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Takanori Nishikawa

Takanori Nishikawa (西川 貴教) is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, voice actor, radio personality, and businessman. He performs under the stage name T.M.Revolution (T.M.R.), which stands for "Takanori Makes Revolution" (貴教が革命を起こす), stemming from the famous 1980s pop electronic band TM Network. Despite most of his songs being written by Akio Inoue and composed/arranged by Daisuke Asakura (also TMR's former producer), T.M.Revolution is considered Nishikawa's solo project. Nishikawa is also known for contributions of ending and opening themes to many notable anime and game series.

After three years as vocalist of the visual kei rock band Luis-Mary, Nishikawa debuted as TMR with the release of his first solo single "Dokusai (Monopolize)" (独裁 -monopolize-) in May 1996. Later that year, his third single "Heart of Sword (Yoake Mae)" (HEART OF SWORD ～夜明け前～) was used as the third ending song for the anime series Rurouni Kenshin, further expanding his fan base. He also contributed six songs to the Mobile Suit Gundam SEED franchise – three for Gundam SEED and three for Gundam SEED Destiny. Nishikawa has guest starred as a minor character in each of those anime series that featured his songs. In 2010, his single "Save the One, Save the All" was used as the ending theme song for the movie Bleach: Hell Verse. Several of Nishikawa's songs, such as "Crosswise" and "Flags", have been used by Capcom's Sengoku Basara video game series and media franchise.

In 2005, Nishikawa formed the rock band Abingdon Boys School. T.M.Revolution was the first artist to be signed to Tofu Records, a record label (affiliated with Sony Music Japan) promoting Japanese artists in North America. Tofu released three of his studio albums: coordinate (2003), Seventh Heaven (2004), and vertical infinity (2005). Nishikawa made his North American live debut at Otakon, a large anime convention in 2003. He has also performed at Pacific Media Expo in 2004 and at the New York Comic Con in 2008. Nishikawa revisited his 2003 US performance at the Asian culture convention Otakon by performing at Otakon's 20th Anniversary on August 10, 2013.

Early life
Nishikawa was born to a government worker (father, Yasuhiro) and a dental hygienist (mother, Kazuko) in Hikone, Shiga and moved to Yasu, Shiga. He attended Mikami Elementary School (三上小学校) as a child. Nishikawa was close to his grandfather (a retired policeman), whom he visited every day after school, since his parents were always working. Under the encouragement of his grandfather, Takanori studied kendo until age ten, when his grandfather died due to illness.

Nishikawa also attended Yasu Junior High School (野洲中学校) and Yasu High School (滋賀県立野洲高等学校). While in junior high, Takanori began to consider a career in music. He dropped out of high school and left Shiga to pursue his dream. Takanori was also married to Yumi Yoshimura of Puffy AmiYumi from 1999 to 2002.

Luis-Mary
Nishikawa joined the visual kei rock band Luis-Mary in 1990 as the vocalist. His band nickname Haine (灰猫) and his appearance at the time would eventually become the inspiration for Nishikawa's character in Gundam SEED Destiny (Heine Westenfluss). Luis-Mary released three singles; "Rainy Blue", "Whisper(In Your Eyes)" and "Drive Me Mad". The band broke up in 1993.

T.M.Revolution
In 1995, Daisuke Asakura signed on with Nishikawa under the FunHouse label, now owned by BMG Japan. They released one single, Black or White?, under the name '''Daisuke Asakura expd. Takanori Nishikawa'''. This song was rerecorded in 1997 and also rearranged in 2000 as TMR's twelfth single (Black or White? version 3). The original “Black or White?” song also appears as the third track on TMR's first album Makes Revolution (1996). Nishikawa participated in a mini three-band event in November 1995. His fan club, turbo, was established shortly afterwards, in December 1995. In early 1996, Nishikawa made several radio appearances announcing the debut of his solo project. On March 22, 1996, the project was given the name T.M.Revolution, with Asakura named as TMR's producer.

Dokusai -monopolize- was released on May 13, 1996, under the Antinos Records label. It reached #28 on the Oricon charts. Nishikawa's performance on NHK's music variety show Pop Jam (which he would, later in his career, cohost for eleven months) helped boost sales, eventually selling out all first press copies of the single. His second single, Venus (臍淑女 -ヴィーナス-) was released two months later, followed by the release of TMR's first album Makes Revolution another month later.

Heart of Sword: Yoake Mae was released in November 1996 and was used as the third ending song for Rurouni Kenshin. It later replaced "The Fourth Avenue Cafe" (by rock band L'Arc-en-Ciel) as the fourth ending song, due to drug charges laid against a now former member of that band. "Heart of Sword: Yoake Mae" became a fan favourite that sold 360,000 copies and reached #16 on the Oricon charts. Nishikawa's second album, restoration LEVEL➝3 [sometimes called Ishin Level➝3 (維新レベル➝3)] was released in February 1997, which reached #5 on the Oricon charts.

Nishikawa released three singles, Level 4, High Pressure, and White Breath, in 1997. High Pressure became TMR's breakthrough single, selling 800,000 copies. White Breath sold over one million copies and became the first TMR single to reach #1 on the Oricon charts. Nishikawa performed White Breath on the 48th edition of Kōhaku Uta Gassen, an annual music show televised by NHK. Less than a month later, his third album triple joker was released and went on to sell two million copies. Aoi Hekireki (蒼い霹靂), the first track from triple joker, was recut as a single in February 1998 and it was used in a Yamaha JOG commercial. Nishikawa's three albums were also released in other parts of Asia, and he visited Taiwan in April 1998 to promote triple joker. Hot Limit, released in June 1998, sold 900,000 copies and became Nishikawa's second #1 single. Nishikawa also performed at the 49th edition of Kōhaku Uta Gassen. His fourth album, the force, was released in March 1999 and featured album mixes of the four singles (Hot Limit, Thunderbird, Burnin' X'mas, Wild Rush) that followed Aoi Hekireki. Shortly after the force was released, Nishikawa performed two concerts at Tokyo Dome to a total audience of 100,000.

In 1999, Nishikawa announced the end of T.M.Revolution. He and Daisuke Asakura went on to form The End of Genesis T.M.R. evolution Turbo Type D (or TMR-e, for short). The name implied it was an "evolution" of TMR. Asakura also appeared in their music videos and performed alongside Nishikawa. Three singles were released under that name, all in 1999: Kagerō (陽炎 -KAGEROH-), Gekkō (月虹 -GEKKOH-), and Setsugen -winter dust- (雪幻 -winter dust-). Their only album, Suite Season, was released in February 2000. Nishikawa and Asakura started becoming more distant from each other, and Nishikawa reverted to his original stage name in April 2000.

''BLACK OR WHITE? version 3'', a self-cover, was released in April 2000. It was used as a professional baseball theme song on Nippon Television. Two other singles [HEAT CAPACITY and Madan ~Der Freischütz~ (魔弾 ～Der Freischütz～)], a remix album (DISCORdanza: Try My Remix ~Single Collections~), and studio album (progress; TMR's fifth) were also released in 2000.

Boarding was released in February 2001. The title track of the single was used as a theme song to a drama called To Make Divided a House (別れさせ屋). Nishikawa started self-producing, with the release of his sixteenth single (Out of Orbit ~Triple ZERO~) one year later. (Asakura continued to compose music for TMR.) His compilation album B☆E☆S☆T was released the next month. Epic Records Japan purchased Antinos Records that year, and all albums on the Antinos catalogue were re-released under the Epic label on July 1, 2002. "Thunderbird" inspired anime director Mitsuo Fukuda to ask Nishikawa to perform the first opening song for Gundam SEED ("Invoke"). Invoke, released in September 2002, sold 250,000 copies and reached #2 on the Oricon charts. Nishikawa also voice acted as Miguel Aiman early in that series and narrated a recap episode of Gundam SEED.

Coordinate, his sixth original album, was released in March 2003. The cover was a closeup of the customized orange GINN that Nishikawa's Gundam SEED character piloted. (Orange is Nishikawa's favourite colour. ) "Meteor" (Meteor -ミーティア-), an album track from coordinate, was used as an insert song to Gundam SEED. The album mix of "THUNDERBIRD", originally from the force, was also included on this album. Later that year, Nishikawa became the first artist to be signed under Tofu Records, and coordinate was the first album released by Tofu. The Tofu release of coordinate also included "HEART OF SWORD ~Yoake Mae~" as a bonus track. Nishikawa made his debut North American performance at Otakon in August 2003, to a massive audience who filled both the ballroom and overflow room (an exhibition hall) of the Baltimore Convention Center to their entirety.

Nishikawa released his eighteenth single, Albireo (Albireo -アルビレオ-), in February 2004. (Albireo is a bright star from the constellation Cygnus.) "Albireo" was used in a music variety show on Nippon Television called AX MUSIC-TV, where it was #49 on the show's "power play" list. SEVENTH HEAVEN, his aptly named seventh album, was released in March 2004. Tofu Records released SEVENTH HEAVEN a few weeks later and Nishikawa performed at Pacific Media Expo in May 2004. “Zips”, a track from SEVENTH HEAVEN, was used as an insert song for the first Mobile Suit Gundam SEED: Special Edition movie. "Wheel of Fortune" was used as a Formula Nippon theme song on Fuji Television.

Nishikawa was asked to sing the ending theme song of the Japanese theatrical release of Spider-Man 2 ("Web of Night"), because of his performance at PMX 2004 and his relations at Sony Music Japan. Web of Night, released in late July 2004, also included a rearrangement of "Tears Macerate Reason" (originally from Seventh Heaven) and an English version of the song (translated by Lynne Hobday). Nishikawa shot the "Web of Night" PV in both languages. He also attended the world premiere of Spider-Man 2 wearing a traditional Japanese kimono. "ignited" (ignited -イグナイテッド-) was used as the first opening song of Gundam SEED Destiny, which premiered in October 2004. The release of the ignited single was the first TMR single to reach #1 on the Oricon charts since 1998, becoming the 900th #1 single in the Oricon chart. It was #53 on the 2004 Oricon Top 100 Singles chart, having sold 161,324 copies. Nishikawa also voice acted as Heine Westenfluss for several episodes of Gundam SEED Destiny. His character was directly modelled after Nishikawa himself, as opposed to Miguel Aiman of SEED. Heine's hairstyle resembled Nishikawa's Luis-Mary hairstyle, and his name was a play on Nishikawa's pseudonym with that band (Haine). [Heine's first name is written as Haine (ハイネ) in katakana.] The surnames of both Nishikawa and Westenfluss mean "west river" in Japanese (西川) and German (Westenfluß), respectively. "Ignited"'s title is closely similar to the mobile suit (GOUF Ignited) that Nishikawa's GSD character piloted.

Vertical infinity was released on January 26, 2005, by Epic and exactly six months later by Tofu Records. The infinity symbol (∞), when facing vertically or turned sideways, looks like the number 8. That is also the number of original studio albums Nishikawa has released to date as T.M.Revolution. vertical infinity included album mixes of "Web of Night" (both Japanese and English versions) and "ignited". It also included two English-language tracks, "Bring It On" (written by Nishikawa) and "Chase / The Thrill" (written by Hobday). "Chase / The Thrill" was used as the Japanese theme song of the X Games. vertical infinity marked a significant change in T.M.Revolution's musical style, as only half of the album was arranged by Daisuke Asakura, while Nishikawa arranged or co-arranged the other tracks.

With preparations for T.M.Revolution's tenth anniversary in May 2006 and other commitments, Nishikawa was unable to visit North America in 2005. In April 2005, he began cohosting NHK's music variety show Pop Jam with NHK Broadcasting Center announcer Yuriko Murakami (村上 由利子) and comedy duo UN JASH (アンジャッシュ). Nishikawa's twenty-first single, Vestige (vestige -ヴェスティージ-), was released in August 2005. It was his fourth single, and second consecutive, to reach #1 on the Oricon charts. "Vestige" was used as an insert song for Gundam SEED Destiny. "Crosswise", the other track, was used as the theme song for PlayStation 2 game Sengoku BASARA. Vestige was #54 on the 2005 Oricon Top 100 Singles chart, with 176,028 copies sold that year. The Vestige single came with a unique password that was used to vote online (on T.M.Revolution's official website) for which songs would appear on an upcoming self-cover album. These songs would be rearranged and re-recorded. Ten songs were originally planned for this album, but due to the overwhelming number of votes, fifteen tracks were recorded instead. The “self-cover best album”, titled UNDER:COVER, was released on January 1, 2006, and was ranked #8 on the Oricon charts. UNDER:COVER came in two editions, limited (or first press) and regular. The regular edition contained fourteen tracks. The limited edition came with fourteen tracks, a bonus track on a separate disc (instrumental version of “Meteor”, Daisuke Asakura's only contribution to the album), and a poster which listed the names of all the people who selected the tracks. The rearrangement of “Zips” was used as an insert song to the first Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: Special Edition movie.

Nishikawa performed the UNDER:COVER mix of “WHITE BREATH” at the 56th edition of Kōhaku Uta Gassen, his third appearance and his first since 1998. His cohosting duties on Pop Jam came to an end in March 2006. His tenth anniversary celebration was held at Universal Studios Japan in Osaka on May 13, 2006. That day, it was announced that Nishikawa will perform at USJ, near Peter Pan's Neverland, on his 36th birthday on September 19, 2006. His second compilation album, 1000000000000 (a one followed by 12 zeroes), was released on June 7, 2006. It was a two disc set that contained the A-sides of all twenty-one singles released to date, and was ranked #1 on the Oricon charts. The corresponding DVD, released three weeks later, contained all twenty-four TMR PVs made. Nishikawa has also starred in a drama called Nursing Étoile in autumn 2006.

Abingdon Boys School era
Nishikawa established a new band called Abingdon Boys School in 2005. Named after the school where Radiohead met, ex-Wands guitarist Hiroshi Shibasaki joined the band alongside Sunao and Toshiyuki Kishi. Abingdon Boys School scored seven straight top ten hits and released two albums, as well as touring throughout Europe and having their albums, including English language songs, released through a German record label. The band also performed at the Live Earth concert in Tokyo, Japan, on July 7, 2007.

Cloud Nine era
Nishikawa held the Real Time Countdown Party Revolution, a live concert he did with all of his fans on New Year's Eve, to make up for the lack of new T.M. Revolution material. Although in a recent magazine interview, Nishikawa has stated that he will make a comeback in 2008 as T.M. Revolution. His first new single, 'Resonance', which features all his past famous hit song music videos and promotes Sony products in its Music Video, is the Anime theme song for the anime Soul Eater and was released on June 11. Resonance reached #4 on Oricon Singles Chart on its release day. "Soul's Crossing", the B-side of the "Resonance" single, was used as the theme song for the Soul Eater video game for the Wii console.

T.M.Revolution took part in the "hide memorial summit", a music festival to honor the tenth anniversary of the death of X Japan guitarist hide.

At the New York Anime Festival 2008, and official TMR and ABS panel hinted at some 'surprise projects' involving Nishikawa. However, no further news on a new album were made. And on March 23, 2009, T.M.Revolution released a Memorial Box featuring the songs from his debut single, Dokusai monopolize through eleventh single, WILD RUSH. These singles were originally released on 8 cm minidiscs but will now be in high-fidelity Blu-spec CD format (fully compatible with standard CD players). The box also contains a bonus DVD from his T.M.R. YEAR COUNTDOWN LIVE, a photo book and logo sticker set. The box's price is 17 800 yen, but the singles are also sold separately.

T.M.Revolution is going to release a single dedicated to a beautiful regional lake. From 2009 the song has been performed during live shows known under the title [Lakers] and for the first time ever, it will be a single only available for download, scheduled for March 3. The song [Lakers] will also be the image song of the 65th Biwako Marathon. The lyrics have been written by Inoue Akio, the music arrangement is made by Asakura Daisuke.

On March 24 T.M.Revolution will release a collaboration work with the Gundam franchise called "T.M.R.×GUNDAM SEED SPECIAL PROJECT [X42S-REVOLUTION]" The CD will contain all the 5 songs he made for the series. 'Invoke', 'Ignited', 'Meteor', 'Zips' and 'Vestige'. But there will be a 6th track on the CD called 'imaginary ark' and this is the 30th Anniversary song for Gunpla. The CD comes in 3 versions.

On August 11, a double A-side single 'Naked Arms/Sword Summit' will be released. Naked arms will be the opening song for the new Sengoku Basara game. An English version of the song will be able on the regular edition of this single. That song will be the opening for the game outside Japan. SWORD SUMMIT is the new opening for the second season of the Sengoku Basara anime.

Preserved Roses / Kakumei Dualism era
In 2013, Nishikawa teamed up with Nana Mizuki in a collaboration called T.M.Revolution X Nana Mizuki, and they released two singles, Preserved Roses and 革命デュアリズム (Kakumei Dyuarizumu, lit. Revolution Dualism), both recorded as the opening theme songs of Valvrave the Liberator, 1st and 2nd Season respectively.

Ten (天) era
Takanori announced his new album Ten (天)(Heaven). His 10th album and first album in four years came on three editions scheduled for release on his 19th anniversary at May 13, 2015.

This album comes about 4 years after his last original album Cloud Nine. It consists of 15 tracks including "Flags", "The party must go on", and "Count Zero", which are all songs he collaborated with Sengoku BASARA, as well as "Summer Blizzard" and "Heaven Only Knows ～Get the Power～", which were only released digitally. It also includes brand new songs such as "Double-Deal" and "Amakaze".

The album comes in 2 limited editions (A & B) and a regular edition. Limited edition A comes with a DVD featuring live footage of 'Inazuma Rock Fes 2014', while limited edition B DVD contains a digest of 'T.M.R. Live Revolution'14 in Taipei' and an interview.

Afterwards T.M.Revolution held a long tour titled "T.M.R. Live Revolution '15 -Ten-" kicking off on April 4 and 5 at Harmony Zama Hall in Kanagawa.

Committed RED / Inherit the Force and 2020 -T.M.Revolution All Time Best- era
On April 6, 2016, Nishikawa released the single "Committed RED / Inherit the Force". The song "Committed RED" was used for the theme song of the PS4 game Sengoku Basara: Sanada Yukimura-Den (Sengoku Basara: The Legend of Sanada Yukimura), while the song "Inherit the force" was used for the theme song of the PS Vita game Kidou Senshi Gundam EXTREME VS-FORCE Nishikawa was also featured in AOA's first Japanese single, "Give Me The Love" during this time. On May 11, 2016, he released the best album "2020 -T.M.Revolution All Time Best-". The album was released to celebrate 20 years of his career. The album contains 3 discs. In Disc 1, it contains all of the singles that released from his first single until his single that released in 2000 (all singles that released before and in 2000). In Disc 2, it contains all of the singles that released from 2001 to 2010. And in Disc 3, it contains all of the singles that released from 2011 until his new singles of that year (2016), "Inherit the Force" and "Committed Red". On the DVD track list, it contains the video "20 Years of Nishikawa in 2020 Seconds", a video that told the story of his career from 20 years before until now.

On August 31, 2016, he released the single "Raimei". The song was used as the opening theme for the live-action puppetry collaboration between Japan and Taiwan, Thunderbolt Fantasy.

Takanori Nishikawa - BIRI x BIRI, Bright Burning Shout, Singularity, REALxEYEZ, 天秤-Libra-
On September 19, 2017, he released a digital single titled "BIRI x BIRI" collaborating with Shuta Sueyoshi from AAA; the song itself is used as the theme song of the film Overdrive, known in Japan as "Scramble". This single is also marked as a single that uses his real name, instead of using his stage name. In various articles promoting the movie and his contribution to it, he stated that he wished to try more and different styles of music under his own name. On March 7, 2018, he will release a single titled "Bright Burning Shout", which was released digitally on January 28, 2018; the song is used as the opening theme to the 2018 anime Fate/Extra Last Encore.

He covered "Ever Free" for the June 6, 2018 hide tribute album Tribute Impulse. On March 6, 2019, Nishikawa released the album Singularity, which includes "Be Affected", his collaboration with Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas, the Hiroyuki Sawano-produced tracks "His/Story" and "Roll The Dice", and the digital single "Unbroken" feat. Tomoyasu Hotei, which was used as the theme for the film Million Arthur vs. Touken Ranbu the Movie.

In 2019, Takanori collaborated with J on the songs "Real×Eyez", the theme song of the Kamen Rider Zero-One TV series, and "Another Daybreak", the theme song of the Kamen Rider Reiwa: The First Generation film. Both tracks were released as a single on January 22, 2020. The two musicians collaborated again on "A.I. ∴ All Imagination" for 2020's Kamen Rider Zero-One the Movie: Real×Time.

He collaborated with ASCA in performing the song "Tenbin -LIBRA-" (天秤-Libra-) that was released on May 27, 2020; the song is used as the opening theme of anime series White Cat Project: Zero Chronicle. Later that year, he collaborated with Shō Kiryūin in performing a cover of the song "1・2・3" originally sung by Mafumafu and Soraru under the unit After the Rain; the cover was used as the second opening theme of the anime series Pokémon Journeys.

International market
Nishikawa was the guest of honor at Comic Con 2008 in New York.

In early 2008, Nishikawa starred in the movie Corazon de Melon. It premiered at NYU's Cantor Film Center in New York City on September 28, 2008, as part of the film festival.

Ambassador for Shiga Prefecture
Takanori now has a new title for his resume: first Cultural Ambassador for Shiga prefecture, his home region. At the inauguration ceremony, he said that "I want to return a favor for my hometown by music" and realized his plan. In 2009, he took place a two-day event called "Inazuma Rock Fes" (inazuma means "lightning" associated with a shape of, the first kanji character of Shiga) at a lakeside park in Kusatsu city near his hometown on September 19 (Takanori's birthday) and 20th. It was the first large-scale open-air music festival in history of Shiga. The Inazuma Rock Fes was a big hit, and became an annual event.

Record label Defröck Records
Takanori has established his own indies record label called Defrock Records. The first artist on the label is the four-member rock band Agitato, who will release a mini-album titled "Colors" on January 20.

Agitato formed in 2004. This past October, they served as the opening act for Nishikawa's band, abingdon boys school, at the Ebisu Liquid Room.

Nishikawa described the label as "borderless," saying that he hopes to deliver a variety of high quality music to the world.

Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon
"Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon" (西川貴教のオールナイトニッポン) was a radio show Nishikawa hosted on All Night Nippon. Listeners, who were unable to meet him at his concerts, had a chance to talk to Nishikawa on air. Nishikawa's radio show was broadcast on Monday nights and ran for eight years and nine months, from January 6, 1997, to September 26, 2005. The show was called "Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon SUPER!" (西川貴教のallnightnippon SUPER!) from April 1999 to March 2003. A two-hour television special with Masaharu Fukuyama, called Masaharu Fukuyama and Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon (福山雅治と西川貴教のオールナイトニッポンTV), was aired on September 30, 2001, on Fuji Television.

Diesel Corporation
Established on April 7, 1998, Diesel Corporation is a company run by Nishikawa. The company is responsible for artist management & promotion, operating Nishikawa's fan club, and marketing the DEFRÖCK brand (see next section).

Defröck
Launched in 2001, Defröck is Nishikawa's clothing line. The name comes from a play on words, most notably the near-phonetic indifference between "l” and "r” in Japanese. Cars, which Nishikawa likes, use a device called differential lock. Nishikawa's favourite music genre is rock (although he does enjoy various kinds of music). He took the first few syllables of “differential”, changed “lock” into “rock”, and combined the two together to form this name. On a side note, in Gundam SEED, the Defröck label appears on Nishikawa's character's mobile suit as a custom sticker.

Babel Fish
Babel Fish, which opened in 2004, was a shop (in Shibuya) that sold Defröck clothes. It closed on July 31, 2006.

Live Revolution '08–'09
He did a comeback tour as T.M. Revolution from the end of 2008 to March 2009. A photobook, Re:incarnation, has been released, documenting the tour.

Discography
Nishikawa has released 12 studio albums, 1 pre-debut singles, 41 singles, 15 digital single, 8 compilations, 1 remix album, and 2 "self-cover bests" album as T.M.Revolution. He also recorded a cover of dance group TRF's song "Silver and Gold dance", from their 2006 album Lif-e-Motions.

the end of genesis T.M.Revolution turbo type D released 1 album and 3 singles.

As T.M.Revolution

 * Makes Revolution (1996)
 * Restoration Level 3 (1997)
 * Triple Joker (1998)
 * The Force (1999)
 * Progress (2000)
 * Coordinate (2003)
 * Seventh Heaven (2004)
 * Vertical Infinity (2005)
 * Cloud Nine (2011)
 * Ten (2015)

As Takanori Nishikawa

 * SINGularity (March 6, 2019)
 * SINGularity II - Hyperpaslia protoCOL - (August 10, 2022)

Anime

 * Rurouni Kenshin (1996) – Orochi no Ren (大蛇の煉)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (2002/2003) – Miguel Aiman / narrator (phase-26)
 * Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny (2005) – Heine Westenfluss
 * Soul Eater opening theme 1 song, Resonance'' (2009)
 * Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (2014) – Kenuichio Harada / Silver Samurai
 * Sengoku Basara: End of Judgement (2014) – Sakai Tadatsugu
 * ReLIFE episode 2 closing song, Hot Limit (2016)
 * B-Project: Kodō＊Ambitious - Nishiyama/series producer (2016)
 * White Cat Project opening song featuring Asuka Ōkura also called ASCA, Tenbin -LIBRA- (2020)
 * Edens Zero opening song, Eden through the rough (2021)
 * Pop Team Epic Series 2 Episode 12 - General Nishikawa (2022)
 * Edens Zero opening theme 2 song, Never say Never (2023)

Puppetry

 * Thunderbolt Fantasy: The Sword of Life and Death - Làng Wū Yáo (Rōfu Yō) / Xián Gē Duàn Xié (Genka Danja) 2017
 * Thunderbolt Fantasy: Sword Travels in the East2 - Làng Wū Yáo (Rōfu Yō) / Xián Gē Duàn Xié (Genka Danja) 2018
 * ''Thunderbolt Fantasy: Sword Seekers 3 - Làng Wū Yáo (Rōfu Yō) / Xián Gē Duàn Xié (Genka Danja) 2021

Video games

 * Shin SD Gundam Force Tensei Knight Saga (2014/2015) - Knight Gundam / Versal Knight Gundam / Superior Dragon, Musha Godmaru
 * White Cat Project (2020)
 * Genshin Impact (2021) - Arataki Itto

Drama

 * Beautiful Life (2000) - Satoru Kawamura
 * Nursing Étoile (2006) - Takeo Baba
 * Okusama wa 18-sai (2011) - Tatsuya Takagi
 * Scarlet (2019) - George Fujikawa

Film

 * Corazon de Melon (2008)
 * Galaxy Turnpike (2015)
 * Godai - The Wunderkind (2020) - Iwasaki Yatarō

Theatre

 * Little Shop of Horrors (1999) – Seymour Krelborn (Japanese production)

TV

 * Kōhaku Uta Gassen (1997/1998/2005/2013/2014)
 * Masaharu Fukuyama and Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon (2001)
 * Pop Jam (2005/2006)
 * Shin Domoto Kyoudai (2011~)
 * Who is Princess? (2021)

Radio

 * Liquid ROOM (January 17, 1996 / March 22, 1996)
 * ON Air West (February 18, 1996)
 * T.M.Radio Wave (April 5, 1996)
 * Love Revolution (April 7, 1996)
 * JRA Power Revolution (October 3, 1996)
 * Takanori Nishikawa's All Night Nippon (1997–2005)(2010)

Podcasts

 * Geeknights with Rym and Scott (April 4, 2008)

Photobooks

 * Starman from Miracle Wonder Planet (1997)
 * T.M.R. Live Revolution ’97 -Joker- Documentary Tour Book (1997–98)
 * T.M.Revolution Perfect Bible Volume 3 (1998)
 * Takanori Nishikawa B-Pass Special Edition Perfect Bible Volume 4 (1998)
 * T.M.R. Live Revolution ’98 Joker Type 2 -Great Fighter- (1998)
 * the end of genesis T.M.R.evolution turbo type D (1999)
 * Seventh Heaven (2004)
 * Ray of Light – Defrock (2005)
 * Under:Cover (2006)
 * Re:Incarnation (2009)
 * Inazuma Rock Fes. 2009 Document Photo Book (2009)
 * Inazuma Rock Fes. 2010 Document Photo Book (2010)
 * Inazuma Rock Fes. 2011 Document Photo Book (2011)
 * Inazuma Rock Fes. 2012 Document Photo Book (2012)
 * Inazuma Rock Fes. 2013 Document Photo Book (2013)

Hello Kitty keychains
Five Hello Kitty keychains were released as promotional items for TMR's tenth anniversary in 2005. They are based on the costume used in the respective song's PV.

 * 1) ignited
 * 2) Wild Rush
 * 3) Black Or White? version 3
 * 4) Hot Limit
 * 5) Burnin’ X’mas

title: Takanori Nishikawa


text:
Car classification

Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for various purposes including regulation, description, and categorization of cars.

The International Standard ISO 3833-1977 Road vehicles – Types – Terms and definitions also defines terms for classifying cars.

Summary of classifications
The following table summarises the commonly used terms of market segments and legal classifications.

Microcar / kei car

Microcars and their Japanese equivalent— kei cars— are the smallest category of automobile.

Microcars straddle the boundary between car and motorbike, and are often covered by separate regulations from normal cars, resulting in relaxed requirements for registration and licensing. Engine size is often 700 cc or less, and microcars have three or four wheels.

Microcars are most popular in Europe, where they originated following World War II. The predecessors to micro cars are voiturettes and cycle cars. Kei cars have been used in Japan since 1949.

Examples of microcars and kei cars:

 * Honda Life
 * Smart ForTwo
 * Tata Nano

A-segment / City car / Minicompact

The smallest category of vehicles that are registered as normal cars is called A-segment in Europe, or "city car" in Europe and the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines this category as "minicompact." However, this term is not widely used.

The equivalents of A-segment cars have been produced since the early 1920s. However, the category increased in popularity in the late 1950s when the original Fiat 500 and BMC Mini were released.

Examples of A-segment / city cars / minicompact cars:
 * Fiat 500
 * Hyundai i10
 * Toyota Aygo

B-segment / Supermini / Subcompact

The next larger category of small cars is called B-segment Europe, supermini in the United Kingdom and subcompact in the United States.

The size of a subcompact car is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as having a combined interior and cargo volume of between 85 - 99 cuft. Since the EPA's smaller minicompact category is not as commonly used by the general public, A-segment cars are sometimes called subcompacts in the United States. In Europe and Great Britain, the B-segment and supermini categories do not have any formal definitions based on size.

Early supermini cars in Great Britain include the 1977 Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette.

In the United States, the first locally-built subcompact cars were the 1970 AMC Gremlin, Chevrolet Vega, and Ford Pinto.

Examples of B-segment / supermini / subcompact cars:
 * Chevrolet Aveo (Chevrolet Sonic)
 * Hyundai Accent
 * Volkswagen Polo

C-segment / Small family / Compact

The largest category of small cars is called C-segment or small family car in Europe, and compact car in the United States.

The size of a compact car is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as having a combined interior and cargo volume of 100 - 109 cuft.

Examples of C-segment / compact / small family cars:
 * Honda Civic
 * Toyota Corolla
 * Renault Mégane

D-segment / Large family / Mid-size

In Europe, the third-largest category for passenger cars is called D-segment or large family car.

In the United States, the equivalent term is mid-size or intermediate cars. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines a mid-size car as having a combined passenger and cargo volume of 110 - 119 cuft.

Examples of D-segment / large family / mid-size cars:
 * Chevrolet Malibu
 * Ford Mondeo
 * Kia K5

E-segment / Executive / Full-size

In Europe, the second-largest category for passenger cars is E-segment / executive car, which are usually luxury cars.

In other countries, the equivalent terms are full-size car or large car, which are also used for relatively affordable large cars that are not considered luxury cars.

Examples of non-luxury full-size cars:
 * Chevrolet Impala
 * Toyota Avalon

F-segment / Luxury saloon / Full-size luxury
See Luxury saloon / full-size luxury section below.

Minivans / MPVs
Minivan is an American car classification for vehicles that are designed to transport passengers in the rear seating rows, and have reconfigurable seats in two or three rows. The equivalent terms in British English are multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), people carrier, and people mover. Minivans are often of the "one-box" or "two-box" body configuration, high roofs, flat floors, sliding doors for rear passengers, and high H-point seating.

Mini MPV

Mini MPV is the smallest size of MPVs and the vehicles are often built on the platforms of B-segment hatchback models.

Examples of Mini MPVs:
 * Fiat 500L
 * Honda Freed
 * Ford B-Max

Compact MPV

The compact MPV size class includes vehicles between the mini MPV and large MPV (minivan) sizes. Compact MPVs remain predominantly a European phenomenon, although they are also built and sold in many Latin American and Asian markets.

Examples of Compact MPVs:
 * Renault Scénic
 * Volkswagen Touran
 * Ford C-Max

Large MPV

The largest size of minivans is also referred to as "large MPV" and became popular following the introduction of the 1984 Renault Espace and Dodge Caravan. Since the 1990s, the smaller compact MPV and mini MPV sizes of minivans have also become popular. If the term "minivan" is used without specifying a size, it usually refers to a large MPV.

Examples of Large MPVs:
 * Chrysler Pacifica
 * Ford S-Max
 * Toyota Sienna

Premium compact
The premium compact class (also called subcompact executive) is the smallest category of luxury cars. It became popular in the mid-2000s, when European manufacturers — such as Audi, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz — introduced new entry-level models that were smaller and cheaper than their compact executive models.

Examples of premium compact cars:
 * Acura ILX
 * Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class
 * Lexus CT200h

Compact executive / luxury compact

A compact executive car or a compact luxury car is a premium car larger than a premium compact and smaller than an executive car. Compact executive cars are equivalent size to mid-size cars and are part of the D-segment in the European car classification.

In North American terms, close equivalents are "luxury compact"   and "entry-level luxury car",   although the latter is also used for the smaller premium compact cars.

Examples of compact executive cars:
 * Audi A4
 * BMW 3 Series
 * Volvo S60

Executive / mid-size luxury

An executive car is a premium car larger than a compact executive and smaller than a full-size luxury car. Executive cars are classified as E-segment cars in the European car classification.

In the United States and several other countries, the equivalent categories are full-size car (not to be confused with the European category of "full-size luxury car") or mid-size luxury car.

Examples of executive cars:
 * Mercedes-Benz E-Class
 * Lexus GS
 * Volvo S90

Luxury saloon / full-size luxury

The largest size of a luxury car is known as a luxury saloon in the United Kingdom and a full-size luxury car in the United States. These cars are classified as F-segment cars in the European car classification.

Vehicles in this category are often the flagship models of luxury car brands.

Examples of luxury saloons:
 * BMW 7 Series
 * Lincoln Continental
 * Lexus ES

Sports / performance cars
Cars that prioritize handling or straight-line acceleration are called sports cars or performance cars. However the term "sports car" is also sometimes used specifically for lightweight two-seat cars. Sports/performance cars can either be built on unique platforms or upgraded versions of regular cars.

Common categories of sports/performance cars are:

 * sports car
 * sports sedan / sports saloon
 * supercar
 * hypercar
 * hot hatch
 * sport compact
 * muscle car
 * pony car
 * grand tourer

The definitions for these categories are often blurred and a car may be a member of multiple categories.

Sports car

Sports cars are designed to emphasize handling, performance, or the thrill of driving. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1900s, with one of the first recorded usages of the term "sports car" being in The Times newspaper in the United Kingdom in 1919. Sports cars started to become popular during the 1920s. The term was originally used for two-seat roadsters (cars without fixed roofs). However, since the 1970s the term has also been used for cars with fixed roofs (which were previously considered grand tourers).

Examples of sports cars:
 * Chevrolet Corvette
 * Mazda MX-5
 * Porsche 911

Sports sedan / sports saloon
A sports sedan — also known as "sports saloon" — is a subjective term for a sedan/saloon car that is designed to have sporting performance or handling characteristics.

Examples of sports sedans:
 * BMW M5
 * Mazdaspeed6 / Mazda 6 MPS
 * Dodge Charger

Supercar / hypercar

A supercar – also called an exotic car – is a loosely defined description of certain high-performance sportscars. Since the 1990s or 2000s, the term "hypercar" has come into use for the highest-performing supercars.

Examples of supercars:
 * McLaren P1
 * Koenigsegg Agera R
 * Bugatti Veyron 16.4

SUVs / off-road vehicles
Passenger vehicles with off-road capability or styling features are often categorized as either off-road vehicles, sports utility vehicles, or crossover SUVs. There are no commonly agreed boundaries between these categories, and usage of the terms varies between countries.

Off-road vehicle

The earliest type of passenger vehicle is called an "off-roader", "four-by-four" or "four-wheel drive". Off-road vehicles are usually more focused on off-road capability than SUVs and crossover SUVs (often compromising their on-road ride quality or handling). Common features of off-road vehicles are four-wheel drive, high ground clearance, a body-on-frame (separate chassis) construction and low-range gearing.

Examples of off-road vehicles:
 * Nissan Patrol
 * Toyota Land Cruiser
 * Suzuki Jimny

Sport utility vehicle

A sports utility vehicle (SUV) combines elements of road-going passenger cars with features from off-road vehicles, such as raised ground clearance and four-wheel drive.

There is no common definition of an SUV, and usage varies between countries. Some definitions claim that an SUV must be built on a light-truck chassis. However, a broader definition considers any vehicle with off-road design features as an SUV. In some countries — such as the United States — SUVs have been classified as "light trucks", resulting in more lenient regulations compared to passenger cars.

The predecessors to SUVs date back to military and low-volume models from the late 1930s, and the four-wheel drive station wagons / carryalls that began to be introduced in 1949. The 1984 Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is considered to be the first SUV in the modern style. Most SUVs produced today use unibody construction (as per passenger cars). However, in the past, many SUVs used body-on-frame construction.

Examples of SUVs:
 * Chevrolet Tahoe
 * Mercedes-Benz M-Class
 * Mitsubishi Pajero

Crossover SUV

A crossover SUV— also called a crossover or CUV— is a type of sports utility vehicle (SUV) that uses a unibody construction. Crossovers are often based on a platform shared with a passenger car, as a result, they typically have better comfort and fuel economy, but less off-road capability (many crossovers are sold without all-wheel drive) than truck-based SUVs, though more so than passenger cars.

There are various inconsistencies about whether vehicles are considered crossovers or SUVs, therefore the term SUV is often used as a catch-all for both crossovers and SUVs.

Examples of crossover SUVs:
 * Nissan Qashqai
 * Tesla Model Y
 * Volkswagen Tiguan

Government classification methods
These classifications can be based on body style (e.g. sedan, coupe or hatchback), number of doors or seating capacity.

Government departments often create classification systems for taxation or regulating vehicle usage (e.g. vehicles that require a specific license or are restricted to certain roads). Some jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle.

Australia
In Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its classifications.

Canada
A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA. The Canadian National Collision Database (NCDB) system defines "passenger car" as a unique class, but also identifies two other categories involving passenger vehicles—the "passenger van" and "light utility vehicle"—and these categories are inconsistently handled across the country with the boundaries between the vehicles increasingly blurred.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicle's construction, engine, weight, type of fuel, and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used.

United States
In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has used a formula it developed that takes into account a combination of both vehicle footprint (length times width) and weight.

The United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) separates vehicles into classes by the curb weight of the vehicle with standard equipment including the maximum capacity of fuel, oil, coolant, and air conditioning, if so equipped.

The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a classification system used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two broad categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by the number of axles and number of units, including both power and trailer units.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has developed a classification system used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a vehicle's total interior passenger and cargo volumes. Trucks are classified based on their gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Heavy-duty vehicles are not included in the EPA scheme.

Certain cities in the United States in the 1920s chose to exempt electric-powered vehicles because officials believed those vehicles did not cause "substantial wear upon the pavements".

North American market segments
Several other segment descriptions, listed below, are used in North America. Cars from these segments may also be sold in other countries. However, the usage of the terms is mostly specific to North America.

Muscle car

Muscle car is an American term for high-performance cars, usually rear-wheel drive and fitted with a large and powerful V8 engine. The term originated for the 1960s and early 1970s special editions of mass-production cars which were designed for drag racing.

Examples of muscle cars:
 * Ford Torino
 * Plymouth Road Runner
 * Pontiac GTO

Pony car

Pony car is an American class of automobile launched and inspired by the Ford Mustang in 1964. It broke all post-World War II automobile sales records, "creating the 'pony car' craze soon adopted by competitors." The term describes an affordable, compact, highly styled car with a sporty or performance-oriented image.

Examples of pony cars:
 * AMC Javelin
 * Chevrolet Camaro
 * Dodge Challenger

Personal luxury car

A personal luxury car is a North American market segment for premium coupé or convertible produced from 1952–2007. These two-door cars prioritized comfort, styling, and a high level of interior features. Not prioritizing maximum interior space, interior volumes are equivalent size to mid-size cars and are part of the D-segment in the European car classification, and exterior dimensions can exceed F-segment.

Examples of personal luxury cars:
 * Ford Thunderbird
 * Cadillac Eldorado
 * Chrysler Cordoba

Sport compact

A sporting version of an affordable compact car or a subcompact car. There is no precise definition and the description is applied for marketing purposes to a wide variety of models.

Cars began to be marketed as sport compacts in the mid-1980s when it was used for option packages on American-built coupes. Since then, it has also been used for standalone sports car models and cars imported from Europe and Asia.

The European equivalent is a hot hatch. However, sport compacts are not restricted to just hatchback body styles.

Examples of sport compact cars:
 * Chevrolet Cavalier Z24
 * Ford Probe
 * Honda Civic Si

European market segments
Several other segment descriptions, listed below, are used in Europe. Cars from these segments may also be sold in other countries. However, the usage of the terms is mostly specific to Europe.

Grand tourer

A grand tourer (GT) is a car that is designed for high-speed and long-distance driving, due to a combination of performance and luxury attributes. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement.

The term derives from the Italian language phrase gran turismo which became popular in the English language from the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.

Examples of grand tourers:
 * Aston Martin Vanquish
 * Lexus SC300/400
 * Ferrari FF

Hot hatch

Hot hatch (shortened from hot hatchback) is a high-performance version of a mass-produced hatchback car.

The term originated in the mid-1980s. However, factory high-performance versions of hatchbacks have been produced since the 1970s.

Front-mounted petrol engines, together with front-wheel drive, are the most common powertrain layout. However, all-wheel drive has become more commonly used since around 2010. Most hot hatches are manufactured in Europe or Asia.

Examples of hot hatches:
 * Volkswagen Golf GTi
 * Peugeot 205 GTi
 * Honda Civic Type R

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Car classification


text:
Swiss Ice Hockey Federation

The Swiss Ice Hockey Federation (SIHF) (Schweizerischer Eishockeyverband (SEHV), Ligue Suisse de Hockey sur Glace (LSHG), Federazione Svizzera di hockey su ghiaccio ) is the governing body of ice hockey in Switzerland, as recognized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It was founded in 1908 and is a founding member of the IIHF. It manages both the amateur and professional games in Switzerland, as well as the national teams on junior and senior levels.

title: Swiss Ice Hockey Federation


text:
Aldersgate

Aldersgate is a Ward of the City of London, England, named after one of the northern gates in the London Wall which once enclosed the City.

The Ward of Aldersgate is traditionally divided into Aldersgate Within and Aldersgate Without, the suffix denoting whether the part was within the line of the wall or outside it. The ancient ward boundaries were redrawn in 2013; the names are preserved but their location only loosely approximates to their historic extent.

The gate also gave its name to Aldersgate Street, which runs north from the former gate towards Clerkenwell. The street was wholly part of Aldersgate Without ward until a short section further north was renamed and so added to it.

The gate
The Wall was first built around the year 200, but Aldersgate was not one of the original Roman gates, being added later in the Roman period.

The name Aldersgate is first recorded around 1000 in the form Ealdredesgate, i.e. "gate associated with a man named Ealdrād"; the gate probably acquired its name in the late Saxon period.

When James VI of Scotland came to England to take the crowns of both England and Scotland in 1603, he entered the City at Aldersgate. Statues of the king were placed both outside (on horseback) and inside (seated on the throne) the gate to commemorate the occasion.

The old gate was taken down in 1617, and rebuilt in the same year from a design by Gerard Christmas. The gate was damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666 but was repaired and remained until 1761. Aldersgate Street contained the Bishop of London's chapel and his chambers at London House, which was used from the 18th century because it was closer to St Paul's Cathedral than his official residence in Fulham.

Ward of Aldersgate
The ward of Aldersgate straddles the (now former) line of London Wall and the old gate and historically was divided into "Within" and "Without" divisions, with a deputy (alderman) appointed for each division. There is now only one deputy alderman for the ward.

Aldersgate Within
The Within division was focussed on the buildings on each side of St. Martin's Le Grand (which extends northward as Aldersgate Street), Noble Street and Foster Lane.

The ward took in the liberty of St. Martin's Le Grand when that was disestablished in the 16th century.

Aldersgate Without
Aldersgate Without was, at an early date, part of an area outside the northern wall called the Soke of Cripplegate, held by the church of St. Martin's Le Grand. The Without division was coterminous with that part of the Ancient Parish of St Botolph Without Aldersgate that was part of the City. The area included the parish church of St Botolph's Aldersgate and the adjacent Postman's Park, named after the former principal sorting office in King Edward Street, and the location of the Memorial to Heroic Self Sacrifice. The church outside Aldersgate was one of four London churches dedicated to Saint Botolph, a 7th-century English saint. By the end of the 11th century Botolph was regarded as the patron saint of boundaries, and by extension of trade and travel.

The division was mainly focussed on the buildings on each side of Aldersgate street and included the western part of the Barbican Estate (including the Museum of London), two livery company halls (the Ironmongers' Hall and the Plaisterers' Hall) as well as 200 Aldersgate, a large office complex at the southern end of the street.

Post-2013 ward
Since ward boundary changes in 2013, almost all of the ward is Without and the former liberty and street of St. Martin's is no longer within the ward's boundaries.

The much-altered new ward of Aldersgate is bounded by Aldersgate Street, Beech Street, Noble Street, Angel Street, King Edward Street and Montague Street.

Aldersgate Street
Aldersgate Street forms a short section of the A1 route towards Edinburgh. It is located on the west side of the Barbican Estate and Barbican Centre, near St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Museum of London from its opening in 1976 until it closed in December 2022 prior to its move to Smithfield Market (during which time it fell within the ward).

Northbound it continues into Goswell Road at the junction with Fann Street; southbound it continues into St. Martin's Le Grand. Barbican Underground station is located on Aldersgate Street and when it was opened in 1865 was named Aldersgate Street tube station. In 1910 it was renamed Aldersgate, then Aldersgate & Barbican in 1924, before finally being renamed Barbican in 1968.

Originally Aldersgate Street only corresponded to the section starting from the church of St Botolph without Aldersgate towards Long Lane. The portion of the road from Long Lane till Goswell Street (after 1864 Goswell Road) was formerly named Pickax Street, where today is located the Barbican tube station. This name may derive from Pickt Hatch, an area of brothels said to be in this part of London during the Elizabethan era. Pick Hatch is mentioned in The Merry Wives of Windsor ("Goe ... to your Mannor of Pickt-hatch") and in The Alchemist ("The decay'd Vestalls of Pickt-hatch"). By the late eighteenth century the name Pickax was no more in use, and the road was fully incorporated into Aldersgate Street.

Politics
Aldersgate is one of 25 wards of the City of London, each electing an alderman to the Court of Aldermen and commoners (the City equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freemen of the City of London are eligible to stand.

In the 2017 City-wide Common Council elections, the Labour Party won one seat in Aldersgate ward with local resident Richard Crossan standing for Labour and being elected unopposed. The Labour Party won a record total of five seats on the Common Council in March 2017 winning two seats in Portsoken, two seats in Cripplegate ward and one seat in Aldersgate ward.

Current elected representatives in Aldersgate, following the 2022 Common Council election and Aldermanic election are Christopher Makin (Alderman), Randall Anderson (Deputy), Naresh Sonpar, Steve Goodman, Helen Fentiman, Deborah Oliver and Anett Ridegg.

History
The wards of London appear to have taken shape in the 11th century, before the Norman Conquest. Their administrative, judicial and military purpose made them equivalent to Hundreds in the countryside. The primary purpose of wards like Aldersgate, which included a gate, appears to be the defence of the gate, as gates were the weakest points in any fortification.

The ward initially only included land within the walls, but a degree of growth beyond the gate meant some of the land beyond came under the sway of the City. Boundary markers – bars – were established here and elsewhere with the suburb eventually becoming part of the City. Aldersgate Bars are recorded as early as 1197.

A mansion above Aldersgate, referred to as Aldrichgate, was gifted to John Blytone, the earliest known sword-bearer of the City of London when he resigned from the service of the Lord Mayor of London in 1395.

Religion
In 1554 Aldersgate Street was the scene of a fraud where Elizabeth Crofts was smuggled into a wall to pretend to be a heavenly voice. Reputedly 17,000 people came to listen to her give out anti-Catholic propaganda.

The house of Sarah Sawyer, in Rose and Rainbow Court (approximately the site of the present Museum of London), formed one of the earliest Quaker meetings in London (before 1655). In 1675, it became a dedicated meeting house, the Box Meeting, used mainly by Quaker women for poor relief, on her marriage.

28 Aldersgate Street is the approximate former location of a Moravian Church. On 24 May 1738, attending a meeting at the church, the clergyman John Wesley underwent a profound religious experience. The following year, he broke with the Moravians and founded the Methodist Society of England. The yearly anniversary of his experience is celebrated by Methodists as Aldersgate Day. Wesley's Chapel, in nearby City Road, remains a major focal point of the worldwide Methodist movement.

The arts
The poet Thomas Flatman was born in a house in Aldersgate Street in 1633. As with most historic buildings on this stretch of road, the building no longer stands. At Nos. 35-38 stood Shaftesbury House, built around 1644 by Inigo Jones. It was demolished in 1882. Lauderdale House was demolished in 1708, the London home of the Duke of Lauderdale and earlier the house of his mother-in-law, the Countess of Home. No. 134 for many years had a sign claiming: "This was Shakespeare's House". Although the building was very close to the nearby Fortune Playhouse, there is no documentary evidence surviving to indicate that Shakespeare resided here; a subsidy roll from 1598 shows a "William Shakespeare" as owner of the property, but there is nothing to indicate that it is the playwright. The building no longer exists, and Barbican station now occupies the site. The nearby Shakespeare Tower is named for this (tenuous) connection. At the point where Aldersgate Street changes its name to Goswell Road there is also a public house "The Shakespeare".

Lost buildings
Adjacent to the modern roundabout on the site of the gate was the former headquarters of the General Post Office (closed in 1910 and demolished shortly afterwards), and the adjoining Postman's Park. The southern part of the roundabout and the northern part of where the Post Office once stood are located on the site of a collegiate church and sanctuary founded in 750 by Withu, King of Kent, hugely expanded in 1056 by Ingebrian, Earl of Essex, and issued with a royal charter in 1068 by William the Conqueror. The site of the church was cleared in 1818 in preparation for the construction of the Post Office.

Most of the buildings on Aldersgate Street were destroyed or badly damaged in the Second World War. The entire length of the eastern side of the street is now occupied by a part of the 40 acre Barbican residential and arts complex.

At the corner in between Aldersgate Street and Long Lane, opposite to the now Barbican station and Beech Street, stood the "Manchester Hotel" with over 240 rooms. It used to be a Victorian landmark in the area, popular with business men, visitors and juries attending trials at the Old Bailey. Opened in 1879, refurbished and modernised in 1921, suffered severe damages by the Second World War bombs and was consequently demolished. After the First World War it was temporary closed, and commanded by the government as a hostel for Jewish refugees escaping Poland and Belgium. Advertisement of the hotel regularly featured on local magazines and periodicals referring to its splendid rooms, wine cellar, luncheon for City workers, and as a venue for wedding receptions.

title: Aldersgate


text:
Talk:Poleshuks

Untitled old discussions
Could anyone post some info on the assumption that the language of poleszuks (or 'tutejsi', as they are usually referred to in polish sources) is a dialect of Ukrainian? Halibutt 23:21, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Long thing short: AFAIK their language was (is) a dialect of Byelorussian. Can anyone confirm the ukrainian version? Halibutt 18:52, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC) --- I can confirm. I read an interesting discussion ín the Gazeta Wyborcza. A person member of the minority from Polish part of Polesie (Biala Podlaska), recalled his youth, when he was learning Belorussian as his mother tongue. He was surprised that his alleged mother tongue is so foreign to him. After some resarches, he found that his dialect was not Belorussian, but it was dialect of Ukrainian. Also, I saw in the Atlas of ethnicities of the Commonwealth, that the border betweenn Belorussian and Ukrainian dialects is more to the north then border between states. I would assume, that both informations are true, so they speak Ukrainian. If somebody proved otherwise, then we can change it. User:WolfgangPeters

Yatviag language
There was no confusion here. Read this: (PDF in Russian). The Yatviag language stuff is on the pages 80-82. The general Polesie stuff starts at the page 75. — Monedula 19:57, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I have a copy of "Zbudinnya". The term "Jatviazhska" is not used prominently there. There is no slightest relation of the real (extinct) Yotvingian language to the invention of undereducated good-meaning young men. And there is no reason to propagate this glitch into encyclopedia, notable only by its ignorance: Yotvingians didn't live in Polesie. Mikkalai 20:32, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, your reference contains a notable phrase: "hampers the usage of the language by the majority of the population, with the possible exception of its creators", i.e., it was  a non-notable experiment very loosely related to real life, if at all. Mikkalai 20:43, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Poleszuk is a Polish word
Shouldn't it be replaced by the own name used by those people?Xx236 08:47, 26 June 2007 (UTC) I find Poleszuk a difficult spelling in English. Wouldn't it be better to be Poleshchuk? Bandurist 18:05, 21 September 2007 (UTC)18:05, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, the proper spelling is Ukrainian Polishchuk, since this is a Ukrainian sub-ethnic group.--Sanya3 (talk) 04:15, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

Tutejsi or Tutejszy ?
Which one is the right spelling? Tutejsi or Tutejszy? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Marxolang (talk • contribs) 22:18, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

"tutejsi" is plural form —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.184.219.152 (talk) 04:38, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

False redirecting
In fact, it is not really correct to combine Poleszuks and "Locals". Poleszuks were "Locals" but not all "Locals" were Poleszuks. Please, google for the works of Józef Mackiewicz and you will see that there were many people in the Wilno area who called themselves "Locals". It was also Mathias Niendorf who noticed it. CityElefant (talk) 20:51, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Paleszuk (not “Poleszuk”)
The word Poleszuk is wrong. As it is result from the russian form, not from the native belarusian form. (Adash) 19:44, 4 December 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.187.3.215 (talk)

Answer
Not Paleszuk and not Poleszuk. It's wrong names. Right name is Poleshuk, cause it's endonym, and not polish or ukrainian name. Retro-redakteur.u12 (talk) 14:19, 26 December 2015 (UTC)

POV
"the Poleszuks along with Belarusian people developed a strong sense of identity" - compare: були випадки, коли після війни, за співання місцевих українських пісень відправляли до Сибіру. Siberia as a tool of "developing strong sense of identity". Xx236 (talk) 10:26, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Requested move 19 December 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Number   5  7  14:14, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Polishchuk → Poleshuks – Page was improperly renamed by User:Retro-redakteur.u12 by cutting-and-pasting from a redirect. However, the references confirm that the proper name of this article is not Polishchuk but Poleshuks. See: Thank you.  Poeticbent  talk 03:06, 19 December 2015 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 11:19, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
 * comment Did anybody bother how the word is spelled in native English scholarly literature? Please pay attention "native English", because, e.g., Poles write Polish even in articles they write in English. - üser:Altenmann >t 17:41, 26 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support, Gbook hits has "Polishchuks" (18) vs. "Poleshuks" (20), and "Poleszuks" (10).--Z oupan 15:16, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Infobox
Why is there an infobox for this "ethnic group", which numbers 9 people (by identification) in Ukraine? This is actually an ethnographic group, inhabiting Polesia.--Z oupan 15:21, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Because we don't have separate infoboxen for each and every ethnographic term. Number of people irrelevant. We have articles even about extinct tribes. Staszek Lem (talk) 21:17, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

"Pаleszuk" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pаleszuk. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Pkbwcgs (talk) 10:16, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

Nearly "extinct" ethnic group?
The infobox lists a total of 23 Poleshuks, but the article doesn't say anything concerning that. Article for the language/dialect West Polesian likewise does no mention of the number of speakers, but if we go by this, it's very low. Is their language (or dialect) to be presumed endangered as they are? Is there any news coverage concerning the last few Poleshuks? -Vipz (talk) 22:02, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poleshuks


text:
Post-polio syndrome

Post-polio syndrome (PPS, poliomyelitis sequelae) is a group of latent symptoms of poliomyelitis (polio), occurring at about a 25–40% rate (latest data greater than 80%). They are caused by the damaging effects of the viral infection on the nervous system and typically occur 15 to 30 years after an initial acute paralytic attack. Symptoms include decreasing muscular function or acute weakness with pain and fatigue. The same may also occur years after a nonparalytic polio infection.

The precise mechanism that causes PPS is unknown. It shares many features with chronic fatigue syndrome, but unlike that disorder it tends to be progressive and can cause loss of muscle strength. Treatment is primarily limited to adequate rest, conservation of available energy, and supportive measures, such as leg braces and energy-saving devices such as powered wheelchairs, analgesia (pain relief), and sleep aids.

Signs and symptoms
After a period of prolonged stability, some people who recover from polio infections begin to experience new signs and symptoms, characterised by muscular atrophy, weakness, pain, and limb fatigue. PPS is a very slowly progressing condition marked by periods of stability followed by new declines in the ability to carry out usual daily activities. Most patients become aware of their decreased capacity to carry out daily routines due to significant changes in mobility and decreasing upper limb function and lung capability. Fatigue is often the most disabling symptom; even slight exertion often produces disabling fatigue and can also intensify other symptoms. Problems breathing or swallowing, sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea, and decreased tolerance for cold temperatures are other notable symptoms.

Increased activity during healthy years between the original infection and onset of PPS can amplify the symptoms. Thus, contracting polio at a young age can result in particularly disabling PPS symptoms.

A possible early occurring and long-lasting sign is a slight jitter exhibited in handwriting.

Mechanism
Numerous theories have been proposed to explain post-polio syndrome. Despite this, no absolutely defined causes of PPS are known. The most widely accepted theory of the mechanism behind the disorder is "neural fatigue". A motor unit is a nerve cell (or neuron) and the muscle fibers it activates. Poliovirus attacks specific neurons in the brainstem and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, generally resulting in the death of a substantial fraction of the motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles. In an effort to compensate for the loss of these neurons, surviving motor neurons sprout new nerve terminals to the orphaned muscle fibers. The result is some recovery of movement and the development of enlarged motor units.

The neural fatigue theory proposes that the enlargement of the motor neuron fibers places added metabolic stress on the nerve cell body to nourish the additional fibers. After years of use, this stress may be more than the neuron can handle, leading to the gradual deterioration of the sprouted fibers, and eventually, the neuron itself. This causes muscle weakness and paralysis. Restoration of nerve function may occur in some fibers a second time, but eventually, nerve terminals malfunction and permanent weakness occurs. When these neurons no longer carry on sprouting, fatigue occurs due to the increasing metabolic demand of the nervous system. The normal aging process also may play a role. Denervation and reinnervation are going on, but the reinnervation process has an upper limit where the reinnervation cannot compensate for the ongoing denervation, and loss of motor units takes place. What disturbs the denervation-reinnervation equilibrium and causes peripheral denervation, though, is still unclear. With age, most people experience a decrease in the number of spinal motor neurons. Because polio survivors have already lost a considerable number of motor neurons, further age-related loss of neurons may contribute substantially to new muscle weakness. The overuse and underuse of muscles also may contribute to muscle weakness.

Another theory is that people who have recovered from polio lose remaining healthy neurons at a faster rate than normal. Little evidence exists to support this idea. Finally, the initial polio infection is thought to  cause an autoimmune reaction, in which the body's immune system attacks normal cells as if they were foreign substances. Again, compared to neural fatigue, the evidence supporting this theory is quite limited.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of PPS can be difficult, since the symptoms are hard to separate from complications due to the original polio infection, and from the normal infirmities of aging. No laboratory test for post-polio syndrome is known, nor are any other specific diagnostic criteria. Three important criteria are recognized, including previous diagnosis of polio, long interval after recovery, and gradual onset of weakness.

In general, PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion whereby other possible causes of the symptoms are eliminated. Neurological examination aided by other laboratory studies can help to determine what component of a neuromuscular deficit occurred with polio and what components are new and to exclude all other possible diagnoses. Objective assessment of muscle strength in PPS patients may not be easy. Changes in muscle strength are determined in specific muscle groups using various muscle scales that quantify] strength, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. magnetic resonance imaging, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies, muscle biopsies, or spinal fluid analysis may also be useful in establishing a PPS diagnosis.

Management
PPS treatment concerns comfort (relieving pain via analgesics) and rest (via use of mechanisms to make life easier, such as a powered wheelchair) and is generally of palliative care. No reversive therapies are known. Fatigue is usually the most disabling symptom. Energy conservation can significantly reduce fatigue episodes. Such can be achieved by lifestyle changes, such as additional (daytime) sleep, reducing workload, and weight loss for obesity. Some require lower-limb orthotics to reduce energy usage.

Medications for fatigue, such as amantadine and pyridostigmine, are ineffective in the management of PPS. Muscle strength and endurance training are more important in managing the symptoms of PPS than the ability to perform enduring aerobic activity. Management should focus on treatments such as hydrotherapy and developing other routines that encourage strength, but do not affect fatigue levels. A recent trend toward use of intravenous immunoglobulin, which had yielded promising albeit modest results, but proves insufficient to recommend as a treatment.

PPS increasingly stresses the musculoskeletal system from progressive muscular atrophy. In a review of 539 PPS patients, 80% reported pain in muscles and joints and 87% had fatigue. Joint instability can cause appreciable pain and should be adequately treated with painkillers. Directed activity, such as decreasing mechanical stress with braces and adaptive equipment, is recommended.

Because PPS can fatigue facial muscles, as well as cause dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysarthria (difficulty speaking) or aphonia (inability to produce speech), persons may become malnourished from difficulty eating. Compensatory routines can help relieve these symptoms, such as eating smaller portions at a time and sitting down whilst eating. PPS with respiratory involvement requires exceptional therapy management, such as breathing exercises and chest percussion to expel secretions (clearing of the lungs) on a periodic basis (monitored via stethoscope). Failure to properly assess PPS with respiratory involvement can increase the risk of overlooking an aspiration pneumonia (a life-threatening infection of the lower respiratory tract, especially so if not caught early on). Severe cases may require permanent ventilation or tracheostomy. Sleep apnoea may also occur. Other management strategies that show improvement include smoking cessation, treatment of other respiratory diseases, and vaccination against respiratory infections such as influenza.

Prognosis
In general, PPS is not life-threatening. The major exception is patients left with severe residual respiratory difficulties, who may experience new severe respiratory impairment. Compared to control populations, PPS patients lack any elevation of antibodies against the poliovirus, and because no poliovirus is excreted in the feces, it is not considered a recurrence of the original polio. Further, no evidence has shown that the poliovirus can cause a persistent infection in humans. PPS has been confused with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which progressively weakens muscles. PPS patients do not have an elevated risk of ALS.

No sufficient longitudinal studies have been conducted on the prognosis of PPS, but speculations have been made by several physicians based on experience. Fatigue and mobility usually return to normal over a long period of time. The prognosis also differs depending upon different causes and factors affecting the patient. An overall mortality rate of 25% exists due to possible respiratory paralysis; otherwise, it is usually not lethal.

Prognosis can be abruptly changed for the worse by the use of anesthesia, such as during surgery.

Epidemiology
Old data show PPS occurs in roughly 25 to 50% of people who survive a polio infection. Newer data from countries that asked their polio survivors show 85% of respondents have symptoms of post-polio syndrome. Typically, it occurs 30–35 years afterward, but delays between 8 and 71 years have been recorded. The disease occurs sooner in persons with more severe initial infections. Other factors that increase the risk of PPS include increasing length of time since acute poliovirus infection, presence of permanent residual impairment after recovery from the acute illness, and being female. PPS is documented to occur in cases of nonparalytic polio (NPP). One review states late-onset weakness and fatigue occur in 14–42% of NPP patients.

title: Post-polio syndrome


text:
User:Halibutt

Awards

FAC count
 Featured articles:
 * Battle of Radzymin (1920)
 * Warsaw Uprising (1794)
 * Mauthausen-Gusen
 * Battle of Warsaw (1920)
 * History of Poland (1945–1989)
 * Katyn massacre
 * Polish Defensive War
 * Polish-Soviet War
 * Witold Pilecki
 * Virtuti Militari
 * Warsaw Uprising

Pics

Article list
The following is a list of pages I created, contributed to, or am proud of. Note that the list has not been updated in quite some time, and I do not plan to update it any time soon.

World War II
40 M Turan I • 7TP • 7.92 DS • Ausserordentliche Befriedungsaktion • BA-27 • Biuletyn Informacyjny • Blue Police • Browning wz.1928 • Bykownia • C7P • Ckm wz.30 • Comparison of early World War II tanks • Extermination through labour • Filipinka • Ghetto Uprising • Białystok Ghetto Uprising • Hełm wz.15 • Hełm wz.31 • History of Poland (1939–1945) • Jędrusie • Katyn war cemetery • Kedyw • Akcja Taśma • Kotwica • Kubuś • List of German concentration camps • Lithuanian Security Police • Massacre of Lwów professors • Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp (that's where my other granpa spent the entire war) • Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials • List of notable Mauthausen-Gusen inmates • Nowy Kurier Warszawski • NKVD massacres of prisoners • Operation Tempest • Wilno Uprising • Warsaw Uprising • Lwów Uprising • Oflag IV-B Koenigstein • Oflag VII-A Murnau • Oflag VIII-E Johannisbrunn • PKWN • PKWN manifesto • Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain • Polish army order of battle in 1939 • Polish contribution to World War II • Polish death camps • Polish OOB in 1939 • Polish Navy order of battle in 1939 • Order of Battle of the Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy • Polish Secret State • Government Delegate's Office at Home • List of Government Delegates at Home • Bureau for the Newly-Acquired Lands • Council of National Unity • Central Welfare Council • Directorate of Civil Resistance • Directorate of Underground Resistance • Directorate of Covert Resistance • Provisional Administration • Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa • Special Courts • Ponary • Przyszowice massacre • Radiostacja Wanda • Romanian Bridgehead • Sidolówka • Sikorski-Mayski Agreement • Southern Front • Stalag III-C Alt-Drewitz • Szare Szeregi • Treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers • Trial of the Generals • Trial of the Sixteen • Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV • Warsaw concentration camp • Wicher class destroyer • WiS

Battles
Augustów (1920) • Bereza Kartuska (1919) • Breslau (1945) • Brześć (1939) • Boryspol (1920) • Bystrzyk (1920) • Ciołków (1863) • Dyneburg (1919) • Falaise (1944) • Fuengirola (1810) • Gdańsk Bay (1939) • Grotniki (1439) • Grunwald (1410) • Iganie (1831) • Jarosław (1939) • Jordanów (1939) • Kałuszyn (1939) • Kampinos (1939) • Kircholm (1605) • Kobryń (1939) • Komarów (1920) • Konary (1915) • Koziatyn (1920) • Krasnobród (1939) • Krojanty (1939) • Latyczów (1920) • Lwów (1944) • Lwów (1675) • Lwów (1918) • Lwów (1939) • Marienburg (1410) • Mława (1939) • Mokra (1939) • Monte Cassino (1944) • Murowana Oszmianka (1944) • Niemen (1920) • Oksywie (1939) • Olszynka Grochowska (1831) • Orsza (1514) • Plzeň (1618) • Racławice (1794) • Radzymin (1944) • Raszyn (1809) • Saarland (1939) • Sejny (1920) • Somosierra (1808) • Stoczek (1831) • Szack (1939) • Vistula (1919) • Warsaw (1794) • Warsaw (1794) • Warsaw (1920) • Warsaw (1939) • Warsaw (1944) • Węgierska Górka (1939) • Wizna (1939) • Wola Cyrusowa (1939) • Wołodarka (1920) • Wytyczno (1939) • Zadwórze (1920)

Military units
1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division • 1st Polish Armoured Division • 1st Polish Grenadiers Division • 1st Legions Infantry Division • 2nd Legions' Infantry Regiment • 4th Panzer Division • 4th Regiment of Front Guard • 8th Infantry Division • 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade That's where my grandpa served in 1939 • 10th Regiment of Foot • 16th Infantry Division • 17th Infantry Division • 21st Infantry Division • 22nd Mountain Infantry Division • 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division • 36th Infantry Regiment • 74th Infantry Regiment • 111th Fighter Escadrille • 300th Bomber Squadron • 301st Bomber Squadron • Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa • Armia Prusy • Bataliony Chłopskie • Bomber Brigade • Cichociemni • Fighter Brigade • Gwardia Ludowa • Gwardia Narodowa Wileńska • National Cavalry • Podhale rifles • Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy • Samodzielna Brygada Strzelców Karpackich • Wachlarz • Wołyńska Cavalry Brigade • Związek Odwetu • Żydowski Związek Wojskowy

Ships
ORP Conrad • ORP Czernicki • ORP Dragon • ORP Dzik • ORP Garland • ORP Grom III • ORP Gryf I • ORP Gryf II • ORP Gryf III • ORP Krakowiak • SS Olza • ORP Orzeł II • ORP Orzeł III • ORP Sokół • ORP Warszawa I • ORP Warszawa III • ORP Wicher I • M/S Batory • SS Kościuszko • TS/S Stefan Batory

Military ranks
Comparative military ranks of World War II • Marshal of Poland • Generał • Generał broni • Generał dywizji • Generał brygady • Pułkownik • Porucznik

Warsaw

 * See also lots of Warsaw-related articles in the battles section above

Warsaw • Aleje Jerozolimskie • Bankowy Square • Jabłkowski Brothers • Branicki's Palace • Churches in Warsaw • Cmentarz Żydowski • Czerniaków • Dworzec Gdański • Field Cathedral of the Polish Army • Franciszkańska • Gazeta Warszawska • Gęsiówka • Great Synagogue, Warsaw • Grochów • Holy Cross Church • Kabaty • Katedra św. Jana, Warsaw • Kobyłka • Kolumna Zygmunta • Krakowskie Przedmieście • Legia Warszawa • Nalewki • Natolin • Nowy Świat • Nożyk Synagogue • Marszałkowska • Marymont • Marywil • Mirów • Mokotów • Ogród Saski • Ostrogski Palace • PAST • Pawiak • Piłsudski Square • Plac Powstańców Warszawy • Plac Wilsona • Pole Mokotowskie • Polish Army Museum • Powązki Cemetery • Powiśle • President of Warsaw • Puławska • Pyry • Revolutionary Association • Rakowiecka Prison • Royal Castle • Saxon Axis • Służewiec Przemysłowy • Stadion Dziesięciolecia • St. John's Cathedral • Śródmieście • Świętokrzyska • Stara Prochownia • Tłomackie • Tomb of the Unknown Soldier • Ujazdów Park • Ursynów • Warsaw Arsenal • Warsaw Citadel • Warsaw concentration camp • Warsaw dialect • Warsaw Fire Guard • Warsaw Metro • Warsaw Old Town • Warsaw University • Warsaw Zoo • Warszawa Gdańska • Wilanów • Zielna • Żoliborz

Central Europe
Amstetten • Baczewski • Bar, Ukraine • Baranowicze • Beniaminów • Bereza Kartuska • Bezdany • Białowieża • Białowieża Forest • Bliżyn • Borne Sulinowo • Borysław • Brzeżany • Bugo-Narew • Bystrzyca Kłodzka • Cathedral Square in Vilnius • Central Lithuania • Chapel of Boim family • Ciepielów • Dolsk • Druskienniki • Dubno • Euroregion Cieszyn Silesia • Galicia (Central Europe) • Garbów • German names for Central European towns • Giecz • Gołdap • Grand Theatre, Lwów • Hajnówka • Hel • Hel Peninsula • Holy Cross Mountains • Izbica • Janów Piński • jurydyka • Kalisz • Kamieniec Podolski • Kampinos forest • Kielce • Kleck • Kłodzko • Kołomyja • Kórnik • Kuyavia • Kurów • Kurówka • Laski • Loibl Pass • Lubawa • Lungitz • Łambinowice • Łuck • Lwów • Łyczaków cemetery • Masovian Plain • Mińsk Voivodeship • Młodzieszyn • Modlin Fortress • Mołodeczno • Mościce • Neman • Nowa Huta • Nowa Ruda • Nowogródek Voivodship • Okopy Świętej Trójcy • Oksywie • Ołyka • Ostra Brama • Oszmiana • Palmiry • Piła • Pokucie • Pułtusk • Radzymin • Raszyn • Rossa cemetery • Rymanów • Sejny • Schwertberg • Šiluva • Stańczyki • Suwałki • Troki • Tuchola Forest • Wilno • Vilnius area • Vilnius University • Wadowice • Wyszogród • Zagłębie Dąbrowskie • Złotoryja • Zułów

ROTW
Cassino • Hôtel Lambert • Ptolemais • Tunka

Companies
Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA • Baczewski • Cedergren • Eisenwerke Oberdonau • Elektrit • Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark • Haberbusch i Schiele • Jabłkowski Brothers • Otto Eberhardt Patronenfabrik • Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna • Raxwerke

People
Abraham ben Jacob • Adam Asnyk • Paweł Adamowicz • Michał Elwiro Andriolli • Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin • Ludvík Aškenazy • Szymon Askenazy • Teodor Axentowicz • Erwin Axer • Erich von dem Bach • Shakro Bakradze • Zoltán Baló • Stefan Banach • Stefan Bastyr • Stanisław Batowski • Józef Bilczewski • Leon Billewicz • Bronisław Bohatyrewicz • Antoni Bohdziewicz • Michał Boym • Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz • Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński • Oswald Balzer • Antoni Baranowski • Kazimierz Bartel • Jan Baudouin de Courtenay • Marko Bezruchko • Eugeniusz Bodo • Janusz Bokszczanin • Jan Boner • Tadeusz Borowski • Józef Sawa-Caliński • Aldo Carpi • Casimir I of Poland • Stanisław Chomętowski • Jan August Cichocki • Icchak Cukierman • Zbyszek Cybulski • Maria Antonina Czaplicka • Józef Czapski • Aleksander Czcheidze • Jan Czeczot • Xawery Czernicki • Lucyna Ćwierczakiewiczowa • Szymon Datner • Krystian Godfryd Deybel de Hammerau • Kazimierz Deyna • Eugeniusz Dębski • Henryk Dobrzański • Przybysław Dyjamentowski • Dymitr Korybut • Czesław Młot-Fijałkowski • Stefan Filipkiewicz • Władysław Filipkowski • Franc Fiszer • Mieczysław Fogg • Aleksander Gabszewicz • Tadeusz Gajl • Stanisław Gasztołt • Czesław Gęborski • Maciej Giertych • Michał Gliński • Gniewosz z Dalewic • Iwan Gonta • Antoni Gorecki • Zygmunt Gorgolewski • Wincenty Gosiewski • Stanisław Grzesiuk • Krzysztof Grzymułtowski • Santi Gucci • Wawrzyniec Gucewicz • Rudolf Gundlach • Emil Hácha • Marceli Handelsman • Antoni Heda • Marian Hemar • Mirosław Hermaszewski • Paweł Holszański • Piotr Ikonowicz • Jan Stanisław Jankowski • Janusz I of Masovia • Piotr Jaroszewicz • Bruno Jasieński • Jakub Jasiński • Andrzej Jastrzębiec • Wojciech Jastrzębiec • Janusz Jędrzejewicz • Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa • Jacek Jezierski • Jan Nowak-Jeziorański • Berek Joselewicz • Aleksander Cardinal Kakowski • Konstanty Kalinowski • Iakovos Kambanelis • Helmut Kapp • Iwan Kazbek • Jerzy Kaźmirkiewicz • Jan Krzysztof Kelus • Stefan Kieniewicz • Jan Kiliński • Jerzy Kirchmayer • Jan z Kolna • Szymon Konarski • Alojzy Wir-Konas • Stanisław Klicki • Tadeusz Konwicki • Stanisław Kopański • Stefan Korboński • Tadeusz Kościuszko • Krzysztof Kosiński • Stanisław Kosior • Jan Kowalewski • Wincenty Kowalski • Jan Kozietulski • Leon Kozłowski • Przedpełk Kropidłowski • Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki • Kazimierz Kutz • Jan Lam • Przecław Lanckoroński • Rafał Lemkin • Gottfried Lengnich • Kazimierz Leski • Bolesław Leśmian • Karol Libelt • Henryk Lipszyc • Eugeniusz Lokajski • Roman Longchamps de Bérier • Wiktor Łomidze • Tadeusz Łomnicki • Ignacy Łukasiewicz • Józef Łukaszewicz • Kazimierz Orlik-Łukoski • Michał Łyżwiński • Juliusz Machulski • Macław • Stanisław Maczek • Robert Makłowicz • Godzimir Małachowski • Dorota Masłowska • Ivan Mayski • Tadeusz Mazowiecki • Mikołaj Mielecki • Aleksander Milinkievich • Henryk Minkiewicz • Eberhard Mock • Leszek Moczulski • Józef Montwiłł • Bernardo Morando • Witold Dzierżykraj-Morawski • Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz • Ignacy Mościcki • Jacek Moskwa • Andrzej Munk • James Murray • Jan Nagórski • Teodor Narbutt • Joanna Narutowicz • Stanisław Narutowicz • Pola Negri • Adam Nieniewski • Eligiusz Niewiadomski • Nikifor • Michał Kazimierz Ogiński • Leopold Okulicki • Napoleon Orda • Edward O'Rourke • Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski • Konstanty Ostrogski • Ignacy Jan Paderewski • Vincenzo Pappalettera • Teodor Parnicki • Lucas Perny • Tadeusz Peiper • Dawid Peleg • Franco de Peña • Sławomir Petelicki • Jerzy Petersburski • Czesław Piątas • Witold Pilecki • Maria Piłsudska • Leon Piniński • Piotr z Goniądza • Jan Piwnik • Emilia Plater • Konstanty Plisowski • Karol Podczaszyński • Marian Porwit • Ignacy Prądzyński • Rudolf Prich • Karolina Proniewska • Powała z Tczewa • Edward hrabia Raczyński • Anna Radziwiłł • Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł • Władysław Raginis • Stasys Raštikis • Ludomił Rayski • Heinz Reinefarth • Emanuel Ringelblum • Melchor Rodríguez García • Grzegorz Rosiński • Tadeusz Jordan-Rozwadowski • Juliusz Rómmel • Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann • Jan Rządkowski • Wacław Rzewuski • Stanisław Saks • Roman Sanguszko • Benito de San Juan • Jan Sapieha • Siemowit III of Masovia • Siemowit IV of Masovia • Mikołaj Sieniawski • Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki • Piotr Skuratowicz • Henryk Sławik • Mieczysław Makary Smorawiński • Franciszek Smuglewicz • Jędrzej Śniadecki • Stanisław Sosabowski • Kazimierz Sosnkowski • Józef Sowiński • Mieczysław Boruta-Spiechowicz • Wacław Stachiewicz • Reiner Stahel • Mamert Stankiewicz • Sokrates Starynkiewicz • Stefan Starzyński • Stanisław Staszewski • Erika Steinbach • Anatol Stern • Zygmunt Steuermann • Włodzimierz Steyer • Julian Stryjkowski • Maciej Stryjkowski • Henryk Sucharski • Stanisław Swianiewicz • Władysław Syrokomla • Jakub Świnka • Kazimierz Świtalski • Zygmunt Szendzielarz • Stefan Szlaszewski • Jerzy Szmajdziński • Konstanty Szyrwid • Tadeusz Tański • Stanisław Targosz • Ksawery Tartakower • Stanisław Tatar • Wiktor Thommée • Bolesław Trojdenowicz • Franciszek Trześniewski • Eustachy Tyszkiewicz • Józef Unrug • Andrey Vitruk • Stanisława Walasiewiczówna • Wanda Wasilewska • Aleksander Wat • Tomasz Wawrzecki • Jakub Wędrowycz • Wigand of Marburg • Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński • Roman Wilhelmi • Piotr Wilniewczyc • Antoni Wiwulski • Edward Wittig • Władysław II of Poland • Jan Włodarkiewicz • Paweł Wojciechowski • Abraham Woyna • Władysław Wróblewski • Lech Wyszczelski • Bolesław Zajączkowski • August Zaleski • Samuel Zborowski • Maciej Zembaty • Józef Zeydlitz • Juozas Zikaras • Juliusz Zulauf • Zyndram of Maszkowice • Lucjan Żeligowski • Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński • Leonard Żłób • Joanna Żubr

Other
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To-do list
Ethnic composition of Central Lithuania • all articles related to Polish Secret State • Bibuła (history of Polish Samizdat from late 19th century to 1989) • Polish Defensive War of 1939 • Polish Film School - list of films to be described as well as biographical notes on the directors • Aleksander Kamiński • Lwów Uprising • Jodła (or the partisan republic in the Świętokrzyskie area) • Cezary Geroń • Duszniki vel Duszniki Zdrój

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pl:Wikipedysta:Halibutt es:Usuario:Halibutt de:Benutzer:Halibutt la:Usor:Halibutt

title: User:Halibutt


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Drei Schwestern

Drei Schwestern (The Three Sisters) is a mountain located on the border of Austria and Liechtenstein. It forms a natural boundary between Liechtenstein and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

The Three Sisters are a three-peaked mountain chain in the Rätikon, a mountain range of the Western Central Alps. The highest peak, the Great Sister, is 2,053 m above sea level. The Middle Sister, located north-east of it reaches a height of 2,048 m, and the north-eastern Little Sister 2,034 m high.

The three peaks mark the border between Feldkirch in Austria and Liechtenstein. Through a well-developed road system, they are easily accessible and are often climbed.

The first ascent was probably made by hunters. The first recorded ascent was on 10 June 1870 by John Sholto Douglass from Thüringen, Vorarlberg, with a hunter named Wieser from Frastanz.

Location and Surroundings
The chain of the Three Sisters is located in the extreme northwest of the Rätikon. The three peaks form a ridge that runs from north to south. To the west, the Three Sisters fall into the Alpine Rhine Valley, in the east to the Saminatal. The ridge to the south leads to the border summit Garsellakopf, and further south to Kuhgrat, which is entirely in Liechtenstein

The area is well developed for hikers through an extensive network of paths. The main peak can also be reached by rock climbing routes ranging from UIAA difficulty levels II to V. The north wall of the middle sister has routes with a UIAA level VI difficulty.

Conservation
The Vorarlberg region of the Three Sisters was granted a protected landscape status in 1976.

Sources and Maps
Hermann Braendle: Rätikon Reader, weiter Himmel, wilder Fels; Bergwandern im Rätikon. Bucher, Hohenems / Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-902679-15-4. Manfred Hunziker: Ringelspitz / Arosa / Rätikon, Vom Pass dil Segnas zum Schlappiner Joch, Verlag des SAC, Bern 2010, ISBN 978-3-85902-313-0 (= Alpine Touren / Bündner Alpen). Günther Flaig: Alpenvereinsführer Rätikon, Bergverlag Rother, München 1989, ISBN 3-7633-1098-3 Landeskarte der Schweiz 1:25.000, Blatt 1136: Drei Schwestern.

title: Drei Schwestern