text:
GE Transportation

GE Transportation is a division of Wabtec. It was known as GE Rail and owned by General Electric until sold to Wabtec on February 25, 2019. The organization manufactures equipment for the railroad, marine, mining, drilling and energy generation industries. The company was founded in 1907. It is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, while its main manufacturing facility is located in Erie, Pennsylvania. Locomotives are assembled at the Erie plant, while engine manufacturing takes place in Grove City, Pennsylvania. In May 2011, the company announced plans to build a second locomotive factory in Fort Worth, Texas, which opened in January 2013.

Rail products
GE Transportation is the largest producer of diesel-electric locomotives for both freight and passenger applications in North America, believed to hold up to a 70% market share of that market. The only other significant competitor is Caterpillar-owned Electro-Motive Diesel, holding an approximate 30% market share.

GE Transportation also produces related products, such as railroad signaling equipment, and parts for locomotives and railroad cars, as well as providing repair services for GE and other locomotives. Current locomotives in major production include the GE Evolution Series; for a complete listing, see the list of GE locomotives.

History
GE produced its first locomotive in 1912, and continued to produce switcher locomotives through the 1920s and 30s, while also producing electrical equipment for diesel engines from other manufacturers. Heavy involvement in main-line rail transportation began with a partnership with ALCo in 1940. ALCo had been the second-largest producer of steam locomotives, and was moving into diesel traction, but needed help to compete with the newly-emergent GM Electro-Motive Division. In the partnership, ALCo built the locomotive bodies and prime movers, while GE supplied the electrical gear as well as marketing and servicing infrastructure.

At first, the partnership was reasonably successful, producing the popular RS-1 road switcher, but by 1950 Alco-GE was struggling to keep up with EMD. In 1953, GE dissolved their partnership with ALCo and took over the gas turbine-electric venture that had started series production the previous year. In 1956 GE launched the Universal Series, which succeeded in establishing them as the main competitor to EMD. The subsequent Dash 7 Series failed to build market share, however the Dash 8 Series did better and by the end of the 1990s the Dash 9 Series established a market lead which the Evolution Series extended.

In the spring of 2007, GE Transportation Systems rolled out a prototype hybrid diesel-electric locomotive to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. In September 2010, GE Transportation announced plans to commercialise a hybrid design by 2014–15.

On July 27, 2017, GE Transportation announced that all production of locomotives would move from Erie, Pennsylvania, to Fort Worth, Texas, by the end of 2018. However, following the merger with Wabtec, the Erie plant remained open as operations from the former MotivePower plant in Boise, Idaho, were consolidated at Erie.

Mergers and acquisitions
In November 2015, French multinational Alstom, which now specialises in rail, acquired GE Transportation's Signaling & Train Control division.

On November 12, 2017, GE announced they would sell or spinoff the Transportation Division.

In addition to the railroad industry, GE Transportation, a Wabtec company, also serves the following industries: Marine, Mining, Stationary Power, Drilling, and Drivetrain Technologies (wind gear boxes).

On May 21, 2018, GE and Wabtec announced that GE Transportation, valued at $11.1 billion, would be divested from GE and subsequently merged with Wabtec in a Reverse Morris Trust transaction by early 2019. Upon completion on February 25, 2019, the merged company was 50.8% owned by Wabtec shareholders, with GE shareholders owning 24.3% and GE itself owning 24.9%; GE also received $2.9 billion in cash.

Propulsion products
In addition to railroad locomotives and equipment, GE Transportation Systems also produces large electric motors and propulsion systems for the mining, oil drilling, and wind turbine industries. GE also provides medium-sized, medium-speed diesel engines for several smaller vessels, mostly tugboats and other similarly-sized vessels. These marine engines are marinized versions of their locomotive engines.

Battery products
GE’s battery business serves the rail, marine, telecommunications and energy sectors, including new smart grid technology. GE's Durathon battery production takes place at their facility in Schenectady, New York.

A battery locomotive is in development as of 2020.

On November 13, 2020, GE sent out its first battery electric locomotive numbered 3000 to the BNSF Railway for testing on its mainline in California between Stockton and Barstow, California. It underwent various tests throughout 2021 to see the feasibility of a fully battery powered locomotive on the California main lines

title: GE Transportation


text:
Benji

Benji is a fictional canine character created by Joe Camp. He has been the focus of several feature films and other media, beginning with the independently produced 1974 film. Benji is a small golden mixed-breed dog with a knack for being in the right place at the right time, usually to help someone overcome a problem. The character has been portrayed by several dogs over the years, including Higgins, the veteran animal actor who originated the role.

Films

 * Benji (1974)
 * Hawmps! (1976; cameo)
 * For the Love of Benji (1977)
 * The Double McGuffin (1979; cameo)
 * Oh! Heavenly Dog (1980)
 * Benji the Hunted (1987)
 * Benji: Off the Leash! (2004)
 * Benji (2018)

Television

 * Benji's Very Own Christmas Story (1978)
 * Benji at Work (1980 - short)
 * Benji Takes a Dive at Marineland (1981 - short)
 * Benji, Zax & the Alien Prince (1983 - series)

Documentaries

 * Benji's Life Story (1976)
 * The Phenomenon of Benji (1978)

Video games

 * Benji: Space Rescue (1983) for C64

Collections

 * Benji's Film Festival (2001)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Benji


text:
PGM-17 Thor

The PGM-17A Thor was the first operative ballistic missile of the United States Air Force (USAF). It was named after the Norse god of thunder. It was deployed in the United Kingdom between 1959 and September 1963 as an intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) with thermonuclear warheads. Thor was 65 ft in height and 8 ft in diameter.

The first generation of Thor missiles were rushed into service, and design mistakes resulted in a 24% launch failure rate. The competing Jupiter missile saw more use, but both were quickly eclipsed by the Air Force's long range ICBM program, which could be fired from US soil. By 1959, with the Atlas rocket well on its way to operational status, both Thor and Jupiter programs became obsolete as delivery vehicles, yet continued to be built and deployed until 1963 for political reasons and to maintain aerospace industry employment.

The missile's lasting legacy continued as the Thor and later Delta families of space launch vehicles used boosters derived from the initial Thor missile, and continued on into the 21st century.

History
Fearful that the Soviet Union would deploy a long-range ballistic missile before the U.S., in January 1956 the USAF began developing the Thor, a 1500 mi intermediate-range ballistic missile. The program proceeded quickly as a stop-gap measure, and within three years of inception the first of 20 Royal Air Force Thor squadrons became operational in the UK. The UK deployment carried the codename 'Project Emily'. One of the advantages of the design was that, unlike the Jupiter MRBM, the Thor could be carried by the USAF's cargo aircraft of the time, which made its deployment more rapid. The launch facilities were not transportable and had to be built on site. Once the first generation of ICBMs based in the US became operational, Thor missiles were quickly retired. The last of the missiles was withdrawn from operational alert in 1963.

A small number of Thors with "Thrust Augmented Delta" boosters and W-49 Mod 6 warheads remained operational in the anti-satellite missile role as Program 437 until April 1975. These missiles were based on Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean and had the ability to destroy satellites in low Earth orbit. With prior warning of an impending launch, they could destroy a Soviet spy satellite soon after orbital insertion.

Initial development

Development of the Thor was initiated by the USAF in 1954. The goal was a missile system that could deliver a nuclear warhead over a distance of 1150 to 2300 mi with a CEP of 2 mi. This range would allow Moscow to be attacked from a launch site in the UK. The initial design studies were headed by Cmdr. Robert Truax (US Navy) and Dr. Adolph K. Thiel (Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, formerly of Redstone Arsenal and previously of Nazi Germany). They refined the specifications to an IRBM with:

 * A 1750 mi range
 * 8 ft diameter, 65 ft long (so it could be carried by Douglas C-124 Globemaster)
 * A gross takeoff weight of 110000 lb
 * Propulsion provided by half of the existing Navaho-derived Atlas booster engine
 * 10000 mph maximum speed during warhead reentry
 * Inertial guidance system with radio backup (for low susceptibility to enemy disruption)

Thor had vernier engines for roll control flanking the main engine, similar to the Atlas vernier engines on the sides of the propellant tanks.

On 30 November 1955, three companies were given one week to bid on the project: Douglas, Lockheed, and North American Aviation. The missile was to use existing technology, skills, abilities, and techniques to speed entry into service. On 27 December 1955, Douglas was awarded the prime contract for the airframe and integration. The Rocketdyne division of North American Aviation was awarded the engine contract, AC Spark Plug the primary inertial guidance system, Bell Labs the backup radio guidance system, and General Electric the nose cone/reentry vehicle. Douglas' proposal included choosing bolted tank bulkheads (as opposed to the initially suggested welded ones) and a tapered fuel tank for improved aerodynamics.

The engine was a direct descendant of the Atlas MA-3 booster engine, with removal of one thrust chamber and a rerouting of the plumbing to allow the engine to fit within the smaller Thor thrust section.

Engine component tests began in March 1956. The first engineering model engine was available in June, followed by the first flight engine in September. Early Thor engines suffered from foaming turbopump lubricating oil at high altitudes and bearing retention issues, resulting in several launch failures. The initial Thor tests in 1957 used an early version of the Rocketdyne LR-79 engine with a conical nozzle and 135000 lbf of thrust. By early 1958, this had been replaced by an improved model with a bell-shaped nozzle see and 150000 lbf of thrust. The fully developed Thor IRBM had 162000 lbf of thrust.

Phase I test launches
Thor was test launched from LC-17 at Cape Canaveral Missile Annex. The compressed development schedule meant that plans for the Atlas bunker had to be used to allow the completion of the facility in time, with launchpad LC-17B completed just in time for the first test flight.

Missile 101, the first flight-ready Thor, arrived at Cape Canaveral in October 1956. It was erected at LC-17B and underwent several practice propellant loading/unloading exercises, a static firing test, and a month-long delay while a defective relay was replaced. Launch finally took place on 25 January 1957. The engine lost thrust almost immediately after liftoff, and the Thor fell onto the launch pad and exploded. A film of prelaunch preparations showed crews dragging a liquid oxygen (LOX) filler hose through a sandy area, which led to the belief that debris entering the LOX, caused the failure of a valve.

Thor 102 was launched on 20 April. The booster performed normally, but the flight was terminated at 35 seconds after an erroneous console readout caused the Range Safety Officer to believe that the missile was headed inland instead of out to sea. The tracking console was found to be wired in reverse. The short flight raised confidence that Thor could fly successfully.

The third Thor launch (Missile 103) exploded four minutes before the planned launch after a defective valve allowed LOX tank pressure to build up to unsafe levels. The responsible technicians had also failed to pay attention to the tank pressure gauges. LC-17B consequently had to be repaired for the second time in four months.

Missile 104, launched 22 August from the newly opened LC-17A, broke up at T+92 seconds due to a drop in signal strength from the programmer, causing the engine to gimbal hard right. The guidance system tried to compensate, but the resulting structural loads exceeded the strength of the missile tankage.

Thor 105 (20 September) completed the first successful flight, which occurred 21 months after the start of the program. No telemetry equipment was included on this missile, with the resulting mass savings allowing a total range of 1500 mi.

Missile 107 (3 October) fell back onto LC-17A and exploded at launch when a gas generator valve failed to open.

Missile 108 (11 October) exploded around T+140 seconds without prior warning. Engineers were initially unable to determine the cause of the failure. After the first Thor-Able launch failed six months later due to a seized turbopump, it was concluded that a similar failure had occurred on 108. However, 108 did not have sufficient instrumentation to determine the exact nature of the failure.

The final three Thor tests during 1957 were all successful. 1958 began with back-to-back failures. Thor 114 was destroyed by Range Safety 150 seconds into launch when the guidance system lost power and Thor 120's engine shut down slightly under two minutes after liftoff. The telemetry system had experienced a power failure during launch, so the reason for the engine cutoff could not be satisfactorily determined.

On 19 April, Missile 121 dropped back onto LC-17B and exploded, putting the pad out of action for three months. A fuel duct collapse was believed to have been the culprit.

On 22 April, Missile 117, carrying the first Able upper stage, lost thrust and broke up at T+146 seconds due to a turbopump failure.

The Jupiter, Thor, and Atlas missiles all used a variant of the Rocketdyne LR-79 engine and all three suffered launch failures due to a marginal turbopump design. There were two separate problems with the pumps. The first was the discovery during testing at Huntsville that the lubricant oil tended to foam at high altitude as the air pressure decreased. The other was that pump shaft vibration from the nearly 10,000 RPM operating speed would cause the bearings to come out of their sockets, resulting in the pump abruptly seizing up. The Army had suspended Jupiter launches for four months until the turbopump issues could be resolved, and as a result no more pump failures affected that program.

In contrast, the USAF's General Schreiver rejected the idea of sending Thor and Atlas missiles back to the factory so as to not delay the testing program. Instead, in-field modifications to pressurize the turbopump gearboxes and use an oil with a different viscosity that was less prone to foaming were conducted. Modified bearing retainers were not installed. Subsequently, six consecutive Thor and Atlas launches failed during February–April 1958, several due to turbopump problems. The following four months did not include any turbopump failures, but the 17 August launch of the world's first lunar probe on Thor-Able 127 ended in an explosion due to a turbopump failure. A month later, Atlas 6B also suffered a turbopump failure and the Air Force gave in and agreed to replace the turbopumps in all of their missiles, after which there were no more launch failures due to a turbopump problem.

Five successful Thor tests were conducted in June–July 1958, the last one carrying a mouse named Wickie on a biological mission; the capsule sank into the ocean and could not be recovered. Thor 126 (26 July) lost thrust 50 seconds into launch when a LOX valve inadvertently closed. The vehicle pitched down and broke up from aerodynamic loads. On 30 July, six Douglas technicians were severely burned, three fatally, when a LOX valve failed at the Thor static test stand in Sacramento, California.

Phase II launches
Phase II testing with the AC Spark Plug inertial guidance system began 7 December with the first successful flight on 19 December 1957.

The operational variant of the Thor, the DM-18A, began testing in the autumn of 1958, but Missile 138 (5 November) went out of control shortly after liftoff and had to be destroyed. Nonetheless, Thor was declared operational and testing now began at Vandenberg Air Force Base on the West Coast when Missile 151 flew successfully on 16 December. On 30 December, a near repeat performance of the 5 November failure happened when Missile 149 lost control and was destroyed 40 seconds into launch.

After a run of successful launches during the first half of 1959, Missile 191, the first to be launched by a Royal Air Force crew, suffered another control malfunction while being launched from VAFB. This time, the missile's pitch and roll program failed to activate and it continued flying straight up. Launch crews initially did nothing as they reasoned that the Earth's rotation would gradually take it away from land and they wished to continue collecting data as long as possible. Eventually though, they became nervous about it exploding or pitching over, so the destruct command was sent around 50 seconds into launch. High-altitude wind caused debris to land in the town of Orcutt near the base. After Thor 203 repeated the same failure four weeks later, an investigation found that the culprit was a safety wire that had been meant to prevent the control tape in the programmer from inadvertently coming loose during vehicle assembly. The wire would ordinarily be cut after installation of the programmer in the missile, but Douglas technicians had forgotten this important step, thus the tape could not be spooled and the pitch and roll sequence did not activate. Another 23 Thor missile tests were carried out during 1959, with only one failure, when Missile 185 on 16 December, the second RAF launch, broke up due to a control malfunction.

Service rivalry with Jupiter
The Jupiter missile, a joint effort of Chrysler and the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, was originally designed to attack high-value targets like airfields, train switching yards and command and control sites with extremely high accuracy. The Redstone team, under the direction of Wernher von Braun, ultimately delivered an inertial guidance system that was accurate to about 1800 m.

During development, the US Navy became involved in the Jupiter program, with the objective of arming submarines with a ballistic missile. This led to the Jupiter's squat shape, which allowed it to be stored within the confines of a submarine hull. However, the Navy was always concerned about the extremely risky situation of a liquid-fueled rocket stored in the confines of a submarine. By 1956, the Polaris program was proposed instead, which featured a solid-fueled SLBM that was much lighter and safer to store. The Navy quickly switched to Polaris and dropped Jupiter.

With two IRBMs of nearly identical capabilities, it seemed obvious that only one of the two would ultimately achieve operational status, resulting in a competition between the Army and Air Force. Jupiter's testing program began two months after Thor's and proceeded more smoothly. Accidents such as the explosion of Thor 103 were avoided, and the turbopump issues that plagued early Rocketdyne engines were also resolved in Jupiter much earlier than the Air Force's missiles.

The Jupiter program was more successful due to far better testing and preparation, with each missile given a full duration static firing in Huntsville prior to delivery. Thors were given a PFRF (Pre Flight Readiness Firing) prior to launch; these were between 5 and 15 seconds only as the launching facilities were not designed for a full duration firing. Missile 107 had not been given a PFRF at all and its launch ended in a pad explosion. A static firing stand for Thor tests was only opened in May 1958, at which point the missile's launch record stood at four successes and nine failures, including four launchpad explosions. For comparison, at the end of May 1958 Jupiter had five successes and three failures with no pad explosions. Thanks to the thorough testing done at Huntsville, Jupiter missiles mostly all arrived at CCAS in flight-ready condition while Thors typically required extensive repairs or modification before launch.

After the Soviet launches of Sputnik 1 and 2 in late 1957, US Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson announced that both Thor and Jupiter would go into service as his final act before leaving office. This was both out of fear of Soviet capabilities and also to avoid political repercussions from the workplace layoffs that would result at either Douglas or Chrysler if one of the two missiles were canceled.

Deployment
Deployment of the IRBM fleet to Europe proved more difficult than expected, as no NATO members other than the UK accepted the offer to have Thor missiles stationed on their soil. Italy and Turkey both agreed to accept Jupiter missiles. Thor was deployed to the UK starting in August 1958, operated by 20 squadrons of RAF Bomber Command under US-UK dual key control. The first active unit was No. 77 Squadron RAF at RAF Feltwell in 1958, with the remaining units becoming active in 1959. All were deactivated by September 1963.

All 60 of the Thor missiles deployed in the UK were based at above-ground launch sites. The missiles were stored horizontally on transporter-erector trailers and covered by a retractable missile shelter. To fire the weapon, the crew used an electric motor to roll back the missile shelter, essentially a long shed mounted on steel rails, then used a powerful hydraulic launcher-erector to lift the missile to an upright position for launch. Once it was standing on the launch mount, the missile was fueled and could be fired. The entire launch sequence, from starting to roll back the missile shelter through to ignition of the rocket engine and lift-off, took approximately 15 minutes. Main engine burn time was almost 2.5 minutes, boosting the missile to a speed of 14400 ft/s. Ten minutes into its flight the missile reached an altitude of 280 mi, close to the apogee of its elliptical flight path. At that point the reentry vehicle separated from the missile fuselage and began its descent toward the target. Total flight time from launch to target impact was approximately 18 minutes.

The Thor was initially deployed with a very blunt conical G.E. Mk 2 'heat sink' re-entry vehicle. They were later converted to the slender G.E. Mk 3 ablative RV. Both RVs contained a W-49 thermonuclear warhead with an explosive yield of 1.44 megatons.

The IRBM program was quickly eclipsed by the Air Force's ICBM program and made redundant. By 1959, with Atlas well on its way to operational status, Thor and Jupiter became obsolete, although both remained in service as missiles until 1963. In retrospect, the IRBM program was a poorly conceived idea as it depended on the cooperation of NATO allies, most of whom were not willing to have nuclear missiles on their soil, and was also surpassed by the ICBM program, yet continued anyway for political reasons and a desire to keep the workforce at their respective assembly plants employed.

Thor's lasting legacy was not as a missile, but its use as the basis for the Thor/Delta space launcher family into the 21st century.

Nuclear-armed test flights

 * 2 June 1962, failed Bluegill flight, tracking lost after launch, Thor and nuclear device destroyed.
 * 19 June 1962, failed Starfish flight, Thor and nuclear device destroyed 59 seconds after launch at 30000 to 35000 ft altitude.
 * 8 July 1962, Thor missile 195 launched a Mk4 reentry vehicle containing a W49 thermonuclear warhead to an altitude of 250 mi. The warhead detonated with a yield of 1.45 Mt of TNT (6.07 PJ). This was the Starfish Prime event of nuclear test series Operation Fishbowl.
 * 25 July 1962, failed Bluegill Prime flight, Thor and nuclear device destroyed on launch pad, which was contaminated with plutonium.

1963 mystery cloud
On February 28, 1963, a Thor rocket carrying a spy satellite into orbit was launched from Vandenberg Airforce Base. The rocket went off course and mission control detonated the rocket at an altitude of 44 km before it could reach orbit. The rocket detonation produced a large circular cloud that appeared over the southwestern United States. Due to its mysterious nature, appearing at a very high altitude and being visible for hundreds of miles, the cloud attracted widespread attention and was published by the news media. The cloud was featured on the cover of Science Magazine in April 1963, Weatherwise Magazine in May 1963, and had a full page image published in the May issue of Life Magazine. Prof. James MacDonald at the University of Arizona Institute for Atmospheric Physics investigated the phenomena and linked it to the Thor rocket launch after contacting military personnel at Vandenberg Air Force Base. When the launch records were later declassified, the United States Air Force released a memo explaining that the cloud was "the result of a military operation", but did not clarify.

Launch vehicle
Despite being retired from deployment as a missile a few years after deployment, the Thor rocket found widespread use as a space launch vehicle. It was the first in a large family of space launch vehicles—the Delta rockets. The last remaining direct descendant of the Thor, the Delta II, was retired in 2018, and the Delta IV was based on mostly new technology, unlike the Delta II. The last rocket of the Delta rocket family flew on 9 April 2024.

Former operators

United States Air Force

Royal Air Force operated a maximum of 60 missiles, with each squadron controlling 3 missiles
 * Bomber Command
 * No. 1 Group
 * Hemswell Wing
 * No. 97 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Hemswell, Lincolnshire
 * No. 104 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Ludford Magna, Lincolnshire
 * No. 106 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Bardney, Lincolnshire
 * No. 142 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Coleby Grange, Lincolnshire
 * No. 269 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Caistor, Lincolnshire
 * Driffield Wing
 * No. 98 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Driffield, Yorkshire
 * No. 102 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Full Sutton, Yorkshire
 * No. 150 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Carnaby, Yorkshire
 * No. 226 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Catfoss, Yorkshire
 * No. 240 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Breighton, Yorkshire
 * No. 3 Group
 * Feltwell Wing
 * No. 77 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Feltwell, Norfolk
 * No. 82 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Shepherds Grove, Suffolk
 * No. 107 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Tuddenham, Suffolk
 * No. 113 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Mepal, Cambridgeshire
 * No. 220 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF North Pickenham, Norfolk
 * North Luffenham Wing
 * No. 144 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF North Luffenham, Rutland
 * No. 130 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Polebrook, Northamptonshire
 * No. 223 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Folkingham, Lincolnshire
 * No. 218 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Harrington, Northamptonshire
 * No. 254 (Strategic Missile) Squadron – RAF Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire

Specifications (PGM-17A)
Family: Thor IRBM, Thor DM-18 (single stage LV); Thor DM-19 (rocket 1st stage), Thor DM-21 (rocket 1st stage), Thor DSV-2 (suborbital launch vehicle), Thor DSV-2J (anti-ballistic missile), Thor DSV-2U (orbital launch vehicle).
 * Overall length: 19.82 m
 * Span: 2.74 m
 * Weight: 49800 kg
 * Empty weight: 3125 kg
 * Core Diameter: 2.44 m
 * Range: 2,400-3,000 km
 * Ceiling: 480 km
 * Guidance: Inertial
 * Maximum speed: 17700 km/h
 * Engines:
 * Vernier: 2x Rocketdyne LR101-NA; 1000 lbf each
 * Rocketdyne LR79-NA-9 (Model S-3D);
 * Propellants: LOX/RP-1 Kerosene
 * Liftoff Thrust (sl): 150000 lbf
 * Thrust (vac): 760 kN
 * Specific Impulse: 282 isp
 * Specific Impulse (sea level): 248 isp
 * Burn time: 165 s
 * Mass Engine: 643 kg
 * Diameter: 2.44 m
 * Chambers: 1
 * Chamber Pressure: 4.1 MPa
 * Area Ratio: 8.00
 * Thrust to Weight Ratio: 120.32
 * Warhead
 * One W49 warhead on Mk. 2 reentry vehicle
 * warhead mass: 1000 kg
 * Yield: equivalent to 1.44 Megatons of TNT (6.02 PJ)
 * CEP: 1 km
 * First Flight: 1958
 * Last Flight: 1980
 * Total Number Built: 224
 * Total Development Built: 64
 * Total Production Built: 160
 * Flown: 145.
 * Development Cost US dollars: $500 million
 * Recurring Price US dollars: $6.25 million
 * Flyaway Unit Cost: US$750,000 in 1958 dollars
 * Launches: 59
 * Failures: 14
 * Success Rate: 76.27%
 * First Launch Date: 25 January 1957
 * Last Launch Date: 5 November 1975

Books referencing RAF use

 * Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-85310-053-6. p. 178.
 * Wynn, Humphrey. RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces, their Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–69. London: HMSO, 1994. ISBN 0-11-772833-0. p. 449.

title: PGM-17 Thor


text:
Accession Council

In the United Kingdom, the Accession Council is a ceremonial body which assembles in St James's Palace in London upon the death of a monarch to make formal proclamation of the accession of the successor to the throne. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, a new monarch succeeds automatically (demise of the Crown). The proclamation confirms by name the identity of the new monarch, expresses loyalty to the "lawful and rightful Liege Lord", and formally announces the new monarch's regnal name, while the monarch and others, in front of the council, sign and seal several documents concerning the accession. An Accession Council has confirmed every English (and later, British) monarch since James I in 1603.

Composition and ceremony
The accession council is made up of the following: The members of the accession council are summoned to assemble at St. James's Palace and it meets outside the presence chamber of the monarch, where the presiding officer or clerk of the privy council reads out the proclamation, and it is signed by the accession council witnesses. Orders are made with respect to public readings of the proclamation.
 * All members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom;
 * High Commissioners of Commonwealth realms;
 * The Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London.

Only the privy council is then summoned to attend the monarch, listen to the monarch's address, the monarch signs several documents, and the documents are sealed. The two parts of the accession council meeting usually occur together, but if circumstances warrant may take place separately.

Proclamation
The council's Proclamation of Accession, which confirms the name of the heir, is signed by all the attendant Privy Counsellors.

The 2022 proclamation was:

Though proclamations have been worded broadly the same, they also vary as necessary. In the case of Victoria, certain words were included (having regard to section 2 of the Regency Act 1830 prescribing the Oath of Allegiance) which expressly reserved the rights of any child of the late king, William IV, which might be borne to his widow, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. In the case of George VI, the proclamation was reworded because Edward VIII had abdicated, rather than died. The title "Emperor of India," assumed by Queen Victoria well into her reign, was added at the end of the list of titles at the proclamations of Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII and George VI, during whose reign that title was relinquished. In the case of Charles III, the proclamation was reworded to include the House of Commons for the first time. The formula "The King is dead. Long live the King!", of French royal origin, is not part of the official proclamation in the United Kingdom, contrary to popular belief.

The proclamation has been ceremonially read out in various locations around the kingdom. By custom, it is usually first read from the Proclamation Gallery of Friary Court at St James's Palace by the heralds of the College of Arms. Other readings in London have historically followed, concluding at the Royal Exchange in the presence of the Lord Mayor of London. Local proclamation events then occur, such as one at the original location of Mercat Cross in Edinburgh by the heralds of the Court of the Lord Lyon. In 2022, the first reading at the palace was televised live, and other readings in London were omitted except for the one at the Exchange.

Oaths
Under the Acts of Union 1707, monarchs are required upon succeeding to the throne to make an oath to "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland. This oath is normally made at the Accession Council. The provision in Article XXV Section II of the Acts of Union 1707 states with respect to confirmed Acts of Scotland:

"And further Her Majesty with Advice aforesaid expressly declares and statutes that none of the Subjects of this Kingdom [Scotland] shall be liable to but all and every one of them for ever free of any Oath Test or Subscription within this Kingdom contrary to or inconsistent with the foresaid true Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government Worship and Discipline as above established and that the same within the Bounds of this Church and Kingdom shall never be imposed upon or required of them in any sort And lastly that after the decease of Her present Majesty (whom God long preserve) the Sovereign succeeding to Her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time coming at His or Her Accession to the Crown swear and subscribe that they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid Settlement of the true Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline right and Privileges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in Prosecution of the Claim of Right"

Once the monarch makes a sacred oath to the council, the Garter Principal King of Arms steps onto the Proclamation Gallery which overlooks Friary Court to proclaim the new monarch.

Queen Elizabeth II was in Kenya when she acceded to the throne, and the Accession Council therefore met twice, first for the proclamation and again so that the new Queen could take the oath.

Upon accession, a new sovereign is also required to make what is known as the Accession Declaration. This is not usually made at a meeting of the Accession Council but in the presence of Parliament on the first State Opening following the monarch's accession to the throne or at their coronation, whichever occurs first. King George VI made the declaration at his coronation.

List of Accession Councils
The following is a list of the dates of accession councils and the public reading of proclamations.

title: Accession Council


text:
Database transaction schedule

In the fields of databases and transaction processing (transaction management), a schedule (or history) of a system is an abstract model to describe the order of executions in a set of transactions running in the system. Often it is a list of operations (actions) ordered by time, performed by a set of transactions that are executed together in the system. If the order in time between certain operations is not determined by the system, then a partial order is used. Examples of such operations are requesting a read operation, reading, writing, aborting, committing, requesting a lock, locking, etc. Often, only a subset of the transaction operation types are included in a schedule.

Schedules are fundamental concepts in database concurrency control theory. In practice, most general purpose database systems employ conflict-serializable and strict recoverable schedules.

Notation
Grid notation:

Operations (a.k.a., actions):
 * Columns: The different transactions in the schedule.
 * Rows: The time order of operations (a.k.a., actions).

Alternatively, a schedule can be represented with a directed acyclic graph (or DAG) in which there is an arc (i.e., directed edge) between each ordered pair of operations.
 * R(X): The corresponding transaction "reads" object X (i.e., it retrieves the data stored at X). This is done so that it can modify the data (e.g., X=X+4) during a "write" operation rather than merely overwrite it. When the schedule is represented as a list rather than a grid, the action is represented as $$Ri(X)$$ where $$i$$ is a number corresponding to a specific transaction.
 * W(X): The corresponding transaction "writes" to object X (i.e., it modifies the data stored at X). When the schedule is represented as a list rather than a grid, the action is represented as $$Wi(X) $$ where $$i$$ is a number corresponding to a specific transaction.
 * Com.: This represents a "commit" operation in which the corresponding transaction has successfully completed its preceding actions, and has made all its changes permanent in the database.

Example
The following is an example of a schedule: In this example, the columns represent the different transactions in the schedule D. Schedule D consists of three transactions T1, T2, T3. First T1 Reads and Writes to object X, and then Commits. Then T2 Reads and Writes to object Y and Commits, and finally, T3 Reads and Writes to object Z and Commits.

The schedule D above can be represented as list in the following way:

D = R1(X) W1(X) Com1 R2(Y) W2(Y) Com2 R3(Z) W3(Z) Com3

Duration and order of actions
Usually, for the purpose of reasoning about concurrency control in databases, an operation is modelled as atomic, occurring at a point in time, without duration. Real executed operations always have some duration.

Operations of transactions in a schedule can interleave (i.e., transactions can be executed concurrently), but time orders between operations in each transaction must remain unchanged. The schedule is in partial order when the operations of transactions in a schedule interleave (i.e., when the schedule is conflict-serializable but not serial). The schedule is in total order when the operations of transactions in a schedule do not interleave (i.e., when the schedule is serial).

Types of schedule
A complete schedule is one that contains either an abort (a.k.a. rollback) or commit action for each of its transactions. A transaction's last action is either to commit or abort. To maintain atomicity, a transaction must undo all its actions if it is aborted.

Serial
A schedule is serial if the executed transactions are non-interleaved (i.e., a serial schedule is one in which no transaction starts until a running transaction has ended).

Schedule D is an example of a serial schedule:

Serializable
A schedule is serializable if it is equivalent (in its outcome) to a serial schedule.

In schedule E, the order in which the actions of the transactions are executed is not the same as in D, but in the end, E gives the same result as D.

Serializability is used to keep the data in the data item in a consistent state. It is the major criterion for the correctness of concurrent transactions' schedule, and thus supported in all general purpose database systems. Schedules that are not serializable are likely to generate erroneous outcomes; which can be extremely harmful (e.g., when dealing with money within banks).

If any specific order between some transactions is requested by an application, then it is enforced independently of the underlying serializability mechanisms. These mechanisms are typically indifferent to any specific order, and generate some unpredictable partial order that is typically compatible with multiple serial orders of these transactions.

Conflicting actions
Two actions are said to be in conflict (conflicting pair) if and only if all of the 3 following conditions are satisfied:

Equivalently, two actions are considered conflicting if and only if they are noncommutative. Equivalently, two actions are considered conflicting if and only if they are a read-write, write-read, or write-write conflict.
 * 1) The actions belong to different transactions.
 * 2) At least one of the actions is a write operation.
 * 3) The actions access the same object (read or write).

The following set of actions is conflicting:
 * R1(X), W2(X), W3(X) (3 conflicting pairs)

While the following sets of actions are not conflicting: Reducing conflicts, such as through commutativity, enhances performance because conflicts are the fundamental cause of delays and aborts.
 * R1(X), R2(X), R3(X)
 * R1(X), W2(Y), R3(X)

The conflict is materialized if the requested conflicting operation is actually executed: in many cases a requested/issued conflicting operation by a transaction is delayed and even never executed, typically by a lock on the operation's object, held by another transaction, or when writing to a transaction's temporary private workspace and materializing, copying to the database itself, upon commit; as long as a requested/issued conflicting operation is not executed upon the database itself, the conflict is non-materialized; non-materialized conflicts are not represented by an edge in the precedence graph.

Conflict equivalence
The schedules S1 and S2 are said to be conflict-equivalent if and only if both of the following two conditions are satisfied:

Equivalently, two schedules are said to be conflict equivalent if and only if one can be transformed to another by swapping pairs of non-conflicting operations (whether adjacent or not) while maintaining the order of actions for each transaction.
 * 1) Both schedules S1 and S2 involve the same set of transactions such that each transaction has the same actions in the same order.
 * 2) Both schedules have the same set of conflicting pairs (such that the actions in each conflicting pair are in the same order). This is equivalent to requiring that all conflicting operations (i.e., operations in any conflicting pair) are in the same order in both schedules.

Equivalently, two schedules are said to be conflict equivalent if and only if one can be transformed to another by swapping pairs of non-conflicting adjacent operations with different transactions.

Conflict-serializable
A schedule is said to be conflict-serializable when the schedule is conflict-equivalent to one or more serial schedules.

Equivalently, a schedule is conflict-serializable if and only if its precedence graph is acyclic when only committed transactions are considered. Note that if the graph is defined to also include uncommitted transactions, then cycles involving uncommitted transactions may occur without conflict serializability violation.

The schedule K is conflict-equivalent to the serial schedule , but not .

Conflict serializability can be enforced by restarting any transaction within the cycle in the precedence graph, or by implementing two-phase locking, timestamp ordering, or serializable snapshot isolation.

View equivalence
Two schedules S1 and S2 are said to be view-equivalent when the following conditions are satisfied:

Additionally, two view-equivalent schedules must involve the same set of transactions such that each transaction has the same actions in the same order.
 * 1) If the transaction $$T_i$$ in S1 reads an initial value for object X, so does the same transaction $$T_i$$ in S2.
 * 2) If the transaction $$T_i$$ reads a value (for an object X) written by the transaction $$T_j$$ in S1, it must do so S2.
 * 3) If the transaction $$T_i$$ in S1 does the final write for object X, so does the same transaction $$T_i$$ in S2.

In the example below, the schedules S1 and S2 are view-equivalent, but neither S1 nor S2 are view-equivalent to the schedule S3. The conditions for S3 to be view-equivalent to S1 and S2 were not satisfied at the corresponding superscripts for the following reasons:

To quickly analyze whether two schedules are view-equivalent, write both schedules as a list with each action's subscript representing which view-equivalence condition they match. The schedules are view equivalent if and only if all the actions have the same subscript (or lack thereof) in both schedules:
 * 1) Failed the first condition of view equivalence because T1 read the initial value for B in S1 and S2, but T2 read the initial value for B in S3.
 * 2) Failed the second condition of view equivalence because T2 read the value written by T1 for B in S1 and S2, but T1 read the value written by T2 for B in S3.
 * 3) Failed the third condition of view equivalence because T2 did the final write for B in S1 and S2, but T1 did the final write for B in S3.

 * S1: R1(A)initial read, W1(A), R1(B)initial read, W1(B), Com1, R2(A)written by T1, W2(A)final write, R2(B)written by T1, W2(B)final write, Com2
 * S2: R1(A)initial read, W1(A), R2(A)written by T1, W2(A)final write, R1(B)initial read, W1(B), Com1, R2(B)written by T1, W2(B)final write, Com2
 * S3: R1(A)initial read, W1(A), R2(A)written by T1, W2(A)final write, R2(B)initial read, W2(B), R1(B)written by T2, W1(B)final write, Com1, Com2

View-serializable
A schedule is view-serializable if it is view-equivalent to some serial schedule. Note that by definition, all conflict-serializable schedules are view-serializable.

Notice that the above example (which is the same as the example in the discussion of conflict-serializable) is both view-serializable and conflict-serializable at the same time. There are however view-serializable schedules that are not conflict-serializable: those schedules with a transaction performing a blind write:

The above example is not conflict-serializable, but it is view-serializable since it has a view-equivalent serial schedule .

Since determining whether a schedule is view-serializable is NP-complete, view-serializability has little practical interest.

Recoverable
In a recoverable schedule, transactions only commit after all transactions whose changes they read have committed. A schedule becomes unrecoverable if a transaction $$T_i$$ reads and relies on changes from another transaction $$T_j$$, and then $$T_i$$ commits and $$T_j$$ aborts. These schedules are recoverable. The schedule F is recoverable because T1 commits before T2, that makes the value read by T2 correct. Then T2 can commit itself. In the F2 schedule, if T1 aborted, T2 has to abort because the value of A it read is incorrect. In both cases, the database is left in a consistent state.

Transaction J is unrecoverable because T2 committed before T1 despite previously reading the value written by T1. Because T1 aborted after T2 committed, the value read by T2 is wrong. Because a transaction cannot be rolled-back after it commits, the schedule is unrecoverable.

Cascadeless
Cascadeless schedules (a.k.a, "Avoiding Cascading Aborts (ACA) schedules") are schedules which avoid cascading aborts by disallowing dirty reads. Cascading aborts occur when one transaction's abort causes another transaction to abort because it read and relied on the first transaction's changes to an object. A dirty read occurs when a transaction reads data from uncommitted write in another transaction.

The following examples are the same as the ones in the discussion on recoverable:

In this example, although F2 is recoverable, it does not avoid cascading aborts. It can be seen that if T1 aborts, T2 will have to be aborted too in order to maintain the correctness of the schedule as T2 has already read the uncommitted value written by T1.

The following is a recoverable schedule which avoids cascading abort. Note, however, that the update of A by T1 is always lost (since T1 is aborted).

Note that this Schedule would not be serializable if T1 would be committed. Cascading aborts avoidance is sufficient but not necessary for a schedule to be recoverable.

Strict
A schedule is strict if for any two transactions T1, T2, if a write operation of T1 precedes a conflicting operation of T2 (either read or write), then the commit or abort event of T1 also precedes that conflicting operation of T2.

Any strict schedule is cascade-less, but not the converse. Strictness allows efficient recovery of databases from failure.

Serializability Class Relationships
The following expressions illustrate the hierarchical (containment) relationships between serializability and recoverability classes:

 * Serial ⊂ conflict-serializable ⊂ view-serializable ⊂ all schedules
 * Serial ⊂ strict ⊂ cascadeless (ACA) ⊂ recoverable ⊂ all schedules

The Venn diagram (below) illustrates the above clauses graphically.

title: Database transaction schedule


text:
Schedule (project management)

In project management, a schedule is a listing of a project's milestones, activities, and deliverables. Usually dependencies and resources are defined for each task, then start and finish dates are estimated from the resource allocation, budget, task duration, and scheduled events. A schedule is commonly used in the project planning and project portfolio management parts of project management. Elements on a schedule may be closely related to the work breakdown structure (WBS) terminal elements, the Statement of work, or a Contract Data Requirements List.

Overview
In many industries, such as engineering and construction, the development and maintenance of the project schedule is the responsibility of a full-time scheduler or team of schedulers, depending on the size and the scope of the project. The techniques of scheduling are well developed but inconsistently applied throughout industry. Standardization and promotion of scheduling best practices are being pursued by the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE), the Project Management Institute (PMI), and the US Government for acquisition and accounting purposes.

Project management is not limited to industry; the average person can use it to organize their own life. Some examples are:
 * Homeowner renovation project
 * Keeping track of all the family activities
 * Coaching a team
 * Planning a vacation
 * Planning a wedding

Some project management software programs provide templates, lists, and example schedules to help their users with creating their schedule.

Methods
The project schedule is a calendar that links the tasks to be done with the resources that will do them. It is the core of the project plan used to show the organization how the work will be done, commit people to the project, determine resource needs, and used as a kind of checklist to make sure that every task necessary is performed. Before a project schedule can be created, the schedule maker should have a work breakdown structure (WBS), an effort estimate for each task, and a resource list with availability for each resource. If these components for the schedule are not available, they can be created with a consensus-driven estimation method like Wideband Delphi.

To develop a project schedule, the following needs to be completed:
 * Project scope
 * Sequence of activities
 * Tasks grouped into 5 project phases (conception, definition & planning, launch, performance, close)
 * Task dependencies map
 * Critical path analysis
 * Project milestones

In order for a project schedule to be healthy, the following criteria must be met:

 * The schedule must be constantly updated (weekly works best).
 * The EAC (Estimation at Completion) value must be equal to the baseline value.
 * The remaining effort must be appropriately distributed among team members (taking vacations into consideration).

The schedule structure may closely follow and include citations to the index of work breakdown structure or deliverables, using decomposition or templates to describe the activities needed to produce the deliverables defined in the WBS.

A schedule may be assessed for the quality of the schedule development and the quality of the schedule management.

title: Schedule (project management)


text:
Talk:14 (number)

It might be my fault, but at some point the line with the Chinese kanji "to die" got messed up and turned into question marks. -- Anonymous User

14 is "an unlucky number in China because it is homonymous with ???? which means "must die"". The Chinese character for death is 死, but I can't write "must die". Sabbut 13:32, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

"In other fields" - what's in, what's out?
In all these number articles, there are lists of occurences of the number in various fields. Some are bordering on the ridiculous, others are not, but drawing this line seems to me to be a matter of individual taste and interest.

In some cases, there is an element of numerology in a particular occurence. I in no way believe in numerology, but I often find it quite interesting. I think it is relevant to have entries indicating how some cultures or subcultures have attached deeper meanings to some numbers. So this may - in my opinion - justify some entries that I'm sure others will find quite irrelevant.

In other cases, I fail to see what wider significance an entry could have. E.g., I have removed an entry saying from the article 14 (number).
 * The number of ravioli in each can from Chef Boyardee

Is there a general discussion about thee lists in the number articles anywhere? --Niels Ø 08:24, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * There are some guidelines for what goes in the "other fields" section at WikiProject_Numbers, but I'm pretty sure that numbers relating to canned food have not been addressed either there nor in the project talk page.

 * The question I would ask in this case first, is: can this be verified? I have some cans of Chef Boyardee in my emergency shelter back home. If I were to open two of those cans, would I find that they have the same number of ravioli? If the answer is yes to both this question, the next question to ask is: how universal is this factoid? Would a can of generic brand 14 oz. ravioli can have the same number of ravioli? (It's pretty universal that cans of Vienna sausages have 7 or 19 sausages each, regardless of brand). PrimeFan 15:45, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the entry, after hearing the fact on FoodTV's "Unwrapped" last night (see edit summary). I won't restore the edit myself because I refuse to engage petty revert wars. However, I do believe its inclusion is justified simply on the basis of trivia -- and it carries no more or less "wider significance" than any other piece of trivia. Who might be interested? Someone composing a crossword puzzle, or designing a factoid quiz, or writing a birthday card for 14-year-olds, or a thousand other admittedly-inane possibilities. See policy: Wikipedia is not paper; and in an encyclopedia that carries extensive entries for video game characters and imaginary micronations, I wouldn't have thought this inocuous factoid would attract someone rushing to delete it.

 * when you ask "Who might be interested?" your preaching to the choir. most of these guys have fouhgt to keep similar trivia bits in wikipedia.

 * but as a college student who'se had to eat a lot of chef boyardee's, i can tell you taht the number 14 is not quite right. in every can their is usually one or three half ravioli. so maybe it's not 14, it could be 13 and a half or 14 and a half. 141.217.25.161 02:53, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I had a can of Boyardee ravioli for lunch earlier today. It indeed had 14 ravioli. So if I can find a link (preferrably from the Chef Boyardee website) confirming this fact, I will restore it. Anton Mravcek 00:43, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I initiated this discussion, not as a discussion about the veracity of the statement on the number of ravioli in a can, but as a discussion about the relevance of that statement to the article.
 * The link WikiProject_Numbers, supplied by PrimeFan earlier in this discussion, seems to make it clear that it is not relevant.--Niels Ø 06:43, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros1-175.html
 * In 138 (number) on 2011-05-23 02:57:59, 404 Not Found
 * In 138 (number) on 2011-06-01 14:55:24, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 15:51, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 3
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEsaros/LEsaros1-175.html
 * In 10 (number) on 2011-05-23 02:07:31, 404 Not Found
 * In 1520s BC on 2011-05-23 03:34:42, 404 Not Found
 * In 1630s BC on 2011-05-25 01:51:51, 404 Not Found
 * In 10 (number) on 2011-05-31 22:27:15, 404 Not Found
 * In 11 (number) on 2011-06-01 02:53:24, 404 Not Found
 * In 1409–1400 BC on 2011-06-01 15:26:12, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 15:51, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Baker's Dozen
The Baker's Dozen is defined as 13 or 14.

http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/Bakers%20dozen.html

174.22.14.81 (talk) 11:17, 19 October 2013 (UTC)
 * No reason to believe that that's a reliable source. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:55, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Baker's dozen is only 13. Get your head out of your ass. 199.120.30.207 (talk) 00:29, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Retired jersey numbers
Per WP:PRESERVE, here is the list of retired #14 jersey numbers and racecars that were mentioned in the article:

 * In Association football the number 14 was the number worn by and associated with Johan Cruyff. In 2007, to honour his 60th birthday, his first club AFC Ajax decided to never use it again.
 * In the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, the #14 car is currently owned by Stewart Haas Racing. Since 2009, it has been driven by team co-owner Tony Stewart.
 * In Formula One the number 14 is used by Fernando Alonso, the 2005 and 2006 world champion, for McLaren F1
 * The jersey number 14 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats or other key figures:
 * In Major League Baseball:
 * The Boston Red Sox, for Hall of Famer Jim Rice.
 * The Chicago Cubs, for Hall of Famer Ernie Banks.
 * The Cincinnati Reds, for Pete Rose, who also managed the team.
 * The Cleveland Indians, for Hall of Fame player Larry Doby, who also managed the team.
 * The Minnesota Twins, for Kent Hrbek.
 * The New York Mets, for Gil Hodges, who both played for and managed the team.
 * The Philadelphia Phillies, for Hall of Famer Jim Bunning.
 * The St. Louis Cardinals, for Ken Boyer.
 * In the NBA:
 * The Boston Celtics, for Hall of Famer Bob Cousy.
 * The Golden State Warriors, for Tom Meschery, who played for the team in its past incarnations as the Philadelphia and San Francisco Warriors.
 * The Milwaukee Bucks, for Jon McGlocklin.
 * The Portland Trail Blazers, for Lionel Hollins.
 * The Sacramento Kings, for Hall of Famer Oscar Robertson, who played for the team when it was known as the Cincinnati Royals.
 * The Utah Jazz, for Jeff Hornacek.
 * In the NFL:
 * The Cleveland Browns, for Hall of Famer Otto Graham.
 * The Green Bay Packers, for Hall of Famer Don Hutson.
 * The New York Giants, for Hall of Famer Y. A. Tittle.
 * The San Diego Chargers, for Hall of Famer Dan Fouts.
 * In the NHL:
 * The Buffalo Sabres, for René Robert.

This material may be of interest for a future List of retired numbers in sports article. — JFG talk 22:42, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

Bingo names -
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numbers for a centralized discusion as to whether Bingo names should be included in thiese articles. Arthur Rubin (alternate) (talk) 23:33, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:14 (number)


text:
User talk:Hectorir

December 2018
Welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions, but in one of your recent edits to United States Transportation Command, it appears that you have added original research, which is against Wikipedia's policies. Original research refers to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and personal experiences—for which no reliable, published sources exist; it also encompasses combining published sources in a way to imply something that none of them explicitly say. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. Thank you. - wolf  19:21, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hectorir


text:
Goal (sports)

In sport, a goal may refer to either an instance of scoring, or to the physical structure or area where an attacking team must send the ball or puck in order to score points. The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport, and one is placed at or near each end of the playing field for each team to defend. Sports which feature goal scoring are also commonly known as invasion games.

For many sports, each goal structure usually consists of two vertical posts, called goal posts, supporting a horizontal crossbar. A goal line marked on the playing surface between the goal posts demarcates the goal area. Thus, the objective is to send the ball or puck between the goal posts, under or over the crossbar (depending on the sport), and across the goal line. Other sports may have other types of structures or areas where the ball or puck must pass through, such as the basketball hoop.

In several sports, sending the ball or puck into the opponent's goal structure or area is the sole method of scoring, and thus the final score is expressed in the total number of goals scored by each team. In other sports, a goal may be one of several scoring methods, and thus may be worth a different set number of points than the others.

Methods of scoring
In some sports, the goal is the sole method of scoring. In these sports, the final score is expressed as the number of goals scored by each team, with the winner being the team that accumulated more over the specified time period.

In other sports, a goal is not the sole method of scoring. In these sports, the goal is worth a set number of points but there are other methods of scoring which may be worth more, the same, or fewer points. In these sports, the score is expressed as the total number of points earned by each team. In Australian rules football the score is expressed by listing the quantity of each team's "goals" and "behinds" followed by the total number of points.

Structure
The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport. Most often, it is a rectangular structure that is placed at each end of the playing field. Each structure usually consists of two vertical posts, called goal posts (side bar or uprights) supporting a horizontal crossbar. A goal line marked on the playing surface between the goal posts demarcates the goal area.

In some games, such as association football or hockey, the object is to pass the ball between the posts below the crossbar, while in others, such as those based on rugby, the ball must pass over the crossbar instead. In Gaelic football and hurling, in which the goalposts are similar to those used in rugby, the ball can be kicked either under the crossbar for a goal, or over the crossbar between the posts for a point. In Australian rules football, there is no crossbar but four uprights instead. In basketball, netball or korfball, goals are ring-shaped. The structure is often accompanied with an auxiliary net, which stops or slows down the ball when a goal is scored. In netball, a single post at each end of the court supports a horizontal hoop that the ball must fall through. In basketball, the hoop and net used for scoring can be supported on a post or mechanism at each end, or on structures attached directly to the wall.

Goal-only sports
The goal is the only method of scoring in several games. In each of these cases, the winner is the team that scores the most goals within the specified time.

Association football
In association football, the goal is the only method of scoring. It is also used to refer to the scoring structure. An attempt on goal is referred to as a "shot". To score a goal, the ball must pass completely over the goal line between the goal posts and under the crossbar and no rules may be violated on the play (such as touching the ball with the hand or arm). See also offside.

The goal structure is defined as a frame 24 feet (7.32 m) wide by 8 feet (2.44 m) tall. In most organized levels of play a net is attached behind the goal frame to catch the ball and indicate that a goal has been scored; but the Laws of the Game do not mandate the use of a net and only require that any net used not interfere with the goalkeeper.

Bandy
In bandy, which has much of its structure from association football, the only way of scoring is to make a goal and the goal is also used to refer to the scoring structure. If neither of the teams has scored during a match, or if both teams have made the same number of goals, there is a draw. If not otherwise decided in the Bandy Playing Rules set up by the Federation of International Bandy, an approved goal is made when the ball is played in a regular manner and the whole ball has passed the inner definition of the goal line between the two goal posts and the cross-bar. This is stated in section 9 of the Rules. A goal can be made directly from a stroke-off, penalty-shot, a free-stroke, a face-off or a corner stroke. Centered at each short-line of the bandy field is a 3.5 m wide and 2.1 m high goal cage, regulated to size, form, material and other properties in section 1.4 of the Bandy Playing Rules. The cage has a net to stop the ball when it has crossed the goal-line. The cage shall be of an approved model. In front of the goal cage is a half-circular penalty area with a 17 m radius. A penalty spot is located 12 m in front of the goal and there are two free-stroke spots at the penalty area line, each surrounded by a 5 m circle.

Field Hockey
The goal structure in field hockey is 3.66 m wide by 2.14 m tall. Like association football, a goal is scored when the ball passes completely over the goal line under the crossbar and between the goal posts. Nets are required to hold the ball in. A goal is only scored if shot from with a semicircle 14.63 m from the goal.

Handball
A goal in handball is scored when the ball is thrown completely over the goal line, below the crossbar and between the goal posts. The goal structure in team handball is 2 metres high and 3 metres wide. A net is required to catch the ball.

Ice Hockey
In ice hockey, the puck must be put completely over the goal line between the posts and under the bar either off an offensive player's stick or off any part of a defensive player's body. The puck may not be kicked, batted, or thrown into the goal, though a goal may be awarded if the puck is inadvertently deflected off an offensive player's skate or body into the goal. The goal structure is a frame 4 ft tall and 6 ft wide with a net attached. In most higher levels of play the goal structure is attached to the ice surface by flexible pegs and will break away for safety when hit by a player. The goal is placed within the playing surface, and players may play the puck behind the goal.

Lacrosse
Lacrosse goals are scored when the ball travels completely past the goal line. Goals can be disallowed if there is an infraction by the offensive team. The goal in lacrosse is 6 ft tall and 6 ft wide and a net is used to prevent the ball from reentering the field of play. Lacrosse goals are not positioned on the end boundary line; play often occurs behind the goal.

Netball
In netball, a goal is scored when the ball is shot through a goal ring on a pole.

Polo
In polo, a goal is scored if the ball passes completely between the goal posts, regardless of how far off the ground the ball is. The ball must be between the goal posts or the imaginary lines extending above the inside edges of the posts. A ball passing directly over a goal post does not score a goal.

The goal structure in Polo consists of two poles, at least 10 ft high and exactly 8 yards apart. There is no crossbar and no net is required. The height at which a goal may be scored is infinite.

Hardcourt Bike Polo
In Hardcourt Bike Polo, a goal is scored if the ball passes completely over the goal line and the shot originated as a "shot" as defined by the rules. A shot is made with either end of the mallet head similar to swinging a hammer whereas a shuffle is made with the long side like pushing a broom. Traditionally when using a non-netted goal such as two traffic cones the play is continued if the ball is shuffled through the goal of pass through the goal from the opposite direction. These non-netted goals are no long regulation in competitive play but are common depending on the resources of a club.

Shinty
In shinty, a goal is scored if the ball goes over the goal line and under the crossbar. A goal can only be scored with a stick called a "caman"; no goal is scored if the ball is kicked, carried, or propelled by an attacking player's hand or arm.

Water polo
A goal in water polo is scored when the ball passes completely across the goal line, under the crossbar and between the goal posts. A goal may be scored through contact with any part of the attacker's body except a clenched fist. The goal structure in water polo is dependent upon the depth of the water. The goal mouth measures 3 metres across and is either 0.9 metres above the surface of the water or 2.4 metres above the floor of the pool, whichever is higher. Nets are required.

Games with secondary scoring other than goals
The following games have more than one possible method of scoring where the goal is the primary method, i.e. the method that scores the most points. In most cases the score is shown as the number of goals, plus the number of secondary scores (usually 1 point), plus the total number of points. The side with the higher number of total points is the winner.

Australian rules football
In Australian rules football a goal is scored when the ball is kicked by an attacking player completely between the two tall goal posts. To be awarded a goal, the ball may not contact or pass over the goal post, or touch any player on any part of the body other than the foot or lower leg of an attacker. In such cases, the score is a behind (1 point). The ball may be punted, drop kicked, or kicked off the ground (soccered). The ball may cross the goal line at any height from ground level up and may bounce before crossing the line. A goal scores six points. The behind, which scores one point; is awarded if the ball passes between the point posts or is not awarded a goal by the above provisions when passing through the goal posts. The goal structure consists of two posts at least 6 metres in height and spaced 6.4 metres apart. There is no crossbar and no net.

Basketball

The primary object of basketball is to score by shooting (i.e., throwing) the ball into a goal officially called the basket. A basket is scored when the ball passes completely through the basket ring from above; however, the number of points scored with each basket depends on where on the court the ball was shot from, and a team does not necessarily need to score the most baskets to win the game. Basketball scores are expressed in total points.

A basket scored during normal play is called a field goal and is worth two points if shot from within or on the three-point line, and three points if shot from beyond the three-point line. The three-point line's distance from the basket varies by level. Points are also awarded to the shooting team if the defensive team commits goaltending or basket interference while the ball is in flight towards the basket or is directly over it.

A basketball team can also score by free throws, which score one point each. Free throws are awarded to a team after the opponent commits a foul in certain scenarios. The player taking the free throws (usually the player who was fouled) is entitled to take a specified number of shots unopposed with both feet behind the free throw line.

The basket consists of a metal ring 18 in in internal diameter, suspended horizontally 10 ft above the floor such that the center of the ring is equidistant from each sideline and 5 ft from the end line. The basket ring has a net attached below to briefly check the ball's downward progress and indicate a score. The ring is fastened to a rectangular backboard 6 ft wide by 3.5 ft tall, though in lower levels of play or recreational use the backboard may be smaller and/or fan-shaped. The entire structure is supported from behind and anchored to the floor beyond the end line at higher levels of play; the structure may be anchored to a wall or ceiling at lower levels of play. The ring, net, and the front, top, bottom, and sides of the backboard are all considered inbounds, while the back of the backboard and the support structure – even those parts suspended over inbounds areas of the court – are considered out of bounds.

Gaelic football and Ladies' football

In Gaelic football and ladies' Gaelic football a goal is scored when the ball passes completely beyond the goal line, between the goal posts and under the cross bar. The ball can be played with the hands, but a goal cannot be scored by hand. A ball travelling between the goal posts and over the cross bar is awarded one pointed called an "over". Overs are the most common scoring method with goals heavily defended. A goal is worth three points.

Hurling and camogie
In hurling and camogie the ball ("sliotar") must pass completely beyond the goal line. The ball may be played by any legal method except by the hand of the attacker. A ball in flight may be deflected into the goal off the hand of an attacker. Hurling and Gaelic football use the same goal structure. It is a 6.4 meter wide frame with a net attached. The goal posts are at least 6 meters high, and the crossbar is 2.44 meters above the ground. A goal is scored when the ball crosses below the crossbar and a point is scored when the ball passes above it.

Sports with goals as secondary scoring
At each end of the field in the following games, there is both a marked scoring area and a separate goal post structure. In these games, the term "goal" is only used for the secondary scoring method of putting the ball through the goal post structure.

Gridiron football
In American and Canadian football, there is a scoring area marked at each end of the field called an end zone, and a separate goal post structure.

The primary method of scoring is a touchdown. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the end zone. A touchdown scores 6 points in both versions of the sport. The front line of the end zone is the "goal line", its back line is the "end line", and each corner is marked with a pylon. Each end zone in American football is about 10 x wide, while each end zone in Canadian football is about 20 x wide. Unlike other sports which require the ball/puck to pass completely over the goal line to count as a score, both Canadian and American football merely need any part of the ball to break the vertical plane of the outer edge of the goal line to count as a touchdown.

A field goal is a secondary method of scoring; it is scored when the ball is place kicked or drop kicked completely over the crossbar and between or directly over the goal posts. A field goal scores 3 points in both versions of the sport. In the American game, the now rarely used fair catch kick, if successfully made, also scores 3 points. A goal kicked during a try following a touchdown is worth one point. These are the only methods of putting the ball through the goal posts that award points to the kicking team; no points are scored if the ball is punted or thrown through the goal posts, or if the ball goes through the goal posts on a kickoff (except, in the latter case, in indoor American football, where some leagues award a single point).

In both sports, the goal structure consists of a horizontal crossbar suspended 10 ft above the ground and vertical goal posts ("uprights") placed 18 ft apart and extending at least 35 ft above the crossbar. In lower levels of play the goal posts may be placed further apart and/or not extend as far above the crossbar; for example, in high school football the posts are 23 ft apart. NFL and CFL rules mandate that a ribbon be attached to the top of each goal post. Goals are centered on the field, but on different lines: in American football, they lie on the "end line" (far end of the end zone) and in Canadian football, on the "goal line" (beginning of the end zone). A retractable net may be placed behind the goal posts, well beyond the field of play, to prevent the ball from entering spectator areas.

Until the mid-1960s, the goal posts were similar in design to rugby posts, with the crossbar and uprights supported by stanchions installed directly underneath the uprights (in the shape of the letter 'H'). A transitional design from this time retained the twin set of stanchions but placed them behind the crossbar. In this design, the crossbar and uprights were supported by a set of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal stanchions behind each upright. This design was last used professionally in the first Super Bowl in January 1967. The modern goal posts supported by a single "goose-necked" stanchion (in the shape of the letter 'Y') made their debut in the 1966 CFL playoffs and were adopted by all three professional leagues (CFL, NFL, and AFL) the following year, with many (but not all) college teams following suit in the years since. The NFL, which merged with the AFL in, had its crossbar over the goal line until.

In arena football, a field goal also scores three points, unless it is drop kicked, in which case it scores four points. The goal structure in arena football is much smaller than the outdoor game; it consists of a crossbar 15 ft above the playing surface and 9.5 ft wide; this size is also used for most other indoor leagues as well. Uniquely in arena football, the goal posts are attached to nets on either side of the crossbar which are taut to allow the ball to rebound back onto the field of play. The nets are 30 ft wide and 37 ft high. These nets do not represent a scoring area, but keep the ball in play and prevent it from entering the crowd.

Canadian football also offers a secondary form of goal, the rouge or single point; it is awarded if a ball enters the end zone by way of any kick (either a missed field goal or a punt) and is not returned by the opposing team; this is not offered in American football (such a play results in a touchback instead).

Rugby football
In both rugby codes, there is a scoring area marked at each end of the field called an in-goal area, and a separate H-shaped goal structure. The primary scoring method is a try, worth 5 points in rugby union and worth 4 points in rugby league. A try is scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area.

A goal is scored in either rugby code by place kicking or drop kicking a ball over the crossbar and between the uprights of H-shaped goalposts. The goalposts are positioned centrally on the goal line (the front line of the in-goal area). The crossbar is 3 metres from the ground; the uprights are 5.5 metres apart in rugby league and 5.6 metres in rugby union.

In the early years of rugby, only goals counted in scoring, and a "try" counted only if "converted" into a goal. The official name "goal from a try" for a converted try persisted until 1979.

Goal celebration
Celebrating the scoring of a goal is common. It is normally performed by the goalscorer, and may involve his or her teammates, the manager or coaching staff and/or the supporters of the team. Whilst referring to the celebration of a goal in general, the term can also be applied to specific actions, such as a player removing his shirt or performing a somersault.

Metaphor
The expression "moving the goalposts", which means to make a set of goals more difficult just as they are being met, is often used in business but is derived from association football. It is commonly used to imply bad faith on the part of those setting goals for others to meet, by arbitrarily making additional demands just as the initial ones are about to be met.

In business, the concept is more abstract, with some performance measure or target being set as a goalpost while achieving the target is often known as achieving a goal.

title: Goal (sports)


text:
Talk:1840 United States presidential election

Source material
good source material for this article:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58554-2003Dec12.html

 * umm...that article has nothing to do with 1840... john 22:34, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Song reference
What relevance is the song reference?128.62.107.14 03:32, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the slogan for which this particular election is remembered is "Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too", a reference to candidates (and eventual winners) Harrison (who won the Battle of Tippecanoe) and Tyler. The reference actually mentions that the song lyrics describe the events of this elections.  I cannot verify this as I have not heard the song and do not have easy access to its lyrics, but it is perfectly in character for the band They Might Be Giants.

 * — DLJessup 22:36, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

By that logic, we should have an entry for Wheaties for every athelete who has graced the orange box: post hoc commemorations or dedications do not add anything useful even if they seem germane. JeremyToday 05:49, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Just to play devil's advocate (I think the reference should be removed because it's an ad for a CD): articles such as Dinosaur do contain sections such as "In popular culture".  Part of the issue with Wheaties is that it's so routine for an athlete to appear on the box.  However,  I don't think it would be untoward to mention in an article on Michael Jordan, for instance, that he was the athlete to appear on the Wheaties box the most number of times as a way of demonstrating the magnitude of his tie-in marketing.

 * — DLJessup 13:27, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Indeed, beyond the matter of irrelevance is the marketing; I agree. JeremyToday 23:13, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Of course, perhaps a "trivia" section after the electoral returns at the bottom might be the proper home. JeremyToday 21:04, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Panic of 1837
The reference to the image of the economic downturn in 1837 was blamed on Van Buren, although the evidence is strong that Jackson's policies, especially the specie circular, caused the panic. Chronicler3 16:25, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Log cabin campaign should be merged with this article. The Log cabin campaign page is a one-line stub, followed by information that is all available on this page. Clear-cut merger. --Ashershow1talk 00:49, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

W. Harriso?
Just a friendly heads up, the map is placed where Harrison's name is cut off (to be specific, the "n" is chopped off.)71.180.171.44 (talk) 13:47, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 23 February 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved as a technical request. — JJMC89  (T·C) 00:31, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

United States presidential election, 1840 → 1840 United States presidential election – The current practice for elections seems to be putting the years at the beginning of article titles. This is consistent with other Presidential election articles. 2601:241:300:C930:B06D:4C52:D214:E228 (talk) 00:09, 23 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Speedy support nom is correct. I've added it to the uncontroversial requests section above. Ribbet32 (talk) 00:29, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Photographs for lead images
Ok, I did a similar proposal to this for the 1844 and 1848 elections, and I’ll make largely the same points. The 1840s were the decade in which photography started to become a thing. While this is less true for 1840, it still is true enough that somewhat contemporary photographs for both major candidates can be obtained. Here are the ones I could find. Thoughts? The Image Editor (talk) 21:28, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I feel like we could keep the Harrison one, but the Van Buren one came from the 1850s, and therefore is outdated. The painting of Van Buren in 1837, which is current one, is okay where it is. xdude (talk) 12:34, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Electoral vote for vice president
Thank you for providing some note about that, because it has just come to my attention that Van Buren had no running mate in 1840. But who received how many of the Democrats' vice-presidential electoral votes?

In 1912, the Republicans provided for Nicholas Butler to receive the vice-presidential electoral votes (only 8 as it turned out) which would have been cast for Sherman had he lived long enough. Carlm0404 (talk) 04:11, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

"(Tyler was) the second independent (after Washington) to serve as president"
Actually he would be the third, since when Andrew Jackson was elected the Democratic Party did not yet exist, his body of supporters simply being termed "the Jacksonians" for lack of a formal name. VanBuren would organize that party later, Jackson having been elected on the basis of his military notoriety rather than behind the thrust of a party.

John Tyler's image taken... 20 years after election to VP?
The photo for John Tyler in the Whig nomination section of the article was taken 20 years after his election to the vice presidency. Shouldn't this be updated with at the very least, an image of him during his presidency? Tyler's appearance in that could match more closely what he looked like in 1840; the one that is up right now, not so much... RealMinecool75 (talk) 22:51, 17 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
MMC

MMC may stand for:

Construction

 * Modern methods of construction (MMC, such as Modular, Volumetric or Panelised Construction)

Business

 * MADE Modular Consultants, Specialist Construction Consultancy, part of MADE Global Works Group
 * Mail.com Media Corp., a former name of the US digital media company PMC
 * Marsh & McLennan Companies, an American-based global professional services firm
 * Master Municipal Clerk, a certification in the US for a municipal clerk
 * Material Móvil y Construcciones (MMC), a predecessor company to Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles
 * MMC Corporation Berhad, a Malaysian investment holding company
 * MMC Norilsk Nickel (Nornickel), a Russian mining and smelting company
 * MMC Ventures, a UK venture capital firm that has funded companies such as Boticca
 * Monopolies and Mergers Commission, the former name of the British Competition Commission
 * MyMajorCompany, a fan-funded music label based in the United Kingdom and France
 * Maudslay Motor Company, a British vehicle maker company based in Coventry
 * Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, a Japanese multinational car maker company

Computing

 * M/M/c queue, a multi-server queueing model
 * Memory management controller, a special series of microprocessors designed to expand the capabilities of certain games for the Nintendo Entertainment System
 * Microsoft Management Console, a framework for system administration tools in modern Microsoft Windows operating systems
 * MIDI Machine Control, part of the MIDI specification
 * Mobile-to-mobile convergence, a technology used to handle wireless traffic in telephony and computer networks
 * Multimedia Center, Zagreb, Croatia, a Multimedia Center of the Zagreb University Referral Center
 * MultiMedia Commands, a multimedia command set for computer storage buses
 * MultiMedia controller, such as the eMMC
 * MultiMediaCard, a solid state disk or flash memory data storage device
 * Malicious mobile code, malware

Education

 * Martin Methodist College, a private, liberal arts college located in Pulaski, Tennessee, U.S.
 * Marymount Manhattan College, a liberal arts college located in Manhattan, U.S.
 * Miles Macdonell Collegiate, a high school in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Medicine

 * The Marine Mammal Center, an institution for marine mammal research and medicine
 * Medical male circumcision
 * Methenmadinone caproate, a progestin that was never marketed
 * Migrating motor complex, a cleaning reflex of the gastrointestinal tract
 * Mitomycin C, a DNA crosslinker used in cancer treatment as an anti-tumour antibiotic chemotherapeutic agent
 * Modernising Medical Careers, covering the changes to post-graduate medical training in the United Kingdom
 * Myelomeningocele, a kind of Spina bifida congenital defect of the spine

Hospitals and medical colleges

 * Mackay Medical College, a medical college in New Taipei City, Taiwan
 * Madras Medical College, a medical college in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * Magadh Medical College, a medical college in Gaya, India
 * Maine Medical Center, a hospital in Portland, Maine, U.S.
 * Makati Medical Center, a tertiary hospital in Makati, Philippines
 * Medicaid managed care, managed care organizations (MCOs) that accept a set payment – “capitation” – for these services
 * Meharry Medical College, a medical college in North Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
 * Memorial Medical Center (Springfield, Illinois), a hospital in Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
 * MetroWest Medical Center, a teaching hospital in Framingham, Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Metropolitan Medical Center, a tertiary hospital in Tondo, Manila, Philippines
 * Monash Medical Centre, a tertiary hospital in Clayton, Victoria, Australia
 * Montefiore Medical Center, a hospital in the Bronx, New York, U.S.
 * Muhammad Medical College, a medical college in Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan
 * Mymensingh Medical College, a medical college in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Transport

 * Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, a Japanese automobile company
 * Merchant Mariner Credential, a professional qualification document for those in the maritime industry
 * Moore Market Complex, a terminus in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * Morgan Motor Company, a British car manufacturing company
 * Morris Motors, a former British car manufacturing company
 * Minor model change, another term for an automotive facelift

Other uses

 * 4-MMC (4-Methylmethcathinone), a stimulant drug
 * Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC, a single-decker city bus manufactured by Alexander Dennis
 * Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC, a 2-axle bus model manufactured by Alexander Dennis
 * Alexander Dennis Enviro500 MMC, a 3-axle double-decker bus manufactured by Alexander Dennis
 * Madhavaram Milk Colony, a neighbourhood in northern part of the city Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * Member of the Magic Circle, initials used after one's name to denote membership to The Magic Circle
 * Manang Marsyangdi Club, a leading football club in Nepal
 * Matara Municipal Council, the local council for Matara, Sri Lanka
 * Maximum material condition
 * Member of Municipal Council, a member of municipal councils in Sri Lanka
 * Metal matrix composite, a type of composite material with fibers dispersed in a metallic matrix
 * Mickey Mouse Club, a long-running children's variety television series
 * Mini Magellanic Cloud, a separated section of the Small Magellanic Cloud galaxy
 * Manbij Military Council, a military council established by the Syrian Democratic Forces
 * Modular Multi-Level Converter, a sort of power electronics converter
 * Mongols Motorcycle Club, an international outlaw motorcycle club
 * Monopoly Millionaires Club, a defunct American lottery game
 * Moving Micro Cross, a cartridge type developed by Bang & Olufsen to replace ceramic pickups in high fidelity systems
 * Multi-member constituency, part of an election system; see Electoral district
 * Museum Management and Curatorship, a journal
 * The Roman numerals for 2100
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Coastal minelayer (MMC)

title: MMC