text:
User talk:Sunray

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first IKEA in Canada
Hello. I came across your viewpoint re. the first IKEA in Canada having been in Richmond, BC. Others wrote that the first was actually in Dartmouth, NS. They were correct. Very recent confirmation of this is found in the Halifax Chronicle Herald, Saturday, January 23, 2016 pp B1 and B2. IKEA is returning to Dartmouth (now a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality) in 2017. Honour647 (talk) 23:16, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know, Honour647. I'm glad that a reference was found. Sunray (talk) 03:25, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

Argument from Authority
I've left a message at Requests for Mediation. The second party to that pending case has filed a lengthy WP:ANI complaint. I would think that can be taken as meaning that they decline to take part in mediation, but I don't know. I also think that this is a conduct dispute, because either the second party's very long complaint is correct, in which case the first party is guilty of various sorts of conduct issues, or the second party's complaint is mostly unfounded, in which case their own conduct is a conduct issue. Just my opinion. Robert McClenon (talk) 18:27, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments, Robert. I read over the DRN case and noted your remarks there. I've also reviewed the complaint at ANI. I've told the participants that I will review the matter. I'm inclined to agree with you about the conduct issues. However, I also hear a request from some of the parties to consider the content aspects. I'm not at all sure that this will be possible; we shall see. Sunray (talk) 02:39, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I had thought that you were referring to the initial ANI complaint. I'm clear now. BTW a diff to your remarks at ANI would have been helpful. 😅 Sunray (talk) 07:19, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I see that the RFM has been blanked pending resolution of the current ANI complaint. The filing party at ANI seems not to understand that they can't request formal mediation and request admin intervention at the same time.  Robert McClenon (talk) 20:16, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Ghouta mediation
Re: Here you changed the signature of my statement so that it looks like it was written by Kudzu1. Why did you do that? I made that statement ref. diff. Erlbaeko (talk) 22:09, 7 February 2016 (UTC)
 * My apologies. It was transcription error. I've fixed it. Sunray (talk) 03:43, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok. Thanks. Erlbaeko (talk) 06:54, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

March 2016
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 * the money instead to sign him to Pamper Music. On hearing Nelson sing "Hello Walls" at Tootsie's, [Faron Young]  decided to record it.{{sfn|Kosser, Michael|2006|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=DL6gHNXWToQC|page=

 * {{done}} Sunray (talk) 06:19, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Identity
By the way, who are you, and what gives you the authority to speak on Wikipedia 'policies'? Who is in control of Wikipedia 'policies'? HAND T A Francis (talk) 18:54, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I'm an editor of Wikipedia, which gives me the right to comment on Wikipedia policies. I've been editing here for more than a decade, so I know the policies fairly well. The policies were developed collectively by thousands of editors. No one individual or group is in control of them. Changes are made through discussions on a particular policy's talk page—for changes specific to that policy—or on in various common forums, for new policies. My observation is that Wikipedia policies usually work very well as a guide to dealing with issues related to either content in articles, or the behavior of editors. Sunray (talk) 20:51, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Mayflower Arkansas page
Hi Sunray, I see you have raised some of the same issues I have with the 2013 Mayflower oil spill page. Can I get your support on the Talk page for suggested changes, to clarify the important distinctions between "Oil" and Dilbit? I'd appreciate it! Thanks :) --Bill Huston (talk)  00:18, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. I've replied to you on the talk page. While I agree with the points you have raised, I'm afraid that you will find that you are out gunned on this matter. I tried to raise the very points you have on the Oil sands talk page (see Talk:Oil sands/Archive 3). More recently User:Petrarchan47 has taken up the cause. But s/he, like me ran smack into the problem of usage. If you look carefully through WP policies you will find that naming of articles depends heavily on usage. Sunray (talk) 01:01, 31 March 2016 (UTC)

Close Ghouta chemical attack mediation
Thanks for your work. I think we can close the mediation now. - Mnnlaxer | talk  | stalk 23:09, 30 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree that the mediation should be closed. I've been away, but will close in the next day or two. Sunray (talk) 19:39, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Review/assessment for Downtown Eastside article
Hi Sunray,

I'm reaching out to still-active editors who have contributed to the Downtown Eastside article, and you're one of the very few people on that list. I'd like to get this article through to Featured Article status, and would like to get input from other editors. There has been very little discussion on this article since I started working on it. I've requested assessment for A-class status at Wikproject Vancouver and Wikiproject Canada. Any feedback, thoughts, or advice you might have would be very welcome. Cheers, Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 05:41, 27 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know Clayoquot. I will take a look at the article. Sunray (talk) 18:17, 28 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 02:31, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Clayoquot, I think that the DTES article will need a lot of work to get it to A-Class or FA status. The first thing that strikes me is that the article doesn't clearly delineate the boundaries of the DTES. While it talks about the "Greater DTES," much of the commentary focuses on the much more restrictive definition used by Scout Magazine of the skid row area bounded by Carrell, Pender, Jackson and Cordova. Which brings me to sources. Scout is a good source for some issues (local culture, social issues), but it isn't a reliable source for demographics or statistics. I think that a good article (GA status might be a good target to aim for first, btw) would discuss the various approaches to boundaries and would have a much more extensive discussion of demographics. There will be a problem of size. At more than 90K in size, the article is already fairly large. That suggests some tight editing to get it to GA, or higher, classification. If you like, I could make more extensive comments on the article talk page and we could get going on it. Sunray (talk) 20:58, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into this! Yes, if you could comment further on the article talk page, that would be great. Cheers, Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 05:32, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

New 10,000 Challenge for Canada
Hi, WikiProject Canada/The 10,000 Challenge is up and running based on The 10,000 Challenge for the UK which has currently produced over 2300 article improvements and creations. If you'd like to see large scale quality improvements happening for Canada like The Africa Destubathon, which has produced over 1600 articles in 5 weeks, sign up on the page. The idea will be an ongoing national editathon/challenge for Canada but fuelled by a contest such as The North America Destubathon to really get articles on every province and subject mass improved. I would like some support from Canadian wikipedians here to get the Challenge off to a start with some articles to make doing a Destubathon worthwhile! Cheers. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:55, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

EPAoilspillsubdivision2.JPG
I am working on a PSA regarding our future without renewable energy for my class and would like permission to use your photograph (EPAoilspillsubdivision2.JPG).

Thank you — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.149.67.246 (talk) 20:46, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, that photo isn't mine. It is in the public domain as it was taken by a member of the Environmental Protection Agency in the course of their duties. You can use it under the fair use doctrine. In fact, you could use almost any image for educational purposes. Here's a definition of fair use: "(in US copyright law) the doctrine that brief excerpts of copyright material may, under certain circumstances, be quoted verbatim for purposes such as criticism, news reporting, teaching, and research, without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder." Good luck! Sunray (talk) 09:06, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Closure: A Story of Everything for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Closure: A Story of Everything is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Closure: A Story of Everything until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  DGG ( talk ) 04:04, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

Copyright problem on Site C dam
Material you included in the above article back in June 2016 appears to have been copied from the copyright web pages http://commonsensecanadian.ca/VIDEO-detail/landowners-launch-site-c-dam-court-challenge-first-nations-next/. Copying text directly from a source is a copyright violation. Unfortunately, for copyright reasons, the content had to be removed. Please leave a message on my talk page if you have any questions or if you think I made a mistake. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 13:19, 11 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what led you to conclude that I added that material. As I was cleaning up the article and removing copyright violations, it seems highly unlikely that I was responsible for that copyright violation. What led you to that conclusion? Sunray (talk) 04:34, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Content you added in appears to have been copied from this page. The content was very closely paraphrased; your addition was almost identical to the source. I found the copyright violation in June 2017, when copyvio added by a different person was detected and removed.— Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 07:24, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I cannot see the material added in that edit; it has since been hard deleted. You use the term "paraphrased." Paraphrases are legal. But it is hard to know what you mean when you say "closely paraphrased." I was an editor by profession (not just on Wikipedia), so I understand the ground rules for paraphrasing. That said, I do make mistakes. I would be interested to see the actual text that was removed to compare with the source. Sunray (talk) 18:54, 7 October 2017 (UTC)

Stewardship definition
Hi, thank you for the work you did in 2011 extending the Wiki Stewardship page. I am not a Wiki expert but believe that you added a considerable amount of material. I am trying to derive the source of a key line, which is ‘…an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources…’. This has been copied - thanks to you - a myriad number of times. It'd be great to know where it came from. Thanks in advance if you can help!85.133.81.32 (talk) 08:44, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I can't take any credit for adding that material. The editor who added it was Aquaterra and he is no longer editing the wiki. The original addition is here. It is credited to the "Stewardship in Action" program of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Sunray (talk) 03:32, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

WikiProject Canada 10,000 Challenge submissions
The 10,000 Challenge of WikiProject Canada will soon be reaching its first-anniversary. Please consider submitting any Canada-related articles you have created or improved since November 2016. Please try to ensure that all entries are sourced with formatted citations and no unsourced claims.

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After mediation, sentence was resolved. Subsequently someone edited it. How best to undo?
Hi Sunray. In 2009 you successfully mediated an editing dispute that I participated in (thank you). The result was this sentence in the article Rick Warren:

Two weeks before the 2008 U.S. general election, Warren issued a statement to his congregation endorsing California Proposition 8, which would amend the California Constitution to say "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California," thereby eliminating the right of same-sex couples to marry.

The inclusion of the final ten words in that sentence was at the heart of the dispute; my recollection is that editors who fought their inclusion were concerned less with serving the reader's understanding of the subject than with casting the subject in a positive light.

Occasionally I peek at the article to see whether our hard-won compromise has survived; today I discovered that it has not. A couple of years ago, an unsigned user deleted those ten words with the following explanation: "(→Political and social views: Removed "right to marry" phrase in paragraph on Prop 8)" (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Warren&oldid=671347987)

I don't have much experience with un-doing the work of other editors, and no experience with doing so when another editor has (presumably inadvertently) overruled the result of a mediation. I would like to restore the sentence to the version that resulted from the mediation, but I dearly wish to avoid another protracted negotiation. So I thought I'd seek your guidance. Shall I simply click "undo" next to that edit? How can I phrase a friendly explanation that I'm restoring the sentence to a version that resulted from a mediation? Would it be helpful for me to provide a link to an archive of the mediation? And if so, where can I find that archive?

Thank you!

Benccc (talk) 19:16, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Sunray, I went ahead and edited the article to restore the portion that had been deleted, and I left a brief explanation. If you know how to find/view the mediation for the Rick Warren article for which you were the mediator, please let me know. Thanks. Benccc (talk) 22:34, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

 * My apologies for the delay in responding. I think you've taken the right course of action. Let me know if anyone disputes your restoration of that text. The archive of the mediation is here. The discussion of Proposition 8 is in a sub-archive (#7). Sunray (talk) 11:05, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Thank you! Benccc (talk) 19:47, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Mediation Committee
I am making a Mediation Committee proposal for Wikipedia.pt, may you help me based on the practice of wikipedia.en, would it be possible? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Felipe da Fonseca (talk • contribs) 21:59, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * How could I assist you? Sunray (talk) 22:30, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 25
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Dispute resolution - your thoughts requested
Hi there. I've opened a discussion on Wikipedia's dispute resolution processes at Village_pump_(idea_lab). As you've previously been involved in dispute resolution on Wikipedia, I'd appreciate your thoughts there, if you have time. As I am sending this to quite a few people, the text is somewhat impersonal :) Steven   Crossin  17:35, 20 July 2019 (UTC)

Dead link to Earlham College consensus source
Hi User:Sunray. I'm taking a look at the references for Consensus decision-making and notice that you added | a reference to Earlham College's consensus process, adapted from Quaker practice, some years ago. Sadly, that link is broken now, and I can't find the source on Wayback or anywhere else. Should I simply delete the reference? Best, Douginamug (talk) 23:15, 6 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Please disregard original post. After some further effort, I did manage to find a Wayback archive, and | added it. Nothing to do! Douginamug (talk) 00:01, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey thanks for that Douginamug. I had been meaning to do that. I was sorry that the College didn't continue that program. One of the profs had collaborated with me in writing parts of the article. Sunray (talk) 23:02, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Talk:War of 1812/Who Won?
Talk:War of 1812/Who Won?, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Talk:War of 1812/Who Won? and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Talk:War of 1812/Who Won? during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Firestar464 (talk) 07:38, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

March 2021
Hello, I'm Dr.Swag Lord, Ph.d. I noticed that you recently removed content from Rachel Maddow without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use your sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page.   Dr. Swag Lord (talk) 01:12, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your note. I'm unclear on the reasons behind your revert. Here's why I removed that term in my first edit:

 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia with a worldwide readership. In the other English-speaking democracies, and Europe the term "liberal" has a different meaning than it does in many parts of the U.S. Where I live, "liberal" implies a centrist politics, which usually translates to a centre-right government that is invariably neoliberal. Maddow, herself, is likely well aware of this, having obtained her PhD from Oxford.

 * The first reference is an opinion piece. In the second reference she refers herself as "a liberal," but qualifies that as being "... in almost total agreement with the Eisenhower-era Republican party platform." That is a nuanced view, worth mentioning in the article. I don't see why the label should be included in the lead though, given that the word has very different connotations around the world and has become somewhat loaded with a segment of the U.S. population.

 * Maddow herself says that she works hard to ensure that her reporting is fact-based. That is apparently more important to her than her political views. Thus, I believe that the liberal tag is misleading. If you disagree could you share your views with me? Sunray (talk) 07:34, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

Unblock request
This block appears to be due to my use of Apple Private Relay. I am a longtime editor. Could you fix this please? Sunray (talk) 01:32, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

 * i'm not seeing anything in your block log since 2006. Is it showing you got hit by an autoblock? —C.Fred (talk) 01:34, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Here's what I get:
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 * This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
 * Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. See below if you do not believe you have done anything wrong.
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 * If you are an established editor, you may request IP block exemption.
 * We apologize for the inconvenience."

Could you help me with this? Sunray (talk) 01:04, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I have mentioned this situation at Wikipedia talk:IP block exemption and mentioned you by name. —C.Fred (talk) 15:54, 8 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sunray, if I understand correctly you got hit with an IP autoblock because you opted in to using a VPN that is blocked. You should certainly be able to not use the VPN for editing here.  If you have a good reason why you need to use a VPN then yse you can open a ticket using the email at IP_block_exemption. —  xaosflux  Talk 16:10, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

"Founding Fathers" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Question about naming of Catholic Church
Hi Sunray. I just discovered the mediation mentioned in the archives: Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 30. An "explanatory note" is mentioned (Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 30), but I can't find it in the article or its talk page. -- Valjean (talk) ( PING me ) 22:47, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That was a long time ago. It would take me a while to read my way back into that space. There might be a faster way. For instance, if you asked me a question about what your particular interest is. In other words referring to what the explanatory note is about. Would you be able to do that? Sunray (talk) 23:00, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * My main concern was with whatever happened to it. Was it ever posted, and where? I think it deserves a spot like a permanent FAQ does at the top of the talk page.
 * The reason I even stumbled on this was my discovery that Roman Catholic Church redirects to Catholic Church, which I consider a travesty. The latter should be the mother article covering the 24 subdivisions of the Catholic Church (Sui iuris), each worthy of its own article. Catholic Church should be the main, mother, article, with Roman Catholic church, Russian Orthodox Church, Greek Orthodox Church, etc. briefly mentioned in that mother article.
 * Currently, after the mediation decision, Wikipedia has taken sides with the Pope and the Roman/Latin Catholic church in the centuries-old battle between the different branches of the Catholic Church. We shouldn't take the side of the Pope in Rome, who wants a patent on the term "Catholic Church", yet that is what's happened. -- Valjean (talk) ( PING me ) 23:27, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I'm pressed for time right now (for the next week). I would like to fix it though. I'm surprised that the article is named "Catholic Church." Was that the conclusion of the mediation?
 * What you are saying here makes sense to me, but I will have to read over the mediation next week. Sunray (talk) 18:43, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Rural ecovillage.jpg
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title: User talk:Sunray


text:
Pud Galvin

James Francis "Pud" Galvin (December 25, 1856 – March 7, 1902) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher in the 19th century. He was MLB's first 300-game winner and was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965.

Baseball career
Galvin grew up in Kerry Patch, an Irish neighborhood in St. Louis. He debuted for St. Louis of the National Association in 1875, the franchise's inaugural season, and started eight games for the team. He spent the next $6 1/2$ seasons with Buffalo in the International Association and later of the National League. In his first full MLB season in 1879, Galvin had a win–loss record of 37–27 and a 2.28 earned run average (retroactively calculated; ERA was not an established statistic before the 20th century) in 593 innings pitched. On August 20, 1880, he became the first major league pitcher to throw a no-hitter on the road, leading his Buffalo Bisons to a 1–0 victory over the Worcester Worcesters. He pitched over 400 innings in 1880, 1881, and 1882. In 1883, Galvin went 46–29 with a 2.72 ERA, setting career highs in wins, games started (75), complete games (72), and innings pitched (656.1); he led the NL in the latter three categories. The following season, in 1884, he went 46–22 with a 1.99 ERA in 72 games started, 71 complete games, and 636.1 innings pitched.

Galvin was traded to the Pittsburgh Alleghenys midseason in 1885. He played for the Allegheny club from 1885 to 1889, pitching over 300 innings each year. He jumped to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the short-lived Players League before the 1890 season and then returned to the Alleghenys (now named the "Pirates") after the season. On June 14, 1892, Galvin was traded to the St. Louis Browns. He retired after the 1892 season, though he made a brief return to Buffalo (by this time a minor league franchise) in 1894.

Galvin played in an era where two-man pitching rotations were common – hence his 6,003 innings pitched and 646 complete games, both of which are second only to the career totals of Cy Young. Upon his retirement, Galvin held all-time records in several pitching categories, including wins, innings pitched, games started, games completed and shutouts. He became MLB's first 300-game winner in 1888. Galvin holds the record for most games started in a single season by a pitcher before 1893, 75 (tied with Will White). Galvin is the only player in baseball history to win 20 or more games in 10 different years without winning a pennant, finishing his career with a total of 365 wins and 310 losses.

The nickname "Pud" originated because Galvin was said to make hitters "look like pudding." Galvin was also nicknamed "The Little Steam Engine", a tribute to his power in spite of his small size. He was sometimes known as "Gentle Jeems" because of his kind disposition.

Legacy
Galvin died poor at age 45 on March 7, 1902, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and, as a Roman Catholic, is buried in Calvary Catholic Cemetery. He was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1965 by the Veterans Committee. In honor of his achievements in Buffalo, Galvin was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985.

A 2006 NPR article referred to Galvin as "the first baseball player to be widely known for using a performance-enhancing substance." The Washington Post reported that Galvin used the Brown-Séquard elixir, which contained monkey testosterone, before a single game in 1889. However, no one seemed bothered by the use of the elixir, and the newspaper practically endorsed it after the game, saying that Galvin's performance was "the best proof yet furnished of the value of the discovery."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pud Galvin


text:
William Roscoe

William Roscoe (8 March 1753 – 30 June 1831) was an English banker, lawyer, and briefly a Member of Parliament. He is best known as one of England's first abolitionists, and as the author of the poem for children The Butterfly's Ball, and the Grasshopper's Feast. In his day he was also respected as a historian and art collector, as well as a botanist and miscellaneous writer.

Early life
He was born in Liverpool, where his father, a market gardener, kept a public house called the Bowling Green at Mount Pleasant. Roscoe left school at the age of twelve, having learned all that his schoolmaster could teach. He assisted his father in the work of the garden, but spent his leisure time on reading and study. Later, he wrote:
 * This mode of life gave health and vigour to my body, and amusement and instruction to my mind; and to this day I well remember the delicious sleep which succeeded my labours, from which I was again called at an early hour. If I were now asked whom I consider to be the happiest of the human race, I should answer, those who cultivate the earth by their own hands.

At fifteen he began to look for a suitable career. A month's trial of bookselling was unsuccessful, and in 1769 he was articled to a solicitor. Although a diligent student of law, he continued to read the classics, and made the acquaintance with the language and literature of Italy which was to dominate his life.

Career
In 1774, he went into business as a lawyer, and in 1781 married Jane, second daughter of William Griffies, a Liverpool tradesman; they had seven sons and three daughters. Roscoe had the courage to denounce the trans-Atlantic slave trade in his native town, where, at that time, a significant amount of the wealth came from slavery. Roscoe was a prominent Unitarian. His outspokenness against the slave trade meant that abolitionism and Unitarianism were linked together in the public mind. He was a member of Renshaw Street Unitarian Chapel.

In 1796 Roscoe gave up legal practice, and toyed with the idea of going to the bar. Between 1793 and 1800 he paid much attention to agriculture, and helped to reclaim Chat Moss, near Eccles, Lancashire. He also succeeded in restoring to good order the affairs of a banking house in which his friend William Clark, then resident in Italy, was a partner. This led to his introduction to the business, which eventually proved disastrous.

Roscoe was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool in 1806, but the House of Commons was not for him, and at the dissolution in the following year he stood down. During his brief stay however, he was able to cast his vote in favour of the successful abolition of the slave trade.

In the early 1800s, he led a group of Liverpool botanists who created the Liverpool Botanic Garden as a private garden, initially located near Mount Pleasant, which was then on the outskirts of the city. In the 1830s the garden was moved to Wavertree Botanic Gardens; remnants of the collection can still be found in the walled garden at Croxteth Hall.

The commercial troubles of 1816 brought into difficulties the banking house with which he was connected, and forced the sale of his collections of books and pictures. Dr S.H. Spiker, the king of Prussia's librarian, visited Roscoe at this difficult time. Roscoe said he still desired to write a biography of Erasmus but lacked both leisure and youth. The project was never carried out. Around this time Roscoe was asked to investigate the claims of the blind girl Margaret M'Avoy, who was said to be able to read using her fingers, at the request of Sir Joseph Banks. Roscoe concluded that her amazing abilities were due to the fact that she was not blind.

After five years struggling to discharge the liabilities of the bank, the action of some creditors forced the partners into bankruptcy in 1820. For a time Roscoe was in danger of arrest, but ultimately he received an honourable discharge. On the dispersal of his library, the volumes most useful to him were secured by friends and placed in the Liverpool Athenaeum of which he had been a founding member in 1797. The sum of £2,500 was also invested for his benefit.

Roscoe was also closely associated with the formation of the Liverpool Royal Institution in Colquitt Street, first as chairman of the General Committee and subsequently as its first President.

Retirement
Having now resigned commercial pursuits entirely, he found a pleasant task in the arrangement of the great library at Holkham Hall, the property of his friend Thomas Coke. In the 1820s he started to publish his important work on the reorganisation of the Zingiberales order of flowering plants. This was called Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitamineae: Chiefly Drawn from Living Specimens in the Botanical Gardens at Liverpool. It was originally issued in 15 parts and then 150 copies of the complete set were published. The Scitamineaen order (nowadays Zingiberales), almost exclusively tropical in origin, includes the canna lilies, arrowroot, ginger, and turmeric. Roscoe provides 1 or 2 pages of text for each of 112 specimens, giving the plant's binomial, a technical description followed by a fuller more general description, and ending with "observations" (notes on where the plant is from, who has described it previously, and often when the drawing of the plant was made) and "references" (brief explanations of the small numbered dissections found on each plate).

Legacy
Roscoe showed considerable moral courage as well as devotion to study. He had many friends. Posterity is not likely to endorse the verdict of Horace Walpole, who thought Roscoe the best of our historians, but his books on Lorenzo de' Medici and Pope Leo X remained important contributions to historical literature.

Many of his collection of paintings, dispersed in auctions during his financial troubles, remained in Liverpool and later reached the Walker Art Gallery, which in 2015 had extra labels marking them out as once part of Roscoe's collection. Roscoe was a relatively early collector of the "Italian Primitives".

He died on 30 June 1831 and was buried in the Unitarian Grave Yard at Mount Pleasant, a memorial plaque indicates the approximate spot of his grave.

Works
His poem, Mount Pleasant, was written when he was sixteen, and together with other verses, now forgotten, won the esteem of critics.

He wrote a long poem published in two parts called The Wrongs of Africa (1787–1788), and entered into a controversy with an ex-Roman Catholic priest called Fr Raymond Harris, who tried to justify the slave trade through the Bible (and was generously paid for his efforts by Liverpool businessmen involved with the slave trade). Roscoe also wrote a pamphlet in 1788 entitled "A General View of the African Slave Trade". Roscoe was also a political pamphleteer, and like many other Liberals of the day hailed the promise of liberty in the French Revolution.

Meanwhile, he had pursued his Italian studies, and had carried out research, which resulted in his Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, which appeared in 1796, and gained him a reputation among contemporary historians. It was often reprinted, and translations in French, German and other languages show that its popularity was not confined to Britain. Angelo Fabroni, who had intended to translate his own Latin life of Lorenzo, abandoned the idea and persuaded Gaetano Mecherini to undertake an Italian version of Roscoe's work. Roscoe's translation of Luigi Tansillo's Nurse appeared in 1798, and went through several editions. It is dedicated in a sonnet to his wife, who had practised the precepts of the Italian poet.

The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth appeared in 1805, and was a natural sequel to his previous work of history. The new work, whilst it maintained its author's fame, did not meet with so favourable a reception as the Life of Lorenzo. It was frequently reprinted, and the insertion of the Italian translation in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum did not prevent its circulation even in the Papal States.

He wrote the Sonnet on Parting with his Books on the 1816 sale of his library. In 1822 he issued an appendix of illustrations to his Lorenzo and also a Memoir of Richard Robert Jones of Aberdaron, a remarkable self-taught linguist. The year 1824 was memorable for the death of his wife and the publication of his edition of the works of Alexander Pope, which involved him in a controversy with William Lisle Bowles. His versatility was shown by the appearance of a folio monograph on the Monandrian Plants, which was published in 1828. The last part came out after his recovery from a stroke.

In addition to these, Roscoe wrote tracts on penal jurisprudence and contributed to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature and of the Linnean Society. The first collected edition of his Poetical Works was published in 1857, and is sadly incomplete, omitting, with other verses known to be from his pen, the Butterfly's Ball, a fantasy, which has charmed thousands of children since it appeared in 1807. Other verses are in Poems for Youth, by a Family Circle (1820).

Family
Roscoe and his wife had seven sons and three daughters, including William Stanley Roscoe (1782–1843), a poet, Thomas Roscoe (1791–1871), translator from Italian, and Henry (1800–1836), a legal writer who wrote his father's biography. Henry's wife, Maria Roscoe, née Fletcher (1798–1885), wrote a biography of Vittoria Colonna, and their son Henry Enfield Roscoe (1833–1915) was a chemist and vice-chancellor of the University of London. Daughter Mary Anne was known as a poet by her married name Mary Anne Jevons, and was the mother of William Stanley Jevons. Roscoe's daughter-in-law, Margaret Roscoe was one of the illustrators for his publication Monandrian Plants of the Order Scitamineae: Chiefly Drawn from Living Specimens in the Botanical Gardens at Liverpool.

Artistic recognition
A bust of Roscoe dated 1816 by John Gibson is held in the Royal Institution in Liverpool.

title: William Roscoe


text:
Fugitive pigment

Fugitive pigments are impermanent pigments that lighten, darken, or otherwise change in appearance or physicality over time when exposed to environmental conditions, such as light, temperature, humidity, or pollution. Fugitive pigments are present in types of paint, markers, inks etc., which are used for temporary applications. Fugitive inks which washed away when soaked in water were sometimes used deliberately to prevent postage stamps being removed from envelopes by soaking, and reused (e.g., the Queen Victoria Lilac and Green Issue).

While permanent pigments are usually used for paintings, painters have made work wholly or partially with fugitive pigments for a number of reasons: availability and cost of pigments; being more concerned with the appearance of colors available only with fugitive pigments than with permanence; lack of knowledge regarding the deterioration of pigments; or the desire to have a painting change in appearance over time.

title: Fugitive pigment


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Aircraft engine controls

Aircraft engine controls provide a means for the pilot to control and monitor the operation of the aircraft's powerplant. This article describes controls used with a basic internal-combustion engine driving a propeller. Some optional or more advanced configurations are described at the end of the article. Jet turbine engines use different operating principles and have their own sets of controls and sensors.

Basic controls and indicators

 * Throttle control - Sets the desired power level normally by a lever in the cockpit. In carburetted engines the lever is called throttle lever and controls the mass flow rate of the air-fuel mixture delivered to the cylinders by the amount of throttle valve opening. In engines with fuel injection system, the lever is typically referred to as power lever and controls the amount of fuel that is injected into the cylinders.
 * Propeller control or Governor - Adjusts the propeller blade pitch and regulates the engine load as necessary to maintain the set revolutions per minute (RPM). See the section on propeller below for details.
 * Mixture control - Sets the amount of fuel added to the intake airflow. At higher altitudes, the air pressure (and therefore the oxygen level) declines so the fuel volume must also be reduced to give the correct air–fuel mixture.  This process is known as "leaning".
 * Master switch - Most often actually two separate switches, the battery master and the alternator master. The battery master activates a relay (sometimes called the battery contactor) which connects the battery to the aircraft's main electrical bus. The alternator master activates the alternator by applying power to the alternator field circuit. These two switches provide electrical power to all the systems in the aircraft.
 * Ignition switch - Activates the magnetos by opening the grounding or 'p-lead' circuit; with the p-lead ungrounded the magneto is free to send its high-voltage output to the spark plugs. In most aircraft the ignition switch also applies power to the starter motor during engine start. In piston aircraft engines, the battery does not generate the spark for combustion. This is accomplished using devices called magnetos. Magnetos are connected to the engine by gearing. When the crankshaft turns, it turns the magnetos which mechanically generate voltage for spark. In the event of an electrical failure, the engine will continue to run.  The Ignition Switch has the following positions:
 * Off - Both magneto p-leads are connected to electrical ground. This disables both magnetos, no spark is produced.
 * Right - The left magneto p-lead is grounded, and the right is open. This disables the left magneto and enables the right magneto only.
 * Left - The right magneto p-lead is grounded, and the left is open. This disables the right magneto and enables the left magneto only.
 * Both - This is the normal operating configuration, both p-leads are open, enabling both magnetos.
 * Start - The pinion gear on the starter motor is engaged with the flywheel and the starter motor runs to turn the engine over. In most cases, only the left magneto is active (the right p-lead is grounded) due to timing differences between the magnetos at low RPMs.
 * Tachometer - A gauge to indicate engine speed in RPM or percentage of maximum.
 * Manifold pressure (MP) gauge - Indicates the absolute pressure in the intake manifold. For an aircraft equipped with a constant speed propeller, this is the most direct indication of the engine's operating power. A fully open throttle would show a manifold pressure roughly equal to the ambient air pressure, i.e. full power; note that the maximum therefore changes with altitude unless the engine is equipped with a turbocharger or similar intake air pressure increasing system. As the throttle is closed, this pressure is reduced due to restricting the fuel/air mixture available to the engine, i.e. causing it to operate at lower power than it is capable of producing.
 * Oil temperature gauge - Indicates the engine oil temperature.
 * Oil pressure gauge - Indicates the supply pressure of the engine lubricant.
 * Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) gauge - Indicates the temperature of the exhaust gas just after combustion. If only one reading is provided, it measures the typically hottest cylinder's exhaust. Used to set the air-fuel mixture (leaning) correctly.
 * Cylinder head temperature (CHT) gauge - Indicates the temperature of at least one of the cylinder heads. The CHT is most directly affected by the volume and temperature of airflow passing over the air-cooled cylinder heads. Most high-performance engines provide adjustable cowl flaps to manage this airflow and thereby maintain an appropriate CHT.
 * Carburetor heat control - Controls the application of heat to the carburetor venturi area to remove or prevent the formation of ice in the throat of the carburetor as well as bypassing the air filter in case of impact icing.
 * Alternate air - Bypasses the air filter on a fuel-injected engine.

Fuel

 * Fuel primer pump - A manual pump to add a small amount of fuel at the cylinder intakes to assist in starting a cold engine. Fuel-injected engines do not have this control. For fuel-injected engines, a fuel boost pump is used to prime the engine prior to start.
 * Fuel quantity gauge - Indicates the amount of fuel remaining in the identified tank. One per fuel tank. Some aircraft use a single gauge for all tanks, with a selector switch that can be turned to select the tank one wishes to have displayed on the shared gauge, including a setting to show the total fuel in all tanks. An example of switch settings could be "Left, Right, Fuselage, Total". This saves room on the instrument panel by negating the need for four different dedicated fuel gauges.
 * Fuel select valve - Connects the fuel flow from the selected tank to the engine.

If the aircraft is equipped with a fuel pump:
 * Fuel pressure gauge - Indicates the supply pressure of fuel to the carburetor (or in the case of a fuel-injected engine, to the fuel controller.)
 * Fuel boost pump switch - Controls the operation of the auxiliary electric fuel pump to provide fuel to the engine before it starts or in case of failure of the engine-powered fuel pump. Some large aeroplanes have a fuel system that allows the flight crew to jettison or dump the fuel. When operated, the boost pumps in the fuel tanks pump the fuel to the dump chutes or jettison nozzles and overboard to the atmosphere.

Propeller
In an aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller, there is no direct control over the propeller rotational speed, which depends on the airspeed and loading. Therefore, the pilot has to pay attention to the RPM indicator and adjust the throttle/power lever in order to maintain the desired constant speed of the propeller. For example, when the airspeed reduces and the loading increases (e.g., in a climb), RPM will decrease and the pilot has to increase the throttle/power. When the airspeed increases and the loading decreases (e.g., in a dive), the RPM will increase and the pilot has to decrease the throttle/power in order to prevent RPM from exceeding the operational limits and damaging the motor.

If the aircraft is equipped with adjustable-pitch or constant-speed propeller(s):
 * Blade pitch control - Maximizes the efficiency of the propeller in different operational conditions (i.e., airspeed) by controlling the desired propeller rotational speed. In adjustable-pitch propeller control system, the pilot has to adjust the propeller pitch angle and thus angle of attack of the propeller blades (typically with a lever) to achieve the desired propeller rotational speed. The increased pitch (blade angle of attack) increases the load on the engine and therefore slows it down, and vice versa. However, the actual propeller speed remains stable only if operational conditions (e.g., airspeed) do not change, otherwise the pilot has to constantly adjust the pitch to maintain the desired propeller speed. Constant-speed propeller control system simplifies this for the pilot by introducing a propeller governor, where the lever controls the desired propeller speed instead of the pitch angle. Once the pilot has set the desired propeller speed, the propeller governor maintains that propeller speed by adjusting the pitch of the propeller blades, using the engine's oil pressure to move a hydraulic piston in the propeller hub. Many modern aircraft use single-lever power control (SLPC) system, where on-board computer (FADEC) automatically manages the propeller speed based on the desired power setting and operational conditions. The output power from the propeller is equal to a product of propeller efficiency and input power from the engine.
 * Manifold pressure gauge - When the engine is running normally, there is a good correlation between the intake manifold pressure and the torque the engine is developing. The input power into the propeller is equal to a product of propeller rotational speed and torque.

Cowl
If the aircraft is equipped with adjustable Cowl Flaps:
 * Cowl flap position control - Cowl Flaps are opened during high power/low airspeed operations like takeoff to maximize the volume of cooling airflow over the engine's cooling fins.
 * Cylinder head temperature gauge - Indicates the temperature of all cylinder heads or on a single CHT system, the hottest head. A Cylinder Head Temperature Gauge has a much shorter response time than the oil temperature gauge, so it can alert the pilot to a developing cooling issue more quickly.  Engine overheating may be caused by:
 * Running too long at a high power setting.
 * Poor leaning technique.
 * Restricting the volume of cooling airflow too much.
 * Insufficient delivery of lubricating oil to the engine's moving parts.

title: Aircraft engine controls


text:
Talk:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

Pickering Unit 2A Incident in December 1994 - Received limited press but should be included in radiation accidents and incidents
On December 10, 1994 there was a loss of coolant accident. It is said to be the most serious accident in Canadian history (June 2001) by The Standing Senate Committee on Energy, the Environment and Natural Resources. The Emergency Core Cooling System was used to prevent a meltdown. (1) (2)

(1) "Pickering A Shutdown and Rehabilitation: A Brief History" page 4 (or page 11 of 51) THE STANDING SENATE COMMITTEE ON ENERGY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA'S NUCLEAR REACTORS: HOW MUCH SAFETY IS ENOUGH? INTERIM REPORT June 2001

(2) "Nuclear Jitters - A Radioactive Spill Shuts Down A Reactor" McLean's Magazine December 26, 1994

Evs
Nuclear and radiation accident 42.111.96.14 (talk) 15:59, 13 January 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Compromise of 1850

"Postponing" the civil war
I have learned alot from thist article. But I wish the word 'postponed' would be changed. It makes the civil war seem inevitable, and implies that the alternative 'undivided house' was not a real possibility.

So could you change that, please?

Thanks! Sbioggio (talk) 06:15, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

 * @Sbioggio Do you have a suggested alternative wording? I would argue that postpone, or delay, or a synonym remains appropriate. While at the time the war might not have seemed inevitable, we have the value of hindsight that shows that the war happened nonetheless. CaptainEek  Edits Ho Cap'n!⚓ 06:51, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compromise of 1850


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Kate Carew

Mary Williams (June 27, 1869 – February 11, 1961), who wrote pseudonymously as Kate Carew, was an American caricaturist self-styled as "The Only Woman Caricaturist". She worked at the New York World, providing illustrated celebrity interviews.

Education
Convent of Notre Dame, San Jose, Cal.; Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, University of California.; awarded gold medal for painting, 1891; Studied at the Atelier Colarossi, Paris, and the N.Y. School of Art.

Biography
Mary Williams (pseudonym "Kate Carew") was born in Oakland, California, and began her art training at San Francisco’s School of Design under the esteemed Arthur Mathews and received the school’s “Special Medal for Excellence in Painting” at the local Art Association’s 1891 Winter Annual. Her brother was Gluyas Williams.

From 1891 to 1895 her art received awards at the California State Fair. She exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. After the death of her first husband, Seymour Chapin Davison, in 1897 she became, under the sponsorship of Ambrose Bierce, a staff illustrator of portrait sketches at The San Francisco Examiner. In 1899 Mary Williams Davison moved to New York City and established a studio-residence on West Twenty-Fourth Street. She was hired by Joseph Pulitzer to publish her caricature drawings and interviews of celebrities under the pseudonym “Kate Carew” for his Sunday World and Evening World, divisions of the New York World. In 1901 she married the Australian journalist and playwright Henry Kellett Chambers. In September 1910 she gave birth to a son, Colin Chambers, and the following year divorced her husband for his infidelities with the Mexican writer Maria Cristina Mena.

In 1911 she was sent to Europe by the Sunday World to publish the series Kate Carew Abroad. She traveled to London and Paris, where she interviewed Pablo Picasso and Rostand, John Galsworthy, George Moore, Émile Zola, Bret Harte (who happened to be in England), Lady Sackville-West, and many others. She wrote about 500 pieces for New York City newspapers and later for the Tatler (London), The Patrician, and Eve. She was among those who visited `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the Baháʼí Faith, during his visit to the States and travelled with him for a number of days. On April 16, 1912, with Mary Williams still travelling with him, `Abdu'l-Bahá visited the Bowery. Mary Williams noted that she was impressed with `Abdu'l-Bahá's generosity of spirit in bringing people of social standing to the Bowery as well as that he then gave money to the poor rather than accepting it.

She became severely ill in December 1913 and returned to the States after surgery. While conducting interviews in Hollywood for the London Strand she met and married the British-born John A. Reed in December 1916. The following spring they moved to Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. She became an exhibiting member of the Carmel Arts & Crafts Club and staged a solo exhibit at Monterey’s Hotel Del Monte with over two dozen caricatures, including Woodrow Wilson, Mark Twain, and Ethel Barrymore, to rave reviews. Beginning in the early 1920s, when a severe wrist injury temporarily limited her career, the Reeds resided primarily at Guernsey in the Channel Islands or in France. She exhibited at the Salon des Artistes of Paris in 1924 and 1928; on the latter date she displayed Farm at Hyeres. In June 1938 they returned to the Monterey Peninsula. John Reed died in June 1941 at a sanatorium in St. Helena. Mary Williams returned to Monterey in the spring of 1943, purchased the former home of the painter Lucy Valentine Pierce, and devoted herself to seascapes and landscapes. She died at the age of 91 in a Pacific Grove rest home and is buried in Oakland.

title: Kate Carew


text:
User talk:JSBach

I didn't know you were allive and that you spoke english. Nevertheless, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 21:01, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:JSBach


text:
Mary Williams

Mary Williams may refer to:

 * Mary Ann Williams (1821–1874), American proponent for Memorial Day
 * Mary-Anne Williams, Australian thought leader on innovation, computer scientist, roboticist, and AI researcher
 * Mary Bushnell Williams (1826–1891), American author, poet, translator
 * Mary Mildred Williams (1847–1911), born into slavery in Virginia
 * Mary Rogers Williams (1857–1907), American artist
 * Mary Gilmore Williams (1863–1938), American professor of Greek
 * Mary Floyd Williams (1866–1959), American librarian and California historian
 * Mary Williams (caricaturist) (1869–1960), American caricaturist who used the pseudonym Kate Carew
 * Mary Wilhelmine Williams (1878–1944), historian
 * Mary Williams (professor) (1883–1977), Welsh academic of modern languages
 * Mary Lou Williams (1910–1981), American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger
 * Mary Lou Williams (album)
 * Mary A. Williams, a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat
 * Mary Burrus Williams (born 1941), co-author of historical novels under the pen name Bronwyn Williams
 * Mary Alice Williams (born 1949), former television anchor
 * Mary Williams (Wisconsin politician) (born 1949), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Mary Ellen Coster Williams (born 1953), United States Court of Federal Claims judge
 * Mary Vesta Williams (1957–2011), American singer-songwriter
 * Mary Williams, real name of Kate Carew (1869–1961), American caricaturist
 * Mary Williams (activist) (born 1967), American social activist and adopted daughter of Jane Fonda
 * Mary Elizabeth Williams, American writer and commentator
 * Mary Williams (The Young and the Restless), fictional television character
 * Mary Williams, former Chief Secretary of the Isle of Man
 * Mary Frances Williams, American politician
 * Mary Theodore Williams (1868–1931), American Black Catholic nun
 * Mary Williams, character in Another Man, Another Chance

title: Mary Williams


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Talk:Vampire pumpkins and watermelons

Bunnicula
I know that this article is a hotbed of controversy, but I felt that adding information about the Bunnicula series of childrens' books could only help to ground the discussion of this article's merits in reality just a little bit more.

 * Is it true that the vegetables themselves were vampiric in Bunnicula? All I remember is that the vampire rabbit fed on the vegetables.  Can you provide details; quotes maybe? —Triskaideka 16:47, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * If the vegetables aren't vampiric themselves, this reference doesn't quite belong. I'm going to the local library tomorrow; I'll try to find a Bunnicula book. - mako 00:03, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a story about a pet rabbit who (the story is told from the perspective of the family dog, I think) the dog thinks is a vampire. He suspects this because vegetables in the kitchen are turning up blanched white with all the juices sucked out of them. The dog (and cat?) enter into some sort of investigation, etc. I didn't have time to read it, as it's a pretty long junior-fiction type book. In fact I probably read it back in elementary school. Anyway, there's nothing about vampiric vegetables AFAIK, unless that's the major plot twist. Until proven otherwise, I'm removing the Bunnicula reference. - mako 22:29, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the sequels -- The Celery Stalks at Midnight -- centers around alleged vampire vegetables. Dan 06:24, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

So, can we get rid of the disputed facts tag?
Seems pretty clear that this isn't something just made up, although the author of the book could have been fooled by the locals, that is discussed in the article. The actual scans of the book documented here seem to show that the source is valid. Wikibofh 16:20, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'd move for that. I'd like to make sure that we're in proper accordance with copyright though, as that extract is significantly large enough to not be fair use (and is being hosted on my webspace). I still haven't asked the Gypsy Lore Society for clarification after all these months; my bad. - mako 01:30, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, me too. Removing. Bryan 05:05, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The article currently doesn't mention the idea that locals might have been fooling the writer.

 * It is significant that is only one source for the stories, and we don't want to describe it as if it's more well-verified than it is, so I have added the words "described by ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović" to the first sentence, to make this very plain.

 * Btw, another interpretation might be that the Roma people told/tell these stories in the same vein as stories about drop bears or hoop snakes - because they're funny. Agnostically, Singkong2005 talk 09:35, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm no expert, but the Roma seem(ed) to be pretty serious about their beliefs, and were known for being superstitious. The "fooling the writer" idea strikes me as too speculative to mention in the article. - mako 06:53, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree - it would constitute unverifiable original research and would therefore be inadmissible content. The fact that only Vukanović records it actually isn't that significant - the Roma of Kosovo were (and are) an extremely marginalised and oft-persecuted minority. Anthropological research among that particular group wouldn't be particularly fashionable now, let alone in the 1930s when Vukanović was working. He was very likely the only researcher asking such questions, so we shouldn't be surprised that he's the only source for the stories that he heard. -- ChrisO 07:38, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough - I certainly wouldn't want to put such a suggestion in the article if there's no source for it. But the fact that Vukanović is the only source is significant IMO, regardless of the reason for this. Not that we should make a fuss about it, but it should be described here as something recorded by Vukanović, so that the source is clear - I added ", described by ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović." which I think is probably adequate.

 * Mentioning the source in the first para also means less readers will have the initial reaction that I had, i.e. "This a hoax page, right?" --Singkong2005 talk 04:07, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

comment from an anon user:
'''This information is incorrect. The vampire watermelon was created by Terry Pratchett in his Discworld Series of books.

Please check your sources more carefully.'''

 * You might want to read the article a bit more carefully, as it gives a much older source. -- ChrisO 16:06, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If you check the archives of alt.fan.pratchett, you will find Pratchett himself noting that vampirism in non-obvious objects is a common folk belief - and that includes watermelons. See his posting there of Nov 2 1998. search alt.fan.pratchett

factual dispute
All the so-called sources of this information trace back to a single source, Vukanovic. Who is this Vukanovic that his account is accepted as valid without any corroberation? Until an independed source than confirms this outrageous claim can be found it should be regarded with extreme skepticism.
 * So provide some counter-evidence, then. -- ChrisO 17:12, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Like what? A list of sources that DON'T mention vampire watermelons. I'm sorry but the responsibility is on those who want the informtaion in the article to show that it is true or at least likely. So long as the entire claim rest on one corroberated source it is in doubt.
 * You still haven't provided any counter-evidence or even said what it is you don't like. It's purely your word (an anonymous person?) against a published author who was a respected authority on Roma folklore in the first half of the 20th century. On the whole, I'd be inclined to trust Vukanović... -- ChrisO 20:27, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, I'd suggest checking out Argument from ignorance, which explains rather well why your position doesn't stand up. -- ChrisO 21:56, 29 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You obviously don't understand my position if you think that article is relevent. Nothing in that article says that the lack of evidence for something makes it true. There is (so far) insuffiecnt evidence to conclude that there ever was such a legend as vampire watermelons. This does not make the legend false, but neither does it make it true. This article presents something which may or may not be true as if it is known to be true.
 * Counter-evidence in this case could be a source that denounces Vukanovic or in some way casts doubt on his credentials. Bryan 03:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You don't find it odd that the only people who have ever heard of this legend beside Vukanovic are people who got their information from him? If I find a dusty old book that says that Antarctica is made out of cream cheese should I assume it to be true unless I can find another book that says "Antarctica is not made out of cream chease"? In spite of all the effort that has already been put into verifying the truth of vampire watermelons in folk lore only one source for the information has ever been found. If there really is such a folklore surely someone can find an alternative source. When you find it let me know.
 * Your own personal incredulity is completely irrelevant - it doesn't even begin to constitute counter-evidence. I suggest that you bring some actual evidence to the table rather than slapping a tag on any article you have trouble believing. -- ChrisO 19:01, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It should also be noted that the Romani/Gypsy community has historically been the victim of prejudice, and as such, there is not a large body of research to draw upon. - mako 16:04, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * This is certainly true of the Romani community in Serbia, where they were (and are) not very well regarded. It's entirely possible that Vukanovic was the only researcher investigating Kosovo Romanies at the time. -- ChrisO 18:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

You cannot justify dubious information simply by saying that it's hard to verify.
 * Your own personal incredulity is completely irrelevant
 * The problem is that it should take more than one report to make somthing an accepted fact. Someone needs to either find coroborating evidence or the article needs to be rewritten to make it clear that we don't really know for certain that any such legend ever existed, but citing as evidence in favor of it one scholarly report while also pointeing out that no other independent source for the information has yet been found.
 * See my comment above. -- ChrisO 18:56, 31 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The standards for determing that something is true do not change just because the evidence is scarce. If the validity of this legend is unkownable because of the scaracity of research then the article should reflect that.

 * Have you actually provided any evidence to suggest that Vukanovic may not be a good source? If you're still just using "this strikes me as dubious" as the basis for this dispute, then I'm afraid I have to agree with ChrisO - that's not sufficient basis to actually have a dispute over. For example, I can counter with the argument "this strikes me as perfectly plausible" and that's pretty much that. The evidence is all already presented in the article, including the fact that Vukanovic is pretty much the only source, so I just don't see the problem here. Bryan 15:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Is agreeing with me such a bad thing? ;-) But you're right, of course...  -- ChrisO 17:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

The title of the whole paper is "The Vampire", and it does indeed talk about all aspects of vampirism, not just vegetables and melons and tools. I do not think that our anonymous friend would argue that the vampire legend does not exist, even though this is the only "serious" paper I can find about vampirism.

I spent some more time yesterday skimming the JGLS. Vukanović is listed as a "Corresponding Member" of the Gypsy Lore Society and an address is given in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Grabbing a random bound volume off the shelf, he had written the following: You can see that these are anthropology-type articles, and "The Vampire" is also written from that perspective. Therefore there is little reason to believe Vukanović was not being honest in his accounts. The GLS memberlist also includes most of the world's big-name universities, so surely somebody would have complained if something sketchy was published.
 * "The Gypsy Population in Yugoslavia" (1963), JGLS 42:10
 * "Ritual Communion Among Gypsies in Serbia" (1964), JGLS 43:22
 * "Gypsy Pilgrimages to the Monastery of Gračanica in Serbia" (1966), JGLS 45:17

In any case, some factual errors have crept into the article that need to be corrected. I may try to NPOV the skepticism further; perhaps that will appease our anonymous friend. I will also archive past talk, as this page is getting large. - mako 16:16, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Mako. I think the article is much improved by your changes. I've started a stub article on Vukanović at Tatomir Vukanović, so I'll add your list of articles to the bibliography there. -- ChrisO 17:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

The wording needs changing! it should say that it is a superstition not a traditioon, because there is no proof that a watermellon becomes a vampire!

Blood...
So what is the 'blood' on the Vampire watermelons (such as the one pictured)? Is it melon juice, bruises on the melons skin or something? I'm not a melon expert so I don't know if the appearance of red liquid is normal!

PJB -) 15:00, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Why don't you get a melon, keep it for 10 days, and find out? Assuming it doesn't bite you ;) - mako 07:04, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't want to risk it (even if they don't have teeth!). I'm assuming it's probably just bruises on the flesh or leakage or something, especially if it appears after 10+ days in the open. Plus it probably doesn't matter...except to its victims (Insert over-the-top evil laugh)

 * PJB 18:30, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Prejudice and bias
The previous version of this article marginalized vampire pumpkins and displayed blatant and flagrant favouritism toward the vampire watermelon minority even though pumpkins represent the clear majority of plant-based vampires and were given prominence in the primary sources. I have now corrected this oppressive injustice. I understand some of you come from sheltered backgrounds but please open your minds and do not allow traditional prejudices prevent your acceptance of vampire pumpkins as equal to vampire watermelons. Bwithh 02:41, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Word, man! Power to the pumpkins! 69.135.180.37 02:45, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

WOW
So then this article really isn't vandalism???? Missmissy 01:20, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Proving that truth can be (and often is) even less believable than fiction. -- Derek Ross | Talk 19:18, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, for certain values of "truth" anyway... See Crushing by elephant for another example of an unbelievable-but-true article; I'm currently working on an article on Fox tossing which probably falls into the same category. -- ChrisO 19:30, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh come now, executing criminals via animals is at least plausible, whereas this article seems completely implausible. Though Fox Tossing sounds like it is in the same straits as this article. Titanium Dragon 07:54, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See for yourself - it's at Fox tossing now. You be the judge. :-) -- ChrisO 20:15, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Vampire pumpkins and watermelons


text:
Cyclopropane

Cyclopropane is the cycloalkane with the molecular formula (CH2)3, consisting of three methylene groups (CH2) linked to each other to form a triangular ring. The small size of the ring creates substantial ring strain in the structure. Cyclopropane itself is mainly of theoretical interest but many of its derivatives - cyclopropanes - are of commercial or biological significance.

Cyclopropane was used as a clinical inhalational anesthetic from the 1930s through the 1980s. The substance's high flammability poses a risk of fire and explosions in operating rooms due to its tendency to accumulate in confined spaces, as its density is higher than that of air.

History
Cyclopropane was discovered in 1881 by August Freund, who also proposed the correct structure for the substance in his first paper. Freund treated 1,3-dibromopropane with sodium, causing an intramolecular Wurtz reaction leading directly to cyclopropane. The yield of the reaction was improved by Gustavson in 1887 with the use of zinc instead of sodium. Cyclopropane had no commercial application until Henderson and Lucas discovered its anaesthetic properties in 1929; industrial production had begun by 1936. In modern anaesthetic practice, it has been superseded by other agents.

Anaesthesia
Cyclopropane was introduced into clinical use by the American anaesthetist Ralph Waters who used a closed system with carbon dioxide absorption to conserve this then-costly agent. Cyclopropane is a relatively potent, non-irritating and sweet smelling agent with a minimum alveolar concentration of 17.5% and a blood/gas partition coefficient of 0.55. This meant induction of anaesthesia by inhalation of cyclopropane and oxygen was rapid and not unpleasant. However at the conclusion of prolonged anaesthesia patients could suffer a sudden decrease in blood pressure, potentially leading to cardiac dysrhythmia: a reaction known as "cyclopropane shock". For this reason, as well as its high cost and its explosive nature, it was latterly used only for the induction of anaesthesia, and has not been available for clinical use since the mid-1980s. Cylinders and flow meters were colored orange.

Pharmacology
Cyclopropane is inactive at the GABAA and glycine receptors, and instead acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It also inhibits the AMPA receptor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and activates certain K2P channels.

Structure and bonding
The triangular structure of cyclopropane requires the bond angles between carbon-carbon covalent bonds to be 60°. The molecule has D3h molecular symmetry. The C-C distances are 151 pm versus 153-155 pm.

Despite their shortness, the C-C bonds in cyclopropane are weakened by 34 kcal/mol vs ordinary C-C bonds. In addition to ring strain, the molecule also has torsional strain due to the eclipsed conformation of its hydrogen atoms. The C-H bonds in cyclopropane are stronger than ordinary C-H bonds as reflected by NMR coupling constants.

Bonding between the carbon centres is generally described in terms of bent bonds. In this model the carbon-carbon bonds are bent outwards so that the inter-orbital angle is 104°.

The unusual structural properties of cyclopropane have spawned many theoretical discussions. One theory invokes σ-aromaticity: the stabilization afforded by delocalization of the six electrons of cyclopropane's three C-C σ bonds to explain why the strain of cyclopropane is "only" 27.6 kcal/mol as compared to cyclobutane (26.2 kcal/mol) with cyclohexane as reference with Estr=0 kcal/mol,  in contrast to the usual π aromaticity, that, for example, has a highly stabilizing effect in benzene. Other studies do not support the role of σ-aromaticity in cyclopropane and the existence of an induced ring current; such studies provide an alternative explanation for the energetic stabilization and abnormal magnetic behaviour of cyclopropane.

Synthesis
Cyclopropane was first produced via a Wurtz coupling, in which 1,3-dibromopropane was cyclised using sodium. The yield of this reaction can be improved by the use of zinc as the dehalogenating agent and sodium iodide as a catalyst.
 * BrCH2CH2CH2Br +  2 Na  →  (CH2)3  +  2 NaBr

The preparation of cyclopropane rings is referred to as cyclopropanation.

Reactions
Owing to the increased π-character of its C-C bonds, cyclopropane is often assumed to add bromine to give 1,3-dibromopropane, but this reaction proceeds poorly. Hydrohalogenation with hydrohalic acids gives linear 1-halogenopropanes. Substituted cyclopropanes also react, following Markovnikov's rule.
 * [[Image:AdditionOfHBrtoCyclopropane.svg|Electrophilic addition of HBr to cyclopropane]]

Cyclopropane and its derivatives can oxidatively add to transition metals, in a process referred to as C–C activation.

Safety
Cyclopropane is highly flammable. However, despite its strain energy it does not exhibit explosive behavior substantially different from other alkanes.

title: Cyclopropane


text:
Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is non-polar. Cyclohexane is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon.

Cyclohexyl (C6H11) is the alkyl substituent of cyclohexane and is abbreviated Cy.

Modern
On an industrial scale, cyclohexane is produced by hydrogenation of benzene in the presence of a Raney nickel catalyst. Producers of cyclohexane account for approximately 11.4% of global demand for benzene. The reaction is highly exothermic, with ΔH(500 K) = -216.37 kJ/mol. Dehydrogenation commenced noticeably above 300 °C, reflecting the favorable entropy for dehydrogenation.

 * Industrial synthesis of cyclohexane.svg

Early
Unlike benzene, cyclohexane is not found in natural resources such as coal. For this reason, early investigators synthesized their cyclohexane samples.

Failure

 * In 1867 Marcellin Berthelot reduced benzene with hydroiodic acid at elevated temperatures.
 * In 1870, Adolf von Baeyer repeated the reaction and pronounced the same reaction product "hexahydrobenzene".
 * In 1890 Vladimir Markovnikov believed he was able to distill the same compound from Caucasus petroleum, calling his concoction "hexanaphtene".

Surprisingly, their cyclohexanes boiled higher by 10 °C than either hexahydrobenzene or hexanaphthene, but this riddle was solved in 1895 by Markovnikov, N.M. Kishner, and Nikolay Zelinsky when they reassigned "hexahydrobenzene" and "hexanaphtene" as methylcyclopentane, the result of an unexpected rearrangement reaction.

 * [[Image:CyclohexaneBerthelot.svg|180px|reduction of benzene to methylcyclopentane]]

Success
In 1894, Baeyer synthesized cyclohexane starting with a ketonization of pimelic acid followed by multiple reductions:

 * [[Image:Cyclohexane_Synthesis.svg|550px|1894 cyclohexane synthesis Baeyer]]

In the same year, E. Haworth and W.H. Perkin Jr. (1860–1929) prepared it via a Wurtz reaction of 1,6-dibromohexane.

 * [[Image:Cyclohexane_Synthesis_Perkin.svg|300px|1894 cyclohexane synthesis Perkin / haworth]]

Reactions and uses
Although rather unreactive, cyclohexane undergoes catalytic oxidation to produce cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. The cyclohexanone–cyclohexanol mixture, called "KA oil", is a raw material for adipic acid and caprolactam, precursors to nylon. Several million kilograms of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are produced annually.

It is used as a solvent in some brands of correction fluid. Cyclohexane is sometimes used as a non-polar organic solvent, although n-hexane is more widely used for this purpose. It is frequently used as a recrystallization solvent, as many organic compounds exhibit good solubility in hot cyclohexane and poor solubility at low temperatures.

Cyclohexane is also used for calibration of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) instruments, because of a convenient crystal-crystal transition at −87.1 °C.

Cyclohexane vapour is used in vacuum carburizing furnaces, in heat treating equipment manufacture.

Conformation
The 6-vertex edge ring does not conform to the shape of a perfect hexagon. The conformation of a flat 2D planar hexagon has considerable angle strain because its bonds are not 109.5 degrees; the torsional strain would also be considerable because all of the bonds would be eclipsed bonds. Therefore, to reduce torsional strain, cyclohexane adopts a three-dimensional structure known as the chair conformation, which rapidly interconvert at room temperature via a process known as a chair flip. During the chair flip, there are three other intermediate conformations that are encountered: the half-chair, which is the most unstable conformation, the more stable boat conformation, and the twist-boat, which is more stable than the boat but still much less stable than the chair. The chair and twist-boat are energy minima and are therefore conformers, while the half-chair and the boat are transition states and represent energy maxima. The idea that the chair conformation is the most stable structure for cyclohexane was first proposed as early as 1890 by Hermann Sachse, but only gained widespread acceptance much later. The new conformation puts the carbons at an angle of 109.5°. Half of the hydrogens are in the plane of the ring (equatorial) while the other half are perpendicular to the plane (axial). This conformation allows for the most stable structure of cyclohexane. Another conformation of cyclohexane exists, known as boat conformation, but it interconverts to the slightly more stable chair formation. If cyclohexane is mono-substituted with a large substituent, then the substituent will most likely be found attached in an equatorial position, as this is the slightly more stable conformation.

Cyclohexane has the lowest angle and torsional strain of all the cycloalkanes; as a result cyclohexane has been deemed a 0 in total ring strain.

Solid phases
Cyclohexane has two crystalline phases. The high-temperature phase I, stable between 186 K and the melting point 280 K, is a plastic crystal, which means the molecules retain some rotational degree of freedom. The low-temperature (below 186 K) phase II is ordered. Two other low-temperature (metastable) phases III and IV have been obtained by application of moderate pressures above 30 MPa, where phase IV appears exclusively in deuterated cyclohexane (application of pressure increases the values of all transition temperatures).

Here Z is the number structure units per unit cell; the unit cell constants a, b and c were measured at the given temperature T and pressure P.

title: Cyclohexane


text:
Tales of the Gold Monkey

Tales of the Gold Monkey was an American adventure drama television series broadcast in prime time on Wednesday nights by ABC from September 22, 1982, until June 1, 1983. Debuting the year following the release of Raiders of the Lost Ark, the series featured early aviation, indigenous locals, and cliff-hanging action. Creator Don Bellisario said it was based on the 1939 Howard Hawks film Only Angels Have Wings.

Premise and major characters
Set in 1938 in the South Pacific, the series is about an ex-Flying Tigers fighter pilot named Jake Cutter (Stephen Collins). Now the operator of an air cargo delivery service based on the fictional South Seas island Bora Gora, he flies a red and white Grumman Goose called Cutter's Goose. Jake's best friend is his mechanic Corky (Jeff MacKay), a good-hearted alcoholic with a hazy memory from heavy drinking. However, a one-eyed Jack Russell terrier named Jack, which barks once for "no" and twice for "yes" (or the opposite if it suits him) would dispute just who Jake's best friend really is. Jack wears an eye patch, but used to have a false eye made of opal with a star sapphire centre that Jake lost in a poker game—and refuses to let Jake forget it.

Jake's love interest and U.S. government spy contact is Sarah Stickney White (Caitlin O'Heaney). She sings in the Monkey Bar as a cover for her espionage activities. The Reverend Willie Tenboom (John Calvin), a phony man of the cloth who likes to "bless" the female natives in private "prayer", is in reality a Nazi spy named Willy, with interests in both sides.

"Bon Chance" Louie (played by Ron Moody in the pilot, Roddy McDowall in the series) is the owner of the Monkey Bar and the French magistrate for Bora Gora. Jake's nemesis is the Japanese princess Koji (Marta DuBois), a Dragon Lady type of character who has eyes for Jake. Koji's devoted bodyguard is Todo (John Fujioka), a fierce practitioner of Bushido and loyal to the princess. (Although Calvin, DuBois, and Fujioka were billed on the opening credits of each episode, they actually only appeared on a semi-regular basis in a handful of episodes.)

The title is derived from a gigantic mythical golden statue that is the focal point of the pilot episode, seen only by the viewer at the end of the show. The characters end their search for the statue after finding a substitute brass monkey that is kept at the Monkey Bar for the rest of the series.

History and context
Originally, the series was to be called Tales of the Brass Monkey, but the Heublein company had run a series of magazine ads with exactly that name about a bar in the Far East, with hints of Casablanca intrigue and references to the Kenpeitai; so, to avoid legal difficulties, the name was changed to Gold Monkey. At the end of the pilot episode, it is revealed that the statue at the bar was actually brass and not gold. However, unknown to the characters (and revealed to viewers only just before the end credits), the island where the statue was found does contain a massive structure apparently made of solid gold that does resemble a monkey. However, a thousand years of neglect had left it covered in vegetation and debris, and it is only exposed by the same volcanic eruption that forces the characters off the island.

As with most of creator Donald P. Bellisario's projects, links exist to his other shows. The most notable is of the character Gandy Dancer (played by William Lucking), an ace pilot treasure hunter who appears in the episodes "Legends Are Forever" and – in flashback form – in "Honor Thy Brother". Although Gandy dies in "Legends Are Forever", Bellisario liked the character enough to adapt him to the present day. The third-season episode "Two Birds of a Feather" of Bellisario's hit Magnum, P.I., has Lucking playing the very similar character of Sam Houston Hunter, also an ace pilot. The episode, which noticeably has little appearance of Magnum or any other regular characters, acted as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off series starring Lucking. However, the series was never picked up, although Bellisario stripped down the "adventures of an ace pilot" concept and worked it into Airwolf (1984–1986). Jeff MacKay had recurring roles in Magnum, P.I., and later JAG (1995–2005), and Marta DuBois played the role of Magnum's estranged wife Michelle, long-presumed dead, in a story arc that spanned most of that show's run. MacKay and Calvin both went on to play several guest roles in Airwolf; and McDowall, MacKay, Calvin (and stock footage of the Goose) all went on to have guest appearances on the Bellisario series Quantum Leap (1989–1993). Stock footage of the Goose was also used in The A-Team episode "The Island" (season three, episode eight) and in Quantum Leap Episode "Ghost Ship" (season four, episode 16). Additionally, Jake's surname, Cutter, was previously an early working title and character name for that of Magnum, and Bellisario later reused the name "Gushie", who in Gold Monkey was a waiter at the Monkey Bar who used a wheelchair, for a member of the Quantum Leap project team.

Although generally well-received in both the United States and overseas (such as the United Kingdom, where it was broadcast on BBC One on Monday evenings), the show was not renewed for another season, mostly due to the ratings not justifying the high cost of production.

This show was an inspiration for the Disney animated series TaleSpin, according to series creators Jymn Magon and Mark Zaslove. It also heavily inspired the ninth season of the animated series Archer, "Danger Island".

A fictional recursion occurs in "The Sultan of Swat" in which – while waiting for the Boeing 314 Pan Am Clipper – Jake is reading a book with a dustcover titled Murder on the Footbridge, which is apparently a key plot reference from the 1941 Alfred Hitchcock movie Suspicion.

Home media
Fabulous Films obtained the DVD rights for the complete series for the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Release dates are listed below. Shout! Factory released Tales of the Gold Monkey: The Complete Series on Region 1 DVD on June 8, 2010.

All three DVD sets include the same bonus features: original double-length pilot episode; the complete 20-episode series; new 36-minute 'making of' documentary with Stephen Collins (Jake Cutter), Caitlin O'Heaney (Sarah Stickney White), writer/producer Tom Greene, director Harvey Laidman; audio commentaries on five episodes; series synopsis; stills gallery; Caitlin's Original Costume gallery; artifacts gallery; 24-page collector's booklet with episode synopses. The Region 1 and 2 versions have a dedication to "the memory of the late, great Jeff MacKay" printed on the back cover.

title: Tales of the Gold Monkey


text:
Fourth of July (disambiguation)

Fourth of July is the colloquial name for Independence Day, a federal holiday in the United States.

Fourth of July or 4th of July may also refer to:

 * July 4, the date

Music

 * Fourth of July (band), an American musical group
 * "4th of July" (Amy Macdonald song) (2012)
 * "4th of July" (The Beach Boys song) (1993)
 * "4th of July" (U2 song) (1984)
 * "4th of July (Fireworks)", a 2010 song by Kelis
 * "Fourth of July", a song by Dave Alvin from Romeo's Escape
 * "Fourth of July", a song by Mariah Carey from Butterfly
 * "Fourth of July", a song by Fall Out Boy from American Beauty/American Psycho
 * "Fourth of July", a song by Galaxie 500 from This Is Our Music
 * "Fourth of July", a song by Sufjan Stevens from Carrie & Lowell
 * "4th of July", a song by Shooter Jennings from Put the "O" Back in Country
 * "4th of July", a song by Soundgarden from Superunknown
 * "4th of July", a song by X from See How We Are

Places

 * Fourth of July Creek, numerous streams
 * Fourth of July Lake, an alpine lake in Custer County, Idaho
 * Fourth of July Peak, a mountain peak in Idaho
 * Fourth of July Summit, a summit and mountain pass in Idaho

Film and television

 * Fourth of July (film), a 2022 American comedy-drama film
 * "4th of July/Regatta", an episode of Tugs

Other uses

 * 4th of July (novel), a 2005 novel by James Patterson
 * Fourth of July tomato, a common cultivar of tomato plants

title: Fourth of July (disambiguation)


text:
Alicyclic compound

In organic chemistry, an alicyclic compound contains one or more all-carbon rings which may be either saturated or unsaturated, but do not have aromatic character. Alicyclic compounds may have one or more aliphatic side chains attached.

The simplest alicyclic compounds are the monocyclic cycloalkanes: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, and so on. Bicyclic alkanes include bicycloundecane, decalin, and housane. Polycyclic alkanes include cubane, basketane, and tetrahedrane.

Spiro compounds have two or more rings that are connected through only one carbon atom.

The mode of ring-closing in the formation of many alicyclic compounds can be predicted by Baldwin's rules.

Otto Wallach, a German chemist, received the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.

Cycloalkenes
Monocyclic cycloalkenes are cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and so on. Bicyclic alkenes include norbornene and norbornadiene.

Two more examples are shown below, methylenecyclohexane on the left and 1-methylcyclohexene on the right:

An exocyclic group is always shown outside the ring structure, take for instance the exocyclic double bond of the former molecule. Isotoluenes are a prominent class of compounds with exocyclic double bonds.

The placement of double bonds in many alicyclic compounds can be predicted with Bredt's rule.

title: Alicyclic compound