text:
Talk:Oswald Mosley

BUF decline
Why is there no detailed mention of the decline of the BUF in Britain? Prior to 1934 the BUF was probably in its strongest position with its peak membership of around 50,000 people which abruptly declined after the Olympia fiasco of 1934. It lost not just mass support but also financial support as well as dettering other potential supporters. Yes there was a brief revival in the run up to the war, mostly spurred on by Mosley's campaigns for peace with Germany but 1934 was almost definitively the end of the BUF as a political force, not that it ever had any serious political potential in the first place. I think this needs to be added.

Also, the user who quoted Oswald as a "great man". I'm not going to question your personal opinion but perhaps you should do more reading into the subject. Unless of course you are an anti-semite, in which case I understand your appraisal of Mosley.

--Historian1986 18:56, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Internal link
"New Party" links to the New Party of China, not the defunct party of England, in which context it appears.

- That seems to be fixed now (although there is nothing in the newly linked to article)

Jews
The victim of Jewish violence? Really? I know it's just a stereotype, but still. --Charles A. L. 07:39, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

- I'm not sure what you're saying here. Are you objecting to the word Jewish, are you saying that Jewish groups weren't involved in violence against the BUF or are you saying the sentence should be re-worded so that the BUF don't sound like the innocent party (which they probably weren't)? --Cjrother 00:01, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica Online School Edition, the British Union of Fascists and the Union Movement (the two groups Mosley led) "were known for distributing anti-Semitic propaganda, conducting hostile demonstrations in the Jewish sections of east London, and wearing Nazi-style uniforms and insignia." This clearly suggests to me that Mosley deliberately provoked Jewish hostility, and if Encyclopaedia Britannica can clearly suggest it, then I think Wikipedia can as well. In bending over backward to appear neutral, the article as it currently stands is effectively biasing itself in favor of Mosley apologists. TheScotch (talk) 08:27, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Conservative Party
The article states that Mosley fell out with the Conservative Party over the Blacks and Tans. Was he oppposed to them or did he support them? The Conservative Party first supported them and them opposed them I believe so I can't figure it out woth help of the context.

 * Mosley opposed the use of brutal measures to repress the Irish. David | Talk 14:54, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I had the same question (and I'm writing in 2007)! The article remains ambiguous the way it is written. 210.50.56.79 07:38, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Several years later it still remains ambiguous. It currently reads, "Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over the issue of Irish policy, and the use of the Black and Tans to suppress the Irish population." I'm going to change this for now to "Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over Irish policy ["the issue of" is superfluous], objecting to the use of the Black and Tans to suppress the Irish population," and if anyone has a better idea, have at it, please. TheScotch (talk) 08:36, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Mosley was responding to a wave of press publicity at the time. At the end of his life he was invited to speak to Ireland's barristers on this, at the King's Inns in 1978. He also had houses in Galway - until a fire - and later near Fermoy in Cork. He was seen as a rare and early spokesman criticizing the activities of the Black and Tans and remained popular regarding this matter in Ireland, as distinct from his later fascist politics.86.42.201.176 (talk) 10:25, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Sir
When was he knighted and what for? 83.217.166.9 20:54, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * He wasn't knighted; he was a hereditary baronet. Mackensen (talk) 21:18, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * This fact should probably be written into the preface. It's probably a relatively little known, but nonetheless relevant - 81.110.41.5 03:09, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It is; he's clearly referred to as the 6th Baronet. Readers who aren't sure what a baronet is only have to click the link to the article 'baronet'. Martan 18:37, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Um, there are plenty of readers who are curious about the sir and won't make the connection with baronet. I think the article should be explicit about why Mosley is Sir Oswald and not hide important information in some basement. TheScotch (talk) 07:48, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Mail
I changed the mention of the Daily Mail. In the 1930s it was not a tabloid size newspaper, but a broadsheet. It became a tabloid format paper in the 1970s, I believe.Martinscholes 22:04, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It was always a "popular paper", pretty much the first such in fact. Lord Northcliffe's immense political power in WW1 came because he owned both "The Times" and the "Daily Mail", the leading papers in each market segment. The name "tabloid" came later.Paulturtle (talk) 15:43, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Cause of death?
Why is there no mention of his death? How did he die?

 * I've added that it was natural causes, but I don't know which disease. Best name (talk) 02:03, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Ambiguity
This article is completely ambiguous. People have asked questions on this discussion page about the ambiguity of the article to have their questions answered here by Wiki users. Why don't the people answering the questions update the article? - zippy.fuzz@gmail.com 21:46 (GMT) 16 November 2006

Right-wing?
I have changed the description of the BUF as 'becoming increasingly right-wing... ' to becoming increasingly authoritarian...'. The right-wing label really does not fit as Mosley was a former Labour minister who was on a clear path towards more radical Socialism with every year he lived. The majority of his supporters were also drawn from the Labour party. The parallels here with the National Socialists of Germany (Nazi party) and Hitler’s social policy are strong. The BUF does not fit into our traditional view of left and right in Britain and so should best be avoided in this article.

Anyone wondering where the thinking behind this comes from should bear in mind that there is a strong argument that Fascism is a type of Communism and both belong on the autocratic state controlled left, whilst it is anarchy (or at least the absence of laws, depending on whether one believes in natural order) that is the logical extension of the individual freedoms cherished by right wingers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.86.132.225 (talk) 17:32, 8 February, 2007 (UTC)

"There is a strong argument that Fascism is a type of Communism"--is that why Fascists and Communists were fighting on the streets across Europe in the 1930's? There is no argument at all for such a position, except by those who use ideology as a substitute for knowing history. Troglo (talk) 02:28, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that the terms right and left in respect to politics are vague and fairly meaningless, but this is pretty much beside the point as far as this article currently stands because the terms Labour Party and Fascism are not vague and meaningless. The problem with the article, in my reading, is that it doesn't give us a clear idea how Mosely evolved (if this is the appropriate word) in his thinking from Labour to Fascism. The "tour of Italy" bit doesn't really cut it. (Fascism may be like communism in that it is statist, but it is unlike communism in that it is anti-democratic in theory--not just in practice--and in that it officially believes in a merging of corporate and state power. Anti-semitism and racism are strong and important components of NAZI-ism. There was, of course, plenty of practical anti-semitism in communist Russia, but this has nothing to do with the doctrine of communism. The "logical extension" of individual rights is in the eye of the beholder, but it's unnecessarily confusing to refer to libertarianists under the general rubric "right wingers".) TheScotch (talk) 08:12, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Mosley was indeed ex-Labour but he was also ex-Tory. And you may be missing the significance of the prefix "ex-".  And it is ahistorical to equate anarchism with the right or to think that authoritarianism is solely or even primarily the province of the left. 31.53.204.76 (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 12:13, 4 April 2012 (UTC).

Fair use rationale for Image:Mosleyarrest.jpg
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Son in 1st line
there is no need to mention he is the father of Max Mosley in the first line. He has numerous children, at least one of which is probably more notable than Max. Frankly, it's irrelevant in the lead paragraph. --Counter-revolutionary (talk) 08:38, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi C-r,
 * Thank you for coming here.
 * Sorry but Max Mosley is more known than Nicholas Mosley : 1,000,000+ hits vs 25,000 hits
 * But I think we can put both names : he is the father of Nicholas Mosley and Max Mosley.
 * Ceedjee (talk) 08:46, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. What this comes down to, I believe, is trying to discredit Oswald/Max by their connection. Why not mention in the 1st line that his father in-law was the Marquess of Curzon (one of the best statesman of the early C20th) or that his wife was Diana Mitford? --Counter-revolutionary (talk) 08:54, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi C-r,
 * Oh... So when you said first that the brother was more notorious you were hidding your real feelings... You have a agenda of "discredit issues". That doesn't sound good to me !
 * In fact, Max Mosley is more notorious than Oswald Mosley ([http://www.google.be/search?hl=fr&q=%22Oswald+mosley%22&btnG=Rechercher&meta= 94,000 hits).
 * It sounds therefore to me absolutely logical to mention Max in the first lines.
 * (note I don't understand how talking about Max would discredit Oswald and talking about Oswald would discredit Max. There are father and son and both are famous people).
 * Have a good day. Ceedjee (talk) 09:00, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Ghits are irrelevant. Provide a citation that having Max as a son is relevant to the notability of this prominent historical figure, rather than the other way 'round. (Ditto for his baronetcy.) -- Relata refero (disp.) 10:21, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It is of course not significant for his life. But this is significant for an encyclopaedic article that gives links between people/facts/events.
 * Is it relevant to Jimbo Wales that Larry Sanger created wikipedia with him ?
 * Ceedjee (talk) 10:54, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Well, this controversy seems already to be appropriately settled, but for the record let's put it this way: Oswald Mosley is not notable because he was the father of Max or Nicholas, and thus Max and Nicholas do not belong in the opening sentence. TheScotch (talk) 08:19, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Trivia
Removed items were unsourced assumptions, hence entirely removable per WP:V and not valid for restoration without a source, and trivial items in an already well populated trivia section, which are discouraged on Wikipedia and, if and when present, should be concise, and contain sourced or bluelinked items with direct relevance to the subject. The point of such sections is not to list every instance where a person or entity has appeared in popular culture, but simply to show that the subject has appeared in popular culture. That "so-and-so" was based on Mosely may be a widely held belief, but remains unsourced speculation without appropriate sourcing.  Dei z  talk 12:01, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Re: "The point of such sections is not to list every instance where a person or entity has appeared in popular culture, but simply to show that the subject has appeared in popular culture.":

 * Strongly disagree. There is no valid point to these sections at all, and "popular culture" is being used as a code phrase for trivia. If the subject is notable, it is by definition known to the culture at large and will inevitably have been alluded to somewhere or other. Readers of Wikipedia should recognize that all valid subjects have been alluded to, and contributors to Wikipedia should assume that readers of Wikipedia will recognize this. TheScotch (talk) 09:06, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Family
I needed 20 minutes a pen and paper just to get this figured out. Is there any way that this could be written out more clearly? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Olsdude (talk • contribs) 01:56, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Adolf Hitler
I notice that the Hitler image has been removed twice now without recourse to this page to justify. Since Mosley referred frequently to the fellow, I think it is important to have Hitler's image on the page. I am thus reverting what appears to be vandalism. Peterlewis (talk) 08:29, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Most Wikipedia biographies do not have pictures of people other than the subject on them. The only way a pic of Hitler should be on this article is if it is of the two men standing together or shaking hands. Best name (talk) 02:03, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Yes. If you want to know what Hitler looked like, click the Hitler link. TheScotch (talk) 08:22, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Diana Mitford.jpg
The image File:Diana Mitford.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:07, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've removed it. Really no justification to have it in this article. Aptery  gial  07:21, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

Edward VIII
What evidence is there for the statement that the Duke of Windsor "approved of the BUF campaign for Edward to keep his throne"? I am not aware that Edward supported any campaign for him to keep the throne.124.197.15.138 (talk) 00:42, 28 April 2009 (UTC) ...

 * According to Encyclopaedia Britannica Online School Edition, "Winston Churchill, then out of power, was [Edward VII's] only notable ally [in Edward's "attempts to gain the royal family's acceptance of Mrs. Simpson", the failure of which led directly to his abdication]." This suggests that either Mosley was not Edward's ally or that Mosley was not notable. I see there is already a "citation needed" notice next to the passage you question, and it appears to have been in place for some time. I vote to delete the passage, and if someone wants to restore it, let's require an accompanying citation. TheScotch (talk) 08:51, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

I've deleted the passage. Please post explanation here before restoring it. Thanks. TheScotch (talk) 04:36, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * You should probably should consult the real Encyclopædia Britannica rather than a school one, Edward VIII had many more important frieds for instance, Lord Beaverbrook was a far more important ally than Churchill and Churchill was as I understand it, basically a pariah at the time (not to mention not a rich owner of many newspapers like Lord Beaverbrooke) either way I think Mosley's support of the King is notable enough to be included here, even though Lord Beaverbrooke dismissed it in his memoir on the topic as an "embarrasment" it was still important to Mosely and his party. Threadnecromancer (talk) 02:11, 20 March 2012 (UTC)Threadnecromancer

Birthplace?
The main text says he was born near Burton-on-Trent, but the box has London. Which is right? PrivateSponge (talk) 13:26, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

According to his article in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(vol 39, page 469), Mosley was born in London at 47 Hill Street, Mayfair, with no immediately cited authority. The General Registration Office Register of Births Index should list him with the registration district named.Cloptonson (talk) 17:38, 31 March 2012 (UTC) I have discovered his name in the General Register Office Index of Births in England and Wales, page 399, for October-November-December 1896, registration district of St George, Hanover Square (London).Cloptonson (talk) 20:37, 6 April 2012 (UTC) I would like to insert the details of his birth in London in the article, preferably with consent of the user who placed his birth near Burton-on-Trent. I wonder did Mosley claim the ancestral Rolleston estate as his birthplace, in preference to the city, when writing about himself?Cloptonson (talk) 20:05, 7 April 2012 (UTC) Having allowed a month's 'notice', I have amended birthplace details from Rollestone near Burton-on-Trent to Mayfair, London, with citations to Oxford DNB and GRO Index of Births. Reference to Rollestone has been moved to earlier in the family background section to acknowledge it was the seat of his family.Cloptonson (talk) 21:22, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Cultural Impact
As currently used in this article "Cultural Impact" is a code phrase for trivia. I'll give interested persons sufficient time to move into the main article anything from this section they consider worth salvaging, then return eventually and delete the section and whatever in it happens to remain. TheScotch (talk) 08:57, 17 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that the pre-war items are of significance but the post-war ones slowly descend into trivia. Xxanthippe (talk) 09:37, 17 April 2010 (UTC).

My original posting (above) takes a neutral position about what should be moved and what should be removed, but just to push things along, let me consider the pre-war items. They're conveniently sectioned off. We have Everard Webley in Aldous Huxley's Point Counter Point, "a character" in H. G. Wells's The Holy Terror, and "Sir Roderick Spode" in several P.G. Wodehouse novels. I read Point Counterpoint many years ago and don't really remember the Webley character. The Wikipedia Point Counterpoint article doubts he was based on Mosley, mostly because the novel was published in 1928 while Mosley was still a member of the Labour Party, and this strikes me, prima facie, as a convincing argument. Even though I'm a big Wells fan, I'd never heard of The Holy Terror (Wells published many books, quite a few long neglected), so I won't comment about that one except to say whether it was pre-war technically depends on what part of 1939 it was published, for whatever that may be worth. I've read several Wodehouse books but don't remember the Spode character. According to the Spode Wikipedia article, only the first Spode adventure is pre-war. TheScotch (talk) 07:36, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This is mostly fair comment. The connecting thread is that the three writers were eminent persons for their time, and for ours. As for the Wells book, whenever it was published, it was certainly written befire the war because of the time lag between submitting a book to a publisher and its eventual publication. The exact timing would not seem to matter much apart from Huxley. It was a lot easier to attack Mosley after the war, after he had been interned as an enemy sympathiser, than before it when he had gangs of bully-boys at his disposal (a feature of the Wells book). Xxanthippe (talk) 07:49, 18 April 2010 (UTC).

The Scotch is right. Unless Huxley had unique powers of second sight, Webley in Point Counter Point could not possibly have been based on Mosley. Roderick Spode, hpwever, clearly is, but is not 'Sir Roderick': he went straight from Mr Spode to Lord Sidcup —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.173.5.197 (talk) 11:29, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Re: "It was a lot easier to attack Mosley after the war...":

Presumably. Is this why you find the pre-war allusions more significant? Or is just that the allusions you consider significant (because the authors were eminent) happened to be pre-war (more or less)?

Re: "As for the Wells book, whenever it was published, it was certainly written befire the war because of the time lag between submitting a book to a publisher and its eventual publication."

Maybe, but Wells was extremely prolific, which suggests that he wrote fast (and might have been published fast too), and it also depends on why we're distinguishing pre-war and post-war (how about during the war?). Wells was canny enough to realize that war was imminent before it was actually declared.

If this were an article about D. H. Lawrence, I could see managing to include a mention of Point Counterpoint, partly because the character based on Lawrence is the most significant character in the book, but mostly because Huxley and Lawrence were strong friends, which is to say that Huxley was a part of Lawrence's life. Even so, I think an article about D. H. Lawrence could easily do without mentioning Point Counterpoint. It occurs to me, though, that Wells and Wodehouse (and Huxley, if the 1928 obstacle is somehow over-ridden) might fit into a section having to do with contemporaneous reaction to Mosley.TheScotch (talk) 09:12, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The social and cultural reactions to Mosley's activities are a crucial component of the story. Xxanthippe (talk) 09:57, 19 April 2010 (UTC).

Since "the story" is merely the public part of the biography of this particular subject, that is, person, I'm skeptical about the "crucial" bit, but if the article is to include "social and cultural reactions" (a rather vague phrase), and I've already conceded it could reasonably include some such thing, then that section needs to be written in English prose, with actual English sentences coming together logically to form an actual English paragraph. It needs not to comprise a list of miscellaneous information. TheScotch (talk) 01:04, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Also it is interesting how the folk memory of the Battle of Cable Street has changed from what it was - a battle between the left and the police (who were guarding / separating the Blackshirts) - into a battle between the left and the Blackshirts themselves. The social and cultural aspects are important as they often direct how we understand past events. "Two myths have grown up around the event, which of course was a milestone in the long history of working class struggle. One is that the opposition to the Mosley fascists was almost entirely Jewish. The other is that the "battle" was between the protesters and the Blackshirts. It was not - it was a battle with the police." (see this link).86.42.201.176 (talk) 10:49, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Vandalism How?
How is this vandalism: 203.35.82.133 (talk) 05:07, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Mosley becomes ruler of England after the alien invasion is defeated in Superman: War of the Worlds.

I delete a text (NPOV)
I delete the text about the witness being moved to tears in battle of cable street as it is not neutral, if it is in the text we must have a witness that says how beautiful it was to see blackshirts marching united too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.248.90.218 (talk) 17:09, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Text replaced. Source is reliable. Xxanthippe (talk) 23:06, 19 June 2010 (UTC).

 * Text is RS and NPOV.
 * If 83.248.90.218 wants to quote an RS who says the blackshirts are beautiful then that would be fine, too. But it's NPOV with it or without it.
 * -- Randy2063 (talk) 17:44, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Family and early life
What happened on '10 October 1915' ? The date doesn't seem to refer to anything. 米 (talk) 21:47, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

New Party
Anachronistic error - Sir Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Northcliffe had died, with his peerage, in 1922 and would not have been alive to have headed the Daily Mail and to endorse Mosley's New Party (formed 1931). Who was proprietor of the Mail at that point in Mosley's career?Cloptonson (talk) 19:37, 17 March 2012 (UTC) - After checking Wiki article on Daily Mail, I have corrected the proprietor's name to Northcliffe's successor son, Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere. I left the 'citation needed' insert untouched, as I am unsure how soon in the life of the New Party Rothermere showed interest.Cloptonson (talk) 19:58, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The 1st Viscount Rothermere was Northcliffe's brother, not his son. Valetude (talk) 21:42, 23 February 2020 (UTC)

Clearly gossip

 * "During this marriage he had an extended affair with his wife's younger sister Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, and with their stepmother, Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston, the U.S.-born second wife and widow of Lord Curzon of Kedleston."

This is quite a claim and so I expected there to be some source, some reference to information, historical nonfiction, memoirs, whatever, that could back up such an inflammatory statement. But there are none. And the page is locked so I can't even request that someone come up with citations for such personal details. There is nothing about this affair on the page of Grace Curzon and the sources for it on Alexandra Metcalfe's bio are laughably inaccurate and can not be verified.

It seems like there is so much dislike for this person that people will believe and include any information that would make him look immoral which is, frankly, beneath Wikipedia's standards. This is not a historical version of TMZ. 69.125.134.86 (talk) 00:55, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Sometime in the six years since this entry was created, the page for Alexandra has removed any reference to her having an affair with Mosley. On the other hand, the page for Grace Curzon has added that Mosley said he had sex not only with Grace, but with both of his wife’s sisters (Irene before he was married, and Alexandra after). The source cited is different from the one in the page for Irene Curzon, which only mentions her affair with Mosley, and does not mention his affair with Grace or Alexandra. The page for Cynthia uses yet a different source for saying Mosley had affairs with Alexandra and Grace. Minicarmen (talk) 06:33, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Edit request on 24 August 2013
Footnote 1 is incorrect. A baronet is not a member of the peerage. The peerage is confined "peers of the realm" of whom the lowest rank is "baron". Formerly, all peers were entitled to sit in the House of Lords. This has never applied to baronets. Their title is hereditary but it is only in that respect that it resembles a (non-life) peerage.

5.81.250.43 (talk) 10:15, 24 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Jackmcbarn (talk) 00:24, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Jackmcbarn should take a look at Baronet where he will find that the comment by 5.81.250.43 is correct. Not to bother, the correction was made to the article long ago. Xxanthippe (talk) 09:11, 23 October 2013 (UTC).

Market Drayton
The Market Drayton article currently says this:
 * "The 1930s British fascist leader Oswald Mosley was born nearby in 1896, at Betton Hall, the home of his mother's parents. When his parents separated, Oswald and his brother went with their mother to live in Smithfield Road. Mosley attended a dame school in Shropshire Street until he went to public school at the age of eight. Apart from holidays he never lived in Drayton again.
 * "Mosley was deeply ashamed of their reduced circumstances and he did everything to hide the years in Drayton. Their middle-class status contrasted with the huge estate of his paternal grandparents in Staffordshire. Years later, following the death of their mother, he obtained her diaries from his brother and burned them.
 * "In the 1930s, at the height of his notoriety, he returned to the town, where he held a meeting in the square."

But none of this is supported by any sources, however, and it is not corroborated by anything in this article. Is it all correct, particularly the details about schooling? As another editor has pointed out, it would be usual to go to preparatory school at age 8 and to public school at age 13. If sources could be found, perhaps the material should be added here also. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:34, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

All the above was based on my interviews with then-surviving Draytonians - for instance a woman who remembered Mosley's first day at the Dame School - when an article appeared in the press, I was contacted by a relative of the photographer who took the pictures of him on his return to Drayton in the 1930s - there were two pix one in classic fashion with the loud-speaker car and Fascist bodyguards in the square in the middle of Drayton and one for which Mosley posed afterwards at the Corbet Arms - both should now be in Shropshire Archives.

Keith Pybus

79.79.196.107 (talk) 16:32, 7 March 2017 (UTC)

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Support from Aneurin Bevan
The Article states that Mosley received support from Aneurin Bevan regarding the New Party;

"Dissatisfied with the Labour Party, Mosley quickly founded the New Party. Its early parliamentary contests, in the 1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election and subsequent by-elections, arguably had a spoiler effect in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. Despite this, the organisation gained support among many Labour and Conservative politicians who agreed with his corporatist economic policy, and among these were Aneurin Bevan and Harold Macmillan. It also gained the endorsement of the Daily Mail newspaper, headed at the time by Harold Harmsworth (later created 1st Viscount Rothermere)."

This is not given with a citation.

Whereas in the Aneurin Bevan page, a section reads

"Soon after he entered parliament Bevan was briefly attracted to Oswald Mosley's arguments, becoming one of the 17 signatories of the Mosley Memorandum in the context of the MacDonald government's repeated economic crises, including the doubling of unemployment levels.[9] However, in the words of his biographer John Campbell, "he breached with Mosley as soon as Mosley breached with the Labour Party"."

The second section has a source but there is no citation to Campbell.

Presumably if Aneurin Bevan had rejected Mosley's split then he would not have supported the New Party. Perhaps the first section is still accurate but requires revision.

DarkyDu (talk) 17:58, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

Error?
The article has

His second son inherited the baronetcy,

but this is not consistent with the list of children, according to which Nicholas was Oswald's second child, but his first son.

86.148.153.153 (talk) 12:52, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * ✅ Yes, that looks like a simple error. I have corrected it. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 13:08, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Oswald mosley MP.jpg

Fiction
The proper place for fictional representations, such as his affair with the non-existent wife of the equally non-existent Tommy Shelby MP, is in the section of the page entitled 'In popular culture', not the introduction. There is even a mention of his appearance in Peaky Blinders there. Markaeologist (talk) 11:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC)

Daily Mirror support
Currently article states: The Mirror piece was a guest article by Daily Mail owner Viscount Rothermere and an apparent one-off; despite these briefly warm words for the BUF, the paper was so vitriolic in its condemnation of European fascism that Nazi Germany added the paper's directors to a hit-list in the event of a successful Operation Sea Lion

(With a dead link to the an article called "The Darnkess in the Mirror" at the Tribune.)

Recently reading more about this there seems a growing consensus in another direction. Here at the independent ( https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/revealed-the-fascist-past-of-the-daily-mirror-77871.html ) we read:

"But the idea of the 1930s Mirror as a great champion of the anti-Nazi cause is largely mythical. And there is no indication that Cecil King ever changed his politics. King remained an admirer of Oswald Mosley, announcing in his memoirs that Mosley had been "the outstanding politician of his generation" and that his only mistake was to have "chosen the wrong side during the war"."

The same article states:

"What is less well known is that the Mail's former stablemate the Daily Mirror was just as pro-fascist. On Monday, 22 January, 1934 the Mirror ran the headline "Give the Blackshirts a helping hand". The paper went one further than the Mail, urging readers to join Mosley's British Union of Fascists, and giving the address to which to send membership applications."

A similar theme is taken up by Roy Greenslade at the Guardian here - https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/dec/06/dailymail-oswald-mosley - in particular pointing out that the questions of the newspaper ownership are not as clear as is sometimes assumed. The way things are wriiten makes it sound like Rothermere had nothing to do with the Mirror and just randomly wrote an article supporting the Blackshirts once in the Mirror and they published it while otherwise being critical of fascism - that appears to not be the case.

The Independent article notes that the paper became extremely patriotic during the war - was that the reason why the Germans planned to target it? I tried googling the link to Operation Sea lion but couldn't find anything.

What is the correct way to handle this situation with a dead link? I realise this is a contentious issue with the association used to this day to attack both newsspapers so think it is probably best done by consensus but as it is currently written it doesm't seem to match the sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:987:BB00:E87A:CB70:7495:CAC (talk) 14:51, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Recent edits and reverts
Hi - I'm putting a note here to explain my recent reverts. Please also read through the links in the welcome template I left on your talk page. In short, you can't attribute an assertion that he had a great impact on society to 'oswaldmosley.com' - you'd need a reliably published, independent source saying that, ideally an academic history book. You certainly can't make a connection between his ideas and Corbyn's using a Guardian article that doesn't mention Mosley. The sources must explicitly support the statements you are making - any 'joining the dots', or combining multiple sources to come to a conclusion they don't mention, is covered by WP:OR. If you have any questions about any of this, please let me know. Cheers Girth Summit  (blether)  18:33, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

Abrupt mention of New Party in lead
The lead says "The New Party became the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932." Unfortunately there is no prior explanation of what the New Party is. I'm guessing this is the result of some recent edit-warring. Muzilon (talk) 12:04, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Mosley Memorandum
Is the semi-keynesian Mosley Memorandum on public use? If so, where can i find it? 212.146.45.74 (talk) 13:21, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Works of Mosley
Why aren't his essays and books listed in this article? Many other people have their works listed at the bottom, of their article. XenogenesisX2 (talk) 13:51, 19 March 2023 (UTC)

Introduction/Lede
The introductory section has a lot of detail. Perhaps most of it should be transferred to later sections. Mcljlm (talk) 02:59, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

Quote sources
Diana Mosley's autobiography {both 1st and 2nd editions are at Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/lifeofcontrastsa0000mosl/mode/2up; https://archive.org/details/lifeofcontrastsa0000mosl_x6i4/page/n1/mode/2up} is cited for 4 quotes {I've quoted directly from DM rather than the article}:

 * "The Liberal Westminster Gazette wrote that Mosley was the most polished literary speaker ...";

 * "The Nation wrote: “The resignation of Sir Oswald ..."

 * "He wrote a memorandum, described thirty years later (1961) by R. H. S. Crossman:‘... this brilliant memorandum was ..."

 * "‘When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his Free Trade Hall speech in Manchester ... wrote the Manchester Guardian soon after the 1931 election."

Since she mentions her sources perhaps each quote's exact source could be cited. Mcljlm (talk) 04:01, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I've edited those quotes or their introductory sentences to cite Lady Mosely's autobiography, since we don't actually have citations to the Westminster Gazette, the Manchester Guardian, etc. If someone comes up with specific cites to those sources, the supporting ref can be changed and the wording altered, but at this time we're relying on what her autobiography says, not actually on those primary sources. Beyond My Ken (talk) 04:31, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. In "The Liberal Westminster Gazette wrote that Mosley was:the" should the colon be a quotation mark followed by a space?
 * Maybe the following would be better without the commas:
 * The Nation and Athenaeum wrote,"
 * Richard Crossman wrote, "
 * shortly after the 1931 election, Mosley
 * Mcljlm (talk) 13:12, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I usually prefer colons before quotes rather than commas, so I'm not sure why I used commas in these instances - I've converted them to colons (I think no punctuation in that situation can be confusing to the reader).  I've fixed the other two as well. Beyond My Ken (talk) 13:58, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

Zany Fun With Sir Oswald
If you feel it's necessary to clutter up this rather serious article with an infantile list of pop culture references, you really need to include one very important and useful item which is mysteriously absent. I refer of course to "Oswald Mosley The Blackshirt Funnyman", a one-off strip which appeared in Viz Comics issue 95. 86.132.249.222 (talk) 08:56, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Lede is misleading
The Battle of Cable Street increased anti-Semitism in the UK, caused the BUF to have a surge in its membership, and led to the BUF performing much better in elections. (2A00:23C5:C416:A601:9871:3D07:3A3B:93FF (talk) 16:36, 31 March 2024 (UTC))

No evidence for that. Emeraude (talk) 17:33, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * There does seem to be some evidence of this, according to facinghistory.org: "By late October 1936, membership in the BUF had increased by 2,000, with many joining East End branches of the organisation. In March 1937, Tilles notes that the BUF received 18% of the East End vote, and around 30% of the non-Jewish vote, in the three main areas of the Cable Street confrontation between demonstrators, police, and Fascists." (2A00:23C5:C416:A601:5D5:2982:8A27:BCE4 (talk) 18:57, 31 March 2024 (UTC))

title: Talk:Oswald Mosley


text:
Talk:Lenny Henry

Black & White Minstrel Show
I just heard something on TV about this so I looked it up on youtube: http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=2MCYzb1vENQ It says that Lenny Henry was the first black person to appear on this show (check the info). Why isn't this mentioned? Its utterly bizaare and I can't believe a show like that existed so recently. Also, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_and_White_Minstrel_Show. Its mentioned there with a source from the BBC website. He was in it for five years and was the first black comedian on it.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.223.176 (talk) 10:35, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

There's lots about this in his autobiography, could add this with a reference. RomQuant (talk) 18:15, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

Chef!
I've removed "dreadful" from the sentence about this show since it's clear POV. The reason I'm mentioning it here as well is that I actually rather liked Chef!, so am declaring a bit of an interest. I'd have removed "fantastic" as well, though, as it would be equally POV. Something like "poorly received", or a quote from someone saying it was "dreadful", would be fine if someone can find a reference. Loganberry (Talk) 13:18, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Edits 9th May 2006
Why the revert all the way back to december? The article has improved somewhat since that date, and the revert appears to achieve little beyond removing information and re-introducing typographical errors. So I reverted back to yesterday's version. Blufive 19:37, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Edits 23rd Dec 2007
Trivial gossip removed. This is meant to be an encyclopedia, but the entry looks like a snoopy tabloid fluff. Please can we keep this to the important stuff? ... which doesn't include the exact date the subject got his BA, or his planned house move, surely. Trevor H. (UK) 01:28, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Removed passages
I took the following out as they have no reference, and a Google of "Lenny Henry The Car" produced a single hit - this article:

 * Original plans for a new sketch show in 2009 have recently been put on hold. Named 'Lenny Henry The Car', producers were upset when they discovered Lenny already had a car with the same name. Talks are currently on-going.

and

 * In 2007, Lenworth and his wife Dawn got a cat and named it Lenny Henry The Cat after the comedian. Currently the cat is enjoying a good quality of life. Loganberry (Talk) 16:14, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Live at the Apollo
Lenny Henry is on Live at the Apollo at the moment saying the stuff bout where he grew up is wrong, and that it should be called "Wrongpedia" lol ;) Ryan 4314   (talk) 22:46, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Gosh, does he have any jokes that aren't racist? He's funny, but I wish he'd move on. LaFoiblesse 2009-01-09 22h49 (GMT)
 * I dunno, I think he's well tame (in a good way) compared to some of the Black American comedians. Anyway I've sourced the Burton Road Hospital bit, but I can't remember what school he said he went to :( Ryan 4314   (talk) 22:56, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * He definitely mentioned The Blue Coat school. Would be good to get it properly referenced, though. Stephenb (Talk) 22:57, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I just seen someone get reverted for changing the St John thing, although I'm sure he said he wasn't at St John's. He's blog mentions being at primary school, but not the school's name :( Ryan 4314   (talk) 23:08, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Unlike some other editors, I sit here (sadly) with a notepad, and write down the *correct* versions, which can later be sourced using cite episode. Although I may be half-asleep, I doubt my confusion is that real. Anyone who doubts it is free to find a better source than the man himself. -- Rodhull  andemu  23:14, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * LOL I just wrote to you on your talk page, didn't see you had posted here sorry. Ryan 4314   (talk) 23:23, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry I sort of carried on the conversation here. I'm gonna tag the St John's bit up as ((citation needed)) per the talk there. Ryan 4314   (talk) 23:49, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Is the joke about Wikipedia being 'Wrongopedia' actually significant enough to warrant a mention in the article? He made a ton of other jokes too! They've not been put it! 213.106.45.6 (talk) 01:20, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * A comedian telling jokes? Man the barricades! It's scarcely worth mentioning, and I spent some time looking into his allegations the first time that show was broadcast. The guy now has a 30+ years career in comedy, so singling out one gag seems unnecessary to me. Rodhull  andemu  01:25, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I took out the part in the apollo reference that said wikipedia contains "a large amount" of wrong information about his life, it wasn't a "large" amount compared with the size of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.25.33 (talk) 02:22, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

During the weekend of October 23/24 2010, Henry appeared on Live at the Apollo (I am pretty sure it was on Dave) and mentioned that a lot of details about his life in the Wikipedia article were incorrect. Perhaps some one who remembers what he said can do the necessary corrections. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 23:21, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

So much things to say
Is this tour/DVD not notable? Biscit (talk) 11:00, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Comic Relief: significant?
I think he's much better known for Comic Relief than for Chef. I remember an interview with (I think) The Radio Times in which he said that "People who watch me on Comic Relief might wonder what I do for the rest of the year, if they're not into Chef." (not exact quote). Saul Taylor

 * Depends. Chef has at least some exposure this side of the Atlantic, while Comic relief gets none. DJ Clayworth 03:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * However he is not a celeb outside the UK. A larger number of people will know him for Comic Relief.74.65.39.59 (talk) 20:13, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to agree 100% with that. He's synonymous with Comic Relief in the UK yet there's *one* mention of it in the article...ONE mention!  As far as I know, Lenny Henry's been a host *every* year so far and always supports the charity...surely this is a major part of who he is a a person and should be in the article? SmUX 01:12, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Real name
Incidentally I find it hard to believe that up until I edited it, we had the man's real name wrong! It's been wrong for eighteen months. Where did we get Lenworth Hinton from? Pigsonthewing? DJ Clayworth 03:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

I always thought he was born Lenworth Hinton. My grandmother comes from the same community as Lenny's family (the Buffery area of Dudley) but only ever pointed out the house where he used to live, not any details about his family. He did put out a CD in late 2003 entitled "Have You Seen This Man" which did have a brief autobiography in the liner notes - I've still got the CD so I'll see if it says anything - after all, the words of Lenny himself can be considered a reputable source. 62.172.108.117 15:02, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * With all due respect to Lenny (whom I admire greatly), I don't think the words of the article's subject can be considered reliable. Some try to hide their background for various reasons, personal or professional or other. Lenny is a notoriously private person and may not want his family bothered by his fans or journalists. What was the name of his first wife? as there is no mention of her on this site Some BLP subjects may give false information to hide their real age, or previous names. DavidFarmbrough (talk) 12:59, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

This isn't right, my mother and grandmother grew up on the same estate as Lenny did with his family, the Priory estate the back of Priory Park!!! 87.194.19.178 (talk) 14:10, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Please change the name of Sir Lenny Henry's page to Dr. Sir Lenny Henry. Whilst many other Entertainment Industry people (particularly actors) have honorary Doctor status given to them simply for being alumni, Dr. Henry went away and quietly completed the years of actual work required to obtain a doctorate. After working hard for a degree, he then did his work for a Masters. Only then did he begin work for his doctorate. For Lenny, as for many other people, it was never a foregone conclusion. Dr. Henry and his awe inspiring achievements deserve respectful recognition. I think the least to be done is to give him his rightful appellation. Without publicity, black children will not see, will not comprehend that: Yes. People with a black face like mine, c  a  n   become 'Dr' Whomever. The putatively long term social effect of being re-branded within an environment of academia, must not be squandered. Wikipedia should lead this effort. Particularly as Wikipedia is an of the people, for the people, project. Sadly, I cannot help feeling that, if it was a white man involved, the bestowing of these titles - especially the consequence of the knighthood, would be known, globally. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DieselEstate (talk • contribs) 21:26, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Brixton Broadcasting Corporation
this could be merged here, but i think the TV show needs an article in it's own right. Most TV series of similar significance have their own articles. Andrewjlockley (talk) 01:25, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

Dudley
...is nowhere near Worcestershire. Try West Midlands. :) 81.23.53.165 (talk) 20:27, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
 * IIRC, Dudley was part of Worcestershire up until 1966, and Henry was born before that (in 1958). —Sladen (talk) 20:30, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

CBE?
when did lenny henry get his CBE?! and why? surely there should be info on his page about this! 62.30.163.182 (talk) 20:48, 22 March 2011 (UTC)
 * fair point - answers to both questions now added. Tallguyuk (talk) 21:59, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

His birthday - the same day that Michael Jackson was born
August 29, 1958 - the same day that Michael Jackson was born — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.81.38.66 (talk) 19:01, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

And both were born black! CAN THIS BE A COINCIDENCE? 94.219.69.18 (talk) 00:33, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Peculiar way of phrasing. Why not simply state that both men share a birthday date? DieselEstate 27th January 2020. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DieselEstate (talk • contribs) 19:52, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

Shakespeare
Would it not make sense for the section entitled 'Shakespeare' to be changed to 'theatre'? I know he has an interest in Shakespeare and has performed in a lot of these works, but this leaves out his non-Shakespearean theatrical roles as well, such as Fences at the Duchess Theatre in 2013. Just a thought...feel free to disagree. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.166.185 (talk • contribs)

Charitable Works
Lenny Henry's work as co-founder of Comic Relief and Red Nose Day deserves its own section. (Somebody deleted my previous contributions). I will be working on this Special Section in due course as there are plenty of excellent resources and references to achieve this aim. This also applies to the Comic Scriptwriter, Richard Curtis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TouchingHeaven247 (talk • contribs)

Protected edit request on 13 June 2015
Persondata to be removed (now officially deprecated). No text needs to be added. Data has been transferred to Wikidata. Eagleash (talk) 09:23, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Now done; protection expired. Eagleash (talk) 09:30, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

Marriage location
This article says he and Dawn French were married in Westminster whereas French's article says they were married in Covent Garden. Either one of the articles is wrong or they had a v-e-r-y large wedding party. 208.81.28.208 (talk) 16:57, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Found this story in the Birmingham Mail which says that French and Henry were married at St Paul's Church in Covent Garden, this is in the London Borough of Westminster. https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/comedy-news/dawn-french-someone-firebombed-home-714049 82.10.142.150 (talk) 13:21, 18 July 2019 (UTC) Chris

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Lenworth
He just said on BBC Radio 4 in conversation with Louis Theroux that his name, Lenworth was chosen by his mother as he was delivered by a Dr Lenworth. He was only called Lenworth by his school teachers. 81.187.1.83 (talk) 19:48, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, the link to the show is here: Grounded with Louis Theroux. JezGrove (talk) 20:24, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Which points to quite a bit more about him here: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/Y0Vm65Kfjqh9XCPTSjkQNN/nine-things-we-learned-when-sir-lenny-henry-spoke-to-louis-theroux 81.187.1.83 (talk) 20:59, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lenny Henry


text:
CPT

CPT or Cpt may stand for:

Common uses

 * CPT (file format), of Corel Photo Paint and others
 * CPT (programadora), a defunct Colombian television production company
 * CPT Corporation, a 20th-century word processor manufacturer
 * Colored people's time, offensive US expression for lateness
 * Columbia Pictures Television, branch of Columbia Pictures
 * Cost per thousand, advertising term
 * Curricular Practical Training, US temporary employment authorization
 * Pastoral Land Commission, a Catholic environmental group in Brazil that helped found the Landless Workers Movement
 * The abbreviation for US Army Captain
 * The abbreviation for Compton, California

Organisations

 * Compañía Peruana de Teléfonos, Peruvian public telecommunications company

Politics

 * Christian Peacemaker Teams
 * Committee for the Prevention of Torture, Council of Europe
 * Communist Party of Thailand, 1942-1990s
 * Paraguayan Workers Confederation (Confederación Paraguaya de Trabajadores)

Science and mathematics

 * Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer, at Argonne National Laboratory
 * Conditional probability table
 * Cone penetration test, to determine properties of soils
 * Coprecipitation, an important process in analytical chemistry and radiochemistry
 * CPT symmetry (charge, parity, and time symmetry) of physical laws
 * Cumulative prospect theory in economic modeling
 * CPT Port - Conductive Power Transfer Port. The port of an EV (Electric Vehicle) charging station that connects to the vehicle.

Biochemistry

 * Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1A, CPT1, CPT1-L, L-CPT1), a mitochondrial enzyme responsible for the formation of acyl carnitines
 * Carboxypeptidase T, a hydrolytic enzyme

Medicine

 * 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (8-CPT), a stimulant drug
 * Camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug
 * Certified Personal Trainer, a personal trainer with a varying degree of knowledge of general fitness
 * Chest physiotherapy
 * Cognitive processing therapy, a psychotherapeutic approach
 * Continuous Performance Task, measurement of attention
 * Current Procedural Terminology, AMA medical code set
 * Troparil (β-CPT), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor
 * Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, a rare pediatric disease

Transport

 * Cape Town International Airport, South Africa, IATA airport code
 * Clapton railway station, UK, station code
 * Corporate Air, Montana, US, ICAO airline designator
 * Crib Point railway station, Melbourne
 * Carriage Paid To, an International Commercial Term used in transport

title: CPT


text:
Right of abode in Hong Kong

Right of abode in Hong Kong entitles a person to live and work in the territory without any restrictions or conditions of stay. Someone who has that right is a Hong Kong permanent resident. Foreign nationals may acquire the right of abode after meeting a seven-year residency requirement and are given most rights usually associated with citizenship, including the right to vote in regional elections. However, they are not entitled to hold territorial passports or stand for office in some Legislative Council constituencies, unless they also naturalise as Chinese citizens.

As a special administrative region of China, Hong Kong does not have its own nationality law and natural-born residents are generally Chinese citizens. Prior to 1997, the territory was a colony of the United Kingdom and right of abode was tied to British nationality law. Although Hong Kong, mainland China, and Macau constitute a single country, local residents with Chinese citizenship do not have automatic residence rights in either of the other two jurisdictions, which both control immigration separately. Similarly, mainland Chinese and Macanese residents do not automatically have residence or employment rights in Hong Kong.

Colonial era policy
Hong Kong was a British colony from 1842 until its transfer to China in 1997. Accordingly, regulations on local residence rights were closely tied to British nationality law during colonial rule. All British subjects previously had unrestricted access to live and work in any British territory. Parliament gradually restricted this from 1962 to 1971, when subjects originating from outside of the British Islands first had immigration controls imposed on them when entering the United Kingdom. Hong Kong followed suit and imposed greater restrictions on subjects from outside the territory. British subjects born in the colony were given belonger status, to indicate their possession of right of abode in Hong Kong. Nationality law reform in 1981 reclassified the vast majority of Hong Kong belongers as British Dependent Territories citizens (BDTCs).

The border between Hong Kong and mainland China was not regulated for over 100 years after establishment of the colony. Border controls did not exist until 1950, after communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. Although the border was guarded, the Hong Kong government was relatively lax in deporting illegal immigrants due to a shortage of unskilled labour within the territory, allowing large numbers of them to register as residents. Still, colonial authorities held almost unlimited discretionary deportation powers over Chinese migrants until 1971, when those resident in the territory for more than seven years were given the right to land. This exempted them from immigration control, though they could still be deported for serious crimes. Immigration became more restricted in 1974 at the start of the Touch Base Policy. Under this system, illegal immigrants captured by law enforcement were immediately deported but those who had managed to reach urban areas of Hong Kong and found housing accommodation were given legal status. This policy ended in 1980, after which all free migration was stopped.

Chinese migrants moving to Hong Kong forfeited their hukou in mainland China and became ineligible for Chinese passports. These individuals were treated as if they were stateless. The colonial government issued Documents of Identity as travel documents to those who could not obtain passports. After seven years of residence, they were issued Certificates of Identity (CIs).

Transitionary arrangements
The British and Chinese governments entered negotiations over the future of Hong Kong in the early 1980s and agreed on the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984. The basic principles for the right of abode are set as part of this treaty and further defined in the Hong Kong Basic Law, which encompass the right to land with the added entitlement that a bearer cannot be deported. Belonger status was renamed permanent resident status in 1987, when landed Chinese residents were given the right of abode along with Hong Kong BDTCs. All BDTCs who did not have a connection with a remaining British Dependent Territory other than Hong Kong lost BDTC status on 1 July 1997. Former ethnic Chinese BDTCs became Chinese nationals and could only retain British nationality if they had registered as British Nationals (Overseas) prior to the transfer of sovereignty. Individuals who were not ethnically Chinese, had not registered as BN(O)s, and would have been stateless at that date automatically became British Overseas citizens. Holders of CIs were able to replace them with Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports after the handover.

Acquisition and loss
How an individual could acquire (or lose) his or her right of abode in Hong Kong depends on his or her nationality.

Acquisition
Acquisition by birth operates on a modified jus soli basis; Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong are automatically permanent residents, while foreign nationals must have at least one parent who possesses right of abode. Children born outside of Hong Kong acquire right of abode if they are also Chinese nationals at birth. Chinese nationality is usually conferred by descent to children born abroad, unless the parents have obtained permanent residency in another country or foreign citizenship. However, while Chinese nationals born in mainland China to Hong Kong permanent resident parents do have right of abode, they must first be approved for One-way Permits by mainland authorities before claiming permanent residency. Residents of Macau also do not have automatic right of entry into Hong Kong.

Non-residents seeking to apply to become permanent residents must have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of at least seven years. Ordinarily resident in this context excludes certain classes of people, including central government officials, foreign domestic helpers, and incarcerated individuals. Chinese nationals may qualify using any seven-year residence period, while foreigners are only eligible on the basis of the seven years immediately preceding their applications. Individuals from mainland China seeking to settle in Hong Kong are additionally subject to emigration control by the central government.

Loss
Permanent residents who are not Chinese nationals will automatically lose their right of abode if they have been absent from Hong Kong for more than 36 months after they ceased to have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong. These individuals are then given the right to land, which also allows them unrestricted access to live and work in the territory. Foreign permanent residents can naturalise as Chinese nationals and become exempt from automatic loss, but are required to renounce their previous nationality on successful application. Children with foreign nationality who were born in Hong Kong and have permanent residency by descent also automatically lose right of abode at age 21 and are given the right to land. They may subsequently reapply for right of abode on the basis of a seven-year residence period. Chinese nationals with right of abode may only be deprived of the status if they lose their Chinese nationality.

Prior to 1997, acquisition of the right of abode was dependent on British nationality. Individuals born overseas to Hong Kong-connected BDTCs also became BDTCs and Hong Kong permanent residents by descent. After the transfer of sovereignty, if these individuals did not also acquire Chinese nationality or return to Hong Kong within three years, they would be nonpermanent residents with the right to land.

Individuals who lost permanent resident status before 1997 can immediately resume the right of abode under limited circumstances. Those who returned to settle in Hong Kong within 18 months after the transfer of sovereignty were automatically regranted the status, while former residents who return after that period can only immediately regain the right of abode if they have not been absent from the territory for any period longer than three years.

Rights and restrictions
Permanent residents have the unrestricted right to live and work in Hong Kong and cannot be deported from the territory, regardless of their nationality. They are required to register for Hong Kong permanent identity cards (as opposed to standard identity cards which are issued to any person admitted to the territory for more than 180 days), eligible for welfare benefits, and able to vote in regional elections. Chinese nationals with territorial right of abode are eligible to hold Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports, which are different from those issued to mainland residents. Those who additionally do not possess right of abode in foreign countries may stand for office in geographical constituencies of the Legislative Council and can serve as principal officials of the government. A limited number of residents with foreign nationality or right of abode in other countries may be elected to functional constituency seats in the legislature.

According to Article 99 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, public servants serving in all government departments of the HKSAR must be permanent residents of the HKSAR except where otherwise provided for in Article 101, however, there is no stipulated requirement about the nationality or passport of a civil servant.

Hong Kong permanent residents do not have automatic residence or employment rights in mainland China. The central government issues Home Return Permits to residents who are Chinese citizens for travel purposes and Residence Permits if they intend to reside or work in the mainland for longer than six months. Hong Kong permanent residents are also subject to immigration controls in Macau, and must obtain residence permits if living there for more than one year.

Legal challenges to eligibility requirements
The eligibility criteria for right of abode has been a contentious issue and repeatedly challenged in court since the transfer of sovereignty. Because constitutional issues require central government review, litigation on right of abode issues has highlighted conflicting differences between the legal systems of the territory and mainland and xenophobic sentiment among local residents.

Children born in mainland China
In 1999, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA) issued two judgements that granted right of abode in Hong Kong to children born in mainland China with at least one parent who had the right of abode, including those whose parents had become a permanent resident after the time of birth. The regional government expected that 1.67 million new immigrants from the mainland would seek to acquire the right of abode on these terms over the next decade, and projected that Hong Kong would not be able to absorb such a sudden population increase. Although the CFA is the highest territorial court, the Court clarified that its authority to interpret the Basic Law derives from the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). The government subsequently asked the Standing Committee to provide a new interpretation of Basic Law Article 24, which defines right of abode eligibility, and Article 22, which stipulates that people from other parts of China are required to seek central government approval before entering Hong Kong. The NPCSC duly issued an interpretation that reinforced requirements for mainland exit procedures and restricted eligibility for right of abode to the criteria as it was before the CFA rulings. The CFA confirmed its effect in local law in Lau Kong Yung v Director of Immigration.

While the interpretation resolved the immediate immigration crisis, the constitutionality and legality of bypassing the Court of Final Appeal was widely debated. Many legislators, especially the pro-democracy camp, and the Hong Kong Bar Association believed that amending the Basic Law would have been the appropriate course of remedy. They argued that arbitrary NPCSC interpretations without formal requests for them from the CFA would weaken the principle of "one country, two systems", damage the rule of law, and erode the authority of the CFA as the territory's final appellate court. Although constitutional judicial review is routine in common law systems, Beijing viewed the process as a limit to its authority as the sovereign power and preferred more flexible interpretation of the law. Additionally, the regional government believed that revising the Basic Law would delay resolving the issue for too long since amendments require review by the entire National People's Congress, which only meets once each spring.

Children of mainland visitors
The Court of Final Appeal issued a further ruling in 2001 that all Chinese nationals born in Hong Kong would have right of abode in the region, even if neither parent was a permanent resident. This change directly led to a growing trend of birth tourism; increasing numbers of expectant mothers from the mainland entered Hong Kong to give birth with the express purpose of exploiting the healthcare system and giving their children permanent residency in the territory. Overcrowding in hospital maternity wards became a major factor in contributing to growing consternation among residents and the emergence of a hostile environment against mainland tourists.

Foreign domestic helpers
Foreign domestic helpers (FDHs), live-in female household workers mostly from the Philippines or Indonesia, constitute the largest non-Chinese minority group in Hong Kong. They are not considered ordinarily resident in the territory and cannot claim permanent residency. Racial tension between these workers and local residents, pervasive perceptions of FDHs as being lower class, and a general public unwillingness to integrate them led some FDHs to more actively protest their disadvantaged legal status. However, in 2013, the Court of Final Appeal upheld existing government exclusion of FDHs from right of abode eligibility in Vallejos v Commissioner of Registration. A majority of Hongkongers did not support the extension of residency rights to this minority group, fearing an increase in government spending to accommodate them. The current regulatory environment for FDHs, including the lack of access to right of abode, continues to be criticised for making this class of minorities particularly vulnerable to domestic exploitation and abuse.

title: Right of abode in Hong Kong


text:
Bancroft Hall

Bancroft Hall, at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, is said to be the largest contiguous set of academic dormitories in the U.S. Bancroft Hall, named after former U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and famous historian/author George Bancroft, is home for the entire brigade of 4,000 midshipmen, and contains some 1,700 rooms, 4.8 mi of corridors, and 33 acre of floor space. All the basic facilities that midshipmen need for daily living are found in the hall. It is referred to as "Mother B" or "The Hall" by Midshipmen.

History
Bancroft Hall was designed in the Beaux-Arts style with its mansard roof and dormer windows by architect Ernest Flagg and its central rotunda and first two wings were built in 1901–06. Over the intervening years it has been expanded to encompass eight wings of five stories ("decks") each numbered 0–4. The original two wings (1906) are now the 3rd and 4th wings; the next pair, added in 1917, are now the 1st and 2nd wings; a pair added in 1939 became the 5th and 6th wings; and a final pair were added in the 1961 as the 7th and 8th wings. The 3rd wing was built over the remains of the old Fort Severn.

In addition to the midshipmen rooms, Bancroft Hall houses offices for the Commandant of Midshipmen, six battalion officers, six battalion chaplains, thirty company officers and their senior enlisted leaders, a barbershop, bank, travel office, a small restaurant known as "Steerage," textbook store, general store ("The Midshipmen Store"), laundromat, uniform store, cobbler shop, the USNA Band, the USNA branch of the United States Postal Service, a gymnasium, spaces for extracurricular activities, and full medical & dental clinics as well as small optometry and orthopedics clinics. The Hall has its own ZIP code (21412).

A nine-year renovation project completed in 2003 by The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company and RTKL Associates Inc. of Baltimore, Maryland included 1600 mi of wiring to equip the building with a modern data communication network.

The building also contains King Hall (named after Fleet Admiral Ernest King, (1878–1956), Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Fleet in the Second World War) where all midshipmen are fed simultaneously three times daily, and Memorial Hall (see below). Memorial Hall and the Rotunda of Bancroft Hall are open to the general public, but access to the rest of the building is normally limited to assigned Naval personnel or accompanied authorized visitors.

There are rooms in Bancroft dedicated to each Academy graduate Medal of Honor recipient in the United States Navy or Marine Corps.

The Rotunda and Memorial Hall
Central to Bancroft Hall is the Rotunda, with wings on either side. Over the Rotunda is a large mural of the USS South Dakota (BB-57), during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands in World War II.

Memorial Hall is up the large staircase from the Rotunda. This hall contains the honor roll of over 2,660 Naval Academy alumni who have died in military operations; their names are listed by class year on the walls and includes non-graduates and midshipmen. In the front of the hall, opposite the entrance, is a panel containing the full names and class years of the 963 alumni who are listed as killed in action. This panel is organized by war and alphabetically by last name. Throughout the rest of the hall there are memorials and plaques to specific alumni or small groups of alumni. (Details about the lives of the men and women honored in Memorial Hall are catalogued at the Virtual Memorial Hall project.)

There are 489 panes of glass in the skylight.

Below Memorial Hall is Smoke Hall.

 * {| style="background-color:transparent"

 * [[Image:Memorial Hall USNA.JPG|thumb|A view of the inside of Memorial Hall (part of Bancroft Hall)]]
 * [[Image:BancroftHall.JPG|thumb|right|Another view of the steps leading to Memorial Hall (in Bancroft Hall)]]
 * }
 * }
 * }

Memorial Hall Dedication
The Dedication in Memorial Hall was written by William Nathaniel Thomas, Chaplain USNA (1892–1971) who was the seventh US Navy Chief of Chaplains (1945–1949). Memorial Hall within Bancroft Hall honors those United States Naval Academy alumni lost in combat or military operations in service to their country. In 1952 after soliciting suggestions for the dedication, Royal S. Pease, Professor, Department of English, USNA, wrote Chaplain Thomas "...There was a very widespread search for this and scores of suggestions were made. None seemed at all satisfactory until yours was presented. It was at once seized upon as being the right sort of thing: in the right spirit and in the right phrase. Widespread criticism was invited... but they found none to improve upon yours. It is now in Memorial Hall, below the 'Don't Give Up the Ship' flag."

In the aftermath of the 1967 USS Liberty incident, the Navy balked at listing Lieutenant Commander Philip Armstrong Jr. and Lieutenant Stephen Toth, two Liberty crew members, on the memorial wall. It took Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas H. Moorer's personal intervention to reverse their decision; Moorer angrily commented on the Academy's attempt to omit the names: "I intervened and was able to reverse the apparent idea that dying in a cowardly, one-sided attack by a supposed ally is somehow not the same as being killed by an avowed enemy."

Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
The Commander-in-Chief's Trophy is awarded to each season's winner of the triangular college football series among the United States Naval Academy (Navy Midshipmen), the United States Military Academy (Army Black Knights), and the United States Air Force Academy (Air Force Falcons). When Navy has possession of the trophy, it is displayed in a glass case in the Rotunda.

title: Bancroft Hall


text:
Histamine

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses communication, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Discovered in 1910, histamine has been considered a local hormone (autocoid) because it's produced without involvement of the classic endocrine glands; however, in recent years, histamine has been recognized as a central neurotransmitter. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues. It consists of an imidazole ring attached to an ethylamine chain; under physiological conditions, the amino group of the side-chain is protonated.

Properties
Histamine base, obtained as a mineral oil mull, melts at 83–84 °C. Hydrochloride and phosphorus salts form white hygroscopic crystals and are easily dissolved in water or ethanol, but not in ether. In aqueous solution, the imidazole ring of histamine exists in two tautomeric forms, identified by which of the two nitrogen atoms is protonated. The nitrogen farther away from the side chain is the 'tele' nitrogen and is denoted by a lowercase tau sign and the nitrogen closer to the side chain is the 'pros' nitrogen and is denoted by the pi sign. The tele tautomer, Nτ-H-histamine, is preferred in solution as compared to the pros tautomer, Nπ-H-histamine.

Histamine has two basic centres, namely the aliphatic amino group and whichever nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring does not already have a proton. Under physiological conditions, the aliphatic amino group (having a pKa around 9.4) will be protonated, whereas the second nitrogen of the imidazole ring (pKa ≈ 5.8) will not be protonated. Thus, histamine is normally protonated to a singly charged cation. Since human blood is slightly basic (with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45) therefore the predominant form of histamine present in human blood is monoprotic at the aliphatic nitrogen. Histamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter.

Synthesis and metabolism
Histamine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme -histidine decarboxylase. It is a hydrophilic vasoactive amine.

Once formed, histamine is either stored or rapidly inactivated by its primary degradative enzymes, histamine-N-methyltransferase or diamine oxidase. In the central nervous system, histamine released into the synapses is primarily broken down by histamine-N-methyltransferase, while in other tissues both enzymes may play a role. Several other enzymes, including MAO-B and ALDH2, further process the immediate metabolites of histamine for excretion or recycling.

Bacteria also are capable of producing histamine using histidine decarboxylase enzymes unrelated to those found in animals. A non-infectious form of foodborne disease, scombroid poisoning, is due to histamine production by bacteria in spoiled food, particularly fish. Fermented foods and beverages naturally contain small quantities of histamine due to a similar conversion performed by fermenting bacteria or yeasts. Sake contains histamine in the 20–40 mg/L range; wines contain it in the 2–10 mg/L range.

Storage and release
Most histamine in the body is generated in granules in mast cells and in white blood cells (leukocytes) called basophils. Mast cells are especially numerous at sites of potential injury – the nose, mouth, and feet, internal body surfaces, and blood vessels. Non-mast cell histamine is found in several tissues, including the hypothalamus region of the brain, where it functions as a neurotransmitter. Another important site of histamine storage and release is the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell of the stomach.

The most important pathophysiologic mechanism of mast cell and basophil histamine release is immunologic. These cells, if sensitized by IgE antibodies attached to their membranes, degranulate when exposed to the appropriate antigen. Certain amines and alkaloids, including such drugs as morphine, and curare alkaloids, can displace histamine in granules and cause its release. Antibiotics like polymyxin are also found to stimulate histamine release.

Histamine release occurs when allergens bind to mast-cell-bound IgE antibodies. Reduction of IgE overproduction may lower the likelihood of allergens finding sufficient free IgE to trigger a mast-cell-release of histamine.

Degradation
Histamine is released by mast cells as an immune response and is later degraded primarily by two enzymes: diamine oxidase (DAO), coded by AOC1 genes, and histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT), coded by the HNMT gene. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at these genes are associated with a wide variety of disorders, from ulcerative colitis to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Histamine degradation is crucial to the prevention of allergic reactions to otherwise harmless substances.

DAO is typically expressed in epithelial cells at the tip of the villus of the small intestine mucosa. Reduced DAO activity is associated with gastrointestinal disorders and widespread food intolerances. This is due to an increase in histamine absorption through enterocytes, which increases histamine concentration in the bloodstream. One study found that migraine patients with gluten sensitivity were positively correlated with having lower DAO serum levels. Low DAO activity can have more severe consequences as mutations in the ABP1 alleles of the AOC1 gene have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heterozygous or homozygous recessive genotypes at the rs2052129, rs2268999, rs10156191 and rs1049742 alleles increased the risk for reduced DAO activity. People with genotypes for reduced DAO activity can avoid foods high in histamine, such as alcohol, fermented foods, and aged foods, to attenuate any allergic reactions. Additionally, they should be aware whether any probiotics they are taking contain any histamine-producing strains and consult with their doctor to receive proper support.

HNMT is expressed in the central nervous system, where deficiencies have been shown to lead to aggressive behavior and abnormal sleep-wake cycles in mice. Since brain histamine as a neurotransmitter regulates a number of neurophysiological functions, emphasis has been placed on the development of drugs to target histamine regulation. Yoshikawa et al. explores how the C314T, A939G, G179A, and T632C polymorphisms all impact HNMT enzymatic activity and the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. These mutations can have either a positive or negative impact. Some patients with ADHD have been shown to exhibit exacerbated symptoms in response to food additives and preservatives, due in part to histamine release. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial, children with ADHD who responded with aggravated symptoms after consuming a challenge beverage were more likely to have HNMT polymorphisms at T939C and Thr105Ile. Histamine's role in neuroinflammation and cognition has made it a target of study for many neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). De novo deletions in the HNMT gene have also been associated with ASD.

Mast cells serve an important immunological role by defending the body from antigens and maintaining homeostasis in the gut microbiome. They act as an alarm to trigger inflammatory responses by the immune system. Their presence in the digestive system enables them to serve as an early barrier to pathogens entering the body. People who suffer from widespread sensitivities and allergic reactions may have mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), in which excessive amounts of histamine are released from mast cells, and cannot be properly degraded. The abnormal release of histamine can be caused by either dysfunctional internal signals from defective mast cells or by the development of clonal mast cell populations through mutations occurring in the tyrosine kinase Kit. In such cases, the body may not be able to produce sufficient degradative enzymes to properly eliminate the excess histamine. Since MCAS is symptomatically characterized as such a broad disorder, it is difficult to diagnose and can be mislabeled as a variety of diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia.

Histamine is often explored as a potential cause for diseases related to hyper-responsiveness of the immune system. In patients with asthma, abnormal histamine receptor activation in the lungs is associated with bronchospasm, airway obstruction, and production of excess mucus. Mutations in histamine degradation are more common in patients with a combination of asthma and allergen hypersensitivity than in those with just asthma. The HNMT-464 TT and HNMT-1639 TT polymorphisms are significantly more common among children with allergic asthma, the latter of which is overrepresented in African-American children.

Mechanism of action
In humans, histamine exerts its effects primarily by binding to G protein-coupled histamine receptors, designated H1 through H4. , histamine is believed to activate ligand-gated chloride channels in the brain and intestinal epithelium.

Roles in the body
Although histamine is small compared to other biological molecules (containing only 17 atoms), it plays an important role in the body. It is known to be involved in 23 different physiological functions. Histamine is known to be involved in many physiological functions because of its chemical properties that allow it to be versatile in binding. It is Coulombic (able to carry a charge), conformational, and flexible. This allows it to interact and bind more easily.

Vasodilation and fall in blood pressure
It has been known for more than one hundred years that an intravenous injection of histamine causes a fall in the blood pressure. The underlying mechanism concerns both vascular hyperpermeability and vasodilation. Histamine binding to endothelial cells causes them to contract, thus increasing vascular leak. It also stimulates synthesis and release of various vascular smooth muscle cell relaxants, such as nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and other compounds, resulting in blood vessel dilation. These two mechanisms play a key role in the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis.

Effects on nasal mucous membrane
Increased vascular permeability causes fluid to escape from capillaries into the tissues, which leads to the classic symptoms of an allergic reaction: a runny nose and watery eyes. Allergens can bind to IgE-loaded mast cells in the nasal cavity's mucous membranes. This can lead to three clinical responses:

 * 1) sneezing due to histamine-associated sensory neural stimulation
 * 2) hyper-secretion from glandular tissue
 * 3) nasal congestion due to vascular engorgement associated with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Sleep-wake regulation
Histamine is a neurotransmitter that is released from histaminergic neurons which project out of the mammalian hypothalamus. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in a portion of the posterior hypothalamus known as the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN). The histamine neurons in this region comprise the brain's histamine system, which projects widely throughout the brain and includes axonal projections to the cortex, medial forebrain bundle, other hypothalamic nuclei, medial septum, the nucleus of the diagonal band, ventral tegmental area, amygdala, striatum, substantia nigra, hippocampus, thalamus and elsewhere. The histamine neurons in the TMN are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and promote arousal when activated. The neural firing rate of histamine neurons in the TMN is strongly positively correlated with an individual's state of arousal. These neurons fire rapidly during periods of wakefulness, fire more slowly during periods of relaxation/tiredness, and stop firing altogether during REM and NREM (non-REM) sleep.

First-generation H1 antihistamines (i.e., antagonists of histamine receptor H1) are capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier and produce drowsiness by antagonizing histamine H1 receptors in the tuberomammillary nucleus. The newer class of second-generation H1 antihistamines do not readily permeate the blood–brain barrier and thus are less likely to cause sedation, although individual reactions, concomitant medications and dosage may increase the likelihood of a sedating effect. In contrast, histamine H3 receptor antagonists increase wakefulness. Similar to the sedative effect of first-generation H1 antihistamines, an inability to maintain vigilance can occur from the inhibition of histamine biosynthesis or the loss (i.e., degeneration or destruction) of histamine-releasing neurons in the TMN.

Gastric acid release
Enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach release histamine, stimulating parietal cells via H2 receptors. This triggers carbon dioxide and water uptake from the blood, converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. The acid dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions within the parietal cell. Bicarbonate returns to the bloodstream, while hydrogen is pumped into the stomach lumen. Histamine release ceases as stomach pH decreases. Antagonist molecules, such as ranitidine or famotidine, block the H2 receptor and prevent histamine from binding, causing decreased hydrogen ion secretion.

Protective effects
While histamine has stimulatory effects upon neurons, it also has suppressive ones that protect against the  susceptibility to convulsion, drug sensitization, denervation supersensitivity, ischemic lesions and stress. It has also been suggested that histamine controls the mechanisms by which memories and learning are forgotten.

Erection and sexual function
Loss of libido and erectile dysfunction can occur during treatment with histamine H2 receptor antagonists such as cimetidine, ranitidine, and risperidone. The injection of histamine into the corpus cavernosum in males with psychogenic impotence produces full or partial erections in 74% of them. It has been suggested that H2 antagonists may cause sexual dysfunction by reducing the functional binding of testosterone to its androgen receptors.

Schizophrenia
Metabolites of histamine are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia, while the efficiency of H1 receptor binding sites is decreased. Many atypical antipsychotic medications have the effect of increasing histamine production, because histamine levels seem to be imbalanced in people with that disorder.

Multiple sclerosis
Histamine therapy for treatment of multiple sclerosis is currently being studied. The different H receptors have been known to have different effects on the treatment of this disease. The H1 and H4 receptors, in one study, have been shown to be counterproductive in the treatment of MS. The H1 and H4 receptors are thought to increase permeability in the blood-brain barrier, thus increasing infiltration of unwanted cells in the central nervous system. This can cause inflammation, and MS symptom worsening. The H2 and H3 receptors are thought to be helpful when treating MS patients. Histamine has been shown to help with T-cell differentiation. This is important because in MS, the body's immune system attacks its own myelin sheaths on nerve cells (which causes loss of signaling function and eventual nerve degeneration). By helping T cells to differentiate, the T cells will be less likely to attack the body's own cells, and instead, attack invaders.

Disorders
As an integral part of the immune system, histamine may be involved in immune system disorders and allergies. Mastocytosis is a rare disease in which there is a proliferation of mast cells that produce excess histamine.

Histamine intolerance is a presumed set of adverse reactions (such as flush, itching, rhinitis, etc.) to ingested histamine in food. The mainstream theory accepts that there may exist adverse reactions to ingested histamine, but does not recognize histamine intolerance as a separate condition that can be diagnosed.

The role of histamine in health and disease is an area of ongoing research. For example, histamine is researched in its potential link with migraine episodes, when there is a noted elevation in the plasma concentrations of both histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These two substances are potent vasodilators, and have been demonstrated to mutually stimulate each other's release within the trigeminovascular system, a mechanism that could potentially instigate the onset of migraines. In patients with a deficiency in histamine degradation due to variants in the AOC1 gene that encodes diamine oxidase enzyme, a diet high in histamine has been observed to trigger migraines, that suggests a potential functional relationship between exogenous histamine and CGRP, which could be instrumental in understanding the genesis of diet-induced migraines, so that the role of histamine, particularly in relation to CGRP, is a promising area of research for elucidating the mechanisms underlying migraine development and aggravation, especially relevant in the context of dietary triggers and genetic predispositions related to histamine metabolism.

History
The properties of histamine, then called β-imidazolylethylamine, were first described in 1910 by the British scientists Henry H. Dale and P.P. Laidlaw. By 1913 the name histamine was in use, using combining forms of histo- + amine, yielding "tissue amine".

"H substance" or "substance H" are occasionally used in medical literature for histamine or a hypothetical histamine-like diffusible substance released in allergic reactions of skin and in the responses of tissue to inflammation.

title: Histamine