text:
Talk:Ovaltine

Ovomaltine
- Ovomaltine is still owned by it's original Swiss company "Wander", it is not related to Ovaltine in any way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tamanduab (talk • contribs) 06:24, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

The original name name in french and german is ovomaltina but due to earlier transcription errors its called ovaltine in english speaking countries — Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.46.155.237 (talk) 10:25, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

Ovomaltine was bought by ABF
http://www.slate.com/id/2074516/

Ovomaltine is no more a Novartis brand.

Ovaltine or Ovomaltine

 * If Ovomaltine is the original name, why it is not the article title? JeDi 15:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Presumably because it hasn't been Ovomaltine in the UK since the early 1900's. And Ovomaltine has a redirect to ovaltine.   J.P.Lon 10:10, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Also I think since very few people call it Ovomaltine, we should stick to what people commonly refer it to as. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.126.75.181 (talk) 23:02, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * "very few people"? If, as the article suggests (but never outright says, which IS BAD), it is called Ovaltine in English-speaking countries only, then *the vast majority of people* would call it Ovomaltine, and thus a redirect of Ovaltine -> Ovomaltine would be proper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jae (talk • contribs) 18:30, 3 March 2021 (UTC)

Ingredients
The article states that egg and malt were originally in the ingredients. This infers that they no longer are, but my jar clearly states that egg is still included(among other ingredients): Barley and malt extract, whey concentrate, fat reduced cocoa, sugar, calcium carbonate, hydrogenated veg. oil, magnesium carbonate, eggs, etc. J.P.Lon 10:23, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

- Ovomaltine is still owned by it's original Swiss company "Wander", it is not related to Ovaltine in any way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tamanduab (talk • contribs) 06:25, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 13:09, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

US
Why should this sentence have to contain the "NOTE..........Ovaltine in the United States.? For one thing, it's not important, and secondly, if it really needs to be in the article, it should in another part of the article. The stats table picture could be moved to where the packaging part is to support the fact, and the second highest picture of the article could be moved to the stats table. - Up and over for a six! (talk) 23:37, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * A pack of ready-to-drink Ovaltine. NOTE: A different packaging and trade dress is used for Ovaltine in the United States.
 * Sounds like a job for a bold editor. Have at it! Rivertorch (talk) 02:14, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm a little confused about that caption too... is it saying that it is the packaging used in the United States, or is it the packaging used outside the United States?69.74.217.33 (talk) 01:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

The name change

 * The change "Ovomaltine" to "Ovaltine" looks more like someone misunderstanding slovenly pronunciation or misreading bad handwriting. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 22:02, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Thailand
If Thailand is the largest market, then we should have something about Ov. in Th.64.53.191.77 (talk) 14:15, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

Who Put the Benzedrine in Mrs. Murphy's Ovaltine
Hello - Very inexperienced w/ editing wikipedia, so hopefully this is the right action.

I added a note in the Popular Culture section as follows below, which SPECIFICO reverted saying it was unsourced trivia. I did include a link to the wikipedia page for the musician, which itself documents the song, publishing date and other details. What else is good here ?

a link to discogs.com ? https://www.discogs.com/release/4543582-Harry-The-Hipster-Gibson-I-Stay-Brown-All-Year-Roun-Who-Put-The-Benzedrine-In-Mrs-Murphys-Ovaltine

here's my original edit: American musician Harry Raab recorded "Who Put the Benzedrine in Mrs. Murphy's Ovaltine" in 1946. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doc ocelot (talk • contribs) 21:10, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
 * OK. So why do you think this is a significant fact about Ovaltine? Has anyone written an article or other independent evaluation saying it's important to the subject of Ovaltine?  SPECIFICO talk 01:26, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

Seinfeld
Ovaltine is part of a running gag of Seinfeld where Kenny Bania, a comedian, won't stop talking about it for his act. I was wondering whether this should be part of the article, and how to get a citation for it. Sultan the Sultan (talk) 15:23, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

Screaming Yellow Zonkers
Popped over here from the SYZ page where I'd like to ask the same question. I have a first year version of a SYZ box which attributes the snack as being produced by 'Ovaltine Food Products - A Wander Co., Villa Park, Illinois. When did Ovaltine (I'm assuming the US arm of the firm is what is being referred to) sell the rights to produce SYZ to Lincoln Foods? Were there any other food products, aside from Ovaltine, that the company produced? Thanks for any insights! THX1136 (talk) 20:52, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

Ovaltine Power
Should we mention Ovaltine Power? That was, for clarification, a UK-only variant of the hot chocolate version that was marketed towards growing children, being fortified with vitamins and minerals. It was advertised with the slogan "The hot chocolate drink, with more than just chocolate in it." Visokor (talk) 20:16, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ovaltine


text:
Talk:South Gloucestershire

Joint services
Everything summarised in the lead should appear elsewhere in the article. So the info about joint services with other ex-Avon authorities needs to appear in the body of the article - possibly a "Shared services" section? Pam D  18:49, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

infobox
If this article used Infobox UK place then it could automatically pick up the fire, police and ambulance services, but this isn't availabe with Infobox Settlement. I don't know the other pro's and cons of the two options. Pam D  20:55, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Railway stations
This statement in the article "Unfortunately, there are no railway stations within South Gloucestershire south of the M4 Motorway" is surely untrue. I can name with certainty Pilning, Severn Beach and Patchway. I am not so sure whether Filton Abbey Wood is in South Gloucestershire or Bristol, though Filton is in South Glos. With the possible exception of Filton Abbey Wood, none of these are major stations but the statement is clearly untrue. I haven't yet changed it because I wouldn't know what to say instead. SMeeds (talk) 08:47, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for your swift and decisive action Redrose64. SMeeds (talk) 08:49, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Updating the page
Hi, there is quite a bit of out of date information on here. Below is some more up to date information for the various headings.

Please note not everything needs changing, the intro, history, geography, major towns, other towns and places of interested are all up to date.

Also, sorry I wasn't sure how you reference to existing links on the page, there are two in the last section under democracy, numbers 11 and 12.

Thanks SouthGlosCouncil (talk) 09:12, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I have now edited this so there are only external references, bar one council one which is our head count which is part of a freedom of information request so I assume this can be classed as independent.

And thank you for pointing out the naming breach, I have now amended. Batch40 (talk) 15:12, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

South Gloucestershire covers an area of 53,664.7 hectares (or 536.6 sq km), with a population of 282,600. 19% of the population are children aged under 15 years, 63% are of working age (16-64 years) and 19% are of pensionable age (65 years and over).

According to the 2011 census, 5% of the district’s population are of black and minority ethnic origin, approximately 13,200 residents. 1.4% are mixed/multiple ethnic groups, 2.5% percent are Asian or Asian British, 0.8% are Black or Black British and 0.3% are described as ‘other’.

87% of the population live in urban areas, largely in the built up areas immediately adjoining Bristol and the towns of Yate and Thornbury. The remaining 13% live in the more rural areas of South Gloucestershire.

The main employers within the local authority are Airbus, the Ministry of Defence , South Gloucestershire Council and GKN aerospace. Other large employers include the University of the West of England, Rolls Royce, Aviva, EE and John Lewis.

The largest proportion of residents in employment are employed within the 'Public administration, education and health' sectors (32.8%). The 'Banking, finance and insurance' sector and 'Distribution, hotels and restaurants' sector are the second and third highest employment sectors (19.7% and 14.1% respectively). Agriculture and fishing remains the smallest employment group in South Gloucestershire, with only 0.4% of residents working in this sector (600 workers).

At the end of the 2018/19 financial year (March 2019), 80.7% of the working age population (16-64 year olds) in South Gloucestershire were in employment and the official unemployment rate was 3.1%.

In 2018, the average annual earnings for residents working full-time was £30,720 and the median house price was £270,000.

South Gloucestershire is home to 97 primary schools, 20 secondary schools and post-16 colleges and 7 special schools. There is one university, the University of the West of England, which was a former polytechnic.

The reformed GCSEs in English and mathematics were taken for the first time in 2017. In 2018, the Attainment 8 score for pupils in South Gloucestershire was 44.8. This is consistent with the national figure for all schools of 44.5.

The proportion of children achieving the expected standard is a combined measure across three subjects. To be counted towards the measure, a pupil must have a scaled score of 100 or more in both reading and mathematics; and have been teacher assessed in writing as ‘working at the expected standard’ or ‘working at a greater depth in the expected standard’. In 2018, 63% of pupils in South Gloucestershire achieved the expected level at the end of their primary education (key stage 2).

92% of 16 and 17 years olds in South Gloucestershire are in education, employment or training.

In the academic year 2017/18 – 2,390 apprenticeships started in South Gloucestershire. Advanced level apprenticeships accounted for 1,130 (47%) of apprenticeships whilst intermediate level apprenticeships accounted for 950 (40%).

41.1% of working aged people (16-64 years) living in South Gloucestershire are educated to NVQ level 4 or above (HND, degree, higher degree level qualifications or equivalent). This is slightly higher than the national average (39%).

South Gloucestershire is a major transport hub with many areas of South Gloucestershire having easy commuting access to: Bristol (A38 & M32 Roads), Bath to the east, as well as westward to South Wales and Cardiff via the two Severn bridges. Plus there is easy access to London, (M5 & M4 Motorway links), also Gloucester to the north. South Gloucestershire also has access to the major 'Avon' Ring Road. (See map for motorways).

This network of roads is of paramount importance to the industries and distribution centres in the area, as well as to the regional shopping centres - which give it a prime location.

South Gloucestershire has been working with the City and County of Bristol in developing a large Metrobus system which was launched in May 2018.

The area also has an important and very well used railway network, with many direct routes to towns and cities across the UK. This includes eastward to London and westward through the Severn Tunnel to Cardiff and the rest of South Wales. There are also routes down to the South-West counties and north to England's second city, Birmingham. Many routes cross in Stoke Gifford at the Bristol Parkway railway station. There are a total of six stations within the district, Bristol Parkway, Filton Abbey Wood, Patchway, Pilning, Yate and Severn Beach mainly located near the border with Bristol in the west of the district.

South Gloucestershire is home to the eastern ends of the two Severn Bridges, which are the main arterial routes by road to and from South Wales.

See also: South Gloucestershire Council elections

The Conservatives have held an overall majority on the council since 2015, with the only other majority being held by the Liberal Democrats from 1999-2003. In 2012, it became one of the first authorities in the UK to return to a Committee System, abolishing the single party Cabinet, as allowed under the Localism Act.[11] This was later reverted back to a leader and cabinet system in 2017 during the Conservative majority.[12]

Under the Boundary Commission proposals, which took effect at the 2010 general election, the authority has been divided between three new constituencies, all lying within the authority boundary. These are:

 * Thornbury and Yate (County – 86,400 residents)
 * Filton and Bradley Stoke (County – 101,350 residents)
 * Kingswood (Borough – 91,200 residents)

''County/Borough is a legal term denoting the type of constituency. County is a rural area, Borough is an urban area.''

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Batch40 (talk • contribs) 09:12, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

Reply 12-OCT-2019
Regards, Spintendo  14:39, 12 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Text from the proposal was found to be insufficiently paraphrased from the source material.
 * All additions to an article ought to be placed using an editor's own words and phrases, per WP:CLOSEPARAPHRASE.
 * Please revise the proposed text, taking care to ensure that the proposal uses its own words and phrases, and feel free to resubmit that request below this post at your earliest convenience.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:South Gloucestershire


text:
Marijuana Party (Canada)

The Marijuana Party (Parti Marijuana) is a Canadian federal political party, whose agenda focuses on issues related to cannabis in Canada. Apart from this one issue, the party has no other official policies, meaning party candidates are free to express any views on all other political issues. Passage of the Cannabis Act in June 2018 legalized cannabis on 17 October 2018. However, the party is critical of some of the laws relating to cannabis since legalization and wants to see them changed or reformed. It also seeks to represent and advocate for the rights of cannabis consumers, growers, and small cannabis based businesses.

Candidates appear on election ballots under the short form "Radical Marijuana" and their status is similar to that of independent candidates. Although governed by the Canada Elections Act, the Marijuana Party is a "decentralized" party, without by-laws, charter or constitution that govern its operations. Its Electoral District Associations are autonomous units of the party as a whole.

History
The party was founded by Marc-Boris St-Maurice in February 2000. In the November 2000 federal election, the party nominated candidates in 73 ridings in seven provinces and won 66,419 votes (0.52% of national popular vote).

In January and May 2004, changes were made to Canada's electoral laws which significantly reduced the fundraising abilities of the Marijuana Party; specifically, the elections law was amended so that most of the Marijuana Party's political contribution tax credit scheme was criminalized. The result of those changes was a very significant drop in the party's funding by 95%. As of 2004, parties with more than two per cent of the national vote were eligible to receive $2 per year per individual vote, as well as have the majority of their election expenses refunded. Small parties unable to secure two per cent of the vote do not qualify for any subsidy from votes or for election expenses. In the June 2004 federal election, the party nominated 71 candidates, but won only 33,590 votes (0.25% of the national popular vote).

On February 28, 2005, founder St-Maurice announced his intention to join the Liberal Party in order to work for liberalized marijuana laws from within the governing party. Many former Marijuana Party members have joined one of the mainstream political parties (NDP, Liberal, Conservative, or Green) in order to push for reform from within. In 2005, Elections Canada recognized Blair T. Longley as the new party leader following St-Maurice's resignation.

In the January 2006 federal election, the party ran candidates in 23 ridings and received 9,275 votes (0.06% of the national popular vote). In the Nunavut riding, however, the party's candidate won 7.88% of all ballots cast and finished in fourth place, ahead of the Greens.

Criticisms of Canada's legalisation (2018–present)
In June 2018, the party's leader, Blair Longley, addressed concerns about Canada's cannabis legalisation plans, referring to it as 'prohibition 2.0’. Referring to Canada's legalisation plans he said "There's this slight bit of progress, but when you look at the bigger picture, it's nothing close to what we would want." He said that "Legalisation is great if you're rich and old and have your own house and can afford to buy expensive marijuana. But if you're still young and poor and don't own your own house, it's worse than it was before." In relation to this Longley brought up some of the varying restrictions across the country, such as landlords in Alberta and Nova Scotia being granted permission to ban cannabis use and cultivation on their properties and Calgary's city council passing a bylaw prohibiting pot consumption in public. Another issue he brought up concerned people's limit to only being able to grow up to four marijuana plants per household, while people can brew as much beer and wine as they want and grow up to 15 kg of tobacco.

Other concerns about Canada's marijuana legalisation include, tough penalties for those who break drug laws, such as prison sentences of up to 14 years for providing marijuana to a minor or selling it without a license. There are also concerns about restricting sales to government-run monopolies, which favours large producers and makes it very difficult for small businesses in the market. Critics have concerns about the stake of producers and private companies, such as owning patents to names and genetic strains. Longely has been referred to as "skeptical about the quality of the bud commercial producers are putting to market" and has said that there is an opportunity for the black market to offer better quality marijuana at lower prices.

Since the announcement of Canada's legalisation plans Longley said the party is being run on a "broken shoestring budget" and is getting "more and more broken and shorter and shorter all the time" and questioned whether the party would be able to remain registered. The party needs 250 members' signatures so it can be registered with Elections Canada.

Leaders

 * Marc-Boris St-Maurice (2000–2004)
 * Blair Longley (2004–present)

Provincial parties
In addition to the Bloc Pot party in Quebec, the Marijuana Party has several separate provincial counterparts, most notably, the British Columbia Marijuana Party which received over 3% of the vote in the 2001 provincial election, the Alberta Marijuana Party led by Kenneth Kirk, and the Marijuana Party of Nova Scotia. The Bloc Pot and the federal Marijuana Party work together; however, the BC Marijuana Party and the federal Marijuana Party do not work together as the BC Party Marijuana decided to direct their activism into mainstream political parties.

title: Marijuana Party (Canada)


text:
Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański

Jan Michał, 6th Chevalier de Weryha-Wysoczański-Pietrusiewicz   (born 1 October 1950), known as Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański, is a Polish sculptor,  process artist and concrete artist. He was born in Gdańsk. From 1971 to 1976 he studied sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk. Since 1981, he has been living and working in Hamburg. In 1998, he won the 1st prize, the Prix du Jury, awarded by the Ministry of Culture of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg at the 'Salon de Printemps 98', Luxembourg. In 1999, he created a monument in memory of the deportees of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising for the memorial to the victims of the Neuengamme Nazi concentration camp at Hamburg,  in 2012 a memorial for the Nazi forced labourers in Hamburg-Bergedorf. He was represented by Galerie Kellermann in Düsseldorf. In 2022 de Weryha-Wysoczański was awarded in Vienna the Golden Owl culture award in the category Visual Arts.

He comes from an old noble family of Walachian boyar stock and legend has it that his coat of arms is borne by the descendants of Attila the Hun. His only son Rafael is a writer, his uncle Basil was a rich 19th century philanthropist. A son of his aunt Anna was composer Yaroslav Yaroslavenko. Another cousin was industrialist, novelist and playwright Bronislas, 3rd Chevalier de Minkowicz-Wysoczański.

Works in museum collections

 * Centre of Polish Sculpture, Orońsko, Poland
 * National Museum, Szczecin, Poland
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Radom, Poland

Sammlung de Weryha
Hamburg is the location of the "Sammlung de Weryha", which is based in the former depository of the palace museum Hamburg-Bergedorf. Most of the collection, composed of works by the artist and supported by a Friends organisation, is permanently being on display in the exhibition rooms.

Exhibitions (selection)

 * 1978 60th Anniversary of the Greater Poland Uprising in Art, City Gallery BWA Arsenał, Poznań
 * 1989 Autumn Salon, Kunsthaus Hamburg, Hamburg
 * 1990 Germany in Montana, Gallery of Visual Arts, Missoula, Montana
 * 1993 Selected Art Work from the Federal Republic of Germany and The United States: A Traveling Exhibition, Paris Gibson Square Museum of Art, Great Falls, Montana
 * 1998 Spring Salon '98, Luxembourg Artist Center, Municipal Theater, Luxembourg
 * 2004 Strictly Wood. Heiner Szamida, Helga Weihs, Jan de Weryha, Kunsthalle Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven
 * 2004 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Wooden Cube from the Wooden Cube Series, Chapel Gallery, Polish Sculpture Center, Orońsko
 * 2005 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Epiphanies of Nature in the Late-Modern World, Szyb Wilson Gallery, Katowice
 * 2005 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Wood – Archive, Patio Gallery, Łódź
 * 2006 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Revelations in Wood – Orońsko 2006, Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Orońsko
 * 2006 XV International Sculpture Triennial – Sensitivity, "Zamek" Culture Center, Poznań
 * 2006 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Revelations in Wood, City Gallery BWA, Jelenia Góra
 * 2008 Alphabet of the Sculpture DEF..., Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Orońsko
 * 2009 Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański – Tabularium, Gdańsk City Gallery, Gdańsk
 * 2009 XVI International Sculpture Triennial – Crisis of the Genre, "Zamek" Culture Center, Poznań
 * 2010 Wood as Sculpture Material, Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Orońsko
 * 2011 Hamburg Art Week 2011, Chilehaus, Hamburg
 * 2013 NordArt 2013, Carlshütte, Büdelsdorf
 * 2013 PROJECT BERLIN RELOAD, FACTORY-ART GALLERY, Berlin
 * 2015 Alphabet of the Sculpture VWZŹ..., Museum of Contemporary Sculpture, Orońsko
 * 2015 Mailights 2015: Günther Uecker, Otto Piene, Heinz Mack, Jan de Weryha, Manfred Binzer, Galerie Kellermann, Düsseldorf
 * 2018 Wood Sculpture in the Work of Polish Artists 1918-2018, Władysław Count Zamoyski City Gallery in Zakopane, among others from the collections of the Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, and the State Art Gallery, Sopot
 * 2021 Kunst Schaffen, Robbe & Berking Yachting Heritage Centre, Flensburg, with Klaus Fußmann, Ingo Kühl among others.

title: Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański


text:
Postdoctoral researcher

A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic faculty position. According to data from the US National Science Foundation, the number of holders of PhD in biological sciences who end up in tenure track has consistently dropped from over 50% in 1973 to less than 20% in 2006. They continue their studies or carry out research and further increase expertise in a specialist subject, including integrating a team and acquiring novel skills and research methods. Postdoctoral research is often considered essential while advancing the scholarly mission of the host institution; it is expected to produce relevant publications in peer-reviewed academic journals or conferences. In some countries, postdoctoral research may lead to further formal qualifications or certification, while in other countries, it does not.

Postdoctoral research may be funded through an appointment with a salary or an appointment with a stipend or sponsorship award. Appointments for such a research position may be called postdoctoral research fellow, postdoctoral research associate, or postdoctoral research assistant. Postdoctoral researchers typically work under the supervision of a principal investigator. In many English-speaking countries, postdoctoral researchers are colloquially referred to as "postdocs".

Job security in academia
Due to the nature of their work in some fields,      and an oversupply of graduating PhD students in many fields,  some postdoctoral researchers in certain countries face an uncertain future in academia, and a large proportion will not gain tenure or a coveted faculty position in their chosen field of research.

A study on the topic was conducted in collaboration between Virginia Tech and MIT in 2018. The authors found that only about 17% of postdocs ultimately land tenure-track positions. In the 1970s the number for PhD holders in biological sciences was 50%, illustrating how that generation had a significantly different job market.

As of 2022, however, and the broad shifts in the labor market in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, postdoc positions in at least some fields are going unfilled due to a lack of applicants.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom in 2003, 25% of PhD graduates in the natural sciences continued to undertake post-doctoral research. Since the landmark ruling in the employment tribunal (Scotland) Ball vs Aberdeen University 2008 case (S/101486/08), researchers who have held successive fixed-term contracts for four years' service are no longer temporary employees but are entitled to open-ended contracts.

United States
In the US, a postdoctoral scholar is an individual holding a doctoral degree who is engaged in mentored research or scholarly training for the purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing. Postdoctoral researchers play an important role in spearheading postgraduate research activity in the US. The median salary of postdoctoral researchers 1 to 5 years after receiving their doctoral degrees is $42,000, 44% less than the $75,000 average for tenured positions. The National Postdoctoral Association (NPA) and Boston Postdoctoral Association (BPDA) are nonprofit organizations that advocate for postdoctoral scholars in the United States.

Postdoctoral research may be required for obtaining a tenure-track faculty position, especially at research-oriented institutions. Post-doctoral appointments that were traditionally optional have become mandatory in some fields as the degree of competition for tenure-track positions in academia has significantly increased over previous decades. In fact, the small supply of the professional positions in academia compared to the growing number of postdoctoral researchers makes it difficult to find tenure-track positions. In 2008, the proportion of postdoctoral researchers who got a tenure or tenure-track position within 5 years after they received a doctoral degree was about 39%; nearly 10% of postdoctoral researchers were over 40 years old in 2003.

On the other hand, 85 percent of engineering doctoral degree holders are likely to initially go into business or the industry sector. Under the circumstances, providing doctoral students as well as postdoctoral researchers with necessary skills for nonacademic positions has become one of the important roles for graduate schools and institutions. The America COMPETES Act recognized the importance of graduate student support for obtaining skills needed when they pursue nonacademic careers, and required National Science Foundation (NSF) to increase or decrease funding for the Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) programs at least at the same rate as it increases or decreases funding for the Graduate Research Fellowship. There are no comprehensive data of international postdoctoral researchers in the US because of the less-organized survey and the difficulty in counting international postdoctoral researchers. The proportion of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas reached 53.6% in 2010. The life sciences hold the largest percentage of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas; in 2008, approximately 56% of postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences were temporary residents. Of these postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas, four out of five earned their PhD outside of the United States. There exists fear that foreign PhD's are taking postdoctoral research positions from American researchers. The influx of foreign PhD's has influenced the supply of ready-researchers, and thereby, the wages. One estimate claims that a 10% increase in the supply of foreign postdoctoral researchers lower the position salary by 3 to 4%.

In the US, life sciences have a greater share than other fields due to higher federal funding of life and medical science areas since mid 1990. One survey shows that 54% of postdoctoral researchers major in life sciences, whereas those who majored in physical science, mathematics, and engineering account for 28%.

In 2010, postdoctoral researchers in California formed a union, UAW Local 5810 in order to secure better working conditions such as the right to file a complaint for alleged discrimination or sexual harassment through a formal grievance procedure. In California, new postdoctoral appointments receive at least the NIH postdoctoral minimum salary ($50,004 in 2019) and many receive annual pay raises of 5% to 7% or more in accordance with the NIH's Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards (NRSA).

In 2014, postdoctoral researchers in Boston organized the "Future of Research" Symposium to respond to a conversation about the state of biomedical research from the perspective of junior scientists. The meeting included panel discussions with academics concerned about the scientific enterprise, a video message from Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren, and workshops discussing training, funding, the structure of the biomedical workforce, and metrics and incentives in science which were used to generate recommendations in a white paper. Meetings organized by postdoctoral researchers in 2015 spread to New York University (NYU), Chicago and San Francisco and a second meeting in Boston discussed data collection, labor economics and evidence-based policy to advocate for changes to science, including the future of the PhD.

India
Most of India's premier engineering, science and management institutes (like Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and All India Institutes of Medical Sciences(AIIMS) have postdoctoral positions. The salary typically varies from ₹40,000 to ₹70,000 per month. For example, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Guwahati, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IISER Bhopal, IISER Mohali, IISER Pune, IISER Kolkata, IIM Kolkata offer postdoctoral fellowships. The Indian Council of Social Science Research also offers fellowship(s) for pursuing a post doctoral degree.

Australia
Salaried appointments at the minimum Level A, Step 6 for academic salaries, for doctoral qualified employees (beginning in 2008) are set at A$75,612 p.a. at the University of Sydney, A$75,404 p.a. at the University of Melbourne, and A$75,612 p.a. at the University of New South Wales.

Alternatively the Australian Research Council (ARC) provides Postdoctoral Fellowships. For example, their Discovery Projects, funds 3 year Fellowships, beginning in 2009, with A$61,399 p.a. Furthermore, a mandatory superannuation payment of 11–17% is paid by Universities.

China
The postdoctoral system in China was founded in 1985 upon suggestion by Chinese American physicist and Nobel laureate Tsung-Dao Lee. The Office of the National Administrative Committee of Postdoctoral Researchers regulates all postdoctoral mobile stations  at universities and postdoctoral work stations  at institutes and enterprises in mainland China. Applicants to postdoctoral positions have to pass a detailed medical check-up in order to enter the stations. Postdoctoral researchers are required to undergo regular evaluations, and submit a research report for evaluation at the end of the postdoctoral period to obtain approval to leave the stations. Those who are approved to leave the stations will receive a postdoctoral certificate from the national administration office. In some universities, postdoctoral researchers who fail to leave their stations normally, either due to failing their evaluations or early withdrawal from the stations, may be asked to pay back the grants or even the salaries that they have received. Because of the way that the postdoctoral system is managed, postdoctoral research is widely mistaken to be an academic degree in China. The government's administration of the postdoctoral system has been criticized for hindering innovative research, as too much effort is spent on evaluations, and overemphasis on performance prevents the creation of a relaxing research environment.

title: Postdoctoral researcher


text:
Talk:Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański

Untitled
Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański - 1950 born in Gdańsk/Poland. 1971-76 Sculpture studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk/Poland. Since 1981 Living and working in Hamburg. 1998 1st prize, Prix du Jury, at the 'Salon de Printemps 98', Luxembourg. 1999, a monument in memory of the deportees of the Warsaw Rebellion in 1944 for the memorial for the victims of the Nazi concentration camp Neuengamme, Hamburg/Germany.

Websites  http://www.de-weryha-art.de

title: Talk:Jan de Weryha-Wysoczański


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Gustaf Grefberg

Gustaf Grefberg (born 18 February 1974) is a Swedish musician. As part of the demoscene, he is known under the artist name Lizardking, and much of his production is tracker music. He is or has been a member of the demo groups Alcatraz, The Silents, Razor 1911, The Black Lotus and Triton. He and Joakim Falk (a.k.a. dLx) invented a musical style called Doskpop and he released various music disks such as "Doskpop The Compilation" or "Memorial Songs 1+2" which feature many tracks in this style. He also took part in projects such as Merregnon and the Symphonic Game Music Concert-series in Leipzig, Germany.

In 1994, he released a compact cassette, Mindlitter, in cooperation with Martin Wall (a.k.a. Mantronix). His songs are on side A and Martin's on side B. They were in person selling the tapes at the Assembly '94 demo party.

He also has composed the score of several Starbreeze Studios video games, including Enclave, Knights of the Temple: Infernal Crusade, The Chronicles of Riddick: Escape from Butcher Bay, The Darkness and Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons.

Discography

 * Physiology (1993)
 * Mindlitter (1994)
 * Fashion8 (1998)
 * Audiophonik (1999)
 * Merregnon Vol.1 (2001)
 * Merregnon Vol.2 (2004)
 * Born in the Stars (as Xain) (2004)
 * Amiga Hits! (2015)

title: Gustaf Grefberg


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Ice Climber

Ice Climber (アイスクライマー) is a platform game developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in 1985 for both the arcade VS. System and the Famicom / Nintendo Entertainment System console. The characters Popo and Nana, collectively known as the Ice Climbers, scale 32 vertically scrolling, ice-covered mountains to recover stolen vegetables from a giant condor. In some European countries, Ice Climber was bundled with the Nintendo Entertainment System.

The arcade version, VS. Ice Climber (VSアイスクライマー), has an animated title screen, a stage select menu at the start of the game and between levels, 16 more mountains, occasional blizzard and wind effects, more enemy characters, and bonus multiplier items.

Nana and Popo are playable characters in the Super Smash Bros. series, starting with the 2001 game Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube. Nintendo released the NES version for the Game Boy Advance through the Nintendo e-Reader in 2002.

Gameplay
The first player controls Popo, a boy wearing a blue parka, while the second player controls Nana, a girl wearing a pink one. The only tool they carry is a wooden mallet to carve openings in the ice above and to club enemies. Each mountain level consists of eight layers of colorful ice and a bonus stage. Standard, dull ice blocks pose no threat other than an easily disposed-of barrier and platform. Square ice blocks with higher detail are indestructible, forcing the player to take another path. Hatched ice acts as a conveyor belt sliding Popo or Nana either left or right. Finally, many mountains include unbreakable moving platforms resembling clouds. The bonus stage takes place at the peak. Within a 40-second time limit and no enemies, the Ice Climbers often face trickier jumps and multiple moving platforms. The peak is also the only place to recover stolen vegetables, most notably eggplants. Collecting just one piece of corn from the fifth bonus stage is the only way to gain an extra life. At the top of the peak, the Condor flies overhead.

Enemies encountered on the way up the mountains include the Topi, Nitpicker, and White Bear. Topis come in two varieties: the blue seal featured in the Japanese Famicom Ice Climber release and the short Yeti-like creatures seen in Western versions and VS. Ice Climber. Topis have the ability to fill in holes in the floor with ice. To do this, a Topi scouts out an opening in the floor, runs back to its cave, and reemerges pushing an icicle to fill in two blocks. This process repeats until no more openings on their layer of ice exist. The Nitpicker is a small, mountain-dwelling bird that swoops down from icy caves on the levels' edges. Unlike the Topi, which is confined to one floor of the mountain, Nitpickers can cross over multiple ice layers. Taking them into account along with moving platforms and sliding ice, timing jumps can be more difficult. The final enemy is the White Bear. This enemy, wearing sunglasses and pink speedo, appears on screen only when Popo and Nana take too long to advance. Pounding the ice, the Polar Bear forces the screen to move up. If Nana or Popo are forced off the screen, the player loses a life.

Other obstacles include deadly falling icicles. These can form on the bottom of any type of platform. After a few successful mountains climbed, all enemies' speeds increase.

The arcade game VS. Ice Climber has a few more gameplay differences. The player must pick from an initial set of 24 mountains to conquer. After eight are cleared, a Super Bonus stage occurs in which the player must reach a high platform. Afterwards, the player must choose from the second set of 24 mountains, in which the Condor is replaced by a giant butterfly. After the next eight stages are cleared and the Super Bonus is over, the player resumes the cycle from the original mountain set. The game keeps track of whether the mountain was claimed by an Ice Climber or if it remains Topi territory—once all the stages are completed, the counter resets. Approximately 30 of the 48 level designs are borrowed from the NES game. Stage setups are generally trickier in VS. Ice Climber, with some new mechanics such as cloud platforms that move diagonally or strong gusts of wind. A purple bee with a spear flying in a horizontal pattern is included as a somewhat rare fourth enemy.

After the bonus stage, the players' scores are tallied. Points are rewarded for every brick of ice destroyed, every Topi-pushed icicle smashed, every Nitpicker killed and every vegetable collected. Finally, a bonus score is rewarded if a player manages to climb to the top of the bonus stage and jump up and grab the Condor. The game keeps track of the high score, although there is no way to save it on the NES version.

The game can be played in one- or two-player mode. The latter places Popo and Nana against each other in a race to the summit. Players may prefer to play cooperatively on the way up, but during the bonus round, they must compete for the top.

Development
Ice Climber and NES Open Tournament Golf were directed by longtime Nintendo producer Kenji Miki. Ice Climber is the first video game programmed by Kazuaki Morita. He considered this a "warm-up" before becoming a main programmer on Super Mario Bros.. Morita was later credited with central programming roles in numerous games within the Super Mario series, The Legend of Zelda series, and in Star Fox 64.

Releases
Ice Climber, a launch game for the NES in North America, has been re-released for several of Nintendo's consoles. The PC-8801 version has a more limited color palette and a reworked HUD. VS. Ice Climber has been re-released for the Famicom Disk System, removing the difficulty settings and changing a few graphics to be closer to Ice Climber (such as the bee and butterfly replaced by a Nitpicker and blue Condor, respectively). It has also been released in the Arcade Archives series on Nintendo Switch, although the bee enemy has been removed.

Including the releases listed below, the NES game was part of a few versions of Animal Crossing. It could be played in the original Doubutsu no Mori through its Nintendo Space World 2000 demo and through a Controller Pak from Nintendo Dream. The Pak could be won by anyone who sent a form to Nintendo Dream by June 21, 2001. It is also unlockable in the GameCube releases; it can only be officially unlocked via a North America-exclusive e-Reader card, or as a gift to players requesting their save data be transferred from the Japanese-exclusive Nintendo 64 version to the Doubutsu no Mori+ edition.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed VS. Ice Climbers in its April 1, 1985, issue as the eighth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. Former President of Finland Mauno Koivisto was reportedly keen on Nintendo games and his son-in-law has reported that Ice Climber was his favorite game.

Reviewing the American release, Computer Entertainer magazine called it "addictive" for fans of climbing games. The reviewer awarded 3.5 out of 4 stars, for both categories of graphics and gameplay, adding that it provide "hours of challenging play".

Legacy
Popo and Nana appear in the Super Smash Bros. series of fighting game as a two-in-one playable fighter under the name Ice Climbers, voiced by Sanae Kobayashi. Appearing in 2001's Melee, and 2008's Brawl, their return was planned for Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, but technical issues with the 3DS version required game director Masahiro Sakurai to scrap development on them to maintain parity between the two versions. He said that there was not a high priority to include them because the Ice Climber series was "unlikely to have another installment" at the time. The Ice Climbers returned in 2018's Ultimate.

Themes from Ice Climber regularly appear in the WarioWare series' classic Nintendo microgames. In Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land and Kirby Air Ride, when Kirby gets the Freeze ability, he dons Popo's parka in the same manner it is worn in the Super Smash Bros. series. In Tetris DS, an Ice Climber backdrop appears among other classic Nintendo games. Daigasso! Band Brothers includes the bonus stage music theme. The Ice Climbers appear in Super Mario Maker as an unlockable Mystery Mushroom costume.

title: Ice Climber


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User:Prune

Name: Lee Brimmicombe-Wood

e-mail: lee@damfine.demon.co.uk

title: User:Prune


text:
Talk:Outer Space Treaty

Just 5 ratifications?
This got to be wrong.--181.110.134.241 (talk) 02:50, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

Which senate
Which senate? Clarify. SD6-Agent 12:26, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Outer Space Treaty
Inserting an interpretation that treaty did not mention "all other weapons" ("not just the placement or use of weapons in orbit") and not necessarily capable of being or is "weapons of mass destruction". How about defining "peaceful purposes" ?

Re above: The USA prosecuted the remaining Marathon bomber for using a "weapon of mass destruction" (a pressure cooker packed with explosives). What then can we say of the 12th in the series of Keyhole Satellites which is armed with maser weaponry capable of focusing two maser beams on a ground target one meter wide? Then there is the short term orbital K-UBAN. It can (and has) send a lased X-ray beam through a momentary column of vacuum (created by an extremely powerful maser blast) through the armor and engine block of a tank over 300 miles below. If a pressure cooker bomb is considered by the US to be a "weapon of mass destruction", then the USA (probably among others) has violated the International Agreement Banning Weapons from Space. 107.182.41.56 (talk) 03:43, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

POV
This article is extremely POV, and i am about to fix it. I know a bit about the subject from the selling space article, and there are some factual ommissions and inaccuracies too. THE KING 07:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Removing POV seems to have made this page the subject of a low-level edit war. What is a practical way to calm this down? Anonymous--11:39, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

I want to suggest removing the link http://www.moonestates.com/cat_Questions.asp from this article, because I am regarding it as unethical to sell property which isn't owned by anyone. Consequently, I find this FAQ highly questionable, and imho it doesn't add to the plausibility of said article. Digital Dan 08/07/2006, 22:07 (UTC + 1)

 * You are absolutely correct; I have removed the link. siafu 21:42, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Legend
The colour of the legend for 'signed and ratified' countries has been changed from light green to green, on account of the former's closeness to the grey used for countries that are not signatories. It is still a bit too dark, but requires someone with a better knowledge of the colours used in the legend template to simulate the green in the diagram better. -- Sasuke Sarutobi 03:47, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Countries
What countries signed the outer space treaty? Did all the countries of the UN sign it?

That information is available here: http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/5181.htm The above link is invalid NJackson300 (talk) 22:49, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Date
The entry for 1967 has two different dates for the signing of the treaty, 27 Jan and 27 Feb. Which is it, someone who knows? Thanks. --Myke Cuthbert 15:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC) For which countr(y/ies)? Did all signatories sign it at once? MrZaius talk  18:00, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The treaty was completed on January 27, 1967, but did not come into force until October 10, 1967. This is according to the footnote in Prof. Wayne White's The Legal Regime for Private Activities in Outer Space. siafu 18:25, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Peaceful Purposes
The article says "However, the Treaty does not expressly prohibit the placement or use of weapons in orbit, so long as they are for peaceful purposes." What exactly is considered a peaceful purpose for a space weapon? The terms seem contradictory. Kevin 00:18, 25 December 2006 (UTC)
 * See Laser broom for an example of that one. 84.92.175.243 15:05, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's the first time I stumble on this page and I'm correcting a few mistakes, and this is one of them: the treaty forbids nuclear weapons and WMD's in orbit, but not anything else, and as far as peaceful purposes go, this seems to be restricted to the moon and celestial bodies. This was drafted in the light of allowing eg military personel on a scientific base. BatistPaklons (talk) 18:28, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

to destroy incoming asteroids that would obliterate humanity? 69.140.35.147 (talk) 23:42, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Giant Helium-filled bananas.
"A test (of sorts) of the Outer Space Treaty is being put forward by Canadian artist Cesar Saez's project to float a giant helium-filled banana over Texas in 2008, a very serious project supported by the Canada and Quebec Arts Councils. The Michigan consulting firm of nearSpace Technology is also involved in the project.[1]"

The above is copied from the article. Can someone explain to me in what way floating a giant Helium-filled banana over Texas constitutes a contravention of this treaty? Is it considered a weapon of mass destruction? Or is this paragraph just an attempt to publicise an un-related arts project? ColourSarge 12:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * lol, I think its just to see if they would bother with something so silly 69.140.35.147 (talk) 23:35, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Copying
much of this article is copied from this site http://www.state.gov/t/ac/trt/5181.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.4.163.209 (talk) 00:03, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * That is a copyright-free U.S. government article so it is alright to use here. Rmhermen (talk) 04:20, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Map
North Korea signed and ratified the treaty earlier this month. 203.7.140.3 (talk) 01:13, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You're right. I edited the image page and this article to point that out. I'm not sure how to edit the image itself, though. Esn (talk) 09:10, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

external link went 404
removed from article http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/SpaceLaw/treaties.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mt1955 (talk • contribs) 20:41, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

common heritage of mankind vs. res communis omnium
According to Currie, the words "for the benefit and in the interests of all countries" does not mean that outer space is "common heritage of mankind", but rather "res communis omnium" (communal use of all). I've noticed quite a view articles that come up on Google use the two concepts interchangeably. Can someone clarify this?

Reference: Curie, John H. Public International Law, Toronto: Irwin Law Inc., 2001. pp. 285-286, 287 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.47.237.130 (talk) 12:09, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

or, in simpler terms, the moon is UN territory 69.140.35.147 (talk) 23:37, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

 * More like, the treaty purports that mankind as a whole owns the entire universe. Which would be awkward if we find that other planets are inhabited. 75.76.213.161 (talk) 07:14, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

Outer space & res communis
I deleted the section "Effect of the Outer Space Treaty." You can see the text of the section here: [diff]. The content amounted to some guy's (or gal's) opinions on the treaty -- that all outer space territories should be public property and belong to everyone without any one nation actually having rights or claim over it. That all sounds great, but Wikipedia isn't the place for writing legal or philosophical or legal/philosophical essays on res communis (i.e. public domain) and its applications in the realm of outer space. Similarly, the articles U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea and Admiralty law aren't the places to expound upon whether there should be national rights/claim over the sea. If there's a source-able debate on this among legal/maritime law/international relations professionals, then write about it, and document it. Otherwise, this material can't be kept. From a scholarly perspective, there is certainly legitimate philosophical argument to be made; I just don't think the actual parties -- the representatives of governments around the world who negotiate with one another -- actually care about scholarly, philosophical arguments. Furthermore, any "scholarly argument" needs sourcing and to pass a notability litmus test. This one didn't. ask123 (talk) 03:58, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

That's our Newt!
Wouldn't Newt Gingrich's future Moon state violate the Outer Space Treaty? I think so, but I am not blessed with the intellect of Newter, he of the inevitable Presidency.--172.190.57.14 (talk) 01:09, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

- You do realize the treaty isn't worth the paper its written on right? The instant that any nation obtains practical and cheap space flight is going to withdraw from both the outer space treaty and moon treaty. All Newt did was show the truthful future position that we will see.

Number of parties
The article claims that there are 100 parties, as at October 2011, citing this resource:. That page links to which states that there are 101 parties, as at 1 January 2011. The same website also provides a database but it doesn't seem to be working correctly so I cannot check when the last signatory was added.

Can anyone illuminate the discrepancy? I would be bold and update the figure, except that the article claims the data to be accurate to October 2011 which was after the source says it was updated. —sroc (talk) 15:36, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Private parties
What about private parties, are they subject to the Outer Space Treaty? --JorisvS (talk) 12:49, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * See Space law: "The Outer Space Treaty requires parties to authorize and supervise national space activities, including the activities of non-governmental entities such as commercial and non-profit organizations." So the answer is yes, private parties are not allowed to flout the treaty. JustinTime55 (talk) 14:55, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * You should have just read this article more closely; we covered this in the Responsibility for activities in space section when you asked the question in November 2012.JustinTime55 (talk) 15:11, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Not so much. The "Key points" section says "The treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet". Phrased this way, it suggests that only countries are forbidden from mining asteroids. But in the actual document, things may be phrased subtly enough that it could interfere with private enterprises wanting to mine asteroids (but I don't know). Hence my question. --JorisvS (talk) 15:32, 28 August 2015 (UTC)
 * JustinTime55 directed you to look at the Responsibility for activities in space section, not the Key points section. The article clearly answers your question in the former.  TDL (talk) 16:30, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Care to explain the legalese written there, then? --JorisvS (talk) 18:30, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Sure. Can you clarify which part of "... States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities" you don't understand?  TDL (talk) 18:56, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * "bear responsibility". What does that mean for private parties with respect to what they can and cannot do? --JorisvS (talk) 19:14, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * It means that the government of a state party is liable for any violations committed by private parties. TDL (talk) 21:43, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
 * So private parties would be subject to it just as much? What if a private party goes to an asteroids and extracts resources, would this be considered to violate "The treaty explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the common heritage of mankind.", even though this says "government"? --JorisvS (talk) 00:24, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

This is a matter of much ongoing discussion. There is no way for a government to claim territory. An individual can of course claim anything they like and many have e.g. claimed to own the Moon. But without support of a government those claims are meaningless. It's not permitted for a government to support such claims under the OST. However if we have mining in space, then there needs to be some form of property rights. There are several ideas for ways to do it consistent with the OST. One is functional rights - that you have the right to your mining operation and as long as you keep it functioning then you can continue to mine without interference but if you abandon it then anyone else can take over. Another idea is to use safety zones around your habitats - which the ISS already has. One way or another it's likely to be sorted out within the OST as modifying the treaty is next to impossible at this stage and nobody wants to abandon it (well apart from some space mining enthusiasts and the like posting in forums but no government) - not without something else everyone agrees on to take its place, as the only treaty that is preventing nuclear weapons in space and militarization of the Moon etc. Robert Walker (talk) 18:09, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Ethics/Terraforming
(This question is a continuation of this question, but since there's a shift in topic, I've split it.)

Does the treaty address what is to be done if, say, one superpower wants to terraform Mars, and another doesn't?

And (this is going slightly sci-fi, but it could happen, you never know, so I'll ask it anyway) in a similar vein, does the treaty address what is to be done if we meet intelligent life - i.e. does the treaty specifically forbid any one superpower from taking it upon themselves to speak for the entirety of humanity? Thanks! BigSteve (talk) 19:39, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * On your first point. No not directly. However, it does talk about "harmful contamination" and there is a lot of discussion of what that means but it is generally thought to include contamination that interferes with the science experiments of other nation states. So for instance if someone wants to terraform Mars and another doesn't - it's a major change in the planet which arguably interferes with other states science experiments there. Especially if there is native life on Mars and the terraforming would make it extinct. But also things like - e.g. study of Martian CO2 geysers, and generally Mars as it is now gives us an opportunity to study a type of planet close up that otherwise we'd have to travel light years to find another, if we could at all (if it has life it is likely to be unique to Mars or else to have a common ancestor with Earth life only even if life is common in our galaxy). The first part of this argument is the motivation for our current measures for protecting Mars from Earth life and it's a big debate, about to what happens if humans want to land on Mars and it turns out to be inconsistent with planetary protection because of a potential for life there or even a known lifeform there that would go exitinct. Robert Walker (talk) 15:25, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't think it addresses your second point at all. Robert Walker (talk) 15:26, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Map Colors
If someone were Red-Green colorblind they wouldn't be able to read the map very well. Also, for those of us who aren't the colors are obnoxious together and sort of bother the eye to stare at too long. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:302:D13C:6BF0:A56C:B049:C529:64A6 (talk) 07:08, 10 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Agree. Someone needs to change the map to replacing red or green with blue. Macktheknifeau (talk) 09:56, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Done  // Timothy :: talk  10:27, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

North Korea update to Ratified
I've updated the North Korea status from Accessed to Ratified. It is shown as ratified (R) here, page 5/12 under "Democratic People’s Republic of Korea". Robert Walker (talk) 15:27, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've reverted. The R in that document is defined as "R = ratification, acceptance, approval, accession or succession" not "ratified".  It is listed as an accesion here: .  TDL (talk) 06:41, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay agreed, you are right! Sorry for the confusion. Robert Walker (talk) 21:21, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Latvia
Latvia does not appear to be listed under countries which have or have not signed the treaty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.38.227.57 (talk) 15:51, 10 March 2018 (UTC)
 * They haven't ratified or signed. They have done neither.  Such states aren't listed.  TDL (talk) 17:27, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

Discussion on my reverted changes
I revamped the article to improve is structure and syntax while adding more about the origin and development of the treaty. I understand this was controversial, so I'd like to discuss what, if anything, is disputed in my changes? Thanks! Zurkhardo (talk) 04:54, 24 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I'm not sure. I reverted your changes because they were so massive, and because you did not include any summary of the changes. Given that, other editors have no way of knowing what changes you made, without spending a lot of time manually comparing your modified version with the previous one. I'm afraid Wikipedia's system for comparing past and present versions of an article can often make moving large blocks of text look like deleting and adding large blocks of text. I think we could easily resolve any disagreements or confusion (I probably shouldn't have said "controversial" ones) if you could just describe the changes you made. Without that information, it just looks like a whole lot of massive changes of an unknown and unspecified nature. Fcrary (talk) 02:06, 25 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Understandable, that was actually an oversight on my part (long story short, I had to leave abruptly so I just submitted the changes before it was too late).
 * I will undo the revision  but provide a detailed explanation of what I did . I hope that helps! Zurkhardo (talk) 18:08, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok. Now that I've got a better idea of what your changes are, I have no objections. I'm sorry I made you do some extra work over this. I have, however, added to changes of my own. The regard the number of nations which have signed the Moon Treaty and the fact that the OST allows military resources to be used to support peaceful activities in space. Fcrary (talk) 01:52, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Japanese name of treaty.
I'm not a good editor, so I gotta ask you guys. Add the Japanese name of the treaty please, which is "宇宙条約" 66.58.196.236 (talk) 05:36, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Why? Japanese doesn't appear to be one of the official treaty languages. Rosbif73 (talk) 13:45, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Treaty withdrawal
Saudi Arabia withdrew from the treaty in January 2023 and that still isn't reflected in the article. I can change the map colors to reflect that, but I'm not sure where else to note that in the article. Do we need a new column on the table of signatories? ChrisMeabe (talk) 07:31, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That's about the Moon Treaty, not this treaty. TDL (talk) 02:25, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You're right, thank you for catching that @Danlaycock ChrisMeabe (talk) 17:01, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outer Space Treaty


text:
Douglas William Jerrold

Douglas William Jerrold (3 January 1803 – 8 June 1857) was an English dramatist and writer.

Early life
Jerrold's father, Samuel Jerrold, was an actor and lessee of the little theatre of Wilsby near Cranbrook, Kent. In 1807 the family moved to Sheerness, where Jerrold spent his childhood. He occasionally took a child part on the stage, but his father's profession held little attraction for him. In December 1813 he joined the guard ship Namur, where he had Jane Austen's brother Charles Austen as captain, and served as a midshipman until the Treaty of Paris in 1815. He saw nothing of Napoleonic Wars save a number of wounded soldiers from Waterloo, but he retained an affection for the sea.

The peace of 1815 ruined Jerrold's father; on 1 January 1816 he took his family to London, where Douglas began work as a printer's apprentice, and in 1819 he became a compositor in the printing office of the Sunday Monitor. Several short papers and copies of verses by him had already appeared in the sixpenny magazines, and a criticism of the opera Der Freischütz was admired by the editor, who requested further contributions. Thus Jerrold became a professional journalist.

Theatre
In 1821, a comedy that Jerrold had written at age 14 was brought out at Sadler's Wells Theatre under the title More Frightened than Hurt. Other plays followed, and in 1825 he was employed for a few pounds weekly to produce dramas and farces to order for George Bolwell Davidge of the Coburg Theatre. In the autumn of 1824, the "little Shakespeare in a camlet cloak", as he was nicknamed, married Mary Swan and continued to work as both dramatist and journalist. For a short while he was part proprietor of a small Sunday newspaper. In 1829, through a quarrel with the exacting Davidge, Jerrold left for Coburg.

In 1829, a three-act melodrama about corrupt personnel and press gangs of the Navy launched his fame. Black-Eyed Susan; or, All in the Downs, was brought out by manager Robert William Elliston at the Surrey Theatre. Britain at the time was recovering from the fallout of the Napoleonic Wars and was in the midst of a class war involving the Corn Laws and a reform movement which resulted in the Reform Act of 1832 aimed at reducing corruption. Black-Eyed Susan consisted of various extreme stereotypes representing the forces of good, evil, the innocent and the corrupt, the poor and the rich, woven into a serious plot with comic sub-plots to keep the audience entertained. Its subject was very topical, and its success was enormous. The play was a success, and Elliston made a fortune from it; T. P. Cooke, who played William, made his reputation; Jerrold received about £60 and was engaged as dramatic author at five pounds per week, but his reputation as a dramatist was established.

It was proposed in 1830 that he should adapt something from the French language for Drury Lane. He declined, preferring to produce original work. The Bride of Ludgate (8 December 1832) was the first of several of his plays produced at Drury Lane. The other patent houses also threw their doors open to him (the Adelphi had already done so), and in 1836 Jerrold became the manager of the Strand Theatre with W. J. Hammond, his brother-in-law. The venture was not successful, and the partnership was dissolved. While it lasted, Jerrold wrote his only tragedy, The Painter of Ghent, and he appeared in the title role, without much success.

Jerrold acted in the 1851 production of Not So Bad As We Seem, a play written by Edward Bulwer, starring many notable Victorians (including Charles Dickens) and attended by Queen Victoria. He continued to write sparkling comedies until 1854, the date of his last piece, The Heart of Gold.

Journalism
Jerrold wrote for numerous periodicals and gradually became a contributor to the Monthly Magazine, Blackwood's, the New Monthly, and The Athenaeum. To Punch, the publication which of all others is associated with his name, he contributed from its second number in 1841 until within a few days of his death. Punch was a humorous and liberal publication. Jerrold's liberal and radical perspective was portrayed in the magazine under the pseudonym 'Q', which used satire to attack institutions of the day. Punch was also the forum in which he published in the 1840s his comic series Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures, which was later published in book form.

He contributed many articles for Punch under different pseudonyms. On 13 July 1850 he wrote as 'Mrs Amelia Mouser' about the forthcoming Great Exhibition of 1851, coining the phrase the palace of very crystal. From that day forward, The Crystal Palace, at that time still a proposal from his friend Joseph Paxton, gained the name from which it would henceforth be known.

He founded and edited for some time, with indifferent success, the Illuminated Magazine, Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, and Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper; and under his editorship from 1852, Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper rose from almost nonentity to a circulation of 182,000. The history of his later years is little more than a catalogue of his literary productions, interrupted now and again by brief visits to the Continent or to the country.

Death and legacy
Douglas Jerrold died at his house, Kilburn Priory, in London on 8 June 1857 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery, where Charles Dickens was a pall-bearer. Dickens gave a public reading and performances of the drama The Frozen Deep to raise money for his widow. The first article of the first issue of the Atlantic Monthly (November 1857) is a lengthy obituary for Jerrold.

Jerrold's figure was small and spare, and in later years he was bowed almost to deformity. His features were strongly marked and expressive, from the thin humorous lips to the keen blue eyes, gleaming from beneath the shaggy eyebrows. He was brisk and active, with the careless bluffness of a sailor. Open and sincere, he concealed neither his anger nor his pleasure; to his sailor's frankness all polite duplicity was distasteful. The cynical side of his nature he kept for his writings; in private life his hand was always open. In politics Jerrold was a Liberal, and he gave eager sympathy to Lajos Kossuth, Giuseppe Mazzini and Louis Blanc. In social politics especially he took an eager part; he never tired of declaiming against the horrors of war, the luxury of bishops, or the iniquity of capital punishment.

Jerrold is now perhaps better known from his reputation as a brilliant wit in conversation than from his writings. As a dramatist he was very popular, though his plays have not kept the stage. He dealt with rather humbler forms of social world than had commonly been represented on the boards. He was one of the first and certainly one of the most successful of the men who in defence of the native English drama endeavoured to stem the tide of translation from the French, which threatened early in the 19th century to drown original native talent. His skill in construction and his mastery of epigram and brilliant dialogue are well exemplified in his comedy, Time Works Wonders (Haymarket, 26 April 1845). The tales and sketches which form the bulk of Jerrold's collected works vary much in skill and interest; but, although there are evident traces of their having been composed from week to week, they are always marked by keen satirical observation and pungent wit.

In 1859 his eldest son William Blanchard Jerrold wrote Life and Remains of Douglas Jerrold (1859). His son also edited The Wit and Opinions of Douglas Jerrold (1858), and The Works of Douglas Jerrold, with a memoir by his son, W. B. Jerrold, in 1863–64, which was never completed. Among the numerous selections from his tales and witticisms are two edited by his grandson, Walter Jerrold, Bons Mots of Charles Dickens and Douglas Jerrold (1904), and The Essays of Douglas Jerrold (1903), illustrated by H. M. Brock.

Jerrold was the great-grandfather of Audrey Mayhew Allen (b. 1870), author of children's stories published in various periodicals and of Gladys in Grammarland, an imitation of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland books.

Works
Among the best known of his numerous works are:

A collected edition of his writings appeared between 1851 and 1854.
 * Black-Eyed Susan (1829) play/melodrama
 * The Rent Day (1832) play/melodrama
 * Men of Character (1838), including "Job Pippin: The man who couldn't help it," and other sketches of the same kind
 * Cakes and Ale (2 vols., 1842), a collection of short papers and whimsical stories
 * The Story of a Feather (1844) novel
 * The Chronicles of Clovernook (1846) novel
 * A Man made of Money (1849) novel
 * St Giles and St James (1851) novel
 * various series of papers reprinted from Punch's Letters to his Son (1843)
 * Punch's Complete Letter-writer (1845)
 * Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures (1846).

title: Douglas William Jerrold


text:
Haicheng District

Haicheng (Haijcwngz) is the seat of the city of Beihai, Guangxi, China. It has an area of 140 km2 and a population of 240,000.

Administrative divisions
Haicheng District is divided into 7 subdistricts and 1 town:

Subdistricts:
 * Zhongjie Subdistrict (中街街道), Dongjie Subdistrict (东街街道), Xijie Subdistrict (西街街道), Haijiao Subdistrict (海角街道), Dijiao Subdistrict (地角街道), Gaode Subdistrict (高德街道), Yima Subdistrict (驿马街道)

The only town is Weizhou (涠洲镇)

title: Haicheng District


text:
Tieshangang District

Tieshangang District, is a district of the city of Beihai, Guangxi, China. It has 3 neighborhood committees and 39 village committees.

Administrative divisions
Tieshangang District is divided into 3 towns:
 * Nankang (南康镇)
 * Yingpan (营盘镇)
 * Xinggang (兴港镇)

Transportation
The Yulin–Tieshangang railway carries freight services to and from the coast.

title: Tieshangang District


text:
Yinhai District

Yinhai District (, Cantonese: Ngan Hoi; Yinzhaij Gih) is a district of the city of Beihai, Guangxi, China.

Administrative divisions
Yinhai District is divided into 4 towns:
 * Pingyang (平阳)
 * Yintan (银滩)
 * Qiaogang (侨港)
 * Fucheng (福成)

title: Yinhai District


text:
Hepu (disambiguation)

Hepu is a county in Guangxi, China.
 * Hepu Commandery, ancient China

Hepu may also refer to:

 * Hepu (vizier), ancient Egyptian vizier
 * Hepu District (河浦区), former district of Shantou, Guangdong
 * Hepu, Hubei (河铺镇), town in Luotian County
 * Hepu, Zhejiang (鹤浦镇), town in Xiangshan County

title: Hepu (disambiguation)


text:
Robert William Elliston

Robert William Elliston (7 April 1774 – 7 July 1831) was an English actor and theatre manager.

Life
He was born in London, the son of a watchmaker. He was educated at St Paul's School, but ran away from home and made his first appearance on the stage as Tressel in Richard III at the Old Orchard Street Theatre in Bath in 1791. There he was later seen as Romeo, and in other leading parts, both comic and tragic, and he repeated his successes in London from 1796. In the same year he married Elizabeth, the sister of Mary Ann Rundall, and they would in time have ten children.

He acted at Drury Lane from 1804 to 1809, and again from 1812. From 1819 he was the lessee of the house, presenting Edmund Kean, Mme Vestris, and Macready.

He bought the Olympic Theatre in 1813 and also had an interest in a patent theatre, the Theatre Royal, Birmingham. Ill-health and misfortune culminated in his bankruptcy in 1826, when he made his last appearance at Drury Lane as Falstaff. As the lessee of the Surrey Theatre, he acted almost up to his death in 1831, which was hastened by alcoholism. At the Surrey, where he was the lessee first from 1806–14 and then again beginning in 1827, to avoid the patent restrictions on drama outside the West End, he presented Shakespeare and other plays accompanied by ballet music.

Leigh Hunt compared him favorably as an actor with David Garrick; Lord Byron thought him inimitable in high comedy; and Macready praised his versatility.

Elliston was the author of The Venetian Outlaw (1805), and, with Francis Godolphin Waldron, of No Prelude (1803), in both of which plays he appeared.

His son was Henry Twiselton Elliston.

Selected roles

 * Young Melville in The Land We Live In by Francis Ludlow Holt (1804)
 * Edmond Rigid in Guilty or Not Guilty by Thomas Dibdin (1804)
 * Vivaldi in The Venetian Outlaw by Robert William Elliston (1805)
 * Henry Mortimer in A Prior Claim by Henry James Pye (1805)
 * Lord Belmour in The School for Friends by Marianne Chambers (1805)
 * Anson in The Vindictive Man by Thomas Holcroft (1806)
 * Lothair in Adelgitha by Matthew Lewis (1807)
 * Faulkener in Faulkener by William Godwin (1807)
 * Fitzharding in The Curfew John Tobin (1807)
 * Count Egmont in The Siege of St Quintin by Theodore Hook (1808)
 * Don Alvar in Remorse by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1813)
 * Harcourt in First Impressions by Horatio Smith (1813)

title: Robert William Elliston


text:
Francis, Duke of Guise

Francis I of Lorraine, 2nd Duke of Guise, 1st Prince of Joinville, and 1st Duke of Aumale (François de Lorraine; 17 February 1519 – 24 February 1563), was a French general and statesman. A prominent leader during the Italian War of 1551–1559 and French Wars of Religion, he was assassinated during the siege of Orleans in 1563.

Early life
Born in Bar-le-Duc (Lorraine), Guise was the son of Claude, Duke of Guise (created Duke of Guise in 1527), and his wife Antoinette de Bourbon. His sister, Mary of Guise, was the wife of James V of Scotland and mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. His younger brother was Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He was the youthful cousin of Henry II of France, with whom he was raised, and by birth a prominent individual in France, though his detractors emphasised his "foreign" origin (he was a prince étranger), namely the Duchy of Lorraine.

In 1545, he was seriously wounded at the Second Siege of Boulogne, but recovered. He was struck with a lance through the bars of his helmet. The steel head pierced both cheeks, and 15 cm of the shaft were snapped off by the violence of the blow. He sat firm in his saddle, and rode back unassisted to his tent; and when the surgeon thought he would die of pain, when the iron was extracted, 'he bore it as easily as if it had been but the plucking of a hair out of his head.' The scar would earn him the nickname "Le Balafré" ("The Scarred One").

In 1548 he was magnificently wedded to Anna d'Este, daughter of the Duke of Ferrara, Ercole II d'Este, and French princess, Renée, the daughter of Louis XII.

Military career

In 1551, he was created Grand Chamberlain of France. He won international renown in 1552 when he successfully defended the city of Metz from the forces of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and defeated the imperial troops again at the Battle of Renty in 1554. but the Truce of Vaucelles temporarily curtailed his military activity.

He led an army into Italy in 1557 to aid Pope Paul IV, his army in conjunction with that of Brissac capturing Valenza. There they parted ways and Guise continued along the Po Valley with 16,000 men. Instructed to take Parma, he assessed it as unviable, proposing instead attacking Florence to secure lines south. the duke of Tuscany fearing such a possibility diplomatically reached out to Henri II and Guise was informed of the negotiations. Advancing into Naples in April, his troops became restless from lack of pay. Hearing reports Alba was marching along the Adriatic coast with an army of 18,000 aiming to cut his supply, Guise sought battle, but Alba was evasive. Guise was now instructed by Henri to break off his Naples campaign and return to campaign in Lombardy before this in turn was superseded by news of the disastrous defeat of the Constable de Montmorency at the Battle of St. Quentin.

Guise was recalled to France, and hurriedly made Lieutenant-General. Taking the field, he captured Calais from the English on 7 January 1558—an enormous propaganda victory for France—then Thionville and Arlon that summer, and was preparing to advance into Luxembourg when the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed. Throughout the reign of Henry II Guise was one of the premier military figures of France, courteous, affable and frank, and largely popular, the "grand duc de Guise" as his contemporary Brantôme called him.

The accession of Francis's niece Mary, Queen of Scots, and her husband, Francis II of France (10 July 1559), however, was a triumph for the Guise family, and the Grand Master of France Montmorency conscious there was no place for him in the new order, withdrew from court. The Duke of Guise and his brother, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine were supreme in the royal council. Occasionally he signed public acts in the royal manner, with his baptismal name only.

The Wars of Religion
In reaction to the dominating power at court of the ultra-Catholic Guises, La Renaudie, a Protestant gentleman of Périgord, perhaps at the distanced instigation of Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Condé, organized a plot, the conspiracy of Amboise, to seize the person of the Duke of Guise and his brother Charles, the Cardinal of Lorraine. When the ill-organized plot was put off for six days, it was discovered by the court well ahead of time. On 12 March 1560, the Huguenots stormed the Château d'Amboise, to which the Guises had moved the young king and queen for safety. The uprising was violently suppressed, with 1,200 executed, many within sight of the castle. In the immediate aftermath Condé was obliged to flee the court, and the power of the Guises was supreme. The discourse which Coligny, leader of the Huguenots, pronounced against les Guises in the Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau (August 1560), did not influence King Francis II in the least, but resulted rather in the imprisonment of Condé, at Charles's behest.

However, the king died on 5 December 1560—making Mary, Queen of Scots a widow, and of little political importance. The Guises lost status alongside her, thus making a year full of calamity for the Guises both in Scotland and France. Within a year and a half, their influence waxed great and waned. After the accession of Charles IX, the Duke of Guise lived in retirement on his estates.

The regent, Catherine de' Medici, was at first inclined to favour the Protestants. To defend the Catholic cause, the Duke of Guise, together with his old enemy, the Constable de Montmorency and the Maréchal de Saint-André formed the so-called triumvirate opposed to the policy of concessions which Catherine de' Medici attempted to inaugurate in favour of the Protestants. His former military hero's public image was changing: "he could not serve for long as the military executive of this extreme political, ultra-montane, pro-Spanish junta without attracting his share of odium," N. M. Sutherland has observed in describing the lead-up to his assassination.

The plan of the Triumvirate was to treat with Habsburg Spain and the Holy See, and also to come to an understanding with the Lutheran princes of Germany to induce them to abandon the idea of relieving the French Protestants. About July 1561, Guise wrote to this effect to the Duke of Württemberg. The Colloquy at Poissy (September and October 1561) between theologians of the two confessions was fruitless, and the conciliation policy of Catherine de' Medici was defeated. From 15 to 18 February 1562, Guise visited the Duke of Württemberg at Saverne, and convinced him that if the conference at Poissy had failed, the fault was that of the Calvinists.

As Guise passed through Wassy-sur-Blaise on his way to Paris (1 March 1562), a massacre of Protestants took place. It is not known to what extent he was responsible for this, but the Massacre of Vassy kindled open military conflict in the French Wars of Religion. The siege of Bourges in September was the opening episode, then Rouen was retaken from the Protestants by Guise after a month's siege (October); the Battle of Dreux (19 December), at which Montmorency was taken prisoner and Saint-André slain, was in the end turned by Guise to the advantage of the Catholic cause, and Condé, leader of the Huguenots, was taken prisoner.

Assassination
In the fourth encounter, Guise was about to take Orléans from the Huguenot supporters of Condé when he was wounded on 18 February 1563 by the Huguenot assassin, Jean de Poltrot de Méré, and died six days later, bled to death by his surgeons, at Château Corney.

It was not the first plot against his life. A hunting accident—Francis had been appointed Grand Veneur of France in 1556—had been planned, as Sir Nicholas Throckmorton informed Queen Elizabeth I of England in May 1560, but the plot was divulged by one of the conspirators who lost their nerve and his five co-conspirators fled.

Guise's unexpected death temporarily interrupted open hostilities. In his testimony, Poltrot implicated Coligny and the Protestant pastor Théodore de Bèze. Though the assassin later retracted his statement and Coligny denied responsibility for Guise's death, a bitter feud arose between Guise's son Henry and Coligny, which culminated in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre.

Family
Guise married Anna d'Este, daughter of Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and Renée of France, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 29 April 1548. They had seven children:
 * 1) Henry I, Duke of Guise (1550–1588), who succeeded him as Duke of Guise.
 * 2) Catherine (18 July 1551, Joinville – 6 May 1596, Paris), married on 4 February 1570 Louis, Duke of Montpensier
 * 3) Charles, Duke of Mayenne (1554–1611)
 * 4) Louis II, Cardinal of Guise (1555–1588), Archbishop of Reims
 * 5) Antoine (25 April 1557 – 16 January 1560)
 * 6) François (31 December 1559, Blois – 24 October 1573, Reims)
 * 7) Maximilien (25 October 1562–1567)

title: Francis, Duke of Guise


text:
Treaty of Meerssen

The Treaty of Mersen or Meerssen, concluded on 8 August 870, was a treaty to partition the realm of Lothair II, known as Lotharingia, by his uncles Louis the German of East Francia and Charles the Bald of West Francia, the two surviving sons of Emperor Louis I the Pious. The treaty followed an earlier treaty of Prüm which had split Middle Francia between Lothair I's sons after his death in 855.

The treaty is referred to in some Western European historiographies as the third major partition of Francia, all of which took place from August 843 to August 870, through the treaties of Verdun, Prüm and Mersen. It was followed by the Treaty of Ribemont.

Context
In 869, Lothair II died without legitimate children, so his heir was his brother, Emperor Louis II of Italy. As Louis was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, his uncles, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, took his inheritance. Charles had himself crowned in Metz the same year, but was forced by his brother to partition the short-lived Lotharingia, together with the lands Lothair II acquired after the death of Charles of Provence, as they had agreed at Metz in 868.

Their contract of 870 at Meerssen replaced the 843 Treaty of Verdun, after which the Carolingian Empire was also split into three parts, by dividing the northern half of Middle Francia stretching from the Rhone valley to the North Sea, in effect recombining sundered territories of Francia into two larger east and west divisions. However, at this time large parts of the Frisian coast were under Viking control and therefore only divided on paper. The borderline ran roughly along the rivers Meuse, Ourthe, Moselle, Saone and Rhone.

In the north, Louis received most of Lothair's Austrasia, with his eastern part including both Aachen and Metz, and most of Frisia. In the south, however, while Louis received most of Upper Burgundy that was left to Lothair (after ceding the southern half to Italy), Charles received Lothair's inheritance in Lower Burgundy (including Lyon and Vienne) and a small western part of Upper Burgundy (parts of Portois and Varais (including Besançon)) – this opened him the way to Italy. Louis joined the newly acquired parts of central Austrasia to the subkingdom of his son Louis the Younger in eastern Austrasia, while the illegitimate son of Lothair II, Hugh, was granted the Duchy of Alsace.

Division of 843
The empire of Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, had originally split in three parts by the 843 Treaty of Verdun:

Lothair I, his eldest son, received the Imperial crown and the personal realm of Middle Francia

Louis the German († 876), the second born son, received East Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of Germany)

Charles the Bald († 877), his half-brother, received West Francia (which would evolve into the Kingdom of France), although this was disputed by Pepin II of Aquitaine until he was captured

Division of 855
Upon the death of Lothair I in 855, his realm of Middle Francia was partitioned between his sons by the Treaty of Prüm:

Louis II of Italy († 875), the eldest son, received the imperial crown and Italy

Charles of Provence († 863) became King of Provence (Lower Burgundy and Provence proper), later partitioned by Louis II and Lothair II

Lothair II († 869) received Austrasia (the central part still controlled by his father after Verdun), Frisia and Upper Burgundy – this realm came to be named Lotharii Regnum (Lotharingia)

East Francia and West Francia remained as before:

Louis the German († 876) ruled East Francia

Charles the Bald († 877) ruled West Francia

Lothair II ceded the southeastern parts of Upper Burgundy to his brothers, whereupon Charles of Provence received the bishoprics of Belley and Tarentaise in 858, and Louis II of Italy the bishoprics of Geneva, Lausanne and Sion the next year.

Division of 863
Charles of Provence, who suffered from epilepsy, died heirless in 863, and his kingdom was partitioned between his brothers. Lothair II received the western Lower Burgundian parts (bishoprics of Lyon, Vienne, Vivarais and Uzès) which were bordering his western Upper Burgundy (remnants of his original Burgundian possessions), while Louis II received the rest of the Kingdom of Provence.

Legacy
The arrangement did not endure more than ten years. Upon the death of Louis the German in 876, Charles the Bald, by then King of Italy and Emperor, attacked eastern Lotharingia, but was defeated by Louis the Younger in the Battle of Andernach (876). In turn, after Charles the Bald had died and his successors struggled to consolidate their rule over West Francia, Louis the Younger campaigned in western Lotharingia in 879. Charles's grandsons were forced to cede the whole of Lotharingia to him, sealed by the 880 Treaty of Ribemont, according to which it finally became part of East Francia.

title: Treaty of Meerssen