text:
Daily Record (Scotland)

The Daily Record is a Scottish national tabloid newspaper based in Glasgow. The newspaper is published Monday–Saturday and its website is updated on an hourly basis, seven days a week. The Record sister title is the Sunday Mail. Both titles are owned by Reach plc and have a close kinship with the UK-wide Daily Mirror as a result.

The Record covers UK news and sport with a Scottish focus. Its website boasts the largest readership of any publisher based in Scotland. The title was at the forefront of technological advances in publishing throughout the 20th century and became the first European daily newspaper to be produced in full colour.

As the Record print circulation has declined in line with other national papers, it has focused increasing attention on expanding its digital news operation.

Foundation and early history
The Daily Record was first published in 1895 in Glasgow as a sister title to the North British Daily Mail.

The Mail – which was not linked to the London-based newspaper of the same name – was the first daily newspaper to be published in Glasgow when launched in 1847.

The Glasgow-based Mail was among the first papers to offer readers in Scotland the latest political and business news direct from London. Publishers based outside the UK capital were then reliant on correspondents sending information in the post, which could take days to arrive.

The rapid expansion of the British railway network in the 1840s revolutionised the postal service as letters could now be sent from London to Scotland overnight, making daily newspapers produced outside of the south-east commercially viable.

Sir Charles Cameron, one of the most celebrated Scottish journalists of his day, became editor of the Mail in 1864 and oversaw its expansion.

By 1895 Glasgow was a global industrial centre and its population was approaching one million. The Daily Record was launched to meet the increasing appetite for reading material and also to take advantage of the huge demand for advertising space from the city's booming commercial sector.

The Record was a product of the Amalgamated Press company established by Alfred Harmsworth, the press baron who would become Lord Northcliffe. The paper was first printed at a factory in Frederick Lane.

The daily edition of the Mail ceased publication in 1901 and was incorporated into the Record, which was renamed the Daily Record and Mail. The separate Sunday Mail continued publication and survives to this day.

In 1904, the paper's growing success was reflected when the Record moved into a purpose-built headquarters at Renfield Lane in Glasgow city centre. The five-storey building was designed by the eminent Scottish architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh.

Mackintosh wanted to maximise light in the poorly-lit lane and adopted a striking use of colour on the exterior, combining yellow sculpted sandstone with blue and white glazed reflective bricks. The lower floors were used for newspaper production while the upper levels were used by editorial and commercial staff.

Lord Kemsley bought the Record, Sunday Mail and another newspaper, the Glasgow Evening News, for £1 million in 1922. He formed a controlling company known as Associated Scottish Newspapers Limited. Larger premises were required for the three titles and production was switched from the Mackintosh building to a new building at 67 Hope Street in 1926.

The Record, Sunday Mail and Evening News were all sold to the London-based Mirror Group in 1955. Glasgow was by then still served by three evening newspapers, despite the city's population having peaked. The Evening News was closed in January 1957.

Production of the Record and Sunday Mail moved to a purpose-built office and printing plant at Anderston Quay in 1971.

Innovation
The Record made British newspaper history on 7 October 1936 by publishing the first colour advertisement seen in a daily title – a full page advertising Dewar's White Label Whisky. It took some time for colour advertisements to become popular across other newspapers as printing techniques of the time could lead to smudging.

In June 1936, the Record also published what was hailed as the first colour photograph to accompany a news story when the paper printed an image of then-exiled Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie upon his visit to the west of Scotland, where he stayed at Castle Wemyss.

In 1971 the Daily Record became the first European newspaper to be printed in "full colour" and was the first British national title to introduce computer page make-up technology. This was made by possible by the opening of a purpose-built printing plant at Anderston Quay on the River Clyde.

The switch to colour printing was overseen by editor Derek Webster and saw the paper's circulation jump to 750,000 copies per day. Printers from around the world, including a team from Asahi Shimbun in Japan, visited the Record's Glasgow plant to learn about the potential of the new printing press.

Circulation wars
By the time of the UK general election of 1970, the Daily Record was described as one of "the two best-selling Scottish newspapers" along with the Scottish edition of the Daily Express.

The post-war years were a time of intense competition among daily newspapers across the UK to attract both readers and lucrative advertising business. The competition was particularly fierce among the Scottish press, which served a country with an above average number of papers despite a population of just over five million.

The rivalry between the Record and the Express to be first to publish exclusive stories was at its height during the 1960s and 1970s, an era when most London-based newspapers had yet to establish themselves in Scotland.

The Scottish edition of the rival Express was drastically scaled back with large job losses in 1974, by which time the Record had become the biggest-selling newspaper in Scotland.

The Record dominance of the daily newspaper market was challenged when Rupert Murdoch launched a well-funded Scottish edition of The Sun in 1987. The new title's launch editor was Jack Irvine, who was poached from the Record by Murdoch.

In 2006 the Scottish edition of The Sun claimed to have finally over taken the Record in terms of print copies being sold each day. This was the result of aggressive cost-cutting, which saw the Sun sold for just 10p per copy – half the cost of the Record at the time.

The Record and its sister title, the Sunday Mail, were purchased by Trinity Mirror in 1999, from the estate of Robert Maxwell.

Digital expansion
The first dedicated Daily Record website was launched by 2002. At first, it merely uploaded stories published in the previous day's newspaper.

By the end of the decade the digital operation of the Record grew substantially, with breaking news and sports stories published first online and then subsequently expanded for print.

From 2012 onwards there was substantial investment in the website with a dedicated online editor and several assistant editors focusing entirely on stories which would be published online.

Archive
A Daily Record newspaper archives website was launched in 2019, with beginning with the first edition from 1895.

Historical copies of the Daily Record from the years 1914 to 1918 are available to search and view in digitised form at the British Newspaper Archive.

Daily Record PM
In August 2006, the paper launched afternoon editions in Glasgow and Edinburgh entitled Record PM. Both papers initially had a cover price of 15p, but in January 2007, it was announced that they would become freesheets, which are distributed on the streets of the city centres. It was simultaneously announced that new editions were to be released in Aberdeen and Dundee. The PM is no longer published by the Daily Record.

Political stance
The Record endorsed Harold Wilson ahead of the 1964 general election and supported Labour at every subsequent national election for the next forty years. The paper has taken a much more critical stance towards the party in the 21st century, coinciding with Labour's decline as an electoral force in Scotland.

The paper is a vigorous promoter of Scottish industries and associated trade unions. It was particularly critical of Margaret Thatcher during her premiership and blamed Conservative Party economic policies for the closure of numerous factories, shipyards and foundries throughout Scotland in the 1980s and 1990s.

The Record campaigned doggedly to save the Ravenscraig steel works, a major employer in the west of Scotland, and organised a mass petition of support which was in turn handed in at Downing Street. The plant was ultimately closed in 1992.

Like its sister title the Mirror, the Record opposed the Conservative Party under the premiership of Boris Johnson.

The Record backed Labour's policy of creating a Scottish Parliament, despite opposition from the then Conservative Government, throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The paper advocated for a "Yes-Yes" vote at the 1997 devolution referendum.

The Record was opposed to the Scottish National Party (SNP) and both Scottish independence and urged voters to stick with Labour at the 2007 Holyrood election, which the party lost by one seat.

At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election, the Record accepted the SNP would emerge as the largest party in terms of seats. It called on Nicola Sturgeon to work with Labour if she failed to win an outright majority.

Regarding the prospect of a second Scottish independence referendum, the paper said in a pre-election editorial: "If the people of Scotland vote for parties that support another referendum, that is what should happen."

The Record has campaigned for the decriminalisation of drug use in Scotland since 2019. In several special editions, it spoke to doctors, politicians, academics, recovery groups and former drug addicts, with the majority advocating treating drugs as a health matter rather than a criminal one. It suggested that criminal convictions inappropriately punished drug users for their addictions, handing down fines they could not afford to pay or custodial sentences that made their drug problems worse. The paper also highlighted the use of drug consumption facilities, stating that they encourage addicts into treatment, reduce the amount of heroin needles on city pavements, counter the spread of diseases such as HIV and ultimately save lives. However, it stated that there would need to be changes to current law in the UK, such as decriminalising the bringing in of certain drugs to these facilities, before it would be possible to open and effectively run such facilities. The paper said that the biggest route to progress is through properly funding harm reduction and rehab programmes.

Editors

 * 1937–1946: Clem Livingstone
 * 1946–1955: Alastair M. Dunnett
 * 1955–1967: Alex Little
 * 1967–1984: Derek Webster
 * 1984–1988: Bernard Vickers
 * 1988–1994: Endell Laird
 * 1994–1998: Terry Quinn
 * 1998–2000: Martin Clarke
 * 2000–2003: Peter Cox
 * 2003–2011: Bruce Waddell
 * 2011–2014: Allan Rennie
 * 2014–2018: Murray Foote
 * 2018–: David Dick

title: Daily Record (Scotland)


text:
Cleanliness

Cleanliness is both the state of being clean and free from germs, dirt, trash, or waste, and the habit of achieving and maintaining that state. Cleanliness is often achieved through cleaning. Culturally, cleanliness is usually a good quality, as indicated by the aphorism: "Cleanliness is next to Godliness", and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as health and beauty.

The concept of cleanliness emphasizes an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the purpose of maintenance and prevention. In this it differs from, which is a physical, moral, or ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas purity is usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has a social dimension. "Cleanliness", observed Jacob Burckhardt, "is indispensable to our modern notion of social perfection". A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness, but ordinarily not purity. Cleanliness is also a characteristic of people who maintain cleanness or prevent dirtying.

Cleanliness is related to hygiene and disease prevention. Washing is one way of achieving physical cleanliness, usually with water and often some kind of soap or detergent. Cleaning procedures are also important in many forms of manufacturing.

As an assertion of moral superiority or respectability, cleanliness has played a role in establishing cultural values in relation to social class, humanitarianism, and cultural imperialism.

Hygiene
Since the germ theory of disease, cleanliness has come to mean an effort to remove germs and other hazardous materials. A reaction to an excessive desire for a germ-free environment began around 1989, when David Strachan put forth the "hygiene hypothesis" in the British Medical Journal. This hypothesis holds that environmental microbes help develop the human immune system; the fewer germs people are exposed to in early childhood, the more likely they are to experience certain health problems in childhood and as adults. However, the valuation of cleanliness also has a social and cultural dimension beyond the requirements of hygiene for practical purposes.

Industry
Certain processes in industry, such as those related to integrated circuit manufacturing, require conditions of exceptional cleanliness. These are achieved by working in cleanrooms. Cleanliness is essential to successful electroplating, since molecular layers of oil can prevent adhesion of the coating. The industry has developed specialized techniques for parts cleaning, as well as tests for cleanliness. The most commonly used tests rely on the wetting behaviour of a clean hydrophilic metal surface. Cleanliness is important to vacuum systems to reduce outgassing. Cleanliness is crucial for semiconductor manufacturing.

Ethics
Some studies show a positive correlation between cleanliness and ethical judgements.

In Christianity
The Bible contains descriptions of many rituals of purification relating to menstruation, childbirth, sexual relations, skin disease, death, animal sacrifices, and toilet etiquette. Certain Christian rules of purity have implications for bodily hygiene and observing cleanliness, including sexual hygiene, menstruation and toilet etiquette. In certain denominations of Christianity, cleanliness includes a number of regulations involving cleanliness before prayer, observing days of ritual purification, as well as those concerning diet and apparel. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church prescribes several kinds of hand washing, for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory, or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal. Women in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church are prohibited from entering the church temple during menses; and men do not enter a church the day after they have had intercourse with their wives.

Christianity has always placed a strong emphasis on hygiene, despite the denunciation of the mixed bathing style of Roman pools by early Christian clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women naked bathing in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the Church Father, Clement of Alexandria. The Didascalia Apostolorum, an early Christian manual, enjoined Christians to bathe themselves in those facilities that were separated by sex. The Church also built public bathing facilities that were sex-segregated near monasteries and pilgrimage sites. The popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Pope Gregory the Great urged his followers on value of bathing as a bodily need. Public bathhouse were common in medieval Christendom larger towns and cities such as Constantinople, Rome, Paris, Regensburg and Naples.

Around the time of Tertullian, an early Church Father, it was customary for Christians to wash their hands (manulavium), face (capitilavium) and feet (pedilavium) before prayer, as well as before receiving Holy Communion. The rite of footwashing employed a basin of water and linen towels, done in the imitation of Christ. A major contribution of the Christian missionaries in Africa, Asia and other places was better health care of the people through hygiene and introducing and distributing the soaps.

In Hinduism
In Hinduism, cleanliness is an important virtue. The Bhagavad Gita describes it as one of the divine qualities which one must practice. The Sanskrit word for cleanliness is. The Bhagavad Gita repeats this word in five slokas at 13.8, 16.3, 16.7, 17.14 and 18.42. Śrīmad Bhāgavatam mentioned at 1.16.26, 1.17.24 (as one of the four legs of Satya Yuga or Golden Age), 1.17.42, 3.28.4 (as spiritual practice), 3.31.33 (those who are addicted to sex life will not understand cleanliness), 4.29.84 (purity of ), 7.11.8–12 (one of the thirty qualities to be acquired), 7.11.21 (cleanliness as a characteristic of a Brahmin), 7.11.24 (cleanliness is a quality of the best worker), 11.3.24 (one should learn cleanliness to serve his or her guru), 11.17.16 (cleanliness is a natural quality of a Brahmin), 11.18.36 (cleanliness as a virtue among those who has realised God), 11.18.43 (quality to be practised by a householder), 11.21.14 (means of cleansing one body and mind), 11.19.36–39 (cleanliness means detachment from desire-prompted actions)  12.2.1 (effects of Kali Yuga on cleanliness).

Śrīmad Bhāgavatam also recognises cleanliness as one of the thirty qualities which one must acquire to obtain the grace of God and identifies internal and external cleanliness among the twelve regular duties. Cleanliness is also an exalted quality which characterises the Satya Yuga (Golden Age) in Hinduism.

"Service of the Devas (gods), holy men, teachers, parents, and wise persons, as also the observance of cleanliness, uprightness, continence, and non-injury—these constitute austerities [ pertaining to the body."

Cleanliness or is both internal and external. Hinduism extols not only external cleanliness but also internal cleanliness or purity. Since the minds of devotees are constantly absorbed in the all-pure lord, they become internally cleansed from the defects  of lust, anger, greed, envy, ego, etc. In this state of mind, they naturally prefer to keep the external body and environment pure as well. Thus, in accordance with the old saying, "cleanliness is next to godliness", they are also externally pure. Śrīmad Bhāgavatam explains the internal and external cleanliness as:

"My dear Uddhava, general cleanliness, washing the hands, bathing, performing religious services at sunrise, noon and sunset, worshiping Me, visiting holy places, chanting japa, avoiding that which is untouchable, uneatable, or not to be discussed, and remembering My existence within all living entities as the Paramatman — these principles should be followed by all members of society through regulation of the mind, words and body."

In Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 11.19.36–39, cleanliness is also defined as detachment from activities prompted by desire. Cleanliness, therefore, means to give up material attachment, not merely to frequently rinse one's skin with water.

Hindus must bathe before entering temples in order to seek blessings, and temples often have tanks of water for this purpose. They also wash their feet before entering the temple. In some Orthodox Hindu households, taking a bath after visiting a funeral is required by Hindus who believe that a funeral is an inauspicious thing to witness, the inauspiciousness of which will follow those who do not purify themselves.

Hindus must visit the seven sacred rivers. Bathing in these rivers purifies the mind and increases their good merits. To invoke the presence of the holy rivers, the following mantra is chanted before the daily bath:

Hindus clean their homes particularly well in preparing to celebrate Diwali each year as they believe that this brings good luck. Most Hindus also believe that keeping your house clean and great devotion are gestures to welcome the Goddess Lakshmi to their abode to stay. Some orthodox Hindus refrain from cleaning their houses on a Friday as it is a day dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi and cleaning homes on that day is considered inauspicious, so they clean their homes on other days. Tamil people also keep their homes clean in preparation for Diwali, Pongal, or Bhol.

In Islam
Islam stresses the importance of cleanliness and personal hygiene. There are many verses in the Quran that discuss cleanliness. For example, "…Truly, Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He 'loves those who keep themselves pure and clean" (2:222). And, "…In mosque, there are men who love to be clean and pure. Allah loves those who make themselves clean and pure" (9:108).

The first lessons in Islamic catechisms are often matters of cleanliness, with subjects including: what is clean and what is not clean, what people need to be cleansed from, how they should clean, and what should they use to clean with. Muslims are required to perform ablution with clean water before every prayer, and are recommended to stay in the state of ablution at all times. Abolution with dry materials may be used in exceptional circumstances, such as if clean water is unavailable. A ritual bath is performed on Fridays before the Friday Prayer. Ritual baths are recommended for spiritual purity, also after committing a sin, and are necessary for those who have watched a funeral. Special attention is given to cleaning homes before the arrival of guests or before feasts (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha), and holy days and nights.

Islamic hygienical jurisprudence, which dates to the 7th century, has elaborate rules. (ritual purity) involves performing (ablution) for  (five daily prayers), as well as regularly performing  (bathing), which led to bathhouses being built across the Islamic world. Islamic toilet hygiene also requires washing with water after using the toilet, for purity and to minimize germs.

A basic form of the contagion/germ theory of disease found in the medieval Islamic world, was proposed by Persian physician Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) in The Canon of Medicine (1025). He mentioned that people can transmit disease to others by breath, noted contagion with tuberculosis, and discussed the transmission of disease through water and dirt. The concept of invisible contagion was eventually widely accepted by Islamic scholars. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, they referred to such contagious substances as ("impure substances"). The scholar Ibn al-Haj al-Abdari (c. 1250–133), while discussing Islamic diet and hygiene, gave advice and warnings about how contagion can contaminate water, food, and garments, and could spread through the water supply.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cleanliness


text: User talk:198.237.181.1

title: User talk:198.237.181.1


text:
Wikipedia talk:Shortcut index

Discussions before 2006

 * About

Making this page
Thank you Patrick for making this page. I was wondering if were some I didn't know about. I moved it from WP:WP as that is officially in the article namespace. I think it's ok to have redirects in that namespace, but as this was an actual article, I thought it should go in the Wikipedia namespace. Angela 20:57, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right. Thanks. - Patrick 19:35, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I like these shortcuts, I think I will start a WT:WT list for some of the most used Wikipedia talk pages. Dori | Talk 17:51, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

RfA takes you to Requests for Adminiship too. Why not put that even shorter shorthand there instead? - Mark 04:13, 13 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the reason only WP: ones are listed is because they was supposed to be part of a pseudo namespace, whereas things like RfA are in the main namespace, and generally discouraged. Unfortunately, there was opposition to making WP: pages automatically redirect to ones as it was thought to be too Wikipedia-specific to go into MediaWiki. Angela. 22:04, May 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't understand. I don't know much about MediaWiki, but isn't it offered in a "patch" form? That is to say, should a security fix be released for the software, shouldn't it be possible to just replace those parts of the code that are vulnerable to the patch? The way I see it, this could easily be implemented just on Wikipedia. From what I've seen, there are other modifications to Wikipedia when it's compared to other wikis based on the software - to start with, the logo at the top-left of every page, and the fact that it says "edit this page" at the top of each page rather than just "edit" as in most wikis (like Wikibooks).

Shortcut template
See the discussion at Template_talk:Shortcut.

WP:
Is WP: another shortcut?   gives the system time see here: 21:43, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC). Regards Gangleri 21:43, 2004 Oct 26 (UTC)

 * That's automatic conversion of wikitext, not a shortcut. Angela. 15:52, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Angela!   expands to the signature Gangleri | T | [ Th] is also automatic conversion of wikitext. Regards Gangleri | T | [ Th] 01:55, 2004 Nov 11 (UTC)

Category:WP Shortcut
Now that Categories exist, why not attach   to shortcuts and let the Category system list/arrange the shortcuts? (SEWilco 08:13, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * A category wouldn't show where the shortcut goes to, so it wouldn't be very useful. Goplat 16:00, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fix links, Question for Update
I fixed the links for Guide to Deletion. Should the links and redirects for VfD be updated for AfD? Psy guy (talk) 18:08, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Reorganization
Its good to see these working out so well, but I'd like to see these reorganized to weed out redundancies - particularly the multiple links to WP:BJAODN, etc. Something like: Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense - WP:BJAODN || WP:-) Sound like a good idea or no? -Ste|vertigo 10:31, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * About half done - all the basic sections are there. Stuff needs to be sorted from the various section to the specific sections where they belong. Shouldnt be too much ambiguity - if there is, leave it under various. I used Vim in a vertical split (side by side) editing of the same article, which allows for easier handling of large articles. -Ste|vertigo 11:55, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks great! I'm currently trying to move the WP:1000 and WP:Top1000 to the same line, as they link to the same place, but I don't seem to be able to get through to the server... -Falcorian 18:57, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

I've started a major reorganization. Sadly, I don't have time to finish now, but I'll be done ASAP (probably in two days). What I'm first doing is placing the name of the page before the redirect. The reasons for this are: I'm then going to delete duplicates and put everything in the right section (there's a few more that need to be created as well). I'm really sorry that I can't finish now what with Christmas Eve and all, but it'll be done in the next few days, I promise. Blackcap (talk) 23:02, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Easier alphabetization—otherwise, as there are multiple redirects for each page, we'd have multiple entries for each page.
 * 2) Easier to find page.
 * 3) Easier to eliminate duplicates.
 * I've finished moving the pages before the redirects. I'll be alphabetizing, deleting duplicates, and checking the redirects in the next few days. Blackcap (talk) 19:50, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've finished! The section that needs the most work now is #General information, help, and tutorials, and just needs to be split up a bit more. Other than that, I think it's all right. Blackcap (talk) 05:17, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Great job Blackcap. The only niggle I have is I think 'Redirects to page' should just be 'Redirect(s)'. -Ste|vertigo 09:06, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That sounds fine. I don't have time to do so right now myself, but please go right ahead and change it if you so please. Blackcap (talk) 07:12, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Linking to page and not to shortcut
It doesn't make sense to, when showing a shortcut such as WP:CSD, have the link pipe to the actual page (in this example, Criteria for speedy deletion). Since that's how this is being done, there's two links directly to the page and no links to the shortcut, even under the shortcut header. I'm changing that so that there's one to each in the logical places—please revert me and accept my apologies if this has already been discussed and deemed stupid for some reason. Blackcap (talk) 19:47, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Done! Blackcap (talk) 19:53, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Portal shortcuts
Now that portals have their own namespace, is there any reason not to create portal shortcuts with only "P:" (like P:Trains) instead of "WP:" (WP:Trains)? I was tempted to just go ahead and add the shortcut for the Trains portal, but I don't see anyone else doing that with other portals yet. Slambo (Speak) 01:34, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that that sounds like a good idea. Why not go ahead and try it? Redirects are cheap, anyhow, and if there's a reason we should stop then they can always be re-redirected or deleted. Blackcap (talk) 07:16, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Should subst: be used with this?
I've been getting conflicting feedback on when to use subst: and when not to. Is this a case where it should?--◀Pucktalk▶ 22:07, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
 * What do you mean? Use subst with what? If you just need general info on substing, see Template substitution. Blackcap (talk) 15:11, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Don't panic
There is a new page Don't panic. It is suggested for policy, but not yet accepted. Its shortcuts are WP:PANIC and WP:DON'T. Where should it god? D aniel (☎) 13:33, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProjects
Should Shortcuts to Wikiprojects be added; why not right? I dont know if this hasa already been decided though. -- Jared  [T]/[+ ] 22:53, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

WP:GF
Hi all, User:Omniplex changed the link to WP:GF to Grapefruit. I changed it back explaining the link to WP:AGF was much more valuable. He reverted saying my edit was vandalism. Notwithstanding the fact that he doesn't know the definition of vandalism, and reverting without justifying his position is fairly rude, I do believe the link to WP:AGF is more valuable. Thoughts? - Taxman Talk 11:24, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I changed it after it was added here (not by me) claiming to stand for Grapefruit as confirmed on that page, but actually leading to the unrelated WP:AGF. The GF page is no nonsense, I've never edited it and didn't know it before. A shortcut should certainly work as expected if it's listed here. WP:AGF already has two shortcuts, it has no business to grab a third. -- Omniplex 13:12, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * For whatever reason, I never thought to check here before changing the redirect to something more useful. The link here should be changed to and so should anything else pointing to WP:GF. WP:AGF is obviously much more valuable to link to as it is a very important core guideline, and Wikipedia:Grapefruit is just an essay that isn't linked to from many things. On a wider note, please substantiate your edits and don't call things vandalism that aren't. - Taxman Talk 13:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not planning to use WP:GF often, reading it once is fine but also enough, and I probably won't use the shortcut in discussions. The same is true for WP:AGF and WP:FAITH.
 * The page I'm really interested in, as visible in the edit history and the (failed) nomination as featured list, is WP:WP - I try to make sure that the nonsense doesn't get out of hand, and that added shortcuts actually work as promised. That wasn't the case for WP:GF, because somebody stole it for an unrelated page. Therefore I fixed it. Determining the "value" of pages by the number of their shortcuts is a dubious idea, but if you insist on it just create an unused third shortcut for WP:AGF, don't steal WP:GF. Maybe WP:ASGOOD is free (?). -- Omniplex 14:08, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Working as promised can simply be covered by fixing what it links to here. It was not stolen, it was changed to link to the more important page. The issue isn't getting more links to AGF, it is getting shortcuts to link to the most important, logical thing someone would be looking for. Grapefruit is not it. You have done nothing to justify the link to Grapefruit, so I'm changing it back and I'll fix all the links and references to it. - Taxman Talk 14:22, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Just checking the links to AGF I found several redirects from the main namespace to it, plus a third shortcut WP:ASG. The fourth shortcut WP:AFG. I've added them. The Grapefruit page still says WP:GF, maybe you're not yet ready with fixing all links via WP:GF (?). -- Omniplex 13:07, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Changing shortcuts
Technically that's easy, click on the shortcut whereever it is, on the page it leads to (a shortcut is a redirect) click on the "redirected from" link (forcing &redirect=no), edit the target #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Whatever]], add if necessary, ready. But there are some potential traps and pitfalls: -- Omniplex 13:50, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) If it's already listed on WP:WP or a similar list like WT:WT please update that entry showing the new target page.
 * 2) If the old target page mentions its shortcut that also has to be updated, often in a template.
 * 3) Above all check the shortcut backlinks with "what links here", changing a shortcut used elsewhere can be highly disruptive.
 * 4) If it has no backlink folks might still use it directly with search forms, if you're not 100% sure that the old target is unused maybe ask on its talk page.
 * 5) For controversial cases there is a "redirects for deletion" procedure WP:RFD.

New policy?
Hi; I've drafted a new proposal to make shortcuts easier on readers: Full policy links. Let me know what you think. Tlogmer ( talk / contributions ) 22:50, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Move to List of Shortcuts?
This article is a listing of shortcuts, Shortcut is a description of what shortcuts actually are. Wouldn't it be less confusing to move them to less similar names? Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 07:35, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Strongly agree - I came to the talk page to propose the exact same thing. Lists should always be titled as such - Jack (talk) 09:46, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree - Sounds like a good idea to me too. It would help avoid confusion. delldot | talk 23:37, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Requested move (rather than just doing it myself, as WP: articles tend to be controversial) - Jack (talk) 13:35, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 02:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC) Shortcuts → List of Shortcuts — This article is a listing of shortcuts, Shortcut is a description of what shortcuts actually are. Wouldn't it be less confusing to move them to less similar names? - Jack (talk) 13:35, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .  Please remember that this survey is not a vote, and please provide an explanation for your recommendation.

Survey - in support of the move

 * 1) Support definitely. Shortcuts and Shortcut are much the same, this surely causes confusion. " List of Shortcuts " "List of shortcuts" is a more accurate name. Please move. Update: Yeah! I failed to notice the capital letter → support version with shortcuts in lower case. Cheers! – PeaceNT 05:53, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 2) Support sure. --Yath 14:15, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 3) Support Seems fine to me. -- Ned Scott 19:17, 28 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 4) Support a move to Wikipedia:List of shortcuts. There is no reason to capitalize "shortcuts", as per WP:NC and WP:MOS. Prolog 12:13, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 5) Support with lowercase letter s. --WikidSmaht (talk) 08:45, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Little s.  Let's do it.  delldot | talk 01:32, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

m:
What is m:, wikt: , and so on ? Where can I see a help, manual or similar page about them ?. Regards. --193.144.127.248 12:40, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey. I believe you're looking for Interwikimedia link. Prolog 12:46, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

CNR
I brought up this request on Category talk:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit a while ago and haven't heard anything from anyone, so I figured I'd bring it here. I'd like to make a shortcut to Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit, something like CAT:COPY, CAT:CE, WP:CEDIT, or WP:COPYED. They would be cross namespece redirects, but I'd find any of them useful (I can never remember that thing's name). Any objections to me making them? Thanks, delldot | talk 01:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, apparently no one is violently opposed, so I'm going to go ahead. Let me know if there's any problem. delldot | talk 06:46, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Nice table formatting
Whoever did the graphical improvements to the list, really did a good job. The tables are easy to read and to reference. Kudos. The Transhumanist 13:49, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Some changes that need to be made
I don't know how to properly edit the table. WP:V and WP:NOR have been replaced by WP:A, this ought to be reflected in this article. --Xyzzyplugh 01:59, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I've removed the two "old pages" and added Attribution. WP:V, WP:OR etc are put as the shorcuts of that page. I think it's fixed now. PeaceNT 14:51, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

proposal to delete all policy redirects
Where would I make the proposal to delete all policy redirects (or propose a policy that dictates to mark them up as text, at least on article talk pages), because I believe capitalized letters are thrown around far too often (as in the rather uncivil one-word response "WP:CIVIL") or the apparently bad-faithed WP:AGF) and frequently add to the escalation of content disputes? —KNcyu38 (talk • contribs) 05:37, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Your best bet would be to go to Bots and try to get a bot approved for searching and replacing shortcuts with their full pagenames. The bot would need to skip Wikipedia's directories (which display shortcuts), and skip the List of shortcuts.  Shortcuts are a part of Wikipedia culture, and using them helps others memorize them, so it is unlikely you'll be allowed to replace them.  Good luck though.  The Transhumanist (talk) 06:59, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
 * We should at least try to limit them, though. I mean, shortcuts may be useful for the search box and for the quicker typing of messages in talk pages (and very much so indeed), but is it not beyond their purpose to include them in the policy pages themselves? In my opinion, one ought to be able to make sense from a link to a policy or guideline page, if not from the text, then by hovering over the link. A cryptic shortcut is not at all helpful, and not everyone has Internet speeds sufficiently high to allow them to click on every single unknown shortcut. Newcomers are especially affected by this, as it is often hard for them to understand pages that they really need to. I say that, at least the official pages of Wikipedia should be somehow cleaned up and ridden of shortcuts. Waltham, The Duke of 13:07, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

New Shortcut Prefix Proposal
Let me know what you guys and gals think at WP:VPT. Jmfangio| ►Chat 09:40, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Userfication
I'd like to add a link on this page to Userfication, which I wrote about a year and a half ago (with some input from others in the community) on Userfication. The shortcuts are WP:UFY and WP:USERFY. However, the piece has not been established as official policy or an official guideline. Can it be included here, and if so, where should it be? Cheers! bd2412 T 03:15, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hello? Anyone watching this page? bd2412  T 00:55, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I am not an expert on this part of Wikipedia, but I have looked over List of shortcuts, and it seems to me to be acceptable to add it under "Other" under "Miscellany". -- Wavelength 05:14, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hearing no objection, it is done. Cheers! bd2412  T 20:31, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

mass-delete of shortcuts?
Did someone AFD a tun of shortcuts or is it just a temporary glitch? I can't get around anymore :( M URGH   disc.  20:19, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I looked at the RfD logs for the entire month of November, and no shortcuts whatsoever were deleted during that time period. A couple of them were retargeted, and for one or two there was no consensus. And that's it. I do not know whether any deletions took place earlier, but, personally, I have not noticed any perceptible difference. Waltham, The Duke of 20:28, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That is surprising. Am I the only one who sees this list, List of shortcuts, nearly all-red? Thanks for checking. M URGH   disc.  20:44, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks OK to me - the only redlink I see is WP:Z, which is as yet unallocated. Maybe it was a server hiccup? ZZ Claims~ Evidence 20:50, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That's what I see too, now. Weird and embarrassing. Server hiccup huh? Sorry for causing the ruckus folks ;^)  M URGH   disc.  21:22, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, never mind about that. Every message I write raises my edit count by one, so I am happy to help. (evil grin) Waltham, The Duke of 16:11, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Why do you think I replied? ^_^ No worries. ZZ Claims~ Evidence 16:18, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Instructions
I have started a cleanup in this page, but I am not exactly sure how to process it (as I haven't worked on redirects before and there are no instructions or guidelines here). My basic questions are:

 * 1) Are we supposed to list every single shortcut for a page? I am mostly asking this because there are some shortcuts for pages with one-word names; in many of these cases, the only benefit a shortcut offers to editors is the ability to type eight letters less ("ikipedia").
 * 2) What order ought the shortcuts to be sorted in? Alphabetical? Length?
 * 3) How exactly do we treat pages that have been renamed (moved), merged, or deleted (and their shortcuts redirected)? The current situation in the page is almost as complex as England's local government system, and I am not exactly certain about what I should or should not do to the pages' entries.

Please advise. Waltham, The Duke of 09:25, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Anybody? Waltham, The Duke of 10:33, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Seriously? Waltham, The Duke of 02:17, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * 0: Well, first of all I think the lists should be sorted by pagename.
 * 2: Then what order the shortcuts for each page is sorted in doesn't matter since it is just a handful of shortcuts per page. For instance when I inserted Line break handling then I did put WP:NOWRAP before WP:NOBR since WP:NOWRAP is the shortcut I recommend and that is the shortcut shown in the shortcut box on the page itself.
 * 1 and 3: I don't think we should completely list all shortcuts for all pages. I think it is up to the ones who take care of each page to decide which shortcuts they want to advertise here (and in the shortcut boxes on the actual pages). You know, I am thinking of adding some extra shortcuts to Line break handling just in case, as a service to the users. But I don't really want those extra shortcuts to be used since they are less clear so I don't want to advertise them anywhere.
 * 4: Also, some pages have shortcuts to some of their page sections, like WP:NBSP which is a shortcut to a section in Manual of Style (dates and numbers) = WP:MOSNUM. And WP:NBSP is of course not listed in that page's entry here, since that would be confusing since it is not a shortcut to the page itself but just to a section.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 15:30, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Now, that was enlightening. Thank you very much, Mr Göthberg.
 * Clarification on point 3: you mentioned shortcuts for sections, but, as far as shortcuts for proper pages are concerned, should we use those pages' proper names at all times? It is the most sensible thing to do, as I see it, but there are so many relics of old names that it makes one suspect this could be intentional (at some level). Waltham, The Duke of 18:57, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Disclaimer: I am fairly new to this shortcut stuff, so all I say here is of course just my personal views. Although I have been editing Wikipedia for years.

3: Yes, I agree, the left column should show the full name of the pages and redirects should not be shown in the left column. That is, "full pagename" redirects should not be listed at all.

2: I just realised one more reason to put the recommend shortcut as the first shortcut: When we make those tables sortable (just like at Shortcuts to talk pages) then the right column will sort on the recommended shortcut names if they come first. --David Göthberg (talk) 21:40, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Indeed, this is exactly why I put MOSCO before WPMoS for WikiProject Manual of Style in the talk page list: it would bring it right below the Manual of Style itself.
 * Anyway, thank you for your insight. And, personal views or not, these will probably stick, not only because they actually make sense, but also because they are the only aid to the random editor trying to understand the workings of this page. There is no documentation, you see; all they have is this talk page, and there aren't any detailed instructions here, either. Waltham, The Duke of 01:29, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * A late comment about shortcuts to sections: I prefer to make shortcuts to sections on a page by using name anchors off of one shortcut for the whole page. That way we don't proliferate our redirect pages. For example, by using one redirect page for the Editor's index (WP:EIW), John Broughton and I were able to make links to multiple entries throughout the index, such as WP:EIW, WP:EIW, etc. To put the anchors into the Editor's index page, we use span tags. The WP:NOT page uses the same method, which is where I saw it originally. The idea with the Editor's index is to display the shortcuts with the shortcut template, thus making it easy to copy shortcuts for entries that would otherwise be difficult to refer to, so we can paste the shortcuts into links in our answers to questions on the Help desk, and other discussions elsewhere. Anyway, if everyone followed the method of making one redirect page to serve as a master shortcut per page, and then making section-specific shortcuts off that, then we wouldn't have so much proliferation of section-specific shortcuts as separate redirect pages. Of course I don't expect everyone to follow that method. --Teratornis (talk) 05:23, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Misdirecting shortcut
Currently WP:TALK redirects to Talk page, not Talk page guidelines, as this list suggests it should. HrafnTalkStalk 08:04, 21 December 2007 (UTC)
 * As you rectified this error a week ago, I fail to see the point of this message (unless either your account or your body was temporarily taken over by some other entity at the time, in which case your amnesia is fully justified). There are, of course, mistakes in the page, but there is an ongoing attempt to correct them—as with the rest of Wikipedia. It is mostly a matter of updates (or the lack thereof), rather than anything else. Pages and their shortcuts tend to move around more often than Hogwarts's suits of armour, you know. Waltham, The Duke of 09:48, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * My bad -- I previously redirected WP:TALK, and then got confused when I typed in wp:talk and it took me to Talk page, making me think that something had gone wrong in my previous redirect (case sensitivity in article titles strikes again). Should wp:talk likewise be redirected to Talk page guidelines, or left where it is? HrafnTalkStalk 10:08, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I... have absolutely no idea. I am quite unfamiliar with the practices here myself. I do not know whether these small-caps shortcuts are a relic of the past meant to be deleted, or are still considered to be a useful aid that ought to be documented here. (I know there are some shortcuts still in the mainspace, for special cases (like 3RR), but these seem to be rare). I should say that, for the time, it might be better to leave the shortcut as it is. Waltham, The Duke of 10:22, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you two already understand this, but many others that will read your comments might wonder, so here is a little explanation from me:
 * Well, MediaWiki is partially case sensitive. It works like this:
 * The namespace prefixes "wp:" and "WP:" is automatically translated to "Wikipedia:" and then the first character after that is made upper case. So the shortcut "wp:talk" really means "Wikipedia:Talk" and that page has been manually redirected somewhere since it is used as a shortcut. And the shortcut "WP:TALK" is translated to "Wikipedia:TALK" and then that page has also been manually redirected somewhere since it is used as a shortcut.
 * The problem here is that the lower case shortcuts are likely to get name collisions with possible real page names. That is, it is somewhat likely that someone one day wants to make a page named "Wikipedia:Talk" but not as likely that he wants to make a page named "Wikipedia:TALK".
 * My conclusion is that the risk of name collisions is the reason why shortcuts should always be in upper-case. To avoid "hogging" good page names.
 * For a number of other technical reasons it is not accepted to just invent other new prefixes for shortcuts. See WP:SHORT for a list of accepted prefixes and what they are used for.
 * And another thing worth noting is that one should not change where an existing shortcut points to, since usually it has already been used on lots of talk pages and it will cause confusion when the shortcut later on points somewhere else.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 02:55, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * At least these can be rectified, even if not always easily. What about the poor edit summaries? These cannot be changed in any way. (I thought an extra argument would be useful.) Waltham, The Duke of 04:44, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Problems with WP:BLP1E shortcut
Please look at this discussion about what to do with a messy shortcut problem: Wikipedia talk:Notability (people) Editors should know this to avoid confusion, and I suspect a lot of miscommunication has been caused by it. Three months ago (Dec. 11), the WP:BLP1E link was changed from a section of WP:BLP to WP:BIO. Editors who have thought about WP shortcuts could probably contribute something valuable to the discussion, so please take a look. Noroton (talk) 00:30, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Moving Manual of Style shortcuts into their own section and table
Would anyone object if I made a subsection of specifically for Manual of Style pages and their shortcuts? I ask because the current list of Manual of Style pages and their shortcuts in the table appears to be incomplete. Compare the numbers of MOS pages and shortcuts: I would like to add the missing MOS pages and shortcuts to the table, while also adding new shortcuts for the MOS pages that don't have shortcuts now. I think this would be easier to do if the Guidelines section had a separate subsection for MOS pages. Otherwise, the large and growing number of MOS page entries might overwhelm the rest of the table if we list them along with the other guideline pages. This is not a burning need, it would just be more convenient I think, so if anybody has a solid reason for not doing it, that's fine with me. --Teratornis (talk) 05:07, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Manual of Style - Manual of Style page and its subpages
 * Special:Prefixindex/MOS: - shortcuts

 * It sounds interesting and reasonable. My personal opinion is "go ahead"; if people are not happy we can always change the page back. (If, of course, you should prefer to avoid the risk of doing work which could be undone, you can always post the blueprints here, although I do not find it necessary myself.) Waltham, The Duke of 19:01, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Automatic list
I compiled User:b_jonas/Pages with shortcuts. It's not perfect, but it may still help. – b_jonas 18:50, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:B_jonas/Pages_with_shortcuts Rikyprayogo (talk) 05:56, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

How many?
Does anyone know roughly how many shortcuts there actually are? Steven Walling 05:33, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Good question. So lets do an estimate. Here's some numbers for you:
 * shortcut is transcluded on 11,928 pages. About 1000 of them is in user space, most of the user space ones are faulty usage so doesn't count.
 * shortcut-l is transcluded on 10 pages.
 * policy shortcut is transcluded on 171 pages.
 * ombox/Shortcut is transcluded on 1707 pages.
 * So the we have about 11,928-1000+10+171+1707 = 12,816 uses of the shortcut boxes. I checked a handful of cases randomly, and it seems that about half of the shortcut box transclusions are faulty usage, usually boxes used to show links to another page instead of to the page itself. But of the ones that were correct many contained two or three shortcuts. So this hints that there might be about 12,000 shortcuts, give or take some thousands.
 * The good news is that when checking the shortcuts in the shortcut boxes I noticed that almost all of the shortcuts were tagged with R from shortcut. That template adds the shortcuts to Category:Redirects from shortcuts, which has 11,555 pages. Since almost all the shortcuts I randomly checked had the template it seems that number seems trustworthy. So that also indicates about 12,000 shortcuts.
 * Of course, we have no idea how many shortcuts there are that are not marked with R from shortcut AND not shown in a shortcut box. Such shortcuts are probably only known by and used by a small number of users. We can only hope that the number of such shortcuts are low.
 * There are also a number redirects that are fairly short forms of the page name, but not upper-case, so they are kind of in-between normal redirects and shortcuts.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 14:01, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you so much for parsing all that. You rock! Steven Walling  20:16, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Seconded extra 999  ( talk )  07:24, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

Mainspace
Is there a reason why an article (or perhaps its talk page) in mainspace should not have a shortcut? Ben  Mac  Dui  17:26, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Expansion of Portal Shortcuts?
This is a very limited number of Portals and an eclectic collection. Would it be frowned upon to expand this to create new shortcuts for other Portals? I'm not arguing to be comprehensive and cover all Portals, just a few of the more active ones. What do you think? Liz Read! Talk!</b> 14:59, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

Shortcut alphabet
The section Shortcut index has a table of all one-letter shortcuts along with their targets and a brief description. The problem is that some of those targets have changed (like WP:L, which was retargeted in 2015), while for others the descriptions are no longer true (for example, Mediation is not a policy). Maybe we could try to go through the entries and update them, but I'm wondering what need is there to list their targets in the first place. Such presentation makes sense for most of the index above: there the shortcuts are grouped by topic, so the targets obviously need to be specified. But here, the shortcuts are grouped solely by form, and they don't have anything in common with one another apart from their length. And they aren't even all significant – apart from obvious staples like WP:V, there are plenty of mid-usage essays, and some like WP:J probably rank among the least commonly used shortcuts. Wouldn't it be better if the shortcuts here were presented in a flat list, as is done in the sections below? – Uanfala (talk) 01:44, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

New Columns
Suggestion is to add columns for plain language description, type (policy, guideline), Wakelamp d[@-@]b (talk) 16:41, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Shortcut index


text:
Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester

Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester, 1st Lord of Glamorgan, 7th Lord of Clare (1180 – 25 October 1230) was the son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (c. 1153–1217), from whom he inherited the Clare estates. He also inherited from his mother, Amice Fitz William, the estates of Gloucester and the honour of St. Hilary, and from Rohese, an ancestor, the moiety of the Giffard estates. In June 1202, he was entrusted with the lands of Harfleur and Montrevillers.

Life
In 1215, Gilbert and his father were two of the barons made Magna Carta sureties and championed Louis "le Dauphin" of France in the First Barons' War, fighting at Lincoln under the baronial banner. He was taken prisoner in 1217 by William Marshal, whose daughter Isabel he later married on 9 October, her 17th birthday.

In 1223, he accompanied his brother-in-law, Earl Marshal, in an expedition into Wales. In 1225 he was present at the confirmation of Magna Carta by Henry III. In 1228, he led an army against the Welsh, capturing Morgan Gam, who was released the next year.

He then joined in an expedition to Brittany, but died on his way back to Penrose in that duchy. His body was conveyed home by way of Plymouth and Cranborne to Tewkesbury. His own arms were: Or, three chevronels gules.

Issue
Gilbert de Clare had six children by his wife Isabel Marshal, great-grandmother of King Robert the Bruce:
 * Agnes de Clare (b. 1218)
 * Amice de Clare (1220–1287), who married Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon
 * Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester (1222–1262)
 * Isabel de Clare (1226–1264), who married Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale
 * William de Clare (1228–1258)
 * Gilbert de Clare (b. 1229)
 * Petronilla de Clare, of Instow, Devon (b. abt. 1230 - 1320) Abbess of Canonleigh Abbey, Devon (1318). She married John St. John d. 1303, of Ashleigh, Devon, the younger brother of Roger St. John d. 1265 of Stanton-St. John and elder half-brother of John Despenser. They acquired his brothers' lands (Stanton-St. John, Lageham, Swallowfield) after their rebellion and their lands were confiscated following the Battle of Evesham. This John St. John held Instow, Devon, by way of his wife for the Honour of Gloucester.

His widow Isabel later married the King of the Romans & Earl of Cornwall, Richard Plantagenet, of the House of Plantagenet.


text:
Gilbert de Clare

Gilbert de Clare may refer to:

 * Gilbert Fitz Richard known also as Gilbert de Clare (died 1117), lord of Clare, Tonbridge and Ceredigion
 * Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1100–1148)
 * Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (1115–1153)
 * Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford and 5th Earl of Gloucester (1180–1230)
 * Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and 7th Earl of Gloucester (1243–1295)
 * Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford and 8th Earl of Gloucester (1291–1314)

title: Gilbert de Clare


text:
Santa Clara

Santa Clara (Portuguese and Spanish for Saint Clare or Saint Clair) may refer to:

Africa

 * Santa-Clara (municipality) or Curoca, Angola
 * Santa Clara, Gabon

Asia

 * Santa Clara, Quezon, Philippines
 * Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Philippines
 * Santa Clara, Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines

Europe

 * Santa Clara, Coimbra, Portugal
 * Santa Clara, Lisbon, Portugal
 * Santa Clara-a-Velha, Odemira, Portugal
 * Santa Clara-a-Nova e Gomes Aires, Almodôvar, Portugal
 * Santa Clara (Ponta Delgada), Azores
 * Santa Clara Island (San Sebastian), Spain

North and Central America

 * Santa Clara, Corozal District, Belize
 * Santa Clara Province, Cuba
 * Santa Clara, Cuba
 * Santa Clara, Consolación del Sur, Cuba
 * Santa Clara, San Vicente, El Salvador
 * Santa Clara La Laguna, Guatemala
 * Santa Clara, Chiriquí, Panama
 * Santa Clara, Coclé, Panama
 * Santa Clara, Panamá Oeste, Panama
 * Santa Clara, Durango, Mexico
 * Santa Clara del Cobre, Mexico
 * Santa Clara (Mexibús), a BRT station in Ecatepec, Mexico
 * Santa Clara (Mexicable), an aerial lift station in Ecatepec, Mexico

United States

 * Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area
 * Santa Clara, California, a city within the county
 * Santa Clara Transit Center, in the city
 * Santa Clara University, in the city
 * Mission Santa Clara de Asís, origin of the city and county, now surrounded by the university
 * Santa Clara station (VTA), a light rail station on Santa Clara Street in San Jose, the largest city in Santa Clara County
 * Santa Clara Valley, better known as "Silicon Valley", including Santa Clara County and other counties
 * Santa Clara Valley AVA, a wine region primarily in the county
 * Santa Clara River (California), in Ventura and Los Angeles counties in Southern California
 * Santa Clara River Valley, in Ventura County
 * Santa Clara station (Metrorail), Allapattah, Miami, Florida
 * Santa Clara, New Mexico
 * Santa Clara Indian Reservation, New Mexico
 * Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico
 * Santa Clara, New York
 * Santa Clara, Eugene, Oregon
 * Santa Clara, Texas
 * Santa Clara, Utah
 * Santa Clara River (Utah)
 * Santa Clara Volcano, Utah

South America

 * Santa Clara, Jujuy, Argentina
 * Santa Clara, La Rioja, Argentina
 * Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
 * Santa Clara d'Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil
 * Santa Clara Island, Chile

Other uses

 * Santa Clara (baseball club), a Cuban team from 1922 to 1941, known as the Leopards
 * Niña, or Santa Clara, one of the three ships on Christopher Columbus's first voyage
 * C.D. Santa Clara de El Salvador, a football club in Pasaquina, La Union
 * C.D. Santa Clara, a football club in Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Azores
 * C.F. Santa Clara, a Portuguese sports club in Santa Clara, Coimbra
 * ENGLISH CARRACK Holigost, originally Santa Clara, a 15th century ship
 * The Santa Clara, a student newspaper of Santa Clara University, California
 * Battle of Santa Clara, a 1958 conflict in Cuba

title: Santa Clara


text:
Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester

Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester (2 September 1243 – 7 December 1295) was a powerful English magnate. He was also known as "Red" Gilbert de Clare or "The Red Earl", probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. He held the Lordship of Glamorgan which was one of the most powerful and wealthy of the Welsh Marcher Lordships as well as over 200 English manors (172 in the Honor of Clare).

Lineage
Gilbert de Clare was born at Christchurch, Hampshire, the son of Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester, and of Maud de Lacy, daughter of John de Lacy and Margaret de Quincy. Gilbert inherited his father's estates in 1262. He took on the titles, including Lord of Glamorgan, from 1263. Being underage at his father's death, he was made a ward of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford.

Massacre of the Jews at Canterbury
During the Second Barons' War in April 1264, Gilbert de Clare led the massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, as Simon de Montfort's supporters had done elsewhere. Gilbert de Clare's castles of Kingston and Tonbridge were taken by the King, Henry III. However, the King allowed Clare's Countess Alice de Lusignan, who was in the latter, to go free because she was his niece; but on 12 May Clare and Montfort were denounced as traitors.

The Battle of Lewes
Two days later, just before the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May, Simon de Montfort knighted the Earl and his brother Thomas. The Earl commanded the central division of the Baronial army, which formed up on the Downs west of Lewes. When Prince Edward had left the field in pursuit of Montfort's routed left wing, the King and Earl of Cornwall were thrown back to the town. Henry took refuge in the Priory of St Pancras, and Gilbert accepted the surrender of the Earl of Cornwall, who had hidden in a windmill. Montfort and the Earl were now supreme and Montfort in effect de facto King of England.

Excommunication
On 20 October 1264, Gilbert and his associates were excommunicated by Pope Clement IV, and his lands were placed under an interdict. In the following month, by which time they had obtained possession of Gloucester and Bristol, the Earl was proclaimed to be a rebel. However at this point he changed sides as he fell out with Montfort and the Earl, to prevent Montfort's escape, destroyed ships at the port of Bristol and the bridge over the River Severn at Gloucester. Having changed sides, Clare shared the Prince's victory at Kenilworth on 16 July, and in the Battle of Evesham, 4 August, in which Montfort was slain, he commanded the second division and contributed largely to the victory. On 24 June 1268, having been reconciled to Prince Edward, he and the prince took the Cross together at Northampton.

Activities as a Marcher Lord
In October 1265, as a reward for supporting Prince Edward, Gilbert was given the castle and title of Abergavenny and the honour and castle of Brecknock. At Michaelmas his disputes with Llewelyn the Last were submitted to arbitration, but without a final settlement. Meanwhile, he was building Caerphilly Castle into a fortress. On 6 October 1265 he received the papal absolution of his excommunication, and on 9 October that year the pardon of the King for his former support of Montfort.

At the end of 1268 he refused to obey the King's summons to attend parliament, alleging that, owing to the constant inroads of Llewelyn the Last, his Welsh estates needed his presence for their defence. At the death of Henry III, 16 November 1272, the Earl took the lead in swearing fealty to Edward I, who was then in Sicily on his return from the Crusade. The next day, with the Archbishop of York, he entered London and proclaimed peace to all, Christians and Jews, and for the first time, secured the acknowledgement of the right of the King's eldest son to succeed to the throne immediately. Thereafter, he was joint Guardian of England, during the King's absence, and on the new King's arrival in England, in August 1274, entertained him at Tonbridge Castle.

The Welsh war in 1282
During Edward's invasion of Wales in 1282, Clare insisted on leading an attack into southern Wales. King Edward made Clare the commander of the southern army invading Wales. However, Clare's army faced disaster after being heavily defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr. Following this defeat, Clare was relieved of his position as the southern commander and was replaced by William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke (whose son had died during the battle).

Private Marcher War
In the next year, 1291, he quarrelled with the Earl of Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, grandson of his onetime guardian, about the Lordship of Brecknock, where Bohun accused Clare of building a castle on his land culminated in a private war between them. Although it was a given right for Marcher Lords to wage private war the King tested this right in this case: he first called them before a court of their Marcher peers; then, realising the outcome would be coloured by their likely avoidance of prejudicing one of their greatest rights, they were both called before the superior court, the King's own. At this both were imprisoned by the King, both sentenced to having their lands forfeit for life and Clare, the Earl of Gloucester, as the aggressor, was fined 10,000 marks, and the Earl of Hereford 1,000 marks. They were released almost immediately and both of their lands were completely restored to them—however, they had both been taught a very public lesson and their prestige diminished and the King's authority shown for all.

Marriage and succession
Gilbert married (1st) Alice de Lusignan, also known as Alice de Valence, daughter of Hugh XI of Lusignan and of the family that succeeded the Marshal family to the title of the Earl of Pembroke in the person of William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke. They married in 1253 when Gilbert was ten years old. She was of high birth, being a niece of King Henry (Hugh XI was the king's half-brother). Gilbert and Alice separated in 1267; allegedly, Alice's affections lay with her cousin, Prince Edward. Previous to this, Gilbert and Alice had produced two daughters:
 * Isabel de Clare (10 March 1262 – 1333), after a marriage with Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick having been contemplated, or possibly having taken place and then annulled, married Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley
 * Joan de Clare (1264 – after 1302), married (1st) Duncan Macduff, 7th Earl of Fife; (2nd) Gervase Avenel.

After his marriage to Alice de Lusignan was annulled in 1285, Gilbert married (2nd) Joan of Acre, a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife Eleanor of Castile. King Edward sought to bind Clare, and his assets, more closely to the Crown by this means. By the provisions of the marriage contract, their joint possessions and Clare's extensive lands could only be inherited by a direct descendant, i.e. close to the Crown, and if the marriage proved childless, the lands would pass to any children Joan may have by further marriage.

On 3 July 1290, the Earl gave a great banquet at Clerkenwell to celebrate his marriage of 30 April 1290 with Joan of Acre (1272 – 23 April 1307) after waiting for the Pope to sanction the marriage. Edward then gave large estates to Gilbert, including one in Malvern. Disputed hunting rights on these led to several armed conflicts with Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, that Edward resolved. Gilbert made gifts to the Priory, and also had a "great conflict" about hunting rights and a ditch that he dug, with Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, that was settled by costly litigation. Gilbert had a similar conflict with Godfrey Giffard, Bishop and Administrator of Worcester Cathedral (and formerly Chancellor of England). Godfrey, who had granted land to the Priory, had jurisdictional disputes about Malvern Priory, resolved by Robert Burnell, the then Chancellor. Thereafter, Gilbert and Joan are said to have taken the Cross and set out for the Holy Land. In September, he signed the Barons' letter to the Pope, and on 2 November, surrendered to the King his claim to the advowson of the Bishopric of Llandaff.

Gilbert and Joan had one son, Gilbert, and three daughters: Eleanor, Margaret and Elizabeth.
 * Gilbert, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester (1291–1314) succeeded to his father's titles and was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn.
 * Eleanor de Clare (1292–1337) married (1st) Hugh Despenser the Younger, a favourite of her uncle Edward II. Hugh was executed in 1326, and Eleanor married (2nd) William la Zouche Mortimer.
 * Margaret de Clare (1293–1342) married (1st) Piers Gaveston, a favourite of her uncle Edward II. Piers was executed in 1312, and Margaret later married (2nd) Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester.
 * Elizabeth de Clare (1295–1360) married (1st) in 1308 at Waltham Abbey John de Burgh, (2nd) Theobald of Verdun in 1316, and (3rd) Roger d'Amory in 1317. Each marriage was brief, each produced one child (a son by the 1st, daughters by the 2nd and 3rd), and each left Elizabeth a widow. When her third and last husband died in 1321/22, Elizabeth was at most 27 years old.

Death and burial
He died at Monmouth Castle on 7 December 1295, and was buried at Tewkesbury Abbey, on the left side of his grandfather Gilbert de Clare. His extensive lands were enjoyed by his surviving wife Joan of Acre until her death in 1307.


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User-mode Linux

User-mode Linux (UML) is a virtualization system for the Linux operating system based on an architectural port of the Linux kernel to its own system call interface, which enables multiple virtual Linux kernel-based operating systems (known as guests) to run as an application within a normal Linux system (known as the host). A Linux kernel compiled for the um architecture can then boot as a process under another Linux kernel, entirely in user space, without affecting the host environment's configuration or stability.

This method gives the user a way to run many virtual Linux machines on a single piece of hardware, allowing some isolation, typically without changing the configuration or stability of the host environment because each guest is just a regular application running as a process in user space.

Applications
Numerous things become possible through the use of UML. One can run network services from a UML environment and remain totally sequestered from the main Linux system in which the UML environment runs. Administrators can use UML to set up honeypots, which allow one to test the security of one's computers or network. UML can serve to test and debug new software without adversely affecting the host system. UML can also be used for teaching and research, providing a realistic Linux networked environment with a high degree of safety.

In UML environments, host and guest kernel versions don't need to match, so it is entirely possible to test a "bleeding edge" version of Linux in User-mode on a system running a much older kernel. UML also allows kernel debugging to be performed on one machine, where other kernel debugging tools (such as kgdb) require two machines connected with a null modem cable.

Some web hosting providers offer UML-powered virtual servers for lower prices than true dedicated servers. Each customer has root access on what appears to be their own system, while in reality one physical computer is shared between many people.

libguestfs has supported a UML backend since version 1.24 as an alternative to using QEMU or KVM.

Integration into the Linux kernel
The UML guest application (a Linux binary ELF) was originally available as a patch for some Kernel versions above 2.2.x, and the host with any kernel version above 2.2.x supported it easily in the thread mode (i.e., non-SKAS3).

As of Linux 2.6.0, it is integrated into the main kernel source tree. A method of running a separate kernel address space (SKAS) that does not require host kernel patching has been implemented. This improves performance and security over the old Traced Thread approach, in which processes running in the UML share the same address space from the host's point of view, which leads the memory inside the UML to not be protected by the memory management unit. Unlike the current UML using SKAS, buggy or malicious software inside a UML running on a non-SKAS host could be able to read the memory space of other UML processes or even the UML kernel memory.

Comparison with other technologies
User-mode Linux is generally considered to have lower performance than some competing technologies, such as Xen and OpenVZ. Future work in adding support for x86 virtualization to UML may reduce this disadvantage.

Often cited as a strength of Xen (a competing technology) is support for thread-local storage (TLS). This is now also supported in the latest UML kernels. Xen concentrates on virtualizing the whole machine, and thus all systems running on a Xen machine are really virtual machines. In UML, the host machine is not virtualized in any way, and only guest systems are true virtual machines. This allows UML guest direct access to host filesystems and hardware, where it is common to map a host directory (e.g., /uml/root → /).

Supported platforms
UML was originally designed for the x86 instruction set, but has also been ported to others including IA-64 and PowerPC.

title: User-mode Linux


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Worshipful Company of Innholders

The Worshipful Company of Innholders is one of the 111 livery companies of the City of London.

The innholders were originally known as hostellers, but their name had changed by the time it was incorporated under a royal charter in 1514. The company has, over the years, lost its status as an association of traders and businessmen, instead becoming, as have most of the other livery companies, an establishment dedicated primarily to charity.

The Innholders' Company ranks 32nd in the order of precedence of all the livery companies. Its motto is Hinc Spes Affulget, Latin for Hence Hope Shines Forth, and it is based at Innholders' Hall in College Street, between Cannon Street and Upper Thames Street.

title: Worshipful Company of Innholders


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User:Millis

Short History
Born in Dallas, lived in Bedford, London, Aylesbury, St_Ives%2C_Cambridgeshire, Almada and Seixal. Currently living in Chippenham.

A software engineer and project manager by profession, plays Diplomacy_%28game%29 and enjoys Karting as a hobby. Is also a Special Constable for Wiltshire.

Computer Projects

 * Njudge
 * Sux
 * IPTotal

title: User:Millis


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The Truce at Bakura

The Truce at Bakura is a 1993 Star Wars spin-off novel by Kathy Tyers. It takes place immediately after the events depicted in the film Return of the Jedi (1983) and before those of the young-reader series Jedi Prince (1992–1993).

The book was later adapted as an audiobook, which is read by Anthony Heald. Galoob released models of ships and characters from the novel as part of its Micro Machines line.

Plot summary
While recovering from their victory against the Empire at Endor, the Rebel Alliance intercepts an Imperial probe containing a distress call for the Emperor. The message details a lizardlike race of aliens invading the Outer Rim planet Bakura. With Palpatine dead and the Imperial Navy scattered, Luke Skywalker volunteers to lead a force to intercept the alien invasion and save Bakura.

Upon arrival, the Rebel Alliance's force has no choice but to ally with the remnants of the Imperial garrison to repel an invasion by the reptilian Ssi-Ruuk race under the Ssi-ruuvi Imperium, which seeks to establish a beachhead in the larger galaxy. The Ssi-Ruuk seek to harvest a supply of life forms, whose life energies power their advanced technology through a process known as entechment. Luke especially intrigues the Ssi-Ruuk, because they believe his Force powers could allow the Ssi-ruuk to entech beings from a distance. Obi-Wan Kenobi appears to Luke and alerts him to the danger of the Ssi-Ruuk if they get into the greater galaxy with this technology. The Ssi-ruuk themselves cannot sense the Force, but they know of it through a captured human, Dev Sibwarra, who is Force-sensitive but untrained (his mother was killed by the Ssi-ruuk) and has been brainwashed into furthering the Ssi-ruuvi agenda.

On a personal level, Luke finds himself consistently distracted by one of Bakura's senators, Gaeriel Captison, and by the nascent attraction forming between them, despite her religious objections to the Jedi Order. Princess Leia and Han Solo also struggle to find some time together and hash out their newly formed relationship. Leia, putting diplomatic feelers out into a world that 'joined' the Empire only three years before, discovers that Bakura chafes under Imperial rule—as do some of the Imperials, notably ranking officer Commander Pter Thanas—though Imperial governor Wilek Nereus is too crafty to let dissension spread too far. Finally, Leia must find a way to cope with the revelation given to her on Endor—that Darth Vader is actually her father, Anakin Skywalker—when she is visited by his spirit, who begs for her forgiveness.

In the end, Nereus attempts to turn Luke over to the Ssi-ruuk in exchange for their retreat, but though the kidnapping succeeds, Luke manages to fight them off and escape. He is also able to free Dev of his brainwashing and decides to take him on as an apprentice, but Dev is injured during the escape and later dies of his wounds. The joint Rebel-Imperial force turns back the Ssi-ruuk, and during the chaos, Bakuran resistance cells overthrow Nereus; in his absence, Bakura decides to join the Rebel Alliance. Commander Thanas defects as well, although he first destroys the Rebel cruiser-carrier Flurry. New Republic Intelligence later referred to the battle as the "Bakura Incident", and believed that it would be best if the New Republic attempted to prevent widespread public knowledge of the Ssi-Ruuk, advice that was taken controversially at best. In addition, Luke finally makes his breakthrough with Gaeriel, though he must shortly leave her when the Alliance forces depart at the end of the novel, to continue the ongoing fight against the Empire.

Characters

 * Gaeriel Captison
 * Wilek Nereus
 * Princess Leia Organa
 * Dev Sibwarra
 * Obi-Wan Kenobi
 * Anakin Skywalker
 * Luke Skywalker
 * Han Solo
 * Pter Thanas
 * Wedge Antilles
 * R2-D2
 * C-3PO

Role in greater Star Wars continuity
While most existing spin-off works were excluded from the Star Wars canon in 2014, five years later, Bakura appeared in the first episode of Vader Immortal: A Star Wars VR Series, and was mentioned in the Star Wars Resistance episode "Rendezvous Point".

Reviews
The book received several reviews, including:

title: The Truce at Bakura


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Rhombic antenna

A rhombic antenna is made of four sections of wire suspended parallel to the ground in a diamond or "rhombus" shape. Each of the four sides is the same length – about a quarter-wavelength to one wavelength per section – converging but not touching at an angle of about 42° at the fed end and at the far end. The length is not critical, typically from one to two wavelengths (λ), but there is an optimum angle for any given length and frequency. A horizontal rhombic antenna radiates horizontally polarized radio waves at a low elevation angle off the pointy ends of the antenna.

If the sections are joined by a resistor at either of the acute (pointy) ends, then the antenna will receive from and transmit to only the direction the end with the resistor points at. Its principal advantages over other types of antenna are its simplicity, high forward gain, wide bandwidth, and the ability to operate over a wide range of frequencies.

Description
A rhombic antenna consists of one to several parallel wires suspended above the ground in a "rhombus" (diamond) shape. Long versions are typically supported by a pole or tower at each vertex to which the wires are attached by insulators. Each of the four sides is the same length. The length is not critical, typically from one to two wavelengths (λ) end-to-end, but for any given length and frequency, there is an optimum acute angle at which the sections should meet.

A horizontal rhombic antenna radiates horizontally polarized radio waves at a low elevation angle off the acute end of the antenna opposite the feedline. Its principal advantages over other types of antenna are its simplicity, high forward gain and wide bandwidth, the ability to operate over a wide range of frequencies.

It is typically fed at one of the two acute (sharper angle) vertices through a balanced transmission line, or alternatively a coaxial cable with a balun transformer. The end of the wires meeting at the opposite vertex is either left open (unconnected), or is terminated with a non-inductive resistor. When resistor-terminated, the radiation pattern is unidirectional, with the main lobe off the terminated end, so this end of the antenna is oriented toward the intended receiving station or region. When unterminated, the rhombic is bidirectional with two opposite lobes off the two acute ends, but is not perfectly bi-directional.

The rhombic antenna can radiate at elevation angles close to the horizon or at higher angles, depending on its height above ground relative to the operating frequency and its physical construction. Likewise, its beamwidth can be narrow or broad, depending primarily on its length. The shallow radiation angle makes it useful for skywave propagation, the longest distance mode for shortwave, in which radio waves directed into the sky at the horizon reflect from layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth far beyond the horizon.

It is possible to improve the low efficiency and gain of unidirectional rhombics by replacing the termination resistor by a low-loss balanced resonant stub transmission line. This reflects the power that would have been wasted in the termination resistor back into the antenna with the correct phase to reinforce the excitation from the transmitter. This circuit can increase the radiation efficiency of transmitting antennas to the 70-80% range, at the cost of increased complexity.

History
The rhombic antenna was designed in 1931 by Edmond Bruce and Harald Friis, It was mostly commonly used in the high frequency (HF) or shortwave band as a broadband directional antenna.

Prior to World War II, the rhombic was one of the most popular point-to-point high frequency antenna arrays. After World War II the rhombic largely fell out of favor for shortwave broadcast and point-to-point communications work, being replaced by log periodic antennas and curtain arrays. Larger log periodics provide wider frequency coverage with comparable gain to rhombics. Distributed feed curtains or HRS curtain arrays provided a cleaner pattern, ability to steer the pattern in elevation and azimuth, much higher efficiency, and significantly higher gain in less space. However, rhombic antennas are used in cases where the combination of high forward gain (despite the losses described above) and large operating bandwidth cannot be achieved by other means, or where a directional antenna is needed, but construction and installation costs must be kept low.

In addition to its use as a simple and effective transmitting antenna (as described above), the rhombic can also be used as an HF receiving antenna with good gain and directivity. For example, BBC Monitoring's Crowsley Park receiving station has three rhombic antennas aligned for reception at azimuths of 37, 57 and 77 degrees.

Advantages and disadvantages
The rhombics' low cost, simplicity, reliability, and ease of construction sometimes outweighs performance advantages offered by other more complex arrays.

Advantages
 * Rhombics' input impedance & radiation pattern are relatively constant over a 2:1 range of frequencies. Their impedance can be made relatively constant over a frequency range 4:1 or more, with the forward gain increasing at 6 dB per octave.
 * Multiple rhombic antennas can be connected in an end-to-end fashion to form MUSA (Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna). MUSA arrays can receive long distance, short wave, horizontally polarized downcoming waves.
 * The rhombic remains one of the least complex medium-gain options for sustained long distance communications over point-to-point circuits.
 * Rhombics also handle considerable transmitter power, since they have essentially uniform voltage and current distribution.

Disadvantages
 * A rhombic requires a large area of land – especially if several antennas are installed to serve a variety of geographic regions at different distances or directions or to cover widely different frequencies.
 * The rhombic suffers from efficiency problems due to earth losses below the antenna, significant power-wasting spurious lobes, termination losses, and the inability to maintain constant current along the length of the conductors. Typical radiation efficiency is in the order of 40–50%.
 * The low efficiency significantly reduces gain for a given main lobe beamwidth when compared to other arrays of the same beamwidth.

title: Rhombic antenna


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Worshipful Company of Founders

The Worshipful Company of Founders is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London, England. The Founders, or workers in brass and bronze, were incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1614. However, with the development of technology, the ancient craft grew obsolete. Now, the Company exists, along with a majority of Livery Companies, as a charitable foundation. It also supports the foundry industry by awarding research grants and scholarships.

The Founders' Company ranks thirty-third in the order of precedence of Livery Companies. Its motto is God, The Only Founder. It had an early association with Saint Clement, having either been named the Fraternity of St Clement, or having had that organization as part of its body.

title: Worshipful Company of Founders


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Ray Lewis (disambiguation)

Ray Lewis (born 1975) is a former professional American football player.

Ray Lewis may also refer to:

 * Ray Lewis (referee) (born 1944), former English association football referee
 * Ray Lewis (sprinter) (1910–2003), Canadian sprinter and the first Canadian-born black Olympic medalist
 * Ray Lewis (youth worker) (1963–2024), British politician, deputy mayor of London
 * Ray Lewis, American rhythm and blues singer and member of The Drifters

title: Ray Lewis (disambiguation)