text:
Fritz Thyssen

Friedrich "Fritz" Thyssen (9 November 1873 – 8 February 1951) was a German businessman, born into one of Germany's leading industrial families. He was an early supporter of the Nazi Party but later broke with it.

Youth
Thyssen was born in Mülheim in the Ruhr area. His father, August, was head of the Thyssen mining and steelmaking company, founded by his father Friedrich and based in the Ruhr city of Duisburg. Friedrich studied mining and metallurgy in London, Liège, and Berlin, and after a short period in the German Army, joined the family business. On 18 January 1900 in Düsseldorf he married Amelie Helle or Zurhelle (Mülheim am Rhein, 11 December 1877 – Puchdorf bei Straubing, 25 August 1965), daughter of a factory owner. Their only child, Anna (Anita; later Anita Gräfin Zichy-Thyssen), was born in 1909. Thyssen again joined the army in 1914, but was soon discharged on account of a lung condition.

Weimar Germany
Thyssen was a German nationalist who supported Nazism, believing that limited government control of production and ownership of banking and transportation was a means of preventing the spread of full-fledged communism. In 1923, when French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr to punish Germany for not meeting its reparations payments in full, he took part in the nationalist resistance against the occupiers, leading the Ruhr steelmakers in refusing to co-operate in producing coal and steel for them. He was arrested, imprisoned and received a large fine for his activities, which made him a national hero. Through the 1920s, the Thyssen companies continued to expand. Thyssen took over the Thyssen companies on his father's death in 1926, and that same year he formed United Steelworks (Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG), controlling more than 75 percent of Germany's iron ore reserves and employing 200,000 people. He played a prominent role in German commercial life, as head of the German Iron and Steel Industry Association and the Reich Association of German Industry, and as a board member of the Reichsbank.

In 1923, Thyssen met former general Erich Ludendorff, who advised him to attend a speech given by Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party. Thyssen was impressed by Hitler and his bitter opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, and began to make large donations to the party, including 100,000 gold marks ($25,000) in 1923 to Ludendorff. In this he was unusual among German business leaders, as most were traditional conservatives who regarded the Nazis with suspicion. Thyssen's principal motive in supporting the Nazis was his great fear of communism; he had little confidence that the various German anti-communist factions would prevent a Soviet-style revolution in Germany unless the popular appeal of communism among the lower classes was co-opted by an anticommunist alternative. Postwar investigators found that he had donated to right-wing parties, mostly to the Nazis, although Thyssen himself claimed to have donated  to the Nazi Party. Thyssen remained a member of the German National People's Party until 1932 and did not join the Nazi Party until 1933.

In November, 1932, Thyssen and Hjalmar Schacht were the main organisers of a letter to President Paul von Hindenburg to urge him to appoint Hitler as Chancellor. Thyssen also persuaded the Association of German Industrialists to donate three million Reichsmarks to the Nazi Party for the March 1933 Reichstag election. As a reward, he was selected to run as a Nazi candidate in the election, was elected to the Reichstag and subsequently was appointed to the Council of State of Prussia, the largest German state.

In 1933, the artist John Heartfield depicted Thyssen as the puppetmaster manipulating Hitler on the cover of communist magazine Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ, Workers' Illustrated Newspaper).

Nazi Germany
Thyssen welcomed the Nazi suppression of leftist organisations such as the Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party, and trade unions. In 1934, he was one of the business leaders who persuaded Hitler to suppress the SA, leading to the "Night of the Long Knives".

Thyssen became a member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law. He accepted the anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany that excluded Jews from business and professional life, and dismissed his Jewish employees. But as a Catholic, he objected to the increasing Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, which gathered pace after 1935: in 1937 he sent a letter to Hitler, protesting at the persecution of Christians in Germany. The breaking point for Thyssen was the violent pogrom against the Jews in November 1938, known as Kristallnacht, which caused him to resign from the Prussian Council of State. By 1939 he was also bitterly criticising Nazi economic policies, which focused on rearmament in preparation for war.

World War II
On 1 September 1939, the invasion of Poland marked the commencement of World War II. Thyssen sent Hermann Göring a telegram saying he was opposed to the war, shortly after arriving in Switzerland with his family. He was expelled from the Nazi Party and the Reichstag, and his company was nationalised. The company was returned to other members of the Thyssen family several years after the war.

In 1940, Thyssen took refuge and moved to France, intending to emigrate to Argentina, but was caught up in the German invasion of France and the Low Countries while he was visiting his ill mother in Belgium.

In 1941, Thyssen fled Germany, but he was arrested by Vichy France and sent back to Germany, where he was confined, first in a sanatorium near Berlin, then from 1943 in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. His wife Amelie did not escape to Argentina and spent the whole war in the concentration camp with her husband.

In February 1945, Thyssen was sent to Dachau concentration camp. He was comparatively well-treated and transferred to Tyrol in late-April 1945 together with other prominent inmates, where the SS left the prisoners behind. He was liberated by the 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division on 5 May 1945.

Later life
Thyssen was tried for being a supporter of the Nazi Party. He did not deny that he had been a Nazi supporter until 1938, and he accepted responsibility for his companies' mistreatment of Jewish employees in the 1930s, although he denied involvement in the employment of slave labour during the war. On 2 October 1948, a denazification tribunal declared Thyssen a lesser offender and sentenced him to a fine of 15% of his assets. Thyssen agreed to pay 500,000 Deutschmarks as compensation to those who suffered as a result of his actions, and was acquitted of other charges.

In January 1950, he and his wife emigrated to Buenos Aires, where he died in 1951. In 1953, Thyssen was buried in the family mausoleum in Mülheim.

Legacy
In 1959, Thyssen's widow Amélie and daughter, Anita Countess Zichy-Thyssen established the Fritz Thyssen Foundation to advance science and the humanities, with a capital of 100 million Deutschmarks (equivalent to € million ). Amélie Thyssen died in 1965. Anita Countess Zichy-Thyssen ran the Foundation until her death in 1990. The family has gad a dispute over the running of the Foundation.

I Paid Hitler
While Thyssen was imprisoned in Germany, a memoir was published in the United Kingdom and the United States, in 1941, under the title I Paid Hitler. The book was ghostwritten by the journalist Emery Reves, the memoirs are seen as unreliable by historians.

title: Fritz Thyssen


text:
Carolinian and Piedmont

Carolinian and Piedmont refers to two Amtrak services in North Carolina sponsored by NCDOT under the NC By Train brand:
 * The Carolinian, a daily train between Charlotte, North Carolina and New York City
 * The Piedmont, a thrice daily train between Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carolinian and Piedmont


text:
Vilho Petter Nenonen

Vilho Petter Nenonen (6 March 1883 – 17 February 1960) was a Finnish general.

Nenonen was born in Kuopio. He received his military education in the Hamina Cadet School 1896–1901, in the Mihailov Artillery School in St Petersburg 1901–1903, and in St Petersburg Artillery Academy 1906–1909. He served in the Imperial Russian army during World War I. When the Finnish Civil War began, he moved to Finland and was given the job of creating the artillery of general Mannerheim's White Army. After the war, Nenonen also served as the Minister of Defence between 1923 and 1924. During the Continuation War, he was a part of Mannerheim's inner circle. He was promoted to the rank of General of the artillery in 1941 and remains the only person to have held the rank.

As Finnish Defence Forces' Inspector of the Artillery, Nenonen played a large role in developing the Finnish artillery's training, equipment, and tactics. For example, the Fire Correction Circle developed in 1943 proved decisive in the defensive victory in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala in 1944 and was made standard equipment of the Finnish artillery by an order issued by Nenonen in July 1943. The trajectory calculation formulas he developed are still in use today by all modern artillery.

Nenonen received the Mannerheim Cross in 1945.

His medals and personal history are on display in The Artillery Museum of Finland. Nenonen is buried at the Hietaniemi Cemetery.

title: Vilho Petter Nenonen


text:
Talk:Preserved counties of Wales

Untitled
The glosses of what historic counties these cover seem only broad approximations. For example, Corwyn in Merioneth, was part of Clwyd not Gwynedd. Rather than propogate misinformation shouldn't this be removed? Morwen 14:52, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I suppose one could remove it, but with the absence of a definitive map showing which towns were where it's a useful approximation. That, of course, is the problem with administrative areas - they're always changing and difficult to pin down. Owain Vaughan 16:20, 7 Nov 2003

 * Then you should have noted it as an approximation, which I shall do for you. Morwen 16:26, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

For the sake of consistent and less confusing terminology, could I suggest that this article be moved to lieutenency areas of Wales? For that is what they are, and calling them a "county" simply adds to confusion! 80.255 08:53, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Go tell the government that, then. When they change the legislation to stop referring to them as counties, this page will move, not a day sooner. Morwen 09:57, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Is there any source of information regarding the geographic counties of Wales today? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.45.65.250 (talk) 17:10, 27 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Depends what you mean by geographical county. Neither the preserved counties or historic counties have any local government function. Both are purely geographical. Between 1889 and 1974, the historic counties were referred to as "geographical counties" where they covered multiple administrative counties and county boroughs. Since 1974 things have become more complicated. Owain (talk) 18:27, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Preserved counties
I would be interested to know what you think should be present in an article about one of the preserved counties of Wales? At the moment many of these are formulaic, as for example West Glamorgan, with information on the statutes behind the creation and abolition of the county. What additional content would be required for any of these articles to become a GA? Cwmhiraeth (talk) 08:48, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Good question. Pretty much like what you did in the Carmathenshire article. A decent history, geography, economy and landmark brief aside from the information on the statutes. Treat it as if the county still exists, though perhaps a little less detail. On a positive note the better you make it you could reuse some of the content towards the modern counties within it, so would involve less work once done.♦ Dr. Blofeld  10:08, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

Clwyd looks in good shape now, just write the legacy section in prose and add a section or two on landmarks and transport and some nice photos and it should on the right track.♦ Dr. Blofeld  10:11, 20 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:58, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Preserved counties of Wales. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110728154121/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2007_UK_England_%26_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip to http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2007_UK_England_%26_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:10, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Provisions which refer to preserved counties
The article currently states that only three pieces of legislation had provisions which relate to preserved counties on 16 February 2011, with a reference to an archive.org link. The list seems surprising to me, as it omits the Lieutenancies Act 1997. If I follow the link, I get a page which only contains the text "This site doesn't exist, please check that you have typped correct address!" (sic).

archive.org has a 2012 copy of that page here, but this has a much longer list, and the list is dated 15/11/02. Some of the legislation on that list have no remaining provisions which refer to preserved counties, including the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986. Other acts on the list, such as the Representation of the People Act 1983, do.

I don't think there would be much value in adding the 2002 list to the article, as it's out of date, but I don't know if the list quoted in the article is any better, and I don't know of a more recent source for this topic.

I've added a tag to the article, but I don't know if there's anything else I should do. Aoeuidhtns (talk) 14:20, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I've deleted the claim now. There is certainly other legislation which refers to preserved counties now - the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 lets highway authorities put up signs to show where a road crosses the edge of a preserved county. I don't think any do, but it's permitted by the legislation. Aoeuidhtns (talk) Aoeuidhtns (talk) 16:03, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Preserved counties of Wales


text:
Vernacular literature

Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the "common people".

In the European tradition, this effectively means literature not written in Latin nor Koine Greek. In this context, vernacular literature appeared during the Middle Ages at different periods in the various countries; the earliest European vernacular literatures are Irish literature (the earliest being Tochmarc Emire (10th century), transcribed from a lost manuscript of the 8th century), Welsh literature, English literature and Gothic literature.

The Italian poet Dante Alighieri, in his De vulgari eloquentia, was possibly the first European writer to argue cogently for the promotion of literature in the vernacular. Important early vernacular works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron (both in Italian), John Barbour's The Brus (in Scots), Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (in Middle English) and Jacob van Maerlant's Spieghel Historiael (in Middle Dutch). Indeed, Dante's work actually contributed towards the creation of the Italian language. Leonardo Da Vinci used vernacular in his work.

The term is also applied to works not written in the standard and/or prestige language of their time and place. For example, many authors in Scotland, such as James Kelman and Edwin Morgan have used Scots, even though English is now the more common language of publishing in Scotland. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o writes in his native Gikuyu language though he previously wrote in English. Some authors have written in invented vernacular; examples of such novels include the futuristic literary novels A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess and Boxy an Star by Daren King.

Outside Europe
By extension, the term is also used to describe, for example, Chinese literature not written in classical Chinese and Indian literature after Sanskrit. In the Indian culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Prakrit, Tamil and Sanskrit. With the rise of the Bhakti movement from the 8th century on-wards, religious works began to be created in Kannada, and Telugu, and from the 12th Century onward in many other Indian languages throughout the different regions of India. For example, the Ramayana, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as Ramacharitamanasa, a Hindi version of the Ramayana by the 16th century poet Tulsidas. In China, the New Culture Movement of the 1910s–20s promoted vernacular literature.

In the Philippines, the term means any written literature in a language other than Filipino (or Tagalog) or English. At present, it forms the second largest corpus of literature, following the literature in Tagalog. During the Spanish colonial era, when Filipino did not yet exist as a national lingua franca, literature in this type flourished. Aside from religious literature, such as the Passiong Mahal (the Passion of Our Lord), zarzuelas were also produced using the Philippine vernacular languages.

In Arabic, vernacular literature refers to works written in dialects of Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic. For the Egyptian dialect authors include Ahmed Fouad Negm, Muhammad Husayn Haykal, and Salah Jahin. There is also a wave of modern writers.

title: Vernacular literature


text:
Prescription drug

A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse, from drug abuse to practicing medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.

In North America, ℞, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "recipe" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take". Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a monograph (in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug.

The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s.

Australia
In Australia, the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP) governs the manufacture and supply of drugs with several categories:
 * Schedule 1 – Defunct Drug.
 * Schedule 2 – Pharmacy Medicine
 * Schedule 3 – Pharmacist-Only Medicine
 * Schedule 4 – Prescription-Only Medicine/Prescription Animal Remedy
 * Schedule 5 – Caution/Poison.
 * Schedule 6 – Poison
 * Schedule 7 – Dangerous Poison
 * Schedule 8 – Controlled Drug (Possession without authority illegal)
 * Schedule 9 – Prohibited Substance (Possession illegal without a license legal only for research purposes)
 * Schedule 10 – Controlled Poison.
 * Unscheduled Substances.

As in other developed countries, the person requiring a prescription drug attends the clinic of a qualified health practitioner, such as a physician, who may write the prescription for the required drug.

Many prescriptions issued by health practitioners in Australia are covered by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, a scheme that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia to ensure that all Australians have affordable and reliable access to a wide range of necessary medicines. When purchasing a drug under the PBS, the consumer pays no more than the patient co-payment contribution, which, as of January 1, 2022, is A$42.50 for general patients. Those covered by government entitlements (low-income earners, welfare recipients, Health Care Card holders, etc.) and or under the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS) have a reduced co-payment, which is A$6.80 in 2022. The co-payments are compulsory and can be discounted by pharmacies up to a maximum of A$1.00 at cost to the pharmacy.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Medicines Act 1968 and the Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Order 1997 contain regulations that cover the supply of sale, use, prescribing and production of medicines. There are three categories of medicine:
 * Prescription-only medicines (POM), which may be dispensed (sold in the case of a private prescription) by a pharmacist only to those to whom they have been prescribed
 * Pharmacy medicines (P), which may be sold by a pharmacist without a prescription
 * General sales list (GSL) medicines, which may be sold without a prescription in any shop

The simple possession of a prescription-only medicine without a prescription is legal unless it is covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

A patient visits a medical practitioner or dentist, who may prescribe drugs and certain other medical items, such as blood glucose-testing equipment for diabetics. Also, qualified and experienced nurses, paramedics and pharmacists may be independent prescribers. Both may prescribe all POMs (including controlled drugs), but may not prescribe Schedule 1 controlled drugs, and 3 listed controlled drugs for the treatment of addiction; which is similar to doctors, who require a special license from the Home Office to prescribe schedule 1 drugs. Schedule 1 drugs have little or no medical benefit, hence their limitations on prescribing. District nurses and health visitors have had limited prescribing rights since the mid-1990s; until then, prescriptions for dressings and simple medicines had to be signed by a doctor. Once issued, a prescription is taken by the patient to a pharmacy, which dispenses the medicine.

Most prescriptions are NHS prescriptions, subject to a standard charge that is unrelated to what is dispensed. The NHS prescription fee was increased to £9.90 for each item in England in May 2024; prescriptions are free of charge if prescribed and dispensed in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and for some patients in England, such as inpatients, children, those over 60s or with certain medical conditions, and claimants of certain benefits. The pharmacy charges the NHS the actual cost of the medicine, which may vary from a few pence to hundreds of pounds. A patient can consolidate prescription charges by using a prescription payment certificate (informally a "season ticket"), effectively capping costs at £31.25 a quarter or £111.60 for a year.

Outside the NHS, private prescriptions are issued by private medical practitioner and sometimes under the NHS for medicines that are not covered by the NHS. A patient pays the pharmacy the normal price for medicine prescribed outside the NHS.

Survey results published by Ipsos MORI in 2008 found that around 800,000 people in England were not collecting prescriptions or getting them dispensed because of the cost, the same as in 2001.

United States
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines what substances, known as legend drugs, require a prescription for them to be dispensed by a pharmacy. The federal government authorizes physicians (of any specialty), physician assistants, nurse practitioners and other advanced practice nurses, veterinarians, dentists, and optometrists to prescribe any controlled substance. They are issued unique DEA numbers. Many other mental and physical health technicians, including basic-level registered nurses, medical assistants, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists, and social workers, are not authorized to prescribe legend drugs.

The federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was enacted in 1970. It regulates manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of controlled substances, which are drugs with potential for abuse or addiction. The legislation classifies these drugs into five schedules, with varying qualifications for each schedule. The schedules are designated schedule I, schedule II, schedule III, schedule IV, and schedule V. Many drugs other than controlled substances require a prescription.

The safety and the effectiveness of prescription drugs in the US are regulated by the 1987 Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is charged with implementing the law.

As a general rule, over-the-counter drugs (OTC) are used to treat a condition that does not need care from a healthcare professional if have been proven to meet higher safety standards for self-medication by patients. Often, a lower strength of a drug will be approved for OTC use, but higher strengths require a prescription to be obtained; a notable case is ibuprofen, which has been widely available as an OTC pain killer since the mid-1980s, but it is available by prescription in doses up to four times the OTC dose for severe pain that is not adequately controlled by the OTC strength.

Herbal preparations, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other food supplements are regulated by the FDA as dietary supplements. Because specific health claims cannot be made, the consumer must make informed decisions when purchasing such products.

By law, American pharmacies operated by "membership clubs" such as Costco and Sam's Club must allow non-members to use their pharmacy services and may not charge more for these services than they charge as their members.

Physicians may legally prescribe drugs for uses other than those specified in the FDA approval, known as off-label use. Drug companies, however, are prohibited from marketing their drugs for off-label uses.

Some prescription drugs are commonly abused, particularly those marketed as analgesics, including fentanyl (Duragesic), hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin), oxymorphone (Opana), propoxyphene (Darvon), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), and diphenoxylate (Lomotil).

Some prescription painkillers have been found to be addictive, and unintentional poisoning deaths in the United States have skyrocketed since the 1990s according to the National Safety Council. Prescriber education guidelines as well as patient education, prescription drug monitoring programs and regulation of pain clinics are regulatory tactics which have been used to curtail opioid use and misuse.

Expiration date
The expiration date, required in several countries, specifies the date up to which the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. In the United States, expiration dates are determined by regulations established by the FDA. The FDA advises consumers not to use products after their expiration dates.

A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective far past their original expiration date. At least one drug worked 15 years after its expiration date. Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions—notably nitroglycerin, insulin, and some liquid antibiotics (outdated tetracyclines can cause Fanconi syndrome)—most expired drugs are probably effective.

The American Medical Association issued a report and statement on Pharmaceutical Expiration Dates. The Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide notes that, with rare exceptions, "it's true the effectiveness of a drug may decrease over time, but much of the original potency still remains even a decade after the expiration date".

The expiration date is the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication. Drug expiration dates exist on most medication labels, including prescription, over-the-counter and dietary supplements. U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers are required by law to place expiration dates on prescription products prior to marketing. For legal and liability reasons, manufacturers will not make recommendations about the stability of drugs past the original expiration date.

Cost
Prices of prescription drugs vary widely around the world. Prescription costs for biosimilar and generic drugs are usually less than brand names, but the cost is different from one pharmacy to another.

To lower prescription drug costs, some U.S. states have sought federal approval to buy drugs in Canada, as of 2022.

Generics undergo strict scrutiny to meet the equal efficacy, safety, dosage, strength, stability, and quality of brand name drugs. Generics are developed after the brand name has already been established, and so generic drug approval in many aspects has a shortened approval process because it replicates the brand name drug.

Brand name drugs cost more due to time, money, and resources that drug companies invest in them to conduct development, including clinical trials that the FDA requires for the drug to be marketed. Because drug companies have to invest more in research costs to do this, brand name drug prices are much higher when sold to consumers.

When the patent expires for a brand name drug, generic versions of that drug are produced by other companies and are sold for lower price. By switching to generic prescription drugs, patients can save significant amounts of money: e.g. one study by the FDA showed an example with more than 52% savings of a consumer's overall costs of their prescription drugs.

Strategies to limit drug prices in the US
In the United States there are many resources available to patients to lower the costs of medication. These include copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles. The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program is another example.

Generic drug programs lower the amount of money patients have to pay when picking up their prescription at the pharmacy. As their name implies, they only cover generic drugs.

Co-pay assistance programs are programs that help patients lower the costs of specialty medications; i.e., medications that are on restricted formularies, have limited distribution, and/or have no generic version available. These medications can include drugs for HIV, hepatitis C, and multiple sclerosis. Patient Assistance Program Center (RxAssist) has a list of foundations that provide co-pay assistance programs. Co-pay assistance programs are for under-insured patients. Patients without insurance are not eligible for this resource; however, they may be eligible for patient assistance programs.

Patient assistance programs are funded by the manufacturer of the medication. Patients can often apply to these programs through the manufacturer's website. This type of assistance program is one of the few options available to uninsured patients.

The out-of-pocket cost for patients enrolled in co-pay assistance or patient assistance programs is $0. It is a major resource to help lower costs of medications – however, many providers and patients are not aware of these resources.

Environment
Traces of prescription drugs — including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones — have been detected in drinking water. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) discarded from human therapy and their metabolites may not be eliminated entirely by sewage treatment plants and have been detected at low concentrations in surface waters downstream from those plants. The continuous discarding of incompletely treated water may interact with other environmental chemicals and lead to uncertain ecological effects. Due to most pharmaceuticals being highly soluble, fish and other aquatic organisms are susceptible to their effects. The long-term effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment may affect survival and reproduction of such organisms. However, levels of medical drug waste in the water is at a low enough level that it is not a direct concern to human health. However, processes, such as biomagnification, are potential human health concerns.

On the other hand, there is clear evidence of harm to aquatic animals and fauna. Recent advancements in technology have allowed scientists to detect smaller, trace quantities of pharmaceuticals in the ng/ml range. Despite being found at low concentrations, female hormonal contraceptives may cause feminizing effects on male vertebrate species, such as fish, frogs and crocodiles.

The FDA established guidelines in 2007 to inform consumers should dispose of prescription drugs. When medications do not include specific disposal instructions, patients should not flush medications in the toilet, but instead use medication take-back programs to reduce the amount of pharmaceutical waste in sewage and landfills. If no take-back programs are available, prescription drugs can be discarded in household trash after they are crushed or dissolved and then mixed in a separate container or sealable bag with undesirable substances like cat litter or other unappealing material (to discourage consumption).

title: Prescription drug


text:
East Ham

East Ham is a district of the London Borough of Newham, England, 8 miles (12.8 km) east of Charing Cross. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Essex, East Ham is identified in the London Plan as a Major Centre. The population is 76,186.

Toponymy
The first known written use of the term, as 'Hamme', is in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 958, in which King Edgar granted the Manor of Ham, which was undivided at that time, to Ealdorman Athelstan. A subsequent charter on 1037 describes a transfer of land, which has been identified with East Ham, indicating that the first division of the territory occurred between 958 and 1037.

The place name derives from Old English 'hamm' and means 'a dry area of land between rivers or marshland', referring to the location of the settlement within boundaries formed by the rivers Lea, Thames and Roding and their marshes. North Woolwich seems likely to have been removed from Ham in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest.

The earliest recorded use of the name East Ham, as distinct from Ham or West Ham, is in 1204 as EstHam; the terms East and West Ham applying to Ancient parishes in place by the end of the 12th century.

Administration and representation
East Ham Local Government District was created in 1878, when the ancient parish of East Ham adopted the Local Government Act 1858 and formed a local board of nine members to govern the area. In 1886 the local government district was extended to include the civil parish of Little Ilford (also known as Manor Park), and the board was increased to 12 in number. The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the area as East Ham Urban District, with an elected urban district council of 15 members replacing the board. In 1900, Little Ilford civil parish was abolished and its area absorbed into an enlarged East Ham civil parish.

The East Ham Urban District of Essex was incorporated as a Municipal Borough on 10 August 1903. As a result of popular pressure, East Ham sought and obtained county borough status on 1 April 1915 and remained such until 1965 when it was abolished and merged with the County Borough of West Ham to form the London Borough of Newham.

The principal offices of Newham Council were at the junction of Barking Road and High Street South in the former East Ham Town Hall, a Grade II listed Edwardian structure designed by A. H. Campbell, H. Cheers and J. Smith, which included a landmark clock tower. Built between 1901 and 1903, Passmore Edwards opened the Town Hall on 5 February 1903. Most council departments moved to Newham Dockside (Building 1000, Dockside Road E16) in 2010.

East Ham is also the name of a parliamentary House of Commons constituency East Ham, which covers East Ham and neighbouring areas. The current Member of Parliament (MP) is Stephen Timms.

Early history
Boleyn Castle on Green Street was built in the 16th century and survived until the 1950s.

Economic development
In 1859 East Ham railway station opened and, although in 1863 the area was still being described as a "scattered village" the availability of transport resulted in increasing urbanisation, especially from 1890 onwards. The electric services of the District Railway first served East Ham in 1908.

WWI – East Ham Pals
In 1915, the Mayor and Borough of East Ham raised a Pals battalion of local men. The unit became the 32nd (East Ham) battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). The battalion was assigned to the 124th Brigade, part of the 41st Division and served on the Western and Italian fronts. A full strength infantry battalion of the timed totalled around 1,036 men, and the East Ham Pals are recorded as losing 444 by the time the battalion was disbanded in March 1918. The disbandment occurred as the British Army was so short of manpower that it could no longer maintain as many units, the surviving members of the East Ham battalion were re-assigned to other units to bring them up to strength.

It was originally part of the hundred of Becontree, and part of the historic county of Essex. Since 1965, East Ham has been part of the London Borough of Newham, a local government district of Greater London.

Geography
Housing in East Ham consists principally of Victorian and Edwardian terraced town houses, often in tree-lined avenues.

There are many green spaces in the otherwise bustling and urbanised area of East Ham. The graveyard of the Norman St Mary's church, is maintained as a nature reserve, the largest of its kind in Greater London. Central Park (Central Park Road) and Plashet Park (Plashet Grove) are the two largest parks in East Ham, and both combine open space with playgrounds and cafés. There are also smaller play areas and parks, including Priory Park (Grangewood Street) and Flanders Field, where England football captain Bobby Moore played as a child during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Flanders Fields is currently the home ground of Flanders FC and other is used by Bonny Downs Community Association (BDCA) and other community groups.

Much of the area is part of the E6 postal district, though post codes are not intended to define districts.

Demography
East Ham is a multicultural area, with many Caribbean, South Asian, African and eastern European residents. As of 2010, East Ham has the fourth-highest level of unemployment in the UK, with 16.5% of all residents registered unemployed. Around 7 in 10 children living in East Ham are from low income families, making it one of the worst areas in the country for child poverty.

In the 2011 UK Census, 90.8% of East Ham North ward was of BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) background, and 89.9% of Green Street East was BAME. These are the 3rd and 4th highest figures in all of Greater London, only behind Southall Broadway and Southall Green. The figure for East Ham Central was 81.9%.

The Wall End ward (eastern parts of East Ham) had a crime rate of 46.6% in 2014-15, far below the average for both Newham and Greater London.

Religion
There are numerous places of worship for many different religions, ranging from St. Michael's Church to Kensington Avenue Temple. The Parish Church of St Mary Magdalene dates to the first half of the 12th century and is claimed to be the oldest parish church still in use in Greater London. It contains a memorial to an Edmond Nevill, who laid claim to the attainted title of Earl of Westmoreland in the 17th century. There are two Hindu temples in the area; one dedicated to Mahalakshmi and the other to Murugan. The latter temple was recently rebuilt with a larger prayer hall and traditional temple tower as is typical of Tamil temples in South Asia. Due to a very large Muslim community, East Ham also has many mosques. Some of the mosques include Islamic Dawah Centre, Masjid Tauheed,Jamia Mosque,Masjid Bilal & Madina Masjid.

Transport
Transport connections are provided at East Ham Underground station. East Ham station is served by the District and Hammersmith & City lines. To the north of East Ham is Manor Park and Little Ilford, to the east over the North Circular Road is Barking, to the west is Upton Park and to the south over the A13 is Beckton.

Sport
Prior to West Ham United's relocation to the London Stadium in 2016, they were based at the Boleyn Ground, just inside East Ham's Green Street border with West Ham. East Ham United merged into Barking & East Ham United in 2001, with the merged club dissolved in 2006.

ParkLives
Newham Council run a number of subsidised or free support programs for locals such as the ParkLives scheme. Run by Coca-Cola in association with Active Newham, free activities are hosted in Newham's parks, including yoga, tennis, rounders and other social sports.

East Edge Sisters WI
East Ham has its own Women's Institute group, formed in 2016. The group meets every second Tuesday of the month. A modern WI, they host activities and talks as well as running a pop up cafe at local events such as; The Newham Show and local art exhibitions.

Bike from Boleyn
Bike from Boleyn was set up by the Boleyn community in 2016. They host a bi-annual bike ride from Upton Park to West Ham's new stadium in the Olympic Park to promote and preserve the historic, community and economic links between Boleyn and West Ham United as well as the local area and community networks. This also highlights the Greenway, London as an important Newham asset linking the East and West of the borough, and encourages cycling in the borough.

The Greatfield Residents Association
The Greatfield Residents Association is a local residents association based in East Ham South (This area used to be an electoral ward known as 'Greatfields', which is where the name is from). Their objective is to promote the local area and create 'a sense of togetherness'. The group meets regularly and publishes a biannual newsletter, as well as being involved in local events and working with the council to encourage improvements to the area. In 2016 they also set up a quarterly craft and food market, funded by the Evening Standard Dispossessed Fund, to showcase local talent and diversity.

Bonny Downs Community Association
Bonny Downs Community Association (BDCA) is an East Ham charity founded in 1998. BDCA runs two community hubs in East Ham – The Well Community Centre and Flanders Playing Field, where Bobby Moore was discovered by West Ham United Scouts. BDCA provides a range of activities for older people, youth, children and families.

Local newspapers
The Newham Recorder is a local printed and online newspaper.

Local blogs
There are some local area blogs, run by enthusiastic residents, including EastBlam (a local events blog and review site) which was featured in the Evening Standard as a 'blog to watch'.

Notable people

 * Jimmy Bullard – Former professional footballer.
 * Terrance Dicks – Prolific Doctor Who writer and children's author
 * Idris Elba – English actor, musician, voice actor, and DJ.
 * Elizabeth Fry – English prison reformer, social reformer and Christian philanthropist who lived at Plashet House.
 * Noele Gordon – English actress, presenter and TV executive.
 * Bill Kaine – professional footballer.
 * Kano – English rapper and actor.
 * Dame Vera Lynn, DBE – singer, songwriter, and actress whose musical recordings and performances were highly popular during the Second World War.
 * Fred Massey – English footballer.

title: East Ham


text:
Talk:Battle of Long Island

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Joycewupolsc110.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:25, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Vandalism
There appear to be editorial comments added to this page ("LIKE WHATEVER!!" and "grr"). Are these objections to incorrect or misleading text (in which case they should be made more clear), or simply expressions of emotion (in which case they should be deleted)?I don't know who won
 * Just mild vandalism. Thanks for the heads-up. Rmhermen 15:22, Nov 7, 2003 (UTC)

(OP) The user at IP 65.117.158.5 seems to specialize in vandalism. Check his list of changes to find more. orthogonal

I removed the reference to the day on which Nathan Hale was hanged (September 21) because it was causing gramatical difficulty. If anyone else is able to add it back without sounding cumbersome, please do so. Thanks. AlexanderWinston 00:27, 2004 Jun 3 (UTC)

Confusion? And Howe!
This article has passages like the following:

"After strengthening his forces for over seven weeks on Staten Island, General Howe moved 88 frigates under a bridge to Gravesend Bay."

However, there were two Howes, brothers, present at the battle - the overall naval commander, then Admiral Richard, Lord Howe, and General Sir William Howe, later (General Sir) William, Lord Howe (more easily termed General Howe and Admiral Lord Howe). Admiral Lord Howe was the Commander-in-Chief of the operation (evidenced by, among other things, that when a delegation including Adams and Franklin met before the battle to discuss peace, it was he with whom they conversed). If any frigates were being ordered anyway, it would be Admiral Lord Howe. If any strategic or overarching decisions were made, it would be Admiral Lord Howe. If any tactical or operational commands were issued, it would be General Sir William Howe. Wally 04:11, 27 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it doesn't help that one was "Earl Howe" and the other was "Viscount Howe"... and both were knighted... but yeah, the frigates would have been moved by the admiral, not the general. ugen64 02:46, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

These pictures are not formatted in the best manner, but I can't really figure out a way to make it better, unless someone adds a battle chart... :-\ ugen64 01:15, Aug 27, 2004 (UTC)

Should Hale be in this page?
(Note: I have no independent knowledge of this battle, or of Nathan Hale, so my question may merely expose my ignorance.)

The article says that Washington evacuated his forces to Manhattan on August 30. But according to his article, Nathan Hale didn't go under cover until September, after the battle. So I am wondering if Hale should be mentioned on this page.

If the answer is "yes" (because, perhaps, Hale's name is especially associated with this battle), I think the paragraph mentioning him needs to be rewritten, as it implies that his mission took place before the evacuation to Manhattan and also that the British forces surrounded the Americans only after (and perhaps even because) Hale was discovered. Molinari 19:51, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Use Battlebox template?
Should Revolutionary War articles take advantage of the Template:Battlebox?

 * Only if we don't have to use that pink background assigned to North America. It's so ... um ... dainty. ;-) Kevin Myers 13:30, Apr 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Pink is an ok colour for a battlebox - just so long as it doesn't replace the current Europe battlebox background :-pSoLando 01:35, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

nononoonooooooooooooo

Fear not, Battlebox is dead...LONG LIVE Template:Infobox Military Conflict!--R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 20:07, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Assessment
Tentatively classified as B, although the article is perhaps a little list-like for that. Carom 17:41, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've moved it down to "start", since B class now requires some citations. —Kevin Myers 03:44, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Reference
Suggest using "1776" by David McCullough as a reference. I read it and thought it was outstanding. It has also garnered good reviews from NPR and USA Today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Founders Intent (talk • contribs) 15:44, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

No comments? Maybe I should just do it, eh?-- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  TALK 18:31, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, no need to ask, just do it. There's been no major work on this article for a couple of years, I think, so don't expect many replies here. Just dive right in. Another obvious recent reference is David Hacket Fischer's Washington's Crossing. —Kevin Myers 03:44, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

I am a neophyte regarding Wikipedia editing, but there is an important new book that provides a great deal of insight on the Battle of Long Island by Charles H. Lewis, "Cut Off: Colonel Jedediah Huntington's 17th Continental (Connecticut) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776" (Heritage Books, 2009). This book presents a detailed look at the battle from the perspective of one of its regiments and the soldiers involved. User: Bob Schacht —Preceding unsigned comment added by BobSchacht (talk • contribs) 18:08, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Date format
The dates are linked. I believe they shouldn't be. If no one objects, I'm going to change the format. See WP:MoSNUM. Mm40 (talk | contribs) 23:40, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Great Britain or British Empire?
Which style should be used in these articles? I would say the latter. ΤΕΡΡΑΣΙΔΙΩΣ (Ταλκ ) 11:24, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Number of British
The number of British soldiers given in this article conflicts with the number given in the info box in the top right hand corner (32k vs 20k), which is correct? Or does the former number include civilians? 194.73.97.131 (talk) 14:59, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Long Island or Brooklyn
Should this article be named the Battle of Long Island or the Battle of Brooklyn? It seems to be known as both. Thoughts?-Kieran4 (talk) 16:15, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Sourcing
Thus far, of all the footnotes 100 are McCullough while 30 are from other sources, mainly Lengel. Does anyone think this poses a problem?-Kieran4 (talk) 23:31, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

The Heights
The bluff called in the 19th and 20th centuries Brooklyn Heights is, far as I can tell from Mapserver] about 95 feet at summit. From climbing it afoot and on bicycle and kick scooter, I can tell you it is steep on the west and north sides. Certainly it's an excellent defensive position from attack from the water, thus a good site for Fort Brooklyn but the back slope is gentle and I think it was similarly so 200 years ago, providing no natural aid in defending from an inland attack.

The Harbor Hill Moraine, on the other hand, about two miles away, and sometimes in the 18th Century called "Brooklyn Heights" despite being well away from the village, is about 130 feet at the low point now called Grand Army Plaza, and was probably a bit more rugged then than it is today, thus more easily defensible. This is no doubt why a party of attackers went all the way around to Jamaica Pass, now East New York, to flank the defenders and enter Brooklyn. Anyway I have a Monday appointment shortly after Sundown in Park Slope and intend first to buy a new camera in Manhattan and then to visit Grand Army Plaza to snoop around for the alleged plaque describing and mapping the battle. I could certainly use more hints as to its location.

And no, it's true the battle ended in Brooklyn, but most of the fighting was done far outside the village of the time, so "Battle of Long Island" is the correct designation.

But, "Guana Heights?" Eh? It makes me suspect mere vandalism. Jim.henderson (talk) 06:22, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Guana Heights is what it is called in General George Washington by Edward G. Lengel. Perhaps just a different name?-Kieran4 (talk) 18:05, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks; I was unaware. Seems the term covered the portion of the morraine east of Flatbush Pass.  The eastern limit remains unknown to me, as does a name for the southern branch unless Park Slope be taken as a term of physical geography.  Knowing little of military history, I think the present article is written from inadequate familiarity with the territory.  This territory, I know well from bicycling, for example guiding a young German this past August from Rockaway Park to DUMBO including a mile along the ridgeline.  It makes me wonder whether it might be fun to conduct a battlefield tour in the summer.  Has to be on wheels to cover the various skirmishes that ranged all over the county except the far east and north.  And the immediate aftermath ran all the way into Queens County.  But then, there's a great deal about the geography of the battle that I don't know.  Jim.henderson (talk) 02:28, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * So on Monday I took the BMT to 7th Avenue, walked up Vanderbilt and beat around the Brooklyn Public Library in bright twilight, failing to find any plaque or other sign of the battle. Then climbed Flatbush Avenue and past the summit, past the closed Zoo, entered Prospect Park north of Malbone Street to walk up the East Drive.  North of the Zoo, half a mile south of Grand Army Plaza I found three plaques but by this time the twilight had darkened and I could only take the three lousy flash pix I that uploaded a few minutes ago into commons:Category:Battle of Long Island with the old camera.  Probably the new camera got better shots but those are more difficult to read with my antiquated equipment.  I'll extract and upload them tomorrow evening or more likely the next day or day after.  I found no map plaque.  Two and a half weeks from now, I intend to be there again about the same time of day but Sunset will be nearly half an hour later, allowing better photography.  Jim.henderson (talk) 02:19, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The images are quite good, but if you believe that you can get better ones in the near future I can wait until then.-Kieran4 (talk) 00:29, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Only the Dongan Oak plaque commons:File:Dongan Oak eagle plaque jeh.JPG came out better with the new camera than with the old. Owning the camera only an hour and a half, the majority of that in broad daylight or in the subway, I failed to exploit its superior twilight capabilities.  I didn't intend any of these pix to illustrate the article (though if others think they would help I don't mind) but rather to convey their words to fellow editors.  That's all the pix from me until my next visit, probably the first Tuesday in March, hoping again to find the alleged map plaque.  Jim.henderson (talk) 02:16, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

So, I had fun tramping around in the snow, got some nice pictures of the Oriental Pavilion and the replica Flatbush Plank Road, but found no other battle memorials than last month when there was no snow. Good weather will have me out photographing the suburbs this weekend and thus my backlog of processing and uploading pix will grow rather than shrink. I plan no more research on the ridgeline this month but don't know whether business will bring me through appropriate parts of Brooklyn sooner. Jim.henderson (talk) 06:30, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Readiness for ACR?
Bernstein2291 asked me to comment on the readiness of this article for a MILHIST A-class review. These are mostly general observations right now; see first item.

 * It's not clear from edit history since the peer review how much of the advice gathered there has been acted on. Can someone comment on this before I do a close reading of the article?  (From skimming the article I don't see any glaring omissions, but some of the review comments included statements about correctly characterizing the locations involved; has this been done?)
 * If ACR is intended as a prelude to FAC, the writing needs work. From my skim, it might be good enough to pass MILHIST ACR, but I doubt it will pass FAC.  (I'm not a good enough critic of writing to be able to characterize the issues, but having put articles through FAC, I known this is a non-trivial problem.)
 * All of the images should have Information boxes with correctly-filled-in dates (of creation and/or publication), authors, and sources.
 * The commemorations section should be written as prose, not a bulleted list.
 * The map showing the movements of the battle could be improved (or replaced), since it has blurry text, even when embiggened.

Cite error
There appears to be an error with citation # 19. Unfortunately I don't know what it should say, so I can't fix it myself. Can someone with the source fix it up? Cheers. AustralianRupert (talk) 05:31, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Wrong or Missing Information
The article makes no mention of the term "Maryland 400", their actions is where Maryland's state motto of "The Old Line State" originates. That the six charges they made were against British troops who held the Vecht house or "old Stone House" Cornwallis occupied the house and turned into an artillery position blocking the retreat path.

The name of the creek they had to cross was the "Gowanus Creek". Brooklyn Heights is not directly on the other side of the creek. The fact that the first engagement was between American rifleman and British troops foraging for watermellon around the Red Lion Inn at Martense Lane and the Narrows (Shore) Road around current day 39st.

John Glover's regiment was known as the "Marblehead Regiment", it was comprised of fisherman from marblehead Mass. It doesn't mention Haslet's Delaware Regiment. It doesn't mention the Bedford pass around current day Bedford and Rogers Avenues.

William Howard (1725-1777) owner of the Rising Sun Tavern at current Broadway and Jamaica Avenue, supported American independence and tried to resist the General, but Howe threatened to have him shot if he did not comply with his demands. Howard and his 14 year old son William (1729-1814)  "led the British along the Rockaway Path (through what is now the Evergreen Cemetery, the old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass) to Jamaica".

The Hessians were commanded by Leopold Philip de Heister Joseph Plumb Martin was present at the battle.

It's Height's of Guan not Guana Heights A history of the city of Brooklyn and Kings county, Volume 1 By Stephen M. Ostrander 7mike5000 (talk) 14:02, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Nature of victory
It is listed as a "Decisive victory"

While it was surely a victory for Howe, Washington and his generals never thought they could hold LI for long. (Or NYC, for that matter). Despite all the blunders and panic, Washington's left with the vast bulk of his army.

It could have easily been a decisive victory for Howe, but his cautiousness let Washington slip out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.130.226.185 (talk) 18:26, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Map
Some thing struck my eye as wrong when looking at File:Battle of Long Island.Dean.USMA.edu.history.gif, and I couldn't quite place it for a moment. Then, I took a closer look: I looks like the map is slanted off from north a bit, and could use some rotation to reset it properly. I know that it is a common misconception that Manhattan's western shore is a straight north-south shot, but this image seems skewed at least ten or fifteen degrees too far. Did the Hudson's course shift a bit in the last two hundred years, or should I ask the graphics lab if they can fix this?  bahamut0013  words deeds 16:40, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

"Inconsiderate and even criminal"
I took out this quote that was sourced to Gallagher. Howe does say those words in his statement to Parliament but what he meant was it would have been inconsiderate, even criminal, to lose 1000 to 1500 British soldiers even if he'd managed (which he didn't think likely) to kill or capture twice as many Americans. I've put in a longer quote from Howe's statement and put in the reference to it on Internet Archive Marfinan (talk) 18:36, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Infobox numbers
the infobox lists the highest British figure and the lowest American figure. If it is to list the highest figure for each it should actually read more like 20,000 Americans and 30,000 British. In reality only 20,000 British were involved, the Lengel source given for the British figure even indicates this. Thecitizen1 (talk) 00:07, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Biggest Battle of the War?
The lead states: In terms of troop size, it was the largest battle of the entire war. The infobox adds up to 42000, and other sources mentioned on this talk page might make that up to 50000, but suggest less is likley. The Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar page also makes the biggest battle claim, and indicates 70000 total troops taking part in the Grand Attack (7500 British, 33000 French and Spanish army, 30000 sailors and marines, mostly involved in the bombardment). So should this page read In terms of troop size, it was the largest battle of the war to be fought in the North American theater? A note or link to the Gibraltar page might also get some editors who have contributed to this good looking article over there where a non-Gibratarian point of view might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.251.245.64 (talk) 16:16, 23 June 2014 (UTC)

Americans?
Is the reference throughout the article to Americans correct? Shouldn't the forces fighting the British Army be called rebels?Royalcourtier (talk) 06:17, 28 March 2015 (UTC)
 * You might think so, but the contemporary British military map included in the article labels the two sides as 'British army' and 'American army'. So it would seem that description was in use at the time. Robofish (talk) 21:34, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Battle of Long Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090303195932/http://www.prospectpark.org/visit/history/timeline to http://www.prospectpark.org/visit/history/timeline

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:26, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

Easy error to fix
"The sight today" in a sidebar should almost certainly read "The site today" - I'd fix it myself but the article is locked for now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.4.151.19 (talk) 02:23, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Battle of Long Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141218191827/http://states.ng.mil/sites/MA/News/Pages/125th%20Quartermaster%20Company%20honored%20for%20storied%20lineage%20and%20service%20at%20Lexington%20and%20Concord.aspx to http://states.ng.mil/sites/MA/News/Pages/125th%20Quartermaster%20Company%20honored%20for%20storied%20lineage%20and%20service%20at%20Lexington%20and%20Concord.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:29, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 November 2017
I would like the change the sentence, under the section "Battle Pass": "Many of the Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians." to the following: "It appears that some Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the German and British forces."

My reasons are as follows:

Although the cited source, a biography of George Washington, by Edward Lengel, claims that "many" of the prisoners were killed, he does not himself cite any information to support that claim.

By contrast, two other works: "The Hessians", a 1981 monograph by Rodney Atwood, and "Washington's Crossing," a 2004 campaign study by David Hackett Fischer, assert that while some massacre occurred, it is impossible to know exactly how many were killed, and a much larger number were spared rather than executed. (Fischer 2004, 97 and Atwood 1981, 68) Furthermore, Fischer makes it clear that both the British and the Hessians, not just the Hessians, engaged in this massacre if it occurred. Both authors cite primary sources, which Lengel does not.

Most importantly, Atwood examines the casualty figures from the battle, showing that 300+ Americans were killed both in and out of combat, and over 1000+ Americans surrendered safely. Even if all troops who were killed were massacred in the process of surrendering (an unlikely idea), a much larger proportion of Americans surrendered safely.

As a result, I believe that "It appears that some Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the German and British forces." much better fits the available evidence. Asburns52 (talk) 20:00, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Wikipedia operates on cited reliable sources and the sources do not necessarily require further cite-chasing.  The interested reader can follow those sources themselves and decide what to make of them.  If you think Lengel is not a reliable sources, then please present reasons why you think it should be discarded.  Regardless of which source you chose, however, they agree that Continentals and militia were bayonetted and saying that "some surrenders were accepted" does not wipe away the essential truth of the fact.  Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 00:17, 27 November 2017 (UTC)

Brooklyn war hero
General William Smallwood 2001:5B0:4CD3:E358:5DD6:4F2:D3D4:EED3 (talk) 01:11, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

e
e 47.20.184.31 (talk) 18:24, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

 * e 47.20.184.31 (talk) 18:24, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Long Island


text:
Human-readable medium and data

In computing, a human-readable medium or human-readable format is any encoding of data or information that can be naturally read by humans, resulting in human-readable data. It is often encoded as ASCII or Unicode text, rather than as binary data.

In most contexts, the alternative to a human-readable representation is a machine-readable format or medium of data primarily designed for reading by electronic, mechanical or optical devices, or computers. For example, Universal Product Code (UPC) barcodes are very difficult to read for humans, but very effective and reliable with the proper equipment, whereas the strings of numerals that commonly accompany the label are the human-readable form of the barcode information. Since any type of data encoding can be parsed by a suitably programmed computer, the decision to use binary encoding rather than text encoding is usually made to conserve storage space. Encoding data in a binary format typically requires fewer bytes of storage and increases efficiency of access (input and output) by eliminating format parsing or conversion.

With the advent of standardized, highly structured markup languages, such as Extensible Markup Language (XML), the decreasing costs of data storage, and faster and cheaper data communication networks, compromises between human-readability and machine-readability are now more common-place than they were in the past. This has led to humane markup languages and modern configuration file formats that are far easier for humans to read. In addition, these structured representations can be compressed very effectively for transmission or storage.

Human-readable protocols greatly reduce the cost of debugging.

Various organizations have standardized the definition of human-readable and machine-readable data and how they are applied in their respective fields of application, e.g., the Universal Postal Union.

Often the term human-readable is also used to describe shorter names or strings, that are easier to comprehend or to remember than long, complex syntax notations, such as some Uniform Resource Locator strings.

Occasionally "human-readable" is used to describe ways of encoding an arbitrary integer into a long series of English words. Compared to decimal or other compact binary-to-text encoding systems, English words are easier for humans to read, remember, and type in.

title: Human-readable medium and data


text:
Amboy

Amboy may refer to:

Places

 * Amboy, Córdoba, village in Calamuchita Department, Córdoba province, Argentina

United States

 * Amboy Crater, feature in Mojave National Preserve, California

Settled U.S. places

 * Amboy, California
 * Amboy, Georgia
 * Amboy, Illinois
 * Amboy, Indiana
 * Amboy, Minnesota
 * Amboy, Nebraska
 * New Jersey:
 * Perth Amboy, New Jersey
 * South Amboy, New Jersey
 * The Amboys, area of New Jersey that includes both Perth Amboy and South Amboy
 * Amboy, New York
 * Amboy, Washington

Other uses

 * Amboy (ship)
 * Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company

title: Amboy


text:
North Riding (disambiguation)

North Riding may mean:

 * North Riding of Yorkshire, England
 * North Riding of Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England
 * North Tipperary, Republic of Ireland
 * Northriding, suburb of Randburg, South Africa

title: North Riding (disambiguation)


text:
Soke of Peterborough

The Soke of Peterborough was a historic area of England associated with the City and Diocese of Peterborough. It was part of Northamptonshire, but was administered by its own county council, while the rest of Northamptonshire was administered by Northamptonshire County Council. The Soke was also described as the Liberty of Peterborough, or as the Nassaburgh hundred, and comprised, besides Peterborough, about thirty parishes. The Soke was abolished in 1965.

The area formed much of the present City of Peterborough unitary authority area in the post-1974 ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire. The Church of England dioceses of Peterborough and Ely still, however, follow the boundary of the Soke, with only the part of the city that is north of the River Nene lying within the Diocese of Peterborough, while Thorney and urban areas south of the Nene, including Stanground and Fletton, are in the Diocese of Ely.

The term soke refers to a general legal term in medieval England referring to various concepts, including a jurisdiction of land or rights to hold a court or receive fines.

History
In the Anglo-Saxon period, the lord of the hundred had the power, or liberty, of holding a court and administering justice within its boundaries, and this system was subsequently continued by the Abbots of Peterborough, who either enforced in person, as lords, the observance of the ancient socage laws and customs, or appointed a deputy to act for them. On the establishment of quarter sessions in 1349, the separate jurisdiction of the Soke was still maintained as distinct from that of the county of Northampton; and, except for parliamentary purposes and matters relating to the militia, it was entirely independent of that county. Quarter sessions for the liberty were held at the Sessions House in Peterborough, and petty sessions at the same place.

The civil government of the liberty was vested in the Marquess of Exeter, as Lord Paramount of Peterborough and custos rotulorum; around 40 magistrates appointed by the crown; and a high bailiff of the city appointed by the dean and chapter of Peterborough Cathedral. The soke had its own magistrates, who were appointed by the lord paramount, acting under a commission of oyer and terminer, and gaol delivery, as well as under the ordinary commission, and the magistrates for the liberty retained the power of hanging a criminal in cases of murder, which in fact they exercised so late as 1812. The Local Jurisdictions Act 1820, though giving the liberty bench the power to commit (for murder only) to the Northampton county assizes, did not abridge their full rights of gaol delivery. The soke had also a separate rate, out of which all payments were made.

In the provisions of the County and Borough Police Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. 69), the Weights and Measures Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 49) and the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 74), the Liberty of Peterborough, like that of the Isle of Ely, was in each instance treated as a separate county. Under the 1856 act a police force, the Liberty of Peterborough Constabulary, was appointed by and under the control of the magistrates of the soke. In 1874, the City of Peterborough was granted a charter of incorporation, under which a separate Peterborough City Police was overseen by the watch committee of the new city council. The Liberty Constabulary and City Police were amalgamated in 1947 to form the Peterborough Combined Police Force.

Quarter sessions
The liberty justices in quarter sessions had long-held powers in excess of those of most other quarter sessions. They could try and decide many serious crimes, including treason and murder, which normally could only be heard and determined in a court of assize, and in view of the special powers of the liberty justices, a judge of assize had no power to act in the Soke of Peterborough. Until the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbot had been empowered to appoint justices of the peace for the Hundred, or Liberty, of Nassaburgh. When Peterborough Monastery was dissolved in 1539 Abbot Chambers was made the first Bishop of Peterborough, and the following year Henry VIII granted three Commissions of the Peace to the coterminous Liberty of Peterborough. They were: The last commission gave to the justices of the liberty, power to enquire more fully "... by the oath of good and lawful men of the Liberty of Peterborough, by whom the truth of the matter may be better known and by other ways, means and methods by which they shall or better know, of the treasons ... insurrections ... rebellions, counterfeitings, clippings, wastings, false comings ... murders, felonies, manslaughters ... and many other grave offences mentioned therein which in other counties are only triable by a judge of assize, and the Justices are commanded at days appointed for this purpose to make diligent enquiries into and to hear and determine the above mentioned offences."
 * The Commission of the Peace for the appointment of Justices to sit in Petty Sessional Courts and exercise the ordinary duties of the magistracy;
 * The Commission for Gaol Delivery, and
 * The Commission of Oyer and Terminer, that is to hear and determine, which empowered the Justices of the Liberty to hear assize offences at Quarter Sessions.

In 1877 Queen Victoria confirmed these commissions and endorsed the ancient privileges of jurisdiction of the liberty justices and at the same time excluded the High Sheriff of Northamptonshire from exercising his authority in the soke. The commissions of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery were not renewed by the monarchs immediately succeeding Queen Victoria and in 1920 the Court of Criminal Appeal quashed a conviction recorded at Peterborough Quarter Sessions. It was held that three of the liberty magistrates adjudicating at the hearing were not in order, as the assize authority of the court then derived from commissions granted during the reign of Queen Victoria. The three justices in question had been appointed to the commission of the peace subsequent to her death and only justices appointed during her reign were in order in adjudicating at such a court. This resulted in a renewal of the commissions in continuation of the ancient assize jurisdiction, and an announcement was made at the Easter Quarter Sessions in 1921 that "whatever may have happened as a result of a recent case in the Court of Criminal Appeal by authority of this Commission now granted, this Court will continue to exercise this ancient jurisdiction in the same manner as it has done under similar commissions since the days of Charles I." In fact, the justices of the liberty did not exercise their full powers, although they were always jealous of their special and historic privileges. In 1949, the Marquess of Exeter moved an amendment in the House of Lords to the Justices of the Peace Bill. This was necessary to safeguard the special position of the liberty jurisdiction as the new Bill provided there should be a separate commission of the peace for every administrative county and county borough and not for any other area. Accordingly, an amendment was accepted by the Lord Chancellor and the following paragraph was included in the Act:

"SAVING FOR SOKE OF PETERBOROUGH: The Justices for the Soke of Peterborough shall, by virtue of the Commission of the Peace and without any further commission, have within the county the same jurisdiction as before the coming into force of Section 10 of this Act the Justices for the Liberty of Peterborough had within the Liberty by virtue of the commissions of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery customarily issued to those Justices, but as respects any matters within their competence as Justices of the Peace, shall act as such and not as Justices of Oyer and Terminer or Justices of Gaol Delivery."

In accepting the amendment the Lord Chancellor said that in murder cases this ancient jurisdiction had survived all these years only because it had never been exercised and he added, "if the justices ever appear to act upon the powers they possess, I shall be the first to come and remove those powers for them."

The courts of assize and quarter sessions were eventually abolished in England and Wales by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court.

Administrative county
Under an amendment by Lord Exeter to the Local Government Act 1888, the Soke became a separate administrative county in its own right, distinct from the remainder of Northamptonshire. An elected county council, consisting of a chairman, 10 aldermen, and 30 councillors, took over the administrative functions of the Quarter Sessions and had its meetings at the Guildhall; but this formal change hid a great deal of continuity, as Justices of the Peace were often elected councillors, the Clerk of the Peace became the Clerk to the Council and so on. During its life the county council gradually acquired more powers, such as taking over the functions of school boards in 1902, boards of guardians in 1930 and various town planning and housing responsibilities from 1949. As the fire authority, under the Fire Services Act 1947, the county council also retained Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, one of the few of its kind.

The Soke county council was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms in 1950. The design placed the crossed keys of Saint Peter from the arms of the Diocese of Peterborough on the silver and blue barry field of the arms of the Cecil family, Marquesses of Exeter, who held the chairmanship of the council for most of its existence. The crest was an ermine lion from the Cecil arms rising from a mural crown emblematic of local government. The lion held two wheatears, symbolising agriculture. The Latin motto adopted by the council was Cor Unum, part of the Cecil motto Cor Unum, Via Una or "One Heart, One Way".

The Local Government Act 1894 divided the Soke into three districts; the existent city (1541) and municipal borough (1874) of Peterborough, and the two rural districts of Peterborough and Barnack. The administrative county had an area of approximately 83 ½ square miles (216.37 km2) with only one, minor, boundary change in its lifetime. The county's population recorded at each census since 1901 was as follows:

In 1961, the last year for which figures are available, the breakdown was as follows:

The Soke had a very small population for a county and so, in 1965, the administration was merged with that of the neighbouring small county of Huntingdonshire, to form the slightly more viable administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough (population 202,622 in 1971). Under the 1974 local government reorganisation, Huntingdon and Peterborough became part of the non-metropolitan county of Cambridgeshire (population 436,441 in 1981), as had first been proposed in 1947 and an area broadly corresponding to the Soke, called the City of Peterborough, became one of its six districts. When the new Cambridgeshire county council was granted arms in 1976 it included references to those of the Soke; two keys around the neck of the dexter supporter and the motto, Corde Uno Sapientes Simus, or "With One Heart Let Us Be Men of Understanding".

In 1998 the City of Peterborough became a unitary authority, but it continues to form part of Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes. Because of intervening development and a new town project in Peterborough, the present district has a much larger population than the Soke had.

Politics
For parliamentary purposes, the city formed a borough "by prescription," returning two Members of Parliament (MPs) from 1541, with the rest of the Soke being part of Northamptonshire parliamentary county. The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough, while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the northern division of Northamptonshire. The borough's representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. In 1918 a new borough constituency was formed including the whole of the Soke and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of Northamptonshire. In 1948 the boundaries of the constituency were adjusted to correspond to those of the Soke and they remained much the same until 1970.

In the unreformed House of Commons in order to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat, a man had to own (not rent) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year (women could neither vote nor stand for election). This was known as the 40 shilling freehold. The franchise for borough seats varied enormously. Peterborough was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot, a form of municipal taxation. In 1800 there were 2,000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough. By 1835 this had risen to 576, or about one per cent of the population. The Fourth Reform Act widened suffrage by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications. This system, known as universal manhood suffrage, was first used in the 1918 general election.

title: Soke of Peterborough


text:
Lamont Dozier

Lamont Herbert Dozier (June 16, 1941 – August 8, 2022) was an American singer, songwriter, and record producer from Detroit. He co-wrote and produced 14 US Billboard number-one hits and four number ones in the UK.

Career
Dozier was a member of Holland–Dozier–Holland, the songwriting and production team responsible for much of the Motown sound and numerous hit records by artists such as Martha and the Vandellas, The Supremes, The Four Tops, and The Isley Brothers. Along with Brian Holland, Dozier served as the team's musical arranger and producer, while Eddie Holland concentrated mainly on lyrics and vocal production. Along with the Holland Brothers, Dozier followed his work for Motown Records as founder and owner of Invictus Records and Hot Wax Records, producing top-charting hits for acts Freda Payne, Honey Cone, Chairmen of the Board, and 100 Proof Aged in Soul.

Early years
Dozier recorded a few unsuccessful records for various Detroit labels before the trio started working together as a writing and production team for Motown in 1962. They first made their mark the following year with Martha and The Vandellas' early hits, including "Come and Get These Memories" (number 6 R&B), "Heatwave" (number 1 R&B, number 4 pop), and "Quicksand" (number 8 pop).

In 1964, "Where Did Our Love Go" became the first of ten number 1 pop hits which Holland–Dozier–Holland would write and produce for the Supremes over the next three years or so. After Holland–Dozier–Holland left Motown in 1968 to form the Invictus and Hot Wax labels, Dozier began recording as an artist on their labels. The most successful song was "Why Can't We Be Lovers" (number 9 Billboard R&B). Dozier departed from Holland–Dozier–Holland in 1973, and was replaced by new arranger-producer Harold Beatty.

Performer
Dozier went on to record a number of albums as a performer in his own right, also writing much of the material. The 1977 album, Peddlin' Music on the Side (Warner Bros. Records) contained "Going Back to My Roots", which was later recorded by Odyssey. The earlier Black Bach (ABC Records) featured the single "Fish Ain't Bitin (#4 R&B, No. 26 pop).

He had his biggest hit with 1974's "Trying to Hold on to My Woman" (ABC), which reached No. 15 on the pop chart and No. 4 on the R&B chart. For the second season of the TV sitcom That's My Mama (ABC, 1975), Dozier wrote and sang the theme song, replacing the first season's instrumental only theme music. In 1981, he scored a beach music hit with "Cool Me Out" and also in that year released the single "Shout About It" from his LP Lamont. This track had considerable airplay on UK soul radio stations as well as being promoted by UK DJ Robbie Vincent in the early 1980s to a British audience.

Composer
Dozier had another number-one hit as a songwriter in the 1980s, joining with Phil Collins to write the song "Two Hearts" for the movie soundtrack for Buster. "Two Hearts" received a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, tying with "Let the River Run" from Working Girl by Carly Simon; an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song; and a Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television. Collins and Dozier also co-wrote "Loco in Acapulco" for The Four Tops, which is also featured on the Buster Soundtrack.

In 1984, Essex, England-born singer Alison Moyet scored a U.S. top-40 hit with the Dozier-penned "Invisible". Three years later, Dozier cowrote "Infidelity" and "Suffer" with Simply Red frontman Mick Hucknall for the British pop-soul band's second album, Men and Women. In 1989, they teamed again to write "You've Got It" and "Turn It Up" for Simply Red's follow-up LP, A New Flame.

In 1987, Lamont Dozier composed alone a song for the soundtrack of another film: the song "Without You", which was recorded as a duet by the R&B singers Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle, to be the love theme from the comedy film Leonard Part 6, released the same year. The song was released as a single and entered the United States and United Kingdom music charts, peaked at No. 8 on the Adult Contemporary Tracks, No. 14 on the R&B chart, No. 85 on the UK Singles, and No. 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 (1987–88). "Without You" was also recorded for the Peabo Bryson album Positive, released in 1988.

"Without You" also received two adaptations: the first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations received the title "Amor Dividido" and were recorded by the Brazilian singer Rosana; The Spanish version of "Amor Dividido" was performed as a duet by Rosanah Fienngo (known mononymously as Rosana) with the Mexican singer Emmanuel.

He's one of the many writers on Motown: The Musical.

Awards and honors
Dozier and the Holland brothers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

In 2009, he worked on the music for the musical stage version of the 1996 movie The First Wives Club. He also taught credit courses on popular music as an Artist-in-Residence Professor on the faculty at the University of Southern California Thornton School of Music in 2008.

Personal life and death
Dozier was married three times and had six children. His first two marriages, to Elizabeth Ann Brown and to Daphne Dumas, both ended in divorce. His third marriage, to Barbara Ullman, lasted from 1980 until her death in 2021. They had three children. Dozier died at his home near Scottsdale, Arizona, on August 8, 2022, at the age of 81.

Singles
As a member of The Romeos
 * "Gone, Gone, Get Away" (1957); Fox 749
 * "Moments to Remember You By" (1957); Fox 846

As a member of The Voice Masters:
 * "Hope and Pray" (1959); Anna 101
 * "Needed" (1959); Anna 102
 * "In Love in Vain" (1960); Frisco 15235

As a member of Ty Hunter and The Voice Masters:
 * "Orphan Boy" (1960); Anna 1114
 * "Free" (1960); Anna 1123

As La Mont Anthony:
 * "Popeye (The Sailor Man)" (1961) withdrawn, and replaced by "Benny the Skinny Man" (same backing track, new vocal); Anna 1125
 * "Benny the Skinny Man" (1961); Anna 1125
 * "Just to Be Loved" / "I Didn't Know (What a Good Thing I Had)" (1961); Checkmate 1001

As Lamont Dozier and a member of Holland-Dozier (Lamont Dozier and Brian Holland):

As composer

 * 1984: "Invisible" – Alison Moyet
 * 1987: "Without You" – Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle
 * 1988: "Hold On to Love" – Jon Anderson
 * 1989: "Two Hearts" – Phil Collins
 * 1989: "Amor Dividido (Without You)" (Portuguese) – Rosana
 * 1990: "Amor Dividido (Without You)" (Spanish) – Rosana and Emmanuel
 * 1990: "Anything Is Possible" – Debbie Gibson
 * 2004: "Spoiled" – Joss Stone

title: Lamont Dozier


text:
The SWORD Project

The SWORD Project is the CrossWire Bible Society's free software project. Its purpose is to create cross-platform open-source tools—covered by the GNU General Public License—that allow programmers and Bible societies to write new Bible software more quickly and easily.

Overview
The core of The SWORD Project is a cross-platform library written in C++, providing access, search functions and other utilities to a growing collection of over 200 texts in over 50 languages. Any software based on their API can use this collection.

JSword is a separate implementation, written in Java, which reproduces most of the API features of the C++ API and supports most SWORD data content.

The project is one of the primary implementers of and contributors to the Open Scripture Information Standard (OSIS), a standardized XML language for the encoding of scripture. The software is also capable of utilizing certain resources encoded in using the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) format and maintains deprecated support for Theological Markup Language (ThML) and General Bible Format (GBF).

Bible study front-end applications
A variety of front ends based on The SWORD Project are available:

And Bible
And Bible, based on JSword, is an Android application.

Alkitab Bible Study
Alkitab Bible Study, based on JSword, is a multiplatform application with binaries available for Windows, Linux, and OS X. It has been described as "an improved Windows front-end for JSword".

The Bible Tool
The Bible Tool is a web front end to SWORD. One instance of the tool is hosted at CrossWire's own site.

BibleDesktop
BibleDesktop is built on JSword featuring binaries for Windows (98SE and later), OS X, and Linux (and other Unix-like OSes).

BibleTime
BibleTime is a C++ SWORD front end using the Qt GUI toolkit, with binaries for Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, and OS X.

BibleTime Mini
BibleTime Mini is a multiplatform application for Android, BlackBerry, jailbroken iOS, MeeGo, Symbian, and Windows Mobile.

BPBible
BPBible is a SWORD front end written in Python, which supports Linux and Windows. A notable feature is that a PortableApps version of BPBible is available.

Eloquent
Eloquent (formerly MacSword) is a free open-source application for research and study of the Bible, developed specifically for Macintosh computers running macOS. It is a native OS X app built in Objective-C. Eloquent allows users to read and browse different bible translations in many languages, devotionals, commentaries, dictionaries and lexicons. It also supports searching and advanced features such as services enabling users to access the Bible within other application programs.

Eloquent is one of About.com's top 10 Bible programs.

Version 2.3.5 of Eloquent continues with the Snow Leopard development. However, starting with the version 2.4.0, Eloquent has started with the OS X Lion testing, implementing features that are specific only to the Lion operating system.

Ezra Bible App
Ezra Bible App is an open source bible study tool focussing on topical study based on keywords/tags. It is based on Electron and works on Windows, Linux, macOS and Android.

FireBible
FireBible is a Firefox extension that works on Windows, Linux, and OS X.

PocketSword
PocketSword is an iOS front end supporting iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch available in Apple's App Store.

STEPBible
STEPBible (STEP - Scripture Tools for Every Person) is an initiative by Tyndale House, Cambridge to build an online Bible study tool based on The SWORD Project. The first public release (Beta launch) of the software as an online platform was on 25 July 2013. The desktop version runs in any browser on the desktop computer. Additionally, the STEPBible app can be installed on an iOS device such as phones or tablets running iOS, or Android, and on a Chrome book.

The SWORD Project for Windows
The SWORD Project for Windows (known internally as BibleCS) is a Windows application built in C++Builder.

Xiphos
Xiphos (formerly GnomeSword) is a C++ SWORD front end using GTK+, with binaries available for Linux, UNIX, and Windows (2000 and later). It has been described as "a top-of-the-line Bible study program."

xulsword
xulsword is a XUL-based front end for Windows and Linux. Portable versions of the application, intended to be run from a USB stick, are also available.

Others
Additional front ends to SWORD exist to support a number of legacy and niche platforms, including:
 * diatheke (CLI & CGI)
 * SwordReader (Windows Mobile)
 * Rapier (Maemo)

Reviews

 * It is one of About.com's top 10 bible programs.
 * Bible Software Review, Review of MacSword version 1.2, June 13, 2005.
 * Foster Tribe SwordBible Review, November 25, 2008
 * Michael Hansen, Studying the Bible for Free, Stimulus, Volume 12 Number 3, August 2004, pp. 33-38

title: The SWORD Project


text:
Isle of Wight National Landscape

The Isle of Wight National Landscape is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) on the Isle of Wight, England's largest offshore island.

The AONB was designated in 1963 and covers 189 square kilometres, about half of the island, mostly near the south-west and north-west coasts but also including downland in the east. It also covers about half the coastline, including both the Hamstead and Tennyson Heritage Coast areas.

The AONB is applying for UNESCO biosphere status.

title: Isle of Wight National Landscape