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Bill Nelson (musician)

William Nelson (born 18 December 1948) is an English singer, guitarist, songwriter, producer, painter, video artist, writer and experimental musician. He rose to prominence as the chief songwriter, vocalist and guitarist of the rock group Be-Bop Deluxe, which he formed in 1972. Nelson has been described as "one of the most underrated guitarists of the seventies art rock movement". In 2015, he was recognised with the Visionary award at the Progressive Music Awards.

Personal life
Nelson was born in Wakefield in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to Jean and Walter Nelson. His father was an alto saxophone player, and his mother a dancer. Nelson's younger brother, Ian (1956–2006), collaborated on the Be-Bop Deluxe song "Ships in the Night" and formed the band Fiat Lux; he also played on the 1979 Red Noise album Sound-on-Sound and with the 2004 touring band Bill Nelson and the Lost Satellites.

Nelson has three children, Julia (born 1970 with Bill’s first wife, Shirley) and Elle (born 1978) and Elliot (born 1981), both born with Bill’s second wife, Jan. Elle and Elliot played in their own band, Honeytone Cody, between the late 1990s and 2014. Some time around April 1995 Nelson married Emiko, who was previously married to Yellow Magic Orchestra drummer Yukihiro Takahashi.

1970s
Nelson was educated at the Wakefield College of Art, where he developed an interest in the work of poet and filmmaker Jean Cocteau. At this time he was also developing as a musician, drawing upon Duane Eddy as a primary guitar influence.

His first record was a brief contribution on the album A-Austr: Musics from Holyground, with Brian Calvert, Chris Coombs, Ted Hepworth, Mike Levon and Brian Wilson. Levon recorded and produced the album which appeared on Levon's own Holyground Records label in 1970. After that, Nelson appeared in a much more substantial role with Lightyears Away on Astral Navigations released in 1971. On one track, "Yesterday", written by Coombs, Levon recorded Nelson's lead guitars in an acid rock style, supporting Coombs' stylophone riff. This track also gave Nelson his first airplay by John Peel on his national BBC Radio 1 programme in the United Kingdom. Nelson's Holyground recordings were released in February 2001 as Electrotype.

In 1973, Nelson's debut solo album Northern Dream, released on his own independent Smile label, drew further attention from Peel which eventually led to Nelson's band Be-Bop Deluxe signing to EMI's Harvest Records subsidiary and releasing Axe Victim in 1974. Nelson replaced the original band members for Futurama in 1975. The lineup of Bill Nelson (guitar), Andrew Clark (keyboards), Charlie Tumahai (bass) and Simon Fox (drums) recorded Sunburst Finish and Modern Music in 1976, the live album ''Live! In The Air Age in 1977 and their final studio album Drastic Plastic'' in 1978.

Nelson found the structure of a permanent band constricting. An instrumental on Drastic Plastic performed by Nelson (acoustic guitar) and Clark (keyboards) anticipated Nelson's later solo ambient work. Other tracks on that album required Fox record drum parts for use as repeating loop backing tracks in the studio. (Performing these songs live on the subsequent tour, Fox would physically play these repeating patterns on drums). This sowed the seeds for later experimentation by Nelson. 1983's Invisibility Exhibition tour would see Bill Nelson (guitar) and Ian Nelson (sax) improvise to the former's self-produced backing audio (and video) tracks (later released as the Chamber of Dreams album), an approach Nelson would repeat for many solo live performances throughout his career. Playing the guitar over pre-recorded backing tracks would bear further fruit in later studio recordings, notably the Painting With Guitars series (2003, 2015) and And We Fell into A Dream (2007).

In autumn 1978, Nelson halted the Be-Bop Deluxe project, removed Tumahai and Fox from his immediate working band and replaced the name with the moniker Red Noise (releasing the Sound-on-Sound album in February 1979). Harvest, who had insisted on naming it "Bill Nelson's Red Noise", refused to release the second Red Noise album Quit Dreaming And Get on the Beam which was largely recorded by Nelson with contributions on sax from his brother Ian rather than the more-obviously marketable five-piece band Harvest's execs had understandably expected. The record remained unreleased in record company limbo.

Meanwhile, with his producer from Harvest John Leckie, Nelson did some production (and, in Nelson's case, sessions keyboards) work for the band Skids, whose guitarist Stuart Adamson was an admirer of Nelson's musicianship. Fruitful friendships followed. Vocalist Richard Jobson would appear as a support act reading poetry on the Invisibility Exhibition tour. After Adamson's death in 2001, Nelson composed a piece in memory of his departed friend, called simply "For Stuart", which appeared on 2003's The Romance of Sustain Volume One: Painting With Guitars and (in a live version) on 2011's live at Metropolis Studios DVD.

1980s
Nelson's manager Mark Rye negotiated with Harvest to buy back some of the unreleased songs for Nelson to release under his own name on his own label, Cocteau Records, which Nelson and Rye had set up. Consequently, in July 1980, Nelson was able to release the single "Do You Dream in Colour?", which after airplay on BBC Radio 1 reached No. 52 in the UK Singles Chart. This debut release on the label persuaded Phonogram to acquire the remaining tracks for Cocteau in order to release Quit Dreaming And Get on the Beam as a Bill Nelson album on their subsidiary label Mercury Records in 1981. The release contained bonus disc Sounding The Ritual Echo (Atmospheres for Dreaming) featuring experimental, ambient instrumentals which Nelson had recorded privately at his home. Subsequent Mercury releases included The Love That Whirls, which included a bonus disc of Nelson's soundtrack for The Yorkshire Actors' stage production of Jean Cocteau's 1946 film La Belle et la Bête/Beauty and the Beast. Nelson had already contributed music (and released it under the title Das Kabinet on Cocteau) to the same company's similar adaptation of Robert Wiene's 1920 silent film classic The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.

Freed from the demands of a mainstream, commercial record company, Nelson released considerable quantities of singles and LPs on Cocteau throughout the decade, much of it by himself but also a number of singles by other artists, notably Last Man in Europe, A Flock of Seagulls, The Revox Cadets, Richard Jobson, Q (16), Fiat Lux, Man Jumping and Yukihiro Takahashi. The more ambitious Cocteau releases by Nelson himself included the four-LP box set of experimental electronic music Trial by Intimacy (The Book of Splendours) and the later ambient two-LP collection Chance Encounters in the Garden of Lights, which contained music informed by Nelson's Gnostic beliefs. In 1989, he released the 4-CD box set Demonstrations of Affection.

He was hired by English new wave artist Gary Numan to produce his 1983 album Warriors, with Numan saying that Bill Nelson was his "favourite guitar player, bar none." However, the two musicians failed to maintain a working relationship, and ultimately Nelson chose not to be credited for his production role on the album. Nelson also contributed towards several tracks on David Sylvian's Gone to Earth (1986). Nelson was commissioned by Channel 4 to write music for the 1987 television drama series Brond.

In the 1980s a deal with CBS Records' Portrait imprint failed, leaving the one album Getting the Holy Ghost Across (US title: On a Blue Wing) with further tracks from that album's sessions issued on the UK mini-LP Living for the Spangled Moment. In the late 1980s, Nelson signed to Enigma Records, which went out of business shortly after re-releasing his entire Cocteau catalogue.

As the decade ended, Nelson suffered a series of personal setbacks, including a divorce, tax problems and an acrimonious dispute with his manager over his back catalogue rights. In the case of one album, the unreleased Simplex, Nelson discovered his manager had been selling copies via mail order without Nelson's authorisation or knowledge; Nelson claimed he never received any royalties from these sales.

1990s
In 1992, Nelson released Blue Moons and Laughing Guitars on Virgin which consisted of demos for a proposed band including four guitarists and two drummers which never materialised. "This is what I do behind locked doors," he wrote on the sleeve, prefiguring much of his later, home recorded work including My Secret Studio (4-CD + 2-CD) and Noise Candy (6-CD). In the same year, Nelson worked with Roger Eno and Kate St John as producer (with Roger Eno) on the duo's album The Familiar, on which Nelson also played guitar and other instruments. This experience fortuitously not only sowed the seeds of Eno's, Nelson's and St.John's participation in the 'ambient supergroup' Channel Light Vessel, which also featured Laraaji and Mayumi Tachibana, but also introduced Nelson to Voiceprint Records, whose subsidiary labels included All Saints and Resurgence, both of which would release a number of CLV and Nelson recordings over the next few years.

In 1995, Nelson released two very different albums. Crimsworth (Flowers, Stones, Fountains And Flames) was an ambient piece which had provided the soundscape to an art installation. Practically Wired, or How I Became... Guitarboy! was a return to guitar-based instrumental music, something Nelson had barely touched for the previous decade and a half.

In 1996, Nelson augmented his sound with drum and bass for After The Satellite Sings, credited as a major influence on David Bowie's Earthling album by Bowie's then guitarist Reeves Gabrels.

By 1996, Nelson's troubles with his former manager were resolved in a lawsuit which enabled Nelson to recover much of his back catalogue. The fully authorised Simplex was subsequently released in 2001 by Lenin Imports and reissued in 2012 by Esoteric.

In the late 1990s, Nelson created the Populuxe label, with a distribution arrangement via Robert Fripp's Discipline Global Mobile, but his relationship with them stagnated and Nelson's last release on that label was Atom Shop in 1998. Subsequent releases have been on other imprints such as Toneswoon as well as direct mail order (and later internet order) releases.

2000s
2002 saw the release of EP Three White Roses & A Budd (with Fila Brazillia and Harold Budd) on Twentythree Records,.

In 2001, Nelson attended a first Nelsonica convention, set up in West Yorkshire by fans in his honour, taking with him drawings to sell to any interested parties. It proved such a good experience that he resolved to contribute live music performances, dedicated CDs of new material, and anything else that seemed appropriate, to any such future events. Nelsonica became an annual fixture in his calendar for the next decade or so. Attendees at 2002's Nelsonica 02 received a copy of Astral Motel, the first convention CD release. Honeytone Cody played one set, Nelson and his brother Ian played a second, while Nelson's newly assembled seven piece band The Lost Satellites, which also included Ian, played a third. It was a resounding success and an annual institution was born.

Three further albums followed in 2003: The Romance of Sustain Volume One: Painting With Guitars, Plaything, and a second Nelsonica CD Luxury Lodge,. Since then, Nelson has released an average of four albums a year, often in small runs which soon go out of print. He has accomplished this using his own series of branded record labels: Almost Opaque then Discs of Ancient Odeon for the Nelsonica releases; Universal Twang then Sonoluxe for the others. (Nelson's Sonic Masonic imprint lasted for only one release, 2004's Satellite Songs)

Nelson's in-house releasing was made possible by the financial backing of Sound on Sound magazine, whose website hosts his online shop and is named after Red Noise's Sound-on-Sound album. In 2004, the magazine also put up the money for Nelson to take his band Bill Nelson and the Lost Satellites on tour around the UK as The Be-Bop Deluxe And Beyond Tour.

Nelson pursued different artistic directions. Two Rosewood releases contained acoustic guitar pieces "submitted to electronic and digital processing." The highly personal The Alchemical Adventures of Sailor Bill, was a concept album about the English coastline, ships and the sea, while its more ambient, instrumental companion piece Neptune's Galaxy comprised five long form instrumental compositions exploring the same subject. Of the former, Nelson wrote, "this set of songs comes (closer) to being personally fulfilling as almost any other album of mine." Most of the decade's remaining albums were lead electric guitar-oriented and non-vocal. Improvisation against pre-recorded backing tracks played a major role in And We Fell into A Dream while the very different Theatre of Falling Leaves eschewed lead guitar in favour of keyboards. The decade closed with more voice-based material as Nelson crooned through Golden Melodies of Tomorrow, delivered more familiar rock and ballad vocals on Fancy Planets and delved into romantic songwriting in The Dream Transmission Pavilion.

In the first half of the decade, Nelson published his collected online diaries from 1999–2003 under the moniker diary of a hyperdreamer. A second volume covering entries from 2005–2006 would appear in 2015. The last ten years of this diary remain on his official website to this day. He also gave extensive interviews to biographer Paul Sutton Reeves for a book, the publication of which was put on hold for around two years when publisher Sean Body died. Music in Dreamland Bill Nelson & Be-Bop Deluxe, finally materialised in 2008.

In the second half of the decade, Nelson's live performances (mostly at the Nelsonica events) broadened out from solo work to encompass two other bands. One was the improvisational, three-piece Orchestra Futura consisting of Nelson, Dave Sturt (bass) and Theo Travis (assorted woodwind, brass). (The duo of Sturt and Travis already played together as Cipher.) The other was the more conventional rock oriented, seven-piece Bill Nelson and the Gentlemen Rocketeers (again including Sturt and Travis) which played songs with vocals from the extensive Nelson/Be-Bop Deluxe back catalogue.

By 2006, Universal Music (UK) had re-issued three Mercury albums: Quit Dreaming and Get on the Beam, The Love that Whirls and Chimera had all been remastered and released with bonus tracks. Sonoluxe had reissued the CBS album Getting the Holy Ghost Across / On a Blue Wing with all the original tracks including those from Living for the Spangled Moment.

2010s
In 2010, Nelson published the first part of an autobiography.

In March 2011, motivated by a desire to capture the flavour of recent gigs on film for posterity via DVD release, Bill Nelson and the Gentlemen Rocketeers played a concert of songs spanning Nelson's career before a live audience in front of in-house cameras at Metropolis Studios, London. Dissatisfied with the resultant sound mix, Nelson remixed it himself at his own expense. Using Nelson's remix, ITV Studios Home Entertainment released a DVD of the event. This initial release quickly sold out. A promised television broadcast of the recording only materialised in a few selected territories, excluding the UK. The video and audio recording has subsequently been reissued on other formats including CD and LP. However, having signed away his rights to these recordings, Nelson has made no money on these releases.

In 2011, Cherry Red Records' subsidiary Esoteric Recordings commenced a roll-out re-release of Nelson's back catalogue for many of his releases between 1981 and 2002 with the 8-CD compilation The Practice of Everyday Life which covered 40 years of recordings. Other notable reissues have included the 4-CD The Book of Splendours and the 6-CD Noise Candy. The Esoteric deal did not involve a rights buyout, so Nelson is properly compensated for these reissues.

In 2013, Nelson finally began releasing his out of print CD back catalogue from 2002 onwards as digital downloads via Bandcamp. On this platform he subsequently released the three volume compilation The Dreamer's Companion in 2014 and brand new albums commencing with Special Metal from 2016 onwards.

In addition to his numerous solo releases of recent years, Nelson has also made both film soundtracks and a number of collaborative recordings with other artists. In 2010, he released the soundtrack to the US TV documentary American Stamps as Picture Post while in 2014, he released the soundtrack to UK director Daisy Asquith's paean to cycling Velorama (a tie in with the 2014 Tour de France cycle race which went through Yorkshire) as Pedalscope. In 2012, Nelson finally completed The Last of the Neon Cynics, a long standing project with comic artist Matt Howarth: the latter supplied a comic (a PDF file) while the former provided a soundtrack to it. In 2014, he collaborated with fellow guitarist Reeves Gabrels (who has also worked with David Bowie and The Cure) on Fantastic Guitars.

In 2014, Nelson suffered a complete hearing loss in his right ear. This put a stop to any plans for playing live (and by extension Nelsonica events built around live performance) for the foreseeable future. Yet he continued to record and release music despite this disability. The first album to be affected was Quiet Bells. According to Nelson's sleeve notes, "to slowly adjust to this problem, I decided to make an album that features mainly guitar, a gentle collection of instrumentals in a neo-minimalist, ambient style."

In 2014, Nelson was honoured by Wakefield Council with a Hollywood-style star on the city’s walk of fame. He also designed an extremely limited edition 'Astroluxe Custom Ltd' guitar for the Eastwood company.

In 2016, 46 years after recording his debut album, Nelson released a sequel entitled New Northern Dream.

solo before Be-Bop Deluxe

 * Northern Dream (1971) Smile
 * Electrotype – The Holyground Recordings 1968–1972 (2001) Holyground (includes pre-Harvest Be-Bop Deluxe recordings)

with Be-Bop Deluxe

 * Axe Victim (1974) Harvest
 * Futurama (1975) Harvest
 * Sunburst Finish (1976) Harvest
 * Modern Music (1976) Harvest
 * Live! In The Air Age (1977) Harvest
 * Drastic Plastic (1978) Harvest
 * The Best of and the Rest of Be-Bop Deluxe (1978) Harvest
 * Radioland (1994) BBC Radio 1 live in concert 1976 Windsong
 * Tramcar To Tomorrow (1998) John Peel BBC Radio 1 Sessions 1974-8 Hux
 * Tremulous Antenna (2002) Radioland remastered Hux
 * Live! In The Air Age The Hammersmith Odeon Concert 1977 (2022) Esoteric

with Bill Nelson's Red Noise

 * Sound-on-Sound (1979) Harvest
 * Live – De Montfort Hall Leicester 1979 (2023) Esoteric

with Orchestra Arcana

 * Iconography (1986) Cocteau
 * Optimism (1988) Cocteau

with Channel Light Vessel

 * Automatic (1994) Channel Light Vessel All Saints
 * Excellent Spirits (1996) Channel Light Vessel All Saints

solo after Be-Bop Deluxe/Bill Nelson's Red Noise

 * Quit Dreaming and Get on the Beam (1981) Mercury
 * Sounding the Ritual Echo (Atmospheres for Dreaming) (1981) Mercury
 * Das Kabinet (1981) Cocteau
 * The Love That Whirls (Diary of a Thinking Heart) (1982) Mercury
 * La Belle et la Bête (1982) Mercury
 * Chimera mini-LP (1983) Mercury
 * Savage Gestures for Charm's Sake (1983) Cocteau
 * The Two-Fold Aspect of Everything (1984) Cocteau
 * Trial by Intimacy (The Book of Splendours) – The Summer of God's Piano (1985) Cocteau
 * Trial by Intimacy (The Book of Splendours) – Chamber of Dreams (Music from the Invisibility Exhibition) (1985) Cocteau
 * Trial by Intimacy (The Book of Splendours) – Pavilions of the Heart And Soul (1985) Cocteau
 * Trial by Intimacy (The Book of Splendours) – A Catalogue of Obsessions (1985) Cocteau
 * Chameleon (The Music of Bill Nelson) (1985) Themes International Music
 * Getting the Holy Ghost Across (1986) Portrait
 * Living for the Spangled Moment mini-LP (1986) Portrait
 * On a Blue Wing (1986) US version of Getting the Holy Ghost Across – different cover, slightly different track listing Portrait
 * Map of Dreams (1987) Cocteau
 * Chance Encounters in the Garden of Lights – The Angel at the Western Window (1987) Cocteau
 * Chance Encounters in the Garden of Lights – The Book of Inward Conversation (1987) Cocteau
 * Demonstrations of Affection – Chimes And Rings (1989) Cocteau
 * Demonstrations of Affection – Nudity (1989) Cocteau
 * Demonstrations of Affection – Heartbreakland (1989) Cocteau
 * Demonstrations of Affection – Details (1989) Cocteau
 * Simplex (1990) Cocteau
 * Duplex (1990) double CD compilation Cocteau
 * Altar Pieces (1990) limited edition audio cassette The Orpheus Organisation
 * Luminous (1991) Imaginary
 * Blue Moons & Laughing Guitars (1992) Virgin
 * Crimsworth (Flowers, Stones, Fountains And Flames) (1995) Resurgence
 * Practically Wired or how I became…Guitarboy! (1995) All Saints
 * My Secret Studio Volume I – Buddha Head (1995) Resurgence
 * My Secret Studio Volume I – Electricity Made Us Angels (1995) Resurgence
 * My Secret Studio Volume I – Deep Dream Decoder (1995) Resurgence
 * My Secret Studio Volume I – Juke Box for Jet Boy (1995) Resurgence
 * After The Satellite Sings (1996) Resurgence
 * Confessions of a Hyperdreamer: My Secret Studio Volume II – Weird Critters (1997) Populuxe
 * Confessions of a Hyperdreamer: My Secret Studio Volume II – Magnificent Dream People (1997) Populuxe
 * Atom Shop (1998) Discipline Global Mobile
 * Whistling While The World Turns (2000) Lenin Imports
 * Noise Candy – Old Man Future Blows The Blues (2002) Toneswoon
 * Noise Candy – Stargazing With Ranger Bill (2002) Toneswoon
 * Noise Candy – Sunflower Dairy Product (2002) Toneswoon
 * Noise Candy – King Frankenstein (2002) Toneswoon
 * Noise Candy – Console (2002) Toneswoon
 * Noise Candy – Playtime (2002) Toneswoon
 * Caliban and the Chrome Harmonium (2002) Almost Opaque
 * Astral Motel (2002) Nelsonica convention CD Almost Opaque
 * Whimsy (2003) Fabled Quixote
 * Whimsy Two (A Garage Full of Clouds) (2003) Fabled Quixote
 * The Romance of Sustain Volume One: Painting With Guitars (2003) Universal Twang
 * Luxury Lodge (2003) Nelsonica convention CD Almost Opaque
 * Plaything (2003) Universal Twang
 * Dreamland To Starboard (2004) Universal Twang
 * Custom Deluxe (2004) Universal Twang
 * Satellite Songs (2004) Sonic Masonic
 * Wah-Wah Galaxy (2004) Nelsonica convention CD Almost Opaque
 * Rosewood: Ornaments and Graces for Acoustic Guitar Volume One (2005) Sonoluxe
 * Rosewood: Ornaments and Graces for Acoustic Guitar Volume Two (2005) Sonoluxe
 * Orpheus in Ultraland (2005) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * The Alchemical Adventures of Sailor Bill (2005) a coastal song suite by [Bill Nelson and his Lighthouse Signal Mechanism Orchestra] Sonoluxe
 * Neptune's Galaxy (2006) Sonoluxe
 * Return to Jazz of Lights (2006) Sonoluxe
 * Arcadian Salon (2006) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * Gleaming Without Lights (2006) Sonoluxe
 * Secret Club For Members Only (2007) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * And We Fell into a Dream (2007) Sonoluxe
 * Silvertone Fountains (2008) Sonoluxe
 * Illuminated at Dusk (2008) Sonoluxe
 * Mazda Kaleidoscope (2008) Sonoluxe
 * Clocks & Dials (2008) Nelsonica convention double CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * Golden Melodies of Tomorrow (2008) Sonoluxe
 * Fancy Planets (2009) Sonoluxe
 * Here Comes Mr Mercury (2009) Sonoluxe
 * The Dream Transmission Pavilion (2009) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * Theatre of Falling Leaves (2009) Sonoluxe
 * Non-Stop Mystery Action (2009) Sonoluxe
 * Picture Post (2010) Sonoluxe
 * Modern Moods For Mighty Atoms (2010) Blue Shining Fountain Records
 * Captain Future's Psychotronic Circus (2010) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * Fables And Dreamsongs (2010) Sonoluxe
 * Fantasmatron (2011) Sonoluxe
 * Hip Pocket JukeBox (2011) The Art School Ascended on Vapours of Roses art exhibition/concert CD
 * Signals from Realms of Light (2011) Sonoluxe
 * Model Village (2011) Sonoluxe Super Listener Series
 * Songs of the Blossom Tree Optimists (2012) Sonoluxe Super Listener Series
 * The Last of the Neon Cynics (2012) Enhanced CD includes PDF file of graphic novel by Matt Howarth Sonoluxe
 * Joy Through Amplification (2012) Sonoluxe
 * Return To Tomorrow (2012) Nelsonica convention CD Discs of Ancient Odeon
 * The Palace of Strange Voltages (2012) Sonoluxe
 * The Dreamshire Chronicles (2012) Sonoluxe
 * Blip! (2013) Sonoluxe
 * Blip!2 – The Tremulous Doo-Wah-Diddy (2013) Blip! Launch Party CD Sonoluxe
 * Albion Dream Vortex (2013) Sonoluxe
 * The Sparkle Machine (2013) Sonoluxe
 * Pedalscope (2014) Sonoluxe
 * Fantastic Guitars (2014) with Reeves Gabrels Sonoluxe
 * Astroloops (2014) given away with extremely limited edition Eastwood 'Astroluxe Custom Ltd' guitar designed by Bill Nelson Astrotone
 * Stereo Star Maps (2014) Sonoluxe
 * Shining Reflector (2014) Sonoluxe
 * Quiet Bells (2015) Sonoluxe
 * Swoons And Levitations (2015) Sonoluxe
 * The Years (2015) Sonoluxe
 * Plectrajet: Painting With Guitars Volume Two (2015) Sonoluxe
 * Electric Atlas (2015) Sonoluxe
 * Loom (Astroloops Volume Two) (2015) Astrotone
 * Perfect Monsters (2016) Sonoluxe
 * Special Metal (2016) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * All That I Remember (2016) Sonoluxe Super Listener Series
 * New Northern Dream (2016) Sonoluxe Super Listener Series
 * Six String Super Apparatus: Painting With Guitars Volume Three (2016) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * The Awakening of Dr.Dream (2017) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * Kid Flip and the Golden Spacemen (2017) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * Luxury Wonder Moments (2017) Sonoluxe
 * Tripping the Light Fantastic (2017) Sonoluxe
 * Songs For Ghosts (2017) Sonoluxe
 * That Old Mysterioso (2018) Sonoluxe
 * The Unrealist (2018) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * Drive This Comet Across The Sky (2018) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * Dynamos and Tremolos (2018) Sonoluxe
 * Auditoria (2018) Sonoluxe (triple CD to celebrate Bill Nelson's 70th birthday)
 * Stand By: Light Coming (2019) Sonoluxe
 * The Last Lamplighter (2019) Tremolo Boy Records (digital download only)
 * Old Haunts (2019) Sonoluxe
 * The Jewel (2020) Sonoluxe
 * Transcorder the Acquitted By Mirrors recordings (2020) Sonoluxe
 * New Vibrato Wonderland (2020) Sonoluxe
 * Dazzlebox (2021) Sonoluxe
 * Mixed Up Kid (2021) Sonoluxe
 * My Private Cosmos (2021) 6-CD set, Sonoluxe
 * Electra (In Search Of The Golden Sound) (2022) Sonoluxe
 * Marvellous Realms (2023) Sonoluxe
 * stupid/serious (2023) Sonoluxe
 * All The Fun Of The Fair (2023) Sonoluxe
 * Starlight Stories (2023) Sonoluxe
 * Powertron (2024) Sonoluxe

Singles

 * "Teenage Archangel" / "Jets at Dawn" (1973) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Smile
 * "Jet Silver and the Dolls of Venus" / "Third Floor Heaven" (1974) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Between the Worlds" / "Lights" (1975) recalled after only one day of sale [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Maid in Heaven" / "Lights" (1975) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Ships in the Night" / "Crying to the Sky" (1976) – UK No. 23 [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Kiss of Light" / "Shine" (1976) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Japan" / "Futurist Manifesto" (1977) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Panic in the World" / "Blue as a Jewel" (1978) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Electrical Language" / "Surreal Estate" (1978) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * "Furniture Music" / "Wonder Toys That Last For Ever", "Acquitted By Mirrors" (February 1979) [Bill Nelson's Red Noise] Harvest
 * "Revolt into Style" / "Out of Touch" recorded live at Leicester De Montfort Hall 8 March 1979 (April 1979) [Bill Nelson's Red Noise] Harvest
 * "Revolt into Style" / "Stay Young", "Out of Touch" both recorded live at Leicester De Montfort Hall 8 March 1979 12" (April 1979) [Bill Nelson's Red Noise] Harvest
 * "Rooms With Brittle Views" / "Dada Guitare" (1980) Les Disques du Crépuscule
 * "Do You Dream in Colour" / "Ideal Homes", "Instantly Yours", "Atom Man Loves Radium Girl" (1980) Cocteau
 * To Heaven A Jet: "Airfields" / "Tony Goes To Tokyo (And Rides The Bullet Train)" (1981) [The Revox Cadets] Cocteau
 * "Youth of Nation on Fire" / "Be My Dynamo" (1981) Mercury
 * "Youth of Nation on Fire" / "Be My Dynamo" / "Rooms With Brittle Views" / "All My Wives Were Iron" (1981) Mercury
 * "Living in My Limousine" / "Birds of Tin", "Love in the Abstract" (1981) Mercury
 * "Living in My Limousine (Remix)", "White Sounds" / "Birds of Tin", "Love in the Abstract" 12" (1981) Mercury
 * "Banal" / "Mr. Magnetism Himself" (1981) Mercury
 * "Banal" / "Turn To Fiction" / "Hers Is A Lush Situation" / "Mr. Magnetism Himself" 12" (1981) Mercury
 * "Eros Arriving" / "Haunting in My Head" (1982) Mercury
 * "Eros Arriving" / "Haunting in My Head" / "He And Sleep Were Brothers" / "Flesh" (1982) Mercury
 * "Flaming Desire" / "The Passion" (1982) Mercury
 * "Flaming Desire" (Long Version) / "The Passion", "The Burning Question" 12" (1982) Mercury
 * Flaming Desire And Other Passions: "Flaming Desire" (Long Version), "Flesh" / "The Passion", "The Burning Question", "He And Sleep Were Brothers", "Haunting in My Head" 12" (1982) PVC
 * "Sleepcycle", "Konny Buys A Kodak" / "When The Birds Return", "The Beat That Can't Go Wrong Today" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1982) Acquitted By Mirrors (ABM) fan club release Cocteau
 * "King of the Cowboys", "Shadowland" / "Carnival", "Spring" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1982) ABM release Cocteau
 * "Touch And Glow" / "Dancing in the Wind", "Love Without Fear" (1982) Cocteau
 * "The World And His Wife" / "Dream Car Romantics (In Death's Garage Antics)", "Dancing Music" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1982) ABM release Cocteau
 * "Dancing on a Knife's Edge" / "Indiscretion", "Contemplation" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1983) ABM release Cocteau
 * "Acceleration" Remixed by John Luongo / "Hard Facts From The Fiction Department" (1984) Cocteau
 * "Hard Facts From The Fiction Department", "Acceleration Dub" Remixed by John Luongo / "Acceleration Long Version" Remixed by John Luongo, "Acceleration Short Version" Remixed by John Luongo 12" (1984) Cocteau
 * 'Giants of the Perpetual Wurlitzer: "The Strangest Things, The Strangest Times", "Phantom Gardens", "French Promenades" / "Golden Mile", "West-Deep", "Threnolia" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1984) ABM release Cocteau
 * "Hard Facts From The Fiction Department", "Daily Bells" / "Rhythm Unit", "Junc-Sculpture" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1984) ABM release Cocteau
 * The Cote D'Azur EP: "A Dream Fulfilled", "Familiar Spirit" / "Palais Des Marine", "Letter To Jacques Maritan", "Villefranche Interior" EP 33 1/3 RPM (1984) ABM release Cocteau
 * Sex-Psyche-Etc: "Sex, Psyche Etcetera" / "Several Famous Orchestras", "Who He Is" 12" (1985) [Orchestra Arcana] Cocteau
 * "Wildest Dreams" / "Self Impersonisation" (1986) Portrait
 * "Wildest Dreams (Wild Mix)", "Self Impersonisation" / "Wildest Dreams (Single Version)", "The Yo-Yo Dyne" 12" (1986) Portrait
 * "Secret Ceremony (Theme From Brond)" / "Wiping A Tear From The All Seeing Eye" 7" and 12" versions (1987) [Scala Featuring Bill Nelson & Daryl Runswick] Cocteau
 * Ecclesia Gnostica (Music for the Interior Church): "Set Me As A Seal Upon Thine Heart", "Mysterium", "Katharos", "Day of Eternity", "Evening Adoration" / "Ecclesia Gnostica", "Young Angels by an Ancient River", "Finis Gloria Mundi" (1987) bonus release with Chance Encounters in the Garden of Lights first edition Cocteau
 * "Do You Dream in Colour" / "Life in Your Hands" (1989) Cocteau
 * "Life in Your Hands", "Do You Dream in Colour" / "Get Out of That Hole", "My Dream Demon" 12" (1989) Cocteau
 * "The Dead We Wake With Upstairs Drums", "Boat To Forever", "So It Goes" CD (1992) Venture
 * "Contemplation 2007" / "The Dreamsville Poetry Experiment" (2007) no label (digital download only)
 * "I Hear Electricity" / "Kiss You Slowly" (2008) Sonoluxe (digital download only)
 * "The Jingler" (2009) Christmas single no label (digital download only)
 * "Frost-O-Matic" .wav (2010) Christmas single Sonoluxe (digital download only)
 * "Think And You’ll Miss It" / "Beat Street" (2012) Christmas single no label (digital download only)
 * "Snow Is Falling" (2014) Christmas single no label (digital download only)

DVDs

 * flashlight dreams... and fleeting shadows an audio-optical diary by Bill Nelson (2003) Voiceprint
 * Picture House (2010) Nelsonica convention DVD Visuluxe
 * Classic Rock Magazine Legends Bill Nelson and the Gentlemen Rocketeers filmed live at Metropolis Studios (2011) [Bill Nelson and the Gentlemen Rocketeers] ITV Studios Home Entertainment
 * Be-Bop Deluxe at the BBC 1974–78 (2013) [Be-Bop Deluxe] 3-CD + DVD box set of previously unreleased material + material from Tramcar To Tomorrow (most tracks) and Tremulous Antenna (all tracks) + televised performances EMI

Compilation albums

 * The Best of and the Rest of Be-Bop Deluxe (1978) [Be-Bop Deluxe] 2-LP set; second disc material previously unreleased on LP – Drastic Plastic outtakes plus single A- and B-sides Harvest
 * Singles A's & B's (1981) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest Heritage
 * Vistamix (1984) Portrait (10 tracks – Chimera mini LP, two tracks from The Love That Whirls, one from Quit Dreaming And Get on the Beam, and one single)
 * The Two-Fold Aspect of Everything (1984) 2-LP set of A- and B-sides previously unavailable on LP Cocteau
 * Bop to the Red Noise (1986) [Be-Bop Deluxe] mixture of BBD and RN material Dojo
 * The Strangest Things A Collection of Recordings 1979–1989 (1989) Enigma
 * The Best of Be-Bop Deluxe: Raiding The Divine Archive (1990) [Be-Bop Deluxe] Harvest
 * Air Age Anthology: The Very Best of Be-Bop Deluxe (1997) [Be-Bop Deluxe] 2-CD set EMI
 * The Very Best of Be-Bop Deluxe (1998) [Be-Bop Deluxe] EMI-Capitol Special Markets
 * What Now, What Next? The Cocteau Years Compendium (1998) Discipline Global Mobile
 * Electrotype – The Holyground Recordings 1968–1972 (2001) previously unreleased pre-Northern Dream BN and pre-Axe Victim BBD recordings Holyground
 * Postcards From the Future... Introducing Be-Bop Deluxe (2004) [Be-Bop Deluxe] EMI
 * Futurist Manifesto (2011) [Be-Bop Deluxe] 5-CD set, 1st four discs are the five BBD studio albums plus the singles; fifth disc is previously unreleased material from demos and Live! In The Air Age recordings Harvest
 * The Practice of Everyday Life (2011) 8-CD set, 40-year career retrospective mixture of BBD, RN and BN solo material Esoteric Recordings
 * Original Albums Series (2014) [Be-Bop Deluxe] 5-CD set, five discs are the five BBD studio albums, tracks as originally released on LP Warner/Parlophone
 * The Dreamer's Companion Vol 1 (How I Got My Secret Powers) (2015) Sonoluxe (digital download only)
 * The Dreamer's Companion Vol 2 (In This I Reveal My Secret Identity) (2015) Sonoluxe (digital download only)
 * The Dreamer's Companion Vol 3 (Songs of the Bel-Air Rocketman) (2015) introductory compilation of 14 tracks per each of 3 volumes taken from rare and limited edition CD pressings, personally chosen by Bill Nelson himself Sonoluxe (digital download only)

Compilation albums with other artists

 * Future Perfect includes tracks from Practically Wired or how I became…Guitarboy! and Automatic [Channel Light Vessel] (1995) [Various Artists] All Saints

Compilation singles

 * Hot Valves: "Maid in Heaven", "Bring Back The Spark" / "Blazing Apostles", "Jet Silver and the Dolls of Venus" EP (1976) UK No. 36 Harvest
 * Permanent Flame (The Beginners Guide To Bill Nelson) (1983) 5-disc set of previously released BBD, RN and BN solo material Cocteau

Albums as producer

 * Days in Europa (1st release version) — producer and keyboards (1979) Skids Virgin
 * Warriors — Nelson removed his producer credit following creative differences with Numan; "guitar and keyboards" credit remains (1983) Gary Numan Beggars Banquet Records*
 * New Way To Move — producer, guitar, synthesizer (1983) The Units 6-track mini-LP Epic
 * Heaven & Hell Volume 2 (a Velvet Underground tribute album) — production and keyboard solo on "Pale Blue Eyes" The Mock Turtles, also "Lonesome Cowboy Bill" Bill Nelson & The Roy Rogers Rocketeers (1990) Imaginary
 * Lovesnake — producer (1991) Jean Park Epic
 * Willerby — production, guitars, sitar, keyboards, also features Ian Nelson on saxes and clarinet (1991) The Rhythm Sisters Imaginary
 * The Familiar (1992) Roger Eno with Kate St John All Saints
 * Geography — produced by Culturemix, Nelson also plays guitar, all compositions Yumiko Norika (1993) Culturemix Japanese release Voice Records
 * Listen — producer (1983) A Flock of Seagulls Jive
 * Culturemix with Bill Nelson — produced with Yumiko Norika, Nelson also plays guitar, keyboards, occasional piano, occasional vocals, all compositions Yumiko Norika except "Four Postcards Home" by Bill Nelson and Yumiko Norika (1995) Culturemix Resurgence
 * Lines of Desire — 10 tracks in total: played on three of which he produced two (1995) Su Lyn Bruce's Fingers
 * 360 Degrees — produced with Gillcover and the Monkey (1996) [Gillcover and the Monkey] Japanese release Stillwaters / Sony Music Japan
 * Яблокитай / Yablokitay — Nelson also plays guitar (1997) Наутилус Помпилиус / Nautilus Pompilius Russian release Dana Music
 * Leaving the Electric Circus — Nelson also plays guitar on and helped write "The Sunglass" (2002) Sea of Wires Sea of Wires self-released
 * Animals They Dream About — (2016, recorded 1982) The Units Futurismo

Singles as producer

 * "Working for the Yankee Dollar" / "Vanguards Crusade" — (1979) [Skids] Virgin
 * "Charade" / "Grey Parade" — producer, keyboards and co-authorship with Stuart Adamson / Richard Jobson (1979) [Skids] Virgin
 * "Animation" / "Pros & Cons" — (1980) [Skids] Virgin
 * "Losing You" / "You Don't Turn Me on Anymore" — (1981) [Stranger Than Fiction] Ambergris Records
 * "Novel Romance" / "In A Glass Eye" — produced A-side only (1981) Nash the Slash Dindisc
 * "Telecommunication" / "Intro" — produced A-side only (1981) A Flock of Seagulls Jive Records
 * "(It's Not Me) Talking" / "Tanglimara" — produced A-side only (1983) [A Flock of Seagulls] Jive Records
 * "Sister Surprise" / "Poetry And Power" — also guitars, keyboards, backing vocals (1983) [Gary Numan] Beggars Banquet
 * "Warriors" / "My Car Slides" — also guitars, keyboards (1983) [Gary Numan] Beggars Banquet
 * "Infotainment" / "Please Mr Postman" — production, guitar, keyboards (1990) [The Rhythm Sisters] Imaginary
 * "Rain" production, guitar / "She Rides" — sitar (1990) [The Rain Poets] Scorp Records
 * "Magic Boomerang" / "Take Your Time" — (1990) [The Mock Turtles] Imaginary
 * Pink & Clean "Cheap Thrill Star", "Pink & Clean", "Girlie", "A Monster of Me" EP — (1998) [Honeytone Cody] Elle & Elliot Nelson
 * Believe in the Promise of Tomorrow — contributed secret track which consisted of music he wrote that the band played before their gigs EP (2000) [Honeytone Cody]

Compilation albums as producer

 * Sweet Suburbia — worked on featured tracks, a Best of compilation (1995) [Skids] Virgin

Albums as collaborator

 * Disguise in Love guitar on 3 tracks "(I don't want to) Be Nice", "Readers Wives", "Health Fanatic" (1978) John Cooper Clarke CBS
 * Days in Europa (2nd release version) keyboards by Bill Nelson, additional production, remix by Bruce Fairbairn (1980) Skids Virgin
 * La Rocca! synthesizer (1981) [Snips] EMI, UK
 * Third Eye E-bow guitars, electric guitar (1982) Monsoon Phonogram
 * Rice Music "flying e-bow" guitar (1982) Masami Tsuchiya Epic
 * What Me Worry? guitars, vocals (1982) Yukihiro Takahashi Japanese release Yen / Alfa, UK release Alfa
 * Tomorrow's Just Another Day guitar on "This Island Earth", guitar and backing vocals on "Are You Receiving Me" (remix) (1983) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Japanese release Yen / Alfa
 * Naughty Boys guitar (1983) Yellow Magic Orchestra Alfa
 * Naughty Boys Instrumental guitar (1984) [Yellow Magic Orchestra] Alfa
 * Time and Place guitars, vocals, live (1984) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Japanese release Yen / Alfa
 * Wild and Moody guitar, vocal on "Helpless" (Neil Young) and "Bounds of Reason, Bonds of Love" (lyrics: Nelson; music: Nelson, Takahashi) mini-LP (1984) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Japanese release Yen / Alfa, UK release Cocteau
 * Viva Lava Liva lyrics on "Walk Away" (1984) Sandii & the Sunsetz Japanese release Yen / Alfa
 * Gone To Earth solo electric / acoustic guitars on "Before The Bullfight", guitar on "Wave", "Silver Moon", "The Healing Place", acoustic guitar on "Answered Prayers" (1986) David Sylvian Virgin
 * Code guitar on "Don't Argue", "Here To Go", "Trouble (Won't Stop)", "White Car", "No One Here", "Here to Go (Little Dub)" (1987) Cabaret Voltaire Parlophone UK
 * Still Looking For Heaven on Earth guitar on: "Burning Rain", "This Means Everything To Me", "Feel The Fire", "Heaven Said My Name", "Shake (Sell Your Soul)" (1988) [Crazy House] Chrysalis Records US
 * Ego lyrics on "Only the Heart Has Heard" (1988) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Japanese release Eastworld
 * Gagalactyca guitar on "Cold Tired & Hungry" [Chris Coombs & Lightyears Away/Thundermother] (1990) Holyground
 * By the Dawn's Early Light guitar on tracks 1–14, composed track 13 "The Place of Dead Roads" (1991) Harold Budd Opal Records
 * Rain Tree Crow guitar on 3 tracks "Big Wheels in Shanty Town", "Blackwater", "Blackcrow Hits Shoe Shine City" (1991) Rain Tree Crow Virgin
 * Chill and Kiss guitar on "Love So Terse", "Get It On", "This Song in You", "Get Stoned", Ian Nelson sax on "Togetherness Blues", Ian Leese (After The Satellite Sings, Excellent Spirits Channel Light Vessel)] bass (1992) Ramon Tikaram German release DSB (Deutsche Schallplatten GmbH Berlin)
 * 地上の楽園 / Chizyou No Rakuen / Paradise on Earth guitar, lyrics on "Hope" (1994) [久石譲 / Joe Hisaishi] Japanese release Pioneer
 * The Way Out Is The Way In guitar on "Music & Cosmic (Feel Yourself)" (sampled from Channel Light Vessel's Automatic) (1995) [Audio Active & Laraaji] All Saints
 * Alienshamanism guitar solo on "Alienshamanism – Prologue", flamenco guitar solo on "Flamenco Luminoso", guitars and ebo (sic) guitars on "Desire Machine" (2000) Dr.Jan (guru) Nap
 * Selected Esoterica (2003) [Dr.Jan (guru)] Kaerucafe
 * Communion (2003) Jan Linton/Dr.Jan (guru)] Explosion
 * Monsoon Featuring Sheila Chandra E-bow guitars, electric guitar, re-release of Third Eye includes several previously unreleased tracks (1995) [Monsoon] Mercury Records
 * Dreams And Absurdities (2015) Dave Sturt Esoteric/Antenna

Singles as collaborator

 * "Are You Receiving Me" / "And I Believe in You" guitar, backing vocals (1982) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Japanese release Yen / Alfa
 * "Wings of the Dawn" / "Ever So Lonely", "And I You" e-bow guitar 7", 12" (1982) [Monsoon] Phonogram
 * "Tomorrow Never Knows" / "Indian Princess" guitar and "base" (sic) 7", 12" (1982) [Monsoon] Phonogram
 * "Stranger Things Have Happened" / "Bounds of Reason, Bonds of Love" vocals, guitar, keyboards "Metaphysical Jerks" guitar, keyboards, writer 12" (1985) [Yukihiro Takahashi] Cocteau
 * "Castles in Spain" / "A Gathering", "Ring Those Bells" co-writer with The Armoury Show on "Ring Those Bells" only 12" (1985) The Armoury Show Parlophone
 * The Eternal Desire Machines of Dr Jan guitars and ebo (sic) guitars on "Desire Machine (dance meditation)" EP (1999) [Dr.Jan (guru)] Global Vision Music
 * Three White Roses & A Budd: "No Shade, No Shadow", "Adrift Amidst Les Odalisques", "The Airless Time", "Blue Locus" EP (2002) Harold Budd, Bill Nelson & Fila Brazillia Twentythree Records

Compilation albums as collaborator

 * A to Austr (Musics From Holy Ground) (1970) [Various Artists] Holyground
 * Astral Navigations guitar on 3 tracks by Light Years Away "Yesterday", "Today (North Country Cinderella)", "Tomorrow (Buffalo)" (1971) A-side: [Light Years Away], B-side: [Thundermother] Holyground
 * 87–90 includes "Magic Boomerang", "Take Your Time" [The Mock Turtles] also released as single (1990) [Various Artists] Imaginary
 * Gagalactyca guitar, recorded from Holyground sessions 1968–1970 (1990) [Various Artists] Holyground
 * Loose Routes guitar, recorded from Holyground sessions, includes Global Village's "Global Fantasy" (a re-working of Traffic's "Dear Mr. Fantasy") and other tracks 1968–1970 (1990) [Various Artists] 2-LP Holyground
 * Drop 5 (The Liquid Side of Dance) guitar (possibly just a guitar sample) also features David Torn, Richard Barbieri, Brian Eno, Jah Wobble, Steve Jansen, Hector Zazou, possibly David Sylvian (1998) [Various Artists] Italian release Materiali Sonori
 * communion ii download compilation (2015?) [Jan Linton] Burning Shed

title: Bill Nelson (musician)


text:
Augustinas Voldemaras

Augustinas Voldemaras (16 April 1883 – 16 May 1942) was a Lithuanian nationalist political figure. He briefly served as the country's first prime minister in 1918 and continued serving as the minister of foreign affairs until 1920, representing the fledgling Lithuanian state at the Versailles Peace Conference and the League of Nations. After some time in academia, Voldemaras returned to politics in 1926, when he was elected to the Third Seimas.

Dissatisfied with the left-wing government of President Kazys Grinius, Voldemaras and fellow nationalist Antanas Smetona supported the military coup d'état in December 1926 and he was appointed as the prime minister for a second time. A brilliant orator, Voldemaras represented the radical wing of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union that was increasingly critical of the more moderate policies of President Smetona. Smetona had Voldemaras removed from office in September 1929 and exiled to Zarasai. Voldemaras was arrested in 1934 after the failed coup against Smetona and served a prison sentence until exiled to France in 1938. Returning to Lithuania soon after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, he was promptly arrested by the Soviet authorities and died in their custody in Moscow.

Early life and education
Voldemaras was born on 16 April 1883 in Dysna village in what is now Ignalina district municipality, Lithuania (then part of the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire). Though born to a family of modest means and education, Augustinas excelled at his studies. He finished the public school in nearby Tverečius and graduated from a three-year school in Švenčionys. In 1890 he moved to Saint Petersburg to join his brother who had been working there. In 1902, Voldemaras passed the exams to enter a gymnasium, eventually graduating with distinction in 1904. While preparing for the exams in 1901, Voldemaras met Antanas Smetona who would become his close friend, political collaborator and, eventually, his political nemesis.

In 1909, Voldemaras graduated in History and Philosophy at the Saint Petersburg Imperial University and, in 1910, received his Master's Degree and was awarded a gold medal for his dissertation. A scholarship fund was set up to enable him to further his studies, and eventually he achieved his PhD. After a period of studying in Italy and Sweden, Voldemaras returned to the university (now named Petrograd Imperial University) in 1915 and joined its staff. He moved to Perm to become a professor when the Imperial University opened its branch there (the branch would later become Perm State University). However, Voldemaras was not satisfied with the living conditions in Perm and planned his return to Lithuania.

Entry into politics
Voldemaras first entered politics as a student in Saint Petersburg. The nationalism sweeping Lithuania in the Russian Empire included prominent voices calling for Lithuanian independence or autonomy within the Empire. Voldemaras joined the newly established Party of National Progress in 1916 and a group of Lithuanian students in Saint Petersburg, representing it at the Petrograd Seimas in June 1917 and the Congress of Non-Sovereign Nations in Kiev in September 1917. In 1918, he represented Lithuanian interests at the peace negotiations for the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and the Soviet Russia. Since Lithuania was not part of the negotiations, he was officially part of the delegation of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic. His influence at the conference was minimal and Lithuania was claimed by Germany as part of the settlement.

In 1918, Voldemaras returned to Lithuania and joined the Council of Lithuania after several members left it in protest of its alignment with Germany. One of the many problems facing the council was the lack of unity among Lithuanian organizations — several were claiming to represent Lithuania on the international stage. In September 1918, Voldemaras and Smetona participated in a conference in Lausanne, Switzerland, helping to unite the organizations behind the Council of Lithuania. Events moved rapidly after the defeat of Germany in the World War I. Germany recognized Lithuanian independence and its army withdrew. The Presidium of the Council of Lithuania, which had been acting as a collective head of state, chose Voldemaras as the first Prime Minister of Lithuania and allowed him to form the government.

On the Government of Lithuania
Voldemaras assumed power on 11 November 1918 and formed a cabinet, taking two cabinet positions for himself: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Defense. Voldemaras's first stated priority was to ensure the internal stability of the country: he hoped that a statement of neutrality would deter foreign interference for a time. Nevertheless, On 23 November he signed the order creating the Lithuanian armed forces and appointed General Kyprian Kandratovich as Deputy Minister of Defense. This appointment proved very unpopular. Kondratovich was an ethnic Belarusian viewed with suspicion by many, failed to take measures to organize the defense of the country and proposed to move the government to Grodno when Vilnius was threatened by a Soviet advance. He was dismissed on 24 December 1918.

Voldemaras and Smetona left Lithuania on 21 December 1918. Their stated purpose of the trip was to secure a badly needed loan from Germany and to participate in the Versailles Peace Conference, but the departure generated outrage in Lithuania, where Voldemaras was seen as fleeing the Soviet advance. In absentia, he was replaced as the prime minister on 26 December 1918 by Mykolas Sleževičius. Furious with these events, Voldemaras nevertheless continued to serve as Minister of Foreign affairs and stayed in Versailles representing Lithuania.

The Lithuanian representatives there focused on recognition of independent Lithuania and its borders, as well as support in its struggle against Bolsheviks. Voldemaras and his colleagues found little support among the Great Powers: those who supported a strong Russia saw Lithuania as an integral part of that state, while the proponents of Poland as a bulwark against Bolshevism thought Lithuanian independence would weaken it. Voldemaras also found it difficult to secure recognition for Lithuania after the end of the conference. The United States refused recognition in November 1919 and granted it only in 1922) and Soviet Russia refused peace negotiations at the beginning of 1920.

In June 1920, Voldemaras resigned along with the rest of the cabinet, to make way for the government formed by the elections to the constituent assembly. Voldemaras did not take part in the assembly, and instead returned to academia.

Coup d'état and ascent to power
Even in academia, Voldemaras continued to publish political articles and essays, often critical of the government. In 1923, his political writings earned him one month of forced labor in Varniai. In 1926, Voldemaras was elected to the Seimas and was particularly critical of President Kazys Grinius and his government, which came to power after the elections of 1926. He saw Grinius as too lenient on minority rights and advocated for a stronger, more dictatorial government like the fascist regimes that were gaining power in much of Europe at the time.

In 1926, a segment of the army that disagreed with the Grinius administration planned a military coup d'état. They appealed for support to Voldemaras and Antanas Smetona, now leaders of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union, and both agreed. The coup took place on 17 December, deposing Grinius and installing Smetona as the president for a second time and Voldemaras as prime minister. To assuage public opinion in both Lithuania and the outside world, Grinius agreed to appoint Voldemaras as the prime minister on condition that he uphold the constitution of 1922. Although Voldemaras did make this commitment, he and Smetona reneged on it within a year, when the Third Seimas was dissolved and no new elections were called. Voldemaras joked at the time that he had promised to hold elections, but had made no promises about in which year. This move prompted the Christian Democrats to leave the government, leaving the Nationalist Union in power as the sole governing party. Finally, in 1928, the constitution of 1922 was scrapped altogether and replaced by a new constitution without following the constitutional procedures and without any sort of approval from the voters or the legislature.

Voldemaras again assumed the role of minister of foreign affairs and prime minister, seeing foreign relations as the key issue of the government. In January 1928, Voldemaras signed a border treaty with Germany, in which Germany accepted Lithuanian possession of Klaipėda (Memel) and also a trade agreement with the United Kingdom the same year.

In 1926-27 saw the Geležinis Vilkas (Iron Wolf) organization was established among right-wing army officers and students. Ostensibly a youth sport organization and registered as such in 1928, Iron Wolf was heavily nationalistic, with a stated purpose of combating the enemies of the state. Their ideology and practices (initiates would kiss an iron dagger as part of their initiation ceremony) were outside the comfort zone of many among the populace and the political elite. Although Smetona was the honorary head of the organization, it was Voldemaras who actively managed it. His personality and oratory skills attracted younger nationalist officers, who were favorably impressed by the emerging fascism, and displeased with what they perceived as Smetona's more moderate course. On the other hand, Voldemaras was unpopular with foreign representatives in Lithuania, who perceived him as too radical and arrogant.

Assassination attempt and fall from power
Geležinis Vilkas and Voldemaras's more radical stance created friction with Smetona. As early as the beginning of 1929, Smetona was preparing to oust Voldemaras from the government. These initial plans were revised by an attempt on Voldemaras's life in May.

On 6 May 1929, as Voldemaras, his wife and some friends approached a theater in Kaunas, they were shot at from behind. At least seven shots were fired, killing Voldemaras's adjutant and injuring several others. Voldemaras and his wife escaped unharmed, but his nephew was seriously hurt. Three Lithuanian students, members of Aušrininkai, were accused of involvement in the assassination attempt, with one of them sentenced and executed. The outpouring of public and international support made it impossible for Smetona to dismiss Voldemaras, but pushed the latter to get even more involved with Geležinis Vilkas.

On 19 September 1929, while attending a meeting of the League of Nations, Voldemaras was ousted by President Smetona after the cabinet resigned. Smetona installed his brother-in-law Juozas Tūbelis as prime minister. In 1930, he was exiled to Plateliai and later to Zarasai, where he lived under police surveillance. It was from Zarasai that he was flew into Kaunas during an attempted coup against Smetona in June 1934. Several officers sympathetic to Voldemaras and associated with Geležinis Vilkas attempted to replace Smetona, but the coup did not have widespread support and was unsuccessful. Voldemaras was imprisoned for the next four years, receiving amnesty on condition he leave the country. He chose France as his destination.

Later life and death
Voldemaras attempted to return to Lithuania in 1939, but was exiled again. In June 1940, days after the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Lithuania, Voldemaras and his wife tried again to return from exile. He was arrested at the border and imprisoned. It later emerged that he died in Moscow's Butyrka prison on 16 December 1942. His place of burial is unknown; a memorial stone for him was unveiled in the Petrašiūnai cemetery in Kaunas in 2012.

Other activities and personal life
While in Perm, Voldemaras taught Roman history, Greek, Latin and English at what would become Perm State University. After his stint on the government, he returned to academia in 1920, teaching courses and eventually joining the University of Lithuania (now Vytautas Magnus University) in Kaunas. At the university, he served as a professor and the dean of sociological studies. His academic works were highly acclaimed and in 1923-1924 he participated in international scientific congresses on History and Sociology. A polyglot, Voldemaras was familiar with sixteen different languages and wrote academic works in Lithuanian and French.

In 1919, Voldemaras met Matilda Voldemarienė (née Delahay). While Voldemaras always introduced her as his wife, the status of their relationship was not completely clear and generated some amount of controversy in Lithuania, particularly when the couple visited the Vatican in 1927. Voldemaras's political opponents, the Christian Democrats, alleged in Lithuanian press that the couple were living together outside marriage, but the issue was not pressed by the Holy See and the couple received blessings from the Pope. In 1929, the couple acted as the godparents to the three-year-old Valdas Adamkus, who would later become the President of Lithuania. Nevertheless, Voldemaras was considered a womanizer and was known to have had several high-profile affairs during the years.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Augustinas Voldemaras


text:
Brian Reynolds (game designer)

Brian Reynolds (born 1967) is an American videogame designer. Reynolds has designed at SecretNewCo, Zynga, Big Huge Games, and MicroProse and has been chairman of the International Game Developers Association. He has played a major part in designing a number of multi-million selling games including Civilization II, Rise of Nations, Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri, and FrontierVille. He has also founded or co-founded three game companies, SecretNewCo, Big Huge Games, and Firaxis Games.

Early life
Reynolds made his first game sale with Quest 1 to SoftSide magazine, its August 1981 cover feature. He was a gamer in high school, and a SysOp on Randolph School's (Huntsville, Alabama) PDP-11 mainframe computer. A 1990 graduate of the University of the South, Reynolds briefly pursued graduate studies in Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.

Career
Reynolds initiated his game career with MicroProse where he worked as lead programmer for a number of graphic adventure games. These included Rex Nebular in 1992 and Return of the Phantom and Dragonsphere in 1993.

It was at MicroProse where Reynolds first worked with Sid Meier and the two collaborated on a strategy title by the name of Sid Meier's Colonization which was released in 1994. Reynolds went on to become lead designer for a sequel to Sid Meier's Civilization. Civilization II was released in 1996 and sold multi-million copies.

While at Firaxis, Reynolds contributed to Sid Meier's Gettysburg in 1997, followed by the creation and design of Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri in 1998. Alpha Centauri became his second multi-million selling title. In 2000 Reynolds left Firaxis games and sold his share in the company to become CEO of Big Huge Games.

On June 30, 2009, Zynga announced that Brian Reynolds was leaving Big Huge Games to lead the formation of Zynga East, and serve the role of Chief Game Designer.

In February 2013, Reynolds left Zynga. In March, he revived Big Huge Games (temporarily known as SecretNewCo). In July, the team announced their partnership with Nexon, a South Korean game developer, to develop their first game, DomiNations, a mobile game similar to Civilization or Age of Empires.

Big Huge Games was acquired by Nexon in 2016.

Contributions
Although marketed under Sid Meier's name, Civilization II, Sid Meier's Colonization and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri all credited Reynolds as lead designer. The credits for Civilization II only list Meier as the designer of the original Civilization game, and Reynolds stated in an interview that for this game Meier "was no longer involved except in name." The credits for Alpha Centauri state that the game was "Created by" Brian Reynolds and Meier is listed with several other team members on the "With" line - in the Designers Notes in the game manual Reynolds also thanks him for all his sage advice.

Brian Reynolds' first major break was the design of Sid Meier's Civilization II. Meier had created Civilization but had moved on to other projects. MicroProse wanted to make a sequel and asked Reynolds to design it. MicroProse put Meier on retainer for consultational advice and for the use of his name, but Meier only had peripheral involvement in the design of this game. The sequel game, hence, was primarily designed by Reynolds.

Rise of Nations was Reynolds' first game at Big Huge Games. Later came Rise of Legends, a real-time strategy game, published by Microsoft.

Reynolds and Klaus Teuber collaborated to develop the Xbox Live Arcade game Catan.

Reynolds led the development of FrontierVille and CityVille 2 for Facebook.

title: Brian Reynolds (game designer)


text:
Electronic City

Electronic City is an information technology hub in Bangalore, India, located in Bengaluru south taluk. Spread over 800 acres (3.2 km²) near Konappana Agrahara and Doddathogur it houses a large number of electronic/IT industrial parks.

Electronic City was established by KEONICS (Karnataka State Electronics Development Corporation), and consists of four zones called phases – Phase I, Phase II, Phase III and Phase IV. There are approximately 200 IT/ITES company campuses located in Electronic City, including main campuses of Infosys, Wipro, TCS, HCL, Tech Mahindra and Biocon.

History

Electronic City was the brainchild of R. K. Baliga, the first Chairman and Managing Director of Keonics, Karnataka Electronic. He dreamt of making Bangalore the Silicon Valley of India when he developed the concept of Electronic City. In 1978, Keonics established Electronic City on 332 acres of land in Konappana Agrahara and Doddathogur villages. The liberalisation of the Indian economy in the early 1990s by the then Indian Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and then Indian Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh helped Electronic City to become what it is today — the outsourcing capital of the world.

In 1997, the maintenance and upkeep of Electronic City was handed over by Keonics to ELCITA, the Electronic City Township Industries Association, with representatives from units in the enclave, for effective local governance and management. Security is provided by ELCITA, who have deployed around 500 security officials and also installed CCTV cameras on strategic locations. On 18 March 2013, a notification by the Urban Development Department has brought Electronic City Phases I, II, III under the E-City Industrial Township Area. The residential area within Electronic City are still under the governance of City Panchayats and awaiting BBMP inclusion for want of civic amenities.

Connectivity and transport
Electronic City has developed infrastructure in terms of connectivity to other important localities of Bangalore city. Electronic City which was once considered a suburban area, is now considered as part of the city due to the development and connectivity.

Road
BMTC bus services are the most popular mode of transport. There are many BMTC buses starting from Electronic City Bustand (near Hosur Road), Wipro Gate and Infosys Gate ply to all important part of the city. There are buses from E-City up to KIA. There are frequent BMTC services to Bannerghatta Road, Silk Board, Brigade Road, Attibele, Kengeri, K R Market, KBS etc. Most auto-rickshaws in Electronic City do not charge by the meter and hence an avoidable mode of transport.

Hosur Road
Electronic City is on Hosur Road which is a major arterial highway of Bangalore city. Many BMTC buses and interstate buses use this route.

Elevated Expressway
The four-lane mixed corridor elevated highway from Silk Board junction to Electronic City was opened on 22 January 2010. The 9.985 km long expressway is one of the longest elevated national highways in the country. This elevated stretch helps a commuter reach Electronic City from Silk Board is 30 minutes. Toll for this route is revised periodically. This expressway has been accident prone with many fatal accidents on the narrow lanes resulting in vehicles falling down from the height, posing high risk to the traffic on the highway below. BTP speed checks are common on this route. Bengaluru Traffic Police has arrested several bike wheelies on this route at late night hours.

NICE Road
The NICE road connects Electronic City to other key areas in the west of Bengaluru city like Bannerghatta Road, Mysore Road, Kanakapura Road and Tumkur Road. This is a 63 km 4-lane access controlled tollway.

Metro rail
Electronic City comes under the Namma Metro Yellow Line (R V Road - Bommasandra line). The project is near completion.

Suburban rail
The Heelalige railway station, about 4 km from Electronic City Phase 2, has become part of the Bengaluru Suburban Rail (Bengaluru Commuter Rail) system. The South Western Railways has introduced a fleet of Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) on this route. The nearest railway stations are Heelalige, which is 6 km from Electronic City, or Karmelaram railway station which is 14 km away.

Bengaluru Airport
KIA is located 56 km away from Electronic City. Travelling time from Electronic City to KIA: 2 hours by road in normal traffic, ~ 1.5 hours during late nights 12 am to 6 am, and about 3 hrs during peak traffic.

Hosur Airport
The proposed Hosur Airport in Belagondapalli on Thally Road, an UDAN project, is expected to be nearer to Electronic City. Travelling time: 30 minutes by road. Distance from Electronics City: 28 km

Heli Taxis
Helicopter taxi service to Kempegowda International Airport was launched in March 2018 but stopped during COVID-19 due to operational issues. . The high fare and limited access to helipad(s) make heli-taxis affordable only for industrialists and business travellers.

Emergency Services

 * E-City Police Station
 * BTP - Bangalore City Traffic Police
 * CISF - Central Industrial Security Force Electronic City
 * Electronic City Fire Station
 * Electronic City Post Office

title: Electronic City


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User:Explo

= Who is Explo? =

I'm a recently graduated ex-student of information technology/telecommunications. Some of my interests include photography, astronomy, books (especially science fiction and fantasy) and music.

I occasionally fill in details about things that I think I know something about.

title: User:Explo


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Sleep debt

Sleep debt or sleep deficit is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep. A large sleep debt may lead to mental or physical fatigue, and can adversely affect one's mood, energy, and ability to think clearly.

There are two kinds of sleep debt: the result of partial sleep deprivation, and of total sleep deprivation. Partial sleep deprivation occurs when a person or a lab animal sleeps too little for several days or weeks. Total sleep deprivation, on the other hand, occurs when the subject is kept awake for at least 24 hours. There is debate in the scientific community over the specifics of sleep debt (see ), and it is not considered to be a disorder.

Physiological effects of sleep debt
The effects of chronic sleep debt on the human body's metabolic and endocrine processes are significant, particularly for those individuals who are overweight. An analysis of the physiological impacts of sleep debt, published in The Lancet, investigated the physiological effects of sleep debt by assessing the sympathovagal balance (an indicator of the sympathetic nervous system activity), thyrotropic function, HPA axis activity, as well as the carbohydrate metabolism of 11 young adult males whose sleep period for six nights was either restricted to four hours per night or extended to 12 hours in bed per night. Results revealed that in the sleep-debt condition, thyrotropin concentrations were decreased, while lowered glucose and insulin responses indicated a clear impairment of carbohydrate tolerance, a 30% decrease than in the well-rested sleep condition. Males who were sleep-restricted also showed significantly elevated concentrations of evening cortisol (the "stress" hormone) and elevated sympathetic nervous system activity in comparison to those who enjoyed a full sleep, throughout 6 nights. Losing so much sleep could lead to many chronic health problems that could include: heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and depression. As stated by the National Institutes of Health, chronic sleep debt has a detrimental impact on human neurophysiological functioning and can disrupt immune, endocrine, and metabolic function, while increasing the severity of cardiovascular and age-related illnesses over a period of time.

Neuropsychological effects of sleep debt on emotions
Accumulated and continuous short-term sleep deficit has been shown to increase and intensify psychophysiological reactions in humans to emotional stimuli. The amygdala plays a strong functional role in the expression of negative emotions such as fear, and, through its anatomical connections with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), has an important function in the subjective suppression of and the reframing and reappraisal of negative emotions. A study assessing sleep deficit in young Japanese men over a 5-day period (during which they slept only 4 hours per day) showed that there was greater left amygdala activation to fearful faces but not happy faces, and an overall subjective mood deterioration. As a result, even short-term continuous sleep debt, or deprivation, has been shown to reduce this functional relationship between the amygdala and mPFC, inducing negative mood changes through increased fear and anxiety to unpleasant emotional stimuli and events. Thus, a full and uninterrupted 7-hour sleep is crucial for the proper functioning of the amygdala in modulating an individual's mood states—by reducing negative emotional intensities and increasing reactivity to positive emotional stimuli.

Sleep debt and obesity
Epidemiological research has solidified the association between sleep debt or deprivation and obesity as a result of an elevated body mass index (BMI) through various ways, such as disruptions in the hormones leptin and ghrelin that regulate appetite, higher food consumption and poor diets, and a decrease in overall calorie burning. However, in recent years, multimedia usages such as Internet and television consumption that play an active role in sleep deficit have also been linked to obesity by provoking unhealthy, sedentary lifestyles and habits, as well as higher food consumption. Moreover, work-related behaviors such as long working and commuting hours and irregular work timings such as during shift work also function as contributing factors to being overweight or obese as a result of shorter sleeping periods. In comparison to adults, children exhibit a more consistent association between sleep debt and obesity.

Sleep debt and mortality
Several studies have shown that sleep duration, specifically sleep deficit or shorter sleep duration, predicts mortality, whether it be on weekdays or weekends. In people aged 65 years and younger, daily sleep duration of 5 hours or less (amounting to a sleep deficit of 2 hours per day) during weekends correlated with a 52% higher mortality rate—as compared to a control group who slept for 7 hours. Consistent weekday sleep debt exhibited a detrimental association with mortality and morbidity, but this effect was negated when compensated with long sleep during weekends. However, the harmful consequences of sleep debt over weekdays and weekends were not seen in individuals aged 65 years and older.

Scientific debate
There is debate among researchers as to whether the concept of sleep debt describes a measurable phenomenon. The September 2004 issue of the journal Sleep contains dueling editorials from two leading sleep researchers, David F. Dinges and Jim Horne. A 1997 experiment conducted by psychiatrists at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine suggested that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt affects daytime sleepiness, particularly on the first, second, sixth, and seventh days of sleep restriction.

In one study, subjects were tested using the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Different groups of people were tested with different sleep times for two weeks: 8 hours, 6 hours, 4 hours, and total sleep deprivation. Each day, they were tested for the number of lapses on the PVT. The results showed that, as time went by, each group's performance worsened, with no sign of any stopping point. Moderate sleep deprivation was found to be detrimental; people who slept 6 hours a night for 10 days had similar results to those who were completely sleep deprived for 1 day.

Evaluation
Sleep debt has been tested in a number of studies through the use of a sleep onset latency test. This test attempts to measure how easily a person can fall asleep. When this test is done several times during the day, it is called a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). The subject is told to go to sleep and is awakened after determining the amount of time it took to fall asleep. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), an eight-item questionnaire with scores ranging from 0 to 24, is another tool used to screen for potential sleep debt.

A January 2007 study from Washington University in St. Louis suggests that saliva tests of the enzyme amylase could be used to indicate sleep debt, as the enzyme increases its activity in correlation with the length of time a subject has been deprived of sleep.

The control of wakefulness has been found to be strongly influenced by the protein orexin. A 2009 study from Washington University in St. Louis has illuminated important connections between sleep debt, orexin, and amyloid beta, with the suggestion that the development of Alzheimer's disease could hypothetically be a result of chronic sleep debt or excessive periods of wakefulness.

Phosphorylation of proteins
In mice, there are 80 proteins in the brain, called "sleep need index phosphoproteins" (SNIPPs), which become more and more phosphorylated during waking hours, and are dephosphorylated during sleep. The phosphorylation is aided by the gene Sik3. A type of laboratory mouse (named Sleepy) possesses an altered version of this protein, which is called SLEEPY, where the protein is more active than the regular version. This results in the mice showing more slow-wave sleep activity during non-REM sleep—a reliable indicator that more sleep is met. Inhibition of the Sik3 gene decreases phosphorylation and slow-wave activity in both normal and modified mice.

title: Sleep debt


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Sam Maguire

Samuel Maguire (11 March 1877 – 6 February 1927) was an Irish republican and Gaelic football player. He is chiefly remembered as the eponym of the Sam Maguire Cup, given to the All-Ireland Senior Champions of Gaelic football each year.

Early life
He was born in the townland of Mallabraca near the town of Dunmanway in West Cork on 1877 and was a member of the Church of Ireland. He was the son of farmer John Maguire and Jane Kingston.

He had four brothers and two sisters. Willie was the eldest then Mary, Jack, Dick, Paul (who married a Roman Catholic and whose son became a Roman Catholic priest), Sam and Elizabeth. The Maguires farmed 200 acre of land. However this figure is misleading as only approximately 80 acres were arable land. The translation of the townland Mallabraca is "land of the little hillocks".

He went to school in the Model School in the local town Dunmanway and then to the national school in Ardfield. This school run by Master Madden specialised in preparing its pupils for the UK Civil Service and Post Office examinations. Madden was part of a long tradition of Irish nationalism and he had a field next to the school where pupils could play Gaelic football.

The school was very successful and became known as the "University of the Mountains" because the place name Ardfield can be literally translated as the "place on the high ground". At the age of 20, Maguire passed the exams for the UK Post Office.

Professional life
He then took a job in the British Civil Service in London. Maguire joined and captained the successful London Hibernians Gaelic football team to several All-Ireland finals between 1900 and 1904.

In 1907 he went into the administration of the London GAA, becoming the Chairman of the London County Board and a regular delegate to the Annual Congress of the GAA. He later became a trustee of Croke Park. Coincidentally, Vice-Chairman of the London County Board was Liam MacCarthy who gave his name to the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship trophy, the Liam MacCarthy Cup.

He is also remembered in the political sphere for recruiting the nationalist leader Michael Collins to the Irish Republican Brotherhood in 1909 and for many years was one of Collins's right hand men. As Collins's chief intelligence officer in London, Maguire became the centre of Scotland Yard's investigation into the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson. Maguire was tipped off and fled to Dublin in December 1923 where he got a job in the newly established Irish civil service. Because of his political opinions and his sympathies to the Anti-Treaty forces, he quickly clashed with his superiors and was dismissed.

Death
Cork-based Margaret Walsh, who has written Sam Maguire: The Enigmatic Man Behind Ireland's Most Prestigious Trophy, says that "what became of him was very sad". "In 1924, he was sacked and deprived of his pension." They (the Irish Government) gave him £100 and that was it. "In 1925, he came back to west Cork to live. He then developed TB and died in penury in 1927 aged 49. They say that he died of a broken heart and penniless," she says.

He is buried in the cemetery of Saint Mary's in Dunmanway. A Celtic cross was raised over his grave with a simple inscription Erected to the memory of Samuel Maguire, Mallabraca who died 6th February 1927 by the people of Dunmanway and his numerous friends throughout Ireland and England in recognition of his love for his country.

Dunmanway's Dohenys GAA club named their home pitch Sam Maguire Park in his honour, and the club's under-age teams joined with the Randal Og Club compete under the moniker "Sam Maguires". On 15 September 2002, a statue of Sam Maguire was unveiled as the centrepiece of a new €500,000 plaza in Dunmanway's town centre.

In 2017, the community of Dunmanway paid for a new set of eight bells (the 'Sam Maguire Community bells') which are installed in St. Mary's Church. The two lightest bells were cast in 2017 and have 'Sam Maguire 1877-1927' inscribed on them, while the back six bells were cast in 1887 by John Warner, and were formerly hung in the now-closed Christ Church, Llanelli, Wales.

Sam Maguire Cup
The Sam Maguire Cup was designed and presented to the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928 in his honour after his death in 1927. The cup cost £300 in 1928 (equivalent to £13,176 in 2021). After it had been commissioned by the committee under the chairmanship of Dr Pat McCartan, the task of making the cup was given to Hopkins and Hopkins, a jewellers and watchmakers, of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin.

The cups design is modelled closely on the Ardagh chalice.

The silver cup was crafted, on behalf of Hopkins and Hopkins, by the silversmith Matthew J. Staunton of D'Olier Street, Dublin.

Kildare was the first county to win the Sam Maguire Cup after defeating Cavan 2–6 to 2–5 in 1928. The cup was replaced in 1988, Meath being the first recipient of "Sam Óg" after a defeat of Cork.

title: Sam Maguire


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Charles Bernstein (poet)

Charles Bernstein (born April 4, 1950) is an American poet, essayist, editor, and literary scholar. Bernstein is the Donald T. Regan Professor, Emeritus, Department of English at the University of Pennsylvania. He is one of the most prominent members of the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E or Language poets. In 2006 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. and in 2019 he was awarded the Bollingen Prize from Yale University, the premiere American prize for lifetime achievement, given on the occasion of the publication of Near/Miss. Bernstein was David Gray Professor of Poetry and Poetics at SUNY-Buffalo from 1990 to 2003, where he co-founded the Poetics Program. A volume of Bernstein's selected poetry from the past thirty years, All the Whiskey in Heaven, was published in 2010 by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. The Salt Companion to Charles Bernstein was published in 2012 by Salt Publishing and Charles Bernstein: The Poetry of Idiomatic Insistences, edited by Paul Bovê was published by Duke University Press and boundary 2 in 2021.

Early life and work
Bernstein was born in Manhattan to a Jewish family and attended the Bronx High School of Science, graduating in 1968. His mother was Sherry Bernstein (born Shirley Jacqueline Kegel, February 2, 1921, to October 27, 2018) and his father was Herman Bernstein (1901–1977). Charles then matriculated at Harvard College, where he majored in philosophy and studied the work of J.L. Austin and Ludwig Wittgenstein under Stanley Cavell, a seminal figure in ordinary language philosophy, as well as Rogers Albritton. Cavell would oversee Bernstein's thesis, a study that pursued the aesthetic and poetic possibilities of the amalgamation of analytical philosophy and avant-garde literature, focussing on Gertrude Stein and Wittgenstein. After graduating from Harvard in 1972, his first book, Asylums, was published in 1975. Together with Bruce Andrews he edited the magazine L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, which ran to 13 issues (3 volumes) between 1978 and 1981 (plus 3 supplements and a fourth volume in 1981. This is routinely considered to be the starting point of Language Poetry and was the most significant outlet for both the progressive poetry and progressive poetic theory taking place in New York City and Berkeley. He has said about the creation of L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, "We tried to trace a history of radical poetics, taking up the model presented in Jerome Rothenberg's Revolution of the Word, and later by Rothenberg and Pierre Joris in Poems for the Millennium and Marjorie Perloff in The Futurist Moment. When you go back 30 years, you see that poetics that now are widely accepted as foundational for contemporary poetry were harshly rejected then." Bernstein and Andrews published selected pieces from these 13 issues in The L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E Book. In 2019 and 2020, the University of New Mexico Press, under editors Matthew Hofer and Michael Golston, published three related books: The Language Letters: Selected 1970s Correspondence of Bruce Andrews, Ron Silliman, and Charles Bernstein; a new edition of Legend by Andrews, Bernstein, Ray DiPalma, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman; and L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E: Facsimile Edition.

During this period, Bernstein also published three more books of his own poetry, Parsing (1976), Shade (1978) and Poetic Justice (1979), earning a living working for the Cultural Council Foundation's CETA Artist Project and as a freelance medical writer. He also co-founded the Ear Inn reading series with Ted Greenwald in 1978.

Later life and work
From 1989 to 2003, Bernstein was David Gray Professor of Poetry and Letters at the University at Buffalo, where he was a SUNY Distinguished Professor and co-founder and Director of the Poetics Program. He is also, with Loss Pequeño Glazier, co-founder of The Electronic Poetry Center at Buffalo. From 2003 to 2019, he was Donald T. Regan Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, where he co-founded the poetry audio archive PennSound. He has been the recipient of fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the New York Foundation for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Arts, and of the Roy Harvey Pearce/Archive for New Poetry Prize of the University of California, San Diego. With his translators, Bernstein won the 2015 Münster Prize for International Poetry for two German translations. In the same year, he won the Janus Pannonius Grand Prize for Poetry. In 2019, Bernstein was the recipient of the Bollingen Prize for American poetry, for lifetime achievement and for Near/Miss. Bernstein was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006.

Since 1980, he has published a further eighteen books of poetry, as well as editing a number of anthologies of prose and verse, including The Politics of Poetic Form, Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word, S/N: NewWorldPoetics, with Eduard Espina, and Best American Experimental Writing, with Tracie Morris. Working with the composers Ben Yarmolinsky, Dean Drummond, and Brian Ferneyhough, he has written the libretti for five operas and has collaborated with a number of visual artists, including his wife, Susan Bee, Richard Tuttle, Amy Sillman, and Mimi Gross. In 1984, he organized"New York Talk" and in 1985–86, "St Marks Talks," the first lecture series at the Poetry Project in New York. In 2001, he co-curated "Poetry Plastique" with Jay Sanders. Bernstein's work has appeared frequently in The Best American Poetry series, Harper's Magazine, Poetry Magazine, boundary 2, and Critical Inquiry. While Bernstein has supported small presses throughout his career, he has also published on such mainstream academic presses as Oxford University Press, Harvard University Press, Northwestern University Press, and, most recently, The University of Chicago Press, which has published his last major works. The publication of All the Whiskey in Heaven by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux in 2010 was his most commercial endeavor to date. He has said about his work, "It's true that, on the one hand, I mock and destabilize the foundation of a commitment to lyric poetry as an address toward truth or toward sincerity. But, on the other hand, if you're interested in theory as a stable expository mode of knowledge production or critique moving toward truth, again, I should be banned from your republic. (I've already been banned from mine.) My vacillating poetics of poems and essays is a serial practice, a play of voices."

There have been three collections of essays focussed on Bernstein's work: a 1985 issue of The Difficulties, ed. Tom Beckett, The Salt Companion to Charles Bernstein, ed. William Allegrezza (2012), and Charles Bernstein: The Poetry of Idiomatic Insistences, ed. Paul Bovē, a special issue of boundary 2 (2021). Hundreds of individual essays, chapters, and reviews are listed and often linked at the Electronic Poetry Center.

He appeared in the 2000 movie Finding Forrester as Dr. Simon and in a series of 1999 TV commercials with Jon Lovitz for the Yellow Pages.

Personal life
Charles Bernstein is married to artist Susan Bee. They have had two children, Emma Bee Bernstein (May 16, 1985 – December 20, 2008) and Felix Bernstein (born May 20, 1992).

Reception
Jerome Rothenberg has called Bernstein “A major poet for our time — & then some. He has emerged as a principal voice –maybe the best we have – for an international avant-garde now in its second century of visions & revisions."

Robert Creeley has written: "Bernstein’s is the most provocatively intelligent reaction to the general drift of mainstream poetry, and he is an indefatigable writer of essays and poems wherein the determinations of genre are largely superseded. In short, he has not only given brilliant instance of the confusions of contemporary social and political premises but has done so in remarkable constructs of their characteristic modes of statement, which are not simply parodic but rather reclamations, recyclings, of otherwise degraded material."

According to Marjorie Perloff: “Charles Bernstein is our ultimate connoisseur of chaos, the chronicler, in poems of devastating satire, chilling and complex irony, exuberant wit, and, above all, profound passion, of the contradictions and absurdities of everyday life in urban America at the turn of the twenty-first century. From such early underground classics as “The Klupzy Girl,” to the mordant verbal play of “The Lives of the Toll Takers,” to the great meditation on 9/11 called “Report from Liberty Street” and the deeply personal ballads and elegies of recent years, Bernstein’s much awaited Selected Poems displays a formal range, performative urgency, and verbal dexterity unmatched by other poets of his generation.”

Claudia Rankine, Evie Shockley, and Ange Mlinko, in the Bollingen Prize citation: "As poet, editor, critic, translator, and educator, Charles Bernstein’s decades-long commitment to the community of arts and letters reflects a profound understanding of the importance of language in the business of culture-making. His extraordinary new collection of poems, Near/Miss, finds Bernstein deploying his characteristically incisive satire and sharp wit to dismantle the clichés driving public speech. Yet, in moments treading close to heartbreak, the work sounds the depths where the public poet must find the words for private grief. Bernstein’s work interrogates, restlessly, seemingly word by word, language and its performative nature. Throughout his career Bernstein has facilitated a vibrant dialogue between lyric and anti-lyric tendencies in the poetic traditions we have inherited; in so doing, he has shaped and questioned, defined and dismantled ideas and assumptions in order to reveal poetry’s widest and most profound capabilities.

Poetry

 * Collections
 * Shade (College Park, MD: Sun & Moon Press, 1978)
 * Poetic Justice (Baltimore: Pod Books, 1979)
 * L E G E N D, with Bruce Andrews, Steve McCaffery, Ron Silliman, Ray DiPalma (New York: L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E/Segue, 1980)
 * Controlling Interests (New York: Roof Books, 1980)
 * The Nude Formalism, with Susan Bee (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1989; rpt Charlottesville, VA: Outside Voices, 2006)
 * Islets/Irritations (New York: Jordan Davies, 1983; rpt. New York: Roof Books, 1992)
 * The Sophist (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1987; rpt. Cambridge, UK: Salt Publishing, 2004)
 * Rough Trades (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1991)
 * Dark City (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1994)
 * Republics of Reality: 1975–1995 (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 2000)
 * With Strings (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)
 * Shadowtime (libretto for an opera with music by Brian Ferneyhough) (Los Angeles: Green Integer, 2005)
 * Girly Man (University of Chicago Press, 2006)
 * All the Whiskey in Heaven (Farrar, and Giroux, 2010)
 * Recalculating (University of Chicago Press, 2013)
 * Near/Miss (University of Chicago Press, 2018)
 * Topsy-Turvy (University of Chicago Press, 2021)
 * Near/Miss (University of Chicago Press, 2018)
 * Topsy-Turvy (University of Chicago Press, 2021)

Essays

 * Pitch of Poetry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016)
 * Attack of the Difficult Poems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011)
 * My Way: Speeches and Poems (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999)
 * A Poetics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992)
 * Content's Dream: Essays 1975–1984 (Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Press, 1986; rpt Northwestern University Press, 2001)
 * A Conversation with David Antin (New York: Granary Books, 2002)
 * "Artifice of Absorption" (Singing Horse Press, 1987)

Editor
University of Illinois, 1988)
 * Modern and Contemporary Poetics, Editor, with Hank Lazer, of a book series from the University of Alabama Press (1998 — )
 * Electronic Poetry Center, Editor, with Loss Pequeno Glazier (1995 — )
 * PennSound, Director, with Al Filries (2003 — ) and Chris Mustazza
 * Best American Experimental Poetry 2016, with Tracie Morris and series eds. (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2017)
 * S/N: NewWorldPoetics, with Eduardo Espina (2010)
 * American Poetry after 1975 (Duke University Press, 2009) (Special Issue of boundary 2, 36:3) (JSTOR)
 * Louis Zukofsky: Selected Poems, with introduction (New York: Library of America, 2006)
 * Sibila (São Paulo), Sybil, under founder Régis Bonvicino (2006- )
 * Poetry Plastique, ed. with Jay Sanders, exhibition catalog (New York: Granary Books / Marianne Boesky Gallery, 2001)
 * 99 Poets/1999: A Special Issue of boundary 2 (Vol.26, No.1: Duke University Press, 1999)
 * Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
 * LINEbreak: poetry interviews, host/co-producer. Twenty-six 30-minute programs, dist. Public Radio Satellite Program and on the Internet at the EPC (1995–96)
 * Live at the Ear : A CD anthology of Ear Inn readings (Pittsburg: Elemenope Productions, 1994)
 * "13 North American Poets", with Susan Howe, in TXT #31 (Le Mans, France and Bussels: 1993)
 * The Politics of Poetic Form: Poetry and Public Policy (NY: Roof, 1990)
 * Patterns/Contexts/Time: A Forum: 1989, with Phillip Foss in Tyuonyi (Santa Fe, 1990).
 * "L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E Lines" in The Line in Postmodern Poetry, ed. Frank/Sayre (Urbana:
 * "43 Poets (1984)" in Boundary 2 (Binghamton, 1987)
 * The L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E Book, with Bruce Andrews (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984)
 * "Language Sampler" in Paris Review, No. 86 (New York: 1982)
 * L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, with Bruce Andrews (New York: 1978–1981); Vol. 4 co-published as Open Letter 5:1 (Toronto: 1982)

Translation
95)
 * Red, Green, and Black by Olivier Cadiot (Hartford: Potes & Poets, 1990)
 * The Maternal Drape by Claude Royet-Journoud (Windsor, VT: Awede Press, 1984)

Critical studies and reviews of Bernstein's work
"Charles Bernstein Issue", ed. Tom Beckett, The Difficulties (1982)

The Salt Companion to Charles Bernstein, ed. William Allegrezza (Salt Publishing, 2012)

Charles Bernstein: The Poetry of Idiomatic Insistences, ed. Paul Bove (Duke University Press/ boundary 2, 2021), Oct. 2021

Bibliography of hundreds of reviews, articles, studies, and dissertations at Electronic Poetry Center.

title: Charles Bernstein (poet)


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Talk:Charles Bernstein (poet)

 * This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. See that page for further information.

I just changed his high school matriculation date from 1948 (he was born in 1950) to the more reasonable 1968 - but I'm not sure of it - could somebody pls check this? Ken M Quirici 01:35, 8 February 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kquirici (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Charles Bernstein (poet)