an Ottawa chief, Chief Pet-O-Sega, son of a French fur trader and Ottawa mother. The city of Petoskey, Michigan, is also named after him, and is the center of the area where the stones are found. The stones are commonly found on beaches and in sand dunes.

According to legend, Petosegay was a descendant of French nobleman and fur trader Antoine Carre and an Ottawa daughter of a chief. Petosegay, meaning "rising sun", "rays of dawn" or "sunbeams of promise", was named by his father after the rays of sun that fell upon his newborn face. Building on his father's start and his place among the Ottawa, Petosegay became a wealthy fur trader who also acquired much land in the region, gaining acclaim for himself and his band. He was said to have a striking and appealing appearance, and spoke both French and English very well. He married another Ottawa, and together they had two daughters and eight sons. In the summer of 1873, a few years before the chief's death, settlers began to develop a village on his land along Little Traverse Bay. The settlers named it Petoskey, an anglicized form of Petosegay.

Locations
Petoskey stones can be found on various beaches and inland locations in Michigan, with many of the most popular Petoskey stone beaches stretching from Traverse City to Petoskey along Lake Michigan. The movement of the frozen lake ice acting on the shore during the winters is thought to turn over stones at the shore of Lake Michigan, exposing new Petoskey stones at the water's edge each spring. The type of coral that forms the basis of Petoskey Stones is also present in the fossil records of Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, New York and locations in Canada, Germany, England, and Asia.

On September 23, 2015, it was reported that a 93-pound Petoskey stone was removed from the shallow waters of Lake Michigan, near the village of Northport, Michigan. In December 2015, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources confiscated the stone under a state law that disallows removing more than 25 lbs of materials from state lands. It was announced in October 2017 that the stone would be placed on permanent display at the Outdoor Adventure Center, east of downtown Detroit near the Detroit River.

title: Petoskey stone


text:
John II of Cyprus

John II or III of Cyprus (16 May 1418 – 28 July 1458) was the King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458. He was previously a titular Prince of Antioch.

History
Born 16 May 1418 in Nicosia, John was the son of king Janus of Cyprus and Charlotte of Bourbon. In May, sometime between 1435 and 1440, he married Amadea Palaiologina of Monferrato, daughter of John Jacob Palaiologos, Marquess of Montferrat. They had no children. His second wife, a distant relative of his first, was Helena Palaiologina, only child and daughter of Theodore II Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea, and his wife Cleofa Malatesta

By his second marriage he had:
 * Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus, married Prince John of Antioch. She died childless
 * Cleopha of Lusignan, died young

John died in Nicosia on 28 July 1458 and his daughter Charlotte succeeded to the throne. During his rule, Corycus, the only Cypriot stronghold in mainland Anatolia, was lost to the Karamanids in 1448.

John had an illegitimate son by Marietta de Patras John appointed James, Archbishop of Nicosia at the age of 16. James did not prove ideal archbishop material, and was stripped of his title after murdering the royal chamberlain. His father eventually forgave him and restored him to the Archbishopric. James and Helena were enemies, vying for influence over John. After Helena died in 1458, it appeared that John would appoint James as his successor, but John died before he could make it so.
 * James II, King of Cyprus

title: John II of Cyprus


text:
User:Meelar

Did you come to leave me a message about an article? If so visit User talk:Meelar. Please note I'm not very active on WP anymore though I do pop in now and again.

About me
I started here in late November 2003, while searching Google for "campaign finance reform". I edited extensively until late 2005 or so, but I currently don't do as much as I used to--still pop in occasionally though. Full disclosure: I am an admin. I'm also semi-active as a member of the Welcoming Committee.

I currently live in New York (formerly: DC, San Francisco, Chicago suburbs), and my main interests as far as Wikipedia goes are in politics, especially American, and a smattering of history, economics, and general U.S. culture. However, many of my edits are simply for NPOV or writing; I try to help structure, grammar and readability whenever I can. That said, a list of the articles I've made substantial changes to, or started fresh. If an article appears here, you can assume I'm watching it, so feel free to ask me any questions, comment on my editorial decisions, etc.

What I've done

 * I created the article on Barack Obama. It's come a long way since those edits!
 * The article on Clone High was started by me and made it onto the "Did you know?" section of the main page. I'm famous!
 * Swing state, which is kind of my baby (though you're encouraged to edit), was favorably mentioned at Swing State Project, a blog.
 * Swing state (again) was cited in a press release by the National Iranian American Council (read it at ).
 * Jack Ryan (Senate candidate), started by me, made it into In the News
 * I began List of U.S. House committees in January 2004 and wrote a few of the articles for it; in June of 2005, I nominated it for a position on Featured lists. It was promoted, thanks to the cleaning of User:ALoan and the picture skills of User:NoSeptember. I also worked List of U.S. Senate committees up to featured list status.

Contract with America - Welfare reform - Campaign finance reform - Steel tariff - Jean Carnahan - school choice - SVEROK - Joe Hoeffel - Richard Armitage - Concerned Women for America - swing state - Andrew Manatos - 72 Hours: True Crime - College of Cardinals - English - Foil - Omnibus spending bill - George W. Bush - History of slavery in the United States - The Wind Done Gone - United Nations Convention Against Torture - realigning election - List of House Committees - U.S. House Committee on Appropriations - U.S. House Committee on Rules - Southern strategy - Mystic River (movie) - U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means - Editorial - Billy Dee Williams - Terry McAuliffe - slam dunk - The Almanac of American Politics - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend - William Griffith Wilson - The Beastmaster - College Democrats - U.S. presidential nominating convention - Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Reduction Act - Warren B. Rudman - D.C. Statehood - Political campaign - fandango (movies) - Dorothy Bush - Jack Ryan (Senate candidate) - Barack Obama - Donatello (Ninja Turtle) - Raphael (Ninja Turtle) - Michaelangelo (Ninja Turtle) - Leonardo (Ninja Turtle) - Casper the Friendly Ghost - Don Imus - Center for Strategic and International Studies - Jolyon Wagg - Metro Center - Foggy Bottom - Red Rackham's Treasure - Tenleytown-AU - The Secret of the Unicorn - Death tax - Billy Blanks - Clone High - sedan - Thomas E. Mann - Battle school - The Media Fund - fandango - William G. Gregory - Stephen Kinzer - Kent Hance - National library - Ben Gibbard - Reflecting Pool - reflecting pool - March for Womens' Lives - Ed Derwinski - The Simpsons Hit & Run - Muzz Skillings - Ninja in western fiction - Aiel - Doink the Clown - David Catania - Credibility gap - The History of the Standard Oil Company - Smarties - Richard Riordan - Chicago Blues Festival - Morgan Spurlock - The Black Cat (nightclub) - Phil Gingrey - Rick Crawford - Judy Baar Topinka - Judith Sheindlin - Greek-American - Eric Schlosser - American University - Daily Southtown - Jim Jordan - Mary Beth Cahill - Pat Toomey - Doomtown - Tax bracket - Gumball machine - NARAL Pro-Choice America - Corinne Boggs - Dan Glickman - Count (baseball) - Your mom - John Boone - Car donation - 2004 Democratic National Convention - Media conglomerate - United States Constitution - Pete Coors - Shotgun wedding - voter registration - voter registration drive - Andy Borowitz - 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall - Tom DeLay - Gasoline tax - New Democrat Network - Center for Public Integrity - Nick Clooney - Geoff Davis - Thomas L. Friedman - U.S. House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct - Albert White (U.S. Senator) - Stewart McKinney - Steve Symms - James A. McClure - Spree (candy) - Thomas M. Foglietta - Gun politics in the United States - Dan Miller (U.S. politician) - Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death - form letter - Sean Nelson - John Black (U.S. Senator) - A Tale of Two Sisters - John Kyle - Richard Trumka - Whisper campaign - Peter Barca - Guilty by Suspicion - Compton I. White, Jr. - Gracie Pfost - John Travers Wood - Compton I. White - Larry LaRocco - Connie Dover - Old Style Beer - Marketing in schools - Hansa Teutonica

title: User:Meelar


text:
Hōjō Yasutoki

Hōjō Yasutoki (北条 泰時; 1183 – July 14, 1242) was the third shikken (regent) of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan. He strengthened the political system of the Hōjō regency.

Life
He was the eldest son of second shikken Hōjō Yoshitoki. According to Azuma Kagami, he was liked by the first shōgun, Minamoto no Yoritomo. In 1218, he became the chief (bettō) of the Board of Retainers (samurai-dokoro).

In the Jōkyū War of 1221, he led shogunate forces against the imperial court in Kyoto. After his victory, he remained in Kyoto and set up the Rokuhara Tandai. Yasutoki and his uncle Tokifusa became the first tandai.

When his father Yoshitoki and aunt Hōjō Masako died, he succeeded to become shikken in 1224. He installed Hōjō Tokifusa as the first rensho. In 1225 he created the Hyōjō (評定), the council system of the shogunate. In 1232 he promulgated the Goseibai Shikimoku, the legal code of the shogunate. He was highly praised for his impartial justice.

In 1242, he was ordained as a Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Jōshōbō Kan'a (上聖房観阿).

He died in the same year. His grandson Tsunetoki succeeded him to the post of shikken.

title: Hōjō Yasutoki


text:
International style

International style may refer to:

 * International Style, a mid-20th-century modern movement in architecture
 * International style (art), the International Gothic style in medieval art
 * International Style (dancing), a term used in ballroom dancing
 * International Typographic Style, a Switzerland-based graphic design movement

title: International style