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Solomon in Islam

In Islam, Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd (سُلَيْمَان بْن دَاوُوْد, lit. 'Solomon, son of David') is described as a nabī (نَبِيّ, lit. 'prophet') and ruler of the Israelites in the Quran. Since the rise of Islam, various Muslim historians have regarded Solomon as one of the greatest rulers in history. Solomon's rule inspired several Islamic leaders throghout history.

Solomon is regarded to have been bestowed by God the gift to speak to animals and djinn. Furthermore was granted the ability to enslave the devils (شَيَاطِين,, lit. 'devils') with the help of a staff or ring given by God. Solomon's battle with the demons plays an important role Sufistic interpretations of Islam as the internal struggle of the self against demonic urges.

Generally, Islamic tradition holds that he was the third ruler of the Israelites and a wise one. In contrast to Talmudic tradition, Muslims maintain that Solomon remained a faithful to God throughout his life and was blessed with authority given to none before nor after him. Desipite his miraculous abilities, his success stems from him solely relying on God, as seen in the challange of bringing the Throne of Sheba. For that he was, according to the Quran, promised nearness to God in Jannah (جَنّة, lit. 'Paradise') at the end of his life.

Judgment on the field
In the earliest narrative involving Sulaiman, the Quran briefly alludes to a story that Sulaiman was in the company of his father, when two men came to ask David to judge between them regarding a ḥarth (حَرْث, field). Later Muslim commentators expanded on the allusion, including al-Tabari, Baidawi, and Ibn Kathir. They said that the first of the two men said that he owned a vineyard of which he took great care the whole year through. But one day, when he was absent, the other man's sheep had strayed into the vineyard and devoured the grapes. He asked to be compensated for this damage. Upon hearing the man's complaint, Solomon suggested that the owner of the sheep take the other man's vineyard to repair and cultivate until the vines returned to their former state, whereupon he should return it to its owner. At the same time, the owner of the vineyard would care for the sheep and benefit from their wool and milk until his land was returned to him, at which point he would return the sheep to their owner. This response shows Solomon's level of judgment, which, the Quran says, would characterize Sulaiman throughout his life. Ḥikmah (Wisdom), according to Muslim tradition, would always be associated with Solomon, who would later even be referred to as Sulaimān al-Ḥakīm (سُلَيْمَان ٱلْحَكِيْم, "Sulaiman the Wise"). This story is adapted in the Kebra Nagast, but as a dispute adjudicated by a son of Sulaiman.

Solomon and the demons
The Quran narrates that Solomon, controlled the wind and the jinn. The jinn helped strengthen Solomon's reign. God caused a miraculous ʿayn (عَيْن, 'fount' or 'spring') of molten qiṭr (قِطْر, 'brass' or 'copper') to flow for Solomon, used by the jinn in their construction. The devils (shayatin) and demons were forced building for him monuments.

When David died, Solomon inherited his position as the prophetic king of the Israelites. Solomon once permitted a woman to build a statue of her father. Later, she began to worship the statue and Solomon was rebuked for tolerating idolatry in his kingdom. As a punishment, God enabled one of the enslaved demons to steal Solomon's ring and take over his kingdom (Surah 38:34). He later repents his sin and gains control over the demons again, focusing on building the temple again. He prayed to God to grant him a kingdom which would be unlike any after him. God accepted Solomon's prayer and gave him what he pleased

Construed allegorically, Solomon's loss of his ring to the demons, may be understood to represent a human losing its soul to demonic passion. Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you bind the div (demon), you will set out for the royal pavilion with Solomon" and "You have no command over your self's kingdom, for in your case the div is in the place of Solomon".

Unlike the Talmudic tradition, Solomon was unaware and never participated in idolatry. Further, the Quran rejects that Solomon was a magician: "Never did Solomon disbelieve, rather the devils disbelieved. They taught magic to the people..."

Solomon and the ant
Solomon was taught the languages of various animals, such as ants. The Quran recounts that, one day, Solomon and his army entered a wādin-naml (وَادِ ٱلْنَّمْل, valley of the ant). On seeing Solomon and his army, a namlah (نَمْلَة, female ant) warned all the others to "get into your habitations, lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it." Immediately understanding what the ant said, Solomon, as always, prayed to God, thanking him for bestowing upon him such gifts and further avoided trampling over the ant colonies. Solomon's wisdom, however, was yet another of the gifts he received from God, and Muslims maintain that Solomon never forgot his daily prayer, which was more important to him than any of his gifts.

Exegetical literature emphasizes the ant's wisdom and explains the meaning behind Solomon's gift to control the wind. According to the Siraj al-Qulub, a popular text with versions in Persian, Oghuz Turkic, and Karluc Turkic, the ant asked Solomon if he knows why he is called "Solomon" (Süleyman). Solomon says he does not, whereupon the ant goes on to explain: "Although your heart was sound (selim) and you know the circumstances of the next world, you have accepted a few pleasures of this world and have been deceived by its possession and kingship; therefore you are called Solomon." Afterwards, the ant asks Solomon if he knows why God has subdued the wind for him. Once again, Solomon negates and the ant answers: "He has subdued the wind for a reason: that which you have accepted is nothing. Just as the wind passes, the world's wealth and kingship pass too." Scholars like Fakhr al-Din Razi and al-Qurtubi elevated the ant to the rank of an exemplar for humans to follow.

Conquest of Saba'

Another important aspect of Solomon's kingship was the size of his army, which consisted of both men and jinn. Solomon would frequently assess his troops and warriors as well as the jinn and all the animals who worked under him. One day, when inspecting his troops, Solomon found the Hud-hud (هُدْهُد, Hoopoe) missing from the assembly. Soon afterwards, however, the Hud-hud arrived at Solomon's court, saying "I have found out something you do not know. I have just come to you from Sheba with sure news." The Hud-hud further told Solomon that the people of Sheba worshiped the Sun, and that the woman who ruled the kingdom was highly intelligent and powerful. Solomon, who listened closely, chose to write a letter to the land of Sheba, through which he would try to convince the people of Sheba to cease their idolatrous worship of the Sun, and come to the worship of God. Solomon ordered the Hud-hud to give the letter to the Queen of Sheba (Bilqis), and then to hide and observe her reaction. The Hud-hud accepted Solomon's orders, and flew straight back to Sheba to deliver the letter to the Queen. The Queen then called her ministers to court and read aloud to them the letter from Solomon stating to the people of Sheba: "In the Name of Allah—the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful, Do not be arrogant with me, but come to me, fully submitting (Muslimīn مُسْلِمِيْن)." She took counsel with her ministers and other court officials, saying "O chiefs! Advise me in this matter of mine, for I would never make any decision without you." The people of the court replied: "We are a people of strength and great ˹military˺ might, but the decision is yours, so decide what you will command." At length, however, the Queen came to Solomon, announcing her submission to God.

Solomon and the ifrit
While Bilqis was journeying to Solomon's court, the king bid his servants deliver her throne thither before her arrival. An ifrit offered his services, but Solomon declined, entrusting this task instead to a manservant, named Asif ibn Barkhiya in traditions. Being a pious fellow, the manservant prayed to God to move the throne for him. His prayer was answered, the throne appearing in Solomon's palace by the power of God. When Bilqis arrived, Solomon asked her if she recognised her throne. Struggling to grasp the miracle God had wrought, she at first gave the king an evasive answer, but later adopting the faith of Solomon, won over by the evidence that the miracle was not that of a mere Ifrit but that of God himself. Solomon had declined the ifrit's tempting offer, because he sought to rely solely upon God and not upon a demon or any other created being, and was rewarded for his piety with success in converting Bilqis to the true faith.

Death

The Quran relates that Solomon died while he was leaning upon his staff and that he remained standing, propped up by it, until a little creature – ant or worm – gnawed at it, until, finally, it gave way – and only then did his body collapse. "When We decreed Solomon's death, nothing indicated to the ˹subjected˺ jinn that he was dead except the termites eating away his staff. So when he collapsed, the jinn realized that if they had ˹really˺ known the unseen, they would not have remained in ˹such˺ humiliating servitude." As he remained upright, propped on his staff, the jinn thought he was still alive and supervising them.

They realized the truth only when God sent a creature to crawl out of the ground and gnaw at Solomon's staff, until his body collapsed. This verse is understood to teach the audience that jinn do not know the unseen (Al-Ghaib) – had they known it, they would not have remained toiling like fools in the service of a dead man.

Solomon and Selcuk leaders
The title “The Sulaymān of the Age was employed for various leaders of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. Among them Suleiman II of Rûm, Kilij Arslan II, and Suleiman ibn Qutalmish. They were compared to the Quranic prophet due to their governmental body (Divan), consisting of people speaking various languages, including Greek, Armenian, Turkish, and later, Mongolian, foreign craftsmen (compared to the jinn at Solomon's court), and usage of messenger pigeons.

Solomon and Jamshid
Jamshid was the fourth king of the world, according to the Shāhnāma of the poet Firdausī. Like Solomon, he was believed to have had command over all the angels and demons (dīv) of the world, and was both king and high priest of Hormozd (middle Persian for Ahura Mazda). He was responsible for many great inventions that made life more secure for his people: the manufacture of armor and weapons, the weaving and dyeing of clothes of linen, silk and wool, the building of houses of brick, the mining of jewels and precious metals, the making of perfumes and wine, the art of medicine, the navigation of the waters of the world in sailing ships. He Jamshid had now become the greatest monarch the world had ever known. He was endowed with the royal farr (Avestan: khvarena), a radiant splendor that burned about him by divine favor.

Due to similarities between the two wise monarchs, some traditions conflate the two. For example, Solomon was associated with ruling over the southwestern Iran in the works of al-Balkhi. Persepolis was believed to be the seat of Solomon and described as "playground of Solomon" by scholars such as Mas'udi, Muqaddasi and Istakhri. Other Muslim authors have opposed the belief that Solomon once ruled in Iran Persia, arguing that any similarities between the lives and deeds of Solomon and Jamshid are purely coincidental, the two being distinct and separate personages. The latter view has been vindicated by scholarship in the field of Indo-European mythology, which has demonstrated conclusively that the character Jamshid derives from the early Zoroastrian deity Yima, whereas Quranic and Biblical scholarship support a measure of historicity for the wise prophet king.

Mahammaddim in the Song of Solomon
As inspired by verses of the Quran, some Muslims believed that Muhammad (مُحَمَّد, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d) is mentioned in the Song of Songs (5:16) as 'Mahamaddim' (מַחֲמַדִּים, consonant letters: m-ħ-m-d-y-m, lit: maḥămaddîm) even though the latter word is translated as "Most beloved of the creation and Prophets by Allah" and "Mercy for the Universe" by Jews.

References to Solomon in the Quran

 * Appraisals for Solomon:, , , , , , , , ,
 * Solomon's preaching:, , ,
 * Solomon judged:
 * Fitnah to Solomon:
 * Solomon and the Queen of Sheba: ,
 * The Kingdom of Sheba:, ,
 * Solomon's death:

title: Solomon in Islam


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Operator assistance

Operator assistance refers to service provided by a telephone operator to the calling party of a telephone call. This can include telephone calls made from pay phones, calls placed station-to-station, person-to-person, or collect, third-number calls, calls billed to credit cards, and certain international calls which cannot be dialed directly. The telephone operator may also be able to assist with determining what kind of technical difficulties are occurring on a phone line, to verify whether a line is busy (busy line verification, or BLV), or left off the hook, or to break in on a live call to ask the caller to clear the line for an incoming call (busy line interruption, or BLI). The latter service is often utilized by emergency police. In addition, operators are often a first point of contact for the elderly wanting information on the current date and time.

Before the advent of emergency telephone numbers, operators identified and connected emergency calls to the correct emergency services. Directory assistance was also part of the operator's job.

In the early days of telephony all calls were connected by an operator. Later, local calls could typically be dialed directly, but long-distance and international calls had to be connected by an operator, often subject to a minimum charge, typically for three minutes. Eventually it became possible to direct-dial all calls, but operator assistance continued to be available, often at higher cost, for all calls; in the US Bell System an operator-assisted call had a 50% premium for the first three minutes.

A station-to-station call is an operator-assisted call in which the calling party agrees to talk to whoever answers the telephone.

A person-to-person call is an operator-assisted call in which the calling party requires to speak to a specific named party and not simply to anyone who answers. The caller is only charged for the call, which is subject to extra cost than station-to-station, from the moment the requested party is reached, and not charged at all if unreachable. This method was popular when telephone calls were relatively expensive. Since the introduction of direct dial telephone service and the subsequent drop in the price of long distance telephone calls, person-to-person service has virtually disappeared.

A messenger call has been used in countries in which home telephones are unusual, and before the boom in cell phones in the early 21st century. A messenger, usually a boy, would go to the recipient's location to advise him or her to come to a central location at a designated time to receive a phone call.

An operator-assisted conference call is one in which the conference call is managed by an operator. The telephone operator will greet each call participant, gather specific information from each participant, introduce key speakers, and manage questions and answers, all from the telephone.

A third number call or third party call is an operator assisted telephone call that can be billed to the party other than the calling and called party. The operator calls the third number for the party to accept the charges before the call can proceed.

Time and charges was a service that could be requested of an operator before a call began. After completion of the call, the operator called back and stated the duration of the call (in minutes) and the charge. It was sometimes used by guests to reimburse hosts for use of their telephone, and was almost always required by hotel switchboard operators to charge room guests for calls they made—modern telephone systems do this automatically.

List of active operator assistance numbers

 * Australia: 1234
 * Canada: 0
 * Hong Kong: 10010 (national), 10013 (international)
 * United Kingdom: 100 (national), 155 (international)

List of historical and withdrawn operator assistance numbers

 * Ireland: 10 (national), 114 (international). Service withdrawn in 2007.

 * North America (North American Numbering Plan):
 * 0 (followed by a delay to distinguish from 0+ dialing, below, or, later, terminated with #)): local
 * 0 + seven or ten digits: national non-localpromoted as Zero Plus Dialing, with some exchanges allowing additional digits dialed to identify billing preference and enter a billing card number
 * 01 + country code + number: international version of Zero Plus, also the operator-assisted version of 011 + country code + number

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Operator assistance


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Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone

The Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone is an American twin-row, supercharged, air-cooled, radial aircraft engine with 18 cylinders displacing nearly 3350 in3. Power ranged from 2,200 to 3,700 hp, depending on model. Developed before World War II, the R-3350's design required a long time to mature, and was still experiencing problems with reliability when used to power the Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

After the war, the engine had matured sufficiently to be used in many civilian airliners, notably in its turbo-compound forms, and was used in the Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation airliners into the 1950s. Its main rival was the 4360 in3, 4300 hp Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, which first ran some seven years after the Duplex-Cyclone. The engine is commonly used on Hawker Sea Fury and Grumman F8F Bearcat Unlimited Class Racers at the Reno Air Races.

Design and development
In 1927, Wright Aeronautical introduced its "Cyclone" engine, which powered a number of designs in the 1930s. After merging with Curtiss to become Curtiss-Wright in 1929, an effort was started design an engine in the 1000 hp class. The new Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 first ran in 1935, and became one of the most used aircraft engines in the late 1930s and early 1940's, powering the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber, General Motors FM-2 Wildcat fighter and Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber, among many others.

By 1931 Pratt & Whitney had started a development of their single-row Wasp nine-cylinder engine into the larger and much more powerful fourteen-cylinder, twin-row R-1830 Twin Wasp with a similar 30 L displacement that would easily compete with the single-row Cyclone. In 1935 Wright followed P&W's lead, and developed larger engines based on the Cyclone. The result was two designs, a 14-cylinder short stroke design of nearly 43 L displacement that would evolve into the Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone, and a much larger 18-cylinder design that became the R-3350. A larger twin-row 22-cylinder version, the Wright R-4090 Cyclone 22, was experimented with as a competitor to the 4360 in3 displacement four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major, but was not produced.

With Pratt & Whitney starting development of their own 2800 in3 displacement 18-cylinder, twin-row radial as the R-2800 Double Wasp in 1937, Wright's first R-3350 prototype engines with a 3350 in3 displacement were run in May of the same year. Development was slow, due to the complexity, and the R-2600 receiving development priority. The R-3350 did not fly until 1941, after the Douglas XB-19 had been redesigned to use R-3350s instead of Allison V-3420 inlines.

Things changed dramatically in 1940 with the introduction of a new contract by the USAAC to develop a long-range bomber capable of flying from the US to Germany with 20000 lb of bombs. Although smaller than the Bomber D designs that led to the Douglas XB-19, the new designs required just as much power. When four preliminary designs were presented in mid-1940, three of them used the R-3350. Suddenly development was a priority, and serious efforts to get it into production began. In 1942 Chrysler started building the Dodge Chicago Plant, which was ready by early 1944.

By 1943 the new Boeing B-29 Superfortress was flying with R-3350s. The engines remained temperamental, and the rear cylinders tended to overheat, partially due to inadequate clearance between the cylinder baffles and the cowl. A number of changes were introduced to improve cooling, and the aircraft was rushed into service in the Pacific in 1944. This proved unwise, as the early B-29s taking off at maximum weights, in the high temperature conditions of the B-29s tropical airfields, caused overheating that was not completely solved, and the engines also had a tendency to swallow valves. Because of a high magnesium content in the crankcase, engine fires could burn with a core temperature approaching 5600 F which could burn through the main spar in seconds, causing a catastrophic failure.

Early R-3350s used carburetors, though the poorly designed elbow entrance to the supercharger led to serious problems with fuel/air mixtures. Near the end of WWII, the system was changed to use gasoline direct injection which improved reliability. After the war the engine was redesigned and became popular for large aircraft, notably the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-7.

Following the war, the Turbo-Compound system was developed to deliver better fuel efficiency. In these versions, three power-recovery turbines (PRT) were inserted into the exhaust of each group of six cylinders, and geared to the crankshaft by fluid couplings to deliver more power. The PRTs recovered about 20% of the exhaust energy (around 450 hp) that would have otherwise been lost, but reduced engine reliability. Mechanics nicknamed them Parts Recovery Turbines, since the increased exhaust heat meant a return to the engine destroying exhaust valves. The fuel burn for the PRT-equipped aircraft was nearly the same as the older Pratt and Whitney R-2800, while producing more useful power. Effective 15 October 1957 a DA-3/DA-4 engine cost $88,200.

By this point reliability had improved with the mean time between overhauls at 3,500 hours and specific fuel consumption in the order of 0.4 lb/hp/hour (243 g/kWh, giving a 34% fuel efficiency). Engines in use as of the 2020s are limited to 52 inHg manifold pressure, giving 2880 hp with 100/130 octane fuel (or 100LL) instead of the 59.5 inHg and 3400 hp possible with 115/145, a higher octane fuel, which is no longer available.

Several racers at the Reno Air Races use R-3350s. Modifications on one, Rare Bear, include a nose case designed for a slow-turning prop, taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed L-1649 Starliner, mated to the power section (crankcase, crank, pistons, and cylinders) taken from an R-3350 used on the Douglas DC-7. The supercharger is taken from an R-3350 used on the Lockheed EC-121 and the engine is fitted with nitrous oxide injection. Normal rated power of the original stock R-3350 was 2800 hp at 2,600 rpm and 45 inHg of manifold pressure. With these modifications, Rare Bear's engine produces 4000 hp at 3,200 rpm and 80 inHg of manifold pressure, and 4500 hp with nitrous oxide injection.

Variants

 * R-3350-13: 2,200 shp
 * R-3350-23: 2,200 shp
 * R-3350-24W: 2,500 shp
 * R-3350-26W: 2,800 shp
 * R-3350-30W:
 * R-3350-30WA:
 * R-3350-32W: 3,700 shp
 * R-3350-34: 3,400 shp
 * R-3350-35A: 2,200 shp
 * R-3350-41: Fuel injected Silverplate variant
 * R-3350-42WA: 3,800 shp
 * R-3350-53: 2,700 shp
 * R-3350-57: 2,200 shp
 * R-3350-85: 2,500 shp
 * R-3350-89A: 3,500 shp
 * R-3350-93W: 3500 shp
 * 972TC18DA1:Commercial equivalent to the -30W without water injection
 * 956C18CA1:Commercial, similar to the -26W
 * 975C18CB1:Commercial, similar to the 956C18CA1

Applications
• Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly

• Boeing B-29 Superfortress

• Boeing XC-97 Stratofreighter

• Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger

• Canadair CP-107 Argus

• Consolidated B-32 Dominator

• Curtiss XBTC-2

• Curtiss XF14C

• Curtiss XP-62

• Douglas A-1 Skyraider

• Douglas BTD Destroyer

• Douglas DC-7

• Douglas XB-19

• Douglas XB-31

• Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar

• Fairchild AC-119

• Grumman F8F Bearcat (See the Rare Bear)

• Hawker Sea Fury

• Lockheed Constellation

• Lockheed L-049 Constellation

• Lockheed C-69 Constellation

• Lockheed L-649 Constellation

• Lockheed L-749 Constellation

• Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation

• Lockheed C-121 Constellation

• Lockheed R7V-1 Constellation

• Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star

• Lockheed L-1649A Starliner

• Lockheed P-2 Neptune

• Lockheed XB-30

• Martin JRM Mars

• Martin XB-33 Super Marauder

• Martin P5M Marlin

• Stroukoff YC-134

Engines on display

 * Wright R-3350-89 is on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California
 * Wright R-3350 is on public display at Flyhistorisk Museum, Sola, near Stavanger, Norway
 * Wright R-3350-35A is on public display at Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter, San Antonio, Texas
 * Wright R-3350 is on public display in the Mackenzie Engineering Building at Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

title: Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone


text:
Ayub (name)

Ayub (Arabic: ايّوب Ayūb, commonly written ايوب ) is the Arabic name of the Abrahamic prophet Job. Here it refers to the Islamic prophet which is mentioned in the Quran, see Job in Islam.

The spread of the name among Muslims is partly due to the fame of Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, whose name in Arabic is Salạ̄hu d-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayūb.

Other people with this given name

 * Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, a companion (sahaba) of Muhammad
 * Ayub Ali (1919-1995), Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and educationist
 * Ayub Ali Master (1880-1980), British-Bangladeshi social reformer, politician and entrepreneur
 * Ayub Shah Durrani, Afghan ruler
 * Ayub Khan (1907-1974), second President of Pakistan
 * Ayub Afridi, Pakistani drug lord turned politician
 * Ayub Ommaya (1930-2008), a Pakistani neurosurgeon
 * Ayub Shah Bukhari, Pakistani Sufi
 * Ayub Thakur (1948-2004), Kashmiri freedom activist
 * Master Ayub, a Pakistani teacher who runs an open air, free of cost, school in Islamabad since 1986
 * Ayub Khan Din (born 1961), British-Pakistani actor and writer
 * Ayub Bachchu (1962-2018), Bangladeshi rock musician
 * Ayub Khan (actor) (born 1969), Indian actor
 * Ayub Daud (born 1990), Somali footballer
 * Ayub Masika (born 1992), Kenyan footballer

Places

 * Ayub National Park

title: Ayub (name)


text:
Ilyas

Ilyas (إلياس) is a form of the masculine given name Elias or Elijah.

Notable people with this given name

 * Ilyas son of Mudar, ancestor of Muhammad
 * Muhammad Ilyas Qadri, Founder of Dawat-e-Islami
 * Ilyas Babar (1926-2002), Indian athletic coach
 * Ilyas Ahmed (disambiguation), multiple people
 * İlyas Demir (born 1985), Turkish martial artist
 * Ilyas Gorchkhanov (1967-2005), Russian rebel leader
 * Ilyas Gul (born 1968), Pakistani cricketer
 * Ilyas Hussain Ibrahim (born 1957), Maldivian politician
 * İlyas Kahraman (born 1976), Turkish footballer
 * Ilyas Kanchan, Bangladeshi actor
 * Ilyas Kashmiri (1964-2011), Pakistani Al-Qaeda operative
 * Ilyas Shah Shamsuddin, first Sultan of Bengal
 * Ilyas Shurpayev (1975-2008), Russian journalist
 * İlyas Şükrüoğlu (born 1966), Turkish freestyle wrestler
 * İlyas Tüfekçi (born 1960), Turkish footballer
 * Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi, founder of Tablighi Jamaat

Notable people with this surname

 * Adnan Ilyas (born 1984), Omani cricketer
 * Ihab Ilyas (born 1973), Egyptian-Canadian professor
 * Muhammad Ilyas (disambiguation), several people

Other uses

 * İlyas Bey Mosque, a cultural heritage mosque of Turkey
 * İlyas, Burdur, a village in Turkey
 * Ilyasi Mosque, mosque in Abbottabad, Pakistan

title: Ilyas


text:
User:Kluwer

Ole Wilhelm Klüwer (*17. December 1944 in Trondheim, Norway) is a norwegian NS-child.

Professor Klüwer is the Spokesman for The Association of Norwegian NS-Children. He is a man of great learning, also a surviver of an old and prominent NS-family in Norway, and a leading opponent against the surviving nazis' tyranni over their offspring.

title: User:Kluwer


text:
Collect call

A collect call in Canada and the United States, known as a reverse charge call in other parts of the English-speaking world, is a telephone call in which the calling party wants to place a call at the called party's expense.

Collect calls were originally only possible as an operator-assisted call, but with the introduction of computer-based telephone dialing equipment, it became possible to place a collect call without using an operator. Automated reverse charge dialing eliminated a service that could be provided, at a higher fee, only on operator-assisted connections: the person-to-person call, in which there is no charge unless a designated person is available.

In the US, while Mother's Day is the holiday with the highest number of phone calls, the day with the most collect calls is Father's Day.

Australia
Australian telecom companies provide reverse charge services with the number 12550. However, in the case of prepaid phones, this service is accessible only when a caller has sufficient credit to call 12550.

Several companies previously provided reverse call services in Australia, including 1800MUMDAD, 1800Reverse and 1800PhoneHome. In 2019, major telecommunication providers Optus and Telstra ceased billing services on behalf of third party content providers, causing these services to close.

Telstra ran a reverse charge service called HomeLink during the 1990s and 2000s. Homelink consisted of an 1800 number and PIN that could only be linked to the user's home phone service. Calls were billed at a slightly higher cost than a standard local call. HomeLink grew out of popularity with the rise in mobile phones.

Brazil
In Brazil, reverse calls are available for every land or mobile line call. All local reverse calls must be started by dialing 9090 and the desired phone number. If the user is not in the same zone as the recipient the calls must be started by dialing 90 + carrier code + area code + the desired phone number.

France
In France, the service was called PCV (per ce voir). France Telecom discontinued the collect call on 1. August 2014.

Germany
On 31. December 2020, Deutsche Telekom discontinued the option to make collect calls.

India
There is not a simple way to make a reverse charge call for free in India. In early 2019 a private tech company launched services to enable a person to make an overseas reverse charge call. AT&T also provides a number to make collect calls from India to the United States. The number is 000–117.

Kenya
Landline operator Telkom provides reverse charge services. A customer who needed the service had to call customer care and then request for reverse call. If the other person accepted, the call would then be connected and charged on his or her bill. In June 2019, the largest mobile service provider Safaricom started rolling out reverse call services to all its customers. To access the service, a customer has to dial # before dialing the desired number. The caller's details would appear on the recipient's screen as usual, but when the recipient answers the phone, a voice notice would informed them that the call is a reverse call. The recipient could then choose to accept the charges for the call by pressing 1 on the dial pad. Safaricom said that the cost of reverse calls is the same as the cost of normal calls.

Republic of Ireland
A collect call service operates under 800 Reverse (operated by Reverse Corp Ltd), in the Republic of Ireland. It offers reverse charge calls from any fixed line phone, pay phone and most mobile phones (even if the prepaid credit has run out), to most fixed land line and mobile phones in the Republic of Ireland. The company charges €2.99 to connect the call, including the first 60 seconds of the call, and €0.593 for every subsequent minute.

Eircom offered national and international reverse charge calling services until 24 February 2009. Prior to the cessation of services, national reverse charge service could be obtained by dialing the operator on 10 or, from payphones via 1 800 28 28 28 and international reverse charge services could be reached via the international operator on 114 or 1800 457 457 from payphones.

United Kingdom
In the UK, a number of services offer reverse charge calling. A caller can dial the operator on 155 and request a reverse charge call. Before these services were discontinued, 08000MUMDAD, 08000686323, 0800 Reverse also provided reverse charge calls. Reverse charge calls can be made for free on some mobile networks, although the person being contacted via this service may be charged a considerable amount for accepting such a call.

Freefone numbers indicated that a business agreed to automatically accept reverse charge calls to that number.

United States and Canada
Verizon discontinued collect calls on its landlines in 2016. AT&T similarly discontinued its collect call services for the United States. 1-800-COLLECT remains operational.

Prior to the introduction of the toll-free 800 area code in 1967, a Zenith number (in the U.S. and Canada) or an enterprise number (in the U.S. only) would indicate to an operator that the business agreed to automatically accept collect calls to that number.

In popular culture
The movie Dr. Strangelove contains a scene in which a character attempts to place a collect call to the President of the United States after finding he does not have enough change on hand for the payphone.

In season 6, episode 16 of The Simpsons, Bart Simpson damages Australia–United States relations in a series of escalating events beginning with an $900 international collect call.

The Fluffy Movie features material about collect calls, their antiquity, and the familial politics of placing a collect call.

In the video game Darkest Dungeon, the Collector's ability to summon his minions, "Collect Call," is a pun-based reference to collect calling.

title: Collect call


text:
Telephone call

A telephone call or telephone conversation (or telcon ), also known as a phone call or voice call (or simply a call), is a connection over a telephone network between the called party and the calling party. Telephone calls started in the late 19th century. As technology has improved, a majority of telephone calls are made over a cellular network through mobile phones or over the internet with Voice over IP. Telephone calls are typically used for real-time conversation between two or more parties, especially when the parties cannot meet in person.

A telephone call historically was between two live people. It has progressed to also include a live person and a recorded message, or a live person with an AI generated message. The term "call" is now broadly used for other connections over a network including audio calls and video calls when you are using your voice to communicate, as opposed to typing / text.

First telephone call
The first telephone call was made on March 10, 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell. Bell demonstrated his ability to "talk with electricity" by transmitting a call to his assistant, Thomas Watson. The first words transmitted were "Mr Watson, come here. I want to see you." This event has been called Bell's "greatest success", as it demonstrated the first successful use of the telephone. Although it was his greatest success, he refused to have a telephone in his own home because it was something he invented by mistake and saw it as a distraction from his main studies.

Information transmission
A telephone call may carry ordinary voice transmission using a telephone, data transmission when the calling party and called party are using modems, or facsimile transmission when they are using fax machines. The call may use land line, mobile phone, satellite phone or any combination thereof. When a telephone call has more than one called party it is referred to as a conference call. When two or more users of the network are sharing the same physical line, it is called a party line or Rural phone line.

If the caller's wired phone is connected directly to the calling party, when the caller takes their telephone off-hook, the calling party's phone will ring. This is called a [hot line] or [ringdown]. Otherwise, the calling party is usually given a tone to indicate they should begin dialing the desired number. In some (now very rare) cases, if the calling party cannot dial calls directly, they will be connected to an operator who places the call for them.

Calls may be placed through a public network (such as the Public Switched Telephone Network) provided by a commercial telephone company or a private network called a [Private branch exchange|PBX]. In most cases a private network is connected to the public network in order to allow PBX users to dial the outside world. Incoming calls to a private network arrive at the PBX in two ways: either directly to a users phone using a DDI number or indirectly via a receptionist who will answer the call first and then manually put the caller through to the desired user on the PBX.

Most telephone calls through the PSTN are set up using ISUP signalling messages or one of its variants between telephone exchanges to establish the end to end connection. Calls through PBX networks are set up using QSIG, DPNSS or variants.

Costs
Some types of calls are not charged, such as local calls (and internal calls) dialed directly by a telephone subscriber in Canada, the United States, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Ireland or New Zealand (Residential subscribers only). In most other areas, all telephone calls are charged a fee for the connection. Fees depend on the provider of the service, the type of service being used (a call placed from a landline or wired telephone will have one rate, and a call placed from a mobile telephone will have a different rate) and the distance between the calling and the called parties. In most circumstances, the calling party pays this fee. However, in some circumstances such as a reverse charge or collect call, the called party pays the cost of the call. In some circumstances, the caller pays a flat rate charge for the telephone connection and does not pay any additional charge for all calls made. Telecommunication liberalization has been established in several countries to allows customers to keep their local phone provider and use an alternate provider for a certain call in order to save money.

Placing a call

A typical phone call using a traditional phone is placed by picking the phone handset up off the base and holding the handset so that the hearing end is next to the user's ear and the speaking end is within range of the mouth. The caller then rotary dials or presses buttons for the phone number needed to complete the call, and the call is routed to the phone which has that number. The second phone makes a ringing noise to alert its owner, while the user of the first phone hears a ringing noise in its earpiece. If the second phone is picked up, then the operators of the two units are able to talk to one another through them. If the phone is not picked up, the operator of the first phone continues to hear a ringing noise until they hang up their own phone.

In addition to the traditional method of placing a telephone call, new technologies allow different methods for initiating a telephone call, such as voice dialing. Voice over IP technology allows calls to be made through a PC, using a service like Skype. Other services, such as toll-free dial-around enable callers to initiate a telephone call through a third party without exchanging phone numbers. Originally, no phone calls could be made without first talking to the Switchboard operator. Using 21st century mobile phones does not require the use of an operator to complete a phone call.

The use of headsets is becoming more common for placing or receiving a call. Headsets can either come with a cord or be wireless.

A special number can be dialed for operator assistance, which may be different for local vs. long-distance or international calls.

Details of operation
The landline telephone contains a switchhook (A4) and an alerting device, usually a ringer (A7), that remains connected to the phone line whenever the phone is "on hook" (i.e. the switch (A4) is open), and other components which are connected when the phone is "off hook". The off-hook components include a transmitter (microphone, A2), a receiver (speaker, A1), and other circuits for dialing, filtering (A3), and amplification.

To place a telephone call, the calling party picks up the telephone's handset, thereby operating a lever that closes the hook switch (A4). This powers the telephone by connecting the transmission hybrid transformer, as well as the transmitter (microphone) and receiver (speaker) to the line. In this off-hook state, the telephone circuitry has a low resistance of typically less than 300 ohms, which causes the flow of direct current (DC) in the line (C) from the telephone exchange. The exchange detects this current, attaches a digit receiver circuit to the line, and sends dial tone to indicate its readiness. On a modern push-button telephone, the caller then presses the number keys to send the telephone number of the destination, the called party. The keys control a tone generator circuit (not shown) that sends DTMF tones to the exchange. A rotary-dial telephone uses pulse dialing (A5), sending electrical pulses, that the exchange counts to decode each digit of the telephone number. If the called party's line is available, the terminating exchange applies an intermittent alternating current (AC) ringing signal of 40 to 90 volts to alert the called party of the incoming call. If the called party's line is in use, however, the exchange returns a busy signal to the calling party. If the called party's line is in use but subscribes to call waiting service, the exchange sends an intermittent audible tone to the called party to indicate another call.

The electromechanical ringer of a telephone (A7) is connected to the line through a capacitor (A6), which blocks direct current and passes the alternating current of the ringing power. The telephone draws no current when it is on hook, while a DC voltage is continually applied to the line. Exchange circuitry (D2) can send an alternating current down the line to activate the ringer and announce an incoming call. In manual service exchange areas, before dial service was installed, telephones had hand-cranked magneto generators to generate a ringing voltage back to the exchange or any other telephone on the same line. When a landline telephone is inactive (on hook), the circuitry at the telephone exchange detects the absence of direct current to indicate that the line is not in use. When a party initiates a call to this line, the exchange sends the ringing signal. When the called party picks up the handset, they actuate a double-circuit switchhook (not shown) which may simultaneously disconnect the alerting device and connect the audio circuitry to the line. This, in turn, draws direct current through the line, confirming that the called phone is now active. The exchange circuitry turns off the ring signal, and both telephones are now active and connected through the exchange. The parties may now converse as long as both phones remain off hook. When a party hangs up, placing the handset back on the cradle or hook, direct current ceases in that line, signaling the exchange to disconnect the call.

Calls to parties beyond the local exchange are carried over trunk lines which establish connections between exchanges. In modern telephone networks, fiber-optic cable and digital technology are often employed in such connections. Satellite technology may be used for communication over very long distances.

In most landline telephones, the transmitter and receiver (microphone and speaker) are located in the handset, although in a speakerphone these components may be located in the base or in a separate enclosure. Powered by the line, the microphone (A2) produces a modulated electric current which varies its frequency and amplitude in response to the sound waves arriving at its diaphragm. The resulting current is transmitted along the telephone line to the local exchange then on to the other phone (via the local exchange or via a larger network), where it passes through the coil of the receiver (A3). The varying current in the coil produces a corresponding movement of the receiver's diaphragm, reproducing the original sound waves present at the transmitter.

Along with the microphone and speaker, additional circuitry is incorporated to prevent the incoming speaker signal and the outgoing microphone signal from interfering with each other. This is accomplished through a hybrid coil (A3). The incoming audio signal passes through a resistor (A8) and the primary winding of the coil (A3) which passes it to the speaker (A1). Since the current path A8 – A3 has a far lower impedance than the microphone (A2), virtually all of the incoming signal passes through it and bypasses the microphone.

At the same time the DC voltage across the line causes a DC current which is split between the resistor-coil (A8-A3) branch and the microphone-coil (A2-A3) branch. The DC current through the resistor-coil branch has no effect on the incoming audio signal. But the DC current passing through the microphone is turned into AC (in response to voice sounds) which then passes through only the upper branch of the coil's (A3) primary winding, which has far fewer turns than the lower primary winding. This causes a small portion of the microphone output to be fed back to the speaker, while the rest of the AC goes out through the phone line.

A lineman's handset is a telephone designed for testing the telephone network and may be attached directly to aerial lines and other infrastructure components.

Tones
Preceding, during, and after a traditional telephone call is placed, certain tones signify the progress and status of the telephone call: Cell phones generally do not use dial tones, because the technology used to transmit the dialed number is different from a landline.
 * a dial tone signifying that the system is ready to accept a telephone number and connect the call
 * either:
 * a ringing tone signifying that the called party has yet to answer the telephone
 * a busy signal (or engaged tone) signifying that the called  party's telephone is being used in a telephone call to another person (or is "off the hook" though no number has been dialled, i.e. the customer does not want to be disturbed)
 * a fast busy signal (also called reorder tone or overflow busy tone) signifying that there is congestion in the telephone network, or possibly that the calling subscriber has delayed too long in dialling all the necessary digits. The fast busy signal is generally twice as fast as the normal busy signal.
 * status tones such as STD notification tones (to inform the caller that the telephone call is being trunk dialled at a greater cost to the calling party), minute minder beeps (to inform the caller of the relative duration of the telephone call on calls that are charged on a time basis), and others
 * a tone (sometimes the busy signal, often the dial tone) to signify that the called party has hung up.
 * tones used by earlier inband telephone switching systems were simulated by a Red box or a blue box used by "phone phreaks" to illegally make or receive free trunk/toll calls.
 * off-hook tone if the phone has been picked up but no number dialed for an extended period of time.

Unwanted calls
Unsolicited telephone calls are a modern nuisance. Common kinds of unwanted calls include prank calls, telemarketing calls, and obscene phone calls.

Caller ID provides some protection against unwanted calls, but can still be turned off by the calling party. Even where end-user Caller ID is not available, calls are still logged, both in billing records at the originating telco and via automatic number identification, so the perpetrator's phone number can still be discovered in many cases. However, this does not provide complete protection: harassers can use payphones, in some cases, automatic number identification itself can be spoofed or blocked, and mobile telephone abusers can (at some cost) use "throwaway" phones or SIMs.

Patents

 * Rabinow, J., - "Telephone call indicator"—November 12, 1957

title: Telephone call


text:
Chinese Box

Chinese Box is a 1997 movie directed by Wayne Wang and starring Jeremy Irons, Gong Li, Maggie Cheung and Michael Hui.

The movie is set and was made at the time of Hong Kong's handover to the People's Republic of China on June 30, 1997. The film credits Paul Theroux as a source for the story, based on themes he explores in his 1997 novel Kowloon Tong.

Plot
The movie unfolds at least nine different stories on very different levels.

First, there is John as a reporter, trying to capture interesting scenes on the streets of Hong Kong, persuading himself his work gives his life a tangible meaning.

Second, there is Vivian who is looking to find a balance in life, trying to escape from the underground she once was a part of and forget about her past, but is hindered in her attempts by prejudices that go back thousands of years in the Chinese society (including Hong Kong).

Third, there is Vivian (still), with a chance to discard most of her problems by simply marrying John and moving to England with him. Even though she is tempted to do so, she knows this would just be running away from the core of the problem and could not be a long-term solution, mostly because of their different cultural backgrounds and maybe even because of a subtle uncertainty regarding John's ex-wife and former life.

Fourth, there is Jean, with her own story and with a typical Hong Kong here-today-who-knows-where-tomorrow attitude - living the moment, enjoying and suffering at the same time, embodying a perfect reflection of modern life, especially so easily seen in Hong Kong in the late 1990s. She understands all of the different kinds of hardships that come in life and, with her face somewhat disfigured, is marked more intensely than most, but also knows where to draw the line in selling herself. John tries to help her, but does that in a dishonest way, which disappoints her tremendously. According to a note in film's credits, Jean's story was inspired by a short story by the American-British author Rachel Ingalls.

Fifth, there are John and Jim. Close, mutually understanding, with enough humor and sarcasm to keep them going through both the good and the bad days. Even though their outlooks towards life differ significantly, their love for the job (journalism) creates a strong bond of true friendship.

Sixth, there is Chang, a man of power, of high position, but a wimp in his heart. His immense wealth cannot replace what he lacks in personality. He has no charisma, no morality, no care, and exists purely on his imaginary throne of pretentiousness and status. While he is ashamed of Vivian, he does love her, but in a pathetic, cowardly way. He is very much into 'saving face' and can not find an equilibrium in his life (professional nor personal). He agrees to marry Vivian, but deceives her by arranging merely a mock wedding photo session, so she could have some pictures to send to her family. Vivian burns all of the photos and accepts the notion she will never be happy nor free.

Seventh, there are John and Vivian. A story of true love that just isn't meant to be. Not because they wouldn't want it to, but because of the constraints of the societies they live in.

Eighth, there is John (again), perplexed with his own mortality, which he is suddenly forced to face.

Ninth, there is the political aspect of Hong Kong politically becoming a part of China again, which (at the time) was a great uncertainty.

Filming locations
The movie shows the actual temporary press room which was specially set up for the press coverage of the handover, and located in the old part of the Convention and Exhibition Centre.

Certain scenes were shot at the Main Bar of the Foreign Correspondents' Club.

The main characters residence in the film was shot in a flat located along Central–Mid-Levels escalators, just below Hollywood Road in Central.

Cast and roles include

 * Jeremy Irons - John Spencer
 * Gong Li - Vivian
 * Maggie Cheung - Jean
 * Michael Hui - Chang
 * Rubén Blades - Jim
 * Jared Harris - William
 * Chaplin Chang - Homeless Man
 * Noel Rands - John's Friend at New Year's Party
 * Emma Lucia - Amanda Everheart
 * Ken Bennett - Rick
 * Russell Cawthorne - New Year's Party MC
 * Emotion Cheung - William Wong
 * Harvey Stockwin - Weeks
 * Jonathan Midgley - Jonathan
 * Bruce Walker - Bruce
 * Angelica Lofgren - Baby-Lin
 * Dr. Julian Chang - Dr. Chang
 * Jian Rui Chao - Businessman #1
 * Wai Sing Chau - Businessman #2
 * Hung Lo - Businessman #3
 * Shirley Hung - Girlfriend #1
 * Michelle Yeung - Girlfriend #2
 * Alex Ng - Drunk karaoke singer
 * Chiu Wah Lee - Minibus passenger
 * Maria Cordero - Mamasan
 * Pao Fong - Godfather
 * Hui Fan - Godfather's wife
 * Lam Man Cheung - Wedding photographer
 * Lee Siu-kei - Gangster #1
 * Leung Chi On - Gangster #2
 * Tse Yuen Fat - Gangster #3
 * Roderick Lee - Manhattan Club bouncer
 * Hui Li - Black Moon hostess
 * Maria St. Lynne - Black Moon hostess
 * Josie Ho - Lilly

title: Chinese Box


text:
Ed Devereaux

Edward Sidney Devereaux (27 August 1925 – 17 December 2003), better known professionally as Ed Devereaux, was an Australian actor, director, and scriptwriter who lived in the United Kingdom for many years. He was best known for playing the part of Matt Hammond the head ranger in the Australian television series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo. He was also involved in the series behind the scenes, Devereaux writing the script and directing the episode The Veteran (1969), for which he received much critical acclaim. Devereaux based the story of the episode "Double Trouble" on an idea conceived by his children, wrote the screenplay of "Summer Storm" and the script for "The Mine". He also played the part of Joe in the Australian 1966 film They’re a Weird Mob. The film was a local success.

Biography
Devereaux had been a boy soprano, teenage soldier in the New Guinea campaign during the Second World War, cabbie, storeman and truck driver before moving to the UK in 1950.

Devereaux appeared as Mr. Gubbins in the 1963 British comedy film Ladies Who Do and in several Carry On films including Carry On Sergeant, Carry On Nurse, Carry On Regardless and Carry On Jack.

He also appeared as Thomas Macaulay in series five of The Onedin Line, as Lord Beaverbrook in both Edward & Mrs. Simpson and The Life and Times of David Lloyd George, and as Mac in the British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous and in The Professionals (episode "Runner") and The Sweeney ("Jackpot"). In 1964 he appeared in The Saint episode "The Loving Brothers". In 1970 he played the villain in The Persuaders! episode "Anyone Can Play".

Australian TV roles included the title role of Jack Meredith in My Brother Jack (ABC-TV, 1965), and George King in Kings (1983). He also received critical acclaim, including the AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama, for his role as Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley, in the ABC TV mini series The True Believers (1988).

Personal life
Devereaux's first wife was Rene (Irene) Champion. Together they had four children: John (b. 1954), Steven (b. 1955), Timothy (b. 1956) and Matthew (b. 1962). Champion wrote the song for the Skippy spin-off film The Intruders in 1969. The couple had experienced a marital separation sometime before their 1986 divorce, when Devereaux married his second wife, Julie.

Death
Three months after he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus, Devereaux died in his sleep of kidney failure at his Hampstead home on 17 December 2003 at the age of 78. He had insisted on being released from Royal Free Hospital to be at home with wife Julie. He was cremated at the Golders Green Crematorium, where his ashes remain.

Selected filmography

 * Little Red Monkey (1955) - American Sailor (uncredited)
 * The Shiralee (1957) - Christy
 * Carry On Sergeant (1958) - Sergeant Russell
 * Floods of Fear (1958) - National Guard #2
 * The Captain's Table (1959) - Brickwood
 * Carry On Nurse (1959) - Alec Lawrence
 * Bottoms Up (1960) - Policeman (uncredited)
 * The Savage Innocents (1960) - Pilot
 * There Was a Crooked Man (1960) - American Colonel
 * Watch Your Stern (1960) - Cmdr. Phillips
 * Man in the Moon (1960) - Storekeeper
 * Carry On Regardless (1961) - Mr. Panting
 * Very Important Person (1961) - Webber (uncredited)
 * Carry On Cruising (1962) - Young Officer
 * Mix Me a Person (1962) - Supt. Malley
 * The Password Is Courage (1962) - Aussie
 * The Wrong Arm of the Law (1963) - Bluey May
 * Heavens Above! (1963) - Communications Officer (uncredited)
 * Ladies Who Do (1963) - Mr. Gubbins
 * Live It Up! (1963) - Herbert Martin
 * Carry On Jack (1963) - Hook, Pirate
 * The Bargee (1964) - Boat Man (uncredited)
 * Never Put It in Writing (1964) - Pringle
 * My Brother Jack (1965) - David Meredith
 * They're a Weird Mob (1966) - Joe Kennedy
 * Journey Out of Darkness (1967) - Jubbal
 * The Intruders (1969) - Matt Hammond, Head Ranger
 * Game, Set and Match - Currie
 * Nickel Queen (1971) - Harry Phillips
 * Anyone Can Play - Ryker
 * Bless This House (1972) - Jim
 * Fall of Eagles  (1974) - Purtales
 * Barry McKenzie Holds His Own (1974) - Sir Alec Ferguson
 * The Sweeney  (1975) - Harry Biggleswade
 * To the Devil a Daughter (1976) - Reporter (uncredited)
 * Pressure (1976) - Police Inspector
 * Three Dangerous Ladies (1977) - Ferryman (segment "The Island")
 * Money Movers (1978) - Dick Martin
 * Robbery Under Arms (1985) - Ben
 * Claudia (1985) - George
 * Reunion at Fairborough (1985) - George Klass
 * The Clean Machine (1988)
 * Goldeneye: The Secret Life of Ian Fleming (1989) - Sir William Stephenson
 * I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle (1990) - Landlord
 * Buddy's Song (1991) - Bookie

title: Ed Devereaux


text:
Telephone operator

Telephone operator may refer to:

Telecommunications

 * Switchboard operator, a person who provides assistance to telephone callers
 * Telephone company, one that offers telephone services to subscribers
 * Mobile network operator, a phone carrier

Film

 * The Telephone Operator (1925 film), a German silent comedy film
 * The Telephone Operator (1932 film), an Italian comedy film
 * Telephone Operator (film), a 1937 American drama film
 * The Telephone Operator (1954 film), a West German musical romance film

Music

 * "Telephone Operator", a song by Pete Shelley from the 1983 album XL1

title: Telephone operator


text:
Calling party

The calling party (in some contexts called the "A-Number") is a person who (or device that) initiates a telephone call. The person who, or device that, receives a telephone call is the called party (or callee or B-party).

In some countries, it is common etiquette for a call originator to identify himself first instead of the receiver, when the connection is established.

Modems and fax machines use different tones when originating or answering a connection, which may be a source of problems for the user.

title: Calling party


text:
Called party

The called party (in some contexts called the "B-Number") is a person who (or device that) answers a telephone call. The person who (or device that) initiates a telephone call is the calling party.

In some situations, the called party may number more than one. Such an instance is known as a conference call. In some systems, only one called party is contacted at each event. To initiate a conference call the calling party contacts the first called party, then this person contacts the second called party, but audio is transferred to both called parties.

While a calling party will typically pay the fee for making a call, in a collect call (also known as a reverse charge call), it is instead the called party that pays the fee for the call. The called party also pays if the number dialed is a toll-free telephone number.

In some countries such as Canada, the United States and China, users of mobile phones pay for the "airtime" to receive calls. In most other countries (e.g. most European countries), the elevated interconnect fees are paid fully by the calling party and the called party incurs no charge.

title: Called party


text:
Initiate

Initiate may refer to:

 * The Initiate, a 1920 series of three occult books by Cyril Scott
 * "The Initiate", a short story set in the Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth collected in Four: A Divergent Collection
 * The Initiate, a novel in The Time Master Trilogy by Louise Cooper, 1985
 * The Initiate, a drama by Alexandra Wood, 2014
 * Initiate (Nels Cline Singers album), 2010
 * Initiate (Mervyn Spence album), 1995

title: Initiate


text:
Reverse charge

Reverse charge may refer to:

 * Reverse charge call, also known as a collect call
 * Reverse charging, resulting from a mistake in use or charging of rechargeable batteries
 * The accrual of VAT by the buyer of goods or services
 * A trick in pen spinning, in which the pen spins counter-clockwise between two fingers, as opposed to charge, in which pen spins clockwise
 * A process of transfer power from one smartphone to another smartphone or device; see

title: Reverse charge


text:
Collect

The collect is a short general prayer of a particular structure used in Christian liturgy.

Collects appear in the liturgies of Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches, among others.

Etymology
The word comes from Latin collēcta, the term used in Rome in the 5th century and the 10th, although in the Tridentine version of the Roman Missal the more generic term oratio (prayer) was used instead.

The Latin word collēcta meant the gathering of the people together (from colligō, "to gather") and may have been applied to this prayer as said before the procession to the church in which Mass was celebrated. It may also have been used to mean a prayer that collected into one the prayers of the individual members of the congregation.

Structure
A collect generally has five parts:
 * Invocation or address: indicating the person of Trinity addressed, usually God the Father, rarely God the Son
 * Acknowledgement: description of a divine attribute that relates to the petition (often qui ... - who ... )
 * Petition: "for one thing only and that in the tersest language"
 * Aspiration:
 * The desired result (begins with the word ut - in order that)
 * Indication of a further purpose of the petition
 * Pleading:
 * Conclusion indicating the mediation of Jesus Christ.
 * Response by the people: Amen

In some contemporary liturgical texts, this structure has been obscured by sentence constructions that depart from the straightforwardness of a single sentence.

Roman Catholicism
Initially, only one collect was said at Mass, but the Tridentine version of the Roman Missal allowed and often prescribed the use of more than one collect, all but the first being recited under a single conclusion. This custom, which began north of the Alps, had reached Rome by about the 12th century.

In the 1973 translation of the Roman Missal by the ICEL, the word collecta was rendered as "Opening Prayer". This was a misnomer, since the collect ends—rather than opens—the introductory rites of the Mass. This prayer is said immediately before the Epistle.

Anglicanism
The collects in the Book of Common Prayer are mainly translations by Thomas Cranmer (d. 1556) from the Latin prayers for each Sunday of the year. At Morning Prayer, the Collect of the Day is followed by a Collect for Peace and a Collect for Grace. At Evening Prayer the Collect of the Day is followed by a Collect for Peace which differs from the version used at Morning Prayer, and a Collect for Aid against Perils, which starts with the well known phrase; "Lighten our darkness, we beseech thee, O Lord; and by thy great mercy defend us from all perils and dangers of this night...".

At Holy Communion, the Collect of the Day is followed by a reading from the Epistles. In more modern Anglican versions of the Communion service, such as Common Worship used in the Church of England or the 1979 Book of Common Prayer used in the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Collect of the Day follows the Gloria and precedes readings from the Bible.

Lutheranism
Similarly, Lutheran liturgies typically retain traditional collects for each Sunday of the liturgical year. In the newly released Evangelical Lutheran Worship, however, the set of prayers has been expanded to incorporate different Sunday collects for each year of the lectionary cycle, so that the prayers more closely coordinate with the lectionary scripture readings for the day. To achieve this expansion from one year's worth of Sunday collects to three years', modern prayer texts have been added.

French Protestantism
The Huguenots used collects derived from the Psalms and published in the Psalter in 1563.

Scottish Presbyterianism
The "Oraisons" of the French Psalter were translated by and published in the Scottish Metrical Psalter in 1595. Over time the use of written prayers fell out of favor in the Church of Scotland.

title: Collect


text:
Interstate 105

Interstate 105 may refer to either any of three unconnected Interstate Highways in the United States, each of which is or was related to Interstate 5:

 * Interstate 105 (California), a spur of Interstate 5 in Los Angeles County, California
 * Interstate 105 (California 1964–1968), a former part of U.S. Route 101 in downtown Los Angeles, California
 * Interstate 105 (Oregon), a spur of Interstate 5 in Eugene, Oregon

title: Interstate 105


text:
Norfolk County, Ontario

Norfolk County is a rural single-tier municipality on the north shore of Lake Erie in Southwestern Ontario, Canada with a 2016 population of 67,490. Despite its name, it is no longer a county by definition, as all municipal services are handled by a single level of government. The largest community in Norfolk County is Simcoe, whose 2016 population was 13,922. The other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi, Waterford and Port Rowan, and there are many smaller communities. For several years in the late 20th century, the county was merged with Haldimand County but the merged entity was dissolved in 2000.

Geography
Located on the Norfolk Sand Plain in the Carolinian Life Zone, Norfolk County's soil type is sandy loam, the most fertile land in Ontario. With a mild climate and lengthy growing season, the region has long been the centre of the Ontario tobacco belt. However, many farmers have begun the process of diversifying their crop selections to include fruits and vegetables, lavender, ginseng, hazelnuts, and wolfberries as tobacco consumption continues to decrease.

A significant natural feature of Norfolk is Long Point, a 40 kilometre (25 mi) spit of land projecting into Lake Erie. It plays an important part in eastern North American bird migration, and was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1986. Both the Long Point National Wildlife Area and the Long Point Provincial Park are located on the point. More than 25% of Norfolk County is considered to be forested; especially near the major communities and hamlets that dot the county.

The county seat and largest community is Simcoe. Other population centres are Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford.

Prehistory
The area of modern-day Norfolk County was a focus for the Princess Point culture (c. 500 CE – 1000 CE) late in its development. Early Princess Point activity was clustered around the marshy peninsula of Princess Point near Hamilton. The Princess Point people likely were the first to introduce maize agriculture to Ontario, gradually migrating westward toward the Grand River and its fertile floodplains as they did so. This migration continued southward toward Norfolk County, whose better-drained sandy soil was more suitable for maize-growing.

Initial European settlement
By 1669, the French explorers De Galinee and Dollier de Casson had reached what is now Port Dover. They erected a cross with the arms of France claiming sovereignty for King Louis XIV over the Lake Erie region on March 23, 1670. A history of the area written in 1898 indicates an even earlier visit to what is now Norfolk County, in October 1626, by a Recollet priest, Laroche-Daillon with two Frenchmen Grenolle and La Vallee. The priest spent three months with the Neutrals First Nation. The same account also indicates that two Jesuits, Breboeuf and Chaurnonot, visited the Neutrals in this area in 1640.

The first European to live in the area, with the Neutrals, was William (Billy) Smith, son of Abraham Smith. He eventually settled near the current Port Rowan in 1793. This was in the first community, the Long Point Settlement (near what is now Port Rowan), where mills were built by United Empire Loyalist settlers. In the subsequent years, sawmills and grist mills were opened and the population increased. After the town site was surveyed in the late 1700s, the area was called Charlotte Villa and was later renamed Charlotteville.

19th Century
Norfolk County was originally created in July 1792 as a constituency for the purposes of returning a member to the new Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, and was described as having the following territory:

"... to be bounded on the north and east by the county of Lincoln and the River La Tranche, now called the Thames, on the south side by the lake Erie until it meets the Barlue (sic), to be called the Orwell River, thence by a line running north sixteen degrees west until it intersects the river La Tranche or Thames, thence up the said river until it meets the northwest boundary of the county of York."

Norfolk County was reduced in size in 1798, with parts going to the counties of Oxford, Middlesex and Haldimand, and became part of the London District. It consisted of the following townships:

 * Charlotteville
 * Houghton
 * Middleton
 * Rainham
 * Townsend
 * Walpole
 * Walsingham
 * Windham
 * Woodhouse

In 1826, the townships of Rainham and Walpole were moved to Haldimand County in Niagara District because of their distance from the London courthouse.

The community that is now Simcoe was first settled when Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe gave land to Aaron Culver in 1795 on the agreement that he would build mills. After they were in operation, a hamlet formed by 1812, although it was burned down by American troops in 1814. Between 1819 and 1823 Culver laid out a village; streets were surveyed in 1835 to 1836 or 1837. The settlement initially consisted of two distinct areas, Birdtown, named by William Bird who arrived in the early 1800s and the Queensway which grew up around Culver's sawmill and grist mill in the 1820s. The post office opened in 1829 and was called Simcoe.

The County had an important role during the War of 1812. Fort Norfolk was built in Charlotteville (near Vittoria and Normandale) in 1813 with accommodation for 300 troops. The Battle of Nanticoke, against American troops, was an important event in 1813. In August 1812, Major General Isaac Brock gathered a force of about regulars and militia at Port Dover. Using boats on the lake, they reached Amherstburg (also in Upper Canada) and then attacked and captured the American Hull's Army at Detroit. The Americans forces later burned Port Dover. The Americans forces also burnt Port Dover, Port Ryerse and the Walsingham settlement in 1814.

In 1837, Norfolk County was separated from the London District to form Talbot District, and Simcoe was declared to be the district town. At the beginning of 1850, the district was abolished, being replaced by Norfolk County for municipal purposes.

Because the county was heavily forested, logging became a major industry between 1860 and 1880. Agriculture was even more important however, with wheat being the primary crop until 1880 and then corn and oats.

The South Norfolk Railway was started in the county and began operating in 1889. Even earlier, the Hamilton and Lake Erie Railway (H&LER) began operating in 1873 but was merged with the Hamilton and North-Western Railway which completed the final section to Port Dover and to Jarvis in the mid 1870s.

Historic townships
Townships of Norfolk County in 1798:

 * Charlotteville
 * Houghton
 * Middleton
 * Rainham
 * Townsend
 * Walpole
 * Walsingham
 * Windham
 * Woodhouse

In 1826, the townships of Rainham and Walpole were moved to Haldimand County in Niagara District because of their distance from the London courthouse. Walsingham was originally one township, but had been split into North and South Walsingham in 1881.

Prior to its amalgamation with Haldimand in 1974, Norfolk consisted of eight townships. Although no longer political entities, they are still geographic townships that figure in the legal description of lands for surveying purposes, and their areas are still shown on maps for convenience.

20th Century
By the early 1900s, orchards and canning crops were more typical. A major switch to tobacco began in 1920.

By the 1920s tourism was an important contributor to the economy. Summer resorts in Port Dover, Port Ryerse, Normandale, Fisher's Glen, Turkey Point and Port Rowan were attracting many summer visitors. However, Norfolk was primarily agricultural with fruit and vegetables the primary crops. On report from 1924 states that "Norfolk apples have become pre-eminent in two hemispheres"; thousands of barrels of apples were shipped each year and canning was also a major industry, with companies such as Dominion Canners and St. Williams Fruit Preservers. There were a few factories too, in Port Dover and Waterford, while Port Dover was a major fishing centre, with fish shipped not only within Canada but also to the U.S.

A report from 1924 also discusses an electric railway that had been introduced "in recent years". This was the Grand River Railway that connected Hespeler, Berlin (later called Kitchener) and Waterloo with connection to Brantford and Port Dover:

"Probably the most important achievement of recent years in Norfolk has been the introduction of an electric railway service, by which the produce of this rich agricultural region can be speedily transported to urban markets, and which has greatly benefited Norfolk people by the facility with which short distance travelling may now be accomplished. In addition, Norfolk's chief lake port has reaped untold benefit from the new radial service and the prospect for future recognition of Port Dover as Lake Erie's foremost port is very bright, particularly if the latent harbor facilities receive long overdue assistance from the Federal Government."

Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk
The two counties remained separate until 1974, when they were merged as the Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk on the advice of a report by Milt Farrow, a "special advisor" appointed by the Government of Ontario. This political unit existed from 1974 to 2000.

Under this arrangement the Regional Municipality of Haldimand–Norfolk consisted of the upper-tier regional government and the lower-tier Towns of Haldimand, Dunnville and Simcoe, and the townships of Delhi, Norfolk and the City of Nanticoke. The last regional chairperson in Haldimand–Norfolk was John Harrison.

On January 1, 2001, the regional municipality was dissolved and two single-tier municipalities, the Town of Haldimand and the Town of Norfolk, were formed. These municipalities immediately changed their official names to Haldimand County and Norfolk County—and special advisor Milt Farrow later said in published interviews that he should have recommended those names. Since they no longer have townships or other municipal subdivisions below them, both municipalities are not true "county" governments in the traditional sense; they are legally classified as cities.

Norfolk County re-emerges
The Townships of Delhi and Norfolk, the Town of Simcoe, and the western half of the City of Nanticoke were amalgamated to form the "Town of Norfolk". Moreover, many smaller communities such as Port Dover and Port Rowan are now in "Norfolk County". The newly formed municipality's first by-law was to change the name to Norfolk County.

In January 2005, the county unveiled a new coat of arms which included natural symbols associated with the county: hooded warblers, a tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and an eastern dogwood flower.

The first mayor of the county, Rita Kalmbach, was succeeded in 2007 by Dennis Travale, who served two terms as mayor. Charlie Luke succeeded him and served one term as mayor. Kristal Chopp was elected in 2018 and was succeeded in 2022 by Amy Martin. A transit system was introduced in Norfolk County in 2010.

Knowledgepool Collective Intelligence Corp. has invested in Norfolk County bringing technology and innovation companies such as a Data Center, an Electric Vehicle Charging Manufacturer, and Internet of Things development companies to Norfolk. Which is reviving the area with influx of new investment and advancing the County as a new Agri-Tech hub for the region.

Communities
Norfolk County's main town is Simcoe, which hosts city council and generally serves as the administrative center. Port Dover, Delhi and Waterford are the other population centers in Norfolk County. Langton and Port Rowan are the largest communities in the western side of the county.

As the population is mainly rural, smaller communities generally predominate along highway intersections.

Tourism and attractions
Norfolk County's primary tourist attractions are the ports, towns and villages along Lake Erie, which the municipality promotes as Ontario's Garden. These towns include Port Dover, Turkey Point and Long Point. Fishing is another key attraction for tourist, as well as birding, hiking, camping and cycling. Main festivals include the Norfolk County Fair & Horse Show (October), Waterford Pumpkin Festival (October), the Friday the 13th motorcycle rally at Port Dover, and Simcoe Christmas Panorama (December). Agri-tourism is another expanding attraction for tourists coming to Norfolk County, with a few wineries in development and numerous farmgate retailers. Wilsonville’s Whistling Gardens, in the northeast Norfolk County, is Ontario’s newest publicly accessible botanical garden and one of the few that are privately run in Canada. In 2014, it was named one of Norfolk’s Top 10 Amazing Places on a social mapping tool created by Ontario’s UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.

Culture
The Norfolk County Public Library has branches in Delhi, Port Dover, Port Rowan, Simcoe and Waterford. The Simcoe branch, an Ontario Historic Site, was created in 1884 on Peel Street after a mechanics' institute was closed and its property donated for the creation of a free public library. The original building was used until 1912, when it was replaced with a new library building constructed as one of the Carnegie libraries.

The Lighthouse Festival Theatre Company has produced live theatre at Port Dover's old town hall (under the clock tower) since 1981. The Theatre is open year-round and provides a variety of events, including concerts, public meetings, community fund raisers, dance recitals, workshops, band rehearsals and classes. Annually, more than 36000 people now attend events at Lighthouse Theatre.

Waterford's Old Town Hall is home to many local theatre productions. This restored historic building, built in 1902, includes an auditorium with stage, seating for 180, and provides cultural diversity to the community in its capacity as a venue for musical, artistic and theatrical productions, a meeting hall and rental facility.

More recently, the South Coast Jazz festival has attracted thousands of visitors to the region, featuring since its 2014 inception such artists as Holly Cole, David Sanborn, Oakland Stroke, and Toronto's Shuffle Demons.

Port Dover Harbour Museum
The Port Dover Harbour Museum, housed in an original fisherman's net shanty, commemorates Port Dover's fishing industry. The galleries present exhibits on the days of commercial sail as well as Lake Erie shipwrecks, ship building, Long Point, the War of 1812 and other aspects of lakeside life in this community. The museum is also active in the preservation and presentation of local folklore and living traditions, particularly in the areas of fishing and lakeside history. Since 2002, the museum has been the home to a collection of artifacts from the 1852 wreck of the steamer Atlantic. One notable exhibit commemorated the bicentennial of the burning of Dover Mills, a hamlet burned to the ground by American soldiers in 1814. The Town of Port Dover was later established when the harbour at the mouth of the Lynn River was dredged.

Waterford Heritage & Agricultural Museum
The Waterford Heritage & Agricultural Museum is located in Waterford's best known industrial landmarks "The Pickle Factory". The museum exhibits the social, industrial, and agricultural history of the area through the use of interactive and engaging exhibits.

Norfolk County Archives at Eva Brook Donly Museum
The Eva Brook Donly Museum is a Victorian-period historic house museum that has been featuring displays of local history since it first opened in 1946. Located in downtown Simcoe and operated by Norfolk County, the museum is renowned for its collections of artwork by the late William Edgar Cantelon and Eva Brook Donly. Here, you can see Dr. Troyer's infamous witch trap, Abigail Becker's gold medal presented to her for having rescued stranded sailors in 1854, an original Van Norman stove and much more. The museum also has an extensive archival collection of local genealogical historical material, including photographs, diaries, wills, legal papers, obituaries, maps and more. The archival collection is now a part of Norfolk County Archives. Norfolk County established their municipal archives there in 2018 and the collection has grown to include the corporate records for the County, including Council meeting minutes, by-laws, assessment rolls, vital statistics and other County administrative records.

Teeterville Pioneer Museum
The Teeterville Pioneer Museum is a museum devoted to pioneer life in the 19th century. It includes antique farm equipment as well as home and garden tools.

Delhi Tobacco Museum and Heritage Centre
The Delhi Tobacco Museum and Heritage Centre displays the agricultural and cultural history of the former township. Despite a province-wide smoking ban, the museum still guarantees its patrons the benefits of viewing the artistry and science of tobacco farming during the Golden Years of growing tobacco. It is located near Quances Dam. There is also a park nearby that is enjoyed by the local residents for picnics, barbecues, and for walking around with. It is closed on Sundays and major holidays.

Backus Mill Heritage and Conservation Centre
The Backus Mill Heritage and Conservation Centre, an open-air museum featuring a historic grist mill and a nature center, is a National Historic Site.

Norfolk Arts Centre at Lynnwood National Historic Site
Housed in the Lynnwood National Historic Site, the Norfolk Arts Centre is Norfolk County’s public art gallery. The Norfolk Arts Centre has regularly changing exhibits featuring local and regional artists, diverse arts programs and special events.

Festivities
Port Dover is the location of a biker rally which takes place every Friday the 13th. Simcoe is well-known for annual community events including the Lynn River Music and Arts Festival, as well as the Simcoe Panorama. Port Rowan also hosts an annual Bayfest.

The Norfolk County Fairgrounds are home to the Norfolk Wildlife and Adventure Show, Eat & Drink Norfolk and the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show, Canada's largest County Fair, that is held every Thanksgiving weekend in October. In addition to traditional agricultural and arts competitions, it features major grandstand shows that include Demo Derbys, Monster Trucks, Tractor Pulls and sold out concerts with artists Big n Rich, Barenaked Ladies, Burton Cummings, Dallas Smith and Carly Rae Jepsen.

Every October, Waterford hosts a Pumpkin Festival close to the end of the month. The Waterford Lions and Lioness clubs have been organizing the event since 2009. Due to low funding, the fireworks are no longer an event at the Waterford Pumpkin Festival. The usual features of the Pumpkin Festival are a pyramid of 1500 pumpkins, decorated buildings, craft shows, an automobile show, a carnival, live entertainment, and the locally famous Pumpkinbowl football game at Waterford District High School.

The Donnybrook Fair in Walsh is an annual two-day event. The fair has been held every year from 1857 until the present, making 2007 the 150th Fair. This mid-September event involves the children of Walsh Public School and St. Michael's School entering projects and many agricultural commodities, grown locally, for prize money and ribbons. More than $1200 was paid to the elementary children in 2006. The fair has grown every year with the help of many volunteers. Fundraising events are held all year to finance the fair. These events include an annual barbecue dance, a Victoria Day brunch, food booths at every "Friday the 13th" event in Port Dover, and numerous raffles. The most popular event at each fair is the demolition derby. These were sponsored for a long time by the Horsepower Unlimited Car Club from Simcoe but are now sponsored by the Vittoria & St. Williams Fire Department Auxiliaries. 2007 was considered to be the 34th consecutive year of the demolition derbies.

Throughout the year, the fairgrounds and the Community Centre Hall are frequently used for weddings, funerals, and buck and doe events. The name "Donnybrook Fair" comes from an early settler of Walsh, who said the fair reminded him of an annual horse fair in Donnybrook, Dublin, Ireland.

Gentlemen of the Road
In August 2013, Mumford & Sons hosted a 4-day stopover of their travelling music festival, called Gentlemen of the Road, in Norfolk County. It took place in the Norfolk County Fairgrounds, and was called the Gentlemen of the Road Simcoe Stopover. 35,000 festival-goers attended the festival, as well as many out-of-town resources for the event production. The aim of this tour was to be an economic stimulus for small towns in various parts of the world, where their festival stopovers occurred. The band encouraged festival goers to spend their money locally at each stopover. Simcoe and Norfolk were no different, where the tour was estimated to attract as much as $10 million in tourism revenues.

Boating
Norfolk County is also known for its attraction to boaters and fishers. The small village in Norfolk County, Turkey Point, is known for having the largest freshwater marina in Canada, MacDonald Turkey Point Marina. All summer long, thousands travel from Turkey Point to Pottahawk Point to party. A thriving boating scene can be found in Port Rowan; where alcoholic beverages can frequently be found on the docks and consumed by boaters over the age of majority. They must be purchased inland either through a local bar or through the government-owned beer store.

Sports
The Norfolk HERicanes ices house league teams in the Greater Hamilton Girls Hockey League and has its rep teams playing in the Lower Lakes Female Hockey League. The HERicanes play out of Talbot Gardens and Simcoe Rec Centre in Simcoe, Port Dover Arena, Waterford Arena and Delhi Arena.

Norfolk has three Junior C level hockey teams. The Port Dover Sailors and Delhi Travellers play in the Provincial Junior Hockey League. While the Simcoe Shamrocks once played in Norfolk County, they moved to Hespeler in 2018 because of arena issues.

The Norfolk Minor Hockey Association (Norfolk Knights) is a REP Partnership between Port Dover, Simcoe, and Waterford Minor Hockey Associations. Teams compete at the Junior B/BB level.

The Norfolk Harvesters RFC of the Niagara Rugby Union are a rugby football club that operates men's, women's, u18 boys' and u18 girls' rugby teams. The Club was established in 2001 and has won division championships in 2003, 2004, 2007, 2014, and a four-year run of championships in the "B" Division from 2015 to 2018. The club's current home is the rugby pitch at Waterford's Hellyer Memorial Park. Players and coaches have gone on to represent the Niagara Rugby Union, Rugby Ontario, and at the national level with Rugby Canada.

Education
Public schools in Norfolk County are administered by the Grand Erie District School Board. The board maintains 16 public elementary schools and five public high schools in Norfolk:

 * Boston Public School
 * Courtland Public School
 * Delhi Public School
 * Doverwood Public School
 * Elgin Avenue Public School
 * Houghton Public School
 * Langton Public School
 * Lynndale Heights Public School
 * Port Rowan Public School
 * Teeterville Public School
 * Walsh Public School
 * Waterford Public School
 * West Lynn Public School
 * Windham Central Public School-no longer open
 * Simcoe Composite School
 * Delhi District Secondary School
 * Port Dover Composite School (now Lakewood Elementary)
 * Valley Heights Secondary School
 * Waterford District High School

Separate schools
Separate schools are administered by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board, which maintains seven elementary schools and one high school.
 * Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School
 * Sacred Heart Catholic School
 * St. Mary's catholic school
 * St. Cecilia's Catholic School
 * St. Frances Cabrini Catholic School
 * St. Joseph's Catholic School
 * St. Michael's Catholic School
 * Holy Trinity Catholic High School

The Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board also administers the on-site secondary school of the Sprucedale Youth Centre, a secure detention facility for young offenders.

There is also a separate school administered by the Conseil scolaire catholique Mon Avenir
 * École Élémentaire Catholique Sainte-Marie in the former building of the St. Mary's Catholic Elementary School and Laval 65, the predecessor to the school. Conseil scolaire catholique de district centre sud's board name was changed to Conseil scolaire catholique Mon Avenir on May 10, 2017.

Featuring Norfolk
In 2004 the documentary film Tobacco's Last Stand was released which highlighted the effect on tobacco production on the region.

Radio
Simcoe has its own radio station, CHCD-FM. The area is otherwise served by media in Erie (Pennsylvania), Cleveland (Ohio), Buffalo (New York), and some radio stations from Toronto are also often receivable.

Newspapers

 * Delhi News Record (Norfolk and Tillsonburg News)
 * Port Dover Maple Leaf
 * Port Rowan Good News
 * Simcoe Reformer

Notable people

 * Jacob R. Beamer, Patriot
 * Shane Bergman, Canadian football player
 * Rob Blake, NHL hockey player, former team captain, Olympic Gold Medalist, Stanley Cup Champion, Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 * Annaleise Carr, swimmer
 * Jassen Cullimore, NHL hockey player, Stanley Cup Champion
 * Rick Danko, musician from The Band
 * Terry Danko, musician
 * Nelson Emerson, NHL hockey player
 * Red Kelly, Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 * Joey Muha, drummer/musician
 * Jack Roxburgh, politician and president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association
 * Dwayne Roloson, NHL hockey player
 * Rick Wamsley, NHL hockey player
 * William Legh Walsh

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Norfolk County had a population of $67,490$ living in $27,594$ of its $30,085$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $64,044$. With a land area of 1597.68 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

According to Statistics Canada 2016 census:
 * Median income of persons of age 15 or older: 32,301
 * Average earnings of all persons with earnings: 40,045
 * Racial Profile:
 * 95.4% White
 * 2.8% Aboriginal
 * 0.9% Black
 * 0.9% Asian

title: Norfolk County, Ontario


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Talk:Grandfather rights

In the U.S., this term has much broader applicability than just in the field of airlines, at least in my experience.

A person may have grandfathered rights to water, or to access, or to pasture, or to raise livestock on land (where it is now forbidden by code).

Merge
This should really be merge with Grandfather clause, since they are basically the same thing. Buckner 1986 20:19, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Jlittlet 15:31, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grandfather rights