text:
Talk:Consequences of Nazism

Untitled
This page is a daughter article of the main Adolf Hitler article. WhisperToMe 18:53, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Moved from article
" In that sense, Hitler's Final Solution destabilized the already volatile Middle East for the long term.

The only positive outcome of the war was the destruction of Nazism and fascism as political and ideological forces, although modified forms of fascism lingered in Spain and Portugal under Franco and Salazar. The horrors of Nazism, when fully revealed by the Nuremberg Trials in 1946, also produced a radical re-assessment of the anti-Semitic attitudes which had been so prevalent in Europe. The process known as denazification meant that German society, in particular, was radically changed for the better in the postwar years. Other forms of pseudo-scientific racism, such as eugenics, were also discredited by the uses to which the Nazis put these doctrines. The founding of the United Nations on October 24 1945, and the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, were signs that at least some of the lessons of Hitler's career had been learned. "

"The Jewish people consider Hitler's regime the greatest calamity in their history since the fall of the Temple in AD 70. "

"The Polish were compensated by lying in ruins former German cities, that required a lot of effort to bring to the life Recovered Territories. For the first time in history, Poland ceased to be multiethnic and pluralistsc country. For the first time in history, the share of Catholic and the share of Polish speaking exceeded 2/3 of Polish population.

Poland was put under thyranny of totalitarian regime. Loses of Poland were immense, and poportionally the highest in Europe."

" This confirmed the Soviet Union's already paranoid fear of the West, which led to the setting up of the Communist governments in eastern Europe; the Soviets hoped to use the satellite states there as a buffer zone against new invasions from the West, and to prevent such a catastrophe from ever happening again.

Another outcome was the destruction of Nazism and fascism as political and ideological forces. While modified forms of fascism continued in Spain and Portugal under Francisco Franco and António de Oliveira Salazar, it never regained popular appeal. As Germany radically reworked their society in a process known as denazification, the credibility of anything associated with Nazism was damaged or destroyed. Militarism, long a feature of German society, was abandoned. The horrors of the Holocaust, revealed by the Nuremberg Trials in 1946, prompted a reassessment of old anti-semitic beliefs, resulting in an increasingly tolerant atmosphere toward Judaism in the West. Eugenics, which had been popular in the scientific and government communities since the late 19th century, lost appeal after the brutal excesses committed by the Nazi regime in its name. " (no cited source, sounds POV, impossible to verify).

This stuff is clearly very POV. In a way, the whole article is, but I kinda like it. The quality of what you've written is high, but the anti-fascist, anti-eugenics, pro-jewish POV comes thru too clearly at times. JackLynch 05:26, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

- Actually, I didn't write any of it. I said in the talk page, I split the text as a daughter article. WhisperToMe

who wrote it then?
and is it really neccessary to have it seperate from the Hitler article itself? You mentioned that there was a concern of an overly large hitler article on some browsers. Can you explain this more, or give a link to somewhere it is gone into in greater detail? Jack

I wrote the text in question, but I didn't split it off from the main article, which I presume was done on the grounds that article was too long. I apologise for being anti-fascist, anti-eugenics and pro-Jewish. Feel free to write some pro-fascist, pro-eugenics and anti-Jewish text to balance mine. Adam 02:51, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

OK, rodger, will do. Jack 03:12, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't really like this title. A consequence is "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".  I don't think Hitler is a phenomenon.  I don't have anything better, but hopefully somebody else will. Tuf-Kat 03:22, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * one definition of a phenomenon is "A remarkable or outstanding person; a paragon." Seems pretty accurate to me. Jack 03:42, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I guess, but it still just sounds wrong. To my ears (or eyes...) it seems incomplete without something after Hitler.  Tuf-Kat 03:54, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)

The title of this article was originally a subheading in Adolf Hitler, and is not a very good title for a free-standing article. Since, however, whoever has attempted to rewrite the text has produced a badly-written and morally bankrupt piece of nonsense, full of a whole lot of new opinionated statements under the guise of "NPOV, the article might as well now be abolished. Adam 04:12, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Perhaps I felt a little too free?
I'm sorry to have vexed you so severely. Would you perhaps like to point out a few of my numerous mistakes, so that I might reflect? I am sure that in time, and with cool heads, we can sort this article out nicely. Jack 05:23, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Is this stricktly about Hitler?
It seems to be more generally about the Nazi party and the wartime German state. While he was responsible, he didn't, for example, actually kill all those Russian soldiers himself. Also, was Hitler a dictator? He was elected wasn't he?209.102.125.76 10:05, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * He was elected, was he? Care to give me the election results of 1937, 1941 and 1945? Generally, I don't think this is the right place to discuss Hitler himself. --KF 10:21, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * He was elected as the leader of the biggest party in 1932. Besides, he was one of the most popular leaders. Unlike Lenin, he doesn't have to kill milions of citizens to be followed. Cautious
 * A dictator is an absolute ruler - elected or not. And hitler made himself to the absolute ruler of germany after the burning of the reichstag.  Absolute ruler, dictator.  The word is more than justified.  And Lenin didn't kill millions of citizens - stalin did. --80.142.247.173 20:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

You're right that after having been elected first time he didn't bother again, but he was elected to office, and commanded significant public support for his program. He wasn't a dictator in the sense that it's often used of governing without consent.209.102.125.76 10:29, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * To Cautious: This is so one-sided I'm not going to reply any further. Wikipedia is definitely not the place to justify Hitler's cruel regime. If you, for whatever reason, you feel that is what you have to do, find some other place. However, I would encourage you to reconsider what you have written first.
 * One the features of democracy is that the majority can decide to murder, expell a minority. Hitler was somehow democratic dictator, that doesn't mean that he was good. This only means, that the society democratically elected the monster. Why don't you want to discuss? I understand, that in the German-speaking lands the myth is taught that describes him as dictator. This is to defend the society. Cautious

 * To 209.102.125.76: I'm sorry, but "not bothering again" boils down to governing without consent. There is something called term of office, usually laid down in the Constitution of a country. All the best, --KF 10:36, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * If you read German memoires, you would find, that most of people supported Hitler untill Sep 3 1939. He was applauded for the anti-Jews policies, for economy recovery, for the external policy, for the Nazi-Soviet pact, for the aggression against Poland. Germans were disturbed only by the England and France declaration of war and later by invasion on Soviet union.

Cautious

Hitler came to power because of the negative consequences for Germans after the peace treaties at the end of World War 1. Economic problems, high reparation costs, no self-determination of Volksdeutsche, a big loss of German territory and declaring Germany as the only initiator of World War 1. The discrimination of the Jews began later and the Holocaust started in World War 2.--92.224.205.58 (talk) 19:54, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * PS I'm sorry, I can't continue now, I have an appointment. KF

 * Please don't misunderstand, this isn't a call for Hitler or Nazi apologetics, but the term dictator does carry the implication that there was not broad agreement for his platform. He was certainly terrible, and latterly undemocratic, and no-one is trying to excuse that, but I'm just a little worried that prehaps it is not very careful use of the word 'dictator'.209.102.125.76 10:54, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm going to put this here again, because you guys are abusing the word dictator. A dictator is an absolute ruler. --80.142.247.173 20:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, on the other note - this page does not seem to really be about Hitler - does anyone object to changing it to something like Cons. of Nazi Germany or something like that?209.102.125.76 10:54, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Anti-Nazi POV
The anti-Nazi POV of this page, and certainly of many of those in the talk is clear. I think that this POV is probably shared by the vast majority of the west (I am far less certain that it is the majority world view). What I am wondering is what is the wiki policy on popular POV? Should an article take a side on stuff, ever? Should it describe the holocaust as horrible? Are words that have a good or bad connentation ever acceptable to use? Obviously many think so, but I don't. Opinions have no place in an encyclopedia, and those who insist on placing them here should "find some other place" IMO ;). Jack 18:51, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Although POV is obviously something to be avoided, it's unavoidable that editors will share a common human point of view, and therefore be biased against the political ideology that headed the nation whose aggressive style of warfare and twisted racial agenda resulted in the systematic murder of millions of innocent people. That said, these atrocities should speak for themselves to any human reader, so POV comments are not necessary.68.163.249.192 (talk) 19:20, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

So in other words, we ignore the reality of victors writing the history and don't dare to examine the other side of the story. And this is supposed to be productive? Causing more resentment and hatred with what some would call "atrocity propaganda," and therefore increasing the possibility of future conflicts. To justify such bias is intellectually dishonest. Had Germany won the war the page would be demonizing the allies, which would be just as counter productive. Good, bad, virtuous, evil...all BS from a scientific stand point based on observation of the reality of this world which has shown time and time again to be predator/prey, and nothing more. Hitler had his own approach, but how did the allies get so strong? How much blood did Americans spill to found a nation from "sea to shining sea?" How much blood did the UK spill, and how many people did they enslave...and let's not even get into what the USSR did before the outbreak of ww2. It's a joke. Before things got nasty, Hitler had quite a favorable view of the UK and did everything in his power to get them on his side, but it was rejected because Britain wanted to maintain it's dominance as a world power and of all of Europe. Not to mention that as soon as that war ended, the US went on it's own rampage under the guise of "policing the world." Korea, Vietnam, the wars in the middle East..I think it's time to look at this war in a much more unbiased fashion. To do otherwise is hypocritical. This idea that it was good guys vs. bad guys is a farce, at best it was bad guys vs. bad guys or bad guys vs,. worse guys, and who's who would be subjective. Yet another reason to ignore the site's donation requests. 65.129.180.93 (talk) 21:40, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

Move?
Move to Consequences of Adolf Hitler's rule? --Jiang 03:09, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC) I second that. Vacuum 03:14, Jan 4, 2004 (UTC)

No, I don't like that name. I think it should be merged w the Hitler page, or left here, unless you can come up w a better name. Jack 03:32, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)

How about Consequences of German Nazism? It wouldn't have been possible for Hitler to do everything alone. --Jiang 23:15, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Thats better, but can't we just merge it into the Nazism article? This article has ALOT of issues, (see above) and IMO doesn't do a very good job of justifying itself as a stand alone article. Should I list it on VfD, or what? Jack 23:57, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)

No need to list on vfd since we're not deleting content. Merge if no one objects soon and the Nazism article has room. --Jia ng 22:44, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I have to admit, I don't really understand this concept of "room". How big is too big? To be perfectly honest, I don't know how to merge an article, nor how to determine if the size is a concern. But if others agree that merging with Nazism is a good idea, I certainly do as well. If space is a concern for some reason (and please explain why, or give me a link to where it is explained) I think your latest idea for a name change "Consequences of German Nazism" is acceptable, if not prefereable over a merge. Jack 00:17, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * See Browser page size limits. --Jia ng 06:09, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

It seems sensible to integrate it into one of the articles about German Nazism, the WWII and its aftermath etc, I tried to raise the issue of whether this page is really about AH, but seemed to be painted into being a Nazi apologist for it - this just seems to atribute a whole load of broad historical themes to one, albiet influential, man. 209.102.127.70 07:57, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Why don't change name and move the document as Consequences of German Third Reich after World War Two? I think that would explain this document more better and exactly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 1.251.20.149 (talk) 17:57, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Whats the deal?
I admit I failed to register the whole discussion that has been going on about this article. Right now I think it's not that bad and could give an uninformed person looking for knowledge a good introduction to the post-WWII situation. I wonder if Adam still thinks it is "a badly-written and morally bankrupt piece of nonsense, full of a whole lot of new opinionated statements under the guise of NPOV" and that it "might as well now be abolished". >KF< 21:31, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * hahahahaha..... I understand its a bit hard to follow, but he made that in statement in context, responding to some rather extreme edits I made in response to his "I apologise for being anti-fascist, anti-eugenics and pro-Jewish. Feel free to write some pro-fascist, pro-eugenics and anti-Jewish text to balance mine.". I clearly did too good a job, and he was in no way amused, lol. Anyways, it has been edited mercilessly since them, and continues to be. Jack 01:04, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I have a term paper to write and i need to know: thanks alot!!! please email me the answers at OomojoOo@hvc.rr.com
 * Can some one please tell me***
 * Copyright
 * author
 * Publishing *if any*

What's with the usage of the word "Jewry" ?
Jewry is, as far as i'm aware, an antequated if not outright derrogatory term - i think Judaism would be much better. --80.142.247.173 20:34, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I've definitely seen talk of "the attack on world jewry". Certainly "world judaism" doesn't make much sense. john 02:59, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)~

"Jewry" is ordinarily an antiquated term to describe Jewish communities within largely-gentile communities. Where Jews endure no legal disabilities due to Jewish identity the word "Jewry" is ordinarily obsolete.

"Jewry", a commonplace translation of the German Judentum which applies not only to religious Jews and Judaism but also to persons of Jewish origin irrespective of religious practice and culture, is a necessary term because of the nature of Nazi hatred of Jews on grounds of 'race'. Old bigotry toward Jews was based upon religion, as demonstrated as late as in Tsarist Russia; a convert from Judaism to the Russian Orthodox Church could quickly become a full citizen enduring no discrimination or other hardships. Nazi racial doctrine held that a person of Jewish origin was still a 'racial Jew' as objectionable and ultimately doomed as religious Jew. In accordance with Nazi racial attitudes toward "Jewry". Judaism could only be be a perverse expression of religion, and had to find ways of denying the Jewish origin of Christianity. Nazi ideology furthermore attributed Bolshevism and monopoly capitalism alike to "Jewishness" if not to Jewish religion. To the Nazis someone so vile as Leon Trotsky who thoroughly rejected Jewish religion was still a Jew by 'race' and 'spirit'.

If we are to discuss such moral pathology as Nazism without perverting neutral terminology we must use Nazi words or their translations, if in disgust and even if such words are awkward. As words exist to describe follies and even crimes one must not deny the use of words to describe even the nastiest of human conduct and the most sordid expressions of thought. Pbrower2a (talk) 16:01, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Additions and removals
Two (fairly) recent changes seem in need of review here. First, I'm not sure I agree with Sam Spade that the "Impact on race relations" section was hopelessly POV and needed to be removed. Seems to me that when the most notorious regime in recent history is connected in most people's minds with racism, that has to have a major impact on how people think about race. At the very least the section should have been discussed here before deleting it.

Second, the new section "Twisted impact on the post-war democracy" needs lots of NPOV work. Isomorphic 21:37, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * You are right that something can be said about the impact of nazism on contemporary race relations, but what was there was unfixable, so I deleted it. If you have something completely new to say, lets take a look. Sam Spade 03:04, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

--

Removed from the article:

 * Twisted impact on the post-war democracy

 * The winners of the WW II have put the Nazism into one end of the dichotomy Evil - Good. The consequence is that most of the Nazis' descendents are mute about their history sixty years after the war. See Nazi children. Historically the Nazi parties were as legitime as any other party. The post-war European democracies are defective as long as millions of citizens are afraid of their history and of themselves. The consequences of making the German Nazism to a stigmatizing project are demoralizing and can only find a solution through a European reconciliation.

I had several tries at reworking this into something that didn't appear to be an apologia for Nazism, but this appears to be hopelessly POV, so I removed it. -- The Anome 07:08, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

8.7 million dead not 11: Not conclusive
The Soviet Union lost 8.7 million soldiers in ww2 not 11

Russia's War by Prof. Richard Overy tables are found on pages 155, 178 and 238

Deng 08-02-06 13.20 CET

Overy's figures are not conclusive. There are estimates of up to 13 million Soviet soldiers killed in World War II. Total Soviet war deaths range from 20 to 27 million. The real figure will never be conclusively known. However it is obvious that the Soviet Union bore the brunt of the war against Nazi Germany and without Soviet participation on the side of the Allies, Allied victory over Germany would have been exceedingly problematic. Britain fighting alone was not militarily strong enough to defeat Germany and the United States may not have involved herself in another general European war.

Balance
The article focuses on Germany and its treatment, seems unbalanced-the fate of Jews and countries  ruined by Germany has only few lines. --Granet 19:44, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Relevance of the citation given
These edits should be checked thoroughly for the relevance of the citation given, the accuracy of the data and any copyright violations. For example take this paragraph:
 * Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. Millions of Soviet POWs and forced laborers transported to Germany were on their return to the USSR (in many cases forcefully repatriated by the Western Allies) treated as traitors and deserters and were executed or deported to the Soviet prison camps. Over 1.5 million Red Army soldiers imprisoned by the Germans were sent to the Gulag in Siberia and the far north (25 years was the usual term).

The source given is http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/stalin.html but the second half of the paragraph is very similar to one which appears in http://www.belarusguide.com/history1/WWII_partisan_resistance_in_Belarus.htm
 * Millions of Soviet POWs and Belarusian...

--Philip Baird Shearer 15:41, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I deleted "10 to 20 years was the usual term". This number is controversial. According to some data, in 1951, for 53% of all prisoners (1362709 men) the term was in between 5 and 10 years, and only for ~17% it was longer.

I took these data from: http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2001/zemskov.html. The paper (in Russian) was published in 1991 in the jourtal Sociologicheskiye Issledovania (Social studies) and is being widely cited.--Paul Siebert (talk) 23:51, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Unrelated sentence...
I have seen in the Effect on Austria section a sentence about West Germany and East Germany (i.e. about the Stalin Note). Can I remove it??? It's not fit to a paragraph about Austria. -Pika ten10 (talk) 02:48, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

10,651,000 dead Soviet solders, not 8.7 millinos
I changed the number of 8.7 millions to 10,651,000 to make it consistent with the article Eastern Front (World War II) and made appropriate reference. I did that because Wikipedia must be self-consistent. In addition to that, the number of 8.7 millions is the official number. Some researchers argue that the real number was much higher, up to 25 millions and even more (although not all their arguments look convincing). To verify the official number I checked the Memorial database (OBD Memorial the official database of killed and missing in action soviet soldiers). They claim that this database contains names of all of them. I tried to find my grandfather (was missing in action during the Battle of Stalingrad), but there was no his name there. The name of my friend's grandfather was also absent. I made a short poll among my friends asking them to search their dead relatives in this database, and only part of them could find anybody there. I conclude, therefore, that the number of 8.7 millions is a lower estimate only, so in situation when Wikipedia gives two different numbers the larger number is more trustworthy.

Someone may argue that I present my own research. It is not the case. I simply linked two Wikipedia articles together. --Paul Siebert (talk) 05:50, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Paul you are right. This is not original research. Vadim Erlikman an independent Russian journalist has published a handbook of statistics that covers humnan losses in 20th century conflicts. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 His breakdown of Soviet WW2 losses is 7.6 million killed in battle or . missing in action, 2.6 million POW dead and 400,000 partisan & militia deaths, for a total of 10.6 million. The official figures published in English translation appear inG. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7. The official total of confirmed battle deaths & deaths from non combat causes is 6.9 million, not counting those missing in action. The total missing in action and POW dead is only 1.8 million which adds to the official total of 8.7 million. Western historians agree that the Soviet POW death toll was around 3 million. When one adds the estimated 3 million POW to the 6.9 million confirmed deaths, plus at least 500,000 killed in battle but missing, one can see that the estimate of 10.6 million is indeed reasonable. The argument used by Krivosheev is that many men were taken prisoner by the German's were not officially in the ranks even though they may have been in the reserves. On the civilian side of the ledger the Russians today count 1.8 million dead in German camps or in forced labour. My hunch is that these 1.8 million civilians were in fact reservists caught in the German dragnet. In 1965 Marshal Konev claimed 10 million Soviet military deaths, I believe he was correct. If you take a look at Krivosheev's reconciliation of the total number of men drafted to the number on the rolls in 1945, the figures do not tie out to the  official figure of 8.7 million, they add down to 10.1 million. The Soviet Union was well known for fuzzy math --Woogie10w (talk) 23:58, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Britain as a superpower?
The article claims that Britain never recovered its position as a superpower. 'Superpower' is a post WWII term, Britain was never a superpower, it was however a great power. i feel that this section requires alteration because of the inappropriate use of the term 'superpower'. Perhaps the article could state that 'Britain never recovered the influence it had prior to World War Two', or something like that. Does anyone else feel the same way? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.2.125.228 (talk) 01:03, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Why Wikipedia has such a bad reputation
If a user makes a post and quotes the source, another user can jump in and change the data without changing the source cited. Tonight I fixed the section that quoted Vadim Erlikmans figures on Soviet casualties in WW2. Erlikman clearly states total Soviet losses were 10.6 million, including 2.6 million POW. If one makes a post on Wikipedia, it is necessary to watch it like a hawk in order to prevent anyone on the planet from adding unsourced material.--Woogie10w (talk) 01:23, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg
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Future conflicts
I have done a major rewrite upon the section referring to future conflicts to fit reality.

1. Ideological changes in warfare? No subsequent armed forces have adopted Nazi ideology.

2. It is worth noting that the Allies adopted the innovative techniques and practices of the German Army and the Luftwaffe at the first opportunity as needed for their victories as conditions allowed and in accordance with the nature of the war.

3. The Nazis did not introduce rocket warfare (the Soviet Army was using Katyusha rockets as short-range artillery weapons), and the V-1 and V-2 rockets did not decide the war.

4. The 'Wonder weapons' based upon technology introduced in the stages of design and testing (jet aircraft and long-distance missiles) appeared too late to have any influence upon the war, but they were developed by the victors. Pbrower2a (talk) 16:13, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

POV fork from Nazism and Nazi Germany.
This is an obscure POV fork that needlessly repeats material that can be said on the articles on Nazism and Nazi Germany.--R-41 (talk) 18:36, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I concur, cannot see why this topic deserves a separate article. AadaamS (talk) 05:37, 9 October 2012 (UTC)

Baltic states
As I recall all of the Baltic states were occupied by Nazi Germany yet neither Estonia, Latvia nor Lithuania is mentioned in this article. Surely those countries must have been affected by nazism and the occupation or nazi collaboration during WW2? AadaamS (talk) 14:35, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

No sources provided for the following statement
"The mass destruction and mass murder was one of the reasons why the Soviet Union installed satellite states in Central Europe; as the government hoped to use the countries as a buffer zone against any new catastrophic invasions from the West."

Yugoslavia
The Yugoslavia section is generally fine, but there are a few issues with it. Firstly, the only referance, Carl Savich, is by no stretch of the imagination a reliable source. Secondly, the picture caption "Due to their strong opposition to Nazism, Serbs were considered enemies of Hitler's Germany. Alongside Jews, Serbs were expelled in certain countries." is unreferanced and sounds like self-serving nationalist fiction. The main reason for their treatment lay in the Ustasha's policies and nationalist views, not the Nazis, though the Nazis did encourage the Ustashe to take a hard line against them in their divide and rule policy. Ana Radic (talk) 18:47, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Austria
Was not Austria again separated from germany after WW2? The Consequences of Nazism? and is prohibited to join Germany? It should be also added.Ovsek (talk) 13:32, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

German males viewed as evil
I replaced the "german people seen as genocidal" passage with german males are thouhgt of as evil by most non-german people in the world. German women are not called evil by non-germans since they are women and therefore are useful to non-german males for sexual purposes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.103.140.192 (talk) 08:58, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

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History
Nazism 197.188.199.63 (talk) 14:27, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Consequences of Nazism


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User talk:Xpinki96x

Hello there! Welcome to Wikipedia! We've noticed that you've been making some great additions to the Wikipedia and we really appreciate it. Why not create an account and stay awhile? The Wikipedia can use as many quality members as possible. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Hope to see you around for a long time to come! Alexandros 19:00, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Xpinki96x


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User talk:Kenny Moens

I will awnser all of your messages and questions here.

Some guidelines:
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 * add your name to the message (username on Wikipedia), together with the date and time (UTC)

= Student?? =

Dude, update your info :-) Wouter Lievens 12:51, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Calling programmers
We need coders for the WikiProject Disambigation fixer. We need to make a program to make faster and easier the fixing of links. We will be happy if you could check the project. You can Help! --Neo139 09:19, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Dutch inhabitants listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Dutch inhabitants. Since you had some involvement with the Dutch inhabitants redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Thryduulf (talk) 22:55, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kenny Moens


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User talk:Ducducpham

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 19:00, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Please have a look at the Manual of Style. The formatting you want on Moon Jelly can all be achieved within the standard wikipedia markup. Please use that and not some other markup. --snoyes 20:08, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

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User talk:Pascalromon

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gradient
Thank you for your fixes at gradient. Do you think the formula for the gradient on the manifold is correct? An anonimous contributor put it, and I don't know enough differential geometry to figure it out myself. Oleg Alexandrov 17:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

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Lord Lyon King of Arms

The Right Honourable the Lord Lyon King of Arms, the head of Lyon Court, is the most junior of the Great Officers of State in Scotland and is the Scottish official with responsibility for regulating heraldry in that country, issuing new grants of arms, and serving as the judge of the Court of the Lord Lyon, the oldest heraldic court in the world that is still in daily operation.

The historic title of the post was the High Sennachie, and he was given the title of Lord Lyon from the lion in the coat of arms of Scotland.

The post was in the early nineteenth century held by an important nobleman, the Earl of Kinnoull, whose functions were in practice carried out by the Lyon-Depute. The practice of appointing Lyon-Deputes, however, ceased in 1866.

Responsibilities
The Lord Lyon is responsible for overseeing state ceremonial in Scotland, for the granting of new arms to persons or organisations, and for confirming proven pedigrees and claims to existing arms as well as recognising clan chiefs after due diligence. The Lyon Register (officially the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland), on which the Lord Lyon records all Scotland's coats of arms, dates from 1672. The Lord Lyon formerly also registered and recorded clan tartans, only upon request from the clan chief, but this function has been taken over by the Scottish Register of Tartans.

As Lyon Court is a government department, fees paid for granting coats of arms are paid to the Treasury. The misuse of arms is a criminal offence in Scotland, and treated as tax evasion. Prosecutions are brought before Lyon Court, Lord Lyon being the sole judge. Appeals from the Lyon Court can be made to the Court of Session in Edinburgh.

There is no appeal if the Lord Lyon refuses to grant a coat of arms, as this is not a judicial function, but an exercise of his ministerial function, although an appeal by way of judicial review may succeed if it can be shown that the Lord Lyon acted unreasonably.

Equivalents
The Lord Lyon has several English equivalents:
 * Being responsible for Scottish state ceremonies he parallels the Earl Marshal in England.
 * The Lord Lyon is the heraldic authority for Scotland, much as the English Kings of Arms are responsible for granting arms in England. England has three "Kings of Arms", or high heraldic officers (Lord Lyon is Scotland's only one): Garter Principal, Clarenceux (responsible for southern England), and Norroy and Ulster (responsible for northern England and Northern Ireland). Unlike the English Kings of Arms, who cannot grant arms without a warrant from the (English) Earl Marshal, Lyon does not need permission, but grants by his own power.
 * Whilst in England the Court of Chivalry (which last met in 1954) is a civil court, in Scotland the Lyon Court meets often and has criminal jurisdiction. Lord Lyon is empowered to have assumed coats of arms, and whatever they are affixed to, destroyed. As an example, when Leith Town Hall, now used as a police station, was renovated during the 1990s, several of the coats of arms decorating the Council Chamber were found to be attributed to the wrong person. The police were given special permission to retain the display, on condition that the tourist guides pointed out the historical anomalies.

The Lord Lyon is also one of the few individuals in Scotland officially permitted to fly the "Lion Rampant", the Royal Banner of Scotland.

Symbols of office
A new collar of state was made in 1998 – a chain with 40 gold links, replacing the item that went missing after the Battle of Culloden. In 2003 a new crown was made for the Lord Lyon, modelled on the Scottish royal crown among the Honours of Scotland. This crown has removable arches (like one of the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's crowns) which will be removed at coronations to avoid any hint of lèse majesté.

Statutory acts

 * Lyon King of Arms Act 1592
 * Lyon King of Arms Act 1669
 * Lyon King of Arms Act 1672
 * Lyon King of Arms Act 1867
 * The Superannuation (Lyon King of Arms and Lyon Clerk) Order 1979

title: Lord Lyon King of Arms


text:
List of London Assembly constituencies

Greater London is divided into fourteen territorial constituencies for London Assembly elections, each returning one member. The electoral system used is additional member system without an overhang and there are, therefore, a fixed number of eleven additional members elected from a party list.

List of constituencies
As of the 2016 election, the fourteen single-member constituencies are listed below. As set out in the Greater London Authority Act 1999, each constituency comprises between two and four local authorities, with an average electorate of around 440,000. The total electorate in 2021 was 6,191,387.

By seat
Seats allocated using d'Hondt method, in order. Any party gaining less than 5% of the vote is not eligible for an Additional Assembly Member seat. Transfers within parties between elections omitted for simplicity.

By party representation
N.B.: The columns of this table do not represent actual constituencies.

title: List of London Assembly constituencies


text:
North East London

North East London may refer to:

 * North East London, a sub-region used in the London Plan 2008–2011
 * North East (London Assembly constituency)

title: North East London


text:
South West London

South West London may refer to several things related to London, England:

 * SW postcode area
 * South West (London sub region) (2008–2011), a regional planning designation
 * Western part of South London
 * South West (London Assembly constituency) (from 2000)
 * London South West (European Parliament constituency) (1979–1999)

title: South West London


text:
Decline in amphibian populations

Since the 1980s, decreases in amphibian populations, including population decline and localized mass extinctions, have been observed in locations all over the world. This type of biodiversity loss is known as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity. The possible causes include habitat destruction and modification, diseases, exploitation, pollution, pesticide use, introduced species, and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B). However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and the topic is currently a subject of ongoing research.

Modeling results found that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the background extinction rate. This estimate even goes up to 25,000–45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation.

Scientists began observing reduced populations of several European amphibian species already in the 1950s. Nevertheless, awareness of the phenomenon as a global problem and its subsequent classification as a modern-day mass extinction only dates from the 1980s. By 1993, more than 500 species of frogs and salamanders on all five continents were in decline.

Observations
In the past three decades, declines in populations of amphibians (the class of organisms that includes frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians) have occurred worldwide. In 2004, the results were published of the first worldwide assessment of amphibian populations, the Global Amphibian Assessment. This found that 32% of species were globally threatened, at least 43% were experiencing some form of population decrease, and that between 9 and 122 species have become extinct since 1980. , the IUCN Red List, which incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment and subsequent updates, lists 650 amphibian species as "Critically Endangered", and 35 as "Extinct". Despite the high risk this group faces, recent evidence suggests the public is growing largely indifferent to this and other environmental problems, posing serious problems for conservationists and environmental workers alike.

Declines in amphibian populations were first widely recognized in the late 1980s, when a large gathering of herpetologists reported noticing declines in populations in amphibians across the globe. Among these species, the Golden toad (Bufo periglenes) endemic to Monteverde, Costa Rica, featured prominently. It was the subject of scientific research until populations suddenly crashed in 1987 and it had disappeared completely by 1989. Other species at Monteverde, including the Monteverde Harlequin Frog (Atelopus varius), also disappeared at the same time. Because these species were located in the pristine Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, and these extinctions could not be related to local human activities, they raised particular concern among biologists.

Many scientists believe that amphibians serve as "canaries in a coal mine", and that declines in amphibian populations and species indicate that other groups of animals and plants will soon be at risk.

Initial skepticism
When amphibian declines were first presented as a conservation issue in the late 1980s, some scientists remained unconvinced of the reality and gravity of the conservation issue. Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time. They argued that the lack of long-term data on amphibian populations made it difficult to determine whether the anecdotal declines reported by biologists were worth the (often limited) time and money of conservation efforts.

However, since this initial skepticism, biologists have come to a consensus that declines in amphibian populations are a real and severe threat to biodiversity. This consensus emerged with an increase in the number of studies that monitored amphibian populations, direct observation of mass mortality in pristine sites that lacked apparent cause, and an awareness that declines in amphibian populations are truly global in nature.

Causes
Habitat loss, disease and climate change are thought to be responsible for the drastic decline in populations in recent years.

Declines have been particularly intense in the western United States, Central America, South America, eastern Australia and Fiji (although cases of amphibian extinctions have appeared worldwide). While human activities are causing a loss of much of the world's biodiversity, amphibians appear to be suffering much greater effects than other classes of organism. Because amphibians generally have a two-staged life cycle consisting of both aquatic (larvae) and terrestrial (adult) phases, they are sensitive to both terrestrial and aquatic environmental effects. Because their skins are highly permeable, they may be more susceptible to toxins in the environment than other organisms such as birds or mammals.

Numerous potential explanations for amphibian declines have been proposed. Most or all of these causes have been associated with some population declines, so each cause is likely to affect in certain circumstances but not others. Many of the causes of amphibian declines are well understood, and appear to affect other groups of organisms as well as amphibians. These causes include habitat modification and fragmentation, introduced predators or competitors, introduced species, pollution, pesticide use, or over-harvesting. However, many amphibian declines or extinctions have occurred in pristine habitats where the above effects are not likely to occur. The causes of these declines are complex, but many can be attributed to emerging diseases, climate change, increased ultraviolet-B radiation, or long-distance transmission of chemical contaminants by wind.

Artificial lighting has been suggested as another potential cause. Insects are attracted to lights making them scarcer within the amphibian habitats.

Habitat modification
Habitat modification or destruction is one of the most dramatic issues affecting amphibian species worldwide. As amphibians generally need aquatic and terrestrial habitats to survive, threats to either habitat can affect populations. Hence, amphibians may be more vulnerable to habitat modification than organisms that only require one habitat type. Large scale climate changes may further be modifying aquatic habitats, preventing amphibians from spawning altogether.

Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation occurs when habitats are isolated by habitat modification, such as when a small area of forest is completely surrounded by agricultural fields. Small populations that survive within such fragments are often susceptible to inbreeding, genetic drift, or extinction due to small fluctuations in the environment.

Disease
Research from 2007 and 2018 indicated that the reemergence of varieties of chytrid fungi may account for a substantial fraction of the overall decline.

A number of diseases have been related to mass die-offs or declines in populations of amphibians, including "red-leg" disease (Aeromonas hydrophila), Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae), Anuraperkinsus, and chytridiomycosis. It is not entirely clear why these diseases have suddenly begun to affect amphibian populations, but some evidence suggests that these diseases may have been spread by humans, or may be more virulent when combined with other environmental factors.

Trematodes
There is considerable evidence that parasitic trematode platyhelminths (a type of fluke) have contributed to developmental abnormalities and population declines of amphibians in some regions. These trematodes of the genus Ribeiroia have a complex life cycle with three host species. The first host includes a number of species of aquatic snails. The early larval stages of the trematodes then are transmitted into aquatic tadpoles, where the metacercariae (larvae) encyst in developing limb buds. These encysted life stages produce developmental abnormalities in post-metamorphic frogs, including additional or missing limbs. These abnormalities increase frog predation by aquatic birds, the final host of the trematode.

A study showed that high levels of nutrients used in farming and ranching activities fuel parasite infections that have caused frog deformities in ponds and lakes across North America. The study showed increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause sharp hikes in the abundance of trematodes, and that the parasites subsequently form cysts in the developing limbs of tadpoles causing missing limbs, extra limbs and other severe malformations including five or six extra or even no limbs.

Pollution and chemical contaminants
There is evidence of chemical pollutants causing frog developmental deformities (extra limbs, or malformed eyes). Pollutants have varying effects on frogs. Some alter the central nervous system; others cause a disruption in the production and secretion of hormones. Experimental studies have also shown that exposure to commonly used herbicides such as glyphosate (Tradename Roundup) or insecticides such as malathion or carbaryl greatly increase mortality of tadpoles. Additional studies have indicated that terrestrial adult stages of amphibians are also susceptible to non-active ingredients in Roundup, particularly POEA, which is a surfactant. Although sex reversal in some species of frogs occur naturally in pristine environments, certain estrogen-like pollutants can forcibly induce these changes. In a study conducted in a laboratory at Uppsala University in Sweden, more than 50% of frogs exposed to levels of estrogen-like pollutants existing in natural bodies of water in Europe and the United States became females. Tadpoles exposed even to the weakest concentration of estrogen were twice as likely to become females while almost all of the control group given the heaviest dose became female.

While most pesticide effects are likely to be local and restricted to areas near agriculture, there is evidence from the Sierra Nevada mountains of the western United States that pesticides are traveling long distances into pristine areas, including Yosemite National Park in California.

Some recent evidence points to ozone as a possible contributing factor to the worldwide decline of amphibians.

Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and cloud cover
Like many other organisms, increasing ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion and other factors may harm the DNA of amphibians, particularly their eggs. The amount of damage depends upon the life stage, the species type and other environmental parameters. Salamanders and frogs that produce less photolyase, an enzyme that counteracts DNA damage from UVB, are more susceptible to the effects of loss of the ozone layer. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation may not kill a particular species or life stage but may cause sublethal damage.

More than three dozen species of amphibians have been studied, with severe effects reported in more than 40 publications in peer-reviewed journals representing authors from North America, Europe and Australia. Experimental enclosure approaches to determine UVB effects on egg stages have been criticized; for example, egg masses were placed at water depths much shallower than is typical for natural oviposition sites. While UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians, its effect on the egg stage may have been overstated.

Anthropogenic climate change has likely exerted a major effect on amphibian declines. For example, in the Monteverde Cloud Forest, a series of unusually warm years led to the mass disappearances of the Monteverde Harlequin frog and the Golden Toad. An increased level of cloud cover, a result of geoengineering and global warming, which has warmed the nights and cooled daytime temperatures, has been blamed for facilitating the growth and proliferation of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the causative agent of the fungal infection chytridiomycosis).

Although the immediate cause of the die offs was the chytrid, climate change played a pivotal role in the extinctions. Researchers included this subtle connection in their inclusive climate-linked epidemic hypothesis, which acknowledged climatic change as a key factor in amphibian extinctions both in Costa Rica and elsewhere.

New evidence has shown global warming to also be capable of directly degrading toads' body condition and survivorship. Additionally, the phenomenon often colludes with landscape alteration, pollution, and species invasions to effect amphibian extinctions.

Introduced predators
Non-native predators and competitors have also been found to affect the viability of frogs in their habitats. The mountain yellow-legged frog which typically inhabits the Sierra Nevada lakes have seen a decline in numbers due to stocking of non-native fish (trout) for recreational fishing. The developing tadpoles and froglets fall prey to the fish in large numbers. This interference in the frog's three-year metamorphosis is causing a decline that is manifest throughout their ecosystem.

Increased noise levels
Frogs and toads are highly vocal, and their reproductive behaviour often involves the use of vocalizations. There have been suggestions that increased noise levels caused by human activities may be contributing to their declines. In a study in Thailand, increased ambient noise levels were shown to decrease calling in some species and to cause an increase in others. This has, however, not been shown to be a cause for the widespread decline.

Symptoms of stressed populations
Amphibian populations in the beginning stages of decline often exhibit a number of signs, which may potentially be used to identify at-risk segments in conservation efforts. One such sign is developmental instability, which has been proven as evidence of environmental stress. This environmental stress can potentially raise susceptibility to diseases such as chytridiomycosis, and thus lead to amphibian declines. In a study conducted in Queensland, Australia, for example, populations of two amphibian species, Litoria nannotis and Litoria genimaculata, were found to exhibit far greater levels of limb asymmetry in pre-decline years than in control years, the latter of which preceded die offs by an average of 16 years. Learning to identify such signals in the critical period before population declines occur might greatly improve conservation efforts.

Conservation measures
The first response to reports of declining amphibian populations was the formation of the Declining Amphibian Population Task Force (DAPTF) in 1990. DAPTF led efforts for increased amphibian population monitoring in order to establish the extent of the problem, and established working groups to look at different issues. Results were communicated through the newsletter Froglog.

Much of this research went into the production of the first Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA), which was published in 2004 and assessed every known amphibian species against the IUCN Red List criteria. This found that approximately one third of amphibian species were threatened with extinction. As a result of these shocking findings an Amphibian Conservation Summit was held in 2005, because it was considered "morally irresponsible to document amphibian declines and extinctions without also designing and promoting a response to this global crisis".

Outputs from the Amphibian Conservation Summit included the first Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) and to merge the DAPTF and the Global Amphibian Specialist Group into the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (ASG). The ACAP established the elements required to respond to the crisis, including priority actions on a variety of thematic areas. The ASG is a global volunteer network of dedicated experts who work to provide the scientific foundation for effective amphibian conservation action around the world.

The ACAP (Gascon et al 2007), concerned that time and capability were short, recommended that all relevant species be immediately incorporated into ex situ breeding programs. On 16 February 2007, scientists worldwide met in Atlanta, U.S., to form a group called the Amphibian Ark to help save more than 6,000 species of amphibians from disappearing by starting captive breeding programmes. Overall between the call to action in 2007 and 2019 there has been a 57% increase in number of breeding programs, or 77 additional species.

Areas with noticed frog extinctions, like Australia, have few policies that have been created to prevent the extinction of these species. However, local initiatives have been placed where conscious efforts to decrease global warming will also turn into a conscious effort towards saving the frogs. In South America, where there is also an increased decline of amphibian populations, there is no set policy to try to save frogs. Some suggestions would include getting entire governments to place a set of rules and institutions as a source of guidelines that local governments have to abide by.

A critical issue is how to design protected areas for amphibians which will provide suitable conditions for their survival. Conservation efforts through the use of protected areas have shown to generally be a temporary solution to population decline and extinction because the amphibians become inbred. It is crucial for most amphibians to maintain a high level of genetic variation through large and more diverse environments.

Education of local people to protect amphibians is crucial, along with legislation for local protection and limiting the use of toxic chemicals, including some fertilizers and pesticides in sensitive amphibian areas.

title: Decline in amphibian populations


text:
Oriental turtle dove

The Oriental turtle dove or rufous turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis) is a member of the bird family Columbidae. The species has a wide native distribution range from Central Asia east across Asia to Japan. The populations show variations in the patterning of plumage and have been designated into at least six named subspecies. Populations in the higher latitudes tend to migrate south in winter, while those closer to the tropics are sedentary. Vagrants have been recorded in North America. The species is predominantly granivorous and forages on the ground.

Taxonomy
The genus name Streptopelia is from Ancient Greek streptos, "collar" and peleia, "dove". The specific orientalis is Latin for "eastern", in this case referring to the type locality, China.

The species has a wide distribution with geographical variation in plumage that has led to at least six subspecies being designated. The distributions of many are not disjunct and gradation exists except in some island populations. Some of the populations of Streptopelia turtur that occur on the eastern edge can be very similar in appearance to S. orientalis and in the past the two species have been lumped together. The Oriental turtle dove has two distinct migratory northern subspecies, S. o. orientalis in the central Siberian taiga, and S. o. meena in the open woodlands of Central Asia. The differences in the tail patterns of the subspecies S. o. orientalis and S. o. meena help separate identification in their wintering grounds. The nominate form is described as having a grey tip to the tail and more black in the outer web of the outer tail feathers, while meena has a white tip to its tail like the European turtle dove and less black in the outer web of the outer tail feathers. However, these are not consistent differences: both forms can have white or grey tail-bands and orientalis can have little black in the outer webs of the outer tail feathers.
 * western Oriental turtle dove (S. o. meena) (Sykes, 1832) – eastern Asia and Central Asia south to the Himalayas from Kashmir to central Nepal. Winters in India as far south as Sri Lanka.
 * eastern Oriental turtle dove (S. o. orientalis) (Latham, 1790) – central Siberia to Japan and Korea south to the Himalayas from Assam to Yunnan and northern Vietnam. Winters in South and Southeast Asia (includes S. baicalensis Buturlin).
 * S. o. stimpsoni (Stejneger, 1887) – the Ryukyu Islands
 * S. o. orii Yamashina, 1932 – Taiwan
 * S. o. erythrocephala (Bonaparte, 1855) – southern peninsular India. This subspecies is reddish-brown on the head with no grey on the forehead or crown, unlike the other subspecies. The undertail coverts and terminal tail band are slaty grey.
 * S. o. agricola (Tickell, 1833) – from Orissa and Bengal to northeastern India and into Myanmar south to Hainan

Description

The Oriental dove is very similar in plumage to the Turtle dove. It is a little larger than that species, particularly in the case of orientalis, about the same size as a collared dove. It shares the black and white striped patch on the side of its neck made of silver-tipped feathers, but the breast is less pink, and the orange-brown wing feathers of the turtle dove are replaced with a browner hue, and darker centres giving a scaly appearance. The tail is wedge shaped, like the turtle dove. The flight is more relaxed and direct than that of its relative. Additionally, the turtle-dove has a bare patch of skin around its eyes, which the oriental dove lacks.

Call
The calls are different from the purring of the European turtle dove. It is a four-syllable her-her-oo-oo. There are significant call differences within the populations as well.

Distribution and habitat

The habitat varies, but the Oriental turtle dove breeds in well-wooded but open habitats and winters in more open habitats but usually with good tree cover.

The westernmost race, meena, breeds in the Western Palearctic region. The southernmost populations are resident, but most other birds migrate south to winter in India, the Maldives, and southern Japan. They disperse widely and are known from islands such as the Lakshadweep in winter. S. o. orientalis occurs as a rarity in western Alaska and British Columbia. It is also a vagrant to northern and western Europe and occurrences in Britain tend to gather much attention from twitchers.

Breeding

The summer breeding season in the temperate zone can be protracted. In southern India, the breeding season is in winter. In display, the male flaps its wing noisily and shoots up before gliding down with outspread tail. Nests take about two days to build with the male gathering material and the female placing it. The nest is more substantial than in some other doves and is placed at mid-canopy height. In Japan, nests built at a greater height tended to be prone to predation. Males were found to incubate in the day and the female by night. Two white eggs, as for all pigeons and doves, are laid in a twig nest in a tree. Incubation begins immediately after the first egg is laid. The eggs hatch in 15 to 16 days and the chicks take about 15 to 17 days to fledge (in Japan). Both parents feed the altricial chicks with crop milk. Multiple broods may be raised and nests built by the pair or by others may be reused. Nest reuse may possibly increase the chances of predation. In Japan the principal predators of nestlings and eggs were crows and magpies and to a lesser extent cats and snakes.

Diet
The Oriental turtle dove is granivorous, and feeds on the seeds of hemp, sunflower, wheat, millet and amaranth. It also consumes gastropods. They forage on the ground.

Parasites and diseases
Nests in Japan that have accumulated faeces have been found to host a number of flies belonging to the families Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, and Stratiomyidae.

Subcutaneous mites of the species Hypodectes propus have been recorded in Japan. Deaths of a number of birds due to avian pox virus have been recorded in South Korea.

Other associations
On Hongdo Island, Korea, migratory doves were found to carry seeds of the exotic Achyranthes japonica attached to their plumage.

In culture
The Ainu people traditionally interpret bird calls as elaborate sayings in their own language. In the case of these doves, the ascribed saying, an amalgam of several, is as follows:

The reason the dove is said to be 'ploughing' is that it is often seen burrowing in the fields with its feet in search of food, and thus appears as such.

title: Oriental turtle dove


text:
Talk:Maxim Gorky

Citations needed
There were several quotes and statements that had been flagged as "citation required" for over one year - sufficient time for genuine support to have been supplied. If any references turn up, feel free to restore the material. I would be interested to find support for the notion that Gorky was supplied with a censored copy of Pravda that had no mention of purges. I Googled this myself and only found circular references back to this article.

There were still several  templates in the later paragraphs, but these are newer and should probably still remain in place to allow other editors to supply support.

--CaritasUbi (talk) 02:26, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Soviet Jews
I think I read somewhere that at some point in World War II, the Nazis claimed that several Soviet political activists and cultural elites (such as Gorky) were secretly Jewish. His early pseudonym Jehudiel Khlamida certainly sounds a bit Jewish, but this does not necessarily prove that he had some sort of link to the local Jewish community. ADM (talk) 01:20, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I cannot claim that Gorky had Jewish ancestry or that he had special connections with the Jewish community, but i can quote one of his speeches that indicates some Jewish simpathy, although i don't know to which propose or intention he attributed to it - Catholicism attack, maybe? - "Religion and science they employ as instruments for holding you in servitude; they have invented Nationalism and Anti-semitism, venom with which they would poison your faith in the brotherhood of all men; (...) The plot was afterwards exposed in the press by one of the conspirators. The results of this plot were the brutal attacks on these great sufferers, the Jews, on the revolutionary intellectuals, and on the working men."--Wcris (talk) 01:21, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Gorky was not Jewish. His autobiographies, "My Childhood" and "My Apprenticeship" relate his upbringing in detail. His grandparents raised him and they both were Russian Orthodox. His grandmother had many pagan beliefs such as house sprites, hobgoblins and venerating Mary as sort of a goddess (this is pretty clear in "My Apprenticeship", in a conversation he has with her). In addition, Gorky writes of spending time in church just to get away from his violent home, and later worked in an icon shop. However, Gorky did seem to sympathize with Jewish people in his community. He said as a child he did not "let their goats loose" as other children did and he speaks fondly of Goldberg the pharmacist who told him who Atilla the Hun was (in a pretty amusing anecdote)and with whom Gorky discussed books. Gorky seemed to have a deep sympathy for the underdog and for those who suffered in general and this very naturally was probably also extended to Jewish people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.252.183.253 (talk) 22:56, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Date of death?
Some pages says that Gorky died on the 14th of June, others say that he died on the 18th. How can you be sure which is correct?

 * This question was first raised @ Talk:Maxim Gorky/Archive 1.
 * The link to the talk archives was lost in Ezhiki’s edit of 8 April 2009 which removed the talk header. I have just now restored the header and link to Archive 1.
 * I also raised this issue @ Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2007 November 11, with a satisfactory response. He went into a fever on 17 June, and died on 18 June. --   Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   23:23, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

New WikiProject: Russian literature
Hello,

See WikiProject Council/Proposals/Russian literature. Yann (talk) 03:48, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Personal life
I found somehow surprising that there is so little about his personal life. Was he married? How many times? How many children?... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.169.212.79 (talk) 07:29, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

First meeting with Lenin
It says they first met in 1902, and then later it says they first met in Capri (some time after 1906).

Gorky did not run away
In the first paragraph it states that at aged 12 Gorky ran away from home to find his grandmother. However in "My Apprenticeship" Gorky relates that between the ages of 12 or 13 he worked on a barge, as a servant in a relative's house and also at an ikon shop to name a few. By this age, he had no home, and would only occasionally see his grandmother, who seemed to have been homeless at times as well. She and Gorky's grandfather had split up when his grandfather lost all his money and they no longer lived together on a regular basis. In "My Apprenticeship" Gorky left many work situations and sometimes wound up back with his grandmother, but he really had no home to run away from. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.252.183.253 (talk) 23:11, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
It is fine to state how Gorky pronounced his own surname, but that is not the be-all and end-all; it is important to give equal weight to the common usage of Russians. The drummer Paul Motian pronounced his (Armenian) name MO-tee-uhn and Lawrence Olivier said his name oh-LIV-ee-er, but it would be ludicrous for Wikipedia to give those pronunciations as the only, or only acceptable, version. Languagehat (talk) 14:54, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Nizhny Novgorod
It's very odd that the article makes no mention of the Soviets renaming Nizhny Novgorod for Gorky in 1932 — which event itself is odd, considering what Gorky wrote about Lenin. Sca (talk) 14:40, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Gallery section
The huge gallery section is goofy. This is not normal for a Wikipedia artixle. I suggest removing it. Wikimedia Commons already has pages like these: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maxim_Gorky_in_photography At most this article should have a link to such a category on Wikimedia Commons.--75.83.76.23 (talk) 00:48, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Since nobody said anything in response to what I posted above yesterday, I'm going to remove the gallery section, while putting in cross-links to two Wikimedia Commons categories.--75.83.76.23 (talk) 22:31, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Marriage
Gorky's first wife was Yekaterina Peshkova, the leader of the Political Red Cross. Nothing about this wife or any other is in the article. Binksternet (talk) 20:14, 10 May 2013 (UTC)
 * See Maria Andreyeva.

Poison
Conquest implied that Gorky was poisoned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.181.10.165 (talk) 13:20, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * See Arkadi Vaksberg. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.181.10.165 (talk) 13:40, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Vaksberg is already in the article, under "Further Reading". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.180.222.5 (talk) 14:37, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Night's Lodging
Removed it from the list of plays. There is no 1919 play by Gorky called Night Lodging, see Bibliography. Judging by, say, this, what's meant, apparently, is Nachtasyl, in other words, that's just another translation of The Lower Depths. -- Evermore2 (talk) 21:34, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

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Maxim gorky
Maxim Gorky was born on March 28,1868 on Nizhny Novagorod in Russia.He was a early short story writer, poet, novelist, autobiography writer etc. He was also famous in prose writer, dramatist essayist, politician etc 117.230.8.241 (talk) 04:40, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maxim Gorky


text:
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton

Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton FRS (18 October 1863 – 19 February 1930) was a Scottish consulting electrical engineer, who provided the theoretical basis for the electronic television, two decades before the technology existed to implement it. He began experimenting around 1903 with the use of cathode ray tubes for the electronic transmission and reception of images. Campbell described the theoretical basis for an all electronic method of producing television in a 1908 letter to Nature. Campbell-Swinton's concept was central to the cathode ray television because of his proposed modification of the cathode ray tube that allowed its use as both a transmitter and receiver of light. The cathode-ray tube was the system of electronic television that was subsequently developed in later years, as technology caught up with Campbell-Swinton's initial ideas. Other inventors would use Campbell-Swinton's ideas as a starting-point to realise the cathode ray tube television as the standard, workable form of all electronic television that it became for decades after his death. It is generally considered that the original credit for the successful theoretical conception of using a cathode ray tube device for imaging should belong to Campbell-Swinton.

Life
He was born in Edinburgh the son of advocate Archibald Campbell Swinton.

Campbell-Swinton was educated at Cargilfield Trinity School and Fettes College (1878–1881).

He was one of the first to explore the medical applications of radiography, opening the first radiographic laboratory in the United Kingdom in 1896. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1915. He is better known by his work on the electronic television. He discovered the phenomenon known as magnetic focusing in 1896, he found that a longitudinal magnetic field generated by an axial coil can focus an electron beam.

Campbell-Swinton wrote a letter in response to an article in the 4 June 1908 issue of Nature by Shelford Bidwell entitled "Telegraphic Photography and Electric Vision". Even as early as 1908, it was recognised that "The final, insurmountable problems with any form of mechanical scanning were the limited number of scans per second, which produced a flickering image, and the relatively large size of each hole in the disk, which resulted in poor resolution".

Campbell-Swinton's letter was published in the 18 June 1908 issue of Nature. The name of the article is "Distant Electric Vision". He wrote: "This part of the problem of obtaining distant electric vision can probably be solved by the employment of two beams of cathode rays (one at the transmitting and one at the receiving station) synchronously deflected by the varying fields of two electromagnets placed at right angles to one another and energised by two alternating electric currents of widely different frequencies, so that the moving extremities of the two beams are caused to sweep simultaneously over the whole of the required surface within the one-tenth of a second necessary to take advantage of visual persistence. Indeed, so far as the receiving apparatus is concerned, the moving cathode beam has only to be arranged to impinge on a suitably sensitive fluorescent screen, and given suitable variations in its intensity, to obtain the desired result."

He gave a speech in London in 1911 where he described in great detail how distant electric vision could be achieved. This was to be done by using cathode ray tubes (CRTs) at both the transmitting and receiving ends. The photoelectric screen in the proposed transmitting device was a mosaic of isolated rubidium cubes. This was the first iteration of the electronic television which is still in use today. When Swinton gave his speech others had already been experimenting with the use of cathode ray tubes as a receiver, but the use of the technology as a transmitter was unheard of. His concept for a fully electronic television system was later popularised by Hugo Gernsback as the "Campbell-Swinton Electronic Scanning System" in the August 1915 issue of the popular magazine Electrical Experimenter.

In 1914 he once again described his system in his presidential address to the Roentgen Ray Society and in 1921 a book was published describing it in some detail. He himself described his system seven years later in the June 1928 issue of Modern Wireless, "Television by Cathode Rays".
 * "Surely it would be better policy if those who can afford the time and money would abandon mechanical devices and expend their labours in what appears likely to prove the ultimately more promising method in which the only moving parts are imponderable electrons."

In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by his students H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI, and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA. Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate, but much better images were obtained when the metal plate was covered with zinc sulphide or selenide, or with aluminium or zirconium oxide treated with caesium. These experiments are the base of the future vidicon.

Alongside his research into the electrical transmission of images, Campbell-Swinton also worked in voice telephony, founding the short-lived Equitable Telephone Association in the 1880s.

title: Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton


text:
List of airports in Belgium

This is a list of airports (aerodromes and heliports) in Belgium, sorted by location.

Names shown in bold indicate airports with scheduled service on commercial airlines.

title: List of airports in Belgium


text:
Frog (disambiguation)

A frog is a member of a diverse group of amphibians composing the order Anura.

Frog(s) or The Frog(s) may also refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Frog (models), a brand of model aircraft
 * The Frogs (club), a twentieth century African American theatrical organization
 * Frog Design (stylized 'frog, part of Capgemini Invent'), a design firm founded in 1969
 * Frog Mobile, a pre-paid mobile service in Greece, Bulgaria and Romania

People

 * Frog Fagan (1940–1993), NASCAR Winston Cup driver
 * Frog Pocket, recording name of John Charles Wilson, a Scottish musician
 * Frog Redus (1905–1979), American baseball infielder in the Negro leagues
 * The Frog, a ring name of Canadian All Star Wrestling professional wrestler Terry Tomko

Games

 * Frog (American card game), a card game of the German Tarok family
 * Frog (patience), a patience or solitaire card game
 * Frogs (video game), a 1978 single-player action arcade game
 * Frogger, a 1981 single-player action arcade game

Literature

 * Frog (picture books), a series of picture books by Max Velthuijs
 * Frog (novel), a 2009 novel by Mo Yan
 * Frog, a 1991 novel by Stephen Dixon
 * The Frogs, a play by Aristophanes

Fictional characters

 * Frog (Chrono Trigger), a video game character
 * Crazy Frog, an animated character
 * Michigan J. Frog, a Merrie Melodies cartoon character
 * One of the title characters in the Frog and Toad children's book series
 * Frog, handle of the Smokey and the Bandit character Carrie, played by Sally Field
 * Frogs, an alien species from German science-fiction series Raumpatrouille – Die phantastischen Abenteuer des Raumschiffes Orion
 * Frog, one of the main characters in the TV series WordWorld

Music

 * Frog (band), an American Indie rock band
 * Frog (album), a 2002 album by Merzbow
 * Frogs (song), by Alice in Chains
 * The Frogs (band), an American rock music band founded in 1980
 * The Frogs (album), 1988
 * The Frogs (musical), a 1974 musical adaptation of Aristophanes' play
 * Frog Records, a UK classic jazz record label
 * Bow frog, a block which holds the hair at the grip end of a string instrument's bow

Film and television

 * Frog (film), a 1987 television film starring Shelley Duvall and Elliott Gould
 * "Frogs!", a 1993 film sequel to Frog (film).
 * Frogs (film), a 1972 horror film directed by George McCowan
 * "Frogs", an episode of the television series Teletubbies
 * The Frog, a 1937 film starring Noah Beery, Jack Hawkins and Gordon Harker
 * The Frog (TV series), a 2020 Iranian series directed by Houman Seyyedi
 * "The Frog", a metonym for The WB television network

Science and technology

 * FROG, a block cipher in cryptography
 * Fast and Realistic OpenGL Displayer, a toolkit for physics data visualisation
 * Frequency-resolved optical gating, a method for measuring ultra-fast laser pulses

Military

 * Flame Resistant Organizational Gear (FROG), flame resistant clothing developed for the US Marine Corps
 * FROG-3 and FROG-5, NATO reporting name for the 2K6 Luna, a Soviet short-range artillery rocket system
 * FROG-7, NATO reporting name for the 9K52 Luna-M, a Soviet short-range artillery rocket system
 * Matilda Frog, an Australian flamethrower variant of the British Second World War Matilda II tank

Geography

 * Frog, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Frog City (disambiguation)
 * Frog Creek (West Virginia)
 * Frog Lake (disambiguation)
 * Frog Mountain, a mountain in Alabama

Railroads

 * The point where two rails cross in a railroad switch
 * Rerail frog, a ramp device - see Glossary of rail terminology

Tool parts

 * An indentation in a brick
 * Part of a mouldboard plough
 * Part of a plane (tool)
 * Part of a sheath or scabbard for an edged tool or weapon; see

Other uses

 * Frog (dinghy), small dinghy
 * Frog (fastening), ornamental braiding for the front of a garment
 * Frog (horse anatomy), part of a horse's hoof
 * Frog (pejorative), an ethnic slur for French or French-Canadian people
 * Frog (Malaysian politics), a term used in Malaysian politics to describe party switching
 * Folding bicycle produced by Riese und Müller
 * In genetics, "the frog" generally refers to Xenopus laevis
 * The act of ripping out stitches in knitting

title: Frog (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Merriam~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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I wanted to thank you and let you know what a great help to me your contribution to Talk:How to edit a page concerning the placement of "anchors" was. I was trying to find out a way to implement anchors as a rudimentary form of doing footnotes, and this is exactly the solution I was looking for! —Brim 19:00, Sep 19, 2004 (UTC)

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Your account will be renamed
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