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Brock University

Brock University is a public research university in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the only university in Canada in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, at the centre of Canada's Niagara Peninsula on the Niagara Escarpment. The university bears the name of Maj.-General Sir Isaac Brock, who was responsible for defending Upper Canada against the United States during the War of 1812.

Brock offers a wide range of programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including professional degrees. Brock was ranked third among Canadian universities in the undergraduate category for research publication output and impact indicators in 2008 (the most recent ranking completed). Brock University is the only school in Canada and internationally to offer the MICA (Mathematics Integrated with Computing and Applications) program. Brock University's Department of Health Sciences offers the only undergraduate degree in Public Health in Canada. At the graduate level, Brock offers 49 programs, including nine PhD programs.

Brock's co-op program is Canada's fifth-largest, and the third largest in Ontario as of 2011. Graduates enjoy one of the highest employment rates of all Ontario universities at 97.2 percent.

Brock has 12 Canada Research Chairs and nine faculty members who have received the 3M Teaching Fellowship Award, the only national award that recognizes teaching excellence and educational leadership.

History
In 1963 the Brock University Founders' Committee, chaired by Arthur Schmon and co-chaired by William B Gunning, offered Dr. James A. Gibson the invitation to become the founding president.

Brock University was established by the passage of the Brock University Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1964. When the university first opened in September 1964, classes were held at the St. Paul Street United Church in downtown St. Catharines for 13 weeks until the Glenridge Campus was completely renovated.

Brock's Glenridge campus was officially opened on October 19, 1964 with Gibson as the university's founding president. In 1996 Brock University honoured Gibson by naming the university library in his honour.

Richard L. Hearn was appointed the university's inaugural chancellor in 1967. Canadian Cree actress Shirley Cheechoo was Chancellor from 2015 to 2020.

Brock University is named after Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, who commanded the British and Canadian forces during the War of 1812. Although the British and Canadian forces went on to win, Brock lost his life during the Battle of Queenston Heights in 1812, fought 20 km from the present-day site of the campus. His last words are said to have been Surgite! (Latin for "push on") — now used as the university's motto. For his contribution to Canada, Brock was voted the 28th Greatest Canadian in a 2004 poll, conducted by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Isaac Brock Plaza
Using a blend of new construction and major upgrades of existing space, the project will grow Goodman School of Business from its current 50,526 sq. ft. to 76,758 sq. ft.

A feature will be the two-storey glass “engagement atrium” at the west end of the complex.

Taro Hall's nine current classrooms will be extensively renovated with new floors, ceilings, furniture, accessibility, lighting and technology, and all existing offices and spaces will either be enlarged or renovated with new flooring and fixtures.

Arthur Schmon Tower
The Arthur Schmon Tower was built in 1968 and houses the administrative offices for the university. Schmon was the primary force behind getting a university established in the Niagara peninsula and was the chairman of the Brock University Founders' Committee, formed in 1962. The Schmon Tower, along with the surrounding Thistle Complex, are characterized by their distinctive brutalist architecture.

The Schmon Tower also houses the James A. Gibson Library, named for founding president of the university James Alexander Gibson, which serves as the academic library for the university and is a member of the Canadian Association of Research Libraries. The main floor of the library consists of the Matheson Learning Commons which includes computer workstations, study rooms, multimedia classrooms, and the library's circulation and information desk.

Welch Hall
Welch Hall is home to Brock's Faculty of Education, the Instructional Resource Centre, as well as the David S. Howes Theatre. It recently underwent an expansion, designed by Diamond and Schmitt Architects and costing in excess of $8 million, which added additional lecture halls and administrative offices as well as upgrades to Welch Hall's facilities.

Mackenzie Chown Complex

Designed by Canadian architect Raymond Moriyama, who also served as Chancellor of Brock, the Mackenzie Chown Complex primarily contains seminar rooms and science laboratories. The Mackenzie Chown Complex also houses the Pond Inlet convention space and the Map, Data & GIS Library. It was named for Mackenzie Chown, a former mayor of St. Catharines who served as chairman of the Brock Board of Trustees and chairman of the fundraising committee for a new science laboratory building to be added to the Complex.

Plaza Building
Completed in 2007, and designed by MacKay-Lyons Sweetapple Architects, the Plaza Building contains the Faculty of Social Sciences, as well as computer facilities, seminar rooms, and the new Brock Campus Bookstore. The Campus Store occupies the first floor (considered the 200 level, or level 2, in order to match Brock University's historic method of numbering its facilities).

The third floor houses seminar rooms and computer labs, as well as the Department of Political Science and its offices. The fourth floor houses additional seminar and computer rooms, as well as the Department of Economics and its offices. The fifth and sixth floors of this building are restricted access and can be entered only via security card verification. These two restricted floors are home to the Jack & Nora Walker Canadian Centre for Lifespan Development Research.

Walker Complex
The Walker Complex contains an athletic complex and academic offices. Constructed in 1973 and designed by Moffit, Moffit & Kinoshita Architects, the building has had a number of additions, including a major expansion in 2002 by Moriyama & Teshima Architects. The Eleanor Misener Aquatic Centre, an Olympic size competitive swimming pool features a depth adjustable hydraulic floor in shallow end (0–4 feet), a movable bulkhead, 5m diving tower, two 1m springboards and two 3m springboards, two Tarzan ropes, and a whirlpool. The Zone, a 5100 sqft facility, includes over 60 pieces of cardio equipment as well as strength training equipment. Fitness and dance studios are located on the upper level along with classrooms. The lower level includes the Ian D. Beddis Gymnasium, which is equipped with drop down curtains that can divide the large space into four separate gymnasia. Each area has one basketball, one volleyball and three badminton courts that will accommodate recreational activities and intramural sports. Convocation is held in this space twice per year. It is 23900 sqft in area with a ceiling height of 30 ft. The Beddis gymnasium has a 200m suspended track with a rubberized surface. The Bob Davis gymnasium is home to the Brock Badgers basketball, volleyball and wrestling teams. The Leo Leblanc Rowing Centre is the training facility for the Badger varsity rowing teams and the St. Catharines Rowing Club. An eight-person tank allows rowers to simulate on-water training.

Cairns Complex

The Cairns Family Health and Bioscience Research Complex was completed in 2012. Designed by architectsAlliance, Toronto, Canada with lab design by Payette Associates of Boston, Massachusetts, USA, this 176000 sqft building contains the University's most advanced research laboratories. It is intended to advance Canada's science and technology infrastructure and position Brock as a leader in human health and biosciences. CFHBRC researchers, who include six Canada Research Chairs, conduct research in areas such as cancer treatments, infectious diseases, biotechnology and green chemistry.

The facility houses the BioLinc business incubator to forge partnerships between research and industry, and stimulate an economic cluster in advanced health studies and biomanufacturing in the Niagara Region. The complex is also home to the Niagara Campus of the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine.

The CFHBRC was developed based on principles of sustainability and quality environments, following the Canadian Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system. Construction of the CFHBRC began in August 2009, and it officially opened in September 2012.

Rankin Family Pavilion
Established in 2019, this building is currently under construction. Funded by LINC and the Rankin family - this new building will be Brock's latest and grandest change.

Residences
Brock's St. Catharines on-campus residence system can accommodate up to 2,777 students. There are eight residence buildings that can be categorized in three ways (traditional, semi-suite and townhouse). The majority of residents are first-year students. There is a sizable population of upper-year students who live in residence, typically in the Brock Suites designated areas. All residence students have access to two dining halls which are operated by Aramark under the Fresh Food Company brand. The residence dining halls are located in the DeCew and Lowenberger buildings.

 * DeCew is the oldest of the residences; it was built in 1969 and designed by architect John Andrews in association with St. Catharines architects Salter Fleming Secord. DeCew contains 411 beds in a traditional residence style building. DeCew is undergoing a major multi-phase renovation beginning in Spring 2019.
 * Gordon and Betty Vallee Residence, commonly referred to as "Vallee", is a semi-suite residence built in 1995. All of the rooms are single rooms with a washroom shared between two students.
 * Quarry View Residence opened in the fall of 2003. It contains 250 single-room beds and 40 double room beds divided into three- or four-person units. Quarry View is a townhouse-style residence where students have a common living area and a full-size kitchen.
 * Arnie Lowenberger Residence is a semi-suite style residence similar to Vallee and Earp residences, however a double room and a single room share an adjoining bathroom. The residence is named for Dr. Arnie Lowenberger, Athletic Director and Dean of Physical Education. He was also the first Director of Residences at Brock University.
 * Village Residence contains 888 beds. It was originally opened in 1989 and expanded in 1993, 1998, and 2002. It is a townhouse style residence (five students in three single rooms and one double room share a common living space and kitchen).
 * Alan Earp Residence was officially opened in 2001, and is home to 255 students. The building was designed by Moriyama and Teshima Architects. The building is very similar to Vallee Residence, in that all of its rooms are single rooms with a washroom shared between two students.

The enabling legislation is the Brock University Act, S.O. 1964. Many of the buildings on campus were designed by the architectural firm Moriyama & Teshima Architects.

The Brock Centre for the Arts is located on campus and features two large theatres, The Sean O'Sullivan (537 seats) and The David S. Howes (508 seats). The centre presents some figures in Canadian arts and entertainment, academics, and politics, and attracts general audiences from the Niagara Region.

Hamilton Campus (2000-2023) and Burlington Campus (2023-present)
Brock University also maintained a satellite campus in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. The primary user of this facility was the Faculty of Education, specifically the Teacher Education Department and Graduate Studies in Education and Continuing Education.

The Hamilton Campus was officially opened November 2, 2000. It was a campus with computer labs, an Instructional Resource Centre / Library, gymnasium, large classrooms, full and part-time faculty office space, food services, conference facilities, a board room, and green spaces within the courtyards and surrounding lawns of the campus.

The Hamilton Campus closed and moved to a new location in the Burlington area in 2023. In partnership with the City of Burlington, the University plans to relocate to the site of the former Robert Bateman High School.

Marilyn I. Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts

Construction began in the fall of 2012 on the Marilyn I. Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts in downtown St. Catharines. The facility was designed by Diamond Schmitt Architects and included the adaptive reuse of the Canada Hair Cloth Company, a five-storey brick and timber frame building from the 19th century.

After extensive work totalling $46 million, the Walker School's new home opened its doors in 2015, becoming the newest centre for the arts and culture industry in Niagara Region. The purpose-built facility houses 50 full-time faculty, part-time instructors and staff and more than 500 students. It will serve students pursuing careers as artists, theatre directors, actors, musicians, cultural theorists and skilled teachers. The creation of the centre was hoped to regenerate Downtown St. Catharines and gain traffic from the influx of students. Brock chose not to include food services in the facility to further integrate student life and activity with the downtown neighbourhood. The Walker School is neighbours with St. Catharines' new FirstOntario Performing Arts Centre, located on adjacent lands. Construction of the $100 plus-million project, which was also designed by Diamond Schmitt, was completed in time for the Fall 2015 semester. The centre opened officially in November, with Brock agreeing to use two of the four theatres in the centre for daytime lectures, music recital and performance.

Rodman Hall Art Centre
The School of Fine and Performing Arts owned Rodman Hall from 2003 until 2020. It was used as a downtown art gallery and teaching centre. The Centre provided exhibit space, fine art services and resources to the students and faculty of Brock University. Nationally, Rodman Hall supported the development of artists and cultural workers in southern Ontario through the dissemination of contemporary art, the management of the region's pre-eminent art collection, and the preservation of a significant historic house and gardens.

The site was purchased by a local developer from The University in 2020, converted to a hotel and event space, and renamed the Rodman Hall Boutique Hotel and Events Centre.

Academics
Brock's undergraduate and graduate degree programs are administered by seven faculties.

Faculty of Applied Health Sciences
Brock University's Faculty of Applied Health Sciences contains five academic departments: Department of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Department of Nursing, Department of Recreation & Leisure Studies, and Department of Sport Management. The faculty offers 11 undergraduate programs, seven master's degrees, and three doctoral fields of study. The Faculty houses a Biosafety level 3 facility.

Brock University's Department of Health Sciences offers the only undergraduate degree in Public Health in Canada. The department also offer duo undergraduate programs (4 years total), each pairing a Community Health (Pass) degree with either a Pharmacy Technician, Dental Hygiene or Massage Therapy certification (two of four years at a partnered college).

Starting in 2011, the Public Health Honours program sets a new standard in Health Sciences, requiring three years of statistic classes as a part of the graduation requirement beginning with the class of 2015.

Goodman School of Business
The Goodman School of Business (formerly the Brock University Faculty of Business) is one of only five per cent (5%) of business schools worldwide to attain accreditation by the AACSB. Goodman also has a Beta Gamma Sigma chapter. The Goodman School of Business has two pathways accredited by the Chartered Professional Accountants Ontario (CPA Ontario): the Master of Business Administration, Accounting stream (CPA/MBA), and the combined Bachelor of Accounting program and (or equivalent) Master of Accountancy program (MAcc).

Containing fifteen percent (15%) of the students at Brock University, the Goodman School of Business offers undergraduate programs in accounting and business with Coop and Duo degree options.

Faculty of Education
Brock University's Faculty of Education offers programs in the following areas:

 * Degree programs:
 * Concurrent Teacher Education
 * Consecutive Teacher Education
 * Graduate and Undergraduate education
 * Bachelor of Education in Adult Education undergraduate degree and certificate program
 * Post-graduate programs:
 * Master of Education, including an International Student Program
 * In service
 * The Department of Continuing Teacher Education offers additional qualification courses for teachers.

Brock's Faculty of Education was established in 1965 as the St. Catharines Teachers' College. In 1971 the Teachers' College became the College of Education, an integral part of the Brock University community. In 1990, the College of Education designation was changed to the Faculty of Education to better reflect its academic relationship with the university.

Faculty of Humanities
Brock University's Faculty of Humanities is composed of nine departments and six centres. This is the second largest faculty at Brock and encompasses twenty percent (20%) of the student population. The departments and centres offers a total of 47 different Undergraduate Programs, Certificates and Coop Options. At the graduate level, this faculty offers seven masters program and an Interdisciplinary Humanities PhD Program with four different specializations.

Faculty of Mathematics and Science
Brock University's Faculty of Mathematics and Science offers degree programs in the follow areas:
 * Biochemistry
 * Biomedical Science
 * Biological Sciences
 * Biophysics
 * Biotechnology
 * Chemistry
 * Computer Science
 * Earth Sciences
 * Mathematics
 * Neuroscience
 * Physics
 * Engineering
 * Data Science

Its location in the Niagara Peninsula puts Brock at the centre of cool-climate grape and wine research. It carries the distinction of being the only university in Canada to offer an Honours Bachelor of Science degree in Oenology and Viticulture (See the Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute). Brock University is also the only school in Canada and internationally to offer the program MICA (Mathematics Integrated with Computing and Applications).

Faculty of Social Sciences
The Faculty of Social Sciences is the largest Faculty at Brock serving twenty-eight percent (28%)  of the student population within the following departments, centres, and programs:

 * Applied Disability Studies
 * Applied Linguistics
 * Child and Youth Studies
 * Communication, Popular Culture and Film
 * Economics
 * Environmental Sustainability Research Centre
 * Forensic Psychology and Criminal Justice
 * Geography and Tourism Studies
 * Labour Studies
 * Political Science
 * Psychology
 * Social Justice and Equity Studies
 * Social Sciences
 * Sociology
 * Women’s and Gender Studies

The Faculty of Social Sciences offers 24 undergraduate and co-op options, 12 master’s and 4 doctoral degree programs, as well as 7 certificates and diplomas. Articulation agreements with other institutions allow participating students in some programs to earn additional credentials. Various opportunities such as internships, service learning and field courses provide undergraduate and graduate students with practical experience related to their education.

As of 2022-23, the Faculty of Social Sciences had 58 Professors, 73 Associate Professors, 36 Assistant Professors, and 23 Lecturers and Instructors. There are 4,728 full-time and 521 part-time undergraduate students as well as 372 full-time and 91 part-time graduate students. Updated facts about the Faculty of Social Sciences are posted regularly in the Faculty Highlights section of the website.

Faculty of Graduate Studies
The Faculty of Graduate Studies offers 49 graduate programs, including nine PhD programs.

In addition, Concordia Lutheran Theological Seminary (an institution of the Lutheran Church - Canada) is affiliated with the university and offers a four-year Master of Divinity.

Careers
Brock Career Services offer online and offline support through its Career Resource Center and various programs. Some notable programs such as Mentorship Plus connect students to senior students, as well as connecting senior students to professionals working within their fields of study.

The Career Development Group, a lesser well known service, connect students in any field of study to live interview experiences through an annual speed interview event, professional opportunities through workshops and professionals relevant to their major in small groups or at a one on one capacity. This later service is generally offered directly to the Mentorship Plus program participants by the Mentorship Plus Co-ordinator.

The Career Zone is an online resource for posting jobs and recruiting students and connect students with employers. Job fairs, career events and workshops are also listed on Career Zone. Individual Faculties and Departments also offer their own services in Coop, placement, internship and work experience opportunities.

Activities
Non-academic community engagement is highly encouraged at Brock with 65,000+ volunteer hours on average per year clocked by Brock students. Any Brock student can start a club of their own. The university's clubs are identified by three major categories: (A) Cultural, Religious & International Clubs; (B) Social, Recreation & Activist Clubs; and (C) Faculty & Departmental Clubs. There are other events such as parades and cancer runs.

Brock Intramurals are active all year, with sports such as Volleyball, Flag Football, Slow-pitch, Water Polo, Ball Hockey, Soccer, Soccer Baseball and Tennis; and include Tournaments in Coed Quidditch, Coed Wallyball, Coed Ultimate, Coed Football and Basketball.

Facilities such as The Zone Fitness Center, track, gymnasia, studios, pool and whirlpool, shower rooms, sauna, squash and outdoor tennis courts are free for current students. Some Brock undergraduate students take up roles of bloggers to write about their activities at school, some of which are accessible through Brock's website.

Social events
Brock University's Skybar Lounge, run by the Brock University Students' Union in the Student-Alumni Centre, hosts parties and social events for nearly every occasion on campus. Some notable year round events include Frosh Week, Homecoming, O-Week and President's Ball.

Athletics
The university is represented in U Sports by the Brock Badgers.

Brock has the following varsity sports:

 * Baseball (men's)
 * Basketball (men's & women's)
 * Cross country (men's & women's)
 * Curling (men's & women's)
 * Fencing (men's & women's)
 * Figure skating
 * Golf (men's & women's)
 * Ice hockey (men's & women's)
 * Lacrosse (men's & women's)
 * Rowing (men's & women's)
 * Rugby union (men's & women's)
 * Soccer (men's & women's)
 * Squash (men's & women's)
 * Swimming (men's & women's)
 * Tennis (men's & women's)
 * Track & field (men's & women's)
 * Volleyball (men's & women's)
 * Wrestling (Men's & women's)

Brock has the following club teams:

 * Ball hockey (men's)
 * Cheerleading (women's)
 * Equestrian (women's)
 * eSports
 * Fastpitch (women's)
 * Powerlifting
 * Ringette (Women's)
 * Ultimate Frisbee (co-ed)

To date, the Badgers have won 47 national championships and 94 provincial championships, with exceptional success in wrestling.

Scholarships and bursaries
The Government of Canada sponsors an Aboriginal Bursaries Search Tool that lists over 680 scholarships, bursaries, and other incentives offered by governments, universities, and industry to support Aboriginal post-secondary participation.

Over 150 Brock University Donor Awards are available, with a combined total of over $500,000.

The university also offers current students with funding opportunities to study internationally on a variety of research, language and student exchange programs.

Notable alumni
With 96,000 alumni around the world, graduates are represented by the Brock University Alumni Association. The Alumni Association is an autonomous organization run by a volunteer Board of Directors.

title: Brock University


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Carl Weathers

Carl Weathers (January 14, 1948 – February 2, 2024) was an American actor, director and a linebacker in the NFL and CFL. His roles included boxer Apollo Creed in the first four Rocky films (1976–1985), Colonel Al Dillon in Predator (1987), Chubbs Peterson in Happy Gilmore (1996), and Combat Carl in the Toy Story franchise. He also portrayed Det. Beaudreaux in the television series Street Justice (1991–1993) and a fictionalized version of himself in the comedy series Arrested Development (2004, 2013), and voiced Omnitraxus Prime in Star vs. the Forces of Evil (2017–2019). He had a recurring role as Greef Karga in the Star Wars series The Mandalorian (2019–2023), for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series.

Weathers played college football for the San Diego State Aztecs before playing professionally as a linebacker. He joined the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL) after going undrafted in the 1970 NFL draft. After two seasons with the Raiders, he played a year with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Early life
Weathers was born on January 14, 1948, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father was a day laborer. As an eighth-grade student, he earned an athletic scholarship to St. Augustine High School, a private school. He was an all-around athlete, involved in boxing, football, gymnastics, judo, soccer, and wrestling. He played football and graduated from Long Beach Poly High School in 1966.

College football career
Weathers played football as a defensive end in college. He started his college career in 1966 at Long Beach City College, where he did not play in 1966 due to an ankle injury suffered when he tripped over a curb surrounding the running track while warming up for practice with another linebacker. He then transferred and played for San Diego State University, becoming a letterman for the San Diego State Aztecs in 1968 and 1969, helping the Aztecs win the 1969 Pasadena Bowl, finishing with an 11–0 record, and a No. 18 ranking in the Final UPI Poll, playing for head coach Don Coryell. At San Diego State, Weathers—who considered acting his first love and had been performing in plays even back in grade school —received a master in theatre arts.

Professional football career
Weathers signed with the Oakland Raiders of the NFL as an undrafted free agent in 1970. Now playing as a linebacker, Weathers played in seven games for the Raiders in 1970, helping them win the AFC West Division title, on their way to the first-ever AFC Championship Game. Before the 1971 season, Weathers converted into a strong safety. He only played in one game in 1971, before the Raiders released him in September 1971, after coach John Madden told Weathers, "You're just too sensitive."

Later that month, Weathers signed with the BC Lions of the CFL. He played for the Lions until 1973, playing 13 games in total. During the off-seasons, Weathers attended San Francisco State University and earned a bachelor's degree in drama in 1974.

Weathers retired from football in 1974, and began pursuing an acting career. In his NFL career he appeared in 8 games in two seasons, but did not record any stats. The only stat he recorded in his CFL career was a single fumble recovery. In later years, Weathers narrated NFL Films' season recap of the 1999, 2000 and 2001 seasons. During the 2017 NFL draft, he appeared on NFL Network's pre-draft coverage.

Acting career
Weathers began working as an extra while still playing football. He had his first significant roles in two blaxploitation films directed by his longtime friend Arthur Marks: and. Weathers also appeared in an early 1975 episode of the sitcom Good Times titled "The Nude", portraying an angry husband who suspected his wife of cheating on him with J.J. He also guest-starred in a 1975 episode of Kung Fu titled "The Brothers Caine", and in an episode of Cannon titled "The Hero". In 1976, he appeared as a loan shark in an episode of the crime-drama Starsky & Hutch, and in the Barnaby Jones episode "The Bounty Hunter" as escaped convict Jack Hopper.

While auditioning for the role of Apollo Creed alongside Sylvester Stallone in Rocky, Weathers criticized Stallone's acting, which led to him getting the role. He reprised the role of Apollo Creed in the next three Rocky films: Rocky II (1979), Rocky III (1982), and Rocky IV (1985).

Weathers briefly appears as an Army MP in one of the three released versions of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (originally released in 1977). In 1978, Weathers portrayed Vince Sullivan in a TV movie, Not This Time. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Weathers starred in a number of action films for the small and big screen, including, , , and. Weathers hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live in 1988 and appeared in a skit on the show in 2003.

Weathers appeared in Michael Jackson's "Liberian Girl" music video and co-starred in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore, as Chubbs, a golf legend teaching Happy how to play golf. He reprised the role nearly four years later in the Sandler comedy Little Nicky. Filming a fall stunt in Happy Gilmore, Weathers fractured two vertebrae and his osteophytes grew out and connected and self-fused badly. He said he was in excruciating pain for three to four years.

Another notable television role was Sgt. Adam Beaudreaux on the cop show Street Justice. Afterwards, during the final two seasons of In the Heat of the Night (1992–1994), his character, Hampton Forbes, replaced Bill Gillespie as the chief of police. He also played MACV-SOG Colonel Brewster in the CBS series Tour of Duty.

In 2004, Weathers received a career revival as a comedic actor beginning with appearances in three episodes of the comedy series Arrested Development as a cheapskate caricature of himself, who serves as Tobias Fünke's acting coach. He was then cast in the comedies The Sasquatch Gang and The Comebacks. Weathers had a guest role in two episodes of The Shield as the former training officer of main character Vic Mackey.

Weathers provided the voice for Colonel Samuel Garrett in the Pandemic Studios video game Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction. In 2005, he was a narrator on ''Conquest! The Price of Victory — Witness the Journey of the Trojans!,'' an 18-part television show about USC athletics. Weathers was a principal of Red Tight Media, a film and video production company that specializes in tactical training films made for the United States armed forces. He also appeared in one episode of ER in 2008 during its finale season.

For the sixth film in the Rocky series, Rocky Balboa (2006), Stallone asked Weathers, Mr. T, and Dolph Lundgren for permission to use footage from their appearances in the earlier Rocky films. Mr. T and Lundgren agreed, but Weathers wanted an actual part in the movie, even though his character had died in Rocky IV. Stallone refused, and Weathers decided not to allow Stallone to use his image for flashbacks from the previous films. They instead used footage of a fighter who looks similar to Weathers. Weathers and Stallone patched up their differences and Weathers agreed to allow footage of him from previous films to be used throughout Creed (2015).

Weathers portrayed the father of Michael Strahan and Daryl "Chill" Mitchell's characters on the short-lived 2009 Fox sitcom Brothers. Weathers acted as Brian "Gebo" Fitzgerald in advertising for Old Spice's sponsorship of NASCAR driver Tony Stewart. He also appeared in an ongoing series of web-only advertisements for Credit Union of Washington, dispensing flowers and the advice that "change is beautiful" to puzzled-looking bystanders. He also starred in a series of commercials for Bud Light, in which he introduced plays from the "Bud Light Playbook." At the conclusion of each commercial, Weathers could be seen bursting through the Bud Light Playbook and shouting "Here we go!"

In 2019, Weathers appeared as Greef Karga in several episodes of the first season of the Star Wars series The Mandalorian. He returned for the second season and also directed the episode "Chapter 12: The Siege". He returned for season 3 and directed the episode "Chapter 20: The Foundling". His performance earned him an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor.

Personal life and death
Weathers was married three times. Weathers married Mary-Ann Castle in 1973. The marriage produced two sons, but ended in divorce in 1983. In 1984, he married Rhona Unsell, but their marriage ended in divorce in 2006. In 2007, Weathers married Jennifer Peterson; they divorced in 2009. Weathers was with his longtime partner Christine Kludjian from 2014 to his death in 2024.

Weathers died at his home in Los Angeles on February 2, 2024, at age 76,  from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Weathers' body was cremated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carl Weathers


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Hail to the Commanders

"Hail to the Commanders" is the fight song of the Washington Commanders, an American football team belonging to the National Football League (NFL). At home games, the song is performed by the Washington Commanders Marching Band when the team scores a touchdown. Composed in 1937, the song was performed as "Hail to the Redskins!" until 2019, when the team retired the Redskins name.

The music was composed by Barnee Breeskin with lyrics written by Corinne Griffith, the wife of franchise founder George Preston Marshall. The musical arrangement and lyrics have since gone through various revisions.

History
In 1937, Marshall moved the team from Boston to Washington, D.C. With this move and the introduction of his team to the nation's capital, Marshall commissioned a 110-member marching band to provide the new fans with the "pomp and circumstance" and "pageantry" of a public victory parade. Marshall said he wanted his team and their games to emulate the spectacle of gladiators at the Colosseum. He also wanted to incorporate elements of the college football experience into the pro game. He outfitted the band with $25,000 worth of uniforms and instruments and asked the band leader, Barnee Breeskin, to compose a fight song worthy of such a team of gladiators and warriors.

The original lyrics were written by Marshall's wife Corinne Griffith to reflect the Native American warrior imagery of the team as the "Redskins". The lyrics were later reworked to be less offensive to contemporary sensibilities, although the Redskins name became increasingly criticized as a racial slur. Washington began playing the song at home games for the 1938 season. "Hail to the Redskins" is the second oldest fight song for a professional American football team; the oldest fight song is "Go! You Packers! Go!", composed in 1931 for the Green Bay Packers.

The original fight song lyrics are as follows:

 * Hail to the Redskins! Hail Vic-to-ry!
 * Braves on the warpath, Fight for old D.C.
 * Scalp 'em, Swamp 'em, We will take-em big score!
 * Read 'em, Weep 'em, Touchdown—we want heap more!
 * Fight on, Fight on till you have won,
 * Sons of Wash-ing-ton (Rah! Rah! Rah!)
 * Hail to the Redskins! Hail Vic-to-ry!
 * Braves on the warpath, Fight for old D.C.

Revisions
The first revisions, in 1965, removed lyrical and musical references to Dixie. The song's original first stanza had evolved into the line "Fight for old Dixie", while early arrangements of the song closed to the opening of the southern folk song "Dixie" played as a countermelody.

The Redskins played south of the Mason-Dixon line, and as there were no established NFL teams in the region until the 1960s, Marshall aggressively marketed his franchise as "Team of the South". He would recruit players from Southern schools, refuse to employ black players (until 1962), feature Southern bands at halftime, and sign contracts to feature the team on Southern radio networks and television networks.

In July 1965, a black Washington fan wrote to the owner of the team, describing the racial unrest that "Dixie" caused and asking for it to be stopped. According to an article in The Washington Afro-American of October 23, 1965, "Dixie" was no longer played as a countermelody starting that year.

In 1972, the lyrics were altered after representatives of Native American groups raised concerns about lines that referred to the practice of scalping and used non-standard grammar in a stereotype of Native American speech.

Team president Edward Bennett Williams met with a delegation of Native Americans representatives, including Dennis Banks from the American Indian Movement; LaDonna Harris, president of Americans for Indian Opportunity; and Leon Cole, president of the National Congress of American Indians. They asked him to replace the team nickname, retire the female "Redskinette" dancers in pseudo-native dress, and change the lyrics to the fight song.

Williams listened to their concerns, but in the end he only changed the song lyrics, saying, "The 'swamp 'ems,' 'scalp 'ems,' and 'heap 'ems' is a mockery of dialect. We won’t use those lyrics anymore."

The modified third and fourth lines were:

 * Run or pass and score, We want a lot more!
 * Beat 'em, swamp 'em, Touchdown—let the points soar!

Playing of "Hail to the Redskins!" was halted at home games in 2020 and 2021 when the franchise abandoned its controversial team nickname. However, the song was restored in 2022 with the team's rebranding as the Commanders, with the phrase "Braves on the Warpath" replaced by "Fight for our Commanders" via an online fan vote.

Dallas Cowboys incident
When the NFL began considering expansion to Texas, Marshall strongly opposed the move, as it would end his three-decade monopoly on pro football in the South. In 1958, potential owner Clint Murchison, who was trying to bring the NFL back to Dallas, bought the rights to "Hail to the Redskins" from a disgruntled Breeskin and threatened to prevent Marshall from playing it at games. Marshall agreed to back Murchison's bid, Murchison gave him back the rights to the song, and the Dallas Cowboys were founded.

Other usage
The LG Twins of the Korea Baseball Organization use the song's melody in their own fight song.

title: Hail to the Commanders


text:
Talk:Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Untitled
I am not sure that this first statistic (95% of citizens, etc.) is correct. While it can be assumed that a person belongs to a certain ethnic group based on their name and surname, I think it's unfair to categorize people and to decide for them which group (if any) they should belong to. Not to mention that minorities which currently live in BiH (Roma, Jews, Montenegrins, Czechs, etc.) probably make up for more than the remaining 5% of the population. Also, what about the Others? I am more than sure that there's at least 10-15% of Others in BiH, especially after a recent article in Bosnian press which suggested that by 2050, the Others will be a minority which will outnumber the constitutive peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

At least provide us with a citation, although I highly doubt that you can find an independent, reliable source for this type of information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.132.107 (talk) 17:08, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Also, counting red cells much? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.132.107 (talk) 17:10, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Comments:

M.H, your description of dialects in B-H sounds more complex than it is.

Is there some litterature on persecution of Catholics in Ottoman Empire? We know about ahdnama granting rights to franciscans.

Is there a better way to say "work on the land" ? (obradjivati zemlju)? How do you say in English nerodna godina? :)

I'd like you two to show this to some more eyes, hopefully we can straighten this out so it could replace all the contradictory stuff found on historical and ethnical articles. --Vedran 16:29, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * 1. "till the land" (obrađivati zemlju); bad year(nerodna godina); yes, on persecution there are a few books, for instance by historians Srećko Džaja, Pavo Živković,e tc.-even in Ćorović "Istorija Srba"-it can be seen on the Web; also, some linx-putting aside pathetic overtones- http://www.referendum.8k.com/Povijest7.htm . For dialects- they are descrobed at http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Serbo-Croatian_language . Here's the paste: Although- it wouldnt be bad, just in order to dispell a few misty ideas, to present a diachronic table of Štokavian dialects and documents written in dialects:

 * 1. the dialectal picture at the turn of the century (19/20) and ethnic/national affiliation:

 * New Štokavian

 * Štokavian-Ekavian (Vojvodina dialect, "eastern"): vastly Serbian
 * Štokavian-Ekavian (Šumadija dialect): vastly Serbian
 * Štokavian-Ikavian ("western"): vastly Croatian and Bosniak
 * Štokavian-Ijekavian ("southern"): Serbian and Montenegrin (predominantly-ca 60%), Croat (ca.20%) and Bosniak (ca. 20%)

 * Old Štokavian

 * Kosovo-Resava (Ekavian) dialect: vastly Serbian
 * Zeta dialect (Ijekavian): vastly Montenegrin
 * Slavonian dialect (Ikavian): vastly Croatian
 * Eastern-Bosnian dialect(Ijekavian): vastly Croat and Bosniak

 * Pre-1800 literature (sacral, secular, legal, commercial,philological,..) written in Štokavian vernacular:

 * vastly Croatian (sacral, secular, legal, philological,..). Written in Štokavian-Ijekavian ("southern") and Štokavian-Ikavian ("western"). Writers are from Dalmatia (Split, Dubrovnik, Korčila island, Zadar,..), Lika region, Slavonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Written mainly in Latin script, but also in Bosnian/Croatian Cyrillic. The sacral literature begins in 1380-1400, and secular in ca. 1480-1490. More than 95% of Štokavian vernacular texts before 1800 are Croatian.

 * there are instances of Bosnian Muslim Štokavian vernacular literature: Uskjufi's dictionary from 1630s and Kaimi's poetry in the 17th cent. First Bosnian Muslim vernacular poem is "Chirwat turkisi" (Croatian song), authored by Mehmed of Erdely (1579 ?). This literature is written mainly in Arabic script, with a few works in Bosnian Cyrillic

 * also, there are instances of pre-1800 Serbian Štokavian literature: these include works by Gavrilo Venclović, Jovan Rajić and Zaharija Orfelin (all in the 18th century). These texts are written in Serbian Cyrillic.
 * Link on dialects: http://ostava.012webpages.com/Slika%20dijalekata%20po%20D.%20Brozovicu.htm -also at Serbo-Croatian article page.
 * Mir Harven 21:37, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't dispute this I just think that perhaps it's too broad for this article. Perhaps a "see also" to the Serbo-Croat language article is sufficient? --Vedran 12:47, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:54, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

statistics
A recent genetical study showed that variance of genome is larger among members of the same nation than between nations Hmm, does this part make sense? Wouldn't it at least be "the same amount of variety"? 192.234.223.100 16:09, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that doesn't make sense, and there are no sources cited to support that claims - quite the contrary:

"The high frequency and diversity of Haplogroup I1b1* (P37.2) among populations of the Western Balkans lends support to the hypothesis that the Adriatic region of modern-day Croatia served as a refuge for populations bearing Haplogroup I1b1* during the last glacial maximum. These groups seem to be the ancestors of about 38% of modern day Croats (75% of Bosnian Croats). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_%28Y-DNA%29"
 * and

Genetically, on the Y chromosome line, a majority (>87%) of Croats belong to one of the three major European Y-DNA haplogroups -- Haplogroup I (38%), Haplogroup R1a 35% and Haplogroup R1b 16%. The haplogroups J, E and G constitute together less than 10% - significantly lower than other populations in the region.[8]

Furthermore the dominant presence of haplogroup I is rather interesting. This group exists in Europe only and is fairly wide-spread, but in relatively small percentages. Its frequency in the Balkans is high, but the only populations that have similar levels of the I group are the Scandinavians. [9]

There are a number of relevant conclusions that can be drawn from the genetic data.

First of all it gives strong support to the theory that the region of modern day Croatia served as a refuge for northern populations during the last glacial maximum (LGM). After the LGM there was a migration to the north of the people whose offspring today form a significant portion of the three aforementioned Scandinavian populations. Those who decided to stay are the ancestors of about 38 per cent of modern day Croats. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_on_the_origin_of_Croats Milejerkovic 05:12, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic Maps are INNACURATE - Request to Include non-copyrighted OHR Maps
Ethnic Maps (before and after the war) are inaccurate.

For accurate Ethnic Maps, one should consult maps issued by the Office of High Representative for Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Here is the link: http://www.ohr.int/ohr-info/maps/

We can include those maps into wikipedia, they are not copyrighted.

Bosniak 06:47, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I visited the website you linked to and see no evidence that the maps there are not under copyright. Please provide evidence supporting your assertion that the maps can be legally reproduced on Wikipedia. —Psychonaut 09:48, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

External link
According to WP:EL links that should be avoided include links to "sites that are only indirectly related to the article's subject: it should be a simple exercise to show how the link is directly and symmetrically related to the article's subject." So, go for it...--Hadžija 12:34, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * For me the the link from IPWR was related to the subject of the article.--MaGioZal 12:52, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Bosnia-Herzegovina is a Nation
Bosnia-Herzegovina is a nation. Bosniaks, Bosnian Serbs, and Bosnian Croats are ethnic groups that comprise nation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Therefore, the article should stay renamed as Ethnic Groups of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Bosniak 03:10, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Except that "groups" should be lowercase, (and, btw, you didn't fix the double redirects). Otherwise, I agree; "nation" in this sense was Bosglish/Serbglish/Croglish. Actually, the title should in my opinion be "Ethnogenesis" in Bosnia and Herzegovina"; its original (and most current) scope was how the modern Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks achieved their respective identities; but I won't nitpick. Duja ► 13:28, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Please see Talk:Bosnians Duja ► 11:18, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Constituent Peoples
"The term constituent refers to the fact that these three ethnic groups are explicitly mentioned in the constitution, and that none of them can be considered a minority or immigrant." -- That is potentially a very important legal-political fact. There is no footnote. Does anybody know where this comes from? Is the concept defined that way in their constitution? Or is it a principle of international law? Please, let's have a footnote. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.115.101.61 (talk) 00:27, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

A term for "Serb" or "Croat" as an autochthonous inhabitant was virtually unknown in Bosnia before 19th century
That is a lie, it's just stupid propaganda!

Here are 3 grand vezire´s from Bosnia who saw themselves as Croats e.g:

-Rüstem Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: رستم پاشا, Bosnian and Croatian: Rustem-paša Opuković) (ca. 1500 – 10 July 1561) was a Croatian from Bosnia who became an Ottoman general and statesman. He served as the Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent. Rüstem Pasha is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (Damat meaning Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty) and Hırvat Rüstem Paşa (Hırvat = Croat or Hrvat by Turkish historians).

-Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha or Hersekli Ahmed Paşa (Bosnian, Croatian: Stjepan Hercegović) was a Bosnian/Croatian Ottoman general and statesman from Hercegovina. Hersekli Ahmed Paşa is also known as Mahmut Paşa Hırvat (Hırvat = Croat) by modern Turkish historians.

-Mehmed-pasha Sokolovic (ca. 1510 – 79), born in eastern Bosnia near Visegrad, after having completed his higher education with outstanding honours, was asked by Suleiman II where he came from and he replied "from Croatia." (73) • "Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East" by Harold Lamb, it is clearly stated on pages 53, 117, 303, 311...that Sokollu Mehmet Paşa was Croat (ISBN=978-1-40677-271-5). Also in • "Lieber, Francis (1845). Encyclopædia Americana: A popular dictionary of arts, sciences,... Vol 13. Philadelphia: Columbia University Library." on page 345, Sokollu Mehmet Paşa is called renegade of Croatia.

A very important person in medieval Bosna was: -Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (Kotor Varoš around 1350 – 1416) was a Ban of Croatia, Grand Duke of Bosnia and a Herzog of Split. He was the most prominent member of the Bosnian/Croatian noble House of Hrvatinić and the strongest of the three main large feudalists of early feudal medieval Bosnia. In 1403 he was named regent for Hungary, Croatia and Dalmatia, and was made Duke of Split. He was a prominent member of the Bosnian Church.

And that´s just a few persons.

You need to know Bosnia was only a small country in medieval times! The expansion of Bosnia went to Croatian cost.

The equivalence of the name of Bosniak and Croat in the early period of the Ottoman occupation of Bosnia is documented by the famous Turkish historian Aali (1542-1599) in his work Knhulahbar, also known as Tarihi Aali. He gave the following description of the properties of Croatian tribe (as he calls it) in Bosnia: As regards the tribe of the Croats, which is assigned to the river Bosna, their character is reflected in their cheerful mood; throughout Bosnia they are also known according to that river... [i.e. Croats = Bosniaks i.e. Bosnians]. Then follows an interesting passage describing virtues of the Croats in Bosnia. Let us cite it in Croatian, in Basagic's translation (the original text in the Arabic script and its translation can be seen in [Karihman], p. 78, with the Croatin translation being taken from Safvet-beg Basagic: Bossnjaci i Hercegovci u Islamskoj knjizzevnosti):

According the documents from the 15th and 16th centuries, Bosnian Muslims in central Bosnia and in Herzegovina called their language Croatian language and called themselves the Croats. Even today there are Bosnian Muslims with the second name Hrvat (= Croat). Probably the most interesting writings about the life in Ottoman Empire in the 16th century are numerous works published by Bartol Gyurgieuvits (1506-1566), who spent there 13 years as a slave.

The historical names of many officials in the Ottoman Empire reveal their origin (Hirwat = Hrvat or Horvat, which is a Croatian name for Croat):

Mahmut Pasha Hirwat (= Hrvat), Rustem Pasha Hrvat, Pijali Pasha Hrvat, Sijavus Pasha Hrvat, Memipaša Hrvat, Tahvilpaša Kulenović Hrvat etc. In the 16th century a traveler and writer Marco A. Pigaffetta wrote that almost everybody on the Turkish court in Constantinople knows the Croatian language, and especially soldiers. Marco Pigafetta in his "Itinerario" published in London in 1585 states: "In Istanbul it is customary to speak Croatian, a language which is understood by almost all official Turks, especially military men."

This can also be confirmed by the 1553 visit of Antun Vrančić, Roman cardinal, and Franjo Zay, a diplomat, to Istanbul as envoys of the Croat - Hungarian king to discuss a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire. During the initial ceremonial greetings they had with Rustem Pasha Hrvat ( a Croat) the conversation led in Turkish with an official interpreter was suddenly interrupted. Rustem Pasha Hrvat asked in Croatian if Zay and Vrančić spoke Croatian language. The interpreter was then dismissed and they proceeded in the Croatian language during the entire process of negotiations.

Many of the Muslim Slavs in Bosnia-Herzegovina had a strong awareness of their Croatian descent, and even called themselves Muslim Croats, to distinguish from the Catholic Croats. Some of the most outstanding Croatian writers and intellectuals of the Muslim faith in Bosnia and Herzegovina are: • Edhem Mulabdic (1862-1954), • Adenaga Mesic (1868-1945), • Ivan Aziz Milicevic (1868-1950), • Safvet-beg Basagic (1870-1934), • Osman Nuri Hadzic (1869-1937), • Hasan Fehim Nametak (1871-1953), • Fehim Spaho (1877-1942), • Musa Cazim Catic (1878-1915), • Dzafer-beg Kulenovic (1891-1956), • Ahmed Muradbegovic (1898-1972), • Hasan Kikic (1905-1942), • Hamdija Kresevljakovic (1898-1959) • Alija Nametak (1906-1987), • Nahir Kulenovic (1929-1963), • Enver Colakovic (1913-1976), • Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar (1917-1971) • Muhamed Hadzijahic (1918-1978) • Asaf Durakovic (1940) • Ekrem Spahic (1945) etc. Anybody wishing to study the history of Islamic culture in Bosnia-Herzegovina seriously should consult numerous works of Hamdija Kresevljakovic (1888-1959), an outstanding Muslim Croat, member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, author of an important monograph about history of Croatian literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Biographies of important Muslim Croats can be found in his ``Kratak pregled hrvatske knjige u Herceg - Bosni (A short survey of Croatian literature in Herzeg - Bosnia) printed in Sarajevo in 1912. For more information see [Karihman]. It should be noted that the literary and scientific activity of such intellectuals has been severely suppressed during the 70 years' Yugoslav period, resulting that today a very small percentage of the entire Muslim Slav population in BiH and Croatia has the awareness of its Croatian roots. --Zrin22 (talk) 17:12, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Bosnia and Herzeovina was Croatia at time when Herzegovina didn't exist and Bosnia was just a river. Ofc those people are Croats. In medieval, they called themselves Bosnians which is normal for that time, since there were no ethnicities, but even that is not completely true. There are numerous songs, writings or travel writings (ottomans or some neighbours) who called them Croats and language Croatian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.180.106.198 (talk) 16:55, 14 October 2015 (UTC)


text:
Scott Fischer

Scott Eugene Fischer (December 24, 1955 – May 11, 1996) was an American mountaineer and mountain guide. He was renowned for ascending the world's highest mountains without supplemental oxygen. Fischer and Wally Berg were the first Americans to summit Lhotse (27,940 feet / 8516 m), the world's fourth highest peak. Fischer, Charley Mace, and Ed Viesturs summitted K2 (28,251 feet/ 8611m) without supplemental oxygen. Fischer first climbed Mount Everest (29,032 feet / 8,848.86 m) in 1994 and later died during the 1996 blizzard on Everest while descending from the peak.

Early life
Fischer was the son of Shirley and Gene Fischer and was of German, Dutch, and Hungarian ancestry. He spent his early life in Michigan and New Jersey. After watching a TV documentary in 1970 in his home in the Basking Ridge section of Bernards Township, New Jersey, about the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) with his father, he headed to the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming for the summer. While attending Ridge High School, from which he graduated in 1973, he spent his summers in the mountains with NOLS, eventually becoming a full-time senior NOLS instructor.

Career
In 1977, Fischer attended an ice climbing seminar by Jeff Lowe in Utah. A group of climbers scaled the frozen Bridal Veil Falls in Provo Canyon. During the climb, Fischer began to climb solo on the near-vertical ice formation when his ice axe broke, leaving him stranded. The others managed to get him a new axe, but when he ascended again, the tool popped out, and he fell hundreds of feet. He survived but injured his foot with his ice axe as he fell.

In 1984, Fischer and Wes Krause became the second-ever team to scale the Breach Icicle on Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa after Reinhold Messner and Konrad Renzler in 1978. Few month later they came to Nepal for autumn climbing season and tried to reach Annapurna Fang just because of its cheapest permit and total cost. On descend Wes was injured but both survived.

That same year Fischer and two friends, Wes Krause and Michael Allison, each chipped in $500 and founded Mountain Madness, an adventure travel service (quite soon Allison moved to Atlanta and sold them his share). Scott and Wes guided clients in climbing major mountain peaks worldwide, but later Wes who lived in Kenya put his effort on Africa (Kilimanjaro route and safari).

In the summer of 1986, Scott, Wes and Robert Birkby went to Soviet Union and reached Elbrus (Caucasus Mountains). Scott and Wes also tried to summit Ushba but failed. Later Scott and Robert made “a walk” to Ushba : descending the icefall Scott fell into a crevasse dragging his friend along. Robert was able to anchor with his ice ax, ensuring their safety. That same year Scott and Wes organised another group to reach the highest soviet mountain Communism Peak (Pamir). They reached the summit together with Stacy Allison, the best of many of Scott’s student.s One climber of the team fell sick in lower camp,Scott and Wes tried to evacuate him, but unfortunately he passed away on the slope.

In the autumn of 1987 Scott and Wes organised trip to China, trying to reach Mount Everest from Tibet via the Northern Wall. To finance their own climbs they usually organized base camp trekking trips for clients of Mountain Madness, so Fischer’s mother Shirley was in Everest base camp (probably fist time in Mount Everest history a climber was with his mother). Scott, Wes, Stacy and Samuel Belk have spent four nights in Camp IV waiting for weather but were forced to go down because of strong wind and snowfalls.

Returning to Seattle, Scott has sent two resumes to the 1988 American Everest expedition (South route): Stacy's and his own. He persuaded her at least to go for an interview. As a result, he was rejected but Stacy was invited to join the team. Consequently, in 1988 she went to Nepal and became the first American woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Scott was trekking to Kala Patthar and they met each other at the Everest base camp.

In 1990 Fischer and Wally Berg became the first Americans to summit Lhotse (27,940 feet / 8516 m), the world's fourth highest peak as a part of Glenn Porzak Everest — Lhotse expedition. At EBC he met Rob Hall, Gary Ball, Peter Hillary, Tim Macartney-Snape. All of them made a summit same day as Porzak‘s team. Scott and Wally were in Camp III ready for Lhotse attempt but first had to go up to Yellow Band in order to evacuate their teammate Mike Brauning from South Col into Camp II. Next morning they returned to Camp III and after short rest advanced to camp IV. Next morning on May 13 (birthday of Scott’s son Andy) they reached the summit. Scott was upset with that achievement as his real goal was Everest, but being few days out of schedule he didn’t have nor time nor resources for that. Besides no one was on Everest slopes at the moment to help or insure, ropes and ladders on Khumbu Icefall that season installed by Nepali Army Everest team started to be removed.

In 1992, during the climb on K2 as a part of a Russian-American expedition, Fischer fell into a crevasse and tore the rotator cuff of his right shoulder. Against his doctor's advice, Fischer spent two weeks trying to recover and asked climbing partner Ed Viesturs to tape his shoulder and tether it to his waist so it would not continue to dislocate. He then resumed the climb using only his left arm. On their first summit bid, the climbers abandoned their attempt at Camp III to rescue Aleskei Nikiforov, Thor Keiser, and Chantal Mauduit. Fischer, Viesturs, and Charley Mace reached the summit on their second attempt without supplemental oxygen. During their descent, they met climbers Rob Hall and Gary Ball, who were suffering from altitude sickness at Camp II. Hall's health improved along the descent, but Ball required subsequent help from Fischer and the other climbers to reach the base.

Through Mountain Madness, Fischer guided the 1993 Climb for the Cure on Denali (20,320 feet) in Alaska which eight students at Princeton University organized. The expedition raised $280,000 for the American Foundation for AIDS Research. In 1994, Fischer and Rob Hess climbed Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen. They also formed a part of the expedition that removed 5000 pounds of trash and 150 discarded oxygen bottles from Everest. With the climb, Fischer had climbed the top of the highest peaks on six of the seven continents, except Vinson Massif in Antarctica. The American Alpine Club awarded the David Brower Conservation Award to all expedition members. In January 1996, Fischer and Mountain Madness guided a fundraising ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro (19,341 feet / 5,895 m) in Africa.

Death
In May 1996, Fischer guided eight clients in climbing Everest. He was assisted by Neal Beidleman, Anatoli Boukreev, and eight Sherpas, led by Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa. On May 6, the Mountain Madness team left Base Camp (5,364 meters) for their summit climb. At Camp II (6,400 meters), Fischer learned that his friend Dale Kruse was ill and could not make it out of Camp I (6,000 m). Fischer descended from Camp II, met with Kruse, and continued to Base Camp with him. Leaving Kruse at Base Camp, he ascended to rejoin his team at Camp II. He was slow on ascent to Camp III (7,200m) the following day, and on May 9, he left Camp III for Camp IV at the South Col (7,950m). On May 10, Fischer reached the summit after 3:45 PM, much later than the safe turnaround time of 2:00 PM due to the unusually high number of climbers who tried to make it to the summit on the same day. He was exhausted from previous efforts and the ascent and became increasingly ill, possibly suffering from HAPE, HACE, or a combination of both.

His climbing partner, Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa, descended part of the way with him when a blizzard started. Near the Southeast ridge balcony (8,400m), Fischer asked Lopsang to descend without him and send back Boukreev for help. After the storm subsided, on May 11, two Sherpas reached Fischer and "Makalu" Gau Ming-Ho, leader of a Taiwanese expedition. Fischer was unresponsive, and the Sherpas placed an oxygen mask over his face before carrying Gau to Camp IV. After rescuing other people, Boukreev finally reached Fischer, who was already dead. He described Fischer as having exhibited paradoxical undressing, commonly associated with hypothermia. "His oxygen mask is around face, but bottle is empty. He is not wearing mittens; hands completely bare. Down suit is unzipped, pulled off his shoulder, one arm is outside clothing. There is nothing I can do. Scott is dead." Boukreev shrouded Fischer's upper torso and moved his body off the main climbing route. His body remains on the mountain.

Lopsang Jangbu Sherpa died in an avalanche in the autumn of 1996, also on an expedition to Everest, and Boukreev died in December 1997 in an avalanche on an expedition to Annapurna. Fischer's climbing firm Mountain Madness was bought in 1997 by Keith and Christine Boskoff.

Personal life
In 1981, Fischer married Jeannie Price, who was his student on a NOLS Mountaineering Course in 1974. They moved to Seattle in 1982 where they had two children, Andy and Katie Rose Fischer-Price.

Legacy

 * A memorial stupa for Fischer was built by the Sherpas in 1996 outside the village of Dughla in the Solukhumbu District of Nepal. In 1997, Ingrid Hunt, the doctor who had accompanied the 1996 Mountain Madness Everest Expedition to Base Camp, returned to place a bronze memorial plaque on it in his honor.
 * The American Alpine Club established the Scott Fischer Memorial Conservation Fund in his memory which helps environmentally proactive expeditions throughout the world.
 * A route up Mount Kilimanjaro is dedicated to Fischer. This route is called the Western-Breach Route. There is a plaque in memorial for Fischer along this route.

In popular culture

 * In the 1997 TV movie Into Thin Air: Death on Everest, Fischer is portrayed by Peter Horton.
 * In the 2015 film Everest, Fischer is portrayed by Jake Gyllenhaal.

title: Scott Fischer


text:
Plate number coil

A plate number coil (PNC) is a United States postage stamp with the number of the printing plate or plates printed on it. The plate number typically appears as one or more small digits in the margin at the bottom of the stamp. The plate number may be centered or, on some coil issues, located toward the right. Although most plate numbers are composed of just numbers, both a combination of letter and number may be used. In the case when a letter is represented in the plate number, an upper case letter usually appears at the beginning or at the end of the sequence with the former serving as a good identifier of the stamp printer.

The plate number is on one stamp out of the number of stamps printed by a single revolution of rotary printing press used to print the stamps.

Collectors specializing in PNC collecting typically save plate number coils in the following formats:
 * 1) PNC5 - Plate Number Coil 5 - A strip of 5 mint stamps with the plate number coil  on the center stamp.
 * 2) PNC3 - Plate Number Coil 3 - A strip of 3 mint stamps with the plate number coil  on the center stamp.  Although many collectors still collect coils in this format, a larger number of these collectors prefers the PNC5 format.  As a result, a PNC3 is less desirable than a PNC5 as evidenced by many specialized stamp catalogs now assigning much higher premiums to PNC5 formats of earlier coil issues.  Initially, saving PNC3s had been the practice adopted by many collectors and dealers alike and, therefore, not many early issues were saved in the longer format.
 * 3) PNS - Plate Number Single - A single unused or used plate number coil stamp.  If used, the plate number must be identifiable and not be obliterated by the postmark, although many precanceled issues, in order to show their proper use and to be collectible, should not receive any postmarks.
 * 4) On cover - An envelope bearing a used plate number coil stamp with a contemporary postmark tying the stamp to the envelope.  Many collectors prefer the cover to have the correct postage and proper stamp or stamps used for the envelope.  An example of an improper use is to combine many precanceled stamps and older issues on an envelope as payment for a first class postage.  Although this practice is allowed by the Post Office, most collectors find this and stamp collector contrived or philatelic covers less desirable.

Some coil issues will require collectors to save longer than even the PNC5 mentioned earlier. For example, the United States Crops coil stamps, issued in 2006, have five designs with only one of the stamp designs bearing a plate number. While some collectors will save this issue as a PNC5 and no shorter, others may choose to save it as a PNC11 so that the stamps of the same design with and without the plate number are represented.

title: Plate number coil


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Richard Harris (disambiguation)

Richard Harris (1930–2002) was an Irish actor, singer, theatrical producer, film director and writer.

Richard Harris may also refer to:

Politicians

 * Richard Harris (1777–1854), British Radical politician
 * Dick Harris (born 1944), Canadian politician
 * Richard Reader Harris (Conservative politician) (1913–2009), British Conservative politician

Entertainers

 * Richard Harris (composer) (born 1968), British composer, teacher and pianist
 * Richard Harris (television writer) (born 1934), British television writer
 * Richard Harris, member of doo-wop group The Marcels
 * Richard A. Harris, American film editor
 * Ricky Harris (1962–2016), American producer, actor and comedian
 * Richard Rankin (born 1983), Scottish actor and comedian, born Richard Harris

Sportspeople

 * Dick Harris (center) (1928–2003), American football center
 * Dick Harris (cornerback) (born 1937), former American football defensive back
 * Dick Harris (Australian rules footballer) (1911–1993), Australian rules footballer
 * Dick L. Harris (1885–1945), Australian rules footballer
 * Dickie Harris (born 1950), American football player in the CFL
 * Richard Harris (American football) (1948–2011), former NFL player and CFL coach
 * Richard Harris (baseball), Negro league baseball player
 * Richard Harris (footballer) (born 1980), English former footballer
 * Rick Harris (born 1948), American wrestler known as Black Bart

Other people

 * J. Richard Harris (1910–1994), Irish entomologist, fishing consultant and tackle merchant, and author
 * Richard Harris (anaesthetist), cave diver involved in the Tham Luang cave rescue
 * Richard Harris (college principal), principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1573–1595
 * Richard Harris (prospector) (1833–1907), Canadian miner and prospector
 * Richard H. Harris (1918–1976), American civil rights leader
 * Richard Reader Harris (barrister) (1847–1909), English barrister, counselor to Queen Victoria, Methodist minister
 * Richard Deodatus Poulett-Harris (1817–1899), English/Australian educator

title: Richard Harris (disambiguation)


text:
Ralph Maxwell Lewis

Ralph Maxwell Lewis (February 14, 1904 – January 12, 1987), was an American mystic, son of Harvey Spencer Lewis, and the Imperator of Rosicrucian organisation, the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC) from 1939 to 1987. He is the author of a number of books regarding mysticism, most of which are available from the AMORC. Ralph Maxwell Lewis was born in New York City. His father, Harvey Spencer Lewis, who was the first Imperator of AMORC for North and South America was born in New Jersey and was of Gallic origin, being descended from Sir Robert Lewis, former American colonizers.

Early life and education
Ralph M. Lewis received his early education in New York and the New Jersey Military Academy. In 1918, his family took up residence in San Francisco, California, where he began his studies of law and accounting in 1919.

Rise to Imperator
The use of the word 'imperator' is a norm for AMORC students and can be likened to the word 'commander'. It is used to denote the current head or leader of the AMORC mystical organization.

Ralph Lewis crossed the threshold of the order on February 6, 1921, by special permission, eight days before completing 17 years spent in the various degrees of order in the San Francisco store, and then began to study philosophy. In March 1924, he was elected Supreme Secretary of AMORC.

In Fédération Universelle des Ordres et Sociétés Initiatiques, FUDOSI, he was known by the nomen mysticum (mystical name) "Sar Validivar" and received his initiation in Martinism during the second convention of FUDOSI in September 1936. In the same year, he was initiated as a Rose-Croix Order Kabalistique and in the Traditional Martinist Order in Europe. On August 2, 1939, he was elected by the Board of Directors of the Supreme Grand Lodge of AMORC as Imperator of the order, a position he held until his Great Initiation, on January 12, 1987.

In March 1940, Lewis was elected President of the International Supreme Council of the order Rosæ Crucis. Among the awards he received in his lifetime was the honorary degree of doctor of literature from Andhra University in India, and the star and the cross of science from the International Academic Council.

He founded the Grand Lodge of Brazil, in the summer of 1956, and commissioned new buildings for the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in 1966.

Personal life
On March 28, 1923, he married Gladys Natishna Hammer, who was known to all Rosicrucians as Soror Gladys Lewis.

title: Ralph Maxwell Lewis


text:
Church of God Mountain Assembly

The Church of God, Mountain Assembly (CGMA) is a Holiness Pentecostal Christian body formed in 1907, with roots in the late 19th-century American holiness movement and early 20th-century Pentecostal revival. The denomination maintains headquarters in Jellico, Tennessee and is a member of the Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America (formerly the Pentecostal Fellowship of North America).

The main geographical strength of the body (about 65% of the churches) is in Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. But, they are also in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Indiana, Montana, West Virginia, Alabama, Michigan, and Kansas. There were over 10,000 members in over 103 USA churches in 2018, and nearly 720 churches in 21 nations. The denominations World Missions Department serves foreign nations with children's homes, schools, pastors, and churches.

History
In the late nineteenth century, several ministers of the South Union Baptist Association of United Baptists embraced the holiness movement. At its annual session in 1905, the South Union Association of United Baptists excluded all ministers preaching entire sanctification and the danger of apostasy. On August 24, 1907, representatives met at Ryan’s Creek church in Whitley County, Kentucky and formed a new association. They chose the name Church of God. The early leaders were Reverends J. H. Parks, Steve Bryant, and Allen Moses. Shortly after organization, they embraced Pentecostalism. After discovering that other bodies were holding property and transacting business under the name Church of God, this body added the words "Mountain Assembly" to "Church of God" for identification and legal purposes in 1911. In 1917 the body was incorporated, and in 1922 permanent headquarters were established in Jellico, Tennessee.

The Gospel Herald, official publication of the Church of God Mountain Assembly, was first published in 1942. A more episcopal form of government was adopted in 1944, that included the offices of General Overseer and General Secretary and Treasurer.

The Church of God Mountain Assembly has endured three divisions since its formation, resulting in the formation of the General Assembly Church of God (org. 1916 in McCreary County, Kentucky), Church of God of the Union Assembly (org. 1920 in Jackson County, Georgia) and the Church of God of the Original Mountain Assembly (org. 1946 at Williamsburg, Kentucky).

Doctrine
The church utilizes a Church Covenant, and holds a twelve article Statement of Faith. Doctrines of the Church of God Mountain Assembly include:
 * the Bible as the inspired, infallible Word of God
 * God in three distinct persons – Father, Son and Holy Ghost
 * the deity, virgin birth, sinless life, sacrificial atonement, and bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ
 * salvation by faith through regeneration by the Holy Ghost
 * sanctification as a second work of grace
 * the full Gospel of the New Testament including divine healing and other gifts of the Spirit
 * water baptism by immersion, The Lord's Supper as Ordinances
 * the pre-Millennial second coming of Christ
 * In speaking with other tongues as the Spirit gives them utterance and that it is the initial evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost

Annual convention
CGMA's annual Campmeeting convention is the first week of August in Pigeon Forge, TN, and their annual Florida Campmeeting is the last week of January in Kissimmee, Florida.

title: Church of God Mountain Assembly


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Harvey Spencer Lewis

Harvey Spencer Lewis F.R.C., S:::I:::I:::, 33° 66° 95°, (November 25, 1883 – August 2, 1939), a noted Rosicrucian author and mystic, was the founder in the US and the first Imperator of the Ancient and Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC), from 1915 until 1939.

Life and career
Lewis was born in Frenchtown, New Jersey, to Aaron Rittenhouse Lewis and a German-born teacher, Katharina Hoffmann. He worked in advertising as an illustrator (the modern term commercial artist best describes his line of work), and he used that experience to promote AMORC, through print ads, booklets and magazine illustrations. Lewis first learned of the Rosicrucians through his interest in paranormal phenomena. His membership of a group investigating and exposing more than 50 fraudulent mediums led to the formation of the New York Institute for Psychical Research, of which he was elected president at the age of 20.

He later related that he was initiated into a Rosicrucian order during a trip to France. Given the mission to both bring Rosicrucian ideas back to America (an immigrant German group had a settlement in Pennsylvania during the 17th century, but it had long been dissolved), and to promote them in a modern way, Lewis established AMORC, becoming its first Imperator. He translated from French and German what became the Order's first canon of lessons in mysticism, and spent the rest of his life working ceaselessly on AMORC's behalf.

Lewis engineered and supervised the creation of Rosicrucian Park, in San Jose, California, designing its unique buildings – the Egyptian-style temple, the fifth planetarium in the United States, a science laboratory, lecture auditorium, library, and administrative offices. Today his internationally recognised Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum on Naglee Avenue is a popular tourist attraction.

His second wife was Martha. They were married at least by 1917, according to his WW1 draft card, when they were living in Flushing, New York. In 1926, they sailed on the SS Majestic  to Europe and made the first AMORC Grand Tour of Egypt. reported en route in The Mystic Triangle of December 1926.

Among Lewis's prodigious talents was a penchant for audio-visual technology. With a confident voice well suited to public speaking and broadcasting, he had inaugurated talk-back radio and directed a popular children's radio club in Tampa, Florida. In San Jose, one of Lewis's programs, "The Pristine Church", was broadcast from Rosicrucian Park on Sundays, with easy-listening sermons on interfaith and secular topics. His recordings of talks, chants and other items of interest to Rosicrucian students are still in demand by AMORC lodges around the world.

Under his nomen mysticum Sar Alden, Lewis was one of the three directors of FUDOSI (Federatio Universalis Dirigens Ordines Societatesque Initiationis) representing America, Europe and the Orient. That union of the world's authentic initiatic societies aimed to counter plagiarism of their ancient symbols and rituals by remnant groups and rivals. Lewis held a number of earned and honorary ordinations, titles and degrees, many granted in recognition of his goodwill work. His son, Ralph Maxwell Lewis (1904–1987), an accomplished philosopher and author, succeeded him in 1939 as the second Imperator of AMORC. One of Ralph Lewis's many books is the biography of his father, Cosmic Mission Fulfilled.

Inventions
According to [Michael Nowicki] (F.R.C.)'s Mysterious Inventions of Dr. Lewis page (located at the Rosicrucians Salon Website), H. Spencer Lewis built several scientific devices.

They included:

Luxatone
The Luxatone or Color Organ was a device which converted audio signals into colours, displayed on a triangular screen. Lewis used it to demonstrate mystical and philosophical ideas. The audio signal was input with the aid of a microphone.

A booklet titled "The Story of Luxatone – The Master Color Organ" was printed and sent to AMORC members and to newspapers.

Cosmic Ray Coincidence Counter
This device was a prototype of a Geiger counter and was built in the 1930s.

Sympathetic Vibration Harp
The Sympathetic Vibration Harp was built by Lewis to demonstrate the AMORC's principle of sympathetic vibration.

Alchemy
In addition to his other works, on June 22, 1916, Lewis hosted what was announced as a "transmutation" of zinc into gold – a demonstration of classic alchemical principles, in New York City. A team of AMORC Grand Masters, members, one scientist and one journalist assembled, a chosen few bringing selected ingredients, which were then mixed in a brief procedure. The scientist declared the results to have the "properties of gold", and an account appeared in the American Rosae Crucis. (The ingredients for the gold recipe were not revealed; Rosicrucian Questions and Answers explained that while the necessary materials weren't hard to obtain, transmutation wasn't cost-effective; buying elemental gold was more sensible.)

Lemurians
In 1931, Lewis, under the pen name Wishar S[penle] Cerve, wrote a book (published by the Rosicrucians) about the hidden Lemurians of Mount Shasta that a bibliographic note on Mount Shasta described as "responsible for the legend's widespread popularity."

Plagiarism
Lewis authored The Mystical Life of Jesus in 1929. The book is notable for defending a variant of the swoon hypothesis that Jesus survived his crucifixion. Lewis plagiarized entire chapters from The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ by Levi H. Dowling.

Other AMORC Imperators

 * Ralph Maxwell Lewis
 * Gary L. Stewart
 * Christian Bernard
 * Claudio Mazzucco

title: Harvey Spencer Lewis


text:
47 (number)

47 (forty-seven) is the natural number following 46 and preceding 48. It is a prime number.

Mathematics
Forty-seven is the fifteenth prime number, a safe prime, and the fourth isolated prime. 47 is the number of trees on 9 unlabeled nodes.

47 is the sixth highly cototient number, and the eighth Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form $$3n - 1$$.

47 is the ninth strictly non-palindromic number, following 19 and preceding 53.

47 is the largest member of the simplest Cunningham chain,

where each prime member is one more than twice the previous. 47 is equivalently the fifth Thabit number of the form $$3 \cdot 2^n - 1$$ for positive $$n$$, relating to the pair of amicable numbers ${2, 5, 11, 23, 47}$.

47 is the ninth Lucas number (and sixth Lucas prime), where it is also the fourth Keith number since its digits appear as successive terms earlier in the sequence of Lucas numbers: ${17296, 18416}$

47 is the thirteenth supersingular prime. It is the last consecutive prime number that divides the order of at least one sporadic group, in its case it divides the order of the two largest such (non-pariah) groups: $$\mathbb {M}$$ and $$\mathbb {B}$$.

47 is the largest consecutive prime in Manjul Bhargava's prime-universality criterion theorem representative of all prime numbers: ${2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, ...}.$

The forty-seventh triangular number (1128) is the dimensional representation of the largest vertex operator algebra with central charge of twenty-four, $$D_{24}$$.

In science
47 is the atomic number of silver.

Astronomy
The 47-year cycle of Mars: after 47 years – 22 synodic periods of 780 days each – Mars returns to the same position among the stars and is in the same relationship to the Earth and Sun. The ancient Mesopotamians discovered this cycle.

Other
Late rapper Capital Steez was infatuated with the number 47 and what it meant spiritually. He believed the number 47 was the "perfect expression of balance in the world", representing the tension between the heart and the brain (the fourth and sixth chakra, respectively.) The number featured on the cover of AmeriKKKan Korruption, stylized to resemble a swastika.

title: 47 (number)