text:
Talk:Virtue

Plato and Socrates?
What does the following sentence mean: "This enumeration is traced to Greek philosophy, being listed by both Plato and Socrates." Socrates has not written a single word; does it mean that the character Socrates in Plato's dialogue is referring to it. In any case, the sentence needs clarification. If not, I'll delete Socrates.

Classicists consider themselves to have several sources on Socrates. Besides Plato, there was a fellow named Xenophon who knew Socrates and wrote a great deal about him; Aristotle understood Socrates and Plato to have different positions on several philosophical topics, and gives separate discussions of their views in many of his books; and people who lived long after Plato gave accounts of different philosophers (Epicurus, Parmenides, Zeno, Thales, Socrates, and so on) which seem to have been lost in the intervening millenia. 128.135.208.207 (talk) 07:34, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Virtue and Virtue theory
These should probably be made into two separate articles, the first being about what the virtues are (or at least what different philosophers have said they are), and the second being about how we know what the virtues are. These are importantly different debates, and should probably be kept separate. KSchutte 22:55, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

I'm not clear how to start a new topic, so I'll put my comment here:

I work as a character specialist/coach, so I took a look at the list of virtues and did some editing, adding, and deleting. I deleted sexual continence, because that's covered under chastity; deleted self-esteem, because in a virtues context, self-respect is more accurate; beautiful in spirit because beauty is more all-encompassing; manners because that's covered under courtesy; perfection, because that's the goal of developing virtues; physical strength, because this is a list of spiritual/moral qualities, not physical ones; and free will, because that's part of the nature of human beings, not a quality/capacity that develops over time. I have some question about leaving in the self- qualities, because "self" is covered in the quality listed separately...such as confidence vs. needing to also have self-confidence. Hope this is helpful! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Susanne M. Alexander (talk • contribs) 15:25, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

I am new to wikipedia as a contributor. Eventually I would like to become one but I still do not know how to do it. So far I just want to point out that in an article about virtue something should be said about Alasdair MacIntyre or at least there should be a link to its name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pedroborator (talk • contribs) 18:32, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Latin vis/vir
From the article:
 * [The unrelated Latin word vis means simply "power" or "violence"; ancient grammarians were unable to distinguish the two words.]

This sounds like Latin's rhotacism of /s/ to me, i.e. they are the same word, but /s/ changes to /r/ in certain positions in classical Latin. Can anyone confirm or deny this? –Andyluciano 04:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Buddhist Virtues
The section on Buddhist virtues is pretty bare bones. I've edited it a little bit and will come back to it later when I have more time. The main edits are:

1. Deleted list of precepts (sila). These are more analogous to commandments in the Western tradition.

2. Added list of Brahmavihāra, which are a pretty close parallel to virtues as such.

I'm not sure that the Eightfold Path belongs here, since it seems to me to be more of a spiritual discipline than a list of virtues.

Mrrhum 16:06, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

If we understand virtue to be an embodiment of a good/beneficial/positive trait, and the result of pracice, then each and every one of the Eightfold Path are virtues in themselves. What is the result of a spiritual discipline anyways? I say leave in the Eightfold Path. [User: FF] 13:20, December 29, 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.153.203.67 (talk) 20:21, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it depends on what you mean by "virtue", and it depends on which Buddhist school you're invoking.

However, in agreement with Mrrhum, it is probably a logical fallacy (Sorry, offhand I can't name which one.) to cite the whole Eight-Fold Path as Buddhist virtue.

(The fallacy is where a category name is expanded to include all related but distinctly different categories.

As an extreme example, it's like saying, "Because a cat is a mammal, all mammals are cats.")

According to Theravada Buddhism, the Eightfold Path has three main parts:
 * 1) Wisdom/Discernment(pañña)
 * 2) Virtue (sila)
 * 3) Concentration/Meditation (samadhi).

See http://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/books-articles/dhamma-lists/

Therefore the "Virtue (sila)" part of the Eightfold Path should be listed, but not the whole Path:

The person responsible for the information at the link cited above is Gil Fronsdal: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Fronsdal
 * 1) Wise or Right Speech (sammá-vácá) – abstaining from lying, malicious or divisive speech, abusive or harsh speech, and idle chatter.
 * 2) Wise or Right Action (sammá-kammanta) – abstaining from killing, stealing and sexual misconduct.
 * 3) Wise or Right Livelihood (sammá-ájíva) – abstaining from dishonest and harmful means of livelihood.

I'd do the edit myself, but I'm short on time; maybe later.

--EdwardEditor (talk) 21:27, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Too short
How about a bunch of information on what makes people act good and so on. Relate to happiness and lifw quality genetics and so on. This aint good enough for wikipedia! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.8.148.20 (talk) 18:53, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Franklin
should there be something about franklin's 13 virtues? Soyseñorsnibbles 03:16, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Explanation of Nietzsche?
Might it be good to either expand and explain the Nietzsche quotes, or delete them altogether? I've read a bit of Nietzsche, so I'm no stranger to his thoughts, but I have a hard time understanding what he's saying in these bare-bone quotations, except that he's against 'virtue' in some way or another. Perhaps if someone wrote about his overall position on them, and then used the quotes as support? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.208.204.18 (talk) 01:44, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Nietzsche has a lot of interesting things to say about virtue, but this article's summary is fairly misleading. But more importantly, hundreds of philosophers have interesting things to say about what virtue is, and Nietzsche is barely in the top twenty or thirty. Can we delete? Oh, and I would say the same for Ayn Rand, but more so. (If a writer of uneven novels can make a top N list of virtue philosophers, she would still only squeak into the top four hundred.) 128.135.208.207 (talk) 07:42, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Aristotle?
It seems a bit odd to me that Aristotle is only mentioned in passing in this article. His Nicomachean Ethics is rather the definitive work on the topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.80.178.246 (talk) 11:44, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Islam take over?
Is every quran verse regarding virtue really neccasary? All other schools of thought get a bare bones explanation and then we have to wade through all these poxy religous verses in the quaran. They would be more suitable being merged with an islam article instead of forcing them on the rest of us. Get them to *%@#. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.30.37 (talk) 14:02, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Biased editing over Islamic Virtue
I am trying to include the virtue of killing and torturing infidels as portrayed in 167 verses in the quaran but it keeps getting deleted. They are real verses just like the others in the article. Its not like i am making them up. How about we show the public an unbiased view of this so called religion of peace?

VIOLENCE, KILLING AND TORTURING NON MUSLIMS
 * Sura (2:191-193) - "And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution [of Muslims] is worse than slaughter [of non-believers]...and fight them until persecution is no more, and religion is for Allah."
 * Sura (2:244) - "Then fight in the cause of Allah, and know that Allah Heareth and knoweth all things."
 * Sura (2:216) - "Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you. But Allah knoweth, and ye know not."
 * Sura (3:56) - "As to those who reject faith, I will punish them with terrible agony in this world and in the Hereafter, nor will they have anyone to help."
 * Sura (3:151) - "Soon shall We cast terror into the hearts of the Unbelievers, for that they joined companions with Allah, for which He had sent no authority".
 * Sura (4:74) - "Let those fight in the way of Allah who sell the life of this world for the other. Whoso fighteth in the way of Allah, be he slain or be he victorious, on him We shall bestow a vast reward."
 * Sura (4:76) - "Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah…"
 * Sura (4:89) - "They but wish that ye should reject Faith, as they do, and thus be on the same footing (as they): But take not friends from their ranks until they flee in the way of Allah (From what is forbidden). But if they turn renegades, seize them and slay them wherever ye find them; and (in any case) take no friends or helpers from their ranks."
 * Sura (4:95) - "Not equal are those believers who sit (at home) and receive no hurt, and those who strive and fight in the cause of Allah with their goods and their persons. Allah hath granted a grade higher to those who strive and fight with their goods and persons than to those who sit (at home). Unto all (in Faith) Hath Allah promised good: But those who strive and fight Hath He distinguished above those who sit (at home) by a special reward,-" This passage not only criticizes "peaceful" Muslims who do not join in the violence, but also demolishes the modern myth that "Jihad" doesn't mean holy war in the Qur'an, but rather a spiritual struggle.  Not only is the Arabic word used in this passage, but it is clearly not referring to anything spiritual, since the physically disabled are given exemption.  (The Hadith reveals the context of the passage to be in response to a blind man's protest that he is unable to engage in Jihad).
 * Sura (5:33) - "The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His messenger and strive to make mischief in the land is only this, that they should be murdered or crucified or their hands and their feet should be cut off on opposite sides or they should be imprisoned; this shall be as a disgrace for them in this world, and in the hereafter they shall have a grievous chastisement"
 * Sura (8:12) - "I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. Therefore strike off their heads and strike off every fingertip of them"
 * Sura (8:15) - "O ye who believe! When ye meet those who disbelieve in battle, turn not your backs to them. (16)Whoso on that day turneth his back to them, unless maneuvering for battle or intent to join a company, he truly hath incurred wrath from Allah, and his habitation will be hell, a hapless journey's end."
 * Sura (8:39) - "And fight with them until there is no more persecution and religion should be only for Allah"
 * Sura (8:57) - "If thou comest on them in the war, deal with them so as to strike fear in those who are behind them, that haply they may remember."
 * Sura (8:59-60) - "And let not those who disbelieve suppose that they can outstrip (Allah's Purpose). Lo! they cannot escape. Make ready for them all thou canst of (armed) force and of horses tethered, that thereby ye may dismay the enemy of Allah and your enemy."
 * Sura (9:5) - "So when the sacred months have passed away, then slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captives and besiege them and lie in wait for them in every ambush, then if they repent and keep up prayer and pay the poor-rate, leave their way free to them."
 * Sura (9:14) - "Fight them, Allah will punish them by your hands and bring them to disgrace..."
 * Sura (9:20) - "Those who believe, and have left their homes and striven with their wealth and their lives in Allah's way are of much greater worth in Allah's sight. These are they who are triumphant." The "striving" spoken of here is Jihad.
 * Sura (9:29) - "Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued."
 * Sura (9:30) - "And the Jews say: Ezra is the son of Allah; and the Christians say: The Messiah is the son of Allah; these are the words of their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before; may Allah destroy them; how they are turned away!"
 * Sura (9:38-39) - "O ye who believe! what is the matter with you, that, when ye are asked to go forth in the cause of Allah, ye cling heavily to the earth? Do ye prefer the life of this world to the Hereafter? But little is the comfort of this life, as compared with the Hereafter. Unless ye go forth, He will punish you with a grievous penalty, and put others in your place." This is a warning to those who refuse to fight, that they will be punished with Hell.
 * Sura (9:41) - "Go forth, light-armed and heavy-armed, and strive with your wealth and your lives in the way of Allah! That is best for you if ye but knew."
 * Sura (9:73) - "O Prophet! strive hard against the unbelievers and the hypocrites and be unyielding to them; and their abode is hell, and evil is the destination."
 * Sura (9:88) - "But the Messenger, and those who believe with him, strive and fight with their wealth and their persons: for them are (all) good things: and it is they who will prosper."
 * Sura (9:111) - "Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs (in return) is the garden (of Paradise): they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth, through the Law, the Gospel, and the Qur'an: and who is more faithful to his covenant than Allah? then rejoice in the bargain which ye have concluded: that is the achievement supreme."
 * Sura (9:123) - "O you who believe! fight those of the unbelievers who are near to you and let them find in you hardness."
 * Sura (21:44) - "We gave the good things of this life to these men and their fathers until the period grew long for them; See they not that We gradually reduce the land (in their control) from its outlying borders? Is it then they who will win?"
 * Sura (25:52) - "Therefore listen not to the Unbelievers, but strive against them with the utmost strenuousness, with the (Qur'an)."  "Strive against" is Jihad, obviously not in the personal context.  It's also significant to point out that this is a Meccan verse.
 * Sura (47:4) - "So when you meet in battle those who disbelieve, then smite the necks until when you have overcome them, then make (them) prisoners,"
 * Sura (47:35) - "Be not weary and faint-hearted, crying for peace, when ye should be uppermost: for Allah is with you,"
 * Sura (48:17) - "There is no blame for the blind, nor is there blame for the lame, nor is there blame for the sick (that they go not forth to war). And whoso obeyeth Allah and His messenger, He will make him enter Gardens underneath which rivers flow; and whoso turneth back, him will He punish with a painful doom."
 * Sura (48:29) - "Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And those with him are hard (ruthless) against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves"
 * Sura (61:4) - "Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way"
 * Sura (61:10-12) - "O ye who believe! Shall I lead you to a bargain that will save you from a grievous Penalty?- That ye believe in Allah and His Messenger, and that ye strive (your utmost) in the Cause of Allah, with your property and your persons: That will be best for you, if ye but knew! He will forgive you your sins, and admit you to Gardens beneath which Rivers flow, and to beautiful mansions in Gardens of Eternity." This verse was given in battle.  It uses the Arabic word, Jihad.
 * Sura (66:9) - "O Prophet! Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be stern with them. Hell will be their home, a hapless journey's end." The root word of "Jihad" is used again here.  The context is clearly holy war, and the scope of violence is broadened to include "hypocrites," those who call themselves Muslims but do not act as such.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.169.30.37 (talk) 04:23, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

You don't understand the order of precedence in Islamic principles nor are the translations accurate. It's a bigoted fail. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.7.233.241 (talk) 01:28, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

long
It's just wayyy too long. Try making a separate Wikipedia article for this if you want. Condense it to a list.--70.74.82.114 (talk) 09:33, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Islamic virtues and general sourcing
The section on Islam was way out of proportion to the whole; if someone wants to make an article about Islamic virtues specifically, this might be appropriate. I have removed the quotations, valuable as they are - this amounts to Original Research

In any case, throughout this article material V - but especially anything controversial: "Articles should rely on reliable, third-party published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy." Hgilbert (talk) 04:04, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Shameless Ad?
What has that "VirtueScience" link to do with the article, apart from the name? -- Rea, 21:20, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. Looks like a spamlink, so I removed it.--Dr.enh (talk) 20:58, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Virtue/Eastern Virtues/Western Virtues.
We can split this article into 3 separate articles; Virtue, Eastern Virtues & Western Virtues. The Virtue article discusses basic virtues & vices, Eastern virtues article discusses Eastern virtues, Western virtues article discusses Western virtues.

Major clean up and easier to understand afterwards.

Phalanx Pursos —Preceding comment was added at 00:08, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

--77.31.114.130 (talk) 18:46, 28 November 2012 (UTC)hvhigutlt ggyoy9yhrsafr5 eaaaaaaaaaaajjklutaĎĺĎÍÉÉéÃÃĥĜÈġĻÂĤġĹ== Virtue in the Christian tradition ==

The paragraph on virtue in the Christian tradition is about 2% of the story. The long history of articulating virtue via Thomas and the Scholastics is not mentioned. The omission of the Scholastic (and for that matter the Muslim) contribution to this articulation is a must for this article. If I get a chance, I can write something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.16.218.42 (talk) 13:41, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

MI PIACE. MICHELE BERRETTA (talk) 10:45, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

MI PIACE. MICHELE BERRETTA (talk) 10:45, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Virtue in the Jewish tradition
A glaring & embarrassing omission thus far. Volunteers? Wingspeed (talk) 10:05, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree entirely. Looking to see if it had been there before, I've discovered no, it hadn't, but that an editor who had revamped the page to include some OR had deleted all the 'See also', references, and the philosophical navigation template, so I've put those back (beware of people who think they are part-time alien abductees and in this case I'm not joking).  You are right, it needs it, but whoever does it really needs to provide inline citations, most of this article has nothing and could be OR. Doug Weller (talk) 11:06, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

I certainly agree with the inclusion of sections on Jewish and Muslim conceptions of virtue, but it seems a little odd to present the Pauline theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity) as if they're indifferently a part of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. I mean, Jews and Muslims may very well advocate faith, and hope, and charity, among other virtues, but the specific Pauline formulation (faith-hope-charity) is unique to the Christian tradition, isn't it?

Or is it? I honestly don't know.

65.213.77.129 (talk) 19:58, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Comitas
Under roman virtues this links to a snail - I haven't done a lot of research nor plan to but I think this is an incorrect link. --2pac 2007 (talk) 01:15, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Differentiate between private and public Roman virtues. See www.novaroma.org/wiki/Roman_Virtues —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.121.204.129 (talk) 18:11, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

link error
I'm new here. I believe there is an error under Notes, #1. The link for the word "rememberance" does not appear to be correct. It links to the page for "Mnemosyne," which is not directly applicable. Also, I believe the correct spelling should be "remembrance." (Scwik (talk) 03:14, 20 March 2009 (UTC))
 * Agreed, but the main problem is that the list is almost certainly something someone made up, and is thus original research. As is probably a lot of the article. I've deleted the list - if someone can find a reliable source with a list, great. dougweller (talk) 10:25, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

That list in old Note #1 was one of the most comprehensive I've seen. The following site has three lists that are a good starting reference: http://www.virtuesproject.com/virtues.html. --72.187.179.179 (talk) 19:49, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Auctoritas
A better description of the Roman understanding of Auctoritas would be "charismatic authority" (cf. Weber's definition) rather than "spiritual" authority.--Wittsun (talk) 19:57, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Islam section digresses and not in Wikipedia style
I don't have any comment on the argument about what the content of the Islam section should be, but as it stands now, the section is clearly not in the proper Wikipedia style. There are long digressions, overlong direct quotations, and it is cited improperly as well. Someone with expertise in the subject should clean this up. MysteriousS (talk) 06:51, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

What is talk of "values" doing here?
The use of the word "value" as a moral concept dates to the early 20th century (see for instance http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=value), thus to talk of, for instance, Christian or Aristotelian virtues in respect to values is a complete anachronism. The ancients never thought of morality in terms of (subjective) values as far as I am aware. Value ethics is very modern, but the article seems to imply it as a universal. The page "Virtue_ethics" mentions "value" not once. Moon Oracle (talk) 14:39, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Article needs to be revised then. - M0rphzone (talk) 06:28, 29 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I have marked it as "original research" because that is what it looks like to me. However I'm no expert in this field so don't feel qualified to update it myself. Moon Oracle (talk) 12:48, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_virtues. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Morgan Riley (talk) 03:20, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

 * After a full personal investigation (admins forgive me if this was bad form for taking such action, but it stunk of ill-ease), I found the following:

 * 1. On 19 February 2007, a wholesale addition was made by an IP.

 * 2. The Wayback Machine indicates that the exact text added was in existence at least as early as 02 July 2006 on the website www.novaroma.org, and continues to be there through the present day; at more recent points, additions from that page were made to this one, or text from it restored.

 * 3. NovaRoma claims copyright to all the material on their site and does not permit reuse.

 * 4. The material has not been mingled throughout the article, and has remained more or less in this one section, ergo its removal was relatively easy despite a long span between its addition and the present. Action taken. -Morgan Riley (talk)

What is the relevance of this?
'Post 9/11, the words of Rabbi Hillel are frequently quoted in public lectures and interviews around the world by the prominent writer on comparative religion Karen Armstrong.' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.253.96.70 (talk) 07:23, 28 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't see the relevance, so I have deleted the sentence. Mrrhum (talk) 04:07, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Protected
I think this issue should be protected from not registered user's edits, it does not sound trustworthy with so much spam. It is hard sometimes to distinguish between edits - which is real spam, half spam or just unsourced or doubtful as a stance. I think regular editors who are registered and with more experience should be given the opportunity to work on the issue without the mess in the editions that is going on by now. --Aleksd (talk) 09:00, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Human excellence, not only moral excellence
This article can be improved by acknowledging that virtue refers to many forms of human excellence, not only moral excellence. Other forms of excellence certainly include intellectual excellence (see, for example, the intellectual virtues) and others. Thanks! --Lbeaumont (talk) 15:04, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

Etymology?
Why has the writer overlooked the word’s etymology? Not out of considerations of political correctness, may we hope? Indeed, the word’s evolution from its root meaning of warlike manliness into a synonym for female chastity has often been commented on as one of the lexicological wonders of the world. Orthotox (talk) 23:50, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

What happened to the List of virtues article?
Where did List of virtues go? It was fine a few months ago.

I really need to review the list of vices. 174.16.98.178 (talk) 23:32, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * It was merged into the Outline of self. Huon (talk) 23:38, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you Kindly! 174.16.98.178 (talk) 00:11, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

Chinese virtues as they are the root of Japanese budo, Zen Buddhism and Confucian theory.c
I would like to ask why Chinese Taoists virture is not here please. Also Budo can be tracked back to China through Confucian and Taoists connection's. Shenqijing (talk) 23:10, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Zen Buddhism has its connection through Chan Buddhism in China. Shenqijing (talk) 23:14, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Alchemy addition to be one path of historical roots
I have added Alchemy as also a historical connection. Will need more work Shenqijing (talk) 03:23, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Virtue description
I would like to question the meaning of virture that is put forward as it's explanation. Virtue is neither good nor bad. It is a principle and therefore not subjective. I think that we need to understand excess and deficiency first. Shenqijing (talk) 03:33, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

Addition of De (/də/; Chinese: 德),
I have included the Chinese De (/də/; Chinese: 德) for vertue and also included the Wiki link. Shenqijing (talk) 10:18, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Addition of Merit
I have added : another example of this the notion is Merit in Asian traditions Shenqijing (talk) 03:46, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Virtue attachment
The definition of virtue needs to be expounded, I can see potential problems for attachment to strong values. Virtue like in health of body and mind needs to be flexable or there can be no homeostatic rebound of our immune system in our body or empathy in our mind. last but not least virtue is not worldly uposed to morality no one can hold them, or that leaves humanity open to other horrible acts against each other vast on right mind or view. Please reply 🙏🏼🙏🏼🙏🏼 Shenqijing (talk) 05:08, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

Addition to Objectivism
Hello, new to edditing, just added "For the Chinese the rudimentary study of Yin and Yang was the encapsulation of this philosophical approach to critical thinking and rationality.". Just included this with a link to yin and yang. It just got reverted, new to editing,  what went wrong and how can I improve this entry to the page. Sntmichael (talk) 08:03, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Addition of contemporary list of virtues with definitions by writer Theresa Adebola John.
Some other user has reverted it (ie. removed the edits manually). Their justification for that action was "removal of unhelpful, unsourced, self-published assessment of virtue". It is difficult to truly say the list is unhelpful for 8 billion people on earth and what is helpful for some may not be helpful for others depending on our abilities. Unsourced may not be relevant for creativity and new light in seeing things. Self-published is not a problem for a contemporary writer who means to add contemporary relevance to old issues. The edit might have been hastily removed. Most of the contributions in this article are from European and Asian sources. My edit was an African contribution and the most contemporary contribution as well as a broad and succinct contribution. I think it can be accommodated. An African voice matters.--Theresa John (talk) 21:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Theresa John (talk • contribs) 21:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Roman Virtues, Per Nova Roma
I'll say up-front that I have no issues with Nova Roma or any disagreement with any of the virtues listed in this article. I would like to think I conform to at least some of them. That said, I'm not a member of Nova Roma either, or affiliated with them.

I raise this only to explain my position, as I want to ask whether a page on Nova Roma is a sufficient source for these listed virtues as having been recognised in ancient Rome? There's only one citation marker in the Roman Virtues section and it goes to a page on Nova Roma's site that doesn't appear - as far as I can see - to link to any historical sources.

Again, I like the virtues. It's a good list. But where does it come from? - Marcia Nemoris (talk) 14:13, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

The Virtue's Project
This is a secular Global Grassroots Association founded in British Columbia, Canada (1991) by 3 individuals: Dr. Dan Popov, his wife Linda Kavelin-Popov and her brother John Kavelin. Linda's first *book The Family Virtues Guide was shared in 30 countries within 3 months and has now been taught in over 120 countries. Established as a Non-Profit Association (2012) receiving financial support through Global Giving, Facilitator Membership & donation. Ethos: to create caring community culture; Techne: by teaching 5 strategies that help to bring out the best in ourselves & each other. Discover what's good @ The Virtues Project website (Many FREE resources incl lists of virtues for home, classrooms & community.

* MORE BOOKS on Virtue - Published by Founder; Linda Kavelin-Popov: The Family Virtues Guide; The Virtue's Project Educator's Guide; Sacred Moments; A Pace of Grace; Graceful Endings; A Scent of Sage; Dreaming at the Crossroads of Change & ... is currently writing. 2607:FEA8:79DF:F900:388A:64F8:B4DB:70C7 (talk) 12:21, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virtue


text:
National academy

A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates scholarly research activities and standards for academic disciplines, and serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants for governments or on issues of public importance, most frequently in the sciences but also in the humanities. Typically the country's learned societies in individual disciplines will liaise with or be coordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organisational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.

The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in the United Kingdom, they are voluntary, non-profit bodies with which the government has agreed to negotiate, and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence. In some countries, a single academy covers all disciplines. In others, there are several academies, which work together more or less closely; for example, France, where the Institut de France groups five self-governing Academies, or Australia. In many states, they are organized in academies of science. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, and in the People's Republic of China, the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas. There is, however, a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national (or learned) academies need to adhere to certain criteria:
 * The fellowship is elected, on the basis of excellence, by existing fellows (members)
 * The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion
 * The governance of the academy is democratic and "bottom up". The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy's authority
 * The academy is independent of government, industry and professional associations. Most, if not all, academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organisations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy's independence.

United States
In 1863, President of the United States Abraham Lincoln incorporated the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). The affiliated organizations were granted congressional charters to operate under the National Academy of Sciences. In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson reincorporated the organization under the National Research Council to foster scientific research emphasizing American industries. Today NASEM is composed of three non-profit member organizations: the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (after 2015; formerly Institute of Medicine (IoM)). The U.S. national academies also serve as public policy advisors, research institutes, think tanks, and public administration consultants on issues of public importance or on request by the government.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom four national academies are the major learned societies of England: the Academy of Medical Sciences, British Academy, the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Society. In addition, there are the Learned Society of Wales in Wales and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in Scotland. The UK Young Academy is for young scientists.

Japan
In Japan, all of the national academies were established during the early years of the Showa Era. The two premier national academies in the country are the Science Council of Japan and The Japan Academy. Representing the artistic profession and literature is the Japan Art Academy.

The Science Council of Japan (SCJ) was founded by American physicist Harry C. Kelly in 1949 during the Allied occupation of Japan as a special organisation under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction, operating independently from the Government of Japan to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country. The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists, researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities, making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government. The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by a mandated quota as well as 2,000 Associate Members nationwide.

List

 * 🇦🇱 Albania: Academy of Sciences of Albania
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia: Armenian National Academy of Sciences
 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Australian Academy of Science, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, National Academies Forum
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Austrian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium, Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature; see also Academies of Belgium
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: Royal Society of Canada, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences, Canadian Academy of Engineering
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia: Royal Academy of Cambodia
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Academia Chilena de Ciencias
 * 🇨🇳 China: Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Academy of the Humanities
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica – Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire – Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Estonian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia: Imperial Academy (former)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Suomalainen tiedeakatemia) is a Finnish-speaking academy, while The Finnish Society of Science and Letters (Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Suomen tiedeseura) is bilingual. In the field of engineering, the Finnish Academy of Technology (Teknillisten tieteiden akatemia, Akademin för Tekniska Vetenskaper) is bilingual while the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (Svenska tekniska vetenskapsakademien i Finland) Swedish-speaking. The Academy of Finland is not an academy in the sense of this article, but the state research funding agency.
 * 🇫🇷 France: The Institut de France comprises five academies, including the Académie française and French Academy of Sciences.
 * Georgia (country): Georgian National Academy of Sciences
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Leopoldina
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Academy of Athens
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia)
 * 🇮🇳 India: The National Academy of Sciences, India; Indian National Science Academy; Indian Academy of Sciences; Indian National Academy of Engineering; Sahitya Akademi; National Bal Bhawan; Lalit Kala Akademi
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia: Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia)
 * 🇮🇷 Iran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature; Academy of Sciences of Iran; Iranian Academy of the Arts; Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland: Royal Irish Academy
 * 🇮🇱 Israel: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Accademia dei Fisiocritici (National Academy of Sciences of Siena), Accademia dei Lincei for sciences, Accademia della Crusca for Italian language, Accademia nazionale delle scienze (detta dei XL); a general and supreme national academy was the Accademia d'Italia during the Fascist period.
 * Kosovo: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Latvian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea: Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 * North Macedonia: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan: Pakistan Academy of Letters, Pakistan Academy of Sciences
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines: National Academy of Science and Technology
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Learning
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: The Romanian Academy covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains.
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: The Russian Academy of Sciences is the main organising body for fundamental sciences and humanities. There are also five independent specialised national academies: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, and Russian Academy of Arts. These are government-funded, but self-governing.
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino: International Academy of Sciences San Marino
 * 🏴 Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Academy of Science of South Africa
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: The Royal Academy is the main reference body for the Spanish language. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando covers the artistic fields; Real Academia de la Historia is the organising body for History; the Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences covers the humanities; Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences covers natural sciences and mathematics; Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación covers the field of law.
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka: National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan: Sudanese National Academy of Sciences
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Swedish Academy for language, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan (Republic of China): Academia Sinica
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Royal Institute of Thailand
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey: Turkish Academy of Sciences is funded by the government but maintains autonomy
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Other state organizations also include National Academy of Arts of Ukraine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Minor Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: the Royal Society is recognised as the national academy for the sciences, the British Academy for the social sciences and the humanities, the Royal Academy of Engineering for engineering, and the Academy of Medical Sciences for medicine; the UK Young Academy is for young scientists.
 * 🇺🇸 United States: The National Academies of the United States include four organisations: the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), and the National Research Council (NRC). See also American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Letters, American Academy of Diplomacy, Academy of American Poets, National Academy of Design.
 * 🇻🇦 Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 * Vietnam: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)

Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy. For example, within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the U.S. National Academies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National academy


text:
Lead(II) sulfate

Lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) is a white solid, which appears white in microcrystalline form. It is also known as fast white, milk white, sulfuric acid lead salt or anglesite.

It is often seen in the plates/electrodes of car batteries, as it is formed when the battery is discharged (when the battery is recharged, then the lead sulfate is transformed back to metallic lead and sulfuric acid on the negative terminal or lead dioxide and sulfuric acid on the positive terminal). Lead sulfate is poorly soluble in water.

Structure
Anglesite (lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4) adopts the same orthorhombic crystal structure as celestite (strontium sulfate, SrSO4) and barite (barium sulfate, BaSO4). All three minerals' structures are in the space group Pbnm (number 62). Each lead(II) ion is surrounded by 12 oxygen atoms from 7 sulfate ions, forming a PbO12 polyhedron. The lead–oxygen distances range from 2.612 Å to 3.267 Å and the average distance is 2.865 Å.

Manufacturing
Lead(II) sulfate is prepared by treating lead oxide, hydroxide or carbonate with warm sulfuric acid or by treating a soluble lead salt with sulfuric acid.

Alternatively, it can be made by the interaction of solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate.

Toxicology
Lead sulfate is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It is a cumulative poison, and repeated exposure may lead to anemia, kidney damage, eyesight damage or damage to the central nervous system (especially in children). It is also corrosive - contact with the eyes can lead to severe irritation or burns. Typical threshold limit value is 0.15 mg/m3.

Mineral
The naturally occurring mineral anglesite, PbSO 4, occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore,

Basic and hydrogen lead sulfates
A number of lead basic sulfates are known: PbSO4·PbO; PbSO 4·2PbO; PbSO 4·3PbO; PbSO 4·4PbO. They are used in manufacturing of active paste for lead–acid batteries. A related mineral is leadhillite, 2PbCO 3·PbSO4·Pb(OH)2.

At high concentration of sulfuric acid (>80%), lead hydrogensulfate, Pb(HSO4)2, forms.

Chemical properties
Lead(II) sulfate can be dissolved in concentrated HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 producing acidic salts or complex compounds, and in concentrated alkali giving soluble tetrahydroxidoplumbate(II) [Pb(OH)4]2− complexes.

 * PbSO4(s) + H2SO4(l) <-> Pb(HSO4)2(aq)

 * PbSO4(s) + 4 NaOH(aq) -> Na2[Pb(OH)4](aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

Lead(II) sulfate decomposes when heated above 1000 °C:

 * PbSO4(s) -> PbO(s) + SO3(g)

Applications

 * Lead-acid storage batteries
 * Paint pigments
 * Laboratory reagent

title: Lead(II) sulfate


text:
Talk:List of years in politics

Untitled
shouldn't this be merged with list of political events?

User:Optim* merged it will List of political events. Original content is reproduces below: Optim 22:44, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)

ORIGINAL CONTENTS OF List of years in politics:

 * 1965 in politics
 * 1966 in politics
 * 1967 in politics
 * 1968 in politics
 * 1969 in politics
 * 1970 in politics
 * 1971 in politics
 * 1972 in politics
 * 1973 in politics
 * 1974 in politics
 * 1975 in politics
 * 1976 in politics
 * 1977 in politics
 * 1978 in politics
 * 1979 in politics
 * 1980 in politics
 * 1981 in politics
 * 1982 in politics
 * 1983 in politics
 * 1984 in politics
 * 1985 in politics
 * 1986 in politics
 * 1987 in politics
 * 1988 in politics
 * 1989 in politics
 * 1990 in politics
 * 1991 in politics
 * 1992 in politics
 * 1993 in politics
 * 1994 in politics
 * 1995 in politics
 * 1996 in politics
 * 1997 in politics
 * 1998 in politics
 * 1999 in politics
 * 2000 in politics
 * 2001 in politics
 * 2002 in politics
 * 2003 in politics
 * 2004 in politics

2000 is not 21st Century, but 20th, 1900 is not 20th... and so on. Gdarin |  talk  19:00, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

clean-up
I put the clean up tag on this list because it has a lot of red links. Any questions to my talk, -- ( Cocoaguy ここがいい contribstalk) 00:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of years in politics