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The Sandbaggers

The Sandbaggers is a British spy thriller television series created by Ian Mackintosh, about men and women on the front lines of the Cold War. Set contemporaneously with its original broadcast on ITV from 1978 to 1980, The Sandbaggers examines the effect of espionage on the personal and professional lives of British intelligence officers and their American colleagues. All but three of the 20 episodes of the three series were written by Mackintosh, who died during the recording of series three. The series was produced in Leeds by Yorkshire Television.

Premise
Neil Burnside (Roy Marsden) is director of operations (D/Ops) in Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Although commonly known as MI6 among the general public, the service is only ever referred to as SIS in the series to reflect the ethos of realism and factual accuracy employed in the writing.

The series follows Burnside as he oversees a small, elite group of intelligence officers, the Special Operations Section, nicknamed "Sandbaggers", composed of highly trained operatives whose missions tend to be politically sensitive or especially vital, such as escorting defectors across borders (or preventing defections from the UK), carrying out assassinations, or rescuing operatives from behind the Iron Curtain.

Several episodes revolve around Burnside's frustration at trying to operate his directorate in the face of budget cuts and what he believes to be unwarranted bureaucratic or political interference.

One of the themes running through the series is the relationship between SIS and America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the UK-USA Agreement. Burnside goes to great lengths to preserve the agreement and the so-called "special relationship", most notably in the episode of the same name (1-07).

Series creator
The Sandbaggers was created by Ian Mackintosh, a Scottish former naval officer turned television writer, who had previously achieved success with the acclaimed BBC television series Warship. He wrote all the episodes of the first two series of The Sandbaggers, but in July 1979, during the shooting of the third series, he and his girlfriend—a British Airways stewardess—were declared lost at sea after their single-engine aircraft went missing over the Pacific Ocean near Alaska, following a radioed call for help. Some of the details surrounding their disappearance have caused speculation about what actually occurred, including their stop at an abandoned United States Air Force base and the fact that the plane happened to crash in the one small area that was not covered by either US or Soviet radar.

Mackintosh disappeared after he had written just four of the scripts for the third series, so other writers were called in to bring the episode count up to seven. The Sandbaggers ends on an unresolved cliff hanger because the producers decided that no one else could write the series as well as Mackintosh had and chose not to continue it in his absence. Ray Lonnen, who played Sandbagger Willie Caine, indicated in correspondence with fans that there were plans for a follow-up season in which his character, using a wheelchair, had taken over Burnside's role as Director of Special Operations.

Because of the atmosphere of authenticity that the scripts evoked and the liberal use of "spook" jargon, there has been speculation that Mackintosh might have been a former operative of SIS or had, at least, contact with the espionage community. This has extended to speculation that his disappearance was no accident or had to do with a secret mission he was undertaking. There is a possibility that Mackintosh may have been involved in intelligence operations during his time in the Royal Navy, but no conclusive evidence has surfaced. When asked, Mackintosh himself was always coy about whether he had been a spy.

Whether or not Mackintosh had any experience in the world of espionage, the organisational structure of SIS depicted in The Sandbaggers is probably closer to that of the CIA than that of the SIS. There is no formal section of the SIS known as the Special Operations Section, as far as is publicly known, and there is no intelligence unit known as the Sandbaggers. However, the departures from accuracy in the show may have been deliberate, in order to avoid problems with the SIS under the Official Secrets Act. Ray Lonnen mentioned in an interview that one episode in the second series was vetoed because it dealt with sensitive information, which explains why the second series has only six episodes.

Production and story style
The series takes a realistic, unvarnished, and occasionally bleak look at espionage. The Sandbaggers undercut many of the accepted conventions of the spy thriller genre, in direct contrast to the "girls, guns, and gadgets" of James Bond. Indeed the characters often explicitly disparage the fictitious world of James Bond and the romanticised view of espionage. As Burnside puts it in episode 1.01 "First Principles":"'Special operations doesn't mean going in with all guns blazing. It means special planning, special care. Fully briefed agents in possession of all possible alternatives. If you want James Bond, go to a library. But if you want a successful operation, sit at your desk and think. And then think again. Our battles aren't fought at the end of a parachute, they're won and lost in drab, dreary corridors in Westminster.'"The Sandbaggers features ordinary people doing extraordinary work. The scripts are laced with black humour, depicting the high emotional toll taken on espionage professionals who operate in a world of moral ambiguity. There are very few action sequences, and the equipment available to the operatives is standard and often outdated. Burnside is a harried spymaster who doesn't drink; Willie Caine is an intelligence officer not a "super spy", who abhors guns and violence, and is paid a basic civil servant's salary.

The plots are complex, multi-layered, and unpredictable: regular characters are killed off abruptly, and surprise twists abound. Episodes consist of a series of conversations, but the dialogue is intelligent and frequently witty. In a typical episode, Burnside moves from office to office speaking (and arguing) with his colleagues across Whitehall and in the intelligence community. These are interspersed with scenes of the Sandbaggers operating in the field, or of the "Ops Room", where missions are coordinated and controlled.

Theme music
The title theme music, composed by jazz pianist Roy Budd, establishes its rhythmic undertone with the cimbalom, an instrument often associated with spy thrillers (John Barry, for example, used the cimbalom in his scores for The Ipcress File and The Quiller Memorandum). From series 2 onwards, the theme contains an additional organ playing the same melody line. This version (or 'mix') was also used in the opening titles of episode 2 and episode 7 of series 1).

Unusually for an episodic drama, The Sandbaggers is almost entirely devoid of incidental music. One notable exception is the last episode of series 1 (episode 7) where Burnside's feelings get the better of him for reasons the audience (by then) fully understand.

Locations
Most exterior filming was done in Leeds and the surrounding Yorkshire countryside. The producers successfully used the modernist and brutalist architecture available in Leeds and Yorkshire to create convincing vignettes of eastern bloc locations, but much of this has been redeveloped, reclad or demolished in recent years. Additional exteriors were filmed on location in London and Malta, otherwise the series uses stock footage and set-up shots of foreign locations. With the exception of a very few interior locations, most of the interiors were standing sets, shot on videotape, at Yorkshire Television's studios on Kirkstall Road, Leeds. The contrast between the studio work and the location work on 16mm film is clear to see on screen.

The series uses several regular London locations to set the scene, most notably in and around Westminster. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office on Whitehall and the adjacent King Charles Street appear regularly, and this is where the statue of Robert Clive is sited, looking out into St James's Park. The Boyle Street entrance to 25 Savile Row in Mayfair was used as SIS headquarters and despite some superficial changes it is still recognisable today. The former US Embassy on Grosvenor Square in Mayfair is the location of Jeff Ross's office (and is now a hotel).

Episode Specific Locations

1-01 "First Principles". The Norwegian Embassy is at 25 Belgrave Square, London. Torvik and Burnside meet at Park Square, Leeds. Ross and Burnside meet by the Roosevelt memorial on Grosvenor Square, London. The crash site and tundra of the Kola Peninsula were filmed up on Saddleworth Moor. The Oslo airport interior was filmed in Leeds Bradford Airport (now completely remodelled).

1-02 "A Proper Function of Government". Burnside's apartment block is at Frobisher House off Dolphin Square in Pimlico. Burnside leaves his flat, walks south onto Grosvenor Road, turns right onto St George’s Square and walks north to Lupus Street, and waits to catch the number 24 bus to Westminster at the stop opposite 15 St George’s Square. In Vienna, Caine intercepts Hopkins in a park in Yorkshire (location tbc). Wellingham and Burnside walk north along Victoria Embankment next to Westminster Pier.

1-03 "Is Your Journey Really Necessary?". Burnside confronts Sally Graham by the orangery in Holland Park gardens in London.

1-04 "The Most Suitable Person". Colin Grove is seen walking along Devonshire Place in London, close to Harley Street. The SIS field school was filmed at Creskeld Hall in Arthington, north Leeds. Ross and Burnside meet for a "late lunch" at the Italian Garden, Kensington Gardens. Later, Ross and Burnside walk through the rose garden and past a sculpture of Pan at the Sheffield Botanical Gardens, before emerging at Waterloo lake in Roundhay Park, Leeds. In Gibraltar, Caine is pursued by a white Mercedes down Waterside in Knaresborough, from the junction with Water Bag Bank, past the Old Manor House painted like a chessboard, and down towards the viaduct.

1-05 "Always Glad to Help". The episode opens with set-up shots of the north entrance to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) main building on Horse Guards Avenue, Westminster. Hamad takes Dickens bowling at Humber Bowl in the Merrion Centre, on Merrion Way, Leeds (now called Tenpin Leeds).

1-06 "A Feasible Solution". In Cyprus, Caine and Ferris are ambushed on a dirt road, filmed at Caley Crags on the Otley Chevin, north of Leeds. Ross and Burnside meet on Trafalgar Square, London.

1-07 "Special Relationship". Mittag's apartment in East Berlin was filmed at the old Quarry Hill housing complex in Leeds (demolished, 1978). After lunch Burnside and Dickens take a walk through the Hyde Park area of Woodhouse Moor, Leeds. Ross tells Burnside the mission is "go" on Cavendish Street at the south entrance to the Parkinson Building on the Leeds University campus. Burnside is brought to tears on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge, Westminster, in front of Thames House.

2-01 "At All Costs". Burnside smokes a cigarette on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge, Westminster, in front of Thames House. Burnside and Ross have their "10:20 meeting" in the McDonalds at 155 Victoria Street, London, which is still there. The entrance has moved and the interior redecorated, but you can still sit at their usual table. In Sofia, Burnside and Caine swap TWA bags with Ross on a bench outside the biology department in zone 1, campus west of York University. The bench is directly opposite the biology greenhouses with the "Eric Milner-White A block" of student accommodation across the lake.

2-02, "Enough of Ghosts." The episode features set-up shots and stock footage of Brussels, including the Brussels Hilton. The scene where Wellingham gets into the limo was shot in Yorkshire (location tbc). Ross and Burnside discuss Wellingham's safe outside the old War Office building at 57 Whitehall (now a hotel). The interiors and exteriors of the farm house where Wellingham does his paperwork, and Caine and Wallace do some driving, were most likely filmed in flat lands of the Vale of York or Humberhead Levels (location tbc). Burnside has tea with Lady Wellingham at the "Parkway Tower" (location tbc). Caine and Lincke wait for the Brussels police on York Place, Leeds (the Hotel Metropole is clearly visible in the background). The police car pulls up outside Devonshire House at 37-38 York Place, and Boulin's base is on the first floor of the then semi-derelict 5 York Place (the interior windows match the exterior). After the raid, the police can be seen exiting the building through the right hand doorway which accesses the upper floors. The left door accesses the ground floor, which appears to be a construction site (it is currently a lap dancing club).

2-03 "Decision by Committee". In Sri Lanka, Caine and Milner's hotel is the carefully dressed Trust House Forte Hotel, in Bramhope, north Leeds (now a Britannia hotel). Burnside and Ross meet for a drink in the lounge on the top floor of the London Hilton on Park Lane. The runway exteriors (including the model 'Malaysian World' Boeing 707) were filmed at Leeds Bradford Airport (the control tower and Cookridge Tower can be seen in wide shots). The aeroplane interiors were shot on film so appear to have been filmed on location inside a real aircraft or in a cabin training fuselage. Burnside drives with C, in a Daimler, from Lambeth, across Westminster Bridge, to see Wellingham at the Foreign Office.

2-04 "A Question of Loyalty". In Warsaw, Wallace waits for Motika outside Leeds Polytechnic's Brunswick Building (demolished in 2009 to make way for the Leeds Arena); the top of Wade House at the Merrion Centre can be seen when he returns to his car. Motika's apartment was in the Hunslet Grange Flats, Leeds (demolished, 1983). In Sweden, Caine and Wallace walk beside the River Ouse just north of the Lendal Bridge in York, along what is now the 'Dame Judi Dench Walk'. Milner meets Burnside in the fog on the south west steps of Lambeth Bridge, Westminster, in front of Thames House. Litman waits for his meeting on the Blue Bridge in York, where the River Foss meets the Ouse.

2-05 "It Couldn't Happen Here". In West Virginia, Herron's house was filmed at Newton Kyme Hall, Tadcaster, north east of Leeds. Ross and Burnside have a McDonald's lunch in St James's Park opposite HM Treasury. In West Virginia, O'Shea and Caine drive past University House, the Refectory, and the Clothworkers' Building on Leeds University campus. Herron's funeral is held at the Saltaire United Reformed Church in Shipley, north Bradford. Burnside confronts Stratford-Baker in St James's Park (the Duke of York column is visible above the trees).

2-06 "Operation Kingmaker". Peele buys a suit from a Dunn & Co. store at 373 Strand, London (now closed). Burnside emerges from St James's Park and runs into Gibbs on the Clive steps outside the Foreign Office. Later Peele and Burnside, in a Daimler, are driven (from the Foreign Office) north along Horse Guards Road, left onto The Mall, right onto Marlborough Road, past St James's Palace, to meet Wellingham for lunch. Later, Burnside and Milner drive south down Bolton Street, turn right onto Piccadilly and head towards Knightsbridge via the Hyde Park Corner road underpass.

3-01 "All In a Good Cause". D'Arcy and Burnside stroll along Carlton House Terrace in London, past the Royal Society, turn right down the steps at the Duke of York column, cross The Mall and walk into St James's Park.

3-02 "To Hell with Justice". This episode features extensive exterior and interior location filming in Malta. Tyler stays at the Excelsior Hotel (now the Grand Excelsior) in Floriana. Tyler and Burnside talk at the Upper Barrakka Gardens.

3-03 "Unusual Approach". In Rhodes, Burnside, Peel, and Wellingham stay at the Villa Messina in Rabat, Malta (now a care home). In Russia, Wallace's arrival at Krasnodar airport was filmed on the Leeds University campus in the section of the "red route" corridor linking the EC Stoner Building to the Mathematics and Earth Sciences Building. The Roger Stevens Building is visible through the window behind. A few shots of the control tower at Leeds Bradford airport cement the illusion.

3-04 "My Name is Anna Wiseman". In Brussels, Anna's apartment was filmed at the Granby Hotel, Harrogate (now a care home). Caine climbs the stairs of the Merrion Centre multi-storey car park on Merrion Way, Leeds (refurbished, 2013), to collect a letter from a VW Beetle parked on the top floor. Merrion House (refurbished, 2018), Leeds College of Technology (demolished, 2021) and Leeds Civic Hall (still extant) are all clearly visible against the sky. Burnside meets Anna at a First World War cemetery near Ypres which was filmed at the Harrogate (Stonefall) Cemetery. The gatehouse to the Harewood Estate in north Leeds was used as the entrance to the cemetery. Wallace takes the cello to 15 Park Place, Leeds, where he watches Anna walk down the steps of "Hotel Rogiet" at 28 Park Place (now demolished). The large brutalist building seen at the end of the street is the Leeds International Pool (demolished, 2009). The airport scenes were shot on the Leeds University campus, using the ground floor of the Roger Stevens Building and the section of the "red route" corridor linking the Roger Stevens to the Mathematics and Earth Sciences Building. Burnside leaves the office on Boyle Street, then he walks south along Victoria Embankment, turns right onto Bridge Street and past Westminster tube station, crosses Canon Row, buys an Evening Standard and stops outside St Stephen's Tavern, before continuing on towards Parliament Square, bearing right onto Parliament Street.

3-05 "Sometimes We Play Dirty Too". Burnside walks east on Northumberland Avenue, Westminster, and enters the old Ministry of Defence (MoD) offices in the Metropole Hotel (now a hotel again). After arriving in Prague, Caine is driven to the "ACI "offices in Leeds (location tbc). The ACI interiors were filmed at 49 St Paul's Street, Leeds (the distinctive brickwork of St Pauls House can be seen through the windows). Ross and Burnside meet at the Imperial Camel Corps Memorial in Victoria Embankment Gardens, London.

3-06 "Who Needs Enemies". Ross and Burnside walk from Horse Guards and across Horse Guards Parade, Whitehall. Later, Ross and Burnside have a coffee in the McDonalds at 155 Victoria Street, London, and walk out into Cathedral Piazza, and then along Boyle Street. That night, Burnside takes a stroll along Charing Cross Road, before running into some skinheads in Leicester Square and ending up in St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth. Judging by the brickwork, and the building seen through the windows, the interiors were probably filmed at Leeds General Infirmary. Burnside rides in a black cab along Grosvenor Street to see Ross at the US Embassy on Grosvenor Square, Mayfair.

3-07 "Opposite Numbers". This episode features extensive interior and exterior location filming in Malta. The SALT conference takes place at the Grand Hotel Verdala in Rabat (demolished, 2021) and the Malta Hilton in St. Julian's. Burnside hides Filatov at 4 Vjal Santu Wistin, also in Rabat. Ross and Burnside walk north along Victoria Embankment, from Westminster Pier to the Ministry of Defence (MoD).

Art

In series one and two, the large painting that hangs in Greenley's office is "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Robert Alexander Hillingford. When Gibbs becomes "C" in series three, it is replaced by an unidentified naval painting. The painting in Wellingham's office is "Northumberland House, Charing Cross," by John Paul.

Cast

Neil Burnside (Roy Marsden)

Burnside is the Director of Operations (D/Ops) of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6). Himself a former Sandbagger and a former Royal Marine officer, Burnside has been D/Ops for only six months at the start of the series. He is arrogant and obsessively dedicated to his job, and regularly finds himself at odds with his superiors, politicians, the Foreign Office, and the Security Service (MI5). The opening titles reveal that Burnside's middle initial is D., as shown on a letter addressed to "N.D. Burnside, Esq." on his desk.

Willie Caine (Ray Lonnen), "Sandbagger One"

Caine, a former Paratrooper, is head of the Special Operations Section. He shares a bond of friendship and trust with Burnside, and is not afraid to speak his mind; Burnside describes Caine as "probably the best operative currently operating anywhere in the world". He is the only character besides Burnside to appear in every episode of the series.

Sir James Greenley (Richard Vernon), "C" (series 1 and 2)

Greenley is the recently-appointed chief of SIS, code-named "C". Burnside is initially wary of Greenley, who was a diplomat before becoming C, but over time they develop a close relationship; Burnside describes Greenley as "the best C SIS has ever had". He retires at the end of the second series due to angina and is replaced by John Tower Gibbs.

Matthew Peele (Jerome Willis), Deputy Chief

As Deputy Chief, Peele is usually the first person to whom Burnside reports. They share an antagonistic relationship, as Burnside views Peele as a nuisance with no opinions of his own, while Peele considers Burnside reckless, arrogant, and untrustworthy. Peele is generally disliked by most characters, but displays considerable tact and intelligence throughout the series, as he is often more aware of/concerned with the bigger picture than Burnside.

Sir Geoffrey Wellingham (Alan MacNaughtan)

Burnside's personal and professional life come together in Wellingham, Burnside's former father-in-law and the Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office which oversees SIS. They share an informal but sometimes antagonistic relationship which on occasion is tested to its limit, but also maintain an unspoken fondness and respect for each other.

Jeff Ross (Bob Sherman), head of London station, CIA

Ross is Burnside's only friend, and the two maintain a close personal and professional relationship; he tends to share Burnside's disdain of bureaucratic and political interference. They occasionally work at odds with one another, but are most often allies fighting their common enemies (the Soviets, and bureaucracy within their own agencies). Ross shows himself to be considerably more ruthless and cold-blooded than Burnside on several occasions.

John Tower Gibbs (Dennis Burgess), "C" (series 3 only)

Gibbs replaces Greenley as C in the last episode of the second series. A former head of station with whom Burnside has an antagonistic relationship, Gibbs disapproves of Burnside and his method of operating. His appointment (along with a continued lack of funding) leads to increased tension within SIS. Gibbs and Burnside regularly clash throughout the third series.

Other Sandbaggers

The posts of Sandbaggers Two and Three are filled throughout the series by Jake Landy (David Glyder), Alan Denson (Steven Grives), Laura Dickens (Diane Keen), Tom Elliott (David Beames) and Mike Wallace (Michael Cashman).

Other characters

Diane Lawler (Elizabeth Bennett) is Burnside's fiercely loyal personal assistant; she leaves SIS when she marries at the end of the second series, handpicking her replacement, Marianne Straker (Sue Holderness), who stays with Burnside for the remainder of the series.

Edward Tyler (Peter Laird) is introduced as SIS Director of Intelligence (D/Int) in the first episode of the second series. Tyler, described as "brilliant" by Wellingham and considered the best D/Int SIS has ever had, shares a friendly relationship with Burnside. In the third series he is replaced as D/Int by Paul Dalgetty (David Robb). Dalgetty, who appears in only two episodes, is openly antagonistic towards Burnside and manoeuvres to replace him as D/Ops in "Who Needs Enemies" (3-06).

Sam Lawes (Brian Osborne), Brian Milton (Barkley Johnson) and Bruce (Paul Haley) are often on duty in the Ops Room, coordinating missions.

Episodes
Each of the 20 episodes of The Sandbaggers runs just over fifty minutes without commercials, originally airing with commercial breaks that divided the episode into three acts. Animated bumpers similar to the end credits lead into and out of the commercial breaks.

Critical review
Television critics' reviews of The Sandbaggers have been almost uniformly positive. In 1989, Walter Goodman of The New York Times dubbed The Sandbaggers "the real stuff" for fans of the spy genre. He goes on to note, concerning the seventh episode ("Special Relationship"): "Although the issue of love versus duty is overdrawn and the tale, like others, is a bit forced in places, the Burnside character and the urgency of the story-telling make it work. Most of the Sandbagger episodes work." Similarly, critic Terrence Rafferty called The Sandbaggers "the best spy series in television history".

The Sandbaggers, television critic Rick Vanderknyff also wrote, "is many things American network television is not: talky and relatively action-free, low in fancy production values but high in plot complexity, and starring characters who aren't likable in the traditional TV way".

When reviewing the 2013 Network DVD release of The Sanbaggers: The Complete Series, Toby Manning wrote: "this 70s spy drama about a cold war dirty tricks department is cynical, tough – and has a compelling star in Roy Marsden's brute in a well-cut suit."

Broadcast history

 * In the UK, series one was broadcast nationwide on ITV in September and October 1978; Series two, January to March 1980; Series three, June and July 1980. ITV repeated The Sandbaggers once in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the cable/satellite channels Granada Plus and SelecTV showed repeats. All three series were shown on London Live (TV channel) commencing 9 December 2023.
 * In Canada, CBC Television aired The Sandbaggers nationwide in the 1980s.
 * In Australia, the Nine Network aired The Sandbaggers nationwide in 1982.
 * In the US, The Sandbaggers was sold in syndication to individual PBS stations from the mid-1980s until the mid-1990s.
 * In Italy, the series was briefly shown on some local television stations in 1988. All episodes were dubbed in Italian.
 * In Israel, Channel 1 aired The Sandbaggers (titled "The Selected") nationwide in the mid-1980s. All episodes were subtitled in Hebrew.

DVD

 * All 20 episodes are available in the UK and European market in Region 2 PAL-format DVD sets, the first two series being released by Network DVD in August 2005 and May 2006 respectively. (Unlike the BFS DVDs, the Network DVDs include in each episode the "bumpers" which led into and out of advertisement breaks during transmission on commercial television. These bumpers display "End of Part One", "Part Two", "End of Part Two" and "Part 3" accompanied by a snippet of the theme music.)
 * All 20 episodes of The Sandbaggers are available in the North American market in Region 0 NTSC-format DVD sets which were released by BFS Entertainment in August 2001 (Series 1 and 2) and September 2003 (Series 3).

Video

 * The complete series is also available on NTSC videotapes, in three sets. (Episode 7, "Special Relationship", was omitted from the Series One set and thus appears out of order on the Series Three set.)
 * Four episodes were released on two PAL videocassettes in the mid-1980s, but these PAL tapes are out of print.

Books

 * The Sandbaggers by Ian Mackintosh (Corgi Books, 1978) novelises "Always Glad to Help" and "A Feasible Solution". Out of print.
 * The Sandbaggers: Think of a Number (Corgi Books, 1980) is an original novel by "Donald Lancaster", a pseudonym for mystery writer William Marshall, who was commissioned to write it after Ian Mackintosh's disappearance. Out of print.

The Sandbaggers in America
Although not a huge ratings hit during its initial UK broadcast, The Sandbaggers generated a cult following when telecast abroad, most notably in the USA. PBS outlet KTEH in San Jose, California aired at least five runs of The Sandbaggers after it became "a local phenomenon".

American Sandbaggers fandom produced fanzines, websites, and even a convention: Ray Lonnen was the guest of honour at "Sandbagger One" in New Jersey in 1992.

Queen & Country
Greg Rucka, novelist and creator of the comic book espionage series Queen & Country, has said that the comic book is consciously inspired by The Sandbaggers and is in a sense a "quasi-sequel". In the comic book, the structure of SIS mirrors that seen in the television series, down to the division of responsibilities between Directors of Operations and Intelligence and the existence of a Special Operations Section known as the "Minders". The comic book also features a more modern and sophisticated Ops Room, and bureaucratic wrangling reminiscent of the television series.

Several characters and situations in Queen & Country parallel The Sandbaggers, including a fatherly "C" who is eventually replaced by a more political and less sympathetic appointee; a Director of Operations who is fiercely protective of the Special Section; a Deputy Chief antagonistic to the independent nature of the Minders; a rivalry with MI5; and a cooperative relationship with the CIA. In addition, several scenes and lines of dialogue are similar or allude to the television series. However, as the comic book takes place in the present day, the geopolitical situation is very different. In addition, the stories are more action-oriented and focus on the exploits of Minder Tara Chace rather than on Paul Crocker, the Director of Operations.

Sandbagger Two
Sandbagger Two, A Global Celebration of the 45th Anniversary of the First UK Broadcast, was organized by The Sandbaggers Yorkshire Television 1978-1980 Facebook group and was held on October 7, 2023. A live virtual Webinar, keynote speakers were Roy Marsden and Greg Rucka.

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Cotopaxi

Cotopaxi is an active stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains, located near Latacunga city of Cotopaxi Province, about 50 km south of Quito, and 31 km northeast of the city of Latacunga, Ecuador. It is the second highest summit in Ecuador (after Chimborazo), reaching a height of 5897 m. Cotopaxi is among the highest active volcanoes in the world.

Cotopaxi is known to have erupted 87 times, resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by lahars (mudflows) around the volcano. An ongoing eruption began on 21 October 2022.

At the end of February 2023, the Geophysical Institute of Ecuador reported that Cotopaxi had produced around 8,000 earthquakes since October 21, 2022, amounting to 1,600 events per month.

Description
On a clear day, Cotopaxi is clearly visible on the skyline from Latacunga and Quito. It is part of the chain of volcanoes around the Pacific plate known as the Pacific Ring of Fire. It has an almost symmetrical cone that rises from a highland plain of about 3800 m, with a width at its base of about 23 km. It has one of the few equatorial glaciers in the world, which starts at the height of 5000 m. At its summit, Cotopaxi has an 800 × 550 m wide crater which is 250 m deep. The crater consists of two concentric crater rims, the outer one being partly free of snow and irregular in shape. The crater interior is covered with ice cornices and rather flat. The highest point is on the outer rim of the crater on the north side.

Name
According to locals who speak Quechua, coto means 'neck' and paxi means 'moon' (Quechua q'oto 'throat' + Aymara phakhsi 'moon'). This refers to the crater of Cotopaxi that looks like a crescent moon. The mountain was honored as a sacred mountain by local Andean people, even before the Inca invasion in the 15th century. It was worshiped as rain sender, which served as the guarantor of the land's fertility, and at the same time its summit was revered as a place where gods lived.

Historic eruptions
With 87 known eruptions, Cotopaxi is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Its first recorded eruption was in 1534. This eruption appears to have deposited an ash layer in the lakes of El Cajas National Park that has been dated to 450±70 cal BP.

Cotopaxi's most violent eruptions in historical times occurred in the years 1742, 1744, 1768, and 1877. The 1744 and 1768 events destroyed the colonial town of Latacunga. During the June 26, 1877 eruption, pyroclastic flows descended on all sides of the mountain melting the entire ice cap, with lahars traveling more than 100 km into the Pacific Ocean and western Amazon basin draining the valley. The city of Latacunga was again leveled completely due to the mudslide deposits.

The eruption on 19 June 1742 was witnessed by the scientists Pierre Bouguer and Charles-Marie de La Condamine, members of the French Geodesic Mission, as they descended from nearby Guagua Pichincha.

There was a major eruption from 1903 to 1904, and minor activity persisted until at least 1940 and possibly 1942. (Note that direct observations of minor eruptions can be difficult because of bad weather, hence the uncertainty about the 1942 "eruption.") The same source also reported increased thermal/seismic, non-eruptive activity in 1975 and 2002. In the increased activity of 2002, fumarolic activity and sulfuric emissions increased and ice around the inside and on the southeastern side of the cone started to melt. However, no actual eruption was observed.

In 2015, two large phreatic (steam) eruptions on the morning of August 14 marked a new phase of volcanic activity. The volcano "remains in a very abnormal situation. In August, 2,100 earthquakes were recorded and emission rates of sulfur dioxide reach approximately 20,000 t/d. The government estimates some 300,000 people are at risk from the volcano in the provinces of Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Napo and Pichincha.

Climbing
The first non-Spanish European who tried to climb the mountain was Alexander von Humboldt in 1802; however, he only reached a height of about 4500 m. In 1858 Moritz Wagner investigated the mountain, but he could not reach the summit either.

On November 28, 1872, German geologist Wilhelm Reiss and his Colombian partner, Angel Escobar, finally reached the summit of Cotopaxi.

In 1873 it was summitted by German Geologist Moritz Alphons Stübel and four Ecuadorians, Rafael Jantui, Melchor Páez, Vicente Ramón and Eusebio Rodriguez.

In 1880 British mountaineer Edward Whymper and the Italian guides Jean-Antoine Carrel and Louis Carrel made the third recorded ascent of Cotopaxi and spent a night on the summit.

Painters Rudolf Reschreiter and Hans Meyer reached the summit in 1903, and many of Reschreiter's paintings feature a view of Cotopaxi.

In the late 20th century, summiting Cotopaxi became a major tourist draw. The José F. Ribas Refuge (Refugio José Félix Ribas) was built in 1971 at an elevation of 4864 m and enlarged in 2005.

A tragedy occurred on Easter Sunday 1996 when an avalanche partially buried the Refuge and dozens of tourists. The glacier above the Refuge was probably weakened by an earthquake that had shaken the entire Province of Cotopaxi for several days prior to the avalanche. In the warm midday sun a huge portion of the ice wall broke loose. Being Easter, there were many day visitors on the mountain who were buried in the ice and snow. Those trapped in the Refuge broke windows on the downhill side to climb to safety, but 13 people died on the slope above. The Refuge itself is located in a valley and consequently vulnerable to future avalanches.

Recreation
Climbing Cotopaxi to the summit is quite popular, with up to 100 climbers attempting it on weekends. When the summit is quiet, mountain guide companies offer regular guided climbs of the mountain. Climbers grade the conventional route alpine PD (Peu Difficile) or WS (Wenig Schwierig) — or PD/WS+ (indicating "Mildly Difficult PLUS"). Use of crampons and ice axes is mandatory as snow and ice slopes of up to 50 degrees (1 in 2) are encountered, and climbers should be on belay and use aluminum ladders to cross one or two of the crevasses. A 4WD track goes up from the national park entrance to a carpark at 4600 m altitude on north side, just below the José F. Ribas Refuge. This stone mountain hut — owned and operated by Grupo Ascensionismo del Colegio San Gabriel — is situated 200 m higher at 4800 m (a 40-80 minute uphill hike). Here climbers can spend the night and begin their summit bid in the early morning without any intermediate camps. (Typically no more than about half of those attempting to summit Cotopaxi make it to the top after a daunting — though non-technical — six-hour scramble.) Summiting normally starts around 12:30 am, to reach the summit at latest 7:30 am and then return to the hut before the snow melts and glacier crevasses move/evolve. As of July 28, 2014, the Ribas Refuge is under construction. Tour operators shuttle their clients up to the top of the 4WD track once in the afternoon for a glacier skills class, and then again to start the climb around midnight, spending the intervening hours eating dinner and resting at a hostel lower down by the lakes. Adventure tourism operators in Quito also offer mountain biking tours from the Refuge downhill along the dirt track.

Eruptions
In April 2015, the volcano began to show signs of unrest, and came back to life. There was a large increase in earthquakes (including harmonic tremors) and SO2 emissions. IGEPN reported slight deformation of the edifice, suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano. As of 25 July, the unrest continued, and a significant eruption of phreatic ash and steam occurred on August 14 and 15, 2015. Ash was deposited heavily in areas close to the volcano, including damaging farmlands on the flanks of neighbouring volcanoes such as El Corazon, and thinly as far as Quito, affecting southern and central areas of the city.

A new eruption began on 21 October 2022 and is ongoing as of June 2023.

Future Cotopaxi eruptions pose a high risk to the local population, their settlements and fields. The main danger of a significant eruption of Cotopaxi would be the flash-melting of its summit glacier, resulting in devastating lahars which would travel down the flanks of the volcano, guided by river valleys whose origins lie at the volcano. Danger from normal, explosive eruptive activity is limited to within Cotopaxi National Park. However, the great distances that lahars of the significant size that Cotopaxi's glacier produces could travel greatly increase the hazard areas to include all river valleys leading from the volcano. If there were to be a very large explosion, it would destroy many northerly settlements within the valley in the suburban area of Quito (pop. more than 2,000,000). Another city which would be in great danger is the regional capital Latacunga, which is located in the south valley, and has been destroyed at least twice (in 1768, 1877) by lahars caused by volcanic activity.

In art

 * Cotopaxi is depicted in the traditional paintings of the indigenous people of Tigua, as the volcano holds significant cultural value.

 * Cotopaxi was the subject of important works by painter Frederic Edwin Church in 1855 and 1862.
 * In The Star (1897), a short story by H. G. Wells, Cotopaxi erupts with a tumult of lava that reaches the coastline in a day.
 * In the poem Romance ("Chimborazo, Cotopaxi....Popocatapetl") by Walter J. Turner (1916), Cotopaxi is one of the romantic locations that has stolen the poet's heart.
 * In Shadrach in the Furnace (1976), a science fiction novel by Robert Silverberg, an eruption by Cotopaxi becomes known as "the night of Cotopaxi". It starts a series of disasters and uprisings that establish in the early 21st century a world dictatorship by the Mongolian Genghis Mao.
 * In the American film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), the SS Cotopaxi, a ship named Cotopaxi that disappeared in 1925, appears in the Gobi Desert.
 * American rock band The Mars Volta have a 2009 song named after the mountain.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cotopaxi


text:
Telefilm Canada

Telefilm Canada is a Crown corporation reporting to Canada's federal government through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. Headquartered in Montreal, Telefilm provides services to the Canadian audiovisual industry with four regional offices in Vancouver, British Columbia; Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Halifax, Nova Scotia. The primary mandate of the corporation is to finance and promote Canadian productions through its various funds and programs.

Purpose
As one of the Canadian government's principal instruments for supporting Canada's audiovisual industry, Telefilm Canada's primary mandate is to finance and promote through its various funds and programs. Telefilm's role is to foster the commercial, cultural, and industrial success of Canadian productions and to stimulate demand for those productions both at home and abroad. Telefilm also administers the programs of the Canada Media Fund.

The organization is also responsible for choosing Canada's annual submission to the Academy Awards for the Best International Feature Film award.

Coproductions
Telefilm Canada administers the Canadian government's coproductions, enabling Canadian filmmakers and their international counterparts to coproduce films and television programs that enjoy the status of national productions in each of the respective countries.

Operations
Headquartered in Montreal, Telefilm provides bilingual services to its clients through four offices located in Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal and Halifax.

The Atlantic Regional office, in operation since 1984 from Halifax, services New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.

The Quebec Regional office is located in the Montreal head office and serves the province of Quebec.

The Ontario Regional office, in operation since 1968 from Toronto, serves both Ontario and Nunavut.

The Western Regional office, in operation since 1984 from Vancouver, serves the Western provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon.

Creation
In 1967, the Canadian government founded the Canadian Film Development Corporation (CFDC), allocating $10 million in support of the country's feature film industry. Michael Spencer was named the first executive director of the CFDC, which by then included offices in Montreal and Toronto.

1970s
By 1976, the Canadian government had increased the CFDC's budget to $25 million annually, at which point it decided to finance the corporation with an annual parliamentary appropriation. Spencer was replaced by Michael McCabe in May 1978. Notable films produced with the agency's support included Goin' Down the Road (1970), The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1974), Shivers (1975), Why Shoot the Teacher (1977), In Praise of Older Women (1978).

1980s
The early 1980s sees the CFDC's budget increased yet again and the creation of the Canadian Broadcast Program Development Fund to revitalize Canadian television programming. At the time, approximately 85% of all prime time programming on Canadian television is imported from other countries—namely the US. Under the direction of André Lamy, in 1984 the CFDC is renamed “Telefilm Canada” to better reflect the organization's full range of activities in both the film and television industries.

With the creation of the Feature Film Fund aimed at supporting feature films by Canadian filmmakers and the Feature Film Distribution Fund that makes credit lines available to Canadian distributors, Telefilm Canada takes a central role in the development and growth of Canadian cinema around the world.

1990s
Now under the executive direction of François Macerola, the Canada Television and Cable Production Fund is created. The Fund is a private-public partnership between the federal government of Canada and the cable and satellite television industry, with Telefilm administering the Equity Investment component of the Fund. By the end of the 1990s, in 1998, Telefilm Canada creates a five-year, $30-million multimedia fund, aptly-named The Multimedia Fund, with which to support Canadian work in the digital age. The Fund helps Canadians in multimedia to compete effectively in the new technologies arena.

2000s
With the new millennium, the Canadian government implemented a new Canadian Feature Film Policy, From Script to Screen, that effectively created the Canada Feature Film Fund (CFFF) to be managed by Telefilm Canada.

Beginning 1 April 2001, with an annual budget of $100-million, the CFF's primary objective is to build larger audiences in Canada and abroad for Canadian feature films with improved distribution and marketing. Also that year, Telefilm Canada announces guidelines for the Canada New Media Fund, replacing the Multimedia Fund. Budgets grow from $6 million, to $9 million, and now sit at $14 million annually. The latter half of the decade brings about other changes for Telefilm.

In 2005, the Minister of Canadian Heritage announces a new collaboration between the organization and the Canadian Television Fund and, with it, renewed funding of $100 million for Canadian television programming. While the Board of the Canadian Television is responsible for the governance of all programs, Telefilm heads up the administration and delivery of the CTF programs.

2010s and 2020s
The 2012 Canadian federal budget cut funding for the National Film Board of Canada and Telefilm Canada by 10%. Today, following a new four-year plan, Telefilm has made stimulating demand for Canadian screen-based content one of its top priorities.

In April 2022, Christa Dickenson announced that she would step down as executive director and CEO effective 9 September 2022.

Executive directors

 * Michael Spencer – March 1969 to April 1978
 * Michael McCabe – May 1978 to April 1980
 * Pierre Thibault – April to July 1980, acting executive director
 * André Lamy – August 1980 to June 1985
 * Peter Pearson – July 1985 to October 1987
 * Judith McCann – October to December 1987, acting executive director
 * Michèle Fortin – December 1987 to May 1988, acting executive director
 * Pierre DesRoches – June 1988 to June 1994
 * Peter Katadotis – June 1994 to March 1995, acting executive director
 * François Macerola – March 1995 to November 1998
 * Peter Katadotis – November to December 1998, acting executive director
 * François Macerola – January 1999 to July 2001
 * Johanne St-Arnauld – July 2001 to January 2002, acting executive director
 * Richard Stursberg – January 2002 to July 2004
 * Carolle Brabant – July 2004 to January 2005, acting executive director
 * Wayne Clarkson – January 2005 to January 2010
 * Carolle Brabant – March 2010 to March 2018
 * Jean-Claude Mahé – March to July 2018, acting executive director
 * Christa Dickenson – July 2018 to 2023
 * Julie Roy – 2023 to present

Chairpersons of the board

 * Georges-Émile Lapalme – February 1968 to November 1969
 * Gratien Gélinas – November 1969 to February 1978
 * Michel Vennat – March 1978 to May 1981
 * David Silcox – September 1981 to December 1982
 * Claude Morin – January to March 1983, chaired board meetings as vice-chair
 * Ed Prévost – April 1983 to June 1986
 * Jean Sirois – July 1987 to April 1988
 * Edmund C. Bovey – May 1988 to April 1990
 * Harvey Corn – July 1990 to June 1993
 * André Provost – June to July 1993, acting chair
 * Robert Dinan – July 1993 to July 1998
 * Laurier LaPierre – July 1998 to July 2001
 * François Macerola – July 2001 to February 2002
 * Charles Bélanger – February 2002 to February 2007
 * Felix (Fil) Fraser – February to October 2007, interim chair
 * Michel Roy – October 2007 to present

Provincial

 * Alberta Media Fund (Alberta)
 * Creative BC Film Commission (British Columbia)
 * Manitoba Film & Music (Manitoba)
 * Department of Tourism, Heritage and Culture (New Brunswick)
 * PictureNL (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * Screen Nova Scotia (Nova Scotia)
 * Ontario Media Development Corporation (Ontario Creates)
 * Northern Ontario Heritage Fund (Northern Ontario)
 * Prince Edward Island Film Production Fund
 * Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (Quebec)
 * Creative Saskatchewan

Territorial

 * NWT Film Commission (Northwest Territories)
 * Nunavut Film Development Corporation (Nunavut)
 * Yukon Media Development (Yukon)

title: Telefilm Canada


text:
Duncan Kyle

John Franklin Broxholme (11 June 1930 Bradford – 24 June 2000 Bury St Edmunds) was an English thriller writer who published fifteen novels in a little over twenty years (1971–1993) using the pen name of Duncan Kyle.

Reminiscent of the work of Desmond Bagley, Kyle's books typically involve a tough, resourceful individual who unexpectedly becomes involved in danger and intrigue in an exotic setting. A Cage of Ice, for example, involves a London physician who accompanies a hand-picked team of adventurers on a snowmobile journey across the Arctic to rescue a defecting Soviet scientist. Green River High follows another group of adventurers into the jungles of Borneo in search of a plane that crashed there during World War II. Kyle's novels are, like those of Bagley and Alistair MacLean, stronger on plot and setting than on characterization. They are invariably well-crafted, however, and two—The King's Commissar and The Dancing Men—are classics of the historical fiction and historical detective story genres, respectively.

Notable works
A Cage of Ice

In A Cage of Ice, a British doctor living in New York, receives a mystery package addressed to Professor Ed Ward. His name is Doctor Edwards. Upon receiving the parcel, there are attempts on his life. He escapes the murderers and begins to look for Mr. Ed Ward. Soon, he is "kidnapped" by an agent of the US government. He is informed of who Professor Ed Ward is, and is sent on a mission to the Arctic along with an international cast of highly professional personages.

The following is from "New and Noteworthy" by Patricia T. O'Conner; 15 February 1987, The New York Times.

"The C.I.A. airlifts a team into the Arctic to rescue a Russian scientist held prisoner at a remote, frozen outpost in the Soviet Union. Duncan Kyle's novel has "a few special twists" that are "worth waiting for", Thomas Lask said in The Times in 1971. He called it "a good tight thriller that provides first-rate armchair excitement with a tension that doesn't let up until the last page.""

Flight into Fear

John Shaw is a freelance pilot working for the company Airflo. He is told by his boss, John Lennox, to deliver a parcel in San Francisco, and pick up a customer. This passenger is supposed to be kept secret from everybody. Shaw arrives in San Francisco, is kidnapped, and taken to a Chinese restaurant. He meets up with an anti-narcotics agent. Later, Shaw and his passenger evade their pursuers through the San Francisco bay. Eventually, they reach the plane and head to England. Along the way, the aeroplane is hijacked and has numerous malfunctions. Shaw discovers, upon arriving in England, his passenger is not who he thought, and climaxes with a dizzying cat and mouse chase.

The Suvarov Adventure (also released as A Raft of Swords)

The following is from the back of the book.

"As plans go ahead for an International Peace Conference in Vancouver, a number of shadowy, unrelated characters head towards the Canadian shore.

They include:

A Greek shipping magnate with Russian connections

A British expert on 'mini-subs'

A team of frogmen with exaggerated 'American' accents

The head of the Russian sections of British Intelligence

When six Sword nuclear missiles are dislodged from the floor of the ocean, the scene is set from some desperate international intrigue..."

Terror's Cradle

The following is from the back of the book.

"In Las Vegas, journalist John Sellers, on a routine assignment to interview a movie star. is run out of town after a threat on his life.

In Gothenburg, Alison, the girl he plans to marry, disappears with a vital piece of microfilm, leaving clues that only Sellers can understand.

In Shetland, hunted by helicopter and powerboat, he pits his wits against both CIA and KGB as he barters desperately for Alison's life..."

Whiteout (also released as In Deep)

The following is from the summary on the back of the book.

"Camp Hundred lay a hundred miles from nowhere in one of the coldest and most dangerous places on earth. And to this strange, hostile world high above the Arctic Circle Harry Bowes had come to test the TK4—the most advanced hovercraft ever built—and walked into a nightmare on ice.

Isolated, dependent on technology for survival, 300 hand-picked soldiers had been battling the freezing weather, the loneliness, the fear. And now they were losing ... as one by one they began to die.

Outside the camp raged a lethal blizzard, but Bowes suspected a more deadly enemy waited within. And there was no escape ... except in a chilling race for survival against the merciless Arctic and a cold, brutal killer."

Black Camelot

The following is from "Reviving the Story-Telling Art", Time, 30 October 1978. "Black Camelot is all Kyle guile. The novel is set in the waning months of World War II, when the Third Reich's slimier survivors are engaged in a last-ditch struggle.

The Nazis' scheme is to smuggle to the Soviets lists of Britons who have supported the German war effort. Their hope is to inflame Stalin's deep distrust of his allies. The plan goes agley when the documents, hand-carried to Sweden, are used instead to blackmail English industrialists.

Kyle's antihero is 35-year-old Hauptsturmführer Franz Rasch, a much decorated Waffen SS commando. Assigned to deliver the lists in Stockholm, he is betrayed by his bosses. His trail leads to neutral Ireland and England and finally back to Germany. There the disillusioned Rasch attempts to capture vital files from Schloss Wewelsburg, the Black Camelot that Himmler assembled as a Teutonic perversion of King Arthur's court. In one of the best siege narratives since The Guns of Navarone, Rasch and other embittered SS men infiltrate the monstrous castle at the same time that it is being destroyed on Himmler's orders.

Happy endings are not the Kyle style. But time is a great provider. Today, the author informs us, the castle has been reconstructed as a youth hostel. Such truths are comforting; but it is fiction like Black Camelot that makes history live."

Stalking Point From the back of the book:

"The Mission: Assassinate FDR and Churchill at their top secret meeting aboard the battleship Prince of Wales.

The Plan: Commandeer the specially designed and lethal seaplane, the Canso—and take it on a suicide mission for the glory of Der Führer.

The Men: Ernie Miller, America's top acrobatics pilot, with the skill to fly low, fast, and deadly ... blackmailed into choosing between his country and the woman he loves. Von Galen, the ruthless German diplomat obsessed with being the man who can win the war for Hitler. Alec Ross, crack test pilot, in an airborne race to stop his best friend from turning traitor ... by shooting him down."

The Semonov Impulse

This was also written under the pseudonym James Meldrum. From the back of the book:

"Josef Budzinski was a man of impulse ... a man obsessed ... a hot-headed hunter of war criminals. Now his prize was within reach: Joachim Schmidt, the Butcher of Leyerhausen, en route to Rome on an Aeroflot jet. It was an impulse that triggered the hijack plan ... another that set him on a desperate run for his life. Now one more might redeem him and place his hated quarry in his hands ... It was the most dangerous impulse of all."

The King's Commissar

The following is from Seymour Epstein, The New York Times; 20 May 1984.

"The downfall of Russia's Czar Nicholas, the Bolshevik takeover and all the murky, bloody doings in that corner of history are, and probably will remain, as irresistible to novelists as catnip to cats. Duncan Kyle, a British practitioner of the suspense genre, has peeked once again into that corner with convoluted but engaging results. Although the novel is set in the present, it revolves around a plot initiated in 1917 by Britain's King George V and the nefarious Sir Basil Zaharoff to rescue Czar Nicholas from the hands of the Bolsheviks. For their purpose they employed an English naval officer, whose background made him as fluent in Russian as he was in English, to offer $:50-million to the harried Bolsheviks to save the Czar. Mr. Kyle's tale alternates between the details of this plot (revealed through excerpts from the memoirs of the naval officer) and current events in the English banking house that is still paying out $:50,000 a year to an account in a Swiss bank, with no questions asked. This sum has been paid out since 1920 even though Sir Basil died in 1936. The British bank executives, in their inimitable way, have never questioned the practice, but a new American partner does question it and thereby sets into motion events that have been lying dormant for almost 50 years. The mission to Moscow, the Czar's immense gold treasure, the intrigues and passions surrounding the capture of the royal family, and the devilishly clever ruse the English naval officer uses to get both revenge and a final airing of his story are all revealed in rococo detail.

Sometimes the turns become a bit too rococo, but a sense of humor and a poignant sense of history combine to give The King's Commissar a tense, sustained fascination."

The Dancing Men

The following is by John Gross, Books of the Times. The New York Times. 22 August, 1986.

"In The Dancing Men, on the other hand, the plot is emphatically what counts. Most of the characterization is no more than adequate, and there are some hefty implausibilities, but Duncan Kyle keeps your curiosity simmering away too effectively for you to mind very much.

The background is political, with nothing less than the Presidency itself at stake. A new candidate enters the lists, radiating charisma – a natural choice, it would seem, for his party's nomination. But you can't be too careful, and his advisers decide to check out everything about him, including an Irish grandfather about whom almost nothing is known. A genealogist is put on the trail, so discreetly that when the man who hired him is killed in a car crash the other advisers don't know how to contact him. But what they do know is that he has begun to unearth a series of ever-deepening scandals.

Both the genealogist's hunt for the truth and the politicians' hunt for the genealogist yield some exciting twists, in a plot that zigzags halfway round the world. Toward the end of the story, though, there is a certain running out of steam, as the chief villain turns out to be a bit too melodramatic even by the prevailing standards."

The Honey Ant

From the back of the book:

"The yellowed envelope goes to John Close, a young Perth solicitor. The Green estate, eighty square miles of priceless land in Western Australia, has been left to Captain Strutt who lives on the other side of the world in England. For John Close, it should be another routine matter. For Strutt—tough, resolute, touchy – it could be a dream come true.

But for both of them it quickly turns into a dance with death, as mysterious and dangerous opponents try to thwart the terms of the Will. As they struggle to unravel the knot that is stitched tight around Stringer Station, sixty years of remote tranquility erupt into a brutal, terrible violence..."

Exit

The following is from the jacket cover:

"Who was Peterkin? Perth lawyer John Close knew him only as a client: a strange, silent immigrant whom Close had defended twice in court. But now Peterkin's death in prison leaves Close with a mystery to solve. Peterkin has left a bizarre trail of clues, in the form of glazed pottery leaves, that will reveal first his own true identity, then the secret that made him a hunted man for the greater part of his life.

Close follows the carefully laid trail—from Western Australia to London to Yorkshire—a trail going back in time to the great refugee dispersals of the Second World War. He's not the only one interested: there's a remnant of the KGB, angry CIA operative and an unpleasant British SIS agent, all intent on uncovering what Peterkin had hidden so carefully, though no one knows quite what it might be. After a series of breathtaking chases and dramatic escapes, Close discovers the secret—but if anything, the knowledge puts him into an even more dangerous position.

Set against the momentous changes of recent history and building to a set-piece climax of unrelenting tension, Duncan Kyle's thirteenth novel will be welcomed by his many fans as one of his very best."

Novels (as Duncan Kyle)

 * A Cage of Ice (1970)
 * Flight Into Fear (1972)
 * The Suvarov Adventure (1973) paperback title A Raft of Swords
 * Terror's Cradle (1974)
 * The Semonov Impulse (1975) originally published using pseudonym "James Meldrum"
 * In Deep (1976) paperback title Whiteout!
 * Black Camelot (1978)
 * Green River High (1979)
 * Stalking Point (1981)
 * The King's Commissar (1983)
 * The Dancing Men (1985)
 * The Honey Ant (1988)
 * Exit (1993)

Novels (as J.F. Broxholme)

 * The War Queen (1967)

Short stories

 * "The Breathless Hush" – first published in The Rigby File (1989), ed. Tim Heald

Non-fiction (as contributor John Franklin Broxholme)

 * The Practice of Journalism (1968)

Non-fiction (uncredited editor)

 * Stephen Ward Speaks (1963)

title: Duncan Kyle


text:
List of Baptist denominations

This list of Baptist denominations is a list of subdivisions of Baptists, with their various Baptist associations, conferences, conventions, fellowships, groups, and unions around the world. Unless otherwise noted, information comes from the World Baptist Alliance.

Central Africa

 * Chadian Association of Baptist Churches
 * Baptist Churches of the Central African Republic
 * Evangelical Baptist Church of the Central African Republic
 * Baptist Community of Congo
 * Baptist Community of the Congo River
 * Native Baptist Church of Cameroon
 * Cameroon Baptist Convention
 * Union of Baptist Churches of Cameroon

Southern Africa

 * African Baptist Assembly of Malawi, Inc.
 * African United Baptist Church
 * Association of Bible Baptist Churches in Madagascar
 * Baptist Convention of Angola
 * Baptist Evangelical Association of Madagascar
 * Baptist Union of Southern Africa
 * Baptist Union of Zambia
 * Igreja União Baptista de Moçambique
 * Union of Baptist Churches in Burundi
 * Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda

West Africa

 * Ghana Baptist Convention
 * Nigerian Baptist Convention
 * Togo Baptist Convention
 * Union of Missionary Baptist Churches in Ivory Coast

East Africa

 * Baptist Convention of Kenya
 * Baptist Convention of Tanzania
 * Sudan Interior Church

Regional bodies

 * Asia Pacific Baptist Federation

East Asia

 * Baptist Convention of Hong Kong
 * Japan Baptist Association
 * Japan Baptist Convention

Bangladesh

 * Bangladesh Baptist Church Fellowship
 * Bangladesh Baptist Church Sangha

India

 * Angami Baptist Church Council
 * Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang
 * Arunachal Baptist Church Council
 * Assam Baptist Convention
 * Baptist Church of Mizoram
 * Baptist Union of North India
 * Bengal Baptist Fellowship
 * Bengal Orissa Bihar Baptist Convention
 * Boro Baptist Church Association
 * Boro Baptist Convention
 * Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India
 * Garo Baptist Convention
 * Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention
 * Kuki Baptist Convention
 * Lower Assam Baptist Union
 * Manipur Baptist Convention
 * Nagaland Baptist Church Council
 * North Bank Baptist Christian Association
 * Nyishi Baptist Church Council
 * Rabha Baptist Church Union
 * Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches
 * Separate Baptists in Christ
 * Seventh Day Baptist
 * Tripura Baptist Christian Union of India
 * Independent Baptist Ministries of India

Southeast Asia

 * Malaysia Baptist Convention
 * Myanmar Baptist Convention
 * Singapore Baptist Convention
 * Union of Indonesian Baptist Churches

Philippines

 * Association of Fundamental Baptist Churches in the Philippines
 * Baptist Conference of the Philippines
 * Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches
 * Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention

Oceania

 * Baptist Union of Australia
 * Baptist Union of Papua New Guinea
 * Baptist Union of New Zealand
 * Marianas Association of General Baptists
 * Solomons Baptist Association

Barbados

 * Spiritual Baptist

Cuba

 * Baptist Convention of Eastern Cuba
 * Baptist Convention of Western Cuba

Haiti

 * Baptist Convention of Haiti
 * Evangelical Baptist Mission of South Haiti

Jamaica

 * Jamaica Baptist Union

Other

 * Cayman Baptist Association

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

 * Spiritual Baptist

Regional bodies

 * European Baptist Federation
 * International Baptist Convention
 * Eurasia
 * Euro-Asian Federation of Evangelical Christians-Baptists Unions
 * International Union of Churches of Evangelical Christians-Baptists

Continental Europe

 * All-Ukrainian Union of Churches of Evangelical Christian Baptists
 * Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
 * Baptist Evangelical Christian Union of Italy
 * Unity of the Brethren Baptists in the Czech Republic
 * Baptist Union of Croatia
 * Baptist Union of Denmark
 * Baptist Union of Hungary
 * Baptist Union of Norway
 * Baptist Union of Poland
 * Baptist Union of Romania
 * Baptist Union of Sweden
 * Brotherhood of Baptist Churches
 * Brotherhood of Independent Baptist Churches and Ministries of Ukraine
 * Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches of Romania
 * Evangelical Reformed Baptist Churches in Italy
 * Federation of Evangelical Baptist Churches of France
 * Swedish Baptist Union of Finland
 * Union of Baptist Churches in the Netherlands
 * Union of the Baptist Christians in North Macedonia
 * Union of Baptist Churches in Serbia
 * Union of Baptists in Belgium
 * Union of Christian Evangelical Baptist Churches of Moldova
 * Baptist Evangelical Union of Spain
 * Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Serbia
 * Union of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany

Eurasia

 * Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists
 * Union of Evangelical Christian Baptists of Kazakhstan

United Kingdom

 * Baptist Union of Great Britain
 * Baptist Union of Scotland
 * Baptist Union of Wales
 * Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches - All Reformed, mostly Baptist
 * Old Baptist Union
 * Strict Baptists

Middle East

 * Association of Baptist Churches in Israel
 * Lebanese Baptist Convention

Canada

 * Association of Regular Baptist Churches
 * Baptist General Conference of Canada
 * Canadian Baptist Ministries
 * Canadian National Baptist Convention
 * Central Canada Baptist Conference
 * Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches
 * Covenanted Baptist Church of Canada
 * Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec
 * Baptist Union of Western Canada
 * Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
 * Landmark Missionary Baptist Association of Quebec
 * North American Baptist Conference
 * Primitive Baptist Conference of New Brunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia
 * Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada
 * Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada
 * Union of French Baptist Churches of Canada
 * Union of Slavic Churches of Evangelical Christians and Slavic Baptists of Canada

Mexico

 * National Baptist Convention of Mexico (Convención Nacional Bautista de Mexico)

National bodies

 * Missionary Baptist Conference, U.S.A.
 * Alliance of Baptists
 * American Baptist Association
 * American Baptist Churches in the USA
 * Confessional Baptist Association
 * Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists
 * Baptist Bible Fellowship International
 * Baptist Missionary Association of America
 * Central Baptist Association
 * Venture Church Network
 * Converge (formerly Baptist General Conference)
 * Cooperative Baptist Fellowship
 * Enterprise Association of Regular Baptists
 * Free Will Baptist
 * Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship
 * Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association
 * Fundamental Baptist Fellowship of America
 * General Association of Baptists
 * General Association of General Baptists
 * General Association of Regular Baptist Churches
 * General Conference of the Evangelical Baptist Church, Inc.
 * General Six-Principle Baptists
 * Independent Baptist Fellowship International
 * Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America
 * Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference of America
 * Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptist Association
 * Landmark Baptists
 * Liberty Baptist Fellowship
 * National Association of Free Will Baptists
 * National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
 * National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
 * National Baptist Evangelical Life and Soul Saving Assembly of the U.S.A.
 * National Missionary Baptist Convention of America
 * National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.
 * North American Baptist Conference
 * Old Regular Baptist
 * Old Time Missionary Baptist
 * Original Free Will Baptist Convention
 * Primitive Baptist Universalists
 * Primitive Baptists
 * Progressive National Baptist Convention
 * Reformed Baptist
 * Regular Baptist
 * Separate Baptist
 * Separate Baptists in Christ
 * Seventh Day Baptist General Conference
 * Southern Baptist Convention
 * Southwide Baptist Fellowship
 * Sovereign Grace Baptists
 * Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists
 * United American Free Will Baptist Church
 * United American Free Will Baptist Conference
 * United Baptist
 * World Baptist Fellowship

State and interstate bodies

 * Baptist General Association of Virginia
 * Baptist General Convention of Oklahoma
 * Baptist General Convention of Texas
 * District of Columbia Baptist Convention
 * Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptists Association
 * List of state and other conventions associated with the Southern Baptist Convention
 * Minnesota Baptist Association
 * New England Evangelical Baptist Fellowship
 * Southern Baptists of Texas Convention
 * Wisconsin Fellowship of Baptist Churches

Central America

 * Baptist Convention of Costa Rica
 * Baptist Convention of Nicaragua
 * Baptist Convention of Panama
 * National Union of Baptist Churches

South America

 * Evangelical Baptist Convention of Argentina

Brazil

 * Brazilian Baptist Convention
 * National Baptist Convention
 * Convention of Independent Baptist Churches
 * Association of Regular Baptist Churches of Brazil
 * Reformed Baptist Convention of Brazil
 * Alliance of Baptists of Brazil

Global

 * Baptist World Alliance
 * Independent Baptist
 * Independent Fundamental Baptist
 * New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist
 * Woman's Missionary Union
 * Swedish Baptists

title: List of Baptist denominations


text:
Bastard

Bastard or The Bastard may refer to:

Parentage

 * Illegitimate child, a child born to unmarried parents, in traditional Western family law
 * Bastard, an archaic term used in English and Welsh bastardy laws, reformed in 1926

People

 * "The Bastard", a character in Shakespeare's play King John
 * "The Bastard", ring name for Pac (wrestler) (born Benjamin Satterley, 1986)
 * Bastard (surname), including a list of people with that name
 * List of people known as the Bastard

Film and television

 * Bastard (1940 film), a Swedish-Norwegian film
 * The Bastard (1954 film), a 1954 Argentine film directed by Lucas Demare
 * The Bastard (1963 film), a 1963 film by Seijun Suzuki
 * The Bastard (1978 film), a 1978 film based on the John Jakes novel
 * Bastard (1997 film), a Polish-German-French film
 * The Bastard (2023 film), a Danish-language film by Nikolaj Arcel
 * The Bastard (miniseries), a 1978 made-for-television adaptation of the John Jakes novel
 * I bastardi (The Bastards), the original Italian title of the 1968 film released in English as The Cats

Albums

 * The Bastard, a 1971 album by BZN
 * The Bastard (album), a 2001 album by Hammers of Misfortune
 * Bastard, a 1992 album by Kat
 * Bastard (Colin Newman album) (1997)
 * Bastard (Stahlmann album) (2017)
 * Bastard (Subway to Sally album) (2007)
 * Bastard (mixtape), a 2009 mixtape by Tyler, the Creator (2009)

Songs

 * "The Bastard", a 2000 song by Phil Anselmo and Tony Iommi
 * "Bastard", a 2003 song by David Byrne from Lead Us Not into Temptation
 * "Bastard", a 2002 song by Diary of Dreams from Freak Perfume
 * "Bastard", a 2005 song by Dope from American Apathy
 * "Bastard", a 2003 song by Dysrhythmia from Pretest
 * "Bastard", a 2005 song by Ben Folds from Songs for Silverman
 * "Bastard", a 1979 song by Ian Hunter from You're Never Alone with a Schizophrenic
 * "Bastard" (Mötley Crüe song) (1983)
 * "Bastard", a 1998 song by Oomph! from Unrein
 * "The Bastard", a 1995 song by Pet Lamb from Sweaty Handshake
 * "Bastard", a 2012 song by Soulfly from the deluxe edition of Enslaved
 * "Bastard", a 1997 song by Devin Townsend from Ocean Machine: Biomech
 * "The Bastard", a 2000 song by the Tragically Hip from Music @ Work

Publications

 * The Bastard, a 1929 novel by Erskine Caldwell
 * Bastard!!, a manga by Kazushi Hagiwara (since 1988)
 * The Bastard (novel), a 1974 novel by John Jakes
 * "Bâtard" ("Bastard" or "Mongrel"), a 1902 short story by Jack London
 * Der momzer (The Bastard), a Yiddish play by Jacob Mikhailovich Gordin
 * La Bâtarde, memoir by Violette Leduc

Fonts

 * Bastard (typeface), a blackletter typeface
 * Bastarda or bastard, a Gothic script

Other uses

 * Bastard (color), a type of color gel
 * Bastard Township, Ontario, Canada
 * Bastard, a classification of the teeth of a metalworking file
 * Bastard, a second-rate wine, distinguished from sack
 * The Bastard, the horse that won the 1930 Yorkshire Cup

title: Bastard


text: Talk:Turkish cuisine

title: Talk:Turkish cuisine


text:
Betty Buckley

Betty Buckley (born July 3, 1947) is an American actress and singer. Buckley is the winner of a Tony Award, and was nominated for an additional Tony Award, two Daytime Emmy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and an Olivier Award. In 2012, she was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Buckley won the 1983 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role as Grizabella in the original Broadway production of Cats. She went on to play Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard (1994–96) in both London and New York, receiving a 1995 Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical, and was nominated for the 1997 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for Triumph of Love. Her other Broadway credits include 1776 (1969), Pippin (1973), and The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1985). From September 2018 to August 2019, she starred as the title role in the U.S. national tour of Hello, Dolly.

Buckley starred in the TV series Eight Is Enough from 1977 to 1981 and played gym teacher Miss Collins in the 1976 film Carrie, before going on to star in the short-lived Broadway musical version of Carrie in 1988, playing Carrie White's mother, Margaret. Her other film roles include Dixie Scott in Tender Mercies (1983), Sondra Walker in Frantic (1988), Kathy in Another Woman (1988) and Mrs. Jones in The Happening (2008). She received a Saturn Award nomination for her role as Dr. Karen Fletcher in the 2016 film Split. Her other television credits include series Oz (2001–03), and Preacher (2018).

Film and television
A native of Fort Worth, Texas, Buckley is known for the 1977–81 TV dramedy Eight Is Enough. She joined the show in its second season when the original star, Diana Hyland, died after the first four episodes of season one, and her character Joan Bradford died as well. Buckley was cast as the widower's new romantic interest, Sandra Sue "Abby" Abbott, who became stepmother of the eight children to which the series' title refers.

Buckley appeared in the original movie version of Carrie in 1976, playing Miss Collins, Carrie's gym teacher. In 1977, she recorded an uncredited solo on the song "Walking in Space", in the movie Hair.

On television, she received two Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Program/Special, for NBC Special Treat - Bobby and Sarah (1984) and ABC Afterschool Special - Taking a Stand (1989).

Her screen roles during the 1980s include Bruce Beresford's film Tender Mercies, where she played a country music singer and sang the Academy Award-nominated song "Over You". She also appeared in the Woody Allen film Another Woman (1988), Roman Polanski's Frantic (1988), Lawrence's Kasden's Wyatt Earp (1994).

From 2001 to 2003, she played a role in seasons 4–6 of the HBO series Oz.

She also has guest-starred in a number of television series, including Without a Trace, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and Monk. She guest-starred in a Christmas special of the TV series Remember WENN, created and written by Rupert Holmes for the cable channel American Movie Classics, in which she sang two Holmes original songs: "Christmas is Waiting", and "You Make It Christmas". She appeared as Marion Leckie, mother of Robert Leckie in the HBO series The Pacific, which aired in 2010.

Also in 2010, she appeared in the 18th episode of Melrose Place as a food critic cast by her brother Norman Buckley, who directed the episode. She also guest-starred in an episode of the Fox series The Chicago Code. She was a recurring guest star on Pretty Little Liars as Regina Marin, also directed by her brother Norman. In 2008, Buckley played Mrs. Jones in M. Night Shyamalan's The Happening. In 2017, Buckley was one of the stars of M. Night Shyamalan's Split, the number-one film at the box office for three weeks.

Her other television credits include guest-starring as Meg's mother in The Leftovers on November 30, 2015, appearing in five episodes of the 2017-2021 series Supergirl. Buckley was also cast in season three of the series Preacher in 2018.

Stage
Buckley made her Broadway debut in 1969 in the original production of the musical 1776; she has been called "The Voice of Broadway" by New York magazine.

In 1982, Buckley starred as Grizabella in the original Broadway production of the musical Cats, which features the song "Memory". She stayed with the production for 18 months. For this role, she won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.

Buckley starred in both London (1994) and New York (1995) as Norma Desmond in the musical Sunset Boulevard. For her role in the London production, she received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical.

In 1997, she starred as Hesione in the Broadway musical Triumph of Love and received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical.

Buckley sang "Memory" from Cats at the Kennedy Center Honors in December 2006 as part of the tribute to Andrew Lloyd Webber. In 2007, Buckley appeared with Quintessence at Lincoln Center in its Great American Songbook series.

Buckley participated in a reading of the musical Ruthless! in September 2010, playing the role of Sylvia St. Croix/Ruth DelMarco. She then played Mrs. White in the off-Broadway comedy White's Lies from March–May 2010. In 2011, Buckley starred in the Dallas Theater Center production of Arsenic and Old Lace by Joseph Kesselring with Tovah Feldshuh.

In 1988, Buckley starred as Margaret White in Carrie: The Musical.

On January 28, 2013, she was inducted into The American Theater Hall of Fame. From January–March 2013, she starred in the London Premiere of Jerry Herman's Dear World, receiving rave reviews. The musical was directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne, with whom Buckley had previously worked on Cats.

In September 2013, she starred in the world premiere of Horton Foote's The Old Friends at the Signature Theatre off-Broadway. She repeated her performance in 2014 at Houston's famed Alley Theatre.

In May 2015, it was announced that Buckley would appear as Big Edie in the musical, Grey Gardens at Bay Street Theater in Sag Harbor, NY. The production ran August 4, 2015 through August 30, 2015. She reprised the role from July 13 to August 14, 2016, at the Ahmanson Theater in Los Angeles.

On February 12, 2018, it was announced that Buckley would portray the title role in the first national tour of the 2017 Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly!, beginning performances in October 2018 in the Connor Palace at Cleveland's Playhouse Square. The cast included Lewis J. Stadlen as Horace Vandergelder, Nic Rouleau as Cornelius, Analisa Leaning as Irene Molloy, Jess LeProtto as Barnaby, Kristen Hahn as Minnie Fay, Colin LeMoine as Ambrose Kemper, Morgan Kirner, as Ermengarde, and Jessica Sheridan as Ernestina. Buckley dedicated the January 15th, 2019 performance in San Diego to Carol Channing following her death. Ms. Buckley finished her leg of the tour in September 2019 and prepared concerts scheduled in early 2020 at the Cafe Carlyle in NYC and other venues.

Music
Hope, Buckley's 18th solo album, was released on June 8, 2018, and she continues to appear in concert across the U.S. each year. She is also a composer; her first recording contains mostly songs she wrote. She is also featured on many Broadway compilation recordings, and on the original cast recording of 1776; the original Broadway recording of Cats; the London recording of Promises, Promises; Triumph of Love and The Mystery of Edwin Drood.

In 2002, Buckley was nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Category, for her album Stars and the Moon: Live at the Donmar, which was recorded at the Donmar Warehouse Theatre in London. This was her second Grammy nomination; she had previously been nominated in 2000, in the Best Spoken Word Album category for The Diaries of Adam and Eve.

Her albums Quintessence and 1967 were released by Playbill Records in February 2008. Quintessence features jazz arrangements of standards by her former collaborator, jazz pianist Kenny Werner; while 1967 is a recording produced by T-Bone Burnett, and made when Buckley was just 19.

Her album Bootleg: Boardmixes From the Road was released in 2010, and her recording of her hit show at Feinstein's at the Regency with pianist/collaborator Christian Jacob, entitled Ah, Men: The Boys of Broadway debuted on 28 August 2012.

Her album Ghostlight was produced by the T Bone Burnett and was released on September 16, 2014.

Personal life
Buckley was married to Peter Flood in 1972, divorced in 1979, and has no children.

She has received two Honorary Doctorates for her contribution to the Musical Theater from The Boston Conservatory and Marymount Manhattan College.

Honorary awards

 * 2004 Legend of Cabaret Award
 * 2007 Texas Film Hall of Fame Inductee
 * 2012 American Theater Hall of Fame Inductee

title: Betty Buckley


text:
Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada

Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada (SGF) is a fellowship for Reformed Baptist churches in Canada holding to either the Baptist Confessions of 1644 or 1689.

History
The Fellowship was founded in 1983 by William Payne, pastor of Trinity Baptist Church in Burlington, Ontario.

In 2001, the Fellowship adopted a constitution. As of 2012, there were 14 churches, including the Jarvis Street Baptist Church in Toronto.

SGF publishes a magazine called Barnabas. It is one of the Baptist groups associated with the Toronto Baptist Seminary and Bible College.

title: Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada


text:
Substance P

Substance P (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) and a type of neuropeptide, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It acts as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. Substance P and the closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after alternative splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows: with an amide group at the C-terminus. Substance P is released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves. It is found in the brain and spinal cord and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain.
 * Arg Pro Lys Pro Gln Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met (RPKPQQFFGLM)

Discovery
The original discovery of Substance P (SP) was in 1931 by Ulf von Euler and John H. Gaddum as a tissue extract that caused intestinal contraction in vitro. Its tissue distribution and biologic actions were further investigated over the following decades. The eleven-amino-acid structure of the peptide was determined by Chang, et. al in 1971.

In 1983, Neurokinin A (previously known as substance K or neuromedin L) was isolated from porcine spinal cord and was also found to stimulate intestinal contraction.

Receptor
The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). It belongs to the tachykinin receptor sub-family of GPCRs. Other neurokinin subtypes and neurokinin receptors that interact with SP have been reported as well. Amino acid residues that are responsible for the binding of SP and its antagonists are present in the extracellular loops and transmembrane regions of NK-1. Binding of SP to NK-1R results in internalization by the clathrin-dependent mechanism to the acidified endosomes where the complex disassociates. Subsequently, SP is degraded and NK-1R is re-expressed on the cell surface.

Substance P and the NK1-receptor are widely distributed in the brain and are found in brain regions that are specific to regulating emotion (hypothalamus, amygdala, and the periaqueductal gray). They are found in close association with serotonin (5-HT) and neurons containing norepinephrine that are targeted by the currently used antidepressant drugs. The SP receptor promoter contains regions that are sensitive to cAMP, AP-1, AP-4, CEBPB, and epidermal growth factor. Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines, it has been proposed that cytokines and neurotropic factors can induce NK-1. Also, SP can induce the cytokines that are capable of inducing NK-1 transcription factors.

Overview
Substance P ("P" standing for "Preparation" or "Powder") is a neuropeptide – but only nominally so, as it is ubiquitous. Its receptor – the neurokinin type 1 – is distributed over cytoplasmic membranes of many cell types (neurons, glia, endothelia of capillaries and lymphatics, fibroblasts, stem cells, white blood cells) in many tissues and organs. SP amplifies or excites most cellular processes.

Substance P is a key first responder to most noxious/extreme stimuli (stressors), i.e., those with a potential to compromise an organism's biological integrity. SP is thus regarded as an immediate defense, stress, repair, survival system. The molecule, which is rapidly inactivated (or at times further activated by peptidases) is rapidly released – repetitively and chronically, as warranted, in the presence of a stressor. Unique among biological processes, SP release (and expression of its NK1 Receptor (through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine-like processes)) may not naturally subside in diseases marked by chronic inflammation (including cancer). The SP or its NK1R, as well as similar neuropeptides, appear to be vital targets capable of satisfying many unmet medical needs. The failure of clinical proof of concept studies, designed to confirm various preclinical predictions of efficacy, is currently a source of frustration and confusion among biomedical researchers.

Vasodilation
Substance P is a potent vasodilator. Substance P-induced vasodilation is dependent on nitric oxide release. Substance P is involved in the axon reflex-mediated vasodilation to local heating and wheal and flare reaction. It has been shown that vasodilation to substance P is dependent on the NK1 receptor located on the endothelium. In contrast to other neuropeptides studied in human skin, substance P-induced vasodilation has been found to decline during continuous infusion. This possibly suggests an internalization of neurokinin-1 (NK1). As is typical with many vasodilators, it also has bronchoconstrictive properties, administered through the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system).

Inflammation
SP initiates expression of almost all known immunological chemical messengers (cytokines). Also, most of the cytokines, in turn,  induce SP and the NK1 receptor. SP is particularly excitatory to cell growth and multiplication, via usual, as well as oncogenic drivers. SP is a trigger for nausea and emesis. Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, muscle, and joints. It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain types of infection or injury.

Pain
Preclinical data support the notion that Substance P is an important element in pain perception. The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation. Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, muscle, and joints. It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain types of infection or injury. Unfortunately, the reasons why NK1 receptor antagonists have failed as efficacious analgesics in well-conducted clinical proof of concept studies have not yet been persuasively elucidated.

Mood, anxiety, learning
Substance P has been associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, synaptic growth and dendritic arborisation, respiratory rhythm, neurotoxicity,   pain, and nociception. In 2014, it was found that substance P played a role in male fruit fly aggression. Recently, it has been shown that substance P may play a critical role in long-term potentiation of aversive stimuli.

Vomiting
The vomiting center in the medulla, called the area postrema, contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as choline, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and endogenous opioids. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting.

Cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration
The above processes are part and parcel to tissue integrity and repair. Substance P has been known to stimulate cell growth in normal and cancer cell line cultures, and it was shown that substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans. SP and its induced cytokines promote multiplication of cells required for repair or replacement, growth of new blood vessels, and "leg-like pods" on cells (including cancer cells) bestowing upon them mobility, and metastasis. It has been suggested that cancer exploits the SP-NK1R to progress and metastasize, and that NK1RAs may be useful in the treatment of several cancer types.

Quantification in disease
Elevation of serum, plasma, or tissue SP and/or its receptor (NK1R) has been associated with many diseases: sickle cell crisis; inflammatory bowel disease; major depression and related disorders;  fibromyalgia; rheumatological; and infections such as HIV/AIDS and respiratory syncytial virus, as well as in cancer. When assayed in the human, the observed variability of the SP concentrations are large, and in some cases the assay methodology is questionable. SP concentrations cannot yet be used to diagnose disease clinically or gauge disease severity. It is not yet known whether changes in concentration of SP or density of its receptors is the cause of any given disease, or an effect.

Blockade for diseases with a chronic immunological component
As increasingly documented, the SP-NK1R system induces or modulates many aspects of the immune response, including WBC production and activation, and cytokine expression, Reciprocally, cytokines may induce expression of SP and its NK1R. In this sense, for diseases in which a pro-inflammatory component has been identified or strongly suspected, and for which current treatments are absent or in need of improvement, abrogation of the SP-NK1 system continues to receive focus as a treatment strategy. Currently, the only completely developed method available in that regard is antagonism (blockade, inhibition) of the SP preferring receptor, i.e., by drugs known as neurokinin type 1 antagonists (also termed: SP antagonists, or tachykinin antagonists.)  One such drug is aprepitant to prevent the nausea and vomiting that accompanies chemotherapy, typically for cancer. With the exception of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the patho-physiological basis of many of the disease groups listed below, for which NK1RAs have been studied as a therapeutic intervention, are to varying extents hypothesized to be initiated or advanced by a chronic non-homeostatic inflammatory response.

Dermatological disorders: eczema/psoriasis, chronic pruritus
High levels of BDNF and substance P have been found associated with increased itching in eczema.

Infections: HIV-AIDS, measles, RSV, others
The role of SP in HIV-AIDS has been well-documented. Doses of aprepitant greater than those tested to date are required for demonstration of full efficacy. Respiratory syncytial and related viruses appear to upregulate SP receptors, and rat studies suggest that NK1RAs may be useful in treating or limiting long term sequelae from such infections.

Entamoeba histolytica is a unicellular parasitic protozoan that infects the lower gastrointestinal tract of humans. The symptoms of infection are diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. This protozoan was found to secrete serotonin as well as substance P and neurotensin.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)/cystitis
Despite strong preclinical rationale, efforts to demonstrate efficacy of SP antagonists in inflammatory disease have been unproductive. A study in women with IBS confirmed that an NK1RAs antagonist was anxiolytic.

Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting
In line with its role as a first line defense system, SP is released when toxicants or poisons come into contact with a range of receptors on cellular elements in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, located in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain (area postrema). Presumably, SP is released in or around the nucleus of the solitary tract upon integrated activity of dopamine, serotonin, opioid, and/or acetylcholine receptor signaling. NK1Rs are stimulated. In turn, a fairly complex reflex is triggered involving cranial nerves responsible for respiration, retroperistalsis, and general autonomic discharge. The actions of aprepitant are said to be entirely central, thus requiring passage of the drug into the central nervous system. However, given that NK1Rs are unprotected by a blood brain barrier in the area postrema just adjacent to neuronal structures in the medulla, and the activity of sendide (the peptide based NK1RA) against cisplatin-induced emesis in the ferret, it is likely that some peripheral exposure contributes to antiemetic effects, even if through vagal terminals in the clinical setting.

Denervation supersensitivity
When the innervation to substance P nerve terminals is lost, post-synaptic cells compensate for the loss of adequate neurotransmitter by increasing the expression of post-synaptic receptors. This, ultimately, leads to a condition known as denervation supersensitivity as the post-synaptic nerves will become hypersensitive to any release of substance P into the synaptic cleft.

Aggression
Tachykinin / Substance P plays an evolutionarily conserved role in inducing aggressive behaviors. In rodents and cats, activation of hypothalamic neurons which release Substance P induces aggressive behaviors (defensive biting and predatory attack). Similarly, in fruit flies, tachykinin-releasing neurons have been implicated in aggressive behaviors (lunging). In this context, male-specific tachykinin neurons control lunging behaviors that can be modulated by the amount of tachykinin release.

title: Substance P