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Phenol formaldehyde resin

Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF) (phenolic resins or phenoplasts ) are synthetic polymers obtained by the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde. Used as the basis for Bakelite, PFs were the first commercial synthetic resins. They have been widely used for the production of molded products including billiard balls, laboratory countertops, and as coatings and adhesives. They were at one time the primary material used for the production of circuit boards but have been largely replaced with epoxy resins and fiberglass cloth, as with fire-resistant FR-4 circuit board materials.

There are two main production methods. One reacts phenol and formaldehyde directly to produce a thermosetting network polymer, while the other restricts the formaldehyde to produce a prepolymer known as novolac which can be moulded and then cured with the addition of more formaldehyde and heat. There are many variations in both production and input materials that are used to produce a wide variety of resins for special purposes.

Formation and structure
Phenol-formaldehyde resins, as a group, are formed by a step-growth polymerization reaction that can be either acid- or base-catalysed. Since formaldehyde exists predominantly in solution as a dynamic equilibrium of methylene glycol oligomers, the concentration of the reactive form of formaldehyde depends on temperature and pH.

Phenol reacts with formaldehyde at the ortho and para sites (sites 2, 4 and 6) allowing up to 3 units of formaldehyde to attach to the ring. The initial reaction in all cases involves the formation of a hydroxymethyl phenol:

 * HOC6H5 +  CH2O   →   HOC6H4CH2OH

The hydroxymethyl group is capable of reacting with either another free ortho or para site, or with another hydroxymethyl group. The first reaction gives a methylene bridge, and the second forms an ether bridge:

 * HOC6H4CH2OH +  HOC6H5   →   (HOC6H4)2CH2  +  H2O
 * 2 HOC6H4CH2OH  →   (HOC6H4CH2)2O  +  H2O

The diphenol (HOC6H4)2CH2 (sometimes called a "dimer") is called bisphenol F, which is an important monomer in the production of epoxy resins. Bisphenol-F can further link generating tri- and tetra-and higher phenol oligomers.

Novolaks
Novolaks (or novolacs) are phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio of less than one. In place of phenol itself, they are often produced from cresols (methylphenols). The polymerization is brought to completion using acid-catalysis such as sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid and rarely, sulfonic acids. The phenolic units are mainly linked by methylene and/or ether groups. The molecular weights are in the low thousands, corresponding to about 10–20 phenol units. Obtained polymer is thermoplastic and require a curing agent or hardener to form a thermoset.

Hexamethylenetetramine is a hardener added to crosslink novolac. At a temperature greater than 90 °C, it forms methylene and dimethylene amino bridges. Resoles can also be used as a curing agent (hardener) for novolac resins. In either case, the curing agent is a source of formaldehyde which provides bridges between novolac chains, eventually completely crosslinking the system.

Novolacs have multiple uses as tire tackifier, high temperature resin, binder for carbon bonded refractories, carbon brakes, photoresists and as a curing agent for epoxy resins.

Resoles
Base-catalysed phenol-formaldehyde resins are made with a formaldehyde to phenol ratio of greater than one (usually around 1.5). These resins are called resoles. Phenol, formaldehyde, water and catalyst are mixed in the desired amount, depending on the resin to be formed, and are then heated. The first part of the reaction, at around 70 °C, forms a thick reddish-brown tacky material, which is rich in hydroxymethyl and benzylic ether groups.

The rate of the base-catalysed reaction initially increases with pH, and reaches a maximum at about pH = 10. The reactive species is the phenoxide anion (C6H5O−) formed by deprotonation of phenol. The negative charge is delocalised over the aromatic ring, activating sites 2, 4 and 6, which then react with the formaldehyde.

Being thermosets, hydroxymethyl phenols will crosslink on heating to around 120 °C to form methylene and methyl ether bridges through the elimination of water molecules. At this point the resin is a 3-dimensional network, which is typical of polymerised phenolic resins. The high crosslinking gives this type of phenolic resin its hardness, good thermal stability, and chemical imperviousness. Resoles are referred to as "one step" resins as they cure without a cross linker unlike novolacs, a "two step" resin.

Resoles are major polymeric resin materials widely used for gluing and bonding building materials. Exterior plywood, oriented strand boards (OSB), engineered high-pressure laminate are typical applications.

Crosslinking and the formaldehyde/phenol ratio
When the molar ratio of formaldehyde:phenol reaches one, in theory every phenol is linked together via methylene bridges, generating one single molecule, and the system is entirely crosslinked. This is why novolacs (F:P <1) do not harden without the addition of a crosslinking agents, and why resoles with the formula F:P >1 will.

Applications
Phenolic resins are found in myriad industrial products. Phenolic laminates are made by impregnating one or more layers of a base material such as paper, fiberglass, or cotton with phenolic resin and laminating the resin-saturated base material under heat and pressure. The resin fully polymerizes (cures) during this process forming the thermoset polymer matrix. The base material choice depends on the intended application of the finished product. Paper phenolics are used in manufacturing electrical components such as punch-through boards, in household laminates, and in paper composite panels. Glass phenolics are particularly well suited for use in the high speed bearing market. Phenolic micro-balloons are used for density control. The binding agent in normal (organic) brake pads, brake shoes, and clutch discs are phenolic resin. Synthetic resin bonded paper, made from phenolic resin and paper, is used to make countertops. Another use of phenolic resins is the making of duroplast, famously used in Trabant automobiles.

Phenolic resins are also used for making exterior plywood commonly known as weather and boil proof (WBP) plywood because phenolic resins have no melting point but only a decomposing point in the temperature zone of 220 C and above.

Phenolic resin is used as a binder in loudspeaker driver suspension components which are made of cloth.

Higher end billiard balls are made from phenolic resins, as opposed to the polyesters used in less expensive sets.

Sometimes people select fibre reinforced phenolic resin parts because their coefficient of thermal expansion closely matches that of the aluminium used for other parts of a system, as in early computer systems and Duramold.

The Dutch painting forger Han van Meegeren mixed phenol formaldehyde with his oil paints before baking the finished canvas, in order to fake the drying out of the paint over the centuries.

Atmospheric re-entry spacecraft use phenol formaldehyde resin as a key component in ablative heat shields (e.g. AVCOAT on the Apollo modules). As the heat shield skin temperature can reach 1000-2000 °C, the resin pyrolizes due to aerodynamic heating. This reaction absorbs significant thermal energy, insulating the deeper layers of the heat shield. The outgassing of pyrolisis reaction products and the removal of charred material by friction (ablation) also contribute to vehicle insulation, by mechanically carrying away the heat absorbed in those materials.

Trade names

 * Bakelite was originally made from phenolic resin and wood flour.
 * Ebonol is a paper-filled phenolic resin designed as a replacement for ebony wood in stringed and woodwind instruments.
 * Novotext is cotton fibre-reinforced phenolic, using randomly oriented fibres.
 * Oasis Floral Foam is "an open-celled phenolic foam that readily absorbs water and is used as a base for flower arrangements."
 * Paxolin is a resin bonded paper product long used as a base material for printed circuit boards, although it is being replaced by fiberglass composites in many applications.
 * Tufnol is a laminated plastic available as sheet and rods, which is made from layers of paper or cloth which have been soaked with phenolic resin and pressed under heat. Its high resistance to oils and solvents have made it suitable for many engineering applications.
 * Richlite is a paper-filled phenolic resin with many uses, from tabletops and cutting-boards to guitar fingerboards.

Biodegradation
Phenol-formaldehyde is degraded by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

title: Phenol formaldehyde resin


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Osaka Line

The Osaka Line (大阪線) is a railway line in Japan owned by Kintetsu Railway, connecting Osaka and Mie Prefecture via Nara Prefecture. The line is the longest double-tracked railway of non-JR operators. Together with the Nagoya Line, this line forms the route for Kintetsu limited express services connecting Osaka and Nagoya in competition with the Tokaido Shinkansen.

Services
Along with charged Limited express, non-charged local and express services are operated on the line.
 * Local (普通) (L)
 * Mostly using 6-car trains, operations are divided at Nabari. In the west trains normally run between Osaka Uehommachi and Takayasu or Kawachi-Kokubu. During the day, 6 trains operate per hour, 5 between Osaka Uehommachi and Takayasu, and one between Osaka Uehommachi and Kawachi-Kokubu. In the east, local trains run between Nabari or Aoyamacho and Ise-Nakagawa. Some trains continues as other train types west of Nabari.

 * Suburban Semi-Express (区間準急) (SSE)
 * The service started on March 20, 2012. These operate using 6-car trains, between Osaka Uehommachi and Yamato-Asakura, Haibara, or Nabari, during off-peak hours.

 * Semi-Express (準急) (SE)
 * Between Osaka Uehommachi and Takayasu, Haibara or Nabari, peak hours only, replacing suburban semi-express services, using 10-, 8-, or 6-car formations.

 * Express (急行) (Ex)
 * Operated at all times except during rush hours in the peak direction, connecting Osaka Uehommachi and Aoyamachō or Isuzugawa on Toba Line, one and two services per hour respectively. These trains use short 6-car formations due to the lengths of platforms at Kawachi-Kokubu and Sambommatsu. Makes a connection to express train on Nagoya Line at Ise-Nakagawa.

 * Rapid Express (快速急行) (RE)
 * Long distance rapid service replacing express trains at rush hours, between Osaka Uehommachi and Aoyamachō, or Matsusaka, Ujiyamada, Isuzugawa or Toba on Toba Line in Mie Prefecture. To the west of Nabari, they operate with up to 10 cars, to the west of Aoyamachō with up to 8 cars, and 4 or 6 cars in the eastern section.
 * After the schedule change on March 20, 2012, these trains were integrated with suburban rapid express trains (区間快速急行, 区間快速). Muroguchi-Ono and Akameguchi stations became stops of rapid express trains, but Iga-Kozu, Nishi-Aoyama, and Higashi-Aoyama stations are skipped.
 * After the schedule change on March 14, 2020, morning westbound trains are shortened between Aoyamacho and Osaka Uehommachi, and trains from the Yamada Line and the Toba Line are operated as express trains until Nabari. A timetable revision scheduled for 16 March 2024 looks to mark the end of operation with 10-car trains.

 * Limited Express (特急)
 * Seat reservation required for an extra charge, between Osaka Uehommachi or Osaka Namba on the Kintetsu Namba Line in Osaka and Nagoya or the Ise - Shima region.

Stations

 * 〇 : All trains stop.
 * ▲ : Most trains stop
 * △ : Some trains stop

History
The Osaka Electric Railway opened the Osaka Uehommachi to Fuse section as gauge dual track electrified at 600 V DC (as were all further sections unless otherwise noted) in 1914. The line was extended to Kintetsu Yao in 1924, and to Onji the following year. The Yamato-Takada to Yamato-Yagi section opened (with a single track) the same year, and was then linked to Onji and duplicated in 1927. The line was then extended to Sakurai in 1929 and the voltage on the Sakurai to Fuse section increased to 1,500 V DC to permit through-running with the Sangu Express Railway line (see below).

The Sangu Express Railway opened the Sakurai to Hase section in 1929, electrified at 1,500 V DC, and extended the line to Ise-Nakagawa the following year, single track beyond Nabari. The two companies became part of Kintetsu between 1941 and 1944.

The voltage on the Osaka Uehommachi to Fuse section was increased to 1,500 V DC in 1956, the Nabari to Iga-Kozu section was double-tracked between 1959 and 1961, and the rest of the line double-tracked between 1967 and 1975, when the 5,652 m Shin Aoyama tunnel was opened, at the time the longest tunnel built in Japan by a private railway.

Former connecting lines

 * Sakurai Station: The Hase Railway opened a 6 km gauge line to Hase in 1909. The company merged with the Osaka Electric Railway in 1928, the year before the Sangu Express Railway opened the Sakurai to Hase line in 1929, and the line closed in 1938. The Yamato Railway operated an 8 km 1,067 mm gauge line electrified at 600 V DC to Nishi-Tawaramoto on the Kashihara Line between 1923 and 1958.
 * Iga-Kambe Station: The (first) Iga Railway opened a 26 km 1,067 mm gauge line between Iga-Ueno on the Kansai Main Line and Nishi-Nabari in 1922, including a connection at this station. The line was electrified at 1,500 V DC in 1926. The section to Nishi-Nabari closed in 1964, with the Iga Line operated by the (second) Iga Railway after Kintetsu transferred operation of the line in 2007.
 * Ise-Ishibashi Station: The Dainippon Railway operated a 15 km gauge line between Hisai on the Nagoya Line and Ise-Kawaguchi on the Meisho Line that connected here between 1925 and 1943.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Osaka Line


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Asiatic salamander

The Asiatic salamanders (family Hynobiidae) are primitive salamanders found all over Asia, and in European Russia. They are closely related to the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), with which they form the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids currently described are endemic to Japan, but their range also covers parts of china, Russia, Afghanistan and iran.

Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or spawning. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce internally, male hynobiids focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding. The female lays two egg sacs at a time, each containing up to 70 eggs. Parental care is common. A few species have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external gills if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water.

Fossils of hynobiids are known from the Miocene to the present in Asia and Eastern Europe, though fossils of Cryptobranchoids more closely related to hynobiids than to giant salamanders extend back to the Middle Jurassic.

Phylogeny
Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011) and modified using Mikko Haaramo

Classification
Currently, 81 species are known. These genera make up the Hynobiidae:

Subfamily Hynobiinae

 * Genus Afghanodon
 * Afghanodon mustersi (Smith, 1940)
 * Genus Batrachuperus (Chinese stream salamanders)
 * Batrachuperus karlschmidti Liu, 1950
 * Batrachuperus londongensis Liu and Tian, 1978
 * Batrachuperus pinchonii (David, 1872)
 * Batrachuperus tibetanus Schmidt, 1925
 * Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Liu, 1950
 * Genus Hynobius - (Asian salamanders)
 * Hynobius abei Sato, 1934
 * Hynobius abuensis Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
 * Hynobius akiensis Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius amakusaensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 * Hynobius amjiensis Gu, 1992
 * Hynobius arisanensis Maki, 1922
 * Hynobius bakan Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius boulengeri (Thompson, 1912)
 * Hynobius chinensis Günther, 1889
 * Hynobius dunni Tago, 1931
 * Hynobius formosanus Maki, 1922
 * Hynobius fossigenus Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
 * Hynobius fucus Lai and Lue, 2008
 * Hynobius glacialis Lai and Lue, 2008
 * Hynobius guabangshanensis Shen, 2004
 * Hynobius guttatus Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius hidamontanus Matsui, 1987
 * Hynobius hirosei Lantz, 1931
 * Hynobius ikioi Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
 * Hynobius iwami Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
 * Hynobius katoi Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
 * Hynobius kimurae Dunn, 1923
 * Hynobius kuishiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius leechii Boulenger, 1887
 * Hynobius lichenatus Boulenger, 1883
 * Hynobius maoershanensis Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
 * Hynobius mikawaensis Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
 * Hynobius naevius (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
 * Hynobius nebulosus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
 * Hynobius nigrescens Stejneger, 1907
 * Hynobius okiensis Sato, 1940
 * Hynobius osumiensis Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 * Hynobius oyamai Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius quelpaertensis Mori, 1928
 * Hynobius retardatus Dunn, 1923
 * Hynobius sematonotos Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius setoi Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
 * Hynobius setouchi Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
 * Hynobius shinichisatoi Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 * Hynobius sonani (Maki, 1922)
 * Hynobius stejnegeri Dunn, 1923
 * Hynobius takedai Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
 * Hynobius tokyoensis Tago, 1931
 * Hynobius tosashimizuensis Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
 * Hynobius tsuensis Abé, 1922
 * Hynobius tsurugiensis Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
 * Hynobius turkestanicus Nikolskii, 1910
 * Hynobius unisacculus Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
 * Hynobius utsunomiyaorum Matsui and Okawa, 2019
 * Hynobius vandenburghi Dunn, 1923
 * Hynobius yangi Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
 * Hynobius yiwuensis Cai, 1985
 * Genus Liua (Wushan salamanders)
 * Liua shihi (Liu, 1950)
 * Liua tsinpaensis (Liu and Hu, 1966)
 * Genus Pachyhynobius (stout salamanders)
 * Pachyhynobius shangchengensis Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
 * Genus Paradactylodon (Middle Eastern stream salamanders)
 * Paradactylodon persicus (Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
 * Genus Pseudohynobius
 * Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus (Hu and Fei, 1978)
 * Pseudohynobius guizhouensis Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
 * Pseudohynobius jinfo Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
 * Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis Xu and Zeng, 2007
 * Pseudohynobius puxiongensis (Fei and Ye, 2000)
 * Pseudohynobius shuichengensis Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
 * Genus Ranodon (Semirichensk salamanders)
 * Ranodon sibiricus Kessler, 1866
 * Genus Salamandrella (Siberian salamanders)
 * Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybowski, 1870
 * Salamandrella tridactyla Nikolskii, 1905

Subfamily Onychodactylinae

 * Genus Onychodactylus (clawed salamanders)
 * Onychodactylus fischeri (Boulenger, 1886)
 * Onychodactylus fuscus Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
 * Onychodactylus intermedius Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
 * Onychodactylus japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782)
 * Onychodactylus kinneburi Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
 * Onychodactylus koreanus Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
 * Onychodactylus nipponoborealis Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
 * Onychodactylus tsukubaensis Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
 * Onychodactylus zhangyapingi Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
 * Onychodactylus zhaoermii Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
 * Onychodactylus sillanus Min, Borzée, and Poyarkov, 2022
 * Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus Yoshikawa et Matsui, 2022

title: Asiatic salamander


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Ancroft

Ancroft is a village and civil parish (which includes the village of Scremerston) in Northumberland, England. Prior to 1844, Ancroft lay within the Islandshire exclave of County Durham. It is south of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and has a population of 885, rising slightly to 895 at the 2011 census.

There are several suggestions as to how Ancroft got its name. It might be an abridged version of "Aidan's-croft" - the croft of St Aidan who was the first Bishop of Lindisfarne (Holy Island). Alternatively, it might be that as the church is dedicated to Saint Anne, the village took its name from the church - "St Anne's croft". A third suggestion is simply that it means one croft or solitary croft - "ane croft". There was surely more than one croft here when the church was built, probably towards the end of the 11th century; but in common with most of this region, the community declined in the latter part of the 13th century because of the continual border raids by the Scots. This turbulent history is reflected in the number of castles and peel towers in the vicinity, besides the fortified tower that was added to the church in the thirteenth century.

Because of the repeated incursions by Scots, this northern part of what we now call Northumberland was placed in the charge of the prince-bishops of Durham. They were powerful and wealthy men who had the resources to defend the border. That is why this area was still part of County Durham until the mid 1800s.

After the accession of James I (James VI of Scotland) to the throne of England in 1603 there seems to have been a return of people to the village. But in 1667 the plague struck Ancroft, The victims were carried out into the fields where they were covered with shelters made from branches of broom. After death both bodies and shelters were burned in a rudimentary and fruitless attempt to control the spread of the disease. To this day a field to the south of the village is called "Broomie Huts". In desperation the authorities of the day ordered that the plague-affected cottages should be burned to the ground. The mounds where the cottages stood, and the former village street, can still be seen in the field between the main road and the burn.

By the time of Queen Anne (1702–1714) the village was flourishing once more, with a population of over one thousand. The main industry, other than farming, was shoe and clog making. Sailors of the Royal Navy wore shoes or slippers from Ancroft. The naval specification required footwear with no metal parts - an obvious precaution to avoid sparks in a wooden ship loaded with gunpowder and tarred rope! Boots were also made for the British army - the Duke of Marlborough's troops marched to victory shod in Ancroft boots. A village tradition claims that each of the one hundred trees on the southern skyline represents a cobbler.

Several of the local settlements originated around coal mines, an industry which is being redeveloped in today's open cast sites.

Landmarks
The Devil's Causeway passes the village less than 1 mi to the east. The causeway is a Roman road which starts at Port Gate on Hadrian's Wall, north of Corbridge, and extends 55 mi northwards across Northumberland to the mouth of the River Tweed at Berwick-upon-Tweed.

title: Ancroft


text:
Talk:List of Canadian senators who resigned and were elected to the House of Commons

Why not merge this into the Canadian Senate? This article currently does not have any links to it. RedWolf 20:06, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree, it is completely unnecessary to have a separate article for this. 74.100.204.167 19:05, 21 April 2007 (UTC)


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Palestinian refugee camps

Camps are set up by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to accommodate Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA, who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War or in the aftermath of the Six-Day War in 1967, and their patrilineal descendants. There are 68 Palestinian refugee camps, 58 official and 10 unofficial, ten of which were established after the Six-Day War while the others were established in 1948 to 1950s.

Whilst only a third of registered Palestinian refugees live within the boundaries of the refugee camps, Palestinian refugees "show extraordinary social and economic integration outside the camps and informal gatherings". Many Palestinian refugees live in adjacent or nearby "gatherings", defined as "the geographic area, outside the official camps, which is home to a minimum 15 Palestinian households."

The total number of registered Palestine refugees has grown from 750,000 in 1950 to around 5 million in 2013.

Definition of Palestinian refugee
UNRWA's mandate is to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees, including access to its refugee camps. For this purpose, it defines Palestinian refugees as "persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."

UNRWA also extends assistance to the patrilineal descendants of such refugees, as well as their legally adopted children.

Role of UNRWA
For a camp to be recognized by UNRWA, there must be an agreement between the host government and UNRWA governing use of the camp. UNRWA does not itself run any camps, has no police powers or administrative role, but simply provides services to the camp. UNRWA recognizes facilities in 58 designated refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and it also provides facilities in other areas where large numbers of registered Palestine refugees live outside of recognized camps. UNRWA also provided relief to Jewish displaced persons inside Israel following the 1948 conflict until the Israeli government took over responsibility for them in 1952. Refugee camps developed from tented cities to rows of concrete blockhouses to urban ghettos indistinguishable from their surroundings (effectively becoming urban developments within existing cities or by themselves), that house around one third of all registered Palestine refugees.

The Funding for UNRWA activities comes almost entirely from voluntary contributions from UN member states. UNRWA also receives some funding from the Regular Budget of the United Nations, which is used mostly for international staffing costs.

List of camps
The camps are divided between five regions:
 * Gaza Strip: The Gaza Strip has eight official and no unofficial refugee camps, and 1,221,110 registered refugees.
 * West Bank: The West Bank has 19 official and four unofficial refugee camps, and 741,409 registered refugees.
 * Syria: Syria has nine official refugee camps and three unofficial refugee camps, and 499,189 registered refugees.
 * Lebanon: There are 12 official refugee and no unofficial camps in Lebanon, and 448,599 registered refugees.
 * Jordan: There are 10 official and three unofficial refugee camps in Jordan, and 2,034,641 registered refugees.

Population statistics
The evolution of Palestinian refugee population is shown below:

The number of Palestinian refugees living within the UNWRA registered area of operations is shown below, both those living in camps and those living outside camps:

The table below shows the population of registered refugees, other registered people, and refugees residing in camps, in 2018. UNRWA's definition of Other Registered Persons refer to "those who, at the time of original registration did not satisfy all of UNRWA's Palestine refugee criteria, but who were determined to have suffered significant loss and/or hardship for reasons related to the 1948 conflict in Palestine; they also include persons who belong to the families of other registered persons."

Maps

 * Fields of operation, 2014 map by UNRWA
 * Camps in Lebanon
 * Camps in the Palestinian territories

title: Palestinian refugee camps


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Nagoya Line (Kintetsu)

The Nagoya Line (名古屋線) is a railway line owned and operated by the Kintetsu Railway, a Japanese private railway company, connecting Nagoya and Ise Nakagawa Station in Matsusaka, Mie Prefecture via Kuwana, Yokkaichi, Suzuka, Tsu municipalities along the Ise Bay. The official starting-point of the line is Ise-Nakagawa and the terminus is Nagoya; however, operationally trains run "down" from and "up" towards Nagoya.

The line approximately parallels the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) Kansai Main Line, the Ise Railway Ise Line, and the JR Central Kisei Main Line, and all three offer rapid services from Nagoya to Ise.

At Ise-Nakagawa, the line has connections to the Osaka Line to Uehommachi and Kintetsu Namba Stations of downtown Osaka, and to the Yamada Line to Ujiyamada Station and beyond Toba Station on the Toba Line and Kashikojima Station of the Shima Line, to provide touristic access to scenic Shima Peninsula and Ise Shrine.

Services
 LO Local (普通; futsū) Trains stop at every station.
 * For Shiratsuka, Kintetsu Yokkaichi, Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Tomiyoshi, Kintetsu Yokkaichi, Shiratsuka, Ise-Nakagawa

 SE Semi-Express (準急; junkyū)
 * For Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Tomiyoshi, Kintetsu Yokkaichi

 EX Express (急行; kyūkō)
 * For Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Ise-Nakagawa, Matsusaka, Ujiyamada, Toba

 LE Limited Express (特急; tokkyū) Seat reservations and limited express fee required.
 * For Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Ōsaka Namba; via Nabari and Yamato-Yagi (Kashihara)
 * For Ujiyamada, Toba, Kashikojima

 NS Non-stop Limited Express (ノンストップ特急; nonsutoppu tokkyū) Trains for Ōsaka Namba run hourly. Trains for Kashikojima run once a day on weekends. Seat reservations and limited express fee required.
 * For Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Ōsaka Namba
 * For Kashikojima

 SV Premium Express Shimakaze (しまかぜ; Shimakaze) Trains for Kashikojima run once a day except on Wednesday with some exceptions. :(Seat reservations, limited express fee and special vehicle fee required.
 * For Kintetsu Nagoya
 * For Kashikojima

History
The first section, between Shiroko and Takadahonzan, was opened in 1915 by an independent railway operator Ise Electric Railway (伊勢電気鉄道) with rail gauge. The line was extended to Tsu-shinmachi and Kusu in 1917, and to (now) Kintetsu-Yokkaichi in 1922, the line being electrified at 1500 VDC in 1926. It was extended as an electrified line to Kuwana in 1929, and to Ise-Nakagawa the following year.

In 1936 the line was acquired by the Sangu Express Railway Co., which duplicated the Kuwana - Kusu section in 1938, the year that the Kansai Express Railway Co. opened the Nagoya - Kuwana section as electrified dual track.

In 1940 the Sangū Kyūkō Electric Railway (参宮急行電鉄) merged with the Kansai Express Railway Co., a predecessor of Kintetsu.

The Kusu - Hisai section was duplicated between 1937 and 1955, and the dual tracking of the line was completed in 1972 with duplication of the Hisai - Ise-Nakagawa section.

Gauge conversion
After the acquisition of a 1435mm connection to Osaka, Kintetsu passengers to that destination needed to change trains due to the difference of gauges. In 1959 the disastrous Ise-wan Typhoon destroyed the line and Kintetsu decided to convert to gauge (standard gauge) with the reconstruction, the standard of the company to enable direct operation between Osaka and Nagoya. Today a number of Limited Express trains between Osaka and Nagoya, and between Nagoya and Ise and Shima area are operated.

Former connecting lines

 * Kuwana station - The 762mm gauge Sangi Railway Hokusei Line 1 km section to Kuwana Kyobashi operated between 1913 and 1961, being electrified in 1930 at 600 VDC, and boosted to 750 VDC in 1954.
 * Edobashi station - the Ise Electric Railway 39 km 1067mm gauge line to Daijingumae opened between 1926 and 1930, and closed between 1943 and 1961.
 * Tsu-shimmachi station - The Anou Railway Co. operated a 14 km 762mm gauge line to Mukumoto between 1914 and 1944. There was a 5 km branch to Katada operated from 1917 to 1927.
 * Hisai station - The Dainippon Railway Co. operated a 15 km 762mm gauge line to Ise-Kawaguchi on the Meisho Line between 1925 and 1943.

Proposed connecting line

 * Toda station - The 1972 Nagoya regional transport plan proposed a subway (Line 5) from this station to Kurokawa. In 2008 it was determined the line was not economically viable.

title: Nagoya Line (Kintetsu)


text:
Talk:List of major hotels in Delhi

Does anyone object to merging this with the main Delhi article? --Jiang | Talk 20:08, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Link to VfD:. – Uanfala (talk) 23:44, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of major hotels in Delhi


text:
Brandier

Brandier is a hamlet in north Wiltshire, England, near Minety. Until the Counties Act of 1844, it was in Gloucestershire.

Brandier was the site of extensive Roman kilns and potteries which supplied the nearby regional capital of Corinium (Cirencester) with ceramic building materials. 'Minety Ware' was in production until at least the medieval period and has been found as far afield as Germany.

The hamlet once stood at a crossroads, one road of which, Crow Lane, is now a public right of way. The other, where Crossing Lane is today, roughly corresponds to the Roman road leading to Cirencester, where it connects with the Fosse Way.

The largest dwelling in the hamlet is Brandiers Farm, mostly dating from the 16th century although excavations have shown it to have been built on extensive Roman foundations, making it arguably the oldest building in the parish.

title: Brandier


text:
Secretary of State for Justice

The secretary of state for justice is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Ministry of Justice. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Since the office's inception, the incumbent has concurrently been appointed Lord Chancellor.

The officeholder works alongside the other justice ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for justice, and the performance of the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Justice Select Committee.

Responsibilities
According to what is generally known as a justice minister in many other countries, the justice secretary's remit includes:
 * His Majesty's Prison Service in England and Wales
 * Matters of probation
 * The UK’s relations with the governments of the Crown Dependencies (Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man)

Creation
The then Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer of Thoroton, was appointed to the post of Secretary of State for Justice when it was created in 2007. The office of the Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs was abolished, along with the Department for Constitutional Affairs. The home secretary, John Reid, told Parliament that future secretaries of state for justice would be MPs rather than peers.

title: Secretary of State for Justice


text:
Érica Awano

Érica Awano (born 12 December), is a Japanese-Brazilian comics artist. Her style is heavily influenced by Japanese manga, but differ considerably from traditional manga in their format.

Biography
The daughter of Japanese immigrants, Awano graduated from the University of São Paulo in Literature. She started her career in 1996 illustrating Novas Aventuras de Megaman, a digest size comic book based on the Mega Man franchise. She then worked on a limited series based on Street Fighter Zero 3, written by Marcelo Cassaro and columns on how-to draw for magazines Anime Ex and Animax. She was the co-creator of the mascot of the magazine Anime Do.

She has illustrated role-playing games books for 3D&T and Tormenta, among others. Her most successful and recognized work is the comic series Holy Avenger (a spin-off of Tormenta), which lasted for 42 issues and spawned a handful of other projects, including other comics, an audio CD with professional actors playing the characters, and an animated series.

title: Érica Awano


text:
Lord Chancellor's Department

The Lord Chancellor's Department was a United Kingdom government department answerable to the Lord Chancellor with jurisdiction over England and Wales.

Created in 1885 as the Lord Chancellor's Office with a small staff to assist the Lord Chancellor in his day-to-day duties, the department grew in power over the course of the 20th century, and at its peak had jurisdiction over the entire judicial system and a staff of over 22,000. In 2003, it was succeeded by the Department for Constitutional Affairs (now the Ministry of Justice).

History
The department was created in 1885 by Lord Selborne, who was the Lord Chancellor at the time. The Lord Chancellor was the only cabinet minister (other than those without portfolio) not to have a department of civil servants answerable to him, and justified the expenditure of creating a permanent department by saying that:

"The Lord Chancellor, though Minister of Justice for almost every purpose unconnected with the Criminal Law, had no assistance of the kind given to the other chief Departments of State, either of permanent secretaries or under secretaries. The officers attached to him were personal and liable to change with every change of government.. but on each change of government the lack of continuity was more or less felt; and as the Lord Chancellor's Department work had a constant tendency to increase, the pressure of that lack increased with it."

The department was originally named the Lord Chancellor's Office, with the first employees simply being transferred from Selborne's personal retinue to the new office. The need for the office was partly due to the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875, which significantly changed the structure of the courts and increased the Lord Chancellor's workload as he struggled to enact the changes that the Acts required. Due to the odd nature of the Lord Chancellor's Office compared to other government departments (it was staffed almost entirely by lawyers and had an initial staff of only five) it developed slightly differently from other departments, regarding itself more as a lobbying organisation for the judges and the courts than a traditional government department.

The office was initially little more than a personal entourage for the Lord Chancellor and did little administrative work, with it being described in 1912 as "not far removed from an interesting little museum". The appointment of Claud Schuster as Permanent Secretary in June 1915 changed this; he set about reforming the office to allow it to effectively run the court system. Initially with only a limited jurisdiction the Lord Chancellor's Department grew in power in the 1920s, with the transfer of control of the county courts from HM Treasury to the department in 1922 and the Supreme Court (consolidation) Act 1925.

The power of the department reached its peak after the Courts Act 1971 was passed, which modernised the English court system and put the Lord Chancellor's Department in direct control. Such a large increase in powers necessitated a change of office; previously the department had worked out of the Lord Chancellor's offices in the House of Lords, but it now moved to dedicated offices in Whitehall. The passing of the Supreme Court Act 1981 and a 1992 move that transferred responsibility for the magistrates' courts to the department also served to increase its responsibilities. The department ceased to exist as an independent body in 2003, when its functions were transferred to the newly created Department for Constitutional Affairs (which itself became the Ministry of Justice in 2007).

Remit
At the time of its merger the Lord Chancellor's Department was charged with appointing and advising on the appointment of judges, running the court system and a certain number of tribunals and assisting in the reform of the English law. To this end it controlled the Public Trust Office, the Courts Service, the Official Solicitor's Office, the Office of the Judge Advocate General, the Legal Aid Board and several more government agencies.

Structure
The office was run by the Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor's Office, a senior member of the Civil Service who also served as Clerk of the Crown in Chancery. The office he ran was initially small, consisting of five individuals; the Permanent Secretary, his personal secretary, the personal secretary to the Lord Chancellor, the Secretary of Presentations (who advised the Lord Chancellor on the appointment of senior members of the Church of England) and the Secretary of Commissions (who advised the Lord Chancellor on the appointment of magistrates). The department stayed small compared to other ministerial departments; in the 1960s it had a staff of only 13 trained lawyers and a few secretaries. The passing of the Courts Act 1971 and the additional duties it gave to the Lord Chancellor's Department forced it to expand, and by the time it ceased to exist as an independent department it had a staff of 12,000 direct employees, 10,000 indirect employees, 1,000 buildings (more than any other government department) and a yearly budget of £2.4 billion.

Peculiarities
The Lord Chancellor's Department was significantly different from other government departments in a number of ways. Until 1992 it had no representative in the House of Commons; as Speaker of the House of Lords the Lord Chancellor could not sit in the House of Commons. The department was also exempt from being scrutinised by the parliamentary select committees, something which changed in 1990. The Permanent Secretary also had to be a barrister of at least seven years standing, and the Deputy Secretary always succeeded the Permanent Secretary when he retired. Both of these changed in 1990.

title: Lord Chancellor's Department


text:
GlassBridge Enterprises

GlassBridge Enterprises, Inc., formerly Imation Corporation, is an American holding company. Through its subsidiary, Glassbridge focuses primarily on investment and asset management.

The company was founded in 1996 under its original name of Imation as a spin-off of 3M's data storage and imaging business. Prior to the name change, Imation had three core elements: traditional storage (magnetic tape and optical products), secure and scalable storage (data backup, data archive and data security for small and medium businesses) and what the company calls "audio and video information" products.

In January 2017, the company announced a change of name and direction, completing its move away from the data storage business towards being focused on asset management and strategic investment and rebranding itself as Glassbridge Enterprises.

The Imation brand was sold off later that year to O-Jin Corporation Co., a Korean company who have since licensed its use to other businesses, but retain ownership of it.

As Imation
Imation was started in 1996, when 3M spun off its data storage and imaging business. The company underwent a divestment of non-core businesses, and invested in four core product technology areas: secure storage, scalable storage, wireless/connectivity, and magnetic tape. As part of 3M, the company was involved in the development of many technological improvements in data storage, such as the introduction of the first American-made magnetic tape in 1947, the first quarter-inch tape cartridge for data storage (QIC) in 1971, and the 3.5 in floppy disk in 1984.

In late 2007, Imation acquired TDK's recording media business, including flash media, optical media, magnetic tape, and accessories, for $300 million. This also included a license to use the "TDK Life on Record" brand on data storage and audio products for 25 years. In September 2015, Imation announced that it had agreed to relinquish this license and would cease selling TDK-branded products by the end of the year.

In February 2012, Imation announced a product set to secure mobile data, identities, and workspaces, based on the idea that employees used portable storage devices to transport corporate data.

The security news followed five acquisitions the company made in 2011 in scalable storage and data security: ENCRYPTX; MXI Security from Memory Experts International; the assets of ProStor; the secure data storage hardware business of IronKey; and intellectual property from Nine Technologies. Imation received an exclusive license from IronKey for its secure storage management software and service and a license to use the IronKey brand for secure storage products.

In October 2011, Imation products for small and medium businesses centered on its DataGuard and InfiniVault multi-tier data protection and data archive appliances.

The company sold consumer electronics, headphones and accessories under the Imation, Memorex, TDK Life on Record, and XtremeMac brands. The combined Imation, Memorex and TDK Life on Record brands made the company into a global market share leader in sales of CD-R and DVD media  before that business was shut down in 2016.

Change of name and direction
In January 2017, Imation announced its intention to change its name to Glassbridge Enterprises, completing its change of direction away from the data storage business towards being an asset management and strategic investment company. The name change became effective on February 21, 2017.

Net revenue for 2016 was $44.1 million, compared to $529.2 million the year before.

Sale of Imation brand
Glassbridge Enterprises sold the Imation brand name to Korean company O-Jin Corporation Co., Ltd. (now Ojin Corporation Co.) on August 4, 2017.

In 2019 Imation, by then under O-Jin's ownership, announced licensing deals for use of the brand by PNY Technology, Ritek Corporation and photo printer company Prinics.

O-Jin still owns the Imation brand.

title: GlassBridge Enterprises


text:
Talk:Brandier

Untitled
I've moved this page because it's name was politically motivated. Morwen 20:19, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111003124912/http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/smr/getsmr.php?id=9511 to http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/smr/getsmr.php?id=9511

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title: Talk:Brandier


text:
Aleksander Wolszczan

Aleksander Wolszczan (born 29 April 1946) is a Polish astronomer. He is the co-discoverer of the first confirmed extrasolar planets and pulsar planets.

Early life and education
Wolszczan was born on 29 April 1946 in Szczecinek located in present-day West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland; in the 1950s his family moved to Szczecin. His father Jerzy Wolszczan taught economics at former Szczecin Polytechnic (currently West Pomeranian University of Technology) and his mother, Zofia, worked for the Polish Writers' Union. His early interest in astronomy was inspired by his father who told him stories and myths connected with stellar constellations. As a seven-year-old he already learned the basics of astronomy. He observed the night sky using a small telescope he constructed himself. He graduated from Stefan Czarniecki VI High School in Szczecin.

Scientific career
Wolszczan sat for an M.Sc. in 1969 and a Ph.D. in 1975 at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. Between 1969 and 1973 he worked at the Department of Radioastronomy of the Institute of Astronomy. In 1973, as a senior assistant, he moved to Bonn for training at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy. From 1979 to 1982 he worked at the Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Toruń, and in 1982 he moved to the United States to work at Cornell University and Princeton. Later he became an astronomy professor at Pennsylvania State University. From 1994 to 2008, he was also professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University. He is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Working with Dale Frail, Wolszczan carried out astronomical observations from the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico that led them to the discovery of the pulsar PSR B1257+12 in 1990. On 9 January 1992 they discovered that the pulsar was orbited by two planets, whose masses were initially assessed at 3.4 and 2.8 times Earth's mass. The radii of their orbits are 0.36 and 0.47 AU respectively. This was the first confirmed discovery of planets outside the Solar System (as of 2 June 2021, 4,401 such planets were known). Wolszczan announced his findings in 1992 during the Meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Atlanta. Two years later he published the results of his discovery and was chosen by the journal Nature as the author of one of 15 fundamental discoveries in the field of physics. Despite some initial misgivings by several experts, today his discovery is regarded as fully substantiated. Astronomer Bohdan Paczyński called it "the greatest discovery by a Polish astronomer since Copernicus." In 1998, Astronomy magazine included his discovery among The 25 Greatest Astronomical Findings of All Time. At the Arecibo Observatory, Wolszczan also collaborated with Joseph H. Taylor Jr and conducted research on millisecond pulsars.

In 2003 Maciej Konacki and Wolszczan determined the orbital inclinations of the two pulsar planets, showing that the actual masses were approximately 3.9 and 4.3 Earth masses respectively.

In 2007, Wolszczan was also part of a Polish team of astronomers led by Andrzej Niedzielski that found yet another planet outside the Solar System, HD 17092 b, orbiting star HD 17092.

In 2012, Matthew Route and Wolszczan detected bursts of radio waves emitted from 2MASS J10475385+2124234 using Arecibo Observatory. This T6.5 brown dwarf has a temperature of 800-900 K, making it the coolest known radio-emitting substellar object. Its magnetic field is stronger than 1.7 kG. In 2016, the team discovered the most rapidly rotating brown dwarf, the T6 WISEPC J112254.73+255021.5. Its rotation period may be as little as 17 minutes. In 2017, he was awarded the Bohdan Paczyński Medal conferred by the Polish Astronomical Society.

Wolszczan is a member of many scientific associations which include: the Polish Academy of Sciences, American Astronomical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, International Union of Radio Science, International Astronomical Union, and Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.

Recognition
At Pennsylvania State University, Wolszczan held the Evan Pugh Professorship of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Upon retirement in 2024, he was awarded the title of Atherton Professor.

In 1992 Wolszczan won the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science. In 1996, he was awarded the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize by the American Astronomical Society, and in 1997 Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski presented him with the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for outstanding contributions to Polish science. In 2002, he appeared on a Polish postage stamp (as part of a series of 16 stamps, titled "Polish Millennium," which summarizes the last 1,000 years of history, culture, and science in Poland).

In 2006, Wolszczan officially became an honorary citizen of Szczecin. In 2007, Jan Sosiński directed a documentary film on the life and scientific work of Wolszczan entitled Gwiazdor - Aleksander Wolszczan.

He was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.

Controversy
In 2008 Gazeta Prawna disclosed that from 1973 until 1981 Wolszczan was an informant (codenamed "Lange") for the Polish communist-era Służba Bezpieczeństwa. He confirmed this, but stressed that he was passing only unimportant information, usually publicly known, and that he did not harm anybody. The resulting controversy in Polish media resulted in his resignation from Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń.

title: Aleksander Wolszczan


text:
Talk:Electrophone

Personal computer
The classification of electorphones should be expanded to accomodate the the use of the personal computer as instrument. The input devices of keyboard, mouse and tablet allow the conversion of multiple coordinated analog inputs to generate music in the hands of a performer. The identification of the breadth, scope and implementations of these inputs would be a basis of further definition of the electrophone catagory. (i.e. polyvelocophones: multiple velocity analog input converters; polybianariophones: multiple analog toggle input converters; Polynewtonophones: multiple analog force input converters; Monodecipolynewtonpolyvelocophones: single volume analog force input with multiple force multiple speed analog inputs) This convention could model the order of the personal computer as instrument in such a way as to classify the personal computer as a different instrument for each configuration of analog input. During the course of a song, the personal computer could be classified as different instruments as the user configures the implementation of the various analog inputs available to him within the course of performance.

I think the Electrophone category should be abolished altogether. The top-level Hornbostel-Sachs categories are based on what means are used to cause air to vibrate. A synthesizer's Voltage Control Oscillator, for example, does not cause air to vibrate. Speakers do, though. Therefore, I submit that instruments in the electrophones (synthesizers, samplers, Theremins, etc.) are correctly categorized as membranophones.

 * As I see it, the top-level categories describe how the sound is generated in the first place, rather than how it's amplified/output. Although a VCO doesn't by itself cause air to vibrate, the oscillator is how the sound pattern is generated - it's just in the form of an electrical signal rather than vibration of air.  Consequently, the electric guitar is classed as a chordophone.
 * Moreover, when an electrophone is played as part of a music group, the instrument tends to be wired to the mixer, unlike the acoustic instruments where you'd use a microphone. So the instrument itself might not be generating vibrations of air at all. -- Smjg 10:53, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Or perhaps there is room for an Electrophone category. Transformers hum. Motors hum. Generators hum. And if it hums, it hums at a certain pitch and that pitch can be changed in time. So the category should be left open for a theoretical instrument of this nature.

 * I agree with Smjg; I think the important thing in the classification is not the transducer that couples the signal to the air, but the resonator that generates the frequency. Is it a string, a membrane, a column of air, or the instrument body as a whole?  Imagine an electric violin coupled directly to a cochlear implant, thus being "heard" by the listener without any air vibrations at all.  I submit that it is still a chordophone, because the musical note is generated by a vibrating string.  Recording a violin and playing it over a speaker does not make it a membranophone.
 * If you think it's the transducer, try to classify the zeusaphone.
 * The interesting division of electrophones is between oscillators that naturally resonate at the audio frequency (theremins, analog synthesizers) and systems that generate pieces of a waveform digitally at frequencies beyond the hearing limit, like digital synthesizers. 71.41.210.146 11:07, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Electrophone vs Electronic musical instrument
I don't understand why this article should be separate from Electronic musical instrument. Would it be appropriate to find a way to merge the information of the two articles? synthfiend (talk) 21:38, 11 January 2019 (UTC)

 * @Synthfiend I was thinking the same thing so I just went and done it. Oiyarbepsy (talk) 07:29, 28 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrophone


text:
Talk:Emerson String Quartet

("String" in name)
Looking at my old contributions, I was surprised to see I had moved this from EQ to ESQ back in November too. I know the URL says Emerson Quartet, but the page itself says Emerson String Quartet, as do their albums. Tualha 20:26, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Residencies
I'm tagging for "since when", but leaving it to someone else to decide whether to burden the lead with both of their long residencies, move both into a new section ("History"?), or some other distribution. This source establishes "1980-Quartet plays its first Beethoven cycle at the Vermont Mozart Festival and begins association with the Hartt School in Hartford, Connecticut" and this one clarifies the nature of that initial "ass'n" ("1990: Emerson String Quartet, quartet in residence at Hartt since 1980, receives two Grammy Awards for its Deutsche Grammophon recording of the Bartok String Quartets.") --Jerzy•t 04:23, 14 May 2015 (UTC)

They are disbanding
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/arts/music/emerson-string-quartet.html 38.73.253.217 (talk) 13:15, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emerson String Quartet


text:
Bat-eared fox

The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) is a species of fox found on the African savanna. It is the only extant species of the genus Otocyon and considered a basal canid species. Fossil records indicate this canid first appeared during the middle Pleistocene.

It is named for its large ears, which have a role in thermoregulation. The bat referred to in its colloquial name is possibly the Egyptian slit-faced bat (Nycteris thebaica), which is abundant in the region and has very large ears. Although not commonly used, other vernacular names include big-eared fox, black-eared fox, long-eared fox, Delalande's fox, cape fox, and motlosi.

Systematics and evolution
The bat-eared fox is the only living species of the genus Otocyon. Its scientific name, given by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest, was initially Canis megalotis (due to its close resemblance to jackals), and later changed by Salomon Müller which placed it in its own genus, Otocyon; its huge ears and different dental formula warrant inclusion in a genus distinct from both Canis and true foxes (Vulpes). The generic name Otocyon is derived from the Greek words otus for ear and cyon for dog, while the specific name megalotis comes from the Greek words mega for large and otus for ear.

Due to its different dentition, the bat-eared fox was previously placed in a distinct subfamily of canids, Otocyoninae, as no relationship to any living species of canid could be established. However, according to more recent examinations, this species is regarded as having affinities with the vulpine line, and Otocyon was placed with high confidence as sister to the clade containing both the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes) and true foxes (Vulpes), occupying a basal position within Canidae.

Subspecies
Currently, there are two recognized subspecies:

Fossils
Otocyon is poorly represented in the fossil record. It is suggested the genus forms a clade with Prototocyon, an extinct genus of canid. However, the generic distinction between Prototocyon and the extant Otocyon is doubtful. Fossils of an extinct fox-like canine known as Otocyon recki, have been found in sediments of the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, dating back to the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene. However, it is now often placed in Prototocyon.

Description
Bat-eared foxes are relatively small canids, ranging in weight from 3 to 5.3 kg. Head and body length is 46-66 cm, tail length is 23-34 cm, shoulder height is 30-40 cm, and the notably large ears are 11-13 cm long.

Generally, the pelage is tan-colored, with gray agouti guard hairs, giving its grizzled appearance, appearing more buff on the sides. The undersides and throat are pale. The limbs are dark, shading to dark brown or black at their extremities. The muzzle, the tip and upperside of the tail and the facial mask are black. The insides of the ears are white. Individuals of the East African subspecies, O. m. virgatus, tend toward a buff pelage with dark brown markings, as opposed to the black of O. m. megalotis. Proportionally large ears of bat-eared foxes, a characteristic shared by many other inhabitants of hot, arid climates, help to distribute heat. They also help in locating prey.

Range and distribution
The bat-eared fox has a disjointed range of distribution across the arid and semi-arid regions of Eastern and Southern Africa, in two allopatric populations (representing each of the recognized subspecies) separated by approximately 1000 km. Subspecies O. m. virgatus extends from southern Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia, through Uganda and Kenya to southwestern Tanzania; O. m. megalotis occurs in the southern part of Africa, ranging from Angola through Namibia and Botswana to South Africa, and extends as far east as Mozambique and Zimbabwe, spreading into the Cape Peninsula and toward Cape Agulhas. Home ranges vary in size from 0.3 to 3.5 km2. There are no confirmed observations in Zambia.

Habitat
Bat-eared foxes are adapted to arid or semi-arid environments. They are commonly found in short grasslands, as well as the more arid regions of the savannas, along woodland edges, and in open acacia woodlands. They prefer bare ground and areas where grass is kept short by grazing ungulates and tend to hunt in these short grass and low shrub habitats. However, they do venture into areas with tall grasses and thick shrubs to hide when threatened.

In addition to raising their young in dens, bat-eared foxes use self-dug dens for shelter from extreme temperatures and winds. They also lie under acacia trees in South Africa to seek shade during the day.

Diet

Bat-eared foxes are considered the only truly insectivorous canid, with a marked preference for harvester termites (Hodotermes mossambicus), which can constitute 80–90% of its diet.

When this particular species of termite is not available, their opportunistic diet allows a wide variety of food items to be taken: they can consume other species of termites, other arthropods such as ants, beetles (especially scarab beetles), crickets, grasshoppers, millipedes, moths, scorpions, spiders, and rarely birds, birds' eggs and chicks, small mammals, reptiles, and fungi (the desert truffle Kalaharituber pfeilii ). Berries, seeds, and wild fruit also are consumed. The bat-eared fox refuses to feed on snouted harvester termites, likely because it is not adapted to tolerate termites' chemical defense.

Generally, bat-eared foxes meet their water requirements by the high water content of their diet. Water constitutes a critical resource during lactation.

Dentition
The teeth of the bat-eared fox are much smaller and reduced in shearing surface formation than teeth of other canid species. This is an adaptation to its insectivorous diet. The bat-eared fox is an old species that was widely distributed in the Pleistocene era. The teeth are not the bat-eared fox's only morphological adaptation for its diet. On the lower jaw, a step-like protrusion, called the subangular process, anchors the large digastric muscle to allow for rapid chewing. The digastric muscle is also modified to open and close the jaw five times per second.

Foraging
Bat-eared foxes usually hunt in groups, often splitting up in pairs, with separated subgroups moving through the same general area. When termites are plentiful, feeding aggregations of up to 15 individuals from different families occur. Individuals forage alone after family groups break in June or July and during the months after kits birth.

Prey is located primarily by auditory means, rather than by smell or sight. Foraging patterns vary between seasons and populations, and coincide with termite availability. In eastern Africa, nocturnal foraging is the rule, while in southern Africa, nocturnal foraging during summer slowly changes to an almost solely diurnal pattern during the winter. Foraging techniques depend on prey type, but food is often located by walking slowly, nose close to the ground and ears tilted forward. It usually occurs in patches, which match the clumped prey resources, such as termite colonies, that also occur in patches. Groups are able to forage on clumps of prey in patches because they do not fight each other for food due to their degree of sociality and lack of territoriality.

Behavior
In the more northern areas of its range (around Serengeti), they are nocturnal 85% of the time. However, around South Africa, they are nocturnal only in the summer and diurnal during the winter.

Bat-eared foxes are highly social animals. They often live in pairs or groups, and home ranges of groups either overlap substantially or very little. In southern Africa, bat-eared foxes live in monogamous pairs with kits, while those in eastern Africa may live in pairs, or in stable family groups consisting of a male and up to three closely related females with kits. Individuals forage, play, and rest together in a group, which helps in protection against predators. They engage in frequent and extended allogrooming sessions, which serve to strengthen group cohesion, mostly between mature adults, but also between young adults and mature adults.

Visual displays are very important in communication among bat-eared foxes. When they are looking intently at something, the head is held high, eyes are open, ears are erect and facing forward, and the mouth is closed. When an individual is in threat or showing submission, the ears are pulled back and lying against the head and the head is low. The tail also plays a role in communication. When an individual is asserting dominance or aggression, feeling threatened, playing, or being sexually aroused, the tail is arched in an inverted U shape. Individuals can also use piloerection, which occurs when individual hairs are standing straight, to make it appear larger when faced with extreme threat. When running, chasing, or fleeing, the tail is straight and horizontal. The bat-eared fox can recognize individuals up to 30 m away. The recognition process has three steps: First they ignore the individual, then they stare intently, and finally they either approach or attack without displays. When greeting another, the approaching individual shows symbolic submission which is received by the other individual with a high head and tail down. Few vocalizations are used for communication, but contact calls and warning calls are used, mostly during the winter. Glandular secretions and scratching, other than for digging, are absent in communication, although they appear to establish pair bonds by scent marking.

Reproduction
The bat-eared fox is predominantly socially monogamous, although it has been observed in polygynous groups. In contrast to other canids, the bat-eared fox has a reversal in parental roles, with the male taking on the majority of the parental care behavior. Gestation lasts for 60–70 days and females give birth to litters consisting of one to six kits. Beyond lactation, which lasts 14 to 15 weeks, males take over grooming, defending, huddling, chaperoning, and carrying the young between den sites. Additionally, male care and den attendance rates have been shown to have a direct correlation with kits survival rates. The female forages for food, which she uses to maintain milk production, on which the pups heavily depend. Food foraged by the female is not brought back to the pups or regurgitated to feed the pups.

Pups in the Kalahari region are born September–November and those in the Botswana region are born October–December. Young bat-eared foxes disperse and leave their family groups at 5–6 months old and reach sexual maturity at 8–9 months. Bat-eared foxes have been recorded reaching maximum lifespans of over 14 to 17 years in captivity.

Conservation threats
The bat-eared fox has some commercial use for humans. They are important for harvester termite population control, as the termites are considered pests. They have also been hunted for their fur by Botswana natives. Additional threats to populations include disease and drought that can harm populations of prey; however, no major threats to bat-eared fox populations exist.

title: Bat-eared fox


text:
Talk:Egypt

Ignored Linear B, A name
The article only mentions the supposed origin for copt (it seems to have been originally for a cat), however the older attestation for Misr in that text from the same region is ignored a Linear B tablet also has Misr in it. d mi-sa-ra-jo (Misraios, also etymologically ‘man of Egypt’ [MiÒr] (KN F 841.4) (cf. SHELMERDINE 2008, §5.4.2.2, BENNET, J. 1985, The Structure of the Linear B Administration at Knossos, AJA 89, 231-49), not to mention it is likely older "(misr), more commonly found in Akkadian and Ugaritic documents from Syro-Palestine and Mesopotamia (Cline 1993: 18). Mis-sa-ra-jo appears on Knossos tablet KN F 841+867, possibly used as a man’s name, which Cline believes was meant to be pronounced as Misraios (Cline 1994: 128).

And undounbtedly older still its attestation as Misr in Linear A (CH # 333, A1) (Best & Woudhuizen 1988: 50-51; most recently and comprehensively Achterberge.a. 2004: 104; Landau 1958: 270. Cf. Luwian hieroglyphic Mizra “Egypt” (Karkamis A6, § 4), see Woudhuizen 2015a: 280 and the composite personal name Mizramuwas) in the oldest dated Minoan Tablet.

Further references for Misr in Linear texts https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853586

https://books.google.com/books?id=7KemAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133&lpg=PT133&dq=misraios+linear&source=bl&ots=Zxoo0-1hY7&sig=ACfU3U2maplXzvLYndDdT400MVDR6Cx4fQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjczsnlmOzxAhUUOs0KHbFVBHoQ6AEwEHoECBQQAw#v=onepage&q=misraios%20&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=VOsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=%22mi-sa-ra-jo%22&source=bl&ots=GqJzZXqicW&sig=ACfU3U2ehtSiZWXcs0q-eRcrhcZQTE_wmw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlj8e8mOzxAhX8B50JHetUApQQ6AEwBHoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=%22mi-sa-ra-jo%22&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=EHu-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1213&lpg=PT1213&dq=linear+A+museum+tablet+misraios&source=bl&ots=SK7P7ajcNZ&sig=ACfU3U1uKklU43-uagxpqBBp8JqSKIwuXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjngKDKpuzxAhXLZc0KHbcVArYQ6AEwB3oECBYQAw#v=onepage&q=linear%20A%20museum%20tablet%20misraios&f=false

http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/26969

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4433744?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

https://www.academia.edu/1547735/Politics_of_the_sea_in_the_Late_Bronze_Age_II_III_Aegean_Iconographic_preferences_and_textual_perspectives

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/memories-into-images-aegean-and-aegeanlike-objects-in-new-kingdom-egyptian-theban-tombs/73A212AC959151082FCCF4022403D540

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 3 April 2024
Change The Capital From Cairo to New Administrative Capital, From Today Officially the New Administrative Capital is the capital of Egypt 41.233.136.2 (talk) 01:38, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. I have not found any announcement that the capital has now been shifted, not even old sources that project the capital to be shifted today. Liu1126 (talk) 12:28, 3 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's likely to take a while for the NAC to finish being built. No need to update the capital until the seat of government truly moves. And even then, NAC is a suburb of Cairo and there will still be some government in central Cairo anyway.ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 14:43, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Typo
Sorry, I'm in a hurry and don't have the time to make this a proper semi-protected edit request with the format

Second paragraph lead section:

"and occupyed the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967"

Should be "occupied" 2A02:C7E:3188:4C00:2C11:6E37:ECD:C40A (talk) 00:41, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Done, best, CMD (talk) 01:54, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Trade route
Was Egypt ever a serious traderoute before the Suez Canal was built? --95.24.74.137 (talk) 08:51, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The modern Suez Canal was not the way to cross. In ancient times, boats would be greased up and slid across the desert. I'm not sure if this information should be included in the article, but you can find stuff abou this in the Suez Canal article.ItsRainingCatsAndDogsAndMen (talk) 14:41, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 June 2024
172.103.185.101 (talk) 13:45, 20 June 2024 (UTC) I want to change the name from Arab Republic of Egypt to Republic of Egypt as Egypt is NOT Arab.
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The Arab Republic of Egypt is the country's official name.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 14:29, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

egito
@Ptolemaic kingdom of egypt flag 179.73.196.49 (talk) 11:37, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * @ 179.73.196.49 (talk) 11:37, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Egypt


text:
Rhyl

Rhyl (Y Rhyl, ) is a seaside town and community in Denbighshire in Wales. The town lies on the coast of North Wales, at the mouth of the River Clwyd.

To the west is Kinmel Bay and Towyn, to the east Prestatyn, and to the south-east Rhuddlan and St Asaph. At the 2011 Census, Rhyl had a population of 25,149, with Rhyl–Kinmel Bay having 31,229. Rhyl forms a conurbation with Prestatyn and its two outlying villages, the Rhyl/Prestatyn Built-up area, whose 2011 population of 46,267 makes it North Wales's most populous non-city. Rhyl was once an elegant Victorian resort town, but suffered rapid decline around the 1990s and 2000s; it has since been improved by major regeneration in and around the town.

Prior to being in Denbighshire since 1996, it was in the Clwyd district of Rhuddlan, and before that the historic county of Flintshire (not modern Flintshire).

Etymology
Early documents refer to a dwelling in the area named Ty'n Rhyl ("Rhyl croft"), and a manor house with that name still exists in the oldest part of the town. Its Welsh orthography has proved difficult for English writers to transliterate as Rhyl's opening voiceless alveolar trill is uncommon in the English language (represented in modern Welsh by the digraph 'Rh'). As such the name has appeared in English texts as Hulle (1292), Hul (1296), Ryhull (1301), Hyll (1506), Hull (1508), yr Hyll (1597), Rhil (1706), Rhûl (1749), Rhul (1773) Rhyll (1830) and Rhyl (1840).

The etymonic origin of the word Rhyl has been the subject of debate for more than a century. It has been suggested that it derives from a contraction of Yr Heol ("The Road"). However, this derivation is problematic as it is thought that no road of significance passed through the area before the name was already extant. Another suggested etymology, that the name is a hybrid of an unfamiliar English word ("hill") within Welsh syntax (Yr Hyl becoming Yr Rhyl) is considered highly unlikely as the town is situated on coastal marshland, with no hills in the vicinity. One etymology that gained popularity in the twentieth century suggests that the original dwelling of Ty'n Rhyl derived from Tŷ'n yr haul (House in the Sun/House of Sunshine). This may be an example of folk etymology, as Rhyl gained popularity as a summer destination for Welsh-speaking tourists and was advertised in English and Welsh as "Sunny Rhyl".

Buildings, landmarks and attractions
Rhyl has a number of Grade II listed buildings and landmarks. These include the Parish Church of St Thomas in Bath Street, which is listed as Grade II*. Others are the Midland Bank building, the railway station along with two signal boxes and the public telephone box on the up platform, the Royal Alexandra Hospital, the Sussex Street Baptist Church, Rhyl Town Hall, the Swan public house in Russell Road, the war memorial, and the Welsh Presbyterian Church in Clwyd Street.

Also notable is the Grade II listed Foryd Harbour Bridge, a blue bridge with distinctive bowstring girders built in 1932. Situated over the River Clwyd, it links Rhyl with Kinmel Bay.

Another landmark is the Church of St Margaret of Antioch. The Marble Church was built by Lady Margaret in memory of her late husband, Sir Henry Peyto Willoughby de Broke. It was completed within four years and consecrated on 23 August 1860, becoming the parish church of a new parish of Bodelwyddan, covering an area formerly in that of St Asaph. The church opens daily from 9:30 to 16:30, except between 25 December and 6 January.

A previous Rhyl landmark was the ornate Pavilion Theatre with five domes, which was demolished in 1974. Half a mile further down the promenade stood Rhyl Pier, opened in 1867 at 2355 ft long. The structure was damaged by ships in 1883 and again in 1891. It was further damaged in 1901 by fire. Storms were responsible for further damage in 1909 in 1913 was closed as unsafe. Although it reopened with a much-reduced length in 1930, it closed again in 1966 and was demolished in 1973.

Rhyl's top attractions on the West Parade are Rhyl Children's Village theme park, and the 250 ft Sky Tower (formerly the Clydesdale Bank tower, brought to Rhyl from the 1988 Glasgow Garden Festival). The Sky Tower opened in 1989, but it was closed to the public in 2010 and transformed into an illuminated beacon in 2017. A VUE Cinema is also located there.

On the East Parade is the SeaQuarium. Up until 2014, Rhyl Suncentre was also an attraction on the East Parade; an indoor water leisure centre which opened in 1980 at a cost of £4.25 million and featured a heated swimming pool, water chutes and slides, and Europe's first indoor surfing pool. The local council closed the centre in early 2014 and it was demolished in 2016. A new Travelodge hotel was built next to the site, which opened in early 2019. A new indoor/outdoor water park, the SC2, opened further along the promenade in 2019, and includes various pools with water chutes and slides, as well as a separate "Ninja Tag" assault course game complex. Also on the East Parade is the New Pavilion Theatre, opened in 1991. It has over 1,000 seats and is managed by Denbighshire County Council. Redevelopment of the Pavilion theatre in 2017 provided for a new façade, entrance foyer and restaurant, and refurbished bar areas.

Marine Lake
The Marine Lake, an artificial excavation in the west of the town, used to be a tourist destination, with fairground rides and a zoo. The lake is a 12-hectare human-made reservoir and it was officially opened in 1895. Rhyl Miniature Railway is the only original attraction remaining on the site, a narrow gauge railway that travels around the lake and is now based at the new museum and railway centre. There is also a playground and numerous watersports clubs based around the lake. The Marine Lake Funfair was demolished in the late 1960s, having been replaced by the nearby Ocean Beach Funfair. Ocean Beach finally closed on 2 September 2007 and was demolished to make way for a planned new development initially called Ocean Plaza. This was to include apartments, a hotel and various retail outlets. However, work on Ocean Plaza never went ahead as scheduled and the land lay vacant for several years after the original developers, Modus Properties, went bankrupt in 2009. The site was sold to a new company, Scarborough Development Group (SDG), in 2010, but again no work commenced on the site for several years. In 2014, SDG submitted revised plans to develop the land on a much smaller scale than the original plans. Now called Marina Quay, the plans no longer include the building of new apartments on the land as Natural Resources Wales' flood regulations now prohibit this. The plans were approved by the local authority in November 2014. In August 2015, The Range retail chain signed a 20-year lease and opened a new outlet on the site in March 2018. Aldi also opened a branch on the site in 2019.

Governance
For elections to Denbighshire County Council, Rhyl divides into five electoral wards: Rhyl East, Rhyl South, Rhyl South East, Rhyl South West and Rhyl West. After the 2017 elections, all but two of the eleven councillors belonged to the Welsh Labour Party. In 2008 Rhyl West appeared as the most deprived ward in Wales in the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation.

The 22 councillors on Rhyl Town Council are divided among nine community wards: Brynhedydd and Plastirion (in Rhyl East); Cefndy, Derwen, Pendyffryn, Trellewellyn and Tynewydd (Rhyl South, South East and South West); Bodfor and Foryd (in Rhyl West).

Sport
Association Football Rhyl F.C., commonly known as the Lilywhites, is a football club that played historically in English non-league football, but has competed since 1992 in the Welsh football pyramid. In the 2003–2004 season it won the Welsh Premier League, the Welsh Cup and the Welsh League Cup, and was losing finalist in the FAW Premier Cup. In the 2008–2009 season it again won the Welsh Premier League. On 17 May 2010, it was announced that Rhyl's Welsh Premier licence had been revoked. Its appeal was unsuccessful and it was relegated to the Cymru Alliance, returning to the Welsh Premier League in 2013 after winning the Cymru Alliance title, becoming the first club in the history of the competition to complete the season unbeaten. Rhyl has played in Europe on a few occasions. On 21 April 2020, the club announced it was going to cease trading and be formally wound up. In May 2020, a phoenix club was set up under the name of C.P.D. Y Rhyl 1879.

Rugby Union Rhyl and District RFC is the town's rugby union club. It completed a move from its old ground on the Waen in Rhuddlan, when a new ground and clubhouse opened at Tynewydd Fields in 2018.

Hockey Rhyl is home to the oldest field hockey club in Wales, formed in 1890. Its first international game was also played at Rhyl, between Ireland and Wales in 1895.

Professional Wrestling Veteran promoter Orig Williams, responsible for the Welsh language Reslo wrestling show on S4C, based his British Wrestling Federation in Rhyl and ran a wrestling training school in the town, the alumni of which included several television wrestlers including Robbie Brookside and Klondyke Kate.

Climate
The climate is cool and temperate in Rhyl. The climate here is classified as Cfb by the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature in Rhyl is 9.3 C. Annual precipitation averages 794 mm.

Transport
Rhyl railway station on the North Wales Coast Line is served by through trains of Avanti West Coast between Holyhead and London Euston, and by Transport for Wales Rail services: to Cardiff Central via Newport and Crewe, and to Manchester Piccadilly. Other stations nearby include Abergele & Pensarn, Prestatyn, Flint, Colwyn Bay and Llandudno Junction. The direct Transport for Wales and Avanti West Coast services to Holyhead give connections by Stena Line or Irish Ferries to Dublin Port.

The A548 road through the town links with the A55 Holyhead to Chester road at Abergele. The A525 road runs south from the town to Rhuddlan, St Asaph and Ruthin. Several Arriva Buses Wales bus services are run along the main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the resorts. Another route runs between Rhyl and Denbigh.

Media
Television signals are received from the Moel-y-Parc TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter situated in Prestatyn.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru, Capital North West and Wales, Capital Cymru, Heart North and Mid Wales, Point FM and Rhyl Radio, a community based station.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Rhyl Journal which publishes on Wednesdays. North Wales Weekly News is another local newspaper which also covers the area.

Notable people
In birth order:

Music

 * Wayne Bickerton (1941–2015), record producer and musician
 * Kim Simmonds (1947–2022), lead singer, guitarist and founding member of Savoy Brown, was born in Newbridge, Caerphilly.
 * Michael Leslie Peters (born 1959), lead singer and founding member of The Alarm, was born in Prestatyn, grew up in Rhyl and attended Rhyl High School.
 * Steve Strange (1959–2015), lead singer of the band Visage, was born in Newbridge, Caerphilly, but lived in Rhyl as a child.
 * Lisa Scott-Lee (born 1975), singer and dancer founding member of Steps.
 * The Alarm (1981–1991), rock band

Politics

 * Isaac Jenks (1816–1888), ironmaster and Mayor of Wolverhampton, died at Rhyl.
 * Mungo Lewis (1894–1969), Manitoba politician
 * Ann Jones (born 1953), Welsh Labour and Co-operative Party MS
 * Gareth Davies (born 1988), Welsh Conservative MS

The arts

 * Patrick Garnett (1932–2006), Swinging Sixties architect
 * Nathan Penlington (living), poet and magician

Scholarship and literature

 * Thomas Aubrey (1808–1867), Methodist minister of religion and preacher
 * Edward Ross Wharton (1844–1896), classical scholar, etymologist and lexicographer
 * Vernon R. Young (1937–2004), research scientist specializing in protein and amino acid requirements
 * Bob Griffiths (born 1953), born in Rhyl, Church in Wales priest, British Armed Forces chaplain, then Archdeacon of Wrexham

Sport

 * William Roberts (born 1863, fl. 1880s – 1890s), international footballer
 * Don Oakes (1928–1977), professional footballer (Arsenal F.C.)
 * Elliott Hewitt (born 1944), professional footballer (Notts County F.C.)
 * David Harrison (born 1972), jockey, winner of 1992 Royal Hunt Cup at Royal Ascot, grew up in Rhyl and attended Blessed Edward Jones High School.
 * Ched Evans (born 1988), footballer (Sheffield United F.C.)
 * James Chester (born 1989), international footballer (Aston Villa F.C.)

Stage and broadcasting

 * Ruth Ellis (1926–1955), nightclub hostess and murderer, was the last woman hanged in the UK.
 * Nerys Hughes (born 1941), actress
 * Carol Vorderman (born 1960), TV broadcaster and game-show host, attended Rhyl's Blessed Edward Jones High School.
 * Sara Sugarman (born 1962), actress and film director
 * Alexa Davies (born 1995), actress best known for Young Rosie in Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again

title: Rhyl


text:
List of Alaska state prisons

The state prison system in Alaska, comprising both pre-trial booking and long-term incarceration for sentenced prisoners, is a unified system run by the Alaska Department of Corrections. Prior to the establishment of the department during the early 1980s, corrections was a division of the Alaska Department of Health and Social Services. That department still operates juvenile correctional facilities through its Division of Juvenile Justice.

There are no federal prisons located in the state of Alaska. Federal prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing are typically held in state facilities. Prisoners who have been sentenced are usually sent to FCI Sheridan, located in Sheridan, Oregon, to serve their sentences.

Facilities
State prisons in Alaska are as follows:

 * Anchorage Correctional Complex, Anchorage (working capacity 850), including:
 * Anchorage Correctional Complex East, formerly known as Anchorage Jail
 * Anchorage Correctional Complex West, formerly known as Cook Inlet Pre-Trial
 * Anvil Mountain Correctional Center, Nome (capacity 115)
 * Fairbanks Correctional Center, Fairbanks (capacity 257)
 * Goose Creek Correctional Center, Point MacKenzie, Wasilla, Alaska (capacity 1,536) Medium Security
 * Hiland Mountain Correctional Center, Anchorage (Eagle River) (capacity 415), the state's dedicated facility for female prisoners
 * Ketchikan Correctional Center, Ketchikan (capacity 71)
 * Lemon Creek Correctional Center, Juneau (capacity 248), both intake facility and prison
 * Mat-Su Pretrial Facility, Palmer (capacity 112)
 * Palmer Medium and Minimum Correctional Centers, Palmer (capacity 492)
 * Spring Creek Correctional Center, Seward(capacity 535) Maximum Security.
 * Wildwood Correctional Center, near Kenai(capacity 255) Medium Security.
 * Wildwood Pretrial Facility, near Kenai(capacity 113) All custody.
 * Yukon-Kuskokwim Correctional Center, Bethel (capacity 207)
 * Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm, Point MacKenzie

title: List of Alaska state prisons


text:
Cairo Governorate

Cairo Governorate (محافظة القاهرة) is one of the 27 governorates of Egypt. It is formed of the city of Cairo, both the national capital of Egypt and the governorate's, in addition to five satellite cities: the New Administrative Capital - set to become the seat of national government, New Cairo, Shourok, Badr, Capital Gardens, and 15th of May. These cities form almost half of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area by population.

As one of three city-states in Egypt, where the Cairo governor is also the head of the city. This rightfully creates much confusion and synonymity between the Governorate of Cairo, and the city, though officially they are two semi-distinct levels of local government, and as with other governorates, the governor is appointed by the president.

Overview
Parts of the governorate - the Helwan district and the satellite cities, were spun off in April 2008 to form the Helwan Governorate, only to be reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate in April 2011.

Municipal divisions
The governorate is divided into the city of Cairo, and the unallocated desert hinter land.

Cairo city is subdivided into four Areas headed by a deputy governor each, and 38 Districts (, sing. ) with their own governor appointed heads. Some districts are represented by one police station (, plr. ), while others may be subdivided by two or more.

The Northern Area divided into 8 Districts:

Shubra, Al-Zawiya al-Hamra, Hadayek al-Kobba, Rod al-Farg, al-Sharabiya, al-Sahel, al-Zaytoun, and Al-Amiriya

The Eastern Area divided into 9 Districts:

Misr al-Gadidah (Heliopolis), Al-Nozha, Nasr City East (Sharq Madinet Nasr), Nasr City West (Gharb Madinet Nasr), al-Salam Awwal, al-Salam Thani, al-Matariya, and al-Marg.

The Western Area divided into 9 Districts:

Manshiyat Nasser, Al-Wayli, Wasat al-Qahira (: Al-Darb al-Ahmar, al-Gamaliyya, al-Hussein), Boulaq, Gharb El-Qahira (Zamalek, Garden City, Down Town), Abdeen, Al-Azbakiya, al-Muski, and Bab El-Shaaria.

The Southern Area divided into 12 Districts:

Masr El-Qadima (Old Cairo), al-Khalifa, al-Moqattam, al-Basatin, Dar El-Salam, El-Sayeda Zeinab, al-Tebin, Helwan, al-Ma'sara, al-Maadi, Tora, and 15th may City.

In addition to Cairo City, there are five satellite cities that are under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities who chairs the New Urban Communities Authority that directly controls them (planning, land sales, zoning), while the governorate departments control police and select public services (education, health, subsidised food). The more populated ones are subdivided into, while the ones still under construction are yet to have governorate representation. These cities are:

New Cairo ( 1,2,3)

Badr

15th of May

New Administrative Capital (Under construction)

Capital Gardens (Under construction)

As of January 2023, the municipal divisions had a total estimated population as of 10,203,693.

Governors
Current

On 30 August 2018, Khaled Abdel-Aal Abdel-Hafez was appointed governor of Cairo Governorate.

Former

 * Atef Abdelhamid, 7 September 2016 - 12 August 2018
 * Galal Mostafa Saeed, 13 August 2013 - 23 March 2016
 * Osama Kamal, 29 January 2013 - 12 August 2013
 * Abdel Kawi Khalifa, 14 April 2011 - 12 August 2012
 * Abdel Azim Wazir, 9 July 2004 - 14 April 2011
 * Abdel Rehim Shehata, 8 July 1997 - 14 July 2004
 * Mohammed Omar Abdel Akhar, 2 May 1991 - 7 July 1997
 * Mahmoud Sherif, 18 April 1989 - 19 May 1991
 * Yousef Sabri Abu Taleb, 13 March 1983 - 14 April 1989
 * Mohammed Saad El-Din Maamoun, 15 May 1977 - 12 March 1983

Industrial zones
According to the Egyptian Governing Authority for Investment and Free Zones (GAFI), in affiliation with the Ministry of Investment (MOI), the following industrial zones are located in this governorate:
 * Torah and Shaq Al Tho'ban
 * South Helwan
 * Katamia
 * Shaq Al Tho'ban
 * Al Robeky
 * Al Maasara
 * Division Maadi Company for Development and Reconstruction
 * Egypt-Ismailia. Road - Al Nozha District
 * El Salam City
 * El Marg District
 * El Sharabya District
 * (New urban community industrial zone) Badr City
 * (New urban community industrial zone) 15 May
 * (New urban community industrial zone) New Cairo
 * (New urban community industrial zone) Al Shrouk

Due to its congestion and overcrowded streets, Cairo is not attractive to investors. UN-Habitat is promoting alternative methods of transportation with the aim of relieving these issues.

Projects and programs
In a program that began on 28 August 2012 (through 2018), the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Cairo Governorate.

title: Cairo Governorate


text:
Muncie (disambiguation)

Muncie is a city in Indiana, United States.

Muncie may also refer to:
 * Muncie, Illinois, a village
 * Muncie, Kansas, a neighborhood

People with the surname

 * Chuck Muncie (1953–2013), American football player

title: Muncie (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Commensalism

Orphaned references in Commensalism
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Commensalism's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Tong2015": From Staphylococcus aureus:  From Staphylococcus: Tong SY, Schaumburg F, Ellington MJ, Corander J, Pichon B, Leendertz F, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Holt DC, Peters G, Giffard PM (2015) Novel staphylococcal species that form part of a Staphylococcus aureus-related complex: the non-pigmented Staphylococcus argenteus sp. nov. and the non-human primate-associated Staphylococcus schweitzeri sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65(Pt 1):15-22

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 23:45, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Definition
This article is based on the definition given in the lead, which is uncited. There are a number of differing definitions of what is Commensalism, it remains unclear why this one was chosen nor where it came from. William Harris •  (talk) •  08:08, 28 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Found in Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, lead now amended. William Harris •   (talk) •  11:51, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

Shrews
Asian house shrews stink up the rooms of the houses it occupies, making them barely habitable. Thus violating the definition.
 * https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_do_we_use_commensal_rodents_Is_this_right_term_to_be_used_or_should_it_be_replaced_with_some_appropriate_word

Jidanni (talk) 03:12, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

Overview of Symbiosis
In the dutch Wikipedia on this topic there is an overview of the different types of symbiosis; which might help understanding how this related to other types. I'm not an expert on this topic; but as a beginner, it is nice to get the overview to put this page in context... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.255.175.52 (talk) 09:57, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Comparative Developmental Biology
— Assignment last updated by Classiclayss (talk) 03:36, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commensalism


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Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction

The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC or ODRC) is the administrative department of the Ohio state government responsible for oversight of Ohio State Correctional Facilities, along with its Incarcerated Individuals. Ohio's prison system is the sixth-largest in America, with 27 state prisons and three facilities for juveniles. In December 2018, the number of inmates in Ohio totaled 49,255, with the prison system spending nearly $1.8 billion that year. ODRC headquarters are located in Columbus.

History
On 11 April 1993, a major riot broke out at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility that resulted in ten deaths. Nine inmates and one corrections officer were killed.

In 2019, the Cleveland Plain-Dealer reported that the department's inspection office had a single full-time employee, and used interns to conduct inspections.

Juvenile Facilities
The Following Juvenile Correctional Facilities are operated by the Ohio Department of Youth Services.

 * Circleville
 * Cuyahoga Hills
 * Indian River

Closed

 * Hocking Correctional Facility (Closed 2018)
 * Lima Correctional Institution (Closed 2004)
 * Montgomery Education and Pre-Release Center (Closed 2004)
 * North Coast Correctional Treatment Facility (merged with Grafton in 2011)
 * Ohio Penitentiary (Closed 1984)
 * Ohio State Reformatory (Closed 1990)
 * Orient Correctional Institution (Closed 2002)

Death row
The majority of male death row inmates are held at the Chillicothe Correctional Institution, while some that are considered a high security risk are held at the Ohio State Penitentiary and those with serious medical conditions are held at the Franklin Medical Center. Death row had been scheduled to move from Chillicothe Correctional Institution to Toledo Correctional Institution in the summer of 2017, however those plans were delayed and ultimately cancelled in 2018 and death row remains at Chillicothe. Female death row inmates are housed in the Ohio Reformatory for Women. Executions occur at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility. Information on death row inmates can be found here, the execution schedule here and execution history here.

Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, 20 officers have died in the line of duty.


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User:Hectorir

Born in 1988. This crazy Bird 747 has seen alot in his short time here on Earth. Words often used by me: Xhillin Ey!

title: User:Hectorir