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Brian Coffey

Brian Coffey (8 June 1905 – 14 April 1995) was an Irish poet and publisher. His work was informed by his Catholicism, his background in science and philosophy, and his connection to French surrealism. He was close to an intellectual European Catholic tradition and mainstream Irish Catholic culture. Two of his long poems, Advent (1975) and Death of Hektor (1979), were widely considered to be important works in the canon of Irish poetic modernism. He also ran Advent Books, a small press, during the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life and work
Coffey was born in Dublin in the suburb of Dún Laoghaire. He attended the Mount St Benedict boarding school in Gorey, County Wexford from 1917 to 1919 and then James Joyce's old school, Clongowes Wood College, in Clane, County Kildare, from 1919 until 1922. In 1923, he went to France to study for a Bachelor's degree in Classical Studies at the Institution St Vincent, Senlis, Oise.

His father, Denis J. Coffey, was a professor of anatomy at the Catholic University of Ireland Medical School in Cecilia Street, who served as the first president following the creation of the National University of Ireland of University College Dublin (UCD) from 1908 to 1940. Coffey entered UCD in 1924 and earned advanced degrees in mathematics, physics and chemistry. He also represented the college in boxing tournaments.

While still at college, Coffey began writing poetry. He published his first poems in UCD's The National Student under the pseudonym Coeuvre. These poems, which have never been collected, showed the influence of French Symbolism and of TS Eliot. During this time Coffey met Denis Devlin and together they published a volume entitled Poems in 1930. Coffey and Devlin both also participated in college dramatics, taking roles in French plays.

Paris
In the early 1930s, Coffey moved to Paris, where he studied Physical Chemistry under Jean Baptiste Perrin, who had won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1926. He completed these studies in 1933, and his Three Poems was printed in Paris by Jeanette Monnier that same year, as was the poem card Yuki Hira, which was admired by George William Russell and William Butler Yeats. He also became friendly with other Irish writers based in the city, including Thomas MacGreevy and Samuel Beckett. In his 1934 essay Recent Irish Poetry, Beckett picked out Coffey and Devlin as forming 'the nucleus of a living poetic in Ireland'.

He entered the Institut Catholique de Paris that year to work with the noted French philosopher Jacques Maritain, taking his licentiate examination in 1936. He then moved to London for a time and contributed reviews and a poem to Eliot's Criterion magazine. On trips home to Dublin, he contributed to programmes on literary topics on RTÉ radio and published poems in Ireland Today.

He returned to Paris in 1937 as an exchange student to work on his doctoral thesis on the idea of order in the work of Thomas Aquinas. In 1938, Coffey's second volume of poetry, Third Person, was published by George Reavey's Europa Press. He also contributed translations to the same publisher's Thorns of Thunder (1936), the first collection of Paul Éluard's work published in English. The poems of this period saw Coffey shake off his earlier influences and begin to find his own voice but, for a variety of reasons, Third Person was to be his last poetry publication for a quarter of a century.

St Louis
During the war, Coffey taught in schools in London and Yorkshire, leaving his young family in Dublin. After the war, he returned to Paris and completed his doctoral thesis. The family then moved so Coffey could take up a teaching post at the Jesuit Saint Louis University. During this period, Coffey seems to have done very little, if any, creative writing as he focused mainly on philosophical work based on his thesis, publishing a number of essays in The Modern Schoolman.

By the early 1950s, Coffey had become uncomfortable for a number of reasons, including the nature of his work, his distance from Ireland and the pressures that inevitably came to bear on an academic who had previously associated with well-known left-wing writers in Paris. For these reasons, he began to look for a suitable opportunity to leave the United States and resigned, possibly on a matter of academic principle, in 1952.

Later life and work
In 1952, Coffey returned to live in London and, from 1973, Southampton. He began again to publish his poetry and translations, mainly of French poetry. The first work in English to appear after this period of silence was Missouri Sequence, apparently begun in St. Louis but first appearing in the University Review in 1962. This poem deals with the experience of exile, memories of the poet's dead parents and the premature birth of a child. It is written in a much more conventional syntax than most of Coffey's work and, thanks to this greater accessibility, is one of his most widely read works. Over the next decade or so, he published regularly in the University Review (later known as the Irish University Review), a relationship that culminated in the 1975 special issue. This featured an introduction by Dr JCC Mays, a selection of translations from French, the satire Leo and Advent, a meditation on death inspired by the death of the poet's son in a motorcycle accident. The poem is in seven sections, based, according to Coffey, in an interview with Parkman Howe on the canonical hours of the Catholic Church.

Another key work of this period was Death of Hektor, which uses the myth of Troy as a framework for a meditation on war and its victims. The trade editions of Advent and Death of Hektor were both published by the Menard Press. He also edited Devlin's Collected Poems, first for a University Review Devlin special issue and later as a book from Dolmen Press.

He also set up his own publishing enterprise, Advent Books, which published work by himself and by younger writers he wanted to support. He learned printmaking and produced a good deal of original work, including an interesting set of images based on the plays of his old friend Beckett. His interest in visual art also led to some experiments in concrete poetry, most notably his 1966 Advent book Monster: A Concrete Poem. His work was championed by a number of younger Irish poets, especially Michael Smith and Trevor Joyce. These two published poetry, prose and translations by Coffey in their journal The Lace Curtain, and his Selected Poems (1971), under their New Writers Press imprint. This book was instrumental in helping establish his reputation as a leading Irish exponent of modernist poetry.

The appearance in 1991 of a major selection Poems and Versions 1929–1990 and his translations Poems from Mallarmé helped confirm his status as one of the leading Irish modernists. He died at the age of 89 and was buried in Southampton, England.

title: Brian Coffey


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Talk:List of harpsichordists

Lots of red names
Shouldn't anyone appearing in most "List of foo" articles on wikipedia, generally be notable enough for a wikipedia article? --Aim Here 19:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

What is a harpsichordist?
Who should be included in this list? I have removed some names (mostly in the pop world) who cannot (IMHO admittedly) really be called harpsichordists because this is not their principal instrument. They may be called 'keyboard players' but the harpsichord does not predominate, and I think it has to for one to be included here. Nick Michael 14:40, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Popularly known vs. "correct" names
I recently added Yella Pessl to the list; today, I noticed that she was already there--under the name Yella Pessl Sobotka. The latter, I find, is in fact her full correct name, but she used only Yella Pessl professionally, and I suspect that of the 17 need-a-life record collectors who know of her, at least 12 would know her only as "Yella Pessl" and would never spot her in the "S" listings. (That figure was 13 until a few minutes ago....) This problem has cropped up in other "list of artists" pages that I've browsed; anybody got a good suggestion for a solution?

McCoy tyner - harpsichordist?
McCoy Tyner does not belong on this list. Just because he played some harpsichord on one of his albums doesn't render him a harpsichordist. His main instrument is, obviously, the piano. It also seems that he never actually studied harpsichord, so I suggest we remove him. any objections? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vinici7 (talk • contribs) 21:07, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Remove harpists (players of the harp) from the list
It appears that someone or several contributors have erroneously put harp players on the list. I have started to weed the wrong entries out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ortgies (talk • contribs) 08:09, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of harpsichordists


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Hubert Gorbach

Hubert Gorbach (born 27 July 1956) is an Austrian politician and a member of the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ). Until April 2005, he was a leading member in the Freedom Party. Born in Vorarlberg, he was vice-governor (Landeshauptmannstellvertreter) of Vorarlberg until 2003.

In 2003, he succeeded Herbert Haupt as Vice-Chancellor of Austria. From February 2003 until June 2004, Gorbach was Federal Minister for Transport, Innovation and Technology in Austria in a coalition government headed by the People's Party.

Before starting his political career, he was a manager in the textile industry (Getzner).

He is married and is interested in horses.

He has praised Alexander Lukashenko's Belarus, stating its elections are "up to West European standards".

In October 2011, Hubert Gorbach lost his driving licence because of driving under the influence.

title: Hubert Gorbach


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Talk:Ford Maverick

Pictures
I'm looking for free pictures of Maverick for this page... already asked some sites authors, no answer yet. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ukuk (talk • contribs).

Other Mavericks
I am going to give the other, non-Ford cars with the Maverick name their own pages. Someone do a disambiguation, I dunno how. --DOHC Holiday 02:50, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The other models that were called Maverick were rebadged versions of other vehicles, keep that in mind. --Sable232 16:16, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Nicaragua?
Built in Nicaragua? Don`t think so... and maybe neither in Mexico nor in Canada...

Disambig
I disagree with the disambig page tag. The other mavericks were basically rebadges and don't warrant entire articles. I would move that information to the main articles of those cars which are rebadged, and make a brief reference to it here. I'm going to give a week for comments, and if nobody objects, make those changes. Cheers! - super βεε cat 22:57, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. Besides, this was an improperly done disambig anyway, so it needs to be reverted. --Sable232 02:49, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * How was it improper? You could move this disambig to Ford Maverick (disambig) and the car article here, but do note that to a large group of readers, the Maverick is one of the SUVs - I wasn't aware of the existence of the car Ford Maverick, as probably most of the non-North-American readers. I'd keep the disambig here. PrinceGloria 07:41, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * PS. Actually the first comment is in agreement with what I've done, so I guess I am only talking to Sable :D —Preceding unsigned comment added by PrinceGloria (talk • contribs) 07:42, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it was improperly done because the actual Maverick page should have been moved, not copied and pasted, losing the page history. --Sable232 01:12, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, so you're talking about the move from Ford Maverick to Ford Maverick (car)... Wasn't me, I just came later to revamp the disambig and get rid of the redunant Ford Maverick (SUV) - I am hereby denying any responsibility for the incorrectly executed move :D PrinceGloria 05:08, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

There was a Ford Maverick sold in the UK in the 90's that was basically a rebadged Nissan Terrano - it filled a gap in Ford's UK line-up. Google for pics, and you will see what I mean.Mariya Oktyabrskaya 07:56, 27 September 2007 (UTC) Same Maverick? or another one?

The word Maverick has a disambiguation page. Would it be proper to move the contents of this disambig to that page? I added a link to this page from that one, but I think it would be cleaner if all of these items were listed in that page in a section, "Maverick, Vehicle" and it should contain the references to other vehicles called "Mavericks." Mac DeBusk 20:38 EDT, 19 October 2008 —Preceding undated comment was added at 00:39, 20 October 2008 (UTC).

title: Talk:Ford Maverick


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Aa (plant)

Aa is a genus of plants of the family Orchidaceae.

Species in this genus can be found growing terrestrially in cold habitats near the snowline in the Andes and also in Costa Rica; they are usually found close to small streams. The elongated inflorescence grows from a basal rosette of leaves, terminating in a small white non-resupinate flower. This lip is fringed and hood-shaped. The flower gives off a pungent smell that attracts flies. This genus has often been included in the orchid genus Altensteinia.

The first scientific description of a species of this genus was made in 1815 by Karl Sigismund Kunth, naming it first Ophrys paleacea Kunth (1806). , and later Altensteinia paleacea. In 1854 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach separated Aa from Altensteinia, to include two species Aa argyrolepis and Aa paleacea. The genus name apparently was rendered by the author to always appear first in alphabetical listings. Another – disputed – explanation, is that Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach named this genus after Pieter van der Aa; the printer of the Dutch botanist Paul Herman's "Paradisus Batavus". A few years later, Reichenbach reviewed the name of the genus and named it again Altensteinia. Finally in 1912 Rudolf Schlechter switched the name again to Aa, as more species were being discovered making the new name more significant.

Species
The following species of Aa are accepted
 * Aa achalensis Schltr. 1920 (Argentina)
 * Aa argyrolepis Rchb.f. 1854 (Colombia to Ecuador)
 * Aa aurantiaca D.Trujillo (Peru)
 * Aa calceata (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia)
 * Aa colombiana Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador)
 * Aa denticulata Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador)
 * Aa erosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru)
 * Aa fiebrigii (Schltr.) Schltr. 1912 (Bolivia)
 * Aa figueroi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014
 * Aa hieronymi (Cogn.) Schltr. 1912 (Argentina)
 * Aa lehmannii Rchb. f. ex Szlach. & Kolan., 2014
 * Aa leucantha (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1920 (Colombia to Ecuador)
 * Aa lorentzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina)
 * Aa lozanoi Szlach. & S. Nowak, 2014
 * Aa macra Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador)
 * Aa maderoi Schltr. 1920 (Venezuela; Colombia; Ecuador)
 * Aa mandonii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia)
 * Aa matthewsii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru)
 * Aa microtidis Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia)
 * Aa paleacea (Kunth) Rchb.f. 1854 (Costa Rica to Bolivia)
 * Aa riobambae Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador)
 * Aa rosei Ames 1922 (Peru)
 * Aa schickendanzii Schltr. 1920 (Argentina)
 * Aa sphaeroglossa Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia)
 * Aa trilobulata Schltr. 1922 (Bolivia)
 * Aa weddelliana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to NW Argentina)
 * Synonyms:

 * Aa hartwegii Garay 1978 (Ecuador; Colombia; Venezuela); syn., → Aa maderoi Schltr.,
 * Aa gymnandra (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 a synonym of Myrosmodes gymnandra (Rchb.f.) C.A.Vargas
 * Aa inaequalis (Rchb.f.) Schltr. 1912 (Peru to Bolivia); a synonym of Myrosmodes inaequalis (Rchb.f.) C.A.Vargas
 * Aa nervosa (Kraenzl.) Schltr. 1912 (Chile); accepted name Myrosmodes nervosa (Kraenzl.) Novoa, C.A.Vargas & Cisternas

title: Aa (plant)


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American Anti-Slavery Society

The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS; 1833–1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, had become a prominent abolitionist and was a key leader of this society, who often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown, also a freedman, also often spoke at meetings. By 1838, the society had 1,350 local chapters with around 250,000 members.

Members included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Theodore Dwight Weld, Lewis Tappan, James G. Birney, Lydia Maria Child, Maria Weston Chapman, Nathan Lord, Augustine Clarke, Samuel Cornish, George T. Downing, James Forten, Abby Kelley Foster, Stephen Symonds Foster, Henry Highland Garnet, Beriah Green, who presided over its organizational meeting, Lucretia Mott, Wendell Phillips, Robert Purvis, Charles Lenox Remond, Sarah Parker Remond, Lucy Stone, and John Greenleaf Whittier, among others. Headquartered in New York City, from 1840 to 1870 the society published a weekly newspaper, the National Anti-Slavery Standard.

Background
By the 1820s, the controversy surrounding the Missouri Compromise had quieted considerably but was revived by a series of events near the end of the decade. Serious debates over abolition took place in the Virginia legislature in 1829 and 1831. (See Thomas Roderick Dew.) In the North, discussion began about the possibility of freeing slaves and "resettling" them in Africa (a proposal that, under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, led to the founding of Liberia).

Agitation increased with the publication of David Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831, and Andrew Jackson's handling of the nullification crisis that same year. According to Louis Ruchame, "The Turner rebellion was only one of about 200 slave uprisings between 1776 and 1860, but it was one of the bloodiest, and thus struck fear in the hearts of many white southerners. Nat Turner and more than 70 enslaved and free blacks spontaneously launched a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. They moved from farm to farm, indiscriminately killing whites along the way and picking up additional slaves. By the time the militia put down the insurrection, more than 80 slaves had joined the rebellion, and 60 whites lay dead. While the uprising led some Southerners to consider abolition, the reaction in all Southern states was to tighten the laws governing slave behavior."

That same year, South Carolina's opposition to the federal tariff led the legislature to declare that the law was null and void in the state, and the state's leaders spoke of using the militia to prevent federal customs agents from collecting the tax. President Andrew Jackson swept aside the states' rights arguments and threatened to use the army to enforce federal laws. In the face of Jackson's determination, the state backed down, but the episode raised fears throughout the South that it was only a matter of time before Congress would begin to tamper with slavery. Southern anxiety increased in 1833 with the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society in Louisiana.

In the 1820s the focus of anti-slavery was the American Colonization Society, founded on Madisonian principles of gradual, government-compensated emancipation. Consistent with existing and durable prejudices in the nation at the time, President James Madison believed that blacks and whites could not integrate into society together, and proposed a policy of separation. Madison said that integration (at the time called "amalgamation") was impossible, because there would always be oppression, hatred, and hostility between former slaves and former slave holders. He also claimed, in his so-called "Memorandum on an African Colony for Freed Slaves", that "freedmen retained the vices and habits of slaves." He advocated "resettlement" of former slaves to the west coast of Africa, where the Society acquired land and founded what became Liberia.

At this point, the American Anti-Slavery Society formed to appeal to the moral and practical circumstances that, at this point, propped up a pro-slavery society. Between December 4–6, 1833, sixty delegates from New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, and New Jersey convened a National Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia. Beriah Green presided over the Convention — no one else was willing to —, with Lewis Tappan and John Greenleaf Whittier serving as secretaries. One Convention committee drafted an American Anti-Slavery Society Constitution and Declaration of Sentiments. The principal author of both was the publisher of the fledgling Boston-based Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison.

Leadership
The inaugural Executive Committee of the American Anti-Slavery Society included Arthur Tappan (President), Abraham L. Cox (Recording Secretary), William Greene (Treasurer), Elizur Wright (Secretary of Domestic Correspondence), and William Lloyd Garrison (Secretary of the Foreign Correspondence).

William Lloyd Garrison was one of the original founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. Two years before founding the Society, Garrison began publishing The Liberator. This abolitionist paper argued for the immediate freedom of all slaves and operated under the motto of "Our country is the world – our countrymen are mankind." Within two years of the 1840 Society schism over the appointment of Abby Kelley to the Society business committee and efforts to wed abolition with first-wave feminism (and, to a lesser extent, over the roles of African-American leaders), the former Society President, his brother, and their adherents had seceded from the American Anti-Slavery Society. These men subsequently established the rival American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Six African-American men also apostatized to the oppositional Society, principally due to a potential conflation of female leadership with white feminism in the American Anti-Slavery Society. The formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association and ethno-racial "lower orders" arguments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her weekly The Revolution substantiated these fears, to a certain degree, for a number of these men.

Frederick Douglass was one of the black activists who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society shortly after the internal schism and appointment of Garrison as Society President. Douglass was active within the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society between 1841 and 1842. He engaged with the American Anti-Slavery Society lecture circuit beginning 1843. Born into chattel slavery, Douglass escaped and made his way to New Bedford, Boston, and New York. He developed written and verbal skills that resulted in his becoming a prominent spokesman of the abolitionist movement. He endorsed a federal women's suffrage resolution at the Seneca Falls Convention as well. During Reconstruction, Douglass retracted support for the inclusion of women in the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, fearing that a female suffrage clause would preclude ratification in several states.

Francis Jackson, grandfather of John Brown's raider Francis Jackson Meriam, was a president of the Society.

The Society
The society was considered controversial and its activities were sometimes met with violence. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "The society's antislavery activities frequently met with violent public opposition, with mobs invading meetings, attacking speakers, and burning presses." By the mid-1830s, slavery had become such an economically integral part of the U.S. economy that abolishing it would have major effects. Based on enslaved labor, the cultivation, processing and export of the commodity crop of cotton yielded great wealth for Southern planters, and Northern merchants, textile factory owners, and shipowners alike. In addition, enslaved labor worked throughout the economy, especially in the South. By the Civil War, New York City had so many ties to slavery that its mayor proposed the city secede.

A convention of abolitionists was called for December 4, 1833, at the Adelphi Building in Philadelphia. The convention had 62 delegates, of which 21 were Quakers. The new American Anti-Slavery Society charged William Lloyd Garrison with writing the organization's new declaration. The document condemns the institution of slavery and accuses slave owners of the sin of being a "man-stealer". It calls for the immediate abolition of slavery without conditions, and is critical of the efforts of the American Colonization Society. At the same time, it declares the group to be pacifist, and the signers agree, if necessary, to die as martyrs. Beginning in January 1834 and ending in August of the same year, the society published the American Anti-Slavery Reporter, a monthly periodical containing professional essays regarding the subject of slavery.

In July 1834 the aims of the society appear to have been misrepresented in the prelude to the Farren Riots in New York, which resulted in attacks on the homes and properties of abolitionists. After the riots were quelled, the society issued a public disclaimer: "The undersigned, in behalf of the Executive Committee of the 'American Anti-Slavery Society' and of other leading friends of the cause, now absent from the city, beg the attention of their fellow-citizens to the following disclaimer:— 1. We entirely disclaim any desire to promote or encourage intermarriages between white and coloured persons. 2. We disclaim and entirely disapprove the language of a handbill recently circulated in this city, the tendency of which is thought to be to excite resistance to the laws. Our principle is, that even hard laws are to be submitted to by all men, until they can by peaceable means be altered. We disclaim, as we have already done, any intention to dissolve the Union, or to violate the constitution and laws of the country, or to ask of Congress any act transcending their constitutional powers, which the abolition of slavery by Congress in any state would plainly do. July 12, 1834. ARTHUR TAPPAN. JOHN RANKIN"

The black clergyman Theodore S. Wright was a significant founding member and served on the executive committee until 1840. A Presbyterian minister, Wright, together with well-known spokesmen such as Tappan and Garrison, agitated for temperance, education, black suffrage, and land reform.

According to Wright, "I will say nothing about the inconvenience which I have experienced myself, and which every man of color experiences, though made in the image of God. I will say nothing about the inconvenience of traveling; how we are frowned upon and despised. No matter how we may demean ourselves, we find embarrassments everywhere. But, this prejudice goes farther. It debars men from heaven. While sir, slavery cuts off the colored portion of the community from religious privileges men are made infidels. What, they demand, is your Christianity? How do you regard your brethren? How do you treat them at the Lord's table? Where is your consistency in talking about the heathen, traversing the ocean to circulate the Bible everywhere, while you frown upon them at the door? These things meet us and weigh down our spirits...."

Many founding members used a practical approach to slavery, saying economically it did not make sense. Wright used the rhetoric of religion to elicit empathy toward African Americans, and presented slavery as a moral sin.

Frederick Douglass had seen the frustration that Garrison felt toward those who disagreed with him, but wrote many letters to Garrison describing to him the details of the prejudices that slavery had caused. One in particular was directed toward the church.

According to Douglass, "In the South I was a member of the Methodist Church. When I came north, I thought one Sunday I would attend communion, at one of the churches of my denomination, in the town I was staying. The white people gathered round the altar, the blacks clustered by the door. After the good minister had served out the bread and wine to one portion of those near him, he said, 'These may withdraw, and others come forward'; thus he proceeded till all the white members had been served. Then he drew a long breath, and looking out towards the door, exclaimed, 'Come up, colored friends, come up! for you know God is no respecter of persons!' I haven't been there to see the sacraments taken since."Douglass hoped his letters would remind Garrison why slavery should be abolished. Douglass's reminder did not ease the minds of those against Garrison.

In 1840, the American Anti-Slavery Society was invited to the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, England, to meet and network with other abolitionists of the time. Additionally, it served to strengthen each group's commitment to racial equality. At this convention, female delegates were not allowed to participate in the event, but rather observe only, from a gallery.

The ruling to exclude female abolitionists caused feminists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to form a group for women's rights, though it garnered little success initially. Garrison arrived to the convention late and, upon hearing of the decision not to allow women to participate, he chose not to enter the Convention. He viewed the proceedings with the women in the gallery. This became the genesis for the women's suffrage movement.

Publications
According to the Encyclopedia of Slavery and Abolition in the United States, Weld held the positions of Manager, 1833–1835, and Corresponding Secretary, 1839–1840. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography states that "in 1836 he...was appointed by the American Anti-slavery Society editor of its books and pamphlets."

 * In 1839 the Society published American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, by Theodore D. Weld, his wife Angelina Grimké, and her sister Sarah Grimké. In the book, the Society's address is given as 143 Nassau Street, New York. Mail for Theodore Weld could be sent there. This book is the most extensive antislavery book, later becoming inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. In it, Weld writes about the horrors of slavery through graphic descriptions of mistreatment of slaves, including their living conditions, food, and from first-hand accounts. See Treatment of slaves in the United States.
 * The Liberty Bell, published together with the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society.
 * The Legion of Liberty! and Force of Truth, a publication containing the thoughts, words and deeds of some prominent abolitionists.
 * The Legion of Liberty! and Force of Truth, a publication containing the thoughts, words and deeds of some prominent abolitionists.

Preamble
The preamble for the American Anti-Slavery Society serves as an introductory statement of the document's fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It discusses what the Society was created for which is to free of the Slaves. This does not call for violent force but for peaceful persuasion in the arguments against slavery and the unequal treatment of people of color.

Article I
Article I of the constitution states "The Society shall be called the American Anti-Slavery Society". This article cemented the name of the group and is the name the group went by until its separation in 1839.

Article II
Article II emulates the ways in which slavery is wrong not only for the best interest of all but in god's eyes as well. This article also addresses how the society will endeavor in a constitutional way to influence Congress to end domestic slave trade, and to end slavery in the states and prevent it from extending after admission into the Union.

Article III
Article III states how this group will work to improve the character and conditions of people of color. This will be done by encouraging intellectual, moral, and religious improvement among their society. This article acknowledges public prejudice and inequality among people of color and whites that they hope to change. Specifically, civil and religious privileges that they wish to gain but only by peace never by physical force.

Article IV
Article IV outlines the requirements of the members. Including contributing to the society's funds and following principles stated in the constitution. Thus, allowing the members who follow this article to be granted the right to vote within this society.

Article V
Article V explicitly names the positions that may be held within the society. Including

President, Vice Presidents, a Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretaries, a Treasurer, and a Board of Managers. Article V also states that these positions will be elected by its members.

Article VI
Article VI establishes a plan to have annual elections for an executive committee. It discusses the number of people this committee may hold. It states the job of the executive committee and the responsibilities they must manage including enacting their own by-laws, filling any vacancy in their body, and in the offices of Secretary and Treasurer, employing agents, handling the money, and calling special meetings.

Article VII
Article VII outlines the responsibilities of the President, the corresponding secretaries, the Recording Secretary and the Treasurer of the society.

Article VIII
Article VIII states that meetings for the society are held each year and that the executive Committee is in charge of picking the time and place.

Article IX
Article IX establishes that any other Anti-Slavery Society, or association that follows the same principles may become auxiliary to the American Anti-Slavery Society. Any society that does become Auxiliary Society may be ex-officio members of the Parent Institution.

Article X
Article X states that this constitution can be amended, at any annual meeting of the society. To pass the change in the constitution you need to have submitted amendments to the Executive Committee prior to the meeting and two thirds of the members present.

Lack of inclusion and leadership of women
From the beginning, women held a marginal role in the organization. Only white women were invited to the original 1833 gathering of the organization, and even they were not allowed to participate in an active role. Lucretia Mott, Lydia White, Esther Moore, and Sidney Ann Lewis attended on December 4, 1833, but none were able to sign the Constitution that day. Their exclusion from this convention contributed to female-led organizations that formed shortly thereafter.

In 1839, the national organization split over basic differences of approach: Garrison and his followers were more radical than other members. They denounced the U.S. Constitution as supportive of slavery, were against established religion, and insisted on sharing organizational responsibility with women. Disagreement regarding the formal involvement of women became one of the principal factors which contributed to the dissolution of the organization. In the western United States, women held more important roles in the American Anti-slavery Society. Attitudes of equalitarianism were more widely accepted and women were viewed as "coworkers, not subordinates". Women not only held leadership positions, but also attended various societies and conventions. In contrast, women's participation in the American Anti-slavery Society became a quite contentious issue in the eastern United States. Women who were publicly passionate about abolition were seen as fanatics. A minority of anti-feminist delegates, who were more moderate on many issues, left the society, forming the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. Wright was among them. They were more conservative, supporting organized religion and traditional forms of governance, and excluding women from leadership. Another issue was whether abolitionists should enter politics as a distinct party.

The break-away Liberty Party
Along with differing opinions about the role of women, the Liberty Party emerged as a separate anti-slavery organization that broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1839 in order to pursue an abolitionist agenda through the political process. As a radical, Garrison did not believe it prudent to fight the system from the inside. Because women in the West had a more fluid approach to their political involvement, particularly when it came to Garrison's staunch disagreement with the Constitution, they were drawn to supporting the Liberty Party. The disruption of the American Anti-Slavery Society, however, caused little damage to abolitionism.

At the annual Society meeting in New York, on May 12, 1840, the first item of business was the appointment of a Committee of Business. Eleven people were chosen, with William Garrison the chairman. One of them was a woman, Abby Kelley. "The vote appointing Miss Kelley being doubted, the house was divided, and on a count there appeared 557 in favor and 451 against her election. Lewis Tappan, Amos A. Phelps, and Charles W. Denison successively asked to be excused from serving on the committee, for reasons assigned; having reference to the appointment of Miss Kelly as a member. They were excused."

End of the Society
The Anti-Slavery Society provided representation for abolitionists in states across the country. Due to the widespread publications and credible members of this group, arguments for the dismantling of slavery were reinforced in various communities, generating support for the cause. Because of this schism in national leadership, the bulk of the activity in the 1840s and 1850s was carried on by state and local societies. The antislavery issue entered the mainstream of American politics through the Free Soil Party (1848–1854) and subsequently the Republican Party (founded in 1854). The American Anti-Slavery Society was formally dissolved in 1870, after the Civil War, Emancipation and the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

title: American Anti-Slavery Society


text:
Thorn Lighting

Thorn Lighting Ltd, a subsidiary of the Zumtobel Group, is a global supplier of both outdoor and indoor luminaires and integrated controls.

Thorn was founded when Sir Jules Thorn started The Electric Lamp Service Company Ltd, in 1928, dealing in incandescent filament lamps. In 1936, renamed Thorn Electrical Industries, the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange. Continuous post World War II expansion followed and the organisation seized a variety of lighting, engineering and consumer electronics businesses, merging with EMI in 1979 to create Thorn EMI, which itself demerged in the year 1996.

In 1994, following a leveraged management buy-out, Thorn Lighting Ltd floated on the London Stock Exchange as TLG plc (the Thorn Lighting Group) until it was acquired by Wassall plc four years later. In 2000, Wassall plc was purchased in order to merge TLG with the luminaire business of the Zumtobel Group, an acquisition financed with the assistance of private equity firm KKR who subsequently reduced its position. Thorn is now fully owned by the Zumtobel Group.

Birth of the company
The Thorn brand started life as the Electric Lamp Service Company Limited, established by Jules Thorn on 29 March 1928, importing incandescent filament lamps and radio valves from the continent. Faced with increased import duties, introduced to aid British manufacturing, Jules Thorn bought his first lighting factory, the Atlas Lamp Works Ltd in Edmonton, north London in 1932. In 1936 the company went public as Thorn Electrical Industries.

1940s and 1950s
The lamp businesses prospered until 1939 when production was geared to military needs. When war broke out a second lamp site, run by the Vale Royal Electric Lamp Company, was bought in nearby Tottenham in case Edmonton was bombed.

When World War II ended, Jules Thorn continued expansion through investing in new plants, partnerships and acquisitions, including the opening of an incandescent lamp operation in Merthyr Tydfil, South Wales in 1947; a technology transfer with Sylvania Electric Products to mass-produce tubular fluorescent lamps in Enfield, north London and taking over 51% of Ekco-Ensign Electric (Ekco) in 1950, which added a further incandescent lamp factory – in Preston, Lancashire.

In 1951, Thorn took over Smart & Brown (Engineers) Ltd's luminaire factory at Spennymoor, near Durham. In the mid-1950s specialist incandescent lamp factories were opened in Buckie, Scotland and in Wimbledon, London (the Omega Electric Lamp Works Ltd).

Between 1952 and 1964 Thorn established additional overseas connections, including a controlling interest in an Italian lamp manufacturer (SIVI Illuminazione SpA) and plants in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, followed by agencies in the Middle East and Hong Kong, the latter with Jardine Pacific.

In September 1959 a new London-based headquarters was opened. Thorn House, designed by Sir Basil Spence, was at the time England's tallest office block.

1960s
In 1964, driven by the need to compete more effectively in world markets, Thorn merged its lighting interests with those of Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) to form British Lighting Industries Ltd, taking a controlling 65% share (the remaining 35% being acquired three years later). AEI Lamp and Lighting brought to the BLI group three significant lighting interests: British Thomson-Houston (BTH) which owned major factories, especially at Melton Road in Rushey Mead, Leicester in the East Midlands of England (producing discharge lamps) and in Hereford, near the Welsh border (making luminaires), and sold lamps under the ‘Mazda’ brand; Metropolitan-Vickers (MV) which drew supplies from the BTH factories, selling them under the 'Metrovick' brand; and the Edison & Swan Electric Light Company (Ediswan), which had recently transferred its factory at Ponders End and ‘Royal Ediswan’ brand over to BTH. Within a year of its formation BLI reorganised - consolidating laboratories, factories, and selling functions - to operate under just three main brands: Atlas, Mazda and Ekco (the remaining 49% interest in Ekco-Ensign being secured in 1966). Once complete, in 1969, the BLI name was changed to Thorn Lighting Ltd and subsequently the Ekco and Atlas brand names were replaced by the Thorn name.

Substantial export growth followed, quickly earning a Queen's Award for Export Achievement, in 1968, and five years later Romford Export Centre opened, stocking over 10,000 items.

1970s and 1980s
By 1976 over 50% of sales were from outside the United Kingdom. 1979 saw Thorn acquire Gebr Kaiser GmbH & Co. Leuchten K.G, a West German manufacturer of lighting fittings, and two years later close the Tottenham lamp factory.

In 1987 the purchase of the Jarnkonst group of Nordic light fitting companies and closure of the Buckie lamp factory signalled a new drive by parent Thorn EMI to trade an export and ‘colonies’ mentality for a multi-cultural, international outlook, one that took account of the forthcoming Single European Act. Gaining critical mass in lighting fixtures – defined as 10% market share in any one county – was identified as a priority.

In 1988 Thorn EMI bought the French group Holophane to gain access to its luminaire subsidiary, Europhane. The Jardine Pacific relationship in Asia was developed into an 18-year joint-venture, and the lighting brands of Sydney based Howard Smith were acquired.

1990s
On 14 November 1990, Thorn announced that it had agreed to sell its principal light source interests to GE Lighting of the United States. Under the agreement, GE acquired the lamp plants at Enfield, Leicester and Wimbledon, as well as Thorn's 51% in SIVI Illuminazione in Italy and 100% holding in Gluhlampenfabrik Jahn, a small specialist manufacturer in Germany. Thorn subsequently closed its Merthyr Tydfil lamp factory, consolidated its UK distribution centres and sold its South African business. In 1991, Thorn won Management Today's Business in Europe Award.

Using Hong Kong as a platform, the company entered Macau, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea and Japan, while additional offices and agents were established in Eastern Europe. In 1992, placing staff in Jardine offices throughout mainland China secured more projects (at £35m Hong Kong International Airport became, and remains today, Thorn's largest ever contract) and laid the groundwork for local manufacturing. The Guangzhou fluorescent fittings factory opened in 1996 and Tianjin followed a year later, making road and tunnel luminaires. That same year, an interest in Thorn India was established. European activities centred on the purchase of Jakobsson in Denmark.

On-going consolidation in the late 1990s saw the closure of the Hereford factory and luminaire production transfer from the Kaiser Leuchten factory to other sites.

2000s
The new millennium marked a new beginning as the Zumtobel Group invested heavily in Thorn, particularly in technological innovation, and consolidating the former regionally structured production operations of Zumtobel and Thorn into a single worldwide supply chain. It also sought organic growth in clearly defined regions and market sectors.

In 2006, the Zumtobel Group sold Thorn's airfield ground lighting activities (Thorn AFL) to the Swedish airport specialist Safegate, and two years later merged two former luminaire production facilities to form a new plant at Wetherill Park, Sydney.

In 2009, Thorn invested in a new factory, laboratory and training and exhibition complex (the Thorn Academy of Light) in Spennymoor. The Distribution Centre at the former site nearby was retained. The plant was named UK Factory of the Year for 2009. This year also saw Thorn and Hess AG of Germany enter into a long-term sales partnership for outdoor lighting products. Initially, activity centred on Germany, where Hess’ subsidiary, Vulkan, marketed Thorn's range, but further agreements were reached in 2011, extending Thorn rights to Hess products in France, East and Southeast Europe, and the UK and Ireland.

title: Thorn Lighting


text:
Zumtobel Group

The Zumtobel Group is an Austrian company specialising in lighting and headquartered in Dornbirn. Zumtobel engages in the development, production and sales of lighting, luminaires, lighting management and lighting components for indoor and outdoor applications. The company is a European market leader for professional lighting systems and the number two for lighting components in Europe.

The group operates 10 production facilities on three continents as well as sales and partner companies in nearly 90 countries.

Since 2007, the group has presented the Zumtobel Group Award (long name Zumtobel Group Award – Innovations for Sustainability and Humanity in the Built Environment) to architects and engineers every two years. The prize was worth 140,000 euros in 2012, 150,000 euros in 2017 and 120,000 euros in 2021.

In the financial year from May 2017 to April 2018, the company recorded a loss of 46.7 million euros due to pricing pressure and currency effects and did not pay out a dividend for this period. Revenue declined by 8 percent and the share of LEDs in revenue increased from 73.6 to 79.6 percent. In 2018/19, the Zumtobel Group significantly reduced the net loss from 46.7 to 15.2 million euros. As a result of uncertainties related to Brexit and price pressure caused by intense competition in the lighting industry, revenue declined by 2.9 percent to 1.162 billion euros. The operating result (EBIT) improved from minus 7.3 million to 2.7 million euros. Profitability also increased compared to the previous year. Group EBIT, adjusted for one-off effects, rose by 8 million euros to 27.6 million euros. Return on sales improved to 2.4 percent. On 25 June 2020 the Zumtobel Group announced the figures for the 2019/20 financial year: net profit for the year rose by 30 million euros to a plus of 14.5 million euros. Adjusted Group EBIT almost doubled to 53.9 million euros despite a slight decline in revenues due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. The EBIT margin increased from 2.4 percent to 4.8 percent. In the 2020/21 financial year, the Zumtobel Group recorded a more than 100% increase in net profit to 45.6 million euros, despite a 7.7 percent decline in revenues due to the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusted Group EBIT thus rose by 23.4 percent to 43.4 million euros. In the 2021/22 financial year, Group sales increased to 1,148.3 million euros and EBIT to 60.8 million euros. Net profit was 45.8 million euros.

History
Walter Zumtobel (1907–1990) was one of roughly 300 so-called sequestrators in allied-occupied Austria who administered previously German-owned property in Vorarlberg, initially on behalf of the French military government, then based on an administrative law of the Federal Government of Austria. These properties included Michel-Werke in Bregenz and Hard as well as Werkzeugbau Arbeitsgemeinschaft Lustenau in Lustenau and Feinmechanische Werkstätte Josef Maurer in Wolfurt. He integrated these three formerly German companies into Elektrogeräte und Kunstharzpresswerk W. Zumtobel KG, which was founded on 1 January 1950 in Dornbirn, thus laying the foundation for today’s Zumtobel Group.

Initially, the company primarily produced electrical ballasts for fluorescent light fittings. In 1952, the company started to manufacture complete luminaires based on fluorescent light fittings. Profilux, a particularly thin batten luminaire introduced to the market in 1953, became a sales success. In 1963, Zumtobel won the first design price for the FER recessed luminaire. In 1959, Walter Zumtobel travelled to the United States for the first time to visit the luminaire manufacturer Day-Brite Lighting, in St. Louis.

In 1959, a light laboratory was established to determine light distribution curves. The German company Staff, still autonomous as Staff & Schwarz Leuchtenwerke (founded in 1945), introduced the first voltage track system Lite-Trac in 1967. From 1956 to 1979, the company was a licensee of Lichttechnischen Spezialfabrik Dr. Ing. Schneider & Co. In 1976, Zumtobel received the National Award, which entitles companies to use the national coat of arms in business dealings. In the same year, the group became a stock corporation (Aktiengesellschaft).

In 1976, the company acquired a minority stake in the British company Tridonic Ltd. The remaining shares were acquired in 1983. Based on a purchase agreement of 2 March 1979, the factory of Dr. Ing. Schneider & Co. in Usingen was integrated into the company; on 28 March 1979, a contract was concluded to also transfer the operating business.

In 1991, the company was restructured and two divisions were established: Lighting Solutions (then Zumtobel Licht) and Lighting Components (then Tridonic-Bauelemente). In 1993, Zumtobel acquired a majority stake in the German Staff Group in Lemgo; the remaining shares were taken over in 1994. In 2000, the British company Wassall plc was acquired with the assistance of the American equity capital partner Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR), and the Thorn Lighting Group was merged with Zumtobel’s luminaire business; the components business of Thorn was transferred to the Tridonic Division.

Since 2005, the LED-activities have been further developed. Lexedis Lighting in Jennersdorf was founded as a joint venture for high-performance LED light sources of Tridonic Optoelectronic (a joint venture of Tridonic and Lumitech, a spin-off of the Graz University of Technology) and Toyoda Gosei. LEDON Lamp GmbH (Dornbirn) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Zumtobel Group for LED applications.

In May 2006, the Zumtobel Group went public on the Vienna Stock Exchange. In September 2006, the Zumtobel share was admitted to the ATX. KKR sold its remaining share of 5.5 percent after the initial public offering to an institutional investor in an off-exchange transaction in December 2006. This investor was apparently Delta Lloyd Asset Management NV. In any case, Zumtobel announced in a mandatory disclosure regarding the shareholder structure on 11 May 2011 that Aviva plc was no longer a shareholder of Zumtobel after its majority investment in Delta Lloyd had been terminated. At the time, Delta Lloyd held 6.778 percent of the 43.5 million shares; a few days later, Fidelity held 9.99 percent.

In 2009, the LED start-ups were combined into a separate division (LEDON brand). In 2013, LEDON was sold to the Austrian entrepreneur Thomas Lorünser with a retroactive effect from 1 November 2012. With effect from 24 September 2012, the Zumtobel share was removed from the ATX and has since been traded on the Prime Market.

In the past years, the Zumtobel Group executed projects such as the lighting of the BMW-plants in Berlin and Leipzig as well as of the Airbus plant in Bremen and the new headquarters of the pharmaceutical group Boehringer Ingelheim. In addition, the expansion of Beijing International Airport in China as well as parts of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi, the Bolte Bridge in Melbourne, Australia and the Cathedrale la Seu in Mallorca, Spain have been equipped with innovative lighting solutions. Other showcase projects of the Zumtobel Group include the Skylink terminal at Vienna Airport, with a contract volume of 10 million euros, the lighting of football stadiums such as the Allianz Arena, Munich and the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium as well as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the James Simon Gallery in Berlin, which was designed by David Chipperfield, or the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg.

In November 2017, the long-time managing director Jürg Zumtobel was awarded the Ehrenpreis der Vorarlberger Wirtschaft für das unternehmerische Lebenswerk ("Vorarlberg business award for lifetime achievements"). Alfred Felder has been CEO since 6 June 2018; Thomas Tschol took over the function of CFO as of 1 April 2018; Bernard Motzko has been COO since 1 February 2018. On 1 August 2021, Thomas Erath was appointed CFO of the Zumtobel Group. In May 2020, Karin Zumtobel-Chammah was elected chairwoman of the supervisory board. After holding several senior management positions in the finance sector, she joined the Zumtobel Group in 1996. Zumtobel-Chammah headed the arts and culture department prior to joining the board in 2019.

In September 2018, the Zumtobel Group added a new group-wide luminaire and component production facility in Niš, Serbia, to its global production network, investing 30.6 million euros. The production site covering 40,000 square metres enables the Zumtobel Group to react more flexibly to changed market requirements and to strengthen its presence in these emerging markets.

In 2019, the Zumtobel Group opened a group-wide software center in Porto, Portugal. The new technology and innovation centre in Porto, headed by João Granjo Lopes, develops software for smart light management and control systems. It also focuses on research in areas such as smart buildings and smart cities, aiming to develop integrated lighting solutions for smart energy, mobility and IoT technologies. The group-wide software centre represents an addition to the existing research and development network of the Zumtobel Group.

In November 2020, the Zumtobel Group opened the new light forum at its main location in Dornbirn. For this purpose, the company's old factory hall in Höchsterstraße was refurbished within a year into a 4,000-square-metre presentation area, where lighting innovations can be experienced. To date, 8 million euros were invested in the new Light Forum. The design concept, developed in cooperation with the Innsbruck studio of the Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta, created space for a world of light that customers can experience with all their senses. At the same time, the Zumtobel Group celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2020.

The company is researching more efficient lighting and light management to use lighting systems only when needed. In 2019, the European Investment Bank approved loans to broaden the company’s research into connecting lighting to digital services.

Company structure
The group consists of two divisions: the Zumtobel Lighting Division for the lighting business with the Zumtobel and Thorn brands, and the Tridonic Division for the components business. The Zumtobel family holds approximately 36 percent of the shares in the company. The remaining shares are largely held by institutional investors.

Artistic annual report
Ever since 1991, the Zumtobel Group has invited figures from the fields of architecture, graphic design and art to present their take on the subject of light and the development of the company. In this task, the artists are given freedom in terms of design, unhampered by any corporate design considerations. The outcome, year after year, is a series of unconventional unique printed works. In addition to graphic designers like Italo Lupi, Neville Brody, Per Arnoldi and Stefan Sagmeister, with whom the artistic design began, artists including Gerhard Merz, Siegrun Appelt, Olafur Eliasson, Anish Kapoor and James Turrell as well as architects like Dominique Perrault, Hani Rashid / Asymptote, François Roche / Studio R&Sie(n), Sejima Kazuyo and Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA, David Chipperfield / DCA, Kjetil Thorsen / Snøhetta, Elizabeth Diller / Scofidio and Renfro and Yung Ho Chang / Atelier FCJZ have been commissioned to design the Artistic Annual Report. The edition 2019/20 was designed by architect and consulting engineer Professor Werner Sobek. The 2020/21 edition was created by Dutch architect Iwan Baan in interdisciplinary collaboration with Berlin-based architect Francis Kéré. The report presents the role of natural light in the vernacular architecture of Burkina Faso, Africa, capturing the strong contrasts between the blinding sunlight outside the buildings and the complete darkness inside. The Artistic Annual Report 2021/22 was designed by Ben van Berkel, UNStudio, and used transformation as a central theme in architecture and the built environment.

title: Zumtobel Group


text:
Thomas Gallaudet (priest)

Thomas Gallaudet (June 3, 1822 – August 27, 1902), an American Episcopal priest, was born in Hartford, Connecticut. His father, Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, was the renowned pioneer of deaf education in the United States. His mother, Sophia Fowler Gallaudet, who was deaf, was the founding matron of the school that became Gallaudet University. His brother, Edward Miner Gallaudet, was founder and President of the university.

Biography
After graduating from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, Gallaudet accepted a teaching position at the New York Institution for Deaf-mutes, where he met and married a deaf woman, Elizabeth Budd. They had seven children, one of whom died in infancy, named Laurent Clerc Gallaudet. He was most certainly named after the man his father brought back from France to help start his deaf-mute school, Laurent Clerc.

Following in his father's footsteps, in 1852, Gallaudet established St. Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes in New York City.

In 1872 Gallaudet, Jane Middleton, and the Church Mission to Deaf-Mutes established the Home for Aged and Infirm Deaf-Mutes in a brownstone located at 220 East 13th Street in New York City. Jane served as the first Superintendent and Matron of the home from 1872 until her death in 1885.

In 1886, after years of hard work and fund raising, the Home was moved to Poughkeepsie and was renamed the Gallaudet Home for Deaf-Mutes.

Gallaudet was also instrumental in the work of the Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd, a group of women engaged in urban ministry in and around New York City.

One of Gallaudet's students, Henry Winter Syle, became the first deaf person to be ordained by the Episcopal Church. Both Gallaudet and Syle are listed in the Episcopal Church's Calendar of Saints for August 27.

Gallaudet is buried in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Hartford, Connecticut.

title: Thomas Gallaudet (priest)


text:
Ernest Saves Christmas

Ernest Saves Christmas is a 1988 American Christmas comedy film directed by John Cherry from a screenplay by B. Kline and Ed Turner. It stars Jim Varney, Oliver Clark, Noelle Parker and Douglas Seale. It is the third film to feature the character Ernest P. Worrell and the second film in the Ernest series, after Ernest Goes to Camp (1987). The film chronicles Ernest's attempt to help find a replacement for an aging Santa Claus.

It was released on November 11, 1988. It grossed $23.5 million, making it the highest grossing film in the Ernest series. The next film in the series, Ernest Goes to Jail, was released in April 1990.

Plot
A man claiming to be Santa Claus arrives in Orlando, Florida, where Ernest P. Worrell works as a taxicab driver. Santa informs Ernest that he is on his way to tell a local celebrity named Joe Carruthers that he has been chosen to be the new Santa Claus. Joe used to host a popular children's program that emphasized manners and integrity.

During their drive, a runaway teenage girl named Harmony Starr joins Ernest and Santa in the taxi. Upon reaching their destination, Santa realizes he has no real money and only possesses play money. Ernest lets him ride for free, resulting in Ernest losing his job. Ernest later discovers that Santa left his magic sack in the taxi and decides to find Santa and return it to him.

Santa tries to talk to Joe at the Orlando Children's Museum but is interrupted and dismissed by Joe's rude agent, Marty Brock. Santa becomes worried when he discovers his sack is missing and feels discouraged due to his increasing forgetfulness at the age of 151. Marty refuses to believe Santa's predicament and has him arrested.

To help Santa escape from jail, Ernest pretends to be an employee of the governor, and Harmony poses as the governor's niece. They convince the police chief to transfer Santa to a mental hospital. Santa explains to Ernest and Harmony that he became Santa Claus in 1889 and has enjoyed the role, but the magic weakens over time. To restore its full strength, he must pass the job on to someone else, which is why he needs to find Joe and make him the new Santa Claus before 7:00 PM.

Ernest disguises himself as a snake rancher to sneak Santa into a movie studio. Marty pressures Joe to abandon his focus on teaching goodness to children and instead take a role in a horror film called Christmas Slay, which deeply offends Santa. Santa punches the director in response.

Meanwhile, two holding dock workers receive crates marked for release to "Helper Elves". The workers argue over the shipping papers and the crates' contents, which are revealed to contain flying reindeer. They seek help from animal control, but the reindeer amaze them by walking on the warehouse ceiling.

Santa finally tracks down Joe at his home and explains the importance of passing on the Santa Claus position. Joe initially declines but later changes his mind when he refuses to use foul language in front of the children on the film set. Ernest and Harmony discover the magic of Santa's sack, but Harmony, whose real name is Pamela Trenton, abuses it. She steals the sack but eventually returns it after her conscience prevails.

On Christmas Eve, Ernest and the helpers meet Santa's elves at the airport, retrieve the reindeer and sleigh, and fly to the children's museum. Although Ernest initially struggles to control the sleigh, they eventually make it to the museum. Joe witnesses the flying reindeer and sleigh, confirming Santa's claims. Joe turns down the acting job and decides to become the new Santa Claus.

The new Santa uses his magic to make it snow in Orlando. Ernest and the helpers arrive just in time, and Pamela decides to go home after calling her mother. The new Santa chooses Pamela as his special helper and promises to take her home after their journey. Ernest becomes the sleigh driver for the night. The old Santa resumes his identity as Seth Applegate and spends Christmas Eve with a museum employee named Mary Morrissey.

At 7:00 PM, the new Santa takes off to deliver gifts. Later two dock workers receive a crate marked "E. Bunny".

Production
This was the first major feature production filmed almost entirely in Orlando, Florida, at the then-unfinished Disney-MGM Studios. Exterior scenes set at the house of Ernest's friend Vern were filmed at a house located on Residential Street at the park, and which was part of the Studio Backlot Tour until it was demolished in 2002.

The remainder of the scenes were filmed in various locations in the greater Orlando area, including Orlando International Airport, Epcot Center Drive, Lake Eola, Church Street Station and Orange Avenue in Downtown Orlando, a toll booth on the Bee Line Expressway (now known as the "Beachline Expressway"), the original Orlando Science Center which is now the John and Rita Lowndes Shakespeare Center (used as the "Orlando Children's Museum" in the film), and the Orlando AMTRAK station.

The Lake Mary studios of then-Fox affiliate WOFL-TV (channel 35, which is now owned by Fox itself) were used for the Christmas Slay film scenes, as the station already had a promotional relationship with Jim Varney and the Ernest character. Other smaller scenes were filmed in Nashville.

Release
Ernest Saves Christmas was released theatrically in the United States by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution on November 11, 1988. It is the second film in the Ernest series, and the second in a four-film deal with Touchstone Pictures.

Critical response
The film received poor reviews.

Box office
In its opening weekend, Ernest Saves Christmas placed second at the box office behind Child's Play and grossed $5.7 million from 1,634 theaters. Its domestic total was $28.2 million, making it is the highest grossing Ernest film.

Home media
The DVD was released on September 3, 2002, from Touchstone Home Entertainment.

title: Ernest Saves Christmas


text:
Welsummer

The Welsummer or Welsumer is a Dutch breed of domestic chicken. It originates in the small village of Welsum, in the eastern Netherlands. It was bred at the beginning of the twentieth century from local fowls of mixed origin: Rhode Island Reds, Barnevelders, Partridge Leghorns, Cochins, and Wyandottes. In 1922–23, steps were taken to fix a standard after the birds began to show a good deal of uniformity. The eggs were originally exported for the commercial egg trade. Some stock was exported to the United Kingdom, and the breed was added to the British Standard in 1930.

In 2001, a number of farms culled their flocks in connection with the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.

Characteristics
Three plumage colours are listed for the Welsumer by the Entente Européenne d’Aviculture et de Cuniculture, of which only one, Red Partridge, is recognised in the Netherlands.

Use
Welsumer hens lay about 160 eggs per year; the eggs are dark brown and weigh about. Bantam Welsumers lay about 180 dark brown eggs per year, with an average weight of

title: Welsummer


text:
Sieges of Stirling Castle

There have been at least eight Sieges of Stirling Castle, a strategically important fortification in Stirling, Scotland. Stirling is located at the crossing of the River Forth, making it a key location for access to the north of Scotland.

The castle changed hands several times between English and Scottish control during the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1357). In 1299, the castle was in English hands, when the constable, John Sampson, was besieged by the Scots. In 1304, Edward I of England besieged the Scots, deploying siege engines to force the garrison to surrender. In 1337, a siege by Sir Andrew Murray failed to retake the castle. Between 1571 and 1585, the castle was besieged three times by Scots factions during the reign of James VI. In 1651, Oliver Cromwell captured the castle during his invasion of Scotland. The final siege took place in 1746, when Charles Edward Stuart besieged the castle during the final Jacobite rising.

Siege of 1304
After the defeat of William Wallace's Scots army at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, it took Edward I six years to gain full control of Scotland. The last stronghold of resistance to English rule was Stirling Castle. Armed with twelve siege engines, the English laid siege to the castle in April 1304. For four months the castle was bombarded by lead balls (stripped from nearby church roofs), Greek fire, stone balls, and even some sort of gunpowder mixture. Edward I had sulphur and saltpetre, components of gunpowder, brought to the siege from England.

Impatient with the lack of progress, Edward ordered his chief engineer, Master James of St. George, to begin work on a new, more massive engine called Warwolf (a trebuchet). The castle's garrison of 30, led by William Oliphant, eventually were allowed to surrender on 24 July after Edward had previously refused to accept surrender until the Warwolf had been tested.

Despite previous threats, Edward spared all the Scots in the garrison and executed only one Englishman who had previously given over the castle to the Scots. Sir William Oliphant was imprisoned in the Tower of London.

title: Sieges of Stirling Castle


text:
Talk:Brian Coffey

Untitled

 * This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. See that page for further information.
 * This article is part of WikiProject Irish literature. See that page for further information.

Hi, nice article. Just a couple of pointers: I think it is important to make clear in the leading paragraph the nature and importance of the subject. I grabbed a line from one of the web pages and a line from the bottom of your text to illustrate what I mean; you will probably want to tweak it. Also in wikipedia:  --> '' (two single quotes, easier to type!)

 * -- Viajero 14:30, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Coffey collected.jpg
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title: Talk:Brian Coffey


text:
Fort Niagara

Fort Niagara, also known as Old Fort Niagara, is a fortification originally built by New France to protect its interests in North America, specifically control of access between the Niagara River and Lake Ontario, the easternmost of the Great Lakes. The fort is on the river's eastern bank at its mouth on Lake Ontario. Youngstown, New York, later developed nearby.

The British took over the fort in 1759 during the French and Indian War. Although the United States ostensibly was ceded the fort after it gained independence in the American Revolutionary War, the British stayed until 1796. Transfer to the U.S. came after signing of the Jay Treaty that reaffirmed and implemented the legal border with British Canada. Although the US Army deactivated the fort in 1963, the Coast Guard continues to have a presence. A non-profit group operates the fort and grounds as a state park and preserves it in part as a museum and site for historical re-enactments. It is also a venue for special events related to the region's history.

Origin
René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle built the first fortified structure, called Fort Conti, in 1678. In 1687, the Governor of New France, the Marquis de Denonville, replaced it with a new fort. He named it Fort Denonville and posted a hundred men as a garrison under the command of Capt. Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes. The winter weather and disease was severe, and all but twelve died by the time a relief force returned from Montreal. The government decided in September 1688 to abandon the post and had the stockade pulled down.

Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire was dispatched to the Seneca people, one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois League, to obtain permission to build a French post on the banks of the river. He spoke to several chiefs in 1720, explaining his pleasure was always great when he visited them but that he would do it more spontaneously if he had a dwelling place. Considering that he was of the tribe since his turbulent captivity and his "adoption", the chiefs agreed he had the right to build a dwelling where they chose. Joncaire and eight men dispatched from Fort Frontenac built a trading post, called Magasin Royal or Maison de la Paix (Royal Store or House of Peace) on the right bank of the river (going downstream). The name was intended to emphasize the French peaceful intent, to exchange goods for furs here.

In 1726, French engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry built a two-story Maison à Machicoulis or "Machicolated House" on the site to replace the old fort. In 1755 the French expanded the fort to its present size in response to the armed confrontation that started between French and British colonial interests as part of the Seven Years' War in Europe. In North America, British colonists called this the French and Indian War; both sides cultivated Native American allies.

The name used today, "The French Castle", was not used until the 19th century.

British and American control
The fort was a strategic site in the French and Indian War. It fell to the British after they conducted a nineteen-day siege in July 1759, which was called the Battle of Fort Niagara. The French relief force sent to relieve the besieged garrison was ambushed at the Battle of La Belle-Famille. The post's commander, Pierre Pouchot, surrendered the fort to the British commander, Sir William Johnson, who initially led the New York Militia. The Irish-born Johnson became the expedition's leader after General John Prideaux literally lost his head; he stepped in front of a mortar being test-fired during the siege. The British controlled the fort for the next thirty-seven years before they handed it over to the Americans after the Revolutionary War.

Fort Niagara served as the Loyalist base in New York during the American Revolutionary War for Colonel John Butler and his Butler's Rangers, a provincial military unit. Lt. Col. William Stacy, a high-ranking officer of the Continental Army, was captured by Butler's Rangers in their attack on Cherry Valley, New York. He was held captive at Fort Niagara during the summer of 1779. Niagara became notorious for drinking, brawling, whoring, and cheating. Crude taverns, stores, and bordellos sprouted on "the Bottom", the riverside flat below the fort.

Though the British ceded Fort Niagara to the United States after the Treaty of Paris ended the American War of Independence in 1783, the region remained effectively under British control for thirteen years. Only after signing of the Jay Treaty did American forces occupy the fort in 1796. In the interim, United Empire Loyalists fleeing persecution in the new US were given land grants, typically 200 acre per inhabitant in Upper Canada, and some were partly sustained in the early years by aid from the fort's military stores.

During the War of 1812, the fort's guns sank the Provincial Marine schooner Seneca on November 21, 1812. British forces captured the fort on the night of December 19, 1813, in retaliation for the Americans' burning of Niagara, formerly called Newark, nine days earlier. Newark had been renamed Niagara in 1796. The British held the fort until they relinquished it under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent. It has remained in US custody ever since.

Nine currently active battalions of the Regular Army (4-1 FA, 1-2 Inf, 2-2 Inf, 1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf, 4-3 Inf, 1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf and 3-4 Inf) are derived from American units (Leonard's Company, 1st Regiment of Artillery, and the old 14th, 19th and 22nd Infantry Regiments) that were at Fort Niagara during the War of 1812. 52 (Niagara) Battery Royal Artillery (Holcroft's Company, 4th Battalion Royal Artillery), Royal Scots and a number of other British units that fought at the Capture of Fort Niagara still exist today. A number of other units that served in the Fort in the War of 1812 (such as 20 Battery Royal Artillery (Caddy's Company, 4th Battalion Royal Artillery)) also endure.

Later use
The name "Old Fort Niagara" is associated with the fort today; it does not refer to its age but to distinguish the colonial-era fortress from its more modern namesake. In the post-Civil War era, the "New Fort Niagara" was built outside the original walls of the fort. The military abandoned the use of masonry forts in this era, having found that masonry fared poorly under bombardment. They built the new fort in the newer style of a military camp.

The new Fort Niagara had a 1,000-yard rifle range, access to rail lines, and access to the industrial areas of Niagara Falls and Buffalo, New York. Fort Niagara trained troops for the Spanish–American War. The United States was preparing for entry into World War I in June 1917, so the post began an officer training school which included Daniel W. Hand and Charles W. Ryder as instructors.

During World War II, Fort Niagara was an induction center before it became a prisoner of war camp for 1,200 German soldiers captured in the North African Campaign. After the war, the fort provided temporary housing for returning veterans.

During the Korean War, the fort was a headquarters for anti-aircraft artillery and later Nike missiles. The Niagara Falls Defense Area originally formed the northern half of the U.S. Army Anti-Aircraft Command defenses in western New York State. After the amalgamation of the Niagara Falls and Buffalo Defense Areas, the Army Air Defense Command Post moved to Lockport Air Force Station in Cambria, New York.

Formations directing US defenses included the 2nd Artillery Group (Air Defense), which had its headquarters at Fort Niagara from March 1958 to December 1961, superseded by the 31st Artillery Brigade (Air Defense), 101st Artillery Group, and 18th Artillery Group. The only battalion in the region was the 44th Anti-Aircraft Missile Battalion, superseded by the 1st Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment on September 1, 1958.

The U.S. Army officially deactivated Fort Niagara in 1963. The 1/4 ADA moved to the Seattle Defense Area, where it was active from September 1972 to April 1974. Military presence on the site continues with the United States Coast Guard operating at "The Bottoms". Fort Niagara is considered one of the longest continuously run military bases within the boundaries of the United States, from French control in 1726 to the present day.

A formal operating license between Old Fort Niagara Association and the U.S. War Department in 1931 established rights of the non-profit to preserve and operate the fort. In 1949, Congress transferred Father Millet Cross National Monument to the State of New York, now a small memorial at Fort Niagara. In 1960, the fort was among the first sites to be designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of Interior's National Park Service.

Today

The renovated Fort Niagara now serves as Fort Niagara State Park and museum. It is often the site of historical reenactments of 18th-century battles that took place here. It is also a venue for period dances, fundraisers, and other special events (such as public displays, and shows relating to the history of the fort and the surrounding area). Fort Niagara is also designated as a State Historic Site, known as Old Fort Niagara State Historic Site.

Fort Niagara was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 9, 1960, as "Old Fort Niagara". The Colonial Niagara Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. It is a major contributing element to the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area.

Haunting legend
Some believe the site is haunted by a headless French soldier who was beheaded during a duel. It is said he wanders the grounds looking for his head.

title: Fort Niagara


text:
Donald's Cousin Gus

Donald's Cousin Gus is a Walt Disney cartoon released on May 19, 1939. Gus Goose debuted as a recurring character in Al Taliaferro's Donald Duck newspaper comic since 9 May 1938.

This cartoon was also the first-ever pre-recorded program (in this case, film) to be televised in the United States, airing as part of NBC's "first night" of sponsored programming on May 3, 1939, sixteen days before the film was released in theaters.

The short was directed by Jack King, and animated by Lee Morehouse, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Don Towsley. The story was created by Jack Hannah and Carl Barks.

Plot
Gus Goose comes to visit his cousin Donald Duck, interrupting him in the middle of lunch. Gus brings a note from Aunt Fanny, which reads, "Dear Nephew, this is your cousin Gus Goose. I'm sending him to visit you ― Love, Aunt Fanny. P.S., He don't eat much". Donald welcomes his cousin, who shakes hands with him frantically.

Gus shows Donald Duck his pocket alarm clock, which is divided into, "Dinner, tea, supper, lunch." Donald remarks to the audience, "Well, I'll be doggone!" Gus Goose proceeds to eat Donald out of house and home. He slurps up Donald's soup with two spoons, eats a corn on the cob like a typewriter, shuffles a whole stack of bread and luncheon meat like cards and swallows them all, knits a bowl of spaghetti into a sock, and slurps it all up. Donald Duck is amused at first, but when Gus steals a loaf of bread from him and dips it into his coffee, eats an entire chocolate cake, steals all of his donuts with his umbrella, and sucks up all of the peas with a straw, Donald gets fed up. Enraged, Donald tries to evict Gus by handcart, but ends up out on the lawn himself.

Hoping to get the jump on Gus, Donald finds a "barking hotdog" in his icebox, with the label, "A sure way to get rid of hungry relatives." Smirking, Donald offers the hotdog to Gus, who gulps it down. Donald starts acting like a cat, stirring up the "dog" in Gus' stomach. Donald then makes Gus lie down and roll over like a dog. Having driven Gus away by throwing a bone out onto the lawn, he bolts and locks the door with a drawbar, laughing. However, his joy turns to shock when he hears Gus come back in through the back door, and discovers a Gus-shaped hole, and discovers him eating cold lunch in his refrigerator, with the time, "Cold Lunch" on his pocket alarm clock. Donald Duck, shocked, exclaims, "Boy! Oh, boy!" and faints on the floor.

Voice cast

 * Donald Duck: Clarence Nash
 * Barking Hot Dog: Lee Millar
 * Gus Goose: Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects)

Film

 * Gus Goose also made non-speaking cameo appearances in both Mickey's Christmas Carol and Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

Television

 * Gus Goose made no appearances in DuckTales, but there is a background character in the series, Vacation Van Honk, who looks similar to him.

 * Gus Goose appeared in the 2000s animated series Disney's House of Mouse, as the club's gluttonous chef, speaking only in honks rather than words.

 * The friend and neighbor Gustav Goose from Quack Pack is probably not the same as Cousin Gus since there are very few similarities (aside from the name and general size of the character).

 * Gus Goose also appears in the 2016 Mickey Mouse Christmas special Duck the Halls.

Comics

 * Gus Goose appears in the Disney comics, usually shown living as a farmhand on Grandma Duck's farm outside of Duckburg. Along with his gluttony, Gus is quite lazy, often doing little if any work on Grandma's farm. He also has a tendency of falling asleep at random occasions, sometimes even standing up. On occasion Gus has even shown signs of ingenuity as to finding methods or solutions to make his chores much easier for him and at times even automating them so he does not have to work at all.

 * Some confusion is also caused by the German comicbook version of Gladstone Gander being referred to as "Gustav Gans" ("Gustav Goose").

 * In Danish comic book stories, Gus Goose has appeared as the boyfriend of a classy and rich anthropomorphic swan named Cissy Swann. In Italy, a nephew of him named Pepper appeared in two stories.

VHS

 * Cartoon Classics: Limited Gold Editions: Donald (United States)
 * Donald Duck Geht in die Luft, Drei Caballeros im Sambafieber, Goofy und Pluto Total Verrückt, and Mit Mir Nicht (Germany)
 * Disney Parade 3 (France)
 * Paperino, Sono Io ... Paperino, Cartoons Disney 6 (Italy)

Laserdisc
Hello Donald, Donald: Limited Gold Edition, and Disney Cartoon Festival 3 (Japan)

DVD
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume One: 1934-1941.

Streaming
The short was released to Disney+ on August 11, 2023.

Television

 * The Ink and Paint Club, episode 21: "Goin' to the Birds"
 * Mickey's Mouse Tracks, episode 77
 * Disneyland, episode: The Plausible Impossible

title: Donald's Cousin Gus


text:
Wikipedia talk:Measurements Debate

I don't see why this is turned into a US vs Europe discussion. Metric system is not only used by European countries, but by basically the whole world, except for the US.

And the UK. and Burma. And Liberia.
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.202.29.180 (talk • contribs) 11:22, 25 August 2006

Customary is official for US, UK, Liberia, Burna. No reason to exclude, say, Rankine from the scientific pages. 72.74.136.49 (talk) 11:48, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Half of this discussion is completly non-sensical. I come from a country that uses metric since 1875, in everyday usage. I'm Brazilian, very far from both US and Europe. I've never ever in my life felt the metric units inapropriate, hard or without intuitive sense, for me it's pretty clear what is a kg, a meter, centimeter, ºC, km and km/h. That's because I was born and raised knowing them and measuring things in them without ever having to use other thing, except when dealing with some american product or accessing american products. Saying metric is useless in everyday life is not just wrong, is nonsensical. Saying someone is 6feet 5 inches for me is like saying they're about 7 bananas tall and a couple of fingernails, a nonsensical statement, I mean what's the size of a "standard banana". Also the love for fractions in the inches is not intuitive at all. Stating temperatures in Fahrenheit always makes me think like I'm in the middle of a fire. A Galon I can understand is like 5liters, but what the hell is a pound or a ounce, I have no idea, and once in a while I hear a new imperial unit I've never even heard before. Imperial units aren't closer to human experience, they're just what you're used to. That being said, I do agree a large portion of the english Wikipedia is accessed to people who have no intuitive notion of the metric system, so, it's good to also add them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.150.156.54 (talk) 05:26, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Measurements Debate


text:
Talk:Basil Bunting

Untitled
Hi, more of the same kind of changes. I'll let you add titles to the ext links. FYI: The format is:
 * [ URL title ]

Note: single []s
 * -- Viajero 14:47, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thanks again. Filiocht 14:52, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Reference to Royal Grammar School, Newcastle removed. Bunting did not attend this school. This urban myth has been refuted in numerous authoritative biographies. See Discussion at RGS Newcastle Wiki site. Haltwhistlehistory (talk) 13:08, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

picture
I have considered asking the Durham University Library for the right to use this photograph. Would there be any objections? http://www.dur.ac.uk/images/basil-bunting-poetry.centre/rapallo2.gif Mrathel (talk) 22:06, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Any objection would be on the Library's part. I assume from your silence that the Library declined to license the photo appropriately. --Gwern (contribs) 07:06 1 July 2010 (GMT)

Briggflatts
Given the brevity of both the main article, and the one on Briggflatts, wouldn't it make sense to combine them? Rwood128 (talk) 00:50, 5 April 2013 (UTC)
 * No. Briggflatts needs to be expanded because it is one of the major late 20th-century modernist poems, it should not be minimized by a ill-conceived merge.--ColonelHenry (talk) 23:55, 13 April 2014 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Basil Bunting