text:
Talk:Electrolysis

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Stainless Steels and Anode Consumption
The use of stainless steel(SS) as an anode should be approached with great caution or best yet, avoided altogether. SS contains chromium. No matter what misinformation you may have read on the internet, SS anodes ARE INDEED consumed. During consumption highly toxic chromates are released into the electrolyte. Hexavalent chromium is extremely toxic and highly carcinogenic. Disposal of this electrolyte into the ground or down the drain is illegal and poses risks of contaminating ground water and city water supplies. Touching this chromate-containing electrolyte must also be avoided by all means.

The main page of this article should be updated to reflect the extreme toxicity the use of SS anodes will introduce into the used electrolyte solution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.186.20.215 (talk) 17:48, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

The production of chromate from stainless steel anodes can be minimised by limiting the voltage across the cell and/or adding a reducing agent such as sulfite to the electrolyte. Chromium(III) is much less toxic than chromate, and is much less of a problem to dispose of. 2corner (talk) 09:40, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Stanley Meyer
In my opinion, his name should be removed from the experimenters' list, as even if he has made a significant contribution to hydrogen powered cars, which I personally doubt, this is not really electrolysis research.2corner (talk) 10:48, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Anode consumption
In electrolysis the anode is frequently consumed but this is not (never!) written down as part of the chemical reaction. Especially graphit anodes in aluminium electrolysis is oxydised and "bubbles away" as CO2.

Does anyone have information about the reactions that consume the anode and which preserve them? Would this be a valuable part of the article?

84.160.202.86 17:56, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Very valuable.

That's crap. in electroplating the reactions are significantly about the consumption of the anode in the cases where the anode suplies the cations for plating.

Efficiency
What are some typical efficiencies then? - Omegatron 03:43, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

Numbers are all over the place:

 * "real-world efficiencies range from 83% under laboratory conditions to as low as 66% in a typical commercial-scale facility."
 * "Such a high-temperature system has the potential to achieve overall hydrogen production efficiencies in the 45 to 50 percent range, compared to approximately 30 percent for conventional electrolysis."
 * "With output pressures of 0.2 - 0.5 MPa these processes can reach efficiencies, related to the lower heating value of hydrogen, of around 65%." "Operating efficiencies lie in the 50-60% range for the smaller electrolysers and around 65-70% for the larger plants."
 * "Hydrogen production by electrolysis is about 80% efficient considering only the electricity, but the thermal efficiency of producing that electricity ranges from about 34% in light water reactors to 50% in advanced systems, giving overall efficiencies of 25-40%. A significant investment in electrolytic cells is also required. The oxygen by-product also has value."
 * "Some of NHE’s electrolysers have an efficiency of over 80% (high heating value)." "Efficiency factors for PEM electrolysers up to 94% are predicted, but this is only theoretical at this time." "Another type of steam electrolyser is the German “Hot Elly”; this system can reach an efficiency of 92%."
 * "Norsk Hydro Electrolyzers (NHE) is currently one of the world's leading producers of electrolyzers, and they have an efficiency of about 85%."
 * "The best available technology captures 90% of the energy on a HHV basis and 76% on a LHV basis."

There appears to be a discrepancy between the pure efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen production vs input power, and the same with resistive heating of the water included?

 * "Hydrogen production from natural gas commonly employs a process known as steam reforming. ... Most of the hydrogen utilized by the chemical and petroleum industries is generated with steam reforming. Steam reforming reaches efficiencies of 70% - 90%." - Omegatron 23:57, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

"Just a thought... there is a link to a .pdf file on this page and it uses the Adobe Acrbobat icon. I personally hate the Adobe .pdf view and use a different open source type viewer, I would have to see Adobe become synonymous with pdf files. This is just a general thought for all of wikipedia." (my first post, sorry if it's not to code) Ummmcam 03:24, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

The overview section stating that hydrogen produced by steam reforming has a higher energy output than the electrical energy consumed could be misinterpreted. There should be a simple way to explain that the process of creating steam is also calculated into the overall energy consumed. Only the efficiency of the process of hydrogen output to energy input is raised.I55ere (talk) 15:31, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

OK, so I'm not a member, but I thought you guys might like to know that the sentence "when considering a power plant that converts the heat of nuclear reactions into hydrogen via electrolysis, the total efficiency is more like 25%–40%", doesn't seem to be confirmed at the reference given. 22:45, 23 April 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.150.49.30 (talk)

How does it actually work?
The separation of ions is not necessary for electrolysis, and does not often occur. For instance, when electroplating using copper sulphate solutions, the blue colour of Cu++ ions is uniformly spread in the solution. In a very long tube, or in a gel electrolyte, as used for eletrophoresis, ion separation is seen. 2corner (talk) 05:39, 28 May 2008 (UTC) "At the electrodes, electrons are absorbed or released by the ions, forming concentrations of the desired element or compound. For example, when water is electrolyzed, hydrogen gas (H2) will form at the cathode, and oxygen gas (O2) at the anode."

 * In the beginning of the article, it says that "The source materials is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, or melted, so that constituent ions are available in the solution", so wouldn't the water be the solvent and the salt or other compound which is added be the material to be separated? I think what is actually happening is that water routinely breaks into H+ and OH−.  The H+ goes towards the negative electrode, and the OH− towards the positive.  I think the salt or whatever in this case produces more Hs and OHs?  At the negative electrode the H+s meet up and form H2 somehow, and at the positive electrode...  ???  I don't know.  It's been a while since I took chemistry.  What's actually happening?  — Omegatron 16:31, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh here's a description: . I don't really understand it all, though.  — Omegatron 16:35, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's a page that describes electrolysis of water without the need for an electrolyte.  The water is oxidised at the anode, producing electrons, and reduced at the cathode, consuming electrons.  It works without an electrolyte because pure water has a small  but non-zero ion concentration (10^-7 mol/L per ion, according to ).  Adding an electrolyte just speeds everything up. --Heron 17:41, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

What source materials are typically used to give us the ions?
The reader, at the beginning of the overview, is presented with the phrase "A source material" - a person who is a non scientist sees an undefined idea here... which can throw off his comprehension. It would be nice to add a clause "A source material, such as a metal or..." Would someone with a hands on familiarity with electrolysis be kind enough to add a couple words there?

 * Some electrolytes for water could include sodium chloride NaCl(table salt), sodium hydroxide NaOH (lye), Potassium hydroxide KOH(Potash lye), and Bicarbonate of soda NaHCO3 (baking soda). These are easy to acquire and are simple to use.  Sodium chloride and bicarbonate of soda are safe for beginners to handle.I55ere (talk) 15:01, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

 * ..."Sodium chloride and bicarbonate of soda are safe for beginners to handle.I55ere (talk) 15:01, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I think table salt is not safe for beginners- I read somewhere that it will release poisonous Chlorine gas. Scary, this would be an easy/common error in novice kitchen chemistry! Is Chlorine really released?Electricmic (talk) 02:41, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

DC Circuits
Is electrolysis a type of DC circuit?

--Sean; 24 September 2005

Yes. Most, if not all, electrolysis is done using a DC circuit. --Heron 14:07, 25 September 2005 (UTC) THE KING 04:33, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Quite so. This article doesn't explain very well, and i want to improve it. But basically whether an electrode is +ve or -ve is VERY important as it dictates what chemical reaction will occur at that electrode. Usually these are kept constant (i.e. DC) in order to exploit one of the reactions, for example collecting produced hydrogen. I have built many (large) electrolytic cells in order to fill weather balloons with hyrdogen and detonate them in the air. They produce quite a pleasing bang - especially with some oxygen in there too. Anyway i've built 20L, 60L, and a 200L hyrdogen machine - and would love to talk to the person at the start of this talk page who needed to know more about anode corrosion. Leave a note on my talk page and i'll get into contact with you. Also anyone in Victoria, Australia whos interested in recreational electrolysis (i.e. making and blowing up hyrdogen balloons) give us a yell.

I am currently doing electrolysis of Copper Sulphate. I started using a iron anode (positive) and a copper cathode (negative). The iron anode dissolves into the solution as fast as copper comes out of solution onto the cathode. I then used a Stainless steel anode. This also deteriorated (dissolved) but slowly. Lead Oxide (PbO2) was also used as an anode. The deteriation of PbO2 is even slower. I lost 100g of PbO2 but produced 1kg Copper on the Cathode. In this case the Pb mostly does not go into solution and oxygen comes off the anode to balance things out. I am currently using Iridium Oxide coated Titanium. These anodes do not corrode (better not considering the cost of AU$120 each). The anodes appear to be remaining intact and the solution becomes very acid. Produce about 1kg copper per 5 amps per week. Anodes currently running at between 10 and 15 amps. POWER supplies- I am using the 5V DC terminal of computer power supplies (15 power supplies for 15 anodes) I have 3 cathodes all earthed together. A computer power supply is rated at 20Amps at 5V. Most will go to 25 amps before overload switch cuts in. The anodes are rated at 30 Amps max. Martin Essenberg 03:38, 2 June 2006 (UTC)Martin [why not use copper anode, effectively transferring Cu from anode to material you are plating] —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Military use
Space station is hardly a military installation. I suggest changing the section name to "Other uses". --Michagal 16:06, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

The author makes the claim that a nuclear submarine could remain underwater indefinately. I disagree; at some point the crewmen will run out of a supply of food, am I not correct? If so, that should be changed. --- Darkstaruav 14:35, 9 December 2006

It says submarine, nothing about the people inside it. Just pointing it out --Jon Fawkes 02:11, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hahaha. In that case any vehicle can stay underwater indefinitely. --tigen

 * If I push your car into a nice deep lake, it'll stay there indefinitely. That's not the issue.  The deal with a nuclear submarine is that its nuclear power plant will produce energy for a very long time without refuelling.  (NOT forever - not "indefinitely" - but for many years). If you use it to produce oxygen from hydrolysis of the surrounding seawater, its crew can breathe for as long as the nuclear fuel holds out.  If you use the nuclear reactor to electrolyse water, you can burn it with the hydrogen and oxygen to make pure water for drinking without the need for filtering, desalination, chlorinating or anything like that.  You also have all the electricity you need for heating, cooling, whatever and plenty of motive power for driving the submarine around without surfacing.  That's what they're talking about.  They don't LITERALLY mean "indefinitely" - they mean that electricity, oxygen and drinking water aren't the limiting factor.  With a good supply of dehydrated food, the submarine can stay underwater for a ridiculously long time...but certainly not forever.  From a practical perspective - the sanity of the crew is your biggest limitation. SteveBaker (talk) 21:29, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I have read that the fresh water in submarines is low pressure (vacuum) distilled from the sea water, it requires pump energy (electricity or turning shaft) and perhaps heat to start it but the compressed water vapour is used to warm up the sea water when it is running as it condenses. Electrolysis can be used on the pure water to gain Oxygen.  The waste brine and Hydrogen will be ejected into the sea.  Direct electrolysing of sea water will yield more Chlorine gas than you would want so it is not a practical method of generating pure H2 and O2 and then still having to burn (or fuel cell reform) it to make fresh water.
 * Idyllic press (talk) 19:54, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Damages of electrolysis
It is known fact that electrolysis damages terminals of DC power supply in humid environments. I think this should be mentioned in the article. Car batteries usually have special insulation device on the positive terminal. Communication equipment uses -48V standard power supply to tackle this issue. --Michagal 16:06, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Electrowinning
Should this article also be merged with electrowinning?

potassium dichromate
What reaction will occur at anode in the electrolysis of potassium dichromate? What product will be formed???Superdvd 10:53, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Dichromate is reduced to chromium(III). Bbi5291 18:48, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Reduction normally happens at the cathode, and I believe that dichromate would be reduced to chromium(III) there. At the anode, oxidation normally occurs. The most likely reactions would be oxidation of water to oxygen gas (if using an noble metal electrode such as platinum), or the corrosion of the electrode (if using a base metal electrode such as copper): Pt anode: 2 H2O --> O2 + 2 H+ + 2 electrons ;

Cu anode: Cu --> Cu++ + 2 electrons. 2corner (talk) 09:34, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

definition?
I am not certain, but the deffinition, to me, would seem to be a bit inadiquite and lacks detail... anyone agree?
 * I think that it should include the fact that the compound/element must either be dissolved, melted or the anode/cathode in some cases.

I agree...though with predescending thoughts.[ZHK]

any ideas on this? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by BenHowes (talk • contribs) 16:41, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

Etymology of the word might be interesting. Does electro lysis mean to cut using electricity?Electricmic (talk) 02:45, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Picture?
I think the article needs a picture... 154.20.151.165 03:54, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I changed the spelling in the caption see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter
 * In the diagram, the electrodes seem a bit low - in our school voltammeter, the electrodes are above the cross piece to keep the gases made separate.
 * Skihatboatbike (talk) 15:06, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I also think it would be a better illustration of an apparatus if the electrodes were raised higher than the cross pipe to maintain the safe separation of the gas products though some commercially sold units have low electrodes that are not a serious problem if the apparatus is vertical.
 * I believe it would also be a bit more typical if the gas volumes in the two arms were in some other ratio than 1:1, say 2:1 like in a typical water electrolysis experiment.
 * Idyllic press (talk) 20:47, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Replace Copper in First Paragraph
Copper has a long history of being smelted and used from simple ores. Does anyone have an objection to replacing copper with aluminum? Until fairly recently (1850's) aluminum was more valuable than gold precisely because it requires an electrical current to separate from its ore.--Legomancer 02:00, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

The Other Electrolysis
Although science-minded people like us think of the chemical kind of electrolysis first, there's also cosmetic electrolysis, i.e., the hair removal process. Some articles (Rita Hayworth for one) link to this article in reference to the cosmetic procedure, which is pretty strange, as I'm pretty sure Rita's water and other molecules stayed mostly bonded throughout her life. Recommend the creation of a separate article, something like "Electrolysis (cosmetic)", unless someone has a better idea. --Iritscen 19:28, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There is already a link to Electrology at the top of the page, but maybe it is not clear from the wording that this is the cosmetic procedure. --PeR 09:43, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ahh, I missed that somehow. Thanks for clarifying, and for fixing the link from Rita's article. --Iritscen 17:20, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyright infringement / plagiarism; please remedy
Entire portions of the electrolysis entry were plagiarized from the web site of CR Scientific LLC without providing so much as a link or reference.

I should know. I am the original author of the following. In fact, I spent a great deal of time on the wording:

"In electrolysis, the anode is the positive electrode, meaning it has a deficit of electrons; species in contact with the anode can be stripped of electrons (i.e., they are oxidized). The cathode is the negative electrode, meaning it has a surplus of electrons. Species in contact with the cathode tend to gain electrons (i.e., they are reduced)."

"A higher current flow (amperage) through the cell means it will be passing more electrons through it at any given time. This means a faster rate of reduction at the cathode and a faster rate of oxidation at the anode. This corresponds to a greater number of moles of product. The amount of current that passes depends on the conductance of the electrodes and electrolyte, though it also depends on how much current the power source itself can generate.

Current also makes a difference in that it can shift chemical equilibria by sheer mass action. The processes in an electrolytic cell with just two or three reactants can become very complex. Most of the time it is best to search the literature to see what current density works best for a desired process. For instance, metals plated at a certain current density might form a durable and shiny coating on the substrate, whereas some other current density might form an excessively grainy, dull coating.

A higher potential difference (voltage) applied to the cell means the cathode will have more energy to bring about reduction, and the anode will have more energy to bring about oxidation. Higher potential difference enables the electrolytic cell to oxidize and reduce energetically more "difficult" compounds. This can drastically change what products will form in a given experiment. On a practical level, both current and voltage determine what will form in a cell."

-

Although it is flattering that someone chose my company's article as a source for a Wikipedia entry, the manner in which it was handled was inappropriate and represents a copyright violation.

I suggest that the article be edited as soon as possible to remedy the infringement; while CR Scientific LLC has no problem with quotations and paraphrasing, plagiarism of our articles is unacceptable.

In the meantime I am going to read over the rest of the article to see if any other phrases have been lifted directly. We have CD archives of our articles going back several years in the event there is any confusion.

Sincerely, Christian Thorsten

CR Scientific LLC —Preceding unsigned comment added by Crsci9 (talk • contribs) 13:26, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I have removed the infringing text from the article. Someone should check the article to ensure that it continues to make sense with these paragraphs removed. - Mark 14:43, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

efficiency of electrolysis
I may be wrong, but I am pretty sure the definition and usage of the term Lower Calorific Value is wrong, and I have corrected it to what I think is correct. Engineman (talk) 09:17, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

electrolysis of sewage
Penn State and Oregon State University both have projects to do this. The advantage of sewage over plain water is that with water you often need to add ions. Sewage already has ions in it, so it is already a good conductor of electricity. Sewage is also something that we already want to reduce in volume, and the removal of the H2 and the accompanying O2 from it accomplishes a size reduction, and produces at least one useful thing. Part of sewage treatment is the process of "dewatering", and the electrolytic producton of hydrogen from sewage does this. Furthermore, if you can condense the water that reoccurs when the Hydrogen has been "burned" you have clean water. John5Russell3Finley (talk) 15:51, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Error in E values for electrolysis of water
In the section Competing half-reactions in solution electrolysis these values for the oxidation and reductions of water are quoted:

the electrode potential for the reduction producing hydrogen is −0.41 V   the electrode potential for the oxidation producing oxygen is +0.82 V

I think they are wrong. As they are, they seem to suggest that the electrolysis of water is a spontaneous change, when it clearly is not. The literature quotes the reduction of water to produce hydrogen gas as -0.83 V and the oxidation of water to produce oxygen gas as -1.23 V. Whoever added those values has mixed them up pretty badly.

Before I change them, I hope someone can verify that I am correct in this. rrh02 (talk) 00:55, 06 February 2019 (UTC)

References to electrochemical cell
The text that states the processes in the electrochemical cell are the "reverse" of electrolysis are just wrong. If cells were the "reverse process" then ionic solutions would spontaneously generate electricity - this does not happen. The cell has a specific setup and relies on differences in electrode potential. I have tried to clarify this. Clive long (talk) 09:32, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * reversible - surely they are if you take account of the gaseous components of H2 and Cl2 - for example when  hydrogen chloride  solutions are electrolysed then the creation of bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen at the cathode and anode create an overpotential- try stopping a cell and then putting a voltmeter across there is a temporary reverse emf - effectively electrolysis has created a short lived "hydrogen" electrode and a "chlorine" electrode  which connected externally form a galvanic cell. The effect would persist if H2 and Cl2 were continuously bubbled over the electrodes.--Axiosaurus (talk) 15:22, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

The incorrect diagram of an electrochemical cell has reappeared at the top of the article. This is not a setup that performs electrolysis and is quite misleading to people who are unfamiliar with electrolysis. I will work to find a royalty free diagram of an electrrolysis cell or draw my own and replace the one that has been reinserted on the page Clive long (talk) 08:19, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Problems with section.
The following section has a few blatant mistakes but more important implies rationals that are false. First off electrolysis a NaCl solution results in Chloralkali process unless electrocatalysts are used that can facilitate the two half reactions involved in splitting hydrogen. Platinum is one such electrocatalyst. Furthmore if a Zn electrode is used the Zn doesn't dissolve it is oxidized from Zn to Zn2+ in because Zn2+ has a more negative reduction potentials than O2. The reason "reactive metal electrodes" aren't used to produce "large quantities of hydrogen" is because the implied alloys are poor electrocatalysts, contamination issues are not a major concern with current technology. I'm not sure where this content came from but it needs to be cited if it returns in any form.--OMCV (talk) 02:49, 29 June 2009 (UTC) Electrolysis of water can be observed by passing direct current from a battery or other DC power supply through a cup of water (in practice a salt water solution increases the reaction intensity making it easier to observe). Using metallic electrodes, hydrogen gas will be seen to bubble up at the cathode, and oxygen will bubble at the anode. If metals other than platinum or stainless steel are used as the anode, there is a chance that the oxygen will react with the anode instead of being released as a gas, or that the anode will dissolve. For example, using iron electrodes in a sodium chloride solution electrolyte, iron oxides will be produced at the anode. With zinc electrodes in a sodium chloride electrolyte, the anode will dissolve, producing zinc ions (Zn2+) in the solution, and no oxygen will be formed. When producing large quantities of hydrogen, the use of reactive metal electrodes can significantly contaminate the electrolytic cell - which is why iron electrodes are not usually used for commercial electrolysis. Electrodes made of stainless steel can be used because they will not react with the oxygen.

Electrolyte (Electrochemistry)/electrolysis
From the Electrochemistry section(in the electrolyte page): "instead, a chemical reaction occurs at the cathode consuming electrons from the anode, and another reaction occurs at the anode producing electrons to be taken up by the cathode."

This apparently seems contradictory to what that is in Process of electrolysis on the electrolysis page, which says:

"Positively-charged ions (cations) move towards the electron-providing (negative) cathode, whereas negatively-charged ions (anions) move towards the positive anode."

The Electrochemistry section states that the cathode consumes electrons [?what does "from the anode" mean?] and the anode produces electrons. However, the electrolysis page states that the cathode provides the electrons, which would mean that the anode takes up the electrons.

Isn't there something wrong? PS I also posted this on the electrolyte talk page since this concerns both pages. 218.186.9.231 (talk) 15:53, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

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unclear law
Quote: ...at the electrodes is directly proportional to their equivalent weight.

1. To who's equivalent weight? The electrodes?

2. Is "equivalent weight" a special term from physics or just saying that the mass of released material is proportional to the equivalent weight of the  ?

פשוט pashute ♫ (talk) 14:05, 5 September 2017 (UTC)

DC is not a requirement
Direct current is in no way a requirement. Electrolysis is a phenomenon whereby chemical reactions occur due to an electric current. It doesn't matter what form. However, for nearly all practical applications, DC is used. But in fields such as analytical electrochemistry, AC is used (e.g., cyclic voltammetry). This article needs to clearly differentiate between the phenomenon and its exploitation. 71.50.180.112 (talk) 15:49, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

History of electrolysis
I'm going to add some more to the history about some other scientists who helped develop the idea, such as Luigi Galvani and Sir Humphrey Davy. Makaylacg (talk) 01:59, 1 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrolysis


text:
Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering

Padmabhushan Vasantdada Patil Pratishthan's College of Engineering (PVPP COE) is an engineering college in Mumbai, India, established in 1990.

The college is a tribute to the late Shri Vasantdada Patil, the Sahakar Maharshi and former Chief Minister of Maharashtra. It is registered under Societies’ Registration Act, 1860 and Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. Former deputy Prime Minister Yeshwantrao Chavan laid the foundation of the college.

Established in 1990, the college is spread over a total area of 300000 sqft. It is located in the centre of Mumbai, on the Eastern Express Highway at Sion. It is approved by the Government of Maharashtra, University of Mumbai, and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) to conduct degree courses in electronics and telecommunications, computer engineering, and information technology engineering.

Notable alumni

 * Suresh Shyamlal Gupta, Politician and activist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Bettina Goislard

Bettina Goislard (11 November 1974 – 16 November 2003) was a French employee of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), assigned to its mission in Afghanistan. She was the first United Nations worker to be killed in that country since the fall of the Taliban in December 2001.

Goislard, the daughter of career diplomat Bernard Goislard and his English wife, was born in Saumur, France. She got a degree in Arabic in Paris and Cairo. After graduation, was hired by the UNHCR in June 1999 for a field assignment in Rwanda. She spent almost three years there, assisting refugees to return. She then moved on to Guinea and then Afghanistan in June 2002.

In Afghanistan, she was involved in the UNHCR's efforts to help about 50,000 displaced Afghan refugees return to their homes in and around the city of Ghazni in the southeast of the country.

On 16 November 2003, while driving through the streets of Ghazni in a clearly identified UNHCR vehicle, she was shot at point-blank range by two men on a motorcycle. She was pronounced dead upon arrival at a hospital some minutes later. Her two assailants were caught and beaten by a local crowd, and then taken into custody by local security forces.

On 18 November 2003, the Taliban claimed responsibility for her murder, citing Goislard's Christianity as their motivation. The UN immediately scaled back its efforts in Afghanistan, withdrawing its international refugee workers from four provinces. Two days later, in accordance with her wishes, Bettina Goislard was buried in Kabul.

On 10 February 2004, her two assailants Zia Ahmad and Abdul Nabi, both government employees under the former Taliban régime, were convicted of the murder and sentenced to be executed. The men are said to be planning an appeal against the decision. A month later, Taliban rebels kidnapped a Turkish highway engineer and his Afghan driver and threatened to kill them unless Ahmad and Nabi were released. The Turkish engineer and his Afghan driver were released unconditionally a few months later.

title: Bettina Goislard


text:
Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address

Abraham Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address on Saturday, March 4, 1865, during his second inauguration as President of the United States. At a time when victory over secessionists in the American Civil War was within days and slavery in all of the U.S. was near an end, Lincoln did not speak of happiness, but of sadness. Some see this speech as a defense of his pragmatic approach to Reconstruction, in which he sought to avoid harsh treatment of the defeated rebels by reminding his listeners of how wrong both sides had been in imagining what lay before them when the war began four years earlier. Lincoln balanced that rejection of triumphalism, however, with recognition of the unmistakable evil of slavery. The address is inscribed, along with the Gettysburg Address, in the Lincoln Memorial.

Sources and theme
Lincoln used his second inaugural address to touch on the question of Divine providence. He wondered what God's will might have been in allowing the war to come, and why it had assumed the terrible dimensions it had taken. He endeavored to address some of these dilemmas, using allusions taken from the Bible.

Lincoln reiterates the cause of the war, slavery, in saying that "slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war."

The words "wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces" are an allusion to the Fall of Man in the Book of Genesis. As a result of Adam's sin, God tells Adam that henceforth "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return".

Lincoln's phrase, "but let us judge not, that we be not judged," is an allusion to the words of Jesus in which in the King James Version reads, "Judge not, that ye be not judged."

Lincoln quotes another of Jesus' sayings: "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." Lincoln's quoted language comes from ; a similar discourse by Jesus appears in.

Lincoln suggests that the death and destruction wrought by the war was divine retribution to the U.S. for possessing slavery, saying that God may will that the war continue "until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword", and that the war was the country's "woe due". The quotation "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether" is from.

The closing paragraph contains two additional glosses from scripture "let us strive on to... bind up the nation's wounds" is a reworking of. Also, "to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan" relies on.

Lincoln's point seems to be that God's purposes are not directly knowable to humans, and represents a theme that he had expressed earlier. After Lincoln's death, his secretaries found among his papers an undated manuscript now generally known as the "Meditations on the Divine Will." In that manuscript, Lincoln wrote:

 * The will of God prevails—In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may be, and one must be wrong. God cannot be for, and against the same thing at the same time. In the present civil war it is quite possible that God's purpose is somewhat different from the purpose of either party—and yet the human instrumentalities, working just as they do, are of the best adaptation to effect this.

Lincoln's sense that the divine will was unknowable stood in marked contrast to sentiments popular at the time. In the popular mind, both sides of the Civil War assumed that they could read God's will and assumed His favor in their opposing causes. Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" expressed sentiments common among the supporters of the U.S. cause, that the U.S. was waging a righteous war that served God's purposes. "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord..." Similarly, the Confederacy chose Deo vindice as its motto, often translated as "God will vindicate us." Lincoln, responding to compliments from Thurlow Weed on the speech, said that "... I believe it is not immediately popular. Men are not flattered by being shown that there has been a difference of purpose between the Almighty and them."

In popular culture

 * An excerpt of the speech was dramatized in the 2012 Steven Spielberg film Lincoln, with Daniel Day-Lewis portraying Lincoln.
 * An excerpt of the speech was dramatized in the two-hour 2013 National Geographic Channel political docudrama Killing Lincoln, with Billy Campbell portraying Lincoln.
 * American composer Vincent Persichetti used text from the speech for his work A Lincoln Address that had been scheduled for President Richard Nixon's inaugural concert January 19, 1973, but was removed from the program after someone in the administration read the text and decided the President would be embarrassed by the excerpt "Fondly do we hope ... that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away." Ironically, four days later, the Vietnam Peace Accords were signed.


text:
User:Hemanshu/J P Desai

Dr. J P Desai is Principal of '''P V P P College of Engineering. He has a PhD in civil engineering from University of Roorkee.

Born: 20th January, 1939 to Paragji Gulabbhai Desai and Paliben Paragji Desai

title: User:Hemanshu/J P Desai


text:
Music of Denmark

The earliest traces of Danish music go back to the many twisting Bronze-Age horns or lurs which some experts have identified as musical instruments. They have been discovered in various parts of Scandinavia, mostly Denmark, since the end of the 18th century. Denmark's most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen, especially remembered for his six symphonies, while the Royal Danish Ballet specializes in the work of Danish choreographer August Bournonville. Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired an international reputation. The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of note, including MØ, Dizzy Mizz Lizzy, Lukas Graham, D-A-D, Tina Dico, Aqua, The Raveonettes, Michael Learns to Rock, Volbeat, Alphabeat, Safri Duo, Medina, Oh Land, Kashmir, King Diamond, Outlandish, and Mew. Lars Ulrich is the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Origins
The earliest traces of Danish music go back to the many twisting Bronze-Age horns or lurs which some experts have identified as musical instruments. They have been discovered in various parts of Scandinavia, mostly Denmark, since the end of the 18th century.

In his Gesta Danorum (c.1200), historian Saxo Grammaticus refers to the power that music had over King Erik the Kind-Hearted. In the 13th and early 14th centuries, German minnesingers such as Tannhäuser and Frauenlob sang in the Danish courts. The Codex Runicus (c.1300) contains a verse written in runes with a non-rhythmic musical notation. The first line is Drømdæ mik æn drøm i nat (I Dreamed Me a Dream Last Night). There is also evidence that English monks came to Denmark to sing at a celebration commemorating St Canute, who died in 1086. In 1145, Lund Cathedral received Scandinavia's first choir statues, and by 1330 it was one of the larger churches to have an organ installed.

Historical influences
The greatest influence on the evolution of music in Denmark has certainly been the monarchy. At the time of his coronation in 1448, Christian I engaged a permanent corps of trumpeters, and by 1519 the court had a corps of court singers and an instrumental ensemble as well. The collections of works used by the chapel royal under Christian III in the middle of the 16th century were based on Dutch, Italian, French and German masters. Christian IV spent considerable sums of money on training local musicians and bringing foreign masters to Denmark. Mogens Pedersøn, one of his Danish musicians who had studied in Venice under Giovanni Gabrieli, became one of Denmark's most important composers of church music. His principal work Pratum spirituale was a collection of 21 Danish hymns in five-part settings, a mass in five parts, three Latin motets and a number of Danish and Latin choral responses. It was published in Copenhagen in 1620 and is still performed today.

Under the influence of Louis XIV of France, music for the theatre was established in Denmark during the reigns of Frederik III and Christian V when lavish court ballets were performed. This soon led to opera and the performance of Der vereinigte Götterstreit composed by Povl Christian Schindler on Christian's birthday in 1689. Although it was a great success, there was little interest in opera after the theatre caught fire a few days later causing 180 deaths.

In 1569, shortly after the Reformation, Denmark's first hymn book, Thomesens Salmebog, was published with music for the individual hymns.

Dieterich Buxtehude (c. 1637–1707) was a Danish composer and organist, a highly regarded composer of the Baroque period. His organ works comprise a central part of the standard organ repertoire and are frequently performed at recitals and church services. But he is most remembered for his vocal compositions.

Opera, song and concerts
Frederik IV opened a new opera house in Copenhagen in 1703, the first performance being an opera by the Italian Bartolomeo Bernardi. Reinhard Keiser, the prolific opera composer from Hamburg, presented his works in Copenhagen from 1721 to 1723. In 1748 Den Danske Skueplads (the Danish Theatre) moved into a new building and in 1779 Det Kongelige Kapel (the Royal Danish Orchestra) became a permanent attachment.

Pietro Mingotti, from Venice, who had formed an opera company was invited to Copenhagen by Queen Louise in 1747. His members included Christoph Willibald Gluck and Giuseppe Sarti. In 1756, Sarti provided the music for the first syngespil which, in the early 1790s, became established as a popular national genre with Høstgildet (the Harvest Celebration) and Peters Bryllup (Peter's Wedding). Both were composed by Johann Abraham Peter Schulz. Johann Hartmann is remembered for his two operas on texts by Johannes Ewald in which he helped creating a national musical style. The first of these, Balders Død, builds on the old Nordic mythology and uses dark colours when depicting the old Gods and Valkyries. The second, Fiskerne, describes contemporary fishermen's lives, and uses melodies inspired by the Scandinavian folk style.

Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse, from Altona, who was a pupil of Schulz, is remembered above all for his Danish songs, hymns and carols, which remain popular to this day. But he also composed religious music, piano pieces, and symphonies.

Friedrich Kuhlau wrote Elverhøj (Elves' Hill) (1828), which contains the music for Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast, a Danish national anthem. Elverhøj is considered to be the first Danish national play and has been performed in Denmark more than any other play. Kuhlau was also a pianist who brought Beethoven's piano music to Denmark.

Schulz and Kunzen both gained importance as a result of their influence as chief conductors at the Royal Theatre. They brought the best of European music to Danish audiences. Weyse and Kuhlau contributed not only to orchestral and chamber music, but also to the popular repertory, Weyse with secular and religious songs and Kuhlau with chamber music suitable for amateur musicians.

Another successful composer and conductor in the mid-20th century was Emil Reesen (1887–1964), who is remembered above all for his highly successful operetta Farinelli (1942), which is still popular today.

Opera has continued to figure prominently on the Danish music scene, thanks in part to the Copenhagen Opera House, which was opened in the year 2005. Although the majority of performances cover the works of the well-known European composers, Danish operas are also included from time to time. In 2010, with the involvement of the ambitious young artistic director Kasper Bech Holten, there were performances of Poul Ruders' new work Kafka's Trial, while in recent years works by both John Frandsen and Bent Sørensen have been part of the repertoire as well.

The Golden Age
The 19th century saw the emergence of a number of Danish composers inspired by Romantic nationalism. Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann (1805–1900), apart from opera and ballet music, contributed to song and the piano repertory. From 1843 until his death, he was the organist at the Church of Our Lady. His works are not only romantic but often inspired by the old Nordic legends. According to Alfred Einstein, it was he who really founded Danish romanticism, if not Scandinavian romanticism altogether. His works had a great influence on the next generation of composers such as Edvard Grieg and Carl Nielsen.

Hans Christian Lumbye (1810–1874) was employed as the first music director at the Copenhagen amusement park Tivoli when it opened in 1843. Here he had a platform for presenting a large foreign and Danish repertory, including his many waltzes and galops. In 1839, he had heard a Viennese orchestra play music by Johann Strauss, after which he composed in the same style, eventually earning the nickname "The Strauss of the North". One of his most popular pieces, associated with Tivoli, is Champagnegaloppen (the Champagne Galop), which starts with the happy sound of a champagne cork popping. It has been used in several Danish films including Reptilicus (1961), and Champagnegaloppen (1938).

Niels W. Gade (1817–1890) participated in the development of Musikforeningen (the Music Society) which had been founded in 1836 with the purpose of extending and improving the understanding of classical music. He became its conductor in 1850, and under his management a number of masterpieces of choral music were given their first performance in Denmark, among them Bach's St. Matthew Passion in 1875.

At the conservatory in Copenhagen he helped teach future generations, including Edvard Grieg and Carl Nielsen. In the spirit of Romantic nationalism, he composed eight symphonies, a violin concerto, chamber music, organ and piano pieces and a number of large-scale cantatas, among them Elverskud (The Elf King's Daughter), the most famous Danish work of its kind.

Many other composers were part of this "Golden Age" of Danish music, among which Peter Heise, Emil Hartmann, August Winding, C.F.E. Horneman or Asger Hamerik.

Another major contributor to the Golden Age was August Bournonville (1805–1879), the renowned ballet master and choreographer. From 1830 to 1877, he was the choreographer at the Royal Danish Ballet, for which he created more than 50 ballets admired for their exuberance, lightness, and beauty. He created a style which, although influenced by the Paris ballet, is entirely his own. Bournonville's best-known works are La Sylphide (1836), Napoli (1842), Le Conservatoire (1849), The Kermesse in Bruges (1851) and A Folk Tale (1854). He drew on a number of different composers including Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann, Holger Simon Paulli and Niels Gade. The ballets are widely performed today, not only in Denmark but worldwide, especially in the United States.

The Carl Nielsen era
As a result of problems with Germany, Denmark's attitude during the first half of the 20th century became nationalistic and introverted. The two leading figures, Carl Nielsen and Thomas Laub revived interest in the purer music of earlier periods such as the Renaissance.

 * Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), now an internationally recognized composer, was the dominant figure in Danish music and musical life from the end of the 1890s until well into the 20th century. He had grown up in a small village on Funen but, by performing with folk musicians as a child and as a bugler in the army, he was able to enter the music conservatory in Copenhagen in 1884. By the time he took over Gade's role around 1900, Denmark's music scene was firmly established with strong popular interest and support. Nielsen's orchestral music, including six symphonies and concertos for flute, violin, and clarinet, is widely performed. Indeed, the success of his First Symphony when it was played in Berlin in 1896 paved the way for his growing reputation. The Third Symphony (1912), which contains wordless vocal solos, was performed in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Finland within the first two years. The Fourth Symphony (1916) featuring a battle between two sets of timpani is the one which has been most widely recorded. Maskarade (1906), a three-act opera based on the play by Ludwig Holberg, is regarded as the Danish national opera. Nielsen also composed the opera Saul og David (1901) which offers marvellous chorus scenes. Another important choral work is the cantata Hymnus amoris (1896), a beautiful composition for choir and orchestra. He is also remembered for the incidental music he wrote for Adam Oehlenschläger's play Aladdin as well as for the songs he set to music, many of which are still popular in Denmark.
 * Thomas Laub (1852–1927), an organist, was devoted to reintroducing the old Protestant hymn tunes which had been forgotten or altered over the years. He published a number of important works including Kirkemelodier (Church Melodies) (1890), Udvalg af Salme-Melodier i Kirkestil (Selected Hymn Tunes in the Church Style) (1896 and 1902), Dansk Kirkesang (Danish Church Song) (1918) and Musik og Kirke (Music and Church) (1920). Laub also wrote folk song music and together with Carl Nielsen published En Snes danske Viser (A Set of Danish Folk Songs) (1917).
 * Rued Langgaard (1893–1952), a late-Romantic composer, was not fully recognized until 16 years after his death. He was inspired by his conviction that music had a spiritual power and was therefore important for mankind. He was a prolific composer, completing over 400 works representing over 50 hours of music. His Symphony No. 1 Klippepastoraler (Rock Pastorals) is in the late-romantic style, reminiscent of Anton Bruckner while Symphony No. 10 Din Torden-Bolig (Your Dwelling of Thunder) is also majestic, but more in the style of Richard Strauss

Contemporary composers
In addition to those specialising in rock, folk and electronic music, Denmark has a number of contemporary composers who have been successful in writing classical music covering a variety of genres. Among the most successful are:

 * Niels Viggo Bentzon (1919-2000) who wrote in a largely neoclassical style 24 symphonies, 16 string quartets, 31 piano sonatas, operas and many more works.
 * Per Nørgård (born 1932) has composed works in all major genres: six operas, two ballets, seven symphonies and other pieces for orchestra, several concertos, choral and vocal works, an enormous number of chamber works, ten string quartets and several solo instrumental works. The conductor Sergiu Celibidache once precisely expressed the potential of Nørgård's large-scale, faultless creation: "Only the mind of a new time in the new millennium will be able to understand the scope of Nørgård’s music."
 * Anders Koppel (born 1947) has had an extremely versatile career in rock, classical and world music. He has composed the music for eight ballets with the Danish Dance Theatre, 50 theatrical plays and for more than 100 movies.

 * Poul Ruders (born 1949) is known internationally for the music he has written for choir, chamber ensemble, and solo instruments, which are frequently performed outside Denmark. It is however is orchestral music, especially his symphonies and concertos, which is most appreciated in Denmark.
 * Hans Abrahamsen (born 1952) is one of the most notable contemporary composers whose works have evolved from his initial New Simplicity style leading to his internationally successful Nacht und Trompeten.

Other notable contemporary composers include Bent Sørensen, and Pelle Gudmundsen-Holmgreen (both winners of the Nordic Council Music Prize), and Frederik Magle (compositions for the Danish royal family).

Light Classical
One of the most universally known pieces of Danish music is the Jalousie 'Tango Tzigane' (1925) composed by Jacob Gade. It has been used in countless films, such as the classic Danish sex comedy I Tvillingernes tegn (1975), where it is the centerpiece of a big nude dancing production number set in the 1930s, and Sally Potter's The Man Who Cried (2000), with Johnny Depp playing a gypsy in the 1920s.

A special position is occupied by Bent Fabricius-Bjerre (b. 1924), who has written music for Danish films and television series such as  Matador  in his highly individual style. The signature tune Alley Cat quickly won international success in the same class as Gade's tango.

Jazz
Jazz has been one of Denmark's most important musical developments over the past century. Its origins can be traced to Valdemar Eiberg's band in 1923 and their recordings the following year. But it was in 1925, when Sam Wooding brought his orchestra to Copenhagen that the Danish music scene was properly introduced to the genre. Early Danish jazz was influenced by three classically trained musicians: Erik Tuxen (1902–1957), who created one of the country's first jazz bands, Bernhard Christensen (1906–2004), a composer of both jazz and classical music, and Sven Møller Kristensen (1909–1991) who wrote lyrics for Christensen as well as a number of books about jazz.

As jazz became more popular in the 1930s, one of the rising stars was the talented violinist Svend Asmussen (1916–2017) who made his first recordings in 1934 at the age of 18 and was still playing with his quartet more than 70 years later.

During the German occupation in the 1940s, jazz was discouraged but many musicians continued to perform while others escaped to Sweden, including drummer Uffe Baadh. Indeed, the period became known as "The Golden Age of Jazz" as the number of concerts in hotels and restaurants increased and the number of recordings rose from about 180 in 1935–1939 to over 650 from 1940 to 1945.

Following World War II, Danish jazz musicians began to split into an older guard, which maintained the style of older New Orleans jazz, and newer musicians who favored the bebop style of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie that was then emerging in America. The former were represented by musicians such as pianist Adrian Bentzon, trombonist Papa Bue, and trumpeter Theis Jensen, while the latter included saxophonist Max Brüel, bassist Erik Moseholm, and trumpeter Jørgen Ryg.

In the early 1960s, when there was something of a revival, the Jazzhus Montmartre opened in Copenhagen, reflecting the atmosphere of clubs in Paris and New York City. It soon became a major venue for both Danish and American artists. Many Americans moved to Denmark including Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon, Ben Webster, Lee Konitz and many others. The American pianist Kenny Drew formed a trio with drummer Alex Riel and bassist Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen which became a staple at Jazzhus Montmartre. Danish musicians also began to explore free jazz in the 1960s with saxophonist John Tchicai the most prominent proponent. In parallel, a more mainstream wing evolved, including saxophonist Jesper Thilo.

As rock music became more popular in the 1970s, jazz's popularity waned, but it continues to be supported in venues such as the Copenhagen Jazzhouse and the Jazz Club Loco, as well as at the annual Copenhagen Jazz Festival. Danish jazz musicians continue to find unity in diversity, exploring a wide range of feelings and genres and bringing new strength to contemporary jazz as it unfolds in all its shapes and sizes. Prominent jazz musicians today include Carsten Dahl, Jørgen Emborg, Thomas Clausen, Fredrik Lundin, Marilyn Mazur, Mads Vinding, Ib Glindemann, Jakob Bro, Chris Minh Doky and his brother Niels Lan Doky.

The organization JazzDanmark, funded by the Danish government, works to promote jazz in Denmark and Danish jazz abroad.

Rock
In the early days of rock and beat, some Danish artists quickly adapted this new type of music with success. Bands like Peter og Ulvene, Sir Henry and his Butlers, The Beefeaters and later on Steppeulvene (the Steppenwolves), Alrune Rod and Savage Rose were among the popular bands in Denmark throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. Still, Danish rock and pop music in those days resembled more of German schlager than American or British rock.

The Danish rock scene thrived in the 1970s when groups drew on trends in the United States and Britain. Many consider their style to be Danish although this seems mainly to be due to the language of the songs and the way they fit into the national agenda. The most successful have been Gasolin', Shu-Bi-Dua, Sebastian, Anne Linnet, Gnags, TV-2, and more recently Magtens Korridorer. Kim Larsen who had played with Gasolin' went on to become a very successful solo artist in his own right while Sebastian has composed a number of successful musicals for theatre and film. The versatile Anne Linnet is still popular in Denmark today.

Until fairly recently, few Danish rock groups had been successful outside Denmark. An exception was D-A-D (formerly Disneyland After Dark) who had a hit with Sleeping My Day Away in the early 1990s. Today, however, with the Music Export Denmark initiative, several rock bands are doing increasingly well internationally. These include Mew, Iceage, Volbeat, Kashmir, The Raveonettes, and Blue Van.

Other rock artists worth mentioning are The Kissaway Trail, Junior Senior, Nephew, Carpark North, Saybia, VETO, Swan Lee, Dúné, Volbeat and Dizzy Mizz Lizzy which has just had a revival.

Famous Danish rock and metal musicians include Lars Ulrich, the drummer and co-founder of Metallica, Mike Tramp, the vocalist and co-songwriter of White Lion, and Kim Bendix Petersen, aka King Diamond, vocalist of Danish heavy metal band Mercyful Fate and the eponymous King Diamond.

The annual Roskilde Festival is held in Danish city of Roskilde. The festival is the second-largest in Europe with ticket sales normally running from 70,000 to 100,000. The festival has featured many prominent artists (mainly rock), such as Nirvana, Guns N' Roses, Slipknot, Kings of Leon, U2, Bob Dylan, Black Sabbath and Green Day, and there has also been an emphasis on world music, alternative genres and Danish music at the festival. In 2000, the festival suffered a terrible accident during a Pearl Jam concert where nine people were crushed by the wild crowds, making security a primary issue of the following festivals. The festival has suffered no further incidents of the kind.

Pop

As with rock music, the Danish pop scene has recently benefitted from the Music Export Denmark initiative.
 * Thomas Helmig is one of the most popular Danish pop artists who has won awards at the Danish Music Awards (DMA) eight times.
 * Tina Dico is a Danish singer-songwriter who has won several prizes including awards at the Danish Music Awards in 2004 and 2006. Her most famous songs are "Welcome Back Colour", "Count To Ten", "Copenhagen", "Warm Sand", "Nobody's Man", "Sacre Coeur", "Open Wide", "On The Run" and "Moon To Let". She is also very popular in the UK when she collaborated with the band Zero 7 in 2003 with whom she also made the popular song "Home". Tina is also known as the owner of her own record label called Finest Gramophone.
 * Medina is currently one of the most successful artists of this country and she is known in most European countries, US and Mexico. She sings both in Danish and English. She has made about ten singles in the top 2 of Denmark. Most famous is the song Kun for Mig ("Only for me"), other popular songs are Ensom, Vi to, For altid, Velkommen Til Medina, Synd For Dig, Kl. 10, Addiction and Gutter.
 * Karen Marie Ørsted, better known by her stage name MØ, is a Danish singer-songwriter signed to Sony Music Entertainment. She has also featured in hit-singles including "Lean On", which charted number one in over 20 countries, and "Cold Water", which features Canadian singer Justin Bieber.
 * Oh Land is a Danish singer-songwriter with great success in Europe and the US. She had her TV debut on the Late Show with David Letterman with her song "Son of a Gun" in 2010. She has been touring around the US with stars like Katy Perry in 2011. Another of her popular songs is White nights released in 2011.
 * Aura is another successful singer who in 2010 reached the top of the charts in Germany and was doing well in the rest of Europe.
 * Infernal are a popular group who have progressed in Europe with singers Lina Rafn and Paw Lagermann. Their most successful hits have been "From Paris to Berlin" and "Ten Miles".
 * Agnes Obel is a Danish singer-songwriter. Her first album, Philharmonics, was released by PIAS Recordings on 4 October 2010 in Denmark, Norway, Germany and other European countries. Since February 2011, Philharmonics is certified double platinum. In November 2011, Obel won at the Danish Music Awards five prizes for : Best Album of the Year, Best Pop Release of the Year, Best Debut Artist of the Year, Best Female Artist of the Year and Best Songwriter of the Year. Her most famous song is "Riverside".
 * Fallulah is a Danish young pop music songwriter and singer. She is known for her debut single I Lay My Head which was the prequel to the album The Black Cat Neighbourhood. Other popular songs from this album are Give Us a Little Love and Out of It. Fallulah's music can be accounted to the pop music genre but according to her own statements is a mix of indie rock and Balkan beats, which adds a hint of folklore to her productions.
 * Rasmus Seebach is a Danish singer-songwriter who sings in his mother tongue language. He has had great success in the Scandianvian countries. Among his most successful songs are Lidt i fem, Natteravn and I mine øjne.
 * Alphabeat, have been successful in the UK with top 20 hits Fascination, 10,000 Nights and The Spell.
 * Burhan G is a Danish R&B and pop singer, songwriter and producer of Kurdish/Turkish origin. In 2010 he was certified platinum in Denmark for his album Burhan G. He has had many singles including two No. 1 hits, Mest ondt featuring Medina and Tættere på himlen featuring Nik & Jay.
 * Nik & Jay is a popular Danish R&B/hip hop/pop duo which has produced many popular singles such as Hot! in 2003 and Mod solnedgangen from

Popular in the early and mid 90s was the pop-soft rock band Michael Learns to Rock, whose brand of ballads made it a popular act in many Asian markets, selling nearly 9 million records in Asia. A Danish band with a big impact outside of Denmark is the Europop group Aqua, whose hit "Barbie Girl" helped the band sell a total of 15 million albums and 6 million singles.

Denmark also participates in the annual Eurovision Song Contest, and holds its own Dansk Melodi Grand Prix competition to select the song that will represent the country in the Eurovision contest. Denmark has won the Eurovision Song Contest three times: first with Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann's "Dansevise" in 1963; the second with Brødrene Olsen's (Olsen Brothers) "Fly on the Wings of Love" (from the Danish Smuk Som Et Stjerneskud, literally "Beautiful as a shooting star") in 2000. And most recently, in 2013, Emmelie de Forest with "Only Teardrops" scored 281 points at Malmö, winning the contest with a margin of 47 points over runner-up Azerbaijan. Denmark therefore hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen.

The Danish entrants at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, Christina Chanée and Tomas N'evergreen with "In a Moment Like This", were already doing well in Eastern Europe ahead of the contest as their song became the most popular download in several countries.

Some hit songs of Danish origin have become international hits after being covered by foreign artists. Vengaboys covered The Walkers' "Shalala Lala", Jamelia covered Christine Milton's "Superstar", Shayne Ward covered Bryan Rice's "No Promises" and Celine Dion covered Tim Christensen's "Right Next to the Right One". Different covers of Rune's "Calabria" have also been international hits.

Electronic music
Else Marie Pade was a Danish pioneer in electronic music as early as the 1950s. She knew and worked with Pierre Schaeffer and Karlheinz Stockhausen and has continued to make appearances on the Danish electronica scene well into the new millennium. With his Coma parties, Kenneth Bager brought acid house to Denmark in 1988 and was active in building a Danish club scene, moving venues from the discothèques to deserted factories and basements. The most successful Danish electronic musician internationally is Trentemøller while from a very early age Mike Sheridan has achieved success and been labelled a name of the future. In the more mainstream part of the genre, Safri Duo also experienced international success with their mixture of tribal sound and electronica; also in the electronic scene adding elements of string and brass instruments is the indie folk/electronic four-piece Efterklang.

A leading Danish venue for electronic music is Culture Box in Copenhagen which is subsidised by the Ministry of Culture as a regional music venue, enabling it to keep a high artistic profile. The Strøm and Copenhagen Distortion festivals are also dedicated to the capital's electronic and club music scene.

Jesper Kyd is a famous Danish video game composer, who has been incorporating sounds of dark ambient, electronic and symphonic music into his music and has won many awards.

Martin Jensen with the UK hit "Solo Dance".

Folk

Traditionally, Danish folk music has relied on a fiddle and accordion duo but, unlike its Scandinavian neighbours, Danish fiddlers almost always play in groups with few solo performance. Danish bands also tend to feature the guitar more prominently than the other Nordic countries.

Fiddle and accordion duos play generally rhythmic dance music, local versions of the Nordic folk dance music. The oldest variety is called pols, and it is now mostly found on Fanø with variants such as Sønderhoning from Sønderho.

The first systematic collection of popular folk songs, some of which go back centuries, was undertaken by the folklore collector Evald Tang Kristensen (1843–1929). These important sources were then transferred to the Danish Folklore Archives, established in 1904. The popular dance music tradition was continued into the 20th century by musicians such as the violinist Evald Thomsen (1913–93).

Danish traditional music experienced a renaissance when the Anglo-American folk song wave hit Denmark around 1970. Among the prominent soloists, often composing new songs, were Sebastian, Poul Dissing and Niels Hausgaard. The successful Lars Lilholt Band led by the violinist Lars Lilholt combines the folk music tradition with rock. A new and refreshing combination of techno music and medieval ballads has been provided by the group Sorten Muld since their first recording in 1996.

The formation of the Danish Folk Council to actively promote folk music both at home and abroad has helped raise the profile. Curiously, Danish folk music received its biggest boost from the home chart success of Sorten Muld, who used acoustic and electric instruments and electronica on old songs to create something very contemporary on its best-selling albums. Some of the best-known artists in recent years include Harald Haugaard and Dreamers' Circus.

Music schools
As part of the reform of Danish municipalities in 2008 it was established by law that each of the 98 municipalities runs a music school. The first Danish music schools were formed in the 1930s with inspiration from Germany. From 1991 Musikloven – Law on Music – has had a chapter on music schools. According to the law the purposes of the music schools are to develop and support the musical talents and knowledge and to enhance music in the local communities. The primary goal is to engage with children and youth (0–24 years), but activities for adults are also possible. The financing of the music schools are divided among state, municipality and students (or parents of students).

Music in everyday life
Music is an important part of the lives of most Danes. One of the carefully observed traditions is to include music at celebrations at large, including family oriented ones such as wedding parties, birthdays and anniversaries. Indeed, it is not only common to engage one or more musicians for dancing but it is usual for the guests to write songs, normally to well-known traditional tunes, in honour of those to be celebrated.

There is also a popular tradition of choir singing. There are hundreds of amateur choirs throughout Denmark, usually specialising in traditional Danish songs or folk music.

Denmark has two national anthems, which are widely performed. Der er et yndigt land (There Is a Lovely Country) is sung loudly and enthusiastically at sporting events and is the most popular. Lyrics are by the Danish poet Adam Oehlenschläger and music by Hans Ernst Krøyer. Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast (King Christian Stood by Tow'ring Mast), is sung on official occasions when the royal family is represented. Lyrics are by Johannes Ewald while music was probably written by Ditlev Ludwig Rogert and can be heard in the final tableau of Elverhøj.

Popular venues
In recent years, there have been two important developments for the Danish music scene. The first was the opening of the Copenhagen Opera House in 2005 where ever since full houses have applauded the performances of the great European operas and some of Denmark's more recent contributions. The other was the completion of Danmarks Radio's Concert Hall in 2009 where the national broadcaster not only presents its orchestral music but also choirs, jazz, rock and pop.

Other important venues for music include:

 * The Old Stage of the Royal Danish Theatre in the centre of Copenhagen where in particular performances of the Royal Danish Ballet can be seen.

 * The Tivoli Concert Hall in the Tivoli Gardens where orchestral music, singers, jazz and other musical events feature in the programme every summer, frequently with the participation of the Tivoli Symphony Orchestra.
 * Det Ny Theater in Copenhagen specializes in Danish productions of musicals.
 * Musikhuset Aarhus, the Concert Hall of Aarhus, presents a wide variety of classical and popular music including singing and dance.

Festivals
Music festivals are plentiful throughout the country and are very popular, with more than 130,000 attendees at Roskilde Festival, the largest music festival in Northern Europe and around 300,000 partygoers to Copenhagen Distortion street festival. Many smaller recurring music festivals of all genres are held throughout and on all times of the year. This includes the Copenhagen Jazz Festival, the traveling Grøn Koncert, Tønder Festival, Aalborg Opera Festival, Thy Chamber Music Festival and Skagen Festival, among many others.

title: Music of Denmark


text:
Talk:Glossary of climbing terms

Egyptian vs. Drop Knee vs. Knee Drop
I am pretty sure that "Egyptian" is the least common term for this important climbing technique (and not very appropriate), but I am not sure between Drop Knee and Knee Drop as to the most WP:COMMONNAME. Before I change this, any views (or editors who can quantitavely assess this with google search tools)? 78.18.245.165 (talk) 18:32, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. I've never heard anyone call this move "Egyptian" or even "Knee drop", just "drop knee". Maybe it's regional or dated? Although I watch plenty of climbing content from the US and Europe and haven't heard of it before this list. I also don't think the included picture is particularly enlightening, it shows a very minor drop knee. Maybe I'll see if I can get a better picture next time I'm at the gym. RassGroots (talk) 16:20, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of climbing terms


text:
Talk:List of biomolecules

Untitled
I think this article needs a different title or some kind of statement of purpose. The list of all biomolecules could be taken to include every gene product of every genome, every transcript from which they derive, every intron that was spliced out, etc. I assume we don't want all that. 168... 04:58, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * As it says in the first sentence (with emphasis added): "This page aims to list articles on Wikipedia that describe particular biomolecules or types of biomolecules." If you to add an article for every gene product, sure, go ahead and list them :-/ Stewart Adcock 05:23, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Break up of List of compounds
The page List of compounds has grown very large (64kB or so) and unwieldy, so the suggestion was made to split the page. I have been working on this. The initial proposal was for list of inorganic compounds and list of organic compounds, and these pages have been created, with heavy pruning of non-existent or obscure compounds, as well as generic terms like "carbohydrates". However the organic list is still very large and likely to grow- one way to bring it down a lot would be to remove things such as large proteins and enzymes (that are not simple organic molecules) and place them here (if they're not here already). Thus compounds like glucose and pinene would remain on both lists, but things like α-amylase and Corticotropin-releasing_hormone would only be found here. Of course there are grey areas- alanine belongs on both, but I would like just to place dipeptides here does this seem reasonable? I'm an organic chemist but I'm pretty weak on biochemistry, so please tell me if I'm going wrong, before I spend a lot of time on this.

The ultimate goal would be to make List of compounds into an elaborate redirect page, sending people here, or to List of organic compounds or to List of inorganic compounds. Walkerma 00:02, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

To help visualization I suggest to view through chemicalize.org
To help visualization of these names I suggest to view through chemicalize.org, see this example Alex Allardyce (talk) 09:42, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of biomolecules


text:
Venus' flower basket

The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is a glass sponge in the phylum Porifera. It is a marine sponge found in the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean, usually at depths below 500 m. Like other sponges, they feed by filtering sea water to capture plankton and marine snow. Similar to other glass sponges, they build their skeletons out of silica, which forms a unique lattice structure of spicules. The sponges are usually between 10 cm and 30 cm tall, and their bodies act as refuge for their mutualist shrimp partners. This body structure is of great interest in materials science as the optical and mechanical properties are in some ways superior to man-made materials. Little is known regarding their reproduction habits, however fluid dynamics of their body structure likely influence reproduction and it is hypothesized that they may be hermaphroditic.

Habitat
Venus' flower baskets are found in the western Pacific Ocean nearby the Philippine Islands. Other species of this genus occur throughout oceans around the world, including near Japan and in the Indian Ocean.

This sponge's habitat is on the rocky areas of the benthic seafloor, where it lives and grows connected to hard substrate for its entire life. It can be found from 100 m to 1000 m (330 ft to 3300 ft) below the ocean's surface, and is most common at depths greater than 500 m. More specifically, they tend to anchor in soft sediments due to the nature of their spicules.

Connecting habitat to morphology, this sponge can often be found inhabiting loose, muddy sediments, causing them to develop a structure that would aid them in staying rooted to the sea floor.

Morphology

The body is tubular, curved and basket-like and made up of triaxon spicules. The body is perforated by numerous apertures, which are not true ostia but simply parietal gaps. Syconoid type of canal system is present, where ostia communicate with incurrent canals, which communicates with radial canals through prosopyles which, in turn, open into the spongocoel and to the outside through the osculum.

The body structure of these animals is a thin-walled, cylindrical, vase-shaped tube with a large central atrium. The body is composed entirely of silica in the form of 6-pointed siliceous spicules, which is why they are commonly known as glass sponges. The spicules are composed of three perpendicular rays, giving them six points. Spicules are microscopic, pin-like structures within the sponge's tissues that provide structural support for the sponge. It is the combination of spicule forms within a sponge's tissues that helps identify the species. In the case of glass sponges, the spicules "weave" together to form a very fine mesh, which gives the sponge's body a rigidity not found in other sponge species and allows glass sponges to survive at great depths in the water column.

It is speculated that the sponge harnesses bioluminescence to attract plankton. Its lattice shape also allows it to house animals like shrimp while remaining rooted in the ground.

Their peculiar skeletal motifs have been found to have important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter feeding and sexual reproduction. In a study performed by Italian researcher, a three-dimensional model of Venus' Flower Basket was utilized to simulate the flow of water molecules in and out of its lattice. The researchers found that, while reducing the sponge's drag, it also created minute vortices inside the sponge which facilitated the mixing of its sperm and eggs; additionally, making feeding more efficient for the shrimp living inside of its lattice.

E. aspergillum differs in having anchorate basalia with six teeth, and diactins.

The skeleton of these sponges also contain silica nanoparticles among other biomaterials.

Reproduction
As said in the introduction, little is known about reproduction. Sperm was found in one sample of E. aspergillum, within the connective tissue, and was described as aggregated clusters within very fine, thread-like appendages. This would contribute to the idea of the species being hermaphroditic. While these sponges are sessile, the sperm can be carried by the current and the ova that a different organism retained can be fertilized. It is also suggested that this species reproduces sexually, which can be deduced by the occurrence of their "internal recirculation patterns".

Mutualistic relationship
The sponges are often found to house glass sponge shrimp, usually a breeding pair, who are typically unable to exit the sponge's lattice due to their size. Consequently, they live in and around these sponges, where the shrimp perform a mutualistic relationship with the sponge until they die. The shrimp live and mate in the shelter that the sponge provides, and in return they also clean the inside of the sponge. This may have influenced the adoption of the sponge as a symbol of undying love in Japan, where the skeletons of these sponges are presented as wedding gifts.

Ecology
While there is not much known about the ecology of these sponges, more research has been done on its class, Hexactinellid sponges. Hexactinellids in the Pacific ocean form reefs on the sea floor many of which are extinct now, but thrived in the Jurassic period. The role they play ecologically can be connected to their feeding on plankton in the deep sea, which produces carbon within their environments. Besides this, they can house many animals that reside on the seafloor, including the shrimps mentioned in previous sections.

Ecosystem Role/Other Facts
In a study done with various glass sponges, Venus' Flower Basket was noted to be difficult to extract any further information because of how inaccessible it serves to be. However, when in contact with alkali, these sponges showed a high resistance, which then led researchers to believe that they potentially contain biomaterials like chitin, that could serve as a structural component to this species. This study suggests that as long as E. aspergillum and similar species are natural composites containing valuable biomaterials, they could be important in biomedicine and future biotechnology.

Anthropomorphic applications
The glassy fibers that attach the sponge to the ocean floor, 5–20 centimetres (2–8 in) long and thin as human hair, are of interest to fiber optics researchers. The sponge extracts silicic acid from seawater and converts it into silica, then forms it into an elaborate skeleton of glass fibers. Other sponges such as the orange puffball sponge (Tethya aurantium) can also produce glass biologically. The current manufacturing process for optical fibers requires high temperatures and produces a brittle fiber. A low-temperature process for creating and arranging such fibers, inspired by sponges, could offer more control over the optical properties of the fibers. These nano-structures are also potentially useful for the creation of more efficient, low-cost solar cells. Furthermore, its skeletal structure has inspired a new type of structural lattice with a higher strength to weight ratio than other diagonally reinforced square lattices used in engineering applications.

These sponges skeletons have complex geometric configurations, which have been extensively studied for their stiffness, yield strength, and minimal crack propagation. An aluminum tube (aluminum and glass have similar elastic modulus) of equal length, effective thickness, and radius, but homogeneously distributed, has 1/100th the stiffness.

Besides these remarkable structural properties, Falcucci et al. found that their peculiar skeletal motifs deliver important fluid-dynamic effects on both reducing the drag experienced by the sponge and in promoting coherent swirling motions inside the body cavity, arguably to promote selective filter feeding and sexual reproduction.

Rao's work on biomimicry in architecture describes the architectural inspiration gleaned from the Venus' Flower Basket structure, notably in connection with Norman Foster's design for Gherkin tower in London.

title: Venus' flower basket


text:
The Power Station (band)

The Power Station were a British-American 1980s/1990s rock and pop music supergroup originally formed in New York City and London in 1984. It was made up of singer Robert Palmer, former Chic drummer Tony Thompson, and Duran Duran members John Taylor (bass) and Andy Taylor (guitar). Bernard Edwards, also of Chic, was involved on the studio side as recording producer and for a short time also functioned as the Power Station's manager. Edwards also replaced John Taylor on bass for the recording of the band's second album. The band was formed in New York City late in 1984 during a break in Duran Duran's schedule that became a lengthy hiatus. The Power Station was named after the Power Station recording studio in New York, where their first album was conceived and recorded.

Origins
On 23 July, Duran Duran's charity concert at Villa Park 1983 took place in aid of Mencap, a UK charity. Duran Duran had been known to be huge fans of Robert Palmer, so he was invited to participate.

After Duran Duran's third album, Seven and the Ragged Tiger, the members of the band took a planned short hiatus, going into two projects. One of these was the band Arcadia featuring frontman Simon Le Bon, which maintained the melodic and atmospheric aspects of Duran Duran's previous recordings. The other was the Power Station, in which bassist John Taylor and guitarist Andy Taylor worked with Palmer, Thompson, and Edwards to explore more rhythmic and aggressive music rooted in funk and rock and roll. Roger Taylor was mainly the drummer for Arcadia but also contributed percussion to the Power Station.

The group began as something of a whim—it was a one-time gathering of friends to provide backing to model and would-be singer Bebe Buell, who wanted to record a cover of the 1971 T. Rex song "Get It On". Both John Taylor and Andy Taylor were eager to branch out from the synthesizer-heavy pop of Duran Duran and play some Led Zeppelin-flavoured rock and roll. The participation of their idols from Chic lent the project a horn-inflected funk vibe that meshed surprisingly well with the crunching guitars and booming drums.

Soon, the project evolved into the idea of a revolving supergroup; a tentative name for the band was Big Brother. The original plan for the one-album project was for the three musicians (the two Taylors and Thompson) to provide musical continuity to an album full of material, with a different singer performing on each track. Those who were approached included Mick Jagger, Billy Idol, Mars Williams, Richard Butler (of the Psychedelic Furs), and Mick Ronson.

The group then invited Palmer to record vocals for the track "Communication". When he heard that they had recorded demos for "Get It On", he asked to try out vocals on that song as well. They decided to record the entire album with him. The group was signed with Capitol Records.

History
On 16 February 1985, the band performed "Some Like It Hot" and "Get It On" on Saturday Night Live. It was the only time that Robert Palmer performed live with the original line-up. The horn section for the Power Station's Saturday Night Live appearance included saxophonist Lenny Pickett, who would join the show's house band that fall and eventually become the show's musical director.

In March 1985, the Power Station issued a self-titled album produced by Bernard Edwards, with some informal assistance from Nile Rodgers. It reached number 12 in the United Kingdom and number 6 on the United States album chart.

The record is sometimes referred to as Power Station 33 ⅓ as the sleeve for the original vinyl record release bore that subtitle, indicating the speed of a record turntable. Compact disc issues used CD as a subtitle instead, while initial cassette copies highlighted Columbia's XDR process. The album's cover graphics and color scheme, which were also used in the videos, were based on sketches by John Taylor.

Three singles were released from the album, two of them major hits. The first, "Some Like It Hot", reached #14 on the UK Singles Chart and #6 on the US Billboard Hot 100. (The music video featured model Caroline Cossey, credited by her nickname "Tula".) The second single, "Get It On", went to #22 in the United Kingdom and #9 in the United States, while competing against the Duran Duran single "A View to a Kill", which was an American number one. "Communication" was not as successful, reaching #34 in the United States, but disappeared after hitting #75 in the United Kingdom.

The band also released a collection of their three music videos called The Power Station Video EP.

The group's unexpected success led to two incompatible results: first, they decided to headline a summer tour in America with Paul Young, Nik Kershaw, the Bongos, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark; second, Robert Palmer decided to record a solo album to take advantage of his sudden name recognition. This led to Palmer's departure from the band. (Tony Thompson, Andy Taylor, and future Power Station bass player Bernard Edwards all contributed to Palmer's highly successful 1985 solo album Riptide).

When Palmer bailed on the tour, some critics referred to it as "unprofessional behaviour". Speaking to Number One magazine in 1986, he hit back at the claims he joined the band for money: "Firstly, I didn't need the money and, secondly the cash was a long time coming. It wasn't exactly an experience that set me up for retirement."

Palmer was also accused of ripping off the Power Station sound for his own records. He snapped: "Listen, I gave The Power Station that sound. They took it from me, not the other way around."

With Palmer bowing out, the band recruited singer/actor Michael Des Barres (formerly of Silverhead, Chequered Past, and Detective) for the tour. Des Barres also performed with them at the Live Aid charity concert in Philadelphia that summer.

Des Barres' friendship with actor Don Johnson led to the band's guest appearance on an episode of the television drama Miami Vice. Similarly, his friendship with producer Joel Silver led to the Power Station writing a song called "We Fight for Love" for the Arnold Schwarzenegger action film Commando (1985). The track was originally titled "Someday, Somehow, Someone's Gotta Pay". An EP containing the song plus some live songs from their tour was planned for release that same year, but was scrapped by their record company.

The band folded in late 1985 as its members turned to other projects. John Taylor returned to Duran Duran, while Andy Taylor chose to leave Duran Duran in favour of a solo career. A reformed Led Zeppelin played at the Live Aid concert in 1985, with Thompson sharing drumming duties with Phil Collins. Thompson was to take the place of John Bonham in a reformed Led Zeppelin, but after a few days of rehearsals in 1986, he was seriously injured in a car accident and the reunion never got off the ground. Palmer continued his revitalized solo career, while Des Barres released his second solo album in 1986.

Reunions and reissues
The Power Station reunited in 1996 with its original members: Robert Palmer, Andy Taylor, John Taylor, and Tony Thompson. The group worked together on writing and arranging a new album; however, personal problems forced bassist John Taylor to withdraw from the project and leave the band before any recording took place. Producer Bernard Edwards (Chic bassist) stepped in to become the Power Station's bassist and new fourth member, playing all bass parts on Living in Fear (1996).

Edwards was prepared to tour with the group, but then died suddenly of pneumonia during a trip to Japan. The Power Station decided to press on as a trio augmented by session musicians, and toured first with bassist Guy Pratt and then Manny Yanes and second guitarist Luke Morley, to moderate success. They disbanded shortly after.

In 2002, EMI Music issued The Best of The Power Station as part of their Ten Best Series. All tracks are from the first album (some in remixed form), except for "Taxman" from Living in Fear and the final track, a previously unreleased live version of "Dancing in the Street", recorded at the Hartford Civic Center in 1985 and sung by Michael Des Barres.

Both Robert Palmer and Tony Thompson died in late 2003.

EMI released a new version of the album The Power Station on 21 February 2005, to commemorate the album's 20th anniversary. The package includes the original eight-song album, seven bonus tracks (mostly remixes), and a 40-minute eight-chapter DVD. Among the bonus tracks on the album is the track "Someday, Somehow, Someone's Gotta Pay" (from the Commando OST), sung by Michael Des Barres.

Band members

 * Andy Taylor – guitar (1984–1985, 1995–1997)
 * Tony Thompson – drums (1984–1985, 1995–1997; died 2003)
 * John Taylor – bass (1984–1985, 1995)
 * Robert Palmer – lead vocals (1984–1985, 1995–1997; died 2003)
 * Michael Des Barres – lead vocals (1985)
 * Bernard Edwards – bass (1995–1996; his death)

Touring musicians
 * Guy Pratt – bass (1996)
 * Manny Yanes – bass (1996–1997)
 * Luke Morley – guitars (1996–1997)

Compilations

 * Best of (2003)

title: The Power Station (band)


text:
Principal

Principal may refer to:

Title or rank

 * Principal (academia), the chief executive of a university
 * Principal (education), the head of a school

 * Principal (civil service) or principal officer, the senior management level in the UK Civil Service
 * Principal dancer, the top rank in ballet
 * Principal (music), the top rank in an orchestra

Law

 * Principal (commercial law), the person who authorizes an agent
 * Principal (architecture), licensed professional(s) with ownership of the firm
 * Principal (criminal law), the primary actor in a criminal offense
 * Principal (Catholic Church), an honorific used in the See of Lisbon

Places

 * Principal, Cape Verde, a village
 * Principal, Ecuador, a parish

Media

 * The Principal (TV series), a 2015 Australian drama series
 * The Principal, a 1987 action film
 * Principal (music), the lead musician in a section of an orchestra
 * Principal photography, the first phase of movie production
 * "The Principal", a song on the album K-12 by Melanie Martinez

Finance

 * Principal (finance) or principal sum, the original amount of a debt or investment on which interest is calculated
 * Principal (bond), the face value of a bond
 * Principal Financial Group, a life insurance company

Other uses

 * Principal (computer security), an entity that can be identified and verified
 * Principal or diapason, one of the flue pipes on a pipe organ
 * Principal or diapason, a corresponding organ stop on a pipe organ
 * Victoria Principal (born 1950), American actress

title: Principal


text:
User talk:Kokiri

Proposed deletion of File:SwissmapFull.png

The file File:SwissmapFull.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned map."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 02:52, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Well OK of course if this is no longer needed... back in 2005 things were different. Kokiri (talk) 08:37, 2 March 2018 (UTC)

A page you started (Stefan Temmingh) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Stefan Temmingh, Kokiri!

Wikipedia editor Boleyn just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Please work on this in draftspace and transfer back when it has WP:INLINECITED sources. If you need any help, just ask."

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Boleyn (talk) 18:40, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of City network for deletion
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text:
User:Hemanshu/Usha Jagdish Desai

Usha Jagdish Desai

Born: 12th February, 1946 to Chhotalal B Desai and Maniben C Desai at Pariya village in Gujarat, India.

title: User:Hemanshu/Usha Jagdish Desai