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Catharine Beecher

Catharine Esther Beecher (September 6, 1800 – May 12, 1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. She published the advice manual The American Woman's Home with her sister Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1869. Some sources spell her first name as "Catherine".

Early life and education
Beecher was born September 6, 1800, in East Hampton, New York, the daughter of minister and religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Among her siblings were writer and abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe, along with clergymen Henry Ward Beecher and Charles Beecher. Beecher was educated at home until she was ten years old, when she was sent to Litchfield Female Academy in Litchfield, Connecticut. She taught herself subjects not commonly offered to women, including math, Latin, and philosophy.She took over the domestic duties of her household at the age of 16, following her mother's death. In 1821, Beecher founded a school for women in New Haven, Connecticut. Catharine was engaged to marry Alexander M. Fisher, head of the Mathematics Department at Yale College, but he died at sea before the wedding took place. She never married.

Female seminary
To provide educational opportunities for others, in 1823 Beecher and her sister, Mary Foote Beecher Perkins, co-founded the Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut, where she taught until 1832. The private girls' school had many well-known alumnae.

Comprehending the deficiencies of existing textbooks, she prepared, primarily for use in her own school, some elementary books in arithmetic, a work on theology, and one on mental and moral philosophy. The last was never published, although printed and used as a college textbook.

She was constantly making experiments, and practicing them upon the girls, weighing all their food before they ate it, holding that Graham flour and the Graham diet were better for them than richer food. Ten of her pupils invited her to dine with them at a restaurant. She accepted the invitation, and the excellent dinner changed her views. Thereafter they were served with more palatable food.

Opposition to Indian Removal Bill
In 1829 and 1830, Beecher led a women's movement to protest the Indian Removal Bill of President Andrew Jackson. The protest was the first national campaign on the part of women in the United States.

In the bill, Jackson requested that Congress approve the use of federal money to resettle southeastern American Indians, including the Cherokee, to land west of the Mississippi River. In response, Beecher published a "Circular Addressed to the Benevolent Ladies of the U. States", dated December 25, 1829, calling on women to send petitions to Congress protesting the removal. In the circular, she wrote, "It has become almost a certainty that these people are to have their lands torn from them, and to be driven into western wilds and to final annihilation, unless the feelings of a humane and Christian nation shall be aroused to prevent the unhallowed sacrifice."

Congress nevertheless passed the bill, and the Indian Removal Act became law on May 28, 1830.

Midlife in the West
In 1832, Beecher moved with her father to Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, where he became head of the new Lane Seminary, to campaign for more schools and teachers in the frontier. There she opened a female seminary, which, on account of her failing health, was discontinued after two years. She then devoted herself to the development of an extended plan for the physical, social, intellectual, and moral education of women, to be promoted through a national board. For nearly 40 years, she labored perseveringly in this work, organizing societies for training teachers, establishing plans for supplying the territories with good educators, writing, pleading, and traveling. Her object, as she described it, was "to unite American women in an effort to provide a Christian education for 2,000,000 children in our country." She made her field of labor especially in the West and South, and sought the aid of educated women throughout the United States.

Later life and death
In 1837, Beecher retired from administrative work. After returning East she started the Ladies' Society for Promoting Education in the West. In 1847 she co-founded the Board of National Popular Education with William Slade, a former Congressman and then governor of Vermont. In 1852 she founded the American Women's Educational Association. Their goal was to recruit and train teachers for frontier schools and send women into the West to civilize the young. Their efforts became a model for future schools developed in the West.

"Woman's great mission is to train immature, weak, and ignorant creatures to obey the laws of God; the physical, the intellectual, the social, and the moral."

It was claimed that hundreds of the best teachers the West received were sent under the patronage of this system. To a certain extent the plans succeeded, and were found beneficial, but the careers of the teachers were mostly short, for they soon married.

In The American Woman's Home, published in 1869, Beecher and her sister presented a model home from a woman's perspective. The kitchen was inspired by a cook's galley in a steamship. A movable partition on wheels provided flexibility and privacy in the small home, and also served as a wardrobe. Chapters of the book discussing ventilation and heating anticipated modern central heating.

On May 12, 1878, Beecher died from apoplexy.

Views on and advocacy of education
In 1841 Beecher published A Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, a book that discussed the underestimated importance of women's roles in society. The book was edited and re-released the following year in its final form. Catharine Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education in women's schooling, and developed a program of calisthenics performed to music.

In 1831, Catharine Beecher suggested that teachers read aloud to students from passages by writers with elegant styles, "to accustom the ear to the measurement of the sentences and the peculiar turns of expression". She went on to have the students imitate the piece just read using similar words, style, and turns of phrase in order to develop "a ready command of the language and easy modes of expression". In 1846, Beecher pronounced that women, not men, should educate children, and established schools for training teachers in Western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from the larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education, which was her idea, trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society. Along with a Treatise on Domestic Economy for the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School, Beecher also published The Duty of American Women to Their Country in 1845 and The Domestic Receipt Book in 1846. Beecher's views on education and women's work were also somewhat contradictory. She believed in the preparedness of female teachers to aid in their teaching of children from unfortunate homes. At the same time, she worked to teach mothers how to care for their families. The education of females to be teachers of troubled children and also homemakers who care for and teach their families are at a counterbalance. Beecher did a lot of work as a writer to educate the general public. Beecher laid the groundwork for a lot of future Family and Consumer Science Education. Many of her books like the Domestic Receipt Book helped people to learn how to manage their household budgets with ease.

Views on education
Beecher recognized public schools' responsibility to influence the moral, physical, and intellectual development of children. She promoted the expansion and development of teacher training programs, holding that teaching was more important to society than lawyers or doctors. Beecher was a strong advocate of the inclusion of daily physical education, and developed a program of calisthenics that was performed to music. She also firmly believed in the benefits of reading aloud. Catherine Beecher believed that tight corsets and bad eating habits ruined the young women's health. She believed the primary purpose of education was to develop a young child's basis for their conscience and morals.

Women as educators
Beecher believed that women have inherent qualities that make them the preferred gender as teachers. As men left teaching to pursue business and industry, she saw the untapped potential of educated women and encouraged education of women to fill the increasing need for teachers. She considered women natural teachers, with teaching as an extension of their domestic role.

Influential changes over time
In 1862, John Brinsley recommended that students analyze and imitate classical Greek and Latin models, while Beecher recommended English writers. They both believed that frequent practice and the study of important authors helped students acquire writing skills.

Beecher founded The American Woman's Educational Association in 1852, an organization focused on furthering educational opportunities for women. She also founded the Western Female Institute in Cincinnati (along with her father Lyman) and The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West. She was also instrumental in the establishment of women's colleges in Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Beecher strongly supported allowing children to simply be children and not prematurely forcing adulthood onto them. She believed that children lacked the experience needed to make important life decisions and that in order for them to become healthy self-sufficient adults, they needed to be allowed to express themselves freely in an environment suited to children. It was these beliefs that led to her support of a system of kindergartens.

Anti-suffragist
Beecher thought that women could best influence society as mothers and teachers, and did not want women to be corrupted by the evils of politics. She felt that men and women were put on the earth for separate reasons and accepted the view that women should not be involved in politics, but rather, they would teach male children to be free thinkers and moral learners and help shape their political ideas. (See Culture of Domesticity.)

Legacy
Three universities named buildings for Beecher: Central Connecticut State University, The University of Connecticut, and The University of Cincinnati. The Cincinnati building has since been demolished.

Schools

 * 1823: Hartford Female Seminary: Beecher co-founded the Hartford Female Seminary, which was a school to train women to be mothers and teachers. It began with one room and seven students; within three years, it grew to almost 100 students, with 10 rooms and 8 teachers. The school had small class sizes, where advanced students taught other students. All classes were connected to general principles, and students were motivated to go beyond the classes' texts and instruction.
 * 1832: Western Female Institute
 * 1852: The Ladies Society for Promoting Education in the West founded colleges in Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Milwaukee Female College changed names several times. Today, as Downer College of Lawrence University of Appleton WI, it is the longest continuously operating college for women's higher education founded on the Beecher plan.

Selected works

 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , an account of an infelicitous domestic affair in which some of her friends were involved
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology
 * , a book containing many striking departures from Calvinistic theology

Archives

 * Beecher family collection from Princeton University Library. Special Collections
 * Beecher family papers at Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections
 * Beecher family papers at Yale University Library
 * Beecher Family Papers at University of Iowa Libraries Special Collections & Archives

Other links

 * An American Family: The Beecher Tradition https://web.archive.org/web/20031125234259/http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/DIGITAL/2001/beecher/catherine.htm. Accessed 1/21/10
 * PBS Schoolhouse Pioneers
 * Neman Library: The American Beecher Family Tradition
 * PBS:The Story of American Public Education
 * Lawrence University
 * Michals, Debra. "Catherine Esther Beecher". National Women's History Museum. 2015
 * PBS:The Story of American Public Education
 * Lawrence University
 * Michals, Debra. "Catherine Esther Beecher". National Women's History Museum. 2015

title: Catharine Beecher


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United States Mint

The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. The U.S. Mint is one of two U.S. agencies that manufactures physical money. The other is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints paper currency. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.

History
The first authorization for the establishment of a mint in the United States was in a resolution of the Congress of the Confederation of February 21, 1782, and the first general-circulation coin of the United States, the Fugio cent, was produced in 1787 based on the Continental dollar.

The current United States Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, which was then the capital of the United States; it was the first building of the United States raised under the Constitution. The mint's headquarters is a non-coin-producing facility in Washington D.C. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York, and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints (Branches) were once also located in Carson City, Nevada; Charlotte, North Carolina; Dahlonega, Georgia; New Orleans, Louisiana; and in Manila, in the Philippines.

Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799. It converted precious metals into standard coin for anyone's account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury. It was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasury's account. The first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position is currently filled by Ventris Gibson. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U.S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, which has been held by such men as Frank Gasparro, William Barber, Charles E. Barber, James B. Longacre, and Christian Gobrecht.

The Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as "Ye Olde Mint". With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, an identifying feature on the coin to show its facility of origin. The first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina (1838–1861), Dahlonega, Georgia (1838–1861), and New Orleans, Louisiana (1838–1909) branches. Both the Charlotte (C mint mark) and Dahlonega (D mint mark) Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of local gold deposits into coinage, and minted only gold coins. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently. The New Orleans Mint (O mint mark) closed at the beginning of the Civil War (1861) and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a minting facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time (in 1851 silver three-cent pieces, half dimes, dimes, quarters, half dollars, and gold dollars, Quarter Eagles, half eagles, eagles, and double eagles).

A new branch facility was opened in Carson City, Nevada, in 1870; it operated until 1893, with a three-year hiatus from 1886 to 1888. Like the Charlotte and Dahlonega branches, the Carson City Mint (CC mint mark) was opened to take advantage of local precious metal deposits, in this case, a large vein of silver. Though gold coins were also produced there, no base metal coins were.

In 1911 the Mint had a female acting director, Margaret Kelly, at that point the highest paid woman on the government's payroll. She stated that women were paid equally within the bureau.

A branch of the U.S. mint (Manila Mint) was established in 1920 in Manila in the Philippines, which was then a U.S. territory. To date, the Manila Mint is the only U.S. mint established outside the continental U.S. and was responsible for producing coins (one, five, ten, twenty and fifty centavo denominations). This branch was in production from 1920 to 1922, and then again from 1925 through 1941. Coins struck by this mint bear either the M mintmark (for Manila) or none at all, similar to the Philadelphia mint at the time.

A branch mint in The Dalles, Oregon, was commissioned in 1864. Construction was halted in 1870, and the facility never produced any coins, although the building still stands.

Current facilities
There are four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.

Philadelphia
The Mint's largest facility is the Philadelphia Mint. The current facility, which opened in 1969, is the fourth Philadelphia Mint. The first was built in 1792, when Philadelphia was still the U.S. capital, and began operation in 1793. Until 1980, coins minted at Philadelphia bore no mint mark, with the exceptions of the Susan B. Anthony dollar and the wartime Jefferson nickel. In 1980, the P mint mark was added to all U.S. coinage except the cent. Until 1968, the Philadelphia Mint was responsible for nearly all official proof coinage. Philadelphia is also the site of master die production for U.S. coinage, and the engraving and design departments of the Mint are also located there.

Denver
The Denver Mint began in 1863 as the local assay office, just five years after gold was discovered in the area. By the turn of the century, the office was bringing in over $5 million in annual gold and silver deposits, and in 1906, the Mint opened its new Denver branch. Denver uses a D mint mark and strikes mostly circulation coinage, although it has struck commemorative coins in the past, such as the $10 gold 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Commemorative. It also produces its own working dies, as well as working dies for the other mints. Although the Denver and Dahlonega mints used the same mint mark D, they were never in operation at the same time, so this is not a source of ambiguity.

San Francisco
The San Francisco branch, opened in 1854 to serve the goldfields of the California Gold Rush, uses an S mint mark. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new facility in 1874. This building, one of the few that survived the great earthquake and fire of 1906, served until 1937, when the present facility was opened. It was closed in 1955, then reopened a decade later during the coin shortage of the mid-60s. In 1968, it took over most proof-coinage production from Philadelphia, and since 1975, it has been used almost exclusively for proof coinage, with the exceptions of the Anthony dollar (1979–1981), a portion of the mintage of cents in the early 1980s, (these cents are indistinguishable from those minted at Philadelphia), and a small portion of America the Beautiful quarters minted in circulation-quality (but not issued for circulation) since 2012.

West Point
The West Point branch is the newest mint facility, gaining official status as a branch mint in 1988. Its predecessor, the West Point Bullion Depository, was opened in 1938, and cents were produced there from 1973 to 1986. Along with these, which were identical to those produced at Philadelphia, West Point has struck a great deal of commemorative and proof coinage bearing the W mint mark. In 1996, West Point produced clad dimes, but for collectors, not for circulation. The West Point facility is still used for storage of part of the United States' gold bullion reserves, and West Point is now the United States' production facility for gold, silver, platinum, and palladium American Eagle coins. In 2019, West Point produced limited quantities of circulating quarters bearing the "W" mint mark for the first time.

Fort Knox
While not a coin production facility, the U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, is another facility of the Mint. Its primary purpose is for storage of the United States and other countries' gold and silver bullion reserves.

The US Mint's Gold Depositories
The US Treasury owns 8133.5 tonnes of gold, 7628 tonnes of which is stored in US Mint storage facilities, namely, 4582 tonnes (147.3 million troy ozs) in the US Bullion Depository in Fort Knox, Kentucky, 1682 tonnes (54.1 million troy ozs) in the West Point bullion storage facility in upstate New York, and 1364 tonnes (43.8 million troy ozs) in the US Mint facility in Denver, Colorado.

Functions
The Mint manages extensive commercial marketing programs. The product line includes special coin sets for collectors, national medals, American Eagle gold, silver and platinum bullion coins, and commemorative coins marking national events such as the Bicentennial of the Constitution. The Mint's functions include:

 * Producing domestic, bullion and foreign coins;
 * Manufacturing and selling national commemorative medals;
 * Designing and producing the congressional gold medals;
 * Designing, producing, and marketing special coinage;
 * Safeguarding and controlling the movement of bullion;
 * Disbursing gold and silver for authorized purposes;
 * Distributing coins from the various mints to Federal Reserve Banks.

The Mint is not responsible for the production of American paper money; that is the responsibility of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

In 2000, the Mint was responsible for the production of 28 billion coins. See United States Mint coin production for annual production values of each coin.

The United States Mint Police, a federal law enforcement agency, is responsible for the protection of Mint facilities, employees and reserves.

The production and sale of circulating coinage and the other functions of the Mint are funded through the United States Mint Public Enterprise Fund, established in 1995. Any profits made by the Fund in excess of operating requirements are returned to the Treasury. Government procurement regulations do not apply to the Mint's procurement and contracting activity.

Mintmarks

With the exception of a brief period in 1838 and 1839, all coins minted at U.S. branch mints prior to 1908 displayed that branch's mintmark on their reverse. Larger denominations of gold and silver coins were labeled with the Dahlonega, Charlotte, and New Orleans mintmarks (D, C, and O, respectively) on the obverse (front) side, just above the dates, in those two years. Carson City, which served as a U.S. branch mint from 1870 to 1893, produced coins with a CC mintmark. The Manila Mint (the only overseas U.S. mint, which produced U.S. Territorial and U.S. Commonwealth coinage) used the M mintmark from 1920–1941.

Between 1965 and 1967, as the Mint labored to replace the silver coinage with base metal coins, mintmarks were temporarily dispensed with (including on the penny and nickel) in order to discourage the hoarding of coins by numismatists. Mintmarks were moved to the obverse of the nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar in 1968, and have appeared on the obverse of the dollar coin since its re-introduction in 1971.

 * Penny: Unlike all other coins, which had their mintmarks on the reverse until 1964, the Lincoln cent has always had its mintmark on the obverse below the date to the right of Lincoln's bust since its 1909 introduction.
 * Nickel: The mintmark was located near the rim of the obverse side, clockwise from the date from 1968 to 2005, to the right of Thomas Jefferson's bust. The redesigned obverse of the nickel which appeared starting in 2006 has its mintmark below the date on the lower right. Many earlier nickels from 1938 to 1964 are still in circulation, and their mintmarks can be found on the reverse to the right of Monticello, with the exception of the 1942–1945 war nickels cited elsewhere in this article.
 * Dime: The mintmark is above the date on the obverse side to the right of Franklin D. Roosevelt's bust.
 * Quarter dollar: The mintmark is to the right of George Washington's bust.
 * Half dollar: The mintmark is below the center of John F. Kennedy's bust, above the date.
 * Eisenhower Dollar (1971–1978): The mintmark is below the center of Dwight D. Eisenhower's bust, above the date.
 * Susan B. Anthony dollar (1979–1981, 1999): The mintmark is found to the left of Susan B. Anthony's bust.
 * Sacagawea dollar (2000–present): For coins minted from 2000 to 2008, the mintmark is just below the date. For coins minted since 2009, the date, mintmark and E Pluribus Unum were moved to the edge of the coin.
 * Presidential dollar (2007–2016): The mintmark and date are found on the edge of the coin.
 *  American Innovation dollar (2018–present): The mintmark and date are found on the edge of the coin.

Due to a shortage of nickel during World War II, the composition of the five-cent coin was changed to include silver. To mark this change, nickels minted in Philadelphia (which had featured no mintmarks until then) displayed a P in the field above the dome of Monticello. Nickels from San Francisco were minted in the same fashion, and Denver nickels reflected the change in 1943. This new mintmark location continued until 1946 when the nickel returned to its pre-war composition.

The P mintmark, discontinued after the war, reappeared in 1979 on the Anthony dollar. By 1982, it had appeared on every other regular-issue coin except the cent, which, with the exception of 2017 Lincoln Cents, still bears no P mintmark. The circulating cents struck in the 1980s at San Francisco (except proofs) and West Point also bears no mintmark, as their facilities were used to supplement Philadelphia's production. Given the limited numbers produced at each facility, they might have been hoarded as collectibles.

For 2017, in commemoration of the U.S Mint's 225th Anniversary, the P mintmark was placed on the obverse of Philadelphia-minted Lincoln cents for the first time in the coin's 100+ year history. The P mintmark did not re-appear for 2018 and subsequent circulation strikes minted in Philadelphia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: United States Mint


text:
Charles Bonaparte

Charles Bonaparte may refer to:
 * Carlo Buonaparte (1746–1785), Corsican attorney, father of Napoleon I of France
 * Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857), Prince Canino, French naturalist and ornithologist
 * Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1851–1921), United States Attorney General
 * Charles, Prince Napoléon (born 1950), pretender to the Imperial Throne of France
 * Charles Bonaparte, a character in the manga series Freezing

title: Charles Bonaparte


text:
Cornice

In architecture, a cornice  (from the Italian cornice meaning "ledge" ) is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a pedestal, or along the top of an interior wall. A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown, as in crown moulding atop an interior wall or above kitchen cabinets or a bookcase.

A projecting cornice on a building has the function of throwing rainwater free of its walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves and gutters. However, house eaves may also be called "cornices" if they are finished with decorative moulding. In this sense, while most cornices are also eaves (overhanging the sides of the building), not all eaves are usually considered cornices. Eaves are primarily functional and not necessarily decorative, while cornices have a decorative aspect.

A building's projecting cornice may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling, particularly on commercial buildings, but often may actually be very light, made of pressed metal.

In classical architecture
In Ancient Greek architecture and its successors using the classical orders in the tradition of classical architecture, the cornice is the topmost element of the entablature, which consists (from top to bottom) of the cornice, the frieze, and the architrave.

Where a triangular pediment is above the entablature, the cornice continues all round the triangle, the two sides being "raking cornices". The vertical space below the cornice is typically decorated by dentils (little teeth), or the larger modillons. The soffit, or horizontal space under a projecting cornice, may be elaborately carved with vegetal designs.

Rake
A rake is an architectural term for an eave or cornice which runs along the gable of the roof of a modern residential structure. It may also be called a sloping cornice, a raking cornice. The trim and rafters at this edge are called rakes, rake board, rake fascia, verge-boards, barge-boards or verge- or barge-rafters. It is a sloped timber on the outside facing edge of a roof running between the ridge and the eave. On a typical house, any gable will have two rakes, one on each sloped side. The rakes are often supported by a series of lookouts (sometimes also called strong arms) and may be trimmed with a rake fascia board (which is not a true fascia) on the outside facing edge and a rake soffit along the bottom.

Types
The cornices of a modern residential building will usually be one of three types: a box cornice, a close or closed cornice, or an open cornice.

Box cornice
Box cornices enclose the cornice of the building with what is essentially a long narrow box. A box cornice may further be divided into either the narrow box cornice or the wide box cornice type. A narrow box cornice is one in which "the projection of the rafter serves as a nailing surface for the soffit board as well as the fascia trim." This is possible if the slope of the roof is fairly steep and the width of the eave relatively narrow. A wide box cornice, which is common practice on houses with gentle roof slopes and wide eaves, requires the use of lookouts to give it support and to provide a surface to which to securely attach the soffits. Box cornices often have ventilation screens laid over openings cut in the soffits in order to allow air to circulate within the cornice.

Close cornice
A close, closed, or snub cornice is one in which there is no projection of the rafters beyond the walls of the building, and therefore no soffit and no fascia. This type of cornice is easy to construct, but provides little aid in dispersing water away from the building and is sometimes considered to lack aesthetic value.

Open cornice
In an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent. It is a lower-cost treatment that requires fewer materials, and may even have no fascia board, but lacks the finished appearance of a box cornice.

Cavetto cornice
Ancient Egyptian architectural tradition made special use of large cavetto mouldings as a cornice, with only a short fillet (plain vertical face) above, and a torus moulding (convex semi-circle) below. This cavetto cornice is sometimes also known as an "Egyptian cornice", "hollow and roll" or "gorge cornice", and has been suggested to be a reminiscence in stone architecture of the primitive use of bound bunches of reeds as supports for buildings, the weight of the roof bending their tops out.

The cavetto cornice, often forming less than a quarter-circle, influenced Egypt's neighbours and as well as appearing in early Ancient Greek architecture, it is seen in Syria and ancient Iran, for example at the Tachara palace of Darius I at Persepolis, completed in 486 BC. Inspired by this precedent, it was then revived by Ardashir I (r. 224–41 AD), the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.

The cavetto took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples, often painted with vertical "tongue" patterns, and combined with the distinctive "Etruscan round moulding", often painted with scales. A typical example may be seen at the reconstructed Etruscan temple at Villa Giulia.

Additional more-obscure varieties of cornice include the architrave cornice, bracketed cornice, and modillion cornice.

Cornice return

A cornice return is an architectural detail that occurs where the horizontal cornice of a roof connects to the rake of a gable. It is a short horizontal extension of the cornice that occurs on each side of the gable end of the building (see picture of Härnösands rådhus with two of these). The two most common types of cornice return are the Greek return and the soffit return (also called a boxed or box soffit return). The former includes a sloped hip-shape on the inside of the cornice under the eaves which is sheathed or shingled like the rest of the roof above it and is considered very attractive; the latter is a simple return without these features.

As window treatment
The term cornice may also be used to describe a form of hard window treatment along the top edge of a window. When used in this context, a cornice represents a board (usually wood) placed above the window to conceal the mechanism for opening and closing drapes. If covered in a layer of cloth and given padding, it is sometimes called a soft cornice rather than a hard cornice.

title: Cornice


text:
Charles Russell

Charles Russell may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Charles Marion Russell (1864–1926), artist of the American West
 * Charles Russell (actor) (1918–1985), American actor
 * Charles Ellsworth Russell, jazz clarinetist, better known as Pee Wee Russell

U.K.

 * Charles Russell (1786–1856), British Member of Parliament for Reading
 * Lord Charles Russell (1807–1894), British soldier and MP
 * Sir Charles Russell, 3rd Baronet (1826–1883), English Conservative politician and recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Charles Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (1832–1900), British statesman
 * Sir Charles Russell, 1st Baronet (1863–1928), British solicitor
 * Charles Ritchie Russell, Baron Russell of Killowen (1908–1986), British judge and law lord

U.S.

 * Charles Theodore Russell (1815–1896), Massachusetts legislator and mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Charles Wells Russell (1818–1867), Virginia lawyer and politician; Confederate delegate during the American Civil War
 * Charles Wells Russell, Jr. (1856–1927), American diplomat
 * Charles H. Russell (Brooklyn) (1845–1912), American lawyer and politician from New York
 * Charles Addison Russell (1852–1902), U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 * Charles E. Russell (1868–1960), New York politician and judge
 * Charles H. Russell (1903–1989), Governor of Nevada
 * Charles S. Russell (born 1926), judge in the U.S. state of Virginia
 * C. E. Russell (politician) (1921-2010), Florida politician

Other politicians

 * Charles Russell (Newfoundland journalist) (1877–1937), Newfoundland journalist and politician
 * Charles Russell (Australian politician) (1907–1977), Australian politician
 * Charles Homer Russell, Canadian political candidate

Sports

 * Charles Russell (rugby) (1884–1957), Australian dual-code rugby footballer
 * Jack Russell (cricketer, born 1887) (Charles Albert George Russell, 1887–1961), English cricketer
 * Charles Russell (cricketer, born 1814) (1814–1859), English cricketer and descendant of Oliver Cromwell

Other occupations

 * Charles Alexander Russell (known as Alec), Australian architect, in practice with F. Kenneth Milne 1925-1930
 * Charles E. B. Russell (1866–1917), author and early figure in the history of youth work
 * Charles Edward Russell (1860–1941), American journalist, author, and activist
 * Charles Handy Russell, American merchant and banker
 * Charles L. Russell (1844–1910), U.S. Army corporal and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Charles Sawyer Russell (1831–1866), American Civil War general
 * Charles Taze Russell (1852–1916), American evangelist
 * Charles Thaddeus Russell (1875–1952), African-American architect from Richmond, Virginia
 * Charles William Russell (1812–1880), Irish Roman Catholic clergyman and scholar

Fictional characters

 * Colonel Charles Michael Russell, fictional character of William Haggard

title: Charles Russell


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Talk:Ordo Templi Orientis

" It was not until 1969 that Grady McMurtry invoked emergency authorization from Crowley and became the Frater Superior of O.T.O."
Really? 20 years after CROWLEY's trespassing [1947]? Miraculous!

Nuemberg / BAVARIA  Ángel.García2001 84.138.71.192 (talk) 19:19, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

Good article
Should probably be reviewed for GA status. Night and day from what it was just a year or so ago. 57.135.233.22 (talk) 18:11, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It's actually almost identical to what it was a year ago, with some light copyediting. Skyerise (talk) 20:37, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ordo Templi Orientis


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University of Toronto Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering

The Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering is the engineering school of the University of Toronto, a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1873 and currently is housed in 15 facilities on the southern side of St. George Campus and 3 building located across downtown Toronto. The faculty offers undergraduate, master's, and doctoral degrees in engineering sciences and has a partnership with the Rotman School of Management for a dual-degree program.

Within the university, it is known by the nickname of Skule [sic] and has the oldest university engineering society in Canada.

History
The School of Practical Science (SPS) was created in 1873 by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The school was to serve the needs of a growing economy at a time marked by rapidly evolving sciences and technologies. In 1878, the school enrolled its first class for a three-year curriculum in the subjects of mining, engineering, mechanics and manufacturing.

The school was established as an affiliate of the University of Toronto, but operated as a separate institution. The first classes were held in a red-brick building that was known as the "Little Red Skulehouse" by attending students.

The school was renamed as the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering on June 20, 1906, when it officially became part of the university.

In 1949, the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies opened for graduate studies and research in aeronautical and space sciences.

In 1962, the Institute of Biomedical Electronics (now Institute of Biomedical Engineering) was established for graduate studies. The original Skulehouse was finally demolished in 1966, by which time the faculty had already expanded to occupy a dozen other buildings that formed an engineering precinct in the southern part of campus.

The Bahen Centre for Information Technology was completed in 2002 to meet the growing needs of the university’s computer science and electrical and computer engineering programs. Designed by Diamond Schmitt Architects, the $111 million facility contains 20,000 gross square metres and is named for John Bahen, the president of Peter Kiewit and Sons. The centre was described by Canadian Architect magazine as "a complex interweaving of urbanity, public space and sustainability", and it won the Ontario Association of Architects Award, the City of Toronto Architecture and Urban Design Award, and bronze in the environmental category of the National Post Design Exchange Award.

Academics

The Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering offers undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Toronto. As of the 2022–2023 academic year, there are 5,628 undergraduate students and 3,011 graduate students enrolled in the faculty, and over 50,000 living alumni worldwide.

The undergraduate programs are conducted by the departments of chemical, civil, computer, electrical, industrial, materials, mechanical, and mineral engineering. The faculty awards Bachelor of Applied Science (BASc) degrees for all undergraduate engineering programs, with the exception of the Engineering Science program, in which a Bachelor of Applied Science in Engineering Science is awarded. The faculty also offers graduate degrees. The Master of Engineering (MEng) degree consists of 1 year of full-time study, primarily requiring the completion of coursework and/or a major project. The Master of Applied Science (MASc) degree consists of 2 years of full-time study, and requires the completion of course work and a major thesis. Unlike the MASc, which leads to a PhD degree, the MEng is a terminal degree.

Courses in several majors overlap: the electrical engineering curriculum shares courses with the computer engineering curriculum in the first two years, while chemical engineering shares a set of courses with the environmental engineering option of the civil engineering department. The undergraduate engineering science program consists of courses from a broad range of departments and places greater emphasis on theory than in a traditional engineering curriculum. In the final two years of the program, each student specializes in one of several concentration options, including biomedical engineering, aerospace engineering, and machine learning.

The faculty requires undergraduate students to accumulate 600 hours of engineering work experience, commonly obtained through employment in between academic terms. Students may also choose to participate in a paid internship program called the Professional Experience Year, which involves employment at an engineering company for a period of 12 to 16 months. The Jeffrey Skoll program allows engineering students to earn a bachelor's degree in engineering from the faculty followed by a Master of Business Administration degree from the Rotman School of Management.

Admissions standards are specific to each department, and the faculty had an entry average of 96.0% in 2022. Due to grade inflation, entry averages have been increasing over time.

Departments, divisions and specialized institutes
The faculty has a number of departments, divisions and specialized institutes that are split up into different research areas:

Departments

 * Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry (Chem)
 * Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering (Civ/Min)
 * The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE)
 * Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MSE)
 * Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (MIE)

Divisions

 * Division of Engineering Science (EngSci)
 * Division of Environmental Engineering & Energy Systems (DEEES)

Specialized institutes

 * University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS)
 * Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME)

Affiliated research institutes and centres
In addition, the faculty works with other research institutes and centres within the nationally and internationally:

 * BioZone
 * Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies (CACT)
 * Centre for Advanced Diffusion-Wave Technologies (CADIFT)
 * Centre for Advanced Nanotechnology Centre for Global Engineering (CGEN)
 * Centre for Maintenance Optimization & Reliability Engineering (C-MORE)
 * Centre for Management of Technology & Entrepreneurship (CMTE)
 * Centre for Research in Healthcare Engineering (CRHE)
 * Centre for the Resilience of Critical Infrastructure (RCI)
 * Centre for Technology & Social Development Emerging Communications Technology Institute (ECTI)
 * Identity, Privacy & Security Institute (IPSI)
 * Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering (ILead)
 * Institute for Multidisciplinary Design & Innovation (UT-IMDI)
 * Institute for Optical Sciences Institute for Robotics & Mechatronics (IRM)
 * Institute for Sustainable Energy (ISE)
 * Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Centre & Test Bed
 * Lassonde Institute of Mining
 * Pulp & Paper Centre
 * Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (SOCAAR)
 * Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research
 * Ontario Centre for the Characterisation of Advanced Materials (OCCAM)

Collaborations with industry
On April 7, 2022, the University of Toronto announced a partnership with American biotechnology company Moderna intended to develop new tools to prevent and treat infectious diseases, collaborating with researchers in the fields of molecular genetics, biomedical engineering, and biochemistry. The collaboration is a joint venture across U of T's Faculties of Applied Science & Engineering and Medicine.

Traditions and student life
Founded in 1885, The University of Toronto Engineering Society is the oldest engineering society in Canada, comprising all undergraduate students in the faculty, and serving as its student government. The Society has been the trademark holder for the Skule nickname since 1984. Usage of the nickname began in the founding years of the School of Practical Science, when students used "skule" as a deliberate misspelling of "school".

The Skule mascot is known as the Ye Olde Mighty Skule Cannon, which began as a cannon stolen from in front of the Parliament Buildings in the fall of 1898, and has since been rebuilt in several incarnations. Students serving as "Cannon Guards" are led by a "Chief Attiliator" to protect the Cannon, which has been historically a target for attempted theft by other engineering schools. The Cannon is often fired (empty-shelled) during orientation events, and can also be heard during various events promoting Skule Spirit.

In September 2021, the University of Toronto Engineering Society, in partnership with the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, launched a Skule Mental Health Bursary, to provide access to mental health and wellness support for Engineering undergraduate students who are in need of financial aid.

Social events
The Skule Orchestra, founded in 2006, is a full symphonic orchestra of engineering students. It organizes Moment, the Valentine's Ball. Every year the Skule Choir, led by Malcolm McGrath, puts on a Christmas concert, usually located in Knox College Chapel with Malcolm McGrath on the main pipe organ and the Skule Brass Quintet.

The Lady Godiva Memorial Bnad [sic] and "White Noise Brigade" draws its name from the Godiva tradition. Like several other universities, Skule students frequently sing Godiva's Hymn (or the Engineer's Hymn) and revere Lady Godiva. The first week of classes in January following Christmas holidays is designated Godiva Week, and features numerous events, competitions and activities.

The Skule community hosts events, parties, activities, inter-faculty sports, a yearly musical production entitled Skule Nite and special interest lectures throughout the year.

Toike Oike
The phrase Toike Oike, variously pronounced toy-kee-oyk or toyk-oyk, is derived from an Irish janitor named Graham who was employed in the original School of Practical Science building. When students worked late in the labs and he had to close up the building, he would tell them to "take a hike", which sounded like "toike oike" due to his Irish accent. The phrase is used as the name of the engineering society's humour newspaper, the Toike Oike, in print since 1911. At some points in its publishing history, the humour could be extremely sexual and misogynistic, especially given the predominant male enrollment. One of the more popular editions was a parody of the popular movie Star Wars, rebranded Star Whores. Because of its huge popularity on campuses, copies had to be gotten the day of publication, and would be sold out the next day.

It is also the inspiration for the lyrics of the Skule Yell, the cheer of the engineering society and likely the oldest surviving Skule tradition:

 * Toike Oike! Toike Oike!
 * Ollum te Chollum te Chay!
 * Skule of Science, Skule of Science
 * Hurray! Hurray! Hurray!
 * We Are (we are!), We Are (we are!), We Are the Engineers!
 * We Can (we can!), We Can (we can!), Demolish Forty Beers!
 * Drink Rum (straight!) Rum (straight!) And Come Along With Us,
 * For We Don’t Give a Damn For Any Damn Man Who Don’t Give a Damn For Us!
 * Yaaaay Skule!

The Brute Force Committee: Needs identification of its role in Skule. It was an organization which was Skule’s cultural leadership.

Before the adoption of the Skule Yell, the original cheer was significantly shorter:

 * Who are we? Can’t you guess?
 * We are from the S.P.S.
 * S-C-H-O-O-L!!

Both Skule and the rest of the university recognized the original cheer as inadequate, so the first four lines of the new yell were proposed by A. G. Piper and adopted in 1897. The new yell was first performed that year at Theatre Night, a major campus-wide event for all faculties held on Halloween. The last four lines of the yell are essentially the chorus of Godiva's Hymn, and were first added on November 25, 1905, during the procession from Rosedale Field to the King Edward Hotel following a victory of the Toronto Varsity Blues rugby team over the Ottawa Rough Riders. During the game, Casey Baldwin, a Skuleman, had made a spectacular play in the last minutes to win the dominion championship for the university.

Notable alumni

 * H. E. T. Haultain (class of 1889) – Founder of The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
 * Frederick Walker Baldwin (class of 1906) – Designer of the Silver Dart, White Wing and Red Wing aircraft
 * Karl Brooks Heisey (class of 1922) – Mining engineer and mine president
 * Elsie MacGill (class of 1927) – First female aircraft designer, "Queen of the Hurricanes"
 * Jim Chamberlin (class of 1936) – Chief designer of the Avro Arrow, chief of engineering for NASA's Project Mercury
 * Gerald Bull (class of 1944, M.A.Sc. 1948, Ph.D. 1951) – Ballistics engineer and developer of long-range superguns
 * Lewis Urry (class of 1950) – Inventor of the alkaline battery and the lithium battery
 * Owen Maynard (class of 1951) – Senior Stress Engineer on the Avro Arrow, Chief of Lunar Excursion Module Engineering, then of Systems Engineering and of Mission Operations in NASA's Project Apollo Program Office
 * Alan Milliken Heisey Sr. (class of 1951) – Anti-nationalist, politician and publisher
 * Peter Munk (class of 1952) – Founder and chairman of Barrick Gold
 * Paul Godfrey (class of 1962) – Politician and former president of the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Alfred Aho (class of 1963) – Co-creator of the AWK programming language, co-author of Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
 * Brian Kernighan (class of 1964) – Bell Labs scientist, co-author of The C Programming Language and The UNIX Programming Environment
 * Bernard Sherman (class of 1964) – Chairman and CEO of Apotex
 * Kim Vicente (class of 1985, prof. of industrial engineering 1992–) – Author, The Human Factor
 * Jeffrey Skoll (class of 1987) – First employee and president of eBay
 * Julie Payette (M.A.Sc. 1990) – Astronaut and Governor General of Canada
 * Raffaello D'Andrea (B.A.Sc. 1991) -- engineer, artist, and entrepreneur.
 * Isabel Bayrakdarian (class of 1997) – Opera singer
 * George Myhal (class of 1978, Hon. LL.D. 2018) – Former senior managing partner of Brookfield Asset Management, philanthropist
 * Donald Robert Sadoway (class of 1972, M.A.Sc. 1973, Ph.D. 1977) - Professor Emeritus of materials chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, notable expert in electrochemistry (molten salt battery and electrolysis)


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Henry Daglish

Henry Daglish (18 November 1866 – 16 August 1920) was an Australian politician who was the sixth premier of Western Australia and the first from the Labor Party, serving from 10 August 1904 to 25 August 1905. Daglish was born in Ballarat, Victoria, and studied at the University of Melbourne. In 1882, he worked as a mechanical engineer but soon switched to working in the Victorian public service. He first stood for election in 1896 but failed to win the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Melbourne South. He then moved to Subiaco, Western Australia, where he found work as a chief clerk in the Western Australian Police Department. In 1900, Daglish was elected to the Subiaco Municipal Council and in April the following year, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly as the member for the newly created seat of Subiaco, becoming one of six Labor members in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. The party elected him as its whip, and he resigned from the Subiaco council on 1 May 1901. On 1 December 1902, Daglish was sworn in as mayor of Subiaco, having been elected the previous month.

In the 1904 state election, Labor won 22 of the Legislative Assembly's 50 seats, making it the party with the most seats. On 8 July 1904, the Labor Party caucus elected Daglish as the party's leader, and on 10 August, he successfully moved a motion of no confidence in the government of Walter James, who resigned as premier. Governor Frederick Bedford then swore in Daglish as premier of Western Australia, colonial treasurer and minister for education. His keynote speech on 23 August was poorly received; militant Labor supporters saw him as giving up on Labor policies. In parliament, Daglish struggled to achieve anything due to a hostile Legislative Council; his one major success was the passing of a new Public Service Act. In June 1905, a cabinet reshuffle decreased Daglish's popularity within the Labor Party but he defeated a motion of no confidence at a caucus meeting later that month. Daglish resigned as premier on 22 August 1905 when his plan to buy the Midland Railway Company for £1.5 million failed to pass through parliament. Hector Rason succeeded him as premier on 25 August.

On 27 September 1905, Daglish resigned as leader of the Labor Party. He then left the party and styled himself as an Independent Labor politician. He was again elected Mayor of Subiaco on 5 June 1907 and served until 1908. From August 1907 to September 1910, Daglish held the position of Chairman of Committees, and from September 1910 to October 1911, he was the minister for works in Frank Wilson's Liberal government. At the October 1911 state election, Daglish lost his seat in parliament to Labor candidate Bartholomew James Stubbs and failed to regain the seat at the 1914 state election. Daglish died at his home in Subiaco on 16 August 1920. Daglish railway station and the suburb of Daglish, Western Australia, are named after him.

Early life
Henry Daglish was born in Ballarat, Victoria, on 18 November 1866, to Mary Ann (née James) and William Daglish, an engine driver. He was educated in Geelong and in 1881 he attended the University of Melbourne. He gained a mechanical engineering apprenticeship at a foundry in 1882  but a year later, he left engineering to join the public service as a clerk in the Victorian Police Department.

On 20 August 1894, in Carlton, Victoria, Daglish married Edith May Bishop, with whom he had a son, H. Daglish, of the Bank of New South Wales, Narrabeen, and a daughter, Rae Daglish. With an increasing interest in the labour movement, by June 1895, Daglish was the secretary of the United Public Service Association. In September 1895, he went into business as an auctioneer, accountant and legal manager.

In 1895 and 1896, Daglish was a member of the National Anti-Sweating League, a group campaigning against the poor conditions endured by low-paid workers. In 1896, Daglish stood in a by-election for the seat of Melbourne South in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, receiving 34 out of 2,192 total votes. Later the same year, Daglish moved to Western Australia (WA) after taking an offer of £200 to resign from the recession-hit Victorian public service; he settled in the working-class suburb Subiaco, 4 km west of Perth, the state capital. Daglish wrote a letter to Premier John Forrest requesting work in the WA public service in 1897; he was offered and accepted a position as assistant to the chief clerk in the WA Police Department. He later resigned and entered business as an auctioneer, accountant and legal manager.

Political career
In November 1899, Daglish unsuccessfully stood for election to the Central Ward of the Subiaco Municipal Council. The following year, he was elected unopposed to the council's South Ward, his term starting on 1 December 1900.

Daglish resigned from the public service in 1901 to stand as a Labor Party candidate in the newly created seat of Subiaco in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. In the 1901 Western Australian state election on 24 April, Daglish was elected to that seat with the largest majority in the state, and became the whip of the Labor Party. The party had only seven members, all of whom, aside from Daglish, represented seats in the mining regions of Murchison and the Goldfields. He tendered his resignation from the Subiaco Municipal Council on 1 May 1901.

One of Daglish's successes in his first term is the carrying of his motion in favour of an eight-hour working day for the Railway Department. He was also successful in stopping the spending of money to help public servants immigrate from England, instead spending the money on assisting Western Australian workers migrate their families from the eastern states. He also advocated for the non-alienation of crown lands and the introduction of a comprehensive system of old age pensions.

In November 1902, Daglish was elected unopposed as mayor of Subiaco. He was sworn in on 1 December 1902 by Walter James, the premier of Western Australia. The premier had earlier made a speech heaping much praise on Daglish. He was again elected mayor unopposed the following year.

Daglish was appointed to the Kings Park Board in his capacity as the member for Subiaco in October 1902. In January 1903, Daglish joined the Perth Hospital Board, which managed Perth Public Hospital (now known as Royal Perth Hospital). On the board, he "earned a reputation for shouldering the real or fancied troubles of dissatisfied ex-patients". He was also a member of the Lake Monger Board and the Karrakatta Cemetery Board.

In February 1904, the Labor Party held a conference at which they decided on the issues of their campaigning and platforms they would take to the next election. The issues were:
 * Referendum on abolishing the Legislative Council
 * A tax on unimproved land values and no further alienation of crown lands
 * Old age pensions
 * Maximum working day of eight hours
 * Local control and state management of the liquor trade
 * Departmental construction of public works
 * Nationalisation of monopolies and the establishment of a Department of Labour
 * State banking and insurance
 * Limitation on state borrowing except for the purpose of reproductive works
 * The establishment of a sinking fund for the redemption of all future loans

In the general campaign were policies of electoral, taxation, land, industrial and mining reform.

Premier of Western Australia
The Labor Party supported all but two pieces of the government's legislation during the fourth parliament. Despite this, they withdrew support for the James Ministry in August 1903. At the July 1904 state election, Daglish was re-elected with 80% of Subiaco's vote. The Labor Party won 22 seats, James's Ministerialist faction won 18 seats, and independents won 10 seats. The number of seats Labor won surprised most people, many of whom expected only a modest increase over the seven seats won in 1901. Two bills that passed in the previous session of parliament helped Labor; the Redistribution of Seats Act 1904 created new electorates in areas where Labor did well, and the Electoral Act 1904 abolished plural voting for property owners and made it easier for newcomers to Western Australia to qualify for the electoral roll.

Labor leader Robert Hastie said James should not resign until parliament met, and so James continued as premier following the election. On 8 July 1904, the Labor Party caucus elected Daglish as the party's leader. Labor leader Hastie was universally hated and the leadership ballot was initially going to be between Hastie, Daglish, George Taylor, Patrick Lynch, Wallace Nelson and Henry Ellis. Hastie pulled out of the contest, and only Daglish and Taylor were left. Newspapers reported the vote was almost unanimously for Daglish. The party decided to sit in opposition and not try and seek government because the caucus had been divided on whether to align with independents sympathetic for the party's cause. When Daglish was elected Labor leader, the Sunday Figaro, a newspaper in Kalgoorlie, said he was "certainly one of the best debaters in the Legislative Assembly. He is a quiet, deliberate speaker, given more to argument than declamation, bearing in this respect a likeness to [Prime Minister Chris Watson]".

On 10 August, Daglish successfully moved a motion of no confidence and James resigned as premier. Governor Frederick Bedford then swore in Daglish as premier of Western Australia, colonial treasurer and minister for education. He was the first Labor Party premier of WA, the sixth overall, and at 37 years of age, the youngest premier of the state at the time and the fourth-youngest. Daglish's Cabinet were sworn in the same day; his party granted him the freedom to choose his own cabinet. Due to constitutional requirements that at least one minister be from the Legislative Council, Daglish invited John Drew, an unaligned politician, into the ministry, resulting in criticism from within his own party. Despite becoming premier, Daglish did not move from Subiaco to a more affluent area as many other premiers had. Immediate problems for Daglish were the state's poor financial situation and an inexperienced cabinet made up of unions that were hostile to each other.

At Kings Hall, Subiaco, on 23 August, Daglish delivered a speech that was poorly received; militant Labor supporters saw him as giving up on Labor policies. He said the state's finances were in a poor position and expenditure was to be reduced. Newspapers mocked his use of the phrase "mark time policy" and so his government became known as the "mark time government". In the same speech, Daglish proposed a referendum on abolishing the Legislative Council, a bill to introduce pensions for those over 60 years and who had lived in the state for 10 years, the introduction of land tax with exemptions for properties valued below £1,000 with the land value determined by the owner), the granting of greater job security for public servants, the establishment of a Department of Labor for the administration of workplace relations legislation, the amendment of the Truck Act, and companies and mining legislation to prevent monopolies and ensure all companies conducting business in Western Australia would have at least two local directors. Concerns with Daglish's speech included his lack of a clear policy for unemployment and that the tax exemption for land worth below £1,000 was a "violation of the Labor platform". A few days later, Daglish said; "we have never, as a Labor Party advocated the abolition of the Legislative Council".

The Legislative Council prevented much of Daglish's agenda; his government's one major change was the passing of a new Public Service Act. He twice introduced a bill for a referendum to abolish the Legislative Council; the first bill was discharged at the end of the session and the second failed to pass before the Daglish government resigned. Daglish did not contest the November 1904 Subiaco municipal election; he was succeeded as mayor by John Henry Prowse.

Daglish reshuffled his cabinet on 7 June 1905, making Thomas Bath the minister for education, leaving himself as premier and colonial treasurer. Patrick Lynch was added to cabinet, and George Taylor and John Holman were clumsily demoted. The cabinet reshuffle caused a split in the Labor Party; Daglish's opponents said he acted towards his colleagues in a high-handed and humiliating manner. On 18 June, The Sunday Times wrote; "it has taken the Labor Party in politics – and in Parliament – nearly a year to find out that its leader is not in every particular, fully qualified to hold responsible office". At a meeting of the Labor caucus on 26 June, Daglish defeated a motion of no confidence 14–3.

After this, the government created a plan to buy the Midland Railway Company for £1.5 million. The company owned the Midland railway line, which ran from Midland Junction near Perth to Walkaway near Geraldton. Opponents criticised the price for being too high, and Daglish failed to get approval from parliament on 17 August. On Monday 22 August, the Daglish Ministry resigned; the state's governor gave the Liberal-aligned Hector Rason until the end of the week to form a cabinet. On 25 August, the governor accepted the resignations of Daglish and his ministry, and appointed Hector Rason and the Rason Ministry to replace them.

After premier
On 27 September 1905, Daglish resigned as leader of the Labor Party and on 4 October, William Johnson was elected leader of the party. Daglish later left the party and began styling himself as an Independent Labor politician. On 4 October, Rason moved for the discharge of the referendum bill; the motion was defeated 18 votes to 16 and the following day, the premier met with the governor to dissolve the Legislative Assembly. The resulting election was called for 27 October. Labor Party lost eight seats at the election but Daglish narrowly retained his seat. The failure of Daglish's government caused the Labor Party to be more careful in selecting candidates and to use more discipline.

On 5 June 1907, Daglish was again elected Mayor of Subiaco, following the resignation of the previous mayor Austin Bastow. Daglish was sworn in on 12 June 1907. He was re-elected unopposed in November 1907 and did not re-contest the post in 1908.

From 20 August 1907 to 16 September 1910, Daglish held the position of Chairman of Committees. From 16 September 1910 to 3 October 1911, he was the minister for works in Frank Wilson's Liberal government. At the October 1911 state election, Daglish lost his seat in parliament to Labor candidate Bartholomew James Stubbs. At the following election in 1914, Daglish unsuccessfully stood for the seat of Subiaco.

Outside politics
From c. 1902 to 1906, Daglish was president of Subiaco Football Club. During 1906, he helped hold off a campaign by North Fremantle Football Club for Subiaco's expulsion from the Western Australian Football Association after several years of poor performance. The club had been playing next to Shenton Park Lake, and the club's ground was wet and muddy. Daglish helped secure money from the Municipality of Subiaco for the construction of a playing ground at Mueller Park, which later became known as Subiaco Oval. The club relocated there in 1908. In 1911, Daglish again served as president of Subiaco Football Club. From 1912, Daglish worked as an estate agent and from March that year, he was appointed the employers' representative in the Court of Arbitration, a post in which served until his death.

Death and legacy
In 1920, Daglish, who had been ill for several months, travelled to Melbourne for medical treatment. In Melbourne, he had an operation and was diagnosed with cancer. Daglish returned to Perth, arriving on 12 August 1920, and died at his home in Subiaco four days later. He was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Edith, who died aged 71 on 28 May 1946, and his two children.

Although the Daglish government was little-remembered decades later, the Labor Party's coming to power marked the start of two-party politics in Western Australia. Labor came to be seen as the alternative to the Ministerialists, also known as Liberals. When Daglish resigned, he became Western Australia's first leader of the opposition.

Daglish railway station, which opened in 1924 on the western edge of Subiaco, was named after Henry Daglish. The Perth suburb Daglish, adjacent to the railway station, was also named after him. The Subiaco house in which Daglish lived in from 1908 is heritage listed.

title: Henry Daglish


text:
Time capsule

A time capsule is a historic cache of goods or information, usually intended as a deliberate method of communication with future people, and to help future archaeologists, anthropologists, or historians. The preservation of holy relics dates back for millennia, but the practice of preparing and preserving a collection of everyday artifacts and messages to the future appears to be a more recent practice. Time capsules are sometimes created and buried during celebrations such as a world's fair, a cornerstone laying for a building, or at other ceremonies.

Early examples
It is widely debated when time capsules were first used, but the concept is fairly simple, and the idea and first use of time capsules could be much older than is currently documented. The term "time capsule" appears to be a relatively recent coinage dating from 1938. In Poland a time capsule dating to 1726 has been found. Around 1761, some dated artifacts were placed inside the hollow copper grasshopper weathervane, itself dating from 1742, atop historic Faneuil Hall in Boston. A time capsule dating to 1777 was discovered within a religious statue in Sotillo de la Ribera. A time capsule was discovered on November 30, 2017, in Burgos, Spain. A wooden statue of Jesus Christ had hidden inside it a document with economic, political and cultural information, written by Joaquín Mínguez, chaplain of the Cathedral of Burgo de Osma in 1777. A time capsule from the era of the American Revolution, dating to 1795 and credited to Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, was temporarily removed in 2014 from the cornerstone of the Massachusetts State House in Boston. It had been previously opened in 1855, and some new items had been added before it was reinstalled. It was ceremonially reopened in January 2015 at the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with specific restrictions on media coverage, to preserve the fragile artifacts. The contents were displayed there briefly, and then reinstalled in their original location. It is the oldest known time capsule in the United States.

20th century
In 1901, a time capsule was placed inside the head of the copper lion ornamenting the Old State House in Boston. It was opened in 2014, during repairs to the sculpture and building, with plans to add new artifacts and reinstall it in its original location.

The Detroit Century Box, a brainchild of Detroit mayor William C. Maybury, was created on December 31, 1900, and scheduled to be opened 100 years later. It was filled with photographs and letters from 56 prominent residents describing life in 1900 and making predictions for the future, and included a letter by Maybury to the mayor of Detroit in 2000. The capsule was opened by city officials on December 31, 2000, in a ceremony presided over by mayor Dennis Archer.

A time capsule labelled "Kan aabnes i 2012" ("Can open in 2012" in Norwegian) was sealed in 1912 in Otta, Norway. The capsule was opened as part of a ceremony 100 years later in 2012. Despite the large excitement over the capsule's opening and a preceding ceremony, its contents (which included notebooks, newspaper clippings, and community council papers) were met with disappointment.

The Crypt of Civilization (1936) at Oglethorpe University, intended to be opened in 8113, is claimed to be the first "modern" time capsule, although it was not called one at the time. During the socialist period in the USSR, many time capsules were buried with messages to a future communist society.

The 1939 New York World's Fair time capsule was created by Westinghouse as part of their exhibit. It was 90 in long, with an interior diameter of 6.5 in, and weighed 800 lb. Westinghouse named the copper, chromium, and silver alloy "cupaloy", claiming it had the same strength as mild steel. It contained everyday items such as a spool of thread and doll, a book of record (description of the capsule and its creators), a vial of staple food crop seeds, a microscope, and a 15-minute RKO Pathé Pictures newsreel. Microfilm spools condensed the contents of a Sears Roebuck catalog, dictionary, almanac, and other texts.

The 1939 time capsule was followed in 1965 by a second capsule at the same site, but 10 ft to the north of the original. Both capsules are buried 50 ft below Flushing Meadows Park, site of the Fair. Both the 1939 and 1965 Westinghouse Time Capsules are meant to be opened in 6939.

There is documentation of at least three physical time capsules at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as well as a "virtual" or digital time capsule.

, four time capsules are "buried" in space. The two Pioneer Plaques and the two Voyager Golden Records have been attached to spacecraft for the possible benefit of spacefarers in the distant future. A fifth time capsule, the KEO satellite, was scheduled to be launched in 2015–16. However, it has been delayed several times and an actual launch date has not been given. After launch, it will carry individual messages from Earth's inhabitants addressed to earthlings around the year 52,000, when it is due to return to Earth. , the satellite had not been launched.

The International Time Capsule Society was created in 1990 to maintain a global database of all known time capsules. The Not Forgotten Digital Preservation Library maintains a current map and register of domestic and commercial time capsules.

21st century
"Earth's Black Box"—a city bus-sized structure with steel walls, battery storage and solar panels located at remote site in Tasmania—will accumulate and electronically store comprehensive climate research and related data, including land and sea temperature changes, ocean acidification, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, human population, energy consumption, military spending, and policy changes. The box was conceived to tell future civilizations how humankind created the climate crisis, and how it failed or succeeded to address it.

On February 22, 2024, the Arch Mission Foundation landed the Lunar Library on the Moon, containing the English Wikipedia and other content, with the GLL Lunaprise mission, on the Intuitive Machines IM-1 mission.

Criticism
According to time capsule historian William Jarvis, most intentional time capsules usually do not provide much useful historical information: they are typically filled with "useless junk", new and pristine in condition, that tells little about the people of the time. Many time capsules today contain only artifacts of limited value to future historians. Historians suggest that items which describe the daily lives of the people who created them, such as personal notes, pictures, videos and documents, would greatly increase the value of the time capsule to future historians.

If time capsules have a museum-like goal of preserving the culture of a particular time and place for study, they fulfill this goal very poorly in that they, by definition, are kept sealed for a particular length of time. Subsequent generations between the launch date and the target date will have no direct access to the artifacts and therefore these generations are prevented from learning from the contents directly. Therefore, time capsules can be seen, in respect to their usefulness to historians, as dormant museums, their releases timed for some date so far in the future that the building in question is no longer intact.

Historians also concede that there are many preservation issues surrounding the selection of the media to transmit this information to the future. Some of these issues include the obsolescence of technology and the deterioration of electronic and magnetic storage media (known as the digital dark age), and possible language problems if the capsule is dug up in the distant future. Many buried time capsules are lost, as interest in them fades and the exact location is forgotten, or they are destroyed within a few years by groundwater.

Cultural references
The 1947 docudrama The Beginning or the End is a semi-historical account of the creation of the first atomic bomb during World War II. The film begins with staged newsreel footage of the scientists and officers involved in the project (played by actors) burying a time capsule in Redwood National Forest in California. The capsule contained a copy of the film, along with a projector to view it on, and instructions for its operation set on a metal sheet. The purpose of the capsule was in line with the film's title, about whether humanity will destroy itself now that it has the ability to, or whether it will rise above war as a whole and come together to use nuclear power for greater purposes. The film can be seen as an example of Cold War propaganda.

The 2009 dramatic film Knowing involves a time capsule being placed in the ground by an elementary school in 1959.

Artists such as Andy Warhol, Christian Boltanski, and Louise Bourgeois are known for compiling collections of everyday artifacts that they associate with memories of the past, which are preserved in museums and archives.

The 1955 Warner Bros. cartoon One Froggy Evening involves a singing and dancing frog extricated from (and eventually replaced within) a time capsule. Filmmaker Steven Spielberg, in the PBS Chuck Jones biographical documentary Extremes & Inbetweens: A Life in Animation, called One Froggy Evening "the Citizen Kane of animated shorts". In 1994, it was voted of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation.

Personal and domestic time capsules
Commercially manufactured sealable containers are sold for protection of personal time capsules; some of the more durable waterproof containers used for geocaching may also be suitable. Many underground time capsules are destroyed by groundwater infiltration after short periods of time; caches stored within the wall cavities of buildings can survive as long as the building is used and maintained.

In 2016, the art collective Ant Farm displayed a show, The Present Is the Form of All Life: The Time Capsules of Ant Farm and LST, at the art center Pioneer Works, in Brooklyn, New York. The artists had previous experiences with failed time capsules, and were now exploring "digital time capsules" as a more durable form of preservation. They have said, "We’ve come to understand that the best way to preserve digital media is to distribute it." Blockchain and cognitive learning is now used in time capsule technology. Researchers have started to study methods of preserving digital data in forms that will still be usable in the distant future.

title: Time capsule


text:
Talk:Shanghai Pudong International Airport

Uh... i don't believe all international traffic is concentrated in Pudong... just have to check Colipon 04:40, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * nmColipon 04:45, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Terminal length
How long is the terminal?--Arado 15:15, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Pudong's busy status
Is this about to become China's busiest airport or what? Colipon+(T) 05:00, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Busiest is still by far the Beijing Capital International Airport. The terminal 3 which is under construction in Beijing will be as big as all 4 terminals at Heathrow combined.

Relevance
Exactly what is the significance of the bit about Continental and direct New York services? Does seem out of place, I' suggest that is removed Ianguy 01:36, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Continental Section
Since there's a section about Continental's wishes for a flight to Shanghai from New York (or Newark), I think that there should be some info on China Eastern Airline's direct flight from New York.

Lead
Please consider moving all the alternate information in the lead (different languages and scripts etc) and put them in the infobox instead.--Filll 17:30, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Royal Nepal does or does not fly to KIX?
To se the stage: RNA takes a B757, flies it from KTM, lands in PVG, and continues on to KIX. Then it turns around, flies back to PVG, then on to KTM.

First, the "Osaka-Kansai" entry was removed from this article. Doubting the accuracy of this edit, i searched for evidence and found that RNA flies to KIX, from PVG, once a week, for sure. I personally know an employee at KIX that serves that airline. Therefore, i reverted that edit.

Now, Elektrik Blue 82 has reverted that edit, remarking "rv: true, RA flies KIX-PVG-KTM, but it has no rights to transport pax between Japan and China, so it is unbookable".

So, who's right? I say that i am, because in plain terms, RNA flies to KIX from PVG. Elektrik says that the subtleties of transportation regulations limiting the ability of a Japanese person to fly to China via this flight means that even though a flight happens, we shouldn't list it. I disagree.

On the KIX page, it says RNA flies to PVG. Should that be removed as well, or perhaps it should say "Kathmandu (via Shanghai)".

I don't know the answer, but i think we should list the flight, and let the airline explain to the passenger the appropriate regulations and restrictions on passengers.
 * —Fudoreaper 04:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi. It is true that Royal Nepal Airlines flies a route KTM-PVG-KIX. It is also true that the airlines show this flight as "via Shanghai" and thus PVG appears as a destination. However, what the airlines are not telling you is that people cannot fly Royal Nepal Airlines from Osaka and disembark at Shanghai. RA simply has no rights to transport people between Japan and China. This is the reason why it does not show up in oag.com and amadeus.net. You simply cannot book a flight on RA if you want to go from KIX to PVG and vice versa.

 * FYI, it is not my decision what to list and what not to list in the destination lists. I am merely following what is stated at WP:AIRPORTS. If you look at the formatting for the airport article structure, go to Airlines and destinations and read bullet 5. As of now, this is the current consensus. Thus, with this in mind, RA flights should be listed as simply (Kathmandu) for both KIX and PVG articles. /ɪlεktʃɹɪk bluː/ 16:56, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the detailed response, Elektrik. Upon reflection, and taking into consideration the addtional information that you provided, i agree with the consensus of not listing KIX on this page. If passengers can't get off, how can the airline be 'serving' the destination? Anyway, thanks for your feedback, looks like you made the right edit.  —Fudoreaper 05:24, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:LogoShanghaiAirport.jpg
Image:LogoShanghaiAirport.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

GA?
Uhh, I don't think this was reviewed as passed as a Good Article. If this article has gone through the official process, please link to the relevant discussion. --Ideogram 19:14, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

some services will not begin
routes awarded and someone updated the article.

There is a list of destinations, including Maxjet (Seattle), Northwest (Detroit), United (Los Angeles), and others that are marked as pending government approval. Some of these applications will be denied because not all of them can be granted under the limitations of the air service agreement between the U.S. and the People's Republic of China. The number of flights are limited. Not all airlines asking for route authority can be accommodated under the agreement.

Editors should decide whether to leave the article as it is, make a note that the flights are subject to approval and that their are limitations preventing all of the applications from being approved, to delete the pending applications, or to create a separate paragraph explaining the limitations. Archtrain 18:48, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Defining "International"
In the destination listing, should "international" change to "non-domestic"? China defines Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan as not international but "out of realm" (jingwai). I've seen the signs at Guangzhou Baiyun which points passengers to "International and HK/Macau/Taiwan" flights. HkCaGu (talk) 19:20, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a note to the introduction. -- Beland (talk) 13:01, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Just as a note, HK/Macau/Taiwan flights out of PVG are usually described as "regional". Cpc464 (talk) 02:48, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Destination Table
To my knowledge, only two formats (the classical list and the interactively sortable table) are approved by WP:AIRPORT. What's going on with this new table here? Aren't the flags and individual airport links too much? And the table looks ugly! HkCaGu (talk) 16:56, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Destination Map
is missng the UA flight to San Francisco. That's the flight that I always take so I had to notice it. Pal2002 (talk) 03:06, 18 March 2010 (UTC) Many destinations are missing, e.g., Copenhagen, Teheran etc etc. Map should be updated or removed — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.224.153.7 (talk) 09:28, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I've checked recently and it doesn't look like there are any direct flights from New York, ORD, LAX, or SEA. I don't have the knowledge to blow things away in the table. But it probably needs a major update. 98.18.190.9 (talk) 13:11, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Pudong is 'busiest international airport'
Recently while editing the intro I removed a line that read Pudong is the busiest international airport in China. I think the original intent of this sentence was that Pudong has the highest number of international passengers out of any airport in China, but saying it is the 'busiest international airport' implies that it has the greatest number of passengers of all international airports in China, which is evidently contradictory to an earlier sentence declaring it to be the third-busiest airport in China. Thus its removal. Re-insertion of the content to the former implication is fine. Colipon+ (Talk) 13:17, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

 * That's a valid point. I've revised the wording to make it more accurate and closer to the source.  However, you could've changed the wording instead of deleting the well-referenced paragraph altogether. -Zanhe (talk) 18:47, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, I apologize for my haste, and take greater care in the future when dealing with similar issues. Your current revision is perfect. Colipon+ (Talk) 19:06, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Link all destinations to the airport articles
A way to improve this article is to link the destinations to the article of the airports that serve them. Please do this change.72.89.35.142 (talk) 02:37, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

FIRSTORIE hate my wikilinks
I follow your advice and improve the article with wikilinks. I have conflict with other editor, which he is VERY INSULTING ME. Please help me fix a poor situations! --B767-500 (talk) 04:22, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Do you think just like Denpasar/Bali, Sapporo-Chitose is wikilink? If you want to edit ,please do carefully, and I can help you. but like Denpasar/Bali Sapporo-Chitose Show you are irresponsible, also you changed some infomation just like Kota Kinabalu. FIRSTORIE (talk) 04:44, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * NOT ONLY Denpasar/Bali Sapporo-Chitose, like Osaka-Kansai Nagoya-Centrair Milan-Malpensa,more and more, please update carefully,thank you. FIRSTORIE (talk) 04:54, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Calm down guys. We're all trying to improve Wikipedia (and making the world a better place :-), so please be nice to each other.  While we should all try to be more careful and make fewer mistakes, we also need to remember to be tolerant of mistakes made by other people in good faith. -Zanhe (talk) 05:14, 17 August 2012 (UTC)

Possible blurb on Japanese funding?
I believe this was mentioned on a previous version of the article. Maybe a sentence or two on it or the rationale behind it?


text:
Charles Mackintosh

Charles Mackintosh (or Macintosh, McIntosh) may refer to:

 * Charles Henry Mackintosh (1820–1896), Irish Christian preacher
 * Charles Herbert Mackintosh (1843–1931), Canadian politician
 * Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928), Scottish architect and artist
 * Charles Macintosh (1766–1843), Scottish chemist and inventor
 * Charles Macintosh (composer and naturalist) (1839–1922), Scottish composer and naturalist
 * Charles Macintosh (rugby union) (1869–1918), New Zealand rugby player and politician
 * Charles McIntosh (1892–1970), Saskatchewan politician
 * Charles Edward McIntosh (1836–1915), Canadian American politician in Wisconsin

title: Charles Mackintosh


text:
Vocalization

Vocalization or vocalisation may refer to:

 * Speech, communication using the human voice
 * Vocable, an utterance that is not considered a word
 * Speech production, the processes by which spoken sounds are made
 * Animal communication, the transfer of information from one or a group of animals to another
 * Amphibian vocalization
 * Bird vocalization, bird calls and bird songs
 * Dolphin vocalizations
 * Female copulatory vocalizations, produced by females while mating
 * Voice (phonetics), the vibration of the vocal cords that accompanies some speech sounds
 * Consonant voicing and devoicing, the addition or removal of this vibration from consonant sounds
 * Vocalization, the change of a sound into a vowel
 * L-vocalization, the change of the consonant [l] into a vowel or semivowel
 * Vocal music, music performed by singers with or without instrumental accompaniment
 * Non-lexical vocalization in music
 * Speech disfluency, an utterance that interrupts the normal flow of speech

Writing

 * Vocalization of consonantal text, the adding of vowels to a text written in consonants only
 * Arabic diacritics, symbols added to Arabic letters to represent vowels and consonant length
 * Niqqud, a system of diacritics to indicate vowel quality in Hebrew
 * Babylonian vocalization, a system of niqqud devised by the Masoretes of Babylon; defunct
 * Palestinian vocalization, a system of niqqud devised by the Masoretes of Jerusalem; defunct
 * Tiberian vocalization, a system of niqqud devised by the Masoretes of Tiberias; still in use

title: Vocalization


text:
Electron tube

Electron tube may refer to:
 * Vacuum tube, a device that controls electric current between electrodes
 * Gas-filled tube, an arrangement of electrodes in a gas

title: Electron tube


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikibot

I moved the article to the wikipedia namespace. I don't think it deserves to be an encyclopedia article. -- Taku 04:47, Nov 7, 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikibot