text:
Joshua Nkomo

Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo (19 June 1917 – 1 July 1999) was a Zimbabwean revolutionary and politician who served as Vice-President of Zimbabwe from 1990 until his death in 1999. He founded and led the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) from 1961 until it merged in 1987 with Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) to form ZANU–PF after an internal military crackdown called Gukurahundi in western Zimbabwe, mostly on ethnic Ndebele ZAPU supporters.

He was a leading trade union leader, who progressed on to become president of the banned National Democratic Party, and was jailed for ten years by Rhodesia's white minority government. After his release in 1974, ZAPU contributed to the fall of that government, along with the splinter rival ZANU, created in 1963.

In 1983, fearing for his life in the early stages of the Gukurahundi, Nkomo fled the country. Later in 1987, he controversially signed the Unity Accord allowing ZAPU to merge with ZANU to stop the genocide.

Nkomo earned many nicknames like "Umafukufuku" in Ndebele, "Father Zimbabwe" in English, and "Chibwechitedza" ("the slippery rock") in Shona.

Early life
Nkomo was born on 19 June 1917 in Matopos, Matabeleland, Southern Rhodesia (now Matobo, Zimbabwe) to a poor Ndebele family. He was one of eight children. His father (Thomas Nyongolo Letswansto Nkomo) worked as a preacher and a cattle rancher and worked for the London Missionary Society. His mother was Mlingo Hadebe.

After completing his primary education in Southern Rhodesia, Nkomo took a carpentry course at the Tsholotsho Government Industrial School and studied there for a year before becoming a driver. He later tried animal husbandry, then became a schoolteacher specialising in carpentry at Manyame School in Kezi. In 1942, at the age of 25, during his career as a teacher, he decided that he should go to South Africa to further his education, do carpentry and qualify to a higher level. He attended Adams College and the Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work in South Africa, where he met Nelson Mandela and other future nationalist leaders at the University of Fort Hare, although he did not attend that university. It was at the Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work that he was awarded a diploma in social work in 1952. Nkomo married his wife Johanna Fuyana on 1 October 1949.

Politics 1947–1964
After returning to Bulawayo in 1947, he became a trade unionist for black railway workers and rose to the leadership of the Railway Workers Union and then to leadership of the Southern Rhodesian chapter of the African National Congress. In 1953 he ran for Parliament in the first federal election, although he lost. The Southern Rhodesian ANC branch became the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC), and in 1957 Nkomo was elected chairman. Nkomo was out of the country in 1959 when SRANC was banned, its property confiscated, and many of its leaders arrested.

On 1 January 1960, the National Democratic Party (NDP) was founded by Nkomo and others from the SRANC leadership to succeed the banned SRANC, and adopted their goals and organizational structure, as well as subsuming their membership. That year he became president of the NDP with the support of Robert Mugabe. The NDP was banned in December 1961 by the Rhodesian government.

Nkomo immediately formed the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) together with Samuel Parirenyatwa, Ndabaningi Sithole, Robert Mugabe, and others. That party was also banned by the Rhodesian white minority government nine months later in September 1962.

ZAPU split in 1963 with Sithole and Mugabe taking their supporters and forming the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). While some have claimed this split was due to ethnic tensions, more accurately the split was motivated by the failure of Sithole, Mugabe, Takawira and Malianga to wrest control of ZAPU from Nkomo. ZAPU would remain a multi-ethnic party right up until independence.

Armed struggle
Nkomo was detained at Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp by Ian Smith's government in 1964, with fellow outlaw rebels Ndabaningi Sithole, Edgar Tekere, Enos Nkala, Maurice Nyagumbo, and Mugabe, until 1974. Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo a student youth leader was also detained with them for some time. A large number of them were released due to pressure from South African Prime Minister John Vorster. Following Nkomo's release, he went to Zambia to continue opposing the Rhodesian government through the dual processes of armed resistance and negotiation.

Unlike ZANU's armed wing – the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, ZAPU's armed wing – the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army – was dedicated to both guerrilla warfare and conventional warfare. At the time of independence ZIPRA had a modern military, stationed in Zambia and Angola, consisting of Soviet-made Mikoyan fighters, tanks and armoured personnel carriers, as well as well trained artillery units. Nkomo was the target of two attempted assassinations. The first one, in Zambia, by the Selous Scouts, was a false flag operation. The mission was ultimately aborted and attempted later, unsuccessfully, by the Rhodesian Special Air Service (SAS). In August 2011 it was reported by the BBC that Nkomo had been tipped off by the British government.

ZAPU forces strategically weakened the Rhodesian government during the Bush War. The most widely reported and possibly the most effective of these attacks were the downing of two Air Rhodesia Vickers Viscount civilian passenger planes with surface-to-air missiles, resulting in the deaths of 107 people in total. The first, on 3 September 1978, killed 38 out of 56 in the crash with a further ten survivors (including women and children) shot dead by ZIPRA cadres sent to inspect the burnt wreckage.

Nkomo later dismissed the massacre as false allegations perpetrated by the Rhodesian media and expressed his regret at the downing of a civilian plane, but defended the act by stating the Rhodesian government was known to transport military personnel aboard civilian liners. The eight remaining survivors eluded the guerrillas by hiding overnight in the bush; some walked towards Karoi to seek help. Some of the passengers had serious injuries and they were picked up by local police and debriefed by the Rhodesian army.

The second shooting down, on 12 February 1979, killed all 59 on board. The target of the second attack was reportedly General Peter Walls, head of the COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations), in charge of the Special Forces, including the SAS and the Selous Scouts. Due to the large number of tourists returning to Salisbury a second flight had been dispatched. General Walls received a boarding card for the second flight, which departed Kariba 15 minutes after the doomed aircraft.

No one was ever brought to trial or charged with shooting down the aircraft due to amnesty laws passed by both Smith and Mugabe. In a television interview not long after the attack on the first aircraft, Nkomo joked about the incident while admitting ZAPU had indeed been responsible. In his memoir, Story of My Life, published in 1984, Nkomo later said, "during that interview, the interviewee had asked about what we used to down the planes and I said stones, jokingly in an attempt to avoid answering the question due to military intelligence which demanded secrecy regarding what type of weapons we had acquired from the Soviet Union. They remembered the laugh and not the regret for the shooting down of both aircraft."

Politics 1980–1999
Following the first majority-rule election in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in which around 60% of the population voted, a government led by Abel Muzorewa, was formed in 1979 between Ian Smith and Ndabaningi Sithole's ZANU Mwenje, which by now had also split from Mugabe's more militant ZANU faction. The civil war waged by Nkomo and Mugabe continued unabated and Britain and the USA did not lift sanctions on the country. Britain persuaded all parties to come to Lancaster House in September 1979 to work out a constitution and the basis for fresh elections. Mugabe and Nkomo shared a delegation, called the Patriotic Front (PF), at the negotiations chaired by Lord Carrington.

Nkomo proposed to address Zimbabwe-Rhodesia's land question with Georgist principles of collecting ground rent but leaving improvements to those who built them.

""We don't believe in trading land or selling land – no. And in any government that I lead, you can be certain those practices must go. That does not mean we will be taking people's land. It means that other people who haven't got money will have a chance to use land, which is the common property of everybody. "And if they have to pay some rates or rents, that will go to a general fund of the people. In this way citizens can use as much land as they want. Our system is this: once you use land, that land belongs to you. But you have not bought it. You cannot sell it to some one. The land belongs to the people, but everything on that land is yours.""

Elections were held in 1980 and to the surprise of Nkomo but few others, the Common Roll vote split on predictable tribal lines, with the 20 seats in Matabeleland going to ZAPU (listed as "PF–ZAPU") and all but three of the sixty in predominantly Shona areas falling to Mugabe's ZANU–PF. Nkomo was offered the ceremonial post of President, but declined, instead being appointed Minister of Home Affairs.

Conflict with Mugabe
Despite reaching their ultimate goal, ousting Smith's minority regime, Nkomo could not reconcile his differences with Mugabe.

Ideological differences kept the two men apart as Mugabe's Marxism clashed with Nkomo's Georgist reformism. Nkomo's ethnic background was also grounds for distrust by Mugabe who constantly feared an uprising by the historically turbulent Ndebele population. Nkomo would make concessions and attempts to improve relationships but met with varying results, the most successful being the ones where Sally Hayfron would intervene, as she was the only person within Mugabe's party who was supportive of Nkomo.

Initially, Mugabe refused to give Nkomo the position of Minister of Defence which Nkomo had been hoping for. After the intervention of Sally Hayfron, Nkomo was appointed to the cabinet (as minister without portfolio), but in 1982 was accused of plotting a coup d'état after South African double agents in Zimbabwe's Central Intelligence Organization, attempting to cause distrust between ZAPU and ZANU, planted arms on ZAPU owned farms and then tipped Mugabe off to their existence.

In a public statement Mugabe said, "ZAPU and its leader, Dr. Joshua Nkomo, are like a cobra in a house. The only way to deal effectively with a snake is to strike and destroy its head." He unleashed the Fifth Brigade upon Nkomo's Matabeleland homeland in Operation Gukurahundi, killing up to 20,000 Ndebele civilians in an attempt to destroy ZAPU and create a one-party state. Nkomo fled the country. Mugabe's government claimed that he had "illegally" left dressed as a woman: "NKOMO FLEES: ZAPU leader, Joshua Nkomo, fled in self-imposed exile to London after illegally crossing the Botswana frontier disguised as a woman on 7 March. 1983, claiming that his life was in danger and that he was going to look for "solutions" to Zimbabwean problems abroad."

- Government Printer, Harare 1984.

Nkomo ridiculed the suggestion that he escaped dressed as a woman. "I expected they would invent stupid stories about my flight.... People will believe anything if they believe that". He added that "nothing in my life had prepared me for persecution at the hands of a government led by black Africans."

After the Gukurahundi massacres, in 1987 Nkomo consented to the absorption of ZAPU into ZANU, resulting in a unified party called ZANU-PF, leaving Zimbabwe as effectively a one-party state and leading some Ndebeles to accuse Nkomo of selling out. These Ndebele individuals were in such a minority that they did not constitute a meaningful power base within ZAPU. As part of the deal, Nkomo became vice-president when the constitution was amended to create a second vice-president in 1990. He was sworn in as vice-president on 6 August 1990. In practice, the post was almost powerless. With his health failing, his influence declined.

When asked late in his life why he allowed this to happen, he told historian Eliakim Sibanda that he did it to stop the murder of the Ndebele (who supported his party) and of the ZAPU politicians and organizers who had been targeted by Zimbabwe's security forces since 1982. "Mugabe and his Shona henchmen have always sought the extermination of the Ndebele," he said.

Family
Nkomo married his wife Johanna in 1949. They had four children: Thandiwe Nkomo, Ernest Thutani, Michael Sibangilizwe, and Louise Sehlule

Religion
Nkomo had a Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa chaplain in his militia days, and was ordained a Methodist lay preacher. Described as "not an ardent churchgoer" in 1962, he returned to preaching in retirement. He proclaimed respect for traditional African religions and made use of their ceremonies and symbolism in his political campaigning. In his last years he converted to Roman Catholicism.

Death
Nkomo died of prostate cancer on 1 July 1999 at the age of 82 in Parirenyatwa Hospital in Harare.

Legacy and honours
Letters to the prime minister, Robert Mugabe, allegedly written by Nkomo while in exile in the United Kingdom, began to resurface following Nkomo's death in 1999. In the letters he argues against his persecution and accused the government of cracking down on opposition.

In 1999, Nkomo was declared a National Hero and is buried in the National Heroes' Acre in Harare.

On 27 June 2000, a set of four postage stamps were issued by the Post and Telecommunications Corporation of Zimbabwe featuring Joshua Nkomo. They had denominations of ZW$2.00, $9.10, $12.00 and $16.00.

title: Joshua Nkomo


text:
Uz

UZ, Uz, or uz may refer to:

Education

 * Universidad de Zamboanga, Philippines
 * University of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
 * University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Transport

 * Ukrzaliznytsia, the national railway company of Ukraine
 * Buraq Air (IATA code UZ), a Libyan airline

People

 * Uz, son of Aram, one of the sons of Aram, according to the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10:23)
 * Uz, firtborn son of Nahor and Milcah, according to the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 22:21)
 * Johann Uz (1720-1796), German anacreontic poet

Asia

 * Uz, Iran
 * Uzbekistan, a country (ISO 3166: UZ)
 * .uz, its top-level domain
 * Land of Uz, in the Bible, the homeland of Job
 * Uyts, Armenia (also called Uz)

Elsewhere

 * Uz (river), Romania
 * Uz, Hautes-Pyrénées, France
 * Uz, Kentucky, United States

Other uses

 * Uz or Oghuz Turks, a group of loosely linked nomadic Turkic peoples
 * Uzbek language (ISO 639-1 code "uz")
 * Ústredňa Židov, a Judenrat in Slovakia during the Holocaust
 * Toyota UZ engine

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Uz


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Sailing to Philadelphia

Sailing to Philadelphia is the second solo studio album by British singer-songwriter and guitarist Mark Knopfler, released on 25 September 2000 by Vertigo Records internationally, and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States. The album contains featured vocal performances by James Taylor, Van Morrison, and Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook of Squeeze.

The title track is drawn from Mason & Dixon by Thomas Pynchon, a novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, the two English surveyors who established the border separating Pennsylvania and Delaware from Maryland and Virginia in the 1760s. This border later became known as the Mason–Dixon line and has been used since the 1820s to denote the border between the Southern United States and the Northern United States.

Critical reception
In his review for AllMusic, William Ruhlmann gave the album three out of five stars, writing that "in one song after another on this album, you get the feeling that he started out playing some familiar song in a specific genre and eventually extrapolated upon it enough to call it an original." In his review for Rolling Stone magazine, David Wild gave the album three and a half out of five stars, writing that the album is "a welcome flashback" to Knopfler's earlier work with Dire Straits. Wild continued "Knopfler duets with James Taylor on the title track, which deftly explores the relationship between Mason and Dixon; Van Morrison trades lines on the soulful 'The Last Laugh.' With Sailing to Philadelphia, Knopfler has taken a break from the rootsy side projects and soundtrack work that have occupied him for the past 17 years, and has evoked some of the grandeur of prime Dire Straits."

By 2002, the album had sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide. In some territories—Western Europe for example—the album was released as an HDCD and a 5.1 Surround Sound DVD-A.

Touring
In 2001, Knopfler supported the release of the album with his Sailing to Philadelphia Tour, which started on 27 March 2001 in Mexico City, Mexico, included 80 concerts in 68 cities, and ended on 31 July 2001 in Moscow, Russia. The tour consisted of three legs: Mexico and South America, North America, and Europe and Russia. The tour lineup included Mark Knopfler (guitar, vocals), Guy Fletcher (keyboards), Richard Bennett (guitar), Glenn Worf (bass), Chad Cromwell (drums), Geraint Watkins (piano, accordion), and Mike Henderson (guitar, mandolin, violin, harmonica).

The Madrid concert on 2 July 2001 was filmed but never released. The Toronto concert at Massey Hall on 3 May 2001 was also recorded, but only four tracks were officially released: "Speedway At Nazareth" (the B-side of "Why Aye Man"), "Who's Your Baby Now" (the B-side of "Boom, Like That"), "Sailing to Philadelphia" and "Brothers in Arms" (both available on a limited edition version of the album The Ragpicker's Dream).

Track listing
All songs were written by Mark Knopfler.
 * International version

 * United States version (including Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music and other digital platforms)

Personnel

 * Mark Knopfler – vocals, guitar
 * Richard Bennett – guitar
 * Jim Cox – piano, Hammond organ
 * Guy Fletcher – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 * Chad Cromwell – drums
 * Danny Cummings – percussion
 * Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar, lap steel guitar
 * Frank Ricotti – marimba
 * Aubrey Haynie – violin (1,10)
 * Jim Hoke – autoharp, harmonica
 * Wayne Jackson – trumpet
 * Mike Haynes – flugelhorn
 * Harvey Thompson – tenor saxophone
 * Jim Horn – baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone
 * James Taylor – vocals (2)
 * Van Morrison – vocals (5)
 * Gillian Welch and David Rawlings – vocals (8,10)
 * Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford – vocals (International 6)
 * Duane Starling – vocals
 * Gillian Welch – vocals
 * Chris Willis – vocals

 * Production
 * Mark Knopfler – producer
 * Chuck Ainlay – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Chubba Petocz – engineer
 * Jon Bailey – assistant engineer
 * Graham Lewis – assistant
 * Mark Ralston – assistant
 * Aaron Swihart – assistant
 * Denny Purcell – mastering
 * Jonathan Russell – mastering assistant
 * Andrew Williams – portrait photography
 * Eric Conn – editing
 * Sandy Choron – art direction
 * Harry Choron – design
 * Jose Molina – photography (front cover)
 * James Gritz – photography (back cover)
 * Andrew Williams – photography (portrait)
 * Ben Mikaelsen – photography (additional)

title: Sailing to Philadelphia


text:
Sz

SZ, Sz, sZ, or sz may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Slovenske železnice (SŽ), a Slovenian railway company
 * Green Party (Czech Republic) (Strana zelených)
 * Air Southwest (IATA code)

Places

 * Canton of Schwyz
 * Shenzhen, simplify into SZ, a city in Guangdong province, China
 * Eswatini (ISO 3166-1 country code)
 * .sz, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Eswatini
 * Switzerland (NATO country code)

Products

 * Alfa Romeo SZ, a car
 * Rolls-Royce SZ and Bentley SZ, a series of different cars produced from 1980 to 2003 by Rolls-Royce Motors and Bentley Motors
 * SZ cycle-car, a Soviet/Russian microcar series including SZA and SZD
 * SZ, a model from Sony's range of VAIO computers
 * Sprite Zero, a diet soft drink

Publications

 * Saarbrücker Zeitung, a German newspaper, based in Saarland
 * Süddeutsche Zeitung, a German newspaper, published in Munich
 * Szőllősy index, catalogue (Sz) of all the compositions of Béla Bartók
 * S/Z, an essay by Roland Barthes, published as a book in 1970

Science and technology

 * Shenzhou (spacecraft), the Chinese space capsule
 * Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, in astrophysics
 * Suzuki groups, a family of mathematical groups
 * Suzuki sporadic group, a mathematical group

Other uses

 * Sz (digraph), a digraph used in Hungarian, Polish, Kashubian, German, and Cantonese romanization
 * Sky Zone
 * Sami Zayn, Canadian professional wrestler

title: Sz


text:
Talk:Kansai International Airport

Sinking problem
The article doesn't explain the "sinking problem" at all, it just assumes the reader already knows about it or can guess. Also, I think the "History" section should go before the "Outlook" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.102.220.129 (talk) 08:37, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. What is the sinking problem? Is it still a problem? Is this airport destined to be closed by 2055 or some other future year? Locarno (talk) 19:28, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:54, 13 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Nankai 50000 Series 50502F Rapitβ 20200228.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:24, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * 関西国際空港ロゴ.svg

Same map code for all Airplane infoboxes
@Canterbury Tail Hi, first of all we should use the same method for all airports, that is, if there exists a built-in code in some template, it is preferable to use that code to avoid divergence of maps. For example, all airplane maps show the border of airports in red. See Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport.

Second, do you really think that airplane marker is redundant? If someone views this article and reaches this map, what he/she think about these two shadows? He may think that they are shadows of twin towers :). So I really think that this airplane marker is not redundant. Hooman Mallahzadeh (talk) 18:04, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Um no they are not consistent methods, you are the one who has been introducing them. Your changes to maps have met with resistance in many areas and clearly don't have consensus. You cannot point at an article and go "look it's like this one" when you are the one that made that change to that article. It actually undermines your entire argument. A huge ridiculous bold border around an airport and an icon pointing to say it's an airport are completely unnecessary and actually distractingly pointless. This is just your personal preference, not a consensus and not something in all airports. If someone is looking at an article on an airport and doesn't know the map is of the airport, then there's sincere reading issues at play. Putting a huge garish border and a tag that it's an airport isn't providing any information not already there.
 * So here's the question(s). What is the use case here? What problem is making the border bright red and larger and dropping an airplane flag in the middle of a map, that we already know is about an airport, solving? What advantage is this bringing? How is this better than what is there before? Canterbury Tail talk 18:12, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kansai International Airport


text:
RL

RL, Rl or rl may refer to:

In arts and entertainment

 * Radio Liberty, US broadcaster
 * Rocket League, a video game

Businesses and organizations

 * Ralph Lauren Corporation (NYSE ticker)
 * Réseau Luxembourgeois des Amateurs d'Ondes Courtes, an amateur radio organization in Luxembourg
 * Royal Phnom Penh Airways (IATA code)

People known by the given initials

 * R. L. Huggar, an R&B singer
 * RL Grime, American musician, producer
 * R. L. Stine, American author

In science and technology

 * RL (complexity), a complexity class of mathematical problems
 * RL circuit, a circuit with a resistor and an inductor
 * Reinforcement learning, an area of machine learning
 * Reduced level, elevations of survey points with reference to a common assumed datum.
 * Rhyncholaelia (Rl.), a genus of orchids

Other uses

 * Rl (digraph) in Australian Aboriginal languages
 * Acura RL, an automobile
 * Real life, a phrase
 * Registered Locksmith, US certification
 * Report Long, a type of US Congressional Research Service Report
 * Rugby league, a sport

title: RL


text:
Pe

Pe may refer to:
 * Physical education

Language, and letters

 * Pe language
 * Pe (Cyrillic), a letter (П) in the Cyrillic alphabet
 * Pe (Semitic), a letter (פ ,ف, etc.) in several Semitic alphabets
 * Pe (Persian), a letter (پ) in the Arabic alphabet
 * Pe (Armenian), a letter (Պ պ) in the Armenian alphabet

Mathematics, science, and technology

 * Weierstrass p (also called "pe"), a mathematical letter (℘) used in Weierstrass's elliptic functions and power sets
 * Péclet number (abbreviated "Pe."), a dimensionless number used in physics
 * Pe (text editor), a text editor for BeOS
 * Petlyakov, Russian aircraft design bureau
 * Pulmonary emphysema, a lung disease
 * Pulmonary embolism, a medical condition
 * Portable Executable, a Microsoft Windows executable file format
 * Provider edge router, an edge network router
 * Polyethylene, a type of plastic

Places

 * Pe (city), Ancient Egyptian city that merged into Buto
 * Pe, Tibet, a town on the Yarlung Tsangpo River
 * .pe, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Peru
 * Port Elizabeth, South Africa (sometimes called P.E.)
 * Prince Edward Island, Canada (postal abbreviation PE)

title: Pe


text:
Ralph J. Gleason

Ralph Joseph Gleason (March 1, 1917 – June 3, 1975) was an American music critic and columnist. He contributed for many years to the San Francisco Chronicle, was a founding editor of Rolling Stone magazine, and cofounder of the Monterey Jazz Festival. A pioneering jazz and rock critic, he helped the San Francisco Chronicle transition into the rock era.

Life and career
Ralph Joseph Gleason was born in New York City on March 1, 1917. Gleason discovered jazz when, during a siege of measles while a student at Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York, he heard Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Fletcher Henderson on the radio. He graduated from Columbia University (where he was news editor of the Columbia Daily Spectator) in 1938. In 1939, Gleason co-founded Jazz Information with Eugene Williams, Ralph de Toledano, and Jean Rayburn, who Gleason would marry in 1940 and have three children.

During World War II, he worked for the Office of War Information. After the war, Gleason settled in San Francisco, which he considered a better town for hearing jazz than New York, and began writing for the San Francisco Chronicle. Gleason wrote a syndicated column on jazz, hosted radio programs, and co-founded the Monterey Jazz Festival with James L. Lyons. He also wrote liner notes for Lenny Bruce's comedy albums and testified for the defense at Bruce's San Francisco 1962 obscenity trial.

Gleason wrote liner notes for a broad variety of releases, including the 1959 Frank Sinatra album No One Cares and the 1970 Miles Davis album Bitches Brew. From 1948 to 1960, he doubled as an associate editor and critic for DownBeat. He also taught music appreciation courses at University of California Extension (1960-1963) and Sonoma State University (1965-1967).

Gleason was a widely respected commentator when he began to support several Bay Area rock bands, including Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead, in the late 1960s. Although Gleason was sometimes criticized for minimizing the importance of or simply ignoring acts from Los Angeles, others judged that he was making a valid distinction between works of creative vitality and music business product.

Gleason was a contributing editor to Ramparts, a prominent leftist magazine based in San Francisco, but quit after editor Warren Hinckle criticized the city's growing hippie population. With Jann Wenner, another Ramparts staffer, Gleason founded the bi-weekly music magazine Rolling Stone, to which he contributed as a consulting editor until his death in 1975. He was in the midst of an acrimonious split with Wenner and the magazine when he died. For ten years he also wrote a syndicated weekly column on jazz and pop music that ran in the New York Post and many other papers throughout the United States and Europe.

Gleason's articles also appeared other publications, including The New York Times, The Guardian, The Times, New Statesman, Evergreen Review, The American Scholar, Saturday Review, the New York Herald Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Sun-Times, the Sydney Morning Herald, Playboy, Esquire, Variety, The Milwaukee Journal1 and Hi-Fi/Stereo Review.

For National Educational Television (now known as PBS), Gleason produced a series of twenty-eight programs on jazz and blues, Jazz Casual, featuring Dizzy Gillespie, B.B. King, John Coltrane, Dave Brubeck, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Vince Guaraldi with Bola Sete, Jimmy Witherspoon, and Sonny Rollins, among others. The series ran from 1961 to 1968. He also produced a two-hour documentary on Duke Ellington, which was twice nominated for an Emmy.

Other films for television included a four-part series on the Monterey Jazz Festival, the first documentary for television on pop music, Anatomy of a Hit, and the hour-long programs on San Francisco rock, Go Ride the Music, for the series Fanfare, episode 9, for National Educational Television, A Night at the Family Dog, episode 10, for National Educational Television, and West Pole.

Gleason's name shows up in tribute on Red Garland's "Ralph J. Gleason Blues" from the 1958 recording Rojo (Prestige PRLP 7193), re-released on Red's Blues in 1998.

Gleason's lasting legacy, however, is his work with Rolling Stone. His name, alongside that of Hunter S. Thompson, still remains on the magazine's masthead today, more than four decades after his death.

On June 3, 1975, Gleason died of a heart attack at the age of 58 in Berkeley, California.

Ralph J. Gleason Music Book Award
Originally awarded by BMI and Rolling Stone. Currently awarded by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, New York University’s Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music, and The Pop Conference.
 * 1990 — Standing in the Shadows of Motown: The Life and Music of Legendary Bassist James Jamerson by Allan Slutsky
 * 1993 — Rhythm and the Blues by Jerry Wexler
 * 1994 — Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley by Peter Guralnick
 * 1998 — Visions of Jazz: The First Century by Gary Giddins
 * 2002 — Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams by Gary Giddins
 * 2000 — Workin' Man Blues: Country Music in California by Gerald W. Haslam
 * 2022 — Liner Notes for the Revolution: The Intellectual Life of Black Feminist Sound by Daphne A. Brooks

Quotations
"This generation is producing poets who write songs, and never before in the sixty-year history of American popular music has this been true."

In a 1976 review of the Santana album Caravanserai, Gleason wrote that the album affirmed, and "speaks directly to the universality of man, both in the sound of the music and in the vocals."

title: Ralph J. Gleason


text:
Kesteven

The Parts of Kesteven ( or ) are a traditional division of Lincolnshire, England. This division had long had a separate county administration (quarter sessions), along with the two other Parts of Lincolnshire, Lindsey and Holland.

Etymology
The word Kesteven is supposed to have derived from two root words: the Celtic *ceto- meaning wood (compare Modern Welsh coed) and the Old Norse stefna, a meeting place. The earliest record of the place-name is c1000 and was spelt Ceostefne, developing into Ketsteuene by 1185.

Wapentakes and Sokes
Historically, Lincolnshire was divided into wapentakes, hundreds and sokes. The following made up Kesteven:

 * Aswardburn Wapentake
 * Aveland Wapentake
 * Beltisloe Wapentake
 * Boothby Graffo Wapentake
 * Flaxwell Wapentake
 * Langoe Wapentake
 * Lovedon Wapentake
 * Ness Wapentake
 * Winnibriggs and Threo Wapentake
 * Borough and Soke of Grantham
 * Stamford Borough

Local Government Act 1888
The three parts were given separate elected county councils in 1889 by the Local Government Act 1888, and recognised as administrative counties. Kesteven lies in the south-west of Lincolnshire. It includes the towns of:

 * Bourne
 * Bracebridge
 * Grantham
 * Market Deeping
 * Sleaford
 * Stamford

Local Government Act 1894
Under the Local Government Act 1894 Kesteven was divided into a number of rural district and urban districts based on earlier sanitary districts:

 * Bourne Rural District
 * Branston Rural District
 * Grantham Rural District
 * Claypole Rural District
 * Sleaford Rural District
 * Uffington Rural District

The urban districts and boroughs were:
 * Bourne
 * Bracebridge
 * Grantham (borough)
 * Ruskington
 * Sleaford
 * Stamford (borough)

Bourne Urban District was abolished in 1920, with Bourne becoming a parish in Bourne Rural District. Bracebridge became part of the county borough of Lincoln that same year, becoming associated with the Parts of Lindsey.

Local Government Act 1929
The rural districts were re-organised by a County Review Order in 1929, to create four new districts named after points of the compass:

 * East Kesteven Rural District
 * North Kesteven Rural District
 * South Kesteven Rural District
 * West Kesteven Rural District

Local Government Act 1972
These separate county councils were abolished in 1974 and Lincolnshire (minus the northern part of Lindsey) had a single county council for the first time, although the names of the Parts survive in some of the names of district councils. Under the Local Government Act 1972, the four rural districts in Kesteven, along with the boroughs and urban district, merged into two district councils:

 * North Kesteven District Council - A merger of North and East Rural Districts and Sleaford Urban District
 * South Kesteven District Council - A merger of South and West Rural Districts and the boroughs of Grantham and Stamford

Titles of nobility associated with Kesteven

 * The title of Baron Kesteven existed from 1868 until 1915.
 * The title of Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven existed from 1715 to 1809.
 * Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Kesteven native, chose 'of Kesteven' as territorial designation for her life peerage in 1992, becoming Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire.

title: Kesteven


text:
Oh

Oh, OH, or Oh! is an interjection, often proclaiming surprise. It may refer to:

Albums

 * Oh! (Girls' Generation album), 2010
 * Oh! (ScoLoHoFo album), 2003
 * OH (ohio), by Lambchop, 2008
 * Oh!, an EP that came with the preorders of Oh! Gravity. by Switchfoot, 2006

Songs

 * "O (Oh!)", 1920 by Ted Lewis, 1953 by Pee Wee Hunt
 * "Oh" (Ciara song), 2005
 * "Oh!" (Girls' Generation song), 2010
 * "Oh!" (The Linda Lindas song), 2021
 * "Oh!" (Pink Lady song), 1981
 * "Oh" (Stray Kids song), 2021
 * "Oh!", by Boys Noize from Oi Oi Oi
 * "Oh!", by The Breeders from Pod
 * "Oh", by Dave Matthews from Some Devil
 * "Oh", by Fugazi from The Argument
 * "Oh", by Juliana Hatfield from Made in China
 * "Oh!", by Micky Green from White T-Shirt
 * "Oh!", by Sleater-Kinney from One Beat
 * "Oh", by Spratleys Japs from Pony
 * "Oh!", by The Trudy
 * "Oh," by Underworld, recorded for the soundtrack to A Life Less Ordinary, 1997

Other media

 * Oh! (TV channel), an Australian cable TV channel owned by Optus Television
 * Oxygen, an American TV channel formerly called "Oh!"
 * Oh, a Boov alien from Home (2015)

People

 * Oh (surname), Korean surname romanized as "Oh" or "O"
 * Oh (Japanese surname), Japanese surname derived from Wang(王)
 * Ou (surname), Chinese and Cantonese surnames pronounced as "Oh" or "O"
 * Dennis Oh, Korean actor
 * Nadia Oh, English vocalist

Chemistry

 * OH, the hydroxy functional group
 * OH−, hydroxide anion
 * •OH, hydroxyl radical
 * OH, the alcohol class of compounds, that possess a hydroxy functional group

Other uses in science and technology

 * OH, prefix of hominid fossils found at Olduvai Gorge
 * OH, designation in the Unified Soil Classification System for organic-rich clay or silt of high plasticity
 * Oh, the point group of octahedral molecular geometry
 * Ohnesorge number, a dimensionless number that relates the viscous forces to inertial and surface tension forces

Transportation

 * OH, registration prefix for aircraft registered in Finland
 * Comair (United States) (IATA airline code OH)
 * PSA Airlines (IATA airline code OH)
 * Observation helicopter, in military abbreviation

Other uses

 * Ohio, US (postal abbreviation)
 * O.H., post-nominal letters for the Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God
 * OH, an abbreviation for the Orphic Hymns

title: Oh


text:
On (EP)

On is an extended play record by the electronic music producer Aphex Twin released on 15 November 1993 by Warp. On Remixes, featuring remixes by James, Reload and μ-Ziq, was released on the same day.

The single peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing
The Sire Records (US) version of On contains only "On", "73-Yips", and "Xepha" with early fade-outs, followed by the Reload Mix of "On", and it is housed in an Ecopak case instead of the standard slimline jewel case in which the Warp (UK) release was packaged.

The "D-Scape Mix", in actuality a remix of "D-Scape" from On, features mostly harsh sucking noises.

Production
In the 2015 Soundcloud dump, James states that he produced some of the sounds in "Xepha" by modifying a DAT player to play back tapes that he purposefully damaged. He claims that he created distorted sounds by stretching tapes, spraying them with hair spray, as well as changing the playback speed of the motor.

Music video
The music video for the title track was directed by Jarvis Cocker and Martin Wallace, and features a stop-motion sequence filmed on a beach involving numerous props (including an old fashioned diving suit and a cardboard cutout of James), and images of the tide. Drips of water are synchronized with the piano. The film was shot on location in Hilbre Island, West Kirby, Wirral, UK. James was hands-off from the video's making, apart from insisting that it did not feature any computer graphics. He was however satisfied with the end result, stating that it "does the job". It is available on the Come to Viddy (VHS, 1997) and WarpVision: The Videos 1989–2004 (DVD, 2004) compilations.

title: On (EP)


text:
OO

OO, O_O or variants may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * OO (EP), by Zion.T, 2017
 * OO, production code for the 1967 Doctor Who serial The Ice Warriors
 * "O.O" (song), by Nmixx, 2022

Places

 * Oô, France
 * Oo, Indonesia

Science and transportation

 * Ōō, an extinct bird of the genus Moho
 * SkyWest Airlines, IATA airline code OO
 * OO, the aircraft registration prefix for Belgium
 * Old Oak Common TMD, England, carriage shed depot code OO

Other uses

 * several emoticons
 * , a Latin-script digraph
 * Ꝏ, a ligature of the Latin script.
 * Oo stick, a traditional Hawaiian digging bar
 * Original Oratory, a competitive event in high school forensic competitions
 * OO gauge, a model railway standard
 * Official Observer, an appointed amateur radio operator
 * Oo Zun (1868–1944), Burmese social worker and Buddhist nun
 * Tin Oo (1927–2024), Burmese politician, activist and military

title: OO


text: File:Leahbetts.jpg

title: File:Leahbetts.jpg


text:
NJ (disambiguation)

NJ is the abbreviation for the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Nj or NJ may also stand for:

Places

 * Narva-Jõesuu, Estonia
 * Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

Science and technology

 * Nanojoule (nJ), an International System of Units (SI) unit of energy equal to 10−9 joules
 * Neighbor joining, a bioinformatic method for the construction of phylogenetic trees

Other uses

 * Nj (digraph), a Latin-script digraph
 * Nippon Jamboree
 * Nordjyske Jernbaner, a Danish railway
 * Napierville Junction Railway
 * NJ.com, a news website

title: NJ (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Vierbein

Forgive me if I'm wrong here. The principal bundle (I've called it B): this is supposed given first and V constructed from it ... ? Well, I guess B and V exist in a state of mutual implication here. And the invertible vector bundle map from TM to V? That's just an isomorphism of vector bundles?

So this is all a way of saying that TM can be reduced to structure group SO(p,q), and B is the associated principal bundle? Well, if so I can read on further ...

Charles Matthews 21:13, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Well, B is supposed to be deduced from V via the pullback of the connection A over V to B. Yes, e is an isomorphism between TM and V, but the catch is the structure group SO(p,q) only acts nontrivially upon V, not TM. In other words, SO(p,q) acts upon BOTH V and e in such a way that if X is any element of TM, then an element of SO(p,q), g, maps X to itself, but acts upon e in such a way as to satisfy g(e)(X)=g(e(X)). Phys 21:53, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, don't understand the first sentence of that. There is no mention of A at all in the definitions, where B is introduced.

By the way, I think orthonormal frame is a more elementary notion, and redirecting to this page will make access harder for almost everyone.

Charles Matthews 13:57, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

OK, a reference for what is this (I take it) is Dieudonne's Treatise On Analysis, Volume IV, Chapter 20 in exercises to section 5 (section 6 being on moving frames). So, shall I try to reconstruct this along those lines?

Charles Matthews 15:44, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I've never read that book. So I can't really say. It's up to you, I guess. Phys 15:53, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

An alternative is if I create a Cartan connection article separately out of that source; and that in the end vierbein and Cartan formalism get redirected there (provided it's all obviously compatible).

Charles Matthews 15:58, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * That would be fine. We probably need an article about frames in the component notation as well, because some people, especially physicists prefer the component notation. Phys 16:01, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vierbein


text:
Death of Leah Betts

Leah Sarah Betts (1 November 1977 – 16 November 1995) was a young woman from Latchingdon, Essex, United Kingdom, who died shortly after her 18th birthday after taking an ecstasy (MDMA) tablet, and then drinking approximately 7 L of water in a 90-minute period. Four hours later, she collapsed into a coma, from which she did not recover. The inquest determined that the death had resulted from water intoxication and hyponatremia, which in turn led to serious swelling of the brain, though the ecstasy may have inhibited her ability to urinate.

Her death received extensive media coverage, and her family have since campaigned against drug abuse.

Initial press and public reaction
When Leah Betts was first admitted to hospital in a coma, her family released her image to the national media as an example of the dangers of illegal drugs, specifically ecstasy, in an attempt to deter other young people from using drugs. This campaigning continued for years following her death.

Leah's mother, Dorothy May Betts, had died of a heart attack three years prior, in 1992, at age 45. Following this, Leah lived with her father Paul Betts (a former police officer), her stepmother (a nurse), and her brother William, who was seven years younger.

The fact that Betts's life was typical of middle-class families in Britain was a likely factor in the widespread coverage of her death. For many years prior, the media had portrayed typical drug users as being from broken homes in inner city areas and the "sink" council estates. It was suggested that the pill she had taken was from a "contaminated batch". Not long afterward, a 1,500-site poster campaign used a photograph of a smiling Leah Betts (not a picture of her on her deathbed, as some sources erroneously claim) with the caption "Sorted: Just one ecstasy tablet took Leah Betts".

Alternative rock band Chumbawamba responded with their own 'anti-poster' reading "Distorted: you are just as likely to die from eating a bay leaf as from an ecstasy tablet".

Death and inquest
Betts died on the morning of 16 November 1995, five days after being admitted to hospital, when her life support machine was switched off. Her funeral took place on 1 December 1995 at Christ Church, Latchingdon. She was buried alongside her mother at St. Mary Magdalen church in Great Burstead, Essex.

A subsequent inquest determined that her death was not directly caused by the consumption of ecstasy, but rather the result of the large quantity of water she had consumed. She had apparently been in observation of an advisory warning commonly given to ravers which stated drinking water would help her avoid dehydration as a result of continuous dancing. Leah had been at home with friends and had not been dancing, yet consumed about 7 l of water in less than 90 minutes. This resulted in water intoxication and hyponatremia, which in turn led to serious swelling of the brain, irreparably damaging it.

However, the ecstasy tablet may have reduced her ability to urinate, exacerbating her hyponatremia; a symptom known as SIADH. At the inquest, it was stated by toxicologist John Henry, who had previously warned the public of the danger of MDMA causing death by dehydration, "If Leah had taken the drug alone, she might well have survived. If she had drunk the amount of water alone, she would have survived."

Police response
Essex Police assigned 35 officers and major resources to identifying the suppliers of the tablet Betts had taken. However, after an investigation that cost £300,000, the only people charged were four of her friends who had been present at the house, two of whom accepted police cautions with the other two prosecuted. Of these, one received a conditional discharge, while the other was acquitted after a retrial.

Subsequent events
After Betts's death, the media focused on the claim that it was the first time she had taken the drug. It was later determined that she had taken the drug at least three times previously. Her father, Paul, subsequently became a vocal public campaigner against drug abuse. He and his wife were present at the press conference at which Barry Legg MP launched his Public Entertainments Licences (Drug Misuse) Bill, which allowed councils to close down licensed venues if the police believed controlled drugs were being used at or near the premises.

It was reported that the £1m Sorted posters campaign was the pro bono work of three advertising companies: Booth Lockett and Makin (media buyers), Knight Leech and Delaney (advertising agency), and FFI (youth marketing consultants). Booth Lockett and Makin counted brewers Löwenbräu as one of its major clients, at a time when the alcohol industry saw increasing MDMA use as a threat to profits. The other two companies represented energy drink Red Bull, a professional relationship that had earned Knight Leech and Delaney £5 million and was described by one of FFI's executives as such: "We do PR for Red Bull, for example, and we do a lot of clubs. It's very popular at the moment because it's a substitute for taking ecstasy."

The December 1995 murder of three alleged drug dealers in Rettendon, an event dubbed the "Range Rover murders", has been suggested by the media as a potential act of revenge for Betts's death.

title: Death of Leah Betts


text:
British Columbia Highway 19

Highway 19 is the main north–south thoroughfare on Vancouver Island from Nanaimo to Port Hardy. It forms part of the Island Highway along with Highway 1 and Highway 19A. A highway has existed on the Island since about 1912. Originally gravel and rough, the highway was an essential link together with the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway. The paved highway first opened in 1953, replacing a stretch of Highway 1 between Nanaimo and Campbell River, finally being extended to the northern tip of the island in the late 1970s. The total length of the highway is 403 km.

North Island
Highway 19's northern end is located at the Bear Cove ferry terminal, across the bay from Port Hardy. The highway proceeds southwest from the ferry dock for 5 km to a junction with the main road to the centre of Port Hardy, then turns southeast, travelling for 16 km to Highway 30, and then further east for 20 km to the main road to Port McNeill. The highway then follows the eastern shore of Nimpkish Lake and the Nimpkish River through a long stretch of dense forest terrain for 64 km southeast, until reaching a junction with the community of Woss, then travelling another 65 km east (40 mi), through the boundary between the Regional Districts of Mount Waddington and Strathcona, to a junction with Sayward, and finally entering the city of Campbell River another 64 km southeast, at a junction with Highways 28 and 19A, just past the river that the city is named for.

The entire stretch of Highway 19 north of Campbell River is an undivided two-lane configuration. Once at the junction with Highways 28 and 19A, Highway 19 separates into an expressway configuration, built between 1996 and 2001. In Campbell River, the highway shares its northbound lanes with Tamarac Street, and its southbound lanes with Willow Street.

Inland Island Highway
The 128 km stretch of Highway 19 between Campbell River and the city of Parksville is known as the Inland Island Highway. The highway completely avoids any residential or urban areas and alternates between a divided four-lane expressway and freeway, with a nominal speed limit of 110 km/h and a 90 km/h speed limit near signal lights.

South from Campbell River, Highway 19 is divided primarily by a concrete wall, and goes through a series of six spaced out at-grade signalized intersections, five of them possessing exit numbers. 52 km south of Campbell River, Highway 19 reaches its first interchange, with a four-lane arterial highway that goes west to the village of Cumberland and east to the communities of Courtenay and Comox. Past the Courtenay Interchange, Highway 19 is divided by a grass median. 16 km later, Highway 19 reaches another interchange, this time with a two-lane road that goes a short distance east to the B.C. Ferry terminal at Buckley Bay. There are two small at-grade signalized intersections on Highway 19 in the 41 km between the Buckley Bay Interchange and the interchange with Highway 4, which goes north into Qualicum Beach. 9 km later, Highway 19 goes through another interchange, this time with Highway 4A, which goes east into Parksville. The next interchange, at Craig's Crossing, is another 5 km south (3 mi) where Highway 19A (Island Highway) rejoins Highway 19 marking the end of the Freeway and the Inland Island Highway.

Island Highway
Past the Craig's Crossing Interchange, Highway 19 resumes its 1953 Island Highway alignment, which today is a 4-lane, divided arterial highway with a concrete median barrier mostly constructed during the 1970s. It heads mostly southeast through the communities of Nanoose Bay and Lantzville passing 5 signal lights and many at grade intersections along the way before finally entering the north part of Nanaimo. The lower highway standards and signal lights require a lower speed limit of 90 km/h on this section of highway. In Nanoose Bay the presence of a particularly busy signal light, multiple residential properties on the highway, a dense cluster of several intersecting side roads, and the lack of a centre divider results in a 60 km/h speed limit.

Nanaimo Parkway
At the Exit 29 signal lights Highway 19A (Island Highway) once again diverges to follow the 1953 alignment. Highway 19 then veers south onto a 20 km long four-lane expressway known as the "Nanaimo Parkway" which opened in 1997. The alignment has five signalized intersections along its length along with 2 overpasses and 4 underpasses for local roads that do not connect to the highway. The only interchange on the Nanaimo Parkway is at its south terminus where a set of ramps bring Highway 19 onto the Highway 1 alignment where both roads continue south. The parkway's speed limit is 90 km/h.

During the planning for the Nanaimo Parkway the Ministry of Transportation opted to construct signal lights instead of interchanges at 5 location as a cost saving measure intending on constructing the interchanges later when needed. At the time of its opening the parkway was a major improvement by allowing long distance traffic to bypass Nanaimo, greatly reducing driving times and eliminating congestion in the city. However by 2021 the parkway itself was beginning to have serious congestion issues at the signal lights as a result of the highway being flooded with commuter traffic from a growing Nanaimo. With further growth in traffic expected over the next 30 years the Ministry of Transportation has begun to study the implementation of interchanges on the parkway in the near future.

Highway 1 Concurrency
After the interchange with Highway 1 and Cedar Road, Highway 19 runs in a short concurrency with Highway 1 (the Trans-Canada Highway) for 2 km (1¼ mi) before exiting at a trumpet interchange on to the Duke Point Highway. With 4 southbound lanes and 3 northbound lanes this short section of freeway is the widest road on Vancouver Island.

Duke Point Highway
Opened in 1997 the 7.5 km long Duke Point Highway begins as a 4 lane expressway. Highway 19 crosses over the Nanaimo River 2 km (1¼ mi) from Highway 1 and shortly afterwards passes through an interchange at Maughan Rd. The highway then turns northward and narrows to a undivided 3 lane highway (2 lanes westbound and 1 land eastbound) for the last 5 km passing two at grade intersections, before finally terminating at the Duke Point Ferry Terminal. There is heavy traffic on the highway for short intervals when ferries are unloading but the rest of the time the Nanaimo bound lanes are virtually empty.

History
Highway 19 was first paved and designated in 1953 as an early part of the W.A.C. Bennett administration's massive province-wide highway improvement program. The original highway was built mostly built along the same route that Highway 19A follows today and was mostly only 2 lanes wide. It originally only ran from Nanaimo to Campbell River, but has since seen two major extensions. The highway was initially extended north to Kelsey Bay to meet B.C. Ferries' service to Prince Rupert in 1965 with its official opening being on the 14 September. A sod turning ceremony had been held three years earlier in April 1962 and was officiated by Phil Gaglardi, the Highways Minister. The cost of the extension was $50 million (equivalent to 437.65 million in 2022)

By 1979, the highway was further extended north to Port Hardy, where it now terminates at the Bear Cove ferry terminal. It was officially opened on 21 September 1979 by highways minister Alex Fraser and premier Bill Bennett. With the extension completed, B.C. Ferries moved its southern terminus for the Prince Rupert run north to Port Hardy. Surveying for the extension had started 1970. with the project being fully complete by the summer of 1980. The project cost $65 million (equivalent to $247.89 million in 2022)

Vancouver Island Highway Project
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a highway building program called the Vancouver Island Highway Project was initiated to improve the Highway 1 and 19 corridors between Victoria and Campbell River. This project included the construction of the Inland Island Highway, the Nanaimo Parkway and the Duke Point Highway. By early 1996 work was well underway on all sections.

On October 5, 1996, the first segment of the Inland Island Highway from Mud Bay to Parksville was opened. The Highway 19 designation was soon applied to the new route with the original 1953 highway becoming Highway 19A. On May 31, 1997, the Nanaimo Parkway opened, cutting travel times for drivers going though Nanaimo from 40 minutes to 20 minutes and resulting in Highway 19 being realigned away from Nanaimo's downtown, the former route being replaced by another section of Highway 19A.

Opened in June 1997, the Duke Point Highway connected to BC Ferries' newest terminal as part of a scheme to remove congestion from the Departure Bay ferry terminal and the surrounding surface streets in Nanaimo's core. As a result of this project, Highway 19 was extended another 9 km to its present terminus, making it the only highway in British Columbia to have ferry terminals at both ends.

The remainder of the Inland Island Highway was built in phases over the next 4 years with the Campbell River Bypass opening on September 24, 1997; the Courtenay-Mud Bay link opening on September 25 1999; and the Courtenay-Campbell River expressway, opening on September 8, 2001, completing the project. No significant upgrades or extensions to Highway 19 have occurred since.

Future
Due to the rapid growth of Nanaimo the southern sections of Highway 19 are expected to handle and increasing amount of traffic. The Nanaimo Parkway already experiences heavy congestion during peak hours and congestion is predicted to soon affect sections of Highway 19 north of Nanaimo as well due to dense development planned in the Lantzville and Nanoose Bay Areas. Congestion largely forms at signal lights as these sections of Highway 19 were not built as a freeway. To address these issues the BC Ministry of Transportation initiated the Nanaimo Parkway and Nanoose Bay Corridor Study. The study was completed in August 2021 and recommended interchanges be constructed to replace signal lights at Jingle Pot Road, Northfield Road and Mostar Road immediately while interchanges at Aulds Road, Highway 19A, Ware Road and Superior Road were recommended to be built within 20 years. A long term bypass and interchange in the Nanoose Bay Area was also proposed by the study.

title: British Columbia Highway 19


text:
Collis Potter Huntington

Collis Potter Huntington (October 22, 1821 – August 13, 1900) was an American industrialist and railway magnate. He was one of the Big Four of western railroading (along with Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker) who invested in Theodore Judah's idea to build the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Huntington helped lead and develop other major interstate lines, such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway (C&O), which he was recruited to help complete. The C&O, completed in 1873, fulfilled a long-held dream of Virginians of a rail link from the James River at Richmond to the Ohio River Valley. The new railroad facilities adjacent to the river there resulted in expansion of the former small town of Guyandotte, West Virginia into part of a new city which was named Huntington in his honor.

Turning attention to the eastern end of the line at Richmond, Huntington directed the C&O's Peninsula Extension in 1881–82, which opened a pathway for West Virginia bituminous coal to reach new coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads for export shipping. He also is credited with the development of Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, as well as the incorporation of Newport News, Virginia as a new independent city. After his death, both his nephew Henry E. Huntington and his stepson Archer M. Huntington continued his work at Newport News. All three are considered founding fathers in the community, with local features named in honor of each.

Much of the railroad and industrial development which Collis P. Huntington envisioned and led are still important activities in the early 21st century. The Southern Pacific is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad, and the C&O became part of CSX Transportation, each major U.S. railroad systems. West Virginia coal is still transported by rail to be loaded onto colliers at Hampton Roads. Nearby, Huntington Ingalls Industries operates the massive shipyard at Newport News.

From his base in Washington, Huntington was a lobbyist for the Central Pacific and the Southern Pacific in the 1870s and 1880s. The Big Four had built a powerful political machine, which he had a large role in running. He was generous in providing bribes to politicians and congressmen. Revelation of his misdeeds in 1883 made him one of the most hated railroad men in the country.

Huntington defended himself: "The motives back of my actions have been honest ones and results have redounded far more to the benefit of California than they have to my own."

In 1968, Huntington was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Education and early career
Collis Potter Huntington was born in Harwinton, Connecticut, on October 22, 1821. His family farmed and he grew up helping. In his early teens, he did farm chores and odd jobs for neighbors, saving his earnings. At age 16, he began traveling as a peddler. About this time, he visited rural Newport News in Warwick County, Virginia in his travels as a salesman. He never forgot what he thought was the untapped potential of the area, where the James River emptied into the large harbor of Hampton Roads. In 1842 he and his brother Solon Huntington, of Oneonta, New York, established a successful business in Oneonta, selling general merchandise there until about 1848.

When Huntington saw opportunity in America's West, he set out for California. He set up as a merchant in Sacramento at the start of the California Gold Rush. Huntington succeeded in his California business. He teamed up with Mark Hopkins selling miners' supplies and other hardware.

Building the first U.S. transcontinental railroad
In the late 1850s, Huntington and Hopkins joined forces with two other successful businessmen, Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker, to pursue the idea of creating a rail line that would connect America's east and west. In 1861, these four businessmen (sometimes referred to as The Big Four) pooled their resources and business acumen, and formed the Central Pacific Railroad company to create the western link of America's First transcontinental railroad. Of the four, Huntington had a reputation for being the most ruthless in pursuing the railroad's business; he ousted his partner, Stanford.

Huntington negotiated in Washington, D.C., with Grenville Dodge, who was supervising railroad construction from the East, over where the railroads should meet. They completed their agreement in April 1869, deciding to meet at Promontory Summit, Utah. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory, the tracks of the Central Pacific Railroad joined with the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad, and America had a transcontinental railroad. The joining was celebrated by the driving of the golden spike, provided for the occasion as a gift to the CPRR by San Francisco banker and merchant David Hewes.

Southern Pacific Railroad

Beginning in 1865, Huntington was also involved in the establishment of the Southern Pacific Railroad with the Big Four principals of the Central Pacific Railroad. The railroad's first locomotive C. P. Huntington, (transferred from the CPR), was named in his honor. With rail lines from New Orleans to the Southwest and into California, Southern Pacific expanded to more than 9,000 miles of track. It also controlled 5,000 miles of connecting steamship lines. Using the Southern Pacific Railroad, Huntington endeavored to prevent the port at San Pedro from becoming the main Port of Los Angeles in the Free Harbor Fight.

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, new cities and a shipyard
Following the American Civil War, efforts were renewed in Virginia to complete a canal or railroad link between Richmond and the Ohio River Valley. Before the war, the Virginia Board of Public Works and the Virginia Central Railroad had provided financial assistance to construct a state-owned link through the Blue Ridge Mountains. It had been completed along this route as far as the upper reaches of the Shenandoah Valley when the War broke out.

Officials of the Virginia Central, led by company president Williams Carter Wickham, realized that they would have to get capital from outside the economically devastated South in order to rebuild. They tried to attract British interests, without success. Finally, Major Wickham succeeded in getting Collis Huntington interested helping to complete the line.

Beginning in 1871, Huntington oversaw completion of the newly formed Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) from Richmond across Virginia and West Virginia to reach the Ohio River. There, with his brother-in-law D.W. Emmons, he established the planned city of Huntington, West Virginia. He became active in developing the emerging southern West Virginia bituminous coal business for the C&O.

Beginning in 1865, Huntington had been acquiring land in Virginia's eastern Tidewater region, an area not served by extant railroads. In 1880, he formed the Old Dominion Land Company and turned these holdings over to it. Beginning in December 1880, he led the building of the C&O's Peninsula Subdivision, which extended from the Church Hill Tunnel in Richmond east down the Virginia Peninsula through Williamsburg to the southeastern end of the Peninsula on the harbor of Hampton Roads in Warwick County, Virginia. Through the new railroad and his land company, coal piers were established at Newport News Point.

It may have taken more than 50 years after Virginia's first railroad operated for the lower Peninsula to get a railroad, but once work started, it progressed quickly. In a manner he had previously deployed, notably with the transcontinental railroad, and the line to the Ohio River, work began at both Newport News and Richmond. The crews at each end worked toward each other. The crews met and completed the line 1.25 miles west of Williamsburg on October 16, 1881, although temporary tracks had been installed in some areas to speed completion.

Huntington and his associates had promised they would provide rail service to Yorktown where the United States was celebrating the centennial of the surrender of the British troops under Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, an event considered most symbolic of the end of American Revolutionary War. Three days after the last spike ceremony, on October 19, the first passenger train from Newport News took local residents and national officials to the Cornwallis Surrender Centennial Celebration at Yorktown on temporary tracks that were laid from the main line at the new Lee Hall Depot to Yorktown.

No sooner had the tracks to the new coal pier at Newport News been completed in late 1881 than the same construction crews were put to work on what would later be called the Peninsula Subdivision's Hampton Branch. It ran easterly about 10 miles into Elizabeth City County toward Hampton and Old Point Comfort, where the U.S. Army base at Fort Monroe guarded the entrance to the harbor of Hampton Roads from the Chesapeake Bay (and the Atlantic Ocean). The tracks were completed about 9 miles to the town which became Phoebus in December 1882, named in honor of its leading citizen, Harrison Phoebus. The new branch line served both the older Hygeia Hotel and the new Hotel Chamberlain, popular destinations for civilians. During the first half of the 20th century, excursion trains were operated to reach nearby Buckroe Beach, where an amusement park was among the attractions for both church groups and vacationers.

At the formerly sleepy little farming community of Newport News Point, Huntington began other, building the landmark Hotel Warwick and founding the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. This became the largest privately owned shipyard in the United States.

Huntington is largely credited with vision and the combination of developments which created and built a vibrant and progressive community. The 15 years of rapid growth and development led to the incorporation of Newport News, Virginia as a new independent city in 1896. It is one of only two independent cities in Virginia that were so formed without developing first as an incorporated town.

Near the tracks of the C&O's Hampton Branch was a normal school, dedicated in its earliest years to training teachers to educate the South's many African-American freedmen after the Civil War and abolition of slavery. Both adults and children were eager to learn. Most southern blacks had been denied opportunities for education literacy before the Civil War. The school which developed to become modern-day Hampton University was first led by former Union General Samuel Chapman Armstrong. Perhaps the best known of General Armstrong's students was a youth named Booker T. Washington. He later was hired as principal of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, another historically black college, and developed it into Tuskegee University. When Sam Armstrong suffered a debilitating paralysis in 1892 while in New York, he returned to Hampton in a private railroad car provided by Huntington, with whom he had collaborated on black education projects.

In the lower Peninsula, Collis and other Huntington family members and their Old Dominion Land Company were involved in many aspects of life and business. They founded schools, museums, libraries and parks among their many contributions. In Williamsburg, Collis' Old Dominion Land Company owned the historic site of the 18th-century capital buildings. This was transferred to the women who were the earliest promoters of what became Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities). This site was later a key piece of the Abby and John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s massive restoration of the former colonial capital city. They developed Colonial Williamsburg, one of the world's major tourist attractions.

Huntington did not neglect his namesake city at the other end of the C&O. In order to supply freight cars to the C&O, and by extension to the Southern Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads as well, Huntington was a major financier behind Ensign Manufacturing Company. He based the company in Huntington, West Virginia, directly connecting to the C&O; Ensign was incorporated on November 1, 1872.

After Huntington's death in 1900, his nephew, Henry E. Huntington, assumed leadership of many of his industrial endeavors. The younger man quickly sold off all of the Southern Pacific holdings. He and other family members also continued and expanded many of the senior Huntington's cultural and philanthropic projects, in addition to developing their own.

Historian Howard Jay Graham has summarized Huntington's business acumen: Huntington's career affords unique opportunity for study of the promoter's function—for observing "the entrepreneur as innovator"—hedging into the Central through a cautiously conceived wagon road to the booming Comstock; gaining state and county aid, cost data, experience in construction and finance; thus discovering the immense liberality of the federal subsidy; mobilizing every resource and building through to Ogden on a revolving fund basis; netting perhaps a million by these means; then, half-reluctantly, beginning over, making the C.P. build the S.P., and when it had, reversing the favorable leases, fattening up the Southern, reaping a second harvest from its bonds and stocks, also taken originally on construction contracts.

Death
Huntington died at his "camp," Pine Knot, in the Adirondack Mountains on August 13, 1900. He is interred in a Classical-style mausoleum at the Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York.

Politics
In addition to his railroad building, Huntington is best known for his political activity in Washington, D.C., and California. At this stage he was based mostly in New York, and visited California about once a year. Stanford remained president, first of the Central Pacific and then of the Southern Pacific Company, until 1890. Huntington was agent and attorney for the Southern Pacific Railroad, vice-president and general agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, first vice-president of the Southern Pacific Company, and a director of the two lines. His main duties were selling company stocks and bonds and acting as the chief lobbyist in Washington, where his two main challenges were to block federal support for a proposed rival transcontinental route, the Texas and Pacific Railway (in which he succeeded) and to postpone payment of the $28 million in cash loans the government had made to the Central Pacific (in which he did not). He first asked to delay payments for fifty years, then for a hundred years. His proposal to cancel the loans created a firestorm of opposition in California, covered colorfully in the newspapers by Ambrose Bierce; when it was defeated in Congress in 1897, the governor of California celebrated by declaring a public holiday. Huntington lost the battle in Congress in 1899 and the Southern Pacific finally paid off the loans in 1909.

Huntington described his activities in a series of private letters to David D. Colton, a senior financial official of his railroads. After Colton's death, litigation opened his files in 1883 and Huntington's letters proved a huge embarrassment, with their detailed descriptions of lobbying, payoffs, and bribes to government officials. They showed Huntington to be an active, profane, and cynical promoter of his companies and display his eagerness to use money to bribe congressmen. The letters did not demonstrate that any cash actually changed hands with any official, but they revealed the tenor of Huntington's morals.

His biographer says, "he was vindictive, sometimes untruthful, interested in comparatively few things outside of business, and disposed to resist the idea that his railroad enterprises were to any degree burdened with public obligations. There is, on the other hand, no question with respect to his indomitable energy, his shrewdness in negotiation, his independence of thought and raciness of expression, and his grasp of large business problems. He was the dominant spirit among the small group of men who built up the Southern Pacific system, and that great organization remains his monument."

According to historian Richard J. Orsi,"[Huntington] was an ardent opponent of racial prejudice and discrimination....Huntington had been an abolitionist before the Civil War, and he later donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to support African American churches in California, and schools and colleges in the southern states....Though it was politically unwise, Huntington ordered his companies to give equal employment and pay to black workers, and he publicly opposed the exclusions of black and other non-white children from public schools, as well as other “Jim Crow” restrictions then being enacted in the South and elsewhere. In newspaper columns and public speeches in the West, Huntington praised the Chinese for their culture and industry, and condemned state and federal discrimination against American Indians and Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigrants. “If we deny to the individual, no matter what his creed, his color or his nationality, the right to justice which every man possesses,” he told a gathering of California civic and railway leaders in 1900, “there will be no enduring prosperity and [the nation’s] decline will surely follow."

Family relationships
Collis Huntington was the son of William and Elizabeth (Vincent) Huntington; born October 22, 1821, in Harwinton, Connecticut. His siblings were:

 * 1) Mary (February 17, 1810 – March 9, 1874); married Daniel Sammis of Warsaw, New York.
 * 2) Solon (January 13, 1812 – August 11, 1890); married Harriet Saunders of Saratoga, New York.
 * 3) Rhoda (October 13, 1814 – May 22, 1888); married Riley Dunbar of Wolcottville.
 * 4) Phebe (September 17, 1817 – February 4, 1900); married Henry Pardee of Oneonta, New York.
 * 5) Elizabeth (December 19, 1819 – 1903); married Hiram Yaker of Kortright, New York.
 * 6) Collis Potter (October 22, 1821 – August 13, 1900)
 * 7) Joseph (March 23, 1823 – February 23, 1849); never married
 * 8) Susan Lovinia (August 28, 1826 – 1902); married William Porter, M.D., of New Haven, Connecticut
 * 9) Ellen Maria (August 12, 1835 – October 22, 1920); married Isaac E. Gates of Orange, New Jersey. She was known as a poet and hymn writer.

Collis Huntington married Elizabeth Stillman Stoddard (1823–1883), of Cornwall, Connecticut, on September 16, 1844. She lived until 1883. They adopted her niece, Clara Elizabeth Prentice, born in Sacramento in 1860. Clara Elizabeth Prentice-Huntington (1860–1928), as she was called, married Prince Franz Edmund Joseph Gabriel Vitus von Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, a.k.a., Francis Hatzfeldt of the House of Hatzfeld, Germany, on October 28, 1889. They made their home at Draycot House, Draycot Cerne, Wiltshire, England.

Huntington remarried on July 12, 1884, to Arabella D. Worsham (1851–1924). She brought to the marriage her son Archer Milton Worsham, from her first marriage, whom Huntington adopted that year. At fourteen, he became known as Archer Milton Huntington. There were rumors that Huntington had a longer relationship with Arabella and that he was the biological father of her son. Huntington died at his Camp Pine Knot, in the Adirondacks, August 13, 1900.

Archer M. Huntington became a well-known Hispanist and founded The Hispanic Society of America, a museum and rare-books library dedicated to Spanish and Portuguese history, art, and culture, based in upper Manhattan, in New York City. Archer and his second wife, sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, founded Brookgreen Gardens sculpture and botanical gardens near Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. He also founded the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, one of the largest of its kind in the world.

Huntington's nephew, Henry E. Huntington (1850–1927), was also a railway magnate and founder of the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California. He was active in Los Angeles, California, where he was the main force behind development of the Pacific Electric system.

He was also related to Clarence Huntington, a president of the Virginian Railway who succeeded Urban H. Broughton. He was the son-in-law of the VGN's founder, industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers.

Charity
He acquired a substantial collection of art, and was generally recognized as one of the country's foremost art collectors. He left most of his collection, valued at $3 million, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, to pass into the museum's hands after the death of his stepson, Archer. His last will directed that if his stepson should die childless (which he did), Huntington's Fifth Avenue mansion or the proceeds from the sale of the property would go to Yale University. He also made specific bequests totaling $125,000 to Hampton University (then Hampton Institute) and to the Chapin Home for the Aged.

Buildings

 * Collis P. Huntington High School, Newport News, Virginia
 * Huntington Hotel – San Francisco, California
 * Huntington Free Library and Reading Room – Bronx, New York
 * Collis P. Huntington Academic Building; Tuskegee University, Alabama (Destroyed in a fire)
 * Huntington Dorm; Tuskegee University, Alabama
 * Collis P. Huntington House, New York City
 * C. P. Huntington Primary School in Sacramento, California
 * Collis Potter and Howard Edwards Huntington Memorial Hospital in Pasadena, California
 * Huntington Hall – U.S. Navy enlisted housing and USO 3100 Huntington Avenue, Newport News, Virginia
 * Collis P. Huntington Memorial Library – Hampton University Now, the Hampton University Museum, Hampton, Virginia
 * Huntington Hall; Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia

Inhabited places

 * Huntington, West Virginia
 * Collis and Huntington Avenues in Huntington, West Virginia
 * Huntington, Texas in Angelina County, Texas
 * Huntingdon, Abbotsford, neighborhood in Abbotsford, British Columbia
 * North End Huntington Heights Historic District, residential district in Newport News, Virginia

Other

 * Camp Pine Knot, also known as Camp Huntington, on Raquette Lake, New York, which is now owned by the State University of New York at Cortland
 * Collis P. Huntington State Park, Redding and Bethel, Connecticut
 * Huntington Park, and Huntington Avenue, Newport News, Virginia
 * Huntington Park, the site of his San Francisco home that was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire
 * Mount Huntington, a peak in Fresno County, California
 * Collis Place in Bronx County, New York, which is located several blocks from Huntington's riverside mansion.
 * Tugboat Huntington – retired 1994, now a floating exhibit and classroom at the Palm Beach Maritime Museum, Palm Beach, Florida
 * Collis Avenue, a residential street that starts at Huntington Drive in the El Sereno district of the City of Los Angeles and ends in the City of South Pasadena, California
 * Huntington Boulevard in Fresno, California
 * C.P. Huntington, a 4-2-4T steam locomotive currently owned by the California State Railroad Museum

In popular culture
He was referred to in Black Beetles in Amber by Ambrose Bierce as "Happy Hunty". Huntington was also referenced in Carl Sandburg's poem, Southern Pacific. In the AMC series Hell on Wheels he is played by actor Tim Guinee.

References and further reading

 * Note: the factual accuracy of this book has been widely criticized. See Stephen E. Ambrose.
 * Carman, Harry J., and Charles H. Mueller. "The Contract and Finance Company and the Central Pacific Railroad." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1927): 326–341. in JSTOR
 * Daggett, Stuart. "Huntington, Collis Potter," Dictionary of American biography  (1932), vol. 5
 * Deverell, William. Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850–1910 (1994) online
 * Evans, Cerinda W. Collis Potter Huntington (2 vols., 1954), highly laudatory and uncritical biography online volume 1; also see vol 2 online
 * Huddleston, Eugene L. "Huntington, Collis Potter", American National Biography Online (2014). Access Date: Jan 26 2016
 * Lavender, David, The great persuader: the biography of Collis P. Huntington, University Press of Colorado, 1998 reprint, first published 1970. ISBN 0-87081-476-1
 * Lewis, Oscar. The Big Four: The story of Huntington, Stanford, Hopkins, and Crocker, and of the Building of the Central Pacific (1938)
 * Rayner, Richard, The Associates: Four Capitalists Who Created California, Norton, 2007. ISBN 0-393-05913-8
 * Traxler Jr, Ralph N. "Collis P. Huntington and the Texas and Pacific Railroad Land Grant." New Mexico Historical Review 34.2 (1959): 117–133. online
 * Williams, R. Hal. The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973) online.
 * White, Richard. "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.", Southern Spaces, video of lecture by Richard White, Stanford University, April 16, 2009.
 * "Collis Potter Huntington" in: Prominent and progressive Americans; an encyclopædia of contemporaneous biography. Compiled by Mitchell Charles Harrison. Publisher: New York Tribune, 1902
 * "Collis Potter Huntington" in: Prominent and progressive Americans; an encyclopædia of contemporaneous biography. Compiled by Mitchell Charles Harrison. Publisher: New York Tribune, 1902

title: Collis Potter Huntington