text:
Othmar Spann

Othmar Spann (1 October 1878 – 8 July 1950) was a conservative Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist. His radical anti-liberal and anti-socialist views, based on early 19th century Romantic ideas expressed by Adam Müller et al. and popularized in his books and lecture courses, helped antagonise political factions in Austria during the interwar years.

Early life
Othmar Spann was the son of Josef Spann, a manufacturer and inventor. He grew up in Altmannsdorf, a suburban area of Vienna, Austria. He had three siblings and after the early death of his mother, his father was no longer able to provide for the family. From the age of 12 Spann therefore grew up with his maternal grandmother, whose husband was a former sergeant and whose military-oriented lifestyle was in contrast to that of his father. He attended a Bürgerschule and graduated in 1898. Afterwards, he studied philosophy at the University of Vienna, followed by political sciences of Zürich and Bern. He received his doctorate in political science from the University of Tübingen in 1903.

From 1903 to 1907, Spann worked for the "Center for Private Welfare Service" in Frankfurt. He was responsible for empirical studies of this population of workers. By the end of 1904 Spann, along with Hermann Beck and Hanns Dorn founded a newspaper called "Critical Pages for the whole Social Sciences".

On October 17, 1906, Spann married the poet Erika Spann-Rheinsch (1880–1967), with whom he had sons Adalbert Spann (1907–1942) and Rafael Spann (1909–1983). The grave of Othmar Spann and his wife has been preserved at the local cemetery in Bergwerk.

In 1907, Spann wrote his "Habilitation in Political Economy" for the Hochschule in Brünn. From 1907 to 1909, he was given the position of "Privatdozent" which allowed him to teach and collect fees from students. As early as 1908, Spann began working as the full-time imperial-royal vice-secretary of the statistic central commission in Vienna. He was given the position of creating a new census for Austria between 1909 and 1910.

In 1909 he was appointed to the German Technical University in Brno as an extraordinary professor, and from 1911 to 1919 as a full professor of economics and statistics.

From 1914 to 1918, during the First World War, Spann was a first lieutenant of the reserve. He was injured during the Battle of Lemberg, (now Lviv, Ukraine) on 27 August 1914. When he recovered he was first a commander of a company of Russian prisoners and then until later in 1918 he was given a position on the "scientific committee for wartime economy" with the war Ministry in Vienna.

In 1919, at the instigation of the Austrian Minister of Education Emerich Czermak, he was appointed full professor of economics and social studies at the University of Vienna, where he was supposed to form a philosophical counter-position to Austro-Marxism. The city of Vienna was considered a stronghold of Austro-Marxist positions, and at the law faculty they represented the dominant university philosophy. With the appointment of Spann, the Christian-social teaching administration aimed to create an ideological bulwark against Austrian social democracy and Bolshevism. With his 1920 lecture series entitled The True State, Spann began to set the direction for his corporatist theory, universalism. In 1921 the lectures were published in book form under the same title. In his work, he developed a holistic theory based on Adam Heinrich Müller. The anti-democratic and anti-Marxist ideas propagated in it were particularly popular with German nationalist and conservative Catholic student groups in Austria and the Sudetenland and he quickly rose to a cult figure.

Spann was popular with students, not only for his lectures which would spill out into the hallways at the University, but also for mid-summer festivals which he would hold in the woods where he would teach that "the ability to intuit essences was nurtured by jumping over the fire..." (Caldwell 2004, 138-9)

Activism and career
In 1928 he also became a board member of the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (KfdK).The first public event of the Kampfbund took place on February 23, 1929 in the auditorium maximum of the University of Munich, where he gave a speech about the cultural crisis of the present, which was well received in the media at the time. Spann called for the authoritarian corporate state as a “third way” between democracy and Marxism. However, due to differences with the organization’s leadership, he was expelled from the Kampfbund in 1931.

From 1933 he was editor of the Ständisches Leben magazine, which was closely related to Nazism. He supported the burning of books, but not the extent of anti-Semitism. Beginning in 1935, his ideas were increasingly attacked by Nazi organs. Between 1936 and 1938, when the NSDAP was banned in Austria, there was an illegal printing shop in his castle in Bergwerk.

Repeatedly, Spann tried to draw the ruling powers' attention to his authoritarian theory of a corporate state, which he thought should be introduced immediately for the benefit of all. Around 1930, he also joined the Nazi Party. In 1933 the Austro-Hungarian social philosopher Karl Polanyi wrote that Spann had given Fascism its first comprehensive philosophical system, and that his idea of anti-individualism had become its guiding principle.

Spannian universalism
Spann's authoritarian-corporate holistic doctrine of universalism (also known as Spannism) was based on an ontological metaphysics that Spann created by connecting various lines of thought from politics, social science and economics. In terms of the history of ideas, his universalism was essentially based on Plato's theory of ideas, medieval German mysticism, Hegel's idealism and the philosophy of romanticism. He published works from these schools of thought in his multi-volume anthology Die Herdflamme.

Spann saw the most important task of universalism in “overcoming individualistic social and economic theory”. During his academic career, Spann wrote numerous socio-political writings, of which his work The True State of 1921 is considered the most important. The term spannism is also used for universalism. In it he developed a “social model based on medieval guilds, structured by estates and characterized by hierarchy, which, instead of equal voting rights for the citizens, knew the election of a supreme leader by the leaders of the diverse, structured masses and associations.”  According to Spann, the people were neither constituted by the state, nor by race or language, but only through a "spiritual community". Spann saw this in the Germans in their ethnic “people” and their “people’s property”. This universalistic-idealistic social doctrine was directed against rationalism, liberalism, materialism and Marxism and called for a reorganization of state and society on a professional basis (corporate state).

The universalist teachings of Spann did not describe the world as an atomistic structure in the sense of market theory, but as an organic structure in the sense of structure theory. Within this organic whole, in which "each individual member could only be adequately defined in relation to the unit superior to it", the hierarchically structured social unit took precedence over the individual. Spann thought of the economic system in a tiered structure with the world economy at the top, which is further subdivided in descending order into national economies, regional economies, business associations, companies and individual economists.

Notable students

 * Oskar Morgenstern
 * Friedrich Hayek, winner of the 1974 Nobel prize
 * Eric Voegelin

Removal from teaching
Although to a large degree in tune with the Zeitgeist, he repeatedly met with disapproval until, in 1938, right after the Anschluss, he was briefly imprisoned by the Nazis and eventually barred from his professorship at the University of Vienna, which he had held since 1919.

In 1938 he was arrested and allegedly interned for four months in the Dachau concentration camp, where he is said to have contracted serious eye problems as a result of the abuse. A detention in the Dachau concentration camp could not be proven in the archives.

Living as a recluse till the end of the war, Spann tried to get his university post back in 1945, aged 67. However, he was not allowed to resume his teaching and died in 1950, disappointed and embittered.

Economics
According to Helmut Woll (1994), Othmar Spann is considered "the most influential economist of the Weimar period". Woll attributes Spann's universalism to the history of dogma.

Austrian representative of the Conservative Revolution
According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, Spann applies to his corporate state theory as an Austrian representative of the ultra-nationalist Conservative Revolution. Pfahl-Traughber counts Spann as part of this intellectual current because of his positions, specifically as a representative of the young conservatives. According to Pfahl-Traughber, unlike many other conservative revolutionaries, Spann's corporate state theory provided a "concrete and comprehensive counter-proposal to the rejected democratic constitutional state". As an intellectual living and working in Austria, he only played a limited role in the formation and development of the Conservative Revolution, but his thinking also helped shape its main protagonists such as Edgar Julius Jung. Karl Bruckschwaiger (2005) assigns Othmar Spann's thinking to the Conservative Revolution, as defined in Rolf Peter Sieferle's work.

Placement and influence in political Catholicism
The universalists around Spann are assigned to the socio-romantic currents within political Catholicism, all of which represented "more or less backward-looking, oriented towards romanticism, feudalism and urban economy" views. In addition to the universalists around Spann, the groups around Anton Orel, Karl Lugmayer, Joseph Eberle and Ernst Karl Winter also count among the social romantics. In doing so, Spann rose with his direction in the interwar period "to the decisive exponent of the socio-romantic world of ideas". Jonas Hagedorn (2016) emphasizes that Spann's authoritarian-corporatist model of society is only one of a total of three variants of corporatism represented by political Catholicism. In sharp contrast to anti-democratic and centralist universalism were the variants of free corporatism, represented by the Catholic socialists in the social-democratic concept of economic democracy and by the solidarists.

Relationship to Fascism and Nazism
According to Reinhold Knoll (2005), Spann never identified himself as a fascist or Nazi. He had become the “central figure” of a “new Catholic”, “conservative right” in Germany and Austria. According to Knoll, Spann had the ambition to become the “ideologue of a 'new Germany'” but was clearly inferior to his Nazi opponent Alfred Rosenberg. Helmut Woll also sees Spann in contrast to German Nazism. Woll argues that Spann "proclaimed a more than hundred-year-old Counter-Reformation through his universalism." According to Woll, Spann “essentially only aimed against atheistic individualism, not against Christianity”. Spann used the term universalism in the sense Aristotle understood: "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In contrast, according to Alfred Rosenberg, Nazism was directed against the individual in general and demanded the "primacy of race" - for the Nazis, "race" was the universal. "Although Spann and Rosenberg used the term universalism," Woll states, "they mean completely different things by it."

Influence in Austria
Jonas Hagedorn (2016) judges that Spann's apprenticeship intellectually paved the way for the Austrian Dollfuss-Schuschnigg government. Spann's universalism was also able to have a certain influence on German political Catholicism. In particular, the Catholic Academic Association declared Spann's teaching to be its doctrine. According to Walter Euchner et al. (2000), Spann had "considerable influence [sic!]" on Catholicism in German-speaking countries. Robert Kriechbaumer states in a similar way(2005) that Spann became “the eloquent and influential prophet of political neo-romanticism” in Austria’s First Republic, whose corporate-authoritarian, anti-liberal ideas influenced academic youth “to a considerable extent.” Stefan Breuer (1995) describes Spann as the "leader of the Catholic Right". Emmerich Tálos (2013) attests Spann to have “theoretically underpinned the criticism of the parliamentary representative system and of the parties as well as the efforts made in connection with the economic crisis to find an authoritarian solution for mediating state and social interests.” Universalism has not been implemented in Austria in terms of realpolitik, but has "contributed significantly" to the content of the estate discussion. In this way, Spann had an indirect influence on the Home Guard and, via Ignaz Seipel, on the Christian Social Party.

From 1929, Spann was close to the Home Guard, especially the Styrian Homeland Security Service, with whose leader Walter Pfrimer he also appeared at events and whose publishing house published his essay Die Irrungen des Marxismus. Spann's close associate Walter Heinrich became head of the federal organization of the Austrian Home Guard in 1930 and is considered the author of the Korneuburg Oath. Hans Riehl (social scientist), another student of Spann, also served as propaganda director for the federal association. Heinrich founded the Comradeship Association for national and socio-political education (KB), through which Spann's teachings decisively shaped the political movement of the Sudeten Germans before 1938. Its members were also known as the Spannkreis.

Spann, especially in his book The True State, developed the idea of an authoritarian and largely static organization of a corporate society directed against parliamentary democracy and the labor movement alike. The estates, which were conceived as compulsory professional organizations, were given extensive state sovereign rights and the workers were subject to the rule of the "business leaders". His positions mediated “between the intellectual tradition of socially conservative ideologies and the practice of fascist mass movements. … The conglomerate of clerico-romantic and German-nationalist ideologemes,” according to historian Willibald Holzer, “as it was based on Spann’s recourse to both romantic-clerical and national-imperialist traditions, is essential to Spann’s turn to Italian fascism, the German National Socialists, and all three Austrian fascisms favored and its integrative function within the Austrian right made possible in the first place." and closely tied to the traditions of political Catholicism from Seipel to Dollfuss.

In relation to his biography, the historian and ÖVP politician Geraldario regards Spann as an atypical representative of the Austrian intelligentsia in the 20th century: “He had resisted being taken over by the corporate state and the Nazi dictatorship, but despite the physical injuries he suffered in the concentration camp impairments – he was considered persona non grata in the Second Republic. This manifests an atypical career: Spann managed to be unpopular in three consecutive different phases of Austrian politics."

Influence in Slovakia
Spann's corporative-authoritarian doctrine also exerted a "great attraction" on the clerical-nationalist party wing of the Ludak party in Slovakia. It was initially taken over by the radical Catholic circle of intellectuals around the magazine Nástup (“The Inauguration”) and then also represented by the later party leader Jozef Tiso. The state ideology of the Slovak State, as formulated by party ideologist Štefan Polakovič in 1939 and 1941, was inspired to a significant extent by Spann's teachings.

Major works

 * Der wahre Staat (The True State, 1921)
 * Kategorienlehre (1924).
 * Der Schöpfungsgang des Geistes (1928).
 * Gesellschaftsphilosophie (1932).
 * Naturphilosophie (1937).
 * Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (1947).
 * Die Haupttheorien der Volkswirtschafts' Lehre (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer 1949).

title: Othmar Spann


text:
Talk:Epistle to the Galatians

NPOV dispute
User:CheeseDreams added the NPOV disclaimer to this article, which says "Please see its talk page." So what elements are disputed? – Quadell (talk) (help)  01:20, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Title of this article
This article should be renamed "Epistle to the Galatians". All the other epistles have similar titles (Epistle to the Philippians, etc.). Right now, Epistle to the Galatians redirects to Epistle to Galatians, and this should be reversed.

Does anyone disagree? yes i do disagree

By the way, I'm not volunteering to do this myself. A conscientious title-change requires changing all the pages that link to the old name. Currently there are 109 links to "Epistle to Galatians" and only 18 to "Epistle to the Galatians"! Lawrence King 1 July 2005 07:49 (UTC)

Authorship of Galatians
"From the mid-20th century to the present, virtually all Biblical scholars have accepted that Galatians is a genuine writing of Paul. See Authorship of the Pauline Epistles for more details." Lawrence King has tacked this onto the article. Does anyone think that this is an honest statement of the current view? --Wetman 9 July 2005 04:38 (UTC)

 * This is certainly honest even if it's wrong. If you take a look at the edits I have made to any religion-related pages, I am a fanatic for NPOV.

 * An excellent starting point when researching this is "Introduction to the New Testament" by Raymond Brown. Surveying the literature produced by academic scholars, Brown estimates that "80 to 90 percent" of scholars believe that 1 Tim, 2 Tim, and Titus are not by Paul (pg. 654), and that 80% of scholars believe Ephesians is not by Paul (pg. 621).  In other words, Brown is no "fundamentalist" and he is trying to represent a scholarly consensus, not just his own views.  Yet he is not aware of any scholars today who dispute the authenticity of Galatians (pg. 468).

 * Do you know of any scholars since 1920 who think Galatians is pseudepigraphal? Lawrence King 9 July 2005 18:37 (UTC)

'' 'No, no!' said the Queen. 'Sentence first - verdict afterwards.'

'' 'Stuff and nonsense!' said Alice loudly. 'The idea of having the sentence first!' ''

Rather than just announcing the decision, couldn't someone more knowledgable than I give the article a sentence or two just explaining how this consensus has been reached, for those of us from less authoritarian backgrounds. Why and how the conclusion has been reached is often more telling for us than the conclusion itself. Brown's assessment would make an excellent addition to this article. When doubters did doubt Galatians, what raised their doubts? Does Brown discuss them? Those "percentages" don't inspire confidence: if something has been "voted down" in this fashion, may we know what the question was? The linked article Authorship of the Pauline Epistles also just announces the verdict and does not in fact produce any of the promised details. --Wetman 21:32, 9 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hopefully a third person will join in. In the meantime, I'll attempt to answer your question.

 * Ferdinand C. Baur was one of the pioneers of the historical-critical method. The main methods and criteria he introduced are still in use today.  The most important of these are:

 * Language and style: the vocabulary, sentence structure, etc.  For example, Ephesians uses extremely long complex sentences, unlike many other letters of Paul.
 * Contents and theology: What does the writer believe about the Law?  ("abolished" in Ephesians, but not in Romans).  What is the main emphasis?  (faith, in Romans & Galatians; proper behavior in 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus).  Who was Jesus?  Is Jesus returning soon?  (1 Thess seems to say yes; 2 Thess seems to say no.)  Are the leaders of the church important?  (Galatians seems to disparage the church leaders; 1 Timothy teaches that bishops and deacons are important.)
 * Historical setting: We know quite a bit about Paul's life in Acts of the Apostles.  Does this letter fit in with that?  Galatians, Romans, the Corinthian letters, the Thessalonian letters fit very well in the framework of Acts.  On the other hand, Titus and 2 Timothy mention visits to Crete and Nicopolis, plus an extra visit to Ephesus, and these aren't mentioned in Acts.

 * The difficult thing is to use all of these together. For example, suppose two letters use similar vocabulary.  Does that mean they were both written by Paul?  Or maybe they were both written the same non-Paul writer?

 * Around 1840, Baur concluded that only four of the letters bearing Paul's name were genuine. But Baur was only one person, and his application of his own methods was not perfect.  Hilgenfeld (1875) and Holtzmann (1885) used the same methods as Baur, but reached different conclusions:  they each concluded that exactly seven of Paul's letters were genuine.  This wasn't a rejection of Baur, but rather a further development of his methods.  Scholars had spent four decades analyzing the letters for vocabulary and history, and had learned more about them. In the late 20th century, scholars even did computer analyses of the vocabulary (what verbs, articles, terms were used).  Although the letters aren't long enough for a truly reliable statistical study, the statistics suggest that the list of seven genuine letters is probably correct.

 * So today, nearly all scholars in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, France, and the Low Countries agree that the letters 1 Cor, 2 Cor, Romans, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon are genuine. These are usually called the "undisputed" letters in the scholarly literature.

 * Why these seven? They all share common themes, and a common emphasis, and common verbiage.  Paul's teaching about the Jewish Law, about Jesus, about faith, and about other subjects in these letters is quite similar.  They all fit into the journeys depicted in Acts.

 * Most scholars think the Pastorals (1 Tim, 2 Tim, Titus) were not written by Paul, and most scholars also think Ephesians was not by Paul. Even if you don't read Greek, you can read these letters in a fairly literal English translation (like the [New] Revised Standard Version or the [New] Jerusalem Bible), and you will see some of the differences.

 * Colossians is more disputed, since it has some features in common with Ephesians and other features in common with Philemon. 2 Thessalonians is an odd case, and is very disputed -- in terms of its vocabulary, it is very similar to 1 Thessalonians.  But in terms of its theology, it seems to contradict 1 Thess about whether Jesus is returning soon.  (It's possible to reconcile the two letters' teaching, so not everyone accepts this argument -- but on the surface, 1 Thess seems to say that Jesus will return soon with no warning, and 2 Thess seems to say that Jesus won't return until after a number of historical events take place first.  It was mostly in reaction to this that some Protestants in the 19th century invented the idea of the "Rapture", which basically means Jesus returns twice -- once secretly and once publicly -- thus reconciling the two letters.  There are other explanations as well, but many historians simply say that there is a contradiction here.)

 * This entire procedure is subject to criticism. It's possible that Paul didn't dictate his letters literally, but just gave a loose outline to his scribe -- in that case, a different scribe's writing would sound different, but by ancient standards Paul would still be considered the author because the ideas were his.  It's possible that Paul went on an additional journey after the end of Acts, and the Pastoral letters refer to events during that journey.  And it's possible that a really good forger could have imitated Paul's style perfectly, or that Paul's own style could have changed as he got older.  It's possible his own views could have changed, so even if two letters disagree with each other they could both be by Paul.  Based on these arguments, some critical scholars, such as Luke Timothy Johnson, agree with Baur's methods and yet still believe that Paul wrote all 13 letters bearing his name.  But in general, Bible experts are divided into two groups:  those who believe for scholarly reasons that Paul wrote the seven "undisputed" letters, and those who believe for religious reasons that the Bible can't be in error when it uses Paul's name and therefore all 13 letters are written by him. (Lawrence King)

 * Now that's what we should be reading in the article itself! --Wetman 08:24, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

unclear on antinomianism
I think that these two conflict a bit:

"He reminds the Galatians of the "law-free"[citation needed] gospel (see also Antinomianism), he has preached to them."

"Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction, followed by 5; 6:1–10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom. For example, it is clear that some took "freedom in Christ" as justification of antinomianism."

- The second seems to assert that he is responding and correcting those who followed Antinomianism, whereas the first asserts that he preached it.

--Tmcw 03:26, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

3:28
Should mention verse 3:28, which has been used in several contexts in recent decades... AnonMoos (talk) 16:31, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Sociology Research
What research is this? Castravalva (talk) 15:35, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Authenticity
I think the most recent change is unnecessary, or at the very least needs to be re-worded. A Georgian (talk) 15:43, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I've reverted it. Carl.bunderson (talk) 03:33, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you A Georgian (talk) 12:44, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Dates?
In this whole section there is not mentioned any actual dates for the corresponding theories. Even if they are speculative I think it would be helpful to put what years are usually offered as being the time of composition.--76.31.242.174 (talk) 01:29, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I've added what I could find. Carl.bunderson (talk) 08:22, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

I noticed this sentence: "The events mentioned in Galatians 2:1-10 fit perfectly to this part of Acts" in the section "The Earliest Epistle." This is an opinion (though it may be a very good opinion). As such I think it needs to be rephrased by citing a scholar. Otherwise it's essentially original research by whoever wrote this sentence. Unless I hear an objection then, I'll change it to read "the events mentioned in Gal. 2:1-10 seem to fit this part of Acts well." It would be better to cite a scholar, but I don't know who thinks this! :-)

Elsteve9 (talk) 04:21, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

There is an internal inconsistency: "Scholars generally date the original composition to c. 50-60 A.D. [4]" and "Biblical scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s.[5]" 41.232.212.31 (talk) 17:16, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

I agree with the above comment. I intend to remove this statement. Today I sat with some academic sources (books) and fleshed out some of the different theories regarding the dating of Galatians, which make it clear that there is no consensus which "Biblical scholars agree..." implies. That agreement doesn't exist! You can find dates ranging from 47ish to 58ish. If no one objects, I intend to fix this on 1/24/12. That is a week from today.

Elsteve9 (talk) 00:44, 18 January 2012 (UTC)

Acts 6:22
Doesn't exist. I deleted that reference in the North Galatians section; maybe whoever wrote that meant Acts 6-7 in general? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.122.247.217 (talk) 01:41, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

There is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large.
Why is this sentence under a section entitled "authenticity"? This is an assertive statement of a theological dispute that has nothing to do with the authenticity section. Even if it was an uncontested chronological marker, the way the sentence is written does not lead the reader to distinguish the sentence as such. I am deleting this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dondoolee (talk • contribs) 22:36, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

The rewording is better, but can you find a Catholic, Orthodox, or Coptic source that says there was no developed organization within the church in the lifetime of Paul? I will wait a few days for a response. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dondoolee (talk • contribs) 17:25, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I have no stake in the statement, it is just that I could see why it was there. If it is vulnerable because it is unsourced, I agree with you.  That is not the only unsourced item.  I think that once upon a time the statement may have been sourced, but the source removed during its revision history. A Georgian (talk) 01:26, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * For what it is worth, the source of the statement is: Revision as of 08:55, 29 July 2005 (edit) (undo)Wetman (talk | contribs) (disambiguations; locating Galatia more accurately; reducing multiple linkings;)A Georgian (talk) 20:24, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

Re "Galatians" redirect
Why does the word "Galatians" redirect to the page on the Gauls, when obviously the vast majority using this term are looking for this page?--Bigh Whigh (talk) 21:11, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Language
What language was it written in originally? I guess Greek, but Paul was a Roman Citizen, so Latin is not implausible; also the Galatians apparently had their own Gallic language. Even if the answer to this question is trivially obvious to ancient historians and Biblical scholars, it would be nice to have it stated here for the benefit of those who don't know. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.18.201.28 (talk) 06:07, 24 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd like to know this too, it should list the original language of Papyrus 46 and the years in which it got translated to other languages. HearthHOTS (talk) 19:20, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

"Judaizers"
Is the use of this term in the article borderline offensive? Would scare quotes help? The Wikipedia entry on the word states: "... the term Judaizers is typically used as a pejorative." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:304:B017:19D0:F057:99E1:1B1F:42C2 (talk) 16:11, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * The term Judaizers is a technical one in Bible study; I don't see how one could dispense with it A Georgian (talk) 16:48, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Epistle to the Romans which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:29, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Class project?
are you working on this as a class project in a university course? If so, can you ask your instructor to visit teach.wikiedu.org to get your class registered? Wiki Education has a lot of support materials for students doing assignments. --LiAnna (Wiki Ed) (talk) 15:41, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * If this is a class project about Wikipedia its administration is very, very poor. Wikipedia strongly discourages single-purpose accounts, yet that is entirely what is going on here.  Wikipedia strongly encourages good edit summaries, yet these are almost entirely absent. There wasn't even an "advance notice" a few days ahead; the first the rest of us knew about was a sudden avalanche of edits.  This does not endear it to the established community of Wikipedia editors. This assumed "class project" (if it is such) is very poorly managed. The teachers/lecturers have significantly mis-advised their students.  Whatever the pass/fail of the content, the project-admin seems badly substandard. Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:02, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Following the be bold principle, I'm going to propose a complete revert to the state just prior to this edit spree. And we should do this very soon (within two days?), before other genuine editors make "business as usual" changes that would be caught by such a move. Of course, if an established editor volunteers to do a careful, thorough, line-by-line analysis through the entire change-set, correcting any problems, they are welcome to propose that instead! Feline Hymnic (talk) 20:08, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Yes, this is a class project, and the students have done a fantastic job improving the content of what was previously a very idiosyncratic, strange entry on this epistle. I understand your complaint that edit summaries were not included, but a call to revert to the prior state makes no sense whatsoever. The article is far stronger now than it was before, with good sourcing. I would be happy to do a line edit, but to suggest a revert is certainly overkill. These students have all created new accounts for this assignment, and they will now all be prepared to be contributors to Wikipedia. Let's not discourage them by arbitrarily revering their helpful changes.Worldinfrontofthetech (talk) 02:03, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Are you the instructor? Can you reach out to my colleague Helaine Blumenthal at helaine@undefinedwikiedu.org to get you into our system? We offer training modules, assignment scaffolding, and a host of support resources to help you avoid challenges like this in the future if you plan to teach with Wikipedia again. --LiAnna (Wiki Ed)  (talk) 16:22, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to think there was a net addition to the quality of the page. While obviously a non-smooth implementation, I'm not sure reverting all the edits is going to ultimately lead to better outcomes here or elsewhere on the project. At this point the editor might be SPAs, but many editors join to fix something on a specific article. If they're going to be editing other pages, then they'll stop being SPAs quite quickly.
 * , if you're the instructor, can you let them know about a need to include edit summaries, as well as a preference for secondary (rather than primary) sources? [EC add-on: probably best you reach out to LiAnna's colleague first] Nosebagbear (talk) 16:27, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

Galatians
Cgsjhdbsx hi ex. Bags 2603:8080:2E00:2381:AD94:1097:E882:FBF8 (talk) 02:00, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Epistle to the Galatians


text:
Swan River Colony

The Swan River Colony, also known as the Swan River Settlement, or just Swan River, was a British colony established in 1829 on the Swan River, in Western Australia. This initial settlement place on the Swan River was soon named Perth, and it became the capital city of Western Australia.

The name was a pars pro toto for Western Australia. On 6 February 1832, the colony was renamed the Colony of Western Australia, when the colony's founding lieutenant-governor, Captain James Stirling, belatedly received his commission. However, the name Swan River Colony remained in informal use for many years.

European exploration

The first recorded Europeans to sight land where the city of Perth is now located were Dutch sailors. Most likely the first visitor to the Swan River area was Frederick de Houtman on 19 July 1619, travelling on the ships Dordrecht and  Amsterdam. His records indicate he first reached the Western Australian coast at latitude 32°20', which is approximately at Warnbro Sound. He did not land because of heavy surf, and so proceeded northwards without much investigation.

On 28 April 1656, Vergulde Draeck en route to Batavia (now Jakarta) was shipwrecked 107 km north of the Swan River near Ledge Point. Of the 193 on board, only 75 made it to shore. A small boat that survived the wreckage then sailed to Batavia for help, but a subsequent search party found none of the survivors. The wreck was rediscovered in 1963.

In 1658, three Dutch Republic ships, also partially searching for Vergulde Draeck visited the area. Waekende Boey under Captain S. Volckertszoon, Elburg under Captain J. Peereboom and Emeloort under Captain A. Joncke sighted Rottnest but did not proceed any closer to the mainland because of the many reefs. They then travelled north and subsequently found the wreck of Vergulde Draeck (but still no survivors). They gave an unfavourable opinion of the area partly due to the dangerous reefs.

The Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh was the next European in the area. Commanding three ships, Geelvinck, Nijptangh and Weseltje, he arrived at and named Rottnest on 29 December 1696, and on 10 January 1697 visited and named the Swan River. His ships could not sail up the river because of a sand bar at its mouth, so he sent out a sloop which even then required some dragging over the sand bar. They sailed until reaching mud flats probably near Heirisson Island. They saw some Aboriginal people but were not able to meet any close up. Vlamingh was also not impressed with the area, and this was probably the reason for a lack of Dutch exploration from then on.

In 1801, the French ships Géographe captained by Nicolas Baudin and Naturaliste captained by Emmanuel Hamelin visited the area from the south. While Géographe continued northwards, Naturaliste remained for a few weeks. A small expedition dragged longboats over the sand bar and explored the Swan River. They also gave unfavourable descriptions regarding any potential settlement due to many mud flats upstream and the sand bar (the sand bar wasn't removed until the 1890s when  O'Connor built Fremantle harbour).

Later in March 1803, Géographe, with another ship Casuarina, passed by Rottnest on their way eventually back to France, but did not stop longer than a day or two.

The next visit to the area was the first Australian-born maritime explorer, Phillip Parker King in 1822 on Bathurst. King was also the son of former Governor Philip Gidley King of New South Wales. However, King also was not impressed with the area.

Background to the settlement
The founding father of Western Australia was Captain James Stirling who, in 1827, explored the Swan River area in HMS Success (1825) which first anchored off Rottnest, and later in Cockburn Sound. He was accompanied by Charles Fraser, the New South Wales botanist.

Their initial exploration began on 8 March in a cutter and gig with parties continuing on foot from 13 March. In late March, HMS Success (1825) moved to Sydney, arriving there on 15 April. Stirling arrived back in England in July 1828, promoting in glowing terms the agricultural potential of the area. His lobbying was for the establishment of a free settlement – unlike penal colonies at New South Wales, Port Arthur and Norfolk Island – in the Swan River area with himself as its governor. As a result of these reports, and a rumour in London that the French were about to establish a penal colony in the western part of Australia, possibly at Shark Bay, the Colonial Office assented to the proposal in mid-October 1828.

In December 1828, a Secretary of State for Colonies despatch reserved land for the Crown, as well as for the clergy, and for education, and specified that water frontage was to be rationed. The most cursory exploration had preceded the British decision to found a settlement at the Swan River; the most makeshift arrangements were to govern its initial establishment and the granting of land; and the most sketchy surveys were to be made before the grants were actually occupied. A set of regulations were worked out for distributing land to settlers based on land grants. Negotiations for a privately run settlement were also started with a consortium of four gentlemen headed by Potter McQueen, a member of Parliament who had already acquired a large tract of land in New South Wales. The consortium withdrew after the Colonial Office refused to give it preference over independent settlers in selecting land, but one member, Thomas Peel, accepted the terms and proceeded alone. Peel was allocated 500,000 acres, conditional on his arrival at the settlement before 1 November 1829 with 400 settlers. Peel arrived after this date with only 300 settlers, but was still granted 250,000 acres.

Events of the settlement
The first ship to reach the Swan River was HMS Challenger (1826). After she anchored off Garden Island on 25 April 1829 and then in Cockburn Sound on 27 April, Captain Charles Fremantle declared the Swan River Colony for Britain on 2 May.

Parmelia arrived in Cockburn Sound on 2 June carrying Stirling and his party, and HMS Sulphur (1826) arrived on 8 June carrying members of the 63rd Regiment and families. Three merchant ships arrived shortly after: Calista on 5 August, St Leonard on 6 August and Marquis of Anglesea on 23 August.

A series of accidents followed the arrivals which probably nearly caused the abandonment of the expedition. Challenger and Sulphur both struck rocks while entering Cockburn Sound and were fortunate to escape with only minor damage. Parmelia however, under Stirling's "over confident pilotage", also ran aground, lost her rudder and damaged her keel, which necessitated extensive repairs. With winter now set in, the settlers were obliged to land on Garden Island. Bad weather and the required repairs meant that Stirling did not manage to reach the mainland until 18 June, and the remaining settlers on Parmelia finally arrived in early August. In early September a major disaster occurred: Marquis of Anglesea was driven ashore during a gale and wrecked beyond repair. The ship did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first prison hulk.

The first reports of the new colony arrived back in England in late January 1830. They described the poor conditions and the starving state of the colonists, deemed the land totally unfit for agriculture, and reported (incorrectly) that the settlers had abandoned the colony. As a result of these reports, many people cancelled their migration plans or diverted to Cape Town in South Africa, or to the more well-established New South Wales colony.

Nevertheless, a few settlers arrived and additional stores were dispatched. By 1832 the population of the colony had reached about 1,500. Aboriginal people were not counted at that time, but in the south west have been estimated to number 15,000. The difficulty of clearing land to grow crops was so great that by 1850 the population of settlers had increased only to 5,886. This population had settled mainly around the southwestern coastline at Bunbury, Augusta and Albany.

Karl Marx, in Das Kapital, used the Swan River Colony to illustrate a point about the necessity of a dependent workforce for capitalist production and colonisation.

title: Swan River Colony


text:
Petite Riviere Bridge, Nova Scotia

Petite Rivière  is a rural community on Route 331 in Lunenburg County on the South Shore of Nova Scotia in Canada. It was formerly known as Petite Rivière Bridge.

The Nova Scotia tourism office refers to route 331 as the Lighthouse Route, a scenic drive along Nova Scotia's south shore, known not only for its lighthouses, but for its white sand beaches, historic settlements, and spectacular ocean views. Petite Riviere's year-round population of about 200 swells during the summer when occupants of vacation houses, cottage renters, and campers arrive. There are no hotels or large restaurants here, but about fifteen minutes away in Bridgewater there are supermarkets, banks, a hospital, doctors, and other services.

The village of Petite Riviere lines both sides of the river which bears the same name. Early French settlers gave the river its name in contrast to the nearby much larger LaHave River. Samuel de Champlain arrived in the area in 1604 and mapped the offshore islands which are still sparsely settled despite their beauty and proximity to the mainland. Native Mi'kmaq had a summer encampment in Petite before the 17th Century, and they were followed by a few French Acadians whose community did not survive for long. Today a small burying ground contains the remains of both Acadians and natives.

When the English had control of Nova Scotia in the mid-eighteenth century, they brought in many Palatine Germans to settle the area around today's Lunenburg. Some of these people and their descendants along with some English spread out to settle in adjacent areas such as Petite Riviere. The river provided access to the Atlantic Ocean. This access encouraged fishing and boat-building. By the nineteenth century tourists began flocking to Petite to enjoy its beaches and scenery

Today the center of the village is at the crossroad of Route 331 and Green Bay Road. Here the General Store supplies the everyday needs of residents and tourists and is the morning gathering place for coffee and conversation. Across the road is the local volunteer fire department which not only provides fire and emergency services but is a meeting hall for local groups and serves public breakfasts, suppers, and the occasional wedding reception. There are two other commercial buildings at this intersection as well as the Petite Villa, which before its renovation was the post office for Petite Riviere Bridge, Canada Post's official name for the community. An elementary school occupies a large lot not too far away, and two churches serve the village.

From the village center route 331 leads across the river and curves along the shore past Risser's Beach, a provincial campground which offers a long beach, a canteen, and a boardwalk above the marsh. The route continues to Crescent Beach on which cars are allowed for the convenience of sail boarders, paddle boarders, swimmers, and photographers. At the end of the beach a narrow bridge carries cars to the LaHave Islands where a museum welcomes visitors and displays a history of the islands.

In the other direction from the village center Green Bay Road wanders along the western shore of the river until it reaches Green Bay on the ocean. Waterfront houses line Green Bay Road as it leaves the village center. At the intersection of the road with Drew's Hill Road, a cluster of elegant Victorian houses attests to the local prosperity of that era. Further along are summer cottages of many types, a group of short-term rental cottages, another beach, and a canteen. Where the road ends for automobiles a remnant of an old road provides an oceanside pathway for hikers to walk all the way to the next village.

The Petite Rivière is itself the primary reason people have been attracted to this place for centuries. For the earliest native inhabitants the river provided fish and shellfish, fresh water, and a pleasant place to spend the summer. The French settlers found the same advantages, and the English and German settlers found it a good spot for sea-based enterprises. When tourists discovered the village, they found abundant Atlantic salmon in the river, white sand beaches for swimming, waters for canoes and rowboats, and oceanside scenery for viewing, photographing or painting.

Through the years, artists have flocked to Petite Rivière with their legacy being works of art demonstrating the village's beauty. In the 1920s J.E.H. MacDonald came to Petite Rivière with Lewis Smith and his sister Edith Smith. All were artists, and MacDonald was one of the famous Canadian Group of Seven. Together they created paintings of Petite Rivière's bridge, the ocean, United Church, and many other buildings. A 1990 exhibition at the Dalhousie Art Gallery in Halifax brought many of their paintings together for public view. (Dalhousie Art Gallery, 1990, ISBN 0-7703-0650-0). Later in the twentieth century John Cook and Joan Dewar added to the list of professional artists working in Petite Rivière. Today there are many more artists working in the area and it is not unusual to see both amateur and professional artists in the village. Resident professional artists include Tom Alway and Peter Blais who own the Maritime Painted Saltbox gallery. Here they display their own fine art and folk art and arrange shows of the works of other area artists. River House features the work of rug hookers who produce their own form of art. Mariner Craft is a historic store that manufactures and sells a distinctive style of glass and other Canadian crafts.

It is located between Rissers Beach Provincial Park and the community of Green Bay. The local people commonly call the village simply "Petite".

The bridge over the Petite Rivière was destroyed in 2002 and has been replaced by a single-lane "temporary" bailey bridge.

Petite Riviere Elementary School is located in the community and has approximately 90 pupils.

Samuel de Champlain is said to have given the river its name after landing at the location in the early 17th century.

title: Petite Riviere Bridge, Nova Scotia


text:
Asante dialect

Asante, also known as Ashanti, Ashante, or Asante Twi, is one of the principal members of the Akan dialect continuum. It is one of the three mutually intelligible dialects of Akan which are collectively known as Twi, the others being Bono and Akuapem. There are over 11 million speakers of the Asante language, mainly concentrated in Ghana and southeastern Cote D'Ivoire, and especially in and around the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

Writing system
The Ashanti used Adinkra in their daily lives. Adinkra Nkyea is a writing system based on the Adinkra symbols

title: Asante dialect


text:
Panhala

Panhala (Pronunciation: [pənʱaːɭa]) is a city and a Hill station Municipal Council (3177 feet above sea level) 18 km northwest of Kolhapur, in Kolhapur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Panhala is the smallest city in Maharashtra and being a Municipal Council the city is developing rapidly. The city sprawls in the Panhala fort commands a panoramic view of the valley below. The main historical attraction here is the Panhala fort. There are many places of interest, each with its share of haunting anecdotes.

History
The history of Panhala is closely linked with the history of the Maratha empire, and with its founder, Chatrapati Shivaji Raje. Panhala is the only fort where Shivaji spent more than 500 days, other than his childhood homes. It was Maratha State capital until 1782 and in 1827 it became part of the British Empire.

This imposing fort, 20 km northwest of Kolhapur, is built on an outlying spur of the Sahyadris, rising more than 400 m above plain, and is the largest of all the Deccan forts. The strategic importance of Panhala, guarding one of the principal routes through the Western Ghat, can be judged from its long and varied history. Built between 1178 and 1209, it first served as the headquarters of the Shilahara ruler Bhoja II, and subsequently passed into hands of the Yadavas. It was a favorite outpost of the Bahamanis of Bidar; Mahmud Gawan, the powerful prime minister, encamped here during the rainy season of 1469. By the beginning of the 16th century Panhala was absorbed into the kingdom of Bijapur. The Adil Shahis were responsible for strengthening and rebuilding the ramparts and gateways. The fort was raided by Shivaji in 1659, but it was not until 1673 that he was able to occupy it permanently.

After Sambhaji's death in 1689, it was captured by Aurangzeb. However, it was re-captured in 1692 by Kashi Ranganath Sarpotdar under the guidance of Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi. In 1701, Panhala was finally surrendered to Aurangzeb, and it was here that the Mughal Emperor received the English Ambassador, Sir William Norris. Within a few months, the fort was retaken by the Maratha forces under Pant Amatya Ramachandra. Tarabai who asserted her autonomy by founding an independent dynasty. In 1782, these rulers shifted their headquarters to Kolhapur. After a local rebellion in 1844, Panhala was taken by the British. More than 7 km of fortifications define the approximately triangular zone of Panhala fort. The walls are protected for long sections by steep escarpments, reinforced by a parapet with slit holes. The remaining sections have 5–9 m high ramparts, strengthened by round bastions. Unfortunately, the East Gate called Char Darawaja, through which the road passes on arrival at fort, was demolished by the British.

The fort has another satellite fort visible. It is said that there were wells full with Ghee to cure the soldiers. The well-known poet Moropant stayed here. Nearby are the Sambhaji temple, Someshwar temple, Teen Darwaza, and Raj Dindi, Sajja Kothi, Ambabai Temple, where Shivaji used to seek blessings before venturing on expeditions. Pavankhind, where Baji Prabhu Deshpande laid down his life to cover Shivaji's escape.

Parashar caves
Panhala was traditionally considered the residence of Maharishi Parashara. The Karvir or Kolhapur Puran, a modern (1730) compilation, mentions Panhala as Pannagalay (home of serpents). In old inscriptions, the name appears as Pranlak and Padmanal. These are supposed to be the caves where the sage Parashar lived. Moropant, an 18th-century Marathi poet, wrote most of his work in these caves. Moropant's birthplace is Panhala. These caves are mentioned in the Karvir Puraan as tirths (holy water).

Geography
Panhala is located at 16.82°N, 74.12°W. It has an average elevation of 754 metres (2473 feet). Panhala is connected via train and bus to Kolhapur and Sangli. Kolhapur is about 21 km away while Sangli is about 60 km. Kolhapur Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Train Terminus is just 20 km away. Sangli railway station is 60 km. Buses right from railway station to Panhala fort or you can also hire taxi or auto from Kolhapur to Panhala fort. You can also get plenty of auto rikshaw and taxi from Sangli railway station to Panhala.

Demographics
India census, Panhala had a population of 3450. Males constitute 57% of the population and females 43%. Panhala has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 88%, and female literacy is 76%. In Panhala, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Panhala Arboretum
Arboretum Site is R. S. No. 457 & 466 located along famous Teen Darwaja to Mangeshkar bungalow road. Area under plantation is 2.56 hectares. There are more than 3000 individuals of flowering plants. The planted species include trees (158 sps), shrubs (87 sps), grasses (7 sps), Perennial Herbs (19 sps), bamboos (6 sps), orchids (3 sps), palms (5 sps), climbers (33 sps), ferns (6 sps), pines (9 sps), cycads (2 sps). The activity itself is a Unique Activity in Maharashtra and is a joint venture of Panhala Municipal Council, Forest Department and Social Forestry.

Nearest Cities

 * Kolhapur - 21 km
 * Sangli - 60 km

Nearby Railway Stations

 * Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus Kolhapur - 21 km
 * Sangli railway station - 60 km

title: Panhala


text:
Chu

Chu or CHU may refer to:

Chinese history

 * Chu (state) (c. 1030 BC–223 BC), a state during the Zhou dynasty
 * Western Chu (206 BC–202 BC), a state founded and ruled by Xiang Yu
 * Chu Kingdom (Han dynasty) (201 BC–70 AD), a kingdom of the Han dynasty
 * Huan Chu (403–404), a state founded by Huan Xuan during the Eastern Jin dynasty
 * Ma Chu (907–951), a kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
 * Da Chu (1127), a puppet state installed by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty during the Jin–Song wars

Surnames

 * Chu (Chinese surname)
 * Zhu (surname) or Chu
 * Chu (Korean name)
 * Joo (Korean name) or Chu

Places

 * Hubei or Chu, a province of China
 * Hunan or Chu, a province of China
 * Chũ, a town and district capital in Bac Giang Province, Vietnam

Rivers

 * Chu River (Tributary of Wei River), a river of Ningxiang County, Hunan Province, China
 * Chu River (Anhui), a river in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, in China
 * Chu (river), a river in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan
 * Nam Sam River or Chu River, a river in eastern Laos and the North Central Coast region of Vietnam
 * Lục Nam River or Chũ River, a river in the Northeast region of Vietnam

Facilities and structures

 * Houston County Airport (Minnesota)'s IATA code
 * CHU (radio station), time signal, Ottawa, Canada
 * Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
 * Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Yaoundé (University Teaching Hospital of Yaounde), Cameroon
 * CHU UCLouvain Namur, a university hospital, Namur, Belgium

Music

 * "Chu" (song), a song by f(x)
 * Zhu (percussion instrument) or Chu, an ancient Chinese instrument

Other uses

 * Christelijk-Historische Unie or Christian-Historical Union, a former Protestant political party in the Netherlands
 * Containerized housing unit, a shipping container converted to living space
 * China Unicom's NYSE stock symbol CHU
 * Old Church Slavonic's ISO 639 alpha-3 code
 * Chu (Daoism), religious practices named chú (廚, "kitchen")
 * Centigrade Heat Unit, an obsolete measure of heat

title: Chu


text:
Genentech

Genentech, Inc. is an American biotechnology corporation headquartered in South San Francisco, California. It became an independent subsidiary of Roche in 2009. Genentech Research and Early Development operates as an independent center within Roche. Historically, the company is regarded as the world's first biotechnology company.

As of July 2021, Genentech employed 13,539 people.

History
The company was founded in 1976 by venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson and biochemist Herbert Boyer. Boyer is considered to be a pioneer in the field of recombinant DNA technology. In 1973, Boyer and his colleague Stanley Norman Cohen demonstrated that restriction enzymes could be used as "scissors" to cut DNA fragments of interest from one source, to be ligated into a similarly cut plasmid vector. While Cohen returned to the laboratory in academia, Swanson contacted Boyer to found the company. Boyer worked with Arthur Riggs and Keiichi Itakura from the Beckman Research Institute, and the group became the first to successfully express a human gene in bacteria when they produced the hormone somatostatin in 1977. David Goeddel and Dennis Kleid were then added to the group, and contributed to its success with synthetic human insulin in 1978.

In 1990 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG acquired a majority stake in Genentech.

In 2006 Genentech acquired Tanox in its first acquisition deal. Tanox had started developing Xolair and development was completed in collaboration with Novartis and Genentech; the acquisition allowed Genentech to keep more of the revenue.

In March 2009 Roche acquired Genentech by buying shares it didn't already control for approximately $46.8 billion.

In July 2014, Genentech/Roche acquired Seragon for its pipeline of small-molecule cancer drug candidates for $725 million cash upfront, with an additional $1 billion of payments dependent on successful development of products in Seragon's pipeline.

Research
Genentech is a pioneering research-driven biotechnology company that has continued to conduct R&D internally as well as through collaborations.

Genentech's research collaborations include:

 * In 2008 Genentech entered into a collaboration with Roche and its subsidiary GlycArt to develop obinutuzumab.
 * In February 2010 Genentech entered into a collaboration with University of California, San Francisco after having worked with them in about fifteen other collaborations, this time to collaborate on small molecule drug discovery in neurology.
 * In October 2014 Genentech paid $150M upfront to collaborate with Iowa-based NewLink Genetics on checkpoint inhibitors.
 * In June 2015 it entered into a wide-ranging partnership with The Data Incubator to help train and hire the next generation of data scientists at the company.
 * In January 2015 it signed a $60M deal with 23andMe that gave Genentech access to the genomic and patient-reported data held by 23andMe.
 * In October 2015 it started a collaboration with Nimbus Therapeutics to develop leads from Nimbus' in silico drug discovery platform.
 * In June 2016 Genentech partnered Epizyme to conduct clinical trials exploring whether Epizyme's EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat would be synergistic with Genentech's atezolizumab.
 * In August 2016, the company began a collaboration with Carmot Therapeutics in which Carmot will discover new candidates and Genentech will develop them.
 * In September 2016 Genentech partnered with the Israeli company BioLineRx on a checkpoint inhibitor that Genentech intended to pair with its own atezolizumab.

Facilities
Genentech's corporate headquarters are in South San Francisco, California (37.657°N, -122.379°W), with additional manufacturing facilities in Vacaville, California; Oceanside, California; and Hillsboro, Oregon. In March 2024, it was announced the Swiss pharmaceutical company, Lonza had acquired the Vacaville site from parent-company, Roche for $1.2 billion.

In December 2006, Genentech sold its Porriño, Spain, facility to Lonza and acquired an exclusive right to purchase Lonza's mammalian cell culture manufacturing facility under construction in Singapore. In June 2007, Genentech began the construction and development of an E. coli manufacturing facility, also in Singapore, for the worldwide production of Lucentis (ranibizumab injection) bulk drug substance.

In 2023, the company announced plans to close down its manufacturing facility in South San Francisco, while expanding its manufacturing capabilities in Oceanside.

Political lobbying
Genentech is a donor to the Center for Health Care Strategies, a non-governmental organization that lobbies the United States Government on issues related to Medicaid.

Genentech Inc Political Action Committee
Genentech Inc Political Action Committee is a U.S. Federal Political Action Committee (PAC), created to "aggregate contributions from members or employees and their families to donate to candidates for federal office".

Disputes
In November 1999, Genentech agreed to pay the University of California, San Francisco $200 million to settle a nine-year-old patent dispute. In 1990, UCSF sued Genentech for $400 million in compensation for alleged theft of technology developed at the university and covered by a 1982 patent. Genentech claimed that they developed Protropin (recombinant somatotropin/human growth hormone), independently of UCSF. A jury ruled that the university's patent was valid in July 1999, but wasn't able to decide whether Protropin was based upon UCSF research or not. Protropin, a drug used to treat dwarfism, was Genentech's first marketed drug and its $2 billion in sales has contributed greatly to its position as an industry leader. The settlement was to be divided as follows: $30 million to the University of California General Fund, $85 million to the three inventors and two collaborating scientists, $50 million towards a new teaching and research campus for UCSF, and $35 million to support university-wide research.

In 2009, The New York Times reported that Genentech's talking points on health care reform appeared verbatim in the official statements of several Members of Congress during the national health care reform debate. Two U.S. Representatives, Joe Wilson and Blaine Luetkemeyer, both issued the same written statements: "One of the reasons I have long supported the U.S. biotechnology industry is that it is a homegrown success story that has been an engine of job creation in this country. Unfortunately, many of the largest companies that would seek to enter the biosimilar market have made their money by outsourcing their research to foreign countries like India." The statement was originally drafted by lobbyists for Genentech.

Products timeline

 * 1982: Synthetic "human" insulin approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), partnered with insulin manufacturer Eli Lilly and Company, who shepherded the product through the FDA approval process. The product (Humulin) was licensed to and manufactured by Lilly, and was the first-ever approved genetically engineered human therapeutic.
 * 1985: Protropin (somatrem): Supplementary growth hormone for children with growth hormone deficiency (ceased manufacturing 2004).
 * 1987: Activase (alteplase): A recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPa) used to dissolve blood clots in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Also used to treat non-hemorrhagic stroke.
 * 1990: Actimmune (interferon gamma 1b): Treatment of chronic granulomatous disease (licensed to Intermune).
 * 1993: Nutropin (recombinant somatropin): Growth hormone for children and adults for treatment before kidney transplant due to chronic kidney disease.
 * 1993: Pulmozyme (dornase alfa): Inhalation treatment for children and young adults with cystic fibrosis—recombinant DNAse.
 * 1997: Rituxan (rituximab): Treatment for specific kinds of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 2006, also approved for rheumatoid arthritis.
 * 1998: Herceptin (trastuzumab): Treatment for metastatic breast cancer patients with tumors that overexpress the HER2 gene. Recently approved for adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. FDA also recently approved Trastuzumab for metastatic gastric cancer with HER2 receptor site positive.
 * 2000: TNKase (tenecteplase): "Clot-busting" drug to treat acute myocardial infarction.
 * 2003: Xolair (omalizumab): Subcutaneous injection for moderate to severe persistent asthma.
 * 2003: Raptiva (efalizumab): Antibody designed to block the activation and reactivation of T cells that lead to the development of psoriasis. Developed in partnership with XOMA. In 2009, voluntary U.S. market withdrawal after reports of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
 * 2004: Avastin (bevacizumab): Anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for the treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum. In 2006, also approved for locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.  In 2008, accelerated approval was granted for Avastin in combination with chemotherapy for previously untreated advanced HER2-negative breast cancer.  In 2009, Avastin gained its fifth approval for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, and sixth approval for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. It was most publicized for its approval in advanced breast cancer treatment, but the FDA approval for breast cancer treatment was subsequently revoked in November 2011.
 * 2004: Tarceva (erlotinib): Treatment for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
 * 2006: Lucentis (ranibizumab injection): Treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The FDA approved LUCENTIS after a Priority Review (six-month). Genentech started shipping product on June 30, 2006, the day the product was approved.
 * 2010: Actemra (tocilizumab): The first interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody approved to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
 * 2011: Zelboraf (vemurafenib): For the treatment of metastatic melanoma caused by BRAF mutation.
 * 2012: Erivedge (vismodegib): Treatment for advanced basal-cell carcinoma (BCC). A small molecule inhibitor that targets a key protein in the Hedgehog signaling pathway.  This is the first approved therapy for advanced BCC.
 * 2012: Perjeta (pertuzumab): For use in combination with Herceptin (trastuzumab) and docetaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with previously untreated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
 * 2013: Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab emtansine): The first Genentech antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to receive FDA approval. It consists of trastuzumab (Herceptin) linked to a cytotoxic agent mertansine (DM1), used in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
 * 2013: Gazyva (obinutuzumab): For use in combination with chlorambucil to treat patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Gazyva is the first drug with breakthrough therapy designation to receive FDA approval.
 * 2014: Esbriet (pirfenidone): An anti-fibrotic drug for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Developed by Intermune, Inc.
 * 2015: Cotellic (cobimetinib): For use in combination with ZELBORAF (vemurafenib), to treat metastatic melanoma caused by BRAF mutation.
 * 2015: Alecensa (alectinib): Treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
 * 2016: Venclexta (venetoclax): Treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have a chromosomal abnormality called 17p deletion and who have been treated with at least one prior therapy.
 * 2016: Tecentriq (atezolizumab): First-in-class anti-PD-L1 antibody for the treatment of advanced bladder cancer or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. Tecentriq was granted accelerated approval for its advanced bladder cancer indication due to promising phase II results.
 * 2017: Ocrevus (ocrelizumab): The first FDA-approved therapy that treats both relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). The PPMS form of the disease previously had no approved treatments.
 * 2017: Hemlibra (emicizumab): Treatment for haemophilia A. Developed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.
 * 2018: Xofluza (Baloxavir marboxil): Antiviral medication for treatment of influenza A and influenza B. Developed by Shionogi.
 * 2019: Polivy (Polatuzumab vedotin-piiq): Treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma when used in combination with bendamustine and rituximab.

Diversity and inclusion efforts
Led by Chief Diversity Officer, Quita Beeler Highsmith, Genentech also co-hosts the Health Equity Symposium, a collaboration with healthcare institutions and community organizations to address inequities among diverse populations.

In 2022, Genentech won the following awards for their diversity and inclusion efforts:

 * Forbes named Genentech one of “America's Best Employers for Diversity”
 * Forbes named Genentech one of “America’s Best Large Employers”
 * Human Rights Campaign Diversity scoring Genentech 100 on the “Corporate Equality Index”

Awards and recognitions

 * Fortune Magazine has listed Genentech on its "100 Best Companies To Work For" for 22 consecutive years, with a number one ranking on its 2006 list. The ranking has varied from number 1 to number 80 throughout the years. The ranking is based on anonymous employee responses to a survey as well as an evaluation of the company's policies and culture.
 * Genentech was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004, 2006-8 and 2010–11 by Working Mother Magazine.
 * It was named as one of the 100 best corporate citizens 2006 by the Business Ethics Magazine. The company participates in various policy and civic leadership groups, such as TechNet, and sponsors independent third-party research and publications, such as the journal Nature.
 * Genentech was named Top Employer by Science Magazine on October 7, 2010, where it has been recognized for nine consecutive years.
 * In March 2008, Genentech was named Most Admired Pharmaceutical Company by Fortune for the second consecutive year.
 * In July 2010, Genentech was named on the "Top 100 Best Places to Work in IT" list by ComputerWorld magazine.
 * In December 2008, Glassdoor.com rated the Genentech CEO Arthur D. Levinson as the "nicest" CEO of 2008 with a 93% approval rating.
 * Genentech was featured in the documentary film Something Ventured which premiered in 2011.
 * The Economist rated Genentech as the Most Innovative Corporation of 2013.

title: Genentech