text:
Talk:Japanese Americans

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Miyoshi Umeki
It would be nice to have another picture to complete the grid at the bottom right-hand corner. What about Miyoshi Umeki? She was the first and only Asian woman to win an Academy Award for acting, which is pretty notable, and she's Japanese American and has a picture of herself on her Wikipedia page. What does everyone think? Maranjosie (talk) 20:36, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd support adding her picture to the grid. — Myasuda (talk) 21:45, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * As there is no objection, I will add her picture. Maranjosie (talk) 15:37, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 15 September 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: All moved. No objections after a week of listing. — Amakuru (talk) 11:23, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

– Should be pluralized per past precedents: Talk:Korean Americans, Talk:Chinese Americans, and Talk:Taiwanese Americans. George Ho (talk) 01:08, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Japanese American → Japanese Americans
 * Mongolian American → Mongolian Americans
 * Uzbek American → Uzbek Americans
 * Tibetan American → Tibetan Americans
 * Support per WP:PLURAL. RGloucester  — ☎ 03:11, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.  Sounder Bruce  21:13, 19 September 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Evaluation of this article
Since Japanese American were heavily impacted on internment camps in the United States, I believe this section should expand more on Japanese American's whom have had to witness it and their personal point of view on the event. It lacks on revealing what the government did after they closed down the internment camps and what Japanese Americans responded after being free. Also I think at second paragraph where it states "Civil Liberties Act of 1988" it should be followed with a sentence that shows what the government's responded to Japanese Americans in 1988 and the following decade since they rewarded them money and apologize for the actions that led the U.S government to violate the constitution by isolating their ethnicity into these camps because of the danger of spies in World War II. For example, the U.S president, Ronald Regan, signed a letter in 1988 that addressed an apology from the United States of America and offered 20 thousand dollars for every person that witness internment camps. Over 81,000 people were qualified by 1998 and 1.6 billion dollars was distributed among them. Jramir74 (talk) 00:32, 15 March 2017 (UTC)Jramir74

This is a general article on Japanese Americans. The details you mention should probably be covered in the article Internment of Japanese Americans, which has a section covering "Reparations and redress".

By the way, the American politician was called "Ronald Reagan". Regan is a variant spelling of the name. Dimadick (talk) 01:17, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Citation needed
"To show their allegiance to the US, many nisei and sansei intentionally avoided learning Japanese. But as many of the later generations find their identities in both Japan and America or American society broadens its definition of cultural identity, studying Japanese is becoming more popular than it once was.[citation needed]"

My grandparents chose not to teach my father Japanese because of the prejudice at the time. When he was a kid, the prejudice went away, and they realized it would be good for him to learn Japanese. They tried to teach him, but by then it was too late. Benjamin (talk) 08:06, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Population Numbers
Having looked at numbers for Illinois, I think that the population numbers shown in the header section are incorrect. I think these numbers are for mono-ethnic, mono-racial Japanese according to the 2010 census count. If the numbers are amended to be inclusive of mixed-ethnic and mixed-racial Japanese Americans, the numbers are substantially higher. Can someone please check this?

For the love of god someone clean up "Genetics"
Genetics

Looking at the revision history, someone (singular) uploaded this entire section as part of some school assignment that they probably didn't even read the rubric for. It's got plenty of useless sentences, not enough links, not enough citations, and poor grammar/sentence construction. Honestly did not even finish three sentences before correctly suspecting it was a terribly written essay.

Some other points:
 * It somehow hasn't been touched in over 3 years
 * It might be best to just do away with the section entirely since it hardly even relates to Japanese-Americans as a whole, opting instead to "focus" mostly on Japanese nationals of Japanese ancestry instead (Check out this incredible excerpt: "The Japanese DNA sequence consists of 24.2% Korean, 16.1% Okinawa, 4.8% Uniquely Japanese, 25.8% Chinese, 8.1% Ainu, and 21% Unidentified.")
 * A geneticist would read it and cry
 * It sucks

Z
Nhccfc v. G can j 75.173.33.19 (talk) 22:29, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

More Locations in Greater Los Angeles
South San Gabriel, San Gabriel (there's a community center there), Norwalk, Hollywood (an early community), Uptown (now known as Koreatown, was an historic area), Pacoima (historic area), West Long Beach, Boyle Heights, Crenshaw 2600:1700:6710:7A80:E859:377D:A29F:F25A (talk) 05:59, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: LIBR 1 Working with Sources
— Assignment last updated by Kdavis25 (talk) 22:49, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese Americans


text:
Iridescent (song)

"Iridescent" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was announced as the band's third US, fourth international and overall final single from their fourth studio album, A Thousand Suns, which was released on September 14, 2010. A music video for the song was directed by Joe Hahn, the band's turntablist.

"Iridescent" serves as the theme song for the film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, continuing the streak of the band's songs serving as the theme songs of the Transformers films, and was remixed in Dolby Surround 7.1 for the movie's release.

The song received positive reviews and became a moderate success worldwide.

Background
In April 2011, a splash screen appeared on the band's website, that contained a distorted Autobot image and a snippet from "Iridescent" (this is no longer available). A few days later, Mike Shinoda, one of the band's lead vocalists, confirmed that the song will be the fourth single from A Thousand Suns. He also confirmed that a shorter version was made for the film Transformers: Dark of the Moon, which is circulating around the internet. Shinoda said that the collaboration began when Michael Bay, the director of the film series, phoned him about the possibility of the band continuing their run with songs paired with the Transformers films (having chosen "What I've Done" for the first film and having recorded "New Divide" specifically for the second). Shinoda decided to put "Iridescent" in the film due to the fact it was a fan favorite and called it a "natural fit", despite the song not being an "in-your-face" kind of tune.

The film's composer, Steve Jablonsky, who is a longtime fan of the band, agreed with the choice, saying that the song fit well with his score, as well as the film's story. Both Shinoda and Jablonsky agree that the song is an appropriate choice for the film, since the film is described to be more "positive" than the previous films and is consistent with where the band is at (learning from mistakes; going in different directions).

"Iridescent" is a rock ballad about hope in the midst of chaos and sadness. The album version of the song starts segued from the previous track "Wisdom, Justice and Love" as an A minor in piano with Mike Shinoda's verses as well, while the chorus are sung in C major and up until the end of the song where it segues to the next track "Fallout".

Hans Zimmer has collaborated with Steve Jablonsky and Linkin Park to incorporate the song into the film's score. It appears multiple times, primarily its synth and piano debut, modified to fit the tone of the scenes in which they are featured.

The first time it is played, Sam discovers Carly has been given a new car. The second time, it appears to be toned down to G minor with the piano as Sam Witwicky regroups with the Autobots. The third time it appears is when Sam gets couple counseling from his parents, though as an A minor. The fourth, when Sam and Epps infiltrate Chicago, was also in A minor with Shinoda's vocals. These appearances are marked by the merging of the song's theme as well as themes taken from this movie and the two previous ones' scores.

The final time it is played, it is introduced as the first verse's instrumental in A minor and then continues playing in its single edit as the credits roll however the chorus is cut shorter and then proceeds to the "Let it go" bridge.

The single edit is a minute shorter than the album version, this is due to the cutting of parts of the third verse and other parts of the songs. Some instruments' parts are removed or added for instance, drum beats are added at the beginning which were not present in the album version, the third chorus sung by all six members is cut and directly leads to the bridge "Let it go" and to the fourth final chorus with a part of the piano cut shorter.

Just like their previous single, "Burning in the Skies", Shinoda sings the verses while lead vocalist Chester Bennington sings the chorus and backup vocals on the verses. On the third chorus of the song, all six band members sing together.

Some LPTVs (behind-the-scenes footage) show the creation and development of "Iridescent", such as the inclusion of gang vocals in the third chorus of the song and the initial discussion about the song.

In June, Linkin Park held an artwork contest for "Iridescent", in which the winning artwork was shown in the band's stage in their concert at Red Square in Moscow at the premiere of Transformers: Dark of the Moon. Artworks were submitted to Linkin Park's official deviantArt. They announced the winner on June 23, 2011, however, aside from the aforementioned winner's artwork, they also showed the artwork of the contest's runner-up at the concert. The winner of the contest was Wan Muhammad Azzim from Melaka, Malaysia. The runner up was Ashkan Harati from Belgium while the other two finalists were Sanja Grbic from Serbia and Matthew Johnson from the United States.

HBO used the song to promote their 2011–12 Fall programming line up and the 2012 films that are featured on the HBO Go App.

Music video
The official music video was directed by Joe Hahn, the band's turntablist and keyboardist. In an interview with MTV, Mike Shinoda stated: "All I know about the concept is that Joe Hahn sent me an e-mail that said something about 'In the valley of the blind, the one-eyed man is king', or something like that. And the next thing I know, I've got horns growing out of my shoulders, and I've got one blind eye, and I've got a white dog and a snake on a throne made of antlers. I think you'd have to ask Joe what that all means." The video's concept is based on the saying taken from the short story "The Country of the Blind" by H.G Wells.

In the behind-the-scenes video for "Iridescent", which was released on May 31, 2011, Hahn stated that he wanted to combine the "soulfulness" of Transformers: Dark of the Moon to the soulfulness of what they do, as well as elements of robots tying into human existence. In an extended behind-the-scenes video, which was released on July 11, 2011, it was revealed that Shinoda was required to carry a diamond carpet python.

The video is black and white with small slices of color elements mixed in giving it a sense of actual iridescence with emphasis on Transformers' characters' color. The video uses the radio edit of Iridescent, rather than the original on A Thousand Suns. In addition to the animated Transformers elements, the video has computer generated elements that call back to the videos for "Waiting for the End" and "Burning in the Skies".

The music video for "Iridescent" was released on June 3, 2011, on MTV and VH1. The video shows Mike Shinoda as a one-eyed king, with horns sticking out of his shoulders, ruling over the citizens of a post-apocalyptic land. Numerous citizens of the world are wearing ragged clothing, including the other band members. Some scenes also show the band sitting together in a feast, mirroring Leonardo da Vinci's painting "The Last Supper". Numerous scenes and stills from Transformers: Dark of the Moon are inserted to the video. Hahn stated that "the video explores how human existence might be affected by the elements of Transformers robots and the threat of the Decepticons."

On June 28, 2011, the band announced that the video can be seen in 3D in select theaters after the film credits of Transformers: Dark of the Moon. A day later, the same day the film was released in US and Canada, the 3D video was released online; however, the video has since been made private by the band.

The video peaked at VH1 India's Top 50 videos of 2011 at number 5.

As of May 2024, the song has 108 million views on YouTube.

Personnel

 * Chester Bennington – vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Mike Shinoda – lead vocals, sampler, keyboard, piano
 * Brad Delson – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Dave "Phoenix" Farrell – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Joe Hahn – turntables, samplers, backing vocals
 * Rob Bourdon – drums, percussion, backing vocals

 * Production

Based on AllMusic

 * Mike Shinoda - producer
 * Rick Rubin - producer
 * Neal Avron - mixing
 * Brian "Big Bass" Gardner - mastering

Commercial performance
"Iridescent" has achieved moderate success. The single debuted at #86 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at #81, spending three weeks on the chart. The single also charted to the US Billboard Alternative Songs at #21 before being officially released. The single debuted at the UK Singles Chart at #93, but debuted high at the UK Rock Chart at #2.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Iridescent (song)


text:
Statute of Rhuddlan

The Statute of Rhuddlan (Statud Rhuddlan), also known as the Statutes of Wales (Statuta Valliae) or as the Statute of Wales (Statutum Valliae), was a royal ordinance by Edward I of England, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of Wales from 1284 until 1536.

The statute followed the Conquest of Wales by Edward I and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. The statute introduced English common law to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales.

Background

The Prince of Gwynedd had been recognised by the English Crown as Prince of Wales in 1267, holding his lands with the king of England as his feudal overlord. It was thus that the English interpreted the title of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Lord of Aberffraw, which was briefly held after his death by his successor Dafydd ap Gruffudd. This meant that when Llywelyn rebelled, the English interpreted it as an act of treason. Accordingly, his lands escheated to the king of England, and Edward I took possession of the Principality of Wales by military conquest from 1282 to 1283. By this means the principality became "united and annexed" to the Crown of England.

Following his conquest Edward I erected four new marcher lordships in northeast Wales: Chirk (Chirkland), Bromfield and Yale (Powys Fadog), Ruthin (Dyffryn Clwyd) and Denbigh (Lordship of Denbigh); and one in South Wales, Cantref Bychan. He restored the principality of Powys Wenwynwyn to Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn who had suffered at the hands of Llewelyn, and he and his successor Owen de la Pole held it as a marcher lordship. Rhys ap Maredudd of Dryslwyn would have been in a similar position in Cantref Mawr, having adhered to the king during Llewelyn's rebellion, but he forfeited his lands by rebelling in 1287. A few other minor Welsh nobles submitted in time to retain their lands, but became little more than gentry.

The English Crown already had a means of governing South Wales in the honours of Carmarthen and Cardigan, which went back to 1240. These became counties under the government of the Justiciar of South Wales (or of West Wales), who was based in Carmarthen. The changes of the period made little difference in the substantial swathe of land from Pembrokeshire through South Wales to the Welsh Borders which was already in the hands of the marcher lords. Nor did they alter the administration of the royal lordships of Montgomery and Builth, which retained their existing institutions.

Statute
The statute also divided Wales into administrations of government via shires which were essentially provinces of the English crown. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales, the last prince to rule the whole Principality being Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, killed in an ambush by the English in 1282.

The statute was not an act of Parliament, but rather a royal ordinance made after careful consideration by Edward I on 3 March 1284. It takes its name from Rhuddlan Castle in Denbighshire where it was first promulgated on 19 March 1284. The Statute was superseded by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 when Henry VIII made Wales unequivocally part of the "realm of England". The statute was formally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1887.

Counties
The Statute of Rhuddlan was issued from Rhuddlan Castle in North Wales, one of the "iron ring" of fortresses built by Edward I to control his newly conquered lands. It provided the constitutional basis for the government of what was called "The Land of Wales" or "the king's lands of Snowdon and his other lands in Wales", but subsequently called the "Principality of North Wales". The Statute divided the principality into the counties of Anglesey, Merionethshire, Caernarfonshire, and Flintshire, which were created out of the remnants of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales. Flintshire was created out of the lordships of Tegeingl, Hopedale, and Maelor Saesneg. It was administered with the Palatinate of Cheshire by the Justiciar of Chester.

The other three counties were overseen by a Justiciar of North Wales and a provincial exchequer at Caernarfon, run by the Chamberlain of North Wales, who accounted to the Exchequer at Westminster for the revenues he collected. Under them were royal officials such as sheriffs, coroners, and bailiffs to collect taxes and administer justice. The king had ordered an inquiry into the rents and other dues to which the princes had been entitled, and these were enforced by the new officials. At the local level, commotes became hundreds, but their customs, boundaries and offices remained largely unchanged.

Law
The Statute introduced the English common law system to Wales, but the law administered was not precisely the same as in England. The criminal law was much the same, with felonies such as murder, larceny and robbery prosecuted before the justiciar, as in England. The English writs and forms of action, such as novel disseisin, debt and dower, operated, but with oversight from Caernarfon, rather than the distant Westminster. However, the Welsh practice of settling disputes by arbitration was retained. The procedure for debt was in advance of that in England, in that a default judgment could be obtained. In land law, the Welsh practice of partible inheritance continued, but in accordance with English practice:
 * Daughters could inherit their father's lands if there was no son.
 * Widows were entitled to dower in a third of their late husband's lands.
 * Bastards were excluded from inheriting.

Building
The Parliament House of Edward III in Rhuddlan where it was thought that the Statute of Rhuddlan was promulgated. Thomas Pennant remarks in 1778, "A piece of antient building called the Parlement is still to be seen in Rhuddlan: probably where the king sat in council." Pennant was to get John Ingleby to provide a watercolour of the building. Today the building still partially stands in Parliament Street, with a late 13th-century doorway and a 14th-century cusped ogee door head.

title: Statute of Rhuddlan


text:
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd may refer to:

 * Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (c. 1223 – 1282), more commonly known as Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, also known as Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf (Llywelyn, Our Last Leader), Llywelyn the Last, Prince of Wales 1258–1282
 * Llywelyn ap Gruffydd Fychan (c. 1341 – 1401), wealthy Carmarthenshire landowner executed by Henry IV of England in punishment for his support of Owain Glyndwr's Welsh rebellion

title: Llywelyn ap Gruffydd


text:
Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)

Abdul Hakim Ali Hashim Murad (عبد الحكيم علي هشام مراد; born January 4, 1968) is a Pakistani Islamist terrorist, who was a co-conspirator in the Bojinka plot—the forerunner to the September 11 attacks. In 1996, he was convicted in the United States of trying to blow up a dozen airliners and was sentenced to life in prison.

He was found to have many aliases. A Pakistani passport found had "Abdul Hakim, student, age 26, Pakistani passport No. C665334, issued in Kuwait." He used the alias Ahmed Saeed when Manila police apprehended him. He was mentioned on Ramzi Yousef's laptop personal computer as Obaid.

He was designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee of the Security Council in 2003.

Life
Murad was born in Kuwait, where his father worked as a crane operator for a petroleum company. After graduating from a Kuwaiti high school, he attained his commercial pilot's license at the Continental Flying School in the Philippines from November 1990 to January 1991, and continued his studies at the Emirates Flying School in the United Arab Emirates in November 1991.

Ramzi Yousef, a friend of Murad's who attended Afghan training camps, taught Murad how to make bombs in Lahore, Pakistan. During one of the practice sessions, a bomb exploded in Yousef's face, impairing vision in one eye.

While they were in Metro Manila in the Philippines, Murad and Yousef often went to two karaoke bars, the XO on Adriatico Street, and the Firehouse on Roxas Boulevard in Pasay. According to Murad, they never went to the mosque.

He attended a series of flight schools, including Emirates Flying School in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, the Alpha Tango Flying Service in San Antonio, Texas, and others in Schenectady, New York; New Bern, North Carolina; Louisiana, and Pasay, Philippines. He later told officials he had attended four different American flight schools. On June 8, 1992, he received a Commercial Pilot certificate while at Coastal Aviation Incorporated, after completing 275 hours of required flight time.

Bojinka plot
Murad was a co-conspirator with Ramzi Yousef who was one of the main perpetrators and creator of the bomb for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. After moving to the Philippines under the direction of Yousef's uncle Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, they planned the unsuccessful Bojinka Plot which would set the pattern for the later Al Qaeda September 11 attacks. The plan involved assassinating Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines then, while attention was drawn to the Pope's death, bombs would be placed inside toy cars and planted on airline flights out of Bangkok, killing thousands.

After successfully testing and detonating his deadly bomb on Philippine Airlines Flight 434, Yousef returned to Manila and began preparing at least a dozen bombs each with a higher concentration of explosive materials. But just weeks before the Bojinka Plot was due to be launched, Murad was mixing chemicals which started a fire on January 6, 1995. Yousef and Murad fled the fire, but Murad was sent back to retrieve the laptop computer in the apartment, which contained the plans for the attack. He called himself Ahmed Saeed as he was being arrested. He offered 110,740 Philippine pesos ($2,000 U.S. dollars) to the Manila police if they let him go. Although they did not make that much money in a year, Aida Fariscal, the watch commander, refused to let him go. Police grew suspicious after "Saeed" mumbled that, "two Satans that must be destroyed: the Pope and America." This led a further search of room 603, where they found a bomb factory and a computer with data relating to the plot.

Over the course of many weeks, his interrogations by Philippine National Police Intelligence consisted of waterboarding, being beaten with chairs and lumber, and having cigarettes extinguished on his penis and testicles. A Philippine National Police raid in another Manila apartment also revealed evidence that Abdul Murad, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Yousef had drawn up plans for flying an airplane into the CIA headquarters. The information was passed on to the FAA who warned individual airlines. As part of the Bojinka plot, Murad was slated to bomb two United Airlines aircraft, and was also slated to be the suicide pilot who would fly a small plane filled with explosives into the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.

Information about plane bombings was sent to the FBI. Abdul Hakim Murad was sent to the United States on April 12, 1995, and would later help convict Yousef based on Murad's testimony. Murad was convicted on September 5, 1996, of seven counts of conspiring and attempting to bomb 12 planes. On May 16, 1998, Murad received a life sentence to prison. Murad, Federal Bureau of Prisons #37437-054, is currently serving his time in USP Terre Haute.

title: Abdul Hakim Murad (militant)


text:
Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers

The Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers is one of the livery companies in the City of London. The Guild of St James Garlickhythe, the company's predecessor, named after the church where it was founded, was formed in 1375. The organisation of wood craftsmen, who were known at various times as fusters, carvers, and joiners, received a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1571. The craft of 'ceiling' refers to the application and installation of both wall and ceiling wood panelling.

The company has traditionally been separate from the Worshipful Company of Carpenters, for historically Joiners attached wood using glue or other similar materials including pins and dowels, while carpenters used nails or pegs. After many years of not fully supporting their original craft ideals, the company is now pursuing a closer link with the training of apprentices both in the craft of Joinery and Ceiling (and carving), It also supports craft-related training institutions, as well as general educational establishments and selected units of the UK armed services.

The company ranks 41st in the order of precedence of the livery companies. Its motto, embraced by John Wilkes, Master of the company in 1770, is "Join Loyalty And Liberty". The motto prior to formal College of Arms recognition in 1993 was "God Grant Us to Use Justice with Mercy".

, the company is still operating and functions as a non-profit.


text:
Pine grosbeak

The pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is a large member of the true finch family, Fringillidae. It is the only species in the genus Pinicola. It is found in coniferous woods across Alaska, the western mountains of the United States, Canada, and in subarctic Fennoscandia and across the Palearctic to Siberia. The species is a frugivore, especially in winter, favoring small fruits, such as rowans (mountain-ashes in the New World). With fruit-crop abundance varying from year to year, pine grosbeak is one of many subarctic-resident bird species that exhibit irruptive behavior. In irruption years, individuals can move long distances in search of suitable food supplies, bringing them farther south and/or downslope than is typical of years with large fruit crops.

Taxonomy
The pine grosbeak was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia enucleator. The type locality is Sweden. It is now the only species placed in the genus Pinicola that was erected in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot. The generic name Pinicola combines the Latin pinus meaning "pine tree" and colere meaning "to dwell"; the specific enucleator is from the Latin enucleare meaning "to remove the kernel".

The pine grosbeak is a sister taxon to the bullfinches of the genus Pyrrhula. The crimson-browed finch (Carpodacus subhimachalus) was previously placed in the genus Pinicola. It was moved to the rosefinch genus Carpodacus based on results from phylogenetic studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences that were published in 2012 and 2013.

Eight subspecies are recognised:
 * P. e. enucleator (Linnaeus, 1758) – Scandinavia to central Siberia
 * P. e. kamtschatkensis (Dybowski, 1883) – northeastern Siberia
 * P. e. sakhalinensis Buturlin, 1915 – Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, northern Japan
 * P. e. flammula Homeyer, 1880 – coastal southern Alaska and western Canada
 * P. e. carlottae Brooks, AC, 1922 – the Queen Charlotte Islands (off western Canada)
 * P. e. montana Ridgway, 1898 – inland southwestern Canada to west-central U.S.
 * P. e. californica Price, 1897 – eastern California
 * P. e. leucura (Müller, PLS, 1776) – inland west, central Alaska to eastern Canada and northern New England (U.S.)

Description
This species is one of the largest species in the true finch family. It measures from 20 to 25.5 cm in length and weighs from 52 to 78 g, with an average mass of 56.4 g. The pine grosbeak's wingspan is 13.0 in (33 cm). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 10.2 to 11.6 cm, the tail is 7.8 to 9.5 cm, the bill is 1.4 to 1.65 cm and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 cm. Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose-red head, back and rump, They also possess black wings and tail, with a conical beak. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts. Young birds have a less contrasting plumage overall, appearing shaggy when they moult their colored head plumage.

Its voice is geographically variable, and includes a whistled pui pui pui or chii-vli. The song is a short musical warble.

Distribution and habitat
Pine grosbeaks breed in the boreal forests of northern Eurasia and North America, and typically either remain resident near their breeding grounds or migrate relatively short distances to the southern extent of boreal forests. During irruptive years, more travel to southern boreal forests and some move further south. In such years in the New World, they can occur well south of their typical winter distribution, which is the northern Great Lakes region and northern New England in the United States. This species is a very rare vagrant to temperate parts of Europe; in all of Germany, for example, not more than 4 individuals per year and often none at all have been recorded since 1980. The birds have also been known to live in coniferous forests, and other woodlands of the sort.

Behaviour and ecology
The breeding habitat of the pine grosbeak is coniferous forests. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer. This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may migrate farther south. When breeding both sexes develop which they use to store seeds before feeding them to the young.

Pine grosbeaks forage in trees and bushes. They mainly eat seeds, buds, berries, and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.

Thesis

 * Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). An Analysis of Morphological and Vocal Geographic Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks, Pinicola enucleator (Aves). University of Michigan, United States—Michigan.

Articles
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 * Boev Z. (1999). Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria). Geologica Balcanica. vol 29, no 3-4. p. 51–57.
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 * Dunn EH. (1989). Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada. Ontario Birds. vol 7, no 3. p. 87–91.
 * Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol 11, no 1. p. 67–69.
 * Groth, J. G. 1994. A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of cardueline finches. Journal für Ornithologie, 135: 31.
 * Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
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 * Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol 70, no 4. p. 609–620.
 * Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 37, no 4. p. 826–830.
 * Mills A. (1986). Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958–1983. Ontario Birds. vol 4, no 1. p. 30–32.
 * Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario. Ontario Birds. vol 22, no 1. p. 2–8.
 * Pittaway R. (1989). Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders. Ontario Birds. vol 7, no 2. p. 65–67
 * Pittaway R. (1998). Two song types of the pine grosbeak. Ontario Birds. vol 16, no 1. p. 38–39
 * Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). Why and how to study a snowcover. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 119, no 1. p. 118–128.
 * Pulliainen E. (1979). On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland. Ornis Fennica. vol 56, no 4. p. 156–162.
 * Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol 30, p. 83–96.
 * Pyle, P. (1997). Identification Guide to North American Birds, part I. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
 * Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. p. 891–894.
 * Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak. Blue Jay. vol 58, no 1. p. 33–35.
 * Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection. Journal of Chromatography B. vol 670, no 2. p. 337–348.
 * Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION. Journal of Chromatography B vol 670, no 2. p. 337–348.
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 * Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). Winter Season: December 1, 1993 – February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol 48, no 2. p. 228–229
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 * Topp CM. (2004). EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003–2004). Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol 55, no September 29.
 * Virkkala R. (1987). Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol 24, no 4. p. 281–294.
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 * Wolfe DFG. (1996). Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks. Wilson Bulletin. vol 108, no 1. p. 186–187.

title: Pine grosbeak


text:
Pyramid Lake (Nevada)

Pyramid Lake is the geographic sink of the basin of the Truckee River, 40 mi northeast of Reno, Nevada, United States.

Pyramid Lake is the biggest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan, the inland sea that once covered much of western Nevada. It is approximately 27 miles long and 11 miles wide, with a perimeter of 71 miles, covering 112,000 acres entirely enclosed within the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe Reservation.

Pyramid Lake is fed by the Truckee River, which is mostly the outflow from Lake Tahoe. The Truckee River enters Pyramid Lake at its southern end. Pyramid Lake is an endorheic lake, with water leaving only by evaporation or sub-surface seepage. The lake has about 10% of the area of the Great Salt Lake, but it has about 25% more volume. The salinity is approximately 1/6 that of sea water. Although clear Lake Tahoe forms the headwaters that drain to Pyramid Lake, the Truckee River delivers more turbid waters to Pyramid Lake after traversing the steep Sierra terrain and collecting moderately high silt-loaded surface runoff.

The north and east sides of the lake have been restricted to the public and non-Tribal members since 2011, when the Tribal Nation made the decision to close these areas due to the desecration of sacred sites. When visiting, it is recommended to take note of the Tribal protocols and restricted areas.

Name
In Northern Paiute language it is called Kooyooe (Cui-ui) Panunadu or Kooyooe Pa'a Panunadu after the cui-ui fish, which helped sustain the populations around the lake. In fact, a major band of Northern Paiute (endonym: Numu) people whose ancestors lived around the lake call themselves the Kooyooe Tukadu, "cui-ui eaters."

In Washo the name of the lake is Á’waku dáʔaw, meaning "trout lake."

The English name of the lake, given to it by explorer John C. Frémont, comes from the impressive cone- or pyramid-shaped tufa formations found in the lake and along the shores.

History
A remnant of the Pleistocene Lake Lahontan (~890 feet deep), the lake area has long been inhabited by the Paiute, who ancestrally fished the Tui chub, Cui-ui, and Lahontan cutthroat trout from the lake. The Shoshone and Washo also regularly fished in the lake. According to traditional narratives, the Washo specifically were given fishing rights in Pyramid Lake after assisting the Paiutes in defeating a nearby tribe of giants.

Archeological evidence shows that human populations lived in this area between 9500 B.C.E. and 1400 A.D. Excavations have uncovered tools, weapons, clothing, food, and mummified bodies in the area.

John C. Frémont was the first non-indigenous person to map the lake. The name comes from a large rock formation that resembles a bent pyramid.

In the 19th century, two battles were fought near the lake, major actions in the Paiute War. In the 1960s, a marker was placed commemorating these battles.

Because of water diversion beginning in 1905 by Derby Dam through Truckee Canal to Lahontan reservoir, the lake's existence was threatened, and the Paiute sued the Department of the Interior. By the mid-1970s, the lake had lost 80 feet of depth, and according to Paiute fisheries officials, the lake's life was seriously under threat. According to documentary filmmaker John Pilger, the irrigation scheme for which water was diverted was an economic failure.

 * Chronology
 * 1860 – The Pyramid Lake War: Paiute natives and Euro-American settlers clashed.
 * 1903 – Irrigation diversion of the Truckee via the Derby Dam contributed to the decline and eventual extinction in Pyramid Lake of the Lahontan cutthroat trout, which are now stocked.
 * 1936 – The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe approved their constitution and by-laws.
 * 1987 – A water quality model was completed for the Truckee River.

Geography
Pyramid Lake is located in southeastern Washoe County in western Nevada. It is in an elongated intermontane basin between the Lake Range on the east, the Virginia Mountains on the west, and the Pah Rah Range on the southwest. The Fox Range and the Smoke Creek Desert lie to the north.

In a parallel basin to the east of the Lake Range is Winnemucca Lake, now a dry lake bed. Prior to the construction of the Derby Dam in 1905, both lake levels stood at near 3880 ft above sea level. Following the dam's completion, the water levels dropped to 3867 ft and 3853 ft for Pyramid and Winnemucca, respectively. In 1957, the Pyramid Lake level was at 3802 ft and the dry Winnemucca Lake bed at 3780 ft had been dry since the 1930s.

Pyramid Lake is the largest remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan, which covered much of northwestern Nevada at the end of the last ice age. It was the deepest point of Lake Lahontan, reaching an estimated 890 ft due to its low level relative to the surrounding basins.

Sutcliffe is on the west shore of Pyramid Lake along State Route 445. Nixon is on the Truckee River to the southeast of the lake on State Route 447.

The largest tufa formation, Anaho Island, is home to a large colony of American white pelicans and is restricted for ecological reasons. Access to the Needles, another spectacular tufa formation at the northern end of the lake, has also been restricted due to recent vandalism.

The Pyramid
The Pyramid (39.98°N, -119.50167°W), also known as Fremont's Pyramid and Pyramid Island, is a small island near the southeastern shore of the lake. It is located approximately 1.2 miles northeast of Anaho Island and slightly less than six miles from the community of Sutcliffe. The white band seen to the east of the island is composed of calcium carbonate which came from when the lake was at or near its overflow point.

Fish
Major fish species include the Cui-ui lakesucker, which is endemic to Pyramid Lake, the Tui chub and Lahontan cutthroat trout (the world record cutthroat trout was caught in Pyramid Lake). The former is endangered, and the latter is threatened. Both species were critical to the Paiute people in pre-contact times. The Lahontan cutthroat was called "Hoopagaih" by the Paiute people. As they are both obligate freshwater spawners, they rely on sufficient inflow to allow them to run up the Truckee River to spawn, otherwise their eggs will not hatch.

Diversion of the Truckee for irrigation at Derby Dam beginning in 1905 reduced inflow and the lake level to such an extent that stream flow is rarely sufficient for spawning. The Truckee Canal diverts water used to irrigate croplands in Fallon. The dam lacks fish ladders, which prevents upstream spawning. By 1939 the Lahontan cutthroat trout (the "salmon-trout" as described by Frémont) became extinct in Pyramid Lake and its tributaries. They were replaced with hatchery trout from outside the watershed.

However, in 1979 a remnant population of the original Pyramid Lake cutthroat trout was discovered in a small brook on Pilot Peak, on the Nevada/Utah border, by Dr. Robert Behnke of Colorado State University while he was looking for the Bonneville cutthroat trout, another subspecies of the cutthroat trout. The fish were tiny and in poor condition, but Behnke identified the fingerlings as the missing Pyramid Lake variety.

Subsequent DNA testing of a museum specimen has shown his identification to be correct. The fish had been dumped in the creek in the early 20th century. A brood stock was raised at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in Gardnerville, Nevada, and a successful reintroduction effort was mounted by the USFWS and the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. As of 2017, 24 pound Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout are again being caught from the Lake's waters.

The fish are doing very well, according to the USFWS project head Lisa Heki. The fish have also been placed in California's Fallen Leaf Lake, upstream of Pyramid Lake, and elsewhere. Fish populations are now sustained by several tribally-run fish hatcheries and state and federal agencies. The Pyramid Lake Lahontan cutthroat trout is one of the largest inland trout species in the world.

Climate
The following data are for the census-designated place (CDP) of Sutcliffe, NV, located on the shore of Pyramid Lake.

At 8b the hardiness zone of the lake area is the highest in northern Nevada.

Water quality
Because of the endangered species present and because the Lake Tahoe Basin comprises the headwaters of the Truckee River, Pyramid Lake has been the focus of several water quality investigations, the most detailed starting in the mid-1980s. Under direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, a comprehensive dynamic water quality computer model, the DSSAM Model was developed to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the 3120 sqmi Truckee River Basin. Analytes addressed included nitrogen, reactive phosphate, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and nine other parameters. Based on the use of the model, some decisions have been influenced to enhance Pyramid Lake water quality and aid the viability of Pyramid Lake biota. Another contaminant of interest is mercury, introduced to Pyramid Lake from the Truckee River. It is suggested that mercury remediation efforts be carefully considered such that methylmercury production are not enhanced.

Salinity increased from 3.7 to 5 g/L, and the pH level is about 9. Temperature ranges between near freezing (32 °F) to over 20 °C.

Media
Pyramid Lake was used as a stand-in for the Sea of Galilee in the 1965 biblical film, The Greatest Story Ever Told. Also, in 1961, part of The Misfits was filmed nearby.

title: Pyramid Lake (Nevada)


text:
Jamie Salé

Jamie Rae Salé (born April 21, 1977) is a Canadian former competitive pair skater, and a current conspiracy theorist. With her former husband David Pelletier, she is the 2002 Olympic Champion and 2001 World Champion. The Olympic gold medals of Salé and Pelletier were shared with the Russian pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze after the 2002 Winter Olympics figure skating scandal.

Early life
Salé was born in Calgary, Alberta. She grew up in a bungalow in Red Deer. Her parents divorced when she was young, and she was separated from her brother.

Early career
Salé competed first as a singles skater, winning the novice bronze medal and placing eighth in junior ladies at the Canadian Championships. In 1994, Salé won the short program and finished with the bronze medal in the junior event at the Canadian Championships. That same year, she achieved her biggest success to date by winning the senior bronze medal with her pairs partner, Jason Turner. They were named to the 1994 Canadian Olympic team and placed 12th at the Lillehammer Olympics. They placed 16th at the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, Japan, but ended their partnership that August.

Salé returned to singles skating. She placed fifth at the 1995 Canadian Championships, but struggled with injuries which caused her to withdraw from the 1997 Championships. Salé returned in 1998 and skated a strong short program, but was only able to land one of five planned triples in her long program and placed sixth.

Return to pair skating
Salé had a tryout with David Pelletier in the summer of 1996, but it did not lead to a partnership. After her moderate success in singles, she decided to give pairs one last shot. Coach Richard Gaulthier, who was helping Pelletier find a partner, suggested Salé. He and Pelletier went to Edmonton in February 1998 to try out with Salé again. "The first time we grabbed hands, it was just great," said Pelletier, and by the next month Salé had moved to Montréal to skate with Pelletier.

The Canadian Figure Skating Association invited the pair to compete at Skate Canada, where they placed second in the short program – ahead of reigning Canadian Champions Kristy Sargeant and Kris Wirtz – and third in the long program to win the bronze medal. Because of their success, they were invited to the NHK Trophy in Japan and won another bronze medal.

Their fall successes made them favorites for the Canadian title, but they struggled technically and finished second. The silver medal earned them a spot on the Four Continents and World team, but Pelletier's back pain forced the pair to withdraw from both competitions. They spent two months off the ice recuperating.

1999–2000
In the summer of 1999, Gaulthier enlisted the help of Lori Nichol, a successful Canadian choreographer who was known for her work with Michelle Kwan. She created a playful tango piece for their short program, and, after a suggestion from coach Marijane Stong, set their long program to music from the movie Love Story.

They won several competitions with this program. At the 1999 Skate America competition, they defeated the reigning and two-time world champions and Olympic silver medalists Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze by winning both the short and long programs. At their second Grand Prix event, Nations Cup, they finished second to Russians Maria Petrova and Alexei Tikhonov. With these solid results they went into the Grand Prix Final with high hopes and even higher expectations. However, several errors in both programs landed them in fifth place.

They competed at the 2000 Canadian Figure Skating Championships in Salé's hometown of Calgary. They skated a strong short program but exceeded even their own expectations by skating a nearly flawless long program, earning five 6.0 marks in presentation – the first for a pair at the championships. They also captured another 6.0 and the gold medal at the Four Continents Championships in Osaka, Japan.

Expectations mounted before the 2000 World Championships in Nice, France. There, Salé had a major error on a spin in the short program, and they were placed third. During the long program, she again struggled, this time with her jumps, and they placed fourth overall.

2000–2001 season
Salé and Pelletier returned to Lori Nichol for their 2000–01 programs. She choreographed a jazzy short to "Come Rain or Come Shine" and a dramatic, mature long to Wagner's opera "Tristan und Isolde." They returned to Skate America and Skate Canada that fall, winning both over Shen/Zhao and Berezhnaia/Sikharulidze, respectively. Berezhnaia/Sikharulidze then defeated them at Trophée Lalique.

The pair was again successful at the 2001 Canadian Championships in Winnipeg, but did not earn the string of 6.0s that "Love Story" had brought them the previous year. They went on to win again at Four Continents in Salt Lake City, the site for the 2002 Olympics, and revived "Love Story" to win the Grand Prix Final – despite Salé missing the side by side triple toe loop in all three phases of the competition.

The 2001 World Championships were held in Vancouver, and Salé and Pelletier entered as heavy favorites. Trouble on the side by side jumps landed them in third place in the short program, but the team was placed first in the long program despite Salé singling a side-by-side double axel. They were the first Canadian pair to win Worlds since Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Eisler in 1993, and the first pair to win at a Worlds held in Canada since Barbara Underhill and Paul Martini in 1984. They would later win the Lou Marsh Trophy as outstanding Canadian athlete in 2001.

2002 Winter Olympics
Salé and Pelletier again had early success in the 2001–02 season, winning both Skate America and Skate Canada with their new long program to "Adagio Sostenuto" by Rachmaninoff, nicknamed "Orchid" for its flower theme.

The Grand Prix Final, held in Kitchener, Ontario, was important because it was the only chance to test their programs against the top contenders before the Olympics. Despite a rough performance of "Orchid" in the first long program, Salé and Pelletier once again won the event, skating a clean performance of "Love Story" for their second long program. They headed into the 2002 Canadian Championships in Hamilton, Ontario with confidence, having defeated Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze, their biggest rivals. They were able to win the title despite missing several elements in the long program, and the performance increased talks that they would revert to "Love Story" for the Olympic Games.

The pressure for the Olympics was intense. Despite several silvers and bronzes, Canada had only won two gold medals in figure skating, in 1948 and 1960. All eyes were on Salé and Pelletier to break the streak and win, overcoming the Russian pairs dominance that had lasted for 40 years. They skated their short program well, only to trip and fall on their closing pose. Because the fall was not on an element, it did not receive a deduction. They placed second behind Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze. In the long program, Salé and Pelletier had no obvious mistakes. Berezhnaya and Sikharludize, meanwhile, skated a more difficult program in which Sikharulidze had a minor step out on a jump element before quickly regaining unison with his partner. The minor error from the Russians had many convinced that the Canadians had won the gold but when the judges' scores came up, Salé and Pelletier were placed second in the long program. Four judges placed Salé and Pelletier first, while five had Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze as the winners, with the Canadians receiving higher technical scores and the Russians higher presentation scores. This result spurred an outcry from the North American media who emphasized Sikharulidze's stepout, although there was no media criticism a year earlier when Salé and Pelletier were awarded gold at the 2001 World Championships, while ignoring that Salé and Pelletier had fallen in the short program and not received a deduction. The commentators received criticism for failing to mention Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze's strengths, with some observers stating that the Russians had performed a more challenging program with greater speed, more interweaving moves and transitions, and less distance between the partners. The next day, the French judge Marie-Reine Le Gougne admitted she had been pressured into awarding the long program to the Russians in exchange for a first-place vote for the French ice dancing team of Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and a judging controversy quickly blew up. The scandal ultimately resulted in the suspension of several judges and officials, and Le Gougne's vote was discarded, leaving the long program a tie. Salé and Pelletier were awarded gold medals in a special ceremony later in the week.

The controversy resulted in several changes to the judging system. First, anonymous judging was incorporated to "relieve outside pressure" from judges by separating their names from their marks so pressurers could not know whether the judge had acted as they wished. After two years of this system, the Code of Points was implemented and began use in the Grand Prix season of 2003–04, and full usage for all 2004–05 competitions and thereafter.

Since Salt Lake City

After the Olympics, Salé and Pelletier turned professional and began touring North America with Stars on Ice, a figure skating show.

In 2006, Salé and Pelletier served as commentators on Olympic Ice, which aired on USA Network during the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Salé and Pelletier were inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame in 2008. They were inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame on March 26, 2009.

In October 2009, Salé began competing on the first season of the CBC's Battle of the Blades. She was partnered with Craig Simpson, lead analyst for Hockey Night in Canada and a former professional hockey player. The two had known each other for years through Edmonton’s skating scene. They won the competition in November 2009.

In 2010, Salé competed on the second season of Battle of the Blades, this time paired with Theoren Fleury. She returned in 2013 as a judge on the show's fourth season.

Personal life
Salé and Pelletier became engaged on Christmas Day 2004 at their Edmonton, Alberta home, and married on December 30, 2005 at the Fairmont Banff Springs hotel in Banff, Alberta. Their son was born on September 30, 2007.

On June 4, 2010, it was reported that Salé and Pelletier had decided to divorce, but planned to remain skating partners; they skated together until they retired in 2012. In later interviews, Salé stated that they had separated in March 2009, but chose to keep the news private for over a year.

On June 21, 2012 in California, Salé married her season 1 Battle of the Blades partner Craig Simpson, who split from his first wife in March 2010. Salé and Simpson have one daughter, born on July 7, 2013. Through this marriage, Salé is also a stepmother to Simpson's three children from his first marriage.

In a November 2019 guest column in the Toronto Star, Salé wrote that the end of her marriage with Pelletier and her professional skating career had left her with "feelings of emptiness and discontentment" and she "fell into deep despair." She said that support from friends and family helped her get through her feelings of despair, and an encounter with a life coach inspired her to become a motivational speaker and life coach.

By July 2021, Salé and Simpson were no longer living together, and Salé filed for divorce in 2022. She said that they separated due to her belief in conspiracy theories.

Political views and conspiracy theories
Salé and Theo Fleury host The Theo & Jamie Show: Fire and Ice, an online program with the Calgary-based conservative media outlet Canadians for Truth. She has compared Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler, promoted conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines, called the use of face masks on children a form of "child abuse" and referred to vaccine mandates as "medical rape".

Columnist Gary Mason of The Globe and Mail wrote in a November 2022 column: "[Salé] has emerged as an ardent anti-vaxxer who has said putting a mask on a child is 'child abuse.' Her Twitter feed is an endless flow of dubious claims from dubious sources. She happily goes down rabbit holes to share falsehoods about the World Economic Forum and the 'Great Reset,' which conspiracists claim is an effort by the global elite to dismantle capitalism and impose radical change on the world."

In May 2022, she shared an image of a fabricated news article that claimed the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine only had a 12% efficacy rate. The image was designed to look like it was from Global News, although Reuters confirmed with the outlet that there was no such story.

In August 2022, she posted another image of a fabricated news article that claimed Trudeau said climate change was to blame for anger and resentment toward politicians. This time the image was designed to look like it came from CBC News. Agence France-Presse confirmed with CBC News that the article did not exist.

Amateur
(with David Pelletier)

(with Jason Turner)

 * J = Junior level

Professional
(with Pelletier)

2003:
 * World Team Challenge: 1st place (Team)
 * Ice Wars: 2nd place (Team)

2002:
 * Hallmark Skaters' Championship: 1st place
 * Sears Canadian Open: 1st place

Singles

 * J = Junior level; WD = Withdrew

Awards

 * 2001 – Winner of Lou Marsh Trophy as Canadian athlete of the year (with David Pelletier)

title: Jamie Salé


text:
Iridescence

Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear gradually to change colour as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Iridescence is caused by wave interference of light in microstructures or thin films. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfly wings and seashell nacre, and minerals such as opal. Pearlescence is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.

Etymology
The word iridescence is derived in part from the Greek word ἶρις îris (gen. ἴριδος íridos), meaning rainbow, and is combined with the Latin suffix -escent, meaning "having a tendency toward". Iris in turn derives from the goddess Iris of Greek mythology, who is the personification of the rainbow and acted as a messenger of the gods. Goniochromism is derived from the Greek words gonia, meaning "angle", and chroma, meaning "colour".

Mechanisms

Iridescence is an optical phenomenon of surfaces in which hue changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination. It is often caused by multiple reflections from two or more semi-transparent surfaces in which phase shift and interference of the reflections modulates the incidental light, by amplifying or attenuating some frequencies more than others. The thickness of the layers of the material determines the interference pattern. Iridescence can for example be due to thin-film interference, the functional analogue of selective wavelength attenuation as seen with the Fabry–Pérot interferometer, and can be seen in oil films on water and soap bubbles. Iridescence is also found in plants, animals and many other items. The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow, for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes,

Iridescence can also be created by diffraction. This is found in items like CDs, DVDs, some types of prisms, or cloud iridescence. In the case of diffraction, the entire rainbow of colours will typically be observed as the viewing angle changes. In biology, this type of iridescence results from the formation of diffraction gratings on the surface, such as the long rows of cells in striated muscle, or the specialized abdominal scales of peacock spider Maratus robinsoni and M. chrysomelas. Some types of flower petals can also generate a diffraction grating, but the iridescence is not visible to humans and flower-visiting insects as the diffraction signal is masked by the colouration due to plant pigments.

In biological (and biomimetic) uses, colours produced other than with pigments or dyes are called structural colouration. Microstructures, often multi-layered, are used to produce bright but sometimes non-iridescent colours: quite elaborate arrangements are needed to avoid reflecting different colours in different directions. Structural colouration has been understood in general terms since Robert Hooke's 1665 book Micrographia, where Hooke correctly noted that since the iridescence of a peacock's feather was lost when it was plunged into water, but reappeared when it was returned to the air, pigments could not be responsible. It was later found that iridescence in the peacock is due to a complex photonic crystal.

Pearlescence
Pearlescence is an effect related to iridescence and has a similar cause. Structures within a surface cause light to be reflected back, but in the case of pearlescence some or most of the light is white, giving the object a pearl-like luster. Artificial pigments and paints showing an iridescent effect are often described as pearlescent, for example when used for car paints.

Invertebrates
Eledone moschata has a bluish iridescence running along its body and tentacles.

Vertebrates
The feathers of birds such as kingfishers, birds-of-paradise, hummingbirds, parrots, starlings, grackles, ducks, and peacocks are iridescent. The lateral line on the neon tetra is also iridescent. A single iridescent species of gecko, Cnemaspis kolhapurensis, was identified in India in 2009. The tapetum lucidum, present in the eyes of many vertebrates, is also iridescent. Iridescence is known to be present among prehistoric non-avian and avian dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids, enantiornithes, and lithornithids. Muscle tissues can display irisdescence.

Plants
Many groups of plants have developed iridescence as an adaptation to use more light in dark environments such as the lower levels of tropical forests. The leaves of Southeast Asia's Begonia pavonina, or peacock begonia, appear iridescent azure to human observers due to each leaf's thinly layered photosynthetic structures called iridoplasts that absorb and bend light much like a film of oil over water. Iridescences based on multiple layers of cells are also found in the lycophyte Selaginella and several species of ferns.

Human-made
Nanocellulose is sometimes iridescent, as are thin films of petrol and some other hydrocarbons and alcohols when floating on water.

title: Iridescence


text:
Skating

Skating involves any sports or recreational activity which consists of traveling on surfaces or on ice using skates, and may refer to:

Ice skating

 * Ice skating, moving on ice by using ice skates
 * Figure skating, a sport in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice
 * Synchronized skating, a sport where between eight and sixteen perform together as a team
 * Speed skating, a competitive form of ice skating in which the competitors race each other in traveling a certain distance on skates
 * Short-track speed skating, a form of competitive ice speed skating
 * Tour skating, a sport and recreational form of long distance ice skating on natural ice

Other hard surfaces

 * Roller skating, the traveling on surfaces with roller skates
 * Inline skating, traveling on surfaces with skates having one line of wheels
 * Freestyle slalom skating, a field of inline skating that involves performing tricks around a straight line of equally spaced cones
 * Vert skating, riding inline skates on a vert ramp
 * Aggressive inline skating, inline skating executed on specially designed inline skates with focus on grinding and spins
 * Inline speed skating, the roller sport of racing on inline skates
 * Artistic roller skating, a sport similar to figure skating but where contestants run on roller skates instead of ice skates
 * Road skating
 * Skateboarding, an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard

Snow

 * Snow skating, using a hybrid of a skateboard and a snowboard on snow

title: Skating


text:
Edward Clark Potter

Edward Clark Potter (November 26, 1857 – June 21, 1923) was an American sculptor best known for his equestrian and animal statues. His most famous works are the marble lions, nicknamed Patience and Fortitude, in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch

Early years
Born in New London, Connecticut, he grew up in Enfield, Massachusetts, where he lived with his mother Mary and sister Clara. There he went to local schools. At 17, due to his mother's wish that he become a minister, he entered Williston Seminary in Easthampton, Massachusetts, for four years. He entered Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts, in the class of 1882. He only attended for three semesters, but later was granted an honorary Master's degree. He studied drawing at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston with Frederic Crowninshield and Otto Grundmann. There he also did some modelling with the sculptor Truman H. Bartlett.

Career
In 1883 he became an assistant to Daniel Chester French and concentrated on animal studies and working as a manager and salesman in the quarries.

From 1887 to 1889 he studied sculpture at the Académie Julian in Paris with Antonin Mercié and Emmanuel Frémiet, becoming an accomplished animalier (animal sculptor). During his years there, he exhibited several pieces at the Salon: small groups of rabbits, a bust of a black man, a sketch from an American Indian group, and a sleeping faun with a rabbit.

For the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he collaborated with his teacher and friend Daniel Chester French on several of the important sculptures of the exposition. Unfortunately these statues, like most of the architecture of the fair, were made of staff, a temporary material of plaster, cement, and jute fibers, first used in buildings of the Paris exhibition in 1878.

He was elected to the National Sculpture Society in 1893, and joined the Society of American Artists in 1894. This later merged with the National Academy to which he was elected in 1906. Potter won a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904.

His most famous work is the pair of pink Tennessee marble lions in front of the New York Public Library Main Branch, carved by the Piccirilli brothers. Potter was recommended for this commission by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The lions were originally nicknamed "Leo Astor" and "Leo Lenox", for the two private libraries that formed the collection's core, but mayor Fiorello La Guardia renamed them for qualities New Yorkers were showing in weathering the Great Depression—Patience (on the left or south) and Fortitude (on the right or north)—and those names have stuck.

A resident of Greenwich, Connecticut, after 1902, he sculpted the memorial to Raynal Bolling there in 1922. The Cos Cob section of Greenwich is considered one of the birthplaces of American Impressionism. Potter was a founder and first president of the Greenwich Society of Artists, founded in 1912.

He died at his summer home in New London, Connecticut.

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
(These were temporary sculptures, all were destroyed.)
 * Grand Court
 * The Republic (replicated as Statue of The Republic)
 * Statue of Industry
 * Statue of Plenty
 * Statue of The Teamster
 * Quadriga (horse-drawn chariot)
 * Quadriga outriders

Equestrian statues

 * Equestrian statue of Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1893–98).
 * Equestrian statue of George Washington, Place d'Iéna, Paris, France (1900).
 * Equestrian statue of George Washington, Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois (1900–04). This is a replica of the statue in Paris.
 * Equestrian statue of Major General Joseph Hooker, Massachusetts Statehouse, Boston, Massachusetts (1903).
 * Progress of the State quadriga, Minnesota State Capitol, Cass Gilbert, architect, St. Paul, Minnesota (1905–1907).
 * Equestrian statue of Charles Devens, Worcester, Massachusetts (1906).
 * Equestrian statue of a bugler, "Soldier's Monument" Brookline, MA, (1915)

Selected works

 * Sleeping Faun, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City (1887–89).
 * Bust of Vice President William A. Wheeler, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC (1890–1892).
 * Governor Austin Blair, Michigan State Capitol, Lansing, Michigan (1895–1898).
 * Robert Fulton, Rotunda Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (1897). One of 16 bronze statues set around the third-floor balustrade.
 * John Paul Jones, Dewey Triumphal Arch, Madison Square, New York City (1899, destroyed).
 * Equestrian Statue of Major General Henry W. Slocum, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (1902).
 * Equestrian Statue of Major General Charles Devens, Worcester County Courthouse, Worcester, Massachusetts (1905–06).
 * Indian Religion (Buddha), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909).
 * Indian Philosophy (Sankara), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York (1907–1909).
 * Sighting the Enemy (George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument), Monroe, Michigan (1908–1910).
 * Equestrian Statue of Major General George B. McClellan, Smith Memorial Arch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1909–1911).
 * Lions, New York Public Library Main Branch, New York City (1910–11).
 * Equestrian Statue of Major General Philip Kearny, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia (1912–1914).
 * Bust of Sidney Lanier on the Sidney Lanier Monument, Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia (1914).
 * The Bugler (Brookline Civil War Monument), Brookline, Massachusetts (1915).
 * Equestrian Statue of Major General John A. McClernand, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1919).
 * Raynal Bolling Memorial, Greenwich, Connecticut (1922).

title: Edward Clark Potter


text:
Four Corners (disambiguation)

The Four Corners is a region in the southwestern United States where the corners of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet.

Four Corners or 4 Corners may also refer to:

Canada

 * Four corners (Canada), the point where Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut meet
 * Four Corners, in Malton, Mississauga, Ontario
 * Four Corners, Sudbury, Ontario

United States
Listed alphabetically by state
 * Four Corners Monument, a marker at the Four Corners intersection of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah
 * Four Corners, California (disambiguation)
 * Four Corners, Contra Costa County, California
 * Four Corners, Florida
 * Four Presidents Corners, Indiana
 * Four Corners, Maryland, a neighborhood in Silver Spring
 * Four Corners, Dorchester, Boston, a residential area within Boston, Massachusetts
 * Four Corners/Geneva station, a commuter rail station in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Four Corners, Minnesota, an unincorporated community in northeast Minnesota
 * Four Corners, Montana, a census-designated place near the city of Bozeman
 * Four Corners (Newark), a historic district in Newark, New Jersey
 * Four Corners, Pelham Manor, New York, the intersection of Boston Post Road and Pelhamdale Road
 * Four Corners, Vestal, New York, the intersection of the Vestal Parkway and Main Street
 * Four Corners, Lincoln County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Four Corners, Texas County, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community
 * Four Corners, Oregon, a census-designated place
 * Four Corners, Jackson County, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 * Four Corners of Law, an intersection in Charleston, South Carolina
 * Four Corners, Texas, a census-designated place in suburban Houston
 * Four Corners, Wisconsin (disambiguation), unincorporated communities
 * Four Corners, Wyoming, an unincorporated town located in the Black Hills of northeastern Wyoming

Elsewhere

 * Four corners of the world (disambiguation)

Brands and enterprises

 * Four Corners Gallery, an art gallery in London, England
 * Four Corners Office/Retail Complex, in Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * Four Corners Records, a sub-label of Kapp Records, active 1964–1969

Films

 * Four Corners (film), a 2013 South African film
 * Four Corners, a film by the American filmmaker James Benning
 * The Four Corners of Nowhere, a 1995 American comedy film

Music

 * 4 Corners (group), a New Zealand hip-hop group formed in 1998
 * Four Corners (album), a 1987 album by Yellowjackets
 * Four Corners Tour, a 2019 concert tour by British band The Vamps
 * "Four Corners", a song by Mondo Generator from the 2003 album A Drug Problem That Never Existed

Television

 * Four Corners (Australian TV program), from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that debuted in 1961
 * Four Corners (American TV series), a 1998 American television series
 * "Four Corners", a season 8 episode of the TV series ER
 * The Four Corners (TV series), a 1957 Canadian television series

Games

 * Four corners (game), a children's game
 * Four Corners (patience), a solitaire card game
 * A variation on bingo in which a player can win by covering all four corners

Sports

 * Four Corners Cup, a regional soccer competition played in the U.S. in 2019 and 2020
 * Four corners offense, a style of basketball play

Other uses

 * Four-Corner Method, a method of encoding Chinese characters
 * Four corners (law), a term in contract law relating to exclusion clauses
 * Four corners (teaching method), a teaching and learning strategy
 * Porter's four corners model, a competitive analysis method

title: Four Corners (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Proust questionnaire

Deletion for copyright infrigements?

Proust has died in 1922. The copyright laws are clear on that. The law in France for french authors is that the text is falling in Public Domain 70 years after the death of the author.

1922 + 70 = 1992. So I think that we are in the scope of your license. --KarlDubost (http://www.la-grange.net/)

 * Given your information on French copyright I think you're probably right that it's not a violation on that score; however I think the article in its present form is probably inappropriate as being a (bare, uncommented) source text. - Hephaestos 02:21, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'd agree with that. Sorry for being so hasty labelling it as copyvio. It would be best to write about the questionnaire, and provide an external link to the actual questionnaire, or even better, put a copy at http://ps.wikipedia.org (which is a wiki for source texts) and link to that. Angela 02:25, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I think this information is exceedingly non-notable. If we had his answers as well, then maybe it would be worth mentioning...

title: Talk:Proust questionnaire


text:
Emmanuel Frémiet

Emmanuel Frémiet (6 December 1824 – 10 September 1910) was a French sculptor. He is famous for his 1874 sculpture of Joan of Arc in Paris (and its "sister" statues in Philadelphia and Portland, Oregon) and the monument to Ferdinand de Lesseps in Suez. The noted sculptor Pierre-Nicolas Tourgueneff was one of many students who learned sculpture under the tutelage of Frémiet.

Early life
Born in Paris, he was a nephew and pupil of Sophie Frémiet, and later he became a pupil of her husband François Rude. He chiefly devoted himself to animal sculpture. His earliest work was in scientific lithography (osteology), and for a while he served in times of adversity in the gruesome office of painter to the morgue. In 1843 he sent to the Salon a study of a Gazelle, and after that date worked prolifically. His Wounded Bear and Wounded Dog were produced in 1850, and the Luxembourg Museum at once secured this striking example of his work.

Career
In the 1850s, Frémiet produced various Napoleonic works. He first exhibited in the Paris Salon at the age of nineteen with a sculpture of an Algerian gazelle. In 1853, Frémiet, "the leading sculptor of animals in his day" exhibited bronze sculptures of Emperor Napoleon III's basset hounds at the Paris Salon. Soon afterwards, from 1855 to 1859 Frémiet was engaged on a series of military statuettes for Napoleon III, none of which have survived.

He produced his equestrian statue of Napoleon I in 1868, and of Louis d'Orleans of 1869 (at the Château de Pierrefonds) and in 1874 the first equestrian statue of Joan of Arc, erected in the Place des Pyramides, Paris; this he afterwards (1889) replaced with another version. During this period he also executed Pan and the Bear Cubs, also acquired by the Luxembourg Museum and in the Musée d'Orsay.

In 1887 he exhibited his Gorilla Carrying off a Woman which won him a medal of honour at the Salon. It depicts a large primate with a spear wound in his shoulder, carrying a still-alive female victim and a stone weapon. This sculpture divided critics at the time but is now recognised as one of his most significant works.

Of the same character is his Ourang-Outangs and Borneo Savage of 1895, a commission from the Paris Museum of Natural History. Frémiet also executed the statue of St Michael for the summit of the spire of the Eglise St Michel, and the equestrian statue of Velasquez for the Jardin de l'Infante at the Louvre. Named an Officer of the French Legion of Honor in 1878, he became a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1892, and succeeded Antoine-Louis Barye as professor of animal drawing at the Natural History Museum of Paris.

Frémiet died on 10 September 1910 in Paris and was buried in the Cimetière de Louveciennes.

title: Emmanuel Frémiet