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Desargues's theorem

In projective geometry, Desargues's theorem, named after Girard Desargues, states:

 * Two triangles are in perspective axially if and only if they are in perspective centrally.

Denote the three vertices of one triangle by $a, b$ and $c$, and those of the other by $A, B$ and $C$. Axial perspectivity means that lines $\overline{ab}$ and $\overline{AB}$ meet in a point, lines $\overline{ac}$ and $\overline{AC}$ meet in a second point, and lines $\overline{bc}$ and $\overline{BC}$ meet in a third point, and that these three points all lie on a common line called the axis of perspectivity. Central perspectivity means that the three lines $\overline{Aa}, \overline{Bb}$ and $\overline{Cc}$ are concurrent, at a point called the center of perspectivity.

This intersection theorem is true in the usual Euclidean plane but special care needs to be taken in exceptional cases, as when a pair of sides are parallel, so that their "point of intersection" recedes to infinity. Commonly, to remove these exceptions, mathematicians "complete" the Euclidean plane by adding points at infinity, following Jean-Victor Poncelet. This results in a projective plane.

Desargues's theorem is true for the real projective plane and for any projective space defined arithmetically from a field or division ring; that includes any projective space of dimension greater than two or in which Pappus's theorem holds. However, there are many "non-Desarguesian planes", in which Desargues's theorem is false.

History
Desargues never published this theorem, but it appeared in an appendix entitled Universal Method of M. Desargues for Using Perspective (Manière universelle de M. Desargues pour practiquer la perspective) to a practical book on the use of perspective published in 1648. by his friend and pupil Abraham Bosse (1602–1676).

Coordinatization
The importance of Desargues's theorem in abstract projective geometry is due especially to the fact that a projective space satisfies that theorem if and only if it is isomorphic to a projective space defined over a field or division ring.

Projective versus affine spaces
In an affine space such as the Euclidean plane a similar statement is true, but only if one lists various exceptions involving parallel lines. Desargues's theorem is therefore one of the simplest geometric theorems whose natural home is in projective rather than affine space.

Self-duality
By definition, two triangles are perspective if and only if they are in perspective centrally (or, equivalently according to this theorem, in perspective axially). Note that perspective triangles need not be similar.

Under the standard duality of plane projective geometry (where points correspond to lines and collinearity of points corresponds to concurrency of lines), the statement of Desargues's theorem is self-dual: axial perspectivity is translated into central perspectivity and vice versa. The Desargues configuration (below) is a self-dual configuration.

This self-duality in the statement is due to the usual modern way of writing the theorem. Historically, the theorem only read, "In a projective space, a pair of centrally perspective triangles is axially perspective" and the dual of this statement was called the converse of Desargues's theorem and was always referred to by that name.

Proof of Desargues's theorem
Desargues's theorem holds for projective space of any dimension over any field or division ring, and also holds for abstract projective spaces of dimension at least 3. In dimension 2 the planes for which it holds are called Desarguesian planes and are the same as the planes that can be given coordinates over a division ring. There are also many non-Desarguesian planes where Desargues's theorem does not hold.

Three-dimensional proof
Desargues's theorem is true for any projective space of dimension at least 3, and more generally for any projective space that can be embedded in a space of dimension at least 3.

Desargues's theorem can be stated as follows:

 * If lines $\overline{Aa}, \overline{Bb}$ and $\overline{Cc}$ are concurrent (meet at a point), then
 * the points $\overline{AB} ∩ \overline{ab}, \overline{AC} ∩ \overline{ac}$ and $\overline{BC} ∩ \overline{bc}$ are collinear.

The points $A, B, a$ and $b$ are coplanar (lie in the same plane) because of the assumed concurrency of $\overline{Aa}$ and $\overline{Bb}$. Therefore, the lines $\overline{AB}$ and $\overline{ab}$ belong to the same plane and must intersect. Further, if the two triangles lie on different planes, then the point $\overline{AB} ∩ \overline{ab}$ belongs to both planes. By a symmetric argument, the points $\overline{AC} ∩ \overline{ac}$ and $\overline{BC} ∩ \overline{bc}$ also exist and belong to the planes of both triangles. Since these two planes intersect in more than one point, their intersection is a line that contains all three points.

This proves Desargues's theorem if the two triangles are not contained in the same plane. If they are in the same plane, Desargues's theorem can be proved by choosing a point not in the plane, using this to lift the triangles out of the plane so that the argument above works, and then projecting back into the plane. The last step of the proof fails if the projective space has dimension less than 3, as in this case it is not possible to find a point not in the plane.

Monge's theorem also asserts that three points lie on a line, and has a proof using the same idea of considering it in three rather than two dimensions and writing the line as an intersection of two planes.

Two-dimensional proof
As there are non-Desarguesian projective planes in which Desargues's theorem is not true, some extra conditions need to be met in order to prove it. These conditions usually take the form of assuming the existence of sufficiently many collineations of a certain type, which in turn leads to showing that the underlying algebraic coordinate system must be a division ring (skewfield).

Relation to Pappus's theorem
Pappus's hexagon theorem states that, if a hexagon $AbCaBc$ is drawn in such a way that vertices $a, b$ and $c$ lie on a line and vertices $A, B$ and $C$ lie on a second line, then each two opposite sides of the hexagon lie on two lines that meet in a point and the three points constructed in this way are collinear. A plane in which Pappus's theorem is universally true is called Pappian. showed that Desargues's theorem can be deduced from three applications of Pappus's theorem.

The converse of this result is not true, that is, not all Desarguesian planes are Pappian. Satisfying Pappus's theorem universally is equivalent to having the underlying coordinate system be commutative. A plane defined over a non-commutative division ring (a division ring that is not a field) would therefore be Desarguesian but not Pappian. However, due to Wedderburn's little theorem, which states that all finite division rings are fields, all finite Desarguesian planes are Pappian. There is no known completely geometric proof of this fact, although give a proof that uses only "elementary" algebraic facts (rather than the full strength of Wedderburn's little theorem).

The Desargues configuration
The ten lines involved in Desargues's theorem (six sides of triangles, the three lines $\overline{Aa}, \overline{Bb}$ and $\overline{Cc}$, and the axis of perspectivity) and the ten points involved (the six vertices, the three points of intersection on the axis of perspectivity, and the center of perspectivity) are so arranged that each of the ten lines passes through three of the ten points, and each of the ten points lies on three of the ten lines. Those ten points and ten lines make up the Desargues configuration, an example of a projective configuration. Although Desargues's theorem chooses different roles for these ten lines and points, the Desargues configuration itself is more symmetric: any of the ten points may be chosen to be the center of perspectivity, and that choice determines which six points will be the vertices of triangles and which line will be the axis of perspectivity.

The little Desargues theorem
This restricted version states that if two triangles are perspective from a point on a given line, and two pairs of corresponding sides also meet on this line, then the third pair of corresponding sides meet on the line as well. Thus, it is the specialization of Desargues's Theorem to only the cases in which the center of perspectivity lies on the axis of perspectivity.

A Moufang plane is a projective plane in which the little Desargues theorem is valid for every line.

title: Desargues's theorem


text:
Talk:Brat Pack

Less Than Zero
This is a brat pack movie, no?90.134.56.2 (talk) 19:24, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No, because it starred only one "official" Brat Packer, Andrew McCarthy. If Robert Downey Jr. and James Spader get added to the list through a reliable source, then this movie should be added. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 21:55, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Maybe movies
I found this here: http://www.thebratpacksite.com/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=19b5b2573024a6cd5f158df7aeeb55e1&topic=89.0

Say Anthing... She's Having a Baby. Young Guns Young Guns II The Three Musketeers Flatliners A Few Good Men90.134.56.2 (talk) 19:39, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Note that the area of the site you referenced is the forum, which is typically not considered a reliable source for an encyclopedia. Further, the particular post that you linked to is posed as a question about the inclusion of these movies, which is no reason at all to consider them for inclusion in the article. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 20:34, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

What about the movie `The Outsiders'?
I have always understood that this movie contained the `core' brat packers? Rob Lowe is in it and so is Eilio Estevez. But what about: Tom Cruise, Ralph Machio, Patrick Swayze, Matt Dillon, etc? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.144.25 (talk) 20:19, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Tom Cruise and Matt Dillon are already mentioned in this article. However, none of them meet the commonly accepted definition of "Brat Packers". Please feel free to work into the article any sourced information you have which identifies them with the Brat Pack. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 20:34, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Tom Cruise is said in the article to have been in "Taps" along with Hutton and didn't appear with core Pack members in any other movies. This is obviously misinformation as Cruise worked with both Emilio Estivez and Rob Lowe in "The Outsiders". 216.208.243.154 (talk) 21:34, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

Good work
I can see that a lot of work has been done to bring this article in alignment with Wikipedia policies. I have archived all of the pre-2008 discussion, but thought it might be valuable to keep a list of all the suggested additions of names and movies so we don't have to go through all of the "what about so-and-so?" arguments again. HokieRNB (talk) 18:24, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Actors now listed as "close contributor" based on a reliable source

 * Matthew Broderick
 * Kiefer Sutherland
 * John Cusack
 * James Spader
 * Robert Downey, Jr.

Movies now listed as "other films" based on the inclusion of "close contributors"

 * Weird Science
 * Less than Zero

Movies with no core brat packers and thus not mentioned

 * The Lost Boys
 * Tuff Turf
 * Say Anything
 * Better Off Dead
 * Some Kind of Wonderful

Actors not cited by any reliable source and thus not mentioned

 * Diane Lane
 * Melissa Gilbert
 * Andie MacDowell
 * Judge Reinhold
 * Elizabeth Perkins
 * Alan Ruck

 * I'd like to add another category of actors who are cited in the New York Magazine article, but are not listed in this article. They include: Timothy Hutton and Nicolas Cage on the primary list, and Matthew Modine and Kevin Bacon on the "not quite" list. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 18:46, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Based on this source, I'm moving Jon Cryer from the "not mentioned" to the "close contributors". It also mentions Christian Slater, so add him to the list of "cited but not mentioned" with Hutton and Cage. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 19:25, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Content removed
I removed the following paragraph that was added on 7/25/2008. Not only does it have no source to back it up, but it is hopelessly riddled with grammar, spelling, and logical errors. I will gladly add back in the fact that Hutton, Penn, Cryer, and Cruise were the actors originally dubbed "The Brat Pack" if someone can find a source saying that. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 19:22, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

"Timothy Hutton, Sean Penn, John Cryer, and Tom Cruise. Were originally credited as having formed the close 'clique' of actors. Which soon came to be called 'The Brat Pack'. Especially in light of Hutton's, Cruse's and Penn's major acting debuts in the film 'Taps'. Cryer's major acting debut opposite Demi Moore in the film 'No Small Affair', marked his major acting debut. Obstensivly both Ally Sheedy and Matthew Broderick were also considered part of the 'Brat Pack'. Though only Ally Sheedy starred in a film opposite the 'official members', outside of her appearance along with Broderick in the film 'War Games'."

OK, I found the source for Hutton, Penn, and Cruise (crediting Taps as being in the "first Brat Pack movie"). Cryer was not mentioned in this source, and having not made his movie debut until 1984, could not have been among the original group. I've edited the article accordingly. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 14:07, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Recognition
Is it worth mentioning that no Brat Pack films/members have ever been nominated for (much less won)an Academy Award or Golden Globe (in motion pictures categories)? The only two quasi-major awards (Young Artists Awards) among the whole bunch are C. Thomas Howell (for The Outsiders) and Molly Ringwald (for Sixteen Candles), unless you count Razzies. Does this stray into original research? Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 20:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Red Dawn
I wonder if Red Dawn (1984) could/should be included on the 'Other' list as it featured two members (Swayze and Sheen) and, albiet under wartime circumstances, did depict a "coming of age." 75.142.145.1 (talk) 23:24, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Neither Swayze nor Sheen are considered core members of the Brat Pack. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 12:42, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added Red Dawn and Ferris Bueller in the section on other movies, based on citations I was able to find which included them. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 14:45, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Two and A Half Men
I understand its not a film, but if Emilio Estevez guest stars in the show would that make it somehow related to the Brat Pack? You would have a core member(Emilio Estevez) and multiple close contributors. Additionally, should we mention if there are any other television shows that have a brat pack connection? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.231.6.69 (talk) 14:32, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:St elmo's fire.jpg
The image File:St elmo's fire.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --05:20, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

What about?
Adding anyone to the article who hasn't been cited as being associated with the Brat Pack would be considered original research. It would seem that Jon Cryer, Robert Downey Jr., and James Spader are reasonable to consider on what could be called the "auxilliary" list, based on this definition from AOL's moviefone: "the casts of 'The Breakfast Club' and 'St. Elmo's Fire,' plus a few friends".

 * What about Kiefer Sutherland or Alan Ruck? If Matthew Broderick is considered a member because of association, then I think these two should be as well. Alan Ruck was in Ferris Bueller's Day Off and Young Guns II. -Shawn Crapo 14:13, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sutherland is already included in the article. Ruck should only be added if properly cited, i.e. a reliable source places him in the brat pack. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 16:08, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

"...roughly interchangeable..."
This phrase, in the opening patagraph, is problematic in several ways.

1. The original New York article uses the phrase "...you can't quite keep (them) straight..." meaning people have trouble remembering which is which. "Roughly interchageable..." implies that they are all about the same, or that any of them could play any of the roles. Very different. And wrong.

2. It is ambiguous in that you can't tell whether this judgement is to be attributed to the author or to New York magazine.

3. It appears to be an opinion or value judgement, but presented as a fact.

I'm not sure how the phrasing could be changed. But it should be addressed —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frodosfoot (talk • contribs) 19:37, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

Opinions may vary but I was always under the opinion that one qualification to the brat pack was famous parents, eg: Emilio Esteves and Martin Sheen, which would also count such stars as Jamie Lee Curtis and Kiefer Sutherland. I also thought of Corey Feldman for his links to Kiefer in Lost boys and stand by me, in which case you can include Corey Haime, River Phoenix, Jerry O'Connel and Wil Wheaton. Six degrees of (Kevin Bacon)seperation can then link numerous other actors and actresses. This info comes from my own knowledge and any appearance of suspected plagurism is coincidental. Signed Ray Butler. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.107.51.101 (talk) 02:54, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

weekend at bernie's
funny enough, bike snob nyc just promoted that movie to 'brat pack' status on his blog.. but i am not an expert on these matters... anyone ???
 * Clearly not a reliable source, and not worth mentioning in the article. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 12:30, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

2 More
One movie unmentioned with two Brat Packers is For Keeps. Also The Pickup Artist was close. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.245.24.212 (talk) 00:45, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * For Keeps doesn't star any brat packers other than Ringwald. The Pick-up Artist is already listed. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 13:05, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Ghost
Why is Ghost listed as an "almost" movie? Yes, it had Moore and Swayze, but there was nothing "coming of age" about it, as both actors were well beyond their teens by then. Nor is it an "1980s" film. If all that matters is that Moore starred with a "close contributor" in a film, why not list A Few Good Men? --12.106.209.61 (talk) 14:56, 1 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this came from the misconception that since a century or millennium technically starts in year 1 rather than year 0, then so must decades. Thus many wrongfully assume that 1990 is technically the last year of the decade which began in 1981.  However, in general usage, the term eighties most often applies to all the years from 1980 through 1989.  If there is no further objection, all the references to 1990 should be removed. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 16:47, 5 October 2009 (UTC)
 * As discussed above, I have removed Ghost from the list. Warren (talk) 21:56, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

Footloose
Should be Footloose (1984 film) part of this list? --bender235 (talk) 12:44, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Does the movie have one single core Brat Pack member? (No.) Does it have multiple close contributors? (No.) Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 11:19, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Narrow Article?
The term "Brat Pack" in this article is bound to a group of starring actors in The Breakfast Club and St. Elmo's Fire. The article should be written about the group of actors that made up the party scene together; the movie roles themselves should be subordinate to the off-screen happenings. The article should tell us WHO were/are the brats instead of anointing core members. Tell us what movies were dubbed "Brat Pack" movies and the actors of the "Brat Pack" in 'em. This was not an exclusive club, membership should not be narrowly defined as it is currently. Membership should defined by the group of these actors and actresses that made up the 80's Hollywood scene as a whole. So please someone make the article broader. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.5.241.139 (talk) 11:47, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Removal of references
User:Softlavender has recently been reverting my edits, in which I have added sources to the Filmography table. The information that I have changed is all sourced, as I have already pointed out in a couple of edit summaries. The version that is being reverted to is completely unsourced. As far as the images go, I believe that they improve the article; one other user in a GA review here also stated this. Ultimately, though, the images are not important, it's really the deletion of reliable sources that is the problem. Any thoughts on this? - PM800 (talk) 06:24, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * See below: Removal of an entire column of information from the article's chart. Softlavender (talk) 09:02, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Removal of an entire column of the chart
User:PM800 has removed an entire column of information from the article's filmography chart. His first edit was to remove an entire column of the article's chart, without notice or explanation:, apparently in order to make room for seven images which the article is too short to have room for. He then undid my restoration of the material he deleted and in the same edit added references to the chart which are completely unnecessary (the film titles are already all wikilinked and easily verifiable, charts like this never have references on the titles, and the refs lengthen the chart and look bad):. He then undid my restoration again, calling it "revert deletion of references":. And when I explained to him on his Talk page how to use the gallery image format to solve the problem and reminded him of that on my edit summary which again restored the info he had deleted, he posted a 3RR warning on my Talk page  and deleted the chart column again:. I vote that we move to solve this problem and restore the information (an entire column of information) that he has deleted from the chart. Softlavender (talk) 09:02, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I restored the chart with the information on close contributors, which seems infinitely more valuable as information than the multitude of links to allmovie. I also moved the images to a gallery, which makes the layout much more manageable. I also deleted the link to the non-existent "new brat pack". The casts don't really require citations, since the information is easily referenced by following the wikilinks. Those individual movie articles should be referenced, but here it just seems excessive. Maher-shalal-hashbaz (talk) 01:03, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Robert Downey Jr
Downey WAS a Brat packer from the beginning, I don't know how he is just an accessory character. And less Than Zero IS a Brat Pack movie.

External links modified
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Requested move 28 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved  (non-admin closure)  JC7V (talk) 00:08, 5 January 2019 (UTC) – Found this to be quite WP:ASTONISHing that the group of 1980s actors was not the primary topic. The actors absolutely dominate page views with over 95% of visits among the competing articles, most of which seem to have names which were at least partially inspired by the group of actors. The sources in the comics article predominantly use the spaced form of the name, which agrees with the format the author uses on his own website. -- Netoholic @ 22:02, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Brat Pack (actors) → Brat Pack
 * Brat Pack → Brat Pack (disambiguation)
 * Bratpack (comics) → Brat Pack (comics)
 * Support, of course. Common name (and uncommon actors). Good find. Randy Kryn (talk) 23:39, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support, per the nomination rationale. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 23:42, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Station1 (talk) 06:20, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 13:41, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. This is likey what people are looking for when entering this subject in the search bar.=-TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 19:34, 29 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, this is definitely the primary topic for this name. Hekerui (talk) 13:42, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

2009 music video remakes and remixes
The "brat pack" is also the unlikely centre of a cultural/legal phenomenon recently surfaced to the political debate: This is relevant to multiple articles, mostly remix culture and related ones, so I'm not adding it to the "Legacy" section here yet: opinions? Nemo 11:31, 5 January 2019 (UTC)
 * https://www.wired.com/story/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-dancing-video/
 * https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190104/12443041332/copyright-culture-sharing-remix-congresswoman-dancing-as-college-student.shtml

"Brat Pack disambiguation" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Brat Pack disambiguation. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. DannyS712 (talk) 01:05, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

later acting careers
Seems someone decided to have a bit of satirical fun with this section, sliding in lines like
 * Anthony Michael Hall eventually overcame his geeky persona by starring as Bill Gates

Very clever, but is it needed?Robbmonster (talk) 09:11, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Moviesemlio
TdgiohswtikfsrokgstincsrupyfzdyihxsidXhiurdvkootccitswipnxstojdsupfsipgiojgseojvxruogfdtuojgdsryiudruipwwwcomegeGdsyingxsuihczdhkvztuokjfdtihvxztomvzduoohxzruojgcztojvzdiobcgjjvdtFjgBoldgdruojvdstugxzdhjczdtikcddygcsrivzyibxsujczfivdukcstisrujcsyi h eojcztjvxfjvxghhdtygh 197.32.135.6 (talk) 22:20, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

McCarthey's BRATS documentary
Maybe some inclusion of the interesting retrospective 'BRATS' from 2024 2601:603:4882:B730:EDFE:C873:D61E:FDF (talk) 05:52, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

Charlie Sheen
He was not in the movie Taps 2600:8801:9A:B900:20CB:AB6A:E50A:CF18 (talk) 22:29, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Brat Pack


text:
Avoidant personality disorder

Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) or anxious personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy (despite an intense desire for it), severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli (e.g. self-imposed social isolation) as a maladaptive coping method. Those affected typically display a pattern of extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and rejection, a belief that one is socially inept or personally unappealing to others, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for it. It appears to affect an approximately equal number of men and women.

People with AvPD often avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed, humiliated, rejected, or disliked. They typically avoid becoming involved with others unless they are certain they will not be rejected, and may also pre-emptively abandon relationships due to a real or imagined fear that they are at risk of being rejected by the other party.

Childhood emotional neglect (in particular, the rejection of a child by one or both parents) and peer group rejection are associated with an increased risk for its development; however, it is possible for AvPD to occur without any notable history of abuse or neglect.

Signs and symptoms
Avoidant individuals are preoccupied with their own shortcomings and form relationships with others only if they believe they will not be rejected. They often view themselves with contempt, while showing a decreased ability to identify traits within themselves that are generally considered as positive within their societies. Loss and social rejection are so painful that these individuals will choose to be alone rather than risk trying to connect with others.

Some with this disorder fantasize about idealized, accepting, and affectionate relationships because of their desire to belong. They often feel themselves unworthy of the relationships they desire, and shame themselves from ever attempting to begin them. If they do manage to form relationships, it is also common for them to pre-emptively abandon them out of fear of the relationship failing.

Individuals with the disorder tend to describe themselves as uneasy, anxious, lonely, unwanted and isolated from others. They often choose jobs of isolation in which they do not have to interact with others regularly. Avoidant individuals also avoid performing activities in public spaces for fear of embarrassing themselves in front of others.

Symptoms include:
 * Extreme shyness or anxiety in social situations
 * Heightened attachment-related anxiety, which may include a fear of abandonment
 * Substance use disorders

Comorbidity
AvPD is reported to be especially prevalent in people with anxiety disorders, although estimates of comorbidity vary widely due to differences in (among others) diagnostic instruments. Research suggests that approximately 10–50% of people who have panic disorder with agoraphobia have avoidant personality disorder, as well as about 20–40% of people who have social anxiety disorder. In addition to this, AvPD is more prevalent in people who have comorbid social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder than in those who have only one of the aforementioned conditions.

Some studies report prevalence rates of up to 45% among people with generalized anxiety disorder and up to 56% of those with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is also commonly comorbid with avoidant personality disorder.

Avoidants are prone to self-loathing and, in certain cases, self-harm. Substance use disorders are also common in individuals with AvPD—particularly in regard to alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids —and may significantly affect a patient's prognosis.

Earlier theorists proposed a personality disorder with a combination of features from borderline personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder, called "avoidant-borderline mixed personality" (AvPD/BPD).

Causes
Causes of AvPD are not clearly defined, but appear to be influenced by a combination of social, genetic and psychological factors. The disorder may be related to temperamental factors that are inherited.

Specifically, various anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence have been associated with a temperament characterized by behavioral inhibition, including features of being shy, fearful and withdrawn in new situations. These inherited characteristics may give an individual a genetic predisposition towards AvPD.

Childhood emotional neglect   and peer group rejection are both associated with an increased risk for the development of AvPD. Some researchers believe a combination of high-sensory-processing sensitivity coupled with adverse childhood experiences may heighten the risk of an individual developing AvPD.

Millon
Psychologist Theodore Millon notes that because most patients present a mixed picture of symptoms, their personality disorder tends to be a blend of a major personality disorder type with one or more secondary personality disorder types. He identified four adult subtypes of avoidant personality disorder.

Others
In 1993, Lynn E. Alden and Martha J. Capreol proposed two other subtypes of avoidant personality disorder:

ICD
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists avoidant personality disorder as anxious (avoidant) personality disorder .

It is characterized by the presence of at least four of the following:
 * persistent and pervasive feelings of tension and apprehension;
 * belief that one is socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others;
 * excessive preoccupation with being criticized or rejected in social situations;
 * unwillingness to become involved with people unless certain of being liked;
 * restrictions in lifestyle because of need to have physical security;
 * avoidance of social or occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.

Associated features may include hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism.

It is a requirement of ICD-10 that all personality disorder diagnoses also satisfy a set of general personality disorder criteria.

DSM
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association also has an avoidant personality disorder diagnosis (301.82). It refers to a widespread pattern of inhibition around people, feeling inadequate and being very sensitive to negative evaluation. Symptoms begin by early adulthood and occur in a range of situations.

Four of the following seven specific symptoms should be present:
 * Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection
 * is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
 * shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed
 * is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
 * is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
 * views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
 * is unusually reluctant to take personal risk or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing

Differential diagnosis
In contrast to social anxiety disorder, a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) also requires that the general criteria for a personality disorder be met.

According to the DSM-5, avoidant personality disorder must be differentiated from similar personality disorders such as dependent, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. But these can also occur together; this is particularly likely for AvPD and dependent personality disorder. Thus, if criteria for more than one personality disorder are met, all can be diagnosed.

There is also an overlap between avoidant and schizoid personality traits (see Schizoid avoidant behavior) and AvPD may have a relationship to the schizophrenia spectrum.

Avoidant personality disorder must also be differentiated from the autism spectrum, specifically Asperger syndrome.

Treatment
Treatment of avoidant personality disorder can employ various techniques, such as social skills training, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, and exposure treatment to gradually increase social contacts, group therapy for practicing social skills, and sometimes drug therapy.

A key issue in treatment is gaining and keeping the patient's trust since people with an avoidant personality disorder will often start to avoid treatment sessions if they distrust the therapist or fear rejection. The primary purpose of both individual therapy and social skills group training is for individuals with an avoidant personality disorder to begin challenging their exaggerated negative beliefs about themselves.

Significant improvement in the symptoms of personality disorders is possible, with the help of treatment and individual effort.

Prognosis
Being a personality disorder, which is usually chronic and has long-lasting mental conditions, an avoidant personality disorder may not improve with time without treatment. Given that it is a poorly studied personality disorder and in light of prevalence rates, societal costs, and the current state of research, AvPD qualifies as a neglected disorder.

Controversy
There is debate as to whether avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is distinct from social anxiety disorder. Both have similar diagnostic criteria and may share a similar causation, subjective experience, course, treatment and identical underlying personality features, such as shyness.

It is contended by some that they are merely different conceptualizations of the same disorder, where avoidant personality disorder may represent the more severe form. In particular, those with AvPD experience not only more severe social phobia symptoms, but are also more depressed and more functionally impaired than patients with generalized social phobia alone. But they show no differences in social skills or performance on an impromptu speech. Another difference is that social phobia is the fear of social circumstances whereas AvPD is better described as an aversion to intimacy in relationships.

Epidemiology
Data from the 2001–02 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions indicates a prevalence of 2.36% in the American general population. It appears to occur with equal frequency in males and females. In one study, it was seen in 14.7% of psychiatric outpatients.

History
The avoidant personality has been described in several sources as far back as the early 1900s, although it was not so named for some time. Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler described patients who exhibited signs of avoidant personality disorder in his 1911 work Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizophrenias. Avoidant and schizoid patterns were frequently confused or referred to synonymously until Kretschmer (1921), in providing the first relatively complete description, developed a distinction.

title: Avoidant personality disorder


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Betel

The betel, Piper betle, is a species of flowering plant in the pepper family Piperaceae, native to Southeast Asia. It is an evergreen, dioecious vine, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkins. Betel plants are cultivated for their leaves which are most commonly used as flavoring in chewing areca nut

Etymology
The term betel was derived from the Malayalam word vettila via Portuguese.

Distribution
Piper betle is originally native to Southeast Asia, from India, Philippines, Timor-Leste and the Lesser Sunda Islands and Peninsular Malaysia to Indochina, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. Its cultivation has spread along with the Austronesian migrations and trade to other parts of Island Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea and Melanesia, Micronesia, South Asia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Réunion Island, and Madagascar. It was introduced during the Colonial Era to the Caribbean.

Cultivation
The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in South and Southeast Asia, from India to Papua New Guinea. It needs a compatible tree or a long pole for support. Betel requires well-drained fertile soil. Waterlogged, saline and alkali soils are unsuitable for its cultivation.

In Bangladesh, farmers called barui prepare a garden called a barouj in which to grow betel. The barouj is fenced with bamboo sticks and coconut leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 m length, 75 cm in width and 75 cm depth. Oil cakes, manure, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the topsoil of the furrows and wood ash. The cuttings are planted at the beginning of the monsoon season.

Proper shade and irrigation are essential for the successful cultivation of this crop. Betel needs constantly moist soil, but there should not be excessive moisture. Irrigation is frequent and light, and standing water should not remain for more than half an hour.

Dried leaves and wood ash are applied to the furrows at fortnightly intervals and cow dung slurry is sprinkled. Application of different kinds of leaves at monthly intervals is believed advantageous for the growth of the betel. In three to six months, the vines reach 150 to 180 cm in height, and they will branch. Harvest begins with the farmer plucking the leaf and its petiole with his right thumb. The harvest lasts 15 days to one month. The betel plant has made its way to research labs of many Bangladesh chemical and food nutrition companies.

The harvested leaves are consumed locally and exported to other parts of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas. Betel is grown and cultivated as an important crop in rural Bangladesh.

Cultural significance
The primary use of betel leaf is as a wrapper for the chewing of areca nut, or in modern times, tobacco, where it is mainly used to add flavour. The practice originated in the Philippines around 5,000 years ago, where the oldest remains of areca nuts and calcium from crushed sea shells have been found in the Duyong Cave archaeological site. It spread along with the Austronesian migrations to the rest of Southeast Asia, Taiwan, South China, and South Asia. It is unknown when or why betel leaves were first combined with areca nuts, since areca nuts can be chewed alone.

While the practice of chewing Betel leaf existed even before the common era, with attested references from at least the 3rd century CE, the ingredient mix (paan/ betel quid) it was chewed with changed over time. Areca nut, Calcium hydroxide and catechu were the historic ingredients, as referenced in texts from 9th century CE. Tobacco started to feature in the 20th century. The practice of chewing betel leaf is on the decline, and now quid consisting of tobacco, areca nut, and limewater, known as gutka, is more popular.

In India and Sri Lanka, a sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Occasions include greeting elders at wedding ceremonies, celebrating the New Year, and offering payment to physicians and astrologers, to whom money and/or areca nut, placed on top of the sheaf of leaves, are offered in thanks for blessings. In Bengali weddings,the bride is brought to the groom,seated on a platform and her face covered in betel leaves.

In Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, the inflorescence stalk of the betel tree, known as daka or "mustard stick", is consumed together with the leaves.

It may also be used in cooking, usually raw, for its peppery taste. Use of binglang, or betel, has over a 300-year history in areas of China, where it was once promoted for medicinal use.

Health effects
Epidemiological studies demonstrate a close association between the incidence of cancer in India and the chewing of betel quid containing tobacco, areca nut, limewater and betel leaf. Chewing paan (betel quid) is strongly associated with a higher risk of developing head and neck cancer, as well as oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), a form of cancer that affects the mouth, tonsils, and throat. Attempts have been made to confirm the carcinogenic/ mutagenic of betel quid or its ingredients. Betel leaf extract alone has not been shown to cause adverse effects. Smokeless tobacco products have been shown to exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic behavior.

A scientific study from Japan found that lab rats that ate a mixture of betel leaf and areca nuts had severe thickening of the upper digestive tract, whereas after a diet of betel leaves alone, only one laboratory rat developed a forestomach papilloma. Multiple studies demonstrate that betel quid without added tobacco also causes esophageal cancer, and in some instances, liver cancer.

In a cancer diagnosis patterns study with patients that chewed betel quid with different ingredient combinations, the risk was found to be the highest for those using any form of tobacco. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing tobacco and areca nut is carcinogenic to humans. As with chewing tobacco, chewing betel quid with tobacco and areca nut is discouraged by preventive healthcare efforts.

Reports suggest that betel leaf by itself has beneficial effects, in part because of its anti-mutagenic effects against mutagens (tobacco and areca nut) in betel quid. While earlier studies hypothesized a potential mutagenic role for betel leaf in causing oral cancers, subsequent studies invalidated it by isolating compounds (eugenol and hydroxychavicol) in betel leaf that have anti-mutagenic roles. These compounds were also found to reduce the carcinogenic burden imposed by tobacco and areca nut. Hydroxychavicol is found to demonstrate anti-prostate cancer efficacy in an in vitro (human prostate cancer cells) and in vivo ( BALB/c nude mice) study.

Chemical composition
Chemistry of betel leaf varies geographically and is mostly chavibetol dominant. Safrole is a major component of Sri Lankan Piper betle. Eugenol, isoeugenol, and germacrene D are other dominant compounds in other chemotypes.

Leaves also contain eugenol, chavicol, hydroxychavicol, and caryophyllene.

Stems contain phytosterols (β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, stigmasterol etc.), alkaloids (piperine, pellitorine, piperdardine, guineensine etc.), lignan (pinoresinol) and other components. Some of them are oleanolic acid, dehydropipernonaline, piperolein-B, bornyl cis-4-hydroxycinnamate and bornyl p-coumarate.

Roots contain aristololactam A-II, a phenylpropene, 4-allyl resorcinol and a diketosteroid stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione.

Its essential oil consists of 50 different compounds, of which major components are eugenol, caryophyllene, terpinolene, terpinene, cadinene, and 3-carene.

Economics

Betel vines are cultivated throughout southeast Asia, in plots typically 20 to 2,000 square metres (0.005 to 0.5 acre) in size.

Malaysian farmers cultivate four types of betel plants: sirih India, sirih Melayu, sirih Cina and sirih Udang. The harvest is then sold in bundles of leaves, each bundle costing in 2011 between MYR 0.30 and 0.50 ($0.07 and $0.12).

In Sri Lanka, betel is grown all over the country. Commercial production of betel, with bigger leaves with dark green colour combined with thickness, known as “kalu bulath”, is confined to a few districts, such as Kurunagala, Gampaha, Kegalle, Kalutara and Colombo. These are sold at a wholesaler in lots of 1,000 leaves. According to a report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a successful betel farm in Sri Lanka can provide a supplemental income to a farmer by providing six days of work every six months and net income when the leaf prices are attractive.

The FAO study found the successful farm's yield to be 18,000 leaves per 150 sqft. The additional salary and income to the Sri Lankan betel grower, assuming he or she provides all needed labor and keeps all net profit, is SL Rs. 1635 per 150 sqft of betel farm every 6 months ($90 per "decimal" per year, or $9000 per acre per year). If the farmer hires outside labor to tend the betel vines and harvest the crop, the net income to the betel farm owner was SL Rs. 735 per 150 sqft of betel farm every six months ($40 per decimal per year, or $4000 per acre per year). The market prices for betel leaves vary with the wet and dry seasons in Sri Lanka, and in 2010 averaged SL Rs. 200–400 per 1,000 leaves ($1.82 to $3.64 per 1000 leaves). The FAO study assumes no losses from erratic weather and no losses during storage and transportation of perishable betel leaves. These losses are usually between 35% and 70%.

In Bangladesh, betel leaf farming yields vary by region and vine variety. In one region where betel leaf cultivation is the main source of income for farmers, a total of 2,825 hectares of land is dedicated to betel vine farming. The average production costs for these betel farms in Bangladesh are about Tk 300,000 per hectare ($4,000 per hectare, $16 per decimal). The farm owners can earn a profit of over Tk 100,000 per hectare ($1,334 per hectare, $5.34 per decimal).

In India, a 2006 research reported betel vines being cultivated on about 55,000 hectares of farmland, with an annual production worth of about IN Rs. 9000 million ($200 million total, averaging $1,455 per acre). The betel farming industry, the report claims, supports about 400,000 – 500,000 agricultural families.

A March 2011 report claims that betel farming is on a decline in India. While in ideal conditions some farms may gross annual incomes after expenses of over IN Rs. 26,000 per 10 decimal farm ($5,780 per acre), a betel farm's income is highly erratic from year to year, due to varying rainfall patterns, temperature, and spoilage rates of 35% to 70% during transport over poor infrastructure. Simultaneously, the demand for betel leaves has been dropping in India due to acceptance of gutkha (chewing tobacco) by consumers over betel leaf-based ‘‘paan’’ preparation. The report cites betel leaf trading has dropped by 65% from 2000 to 2010 and created an oversupply. As a result, the report claims Indian farmers do not find betel farming lucrative anymore.

title: Betel


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Hanns Kerrl

Hanns Kerrl (11 December 1887 – 15 December 1941) was a German Nazi politician. His most prominent position, from July 1935, was that of Reichsminister of Church Affairs. He was also President of the Prussian Landtag (1932–1933) and head of the Zweckverband Reichsparteitag Nürnberg and in that capacity edited a number of Nuremberg rally yearbooks.

Early life
Kerrl was born into a Protestant family in Fallersleben; his father was a headmaster. He served in the German Army in the First World War as a Leutnant earning the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class. He joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1923 and soon afterwards went into regional politics. A member of the Sturmabteilung, Kerrl would ultimately hold the rank of SA-Obergruppenführer.

Early Nazi career
Joining the Nazi Party in 1923, he founded and led an Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Peine, a suburb of Hanover. In the fall of 1925, Kerrl became a member of the National Socialist Working Association, a short-lived group of north and northwest German Gaue, organized and led by Gregor Strasser, which unsuccessfully sought to amend the Party program. It was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference.

An associate of Bernhard Rust, the local Gauleiter, in 1928 Kerrl became the Kreisleiter of Peine District. Also elected to the Landtag of Prussia in 1928, he served as head of the Nazi faction and, on 24 May 1932 after the Nazis won the largest number of seats in the April election, he became President of the assembly. He remained in this position until the Landtag was finally dissolved on 14 October 1933, in the wake of the Nazi subordination of the German States to the Reich government. After the Nazi seizure of power, Kerrl was appointed Reich Commissioner to the Prussian Ministry of Justice on 23 March 1933 and on 21 April was made Minister of Justice, serving until June 1934. In this position, Kerrl placed a ban on Jewish notaries preparing official documents and banned Jewish lawyers from practicing in Prussia. In September 1933 he was made a member of the Prussian State Council. He also was named to the Academy for German Law and sat on its präsidium (standing committee). Kerrl was elected to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 16, South Hanover-Brunswick, in November 1933. When the Reichstag convened on 12 December, he was named First Deputy President to Reichstag President Hermann Göring and would serve in this capacity until his death. On 17 June 1934, Kerrl entered the national Reich cabinet as a Reichsminister without Portfolio.

Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs
In the following year, on 16 July 1935, he was appointed Reichsminister of the newly created Reich Ministry for Church Affairs. On the one hand, Kerrl was supposed to mediate between those Nazi leaders who hated Christianity (for example Heinrich Himmler) and the churches themselves and stress the religious aspect of the Nazi ideology. On the other hand, in tune with the policy of Gleichschaltung, it was Kerrl's job to subjugate the churches—subject the various denominations and their leaders and subordinate them to the greater goals decided by the Führer, Adolf Hitler. Indeed, Kerrl had been appointed after Ludwig Müller had been unsuccessful in getting the Protestants to unite in one "Reich Church."

In a speech before several compliant church leaders on 13 February 1937, Kerrl revealed the regime's growing hostility to the church when he declared: "Positive Christianity National Socialism ... True Christianity is represented by the party ... the Führer is the herald of a new revelation." Kerrl regarded Hitler as replacing Jesus as far as the Nazis were concerned. He also pressured most of the Protestant pastors to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler.

Gregory Munro (Australian Catholic University, Brisbane) states that:

"Kerrl was the only Minister with an explicit commitment to reach a synthesis between Nazism and Christianity. Much to the ire of leading Nazis, Kerrl maintained that Christianity provided an essential foundation for Nazi ideology and that the two forces had to be reconciled. In the short term, at least, it appears that Hitler hoped to recover the initiative in the Church Struggle by returning to the official NSDAP policy of neutrality. The available documents suggest that Hitler temporized between two approaches to the question of the Churches. On the one hand, the predominant radical elements in the Party wanted to reduce clerical influence in German society as quickly as possible—and by force if necessary. On the other hand, Hitler clearly had much to gain from any possible peaceful settlement whereby the Churches would give at least implicit recognition to the supremacy of Nazi ideology in the public realm and restrict themselves solely to their internal affairs. In 1935 Kerrl scored some initial successes in reconciling the differing parties in the Church Struggle. However, by the second half of 1936, his position was clearly undermined by NSDAP hostility, and by the refusal of the churches to work with a government body which they regarded as a captive or stooge of the Nazi Party. Hitler gradually adopted a more uncompromising and intolerant stance, probably under the growing influence of ideologues such as Bormann, Rosenberg and Himmler, who were loath to entertain any idea of the new Germany having a Christian foundation even in a token form."

Increasingly marginalized by Hitler, who did not even grant him a personal conversation, Kerrl became desperate and embittered. A completely powerless minister, he died in office on 15 December 1941, aged 54. He was succeeded by Hermann Muhs.

Aryanization of the Lindemann house
From 1935 to 1941 Kerrl lived at Rupenhorn 5 at Stößensee in Berlin in a house that had been Aryanized, that is forcibly sold, from its Jewish owner, Paul Lindemann. The Lindemann Haus, built in 1928/29 by architect Bruno Paul, was acquired in 1935 by Kerrl when Lindemann was forced to sell by the Nazis.

Personality
The American diplomat, William Russell wrote in his memoir (Berlin Embassy) that Kerrl frequented "Berlin dives" and bars "until the wee hours of the morning".

title: Hanns Kerrl


text:
Gavin Crawford

Gavin Crawford (born 2 April 1971) is a Canadian comedian and actor, best known for The Gavin Crawford Show and This Hour Has 22 Minutes. He currently hosts the panel show, Because News, on CBC Radio One.

Early life
Crawford was born in Taber, Alberta, Canada. He is a graduate of the BFA Acting Program at the University of British Columbia.

Career
An alumnus of The Second City's Toronto company, Crawford is the creator, co-writer and co-star of the self-titled series, which ran for three seasons on The Comedy Network. In 2000 and 2001, he was also a cast member of the short-lived American sketch series Hype. In 2003, he joined the cast of This Hour Has 22 Minutes, filling in for Mary Walsh during her time away from the show. In 2004, Crawford was made a full-time cast member of This Hour Has 22 Minutes.

Crawford hosted the 2008 Canadian Screenwriting Awards and the Canadian version of How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?, which aired on CBC Television in the summer of 2008. Additionally, Crawford performed in guest appearances on Murdoch Mysteries, Made in Canada, Heartland, The Red Green Show and Corner Gas, and in the film French Immersion.

In 2013, Crawford participated in Salvatore Antonio's Truth/Dare: A Satire (With Dance), an interactive audience participation show which featured staged reenactments of scenes from Madonna's 1991 film Truth or Dare, at Buddies in Bad Times during Toronto's Pride Week. The show's cast also included Keith Cole and Adamo Ruggiero.

In 2014, he starred in Maureen Bradley's film Two 4 One as Adam, a trans man who winds up unexpectedly pregnant, and in the sitcom 24 Hour Rental as J.R.

Beginning in 2015, he is the host of the comedy news quiz series Because News on CBC Radio One.

In 2023, Crawford produced Let's Not Be Kidding, an autobiographical podcast about his relationship with his mother who is experiencing advancing Alzheimer's disease.

Awards
Crawford was the recipient of the Tim Sims Encouragement Fund Award in 1998. He was nominated four times for a Gemini Award, which he won in December 2004 for his work on The Gavin Crawford Show (he was nominated twice in 2004, also for This Hour Has 22 Minutes). His comedy special Gavin Crawford's Wild West, which aired on CBC Television in 2013, garnered several Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards, including a Best Actor in a Comedy Program or Series nod for Crawford.

Guest Roles
Crawford's television credits include guest appearances on Canadian programs such as "Corner Gas," "Robson Arms," "The Red Green Show," "CTV's Sonic Temple," "Made in Canada," "Heartland," and "Murdock Mysteries." In fact, his remarkable portrayal in "Murdock Mysteries" garnered him a Gemini Award for Best Guest Role in a dramatic series.

He appeared in feature films such as "My Dog Vincent," "The Five Senses," "Dead by Monday," "French Immersion," and "Portrait of a Serial Monogamist."

He also took on the role of host in CBC's adaptation of the British talent search program, "How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?".

Personal life
Crawford is gay. He lives in Toronto with his husband Kyle Tingley.

Theatre

 * Rope Enough by Sky Gilbert as Ichabod Malframe, Buddies in Bad Times 2005
 * Bad Acting Teachers by Sky Gilbert as Reginald Architruc, Buddies in Bad Times 2006
 * A Few Brittle Leaves by Sky Gilbert as Viola Pie, Buddies in Bad Times 2013

title: Gavin Crawford


text:
Chester Carlson

Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington.

Carlson invented electrophotography (now xerography, meaning "dry writing"), producing a dry copy in contrast to the wet copies then produced by the Photostat process; it is now used by millions of photocopiers worldwide.

Early life
"Work outside of school hours was a necessity at an early age, and with such time as I had I turned toward interests of my own devising, making things, experimenting, and planning for the future. I had read of Thomas Alva Edison and other successful inventors, and the idea of making an invention appealed to me as one of the few available means to accomplish a change in one's economic status, while at the same time bringing to focus my interest in technical things and making it possible to make a contribution to society as well."

Carlson's father, Olaf Adolph Carlson, had little formal education, but was described as "brilliant" by a relative. Carlson wrote of his mother, Ellen, that she "was looked up to by her sisters as one of the wisest."

When Carlson was an infant, his father contracted tuberculosis, and also later suffered from arthritis of the spine (a common, age-related disease). When Olaf moved the family to Mexico for a seven-month period in 1910, in hopes of gaining riches through what Carlson described as "a crazy American land colonization scheme," Ellen contracted malaria. Because of his parents' illnesses, and the resulting poverty, Carlson worked to support his family from an early age; he began working odd jobs for money when he was eight. By the time he was thirteen, he would work for two or three hours before going to school, then go back to work after classes. By the time Carlson was in high school, he was his family's principal provider. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17, and his father died when Carlson was 27.

Carlson began thinking about reproducing print early in his life. At age ten, he created a newspaper called This and That, created by hand and circulated among his friends with a routing list. His favorite plaything was a rubber stamp printing set, and his most coveted possession was a toy typewriter an aunt gave him for Christmas in 1916—although he was disappointed that it was not an office typewriter.

While working for a local printer while in high school, Carlson attempted to typeset and publish a magazine for science-minded students like himself. He quickly became frustrated with traditional duplicating techniques. As he said in a 1965 interview, "That set me to thinking about easier ways to do that, and I got to thinking about duplicating methods."

Education
"Well, I had a fascination with the graphic arts from childhood. One of the first things I wanted was a typewriter—even when I was in grammar school. Then, when I was in high school I liked chemistry and I got the idea of publishing a little magazine for amateur chemists. I also worked for a printer in my spare time and he sold me an old printing press which he had discarded. I paid for it by working for him. Then I started out to set my own type and print this little paper. I don't think I printed more than two issues, and they weren't much. However, this experience did impress me with the difficulty of getting words into hard copy and this, in turn, started me thinking about duplicating processes. I started a little inventor's notebook and I would jot down ideas from time to time."

Because of the work he put into supporting his family, Carlson had to take a postgraduate year at his alma mater San Bernardino High School to fill in missed courses. He then entered a cooperative work/study program at Riverside Junior College, working and going to classes in alternating six-week periods. Carlson held three jobs while at Riverside, paying for a cheap one-bedroom apartment for himself and his father. At Riverside, Chester began as a chemistry major, but switched to physics, largely due to a favorite professor.

After three years at Riverside, Chester transferred to the California Institute of Technology, or Caltech—his ambition since high school. His tuition, $260 a year, exceeded his total earnings, and the workload prevented him from earning much money—though he did mow lawns and do odd jobs on weekends, and work at a cement factory in the summer. By the time he graduated, he was $1,500 in debt. He graduated with good—but not exceptional—grades, earning a B.S. degree in physics in 1930, at the beginning of the Great Depression. He wrote letters seeking employment to 82 companies; none offered him a job.

Early career
"The need for a quick, satisfactory copying machine that could be used right in the office seemed very apparent to me—there seemed such a crying need for it—such a desirable thing if it could be obtained. So I set out to think of how one could be made."

As a last resort, he began working for Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City as a research engineer. Finding the work dull and routine, after a year Carlson transferred to the patent department as an assistant to one of the company's patent attorneys.

Carlson wrote over 400 ideas for new inventions in his personal notebooks while working at Bell Labs. He kept coming back to his love of printing, especially since his job in the patent department gave him new determination to find a better way to copy documents. "In the course of my patent work," wrote Carlson, "I frequently had need for copies of patent specifications and drawings, and there was no really convenient way of getting them at that time." At the time, the department primarily made copies by having typists retype the patent application in its entirety, using carbon paper to make multiple copies at once. There were other methods available, such as mimeographs and Photostats, but they were more expensive than carbon paper, and they had other limitations that made them impractical. The existing solutions were 'duplicating' machines—they could make many duplicates, but one had to create a special master copy first, usually at great expense of time or money. Carlson wanted to invent a 'copying' machine, that could take an existing document and copy it onto a new piece of paper without any intermediate steps.

In 1933, during the Great Depression, Carlson was fired from Bell Labs for participating in a failed "business scheme" outside of the Labs with several other employees. After six weeks of job-hunting, he got a job at the firm Austin & Dix, near Wall Street, but he left the job about a year later as the firm's business was declining. He got a better job at the electronics firm P. R. Mallory Company, founded by Philip Mallory (which became the Duracell division of Procter & Gamble), where Carlson was promoted to head of the patent department.

The invention of electrophotography
"There was a gap of some years, but by 1935 I was more or less settled. I had my job, but I didn't think I was getting ahead very fast. I was just living from hand to mouth, you might say, and I had just got married. It was kind of a hard struggle. So I thought the possibility of making an invention might kill two birds with one stone; it would be a chance to do the world some good and also a chance to do myself some good."

In 1936, Carlson began to study law at night at New York Law School, receiving his LL.B. degree in 1939. He studied at the New York Public Library, copying longhand from law books there because he could not afford to buy them. The pains induced by this laborious copying hardened his resolve to find a way to build a true copying machine. He began supplementing his law studies with trips to the Public Library's science and technology department. It was there that he was inspired by a brief article, written by Hungarian physicist Pál Selényi in an obscure German scientific journal, that showed him a way to obtain his dream machine.

Carlson's early experiments, conducted in his apartment kitchen, were smoky, smelly, and occasionally explosive. In one set of experiments, he was melting pure crystalline sulfur (a photoconductor) onto a plate of zinc by moving it just so over the flame of his kitchen stove. This often resulted in a sulfur fire, filling the building with the smell of rotten eggs. In another experiment, the chemicals he was working with caught fire, and he and his wife were hard-pressed to extinguish the flames.

During this period, he developed arthritis of the spine, like his father. He pressed on with his experiments, however, in addition to his law school studies and his regular job.

Having learned about the value of patents in his early career as a patent clerk and attorney, Carlson patented his developments every step along the way. He filed his first preliminary patent application on October 18, 1937.

By the fall of 1938, Carlson's wife had convinced him that his experiments needed to be conducted elsewhere. He rented a room on the second floor of a house owned by his mother-in-law at 32-05 37th Street in Astoria, Queens. He hired an assistant, Otto Kornei, an out-of-work Austrian physicist.

Carlson knew that several major corporations were researching ways of copying paper. The Haloid Company had the Photostat, which it licensed to Eastman Kodak, the photography giant. However, these companies were researching along photographic lines, and their solutions required special chemicals and papers. The Photostat, for instance, was essentially a photograph of the document being copied.

Electrophotography
Selényi's article described a way of transmitting and printing facsimiles of printed images using a beam of directed ions directed onto a rotating drum of insulating material. The ions would create an electrostatic charge on the drum. A fine powder could then be dusted upon the drum; the powder would stick to the parts of the drum that had been charged, much as a balloon will stick to a static-charged stocking.

To this point, Carlson's apartment-kitchen experiments in constructing a copying machine had involved trying to generate an electric current in the original piece of paper using light. Selényi's article convinced Carlson to instead use light to 'remove' the static charge from a uniformly-ionized photoconductor. As no light would reflect from the black marks on the paper, those areas would remain charged on the photoconductor, and would therefore retain the fine powder. He could then transfer the powder to a fresh sheet of paper, resulting in a duplicate of the original. This approach would give his invention an advantage over the Photostat, which could create only a photographic negative of the original.

On October 22, 1938, they had their historic breakthrough. Kornei wrote the words "10.-22.-38 ASTORIA." in India ink on a glass microscope slide. He prepared a zinc plate with a sulfur coating, darkened the room, rubbed the sulfur surface with a cotton handkerchief to apply an electrostatic charge, then laid the slide on the plate, exposing it to a bright, incandescent light. They removed the slide, sprinkled lycopodium powder to the sulfur surface, softly blew the excess away, and transferred the image to a sheet of wax paper. They heated the paper, softening the wax so the lycopodium would adhere to it, and had the world's first xerographic copy. After repeating the experiment to be sure it worked, Carlson celebrated by taking Kornei out for a modest lunch.

Kornei was not as excited about the results of the experiment as Carlson. Within a year, he left Carlson on cordial terms. His pessimism about electrophotography was so strong that he decided to dissolve his agreement with Carlson that would have given Kornei ten percent of Carlson's future proceeds from the invention and partial rights to the inventions they had worked on together. Years later, when Xerox stock was soaring, Carlson sent Kornei a gift of one hundred shares in the company. Had Kornei held onto that gift, it would have been worth more than $1 million by 1972.

The road to Carlson's success—or that for xerography's success—had been long and filled with failure. He was turned down for funding by more than twenty companies between 1939 and 1944. He tried for some time to sell the invention to International Business Machines (IBM), the great vendor of office equipment, but no one at the company saw merit in the concept—it is not clear that anyone at IBM even 'understood' the concept. His next-to-last attempt to garner the interest—and funds—he needed to commercialize the physics was a meeting with the Department of the Navy. The Navy had a specific interest in the production of dry copies, but they did not "see" what Carlson saw.

On October 6, 1942, the Patent Office issued Carlson's patent on electrophotography.

Battelle Memorial Institute
When Carlson was close to giving up on getting his invention from a proof-of-concept to a usable product, happenstance provided a solution. In 1944, Russell W. Dayton, a young engineer from the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, visited the patent department at Mallory where Carlson worked. Dayton, brought in as an expert witness in a patent appeal case by Mallory, seemed to Carlson to be "the kind of fellow who looked like he was interested in new ideas." Although Battelle had not previously developed ideas generated by others, Dayton was fascinated by Carlson's invention. When Carlson was invited to Columbus to demonstrate his invention, Dayton's statement to the Battelle scientists and engineers present showed that he understood the importance of Carlson's invention: "However crude this may seem, this is the first time any of you have seen a reproduction made without any chemical reaction and a dry process."

Battelle took a risk on Carlson's invention, which seemed to come out of nowhere:

"Electrophotography had practically no foundation in previous scientific work. Chet put together a rather odd lot of phenomena, each of which was obscure in itself and none of which had previously been related in anyone's thinking. The result was the biggest thing in imaging since the coming of photography itself. Furthermore, he did it entirely without the help of a favorable scientific climate. There are dozens of instances of simultaneous discovery down through scientific history, but no one came anywhere near being simultaneous with Chet. I'm as amazed by his discovery now as I was when I first heard of it."

By the fall of 1945, Battelle agreed to act as Carlson's agent for his patents, pay for further research, and develop the idea. Battelle tried to interest major printing and photography companies, like Eastman Kodak and Harris-Seybold, to license the idea, but to no avail.

Haloid Company
The commercial breakthrough came when John Dessauer, chief of research at the Haloid Company, read an article about Carlson's invention. Haloid, a manufacturer of photographic paper, was looking for a way out of the shadow of its Rochester, New York, neighbor, Eastman Kodak. Through previous acquisitions, Haloid was already in the duplicating-machine business; Dessauer thought that electrophotography might allow Haloid to expand into a new field that Kodak did not dominate.

In December 1946, Battelle, Carlson, and Haloid signed the first agreement to license electrophotography for a commercial product. The $10,000 contract—representing ten percent of Haloid's total earnings from 1945—granted a nonexclusive right to make electrophotography-based copying machines intended to make no more than twenty copies of an original. Both sides were tentative; Battelle was concerned by Haloid's relatively small size, and Haloid had concerns about electrophotography's viability.

During this period, Battelle conducted most of the basic research into electrophotography, while Haloid concentrated on trying to make a commercial product out of the results. In 1948, Haloid's CEO, Joseph Wilson, convinced the U.S. Army Signal Corps to invest $100,000 in the technology, an amount that would double later. The Signal Corps was concerned about nuclear war. The traditional photographic techniques they used for reconnaissance would not function properly when exposed to the radiation from a nuclear attack; the film would fog, much as consumer photographic film can be fogged by an airport X-ray machine. The Signal Corps thought that electrophotography might be developed into a product that would be immune to such radiation. Through the 1950s, over half the money Battelle spent developing electrophotography came from government contracts.

In 1947, Carlson was becoming worried that Battelle was not developing electrophotography quickly enough; his patent would expire in ten years. After meeting with Joe Wilson, Carlson accepted an offer to become a consultant to Haloid. He and his wife Dorris moved to the Rochester area, to be near the company's base of operations.

After years of trying to interest additional licensees in electrophotography, Battelle agreed to renegotiate with Haloid, making it the exclusive licensee for the invention (except for a few minor uses that Battelle wished to retain for itself).

Xerox
"What Bell is to the telephone—or, more aptly, what Eastman is to photography—Haloid could be to xerography."

Xerography
By 1948, Haloid realized that it would have to make a public announcement about electrophotography in order to retain its claims to the technology. However, the term electrophotography troubled Haloid; for one thing, its use of the term "photography" invited unwelcome comparisons with traditional duplicating technologies. After considering several options, Haloid chose a term invented by a public-relations employee at Battelle, who had asked a classics professor at Ohio State University for ideas. The professor suggested the term xerography—formed by combining the Greek words xeros ("dry") and graphein ("writing"). Carlson was not fond of the name, but Haloid's Wilson liked it, and so Haloid's board of directors voted to adopt it. The company's patent department wanted to trademark "xerography"; Haloid's head of sales and advertising, John Hartnett, vetoed the idea: "Don't do that. We want people to use the word."

XeroX Model A
On October 22, 1948, ten years to the day after that first microscope slide was copied, the Haloid Company made the first public announcement of xerography. In 1949, it shipped the first commercial photocopier: the XeroX Model A Copier, known inside the company as the "Ox Box." The Model A was difficult to use, requiring thirty-nine steps to make a copy, as the process was mostly manual. The product would likely have been a failure, except that it turned out to be a good way to make paper masters for offset printing presses, even with the difficulty of use. Sales of the Model A to the printing departments of companies like Ford Motor Company kept the product alive.

Before the Model A, in order to make a paper lithographic master for a lithographic press like the Multigraph 1250, one had two choices: Type up a new master using wax-coated carbon paper on a special master sheet, or use a metal plate coated with a modified silver halide photographic emulsion. If retyping the document was not feasible, the photographic method could be used, but it was slow, expensive, and messy. Because the Model A's toner repelled water but attracted oil-based inks, a lithographic master could be made easily by simply making a copy of the document with the Model A onto a blank paper master. It reduced the cost of creating a lithographic master for an existing document from three dollars to less than forty cents. Ford saved so much money by using the Model A that the savings were specifically mentioned in one of Ford's annual reports.

After the Model A, Haloid released a number of xerographic copiers to the market, but none yet particularly easy to use. Meanwhile, competitors such as Kodak and 3M brought out their own copying devices using other technologies. Kodak's Verifax, for instance, could sit on one side of a desk and sold for $100; Haloid's competing machines were more expensive and substantially larger.

Haloid Xerox
In 1955, Haloid signed a new agreement with Battelle granting it full title to Carlson's xerography patents, in exchange for fifty thousand shares of Haloid stock. Carlson received forty percent of the cash and stock from that deal, due to his agreement with Battelle. That same year, the British motion picture company Rank Organisation was looking for a product to sit alongside a small business it had making camera lenses. Thomas A Law, who was the head of that business, found his answer in a scientific magazine he picked up by chance. He read about an invention that could produce copies of documents as good as the original. Mr Law tracked down the backers – Haloid. In order to exploit those patents in Europe, Haloid partnered with the Rank Organisation in a joint venture called Rank Xerox. As photocopying took the world by storm, so did Rank's profits. According to Graham Dowson, later Rank's chief executive, it was "a stroke of luck that turned out to be a touch of genius … If Tom Law had not seen that magazine, we would not have known about xerography – or at least not before it was too late".

Haloid needed to grow, and its existing offices in Rochester were old and scattered. In 1955, the company purchased a large parcel of land in the Rochester suburb of Webster, New York; this site would eventually become the company's main research-and-development campus.

Haloid's CEO, Joseph Wilson, had decided Haloid needed a new name as early as 1954. After years of debate within the company, the board approved a name change to "Haloid Xerox" in 1958, reflecting the fact that xerography was now the company's main line of business.

The Xerox 914
The first device recognizable as a modern photocopier was the Xerox 914. Although large and crude by modern standards, it allowed an operator to place an original on a sheet of glass, press a button, and receive a copy on plain paper. Manufactured in a leased building off Orchard Street in Rochester, the 914 was introduced to the market at the Sherry Netherland Hotel in New York City on September 16, 1959. Even plagued with early problems—of the two demonstration units at the hotel, one caught fire, and one worked fine—the Xerox 914 became massively successful. Between 1959, when the Model 914 first shipped, and 1961, Haloid Xerox's revenues nearly doubled.

The 914's success was not only due to its relative ease of use, its design (that, unlike competing copiers, carried no risk of damage to the original), and its low operating costs compared to other machines that required special paper; Haloid Xerox's decision to rent the 914—at the price of $25 per month, plus the cost of copies at four cents each with a minimum of $49 per month—made it vastly more affordable than a similar competing copier.

In 1961, because of the success of the Xerox 914, the company changed its name again, to Xerox Corporation.

For Carlson, the commercial success of the Xerox 914 was the culmination of his life's work: a device that could quickly and cheaply make an exact copy of an existing document. After the 914 went into production, Carlson's involvement with Xerox declined as he began pursuing his philanthropic interests.

Personal life
In the fall of 1934, Carlson married Elsa von Mallon, whom he had met at a YWCA party in New York City. Carlson described the marriage as "an unhappy period interspersed with sporadic escapes." They were divorced in 1945.

Carlson married his second wife, Dorris Helen Hudgins, while the negotiations between Battelle and Haloid were under way.

Later life
"To know Chester Carlson was to like him, to love him, and to respect him. He was generally known as the inventor of xerography, and although it was an extraordinary achievement in the technological and scientific field, I respected him more as a man of exceptional moral stature and as a humanist. His concern for the future of the human situation was genuine, and his dedication to the principles of the United Nations was profound. He belonged to that rare breed of leaders who generate in our hearts faith in man and hope for the future."

In 1951, Carlson's royalties from Battelle amounted to about $15,000 (in current terms, $). Carlson continued to work at Haloid until 1955, and he remained a consultant to the company until his death. From 1956 to 1965, he continued to earn royalties on his patents from Xerox, amounting to about one-sixteenth of a cent for every Xerox copy made worldwide.

In 1968, Fortune magazine ranked Carlson among the wealthiest people in America. He sent them a brief letter: "Your estimate of my net worth is too high by $150 million. I belong in the 0 to $50 million bracket." This was because Carlson had spent years quietly giving most of his fortune away. He told his wife his remaining ambition was "to die a poor man."

Carlson devoted his wealth to philanthropic purposes. He donated over $150 million to charitable causes and was an active supporter of the NAACP. Carlson's wife Dorris got him interested in Hinduism, particularly the ancient texts known as the Vedanta, as well as in Zen Buddhism. They hosted Buddhist meetings, with meditation, at their home. After reading Philip Kapleau's book The Three Pillars of Zen, Dorris invited Kapleau to join their meditation group; in June 1966, they provided the funding that allowed Kapleau to start the Rochester Zen Center. Dorris paid for 1400 acre of land that became Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji, a Zen monastery in the Catskill Mountains of New York led by Eido Tai Shimano. Carlson had purchased a New York City carriage house for use by Shimano; he died four days after it was dedicated. Carlson is still commemorated in special services by Shimano; his dharma name, Daitokuin Zenshin Carlson Koji, is mentioned.

In his essay "Half a Career with the Paranormal," researcher Ian Stevenson describes Carlson's philanthropic style. According to Stevenson, Carlson's wife, Dorris, had some skill at extrasensory perception, and convinced Carlson to help support Stevenson's research into paranormal phenomena. Carlson not only made annual donations to the University of Virginia to fund Stevenson's work, but in 1964 he made a particularly large donation that helped fund one of the first endowed chairs at the university. Stevenson was the first incumbent of this chair.

Although Carlson insisted on anonymous donations, wrote Stevenson, he was unusual in that he closely followed the details of the research, maintaining contact with Stevenson. "He rarely made suggestions, but what he said always deserved attention," wrote Stevenson.

In the spring of 1968, while on vacation in the Bahamas, Carlson had his first heart attack. He was gravely ill, but hid this from his wife, embarking on a number of unexpected household improvements and concealing his doctor's visits. On September 19, Carlson died of a heart attack. Dorris arranged a small service in New York City; Xerox held a much larger service in the corporate auditorium in Rochester on September 26, 1968.

Legacy
The New York Civil Liberties Union was among the beneficiaries of his bequests. The University of Virginia received $1 million, under strict instructions that the money was to be used only to fund parapsychology research. The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions received a bequest of over $4.2 million from Carlson, in addition to the more than $4 million he had contributed while alive.

In 1981 Carlson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

United States Public Law 100-548, signed into law by Ronald Reagan, designated October 22, 1988, as "National Chester F. Carlson Recognition Day". He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 21¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

Carlson is memorialized by buildings at the two largest institutions of higher learning in Rochester, New York, Xerox's hometown. The Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, a department of the Rochester Institute of Technology, specializes in remote sensing, eye tracking, and xerography. The University of Rochester's Carlson Science and Engineering Library is the university's primary library for the science and engineering disciplines.

On October 25, 2019, New York City honored Carlson's legacy by officially co-naming 37th Street in Queens, New York — where his first makeshift lab was — after him.

The following awards are named in Carlson's honor:
 * American Society for Engineering Education: The Chester F. Carlson Award is presented annually to an individual innovator in engineering education who, by motivation and ability to extend beyond the accepted tradition, has made a significant contribution to the profession.
 * Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science, IVA: The Chester Carlson Award recognizes persons or institutions for significant research or development within the area of information science.
 * Society for Imaging Science and Technology: The Chester F. Carlson Award recognizes outstanding technical work that advances the state of the art in electrophotographic printing.

title: Chester Carlson


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