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APA style

APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language". APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision.

The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923. In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-page writer's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin. In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal. The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin, marking the beginning of a recognized "APA style". The initial edition went through two revisions: one in 1957, and one in 1967. Subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and 2019. The increasing length of the guidelines and its transformation into a manual have been accompanied by increasingly explicit prescriptions about many aspects of acceptable work. The earliest editions were controlled by a group of field leaders who were behaviorist in orientation and the manual has continued to foster that ideology, even as it has influenced many other fields.

According to the American Psychological Association, APA format can make the point of an argument clear and simple to the reader. Particularly influential were the "Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals", first published as a modification to the 1974 edition, which provided practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage. The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality (APA, 2020, Chapter 5).

A typical APA-style research paper fulfills 3 levels of specification. Level 1 states how a research paper must be organized by including a title page, an abstract, an introduction, the methodology, the results, a discussion, and references. In addition, formatting of abstracts and title pages must be as per the APA manual of style. Level 2 specifies the style of writing. It must be clear and formal without slang, pop culture references, biased language, and humor. It must minimize literary devices, use technical terms appropriately, and be direct. Level 3 specifies the mechanics such as double-spacing, using title case for headings, using numerals for numbers 10 and above, hyphenating compound adjectives, using in-text citations for sources, left aligning all tables and figures, and using footnotes sparingly.

Seventh edition of the Publication Manual
The seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the current one, published in October 2019. The goal of the book is to help people become better writers and communicators by promoting clarity, precision, and inclusivity.

The manual has new resources for students, including a student title page, student paper formats, and student-related reference formats such as classroom course pack material and classroom website sources. The book also includes new journal article reporting standards for qualitative and mixed methods research in addition to updated standards for quantitative research. The bias-free language guidelines have also been updated to reflect current best practices for talking about people's personal characteristics.

The manual addresses accessibility for people with disabilities for the first time. APA worked with accessibility experts to ensure APA style is accessible. For example, the in-text citation format is shortened so that the citations are easier to read for people who, for example, use screen readers or have cognitive disabilities.

Running heads are used in papers that follow APA Style. The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title that is included in the header of professional papers along with the page number. In student papers, the page number is placed in the header but the page title is not, unless otherwise stated by the course instructor or educational institution.

The manual has hundreds of reference examples, including formats for audiovisual media, social media, and webpages. There are many sample tables and figures, including basic student-friendly examples such as bar graphs. There are also sample papers for professionals and students.

Since the seventh edition, APA also provides an APA Style website and APA Style blog to help people with APA style and answer common questions.

Sixth edition of the Publication Manual
The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was in effect from 2009 to 2019, after four years of development. The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA governance groups. To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas: bias-free language, ethics, graphics, Journal Article Reporting Standards, references, statistics, and writing style (APA, 2009, pp. xvii–xviii).

The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals (6th edition, p. XV). The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website as well as the APA Style Blog which answers many common questions from users.

Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition
Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry. These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as "egregious". All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and a new printing correcting all the errors, with a copyright date of 2010, was issued.

In-text citations
APA style uses an author–date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation). "Example narrative citation: Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not real." "Example parenthetical citation: 'In our post-factual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real' (Schmidt & Oh, 2016)."

Reference list
In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies depending on the document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post, webpage), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author, date, title, source. If the source is undated, the abbreviation n.d. (no date) is used.
 * If a DOI is assigned to the work, give the DOI. If the item is available online but does not have a DOI, and it has a URL that will work, give the URL. Do not give a URL that will not work.
 * Always include the publisher in the source element for books and reference works; exceptions to this guideline include when the author and publisher are the same, and in this case, you omit the publisher from your reference.
 * In the seventh edition, the title of a webpage is always italic.
 * As of the seventh edition, the issue number of a journal is always listed in a reference citation if one is available. Prior to the seventh edition, if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a volume, only the volume number was listed in the reference list.
 * According to the seventh edition, it is no longer obligatory to provide the publisher's location when citing a book.

title: APA style


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Theophylact of Ohrid

Theophylact (, Теофилакт; around 1055 – after 1107) was a Byzantine Archbishop of Ohrid and commentator on the Bible.

Life
Theophylact was born in the mid-11th century at Euripus (Chalcis) in Euboea, at the time part of the Byzantine Empire (now Greece). He became a deacon at Constantinople, attained a high reputation as a scholar, and became the tutor of Constantine Doukas, son of the Emperor Michael VII, for whom he wrote The Education of Princes. In about 1078 he moved to the Province of Bulgaria where he became the archbishop of Achrida (modern Ohrid).

Ohrid was one of the capital cities of Bulgaria that had been re-conquered by the Byzantines sixty years earlier. In this demanding position in a conquered territory on the outskirts of the Byzantine Empire, he conscientiously and energetically carried out his pastoral duties over the course of the next twenty years. Although a Byzantine by upbringing and outlook, he was a diligent archpastor of the Bulgarian Church, defending its interests and autonomy (i.e. its independence from the Patriarchate of Constantinople). He acted vigorously to protect his archbishopric from the teachings of the Paulicians and Bogomils (considered heretics by the Eastern Orthodox Church). He won the respect and love of the Bulgarian people who witnessed his labors on their behalf. In his Letters he complains much about the rude manners of the Bulgarians, and he sought to be relieved of his office, but apparently without success. "His letters from Ohrid are a valuable source for the economic, social, and political history of Bulgaria as well as Byzantine prosopography. They are filled with conventional complaints concerning Theophylact's 'barbarian' surroundings, whereas in fact he was deeply involved in local cultural development, producing an encomium of 15 martyrs of Tiberioupolis and a vita of Clement of Ohrid." He also wrote (in his Letters) accounts of how the constant wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Pechenegs, Magyars and Normans had destroyed most of the food of the land and caused many people to flee to the forests from the towns.

In the 11th century, archbishop Theophylact of Ohrid wrote the following about Pechenegs: "Their advance is like a strike of a lightning, the retreat is both tough and light: It is tough because of the war trophies that they carry, and light since it is so fast. […] They rob other countries since they do not have their own. Peaceful life is a misfortune for them, they are happy when they have a pretext for war. [..] Their number is countless."

His death took place after 1107.

The present day Eastern Orthodox Churches of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Russia consider him to be a saint, and commemorate him on December 31 as Theophylact of Ohrid (Θεοφύλακτος Αχρίδος, ).

Works

His commentaries on the Gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles and the Minor prophets are founded on those of Chrysostom. His other extant works include 130 letters and various homilies and orations, the Life of Clement of Ohrid known as Comprehensive, and other minor pieces. A careful edition of nearly all his writings, in Greek and Latin, with a preliminary dissertation, was published by JFBM de Rossi (4 vols. fol., Venice). The edition was reprinted by Jacques Paul Migne in the Patrologia Graeca vols. 123–6 (1869).

St Thomas Aquinas, the celebrated western Christian theologian, included parts of Theophylact's writings in his Catena Aurea, which is a collection of commentary on the four Gospels by the Church Fathers.

In the early 16th century, his Scripture commentaries had an important influence on the Novum Testamentum and Annotationes of Desiderius Erasmus, though Erasmus mistakenly referred to him as "Vulgarius" in early editions of his New Testament. Theophylact's commentaries on the Gospels were published in the original Greek in Rome in 1542, and had been published in Latin by both Catholic (Porsena) and Protestant (Oecolampadius) translators in the 1520s.

Contemporary translations of Theophylact's commentaries are available in modern Greek, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and Romanian, reflecting the wide influence of his exegetical work within the Orthodox Church, and beyond. A twentieth century Bishop of Ohrid, Nikolaj Velimirović, wrote that Theophylact's "commentaries on the Four Gospels and other books of the New Testament ... are the finest works of their sort after St. John Chrysostom, and are read to this day with great benefit."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Theophylact of Ohrid


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Talk:Montclair, New Jersey

demographics
the current statistics are from the 200 census, but I found a site that has 2007 statistics, should they be substituted?

character
is it really appropriate to have a "character" section? Perhaps the text there could be reworked into the intro or other areas. This article needs a history section.

--- On bodies of water: Edgemont Memorial Park along Valley Rd at Parkway (near Watchung Ave) has a large pond, fed by local streams. I've fished there and skated on the ice in the winter. See http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=montclair,+nj&ll=40.829999,-74.212282&spn=0.009255,0.022659&t=h&om=1 - j, May 10 2006

cdp or township?
the article is about the township but the demographics say they're about the cdp. is this a mistake? is there a montclair cdp w/in the township? 204.52.215.127 00:58, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There are many townships statewide that the United States Census Bureau breaks down into one or more census-designated places. In some cases where there is one, and only one, CDP, the CDP and the Township overlap. Depending on how the original article was created by the bot, most refer to statistics for the township, but some refer to the stats for the equivalent CDP. In the past, some of these Township/CDP pairs were shown as "Place X is a township and census-designated place". After realizing that this added nothing to the articles, overlapping pairs were treated only as a township, and any references to its status as CDP were removed. It seems that Montclair is in this boat. Any references to "CDP" should be changed to "township", without any issue. Just to assure you, check the Census Bureau data for Montclair, New jersey, and compare the township and CDP. Other than the presence of a 2005 estimate for the township, the data is identical. Alansohn 01:11, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Bill Bradley in Verona
Bill Bradley used to live in Montclair, but moved to Verona in 2005. I have updated the articles for the two pages, and provided sources for the change.

Ernestine Bradley finds 'home' amid husband's career Lifelong journey By Lorraine Ash, Daily Record Famed, all

 * Note that other than noting current and former residency, there is no reason to remove Bradley from the Montclair article. Alansohn 06:04, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

history
This page only mentions when the town was founded, so it could really use a history section.Tlantanu (talk) 13:05, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, why is there no history? This town goes back to 1666, and was at one time called Cranetown and then Watchung. DavidRavenMoon (talk) 17:25, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

http://www.montclairnjusa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=342&Itemid=507
 * The source above states that Watchung was a name used by the Lenape to describe places in Montclair, not that it was used as a name for the area itself. Alansohn (talk) 03:34, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Fact checking needed
In Demographics, the figures given for Catholics and Protestants (labelled "other Christian sects", which is misleading) are implausible; the latter are surely more than 9% of Montclair's population. The citation is to a website that currently provides no information on religious composition.

In Air and Road, the distances to the major nearby airports are much too large.

These facts should be checked and if they cannot be verified, they should be removed.

Rkarapin (talk) 03:51, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

I changed the airport distances, but the religion is perfectly fine. it's very biased to say that it is implausible for a town to have 9% protestants, that makes it 45% christian added with catholic,  which is a very reasonable figure.

Removed religion statistics. The source was a personal blog, and that blog's source for the religion statistics is an empty Excel file. The U.S. Census doesn't ask about religion, and the Pew Center only collects data per state, not municipality. There is no way to accurately cite religion statistics for any municipality. Clamdigger7 (talk) 15:59, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Montclair, New Jersey. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.njstatelib.org/slic_files/imported/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/MFMG/MFMGCH6.PDF
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000817/http://www.mountainsidehosp.com/News-and-Events/News/Mountainside-Hospital-News-2012/Hackensack-University-Health-Network-and-LHP-Hospi.aspx to http://www.mountainsidehosp.com/News-and-Events/News/Mountainside-Hospital-News-2012/Hackensack-University-Health-Network-and-LHP-Hospi.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070312204348/http://www.to.montclair.nj.us/story.cfm?m=t&SID=7599&PID=12 to http://www.to.montclair.nj.us/story.cfm?m=t&SID=7599&PID=12
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100131044827/http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819 to http://www.graz.at/cms/beitrag/10045157/606819/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060715040348/http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/%7Ewoodhull/sistercity/sclinks.html to http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~woodhull/sistercity/sclinks.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:21, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

"music history" section poor quality
The section titled "Music History: As Time Goes By" can probably by deleted. It is mostly irrelevant and makes claims not supported by the single citation. Pullarius1 (talk) 17:33, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Famous song
It should not be difficult to find another source backing up the fame of "As Time Goes By". I feel very strongly that this section is an important piece of musical history. It means a lot to people interested in this history. Gwen Orel of the Montclair Times certainly thought it was newsworthy. I will look into another source as soon as I have time.Gladiator-Citizen (talk) 23:46, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

Famous Song-more!
The Montclair Times article by Gwen Orel on which I based this part of the article holds a a contradiction, or seeming contradiction. Herman Hupfeld was a successful song writer who built his house in 1935-1936, the money from As Time goes By did not roll in until after the film Casablanca in 1942. Did he pay off his mortgage then? Did he add the top story then? But the famous song was not responsible for the original building of the house. I have altered the wording which I hope is more accurate.Gladiator-Citizen (talk) 02:20, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Montclair, New Jersey


text:
User talk:Rahat~enwiki

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title: User talk:Rahat~enwiki