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Talk:Essex

Hyperlinks on bold text on 'Politics' tab should be transferred to the 'See also' section of the article
In my opinion, the hyperlinks contained within the bold text on the 'Politics' tab should be transferred over to the 'See also' section as in my opinion it looks strange to have hyperlinks on the bold text. Xboxsponge15 (talk) 18:52, 20 October 2020 (UTC)

PP
Southend is not page protected, will we have to PP this as well?Slatersteven (talk) 18:14, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Parishes project
I have started a project for missing civil parishes at User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes. These may actually be an alternative name in the 1st case or overwise overlap in the 2nd. These are redirects but may need separate articles. They are:

A total of 2, see User:Crouch, Swale/Missing parishes (2).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:53, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Barling Magna
 * Mayland, Essex

Definitions
I believe this article is about the ceremonial county of Essex. Therefore, why is so much space taken up with text about other units that just happen also to be called Essex? Not only is that unnecessarily complicating this article, it is surely superfluous and off-topic. Why don't we, in the London (England) article, devote a meaty sub-section to London (Ontario), followed by a further lengthy sub-section on all the other Londons dotted around the globe? Roger 8 Roger (talk) 08:09, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Such as?Slatersteven (talk) 10:50, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Recent edits
Southend-on-Sea is not a Unitary Authority, it was until becoming a city and was never administered as part of Greater London. So the article should read " which excludes the unitary authority of Thurrock, and the areas administered by the Greater London Authority." Slatersteven (talk) 19:34, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Suggested removal of "Metropolitan Essex"
So this is something that was discussed decades ago above, but as time passes is increasingly out of place.

The wording, simply, is wrong. "Metropolitan Essex refers to places in Essex that form part of the conurbation and/or the metropolitan area of London, including the five boroughs of Greater London" - If the areas are in Greater London, they are not in Essex. The fact a separate map needs to be provided just to show what these area's are (given all other current maps of Essex do not include them) is somewhat telling.

There is a single source, and even then this source is a historical resource. It was published in 1966 (when the area had only just left Essex), and was covering the history of the area from 1850 - this is not a modern day resource.

To put simply, this term is not in extensive use - and appears to have been a temporary measure in the years around the changeover from Essex to Greater London for these areas. They no longer belong within the modern borders of Essex, and have not done so for decades. This section provides no new information that is not either covered elsewhere, or which informs the reader in any meaningful way - whilst potentially confusing the reader into believing these areas are still in Essex. There is no modern day relevance of these areas to Essex, and in the same sense there is no modern day relevance presented to the term "Metropolitan Essex". Garfie489 (talk) 03:08, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The reference, which is good, appears pretty clear to me in defining what Metropolitan Essex is. Also, please avoid breaking up your posts with line gaps, it looks messy and can be a distraction. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 05:55, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Whether it is clear in its definition or not is besides the point. The source is extremely outdated, and singular - it is the ONLY source that uses the phrase, and has no authority to state that this is a fact (such as Government data, etc). All searching for the phrase "Metropolitan Essex" leads either to Wikipedia articles citing this single source, or places listing this single source. Given the timing of this single sources publication, there are very good reasons to doubt the common usage of the single sources vocabulary - as it was made at a time the area left Essex, so a word would have been needed to describe the area unambiguously. Fact is, we cant allow single sources to name areas what they like without common usage, then report on them as if this is a common phrase for the area - especially for an area as large as this one. Im sure many people have nicknames for their local area - whether theyve written a book on them 50 years ago or not is not the standard that should be set Garfie489 (talk) 07:09, 13 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Additionally - To quote the source itself "Metropolitan Essex' is not a term with a precise and generally-accepted meaning.". It is also not a definition of Essex, as suggested by the layout of the article, and certainly shouldnt have a paragraph with maps dedicated to it in the same way actual counties do so. There is consensus above from over a decade ago that the term "Metropolitan Essex" is simply invented, and should really have been dealt with at that time. We could easily go about making well defined areas on a whim, but those areas should be generally accepted or in common use - both of which the singular source acknowledges to not be the case. Garfie489 (talk) 08:13, 13 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The source was published in 1966, after GL. It is quoting something that talks about the conurbation of Greater London anyway, which is not the same as the GL county of 1965. I saw this title on google scholar "Suburbanisation in Metropolitan Essex: The Interrupted Development of a Repton Park at Highams", came up first, but haven't checked it - published 1986. Now, see wp:BRD. You removed a whole section with its citation because you did not think it worthy of inclusion. I reverted that and asked you to stay on the talk page. Your next step is to discuss, not to revert my reversal. Period. Common usage is what RSSs use. If you don't like the source, discuss it to get consensus it is unreliable. That source is okay. You might not like what it says but tough! (I've given a second source now anyway). Until you grasp that life isn't a series of straight lines with rigid well defined rules that must be adhered to and words like nuance, subtlety, and ambiguity actually mean something, and describe real life situations, then you will have a hard time on Wikipedia. Not liking one phrase in a subsection (metropolitan Essex), which is cited, and then, after starting to edit war because your bold step was undone, blasting the whole subsection to oblivion, comes across as a bit of a tantrum outburst. Please, argue your point on the talk page. And don't start a discussion there and before anyone has had a chance to reply, decide consensus gives you the right to do what you want. Despite these excessive edits, I think your edits are generally helpful, by the way. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 08:52, 13 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It may be appropriate to say "Metropolitan Essex" exists as a concept - but that concept is not formally defined. I agree, life is not a series of straight lines - yet this section tries to do exactly that. The section attempts to formally define "Metropolitan Essex" in a way which the source itself does not. We are literally providing a map and saying "here are the lines", this is what the boundaries are.
 * What would be better is for this section moved into a one line comment on the Ancient County section simply stating "The difference in border between Ancient and Modern county may sometimes be described as Metropolitan Essex". Fact is, the borders are not agreed upon - it shouldnt written in the way it currently is. We can see this for example as the only colloquial use of "Metropolitan Essex" is by a local Cricket board - yet the definition they use is very different to the one cited in this article. Including places like Epping, Abridge, etc - which do not fall within the borders written by this article.
 * The additional source you cite btw is also historical. Thus it is talking about a period the area was Essex, from a time when it wasnt. Thus again it makes sense to use "Metropolitan Essex" in this context. Im not suggesting no one uses the phrase, it is not however advocating a formal definition of what Metropolitan Essex actually is, and again we fall into the issue where the only source we have that tries to tell us what Metropolitan Essex is... explicitly states it is not a formal, precise, generally accepted definition. Thus deletion of the section is appropriate, and instead it should be worked into other sections where relevant in the context of what the sources are actually saying. Its probably also worth reordering the list of these counties as per WP:UKCOUNTIES. Arguably the entire definitions section is against WP:UKCOUNTIES, but thats a much bigger discussion - at the very least the section discussed here is not a formal definition of the county as a whole, unlike the others provided. It just simply doesnt fit. Garfie489 (talk) 09:22, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

I think it better in some way to use the term in relation to London metropolitan area or Greater London Built-up Area, and keep local authority areas out of it. It simply deals with urban sprawl of London and Essex is a convenient adjective that does not imply anything about the current status of Essex. I agree it needs to be re-arranged and re-edited. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 18:53, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

 * So... put a short one line sentence into the ancient county? - because thats all it really needs when placed in context. Garfie489 (talk) 11:59, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * That's probably the best place for it if worded carefully. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 21:27, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I've only just seen the change and partly re-done it. I have removed what is both opinion and simply wrong. Nothing in 1965 was transferred anywhere. This is interesting because it does not relate to the is/was problem. Instead it illustrates something I have often said, that assuming ancient counties were changed or no longer exist leads to illogical and incorrect English. Here, 1965 changed HC Essex not one jot. It relates to the 1889 and the 1965 versions of Essex. Second, one county was abolished and another created, nothing was transferred except responsibility for local govt. Finally, this also shows how careless editors are in misusing sources. Sorry Garfie, but how can you misrepresent what the source says so profoundly? It is one sentence but you have totally changed it to something that is pure invention. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 09:51, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not an opinion, it is guidelines. WP:UKCOUNTIES states "In respect of England, Scotland and Wales, a fundamental part of this guide is to reaffirm the long established position that we do not take the view that the historic/ancient/traditional counties still exist with the former boundaries." - If you want to change that guideline, then go ahead. But until then, past tense referral is a correct way to refer to historic counties.
 * In fact, you could arguably take it a stage further and remove the entire section covering the definition all together - given we do not take the view as per guidelines it still exists with the former boundaries. Thus the entire section should be moved into history where best possible. Now personally im not going to be putting effort in to push that through - but referencing the county in past tense seems a fair compromise as per guidelines. Also i did not represent the source, i used the wording that was already in use in the article and replaced it - again, introducing new wording was something i assumed likely to cause contention, so stuck to what had already been there. Garfie489 (talk) 10:18, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Agree with removal. It is a term only used in one source. MRSC (talk) 11:05, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Garfie, quit while you're (fractionally) ahead. Your last post should be framed. "It doesn't matter what sources say because we can agree to ignore them and write what we want". I'm neutral on whether to mention the term or not. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 19:56, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I see that non compliant wording that is inaccurate has just been reverted back in. As Garfie says above, the only WP:RS we are citing (British History Online) is from a piece published in 1966, an excerpt from "A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5", and this being the case, the piece was almost certainly actually written before that part of Essex became a part of the county of Greater London in 1965. In any case, it is worded loosely to describe a loosely defined term. If this area were still part of Essex, as is asserted by some, then a more exact and more up to date source would be required. The second source given is simply not a WP:RS. There is discussion here to find a suitable consensus, and no reverts should be made back to a form of wording that does not enjoy editor consensus, that is also incorrect. Indeed, as we all know, it is a form of wording that does not conform to Wikipedia's own guidelines at WP:UKCOUNTIES. I see Garfie489 has restored the version just reverted, and I support that. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 14:13, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Infobox images
The infobox collage has been disputed, so we need to have a discussion about which images should be included in it. @Slatersteven @Chocolateediter A.D.Hope (talk) 20:14, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well the county seat is one we should have. Slatersteven (talk) 20:15, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree. We should include one of the county's main settlements, but it doesn't matter whether it's Southend, Colchester, Chelmsford, or Basildon. A.D.Hope (talk) 20:18, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * For my part I think the image of The Hythe is decent enough and should stay. I don't love either the image of pargeting or the university towers, but I do think it's important to have one historic and one contemporary image. Pargeting is distinctive to East Anglia so it would be good to retain it, but I'm very open to a different modern aspect of Essex being included. A.D.Hope (talk) 20:16, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think pargeting and uni towers could go in landmarks, that would be if it expanded into an architecture section. See Yorkshire for what I mean as landmarks and places of interest are doing the same thing at the moment in this article. The cathedral can stay or go there also if another landmark is chosen for the infobox. I suggest "Epping Forest June 2022 1.jpg" as a replacement for pargeting. Ping me if you want me to start on an architecture section. Chocolateediter (talk) 21:18, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The lead images should take priority over those in the body, I think. If an image is lead-worthy but currently in 'landmarks' then it can be moved from the latter to the former. Personally I'd keep pargeting over Epping Forest, we've already got a natural image with the Hythe salt marsh. A.D.Hope (talk) 22:58, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

I have WP:BOLDLY changed one of the images in the infobox, namely replacing the tower blocks with an image of Dovercourt Lighthouses. I guess the tower blocks image was put in to represent Colchester and modernity, but does it? I don't think so. Firstly they represent the University of Essex rather than Colchester and secondly the 1960s is hardly modern now. Also, there is nothing particularly "Essex" about them. The image doesn't inspire me to check out facts about what is in effect student accommodation. The Dovercourt Lighthouses on the other hand though not modern are intriguing and perhaps unique to the county (though I don't know if similar ones remain elsewhere). The picture is also a representation of Essex's coastline (the Maldon image doesn't really do this). Also, nearby Harwich is the operational HQ of the lighthouse authority. Open to anything better, but I believe the lighthouses to be an improvement over the tower blocks. Rupples (talk) 01:16, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I prefer the lighthouse image, represents the county well, and looks nicer than the tower blocks. If we need an image of the University of Essex, we could also add that under the education section. I have a good image for that. Liam344BW (talk) 07:52, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The new image is different, but I'm not sure it's an improvement in terms of representing Essex. The image of the salt marsh at Maldon is coastal, so that aspect of the county is covered, and there's now no representation of any of the major settlements; the previous image also had the benefit of representing the UAE, which I'd consider one of Essex's major institutions. My preference would be for an image which showed contemporary, urban Essex, but haven't been able to find an appropriate one so far. A.D.Hope (talk) 09:59, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, the Devon infobox collage put up in the infobox image guideline as representing good practice includes images of both the coast and a lighthouse. The guideline does suggest an image of a major settlement is included but makes no mention of an institution. Dovercourt/Harwich may not be one of the largest settlements in Essex, but it's not exactly minor either. Anyway, let's see what others think. Rupples (talk) 16:34, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * In Devon's case the lighthouse is included because it's in Plymouth, which is one of the county's major settlements. The second paragraph of the lead usually mentions the largest settlements in a county, in this case Southend, Basildon, Colchester, and Chelmsford, and they're the ones which should be included in the infobox if possible. A.D.Hope (talk) 16:41, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Do you agree with me that the University of Essex towers image represents an institution rather than one of the county's major settlements? Rupples (talk) 18:06, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * It represents both, as the towers are in Southend. I don't think it's a great photo, though. A.D.Hope (talk) 18:09, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm still not a big fan of not including an image of a modern structure in the infobox. The current compositon is a bit twee and coast-focussed, and omits the conurbations in the south of the county. A.D.Hope (talk) 19:13, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Disagree with your "twee" description and for that matter "coast-focussed". The images are fine and represent the county better than the previous tower blocks. Why do you want to include a "modern structure"? Other discussed infobox collages such as North Yorkshire and Devon don't. Your choice of the marshes and pargeting are excellent — please leave be and let other contributors choices stand unless they're seriously objected to by other editors. Rupples (talk) 19:54, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have a serious objection to the lack of urban/modern representation in the collage; note that I didn't specify that the image you chose was the problem, we could swap out one of the others.
 * The county infobox collages should be thematic, and a major 'theme' of Essex is that it includes significant urban areas which expanded fairly recently. These aren't represented in the current collage, but an image of a landmark in one of them would do nicely. A.D.Hope (talk) 20:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The collage is thematic. That the urban areas are a "major theme" of Essex is merely your interpretation. Rupples (talk) 21:32, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The guideline states that it's 'desirable' to include a major settlement, Rupples. We currently don't, but easily could. A.D.Hope (talk) 21:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I've swapped out the lighthouse for Brooke House in Basildon, which is a Grade II listed block of flats in the town centre. I think it fits the guidelines well, but there may be other options. For the record, the placement of the image was determined by its portrait orientation; if it had been landscape I would have swapped out the pargeting. I'm not trying to privilege my own choices, in other words. A.D.Hope (talk) 21:56, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * And I've reverted, noting that you didn't remove one of the images put in by yourself. Rupples (talk) 22:02, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I've explained why I did so above. I expected better from you than a bad-faith accusation. I'm going to remove the collage entirely, as it's clearly still too contentious to be stable. A.D.Hope (talk) 22:03, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What 'bad-faith' accusation? I stated a fact. The collage was stable until you came along earlier this evening, reopening the discussion. I asked politely you leave be, but no . . . Rupples (talk) 22:20, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Unless I've misunderstood, and I'd be very happy if I have, you 'noting' that I didn't remove one of the images I chose read as though I was claiming WP:OWNERSHIP rather than it being done for the reasons I gave in the previous comment.
 * I've said earlier that I'm not attached to the pargeting image, but the lighthouse and tower block images are both portrait and the pargeting one is landscape. One portrait and one landscape image generally works better than two of either type, that's all. A.D.Hope (talk) 22:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Since it looks as though we have a fundamental difference of opinion on what best represents Essex it may be preferable for us both to step back and leave the choice of images to others. I'm willing to, are you? Rupples (talk) 02:11, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Surely its not beyond our combined wit to find an acceptable set of images? We worked together perfectly well on the North Yorkshire collage, after all.
 * I must admit that I like the top image, as it parallels Suffolk and Norfolk and that's quite satisfying. The other two I'm less bothered about, except that we should give some idea that Essex has some large settlements – Suffolk has an image of Ipswich, Lancashire includes Blackpool, Wiltshire includes Swindon, that sort of thing. It can still be a 'pretty' image, if we can find them. A.D.Hope (talk) 13:11, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok. Sorry, got a bit narked last night seeing the lighthouses removed. Now you mention it, maybe I was exhibiting signs of ownership. Could also have an aversion to 60s/70s tower blocks! Rupples (talk) 13:25, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, I can entirely understand that! Don't worry, we all have those moments – no harm done. A.D.Hope (talk) 21:21, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What about Southend pier? Iconic as it's the longest pleasure pier in the world and the view includes Southend landscape so representing the largest settlement. The marshes don't necessarily represent the coast to my mind, so don't see too much of an overlap. Rupples (talk) 13:49, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That particular image isn't the most flattering, and the cityscape might look a bit indistinct at infobox size, but in principle it could work. I did also consider the bell tower of St Martin of Tours in Basildon, but finding a good image is proving tricky. A.D.Hope (talk) 21:24, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Looking at the bell tower image the buildings on the left looked warped, leaning. Unfortunately, none of the Southend Pier images fit well. One Brutalist style tower that looks fine with either the lighthouses or the pargeting and the marsh is this one in Chelmsford. The bas-relief pattern and curtain feature make it a bit more interesting than tower blocks of similar age. Rupples (talk) 01:08, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Opening paragraph incorrect?
The opening paragraph states the city of Southend-on-Sea as being the largest settlement in Essex... however in the second paragraph it states Colchester has a higher population. Does the opening paragraph need changing to reflect this or is there another reason Southend is regarded as the largest settlement? Magpie069 (talk) 19:33, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Even looking at other potential definitions, such as physical size, Southend doesnt win out. Mentioning Colchester as the largest settlement, with Chelmsford as the county town is likely the most logical approach here. Garfie489 (talk) 02:12, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Southend has the largest built-up-area as defined by the ONS, followed by Basildon, Colchester, and Chelmsford. If you look at district populations the order is Colchester, Chelmsford, Basildon, Southend, but districts often include areas far beyond the core settlement (e.g. the district of Chelmsford covers a good chunk of central Essex) so we don't typically use them for settlement population stats. A.D.Hope (talk) 10:38, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

However, much of the City of Southend-on-Sea is not a built up area, therefore identifying Southend as the largest built up area should not refer to the city. Just as much of the City of Chelmsford lies outside the county town. Kevin McE (talk) 23:21, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Both settlements are commonly referred to as cities in reliable sources, so there's no reason not to do the same in this article. A.D.Hope (talk) 23:26, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * both may be described as cities, neither is regularly referred to as 'city of ....' espeially when the reference is specific to the settlement rather than the borough level entity. Even ifone believes that there is no reason not to include the description (and I have provided a reason not to above, and another in this ), I would suggest that there is absolutely nothing to be gained by doing so.  It is not normal practice in English to include a descriptor of the status of a settlement in naming it. Kevin McE (talk) 17:53, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems a shame to exclude the information, but if you're set on doing so I don't want to argue the point. A.D.Hope (talk) 18:16, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It is possible to mention the city status of area in other ways, as I have now done in the opening section. Kevin McE (talk) 11:36, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's one method, although I'd prefer to put the information in a note, like this. A.D.Hope (talk) 12:16, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Knock yourself out. Kevin McE (talk) 23:26, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

Please clarify in what way this conversation mandates by consensus inclusion of descriptions of settlements in the introduction.. It seems to me that you explicitly concede here that they do not. "I don't want to argue the point", but you edit in that way without furthering the argument. Kevin McE (talk) 16:19, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The last two messages of this discussion (25 and 28 October) show me suggesting this form of the lead, and you agreeing to it. The wording agreed them went unchanged until the 25 November, when you seem to have changed your mind. I've restored the previous wording as it was stable up to that point and you'd previously accepted it. A.D.Hope (talk) 16:54, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The edit of mine that you cite is not even in the introduction section, so has zero relevance to the discussion at hand. You sought agreement to putting the note about city status as a footnote, not to including the imprecise descriptive phrase in the introduction. Kevin McE (talk) 17:20, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The edit I cited is the last of five you made on the 25 November which also altered the lead, but I can understand that you may have forgotten making them.
 * I sought agreement for the version of the lead I linked to, including the 'city of...' wording. There's no need for the note if the lead text doesn't mention city status, so I assumed this was clear, but perhaps I was mistaken. In any case, I belive the note is a reasonable compromise and oppose removing the 'city of...' text. A.D.Hope (talk) 17:34, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * So you cited the wrong edit, but refuse to acknowledge your error. Noted.
 * You sought permission to put the city status in a footnote " I'd prefer to put the information in a note": that is what I had no difficulty in consenting to. If you think I was agreeing to re-adding imprecise descriptions that are by no means ordinary or necessary phrasing, you are very much wrong.  So there is no consensus here for that wording.  Kevin McE (talk) 23:27, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I cited an edit which didn't include changes to the lead, and I apologise for that. This is the most relevant edit.
 * At the time it seemed clear that my proposal was to refer to Southend, Colchester, and Chelmsford as cities in the body text and include a note to explain that it was their namesake districts which were granted city status. The fact no further objections were raised in this discussion or changes made to the text for a month renforced this impression. However, as this was not the case and you clearly object further discussion is needed.
 * My position is that the use of 'city of...' in the lead is within the spirit of the WP:UKCITIES guideline on city status created this August, which in effect allows settlements to be referred to as cities provided reliable sources do so. A.D.Hope (talk) 01:15, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Is it your contention, therefore, that every time Chelmsford (for example) is mentioned in Wikipedia, the spirit of that guideline is that it must be referred to as the city of Chelmsford? Is that the case when it is the city of Chelmsford that is being referred to, or the City of Chelmsford?  Is the same principle to be applied to every settlement:  should we always write "town of Basildon" rather than just Basildon?  Must every reference to Sible Heddingham be changed to "village of Sible Heddingham"?
 * Even if a place can accurately be given a designation, that does not mean that it is normal practice to do so, and it seems particularly inappropriate for an encyclopaedia to do so in a way in which the meaning is ambiguous. Kevin McE (talk) 19:44, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * No, that isn't my contention. My position is that the 'city of...' wording is an easy way to mention city status in the lead, and the current consensus is that it's fine to call settlements cities if reliable sources do even if its the district which was granted the status. A.D.Hope (talk) 21:29, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If we are going to mention the designations of the local authority areas, then it seem to me that that is far better done by doing so while talking about local authority areas as I proposed some time ago. The current wording is (I would suggest) clumsy English, ambiguous as to the area referred to, and unclear as to whether this accounts for all the areas that are anything other than 'normal' boroughs. Kevin McE (talk) 21:57, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * We're not going to resolve this between the two of us, I don't think. A.D.Hope (talk) 11:50, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If you address the points I make, we could try... Kevin McE (talk) 16:14, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * We've been discussing this issue for a while across several threads, I really don't think we're going to see eye-to-eye. A.D.Hope (talk) 17:54, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * So you have no interest in creating a consensus agreement? Kevin McE (talk) 18:38, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I helped to draft the guideline (WP:UKCITIES) which summaries the current consensus on this issue, Kevin. You were involved in the same discussion. A.D.Hope (talk) 18:55, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, but if you take "We should therefore refer to Lancaster as a city" as meaning "mention of Lancaster must always include reference to its status as a city", then the same must apply to the remainder of the sentence: "but Morecambe and Carnforth as towns." Given that you said three days ago that it was not your contention that this must happen, the citation is irrelevant: what is permissible is not obligatory.  So that brings us back to the points I made before: is the current phrasing naturally flowing English, does it make it clear whether the settlement or the LA area is being referred to, does it clarify how many places in the county have city status?  I would suggest that the answer to all three is no, therefore that it is a phrasing that should be improved upon. Kevin McE (talk) 17:26, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The answer to all three is yes, in my opinion. 'The city of [x]' is natural English, the note makes it clear that the districts hold city status, and all of the cities in Essex are listed in the lead. On the last point, you could compare Essex to Somerset, where Wells is not among the most populous settlements but is mentioned anyway because it is a city. A.D.Hope (talk) 17:38, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not believe that repeated "city of ..." is natural English; the footnotes will not be read by all and the fact of their existence is an admission that the text is ambiguous, and just because three places being named for other reasons are identified as cities, that does not mean that other places might have that status.
 * Please explain how the following conveys less information, or is semantically inferior:
 * " The largest settlement is Southend-on-Sea, and the county town is Chelmsford.
 * The county has an area of 3,670 km2 (1,420 sq mi) and a population of 1,832,751. After Southend-on-Sea (182,305), the largest settlements are the Basildon (115,955), Colchester (130,245) and Chelmsford (110,625). The south of the county is very densely populated, and the remainder, besides Colchester and Chelmsford, is rural. Essex is divided into fourteen districts; twelve are part of a two-tier non-metropolitan county also called Essex, and the Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea districts are unitary areas. Of the fourteen districts, three (Chelmsford, Colchester and Southend-on-Sea) have city status. Kevin McE (talk) 21:58, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd consider that version inferior because it's more natural to refer to settlements than districts as cities. The current consensus at WP:UKGEO is that this is acceptable provided reliable sources also do so.
 * As I said above, I don't think a consensus between the two of us is possible. I'm going to stop replying, but you could always ask for a WP:THIRDOPINION or open a discussion to try and change the consensus at UK Geography. A.D.Hope (talk) 00:10, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I feel no need to address anything at another page, because what that permits does not determine what is placed here. Kevin McE (talk) 15:58, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've posted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK geography to see if anyone else wants to chip in. A.D.Hope (talk) 18:24, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your contribution to the current situation: I think we have both moved in the direction of the other, and I am happy with current phrasing. Kevin McE (talk) 10:27, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I was happy to help tidy things up a little. I still prefer the "city of..." phrasing, but it's not worth starting (continuing?) an edit war over.
 * Just to note, this IP edit is just a coincidence; unless I've been automatically logged out and not noticed I always edit using my username. A.D.Hope (talk) 15:12, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

There seems to be two issues here: (i) whether to include references to 'city of', 'town of' for the settlements listed in the lead, and (ii) disagreement over what are the correct population figures to include in determining the order of the largest settlements. The first is a matter of preference. Mine is leaning towards not including the titles because it detracts from what I see the information is seeking to portray — the population of the largest settlements and their relationship to the total population of the ceremonial county. Whether the settlement is a city or town is not particularly relevant. Notes have been placed in the Colchester and Chelmsford leads explaining "city". I don't think we should clutter up the lead here unnecessarily by including similar notes.

To avoid confusing readers the population figures to be used should be the same as those stated in the wikilinked articles lead and/or infobox where properly sourced (if inconsistent between the two determine which is appropriate). If out of date as Basildon appears to be, then update. Don't leave outdated figures within the wikilinked article when updating the county.Rupples (talk) 03:01, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Further thought. A compromise could be to list and wikilink the larger settlements; omit their populations and not explicitly refer to the largest. What we have at present is this article stating Southend-on-Sea is the largest settlement in Essex and a contradictory claim in the Colchester article. It's right to say Colchester is the largest settlement in the non-unitary part of Essex but it's not made clear. Whether or not population is included, it should be noted what the figures mean by specifying "by built up area", where this is the definition used. See WP:UKSTAT. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rupples (talk • contribs) 20:39, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
 * First, thanks for offering an opinion, @Rupples. I've updated the Colchester and Basildon articles, so the population figures now be consistent. Listing settlements by order of population hasn't caused issues in the other county articles, so it should be fine for Essex as well.
 * Using the "city of..." wording is just a way of naturally mentioning that certain settlements have city status (or are referred to as cities). Adding a note to explain that city status is held by a district isn't any more obtrusive than a reference number, and could be combined with the note you've recommended to clarify which areas are used for the population figures. A.D.Hope (talk) 15:04, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Just to respond to whether city status is relevant, in counties where a city isn't one of the largest settlements I've generally mentioned it anyway (e.g. Lancashire, Somerset, and Staffordshire). There's not any particular consensus for this, but they've each been there for a couple of months and not been reverted or otherwise challenged. A.D.Hope (talk) 15:21, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Inclusion of city in those county article leads looks fine to me. I was mindful of the discussion on including "City of ..." in the infoboxes where it was agreed not to, but that was a separate issue. My interest is more about achieving consistency in content between the county article leads and the leads of the settlements wikilinked. Rupples (talk) 22:50, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Essex


text:
Loyd Sigmon

Loyd C. Sigmon (May 6, 1909 – June 2, 2004) was born in Stigler, Oklahoma to a cattle-ranching family. He soon became interested in radio, earning his amateur ("ham") radio license at age 14. His broadcasting career began in 1932 at the Boston Short Wave and Television Laboratories. In 1941 he was hired as an engineer for MacMillan Petroleum Company's flagship radio station, KMPC, in Los Angeles, California. That job was interrupted by World War II; he served in the United States Army Signal Corps on General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff.

Sigmon resumed his job in Los Angeles after the war, rising to the position of Executive Vice President with Gene Autry's Golden West Broadcasters, which owned eight radio and two television stations on the west coast, including KMPC.

In 1955, Sigmon invented a specialized radio and tape recorder that the Los Angeles Police Department used to alert radio stations throughout the city to traffic conditions and emergencies. The messages were referred to as "Sigmon traffic alerts," a phrase quickly shortened to "Sig Alert." The system, now employed throughout California, has been copied in numerous other areas. For this, Bill Keene called him the "father of L.A. traffic reporting".

Loyd Sigmon received recognition and honors from local and state government agencies, the National Safety Council, and broadcasting and radio organizations. In 1998, when the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the California Highway Patrol opened their Freeway Traffic Center in Los Angeles, Sigmon attended as their special Guest of Honor. He was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying, "I ran a multimillion-dollar corporation, but it's the Sig Alert that people remember me for."

Sigmon kept his amateur radio license, W6LQ, current even after retiring to Oklahoma. Sigmon died in an assisted living facility in Bartlesville, Oklahoma after suffering from Parkinson's disease.

Sigmon and his wife Pat (stage name: Patricia Lee) had a home in Palm Springs, California in the late 1950s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Loyd Sigmon


text:
Crown Point

Crown Point is the name of several places:

Australia

 * Crown Point Station, a pastoral lease in the Northern Territory, Australia

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Crown Point, Tobago, an area on the island of Tobago in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Crown Point Airport, the former name of the Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport that serves the island of Tobago

United Kingdom

 * Crown Point, Norwich, England
 * Crown Point TMD, railway depot in Norwich, England
 * Crown Point, a district and community in South London, England
 * Crown Point, Denton, the crossroads of the A57 (Hyde Road) and A6017 (Stockport Road)

United States

 * Crown Point, Alaska
 * Crown Point, California extends into Mission Bay, San Diego
 * Crown Point, Indiana, Lake County
 * Crown Point, New York
 * Fort Crown Point, built in 1759 on Lake Champlain by the British
 * The Battle of Crown Point during the American Revolutionary War
 * Crown Point, Oregon (disambiguation), various places
 * Crown Point (Sierra Nevada), a mountain in California
 * Crown Point in Westminster, Colorado
 * Crown Point (Oregon)
 * Crown Point, Louisiana

title: Crown Point


text:
1974 Super Outbreak

The 1974 Super Outbreak was the second-largest tornado outbreak on record for a single 24-hour period, just behind the 2011 Super Outbreak. It was also the most violent tornado outbreak ever recorded, with 30 violent (F4 or F5 rated) tornadoes confirmed. From April 3–4, 1974, there were 148 tornadoes confirmed in 13 U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the United States, tornadoes struck Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and New York. The outbreak caused roughly $843 million USD (equivalent to $ in ) in damage, with more than $600 million (equivalent to $ in ) occurring in the United States. The outbreak extensively damaged approximately 900 mi2 along a total combined path length of 2,600 mi. At one point, as many as 15 separate tornadoes were occurring simultaneously.

The 1974 Super Outbreak was the first tornado outbreak in recorded history to produce more than 100 tornadoes in under a 24-hour period, a feat that was not repeated globally until the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak and in the United States until the 2011 Super Outbreak. In 2023, tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank various tornado outbreaks. The 1974 Super Outbreak received an OIS of 578, making it the most intense tornado outbreak in recorded history.

Meteorological synopsis
A powerful springtime low pressure system developed across the North American Interior Plains on April 1. While moving into the Mississippi and Ohio Valley areas, a surge of unusually moist air intensified the storm further, while there were sharp temperature contrasts between both sides of the system. Officials at NOAA and in the National Weather Service forecast offices were expecting a severe weather outbreak on April 3, but not to the extent that ultimately occurred. Several F2 and F3 tornadoes had struck portions of the Ohio Valley and the South in a separate, earlier outbreak on April 1 and 2, which included three killer tornadoes in Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee. The town of Campbellsburg, northeast of Louisville, was hard-hit in this earlier outbreak, with a large portion of the town destroyed by an F3. Between the two outbreaks, an additional tornado was reported in Indiana in the early morning hours of April 3, several hours before the official start of the outbreak. On Wednesday, April 3, severe weather watches already were issued from the morning from south of the Great Lakes, while in portions of the Upper Midwest, snow was reported, with heavy rain falling across central Michigan and much of Ontario.

By 12:00 UTC on April 3, a large-scale trough extended over most of the contiguous United States, with several modest shortwaves rotating around the broad base of the trough. The mid-latitude low-pressure center over Kansas continued to deepen to 980 mb, and wind speeds at the 850-mb level increased to 50 kn (25.7 m/s) over portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Due to significant moisture advection, destabilization rapidly proceeded apace; the warm front near the Gulf Coast dissipated and then redeveloped northward over the Ohio River valley. Consequently, CAPE levels in the region rose to 1,000 J/kg. However, a warm temperature plume in the elevated mixed layer kept thunderstorms from initiating at the surface. Meanwhile, a large mesoscale convective system (MCS) that had developed overnight in Arkansas continued to strengthen due to strong environmental lapse rates. Later in the day, strong daytime heating caused instability to further rise. By 18:00 UTC, CAPE values in excess of 2,500 J/kg were present over the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Valley. As wind speeds in the troposphere increased, Large-scale lifting overspread the warm sector. At the same time, the forward-propagating MCS spread into the Tennessee and Ohio valleys, where it evolved into the first of three main convection bands that produced tornadoes. This first convective band moved rapidly northeast, at times reaching speeds of about 60 kn (30.9 m/s). However, thunderstorm activity, for the moment, remained mostly elevated in nature.

By 16:30 UTC, the large MCS began to splinter into two sections: the southern part slowed, lagging into southeast Tennessee, while the northern part accelerated, reaching Pennsylvania by 19:30 UTC. The split was related to several factors, including a band of subsidence over eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia; local downslope winds over the Appalachians; and an inversion over the same area. These factors allowed the northern part of the MCS to accelerate due to efficient ducting, while the southern part slowed as the boundary layer warmed and moistened. Numerous surface-based supercells began to develop in the southern area, beginning with one that produced an F3 tornado at about 16:30 UTC near Cleveland, Tennessee. Meanwhile, a new band of scattered thunderstorms developed at 15:00 UTC over eastern Arkansas and Missouri; over the next four hours, this band became the focus for several intense supercells, starting in eastern Illinois and southern Indiana. In the wake of the MCS, backing low-level winds, rapid diurnal destabilization, and perhaps cool, mid-level advection had occurred over the warm sector, weakening the convective inhibition (CINH) layer, and favorable wind profiles bolstered helicity to over 230 m2/s²—a combination of factors conducive to tornadogenesis. Consequently, the storms increased in intensity and coverage as they moved into Illinois, Indiana, and northern Kentucky, producing several tornadoes, including the first F5 tornado of the day, at 19:20 UTC, near Depauw, Indiana. Several of the storms to form between 19:20 and 20:20 UTC became significant, long-lived supercells, producing many strong or violent tornadoes, including three F5s at Depauw; Xenia, Ohio; and Brandenburg, Kentucky. These storms formed the second of three convective bands to generate tornadoes.

While violent tornado activity increased over the warm sector, a third band of convection developed at about 16:00 UTC and extended from near St. Louis into west-central Illinois. Based upon real-time satellite imagery and model data, differential positive vorticity advection coincided with the left exit region of an upper-level jet streak which reached wind speeds of up to 130 kn (66.9 m/s), thereby enhancing thunderstorm growth. Storms grew rapidly in height and extent, producing baseball-sized hail by 17:20 UTC in Illinois and, shortly thereafter, in St. Louis, Missouri, which reported a very severe thunderstorm early in the afternoon that, while not producing a tornado, was the costliest storm to hit the city up to that time. By 19:50 UTC, supercells producing F3 tornadoes hit the Decatur and Normal areas in Illinois. As thunderstorms moved into the warmer, moister air mass over eastern Illinois and Indiana, they produced longer-lived tornadoes—one of which began near Otterbein and ended near Valentine in Indiana, a distance of 121 mi.

Meanwhile, by 00:00 UTC the southern half of the first convective band became indistinguishable from new convection that had formed farther south over Alabama and Tennessee in connection with convective band two. In this area, increasing west-southwesterly wind shear at all levels of the troposphere, juxtaposed over near-parallel outflow boundaries, allowed successive supercells, all producing strong, long-tracked tornadoes, to develop unconstrained by their outflow in a broad region from eastern Mississippi to southern Tennessee. These storms, forming after 23:00 UTC, produced some of the most powerful tornadoes of the outbreak, including a large and long-tracked F4 that struck the western and central portions of Alabama, tracking for just over 110 mi, two F5s that both slammed into Tanner, causing extensive fatalities, an extremely potent F5 that devastated Guin in Alabama, and multiple violent, deadly tornadoes that affected and caused fatalities in Tennessee.

Michigan was not hit as hard as neighboring states or Windsor, with only one deadly tornado that hit near Coldwater and Hillsdale, killing people in mobile homes; however, thunderstorm downpours caused flash floods, and north of the warm front in the Upper Peninsula, heavy snowfall was reported. Activity in the south moved towards the Appalachians during the overnight hours and produced the final tornadoes across the southeast during the morning of April 4. A series of studies by Dr. Tetsuya T. Fujita in 1974–75—which were later cited in a 2004 survey by Risk Management Solutions—found that three-quarters of all tornadoes in the 1974 Super Outbreak were produced by 30 'families' of tornadoes—multiple tornadoes spawned in succession by a single thunderstorm cell. The majority of these were long-lived and long-tracked individual supercells.

Confirmed tornadoes

This tornado outbreak produced the most violent (F4 and F5) tornadoes ever observed in a single tornado outbreak. There were seven F5 tornadoes and 23 F4 tornadoes. More than 100 tornadoes associated with 33 tornado families. The first tornado of the outbreak is disputed, with some sources indicating an isolated F2 in Indiana at 13:30 UTC while Fujita marked the outbreak's onset at 18:10 UTC with an F0 in Illinois. As the storm system moved east where daytime heating had made the air more unstable, the tornadoes grew more intense. A tornado that struck near Monticello, Indiana was an F4 and had a path length of 121 mi, the longest path length of any tornado for this outbreak. A total of 19 people were killed in this tornado. The first F5 tornado of the day struck the city of Depauw, Indiana, at 3:20 pm EDT. It killed 6 and injured 86 others along its 65-mile path, leveling and sweeping away homes in Depauw and Daisy Hill.
 * Note: An F3 tornado was confirmed in Ontario.

Seven F5 tornadoes were observed—one each in Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky, three in Alabama and the final one which crossed through parts of Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky. Thirty-one people were killed in Brandenburg, Kentucky, and 28 died in Guin, Alabama. An F3 tornado also occurred in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, killing nine and injuring 30 others there, all of them at the former Windsor Curling Club.

There were 18 hours of nearly continuous tornado activity that ended in Caldwell County, North Carolina, at about 7:00 am on April 4. A total of 319 were killed in 148 tornadoes from April 3 through April 4 and 5,484 were injured.

The 1974 Super Outbreak occurred at the end of a very strong, nearly record-setting La Niña event. The 1973–74 La Niña was just as strong as the 1998–99 La Niña. Despite the apparent connection between La Niña and two of the largest tornado outbreaks in United States history, no definitive linkage exists between La Niña and this outbreak or tornado activity in general. Some tornado myths were soundly debunked (not necessarily for the first time) by tornado activity during the outbreak.

Depauw–Daisy Hill, Indiana
Of the F5 tornadoes produced by the outbreak, the Depauw-Daisy Hill tornado was the first to form, touching down at 3:20 pm local time. It is probably the least-known of the F5 tornadoes in the outbreak as it traveled through rural areas in southern Indiana northwest of Louisville, traversing about 65 mi through parts of Perry and Harrison Counties. F5 damage was observed near the community of Depauw, where numerous farms were leveled. Areas near Palmyra and Borden were also heavily affected by the tornado. Morgan Elementary School in northern Harrison County Indiana was directly hit by the tornado. Four classrooms were destroyed and the roof was removed from the school and placed on the cars of the faculty. Fortunately, the children and faculty, who were huddled in the hallways, were not injured. All but 10 homes in Martinsburg were destroyed; and in the Daisy Hill community homes were completely swept away at F5 intensity. Published photographs of this storm reveal a very wide debris cloud and wall cloud structure, with no visible condensation funnel at times. Overall, six were killed by the storm and 86 were injured. One of the fatalities occurred when a woman was crushed by a school bus that flew into a ditch she was sheltering in. The tornado had a peak width of 700 - 1760 yd.

Xenia, Ohio
The tornado that struck the city of Xenia, Ohio stands as the deadliest individual tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak, killing 32 people and destroying a significant portion of the town. The tornado formed near Bellbrook, Ohio, southwest of Xenia, at about 4:30 pm EDT. It began as a moderate-sized tornado, then intensified while moving northeast at about 50 mph. The tornado exhibited a multiple-vortex structure and became very large as it approached town. The massive tornado slammed into the western part of Xenia, completely flattening the Windsor Park and Arrowhead subdivisions at F5 intensity, and sweeping away entire rows of brick homes with little debris left behind in some areas. Extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields.

When the storm reached central Xenia at 4:40 pm, apartment buildings, homes, businesses, churches, and schools including Xenia High School were destroyed. Students in the school, practicing for a play, took cover in the main hallway seconds before the tornado dropped a school bus onto the stage where they had been practicing and extensively damaged the school building. Several railroad cars were lifted and blown over as the tornado passed over a moving Penn Central freight train in the center of town. It toppled headstones in Cherry Grove Cemetery, then moved through the length of the downtown business district, passing west of the courthouse (which sustained some exterior damage). Numerous businesses in downtown Xenia were heavily damaged or destroyed, and several people were killed at the A&W Root Beer stand as the building was flattened. Upon exiting Xenia, the tornado passed through Wilberforce, heavily damaging several campus and residential buildings of Wilberforce University. Central State University also sustained considerable damage, and a water tower there was toppled. Afterwards, the tornado weakened before dissipating in Clark County near South Vienna, traveling a little over 30 mi.

A total of 32 people lost their lives in the tornado, and about 1,150 were injured in Xenia, several of whom took proper shelter. In addition to the direct fatalities, two Ohio Air National Guardsmen deployed for disaster assistance were killed on April 17 when a fire swept through their temporary barracks in a furniture store. The memorial in downtown Xenia lists 34 deaths, in honor of the two Guardsmen. About 1,400 buildings (roughly half of the town) were heavily damaged or destroyed. Damage was estimated at US$100 million ($471.7 million in 2013 dollars).

Dr. Ted Fujita and a team of colleagues undertook a 10-month study of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Fujita initially assigned the Xenia tornado a preliminary rating of F6 intensity ± 1 scale, before deeming F6 ratings "inconceivable".

Monticello tornado family
The most prolific and longest-lasting tornado family of the outbreak tracked from central Illinois and the entirety of northern Indiana from 2:47 p.m. – 6:59 p.m. (UTC−05:00), a span of 4 hours and 12 minutes. Eight tornadoes touched down, including the longest-tracked single tornado of the outbreak: the 121 mi F4 Monticello tornado. However, that tornado may itself have been composed of three individual F4 tornadoes.

Otterbein–Monticello–Wolcottville, Indiana
This half-mile (0.8 km) wide F4 tornado developed (as part of a tornado family that moved from Illinois to Michigan for 260 miles) during the late afternoon hours. This tornado produced the longest damage path recorded during the 1974 Super Outbreak, on a southwest to northeast path that nearly crossed the entire state of Indiana. According to most records (including the presented map of north Indiana), this tornado formed just southwest of Otterbein in northeast Warren County in west central Indiana, and ended in LaGrange County just northwest of Valentine – a total distance of about 121 mi. Further analysis by Ted Fujita indicated that at the start of the tornado path near Otterbein, downburst winds (also called "twisting downburst") disrupted the tornado's inflow which caused it to briefly dissipate before redeveloping near Brookston in White County at around 4:50 pm EDT and then traveled for 109 mi. It also struck portions of six other counties, with the hardest hit being White County and its town of Monticello. Much of the town was destroyed including the courthouse, some churches and cemeteries, 40 businesses and numerous homes as well as three schools. It also heavily damaged the Penn Central bridge over the Tippecanoe River. Overall damage according to the NOAA was estimated at US$250 million with US$100 million damage in Monticello alone.

After the tornado struck Monticello, the tornado reached peak strength and completely leveled several farms northwest of town. The tornado then went on to tear through the west side of Rochester, where businesses were destroyed and homes were completely leveled and swept away. Riddle Elementary School was badly damaged as well. The tornado then struck Talma, destroying most of the town, including a fastening plant and the schoolhouse. The tornado continued northeast and struck the south sides of Atwood and Leesburg, with additional severe damage occurring at both locations. The tornado then crossed Dewart Lake and Lake Wawasee, destroying multiple lakeside homes and trailers. The Wawasee Airport was hard hit, where hangars were destroyed and planes were thrown and demolished. The tornado destroyed several buildings as it passed between Ligonier and Topeka, including Perry School and a Monsanto plant. Train cars near the plant were blown off the tracks and thrown into the building. The tornado then finally dissipated near Oliver Lake airfield.

A total of 18 people were killed during the storm including five people from Fort Wayne when their mini-bus fell 50 ft into the Tippecanoe River near Monticello. One passenger did survive the fall. Five others were killed in White County, six in Fulton County and one in Kosciusko County. The National Guard had assisted the residents in the relief and cleanup efforts and then-Governor Otis Bowen visited the area days after the storm. One of the few consolations from the tornado was that a century-old bronze bell that belonged to the White County Courthouse and served as timekeeper was found intact despite being thrown a great distance. The tornado itself had contradicted a long-time myth that a tornado would "not follow terrain into steep valleys" as while hitting Monticello, it descended a 60 ft hill near the Tippecanoe River and heavily damaged several homes immediately afterwards.

Hanover/Madison, Indiana
Soon after the Depauw tornado lifted, the Hanover/Madison F4 tornado formed near Henryville and traveled through Jefferson County and leveled many structures in the small towns of Hanover and Madison. A total of 11 people were killed in this storm while an additional 300 were injured. According to a WHAS-TV Louisville reporter in a special report about the outbreak, 90% of Hanover was destroyed or severely damaged, including the Hanover College campus. Despite the fact that no one was killed or seriously injured at the college, 32 of the college's 33 buildings were damaged, including two that were completely destroyed and six that sustained major structural damage. Hundreds of trees were down, completely blocking every campus road. All utilities were knocked out and communication with those off campus was nearly impossible. Damage to the campus alone was estimated at US$10 million. In Madison alone, where seven of the fatalities took place, about 300 homes were destroyed. The tornado also brushed the community of China causing additional fatalities.

The same storm would later strike the Cincinnati area, producing multiple tornadoes, including another F5 tornado.

Brandenburg, Kentucky
The Brandenburg tornado, which produced F5 damage and took 31 lives, touched down in Breckinridge County around 3:25 pm CDT and followed a 32 mi path. The tornado first moved across the north edge of Hardinsburg, inflicting F3 damage to homes at that location. The tornado quickly became violent as it moved into Meade County, producing F4 damage as it passed north of Irvington, sweeping away numerous homes in this rural area. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards from residences and mangled, and a few were completely wrapped around trees. One home that was swept away sustained total collapse of a poured concrete walk-out basement wall. A news photographer reported that the tornado "left no grass" as it crossed KY 79 in this area, and canceled checks from near Irvington were later found in Ohio. Past Irvington, the tornado tore directly through Brandenburg at F5 intensity, completely leveling and sweeping away numerous homes, some of which were well-built and anchor-bolted. The town's downtown area was also devastated with 18 of the fatalities occurring along Green Street alone. Trees and shrubbery in town were debarked and stripped, extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred, and numerous vehicles were destroyed as well, some of which had nothing left but the frame and tires. A curtain rod was found speared deeply into the trunk of one tree in town. Several tombstones in the Cap Anderson cemetery were toppled and broken, and some were displaced a small distance. Exiting Brandenburg, the tornado crossed into Indiana producing F4 damage there before dissipating. The same storm would later produce tornadoes in the Louisville metro area.

When the tornado struck on April 3, 1974, many of the Brandenburg residents at that time had also experienced a major flood of the Ohio River that affected the area in 1937 as well as numerous other communities along the river, including Louisville and Paducah. The Brandenburg tornado is the only tornado to have officially produced documented F5/EF5 damage in the state of Kentucky, with the 1971 Gosser Ridge, Kentucky tornado being rated F5 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, before being downgraded to F4 after 2000.

Cincinnati/Sayler Park, Ohio
The Sayler Park tornado was among a series of tornadoes that earlier struck portions of southern Indiana from north of Brandenburg, Kentucky, into southwest Ohio. This tornado was witnessed on television by thousands of people, as WCPO aired the tornado live during special news coverage of the tornadoes. It was also noted for the rarity in that its path was in parts of three states. It began shortly before 4:30 pm CDT or 5:30 pm EDT in southeastern Indiana in Ohio County north of Rising Sun near the Ohio River. It then traveled through Boone County, Kentucky, producing F4 damage in the Taylorsport area before crossing the Ohio River a second time into Ohio. Here, the tornado reached F5 intensity as it slammed into Sayler Park. The first area of town hit was the Morehead Marina, where numerous boats were thrown and destroyed. A large floating restaurant barge at this location was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped by the tornado. It was later recovered several miles downstream. A nearby house was lifted from its foundation and thrown into the river. At a further inland area of Sayler Park, the tornado maintained F5 intensity as numerous homes were swept away at a hilly area near a lake, with only bare slabs remaining. NWS surveyors noted that a pickup truck in this area was carried a half block over the roofs of five homes before being smashed to the ground. The tornado weakened somewhat as it continued northeastward, passing through multiple Cincinnati neighborhoods and destroying numerous homes. Some of the worst affected areas were Bridgetown, Mack, Dent and Delhi. Damage in Delhi was rated as high as F4. The tornado took three lives and injured 210 with 190 of the injuries were in Hamilton County, Ohio alone. It was considered the most-photographed tornado of the outbreak.

This tornado dissipated west of White Oak, but the same thunderstorm activity was responsible for two other tornado touchdowns in the Lebanon and Mason areas. The Mason tornado, which started in the northern Cincinnati subdivisions of Arlington Heights and Elmwood Place, was rated F4 and took two lives, while the Warren County tornado was rated an F2 and injured 10.

Louisville, Kentucky
About an hour after the Brandenburg tornado, the same supercell spawned an F4 tornado that formed in the southwest part of Jefferson County near Kosmosdale. Another funnel cloud formed over Standiford Field Airport, touched down at The Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center, and destroyed the majority of the horse barns at the center and part of Freedom Hall (a multipurpose arena) before it crossed I-65, scattering several vehicles on that busy expressway. The tornado continued its 22 mi journey northeast where it demolished most of Audubon Elementary School and affected the neighborhoods of Audubon, Cherokee Triangle, Cherokee-Seneca, Crescent Hill, Indian Hills, Northfield, Rolling Fields, and Tyler Park. Numerous homes were destroyed in residential areas, including a few that were leveled. The tornado ended near the junction of Interstates 264 and 71 after killing three people, injuring 207 people, destroying over 900 homes, and damaging thousands of others. Cherokee Park, a historic 409 acre municipal park located at Eastern Parkway and Cherokee Road, had thousands of mature trees destroyed. A massive re-planting effort was undertaken by the community in the aftermath of the tornado.

Dick Gilbert, a helicopter traffic reporter for radio station WHAS-AM, followed the tornado through portions of its track including when it heavily damaged the Louisville Water Company's Crescent Hill pumping station, and gave vivid descriptions of the damage as seen from the air. A WHAS-TV cameraman also filmed the tornado when it passed just east of the Central Business District of Louisville.

WHAS-AM broke away from its regular programming shortly before the tornado struck Louisville and was on-air live with John Burke, the chief meteorologist at the National Weather Service's Louisville office at Standiford Field when the tornado first descended. The station remained on the air delivering weather bulletins and storm-related information until well into the early morning hours of April 4. As electrical power had been knocked out to a substantial portion of the city, the radio station became a clearinghouse for vital information and contact with emergency workers, not only in Louisville but across the state of Kentucky due to its 50,000-watt clear-channel signal and the fact that storms had knocked numerous broadcasting stations in smaller communities, such as Frankfort, off the air. Then-Governor Wendell Ford commended the station's personnel for their service to the community in the time of crisis, and Dick Gilbert later received a special commendation from then-President Richard Nixon for his tracking of the tornado from his helicopter.

Tanner, Alabama (1st tornado)
As the cluster of thunderstorms was crossing much of the Ohio Valley and northern Indiana, additional strong storms developed much further south just east of the Mississippi River into the Tennessee Valley and Mississippi. It produced the first deadly tornadoes in Alabama during the early evening hours. Most of the small town of Tanner, located to the west of Huntsville and south of the Limestone County seat of Athens, was destroyed when two F5 tornadoes struck the community 30 minutes apart.

The first tornado formed at 6:30 pm CDT in Lawrence County, Alabama and ended just over 90 minutes later in Madison County, Alabama, killing 28 people. The tornado first touched down near the small community of Mt. Hope, and then tracked into Mt. Moriah, where the tornado rapidly intensified and swept away homes and hurled fleeing vehicles, and where a family of six were killed. Further along the track, many homes were swept away near Moulton. A water pump was completely lifted out of a wellhouse along SR 157 in this area. In one case, the destruction was so complete that a witness reported that the largest recognizable objects among scattered debris from an obliterated house were some bed-springs. The tornado crossed into Morgan County, causing additional destruction in rural areas near Hillsboro and Trinity. Crossing the Tennessee River into Limestone County as a large waterspout, the tornado flattened a ¾-mile–wide swath of trees on the opposite bank. Ground scouring occurred in this area, as reddish soil was dug up and plastered against trees. The storm then slammed into Tanner, where many homes were swept away, vehicles were tossed, shrubbery was debarked, and Lawson's Trailer Park sustained major damage. The tornado then continued into Madison County and struck the Capshaw and Harvest areas. Numerous homes in Harvest and surrounding rural areas of the county were swept completely away and scattered, and extensive wind-rowing of debris was noted. A bathtub from one residence was found deeply embedded into the ground. Past Harvest, the tornado abruptly dissipated northeast of town, having a peak width of 500 yards.

Jasper/Cullman, Alabama
While tornadoes were causing devastation in the northwesternmost corner of the state, another supercell crossing the Mississippi-Alabama state line produced another violent tornado that touched down in Pickens County before heading northeast for nearly 2 hours towards the Jasper area causing major damage to its downtown as the F4 storm struck. Damage was reported in Cullman from the storm before it lifted.

The Jasper tornado first touched near Aliceville, producing scattered damage as it tracked northeastward. The damage became more intense and continuous as the tornado entered Tuscaloosa County. The tornado continued to strengthen south of Berry, and two people were killed near the Walker County line when a church was destroyed. The tornado tore directly through downtown Jasper at 6:57 PM, resulting in severe damage and at least 100 injuries. Numerous buildings and storefronts were heavily damaged in downtown Jasper, and many streets were blocked with trees and power lines. The Walker County courthouse sustained major damage, and a new fire station was completely leveled. The fireman on duty at the time took shelter in a nearby large culvert, and survived without injury. The Walker County Library and the Jasper First Methodist Church were also damaged. The tornado crossed Lewis Smith Lake and moved across the south side of Cullman at 7:40 pm. Multiple homes and shopping centers were damaged or destroyed in the area, resulting in one death and 36 injuries. The tornado finally dissipated northeast of Cullman a short time later.

In total, the storm took three lives, but injured one hundred and fifty residents of Jasper or Cullman. Five hundred buildings were destroyed, with nearly four hundred other buildings severely damaged. At the same time, a third supercell was crossing the state line near the track of the previous two.

Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
While rescue efforts were underway to look for people under the destroyed structures, few were aware that another violent tornado would strike the area. The path of the second tornado, which formed at 7:35 pm CDT was 83 miles in length, also had a peak width of 500 yards, and the storm formed along the north bank Tennessee River less than a mile from the path of the earlier storm; with much of its path very closely paralleling its predecessor as it tore through Limestone and Madison Counties. 16 people were killed by this second tornado. Tanner was the first community to be hit, and many structures that were left standing after the first tornado were destroyed in the second one. A man injured at Lawson's Trailer Park in the first tornado was taken to a church in the area, which collapsed in the second tornado, killing him.

After devastating what was left of Tanner, the tornado continued across rural Limestone County and into Madison County, where the communities of Capshaw and Harvest were devastated once again. Numerous homes throughout Madison County were swept completely away, with extensive wind-rowing of debris noted once again. Past Harvest, the tornado swept away multiple additional homes in the Hazel Green area. The tornado continued northeastward through rural portions of Madison County before crossing into Tennessee, where major damage and 6 deaths occurred in Franklin and Lincoln Counties before the tornado dissipated in Coffee County. Two of the fatalities in Tennessee occurred when a church was destroyed during service. The death toll from the two tornadoes was over 45 and over 400 were injured. Most of the fatalities occurred in and around the Tanner area. Over 1,000 houses, 200 mobile homes and numerous other outbuildings, automobiles, power lines and trees were completely demolished or heavily damaged. The most recent official National Weather Service records show that both of the Tanner tornadoes were rated F5. However, the rating of the second Tanner tornado is still disputed by some scientists; analysis in one publication estimates F3-F4 damage along the entirety of the second storm's path. This was the second state to have been hit by more than two F5 tornadoes during the 1974 Super Outbreak.

Guin, Alabama
The fast-moving nighttime tornado that devastated the town of Guin, was the longest-duration F5 tornado recorded in the outbreak, and considered to be one of the most violent ever recorded. The Guin Tornado traveled over 79.5 mi, from the town of Vernon, Alabama, to just south of the small town of Basham, before lifting just after 10:30 pm CDT. It formed at around 8:50 pm CDT near the Mississippi-Alabama border, north of the town of Vernon, striking the Monterey Trailer Park, resulting in major damage at that location. The tornado then became extremely violent as it approached and entered Guin, with multiple areas of F5 damage noted in and around town. The tornado first struck the Guin Mobile Home Plant as it entered the town, completely obliterating the structure. Nothing was left of the plant but a pile of mangled steel beams, and its foundation was partially pushed clean of debris. The town's downtown area was also heavily damaged, with many brick businesses and two churches completely destroyed. Trees in town were debarked, ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown and mangled as well. Residential areas in Guin suffered total devastation, with many homes swept completely away and scattered across fields. According to NWS damage surveyor Bill Herman, the damage in one 6-block area was particularly extreme, and remarked that "It was just like the ground had been swept clean. It was just as much of a total wipeout as you can have." Surveyor J.B. Elliot noted that the destruction was so complete, that even some of the foundations were "dislodged, and in some cases swept away." A total of 23 people were killed in Guin.

The tornado continued past Guin and struck the small community of Twin, destroying numerous homes, mobile homes, and businesses at that location, though the damage was less intense than that observed in Guin. Crossing into Winston County, the tornado struck the small community of Delmar, destroying additional homes and killing 5 people. Mobile homes in Delmar were obliterated, with their frames wrapped around trees. Past Delmar, the tornado grew up to a mile wide as it tore through the William B. Bankhead National Forest, flattening a huge swath of trees. Surveyors noted that timber damage was equally severe at all elevations in this area, with numerous trees snapped both along exposed ridges and in deep gorges. So many trees were snapped in this area that the tornado path was visible from satellite. The tornado finally dissipated south of Basham after destroying 546 structures. The same supercell then re-strengthened and produced a new tornado just south of the town of Decatur. The Guin tornado was originally believed by Fujita to have had a 132 mi long path, that went all the way from Vernon, to the small town of Hytop, just a few miles south of the Tennessee state line. However, the 46.5 mi section of the original path, from Decatur to Hytop, was determined later to be from the F3 tornado listed below.

Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville was affected shortly before 11:00 pm EDT by a strong F3 tornado produced by the same thunderstorm that produced the Guin tornado. This tornado produced heavy damage in the south end of the city, eventually damaging or destroying nearly 1,000 structures.

The tornado touched down north of Hartselle and moved northeast toward Huntsville. It first hit the Redstone Arsenal, damaging or destroying numerous buildings at that location. But thanks to early warning from an MP picket line on Rideout Road (now Research Park Boulevard (SR 255)), there were only three, relatively minor, injuries. One of the buildings destroyed was a publications center for the Nuclear Weapons Training School on the Arsenal. For months afterwards, portions of classified documents were being returned by farmers in Tennessee and Alabama. Many homes were badly damaged or destroyed as the tornado passed through residential areas of the city, and a school was destroyed as well. Many businesses were also heavily damaged, and numerous trees and power lines were downed throughout the city. The Glenn'll trailer park was completely destroyed by the tornado, and some sources list a fatality occurring at that location. The tornado then reached Monte Sano Mountain, which has an elevation of 1,640 ft, where additional homes were torn apart. The National Weather Service office at Huntsville Jetplex was briefly "closed and abandoned" due to the severe weather conditions. The tornado eventually dissipated near Jacobs Mountain. Remarkable electrical phenomenon was reported as the tornado passed through Huntsville, with reports of luminous clouds, ball lightning, and multi-colored flashes and glowing areas in the sky as the storm moved through the city. These aforementioned flashes were more than likely Power Flashes, which are flashes of light caused by arcing electrical discharges from damaged electrical equipment, most often severed power lines.

Non-tornadic effects
Severe thunderstorms on April 4 brought 1 to 3 in of rain to tornado-stricken areas of northwest Georgia. Flash floods were considered a major risk in the region's mountainous terrain.

In Alderson, West Virginia, "tornado-like winds" caused extensive damage to homes and businesses primarily along WV 3, some of which had their roof torn off. Many trees and power lines were downed leaving more than 7,000 people without electricity.

Aftermath
On April 5, Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter declared 13 counties as disaster areas and put in a request to President Nixon for federal aid, citing damage in excess of $15.5 million. Service centers were opened at two National Guard Armories, one in Dalton and the other in Calhoun, as well as a church in Dawsonville. The National Guard provided four-wheel drive vehicles for search and rescue efforts.

West Virginia Governor Moore declared 14 counties as disaster areas by April 5 and requested the assistance of the National Guard. President Nixon approved federal aid for Fayette, Greenbriar, Raleigh, and Wyoming Counties on April 11. Total damage from the tornadoes and thunderstorms in the state reached $3,655,000, more than half of which was incurred by Raleigh County. The West Virginia State Department of Highways provided two water trucks. The local Red Cross provided $3,000 to victims in Fayette County and assisted residents with acquiring supplies and dealing with medical bills. Sightseers traveling to look at the damage clogged up roadways. The Federal Disaster Assistance Administration (later FEMA) indicated that trailers refurbished after the 1972 Buffalo Creek flood would be used to house displaced persons.

On April 10, voting on the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 was expedited and passed unanimously in the United States Senate in direct response to the scale of damage from the tornado outbreak. The primary purpose of the act was to overhaul how disasters are handled on a federal level and to make acquiring federal aid easier. Notably, it would prompt the creation of a disaster-coordinating agency. President Nixon signed it into federal law on May 22.

title: 1974 Super Outbreak


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User:Gerv

http://www.gerv.net/

I work for Mozilla.

title: User:Gerv


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Hyannis, Massachusetts

Hyannis is the largest of the seven villages in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts,  United States. It is the commercial and transportation hub of Cape Cod and was designated an urban area at the 1990 census. Because of this, many refer to Hyannis as the "Capital of the Cape". It contains a majority of the Barnstable Town offices and two important shopping districts: the historic downtown Main Street and the Route 132 Commercial District, including Cape Cod Mall and Independence Park, headquarters of Cape Cod Potato Chips. Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis is the largest on Cape Cod.

Hyannis is a major tourist destination and the primary ferry boat and general aviation link for passengers and freight to Nantucket Island. Hyannis also provides secondary passenger access to the island of Martha's Vineyard, with the primary passenger access to Martha's Vineyard being located in Woods Hole, a village in the nearby town of Falmouth. Due to its large natural harbor, Hyannis is the largest recreational boating and second largest commercial fishing port on Cape Cod, behind only Provincetown.

The village is the namesake of the former United States Naval ship USS Hyannis (YTB-817).

History
The village was named after Iyannough, a sachem of the Cummaquid tribe.

Climate
Hyannis has an ocean-moderated humid continental climate (Dfb under Köppen), which is close to an oceanic climate (Cfb). Summers are even closer to Dfa, or Cfa, a humid subtropical climate, under 1991 to 2020 normals.

Drinking water
In 2007, the city water was found to contain perchlorate. In 2009, Barnstable public works requested that the fire academy cease their operations. In 2010, Well MD2 had been shut down "until contamination issues caused by the Fire Training Academy [were] addressed".

In April 2015, the town's Mary Dunn wellfield near a fire training academy was found to be contaminated with perfluorooctane sulfonate, and well use was suspended until costly emergency filtration with two carbon treatment units could be started. Two wells, at Hyannisport and West Hyannisport, were closed.

A six-month overland interconnection with Yarmouth's water system was suggested in May and constructed in June 2015. In November 2015, the county suspended the Barnstable County Fire and Rescue Training Academy which is up gradient of the wells. but in February 2016, it still remained open.

In May 2016, the City of Barnstable issued a drinking water health advisory, for PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) of 0.18 parts per billion in the Mary Dunn #3 well, which was taken offline.

Demographics
In 2010, Hyannis had a total population of 14,089, living in 8,406 households. 19.80% of Hyannis' total 10,922 housing units were seasonally vacant. Hyannis had relatively more multi-family properties in comparison to the town and the county. Hyannis had an owner-occupancy rate of 58.3%, which was nearly 20 percentage points lower than the town or the county. This difference is associated primarily with the number of apartment properties in the village. A decline in younger, family formation households was attributed to the lack of suitable employment opportunities and "affordable" housing. The median value of owner-occupied housing units in Hyannis in 2000 was $149,720. The gross median rent in Hyannis was $718/month. In 2002, the median price for a single family home in Hyannis was $196,000.

Median head of household income was $38,467. 15.9% of households earned more than $75,000. 14.6% of Hyannis population lived below the poverty line. 18.74% were over 65 years old. Unemployment in Hyannis was 3.8% of the labor force. Hyannis is growing at the upper end and the lower end of the age cohorts, and although there has been an increase in persons 25 to 44 years of age, this has not necessarily been reflected in income change, as Hyannis witnessed an increase in the number of households earning $10,000 to $15,000 and an increase in the number of persons and families below the poverty level.

Education
Hyannis is home to Barnstable High School, the largest high school on Cape Cod. The school serves students in grades 8-12 and has an approximate enrollment of 2,400. Other high schools include Sturgis Charter Public School, a charter school featuring the International Baccalaureate program, and Pope John Paul II High School, the first and only college preparatory Catholic high school on Cape Cod. It is a part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fall River. Trinity Christian Academy, which recently opened a high school, is also located in Hyannis. Saint Francis Xavier Preparatory School is a prep middle school. Cape Cod Community College, in nearby West Barnstable, is a two-year community college, known locally as "4-C's".

Transportation
Hyannis is the main point of origin for ferry service to Nantucket. The Steamship Authority runs a year-round two and a half hour auto ferry service to Nantucket. The island can also be reached by a passenger-only, one-hour catamaran trip run by the Steamship Authority (seasonal) and Hy-Line Cruises (year-round). Hy-Line also runs a catamaran to Martha's Vineyard in season. One of the world's first Roll-On and Roll-Off ferries, the Searoad of Hyannis operated in 1956 from Hyannis to Nantucket, with the capability to transport three loaded semi-trailers in any weather.

Barnstable Municipal Airport (Airport code HYA) is the main air transportation hub for Cape Cod, with daily flights to Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Boston, Provincetown, and New York City. The airport is served by Cape Air (year-round) and JetBlue (in-season).

The Hyannis Transportation Center (HTC) is the main bus and rail terminal on Cape Cod. The HTC services is a terminal station for Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority, the operator of the Cape-wide public bus network on Cape Cod, intercity buses operated by the Plymouth & Brockton and Peter Pan bus lines, and the seasonal CapeFlyer passenger rail service which operates between Boston and Hyannis Friday-Sunday in-season.

The Cape Cod Central Railroad operates seasonal tourist excursions from Hyannis to Sandwich and Sagamore, with some scheduled weekend stops at West Barnstable.

Freight rail service is provided by the Massachusetts Coastal Railroad.

Points of interest

 * Hyannis Harbor
 * Kennedy Compound
 * John F. Kennedy Hyannis Museum
 * John F. Kennedy Memorial
 * Massachusetts Air and Space Museum

Sports
Hyannis is home to the Hyannis Harbor Hawks, an amateur collegiate summer baseball team in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The team plays at McKeon Park, and has featured dozens of players who went on to careers in Major League Baseball, such as Robin Ventura, Jackie Bradley Jr., and Jason Varitek.

In popular culture
Hyannis Port features in the song "Walcott" by Vampire Weekend, as part of the band's pleading with the eponymous Walcott to get out of Cape Cod: "Hyannis Port is a ghetto, out of Cape Cod tonight".

Hyannis is mentioned in the song "Rock and Roll Band" by Boston: "Dancin' in the streets of Hyannis, we were getting pretty good at the game..."

Hyannis Port is the setting for the short story Welcome to the Monkey House by Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

Notable people

 * John Alvin, cinematic artist and painter who illustrated some of the world's most recognizable movie posters
 * Raymond Arsenault, specialist in the political, social, and environmental history of the American South
 * Henry Askeli, journalist, labor activist and therapist
 * Demetrius Atsalis, member of Massachusetts House of Representatives
 * Zered Bassett, professional skateboarder
 * Mike Gilmartin, football player
 * Edward Gleason, Olympic gold medal winner
 * Jim Hallet, golfer who at the 1983 Masters Tournament opened with a 68, then the second-lowest amateur round in Masters history
 * Greg Jerman, NFL player
 * Amy Jo Johnson, Actress
 * John C. Klimm, member of Massachusetts House of Representatives
 * Dan LaCouture, professional hockey player
 * Harriet Bacon MacDonald, pianist, music educator, concert promoter
 * Peter McDowell, member of Massachusetts House of Representatives
 * Eric Nickulas, NHL player
 * Paul Pena, wrote the song "Jet Airliner", a 1977 hit for the Steve Miller Band
 * Robert Richardson, won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography three times for his work on JFK, The Aviator, and Hugo
 * Casey Sherman, true crime author and journalist
 * Douglas Whynott, writer
 * Johnny Wright, manager of New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys, *NSYNC, Jonas Brothers, Menudo, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, Britney Spears, Stevie Brock, and Ciara
 * Kevin Wylie, professional soccer player

title: Hyannis, Massachusetts


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Talk:Sir Thomas Browne on America

This article so styled, Sir Thomas Browne on America, is not appropriate for wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a collection of essays. An article such as Thomas Browne is appropriate and this article needs to redirect to it. Some of his notable musings on America could be summed up in that article. B 17:36, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Not appropiate = I object to. i would have thought Americans would be interested in early perceptions of their nation, but apparently here's someone who does not wish to learn about his own countries history, geography or development, how v. tiresomesome to explain to the prejudiced this all is Norwikian 02:43, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Norwikian, your counter-argument is a straw man; Browne's notable musings can be detailed on the article styled in his name: Thomas Browne. Browne is not the best nor necessarily even a good authority on early or modern America. You've already been warned about not making personal attacks. Keep the discussion relevant please. B 15:19, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * Please point me in the direction of other 17th century European Encyclopaedists who wrote of America. Norwikian 11:03, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It Doesn't matter whether there is another or not...it's not relevant. B 22:50, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

In other words you really don't know of any other European writer on 17th c. America, thus your objection is irrelevant and not relevant once more = i personally don't like, highly subjective criteria indeed to VfD In the absence of other 17th. writers just how exactly do you know whether Browne is the best or a good authority on America or not, except other than via received information?? I am contributing to the Wiki SOURCE material here which has never before been collated because because because.... to repeat Sir T.B.'s writings ARE  the very earliest of all Europeans writing's on America. This alone makes it suitable for an an encyclopaedia, but I do agree that it does not need to have a seperate entry, so just to placate your tenuous objections i have now placed it as a sub-section under T.B biography. As for your proposed VfD on the Library you were long ago out-voted on this matter please read and understand the Archive discussion. Norwikian 07:02, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

From VfD
I do agree that 'On America' may not be too relevant for the wiki but i've seen obscurer. I am beginning to suspect that it may just be the actual TEXT of what Sir T.B. is 'prophecising'  which may be causing  some upset   i.e.  on America and its future foreign policy. Delete, edit, merge, do whatever you like to your hearts contents boys it is absolutely of no consequence whatsoever to me. I can always publish elsewhere on the web. Truth and plain old historical fact will out in the end, it can't be suppressed by these highly subjective reasons for proposing a VfD. "Dare we suggest it? The Kingdom of Browne is one which the intellectual snob cannot enter " (O'Geary '55)Norwikian 19:23, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Sir Thomas Browne on America - his musings on America, not an encyclopedia article. B 17:41, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC). Also check out Library of Sir Thomas Browne both authored by Norwikian. B 17:44, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep this one. Why should it be deleted? RickK 20:36, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * RickK, an article titled "Library of [person]" is not an appropriate model for wikipedia. There is no need to separate out the writings or opinions of an person separate from the article on that person. B 15:14, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * No particular reason for either of these to be deleted other than the proposer for VfD is a Europhobe, who cannot get his head round anything which originates outside of U.S.A. besides i notice that other U.S.A. encyclo's have incorporated several other of my articles on Sir T.B.  so too late dear boy, like when in doubt in one's comprehension just  delete, delete, delete, the final solution is to delete, delete !!Besides the article Sir Thomas Browne on America has been around on the Wiki for 3 months now since  October 11 . It is only since User :B has had an ideological objection and clash that  B. has deemed it fit to nominate it for deletion, less out of concern for the integrity of the contents of Wiki than out of petty prejudice I fear.  Norwikian 02:21, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Vote to keep  Pollinator 03:34, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * User b's talk-page heading entitled 'Norwikian's condescending European prattle' indicates non-justification of either pages being deleted Norwikian 03:58, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * My vote is to shorten "America" and merge it into "Browne", because it's short; and to merge the bio information from "Library" into "Browne", cut the encomium, and keep "Library". Tualha 06:54, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Seconded. Merge, then delete all encomium. BTW, Norwikian, you've already been warned about not making personal attacks. Keep the discussion relevant please. B 15:14, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * This whole absurd travesty began from my unsolicited criticism of American Defense department. This in turn has now sparked these 2 proposed VfD's. Library has already been voted to keep, months ago, so it is rather tiresome to restate reasons why it has kept. Check out the archive discussion here.
 * Norwikian, I have not read the article in question, nor have I read any of the articles to which you have contributed (as best as I can tell looking at your contributions list). My sole exposure to you is here on the VFD list. The attitude that you display here is very abrasive. I don't know anything about your contributions -- they may be brilliant. But I do know that, based on what I read here, based on what I read here, I have no desire at all to work with you. This is supposed to be a community of people working together - yes, disagreeing sometimes, but working together still. Please try to work with us, not in spite of us. -Anthropos 00:25, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Er, please excuse me, but like what exactly does the close proximity of the statements- 'based on what I read here, I have no desire at all to work with you' followed by 'Please try to work with us' signify ??Norwikian 10:48, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Off-topic conversation continues at Anthropos/talk.
 * I do not understand why this article is on VFD. It seems like a useful history article. mydogategodshat 02:56, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir Thomas Browne on America