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Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

Ernest Augustus (Ernest Augustus Christian George, German: Ernst August Christian Georg); 17 November 1887 – 30 January 1953) was Duke of Brunswick from 2 November 1913 to 8 November 1918. He was a grandson of George V of Hanover, thus a Prince of Hanover and a Prince of the United Kingdom. He was also a maternal grandson of Christian IX of Denmark and the son-in-law of German Emperor Wilhelm II. The Prussians had deposed King George from the Hanoverian throne in 1866, but his marriage ended the decades-long feud between the Prussians and the Hanoverians.

Early life
Ernest Augustus was born at Penzing near Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of former Crown Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover and his wife, Princess Thyra of Denmark. His great-grandfather, Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the fifth son of George III of the United Kingdom, became king of Hanover in 1837 because Salic Law barred Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, from inheriting the Hanoverian throne.

His father succeeded as pretender to the Hanoverian throne and as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale in the peerage of Great Britain in 1878. The younger Ernest Augustus became heir apparent to the dukedom of Cumberland and to the Hanoverian claim upon the deaths of his two elder brothers, George and Christian. Through his mother, he was a first cousin of Christian X of Denmark, Haakon VII of Norway, George V of the United Kingdom, Constantine I of Greece and Nicholas II of Russia.

In 1884, the reigning Duke of Brunswick, a distant cousin, died. Since the younger branch of the House of Guelph ended with him, under house rules it would have passed to the Duke of Cumberland, who immediately claimed the throne. However, the Imperial Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, managed to get the Federal Council (Bundesrat) of the German Empire to rule that the Duke of Cumberland would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the throne of Brunswick. Bismarck did this because the duke had never formally renounced his claims to the kingdom of Hanover, which had been annexed to Prussia in 1866 following the end of the Austro-Prussian War (Hanover had sided with losing Austria). Instead, Prince Albrecht of Prussia became the regent of Brunswick. After Prince Albrecht's death in 1906, the duke offered that he and his elder son, Prince George, would renounce their claims to the Duchy of Brunswick in order to allow Ernest Augustus, his only other surviving son, to take possession of the Duchy, but this option was rejected by the Bundesrat and the regency continued, this time under Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who had previously acted as regent for his nephew in Mecklenburg.

Marriage and accession to the duchy of Brunswick
When Ernest Augustus's older brother George died in an automobile accident on 20 May 1912, the German Emperor, Wilhelm II, sent a message of condolence to the Duke of Cumberland. In response to this friendly gesture, the Duke sent his only surviving son, Ernest Augustus, to Berlin to thank the Emperor for his message. Ernest Augustus and Wilhelm II were third cousins through George III of the United Kingdom. In Berlin, Ernest Augustus met and fell in love with the emperor's only daughter, Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia.

On 24 May 1913, Ernest Augustus and Victoria Louise, third cousins once removed through descent from George III's sons King Ernest Augustus of Hanover and Edward, Duke of Kent, were married to each other. This marriage ended the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover. The wedding of Prince Ernest Augustus and Princess Victoria Louise was also the last great gathering of European sovereigns before the outbreak of the Great War. In addition to the German Emperor and Empress and the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland, King George V and Queen Mary of the United Kingdom and Tsar Nicholas II attended. Upon the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Victoria Louise in February 1913, Ernest Augustus swore allegiance to the German Empire and accepted a commission as a cavalry captain and company commander in the Zieten–Hussars, a Prussian Army regiment in which his grandfather (George V) and great-grandfather (Ernest Augustus) had been colonels. Two imprisoned British spies, Captain Stewart and Captain Trench, were pardoned and released by the German Emperor as a wedding present to the United Kingdom. George V of the United Kingdom had given consent to the marriage on 17 March 1913, as required by the Royal Marriages Act.

On 27 October 1913, the Duke of Cumberland formally renounced his claims to the duchy of Brunswick in favor of his surviving son. The following day, the Federal Council voted to allow Ernest Augustus to become the reigning Duke of Brunswick. The new Duke of Brunswick formally took possession of his duchy on 1 November. He received a promotion to colonel in the Prussian Zieten Hussars. The new duke and duchess of Brunswick moved into Brunswick Palace in the capital of Brunswick and began their family with the birth of their eldest son, Prince Ernest Augustus, less than a year after their wedding.

During the First World War, Ernest Augustus rose to the rank of major-general.

Abdication and later life
In 1917, the British dukedom of Ernest Augustus's father, and his own title as a Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, were suspended by the Titles Deprivation Act 1917, which took effect in 1919, as a result of the Duke's service in the German army during the war. On 8 November 1918, Ernest Augustus was forced to abdicate his throne, as were all the other German kings, grand dukes, dukes, and princes during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Thus, when his father died in 1923, Ernest Augustus did not succeed to his father's title of Duke of Cumberland. For the next thirty years, Ernest Augustus remained as head of the House of Hanover, living in retirement on his various estates, mainly Blankenburg Castle in Germany and Cumberland Castle in Gmunden, Austria. He also owned Marienburg Castle near Hanover, although rarely ever living there until 1945.

While Ernest Augustus never officially joined the Nazi Party, he donated funds and was close to several leaders. As a former British prince, Ernest Augustus, as well as Victoria Louise, desired a rapprochement between the United Kingdom and Germany. Ostensibly desiring to pursue an alliance with the UK, in the mid-1930s, Adolf Hitler took advantage of their sentiment by asking the couple to arrange a match between their daughter Princess Frederica and the Prince of Wales. The Duke and Duchess of Brunswick refused, believing that the age difference was too great. After his abdication in 1936, Edward VIII and his wife visited "the Cumberlands" at Cumberland Castle in Gmunden, Austria. In 1938 Princess Frederica married Prince Paul of Greece, brother and heir-presumptive of King George II of Greece.

By the time the Second World War ended in Europe in April 1945, he and his family were staying at Blankenburg. A few days before Blankenburg was handed over to the Red Army by British and U.S. forces in late 1945, to become part of East Germany, the family was able to move to Marienburg Castle, at the time located in the British Occupation Zone, with all their furniture, transported by British Army trucks, on the order of King George VI.

Ernest Augustus lived to see his daughter Frederica become a queen consort in 1947 when her husband Paul became King of the Hellenes. Ernest Augustus died at Marienburg Castle in 1953. He was interred, later to be joined by the remains of his wife, in front of the Royal Mausoleum in the Berggarten at Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover, which is the burial chapel of King Ernest Augustus of Hanover and his wife.

Issue
The Duke and Duchess of Brunswick had five children:

 * Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick (18 March 1914 – 9 December 1987); married (1) 1951, Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (19 December 1925 – 6 February 1980), and had issue; and (2) 1981, Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach (8 August 1929 – 4 June 2015).
 * Prince George William (25 March 1915 – 8 January 2006); married 1946 Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001), and had issue.
 * Princess Frederica (18 April 1917 – 6 February 1981); married 1938 Paul of Greece (14 December 1901 – 6 March 1964), and had issue. Via Frederica, the Duke of Brunswick is the great-grandfather of Felipe VI of Spain.
 * Prince Christian Oscar Ernst August Wilhelm Viktor Georg Heinrich of Hanover (1 September 1919 – 10 December 1981); married 1963 (divorced 1976) Mireille Dutry (b. 10 January 1946), and had issue.
 * Prince Welf Heinrich Ernst August Georg Christian Berthold Friedrich Wilhelm Louis Ferdinand of Hanover (11 March 1923 – 12 July 1997); married 1960 Princess Alexandra of Ysenburg and Büdingen (23 October 1937 – 1 June 2015), and had no issue.

Honours

 * D-HAN-B-Order Henry Lion BAR.png Grand Cross of Henry the Lion, ca. 1903; Sovereign Grand Master, 1 November 1913 (Duchy of Brunswick)
 * D-HAN-B-Order_Saint_George_BAR.png Knight of St. George, 29 August 1903; Sovereign Grand Master, 14 November 1923 (Hanoverian Royal Family)
 * UK Royal Guelphic Order ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, ca. 1903; Sovereign Grand Master, 14 November 1923 (Hanoverian Royal Family)
 * D-HAN-B-Order-Ernest-August_BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Ernst August, ca. 1903; Sovereign Grand Master, 14 November 1923 (Hanoverian Royal Family)
 * Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg Knight of the Elephant, 15 November 1905 (Denmark)
 * Order_of_the_Elephant_Ribbon_bar.svg Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise (Denmark)
 * DEN_Medal_of_Merit_ribbon.svg King Christian IX Centenary Medal (Denmark)
 * Bavaria012.png Knight of St. Hubert, 1909 (Kingdom of Bavaria)
 * Order of the Black Eagle - Ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Black Eagle, 13 February 1913 (German Empire)
 * Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, ca. February 1913 (German Empire)
 * OOSA.jpg Knight of St. Andrew, 24 May 1913 (Russian Empire)
 * Air_Medal_ribbon.svg War Merit Cross, 2nd Class, ca. 1914 (Duchy of Brunswick)
 * Air_Medal_ribbon.svg War Merit Cross, 1st Class, ca. 1914 (Duchy of Brunswick)
 * D-PRU EK 1914 2 Klasse BAR.svg Iron Cross, 2nd Class, ca. 1914 (German Empire)
 * D-PRU EK 1914 2 Klasse BAR.svg Iron Cross, 1st Class, ca. 1914 (German Empire)
 * Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary - Ribbon bar Grand-Cross.svg Grand Cross of St. Stephen, ca. 1914 (Austria-Hungary)
 * GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png Grand Cross of the Redeemer, 9 January 1938 (Kingdom of Greece)

title: Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick


text:
States and union territories of India

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 785 districts and smaller administrative divisions.

The states of India are self-governing administrative divisions, each having a state government. The governing powers of the states are shared between the state government and the union government. On the other hand, the union territories are directly governed by the union government.

1876–1919
The Indian Empire was a very complex political entity consisting of various imperial divisions and states and territories of varying autonomy. At the time of its establishment in 1876, it was made up of 584 constituent states and the directly ruled territories of the Crown. The entire empire was divided into provinces and agencies.

A province consisted of territory under the direct rule of the Emperor of India (who was also the King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions) and a few minor states, ruled by Indian princes under the suzerainty of the Emperor. A Governor or Lieutenant-Governor acted as the representative of the Emperor to that province and head of government of the directly ruled territories in the province. The governor or lieutenant-governor also served as the Emperor's representative to the constituent states of the province. The first three of the lieutenant-governorships were territories annexed to India from other powers and temporarily governed by the erstwhile Bengal Presidency before being made into their own separate provinces. Agra and Bengal were still considered de jure parts of the defunct Bengal Presidency for judicial and legal purposes. Agra was finally separated in 1878 and merged with Oudh. The Bengal Presidency was re-established in 1912 as a governorship. All these provinces had their own legislatures established by the Indian Councils Acts and high courts established by Indian High Courts Acts. Laws passed by these legislatures needed the dual ascent of the governor or lieutenant-governor of the province and the governor-general of India who functioned as the representative of the Emperor.
 * There were three governor's provinces in 1912, styled "Presidencies" as a historical memento that they had been once governed by presidents. These were:
 * Bombay
 * Madras (officially Presidency of Fort St. George)
 * Bengal (from 1912)
 * There were six lieutenant-governor's provinces in 1905. These were:
 * Burma
 * Punjab
 * Central Provinces
 * Bengal (till 1912)
 * Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)
 * Agra and Oudh
 * North-Western Provinces and Oudh (1878–1902)
 * United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (1902–1935)

In addition to these, there were certain territories ruled directly by the Government of India through nominated chief commissioners. These were former independent states annexed to India and since ruled directly by the Supreme Government.
 * There were the three chief commissioner's provinces. These did not have a legislature or a high court. These were:
 * Ajmer-Merwara
 * Coorg
 * Oudh (till 1878)
 * Delhi (from 1911, capital of India)

A vast majority of the Indian states in the late nineteenth century were, in terms of imperial divisions, organised within the provinces. However a good number of states were organised into imperial structures called agencies (or residencies). An Agent to the Governor-General (AGG) functioned as the Emperor's representative to all the states in the agency.
 * At the time of establishment of the empire, there were only two agencies:
 * Rajputana
 * Central India
 * In addition, these kingdoms were neither part of a province or an agency and had direct relations with the Emperor:
 * Kashmir and Jammu
 * Nizamate of Hyderabad
 * Kingdom of Mysore

1919–1935
In 1919, the fourth Government of India was enacted by the Crown. This saw many major changes. The legislatures of the provinces were made elected ones rather than nominated ones. Some provinces were given bicameral legislatures. All provinces were elevated to governorships and all lieutenant governors were made governors. Burma was given a special status and made an autonomous province. The Chamber of Princes was established by Emperor George V in 1920. One the major consequences of this was the creation of many more agencies from the states of the provinces, thus granting them direct relations with the Emperor instead of with the Governors. This saw the separation of all the states from the provinces and addition to before-mentioned agencies. This left all the provinces with only territories under direct Crown rule.
 * There were ten governor's provinces now. These were:
 * Bombay
 * Madras
 * Bengal
 * Burma
 * Punjab
 * Central Provinces and Berar
 * United Provinces
 * North-West Frontier Province
 * Assam
 * Bihar and Orissa
 * There were four chief commissioner's provinces. There status mostly remained unchanged. These were:
 * Ajmer-Merwara
 * Coorg
 * Balochistan
 * Delhi
 * There were now 8 imperial agencies and residencies. These were:
 * Punjab States (formerly part of Punjab Province)
 * Madras States (formerly part of Madras Presidency)
 * Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
 * Western India and Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency (formerly part of Bombay Presidency)
 * Eastern States (formerly part of Bengal Presidency, Bihar and Orissa Province and Central Provinces)
 * Gwalior Residency (formerly part of Central India Agency)
 * Rajputana
 * Central India
 * Some states were with direct relations with the Emperor. These were:
 * Kashmir and Jammu
 * Nizamate of Hyderabad
 * Kingdom of Mysore

1935–1947
The latter years of the Indian Empire saw the enactment of the last Government of India Act by the Crown. This act granted full autonomy to Indian provinces. Provincial laws no longer needed the ascent of the governor-general. This act also created the office of a Premier in each province who functioned as the new head of government and was responsible to the provincial legislature. Bengal, Madras and Bombay which had been till now styled Presidencies, were now officially styled as provinces. The provinces of Orissa and Sind were created from Bihar and Bombay respectively. The Province of Burma which had previously functioned as an autonomous province of India was now separated from the Indian Empire and established as the Crown Colony of Burma. In 1947, the last Act of the Crown was passed. The act dissolved the Indian Empire, the Imperial Legislative Council and the Chamber of Princes and the Union of India was consequently established from 9 former Indian provinces (East Punjab, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Madras, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam) and 562 former Indian states.
 * The new set of 12 governor's provinces were:
 * Bombay
 * Sind
 * Madras
 * Bengal
 * Burma
 * Punjab
 * Central Provinces and Berar
 * United Provinces
 * North-West Frontier Province
 * Assam
 * Bihar
 * Orissa
 * There were 3 chief commissioner's provinces:
 * Ajmer-Merwara
 * Coorg
 * Balochistan
 * Delhi
 * There were 8 imperial agencies and residencies:
 * Punjab States
 * Madras States
 * Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency
 * Western India and Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency
 * Eastern States
 * Gwalior Residency
 * Rajputana
 * Central India
 * Three kingdoms were in direct relations with the Emperor.

1947–1950

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the new Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces and states, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Malwa Union, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand States Union, and Patiala and East Punjab States Union, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate states. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:
 * Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were:
 * Assam (formerly Assam Province),
 * Bihar (formerly Bihar Province),
 * Bombay (formerly Bombay Province),
 * East Punjab (formerly Punjab Province),
 * Madhya Pradesh (formerly the Central Provinces and Berar),
 * Madras (formerly Madras Province),
 * Orissa (formerly Orissa Province),
 * Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and
 * West Bengal (formerly Bengal Province).
 * The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part B states were:
 * Hyderabad (formerly Hyderabad Princely State),
 * Jammu and Kashmir (formerly Jammu and Kashmir Princely State),
 * Madhya Bharat (formerly Central India Agency),
 * Mysore (formerly Mysore Princely State),
 * Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU),
 * Rajasthan (formerly Rajputana Agency),
 * Saurashtra (formerly Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency), and
 * Travancore–Cochin (formerly Travancore Princely State and Cochin Princely State).
 * The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were:
 * Ajmer (formerly Ajmer-Merwara Province),
 * Bhopal (formerly Bhopal Princely State),
 * Bilaspur (formerly Bilaspur Princely State),
 * Coorg State (formerly Coorg Province),
 * Delhi,
 * Himachal Pradesh,
 * Kutch (formerly Cutch Princely State),
 * Manipur (formerly Manipur Princely State),
 * Tripura (formerly Tripura Princely State), and
 * Vindhya Pradesh (formerly Central India Agency).
 * The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the union government.

States reorganisation (1951–1956)
Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.

The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal in 1954. In the same year Pondicherry, comprising the former French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé, was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.

Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.

As a result of this act:
 * Madras State retained its name, with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore–Cochin.
 * Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956.
 * Kerala was created by merging Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore–Cochin.
 * Mysore State was re-organised with the addition of the districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Kalaburagi from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State.
 * The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island, which had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State, were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.
 * Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur division of Madhya Pradesh and the Marathwada region of Hyderabad State.
 * Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar were transferred to West Bengal.

Post-1956
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. The former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963. The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. The north-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972. Mysore State was renamed Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished. In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became a separate union territory as Daman and Diu.

In November 2000, three new states were created, namely:
 * Chhattisgarh, from eastern Madhya Pradesh,
 * Uttaranchal, from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007), and
 * Jharkhand, from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively.

Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019. Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.

Responsibilities and authorities
The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any state between the Union and that state.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: States and union territories of India


text:
Connie Willis

Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born December 31, 1945), commonly known as Connie Willis, is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. She has won eleven Hugo Awards and seven Nebula Awards for particular works—more major SF awards than any other writer —most recently the "Best Novel" Hugo and Nebula Awards for Blackout/All Clear (2010). She was inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2009 and the Science Fiction Writers of America named her its 28th SFWA Grand Master in 2011.

Several of her works feature time travel by history students at the future University of Oxford, called the Time Travel series or the Oxford Time Travel Series. They are the short story "Fire Watch" (1982, also in several anthologies and the 1985 collection of the same name), the novels Doomsday Book and To Say Nothing of the Dog (1992 and 1997), and the two-part novel Blackout/All Clear (2010). All four won the annual Hugo Award, and Doomsday Book and Blackout/All Clear won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards, making her the first author to win Hugo awards for all books in a series.

Personal life
Willis is a 1967 graduate of Colorado State College, now the University of Northern Colorado, where she completed degrees in English and Elementary Education. She lives in Greeley, Colorado, with her husband Courtney Willis, a former professor of physics at the University of Northern Colorado. They have one daughter, Cordelia.

In a 1996 interview Willis said, "I sing soprano in a Congregationalist church choir. It is my belief that everything you need to know about the world can be learned in a church choir."

Career
Willis's first published story was "The Secret of Santa Titicaca" in Worlds of Fantasy, Winter 1970 (December). At least seven stories followed (1978–81) before her debut novel, Water Witch by Willis and Cynthia Felice, published by Ace Books in 1982. After receiving a National Endowment for the Arts grant that year, she left her teaching job and became a full-time writer.

Scholar Gary K. Wolfe has written, "Willis, the erstwhile stand-up superstar of SF conventions—having her as your MC is like getting Billy Crystal back as host of the Oscars—and the author of some of the field's funniest stories, is a woman of considerably greater complexity and gravity than her personal popularity reflects, and for all her facility at screwball comedy knock-offs and snappy parody, she wants us to know that she's a writer of some gravity as well."

Willis is known for writing "romantic 'screwball' comedy in the manner of 1940s Hollywood movies."

Much of Willis's writing explores the social sciences. She often weaves technology into her stories in order to prompt readers to question what impact it has on the world. For instance, Lincoln's Dreams plumbs not just the psychology of dreams, but also their role as indicators of disease. The story portrays a young man's unrequited love for a young woman who might or might not be experiencing reincarnation or precognition, and whose outlook verges on suicidal. Similarly, Bellwether is almost exclusively concerned with human psychology.

2006 Hugo Awards ceremony controversy
At the 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony, Willis presented writer Harlan Ellison with a special committee award. When Ellison got to the podium, Willis asked him "Are you going to be good?" When she asked the question a second time, Ellison put the microphone in his mouth, to the crowd's laughter. He then momentarily put his hand on her left breast. Ellison subsequently complained that Willis refused to acknowledge his apology.

Novels
Other awards:
 * Lincoln's Dreams (1987) won the John W. Campbell Memorial Award.
 * Doomsday Book (1992) was nominated for the Arthur C. Clarke Award and the BSFA Award.
 * Passage (2001) received an Arthur C. Clarke Award nomination.

Novellas
"Chance" (1986) and "The Winds of Marble Arch" (1999) were nominated for the World Fantasy Award.

Lifetime achievement
Willis was presented with the Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award at the Nebula Awards banquet in May 2012. She has received a number of other awards, including an Inkpot Award at the San Diego Comic-Con in 2008.

Stand-alone

 * Water Witch (1982) (with Cynthia Felice)
 * Lincoln's Dreams (1987) – John W. Campbell Memorial Award winner, Locus Fantasy Award nominee, 1988
 * Light Raid (1989) (with Cynthia Felice)
 * Promised Land (1997) (with Cynthia Felice)
 * Uncharted Territory (1994)
 * Remake (1995) – Hugo Award nominee, 1996
 * Bellwether (1996) – Nebula Award nominee, 1997
 * Passage (2001) – Locus SF Award winner, Hugo and Clarke Awards nominee, 2002; Nebula Award nominee, 2001
 * Inside Job (2005)
 * D.A. (2007)
 * All Seated on the Ground (2007)
 * All About Emily (2011)
 * Crosstalk (2016)
 * I Met a Traveler in an Antique Land (2018)
 * Jack (2020 as book, first published 1991)
 * Take a Look at the Five and Ten (2020)
 * The Road to Roswell (2023)

Oxford time travel

 * Doomsday Book (1992) – Nebula Award winner, BSFA Award nominee, 1992; Hugo and Locus SF Awards winner, Clarke Award nominee, 1993
 * To Say Nothing of the Dog (1998) – Hugo and Locus SF Awards winner, 1999; Nebula Award nominee, 1998
 * Blackout (2010) – Hugo, Nebula, and Locus SF Awards, 2011 winner
 * All Clear (2010) – Hugo, Nebula, and Locus SF Awards, 2011 winner

Short fiction collections

 * Fire Watch (Oxford time travel series, 1984), whose title story won the 1982 Hugo and Nebula Awards
 * Impossible Things (1993) – contains three Nebula Award winners, two of which also won Hugo Awards
 * Futures Imperfect (1996) – omnibus edition of Uncharted Territory, Remake and Bellwether.
 * Even the Queen and Other Short Stories (1998) – sound recording of five stories read by Connie Willis including "Even the Queen", "Death on the Nile", and "At the Rialto"
 * The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories: A Connie Willis Compendium (2007)
 * Time is the Fire: The Best of Connie Willis (2013), Hugo and Nebula award-winning short fiction ISBN 978-0-575-13114-9
 * A Lot Like Christmas: Stories (2017) – Omnibus edition combining Miracle and Other Christmas Stories, several additional short stories, and the novellas All About Emily and All Seated On The Ground.
 * Terra Incognita (2018) – Collected edition of Uncharted Territory, Remake, and D.A..
 * Terra Incognita (2018) – Collected edition of Uncharted Territory, Remake, and D.A..

Short fiction

 * "Samaritan" (1978)                                  – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Capra Corn" (1978)                                 – Collected in the "Limited/Lettered Editions" of The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Daisy, in the Sun" (1979)                          – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "And Come from Miles Around" (1979)                 – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "The Child Who Cries for the Moon" (1981)           – Collected in A Spadeful of Spacetime
 * "Distress Call" (1981)                              – Published separately by Roadkill Press and collected in two anthologies
 * "A Letter from the Clearys" (1982)              – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "Fire Watch" (1982)          – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "Service For the Burial of the Dead" (1982)         – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Lost and Found" (1982)                             – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "The Father of the Bride" (1982)                    – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "Mail Order Clone" (1982)                           – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "And Also Much Cattle" (1982)
 * "The Sidon in the Mirror" (1983)                    – Collected in Fire Watch
 * "A Little Moonshine" (1983)
 * "Blued Moon" (1984)                                 – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Cash Crop" (1984)                                  – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Substitution Trick" (1985)                         – Collected in the "Limited/Lettered Editions" of The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "The Curse of Kings" (1985)                         – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "All My Darling Daughters" (1985)                   – Collected in Fire Watch and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "And Who Would Pity a Swan?" (1985)
 * "With Friends Like These" (1985)
 * "Chance" (1986)                                     – Collected in Impossible Things, The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories, and Gardner Dozois' Modern Classics of Science Fiction
 * "Spice Pogrom" (1986)                               – Collected in Impossible Things
 * "The Pony" (1986)                                   – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories
 * "Winter's Tale" (1987)                              – Collected in Impossible Things
 * "Schwarzschild Radius" (1987)                       – Collected in Impossible Things
 * "Circus Story" (1987)
 * "Lord of Hosts" (1987)
 * "Ado" (1988)                                        – Collected in Impossible Things and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "The Last of the Winnebagos" (1988)             – Collected in Impossible Things and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "Dilemma" (1989)
 * "Time Out" (1989)                                   – Collected in Impossible Things
 * "At the Rialto" (1989)                              – Collected in Impossible Things, The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and Even the Queen and Other Short Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "Cibola" (1990)
 * "Miracle" (1991)                                    – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories
 * "Jack" (1991)                                       – Collected in Impossible Things and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "In the Late Cretaceous" (1991)                     – Collected in Impossible Things and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Even the Queen" (1992)                             – Collected in Impossible Things, The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and Even the Queen and Other Short Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "Inn" (1993)                                        – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Close Encounter" (1993)
 * "Death on the Nile" (1993)                          – Collected in Even the Queen and Other Short Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "A New Theory Explaining the Unpredictability of Forecasting the Weather" (1993)
 * "Why the World Didn't End Last Tuesday" (1994)
 * "Adaptation" (1994)                                  – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories
 * "The Soul Selects Her Own Society: Invasion and Repulsion: A Chronological Reinterpretation of Two of Emily Dickinson's Poems: A Wellsian Perspective" (1996)                                    – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "In Coppelius's Toyshop" (1996)                      – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories
 * "Nonstop to Portales" (1996)                         – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Newsletter" (1997)                                  – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "Cat's paw" (1999)                                             – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories
 * "Epiphany" (1999)                                    – Collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories and The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "The Winds of Marble Arch" (1999)                           – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories and The Best of Connie Willis: Award-Winning Stories
 * "deck.halls@boughs/holly" (2001)
 * "Just Like the Ones We Used to Know" (2003)          – Collected in The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "New Hat" (2008)
 * "Now Showing" (2014)                                 – Collected in Rogues
 * "I Met a Traveller in an Antique Land" (2017)

Other

 * Roswell, Vegas, and Area 51: Travels with Courtney (2002)

Essays

 * "On Ghost Stories" (1991)
 * "Foreword" (1998)
 * "Introduction" (1999)
 * "The Nebula Award for Best Novel" (1999)
 * "The 1997 Author Emeritus: Nelson Bond" (1999)
 * "The Grand Master Award: Poul Anderson" (1999)
 * "A Few Last Words to Put It All in Perspective" (1999)
 * Bibliography, including a list of all of her SF short stories and "confessions" stories, collected in the "Limited/Lettered Editions" of The Winds of Marble Arch and Other Stories
 * "A Final Word"; "Twelve Terrific Things to Read..." (Christmas stories); "And Twelve to Watch" (Christmas movies); all collected in Miracle and Other Christmas Stories

Edited

 * Nebula Awards 33 (1999)
 * The New Hugo Winners Volume III (1994)

title: Connie Willis


text:
Humboldt Redwoods State Park

Humboldt Redwoods State Park is a state park of California, United States, containing Rockefeller Forest, the world's largest remaining contiguous old-growth forest of coast redwoods. It is located 30 mi south of Eureka, California, near Weott in southern Humboldt County, within Northern California, named after the great German nineteenth-century scientist, Alexander von Humboldt. The park was established by the Save the Redwoods League in 1921 largely from lands purchased from the Pacific Lumber Company. Beginning with the dedication of the Raynal Bolling Memorial Grove, it has grown to become the third-largest park in the California State Park system, now containing 51651 acre through acquisitions and gifts to the state.

It is part of the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion and has 23600 acre of old-growth forests. 17000 acre are old-growth redwoods, comprising the entire Bull Creek watershed and the Rockefeller Forest.

Nearby U.S. Route 101, which generally follows the Eel River and its South Fork in this part of the North Coast, offers easy access to the park and nearby towns with connections to the scenic highway, Avenue of the Giants, also mostly located within or near park boundaries.

History
The original inhabitants of the area were the Sinkyone. In the 1850s white settlers began felling the redwoods, seeking to clear the land for homes and pasture. About 20 years later the timber industry moved into the region, and railways and roads were routed through the area for accessibility to the trees. In 1918 after realizing how much of the old-growth forests closer to San Francisco had been harvested, Boone and Crockett Club members formed the Save the Redwoods League, and began working to preserve redwood forests in the region, including the area that became Humboldt Redwoods State Park. The Garden Club of America, through its Redwood Grove Committee, raised half of the funds needed to buy the 2,552 acre Canoe Creek Grove which became part of Humboldt Redwoods State Park. Sarah Gildersleeve Fife was instrumental in the activities of this committee.

Redwoods
The park is famed for its coast redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens), many of which grow to over 300 ft in height. The forests on alluvial plains are almost pure redwood forest, but the forests on the slopes also contain Douglas-fir.

Over 100 of the 137 known trees over 350 ft tall—all coast redwoods—occur in Humboldt Redwoods State Park. It is home to the 4th-tallest measured living redwood, the Stratosphere Giant, which was measured at 112.94 m in 2004. Stratosphere Giant was the tallest known living redwood until the discovery of three taller trees in Redwood National Park; the tallest, Hyperion, measuring 115.55 m in September 2006.

Before the discovery of Hyperion, the tallest redwood ever measured was the Dyerville Giant, also in Humboldt Redwoods State Park. It was 113.4 m high when it fell in March 1991. It was estimated to be 1,600 years old. The Dyerville Giant can be seen on Founders Grove Nature Trail, which honors the creators of Save the Redwoods League. Also in this grove is Founders Tree, which is 346 ft tall with circumference of 40 ft. There is also an albino redwood referred to as the Christmas Tree.

Recreation

The Avenue of the Giants offers visitors a 32 mi drive through Humboldt Redwoods State Park with eight stops along an auto tour of park highlights. The park has over 100 mi of hiking trails. Visitors to the park can go horseback riding, mountain biking, fishing, and swimming in the South Fork Eel River. The park is prone to fire hazards, and camping is permitted in specified areas. Almost 250 sites are available for use, including an equestrian camp. Nearby Burlington, serves as a main camping spot, alongside Albee.

title: Humboldt Redwoods State Park


text:
Talk:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Re-review
Can this article get another review from the task forces? Looks like a solid article; easily could become a GA with minor modifications. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hal06 (talk • contribs) 02:12, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Feel free to nominate the article for GA - if you like. I wouldn't do that myself. There are too many things I dislike about it, including the way material is organized in the "influence" and "criticisms" sections. To me it feels wrong to divide article content that way. There should be a single section, titled "Reception", that would mention both positive and negative views of the book. The section should be divided into subsections on reviews in scientific journals, popular press reviews, and evaluations in books, with the material within each of those subsections being chronological. That would be the logical approach. Some other approach has been followed here, one that seems didactic - an attempt to convey to the reader what whoever wrote it personally deems the most important information, in the order they find most appropriate. Instead of following that unfortunate approach, the material should simply be organized in a logical way, with no attempt at imposing a particular viewpoint on that material on the reader. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:18, 16 April 2017 (UTC)
 * sofixit Lingzhi ♦ (talk) 04:40, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
 * I may well. The bad thing about the existing organization of the sections on the influence and reception of Kuhn's book, and the criticism it received, is that it makes it very difficult to add new material. There is a rigid arrangement that new material cannot so easily fit within. For example, I'd like to add something about the way Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont discuss Kuhn's book in Fashionable Nonsense, but it is hard to see where a section on that would fit within the existing structure of the article. It is also true that some of the existing material in those sections seems poorly chosen to me. For example the part reading, "Philip Beardsley argued that applying a uniparadigmatic system to political science would be “morally indefensible,” as it would involve arbitrarily choosing one view from among a large pool of fundamentally divergent political viewpoints. Instead, he contended that political science should strive to consider alternate interpretations, thereby achieving a multiparadigmatic state". Maybe that is interesting, but what is the connection to Kuhn's book? In the absence of an explanation of what that has to do with the book, it should not be there. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:37, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Model/Animation showing the model
It seems like an oversight to me that the actual model isn't listed anywhere in this text. I have an animation that could be used for this or a simple static image could be added. Either way, the main image should probably be the model, not the book cover. No? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Awfominaya (talk • contribs) 15:20, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I can't conceive how a model — to say nothing of an animated model — could contribute anything to a discussion of Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Perhaps you're thinking of his book The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought, which employed several diagrams .--SteveMcCluskey (talk) 02:37, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Edition without the author?
Can we clarify why there is a fourth edition if the author wasn't alive to edit the book? Thank you! --ExperiencedArticleFixer (talk) 14:16, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

Fixed quote
An inaccurate quote was introduced in this edit in March 2016. Hairy Dude queried it this February and I've now confirmed that part of the quote was not from Kuhn. The edit introduced this sentence: "While the new paradigm is rarely as expansive as the old paradigm in its initial stages, it must nevertheless have significant promise for future problem-solving." It replaced this sentence in the real quote, to which it bears little resemblance: "Novelty for its own sake is not a desideratum in the sciences as it is in so many other creative fields." How odd. That burst of edits was all Ker64 contributed to Wikipedia. Fences &  Windows  15:41, 11 September 2023 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Alexaq~enwiki

Evo da te pozdravim i pozelim dobrodoslicu na Vikipediji :) Zao mi je sto si se onoliko namucio oko slike na srpskoj Vikipediji, trebalo je stvarno da napisem kako se slike ubacuju u tekst. Sad sam je ubacio, i dodao jos neke sitnije izmene tekstu, cak sam ga postavio na glavnu stranu. Nadam se da ces ostati i napraviti jos novih dobrih clanaka i na srpskoj i na engleskoj Vikipediji! :) Nikola 23:57, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Alexaq~enwiki


text:
Russell Hoban

Russell Conwell Hoban (February 4, 1925 – December 13, 2011) was an American writer. His works span many genres, including fantasy, science fiction, mainstream fiction, magical realism, poetry, and children's books. He lived in London from 1969 until his death.

Biography
Hoban was born in Lansdale, Pennsylvania, just outside Philadelphia, to Jewish immigrants from Ostrog (now in Ukraine). His father, Abram T. Hoban, was the advertising manager of the Yiddish-language Jewish Daily Forward and the director of The Drama Guild of the Labor Institute of the Workmen's Circle of Philadelphia. His father died when Russell was 11, and Russell was thereafter raised by his mother, Jeanette Dimmerman. He was named for Russell Conwell. After briefly attending Temple University, he enlisted in the Army at age 18 and served in the Philippines and Italy as a radio operator during World War II, earning a bronze star. During his military service he married Lillian Aberman, who later became a writer and illustrator herself. They had four children before divorcing in 1975.

After leaving military service, Hoban worked as an illustrator, painting several covers for TIME, Sports Illustrated, and The Saturday Evening Post, and as an advertising copywriter—occupations which several of his characters later shared—before he wrote and illustrated his first children's book, What Does It Do and How Does It Work?: Power Shovel, Dump Truck, and Other Heavy Machines, published by Harper in 1959. His 1962 Time cover portrait of Joan Baez now hangs in the US National Portrait Gallery.

The note "About the Artist" in the Macmillan Classics Edition of Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe (second printing 1965), which Hoban illustrated, notes that he worked in advertising for Batten Barton Durstine & Osborn and that he later became the art director of J. Walter Thompson: "Heavy machinery later became subjects for his paintings, and this led him into the children's book field with the writing and illustrating of What Does It Do and How Does It Work? and The Atomic Submarine." That note also points out that in 1964, at the time the book's illustrations were copyrighted, Hoban was teaching drawing at the School of Visual Arts in New York City, collaborating with his first wife on their fifth children's book, and living in Connecticut.

Hoban wrote exclusively for children for the next decade, and came to be known best for the series of seven picture books that feature Frances, a temperamental badger girl whose escapades were based partly on the experiences of his four children, Phoebe, Brom, Esmé and Julia, and their friends.

Frances did not eat her egg. She sang a little song to it. She sang the song very softly:

"I do not like the way you slide, I do not like your soft inside, I do not like you lots of ways, And I could do for many days Without eggs."

Garth Williams depicted Frances as a badger in the first book, Bedtime for Frances (Harper, 1960), and Lillian Hoban retained that image as the illustrator of five sequels and a poetry collection, published from 1964 to 1972.

The U.S. national library reports holding about three dozen books written by Hoban and published from 1959 to 1972, including about two dozen illustrated by Lillian Hoban. One was illustrated by their son Brom Hoban: The Sea-thing Child (1972).

A dark philosophical tale for older children, The Mouse and His Child, appeared in 1967 and was Hoban's first full-length novel. It was later made into an animated film in 1977 by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson.

In 1969, the Hobans and their children travelled to London, intending to stay only a short time. The marriage dissolved and, while the rest of the family returned to the United States, Hoban remained in London for the rest of his life. All of Hoban's adult novels except for Riddley Walker, Pilgermann, Angelica Lost and Found (October 2010) and Fremder are set either wholly or partly in contemporary London.

In 1971, Hoban wrote a book employing concepts borrowed from "The Gift of the Magi", called Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas, which further reached fans through a 1977 television special originally created for HBO by the Jim Henson Company. The book was illustrated by Lillian Hoban, whose drawn renditions of these characters were faithfully replicated by the Muppet creators. The story tells of a poor otter mother and son who do what they must to try to provide a special Christmas to one another, taking a route neither of them expected. His novel Turtle Diary (1975) was turned into a film version released in 1985, with a screenplay by Harold Pinter.

Family
Hoban had four children with his first wife, Lillian Aberman Hoban. Their daughter Phoebe Hoban is a journalist and biographer who specializes in art. The couple divorced in 1975, and in the same year he married Gundula Ahl, who worked in the fashionable London bookshop Truslove and Hanson. With Ahl he had three children, one of whom is the composer Wieland Hoban, to whom Riddley Walker is dedicated. Wieland Hoban set one of his father's texts to music in his piece Night Roads (1998–99).

Hoban's sister, Tana Hoban (1917–2006), was a photographer and children's author; he also had another sister, Freeda Hoban Ellis (1919–2002).

Later life
The last of Hoban's novels published during his lifetime was Angelica Lost and Found (October 2010), in which the hippogriff from Girolamo da Carpi's Ruggiero Saving Angelica breaks free from the 16th-century painting to search for Angelica in 21st-century San Francisco.

Hoban died on 13 December 2011. He had once ruefully observed that death would be a good career move: "People will say, 'Yes, Hoban, he seems an interesting writer, let's look at him again'."

Two new Hoban books were published posthumously by Walker Books in 2012: Soonchild, illustrated by Alexis Deacon, and Rosie's Magic Horse, illustrated by Quentin Blake. Deacon also provided artwork for a new version of Jim's Lion, published in 2014, which changed the format from a traditional picture book to a combination of text chapters and comics.

After his death, Hoban's papers were archived by writer Paul Cooper, and in 2016 the archive was acquired by the Beinecke Library at Yale University.

Fan and community activity
In May 1998, Dave Awl, a writer/performer with the experimental Chicago theatre troupe the Neo-Futurists, launched the first comprehensive Russell Hoban reference website,  The Head of Orpheus, to which Russell Hoban regularly contributed news and information up until his death. In the fall of 1999, Awl founded a Hoban-themed online community called The Kraken (named after one of the characters in Hoban's 1987 novel The Medusa Frequency), which grew into an international network of Russell Hoban fans.

In 2002 an annual fan activity dubbed the Slickman A4 Quotation Event (SA4QE) (named after its founder, Diana Slickman, also a member of the Neo-Futurists) began, in which Hoban enthusiasts celebrate his birthday by writing down favourite quotes from his books (invariably on sheets of yellow A4 paper, a recurring Hoban motif) and leaving them in public places. By 2004, the event had occurred three times; as of February 2011 it has since taken place each year, seeing over 350 quotes distributed around 46 towns and cities throughout 14 countries.

In 2005 fans from across the world celebrated Hoban's work in London at the first international convention for the author, The Russell Hoban Some-Poasyum (a pun on symposium from Riddley Walker). A booklet was published by the organisers to commemorate the event featuring tributes to Hoban from a variety of contributors including actor and politician Glenda Jackson, novelist David Mitchell, composer Harrison Birtwistle and screenwriter Andrew Davies.

In 2012 a new "official" Russell Hoban website, www.russellhoban.org, was built and launched by volunteers from the community, with the approval of the author's family.

Stage adaptations
In 1984, Hoban collaborated with the Impact Theatre Co-operative on a performance entitled The Carrier Frequency. Hoban supplied the text for the piece, which was staged and performed by Impact. In 1999, The Carrier Frequency was restaged by the theater company Stan's Cafe.

In February 1986, a theatrical version of Hoban's novel Riddley Walker (adapted by Hoban himself) premiered at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester. Its US premiere was at the Chocolate Bayou Theatre, in April 1987, directed by Greg Roach.

In November 2007, Hoban's adaptation of Riddley Walker was produced (for the third time) by the Red Kettle Theatre Company, in Waterford, Ireland, and was reviewed favorably in the Irish Times.

In March 1989 a stage adaptation of Kleinzeit was presented by the Tower Theatre Company, directed by Peta Barker, who had adapted the novel. One performance was seen by Russell Hoban who wrote a critique of the play, written on yellow paper, which is a major theme of the novel.

In 2011, the Trouble Puppet Theater Company produced an adaptation of Riddley Walker, with permission from and the aid of Russell Hoban. Artistic Director Connor Hopkins created the puppet theater play, with performances September 29 through October 16, 2011, at Salvage Vanguard Theater in Austin, Texas, U.S. The production employed tabletop puppetry inspired by the Bunraku tradition and enjoyed popular and critical success.

In 2012, the Royal Shakespeare Company announced that it would be premiering a new staging of Hoban's novel The Mouse and His Child as part of its winter 2012–13 season.

Themes
Hoban is often described as a fantasy writer, and only two of his novels, Turtle Diary and The Bat Tattoo, are entirely devoid of supernatural elements. However, the fantasy elements are usually presented as only moderately surprising developments in an otherwise realistic contemporary story, which is magic realism. Exceptions include Kleinzeit, a comic fantasy whose characters include Death, Hospital, and Underground; Riddley Walker, a science-fiction novel whose futuristic setting is primitive and post-apocalyptic; Pilgermann, a historical novel about the Crusades; and Fremder, a more conventional science-fiction novel.

There is frequent repetition of images and themes in different contexts. For instance, many of Hoban's works refer to lions, Orpheus, Eurydice, Persephone, Vermeer, severed heads, heart disease, flickering, Odilon Redon, and King Kong.

Awards
How Tom Beat Captain Najork and His Hired Sportsmen (1974), a picture book written by Hoban, illustrated by Quentin Blake, and published by Jonathan Cape, shared the annual Whitbread Award for Children's Books.

Riddley Walker, a novel published by Cape in 1980, won the 1982 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, juried recognition of the year's best SF novel published in English, and the "Best International Novel" prize at the 1983 Australian SF Convention (Ditmar Award). Pilgermann was one finalist a year later when no best international novel was named.

Novels for adults

 * The Lion of Boaz-Jachin and Jachin-Boaz (1973), ISBN 0-8128-1624-2
 * Kleinzeit (1974), ISBN 0-670-41458-1
 * Turtle Diary (1975), ISBN 0-394-40199-9
 * Riddley Walker (1980), ISBN 0-671-42147-6
 * Pilgermann (1983), ISBN 0-671-45968-6
 * The Medusa Frequency (1987), ISBN 0-87113-165-X
 * Fremder (1996), ISBN 0-224-04370-6
 * Mr. Rinyo-Clacton's Offer (1998), ISBN 0-224-05121-0
 * Angelica's Grotto (1999), ISBN 0-7475-4611-8
 * Amaryllis Night and Day (2001), ISBN 0-7475-5285-1
 * The Bat Tattoo (2002), ISBN 0-7475-6022-6
 * Her Name Was Lola (2003), ISBN 0-7475-7024-8
 * Come Dance with Me (2005), ISBN 0-7475-7452-9
 * Linger Awhile (2006), ISBN 0-7475-7984-9
 * My Tango with Barbara Strozzi (2007), ISBN 0-7475-9271-3
 * Angelica Lost and Found (2010), ISBN 978-1-4088-0660-9

Selected books for children and young adults

 * "Frances the Badger" series: Bedtime for Frances, A Baby Sister for Frances, Bread and Jam for Frances, A Birthday for Frances, Best Friends for Frances, A Bargain for Frances (1960–1970), the first book illustrated by Garth Williams, the rest illustrated by Lillian Hoban
 * The Sorely Trying Day (1964), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * Charlie the Tramp (1966), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * The Little Brute Family (1966), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * Nothing To Do (1966), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * The Mouse and His Child (1967, republished 1990), ISBN 0-06-022378-2 (also a 1977 film)
 * The Stone Doll of Sister Brute (1968), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * Harvey's Hideout (1969), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1971, republished 1992), ISBN 0-89966-951-4 (also a 1977 TV special)
 * The Sea-thing Child (Harper & Row, 1972, ISBN 0060223987), picture book illustrated by Abrom Hoban; reissued 1999 by Candlewick Press, ill. Patrick Benson
 * Egg Thoughts and Other Frances Songs (1972), ISBN 0-06-022331-6 (ill. Lillian Hoban, poetry)
 * How Tom Beat Captain Najork and his Hired Sportsmen (1974), ISBN 0-224-00999-0
 * A Near Thing for Captain Najork (1975), ISBN 0-224-01197-9
 * The Twenty Elephant Restaurant (1978), ill. Emily Arnold McCully
 * La Corona and the Tin Frog (1979), ill. Nicola Bayley, ISBN 0-224-01397-1
 * Dinner at Alberta's (1979), ill. James Marshall
 * Flat Cat (1980), ill. Clive Scruton
 * Ace Dragon Ltd. (1980), ill. Quentin Blake
 * Arthur's New Power (1980), ill. Bryon Barton
 *  Serpent Tower (1981), ill. David Scott
 * The Mole Family's Christmas (1981), ill. Lillian Hoban
 * The Great Fruit Gum Robbery (1981), ill. Colin McNaughton
 * They Came from Aargh! (1981), ill. Colin McNaughton
 * The Flight of Bembel Rudzuk (1982), ill. Colin McNaughton
 * The Battle of Zormla (1982), ill. Colin McNaughton
 * Jim Frog (1983), ill. Martin Baynton
 * Big John Turkle (1983), ill. Martin Baynton
 * Lavinia Bat (1984), ill. Martin Baynton
 * Charlie Meadows (1984), ill. Martin Baynton
 * The Marzipan Pig (1986), ISBN 0-224-01687-3
 * Rain Door (1987),
 * Monsters (1989), ill. Quentin Blake
 * Jim Hedgehog and the Lonesome Tower (1990), ill. John Rogan
 * Jim Hedgehog's Supernatural Christmas (1994)
 * The Trokeville Way (1996), ISBN 0-224-04631-4
 * The Last of the Wallendas (1997), ISBN 0-340-66766-4 (poetry)
 * Jim's Lion (2001), ill. Ian Andrew
 * Soonchild (2012), ISBN 9781406329919
 * Rosie's Magic Horse (2013), ill. Quentin Blake
 * Trouble on Thunder Mountain, ill. Quentin Blake

Other works

 * The Carrier Frequency (1984), stage play
 * Deadsy and the Sexo-Chanjo (1989) and Door (1990), under the heading "Deadtime Stories for Big Folk", text and narration for animated films by David Anderson
 * The Second Mrs Kong (1994), libretto for opera composed by Harrison Birtwistle
 * The Moment Under the Moment (1992), stories, a libretto, essays and sketches

Film

 * Turtle Diary (1985)

title: Russell Hoban


text:
Montalbo

Montalbo is a municipality in the province of Cuenca, part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, in the country of Spain.

title: Montalbo


text:
Am486

The Am486 is a 80486-class family of computer processors that was produced by AMD in the 1990s. Intel beat AMD to market by nearly four years, but AMD priced its 40 MHz 486 at or below Intel's price for a 33 MHz chip, offering about 20% better performance for the same price.

While competing 486 chips, such as those from Cyrix, benchmarked lower than the equivalent Intel chip, AMD's 486 matched Intel's performance on a clock-for-clock basis.

While the Am386 was primarily used by small computer manufacturers, the Am486DX, DX2, and SX2 chips gained acceptance among larger computer manufacturers, especially Acer and Compaq, in the 1994 time frame.

AMD's higher clocked 486 chips provided superior integer performance to many of the early Pentium chips, especially the 60 and 66 MHz launch products. While equivalent Intel 80486DX4 chips were priced high and required a minor socket modification, AMD priced low. Intel's DX4 chips initially had twice the cache of the AMD chips, giving them a slight performance edge, but AMD's DX4-100 usually cost less than Intel's DX2-66.

The enhanced Am486 series supported new features like extended power-saving modes and an 8 KiB Write-Back L1-Cache, later versions even got an upgrade to 16 KiB Write-Back L1-Cache.

The 133 MHz AMD Am5x86 was a higher clocked enhanced Am486.

One derivative of the Am486 family is the core used in the AMD Élan SC4xx family of microcontrollers marketed by AMD.

Am486 models
WT = Write-Through cache strategy, WB = Write-Back cache strategy

title: Am486


text:
Talk:Vicente Lusitano

Untitled
I (Camembert) have rewritten the old contents of this page (mainly using and Grove Concise), because it was pretty hard to understand - I think it may have been a BabelFish translation. This isn't really an area I know a great deal about, and this talk of "genera" rather goes over my head, but it's what other sources talk about, so I'm guessing it's right. I've put the old content below in case it's useful.

LUSITANO, Vicente (b.Olivença-d.Roma, 16th Century)

Although he has been author of some musical workmanships, the name of Vicente Lusitano over all is remembered as theoretician, thanks to célebre polémica that it had in Rome, in 1551, with Nicola Vicentino. Little is known on its life, not even the dates of birth and death. In accordance with some historical sources of XVII and XVIII Centuries, would have been musician of D. Afonso de Lencastre during a short period of time and would have taught in Pádua and Viterbo after having been commanded priest. In 1550 member of the choir of the Papal Chapel became and in 1551 primus published its "Liber epigramatum that vulgo motetta dicuntur" (Rome, 1551). One year later d'herb'et "in the seio of an intitled colecção" prime Il is given to the print the madrigal "fior ch'ignuda All'hor libro delle MUSE" (Venice, 1552). It was during a reception in house of Florentine banker Bernardine Acciaioli who blew up the famous debate with the musician and NicolaVicentino theoretician, in the sequência of the hearing of a musical part. The Portuguese defended that all the music of the time could be explained through género diatónico, while its adversary affirmed that this age one mixes of the géneros diatónico, chromatic and enarmónico, thus showing a vanguardista position, related with the speculations on the old musical theory Greek and its application to the music of its time. Although its opinion more conservative, or perhaps had it, Lusitano was declared winning by a jury of specialists. Its points of view had been developed in the treated "Introdutione facillissima et novissima di sing fermo..." (Rome, 1533). The workmanship had more two editions in Venice (1558 and 1561) and would have been translated in Portuguese, in 1603, by cónego Bernardine da Fonseca. In each one of editions printed, the first part says respect to the basic particularitities of music, including the study of claves, the mutations, the intervals, the notation, etc. In the second part the improvised counterpoint, one technique very appreciated in the 16th Century and developed with great mestria in the choir of the Papal Chapel is explored practical. Some rules to improvise two or more inferior superior parts out to one "cantus firmus" given are illustrated by numerous examples. In the end it has a small quarrel on the question of the géneros diatónico, chromatic and enarmónico.

African?
The reference says he is of african descent. Searching the source you can see it makes two mentions of the person in question,

''Vicente Lusitano was of African descent and wrote a famous book on musical theory. He was born in Portugal, went to Rome in the early sixteenth century, and then went on to a German court, and he must have spoken the languages of all these places. and (...)Vicente Lusitano, author of an important book on musical theory.''

The author's own references trace back to "Maria Augusta Alves Barbosa, Vicentivs Lvsitanvs: Ein portugiesischer Komponist und Musiktheoretiker des 16. Jahrhunderts (Lisbon: Estado da Cultura, 1977)" and "Robert Stevenson, “The First Black Published Composer,” Inter-American Music Review 5 (1982)".

Here's an excerpt from one of the works that mention the Vicente Lusitano here on page 51.

(...) Duke Christoph of Württemberg (ruled 1550-68) at Stuttgart even boasted a black musical theorist and composer called Vicente Lusitano.Vicente was probably born to a white father and black mother in the Alentejo in Portugal.

Will remove the "African descent" part of the article as it is unproven and its legitimacy is based all on the words of someone who did not work in genetics or worked in the study of phenotypes. The person in the article "could" have been a very tanned portuguese man living in Alentejo which is a region in the south of Portugal with alot of daylight time.

Will also remove categories related to his possible african descent.

 * What you have just done is removed information that is in three cited reliable sources based on your personal opinions that this information would need to be from a person who works "in genetics or worked in the study of phenotypes". If you want to challenge a well cited statement from multiple reliable sources you would need to find a source that contradicts and challenges it. Lusitano is rather famous for being of African Descent, a discovery spearheaded by Robert Stevenson, a respect musicologist. Musicologists write about musicians, that's all it is. Aza24 (talk) 01:04, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

All secondary and terciary sources about Vicente Lusitano are based on the biography made by Diogo Barbosa Machado (which makes no mention of his skin color) and a contemporary description made about him from Duke Christoph of Württemberg (who mentions his skin color).The first secondary source was made by Maria Augusta Barbosa and that source was her own phd work about Vicente Lusitano called ''Maria Augusta Alves Barbosa, Vicentivs Lvsitanvs: Ein portugiesischer Komponist und Musiktheoretiker des 16. Jahrhunderts (Lisbon: Estado da Cultura, 1977)''. All other secondary and terciary sources regurgitate this narrative.

Here's a review of her work found here http://revista.brasil-europa.eu/148/Vincentivs-Lvsitanvs.html Translation :

'''Finally, who was Vincentius Lusitanus? '''

'''This question does not arise only for the reader who seeks concrete data about the figure mentioned in the title of the work and who, after reading it, can acquire the impression that much is said and nothing is said. This question was also raised by Maria Augusta A. Barbosa's advisor and advisers, who suggested - or demanded - that the work be completed, including a summary biography of the Portuguese musician and theorist, with a clear indication of the known works and the specific bibliography. Here, then, the researcher offers, unwillingly and almost ironically, a summary in the form of a lexical entry:  VINCENTIVS LVSITANVS (16th century; birth and death dates as well as unknown places; first documentary data: beginning of June 1551; last: June 2, 1561).  The oldest lexicographic news about Vincentius Lusitanus dates back to the 17th century and does not provide sources (João Barreto, * 1600 and P. Francisco da Cruz, 1629-1706); the third and more detailed, also indicating sources, appeared in the Bibliotheca Lusitana de Barbosa Machado in 1752. According to these data, Vincentius Lusitanus was born in Olivença, a town located on the Portuguese-Spanish border and which was then found under Portuguese sovereignty, and served as music provider in Rome, Viterbo and Padua. (...) Thus, it is perfectly conceivable that the composer obtained his training in Olivenza, then Episcopal seat of Ceuta, where at least since 1534-1534 there was a music chair (cantus planus and cantus figuratus) directed by Pero Brugel. '''

'''There is no indication of Vincentius Lusitanus until the beginning of June 1551. About the first day of that month, after a musical event in Rome, at the home of Florentine banker Bernardo Acchiaioli, he entered into an argument with Nicola Vicentino about the true genre of music by So. In the trial that followed the dispute on the part of Ghiselin Danckert and Bartolomeo Escobedo, Vincentius Lusitanus' position was seen as correct (...). '''

'''When, why and by what ways Vincentius Lusitanus arrived in the Italian Peninsula, moreover for what reasons he settled there, it is totally unknown in the current situation of the research. '''

'''In 1553 the first edition of his Introdutione Facilissima appeared in Rome, by Antonio Blado. In 1551 or 1556, his collection of Liber Primus Epigramatum motets was published, which was known as motetta dicuntur "(...). Through Motu Proprio and the dedication of this collection, it becomes known that Vincentius belonged to the Diocese of Ceuta and was related with the son of the Portuguese ambassador in Rome. (...) In 1553, this time in Venice by Francesco Marcolini, the second, slightly enlarged edition of the Introduction, followed by a third, in 1561 (...). On May 30, 1561, Vincentius Lusitanus requested in Württemberg the Bishop of Capo d'Istria, the Italian of Petrus Paulus Vergerius, converted to Protestantism and who was at the time in Baden-Baden, acting since November 1553 as advisor to Duke Christoph At the request of the Italian count Giulio a Thiene, one of the most active promoters of Protestantism in Northern Italy, the aforementioned bishop sought to secure a post for Vincentius Lusitanus in the chapel of the Court of Württemberg. the Portuguese musician came, he didn’t take him on duty. The Beati omnes motet, which exists in manuscript and preserved in the State Library of Stuttgart (...), probably dates from that time. Since June 1st of that year, there is no personal indication of the Portuguese musician. The fact, however, that the Paris Esp. 219 was discovered in France, allows the question to be asked (...) if he did not live in France after June 1561 and died there. '''

In 1562, the only Madrigal known to him was born in Venice, after Vincentius Lusitanus fled Italy: All'hor ch'ignuda (...) "(op.cit. 455-457)

Actually, you should translate the whole article yourself and give it a read, the person who made that review read phd work she made.

I will add in the article the contextualization that his possible african descent is disputed.

Ygglow (talk) 03:38, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the source, I've been planning on working on this article for a while so when I do I will be sure to check out the full reference you provide. I appreciate your alteration to the text, much better now. Aza24 (talk) 04:03, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I have read the entirety of the above comments and did not see any information that indicated (let alone proved) that Lusitano was of partial African ancestry. Have I missed something?  Where is this information? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 23:39, 19 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes you have. See the second reference in the article. Aza24 (talk) 00:22, 20 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No you haven't missed anything. There is an inference that he may have been of mixed race, but the actual origin of that race is pure speculation (see below). 2001:8003:70F5:2400:B4E4:7121:71A:9EDC (talk) 12:31, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Great ref for article expansion
https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220615-the-lost-16th-century-black-composer-vicente-lusitano — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.161.8.90 (talk) 11:26, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Ah, another parrot alights on the tree! What is particularly amazing about this source is both the acknowledgement that Lusitano 'may' have been of mixed race and then the immediate propensity thereafter to declare him as 'black' bereft of any definitive evidence.

 * It is not half as bad as this very similar source: which is even more stunning in its capacity to bring the barest of evidence coupled with unrelated and misleading population data to a definitive conclusion. Quote: "Crucially, he was described as “pardo” by his first biographer. The term signified a mixed-race person of white European and African parentage. Lusitano was Black."

 * Hmmm yes, ... all people in Africa are Black! Prior to their sea-faring explorations in the 15th Century, the Africans that had been known to the Portuguese/Iberians for two-millennia and more were not persons that we would consider today as black! The authors also do not consider the possibility that Lusitano's parentage may have sourced from one of the New World peoples.

 * Both authors seem to lack comprehension in understanding the difference between persons of Arab and North African heritage (a long history in Portugal) and Niger-Congo peoples that had only recently come into the purview of the Portuguese World nor incidentally, of Amerindians. The word 'black' when used to refer to an ethnic group does not translate linearly in History and the Portuguese and Spanish had very specific and unambiguous words to refer to the origins of persons of mixed race (and if his 'biographer' had wished to be explicit on the matter he could have used such words). Less dramatic, the term pardo might just as easily be interpreted literally as Lusitano being a 'naked' performer as some composers have had want to do or, an expression that related to his 'style'. He could with the same puzzling extrapolation of logic used in [2-6] be claimed with equal veracity as a mixed South American composer or, as is more likely North African (Berber, Arab, Sephardim, ...)! Suffice to say, any claims surrounding the ethnicity of Lusitano need to be taken with a grain of salt as it is evident (painfully so in this source [6]) that his ethnicity and parentage are being scripted as the product of wishful and contrived thinking.

 * The authors of these two documents seem less interested in Historical accuracy and perhaps more so in furthering a narrative that curries favour with their patrons/peers!

2001:8003:70F5:2400:B4E4:7121:71A:9EDC (talk) 10:05, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vicente Lusitano


text:
Anthony Edwards (actor)

Anthony Charles Edwards (born July 19, 1962) is an American actor, director, and producer. He played Dr. Mark Greene on the first eight seasons of ER, for which he received a Golden Globe Award and six Screen Actors Guild Awards, and was nominated for four consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards. He has appeared in various films and television series, including Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Top Gun, Zodiac, Gotcha!, Miracle Mile, Revenge of the Nerds, Planes, Northern Exposure, and Designated Survivor.

Early life
Edwards was born in Santa Barbara, California, the son of Erika Kem Edwards Plack (née Weber), an artist/landscape painter, and Peter Edwards, an architect to whom he was one of five children His maternal grandfather was designer Kem Weber. He is partly of German and Irish descent. He received a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in England and studied theatre at the University of Southern California.

Television and film
Edward's early film appearances included roles in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), Revenge of the Nerds (1984), Gotcha! (1985) and The Sure Thing (1985). It was Edwards's role as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw alongside Tom Cruise in the 1986 film Top Gun that brought his first widespread public acknowledgement. His character, who died in an aviation accident, was among the most prominent and popular in the film. Scenes with him and his film family (played by Meg Ryan and Aaron and Adam Weis) were later reprised as flashbacks in the 2022 sequel Top Gun: Maverick.

Edwards's roles following Top Gun included Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise (1987), Miracle Mile (1988), Downtown (1990), Pet Sematary Two (1992) and The Client (1994). He also had a recurring role on the TV series Northern Exposure from 1992-93.

His best-known role is as Dr. Mark Greene on the long-running TV series ER, from the series premiere in 1994 to the end of the eighth season in 2002. The series also afforded Edwards his first opportunity to direct. Edwards's desire to pursue directing led to his request to be written out of the series. He reportedly earned $35 million for three seasons on ER, which made him one of television's highest-paid actors. Edwards received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for ER. He won a Golden Globe Award For Best Performance by an Actor-In a TV Series after being nominated four times and he has two Screen Actor's Guild Awards. In 2008, Edwards returned to ER to reprise his role as Dr. Greene (in flashback scenes, where he treats the dying son of character Catherine Banfield) for one episode during its 15th and final season. Following ER, he took some time to raise his children, appreciating the privilege that his ER salary provided.

His film appearances following ER included the science fiction film Thunderbirds (2004), the psychological thriller film The Forgotten (2004) and the crime thriller film Zodiac (2007). In 2010, Edwards appeared in the movie Motherhood, which set a record for the biggest bomb in British cinema history by garnering £88 on 11 tickets on opening weekend. Motherhood did not fare much better in the United States, earning $93,388 in three weeks of release. At the time, he said he took the role because "it seemed like a very organic and real thing. It really kind of reminded me of what the dynamic in a family is like."

Edwards reunited with Val Kilmer, another actor from Top Gun, when he voiced one of the fighter jets in the Disneytoon Studios film Planes (2013).

In 2018, Edwards was cast in the recurring role in the third season of Netflix's Designated Survivor as Mars Harper, the President's Chief of Staff.

In 2020, he served as an Executive Producer of the film adaptation of Martin Moran's The Tricky Part.

In 2022, Edwards was cast as Alan Reed in Netflix's docu-series Inventing Anna.

Honors and awards
Edwards received four Emmy nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for ER and won as an executive producer on Outstanding Television Movie winner Temple Grandin. He earned a People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Performer in a New Television Series (1995); and won six Screen Actors Guild Awards for: Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series (1996 and 1998), and Best Ensemble Cast (1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999). He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Drama in 1998).

Edwards also won a Daytime Emmy for the production of the underground rock documentary N.Y.H.C. (1999) and the telepic adaptation of Kimberly Willis Holt's 1998 coming of age novel My Louisiana Sky (2001), and earned the Carnegie Medal Award for My Louisiana Sky (2003).

Theater
After a long career in television, Edwards made his Broadway debut as his second act in 2018 in the revival of Children of a Lesser God at Studio 54. In 2015 he appeared in Classic Stage Company's A Month in the Country but his stage acting career began when he was growing up in Santa Barbara.

On May 13, 2022, Edwards made his unexpected Broadway musical debut when he appeared as Dr. Walker in the Broadway production of Girl from the North Country due to COVID-19 cases impacting the cast. The show also stars his wife, Mare Winningham.

Edwards is slated to appear in the 2024 Broadway production of Prayer for the French Republic by Joshua Harmon.

Personal life
Edwards was married to Jeanine Lobell from 1994 to 2015. They have one son and three daughters. At the end of 2021, Edwards and longtime friend and fellow actor Mare Winningham eloped.

On November 10, 2017, Edwards wrote an essay on Medium, in which he stated that producer and screenwriter Gary Goddard had befriended and for years sexually assaulted him and his friends, beginning when they were 12 years old.

Edwards has been a licensed private pilot since 2012.

title: Anthony Edwards (actor)


text:
Muratorian fragment

The Muratorian fragment, also known as the Muratorian Canon (Latin: Canon Muratori), is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the New Testament. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a Latin manuscript bound in a roughly 8th-century codex from the library of Columbanus's monastery at Bobbio Abbey; it contains features suggesting it is a translation from a Greek original written in the late 2nd century (c. 170–200). Other scholars suggest it might have been originally written as late as the 4th century, although this is not the consensus opinion. Both the degraded condition of the manuscript and the poor Latin in which it was written have made it difficult to translate. The beginning of the fragment is missing, and it ends abruptly. The fragment consists of all that remains of a section of a list of all the works that were accepted as canonical by the churches known to its original compiler.

During the time period of early Christianity, there was no accepted "New Testament", merely books considered of greater or lesser value. While likely not intended strictly as a canon list, the fragment is evidence of among the first attempts to systemize such a group of approved writings, at least if it indeed dates to the 2nd century. Debates on what works should be accepted as scripture would continue. The earliest version of the eventual consensus New Testament canon did not occur until 367, when bishop Athanasius of Alexandria in his annual Easter letter composed a list that is still recognized today as the canon of 27 books. However, it would take several more centuries of debate until agreement on Athanasius' canon was reached within all of Christendom.

Manuscript history
The Muratorian fragment was discovered in the Ambrosian Library in Milan by Father Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), the most famous Italian historian of his generation. Realizing its significance and antiquity, he published it in 1740. The manuscript was likely copied sometime during or near the 8th century at Bobbio Abbey. A few lines of the Muratorian fragment were later found preserved in some codices of Paul's Epistles at the Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino. These documents date from the 11th and 12th centuries, and the copied lines largely concur with the Bobbio version with minor variations.

Authorship and date
The original author of the fragment is unknown. The text of the list itself is traditionally dated to the second half of the second century because the author refers to Pius I, bishop of Rome (140—155), as recent: "But Hermas wrote The Shepherd 'most recently in our time', in the city of Rome, while bishop Pius, his brother, was occupying the chair of the church of the city of Rome. And therefore it ought indeed to be read; but it cannot be read publicly to the people in church either among the Prophets, whose number is complete, or among the Apostles, for it is after their time."

Another reason suggesting a date toward the end of the second century is the concern with denouncing Marcion, a Christian bishop whose influence was the strongest in the second century, as well as Gnostics, who were also more prominent in the 2nd century than at later dates.

The document contains a list of books the Roman church of his era considered authoritative — a predecessor to what would become the New Testament. A similar list concerning the Old Testament likely preceded it, but if such a section was written, it was not preserved in the fragment. The fragment is in barbarous Latin which has probably been translated from an original in Greek, the language prevailing in the second century Christian community of Rome. Bruce Metzger has advocated the traditional dating, as has Charles E. Hill. A reason to suspect an origin in the Western church, other than the obvious of the manuscript being found in Italy, is the absence of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the list, which appears to have been more widely accepted in the Greek-speaking east of the Roman Empire than in the Western, Roman church.

Other scholars disagree with this dating, however. Albert Sundburg proposed a rival interpretation in 1973: that the fragment did not originate from Roman Christians, but rather the Greek-speaking east of the empire, and is dated to the fourth century due to its mention of the Apocalypse of Peter. In this interpretation, the reference to the Shepherd of Hermas merely meant "recently" in a broader sense of "not stretching all the way back to the 1st century", in this view. Another option propounded by Clare Rothschild is that the fragment was written in Latin originally in the 4th century, possibly even later, and the reason for the awful Latin style was not poor translation but rather the copyist being unfamiliar with the abbreviation style used in the older manuscript. Rothschild also sees the fragment as a forgery attempting to portray itself as being written in the 2nd century, to explain the reference to the Shepherd and Pius. As an example, most scholars do not believe the Gelasian Decree to have been written by Pope Gelasius or even during his reign; similarly, it is possible that the writer was merely backdating their work by saying Pius was recent.

The theories for a later composition date have in general not prevailed over the existing scholarly consensus suggesting a second century date as the most likely. The Rothschild theory in particular has been criticized by scholar Christophe Guignard on many aspects.

Contents
The unidentified author accepts four Gospels, the last two of which are Luke and John, but the names of the first two at the beginning of the list are missing. Scholars find it highly likely that the missing two gospels are Matthew and Mark, although this remains uncertain. Also accepted by the author are the "Acts of all Apostles" and 13 of the Pauline Epistles (the Epistle to the Hebrews is not mentioned in the fragment). The author considers spurious the letters claiming to have Paul as author that are ostensibly addressed to the Laodiceans and to the Alexandrians. Of these he says they are "forged in Paul's name to [further] the heresy of Marcion."

Of the General epistles, the author accepts the Epistle of Jude and says that two epistles "bearing the name of John are counted in the catholic church". 1 Peter, 2 Peter, and James are not mentioned in the fragment. It is clear that the author assumed that the author of the Gospel of John was the same as the author of the First Epistle of John, for in the middle of discussing the Gospel of John he says "what marvel then is it that John brings forward these several things so constantly in his epistles also, saying in his own person, "What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears, and our hands have handled that have we written," (1 John 1:1) which is a quotation from the First Epistle of John. It is not clear whether the other epistle in question is 2 John or 3 John. Another indication that the author identified the Gospel writer John with two epistles bearing John's name is that when he specifically addresses the epistles of John, he writes, "the Epistle of Jude indeed, and the two belonging to the above mentioned John." In other words, he thinks that these letters were written by the John whom he has already discussed, namely John the gospel writer. He gives no indication that he considers the John of the Apocalypse to be a different John from the author of the Gospel of John. The author also includes the Book of Wisdom, "written by the friends of Solomon in his honor" [line 70] in the canon, and places the reference next to the epistles.

The fragment mentions two approved works of apocalyptic literature: the Apocalypse of John and the Apocalypse of Peter. The Apocalypse of John would go on to be better known as "Revelation" in the modern New Testament, while the Apocalypse of Peter would eventually fall out of favor in the 4th and 5th centuries. The author seems to think that the author of the Apocalypse of John (see debate on the authorship of Revelation) was a "predecessor" of Paul and wrote his epistles to the 7 churches first, although this dating does not match later scholarship, which believes Paul's epistles predate the Apocalypse. The author also remarks that "some of us will not allow [the Apocalypse of Peter] to be read in church". This hesitation with the Apocalypse of Peter would manifest in later centuries with it not being included in later canons. As the manuscript legacy for the Apocalypse of Peter is more sparse than books that made it into the New Testament, it is difficult to know how closely the Apocalypse of Peter read by the author of the fragment matches the few surviving manuscripts of it.

title: Muratorian fragment