text:
2004 in India

Events in the year 2004 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
 * Prime Minister of India: Atal Bihari Vajpayee to 22 May Manmohan Singh
 * Vice President of India - Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
 * Chief Justice of India –
 * until 2 May – V. N. Khare
 * 2 May-1 June – S. Rajendra Babu
 * starting 1 June – Ramesh Chandra Lahoti

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Surjit Singh Barnala (until 4 November), Sushilkumar Shinde (starting 4 November)
 * Arunachal Pradesh – V.C. Pande till 15,DECEMBER,2004 and Shilendra Kumar Singh from 16,DECEMBER, 2004
 * Assam – Ajai Singh
 * Bihar –
 * until 31 October: M. R. Jois
 * 1 November-4 November: Ved Marwah
 * starting 4 November: Buta Singh
 * Chhattisgarh – Krishna Mohan Seth
 * Goa –
 * until 2 July: Kidar Nath Sahani
 * 2 July-16 July: Mohammed Fazal
 * starting 16 July: S. C. Jamir
 * Gujarat –
 * until 2 July: Kailashpati Mishra
 * 2 July-24 July: Balram Jakhar
 * starting 24 July: Nawal Kishore Sharma
 * Haryana –
 * until 1 July: Babu Parmanand
 * 2 July-7 July: Om Prakash Verma
 * starting 24 July: Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
 * Himachal Pradesh – Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje
 * Jharkhand – Ved Marwah (until 9 December), Syed Sibtey Razi (starting 9 December)
 * Jammu and Kashmir – S. K. Sinha
 * Karnataka – T. N. Chaturvedi
 * Kerala –
 * until 23 February: Sikander Bakht
 * 23 February-23 June: T. N. Chaturvedi
 * starting 23 June: R. L. Bhatia
 * Madhya Pradesh –
 * until 1 May: Ram Prakash Gupta
 * 1 May-2 May: Krishna Mohan Seth
 * 2 May-21 June: Balram Jakhar
 * Maharashtra – Mohammed Fazal (until 5 December), S.M. Krishna (starting 12 December)
 * Manipur – Arvind Dave (until 5 August), Shivinder Singh Sidhu (starting 5 August)
 * Meghalaya – M.M. Jacob
 * Mizoram – Amolak Rattan Kohli
 * Nagaland – Shyamal Datta
 * Odisha – M. M. Rajendran (until 17 November), Rameshwar Thakur (starting 17 November)
 * Punjab –
 * until 3 November: Om Prakash Verma
 * 3 November-16 November: Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
 * starting 16 November: Sunith Francis Rodrigues
 * Rajasthan –
 * until 14 January: Kailashpati Mishra
 * 14 January-1 November: Madan Lal Khurana
 * 1 November-8 November: T. V. Rajeswar
 * starting 8 November: Pratibha Patil
 * Sikkim – V. Rama Rao
 * Tamil Nadu – P. S. Ramamohan Rao (until 2 November), Surjit Singh Barnala (starting 2 November)
 * Tripura – Dinesh Nandan Sahay
 * Uttar Pradesh –
 * until 2 July: Vishnu Kant Shastri
 * 3 July-7 July: Sudarshan Agrawal
 * starting 7 July: T. V. Rajeswar
 * Uttarakhand – Sudarshan Agarwal (starting 7 January)
 * West Bengal – Viren J. Shah (until 14 December), Gopalkrishna Gandhi (starting 14 December)

Events

 * National income - ₹31,863,319 million

January - June

 * 17 January – The national executive of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) meets at Hyderabad.
 * 17 January – P.A. Sangma quits the Nationalist Congress Party and decides to ally with the ruling National Democratic Alliance.
 * 28 January – BJP president Venkaiah Naidu elected for three-year term.
 * 28 January – The Border Security Force busts a hideout of pro-Pakistan Hizbul Mujahideen in Pulwama District of south Kashmir and recovers a "huge quantity" of ammunition and explosives. Acting on a tip-off, the security personnel raided the hideout at Remu village in the early hours and recovered around 12,000 rounds of AK ammunition, 2.5 kg RDX and three grenades according to a Border Security Force spokesman.
 * 28 January – Commerce minister Arun Jaitley announced the Cabinet decision to free gold and silver imports from all restrictions.
 * 28 January – The Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court fixed 23 February for further hearing of the revision petition filed against deputy prime minister L. K. Advani's discharge in the Babri Masjid demolition case by a special CBI court at Rae Bareli.
 * 29 January – Congress president Sonia Gandhi meets Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) leader Karunanidhi to finalise their electoral pact which also includes the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and the Left parties in the state.
 * 7 February-15 February – Kala Ghoda festival
 * 18 February - Karnataka khadi gramodyoga samyukta sangha (kkgss) becomes the official flag maker of India.
 * 4 March – The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) refused to clear a project of Pepsi to expand their plant to triple production in Chembur, Mumbai on the grounds that the expansion will have a polluting effect on the environment.
 * 6 April – The biggest ever Indo -French naval exercise Varuna 2004 gets underway off the coast of Goa.
 * 20 April – First phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 141 constituencies.
 * 26 April – Second phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 137 constituencies.
 * 5 May – Third phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 83 constituencies.
 * 7 May - Rabinder Singh an Indian intelligence officer and Double agent of Central Intelligence Agency escaped via Tribhuvan International Airport in Nepal.
 * 10 May – Fourth and last phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 182 constituencies.
 * 13 May – Results for the fourteenth Lok Sabha elections announced, the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) loses, as the Indian National Congress wins a surprise victory.
 * Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in March 2014.jpg sworn in as the Prime Minister.]]20 May – Dr. Manmohan Singh sworn in as the new prime minister of India, after Congress forms the United Progressive Alliance with the Left parties.
 * 1 June – Justice Ramesh Chandra Lahoti appointed Chief Justice of India.
 * 22 June - Maharashtra SSC results were announced on June 22 at 3 pm. Shri Saraswati Bhuvan High School, Chatrapati Sambhajinagar (previously known as Aurangabad) was one of the top performing school in Maharashtra.

July - December

 * 14 July – Lalu Prasad Yadav, amidst walkouts by the opposition in both houses orders a high-level departmental inquiry into the Godhra tragedy in 2002.
 * 15 July – Maninder Pal Singh Kohli, prime accused in the high-profile rape and murder of British teenager Hannah Foster is arrested by West Bengal police in Darjeeling District while trying to flee to Nepal.
 * 18 July – Uttar Pradesh Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) chief Vinay Katiyar resigns from his post on the direction of the party high command.
 * 28 July – Maninder Pal Singh Kohli admits to having raped and murdered British teenager Hannah Foster in an interview to a private television channel.
 * 1 August – The senior citizen savings scheme offering a "high" nine percent taxable return is expected to be launched.
 * 31 August – Union minister Ghulam Nabi Azad's brother Ghulam Abbas Azad is attacked by terrorists, seriously injuring his security guard in Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir.
 * 1 September – The Bombay High Court passes interim orders restraining television channels from broadcasting "any adult TV programme and film without an appropriate certificate from the Indian censor board."
 * 10 September – Lord Vaibhav M.B. was born.
 * 17 October – Assembly elections Congress and alliance win Maharashtra election Maharashtra.
 * 17 October – After the loss in Maharashtra assembly election BJP president Venkaiah Naidu quits, Advani to lead BJP.
 * 18 October – Bandit Veerappan Killed by Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Special Task Force members at a checkpost, when the bandit was travelling in an ambulance driven by disguised policeman as driver.
 * 11 November – Shankaracharya of Kanchi Jayendra Saraswathi is arrested on charges of murdering a temple manager.
 * 20 November – Policemen and soldiers recover 300 kg of RDX from a grocery store near Anantnag.
 * 25 November – The Indian political party Congress Jananayaka Peravai merges into the Indian National Congress.
 * 27 November – Lieutenant General Joginder Jaswant Singh is named the next Chief of the Army Staff of Indian Army. He will succeed General N C Vij when he retires on 31 January.
 * 21 December – Zahira Sheikh, key witness in Best Bakery case is declared hostile by the prosecution after she went back on her police statement during the retrial.
 * 26 December – The largest earthquake in 40 years originates from the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra island in Indonesia, measuring 9.3 on the moment magnitude scale and creating tsunami waves that sweep across much of the coastlines of South Asia. More than 18,000 reported killed in India and 280,000 across the globe.

Arts and literature

 * 12 November – Veer-Zaara is released in Indian cinemas and is a huge blockbuster.

Sport

 * 28 January – Former all-rounder Robin Singh appointed coach of the under-19 Indian cricket team for the junior World Cup to be played in Bangladesh in April.
 * 24 March – India win the ODI cricket series in Pakistan.
 * 2 April – India win the 1st Test Match.
 * 10 October – Australia wins First Test Match between India and Australia by 217 runs.
 * 18 October – Second Test Match between India and Australia drawn because of rain.

Births

 * 4 May – Ashnoor Kaur, actor
 * 27 November - Anikha Surendran, actress

Deaths

 * 9 January – Nissim Ezekiel, poet, playwright and art critic (b. 1924).
 * 31 January – Suraiya, actress and singer (b. 1929).
 * 23 February
 * Vijay Anand, filmmaker, producer, screen writer, editor and actor (b. 1934).
 * Sikander Bakht, politician (b. 1918).
 * 24 February - Rajiv Goswami, Anti - Mandal protester (b.1971)
 * 26 February – Shankarrao Chavan, politician and twice Chief Minister of Maharashtra (b. 1920).
 * 5 March – Jaggayya, actor (b. 1928).
 * 7 April – Kelucharan Mohapatra, Odissi dancer and guru (b. 1926).
 * 17 April – Soundarya, actress (b. 1971).
 * 27 April – J. V. Somayajulu, actor (b. 1928).
 * 1 May – Ram Prakash Gupta, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and governor of Madhya Pradesh (b. 1923).
 * 16 May – Kamala Markandaya, novelist and journalist (b. 1924).
 * 19 May – E. K. Nayanar, politician and three times Chief Minister of Kerala (b. 1919).
 * 2 June –
 * Dom Moraes, poet, writer and columnist (b. 1938).
 * Shrikant Jichkar, politician (b. 1954).
 * 26 June – Yash Johar, film producer (b. 1929).
 * 14 July – Swami Kalyandev, supercentenarian (b. 1876).
 * 23 July – Mehmood, actor, director and producer (b. 1932).
 * 29 July – Nafisa Joseph, model, MTV VJ, Miss India 1997 (b. 1979).
 * 31 July – Allu Rama Lingaiah, actor (b. 1922).
 * 2 August – V. Balakrishnan, writer and translator (b. 1932).
 * 15 August – Amarsinh Chaudhary, politician and Chief Minister of Gujarat (b. 1941).
 * 23 September – Raja Ramanna, nuclear scientist (b. 1925).
 * 28 September – Mulk Raj Anand, novelist in English (b. 1905).
 * 29 September – Balamani Amma, poet (b. 1909).
 * 11 October – Gulshan Rai, film producer and distributor (b. 1924).
 * Nirupa Roy.jpg October – [[Nirupa Roy]], actress (b. 1931).
 * 18 October – Veerappan, bandit (b. 1952).
 * 11 December – M. S. Subbulakshmi, Carnatic singer (b. 1916).
 * 16 December – Laxmikant Berde, comic actor (b. 1954).
 * 18 December – Vijay Hazare, cricketer (b. 1915).
 * 23 December – P. V. Narasimha Rao, politician, 12th Prime Minister of India (b. 1921).

Observances
The following events which are observed according to the Hindu calendar were observed on the following dates in 2004.
 * Basant Panchami – 26 January
 * Maha Shivratri – 18 February
 * Holi – 6 March
 * Ram Navami – 30 March
 * Raksha Bandhan – 30 August
 * Janmashtami – 7 September
 * Ganesh Chaturthi – 18 September
 * Dassera – 22 October
 * Deepavali – 12 November

title: 2004 in India


text:
Talk:Theodora (wife of Justinian I)

Good article nomination
I believe this is ready to nominate for GA status. However, my role has only been as a copy editor. Someone who is more familiar with the content and sources is needed for the GA nomination. It is perfect timeing for nomination because of the Women in Green | Good Article Edit-a-thonOctober 2023 – Around the World in 31 Days. I would be happy to help with the GA process if a primary content producer is avaible as well. Rublamb (talk) 23:43, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Procopius section
The section “Critiques of Procopius”, while well written and sourced, is a major diversion from the topic here, Theodora. Most it presumably belongs instead in the Procopius article, unless there is some other, even more appropriate article. Jmacwiki (talk) 06:16, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Theodora (wife of Justinian I)


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It's All About Love

It's All About Love is a 2003 English-language Danish romance-drama film written and directed by Thomas Vinterberg. Its narrative can be classified as apocalyptic science fiction, but Vinterberg prefers to call it "a dream". Unlike the director's earlier Danish-language films, It's All About Love is entirely in English, and stars Joaquin Phoenix, Claire Danes and Sean Penn. The production was led by Denmark's Nimbus Film, but the film was largely an international co-production, with involvement of companies from nine different countries in total. It was very poorly received by film critics.

Plot
In the year 2021, when the earth is devastated by continuous climate changes, with sudden waves of frost (it snows in the middle of summer even in Venice), John, a university lecturer, traveling from Poland to Calgary, stops in New York, to sign divorce papers for his wife Elena. A much beloved figure skating champion, Elena is followed by a very large entourage that takes care of her numerous commitments and all external relations.

John is detained one night in order to attend an important performance by Elena. Set to leave the next morning, he finds that not only has Elena not signed the divorce papers but, with very little explanation, she begs John for help. Still in love, he indulges her. John discovers that Elena is the victim of a strange plot hatched by her own entourage. Three clones, perfectly identical to her, were made to replace her. The official explanation is to relieve her of the burden of an activity that is getting more difficult over time, but the fear is that once the clone training is over, the real Elena can be put aside.

Amid escapes and returns, the killing of the clones, the betrayal of his own family members, John and Elena go away first by train then on foot towards a safe place to resume a new life together, but in the end, they face the cold storms that are ravaging much of the Earth, and die, embraced.

The narration of the finale is entrusted to Marciello, John's brother, who in flight over the planet is one of the last survivors but is also destined to perish as it is not possible to land.

Cast

 * Joaquin Phoenix as John
 * Claire Danes as Elena
 * Sean Penn as Marciello
 * Douglas Henshall as Michael
 * Alun Armstrong as David
 * Margo Martindale as Betsy
 * Mark Strong as Arthur
 * Geoffrey Hutchings as Mr. Morrison

Production
The film was written, directed, and produced by Thomas Vinterberg over a period of five years. It was produced through Nimbus Film.

At a certain point during production Vinterberg called up Ingmar Bergman and asked him to come and help him finish the film, as he felt he could not complete it himself. Vinterberg recalled that:

 * He roared with laughter and said I had to be out of my mind. There was nothing he was less interested in. And he also said I was an idiot that had not decided fast enough what to do after The Celebration (Festen), which he, by the way, called a masterpiece. It was a very contended conversation.

(From an interview in Berlingske Tidende.)

Reception
The film was not very successful, and critics mostly panned it. Richard Roeper called the film "like Kubrick with a talent-ectomy" and Jack Matthews of the New York Daily News declared that "Surely, Vinterberg was high on some inert gas when he embarked on it". Dennis Lim of the Village Voice, however found something to like in the film:
 * It's All About Love is, by any measure, a colossal folly – ridiculed at its Sundance '03 premier, supposedly disowned by its stars (rumor has it Claire Danes burst into tears upon seeing the end result) and jettisoned by original distributor Focus. But this $10 million Danish-British-French-U.S.-Japanese-Swedish-Norwegian-German-Dutch co-production is a film maudit for the ages — rapturous and inexplicable in equal measure.

title: It's All About Love


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National Union of Journalists

The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a trade union for journalists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded in 1907 and has 24,528 members. It is a member of the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ).

Structure
There is a range of national councils below the NEC, covering different sections and areas of activity. There is an industrial council for each of the NUJ's "industrial" sectors – Newspapers and Agencies, Freelance, Magazine and Book, Broadcasting, New Media and Press and PR.

There are also national Executive Councils, covering all sectors, for Ireland and Scotland. The Irish Executive Council, which has a higher degree of autonomy, covers Northern Ireland as well as the Republic.

The union's structure is democratic and its supreme decision-making body is its Delegate Meeting, a gathering of elected delegates from all branches across the UK, Ireland and Europe.

Between meetings, decisions lie with the NUJ's National Executive Council, a committee of 27 people, elected annually by members. The NEC is chaired by a President, elected, along with a Vice-President and Treasurer, at the Annual Delegate Meeting.

The General Secretary (GS) is elected every five years by a national ballot of all members. The current GS is Michelle Stanistreet.

The General Secretary is responsible for the day-to-day running of the union and directing its staff. However, important decisions such as authorising industrial action must be taken by the NEC.

Presidents
Presidents of the NUJ: • :1907: R. C. Spencer

• :1909: G. H. Lethem

• :1911: John Hunter Harley

• :1913: W. T. A. Beare

• :1914: F. E. Hamer

• :1916: E. Williams

• :1917: A. Martin

• :1918: F. J. Mansfield

• :1919: James Haslam

• :1920: J. E. Brown

• :1921: Thomas Jay

• :1922: T. A. Davies

• :1923: Walter Meakin

• :1924: T. K. Sledge

• :1925: Thomas Dickson

• :1926: A. J. Rhodes

• :1927: H. A. Raybould

• :1928: F. W. Bill

• :1929: H. D. Nichols

• :1930: W. G. Mitchell

• :1931: W. Betts

• :1932: J. G. Gregson

• :1933: James Hume Aitken

• :1934: E. J. T. Didymus

• :1935: R. S. Forsyth

• :1936: F. G. Humphrey

• :1937: F. P. Dickinson

• :1938: E. S. Bardsley

• :1939: James William Thomas Ley

• :1940: Ernest E. Hunter

• :1941: T. Foster

• :1942: D. M. Elliot

• :1943: A. Kenyon

• :1944: R. J. Finnemore

• :1945: A. J. Gibson

• :1946: F. Treavett

• :1947: J. E. Jay

• :1948: L. R. Aldous

• :1949: H. D. Moxley

• :1950: Jim Bradley

• :1951: J. Taylor

• :1952: Henry Bate

• :1953: P. W. Jarrett

• :1954: E. A. Lofts

• :1955: A. D. Ramsay

• :1956: G. Reid

• :1957: T. Bartholomew

• :1958: G. R. Mead

• :1959: R. G. Venmore-Rowland

• :1960: M. J. Williamson

• :1961: P. G. Reid

• :1962: K. L. Ley

• :1963: William Heald

• :1964: G. Byrne

• :1965: L. H. Kirwan

• :1966: D. C. Tuckett

• :1967: G. A. Hutt

• :1968: Kenneth Holmes

• :1969: Cyril Kilner

• :1970: C. Bland

• :1971: Douglas Rees

• :1972: Harold Pearson

• :1973: John Bailey

• :1974: Ivan Peebles

• :1975: Ken Ashton

• :1975: Rosaline Kelly

• :1977: John Devine

• :1978: Denis Macshane

• :1979: Jacob Ecclestone

• :1980: Francis Beckett

• :1981: Harry Conroy

• :1982: Jonathan Hammond

• :1983: Eddie Barrett

• :1984: George Findlay

• :1985: Ray McGuigan

• :1986: Bob Keogh

• :1987: Lionel Morrison

• :1988: Barbara Gunnell and S. McGuire

• :1989: Paul McGill

• :1990: David Sinclair

• :1991: Chris Frost

• :1992: Jim Boumelha and R. Trevor

• :1993: John Toner

• :1994: Anita Halpin

• :1995: Kyran Connolly

• :1996: Jeremy Dear

• :1998: Mark Turnbull

• :1999: Christy Loftus

• :2000: Dave Toomer

• :2001: Rory MacLeod

• :2002: John Barsby

• :2003: George Macintyre

• :2004: Jim Corrigal

• :2005: Tim Lezard

• :2006: Chris Morley

• :2007: Michelle Stanistreet

• :2008: James Doherty

• :2009: Peter Murray

• :2011: Donnacha DeLong

• :2012: Barry McCall

• :2014: Andy Smith and Adam Christie

• :2016: Tim Dawson

• :2018: Sian Jones

• :2021: Pierre Vicary

• :2023: Natasha Hirst

Publications
The NUJ publishes a magazine called The Journalist.

title: National Union of Journalists


text:
User:Randomness~enwiki

I am interested in the notion of randomness. What does it mean to be random? Kolmogorov and others answered this question in the framework of algorithmic complexity.

title: User:Randomness~enwiki


text:
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a major armed conflict that saw Russian arms largely victorious against the Ottoman Empire. Russia's victory brought the Yedisan between the rivers Bug and Dnieper, and Crimea into the Russian sphere of influence. Through a series of victories accrued by the Russian Empire led to substantial territorial conquests, including direct conquest over much of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, less Ottoman territory was directly annexed than might otherwise be expected due to a complex struggle within the European diplomatic system to maintain a balance of power that was acceptable to other European states and avoided direct Russian hegemony over Eastern Europe.

Nonetheless, Russia was able to take advantage of the weakened Ottoman Empire, the end of the Seven Years' War, and the withdrawal of France from Polish affairs to assert itself as one of the continent's primary military powers. The war left the Russian Empire in a strengthened position to expand its territory and maintain hegemony over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, eventually leading to the First Partition of Poland. Turkish losses included diplomatic defeats that saw its decline as a threat to Europe, loss over its exclusive control over the Orthodox millet, and the beginning of European bickering over the Eastern Question that would feature in European diplomacy until the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

Russian war with Poland
The war followed internal tensions within Poland which indirectly challenged the security of the Ottoman Empire and its ally, the Crimean Khanate. The true power behind the Polish throne was the Russian ambassador Nicholas Repnin and the Imperial Russian Army, with King Stanisław August Poniatowski being elected due to his ties as former favourite to the Empress Catherine II of Russia. Repnin had forcefully passed the Perpetual Treaty of 1768 between Poland and Russia, which was disadvantageous to Poland geopolitically, challenged the political supremacy of Poland's Catholic faith, prevented reform of the liberum veto, and allowed Warsaw's occupation by Russian troops. Rising unrest led to the massive revolt of the Bar Confederation, which became an alliance of noble, Roman Catholic, and peasant rebels. In the fortified town called Bar, near the Ottoman border, the Bar Confederation was created on 29 February 1768, led by a landed Polish noble named Casimir Pulaski. While the Russian army heavily outnumbered the confederates and defeated them several times in direct battle in Podolia Ukraine, bands of rebels waged low scale guerrilla war throughout Ukraine and southern Poland. On 20 June 1768, the Russian Army captured the fortress of Bar but when one band of surviving confederates fled over to the Turkish border, pursuing troops including Zaporozhian Cossacks, clashed with janissary garrison troops. Polish revolts would dog Russia throughout the war and make it impossible for Catherine II to keep control of Poland.

Ottoman situation
In the Ottoman Empire, revolts were widespread. Many noble factions had risen against the power of Sultan Mustafa III and would proceed to break away from the Ottoman Empire. In addition to this decentralization of the Empire the Ottomans were also faced with the revival of a unified Persia, which rose to oppose the Turks in Iraq.

Upon the outbreak of the war the Ottomans seemed to have the upper hand as Russia was suffering from financial strain as a consequence of involvement in the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Navy capitalized on the inferiority of the Imperial Russian Navy, even though Russia employed British officers to resolve this weakness. The Ottomans dominated the Black Sea, giving it the advantage of shorter supply lines. The Ottomans were also able to levy troops from their vassal state, the Crimean Khanate, to fight the Russians, but their effectiveness was undermined by constant Russian destabilization of the area. In the years preceding the war the Ottoman Empire had enjoyed the longest period of peace with Europe in its history (1739–1768). Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire faced internal division, rebellion and corruption compounded by the re-emergence of a unified Persian leadership, under Nader Shah. One clear advantage for the Ottomans was its superior numbers as the Ottoman army was three times the size of its Russian counterpart. However, the new Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha would prove himself to be incompetent militarily. The Russian army massed along the borders with Poland and the Ottoman Empire, which made it difficult for Ottomans troops to make inroads into Russian territory.

Russian invasion

Not content to let the Polish enemy flee over the border, Cossacks followed them into the Ottoman Empire. In the summer of 1768, Mustafa III received reports that the town of Balta had been massacred by Russian paid Zaporozhian Cossacks. Russia denied the accusations, but it was reported that the Cossacks "certainly razed Balta and killed whomever they found". With the confederates of Poland and the French embassy pushing the sultan along, with many pro-war advisors, the sultan on October 6 imprisoned Aleksei Mikhailovich Obreskov and the entire Russian embassy's staff, marking the Ottoman's declaration of war on Russia.

After her victories in the war, Catherine II was depicted in portraits dressed in the military uniforms of Great Britain, initially a willing ally because of the trade between the two countries. Great Britain needed bar iron to fuel its nascent Industrial Revolution, as well as other products such as sailcloth, hemp, and timber for the construction and maintenance of its Navy; Russia could provide all these. When the tide of the conflict turned in Russia's favour, Britain limited its support, now seeing Russia as a rising competitor in Far Eastern trade, rather than merely as a counterbalance to the French Navy in the Mediterranean. While Russia remained in a superior position in the Black Sea, the withdrawal of British support left Russia unable to do more than shorten its own supply lines and disrupt Turkish trade in the area. In January 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine. Crimean Tatars and Nogais ravaged New Serbia and took a significant number of prisoners.

On September 17, 1769, the Russians began their initial campaign over the Dniester into Moldavia. The elite Ottoman Janissaries took heavy casualties from the Russians at Khotyn but managed to hold on; the remainder of the Ottoman army panicked and abandoned the field, and the Russians claimed the fortress. With the Ottomans in disarray the Russians took the capital of Moldavia (Jassy) on October 7. They continued the advance south into Wallachia, occupying its capital Bucharest on November 17. From the capital of Bucharest, the Russians fanned out through the principality, only later being challenged by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha at Kagul on Aug 1, 1770. The Russians routed the Grand Vizier's forces and allegedly one-third of the Ottoman troops drowned in the Danube trying to escape.

Caucasian front
By now, Russia had some troops spread out north of the Caucasus. In 1769, as a diversion, the Russians sent Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben with a small expeditionary force south into Georgia. The Georgians defeated an Ottoman army at Aspindza in 1770. The Siege of Poti on the Black Sea coast by a joint Russo-Georgian force in 1771 failed and Russian troops were withdrawn in the spring of 1772. It was the first time Russian troops had crossed the Caucasus. On the steppes north of the mountains, the later-famous Matvei Platov and 2,000 men fought 25,000 Turks and Crimeans. The Cossack village of Naur was defended against 8,000 Turks and tribesmen.

Russian Mediterranean expedition

During the war, a Russian fleet, under Count Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, entered the Mediterranean Sea for the first time in history. It was drawn from the Baltic Fleet and was intended to draw Ottoman naval forces out from the Black Sea. In Ottoman Greece, Orlov's arrival sparked a Maniot revolt against the Ottoman authorities. However, the Ottoman vizier Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha called on the provincial notables (ayans) of Ottoman Albania to mobilize irregular troops, which he used to crush the revolt in 1771.

Just outside the city of Chesma on June 24, 1770, twelve Russian ships engaged twenty-two Turkish vessels and destroyed them with the use of fire ships. The defeat at Chesma demoralized the Ottomans, and bolstered Russian morale. Catherine II used this and other victories over the Turks to consolidate her power domestically, commissioning medals in honour of the battle. Despite their naval success, though, the Russians were unable to capture Constantinople because of Ottoman fortifications, as well as European concerns that it would upset the balance of power.

, In 1771, Ali Bey al-Kabir, the Mamluk usurper of Egypt, allied with Zahir al-Umar, the autonomous sheikh of Acre, against their Ottoman overlords. The Egyptian general Abu al-Dhahab marched on Damascus, but the Ottoman governor, Uthman Pasha al-Kurji, convinced him to turn on his erstwhile master. Abu al-Dhahab then marched on Egypt and forced Ali Bey to flee to Zahir. Now, Count Orlov, with Catherine's approval, intervened and established friendly relations with the two anti-Ottoman rebels. The Russian fleet provided critical aid in the Battle of Sidon and it bombarded and occupied Beirut. The Russians surrendered Beirut to the pro-Ottoman emir of Mount Lebanon, Yusuf Shihab, only after being paid a large ransom.

In 1773, Yusuf Shihab entrusted the strengthening of Beirut's defences to Ahmad al-Jazzar. When the latter began to act independently, Yusuf got into contact with Zahir al-Umar to remove him. Zahir suggested that they enlist the Russians. The Russian squadron, under Captain Ivan Kozhukov, blockaded and bombarded Beirut while Zahir negotiated Jazzar's withdrawal. The latter then entered Zahir's service, only to rebel against him after a few months. In consequence, the Russians occupied Beirut for a second time, for four months, to force Yusuf to pay a ransom.

Mediation and ceasefire
Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain offered to mediate the dispute between Russia and the Ottomans to halt Russia's expansion. Austria managed to turn the situation to its advantage by gaining Bukovina District from the Ottomans with a treaty on July 6, 1771. The Austrians maintained their increased military presence on their border with Moldavia and Wallachia, and they increased a subsidy to the cash-starved Ottomans, who had been dabbling in tax farming ) and offered unsubstantiated support to the Ottomans against Russia. Catherine II, wary of the proximity of the Austrian army to her own forces and fearing an all-out European war, accepted the loss of Poland and agreed to Frederick II's plan to partition Poland. She secretly agreed to return the captured principalities back to the Ottomans, thereby removing Austria's fear of a powerful Russian Balkan neighbour. On April 8, 1772, Kaunitz, the Austrian equivalent of Minister of Foreign affairs, informed the Sublime Porte that Austria no longer considered the treaty of 1771 binding.

A ceasefire between Russia and the Ottoman Empire commenced on May 30, 1772, but real negotiations did not begin until August 8. The peace talks broke down almost immediately over the Crimea, but the truce was extended until March 20, 1773.

Both parties had reasons to expand the negotiations, primarily to do with both sides wanting to keep fighting on a single front. The Ottomans were now quelling rebellions from Egypt and Syria and also faced incursions from Persia. The Russians were facing a revival of a centralized Sweden, which had undergone a coup from King Gustav III.

Final Russian offensive
On June 20, 1774, the Russian army, under the command of Alexander Suvorov, managed to rout the Ottoman army near Kozludzha. Russia used the victory to force the Ottoman Empire to acquiesce to Russia's preferences in the treaty.

Peace treaty
On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire had to sign perforce the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. The treaty did not overtly take away vast territories from the Ottomans – Poland had already paid the price of alienated territory. According to the treaty:

 * The Crimean Khanate formally gained its independence from both powers (but in reality became dependent on Russia and in 1783 was directly annexed after bloody clashes between the Christian and Tatar populations).
 * Russia received war reparations of 4.5 million rubles
 * The Ottoman Empire ceded to Russia two key seaports, Azov and Kerch, allowing the Russian Navy and merchant fleet direct access to the Black Sea
 * Russia gained the territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug
 * The Porte renounced Ottoman claims to Kabardia in the North Caucasus
 * Russia gained official status as protector of the Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire, which opened the door for future Russian expansion

As a consequence of the treaty, the Ottomans ceded the northwestern part of Moldavia (later known as Bukovina) to the Habsburg Empire.

Russia quickly exploited Küçük Kaynarca for an easy excuse to go to war and take more territory from the Ottoman Empire.

This war comprised but a small part of the continuous process of expansion of the Russian Empire southwards and westwards during the 18th and 19th centuries.

title: Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)


text:
Algorithmic complexity

Algorithmic complexity may refer to:
 * In algorithmic information theory, the complexity of a particular string in terms of all algorithms that generate it.
 * Solomonoff–Kolmogorov–Chaitin complexity, the most widely used such measure.
 * In computational complexity theory, although it would be a non-formal usage of the term, the time/space complexity of a particular problem in terms of all algorithms that solve it with computational resources (i.e., time or space) bounded by a function of the input's size.
 * Or it may refer to the time/space complexity of a particular algorithm with respect to solving a particular problem (as above), which is a notion commonly found in analysis of algorithms.
 * Time complexity is the amount of computer time it takes to run an algorithm.

title: Algorithmic complexity


text:
Pudong

Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.

The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.

History
Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County. Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.

In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up. Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs. It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.

The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (420.5 m), Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m) and Shanghai Tower (632 m), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.

In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.

On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.

Pudong New Area consist of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.

Government
Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.

On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.

Demographics
Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of 1210.4 km2 and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows a 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.

Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level. The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.

The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2. About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.

Subdistricts and towns

 * * – Liuzao town merged into Chuanshaxin town.
 * ** – Luchaogang town and Shengang Subdistrict merged and form Nanhui Xincheng town.

Universities and higher education

 * Shanghai Maritime University
 * Shanghai Dianji University
 * Shanghai Fisheries University
 * China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong
 * Fudan University in Zhangjiang
 * New York University Shanghai
 * ShanghaiTech University

Primary and secondary schools
Public schools:
 * No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University
 * Jianping High School
 * Dongchang High School of ECNU
 * Pudong Foreign Languages School of Shanghai International Studies University
 * Shanghai Jincai Experimental Junior Middle School

International schools:
 * Dulwich College Shanghai
 * French School of Shanghai Pudong Campus
 * Nord Anglia International School Shanghai Pudong
 * German School Shanghai Pudong Campus
 * Shanghai American School Pudong Campus
 * Shanghai Japanese School (SJS) Pudong Campus (elementary and junior high), and SJS Senior High School
 * Wellington College International Shanghai
 * Concordia International School Shanghai Pudong Campus

Other private schools:
 * Shanghai Gold Apple Bilingual School
 * Shanghai Shangde Experimental School
 * Shanghai Pinghe School

Economy

With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.

The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately 10 km2 in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 km2 Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.

The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined. Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008. The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which is open to tourists in June 2016.

Businesses
Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower in Pudong. Comac has its head office in Pudong. The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower in Pudong.

Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong. Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower. Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.

Transportation
The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors.

In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 16 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.

Pudong is connected to Puxi by several tunnels and four major bridges. The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently there are five tunnels that link the two sides, Dapu Rd. Tunnel, the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, running east–west, and Dalian Rd. Tunnel, running north–south, Fuxing Rd. Tunnel, complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, Waihuan Tunnel, one part of Shanghai Outer Ring Express. Two new tunnels linking Lujiazui to Puxi are under construction.

Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the A20, Shanghai's outer Ring road, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.

Metro
Pudong is currently served by ten metro lines and one tram line operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train and one suburban line operated by China Railway:

 * - Lujiazui, Dongchang Road, Century Avenue , Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Century Park, Longyang Road , Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Jinke Road, Guanglan Road, Tangzhen, Middle Chuangxin Road, East Huaxia Road, Chuansha, Lingkong Road, Yuandong Avenue, Haitiansan Road, Pudong International Airport
 * - Pudong Avenue, Century Avenue , Pudian Road (4), Lancun Road , Tangqiao
 * - Gangcheng Road, North Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Hangjin Road, South Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Zhouhai Road, Wuzhou Avenue, Dongjing Road, Jufeng Road , Wulian Road, Boxing Road, Jinqiao Road, Yunshan Road , Deping Road, Beiyangjing Road, Minsheng Road , Yuanshen Stadium, Century Avenue , Pudian Road (6)), Lancun Road , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Linyi Xincun, West Gaoke Road , Dongming Road , Gaoqing Road, West Huaxia Road, Shangnan Road, South Lingyan Road, Oriental Sports Center
 * - Houtan, Changqing Road, Yaohua Road , Yuntai Road, West Gaoke Road , South Yanggao Road, Jinxiu Road, Fanghua Road, Longyang Road , Huamu Road
 * - China Art Museum, Yaohua Road, Chengshan Road , Yangsi, Oriental Sports Center , Lingzhao Xincun Station
 * - Shangcheng Road, Century Avenue, Middle Yanggao Road , Fangdian Road, Lantian Road , Taierzhuang Road, Jinqiao, Jinji Road, Jinhai Road , Gutang Road, Minlei Road, Caolu
 * - Shuangjiang Road, West Gaoqiao, Gaoqiao, Gangcheng Road, Jilong Road
 * - Disney Resort, Kangxin Highway, Xiuyan Road, Luoshan Road, Yuqiao , Pusan Road, East Sanlin, Sanlin, Oriental Sports Center
 * - Donglu Road, Jufeng Road, North Yanggao Road, Jinjing Road, Shenjiang Road, Jinhai Road
 * - Shibo Avenue, Changqing Road, Chengshan Road , Dongming Road , Huapeng Road, Xianan Road, Beicai, Chenchun Road, Lianxi Road , Middle Huaxia Road , Zhongke Road, Xuelin Road, Zhangjiang Road
 * - Lujiazui, South Pudong Road, Pudong Avenue , Yuanshen Road, Changyi Road , Xiepu Road, Longju Road, Yunshan Road , Lantian Road , Huangyang Road, Yunshun Road, Pudong Football Stadium, Jinyue Road, Guiqiao Road
 * - Longyang Road, Middle Huaxia Road , Luoshan Road , East Zhoupu, Heshahangcheng, East Hangtou, Xinchang, Wild Animal Park, Huinan, East Huinan, Shuyuan, Lingang Avenue, Dishui Lake
 * - Changyi Road, Minsheng Road , Middle Yanggao Road , Yingchun Road, Longyang Road , Fangxin Road, Beizhong Road, Lianxi Road , Yuqiao , Kangqiao, Zhoupu, Fanrong Road, Shenmei Road, Hetao Road, Xiasha, Hangtou
 * - Longyang Road, Pudong International Airport
 * - Luchaogang, Situan

Twin towns — sister cities
Pudong is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Beverly Hills, California
 * 🇫🇮 Kuopio

Climate
Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.1 C. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 28.6 C, and lowest in January, at around 4.9 C.

title: Pudong


text: User talk:216.11.243.110

title: User talk:216.11.243.110


text:
Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen

The Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF) is a British trade union representing drivers of trains including services such as the London Underground (Tube). It is part of the International Transport Workers' Federation and the European Transport Workers' Federation. At the end of 2019 ASLEF had 24,479 members. Mick Whelan became its General Secretary in 2011.

Foundation
In 1865, North Eastern Railway footplatemen founded a union called the Engine Drivers' and Firemen's Society. It unsuccessfully attempted strike action, as a result of which the NER was able to break up the Society.

In 1872, an industrial union, the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, was founded with the support of the Liberal MP Michael Bass. In 1872, the ASRS reported having 17,247 members, but by 1882, this had declined to only 6,321.

By the end of the 1870s, many UK railway companies had increased the working week from 60 to 66 hours, a 12-hour working day was common and wages had been reduced. The Great Western Railway had not increased wages since 1867, had increased the working day from 10 to 12 hours in 1878 and then reduced wages for all but the most junior drivers and firemen in 1879. In 1879, almost 2,000 GWR locomotive drivers and firemen signed an ASRS petition to the GWR Board of Directors requesting a restoration of the 1867 conditions of service and rates of pay. The GWR reacted by refusing to meet the ASRS representatives and dismissing several of the petitioners from their jobs.

As a result of this defeat, in 1879, drivers and firemen from Griffithstown, Pontypool, South Wales, started to organise to form a craft union separate from the ASRS. At the time there were similar moves in parts of England towards founding an enginemen's union. A large number of drivers and firemen met in Birmingham on 9 December 1879 and resolved to form a National Society of Drivers and Firemen. There was a similar move by Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway drivers and firemen at Sheffield, whom the Pontypool group called  "the first founders of the Society". The Sheffield branch opened on 7 February 1880 with William Ullyott, one of its leaders, as the first member. Pontypool branch followed on 15 February, led by Charles H. Perry, one of the drivers who had unsuccessfully petitioned the GWR board the previous year. ASLEF officially records Perry as its founder. In the remainder of 1880 ASLEF opened branches at Tondu, Liverpool and Leeds (April), Neath (May), Bradford (June), and Carnforth (July).

ASLEF adopted and published its first Rule Book in 1881. Its title page reproduced a stanza of Robert Burns' "Man was made to mourn: A Dirge":

If I'm yon haughty lordling's slave By Nature's law designed, Why was an independent wish E'er planted in my mind? If not, why am I subject to His cruelty or scorn? Or why has man the will and pow'r To make his fellow mourn?

For economy's sake, ASLEF initially chose to be managed by its Leeds branch, as a result of which its first head office was at the Commercial Inn, Sweet Street, Holbeck. It moved to 17 Mill Hill Chambers, Leeds, in 1885, and again to 8 Park Square, Leeds, in 1904. In 1921, it moved to London by buying a house at 9 Arkwright Road, Hampstead, from the family of the late Sir Joseph Beecham, Bt. For a period in the second half of the 20th century ASLEF also owned the next-door house at 7 Arkwright Road.

Relations with industrial unionism
In the 1880s ASLEF's foundation as a craft union exclusively for one defined part of the railway workforce went against the industrial unionist trend of the New Unionism movement. In 1880, the ASRS denounced the enginemen's decision as "very selfish" and "an act of folly" and declared "the sooner our friends the enginemen... give up the idea of forming a separate Association the better".

ASLEF succeeded in getting more locomotive drivers and firemen to join a trade union, but it has never succeeded in recruiting all drivers or firemen. In 1900, the ASRS wanted amalgamation, but ASLEF proposed federation with the drivers and firemen of the ASRS. A Scheme of Federation was drafted and ASLEF's triennial conference adopted it in 1903. There were joint meetings of the Executive Committees of the two unions until 1906 when relations broke down.

In 1907, David Lloyd George, President of the Board of Trade, brought about a conciliation board for the railway industry with representatives of both the companies and their workforces. ASLEF initially welcomed the new board, but later grew dissatisfied with its slow operation and dubbed it a "confiscation" board. In August 1911, the ASRS, ASLEF, the United Pointsmen's and Signalmen's Society (founded 1880) and the General Railway Workers' Union (founded 1889) jointly called the United Kingdom's first national rail strike. In only two days it succeeded in forcing the Liberal Government to set up a Royal Commission to examine the workings of the 1907 conciliation board.

ASLEF's then General Secretary, Albert E. Fox, claimed that the 1911 victory showed there was no need to amalgamate with the ASRS and that Federation should be restored. Fox drafted a new federation scheme, but in October 1911, the ASRS rejected "the further extension of sectionalism contained therein" and expressed the opinion that the success of the national strike indicated "that one railway union will prove to be most beneficial for all railwaymen". In 1913, the ASRS, GRWU and UPSS duly merged to form the National Union of Railwaymen. ASLEF stayed out of the new industrial union and held to the slogan "organise your trade, federate your industry" coined by Fox.

During the First World War the cost of living increased rapidly. From July 1914 to September 1915, for example, food prices rose 37%. For the duration of the war, the government was in control of the railways. Wages were increased, but at a slower rate than the rise in the cost of living. NUR and ASLEF responded jointly, and forced the Board of Trade to award wage increases in September 1916 and April 1917. In March 1919, the coalition government indicated that it intended to review the War Wage, with a view to reducing it at the end of the year. The NUR and ASLEF started a second national railway strike in September 1919, which in nine days won both a change in pay policy and the reduction of the working day to eight hours.

After 1919, control of the railways was returned to the companies, and in 1923, the Railways Act 1921 merged about 120 of Great Britain's railways into four large regional companies. In December 1923, the new companies presented proposals that included some reductions in locomotive men's pay and conditions. Negotiations broke down and ASLEF ordered its members to strike, but the NUR instructed its members – including locomotivemen – to stay at work. After another nine-day strike, ASLEF was victorious, but the disagreement between ASLEF and the NUR left deep division.

Eventually ASLEF and the NUR agreed a new Railway Union Federation in 1982, but this failed to end mutual suspicion. About the time that the NUR and National Union of Seamen merged in 1990 to form the RMT the federation broke down, and neither federation nor merger has been negotiated since.

Major industrial disputes
ASLEF has taken part in several national rail strikes. The 1911 joint strike with the ASRS, 1919 joint strike with the NUR and 1924 strike of ASLEF without the NUR are described above. ASLEF and the NUR were prominent participants in the 1926 general strike that unsuccessfully sought to prevent British coal companies from reducing mineworkers' pay and conditions.

In 1955, ASLEF struck against British Railways for seventeen days in a pay dispute. In 1982, both ASLEF and the NUR opposed BR proposals for flexible rostering but they failed to co-ordinate strike action. First the NUR struck against BR and ASLEF instructed its members to cross NUR picket lines. Then after the end of the NUR's dispute, ASLEF held its own strike against BR.

There have also been local disputes with individual railway operators such as those with London Underground in 1982, 1989 and 1996.

Since railway privatisation
In the latter years of British Rail, train drivers were on a basic salary of around £12,000 per annum, supplemented by a set of enhancements for unsocial hours and overtime approximately £4,000–£5,000. Sunday had never formed part of the basic working week for train drivers in the UK, and was instead worked as overtime. Thus many drivers chose to work Sundays in order to make a better income. British Rail was run in all departments on an overtime culture to reduce overall wage bills resulting from having to employ extra staff to fill what would be uncovered vacancies. This approach had implications for fatigue and excessive hours, which partly contributed to the Clapham Junction rail crash in 1988.

From 1995 onwards, the Railways Act 1993 was implemented to privatise British Rail. In the first few years thereafter, ASLEF negotiated improved pay and conditions of service for its members from the new train operating companies.

Train drivers are now amongst the highest-paid associate professional (as defined by UK government) workers in the UK. ASLEF aims to increase basic pay so the "overtime culture" is reduced or eliminated, in the hope that more jobs will be created to cover the work that is not covered by overtime. The health and safety issues related to overtime and fatigue would also be minimised.

Membership
The record of membership numbers is not complete for all years of the society's history. However, some key years will give an indication of ASLEF's growth in its first seven decades.

 * 1881: 651
 * 1889: 5,039
 * 1892: 6,710
 * 1894: 7,524
 * 1901: 10,502
 * 1908: 19,800
 * 1910: 19,800
 * 1913: 32,200
 * 1916: 34,039
 * 1918: 39,940
 * 1919: 57,184
 * 1937: 53,857
 * 1939: 53,325
 * 1946: 71,842
 * 2011: 18,500+
 * 2014: 20,364
 * 2017: 21,791

Political affiliation
ASLEF is affiliated to the Labour Party.

Labour was founded in 1900 as the Labour Representation Committee, and in 1903, ASLEF voted to affiliate to it. In the 1906 general election, ASLEF General Secretary Albert Fox was the LRC candidate for Leeds South, where he polled 4,030 votes. Fox lost to the Liberal incumbent John Lawson Walton, but Lawson Walton died in January 1908 causing a by-election. Fox contested Leeds South a second time, but lost to the new Liberal candidate William Middlebrook.

In June 2015, ASLEF endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. Aslef said Corbyn has the "character, vision and policies" needed to win back power for the party. General secretary Mick Whelan said: "Jeremy understands what Labour has to do to win back the hearts, the minds and the votes of ordinary working people in Britain."

Election results
The union sponsored a Labour Party candidate in many Parliamentary elections, from 1906 until 1992. Several of its candidates were elected as Members of Parliament.

General Secretaries

 * 1880: Joseph Brooke
 * 1885: Thomas Sunter
 * 1901: Albert E. Fox
 * 1914: Jack Bromley
 * 1936: Richard Squance
 * 1940: William P. Allen
 * 1948: Jim Baty
 * 1956: Albert Hallworth
 * 1960: William Evans
 * 1964: Albert Griffiths
 * 1970: Ray Buckton
 * 1987: Neil Milligan
 * 1990: Derrick Fullick
 * 1993: Lew Adams
 * 1998: Mick Rix
 * 2003: Shaun Brady
 * 2004: Keith Norman
 * 2011: Mick Whelan

Assistant General Secretaries

 * 1891: Henry Shuttleworth
 * 1910: George Moore
 * 1927: Richard Squance
 * 1936: William P. Allen
 * 1939: Percy Collick
 * 1946: Jim Baty (acting)
 * 1948: Albert Hallworth (acting)
 * 1956: William Evans
 * 1960: Albert Griffiths
 * 1963: Ray Buckton
 * 1970: Don Pullen
 * 1985: Neil Milligan
 * 1987: Derrick Fullick
 * 1990: Lew Adams
 * 1994: Tony West
 * 2000: Mick Blackburn
 * 2004: Post abolished
 * 2015: Simon Weller

Presidents

 * 1881: George Bamforth
 * 1882: Henry Shuttleworth
 * 1883: Samuel Holland
 * 1880s: Henry Shuttleworth
 * 1891: Moses John Dickinson
 * 1893: Henry Parfitt
 * 1896:
 * 1900: Albert E. Fox
 * 1902: J. A. Hawkins
 * 1907: George Moore
 * 1910:
 * 1913: George Wride
 * 1915: John Hunter
 * 1917: George Wride
 * 1918: Worthy Cooke
 * 1919: W. A. Stephenson
 * 1920: Richard Squance
 * 1921:
 * 1930: William P. Allen
 * 1934:
 * 1940s: Ted Bidwell
 * 1948: P. McGubbin
 * 1952: Frederick Kelland
 * 1954: N. A. Pinches
 * 1958: Jack Simons
 * 1963: Albert Atkinson
 * 1965: Les Kirk
 * 1968: George Thomas
 * 1972: Les Feltham
 * 1974: Bill Ronksley
 * 1982: Derrick Fullick
 * 1990: Willie O'Brien
 * 1995: Clive Jones
 * 1996: William Mackenzie
 * 2000: David Tyson, Sean Madden,
 * 2000: Martin Samways
 * 2004: David Tyson
 * 2005: Alan Donnelly
 * 2015: Tosh McDonald
 * 2019: Dave Calfe
 * 2019: Dave Calfe


text:
Riksdagsmarschen

Riksdagsmarschen, or the Riksdag Marsch, is a suite of music composed by Joseph Martin Kraus, for the grand opening, in 1789, of the Riksdag of the Estates in Sweden. King Gustav III of Sweden wanted to convince the parliament to go along, especially fund, his ongoing war. He was opposed by the nobility but supported by the burgesses and yeomanry, and the king had Kraus write the suite for this occasion, consisting of a march based on the March of the Priests from Mozart's Idomeneo, and a symphony. The legislature financed the king's measures which became known as Gustav III's Russian War.

title: Riksdagsmarschen


text:
Derek Simpson

Derek Simpson may refer to:

 * Derek Simpson (cellist) (1928–2007), English cellist
 * Derek Simpson (trade unionist) (born 1944), British trade union leader

title: Derek Simpson


text:
Trocadero

Trocadero may refer to:

 * Trocadéro, Paris, an area of Paris, France
 * Palais du Trocadéro, built for the 1878 World's Fair in Paris, France
 * Trocadero, Birmingham, a pub in England
 * Trocadero (Los Angeles), a 1930s ballroom and a modern nightclub in California, U.S.
 * Trocadero, Newtown, a heritage-listed former dance hall in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
 * Trocadero, San Francisco, a roadhouse in California, U.S.
 * London Trocadero, an 1896 restaurant, now a shopping complex
 * Sydney Trocadero, a dance and concert hall opened in 1936 in New South Wales, Australia
 * Trocadero Ballroom (1917–1975), at Elitch Gardens, Denver, Colorado, U.S.
 * Trocadero Hotel (Bangkok), a former hotel on Surawong Road in Bangkok
 * Trocadero Theatre, a historic theater in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Trocadero Transfer, a former nightclub in San Francisco

Arts and entertainment

 * Trocadero, part of the film series Paris Exposition, 1900
 * Trocadero (1944 film), an American film
 * Trocadero (band), an American alternative rock band
 * "Trocadero", an album and song by the British rock and roll band Showaddywaddy, see Showaddywaddy discography

Other uses

 * Trocadero (drink), a soft drink popular in Sweden
 * Trocadéro station, on the Paris Métro, France
 * Battle of Trocadero, an 1823 battle in southern Spain between the French army and Spanish revolutionaries
 * French ship Trocadéro (1824), a ship of the line
 * Isla del Trocadero, the site of the 1823 battle

title: Trocadero


text:
RMT

RMT or R. M. T. may refer to:

Business and organizations

 * National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers, a UK trades union
 * Redcliffe Musical Theatre, a theater company in Queensland, Australia
 * Regie voor Maritiem Transport, a former Belgian ferry company
 * Régiment de marche du Tchad, a unit of the French Army
 * Reverse Morris Trust, a US procedure for mergers

People

 * Ruth Mary Tristram (1886–1950), British amateur botanist
 * Rhian Touyz (1959–), Canadian medical researcher
 * RmT Sambandham (1934–2007), Indian newspaper editor

Medicine and science

 * Radioactive Microsphere Therapy (RMT), for treating Neuroendocrine tumors
 * Random matrix theory, a subject of mathematics
 * Recovered-memory therapy
 * Registered Massage Therapist
 * Relational models theory, of interpersonal relationships

Transportation

 * Rimatara Airport (IATA code ), Rimitara, French Polynesia
 * Rule Making Task, EASA aeronautical abbreviation
 * RMT Bateleur, German aircraft
 * Review of Maritime Transport, UN

Other uses

 * RateMyTeachers, a Web site
 * Real-money trading, a (typically forbidden) practice in online gaming
 * RMT Records, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US

title: RMT


text:
Squill

Squill is a common name for several lily-like plants and may refer to:

 * Drimia maritima, medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean, formerly classified as Scilla maritima
 * Scilla, a genus of plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers, native to Europe and Asia
 * Puschkinia scilloides, a bulbous perennial resembling Scilla also cultivated for its ornamental flowers

It may also refer to
 * SQL (Structured Query Language), used to manage databases.

title: Squill


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Talk:Accademia dei Lincei

This should be blended with the associated entries. (old unsigned comment)
 * Looks to me like this has been done. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:52, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

Accademia dei Lincei
It was founded in 1603 by the young Prince Federico Cesi and his friends, Anastasio Di Filiis, Johannes Van Heeck, and Francesco Stelluti. It aimed at a radical renewal of scientific knowledge and it encouraged a vigorous critical approach to the dominant Aristotelian philosophy.

They chose the lynx as their emblem, to stress the importance of sharp and penetrating insight into nature. The Academy realized the revolutionary importance of the celestial discoveries that Galileo made with his new telescope in 1610. The Academy praised Galileo and elected him on December 25, 1611. The Academy defended Galileo in his controversies with leaders of the establishment and protected him when he was denounced to the ecclesiastical authorities. The Academy published at its own expense Galileo's Istoria e dimostrazione intorno alle macchie solari (see sunspots ) in 1613, and his Assayer in 1623.

The Academy did not survive the death of Prince Federico Cesi in 1630 and Galileo was left without influential help when his Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems was attacked.

The Linceans produced an important collection of micrographs, or drawings made with the help of the newly invented microscope. After Cesi's death, the academy closed and the drawings were collected by Cassiano dal Pozzo, a Roman antiquarian, who sold them in 1763 to George III of the United Kingdom. The drawings were discovered in Windsor Castle in 1986 by art historian David Freedberg.

Related entries

 * Galileo Galilei
 * Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems

Source
Odd to see now that the article has been recently translated from the Italian Wikipedia. I translated from the official website directly, 18 September 2003. --Wetman 12:45, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Great if you will correct this. You can also create "See also" section.--Eleassar777 13:20, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've modified it to say that it "draws material from" our Italian article. I had translated the Italian article under a different title (Lincean Academy, I believe), then merged. The note comes from the other location. BTW, Wetman, you had no references section, so how was I to know what your sources were? -- Jmabel | Talk 19:39, Mar 11, 2005 (UTC)

Merge and Redirect
I merged the contents of this article into Lincean Academy. I realize that the headings dictated a merge in the other direction, but as this is the English wikipedia, it should really be merged under the English name rather than the Italian one. Indrian 04:59, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * This was an error. --Wetman 14:51, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably both names are equally common in English. so I don't really care, but given that the previous proposal had been standing for some time without objection, it would have been nice either to do what had apparently been agreed upon, or to raise the issue on one of the two talk pages and give people 24 hours to respond. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:54, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Which is why I posted it on the talk page here. It would have been quite simple to change it the other way if there was strong disagreement.  Your point is, however, well taken.  I appreciate the assumption of good faith that you have shown as opposed to the virtual label of vandal being placed upon me by certain others in this thread.  Seeing as Wetman has found my move rather egregious, though not egregious enough to undo on his own, I have changed it to reflect the proposal. Indrian 02:26, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see an assumption of bad faith on Wetman's part. "…an error" means that he thinks you made a mistake, not that he thinks you were deliberately out to do damage. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:57, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with that particular comment. His sarcastic remarks further down do seem to imply that I would randomly move pages around out of either malice or stupidity. Indrian 03:04, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Well that's why we have pages on our Watchlists. I hope not to discover the Arch of Triumph on the Elysian Fields... --Wetman 23:59, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And now I have changed it to go the other way. You could have done this yourself, of course, rather than directing what almost appeared to be thinly veiled personal attacks at me (I am assuming good faith that they were not, despite the apparent lack of good faith being shown towards me), but since that seems to be your only interest at the moment, I have corrected the "error," as you so delicately put it. Indrian 02:23, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Does somebody understand what this means?

 * (italianized to Another important member of the academy was Luca Valerio.

If somebody understands what that sentence of the article means, please go ahead and make it intelligible. If this isn't done soon, I'll likely comment it out. -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 00:44, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Federico Cesi
I have taken down the redirect at Federico Cesi and put up an article on him. Editors familiar with this subject should check the article for factual accuracy and maybe expand it. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 16:01, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

The name...
...of course results from misinterpretation of the classical idiom "Lynceus' eyes", see Lynceus (Argonaut). Should we note this in the article? --Ghirla-трёп- 18:46, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not so sure of your "of course". In Latin, the disyllabic proper name Lyn-ceus did have a trisyllabic adjective associated with it: lyn-ce-us / lyn-ce-a / lyn-ce-um, and it is possible to see this adjective, used as a substantive, in the formal Latin name of the academy: Lynceorum Academia, "the academy of those like Lynceus". But there is a common variant of the academy's name: Lyncaeorum Academia, from the Neo-Latin lyncaeus / lyncaea / lyncaeum, meaning lynx-like, and lynceus, of course, can be seen as a spelling simplification of lyncaeus. It seems to me that judging between the lynxes and Lynceus is not so easy. Rwflammang (talk) 01:35, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Innacurate claim
Hi everyone,

I would like to make a point in the introduction. The Accademia dei Lincei was not "the first academy of sciences to exist in Italy" as it's stated in the article. But ONE OF the first. The very first scientific society to open not only in Italy but in the whole world was the short-lived Academia Secretorum Naturae (Accademia dei Segreti) founded in Naples in 1560 by Giambattista della Porta. I'll take the liberty and fix it. Regards In Ratio Veritas (talk) 18:32, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Hi all,

The photo that is labeled "Palazzo Corsini" is not the Corsini at all. That is the Villa Farnesina of Agostino Chigi, which is located across the Via Lundara from the Corsini. There are offices of the Lincei in the Farnesina. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.205.243.200 (talk) 13:47, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

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How old is the academy?
The first academy was founded in 1603 and ceased to exist after 50 years in 1653. 150 (!) years later a new academy was founded in 1801. And this shall be the same academy? From my point of view, these are two totally different institutions. Surely it's about making the academy one of the oldest, but you can't take that seriously. Saalebaer (talk) 15:38, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Pope Clement VIII
Article does not mention that the academy was founded under the patronage of pope clement VIII, according to vatican sources that was in fact the case. Important info to add? 艾伯特芬奇 (talk) 03:10, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

 * https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2003/november/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031110_academy-sciences.pdf
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20211003054736/http://www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/es38.pdf
 * > The Pontifical Academy of Sciences has its origins in the Accademia dei Lincei (‘the Academy of Lynxes’) which was established in Rome in 1603, under the patronage of Pope Clement VIII, by the learned Roman Prince Federico Cesi. 艾伯特芬奇 (talk) 03:11, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Accademia dei Lincei


text:
Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union

The Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (AEEU) was a British trade union. It merged with the MSF to form Amicus in 2001.

History
The union was founded in 1992, when the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU) finally achieved a merger with the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union (EETPU), after a hundred years of off-and-on discussions. The new union took the name Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union.

The AEU had been affiliated to the Trades Union Congress, while the EETPU was not, so the merged organisation held a ballot on the question of affiliation; members voted for the new union to affiliate. The AEEU was also the largest member of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions.

Membership of the new union continued to fall in line with the decline in employment in the sectors it covered. By 2001, its membership had fallen to 728,200. That year, it merged with the Manufacturing, Science and Finance union to form Amicus.

General Secretaries

 * 1992: Gavin Laird and Paul Gallagher
 * 1994: Paul Gallagher
 * 1995: Ken Jackson

Presidents

 * 1992: Bill Jordan and Ken Jackson
 * 1994: Bill Jordan
 * 1994: John Weakley (acting)
 * 1996: Davey Hall


text:
Trocadéro, Paris

The Trocadéro, site of the Palais de Chaillot, is an area of Paris, France, in the 16th arrondissement, across the Seine from the Eiffel Tower. It is also the name of the 1878 Trocadéro Palace which was demolished in 1937 to make way for the Palais de Chaillot. The hill of the Trocadéro is the hill of Chaillot, a former village.

Origin of the name
The place was named in honour of the Battle of Trocadero, in which the fortified Isla del Trocadero, in southern Spain, was captured by French forces led by the Duc d'Angoulême, son of the future King of France, Charles X, on 31 August 1823. France had intervened on behalf of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, whose rule was contested by a liberal rebellion. After the battle, the autocratic Spanish Bourbon Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne of Spain.

François-René de Chateaubriand said "To stride across the lands of Spain at one go, to succeed there, where Bonaparte had failed, to triumph on that same soil where the arms of the fantastic man suffered reverses, to do in six months what he couldn't do in seven years, that was truly prodigious!"

Nowadays the square is officially named Place du Trocadéro et (and) du 11 Novembre (for the WWI armistice), although it is usually simply called the Place du Trocadéro.

Palais du Trocadéro
The hill of Chaillot was first arranged for the 1867 World's Fair. For the 1878 World's Fair, the (old) Palais du Trocadéro (1878–1936) was built here (where meetings of international organizations could be held during the fair). The palace's form was that of a large concert hall with two wings and two towers; its style was a mixture of exotic and historical references, generally called "Moorish" but with some Byzantine elements. The architect was Gabriel Davioud.

The concert hall contained a large organ built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll; the first large organ to be installed in a concert hall in France (it has since been modified twice, and eventually moved in 1977 to the Auditorium Maurice Ravel in Lyon, where it is still in use today. The organ was inaugurated during the 1878 World Fair with a concert in which Charles Marie Widor played the premiere of his Symphony for Organ No. 6. The building proved unpopular, but the cost expended in its construction delayed its replacement for nearly fifty years.

Below the building in the space left by former underground quarries, a large aquarium was built to contain fish of French rivers. It was renovated in 1937 but closed again for renovation from 1985 until 22 May 2006. The space between the palais and the Seine is set with gardens, designed by Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, and an array of fountains.

Within its garden, the old palace contained two large animal statues, of a rhinoceros and an elephant, which were removed and stored during the demolition of the old Trocadero palace, and have been located next to the entrance of the Musée d'Orsay since 1986.

Palais de Chaillot
For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt and the Palais de Chaillot now tops the hill. It was designed in classicizing "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. Like the old palais, the Palais de Chaillot features two wings shaped to form a wide arc; reclad and expanded, these wings and the pair of central pavilions are the only remaining portion of the former building. However, unlike the old palais, the wings are independent buildings and there is no central element to connect them: instead, a wide esplanade leaves an open view from the place du Trocadéro to the Eiffel Tower and beyond.

The buildings are decorated with quotations by Paul Valéry, and sculptural groups at the attic level by Raymond Delamarre, Carlo Sarrabezolles and Alfred Bottiau. The eight gilded figures on the terrace of the Rights of Man are attributed to the sculptors Alexandre Descatoire, Marcel Gimond, Jean Paris dit Pryas, Paul Cornet, Lucien Brasseur, Robert Couturier, Paul Niclausse, and Félix-Alexandre Desruelles.

The buildings now house a number of museums:
 * the Musée national de la Marine (naval museum) and the Musée de l'Homme (ethnology) in the southern (Passy) wing.
 * the Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, including the Musée national des Monuments Français, in the eastern (Paris) wing, from which one also enters the Théâtre national de Chaillot, a theater below the esplanade.

It was on the front terrace of the palace that Adolf Hitler was pictured during his short tour of the city in 1940, with the Eiffel Tower in the background. This became an iconic image of the Second World War. It is in the Palais de Chaillot that the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 1948. This event is now commemorated by a stone, and the esplanade is known as the esplanade des droits de l'homme (English: "Esplanade of Human Rights"). The Palais de Chaillot was also the initial headquarters of NATO, while the "Palais de l'OTAN" (now Université Paris Dauphine) was being built.

Jardins du Trocadéro
The Jardins du Trocadéro occupy the open space bounded to the northwest by the wings of the Palais de Chaillot and to the southeast by the Seine and the Pont d'Iéna.

The present garden has an area of 93930 m2 and was created for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937), on the design of architect Roger-Henri Expert. The entire site was formerly the garden of the old Palais du Trocadéro, laid out by Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand.

Others
Five avenues originate in the Trocadéro: the Avenue Henri-Martin, which links the Trocadéro with the Porte de la Muette and passes in front of the Lycée Janson de Sailly (Janson de Sailly secondary school); the Avenue Paul Doumer, which also approaches the Muette; the Avenue d'Eylau, which goes to the Mexico Plaza; the Avenue Kléber, which goes to the Place Charles de Gaulle; and the Avenue du Président Wilson, which goes to the Pont de l'Alma and the Seine.

There is a large municipal library (the Germaine Tillion Library, named after the resistance member and ethnologist) near (to the west of) the Trocadéro's square.

The high retaining walls of the Trocadero cemetery (Cimetière de Passy) were constructed by the French industrialist François Coignet.

Education
The Institut Culturel Franco-Japonais – École Japonaise de Paris opened at the Trocadéro in 1973. It moved to its current location at Montigny-le-Bretonneux in 1990.

Trocadéro today
Trocadéro is a popular tourist destination to take pictures of the Eiffel Tower. The Place du Trocadéro et du 11 Novembre is also where the Paris Saint-Germain F.C. celebrates its French championships victories and where sometimes reporters from the US come to show the evidence of their presence in the French territory.

title: Trocadéro, Paris


text:
Josep Irla

Josep Irla i Bosch (24 October 1874 – 19 September 1958) was a Catalan businessman and politician. He was a deputy in the Parliament of Catalonia and the Spanish Congress in 1932, as an Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya affiliate. He was also the last President of Parliament of Catalonia at the end of Republican Catalan resistance in the Spanish Civil War, before Francisco Franco abolished the Generalitat of Catalonia. He was elected President of the Parliament of Catalonia on 1 October 1938. In office, Irla pushed for cooperation with the allies, Basque nationalists and other anti-Francoist groups, though excluding the communists. He became the President-in-exile of the Generalitat after Lluís Companys was executed. During his time as President-in-exile, he established a Government in exile, and appointed Josep Tarradellas as Conseller en Cap (Prime Minister). He resigned as President in 1954.

Early years
Josep Irla i Bosch was born on 24 October 1874 in Sant Feliu de Guíxols, Baix Empordà. He was the eldest of the three sons of Josep Irla i Rovira, and Rita Bosch Anglada. His father was a laborer who later opened a tavern known as Cas Romagué. His younger brothers were Francesc (1881–1961) and Nicolau (1886–1943), with whom he always maintained a very close relationship, sharing business and political activities. He worked in his father's inn when he was young, and studied at the Academy of Arts and Crafts. He did not follow any higher study, but was self-taught.

Irla gradually made his way into the world of business and politics. With his brothers, he began industrial and commercial activities in Sant Feliu de Guíxols. He created the company Josep Irla & Co. using the capital of the three brothers. From this base, they opened a factory, producing cork stoppers, that grew over the years. They were consignees of boats and owned a schooner, with which they traded in wine and cork with Barcelona, acting as customs agents. In 1902, Irla married Florence Bas i Parent, also of Sant Feliu de Guixols and descendant of a family of workers. The couple had no children, but they had two godchildren, Encarnació Pijoan, daughter of peasants from a farm from Romanyà de la Selva, and Lola Aymerich, a cousin who was orphaned.

Early political career
When Irla was young he followed the family tradition and identified with federal republicanism. He and his father were the drivers of the Catalan Republican Federal Center of Sant Feliu de Guíxols. They were also members of the Masonic Lodge. His brother Francis was the leader of the weekly The Program.

Irla was a pioneer of Catalan republicanism in the region. In a 1905 municipal election, he was elected councilor of the Municipality of Sant Feliu de Guíxols as candidate of Republican Federal Center. He was second deputy mayor and member of the Government Commission. After several changes he became mayor and chaired the City Council from 1906 until 1910. During his term in office he highlighted creation of public services and works, social assistance, promotion of popular culture and an economically austere administration, faced with the damage suffered in the municipality during heavy rains in 1908. He followed the events of Catalan political life and defined a Catalan nationalist and progressive sense. At the beginning of 1911, he participated in the establishment of the Republican Nationalist Federal Union, in the regions of Gerona and was president of the local branch.

Following the death of his father, then provincial deputy, Irla was presented to the provincial election was called to fill the vacancy in the district of La Bisbal. He got the appointment without election for lack of opponents. In the provincial elections of 1913, he was chosen as deputy again, and it happened on until 1923, with the arrival of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, provided by the District of La Bisbal. From his position as deputy, he became involved in the government institution: the Commonwealth of Catalonia. He was a major contributor to the first president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, Enric Prat de la Riba, and after his death, he continued to occupy positions of great responsibility chaired by Josep Puig i Cadafalch. He was also a member of the board of the Fund Credit Communal.

With the liquidation of the institutions by the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–30) Irla focused on his business while maintaining some political activity. He always maintained a certain political activity within the small scope of action of that period.

Second Spanish Republic and Generalitat of Catalonia
After the defeat of the dictatorship, with the proclamation of the Republic Irla was appointed member of the Provisional Provincial Committee of Girona. Immediately after this, Catalan President Francesc Macià named him Commissioner Delegate of the Government of the Generalitat in Girona. In this position, he favored education and culture, especially targeting the popular sectors, promoted the use of the Catalan language in the administration, renewed action for the restoration of archaeological monuments, became interested in social work, and developed public works at low cost with a high impact on large sections of the population.

In the elections for the Provincial Government of Catalonia, an organization was created to prepare and approve a draft statute for the autonomy of Catalonia. Irla and Lluís Companys were chosen vice presidents. Irla was involved in creating the draft statute of autonomy known as the Statute of Núria. On 9 September 1932, the Statute of Catalonia was approved definitively. In early 1932, he created and directed the Federal Republican Party of the Baix Empordà, a county group created basically to formalize a collective commitment to the Republican Left of Catalonia, which he did in the First National Congress of this political formation.

In the elections of the Parliament of Catalonia 20 November 1932, he headed the candidacy of Republican Left of Catalonia in the province of Girona. The victory was total and he was the candidate with the highest proportion of votes in Catalonia. Throughout the republican period, he held various positions of responsibility within the Government of Catalonia.

Irla was appointed General Director of the Interior during the administration of President Macià, but worsening asthma prevented him from taking office, and he was replaced after a few days by Joan Selves. Having recovered, he was appointed Director General of Industry (1933), under the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republican Spanish government, in the two successive governments headed by Manuel Azaña and Alejandro Lerroux, was dismissed after the rise to power of President Diego Martinez Barrio.

In the summer of 1933, he joined the Department of Social Welfare, later becoming Director General of the Department of Social Welfare. In this capacity, he directed projects for the treatment of patients at risk of social exclusion, risk prevention in childhood, and care to retirees without resources. The events of October 1934, with the suspension of the Statute and imprisonment of all members of the Catalan government, put on hold its political action for the next year and a half.

In 1936, with the restoration of the Government of Catalonia, Irla regained his place as Director General. However, the start of the Spanish Civil War hindered his political activity. He assumed leadership of the board of the Hospital General de Catalunya. With successive remodeling of the government, he remained in office, but he resigned before the appointment of Antonio García as Director, representative of the National Confederation of Labour (CNT). Soon after, in October 1936, he was appointed undersecretary of the Ministry of Culture, a newly created position, with Ventura Gassol as a counselor. Gassol fled to France, having defended threatened people. Therefore, Irla had to expand his role and worked for the functioning of the schools and continued his support for the preservation of archaeological and artistic heritage of Catalonia.

In January 1937, just after President Josep Tarradellas published the decrees which sought to control and provide standards for the entire financial system of Catalonia, Irla was appointed Director General of Heritage and Revenue.

President of the Parliament of Catalonia
On 1 October 1938, with part of the Catalan territory occupied by Nationalist's troops and imminent defeat, Irla agreed to become President of the Catalan Parliament. In his inauguration to the presidency, he said: "We were, we are and will be republicans and Catalans, because we are liberals, because it is a feeling of our soul that has led us to feel and know the needs of our people."

Exile
On 28 January 1939, Josep Irla, President of the Catalan Parliament, began his exile. With 62, he traveled to French territory with his wife, his daughter (Concepción Pijoan), his brother Francis and his sister in law Maria Duran, his nieces and the wife of his brother Nicholas. All their property in Sant Feliu de Guixols were confiscated by the fascist authorities. He lived for a time in Le Boulou (Roussillon) and later settled in Ceret (Vallespir), where he sought his livelihood dedicated to what he did best: the cork industry. In 1940, he was arrested by the Vichy French authorities and confined in Le Mans, where he could escape and return to Céret. With the execution of Lluis Companys, 15 October 1940, he refused to travel to America and became, automatically, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia according to the Interior Statute of Catalonia. He was the only modern president who would not set foot, as such, the Palace of the Generalitat. Then, he moved to Cogolin, where he resumed the manufacture of cork stoppers, an activity that provided the resources needed to survive.

Generalitat de Catalunya in exile
The first years in office were marked by adversity, with many limitations for minimum performance, resulting from the Second World War, the problem of Catalan refugees and the permanent danger for those who remained in French territory, together with decreasing economic resources. Whilst in hiding, Irla maintained contacts with Catalans scattered throughout France. After the war, he established an Advisory Council of the Presidency of the Generalitat, with the intention of preparing the structures for a future Catalan government. The council included Carles Pi i Sunyer, Pompeu Fabra, Antoni Rovira i Virgili, Josep Carner, Joan Comorera, Manuel Serra i Moret and Pau Padro.

During his rule, he prepared the return of the government to Catalonia, maintained relations with the Catalans who had been living in Spain, he was concerned about the situation of the Catalan exiles outside Spain always keeping alive the democratic will of Catalonia, defending Catalan and international reporting the situation of fascist repression in Spain.

In this regard, in 1946, he directed a memorandum to the United Nations in which, after exposing the historical reality of Catalonia, denounced the actions of the caudillo Franco against autonomy, culture and economy of Catalonia, asking United Nations to condemn Francoist Spain and recognize the damage done to Catalonia. He obtained a fragile international condemnation that did not refer to the republican legality crushed by the military uprising, nor made any reference to the repression of Catalonia. However, the disagreement between the Catalans living in exile who hoped that the end of World War II meant the end of Francoist Spain, made into crisis his government in 1947 and he dissolved a year following. At that time, he said: "The work of the Government can not suffer any interruption and will continue to be exercised with the patriotic spirit of always". Since then, the institutional representation of the Generalitat was customized on its president.

Death and legacy
Josep Irla died on 19 September 1958, shortly before turning 82, in Saint-Raphaël, Var (Provence). In 1981, his remains were moved to Barcelona and received solemnly by the presidents Jordi Pujol and Heribert Barrera. Being celebrated a state funeral in the town of Sant Feliu de Guixols. Josep Irla had a hard face and was not a great orator nor a charismatic character, but was a political manager and efficient, which he connected important sectors of Catalan society at the time (he won every election whichHe presented) and retains the continuity of the Catalan institutions at a time of great adversity. Today, the foundation that bears his name, has undertaken to honor the president and keep his ideological legacy.

title: Josep Irla


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Talk:Willows High School

Old deletion debate
For an October 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Willows High School

Barbie time
Are they really forty years old or is "Barbie time" a kind of frozen time? --Daniel C. Boyer 13:52, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I would question the validity of the statement that Barbie's high school is the "Scene of a number of drug busts", especially as I am unable to find any proof for this assertion. --AEton

title: Talk:Willows High School