text:
Talk:Linguistic imperialism

This garbage does not belong in Wikipedia!
"Can something more concrete be built out of this rather generic whine?" The answer is clearly No. I'm sticking an NPOV tag on it. Actually, this article should be deleted, because it's the very crap that fuels the argument contra Wiki's open collaboration. Talk pages, fine, but not the articles! This is nothing more than some undergrad who's trying to score easy points with the politically correct academic hack he happens to be infatuated with. If we permit this garbage, then why not an article called, "The Evils of Popery" or French "Culinary Imperialism"? Wikipedia is NOT for polemic! To the author of this article: If you really need show your erudition on the subject, then place it in the article on Phillipson, the clown who cooked up the notion. And for God's sake, READ the article on NPOV and weasel words! — J M Rice 20:02, 17 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree: this article is an embarrassing, worthless, high-school personal essay.--Lubiesque (talk) 16:40, 11 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Is each case also an example of language shift? If so, then this article can be reduced to a redirect to that better-written one. Jim.henderson (talk) 01:34, 13 June 2016 (UTC)
 * You'd have to conclude this is a practical joke 108.51.23.65 (talk) 19:26, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

World wide view?
Shouldn't the Chinese linguistic imperialism be mentioned somewhere? In fact, that's why the Mandarin language has become the most spoken in the world. And wouldn’t it be great to mention the Russian linguistic imperialism in the Sovjet Union? Aaker 06:34, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes it should. But the Mandarin speakers can't stop deleting it. Danielsms (talk) 18:30, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

500 years from now
Can someone please start a language future or whatever page, which discusses what e.g., language(s) everybody in the world might be speaking in e.g., 500 years. Jidanni 21:43, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * while whoever's going to write the above article is peering into their crystal ball, can they also find out the winners of all major horse races for the next 500 years? --86.138.30.7 (talk) 06:19, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Study regarding Wikipedia
Did anybody study Wikipedia in regards to this? It would be interesting, considering the naming disputes here.--Molobo (talk) 21:24, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. Nihil novi (talk) 06:33, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

An interesting question, especially concerning people who try to adopt Polish expressions for names and places even though English expressions are in use for centuries.(62.134.88.61 (talk) 04:19, 15 May 2008 (UTC))
 * If the names denote Polish things, then it can hardly be linguistic imperialism. On the contrary, it is linguistic decolonization.  Nihil novi (talk) 04:37, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Can somebody write a specific part for Mandarin imperialism?
I've uploaded two photos about Mandarin promotion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cheezexyz (talk • contribs) 10:36, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I will write it. It seems some Mandarin speakers come here to delete the photos. How shameful. Danielsms (talk) 20:33, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * To the above users, you have to provide reputable sources that actually states these images have a connection to the topic of "Linguistic Imperialism". Further, these photos lacks any description for them to be used on an encyclopedia article.  Also, we do not cite Wikipedia articles as a source.--TheLeopard (talk) 08:19, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh, another Mandarin speaker tries to cover up the truth. Danielsms (talk) 18:09, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

 * ??? I can speak the sweet smell of the citrus reticulata, its ripping flesh and irresistible juices? I could also speak Tetela in mix with Mindoro, and I assure you they are very tasty cocktail drinks. However, this is English Wikipedia, so please cite reputable references for any material you contribute.--TheLeopard (talk) 05:12, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Danielsms is just yet another editor who's unwilling to learn how Wikipedia works and insists on shouting "conspiracy" instead of realizing that his edits are outside of policy. Ignore him. No one is denying that Mandarin is often cited as an example of linguistic imperialism; nevertheless, it needs to be presented here in an encyclopedic fashion, using sources and adhering to all Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view and verifiability. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 06:30, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Madarin linguistic imperialism.* One might not come with the other.

Mandarin speakers can't stop deleting photos about the wrongdoing of Mandarin Promoting Policy
They are targeting this photo.

Danielsms (talk) 01:18, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Why need to reference photo that shows the wrongdoing of Mandarin pushing policy
Mandarin speakers, you can't stop people from telling the truth to the World. Danielsms (talk) 01:21, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Because you need sources to state that they are related to this topic "linguistic imperalism". You should also provide a source for the English text, otherwise, translating by user themselves, is original research.--TheLeopard (talk) 05:17, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * "This article gave many examples from various languages, yet single out and adding images for only one". You just want to hide the truth. Sorry but you won't win. 190.188.80.49 (talk) 22:11, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

I can see your view Mandarin can be used in the context of Linguistic imperialism. However, you need to see Rjanag's comment above and make use of WP:REF, WP:ENCYC and also WP:NPOV. Rather than be perceived as an editor with a hidden or biased agenda, source the information and present it in a fair and balanced view encompassing all views. For example, Singapore is promoting Mandarin over other Chinese variants such as Cantonese or Minnan so its citizens can compete and take advantage of the mainland Chinese market. see Speak Mandarin Campaign. And of course, see 2010 controversy over proposed increase of adoption of Standard Mandarin by Guangzhou Television. More information on Putonghua. Here I have given you something to start with. Visik (talk) 03:36, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Dr Phillipson
So what language does Dr Phillipson write his critique of English Language Imperialism? Scots Gaelic? If not why not?--Streona (talk) 22:34, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * His book Linguistic Imperialism is in English. I don't know whether he is a speaker of Scots Gaelic (I would guess not -- I think he's Danish), but he described that language as a "threatened language" in the book. (see ) Also see See also . Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 02:24, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

More and better sources needed, for sure
Who has suggestions for sources to improve this article? What encyclopedia-style or professional-handbook-style or university-textbook-style reliable sources mention the topic of this article? In particular, where can we find a broad overview of this topic with international perspective, rather than sources that focus solely on one language or on just one country? -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 18:03, 12 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Giving the subject, I'd suggest checking sources cited in other Wikipedia language sites. Fgnievinski (talk) 01:58, 13 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Searching in Google Books for encyclopedia "Linguistic imperialism" turned up quite a few sources. Fgnievinski (talk) 02:10, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Unneeded article
Some of us have made minor improvements in the past few months, but recently I changed my mind and gave up hope. Language shift seems to cover the topic adequately, though it omits this article's linguistic conservatism POV. If some of this conservative material ought to be in an article, it can be incorporated as a section or subsection of either of those. Meanwhile, I intend this weekend to abolish this article by reducing it to a redirect to language shift. Jim.henderson (talk) 14:28, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've noted a short discussion between yourself and another user on this talk page, plus the merge tag. Sorry, but I have to disagree. Linguistic imperialism is an entirely different prospect to language shift, as is well documented by research (see Google Scholar). The dynamics and intent are far more aggressive than that of language shift. In fact, having read over the language shift article, it's equally lacking in RS, so there's a stronger argument for merging that article into this one as the term 'language shift' is closely linked with endangered languages, ergo is more specialised than the broader 'linguistic imperialism' nomenclature.

 * I don't dispute that this article is in desperate need of serious improvement, but I do object to merging and redirecting to the other article. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 23:07, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Splendid. With the attention of someone having far more relevant competence than mine, hope becomes reasonable. I have taken down the merge tag. Sorry to be late getting back to you; the past few days are busier than I expected when I raised the flag. Jim.henderson (talk) 20:40, 17 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi, . Apologies for my belated response. I'm stuck in a Wikipedia vs real life balance at the moment. I've bookmarked this article for my priorities list, but I do need to find time to do some serious reading up for the articles. I'm far better equipped from the 'Endangered languages' side of things. Linguistic imperialism is something I need to reacquaint myself with in order to do justice to the differences between the thrust of the concepts. Endangered languages is a relatively recent area of studies and has developed a lexicon of its own, but some of the terms are borrowed from surrounding disciplines and tread on their toes. Getting to the heart of the differences is dependent on finding solid RS on which to base the articles.

 * P.S. Good to bump into you again, and happy editing. There's always so much to be done, and only one lifetime in which to do it! In between, we catch colds and other 'stuff' happens to slow us down... --Iryna Harpy (talk) 04:41, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

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English and the Philippines
This doesn't fit in the English section as it is currently structured (with an undue weight section tag. Rather than try to integrate it there, I'll mention it here.

I'm a nonacademic with some personal interest in Philippine history, and I've just run across this chapter titled, "Diffusion and directions: English language policy in the Philippines" from \. A snippet: "On 13 August 1898, a few months before American forces officially occupied Manila, American soldiers had already begun to teach in Corregidor (Estioko 1994: 186). It is assumed that their first lesson was English. It was no accident that the first English teachers in the Philippines were American soldiers. Public education was introduced as an essential component of military strategy. General Arthur MacArthur himself declared the following about public education:

 * The matter [public education] is so closely allied to the exercise of military force in these islands that in my annual report I treated the matter as a military subject and suggested a rapid extension of educational facilities as an exclusively military measure. (UNESCO-Philippine Educational Foundation 1953: 74)

Throughout the American colonial period, English was systematically promoted as the language that would “civilize” the Filipinos. The aim was to systematically confine the native languages to outside the territories of schooling. The policy was institutionalized through the heavy use of instructional materials of Anglo-American origin for language instruction. Throughout four decades of American public education, [...]"

It might be useful for someone more attuned to the topic of this WP article than I to take a look at this. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 14:50, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Bullet points
Does anyone else feel that the use of bullet points throughout the article gives it an unprofessional vibe? It gives me the feeling that it's not a reliable source to use for this topic. Toricooper (talk) 04:20, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: WR120
— Assignment last updated by Jacobzzzzzz (talk) 06:20, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Question
Are there some problems to add

in #English section? Sugi moyo(魔王語/한국어/English) 19:19, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linguistic imperialism


text:
Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles

A few suggestions (Mar 2024)
Remsense 诉  04:21, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * When to include characters — I think it may be worthwhile and not CREEP-y to explicate that characters for a term may be included if the prose is specifically talking about the graphical form of the character, or is comparing characters.
 * Almost all methods of emphasis are bad emphasis, but it's hard to know what to do with characters sometimes—in general, I think double-underlining as facilitated by is likely the best technique we have when we would like to emphasize a character:This should be a logical last resort, though.

Logical exception to "don't include characters/romanizations for linked terms"
During the GAN for Chinese characters, @Kusma pointed out sections that really should include the characters and romanization for certain terms, even though they're linked—e.g. regular script in the the § History section. I agree: perhaps some class of exception to this guideline should be mentioned, while always being mindful of WP:CREEP. I'm not sure exactly what that class should —perhaps "within a broad article, while summary style–ing what could be considered its subarticles", or "when omission would be conspicuous or confusing in light of other terms that within an article"  Remsense  诉  02:39, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I've been meaning to bring up here that the "don't include characters if a link exists" should make reasonable exceptions for tabular data (which is already common practice in many articles like e.g. 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party and all in that series). I'm especially interested in adding characters to terms where translations vary, and no common name has been rigorously established at the target article, which is relatively common for literary titles.I also think I agree with Kusma's comment referred to above, which I have not read in the original, in that for certain topics, including the native name of a concept in prose should not be prohibited. If you're ever talking Chinese calligraphy with someone irl, the term they'll employ in an English sentence will be kaishu, not "regular script" (which I literally had to click through to in order to ascertain that 楷書 was indeed the topic). Folly Mox (talk) 13:55, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes. Having really immersed myself in writing a topic including a lot of native vocabulary from top to bottom, it now seems pretty common sense that this should be a class of exceptions to not including characters. Remsense  诉  14:00, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it makes sense to modify the guideline to explicitly allow for more flexibility. For instance, maybe we should add a sentence to the paragraph in question saying something like "Reasonable exceptions can be made when important for consistency or clarity." —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 14:06, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This all sounds very reasonable. I support modifying the guideline as well. SilverStar54 (talk) 17:43, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The existing wording is broadly in line with the main MOS, :
 * Use non-English vocabulary sparingly; for more information, see Wikipedia:Writing better articles § Use other languages sparingly.
 * The latter link says:
 * Foreign terms within the article body do not need native spellings if they can be specified as title terms in separate articles; just link to the appropriate article on first occurrence.
 * Kanguole 14:33, 11 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The difference is that Chinese is the only major non-phonetic writing system, so it's reasonable that there would be a distinction on this point. Remsense  诉  01:16, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Japanese is also a bit major. But it's not clear that this argues for an exception for repeating the characters. It certainly doesn't justify repeating the pinyin. Kanguole 21:41, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it does simply because articles are meant to be internally complete, not relying on other pages to adequately explain its subject. If I were on a desert island and I only had the one article, in many cases I would like to have the characters of certain key terms included in that article. I think the distinction requires careful thought though. Remsense  诉  01:23, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * By the way, I've been pondering the viability of, say, Infobox sinogram or something like that, intended either for articles specifically about lexemes, or maybe even to provide an unobtrusive, modular explanation of a lexeme in other articles where its lexical properties are important. Remsense  诉  01:25, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Isn't that what Wiktionary does?
 * Your rule seems to be at odds with the quote above, also alone WP:SUMMARY and the very nature of a wiki. Kanguole 19:45, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There's a lot of boilerplate etymological prose in many articles which cannot simply be outsourced to wiktionary. It's possible that it could be better presented this way.
 * My distinction is that characters should be included when not doing so leaves other information in the article underexplained. One should not have to reference other articles to fill in specific details that are necessary to understand those already presented, which is what WP:SUMMARY also says. This is of course distinct from having other articles for a generally more detailed treatment. I stress that I think there's a distinction to be made between logographic and phonetic languages here also. Remsense  诉  20:00, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If you want to discuss the graphical structure of a particular character, then certainly it needs to be included. I think you want a bigger exception than that though, and it sounds like special pleading. Kanguole 20:50, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think there are other specific exceptions. For example, I think the inclusion of characters for script styles on Chinese characters as suggested by @Kusma is fully warranted and ideal. Remsense  诉  20:58, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If you want to discuss the graphical structure of a particular character, then certainly it needs to be included. I think you want a bigger exception than that though, and it sounds like special pleading. Kanguole 20:50, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think there are other specific exceptions. For example, I think the inclusion of characters for script styles on Chinese characters as suggested by @Kusma is fully warranted and ideal. Remsense  诉  20:58, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Converting full-width punctuation and currency symbols in horizontal text
Greetings! Over the past few years, there have been no objections to converting Latin letters and Arabic numerals to ASCII from their full-width forms when they appear in horizontal Chinese, Korean, or Japanese text. I've raised it on MOS and Wikiproject talk pages and made many cleanup edits to articles. I'm making a push to finish that cleanup, and I've been noticing that punctuation, currency symbols, and spaces have the same problem. It looks weird to have the full-width versions mixed in, and they sometimes leak into English-language text. My plan was to start converting punctuation and currency symbols in horizontal text (except where the characters themselves are being discussed) when the July 1 database dump becomes available in a week or two. If you have any questions, objections, concerns, or suggestions, please let me know! Open-circle full stop is not included; the affected characters are: ＂ ＃ ＄ ％ ＆ ＇ ＊ ＋ － ／ ＠ ＼ ＾ ＿ ｀ ￠ ￥ ￦ ＜ ＝ ＞ ｜ ￤ and the space character. -- Beland (talk) 17:51, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Will the areas targetted include, quote, etc? Or will direct quotes be avoided and only article prose affected? Folly Mox (talk) 21:16, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think this advice should be presented with caution, as fullwidth punctuation doesn't fit all the time. Otherwise I don't see the problem.
 * Tangentially, I think I'm the only one outside both the W3C and East Asia that knows one can specify CSS lengths in units of ic as well as px and em—with 1ic equal to the width of a fullwidth character for practical purposes, and more technically equal to the used advance measure of the "水" glyph (CJK water ideograph, U+6C34), found in the font used to render it. I think that means it's equal to the height of 水 instead when the text is being rendered vertically, neat. Can't figure out what ic stands for though, other than that i is probably "ideograph". Remsense  诉  21:34, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Did you have specific wording in mind for "with caution"? I'm not sure what you mean by "fullwidth punctuation doesn't fit all the time", as that would be what we are getting rid of. Did you have an example or two in mind? Just trying to make these suggestions actionable. -- Beland (talk) 22:32, 29 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, I was thinking of Anglo-style halfwidth quote marks “⋯”, which aren't always appropriate to swap out with fullwidth corner brackets 「⋯」. Remsense  诉  00:43, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Curvy quotes like “ and ” are prohibited by MOS:STRAIGHT; both those and full-width ＂ would get converted to ASCII ". Corner brackets don't have a direct ASCII equivalent, so I did not put them on the list of affected characters, and they would be left alone. -- Beland (talk) 00:52, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This is the only bit that low key concerns me. The glyphs I care most about preserving (，,：,. ,「」,、,（）,！,？) are not in the list of affected punctuation. I'm well aware of MOS:CURLY, but I find that the default ascii straight double quote is easily lost in a string of Chinese characters, and does a very poor job of marking out the quoted material.But, this might be my eyesight, and I suppose if we find ascii-width double quotes getting lost after the punctuation changes, we can replace them with the permissible 「」. Folly Mox (talk) 14:05, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That sounds like an elegant solution. -- Beland (talk) 19:35, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * My practice has been and would continue to be to change formatting of direct quotations, because MOS:CONFORM says to change quotation marks, dashes, ligatures, etc., to match Wikipedia house style. -- Beland (talk) 22:30, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Odd passage?
This seems to be wrong. China is the WP:COMMONNAME, so it should be used unless there's a good reason not to. Remsense 诉  01:19, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Idk how I feel about this. On the one hand, I don’t know if it’s worth encouraging edit wars by allowing mass changes of PRC —> China, but on the other hand maybe it would be better for stylistic consistency.
 * If we were to change this policy, I think we should give some examples of where it’s necessary to make a distinction versus where it’s not. SilverStar54 (talk) 06:17, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm all for pragmatism in our operations, but I hope it makes sense when I say that "implementing what is clearly site policy (assuming momentarily that this is the case) would lead to prohibitive levels of disruption" seems to necessarily require admitting "local consensus in this area inevitably trumps global consensus", which isn't a position you or I would find viable, of course
 * I think it'd be fine just removing this passage, as it just reads like a permission slip to ignore WP:COMMONNAME if one fancies. I don't think it really needs to be replaced with anything to the opposite effect. Remsense  诉  07:03, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Pinyin with and without tone marks
I think we should encourage articles to list pinyin with tone marks in parentheses even if the term itself is just pinyin without tone marks. It might seem redundant, but we can't just ditch showing the tone marks. They're essential to knowing how the term is pronounced in Chinese. SilverStar54 (talk) 07:36, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * To me, it's a fairly reasonable deduction from WP:LEADLANG that it's a superfluous term to include in a lexemic call-out, especially as it will be present in the if the term is the article's subject. Including characters is justified because it's necessary for disambiguation, even if they are not useful to most readers. Including identical pinyin but with tone marks is additionally useful to almost no one, as readers will either not find their meaning to have much utility, or they will already be able to read the characters and in all likelihood derive the tones from them. The sliver in between has to be very small.
 * Perhaps overly blunt, but surely Wikipedia is explicitly not a dictionary? We generally provide lexical and linguistic information in proportion to its relevance for the article, not for its own sake. is a general compromise that helps a lot to address a particularly needful case.  Remsense  诉  07:49, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There have been a lot of recent edits to this MOS guidance. Am I correct in understanding that the question here is whether or not to include after Tone marks should only appear within templates, parentheticals, or infoboxes?To me, using pinyin without diacritics inside the py parameter of lang-zh and its aliases seems fully incorrect, and seeing pinyin with tone marks in running prose feels a bit jarring, but it's not something I ever copyedit out.What are some examples that have led us to this thread? It's been a busy couple weeks and I'm not really looped in. Folly Mox (talk) 10:08, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for the confusion. The question is whether diacritical pinyin should be included in the brackets for terms that are themselves identically spelled but undiacritical pinyin.
 * That is, is the ideal form
 * Zeng Guofan
 * Zeng Guofan
 * That's all. Remsense  诉  10:13, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * No apologies necessary: I'm confused about everything all the time, straight e.g. wandering around grocery stores in a daze like "what this place??"If that's the question, then yes I think we should include tone marks in the py parameter as stated above INS include the py parameter with tone marks, unless the second example is going to be rewritten "Zēng Guófān ", which seems less better. Of course, ideally this would all be relegated to Infobox Chinese, but if no infobox is present, we should include the pronunciation somehow. Folly Mox (talk) 10:39, 3 July 2024 (UTC) INS edited 10:58, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree, the second form is preferable, as the tone marks are essential pronunciation information. I would guess our articles about China-related topics get a significant number of readers who know enough Chinese to read pinyin but not enough to pronounce all the characters that an educated native speaker knows. Tone marks are even more valuable for topics that include uncommon characters or characters with multiple pronunciations. —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 17:17, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As one of those readers, I second this. SilverStar54 (talk) 17:19, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Understanding that generally infoboxes are meant to summarize and not stand alone, though is a clear common-sense exception to that much of the time—the primary situation in my head is for the article subject itself, where the diacritical pinyin is assuredly listed. Is this a meaningful distinction for those concerned?  Remsense  诉  17:48, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Are you suggesting including hanzi in the lead but putting the pinyin with tones in the infobox? That might be alright, but I think in that case I'd prefer to relegate both hanzi and pinyin to the infobox. I worry it might be confusing to have some of the extra details about the name in one place and some in a different place. I'm not sure. —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 18:31, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * In the absence of Infobox Chinese, the first form seems most readable. Combining tone marks with bolding can be harder to read in some environments. It's true that the way zh is commonly used stretches LEADLANG quite a bit. Perhaps there should be a preference for using Infobox Chinese instead if there are more than a couple of items. Despite its name, Infobox Chinese isn't an infobox presenting key facts about the article topic, but rather a box of a different sort, devoted to the name of the topic. Kanguole 21:37, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Ruby characters
I think I've never seen these on en.wp (only on zh.wp and ja.wp), and the guidance ruby is not used for body text on Wikipedia seems accurate and appropriate. The explanation that follows, as it would display at too small a size, may be outdated. Maybe this was true for older skins, but in Minerva and Vector 2022, the text is no smaller than the text of a footnote or citation. Maybe we could trim that bit, or use an alternative explanation like as it disrupts line spacing?Or, maybe it's my device, and it actually does display super teeny tiny for other people. Folly Mox (talk) 10:19, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Template:ill
Template:ill does a reasonable job for most languages at providing sister language links for redlinked terms on en.wp. For Chinese, I find it totally useless, in every case worse than just including the native characters with no link to zh.wp at all. It creates a redlinked romanised term whilst completely hiding the characters: hover or long press displays the zh.wp url with the characters' unicode codepoints escaped for url compatibility, so if I want to know what / whom the redlink is supposed to indicate, I have to leave the website to a different Wikipedia, which feels like very bad design.My method is usually linking the characters to zh.wp, but I know this isn't shared by everyone. Sometimes alternatively I'll just add the characters in lang-zh or similar following the transclusion of ill, although this feels inelegant.What are people's thoughts on this? Should we provide any MOS guidance about it? Folly Mox (talk) 10:28, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I know nothing about template design or url compatibility, but this doesn’t seem to happen to me. When I hover over an ill link to a Chinese page, Wikipedia displays the characters.
 * Is the issue browser-specific? If so, perhaps there’s a technical fix for this? Personally, I like how using ill cleans up the running English text. It’d be a shame to have to create call-outs for topics that already have a Chinese-language article. SilverStar54 (talk) 17:08, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh right, I've been meaning to get back to this. It turns out this does seem to be browser specific. Fails in Firefox and DuckDuckGo, but displays in Chrome.I kind of see the utility of this the other way round, though: a substantially higher proportion of readership is going to be interested in knowing the word for something / name of someone than the proportion who might click through to the sister language project to read about the topic in another language (which is likely a strict subset of the first).In other words, displaying the graphs for the native name is what I see as the higher priority, and the link to zh.wp I see as a low-priority convenience thing. Folly Mox (talk) 13:43, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I suppose we could do something like:
 * Which renders as: Lao Laizi (Lao Laizi)
 * This doesn't feel better than Lao Laizi, although the code for that is less clear:
 * Folly Mox (talk) 13:54, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Folly Mox I am not sure I follow. I tell my Chinese students (and Koreans) to use ill, see activity here: User:Hanyangprofessor2/Module/MoS (I'll be refining it in the future). Sample article by my students using Ill: Iron flower. What's wrong with it and how would you make it better? Note I tell my students to do a red link and add Chinese charas in the parenthesis if they cannot locate the zh wiki article for the notable concept that should be linked, but if there is one, ill works well enough. Why do we need do display the non-Latin characters for something that has an article? (additionally, today's digital literacy includes machine translating stuff in browsers, so any competent internet user who clicks on ill and goes to zh wiki should be able to read zh article with two mouse clicks). Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 14:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I guess my perspective is that if I'm reading about a Chinese topic, and come across a transliterated name or translated title I'm not familiar with, I want to know its name. That's the basic piece of information I look for to determine whether or not I'm familiar with the topic and whether I want to read more about it. Being unable to see the names of things in English language topic area sources is something that deeply bothers me, to the point where I'll discontinue reading a book or article if the native terms are not provided, and I don't want that experience for myself or anyone else whilst reading Wikipedia. Granted our case is different, because we can click through to a zh.wp article with ill, so we're not cutting people off from looking more deeply into a topic should they wish to, but not having the information present on the page is something that upsets my pedagogical sensibilities.It does look like I hold something of a minority opinion here, and about half my concerns would be alleviated if I switched browsers, so I'm fine with not saying anything in guidance about this. I do think that it should be permitted to retain characters where ill produces a redlink locally, and people shouldn't remove them just because ill is present, but no further guidance seems necessary. Folly Mox (talk) 14:16, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see. I am not opposed to your example of Lao Laizi (老萊子 [zh]) although I am not sure it is necessary given the link. I most often use this template for Polish Wikipedia, and occasionally Polish words are different and even use diacritics, but unless they have been used in English works, I think we don't need the reader to know them. For Chinese and such, they are even more useless, as readers cannot read (pronouce) or memorize the characters. I certainly see the need to use them when no link is present, to allow people to research them, but otherwise... shrug; as I said, I am not opposing your idea because while I feel displaying the characters when zh link is present is IMHO not needed, WP:NOTPAPER, so why not. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:02, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see. I am not opposed to your example of Lao Laizi (老萊子 [zh]) although I am not sure it is necessary given the link. I most often use this template for Polish Wikipedia, and occasionally Polish words are different and even use diacritics, but unless they have been used in English works, I think we don't need the reader to know them. For Chinese and such, they are even more useless, as readers cannot read (pronouce) or memorize the characters. I certainly see the need to use them when no link is present, to allow people to research them, but otherwise... shrug; as I said, I am not opposing your idea because while I feel displaying the characters when zh link is present is IMHO not needed, WP:NOTPAPER, so why not. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:02, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

What about mask (Chinese charas) for publisher?
I was looking at Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles and I've noticed "publisher=Wenzi gaige chubanshe", with the following MoS note: "For publishing houses without a common name in English, their names are transliterated without tone marks, but not translated. ". Errr. Why? I think we should include original Chinese characters, at min, and why not both the transliterated and translated title? For example, it is important to tell the reader that something may be, for example, a publishing house or an academic journal. There are academic journals with only Chinese names, for example. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 14:17, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It seems to me Chinese characters are more useful than pinyin for the name of the publishing house. Presumably we mention the publishing house to help interested readers get a copy of the cited source, and I think Chinese characters would help more than pinyin with that. Moreover, pinyin can always be derived from the characters (usually pretty easily), but the reverse is not always true. —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 16:07, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Indeed; most times I search for pinyin I get nothing but Wikipedia, occasionally Google Books (the latter makes it a bit useful, but not as useful as finding info about the original, obviously). Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here  06:12, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This is probably a holdover from academic publishing, which itself is a holdover from days when Chinese characters were not easily included in printed material. Folly Mox (talk) 14:17, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Infobox Chinese + other infobox redundancies
Many general-use infoboxes have a native_name parameter somewhere. Would it be worth specifying that listing the same native forms in both and an article's primary infobox is redundant and usually undesirable?

Moreover, the use of in the Chinese context has been killing me: I'm not even sure I would remove the native form conventionally placed right at the top (cf. Kangxi Emperor or any other emperor), but I'm leaning towards that being ideal if we're not even making native_name a proper parameter for that one. Remsense 诉  23:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Is it redundant and undesirable? I really like the native names of subjects being visible on the first screen, before scrolling down. It makes a lot of sense to have the name at the top of the article, since a lot of people will be looking for that. I'd go as far as saying that if we were to remove either the native name or transliterated name from the header of infobox royalty, I'd remove the transliterated name, since it already introduces the lead sentence, and leave only the native name, but having both looks correct to me.Infobox Chinese is a separate matter entirely. In my experience, it mostly exists to shove diacritic pinyin out of the prose, and then gradually become increasingly bloated with pronunciations. Most of this information seems crufty at first glance, although doubtless it's useful to someone, and removing pronunciations from people's own minority topolect probably feels like a personal affront. Removing the characters from this infobox would leave us without an "index item" (not a good term, sorry about my brain) to compare the pronunciations against. I suppose the characters could be moved to the bottom, if we're concerned about increasing the distance between appearances of the same terms.I think I'm more pro–"sprinkle 漢字 throughout" than most. Someone in a thread somewhere above called Chinese characters something like ; I'd call them . Our educational value is significantly enhanced by including them where they're not too obtrusive. Folly Mox (talk) 00:24, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I really do think the case is plausible—I just wish it was its own parameter.
 * I think the reason my particular opinions are what as strong as they are—maybe "ductile" is a better word? I like having deep justifications for opinions on these things, as long as I'm willing to uproot them and change my mind, as happens often—because I start as an editor with desiring a parsimony of data, i.e. within reason every piece of information appears in the specific place for it. Of course, this doesn't always align with what's good for readers or even other editors, which is why I appreciate the pushback when I lead myself to overly dogmatic positions.  Remsense  诉  00:56, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * What if we created a wrapper template? And by I'm not really volunteering myself because I don't have any background coding templates here and am not really sure where to look for guidance, but as a hypothesis:We could create a template that wrapped Infobox royalty or Infobox officeholder and bundled Infobox Chinese underneath? I'm not sure if that's technically possible or if we'd have to wrap the first template and just output the second based on input parameters.But the idea would be that the native name goes up top, then the main infobox, then pronunciations at the bottom, without duplicating the native name. Or, if that's impossible to do, create a single template that doesn't wrap anything, but accepts all the parameters of Infobox royalty, Infobox officeholder, and Infobox Chinese, and spits out a single box for every applicable biography? Folly Mox (talk) 11:04, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I guess before we commit to any such mad undertaking, I'd like to hear from other people active on this talkpage whether the duplication of characters between two infoboxes bothers them.I definitely used to have a similar idea about how often information should be repeated (never), which came from a background in database programming. That was before the adult-onset ADHD. Now I'm a person who keeps copies of everything important in at least three places, because chances are one is lost and I've probably forgotten another on the way somewhere. I forget what's at the top of the first infobox by the time I've scrolled down to the second paragraph of the lead section.Mainspace (and projectspace, now that I think of it) hugely duplicate information across a broad array of related pages, and I've come round to a position of inelegant and messy convenience: if someone is looking for information in a place, might as well put it there too, irrespective of wherever else it already is. This is just my opinion as an editor, though, not a firmly held belief. Folly Mox (talk) 11:04, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Note that infobox royalty has module, which can contain, which bundles it at the bottom, whereas native_lang_name would go at the top. (e.g: Michael Nylan, with a diffent infobox) Kanguole 11:34, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the technical insights (and for creating that article; I always wanted her to have one, since I cite her all the time, but never got round to it).Maybe if people are bothered by the duplication of characters, we could either get consensus to add native_name to the top of Infoboxen and, then Infobox Chinese them and remove the c from the child templates. Or construct a wrapper that does the same if consensus to change the widely used templates cannot be achieved. Folly Mox (talk) 13:44, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
List of finance ministers of France

This is a list of ministers of finance of France, including the equivalent positions of Superintendent of Finances and Controller-General of Finances during the Ancien Régime. The position of Superintendent of Finances was abolished following the arrest of Nicolas Fouquet; his powers were transferred to First Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who would become ex officio Controller-General of Finances four years later after the elevation of the office.

title: List of finance ministers of France


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List of governors of Jämtland County

This is a list of governors for Jämtland County of Sweden, from 1810 to present. Jämtland and Härjedalen was separated from Västernorrland County and Gävleborg County in 1810 to form the new county, see List of governors of Västernorrland County, List of governors of Gävleborg County before that date.

The governor has the title landshövding in Swedish. The governor is appointed by the government, and presides over the "County Administrative Board" (länsstyrelse). The governor's office is administrative by nature, which is also hinted at by the now obsolete title "the King's Deputy" (Konungens befallningshavande) and traditionally used as an honourable post for politicians to conclude their careers.

 * Anders Wasell (1810–1817)
 * Lars Arnell (1817–1818)
 * Michael von Törne (1818–1841)
 * Gustaf Montgomery (1841–1842)
 * Lars Magnus Lagerheim (1842–1843)
 * Carl Printzensköld (1843–1844)
 * Anders Peter Sandströmer (1844–1848)
 * Jacob Axel Dahlström (1848–1859)
 * Nils Axel Bennich (1860–1865)
 * Gustaf Lagercrantz (1865–1866)
 * Gustaf Asplund (1866–1882)
 * John Philip Ericson (1883–1895)
 * Knut Sparre (1895–1906)
 * Johan Widén (1906–1923)
 * Sigfrid Linnér (1923–1930)
 * Mortimer Munck af Rosenschöld (1931–1938)
 * Torsten Löfgren (1938–1953)
 * Anders Tottie (1954–1969)
 * Hans Gustafsson (1969–1977)
 * Harald Pettersson (1977–1983)
 * Sven Heurgren (1984–1995)
 * Kristina Persson (1995–2001)
 * Maggi Mikaelsson (2002–2008)
 * Britt Bohlin Olsson (2008–2014)
 * Jöran Hägglund (2014–2021)
 * Susanna Löfgren (acting; 2020–2021)
 * Marita Ljung (2021–present)

title: List of governors of Jämtland County


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User:Whoami~enwiki

= Whoami =

And I'm back!

title: User:Whoami~enwiki


text:
Peter Cooper

Peter Cooper (February 12, 1791 – April 4, 1883) was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and politician. He designed and built the first American steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb, founded the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, served as its first president, and stood for election as the Greenback Party's candidate in the 1876 presidential election.

Cooper began tinkering at a young age while working in various positions in New York City. He purchased a glue factory in 1821 and used that factory's profits to found the Canton Iron Works, where he earned even larger profits by assembling the Tom Thumb. Cooper's success as a businessman and inventor continued over the ensuing decades, and he became the first mill operator to successfully use anthracite coal to puddle iron. He also developed numerous patents for products such as gelatin and participated in the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

During the Gilded Age, Cooper became an ardent critic of the gold standard and the debt-based monetary system of bank currency, advocating instead for government-issued banknotes. Cooper was nominated for president at the 1876 Greenback National Convention, and the Greenback ticket of Cooper and Samuel Fenton Cary won just under one percent of the popular vote in the 1876 general election. His son Edward and his son-in-law Abram Hewitt, both served as Mayor of New York City.

Early years
Peter Cooper was born in New York City of Dutch, English and Huguenot descent, the fifth child of John Cooper, a Methodist hatmaker from Newburgh, New York. He worked as a coachmaker's apprentice, cabinet maker, hatmaker, brewer and grocer, and was throughout a tinkerer: he developed a cloth-shearing machine which he attempted to sell, as well as an endless chain he intended to be used to pull barges and boats on the newly completed Erie Canal (which was routed west to east across upper New York State from Lake Erie to the upper Hudson River) which its chief supporter, the Governor of New York, De Witt Clinton approved of, but which Cooper was unable to sell.

In 1821, Cooper purchased a glue factory on Sunfish Pond on east side Manhattan Island for $2,000 at Kips Bay, where he had access to raw materials from the nearby slaughterhouses, and ran it as a successful business for many years, producing a profit of $10,000 (equivalent to roughly $200,000 in 21st century value today) within 2 years, developing new ways to produce glues and cements, gelatin, isinglass and other products, and becoming the city's premier provider to tanners (leather), manufacturers of paints, and dry-goods merchants. The effluent from his successful factory eventually polluted the pond so much that in 1839 it had to be drained and backfilled for eventual building construction.

Business career

Having been convinced that the proposed Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would drive up prices for land in Maryland, Cooper used his profits to buy 3000 acre of land there in 1828 and began to develop them, draining swampland and flattening hills, during which he discovered iron ore on his property. Seeing the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as a natural market for iron rails to be made from his ore, he founded the Canton Iron Works in Baltimore, and when the railroad developed technical problems, he put together the Tom Thumb steam locomotive for them in 1829 from various old parts, including musket barrels, and some small-scale steam engines he had fiddled with back in New York. The engine was a rousing success, prompting investors to buy stock in B&O, which enabled the company to buy Cooper's iron rails, making him what would be his first fortune.

Cooper began operating an iron rolling mill in New York beginning in 1836, where he was the first to successfully use anthracite coal to puddle iron. Cooper later moved the mill to Trenton, New Jersey, on the Delaware River to be closer to the sources of the raw materials the works needed. His son and son-in-law, Edward Cooper and Abram S. Hewitt, later expanded the Trenton facility into a giant complex employing 2,000 people, in which iron was taken from raw material to finished product.

Cooper also operated a successful glue factory in Gowanda, New York, that produced glue for decades. A glue factory was originally started in association with the Gaensslen Tannery, there, in 1874, though the first construction of the glue factory's plant, originally owned by Richard Wilhelm and known as the Eastern Tanners Glue Company, began on May 5, 1904. Gowanda, therefore, was known as America's glue capital.

Cooper owned a number of patents for his inventions, including some for the manufacture of gelatin, and he developed standards for its production. The patents were later sold to a cough syrup manufacturer who developed a pre-packaged form which his wife named "Jell-O".

Cooper later invested in real estate and insurance, and became one of the richest men in New York City. Despite this, he lived relatively simply in an age when the rich were indulging in more and more luxury. He dressed in simple, plain clothes, and limited his household to only two servants; when his wife bought an expensive and elaborate carriage, he returned it for a more sedate and cheaper one. Cooper remained in his home at Fourth Avenue and 28th Street even after the New York and Harlem Railroad established freight yards where cattle cars were parked practically outside his front door, although he did move to the more genteel Gramercy Park development in 1850.

In 1854, Cooper was one of five men who met at the house of Cyrus West Field in Gramercy Park to form the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company, and, in 1855, the American Telegraph Company, which bought up competitors and established extensive control over the expanding American network on the Atlantic Coast and in some Gulf coast states. He was among those supervising the laying of the first Transatlantic telegraph cable in 1858.

Invention of first steel rocking chair (1830s)
During the 1830s Cooper designed the first steel chair in America, which was a rocking chair. Cooper produced a functional, minimalist design radically different from the Victorian heavily decorated, ostentatious style of the time. Most rocking chairs had separate rockers fixed to regular chair legs, but Cooper's chair used the curve of its frame to ensure the rocking motion. Cooper's chair was made of steel or wrought iron with upholstery slung across the frame. The model was manufactured at R.W. Winfield & Co. in Britain. The firm exhibited examples of the chair at the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations (Crystal Palace Exhibition) in 1851 and the Great London Exposition of 1862.

Political views and career
In 1840, Cooper became an alderman of New York City.

Prior to the Civil War, Cooper was active in the anti-slavery movement and promoted the application of Christian concepts to solve social injustice. He was a strong supporter of the Union cause during the war and an advocate of the government issue of paper money.

Influenced by the writings of Lydia Maria Child, Cooper became involved in the Indian reform movement, organizing the privately funded United States Indian Commission. This organization, whose members included William E. Dodge and Henry Ward Beecher, was dedicated to the protection and elevation of Native Americans in the United States and the elimination of warfare in the western territories.

Cooper's efforts led to the formation of the Board of Indian Commissioners, which oversaw Ulysses S. Grant's Peace Policy. Between 1870 and 1875, Cooper sponsored Indian delegations to Washington, D.C., New York City, and other Eastern cities. These delegations met with Indian rights advocates and addressed the public on United States Indian policy. Speakers included: Red Cloud, Little Raven, and Alfred B. Meacham and a delegation of Modoc and Klamath Indians.

Cooper was an ardent critic of the gold standard and the debt-based monetary system of bank currency. Throughout the depression from 1873 to 1878, he said that usury was the foremost political problem of the day. He strongly advocated a credit-based, Government-issued currency of United States Notes. In 1883 his addresses, letters and articles on public affairs were compiled into a book, Ideas for a Science of Good Government.

Presidential candidacy
Cooper was encouraged to run in the 1876 presidential election for the Greenback Party without any hope of being elected. His running mate was Samuel Fenton Cary. The campaign cost more than $25,000. The election was won by Rutherford Birchard Hayes of the Republican Party. Cooper was surpassed by another unsuccessful candidate, Samuel J. Tilden of the Democratic Party.

A political family

In 1813, Cooper married Sarah Bedell (1793–1869). Of their six children, only two survived past the age of four years: a son, Edward and a daughter, Sarah Amelia. Edward served as Mayor of New York City, as would the husband of Sarah Amelia, Abram S. Hewitt, a man also heavily involved in inventions and industrialization.

Peter Cooper's granddaughters, Sarah Cooper Hewitt, Eleanor Garnier Hewitt and Amy Hewitt Green founded the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, then named the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, in 1895. It was originally part of Cooper Union, but since 1967 has been a unit of the Smithsonian Institution.

Religious views
Cooper was a Unitarian who regularly attended the services of Henry Whitney Bellows at the Church of All Souls (New York), and his views were Universalistic and non-sectarian. In 1873 he wrote:

"I look to see the day when the teachers of Christianity will rise above all the cramping powers and conflicting creeds and systems of human device, when they will beseech mankind by all the mercies of God to be reconciled to the government of love, the only government that can ever bring the kingdom of heaven into the hearts of mankind either here or hereafter."

Cooper Union
Cooper had for many years held an interest in adult education: he had served as head of the Public School Society, a private organization which ran New York City's free schools using city money, when it began evening classes in 1848. Cooper conceived of the idea of having a free institute in New York, similar to the École Polytechnique (Polytechnical School) in Paris, which would offer free practical education to adults in the mechanical arts and science, to help prepare young men and women of the working classes for success in business.

In 1853, he broke ground for the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, a private college in New York, completing the building in 1859 at the cost of $600,000. Cooper Union offered open-admission night classes available to men and women alike, and attracted 2,000 responses to its initial offering, although 600 later dropped out. The classes were non-sectarian, and women were treated equally with men, although 95% of the students were male. Cooper started a Women's School of Design, which offered daytime courses in engraving, lithography, painting on china and drawing.

The new institution soon became an important part of the community. The Great Hall was a place where the pressing civic controversies of the day could be debated, and, unusually, radical views were not excluded. In addition, the Union's library, unlike the nearby Astor, Mercantile and New York Society Libraries, was open until 10:00 at night, so that working people could make use of them after work hours.

Today Cooper Union is recognized as one of the leading American colleges in the fields of architecture, engineering, and art. Carrying on Peter Cooper's belief that college education should be free, the Cooper Union awarded all its students with a full scholarship until fall 2014, when the college began charging tuition due to the financial impact of construction loans taken before the Great Recession. The college is currently implementing a financial plan to restore full-tuition scholarships for all its undergraduate students by 2029.

Philanthropy
In 1851, Cooper was one of the founders of Children's Village, originally an orphanage called "New York Juvenile Asylum", one of the oldest non-profit organizations in the United States.

Death and legacy
Cooper died on April 4, 1883, at the age of 92 and is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. The lot number of his current burial site is 3932 & C.

Aside from Cooper Union, the Peter Cooper Village apartment complex in Manhattan; the Peter Cooper Elementary School in Ringwood, New Jersey; the Cooper School in Superior, Wisconsin, the Peter Cooper Station post office; Cooper Park in Brooklyn, Cooper Square in Manhattan, and Cooper Square in Hempstead, New York, Peter Cooper Village Senior Section 8 Housing in West Long Branch, NJ are named in his honor.

Popular culture

 * John M. Loretz Jr. dedicated his song, The Hero of Our Day! to Peter Cooper, "America's Great Philanthropist".

title: Peter Cooper


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Talk:Vanity of Duluoz

Untitled
This is a blog, not a Wikipedia entry. A better title: Vanity entry of 207.6.172.54 Wetman 09:16, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)~

Publishing
Is it true (as I read recently) that Kerouac's star had fallen by this time to the point where he had difficulty getting the book published?Meltingpot (talk) 11:14, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

"Duluoz Legend" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Duluoz Legend and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 December 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 19:53, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanity of Duluoz


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List of governors of Västerbotten County

This is a list of governors of Västerbotten County in Sweden, from 1598–present. This list is incomplete.

Governors of Österbotten and Västerbotten from 1598–1631
 * Theodoricus Petri Ruuta 1598–1599
 * Stellan Otto Mörner −1643
 * Ernst (Erensgisle) Larsson Creutz (−1635) 1631

Governors of Västerbotten from 1638–present
 * Stellan Otto von Mörner 1638–1641
 * Frans Crusebjörn 1641–1653
 * Johan Graan (−1679) 1653–1679
 * Lorentz Creutz (1646–1698) 1675
 * Jacob Fleming 1679
 * Hans Clerk 1680–1683
 * Hans Abraham Kruuse af Verchou 1683–1688
 * Reinhold Johan von Fersen (1646–1716) 1688–
 * Arvid Horn 1692
 * Gustaf Douglas 1692–1705
 * Otto Wilhelm Löwen (1659–1712) 1705–1712
 * Anders Erik Ramsay (1646–1734) 1713–1717
 * Magnus Fredrik Cronberg (1668–1740) 1717–1719
 * Otto Reinhold Strömfelt (1679–1746) 1719
 * Jacob Grundell (1657–1757) 1719–1733
 * Gabriel Gabrielsson Gyllengrip (1687–1753) 1733–1753
 * Olof Leijonstedt 1755–1759
 * Johan Funck 1759–1762
 * Martin Ehrensvan 1762–1765
 * Olof Malmerfelt 1765–1769
 * Carl Efraim Carpelan
 * Magnus Adolf von Kothen 1769–1775
 * Georg Gustaf Wrangel 1775–1781
 * Carl Wilhelm Leijonstedt 1781–1782
 * Fredrik von Stenhagen 1782–1789
 * Johan Gustaf af Donner 1789–1795
 * Pehr Adam Stromberg 1795–1811
 * Gustaf Edelstam 1811–1817
 * Georg Lars af Schmidt 1817–1842
 * Gustaf Adolf Montgomery 1842–1856
 * Gustaf Munthe 1856–1864
 * Erik Viktor Almquist 1864–1872
 * Axel Wästfelt 1873–1891
 * Jesper Ingevald Crusebjörn (1843–1904) 1891–1904
 * Axel Asker (1848–1924) t. f. 1900–1902
 * Axel Fredrik Oscar Cederberg (1837–1913) t. f. 1902–1903
 * Henning Theodor Biörklund (1849–1937) 1904–1916
 * Axel Schotte (1860–1923) 1916–1923
 * Robert Hagen (1868–1922) t. f. 1917–1918
 * Nils Gustaf Ringstrand (1863–1935) t. f. 1918–1919 1923–1931
 * Gustav Rosén (1876–1942) 1931–1942
 * Elof Lindberg (1891–1956) 1943–1956
 * Filip Kristensson (1898–1980) 1957–1965
 * Karl G. Samuelsson (1911–1993) 1965–1971
 * Bengt Lyberg (1912–1995) 1971–1978
 * Sven Johansson (1928–2023) 1978–1991
 * Görel Bohlin (1930–) 1992–1995
 * Georg Andersson (1936–) 1995–2001
 * Lorentz Andersson (1942–2023) 2001–2007
 * Chris Heister (1950–) 2008–2012
 * Magdalena Andersson (1954–) 2012–2020
 * Helene Hellmark Knutsson (1969–) 2020–2026


text:
User talk:Pranav~enwiki

Hi This is Pranav. I have no idea what this page is all about. Anyway I plan to use Wiki pages for my academic purposes (sounds funny na!) and for general time pass and lukha.

more later. tata

saw the TED video on youtube good luck with your project ans be nice to your girl friend :)

 * Hi, Just wanted to let you know that you are now a subject of Wikipedia. I find your work really interesting. Keep it up!

Charlie Nisser (talk) 12:49, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

got to know about innovations... They are simply superbbb....!!! Can I know n if possible attend any of your conferences in India?? Or there is there some way to know about your schedule.. I want to attend any of your live talks/seminars/....

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pranav. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pranav~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:12, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pranav~enwiki


text:
User:Chancemill/advaita

This effort is started by User:Chancemill and User:Whoami. This will be a sandbox effort before uploading. User:Chancemill November 19, 2003 09:45 UTC ---

Advaita in Sanskrit means non-dualism, A usually denotes negative sense and Dvaita means Dualism. It is also sometimes called monism. The principal advocate of Advaita was Sri Adi Sankara. The principal tenet of the philosophy is the proclamation that there are no two entities in the Universe. Everything perceived as dual in the world is the result of Maya or illusion.

It is one of the three famous philosophies of Advaita,Dvaita and Vishishta Advaita.

According to this philosophy there never can be Two of any kind. It is just that our mind is playing tricks on us by telling that there are different things in this world. At the outset it may seem to be very difficult to comprehend, and probably will seem highly improbable.

title: User:Chancemill/advaita


text:
Talk:Murray-Latta

I hope the Murray-Latta Corporation paid for this ad. Wetman 09:46, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murray-Latta


text:
List of governors of Västmanland County

This is a list of governors for Västmanland County of Sweden, from 1634 to present.

title: List of governors of Västmanland County


text:
List of governors of Östergötland County

This is a list of governors for Östergötland County of Sweden, from 1693 to present.