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Digitization

Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format. The result is the representation of an object, image, sound, document, or signal (usually an analog signal) obtained by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of points or samples. The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal. In modern practice, the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers, which facilitates processing by digital computers and other operations, but digitizing simply means "the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format"; the decimal or any other number system can be used instead.

Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing, storage, and transmission, because it "allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled." Though analog data is typically more stable, digital data has the potential to be more easily shared and accessed and, in theory, can be propagated indefinitely without generation loss, provided it is migrated to new, stable formats as needed. This potential has led to institutional digitization projects designed to improve access and the rapid growth of the digital preservation field.

Sometimes digitization and digital preservation are mistaken for the same thing. They are different, but digitization is often a vital first step in digital preservation. Libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions digitize items to preserve fragile materials and create more access points for patrons. Doing this creates challenges for information professionals and solutions can be as varied as the institutions that implement them. Some analog materials, such as audio and video tapes, are nearing the end of their life cycle, and it is important to digitize them before equipment obsolescence and media deterioration makes the data irretrievable.

There are challenges and implications surrounding digitization including time, cost, cultural history concerns, and creating an equitable platform for historically marginalized voices. Many digitizing institutions develop their own solutions to these challenges.

Mass digitization projects have had mixed results over the years, but some institutions have had success even if not in the traditional Google Books model. Although e-books have undermined the sales of their printed counterparts, a study from 2017 indicated that the two cater to different audiences and use-cases. In a study of over 1400 university students it was found that physical literature is more apt for intense studies while e-books provide a superior experience for leisurely reading.

Technological changes can happen often and quickly, so digitization standards are difficult to keep updated. Professionals in the field can attend conferences and join organizations and working groups to keep their knowledge current and add to the conversation.

Process
The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as an object, text, sound, image, or voice, are converted into a single binary code. The core of the process is the compromise between the capturing device and the player device so that the rendered result represents the original source with the most possible fidelity, and the advantage of digitization is the speed and accuracy in which this form of information can be transmitted with no degradation compared with analog information.

Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1. These are known as bits (a contraction of binary digits) and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute information are called bytes.

Analog signals are continuously variable, both in the number of possible values of the signal at a given time, as well as in the number of points in the signal in a given period of time. However, digital signals are discrete in both of those respects – generally a finite sequence of integers – therefore a digitization can, in practical terms, only ever be an approximation of the signal it represents.

Digitization occurs in two parts: In general, these can occur at the same time, though they are conceptually distinct.
 * Discretization: The reading of an analog signal A, and, at regular time intervals (frequency), sampling the value of the signal at the point. Each such reading is called a sample and may be considered to have infinite precision at this stage;
 * Quantization: Samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers), a process known as quantization.

A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a digital-to-analog conversion. The sampling rate and the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close such an approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be.

Examples
The term is used to describe, for example, the scanning of analog sources (such as printed photos or taped videos) into computers for editing, 3D scanning that creates 3D modeling of an object's surface, and audio (where sampling rate is often measured in kilohertz) and texture map transformations. In this last case, as in normal photos, the sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, often measured in pixels per inch.

Digitizing is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for transmission and computer processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog originals or captured using an image sensor-equipped device such as a digital camera, tomographical instrument such as a CAT scanner, or acquiring precise dimensions from a real-world object, such as a car, using a 3D scanning device.

Digitizing is central to making digital representations of geographical features, using raster or vector images, in a geographic information system, i.e., the creation of electronic maps, either from various geographical and satellite imaging (raster) or by digitizing traditional paper maps or graphs (vector).

"Digitization" is also used to describe the process of populating databases with files or data. While this usage is technically inaccurate, it originates with the previously proper use of the term to describe that part of the process involving digitization of analog sources, such as printed pictures and brochures, before uploading to target databases.

Digitizing may also be used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the help of embroidery digitizing software tools and saved as embroidery machine code. This machine code is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most supported format is DST file. Apparel companies also digitize clothing patterns.

History

 * 1957 The Standards Electronic Automatic Computer (SEAC) was invented. That same year, Russell Kirsch used a rotating drum scanner and photomultiplier connected to SEAC to create the first digital image (176x176 pixels) from a photo of his infant son. This image was stored in SEAC memory via a staticizer and viewed via a cathode ray oscilloscope.
 * 1971 Invention of Charge-Coupled Devices that made conversion from analog data to a digital format easy.
 * 1986 work started on the JPEG format.
 * 1990s Libraries began scanning collections to provide access via the world wide web.

Analog signals to digital
Analog signals are continuous electrical signals; digital signals are non-continuous. Analog signals can be converted to digital signals by using an analog-to-digital converter.

The process of converting analog to digital consists of two parts: sampling and quantizing. Sampling measures wave amplitudes at regular intervals, splits them along the vertical axis, and assigns them a numerical value, while quantizing looks for measurements that are between binary values and rounds them up or down.

Nearly all recorded music has been digitized, and about 12 percent of the 500,000+ movies listed on the Internet Movie Database are digitized and were released on DVD.

Digitization of home movies, slides, and photographs is a popular method of preserving and sharing personal multimedia. Slides and photographs may be scanned quickly using an image scanner, but analog video requires a video tape player to be connected to a computer while the item plays in real time. Slides can be digitized quicker with a slide scanner such as the Nikon Coolscan 5000ED.

Another example of digitization is the VisualAudio process developed by the Swiss Fonoteca Nazionale in Lugano, by scanning a high resolution photograph of a record, they are able to extract and reconstruct the sound from the processed image.

Digitization of analog tapes before they degrade, or after damage has already occurred, can rescue the only copies of local and traditional cultural music for future generations to study and enjoy.

Analog texts to digital
Academic and public libraries, foundations, and private companies like Google are scanning older print books and applying optical character recognition (OCR) technologies so they can be keyword searched, but as of 2006, only about 1 in 20 texts had been digitized. Librarians and archivists are working to increase this statistic and in 2019 began digitizing 480,000 books published between 1923 and 1964 that had entered the public domain.

Unpublished manuscripts and other rare papers and documents housed in special collections are being digitized by libraries and archives, but backlogs often slow this process and keep materials with enduring historical and research value hidden from most users (see digital libraries). Digitization has not completely replaced other archival imaging options, such as microfilming which is still used by institutions such as the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) to provide preservation and access to these resources.

While digital versions of analog texts can potentially be accessed from anywhere in the world, they are not as stable as most print materials or manuscripts and are unlikely to be accessible decades from now without further preservation efforts, while many books manuscripts and scrolls have already been around for centuries. However, for some materials that have been damaged by water, insects, or catastrophes, digitization might be the only option for continued use.

Library preservation
In the context of libraries, archives, and museums, digitization is a means of creating digital surrogates of analog materials, such as books, newspapers, microfilm and videotapes, offers a variety of benefits, including increasing access, especially for patrons at a distance; contributing to collection development, through collaborative initiatives; enhancing the potential for research and education; and supporting preservation activities. Digitization can provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals. For sounds, digitization of legacy analog recordings is essential insurance against technological obsolescence. A fundamental aspect of planning digitization projects is to ensure that the digital files themselves are preserved and remain accessible; the term "digital preservation," in its most basic sense, refers to an array of activities undertaken to maintain access to digital materials over time.

The prevalent Brittle Books issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a digital solution for long term book preservation. Since the mid-1800s, books were printed on wood-pulp paper, which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to a point where a book is completely unusable. In theory, if these widely circulated titles are not treated with de-acidification processes, the materials upon those acid pages will be lost. As digital technology evolves, it is increasingly preferred as a method of preserving these materials, mainly because it can provide easier access points and significantly reduce the need for physical storage space.

Cambridge University Library is working on the Cambridge Digital Library, which will initially contain digitised versions of many of its most important works relating to science and religion. These include examples such as Isaac Newton's personally annotated first edition of his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica as well as college notebooks  and other papers, and some Islamic manuscripts such as a Quran from Tipu Sahib's library.

Google, Inc. has taken steps towards attempting to digitize every title with "Google Book Search". While some academic libraries have been contracted by the service, issues of copyright law violations threaten to derail the project. However, it does provide – at the very least – an online consortium for libraries to exchange information and for researchers to search for titles as well as review the materials.

Digitization versus digital preservation
Digitizing something is not the same as digitally preserving it. To digitize something is to create a digital surrogate (copy or format) of an existing analog item (book, photograph, or record) and is often described as converting it from analog to digital, however both copies remain. An example would be scanning a photograph and having the original piece in a photo album and a digital copy saved to a computer. This is essentially the first step in digital preservation which is to maintain the digital copy over a long period of time and making sure it remains authentic and accessible.

Digitization is done once with the technology currently available, while digital preservation is more complicated because technology changes so quickly that a once popular storage format may become obsolete before it breaks. An example is a 5 1/4" floppy drive, computers are no longer made with them and obtaining the hardware to convert a file stored on 5 1/4" floppy disc can be expensive. To combat this risk, equipment must be upgraded as newer technology becomes affordable (about 2 to 5 years), but before older technology becomes unobtainable (about 5 to 10 years).

Digital preservation can also apply to born-digital material, such as a Microsoft Word document or a social media post. In contrast, digitization only applies exclusively to analog materials. Born-digital materials present a unique challenge to digital preservation not only due to technological obsolescence but also because of the inherently unstable nature of digital storage and maintenance. Most websites last between 2.5 and 5 years, depending on the purpose for which they were designed.

The Library of Congress provides numerous resources and tips for individuals looking to practice digitization and digital preservation for their personal collections.

Digital reformatting
Digital reformatting is the process of converting analog materials into a digital format as a surrogate of the original. The digital surrogates perform a preservation function by reducing or eliminating the use of the original. Digital reformatting is guided by established best practices to ensure that materials are being converted at the highest quality.

Digital reformatting at the Library of Congress
The Library of Congress has been actively reformatting materials for its American Memory project and developed best standards and practices pertaining to book handling during the digitization process, scanning resolutions, and preferred file formats. Some of these standards are:

 * The use of ISO 16067-1 and ISO 16067-2 standards for resolution requirements.
 * Recommended 400 ppi resolution for OCR'ed printed text.
 * The use of 24-bit color when color is an important attribute of a document.
 * The use of the scanning device's maximum resolution for digitally reproducing photographs
 * TIFF as the standard file format.
 * Attachment of descriptive, structural, and technical metadata to all digitized documents.

A list of archival standards for digital preservation can be found on the ARL website.

The Library of Congress has constituted a Preservation Digital Reformatting Program. The Three main components of the program include:
 * Selection Criteria for digital reformatting
 * Digital reformatting principles and specifications
 * Life cycle management of LC digital data

Audio digitization and reformatting
Audio media offers a rich source of historic ethnographic information, with the earliest forms of recorded sound dating back to 1890. According to the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA), these sources of audio data, as well as the aging technologies used to play them back, are in imminent danger of permanent loss due to degradation and obsolescence. These primary sources are called “carriers” and exist in a variety of formats, including wax cylinders, magnetic tape, and flat discs of grooved media, among others. Some formats are susceptible to more severe, or quicker, degradation than others. For instance, lacquer discs suffer from delamination. Analog tape may deteriorate due to sticky shed syndrome.

Archival workflow and file standardization have been developed to minimize loss of information from the original carrier to the resulting digital file as digitization is underway. For most at-risk formats (magnetic tape, grooved cylinders, etc.), a similar workflow can be observed. Examination of the source carrier will help determine what, if any, steps need to be taken to repair material prior to transfer. A similar inspection must be undertaken for the playback machines. If satisfactory conditions are met for both carrier and playback machine, the transfer can take place, moderated by an analog-to-digital converter. The digital signal is then represented visually for the transfer engineer by a digital audio workstation, like Audacity, WaveLab, or Pro Tools. Reference access copies can be made at smaller sample rates. For archival purposes, it is standard to transfer at a sample rate of 96 kHz and a bit depth of 24 bits per channel.

Challenges
Many libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions, struggle with catching up and staying current regarding digitization and the expectation that everything should already be online. The time spent planning, doing the work, and processing the digital files along with the expense and fragility of some materials are some of the most common.

Time spent
Digitization is a time-consuming process, even more so when the condition or format of the analog resources requires special handling. Deciding what part of a collection to digitize can sometimes take longer than digitizing it in its entirety. Each digitization project is unique and workflows for one will be different from every other project that goes through the process, so time must be spent thoroughly studying and planning each one to create the best plan for the materials and the intended audience.

Expense
Cost of equipment, staff time, metadata creation, and digital storage media make large scale digitization of collections expensive for all types of cultural institutions.

Ideally, all institutions want their digital copies to have the best image quality so a high-quality copy can be maintained over time. In the mid-long term, digital storage would be regarded as the more expensive part to maintain the digital archives due to the increasing number of scanning requests. However, smaller institutions may not be able to afford such equipment or manpower, which limits how much material can be digitized, so archivists and librarians must know what their patrons need and prioritize digitization of those items. To help the information institutions to better decide the archives worth of digitization, Casablancas and other researchers used a proposed model to investigate the impact of different digitization strategies on the decrease in access requests in the archival and library reading rooms. Often the cost of time and expertise involved with describing materials and adding metadata is more than the digitization process.

Fragility of materials
Some materials, such as brittle books, are so fragile that undergoing the process of digitization could damage them irreparably. Despite potential damage, one reason for digitizing fragile materials is because they are so heavily used that creating a digital surrogate will help preserve the original copy long past its expected lifetime and increase access to the item.

Copyright
Copyright is not only a problem faced by projects like Google Books, but by institutions that may need to contact private citizens or institutions mentioned in archival documents for permission to scan the items for digital collections. It can be time consuming to make sure all potential copyright holders have given permission, but if copyright cannot be determined or cleared, it may be necessary to restrict even digital materials to in library use.

Solutions
Institutions can make digitization more cost-effective by planning before a project begins, including outlining what they hope to accomplish and the minimum amount of equipment, time, and effort that can meet those goals. If a budget needs more money to cover the cost of equipment or staff, an institution might investigate if grants are available.

Collaboration
Collaborations between institutions have the potential to save money on equipment, staff, and training as individual members share their equipment, manpower, and skills rather than pay outside organizations to provide these services. Collaborations with donors can build long-term support of current and future digitization projects.

Outsourcing
Outsourcing can be an option if an institution does not want to invest in equipment but since most vendors require an inventory and basic metadata for materials, this is not an option for institutions hoping to digitize without processing.

Non-traditional staffing
Many institutions have the option of using volunteers, student employees, or temporary employees on projects. While this saves on staffing costs, it can add costs elsewhere such as on training or having to re-scan items due to poor quality.

MPLP
One way to save time and resources is by using the More Product, Less Process (MPLP) method to digitize materials while they are being processed. Since GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) institutions are already committed to preserving analog materials from special collections, digital access copies do not need to be high-resolution preservation copies, just good enough to provide access to rare materials. Sometimes institutions can get by with 300 dpi JPGs rather than a 600 dpi TIFF for images, and a 300 dpi grayscale scan of a document rather than a color one at 600 dpi.

Digitizing marginalized voices
Digitization can be used to highlight voices of historically marginalized peoples and add them to the greater body of knowledge. Many projects, some community archives created by members of those groups, are doing this in a way that supports the people, values their input and collaboration, and gives them a sense of ownership of the collection. Examples of projects are Gi-gikinomaage-min and the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA).

Gi-gikinomaage-min
Gi-gikinomaage-min is Anishinaabemowin for "We are all teachers" and its main purpose is "to document the history of Native Americans in Grand Rapids, Michigan." It combines new audio and video oral histories with digitized flyers, posters, and newsletters from Grand Valley State University's analog collections. Although not entirely a newly digitized project, what was created also added item-level metadata to enhance context. At the start, collaboration between several university departments and the Native American population was deemed important and remained strong throughout the project.

SAADA
The South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) has no physical building, is entirely digital and everything is handled by volunteers. This archive was started by Michelle Caswell and Samip Mallick and collects a broad variety of materials "created by or about people residing in the United States who trace their heritage to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the many South Asian diaspora communities across the globe." (Caswell, 2015, 2). The collection of digitized items includes private, government, and university held materials.

Black Campus Movement Collection (BCM)
Kent State University began its BCM collection when it acquired the papers of African American alumnus Lafayette Tolliver, which included about 1,000 photographs that chronicled the black student experience at Kent State from 1968-1971. The collection continues to add materials from the 1960s up to and including the current student body and several oral histories have been added since it debuted. When digitizing the items, it was necessary to work with alumni to create descriptions for the images. This collaboration created changes in local controlled vocabularies the libraries used to create metadata for the images.

Mass digitization
The expectation that everything should be online has led to mass digitization practices, but it is an ongoing process with obstacles that have led to alternatives. As new technology makes automated scanning of materials safer for materials and decreases need for cropping and de-skewing, mass digitization should be able to increase.

Obstacles
Digitization can be a physically slow process involving selection and preparation of collections that can take years if materials need to be compared for completeness or are vulnerable to damage. Price of specialized equipment, storage costs, website maintenance, quality control, and retrieval system limitations all add to the problems of working on a large scale.

Data privacy and security
Digitization presents significant challenges related to data privacy and security. As organizations increasingly depend on electronic databases and information systems, their vulnerability to security threats also rises. The risk of data loss rises and cyberattacks can result in significant financial losses and damage the company’s reputation. Therefore, there is a need for better cybersecurity measures and protection of data security and privacy to decrease the risks associated with digitization.

Digitization on demand
Scanning materials as users ask for them, provides copies for others to use and cuts down on repeated copying of popular items. If one part of a folder, document, or book is asked for, scanning the entire object can save time in the future by already having the material access if someone else needs the material. Digitizing on demand can increase volume because time spent on selection and prep has been used on scanning instead.

Google Books
From the start, Google has concentrated on text rather than images or special collections. Although criticized in the past for poor image quality, selection practices, and lacking long-term preservation plans, their focus on quantity over quality has enabled Google to digitize more books than other digitizers.

Standards
Digitization is not a static field and standards change with new technology, so it is up to digitization managers to stay current with new developments. Although each digitization project is different, common standards in formats, metadata, quality, naming, and file storage should be used to give the best chance of interoperability and patron access. As digitization is often the first step in digital preservation, questions about how to handle digital files should be addressed in institutional standards.

A standard for still images adapted from the Smithsonian digitization standards might include the following:

Resources to create local standards are available from the Society of American Archivists, the Smithsonian, and the Northeast Document Conservation Center.

Cultural heritage concerns
Digitization of community archives by indigenous and other marginalized people has led to traditional memory institutions reassessing how they digitize and handle objects in their collections that may have ties to these groups. The topics they are rethinking are varied and include how items are chosen for digitization projects, what metadata to use to convey proper context to be retrievable by the groups they represent, and whether an item should be accessed by the world or just those who the groups originally intended to have access, such as elders. Many navigate these concerns by collaborating with the communities they seek to represent through their digitized collections.

Lean philosophy
The broad use of internet and the increasing popularity of lean philosophy has also increased the use and meaning of "digitizing" to describe improvements in the efficiency of organizational processes. Lean philosophy refers to the approach which considers any use of time and resources, which does not lead directly to creating a product, as waste and therefore a target for elimination. This will often involve some kind of Lean process in order to simplify process activities, with the aim of implementing new "lean and mean" processes by digitizing data and activities. Digitization can help to eliminate time waste by introducing wider access to data, or by the implementation of enterprise resource planning systems.

Fiction
Works of science-fiction often include the term digitize as the act of transforming people into digital signals and sending them into digital technology. When that happens, the people disappear from the real world and appear in a virtual world (as featured in the cult film Tron, the animated series Code: Lyoko, or the late 1980s live-action series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future). In the video game Beyond Good & Evil, the protagonist's holographic friend digitizes the player's inventory items. One Super Friends cartoon episode showed Wonder Woman and Jayna freeing the world's men (including the male super heroes) onto computer tape by the female villainess Medula.

Mind uploading
Mind uploading is the speculative process of copying a human mind into a digital computer so it can be emulated there. This would require some form of advanced brain scan far more detailed than what is currently possible.

title: Digitization


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High Street

High Street is a common street name for the primary business street of a city, town, or village, especially in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It implies that it is the focal point for business, especially shopping. It is also a metonym for the retail sector.

With the rapid increase in consumer expenditure the number of High Streets in England grew from the 17th century and reached a peak in Victorian Britain where, drawn to growing towns and cities spurred on by the Industrial Revolution, the rate of urbanisation was unprecedented. Since the latter half of the 20th century, the prosperity of High Streets has been in decline due to the growth of out-of-town shopping centres, and, since the early 21st century, the growth of online retailing, forcing many shop closures and prompting the UK government to consider initiatives to reinvigorate and preserve the High Street.

High Street is the most common street name in the UK, which according to a 2009 statistical compilation has 5,410 High Streets, 3,811 Station Roads and 2,702 Main Streets.

Definition and usage
In Middle English the word "high" denoted superior rank ("high sheriff", "Lord High Chancellor", "high society"). "High" also applied to roads as they improved: "highway" was a new term taken up by the church and their vestries during the 17th century as a term for all public roads between settlements. From the 19th century, which saw a proliferation in the number of public roads (public highways), in countries using the term motorway, the term highway fell out of common speech and was supplanted by the legal definition, denoting any public road, as in the Highway Code. Thus the term "High Street" assumed a different meaning; that of a street where the most important shops and businesses were located.

In Britain, the term 'High Street' has both a generic and a specific meaning: people refer to 'shopping on the high street' both when they mean the main retail area, as well as the specific street of that name. Many former British colonies, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and New England (especially Massachusetts), adopted the term to refer to retail shopping areas. Main Street is used in the Republic of Ireland.

Incidence
In Britain, some 3,000 streets called High Street and about 2,300 streets with variations on the name (such as Upper High Street, High Street West) have been identified, giving a grand total of approximately 5,300. Of these, more than 600 High Streets are located in London's boroughs.

Main Street is a term used in smaller towns and villages in Scotland, while in North East England Front Street is common. In Cornwall, some places in Devon and some places in the North of England, the equivalent is Fore Street; in some parts of the UK Market Street is also used, although sometimes this may be a different area where street markets are currently (or were historically) held.

History
Following the Great Fire of London (1666), the city of London was completely rebuilt. New planning laws, governing rebuilding, designated four types of street based on the size of their carriageways and the types of buildings. Shops were permitted in the principal street or 'high street', but not in the by-lanes or back streets. This may have been based on the need for high visibility in order to regulate retail trade, as well as to avoid congestion in the narrow lanes and back streets. Accordingly, from the 17th century, the term "High Street" gradually assumed a narrower meaning and came to describe thoroughfares with significant retail in large villages and towns.

With the rapid increase in consumer expenditure, in the late 17th and 18th centuries the number of High Streets in England increased markedly. Britain also saw an unprecedented growth in urbanisation with people flocking to growing towns and cities. Nurtured by the Industrial Revolution, the department store became a common feature in major High Streets across Britain, with Harding, Howell & Co., opened in 1796 on Pall Mall, London, a contender for the first department store. Founded in London in 1792, bookseller and stationers WHSmith is the world's oldest national retail chain. The 19th century was a "golden era" for High Street shops. The rise of the middle class in Victorian England contributed to a more favourable attitude to shopping and consumption. Shopping centres became places to see and be seen, for recreational shopping, and for promenading. By the 20th century, however, the viability of High Streets began to decline.

Postwar
In the second half of the 20th century, traditional British High Street precincts came under pressure from out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom, with the balance shifting towards the latter. In the early 21st century, bricks and mortar retailers confronted another major threat from online retailers operating in a global marketplace. To confront this threat, High Street precincts have been forced to evolve; some have become smaller as shops shut their doors, while others have become more like social spaces with a concentration of retail services including cafes, restaurants and entertainment venues while yet others have positioned themselves as more up-market shopping precincts with a preponderance of stores selling luxury branded goods.

In the United Kingdom, geographic concentration of goods and services (including at industrial estates and out of town shopping centres) has reduced the share of the economy contributed to by workers in the high street. High Street refers to only a part of commerce. The town centre in many British towns combines a group of outdoor shopping streets (one or more of which may be pedestrianised), with an adjacent indoor shopping centre.

High Streets through the centuries

Trends

The popularity of shopping malls in the mid-20th century, combined with the rise of online retail at the turn of the century has threatened the viability of high street retail precincts.

Initiatives to preserve the traditional British High Street are evident. Research into the customer's shopping preferences and patterns reveals that the continued vitality of towns is predicated on a number of different variables. Research has highlighted the ongoing challenges faced by towns and cities and suggested that "[t]he town centre serves not only social, utilitarian or hedonic shopping purposes but also supports out-of-hours entertainment and leisure services. The way that consumers perceive and use town centres has also fundamentally changed." In order to address the issues threatening the sustainability of towns it is increasingly important to consider Consumer behaviour and customer experience. This is in line with research that proposes that for high street retail to thrive in spite of the growth threat of eCommerce, the sensual hedonic experiences (e.g. scent, feel, etc.) need to be presented to visitors while allowing for discovery of hidden experiences in the built environment.

Small shop preservationist movement

In 2006, a House of Commons committee concluded that the loss of small shops on high streets in favor of chain stores contributes to the formation of clone towns, leading to "a loss of sociability".

The Portas Review
In 2011, business consultant Mary Portas, best known for the TV series Mary Queen of Shops, was commissioned by the UK government to provide an independent review of High Street shopping. The report provided evidence for the decline of High Street precincts such as data indicating that retail spending in High Street shops had fallen to below 50 per cent. Her final report set out a vision for High Streets and a number of recommendations. However, her plan has failed to stem the number of High Street store closures, leaving authorities in a quandary about how to proceed.

Comparative usage

The term "High Street" is used to describe stores found on a typical high street to differentiate them from more specialised, exclusive and expensive outlets (often independent stores) – for example, "High Street banks" (instead of the less-common private or investment banks) or "High Street shops" (instead of boutiques).

The phrase "High Street banks" is used to refer to the retail banking sector in the United Kingdom.

Australia
Alongside High Street, the term Main Street is also used in smaller towns and villages.

Belgium and the Netherlands
The Dutch equivalent is Hoogstraat, or in villages Dorpsstraat ("village street').

Canada
Alongside the term High Street, the terms Main Street or "Central Avenue" are also used. In Canada, east of Lake Superior, King Street and Queen Street are often major streets; rue Principale, as the literal French language equivalent of Main Street is frequently used in Quebec towns, and "a village where the main street is still Main Street" is a phrase that is used in respect for small towns. In some sections of Canada, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

Germany
In Germany, the equivalent is Hauptstraße (Main Street), though this can also refer to a road with a lot of traffic (i.e., a highway). In most cities the main business and shopping area is rather referred to as Innenstadt (downtown) or by the specific street name. In Cologne the Hohe Straße (literally, High Street) is the main shopping street, but was named after a gate at its southern end (the Hohe Pforte, or High Gate).

Ireland
The term High Street is far less commonly used in Ireland. There, like in the United States, Main Street tends to be used instead. Neither of Dublin's two main shopping streets (Grafton Street and Henry Street) carry this name, for example, nor does its main thoroughfare (O'Connell Street). While Dublin has street named High Street near Christchurch, formerly the centre of the medieval city, it is not a shopping street. The city of Cork's main shopping street is St Patrick's Street. The city's oldest streets are named North Main Street and South Main Street. Limerick's principal thoroughfare, like Dublin, is also O'Connell Street (the name is used in a number of other Irish towns in honour of Daniel O'Connell).

The term Main Street (An tSráid Mhór, literally "The Big/Great Street") is used across various types of settlements; from densely populated inner suburbs of Dublin such as Ranelagh, to satellite suburbs of the capital such as Swords, and also in villages and small towns throughout the country. For example, the OSI North Leinster Town Maps book lists sixteen "Main Streets" and only two "High Streets" in its thirty-town index of street names. Similarly, the OSI Dublin Street Guide (covering all of Dublin City and County Dublin) lists twenty "Main Streets" and only two "High Streets".

Some Irish towns do have a major shopping street named High Street (An tSráid Ard), including Killarney, Galway, Wexford, Ballinrobe, Westport, Bagenalstown, Macroom, Tuam, Wicklow, Trim, Monaghan, Kilkenny, and Kilrush.

Bantry, County Cork is an interesting variant; the main shopping street is called High Street in its western part and Main Street in its eastern part. The same is found in Athlone and Birr, County Offaly.

Jamaica
In Jamaica, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

United States
The equivalent in the United States is Main Street. In some sections of the United States, the main commercial district is Front Street (especially in cities located alongside a waterway).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: High Street


text:
Shannon Stewart (baseball)

Shannon Harold Stewart (born February 25, 1974) is an American former professional baseball outfielder with the Toronto Blue Jays, Minnesota Twins and Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball.

High school years
Stewart was born in Cincinnati and attended Miami Southridge High School in South Miami Heights, Florida. He played baseball and football and ran track at Miami Southridge. He was recruited by Bobby Bowden to play football at Florida State as a defensive back. He was named to the 1992 American Baseball Coaches Association/Rawlings High School All-America Second Team. His number would later be retired by the baseball team at Miami Southridge.

Toronto Blue Jays
Stewart was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 19th pick of the 1992 MLB Draft as compensation for the Los Angeles Dodgers signing Tom Candiotti. He made his Major League debut on September 2, 1995 against the Chicago White Sox. Stewart fluctuated between the majors and minors over the next several seasons, eventually finding a place in the everyday Blue Jay lineup by the end of 1997.

In his first full season with the Blue Jays in 1998, he hit .279, belting 12 home runs and driving in 55 runs. During that season, he stole 51 bases, a career-high. Playing alongside superstars Jose Canseco, Roger Clemens, and Carlos Delgado that year, Stewart became a catalyst at the top of the Toronto lineup, providing speed and base-stealing ability, as well as some power and clutch-hitting. In every season from 1999 to 2002, Stewart batted .300 or higher and scored over 100 runs. He also showed some unexpected power, hitting a career-high 21 home runs in 2000.

Stewart spent parts of eight seasons with Toronto before he was dealt to the Minnesota Twins for Bobby Kielty in mid-2003. Stewart played in 855 games with Toronto, batting .301 with 218 doubles, 73 home runs and 163 stolen bases.

Minnesota Twins
Stewart was traded, along with the balance of his salary, on July 16, 2003, to the Minnesota Twins for Bobby Kielty. Following that off-season, the Blue Jays would trade Kielty for Ted Lilly. Stewart performed well for the Twins in the pennant race with the Chicago White Sox, batting .322 with six home runs and 38 RBI in 65 games with Minnesota, along with an on-base percentage of .384. The Twins won the American League Central Division title that year, but lost to the New York Yankees in four games in the American League Division Series. Despite his team's loss, Stewart batted .400 with a .471 on-base percentage in that series. That year, Stewart finished fourth in American League MVP voting.

Oakland Athletics
On February 7, 2007, Stewart and the Oakland Athletics agreed to a one-year deal worth $1 million with a possible extra $1.5 million more in incentives based on playing time.

On June 7, 2007, Stewart broke up Curt Schilling's bid for a no-hitter with a two out, bases-empty single in the bottom of the ninth inning.

Stewart finished his one season with the Athletics hitting .290 with 12 home runs and 48 RBI in 146 games.

Toronto Blue Jays (second stint)
The Toronto Blue Jays signed Stewart to a minor league deal on February 24, 2008, and gave their former first-round pick an invitation to spring training. Stewart ended up being chosen by the Jays to take over left field in a platoon with Matt Stairs, over fan favorite Reed Johnson who was released by the team. On March 30, the Blue Jays purchased Stewart's contract from Triple-A Syracuse. He was released by the Blue Jays on August 11.

Injuries
After his stellar 2003 season, Stewart suffered from plantar fasciitis problems in both feet, limiting him to 92 games in 2004 and only 44 in 2006. While playing football in high school, Stewart suffered an injury to his shoulder, thus weakening his throwing ability. Because his arm is not as strong as it once was, he has sometimes been considered a liability in the field; opposing base runners frequently take bases they might not take if another fielder were playing his position.

Accomplishments

 * Finished 4th in American League MVP voting (2003)
 * 3rd in the American League in steals (1998, 51 steals)
 * 4th in the American League in steals (1999, 37 steals)

Career statistics
In 1,386 games over 14 seasons, Stewart posted a .297 batting average (1653-for-5574) with 853 runs, 315 doubles, 41 triples, 115 home runs, 580 RBI, 196 stolen bases, 504 bases on balls, .360 on-base percentage and .430 slugging percentage. He finished his career with a .984 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions. In eight postseason games, he hit .286 (10-for-35) with 2 RBI.

title: Shannon Stewart (baseball)


text:
Digital geometry

Digital geometry deals with discrete sets (usually discrete point sets) considered to be digitized models or images of objects of the 2D or 3D Euclidean space. Simply put, digitizing is replacing an object by a discrete set of its points. The images we see on the TV screen, the raster display of a computer, or in newspapers are in fact digital images.

Its main application areas are computer graphics and image analysis.

Main aspects of study are:
 * Constructing digitized representations of objects, with the emphasis on precision and efficiency (either by means of synthesis, see, for example, Bresenham's line algorithm or digital disks, or by means of digitization and subsequent processing of digital images).
 * Study of properties of digital sets; see, for example, Pick's theorem, digital convexity, digital straightness, or digital planarity.
 * Transforming digitized representations of objects, for example (A) into simplified shapes such as (i) skeletons, by repeated removal of simple points such that the digital topology of an image does not change, or (ii) medial axis, by calculating local maxima in a distance transform of the given digitized object representation, or (B) into modified shapes using mathematical morphology.
 * Reconstructing "real" objects or their properties (area, length, curvature, volume, surface area, and so forth) from digital images.
 * Study of digital curves, digital surfaces, and digital manifolds.
 * Designing tracking algorithms for digital objects.
 * Functions on digital space.
 * Curve sketching, a method of drawing a curve pixel by pixel.

Digital geometry heavily overlaps with discrete geometry and may be considered as a part thereof.

Digital space
A 2D digital space usually means a 2D grid space that only contains integer points in 2D Euclidean space. A 2D image is a function on a 2D digital space (See image processing).

In Rosenfeld and Kak's book, digital connectivity are defined as the relationship among elements in digital space. For example, 4-connectivity and 8-connectivity in 2D. Also see pixel connectivity. A digital space and its (digital-)connectivity determine a digital topology.

In digital space, the digitally continuous function (A. Rosenfeld, 1986) and the gradually varied function (L. Chen, 1989) were proposed, independently.

A digitally continuous function means a function in which the value (an integer) at a digital point is the same or off by at most 1 from its neighbors. In other words, if x and y are two adjacent points in a digital space, |f(x) − f(y)| ≤ 1.

A gradually varied function is a function from a digital space $$\Sigma$$ to $$\{ A_1, \dots,A_m \}$$ where $$  A_1< \cdots <A_m $$ and $$ A_i$$ are real numbers. This function possesses the following property: If x and y are two adjacent points in $$\Sigma$$, assume $$f(x)=A_i$$, then $$f(y)=A_{i}$$,  $$f(x)=A_{i+1}$$, or $$A_{i-1}$$. So we can see that the gradually varied function is defined to be more general than the digitally continuous function.

An extension theorem related to above functions was mentioned by A. Rosenfeld (1986) and completed by L. Chen (1989). This theorem states: Let $$D \subset \Sigma$$ and $$f: D\rightarrow \{ A_1, \dots,A_m \}$$. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the gradually varied extension $$F$$ of $$f$$ is : for each pair of points $$x$$ and $$y$$ in $$D$$, assume $$f(x)=A_i$$ and $$f(y)=A_j$$, we have $$|i-j|\le d(x,y)$$, where $$d(x,y)$$ is the (digital) distance between $$x$$ and $$y$$.

title: Digital geometry


text:
Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave

Constantine John Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave (30 May 1744 – 10 October 1792) was an English explorer and officer in the Royal Navy. He served during the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, seeing action in a number of battles and engagements. Inheriting a title, he also went on to have a successful career in Parliament and occupied a number of political offices during his later years.

Family and early life
Phipps was born on 30 May 1744,  the eldest son of Constantine Phipps, 1st Baron Mulgrave and his wife, Lepel Hervey, the eldest daughter of John 2nd Baron Hervey of Ickworth and Mary 'Molly' Lepel. Phipps attended Eton College, where he befriended Joseph Banks, the English naturalist, botanist, and later patron of the natural sciences.

Seven Years' War
In January 1759, he joined the 70-gun HMS Monmouth (1667) as a cadet under his uncle Captain Augustus Hervey during Hervey's 21-week watch on the French fleet in 1759. Phipps remained with his uncle on the latter's appointment to the 74-gun HMS Dragon (1760) in 1761, and was present at the British expedition against Martinique. His good service led to his promotion to lieutenant on 17 March 1762 by Sir George Rodney, and Phipps went on to serve in the siege of Havana.

He was further promoted on 24 November 1763 to command the 12-gun sloop HMS Diligence (1756), moving to the 24-gun sixth rate Terpsichore on 20 June 1765. In 1766, he sailed to Newfoundland as lieutenant on HMS Niger (1759) under Captain Sir Thomas Adams. Joseph Banks accompanied him as ship's naturalist. From 1767 to 1768, Phipps commanded HMS Boreas (1757) in the English Channel.

Political career and command
Phipps was elected to Parliament in the 1768 general election as Member for the constituency of Lincoln. On 4 June 1773, Phipps set off from Deptford on a voyage towards the North Pole. He had two ships, the HMS Racehorse (1757) and the HMS Carcass (1759). Phipps took with him Dr Charles Irving as naturalist and doctor accompanied by Olaudah Equiano, and Israel Lyons (1739–1775) as astronomer. The Carcass was commanded by Skeffington Lutwidge, while one of her midshipmen was a young Horatio Nelson.

They sailed beyond Svalbard to the Seven Islands, but were forced back by the ice and returned to Orford Ness on 17 September. During the voyage, Phipps was the first modern European to describe the polar bear and the ivory gull, which were included in his A Voyage towards the North Pole undertaken ... 1773 (1774).

On 13 September 1775, he succeeded his father as Baron Mulgrave in the Peerage of Ireland. He became MP for Huntingdon in 1777, and was also appointed as one of the Lords of the Admiralty. Continuing an active naval career, he commissioned the 74-gun HMS Courageux (1761) in 1778, and played a leading role in the Battle of Ushant on 27 July that year. Phipps led the attack on the 90-gun FRENCH SHIP Ville de Paris, but the indecisive nature of the engagement meant that the French ship was able to escape.

Phipps returned to Britain and gave evidence at the subsequent court-martial, his evidence favouring Hugh Palliser. The Courageux remained under his command until 1781, with Phipps serving mostly in the Channel under Admirals Charles Hardy, Francis Geary, George Darby and Richard Howe.

In the action of 4 January 1781, he captured the 32-gun French frigate Minerve in heavy weather off Brest. The Courageux was paid off at the end of the American War of Independence, and Phipps went ashore, never to serve at sea again.

Later life
Phipps remained as MP for Huntingdon until 1784, when he became MP for Newark. In April that year, he became Paymaster of the Forces and on 18 May, he was appointed a commissioner for the affairs of India, and one of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, until being forced to resign in 1791 due to ill health.

In 1790, he was made Baron Mulgrave of Mulgrave in the County of York in the Peerage of Great Britain, thus entering the House of Lords. He also was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. He once entertained his miners underground in the Blue John Caverns in Castleton, Derbyshire. The particular cavern where they all dined as his guests is now named after him.

He died at Liège on 10 October 1792. The title of Baron Mulgrave in the British peerage then became extinct, though his brother Henry Phipps succeeded him in the Irish barony.

title: Constantine Phipps, 2nd Baron Mulgrave


text:
Talk:Madison Square Garden

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 October 2018 and 11 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Tongxin Liu.

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Hippodrome Theatre photo
I wonder why there's a photo of the Hippodrome Theatre in this article? The Hippodrome was located on Sixth Ave at 43rd St. Thanks Markhh 18:20, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

I deleted the erroneous photo Markhh 00:53, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

MSG basketball court
is basketball AND ice hockey played on the same court? or is it two seperate courts?

 * When the Knicks are about to have a home game, the basketball court is assembled on top of the hockey rink. During the Rangers off-season, the rink is melted

First basketball game
According to Madison Square Garden, 100 Years of History (Durso, 1979; ISBN 0-671-24425-6) the NYU-Notre Dame game (NYU 25-18) was the second game of a doubleheader; Westminster beat St. John's 37-33 in the opener. CharlieZeb 03:23, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dolan family
This facility is owned by the Dolan family of New York. Any more info on that? Jawed 07:05, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

MSG, the television channel
The Garden runs a sports television channel named MSG viewable in the New York area, where I reside, and I wanted to discover if the channel was simply regional or perhaps nationally accessible in some way. It's disappointing to me that both FSN and the defunct venture CNNSI (in addition to cardinal network ESPN) have articles, but not a mention can be found on the 'pedia of MSG's television operations. Ground 04:09, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

NY Liberty game
Someone deleted the first NY Liberty game to be played at the Garden, citing the fact that it wasn't the first professional women's basketball game to be played there. I'm not a big fan of the Notable list in the first place, but I don't see how someone can delete that and leave the Quinnipiac hockey game there which uses the same rationale for a college sports game. Since that game is still on the list, I restored the Liberty game to the list and tweaked the wording so it actually is a first. Besides, the event is mentioned as a notable first on the Garden's own walls. --Jtalledo (talk) 18:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Seating capacity and height
The article mentions 20,000 seating capacity for concerts, but how much does it hold for boxing/wrestling events? Also, does anyone know the exact height from the arena floor to the roof of the arena?
 * It's about the same seating capacity for boxing and wrestling events. As for the height, the outside of the arena, from street level to roof, is 10 stories (about 100 feet) high. In the arena itself, from arena floor to ceiling, it is 66 feet high. I vaguely remember hearing this from a tour I took of the arena a couple of years ago. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Patriot174 (talk • contribs) 03:47, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

"Mass Wedding" in 1982
I put a note about this the other day. In my opinion it was an historical event. If you think otherwise I will not press the point. This is your article after all. Steve Dufour 15:47, 26 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's actually "our" article technically - that's the point of the wiki concept. If you want, you can add it back to the "Historical events" section - it seems to be historically signifcant. Happy editing! --Jtalledo (talk) 17:29, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I will do that. I just don't want to start any conflict.Steve Dufour 20:43, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No prob. Thanks for the heads up. --Jtalledo (talk) 20:51, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you.Steve Dufour 21:03, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Anyone know the largest crowd in MSG history? (the current version of the arena)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.183.110.24 (talk) 13:47, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

WWE vs. WCW
I removed the statement about WWE blocking WCW from using the arena. It's uncited and more importantly, it's not relevant in the context of this article. There's enough WWE stuff in the article and this statement is more relevant to WWE and WCW than it is to the Garden. --Jtalledo (talk) 11:30, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the fact that WWE had such a strong relationship with MSG, that they were able to block their biggest competitor from appearing at the Garden is noteworthy, and belongs in this article. Milchama 11:04, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Anything with WWE and Madison Square Garden is always noteworthy.--Nascarking (talk) 22:01, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Too much WWE in Notable Firsts section
Out of the 13 items listed in 'Notable Firsts', 6 are WWE. I think that only Wrestlemania should be listed. No need for minor PPVs and the Elimination Chamber. What do you think? Milchama 17:39, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree - I'll remove some of the stuff if it's still there. --Jtalledo (talk) 18:41, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * WWE is a BIG reason Madison Square Garden is what it is toady. The WWE Championship has changed hands in this very building more than any other building in the world. Would you remove that. This is where HulkaMania: HULKAMANIA was born for christ sake. Because the Knicks are terrible, The people of the city have to sit through 82 game of their own team in the Worlds Most Famous Arena always loosing. WWE stealing the show in the Garden is the only thing that makes it worth keeping the Knicks alive. Because no New York Knicks, No reason for MSG because WWE can't do all their shows at the Garden. Too Much $$$. Even Vince i$n't Bill Gate$ Rich. So WWE is the reason MSG is what it is.--Nascarking (talk) 22:09, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Performers, artists, bands
If you're going to discuss music performances, how do you not mention Phish? They've played 19 sold-out shows there, including five New Year's Eve shows. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.125.43.61 (talk) 20:06, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Phish has played at MSG 56 times as of 11/2/17 They are #1!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.2.219.117 (talk) 18:53, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

What does this mean? ''In 2006, Madonna was marked as the performer with most performances played ever at the venue, beating out the Rolling Stones, with 23 performances. The artist who holds the all-time record for the greatest number of appearances at the Garden is Elton John who has played the arena 58 times. The band that played more dates in the Garden than any other is The Grateful Dead, rocking the arena an amazing 52 times from 1979 through 1994.''

Elton John has held the most concerts at MSG. The Grateful Dead has played the most concerts as a band at MSG. Where do Madonna and the Stones fall on this list? The Dead's 52 concerts are significantly more than the Stones' 23. And how many shows has Madonna played at MSG? If its nowhere near the 58 or 52 of Elton John and the Dead, I don't think they should be mentioned as "record holders". Milchama 17:58, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Since nobody has commented, I am going to remove the "records" held by Madonna and The Rolling Stones, because they need some more clarification. Elton John and The Grateful Dead have the record for most MSG performances by an artist and band, respectively.  Milchama 17:44, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, it looks like someone has beaten me to it. Milchama 17:45, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Separate articles for MSG 1-3?
I propose splitting this article into 5 articles, for each MSG including the proposed new one. They are four (and potentially 5) different venues and shouldn't be bunched together. I'd like to hear pros and cons. Milchama 18:00, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

The problem is we have nearly no info on the first two. Only the third and current. I'd like to see it happen though.

Nyrmetros 21:17, 11 December 2006 (UTC) I'd like to see more information about MSG 1, II, and III as well..... MSG III was a magical place that gave credence and credability to MSG IV....

 * The third and fourth versions certainly have enough for separate articles now. The fifth can wait until the talk becomes a little more serious.  The first and second would need a little more information.  Patken4 01:38, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a split suggestion for the third (1925) and fourth (1968) versions. Patken4 01:47, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not from NY or USA for the matter but the article, as it stands, seems a manageable length. Although I know you mean to expand each of the segments as separate articles, my fear is that what remains may be a little bare. Chensiyuan 15:35, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, do what Chensiyuan said that is the generally accepted protocol. Create subpages with a detailed history, but still summarize the sections in this article. See History of the United States for more details. Quadzilla99 09:04, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * How about History of Madison Square Garden ???? WikiDon 01:21, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Blue seat bias

 * Does anyone here besides me think that the ushers were biased towards Rangers fans when the fights occurred and they hauled away the opposing fan? WizardDuck 04:21, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes absolutely. For many years, the ushers at MSG were Rangers fans themselves, and had good relationships with the season ticket holders in the blue seats who would often 'tip' them generously in order for them to look the other way when it came to the activities of Rangers supporters in the blue seats. When opposing fans would come into the blue seats, the Rangers fans back in the 70's, 80's, and early 90's would give them hell, and the ushers would quietly walk away, and come back a bit later to escort the opposing fan out of the building for creating a scene. Times have changed though and there are no longer any ushers in the blue seats, just security guards who don't care about the Rangers or their passionate fans. In addition, the Rangers fans in the blue seats no longer seem to have that fiery edge that made them famous back in the day. Sure the fans there are louder than most, but that amount of fight betweens Rangers fans and opposing fans is certainly at an all time low for MSG IV. Nyrmetros 15:24, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparently NYR fans must have enjoyed getting away with hooliganism for the sole reason that the other guy was wearing the opposing team's colors. The non-NYR fan probably didn't even try to ignite it in most cases. WizardDuck 00:43, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Like anything, I'm sure incidents went down 50/50..... with Rangers supporters wanting to have a go with opposing fans for the mere fact that they entered sacred territory (the blue seats), and opposing fans wanting to start trouble away from home. I've seen both happen, though I will say in modern times, the Rangers supporters have refrained from violence in the blue seats unless the opposing fans incited them. Mostly it's just verbal sparring back and forth. Nyrmetros 20:31, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

50 Greatest Moments
I removed the list of the countdown from "The 50 Greatest Moments at Madison Square Garden". While there's no denial that they are great moments in the Garden's history, the coundown is 100% opinion, and it does not belong in this encyclopedia article. I propose that an article is made on the series The 50 Greatest Moments at Madison Square Garden, which can list the countdown and provide more information on the series. Milchama 12:11, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Article Quality rating
I have given this article a quality rating of a B. I will be putting it through a peer-review and then nominating it for GA-status as I believe it is quite close. Until then the highest rating that can be given is a B. Acidskater 20:17, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Felt Forum????!!
What about the Felt Forum? I saw the Ike and Tina Turner review there back 1974.

DavidMIA 13:57, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

THE DOORS
Someone should add that the Doors had a concert in the Garden. They had it in 1970. If you dont believe me look in the article "THE DOORS:BOX SET.

PROPOSAL: Move parts of this article to: Madison Square Garden, L.P.
I would like to propose that we move:

Madison_Square_Garden & Madison_Square_Garden

TO:
 * Madison Square Garden, L.P.

This article should be about the arena building only. - WikiDon 01:03, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Forthcoming concerts
The tour page says December 11 is scheduled for Las Vegas. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.47.50 (talk) 01:01, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Sounds good, the whole section doesn't really belong in an encyclopedia, it is speculative, date sensitive, subject to cancellations, etc. We should keep it out. ~ WikiDon 02:14, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, this doesn't really belong in an encyclopedia because dates change constantly. Crmaster322 (talk) 00:21, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

WTF?
White kept an apartment, site of the famous red velvet swing, in the building.

Famous? What swing? This makes NO sense whatsoever. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.129.162 (talk) 19:24, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

This article is a mess
It's a rambling mess of disparate information that is tenuously connected by the name "Madison Square Garden". It needs to be broken up and better structured.

And -- in common with every opportunity to mention a band on Wikipedia -- there's far too much importance and information on bands and the albums recorded there. There is little need for a comprehensive list - or that list should be separate. The list of bands is duplicated in the article too. Remember band's works are commercial products, products of a controversial recording industry, one whom many regard as unethical -- promoting their work is spam. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.129.162 (talk) 19:42, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Historic Events
The list of "Historic Events" has become a joke for this page. Are we just going to list every event that has occurred at MSG from 2007 on? All of those random shows from 2007 need to go. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.242.112.108 (talk) 02:50, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Why "Garden"?
The "Madison Square" portion of the name is well explained, but why was it called a "garden"? There is mention that the first incarnation was open-air, but that in itself doesn't really make it a garden. Yankee Stadium is open-air too, but I wouldn't call it "Yankee Garden". Can anyone clarify this bit of the MSG history? —Preceding unsigned comment added by CharleyCross (talk • contribs) 20:03, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is not located at Madison Square (although it was many years ago) and is, nor ever was, a 'garden'. What's going on, says this confused Englander ?

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 22:45, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Concerts and live performances section getting a little big..
So, it seems only the most notable or famous concerts from the 70s-90s are listed, but the plethora of listing 2006-08 shows seems to reek of Recentism. Does anyone else think this should either be trimmed, or split into another article? IrisKawling (talk) 10:25, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Titans NLL
I changed some stuff about the New York Titans (NLL). I changed the 2008 stuff from future to past tense (since the season is over), and fixed other little things, but I don't actually know that it is true. Some NLL fan should verify this. Did the Titans have only six home games out of 16? Where is says that games were "lost" does this mean Titan home games were played in Buffalo and Toronto?  Randall Bart    Talk   00:38, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Article split
If no one has any issues, I plan on splitting this article into five articles. This article will be for the current venue primarily, with links to the other articles. From there, I would like to write an article for each of three previous arenas as well as the MSG Bowl. I think that to keep the article as is would not allow the other venues to get any focus and more information. In a similar vein to how the old and new Yankee and Wembley stadiums were split, I want to disambiguate by the year the particular venue was constructed. Thanks. Patken4 (talk) 20:35, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

As a Business: Madison Square Garden is a Failure.
As a Business: Madison Square Garden is a Failure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.121.182.78 (talk) 03:13, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

WWE as a tenant
I removed the many WWE events from the "Tenants" section. Although MSG is a very important venue in WWF/E history, and considered its unofficial "home" arena, it is not a regular occurrence, since it is a constantly traveling promotion. There is plenty of mention in the article about being the host of the 1st Wrestlemania and other wrestling events. 72.229.239.238 (talk) 21:31, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm just supprised with as big as WWE is to the Garden and Vise Versa that's all there is about WWE & MSG. More times the WWE Championship has changed hands in this very building than ANY PLACE in THE WORLD. The BIRTH place of HulkaMania. The birth of WrestleMania. This building saw the 1st match of the damonic structure, The Elimination Chamber. WWE has played a part in making the Garden in what it is today. Just like basketball players never want to fail in the Garden, WWE Superstars treat any event at Madison Square Garden like it is WrestleMania.--Nascarking (talk) 22:15, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

Disambiguation page?
The lede to this article is a bit cumbersome, as is the unorganized presentation of the different entities using this name. I propose adding a hatnote to the this article:

removing discussion about the other entities (brief mention is OK where warranted), and creating a disambiguation page, similar to (but more polished than) the following:

Madison Square Garden can refer to:
 * Madison Square Garden, the current arena in mid-town Manhattan, New York City
 * Madison Square Garden (1879), the first incarnation of the arena
 * Madison Square Garden (1890), the second incarnation of the arena
 * Madison Square Garden (1925), the third incarnation of the arena
 * Madison Square Garden, L.P., the operating company that owns the arena and other sports, media, and entertainment holdings
 * Madison Square Garden Network, the television network

I do commend User:Patken4 for taking the first step in splitting this article and creating the others. Any thoughts? (did I miss any other pages in the disambig?) -Sme3 (talk) 19:28, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * There have been no objections in a month, so I've gone ahead and done it. (still Sme3, just under a new username).  '' Me Three  ( talk to me ) 03:34, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

What Renovation
I am thinking that the renovation section should be removed. As a Ranger fan I have sent numerous letters to MSG regarding the Renovation. All have gone unanswered. It seems that the Gardens owners have no idea when this will, (IF EVER) take place. My belief is they are holding out to get a sweeter deal from NYC regarding the Farley Post Office. I don't believe the Garden will ever be renovated, and will be razed and rebuilt. So in light of this I believe until we have a clear idea, as to what will happen and when, anything about the renovation should be removed as it speculation, as long as they keep pushing it back. Thousands of Knicks, and Rangers fans are irate about this fiasco, and the fact that their teams, as well as the city of New York, will soon home to both leagues (NHL,NBA) Oldest building, once Pittsburgh opens the Consol Energy Center next year.--Subman758 (talk) 05:08, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Seeing as there were no objections, since I last posted this some 90 days ago. I have removed the entire Second Renovation section.  Right now the renovation is all speculation, as the Garden's owners have continuously delayed it, over the last two years.  Also there were no sources available to verify anything in the section.--Subman758 (talk) 18:18, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

1999?
Opening headline says "This article is about the arena built in 1999". I'm pretty sure that isn't correct, and it's probably old vandalism someone missed. Should it be changed to 1968? I've never touched this page before so I wanted to ask before I did it. Kjscotte34 (talk) 13:36, 4 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, every few decades they drive out the rats, replace all the seats that have knives sticking in them, and call it a "renovation". Then, embarrassed that the self-anointed "Greatest City in the World" somehow contains the worst NBA or NHL arena (Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum excluded), certain New Yorkers try to convince the rest of us that Madison Square Garden has been made "new" again by some sort of wizardry. Not buying it.--172.190.43.213 (talk) 04:07, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * That awkward moment when your wrong.ElectroPro (talk) 17:27, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

Madison's Square Garden 2011.jpg
I added a new image to the Madison Sqaure Garden article Madison's Square Garden 2011.jpg in the section of the article: "History" I am the copyright holder of this image because I obtained it my self by taking a snapshot of it on my vaction to NYC last year in August of 2011 I copyright holder of this image give other users permission to use this image on any article that demonstrates or has to do with this image thank you and I hope all of you administrators and others users enjoy this imageIlovechoclate 00:50, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Assessment
I've made all the assessments agree on "C class". There is a lot of info here, but some of it is not well-referenced, and coverage is inconsistent among the various sections. So, I think C-class is right at this point in the article's development. - Ssilvers (talk) 00:08, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Split tag
There is a split tag on the section "Other notable concerts". In most cases the concerts are not notable. The section should be sorted out before considering a split. Op47 (talk) 20:42, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

I have now trimmed the section. Unless there was something clearly notable about the concert (other than someone famous gave a concert) then I have removed the concert. I did consider removing the section entirely, but did think that would not go down well. Op47 (talk) 21:17, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Other notable concerts
Stubled upon the Led Zeppelin entry. Can't be 1970 and 1977. The Zep article even suggests it's neither nor but from the 1973 tour. I'm quite confused. Anyone knowledgeable care to find out, what's right? -- 82.83.103.93 (talk) 08:46, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Seth Rollins
Please provide a source to this before you post please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BlueJuggalo300 (talk • contribs) 20:16, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

Notable Concerts
I see this comes up every few years - the concerts section gets bloated with non-notable additions from fans of this band or that artist - so I've trimmed it again. It would be helpful to come up with some criteria for what artists and their MSG shows are notable enough to be included, otherwise we'll end up with a million bands in that section. Rockypedia (talk) 12:35, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

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"Michael jackson"
the last paragraph under "Concerts" needs help. Both grammar and punctuation are a mess. PurpleChez (talk) 18:50, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

"The World's Most Famous Arena" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect The World&. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. jp×g 02:43, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madison Square Garden


text:
Paul Quantrill

Paul John Quantrill (born November 3, 1968) is a Canadian former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons, from 1992 to 2005; his longest tenure was six seasons with the Toronto Blue Jays. Quantrill appeared in 80 or more games five times, led his league in pitching appearances for four consecutive seasons, and did not walk more than 25 batters in a season from 1996 onwards.

Career
Quantrill was drafted in 1986 MLB draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 26th round, 660th overall, but did not sign. After three years at the University of Wisconsin he was drafted again, by the Boston Red Sox in the sixth round of the 1989 MLB draft, 161st overall, and made his major league debut on July 20, 1992.

Originally considered a starter, Quantrill eventually found consistency as a reliever after several years of splitting time between the bullpen and the starting rotation for several teams. Some of his best years came for the Toronto Blue Jays, a team located in his home province of Ontario. Quantrill earned a reputation for being very durable and having impeccable control; commentators often joked that he had a "rubber arm".

Before the 2004 season, Quantrill signed a two-year, $6.8-million deal with the New York Yankees. Quantrill pitched effectively for the Yankees as a set-up man for most of the season, leading Yankees announcer Michael Kay to create the nickname “Quan-Gor-Mo” for the “three-headed monster” that made up the Yankees usual bullpen progression of Quantrill, Tom Gordon and Mariano Rivera (known as “Mo”).

Due to poor performance, arguably due to overuse by manager Joe Torre, in late 2004 and early 2005, Quantrill was designated for assignment on July 1, 2005. The next day he was traded to the San Diego Padres for pitchers Tim Redding and Darrell May. Quantrill was then traded to the Florida Marlins and spent the rest of the year in the bullpen. While playing in the 2006 World Baseball Classic, Quantrill announced that he would retire at the end of the event.

Quantrill served as a coach for Team Canada during the World Baseball Classics in 2009, 2013, and 2017.

On June 19, 2010, Quantrill was inducted, along with former Blue Jay Roberto Alomar, into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in St. Marys, Ontario.

Accomplishments

 * All-Star (2001)
 * 4× led his league in appearances (2001 AL, 2002 NL, 2003 NL, 2004 AL)
 * Career 3.83 earned run average (ERA)
 * Holds New York Yankees record for most games pitched in a season (86 in 2004)

Personal life
Since retirement, Quantrill has lived in Port Hope, Ontario.

Quantrill has a son and two daughters. His son, Cal, was a pitcher at Stanford University and was selected in the first round, eighth overall, in the 2016 MLB draft by the San Diego Padres and currently plays for the Colorado Rockies.

, Quantrill serves as a special assistant to the Toronto Blue Jays organization.

title: Paul Quantrill


text:
List of rivers of France

This is a list of rivers that are at least partially in France. The rivers are grouped by sea or ocean. The rivers flowing into the sea are sorted along the coast. Rivers flowing into other rivers are listed by the rivers they flow into. Some rivers (e.g. Sûre/Sauer) do not flow through France themselves, but they are mentioned for having French tributaries. They are given in italics. For clarity, only rivers that are longer than 50 km (or have longer tributaries) are shown.

In French, rivers are traditionally classified either as fleuves when they flow into the sea (or into a desert or lake), or as rivières when they flow into another river. The fleuves are shown in bold.

For an alphabetical overview of rivers of France, see the category Rivers of France.

North Sea
The rivers in this section are sorted north-east (Netherlands) to south-west (Calais).

 * Rhine/Rhin (main branch at Hook of Holland, Netherlands)
 * Moselle (in Koblenz, Germany)
 * Saar/Sarre (near Konz, Germany)
 * Nied (in Rehlingen-Siersburg, Germany)
 * Blies (in Sarreguemines)
 * Sauer/Sûre (in Wasserbillig, Luxembourg)
 * Alzette (in Ettelbruck, Luxembourg)
 * Orne (Moselle) (near Mondelange)
 * Seille (in Metz)
 * Rupt de Mad (in Arnaville)
 * Meurthe (in Frouard)
 * Mortagne (in Mont-sur-Meurthe)
 * Madon (in Pont-Saint-Vincent)
 * Vologne (in Pouxeux)
 * Lauter (in Lauterbourg)
 * Moder (in Neuhaeusel)
 * Sauer (in Seltz)
 * Ill (near La Wantzenau)
 * Thur (near Ensisheim)
 * Meuse (main branch near Hellevoetsluis, Netherlands)
 * Faux (in Revin, France)
 * Sambre (in Namur, Belgium)
 * Semois/Semoy (in Monthermé)
 * Sormonne (in Warcq)
 * Bar (near Dom-le-Mesnil)
 * Chiers (in Bazeilles)
 * Othain (in Montmédy)
 * Scheldt/Escaut (near Vlissingen, Netherlands)
 * Lys (in Ghent, Belgium)
 * Deûle (in Deûlémont)
 * Scarpe (in Mortagne-du-Nord)
 * Haine (in Condé-sur-l'Escaut)
 * Yser (in Nieuwpoort, Belgium)
 * Aa (in Gravelines)

English Channel
The rivers in this section are sorted east (Calais) to west (Brest).

 * Slack (near Fort Mahon)
 * Canche (in Étaples)
 * Authie (near Berck)
 * Somme (near Abbeville)
 * Avre (in Amiens)
 * Bresle (in Le Tréport)
 * Arques (in Dieppe)
 * Béthune (in Arques-la-Bataille)
 * Seine (in Le Havre)
 * Risle (in Berville-sur-Mer)
 * Charentonne (near Bernay)
 * Eure (in Pont-de-l'Arche)
 * Iton (near Louviers)
 * Avre (near Dreux)
 * Andelle (in Pîtres)
 * Epte (near Vernon)
 * Oise (in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, west of Paris)
 * Thérain (in Creil)
 * Aisne (in Compiègne)
 * Vesle (in Condé-sur-Aisne)
 * Suippe (in Condé-sur-Suippe)
 * Aire (near Grandpré)
 * Ailette (in Quierzy)
 * Serre (in La Fère)
 * Marne (in Ivry-sur-Seine, south-east of Paris)
 * Grand Morin (near Meaux)
 * Aubetin (in Pommeuse)
 * Ourcq (near Lizy-sur-Ourcq)
 * Petit Morin (in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre)
 * Saulx (in Vitry-le-François)
 * Chée (in Vitry-en-Perthois)
 * Ornain (in Pargny-sur-Saulx)
 * Blaise (in Arrigny)
 * Orge (in Athis-Mons)
 * Essonne (in Corbeil-Essonnes)
 * Juine (in Ballancourt-sur-Essonne)
 * Loing (near Moret-sur-Loing)
 * Ouanne (in Conflans-sur-Loing)
 * Lunain (in Épisy)
 * Yonne (in Montereau-Fault-Yonne)
 * Armançon (in Migennes)
 * Serein (in Bassou)
 * Cure (near Vermenton)
 * Aube (near Romilly-sur-Seine)
 * Voire (in Chalette-sur-Voire)
 * Aujon (in Longchamp-sur-Aujon)
 * Barse (in Troyes)
 * Ource (in Bar-sur-Seine)
 * Touques (in Deauville)
 * Dives (in Cabourg)
 * Orne (in Ouistreham)
 * Vire (near Isigny-sur-Mer)
 * Aure (in Isigny-sur-Mer)
 * Douve (near Carentan)
 * Sée (near Avranches)
 * Sélune (near Avranches)
 * Couesnon (near Mont-Saint-Michel)
 * Rance (in Saint-Malo)
 * Trieux (near Lézardrieux)

Atlantic Ocean
The rivers in this section are sorted north (Brest) to south (Spain).

 * Élorn (near Brest)
 * Aulne (in Logonna-Daoulas)
 * Odet (near Quimper)
 * Laïta (in Guidel)
 * Ellé (in Quimperlé)
 * Blavet (in Lorient)
 * Ével (in Baud, Morbihan)
 * Vilaine (in Pénestin)
 * Oust (in Redon)
 * Arz (in Saint-Jean-la-Poterie)
 * Aff (in Glénac)
 * Don (in Massérac)
 * Chère (in Sainte-Anne-sur-Vilaine)
 * Semnon (in Bourg-des-Comptes)
 * Meu (in Goven)
 * Ille (in Rennes)
 * Loire (in Saint-Nazaire)
 * Sèvre Nantaise (in Nantes)
 * Erdre (in Nantes)
 * Èvre (in Le Marillais)
 * Layon (in Chalonnes-sur-Loire)
 * Maine (near Angers)
 * Mayenne (near Angers)
 * Oudon (in Le Lion-d'Angers)
 * Verzée (in Segré)
 * Ernée (in Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne)
 * Sarthe (near Angers)
 * Loir (north of Angers)
 * Braye (in Lavenay)
 * Vaige (in Sablé-sur-Sarthe)
 * Vègre (in Avoise)
 * Huisne (in Le Mans)
 * Thouet (in Saumur)
 * Dive (near Saint-Just-sur-Dive)
 * Argenton (near Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay)
 * Thouaret (near Thouars)
 * Vienne (in Candes-Saint-Martin)
 * Creuse (north of Châtellerault)
 * Gartempe (in La Roche-Posay)
 * Anglin (in Angles-sur-l'Anglin)
 * Salleron (in Ingrandes)
 * Benaize (in Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize)
 * Brame (in Darnac)
 * Semme (in Droux)
 * Bouzanne (in Le Pont-Chrétien-Chabenet)
 * Petite Creuse (in Fresselines)
 * Clain (in Châtellerault)
 * Clouère (in Château-Larcher)
 * Briance (in Condat-sur-Vienne)
 * Taurion (in Saint-Priest-Taurion)
 * Indre (in Avoine)
 * Indrois (in Azay-sur-Indre)
 * Cher (in Villandry)
 * Sauldre (in Selles-sur-Cher)
 * Rère (in Villeherviers)
 * Arnon (near Vierzon)
 * Yèvre (in Vierzon)
 * Auron (in Bourges)
 * Tardes (in Évaux-les-Bains)
 * Voueize (in Chambon-sur-Voueize)
 * Beuvron (in Chaumont-sur-Loire)
 * Cosson (in Candé-sur-Beuvron)
 * Vauvise (in Saint-Satur)
 * Allier (near Nevers)
 * Sioule (in La Ferté-Hauterive)
 * Bouble (in Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule)
 * Dore (near Puy-Guillaume)
 * Alagnon (near Jumeaux)
 * Senouire (near Brioude)
 * Chapeauroux (in Saint-Christophe-d'Allier)
 * Acolin (near Decize)
 * Aron (in Decize)
 * Alène (in Cercy-la-Tour)
 * Besbre (near Dompierre-sur-Besbre)
 * Arroux (in Digoin)
 * Bourbince (in Digoin)
 * Arconce (in Varenne-Saint-Germain)
 * Lignon du Forez (in Feurs)
 * Lignon du Velay (in Monistrol-sur-Loire)
 * Lay (in L'Aiguillon-sur-Mer)
 * Yon (in Le Champ-Saint-Père)
 * Smagne (in Mareuil-sur-Lay-Dissais)
 * Sèvre Niortaise (in Marans)
 * Vendée (in Marans)
 * Charente (near Rochefort)
 * Boutonne (in Cabariot)
 * Seugne (near Courcoury)
 * Bonnieure (near Mansle)
 * Tardoire (in Saint-Ciers-sur-Bonnieure)
 * Bandiat (in Agris)
 * Seudre (in Marennes)
 * Dordogne (into the Gironde estuary near Ambès)
 * Isle (in Libourne)
 * Dronne (in Coutras)
 * Lizonne (in Saint-Séverin)
 * Côle (in Condat-sur-Trincou)
 * Beauronne (near Mussidan)
 * Auvézère (in Bassillac)
 * Loue (in Coulaures)
 * Vézère (near Le Bugue)
 * Corrèze (in Brive-la-Gaillarde)
 * Céou (in Castelnaud-la-Chapelle)
 * Cère (near Bretenoux)
 * Maronne (in Argentat)
 * Luzège (in Laval-sur-Luzège)
 * Triouzoune (in Sérandon)
 * Diège (in Roche-le-Peyroux)
 * Rhue (in Bort-les-Orgues)
 * Chavanon (in Confolent-Port-Dieu)
 * Garonne (into the Gironde estuary near Ambès)
 * Ciron (in Barsac)
 * Dropt (in Caudrot)
 * Lot (near Aiguillon)
 * Lède (near Villeneuve-sur-Lot)
 * Célé (near Cabrerets)
 * Truyère (in Entraygues-sur-Truyère)
 * Colagne (in Le Monastier-Pin-Moriès)
 * Baïse (near Aiguillon)
 * Gélise (in Lavardac)
 * Osse (in Nérac)
 * Auzoue (in Mézin)
 * Petite Baïse (in L'Isle-de-Noé)
 * Gers (near Agen)
 * Séoune (in Lafox)
 * Auroue (in Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Balerme)
 * Barguelonne (in Golfech)
 * Arrats (near Valence)
 * Tarn (near Castelsarrasin)
 * Aveyron (near Montauban)
 * Vère (in Bruniquel)
 * Cérou (in Milhars)
 * Viaur (in Laguépie)
 * Céor (in Saint-Just-sur-Viaur)
 * Tescou (near Montauban)
 * Agout (in Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe)
 * Dadou (in Ambres)
 * Thoré (in Castres)
 * Gijou (in Vabre)
 * Dourdou de Camarès (in Broquiès)
 * Dourbie (in Millau)
 * Gimone (near Castelsarrasin)
 * Save (in Grenade)
 * Gesse (in Espaon)
 * Hers-Mort (near Grenade)
 * Touch (in Toulouse)
 * Ariège (in Toulouse)
 * Lèze (in Labarthe-sur-Lèze)
 * Hers-Vif (in Cintegabelle)
 * Louge (in Muret)
 * Arize (in Carbonne)
 * Salat (in Boussens)
 * Neste (in Montréjeau)
 * Eyre/Leyre (near Arcachon)
 * Adour (near Bayonne)
 * Nive (in Bayonne)
 * Bidouze (in Guiche)
 * Gaves réunis (near Peyrehorade)
 * Gave de Pau (in Peyrehorade)
 * Gave d'Oloron (in Peyrehorade)
 * Saison (near Sauveterre-de-Béarn)
 * Gave d'Aspe (in Oloron-Sainte-Marie)
 * Luy (near Tercis-les-Bains)
 * Luy de France (near Gaujacq)
 * Luy de Béarn (near Gaujacq)
 * Louts (near Hinx)
 * Midouze (near Pontonx-sur-l'Adour)
 * Douze (in Mont-de-Marsan)
 * Midou (in Mont-de-Marsan)
 * Gabas (in Toulouzette)
 * Léez (near Aire-sur-l'Adour)
 * Arros (near Riscle)
 * Bouès (near Marciac)
 * Échez (in Maubourguet)
 * Bidasoa (in Hendaye)

Mediterranean Sea
The rivers in this section are sorted west (Spain) to east (Italy).

 * Ebro/Èbre (near Deltebre, Spain)
 * Segre (in Mequinenza, Spain)
 * Tech (near Argelès-sur-Mer)
 * Têt (near Perpignan)
 * Agly (in Le Barcarès)
 * Aude (near Narbonne)
 * Orbieu (in Raissac-d'Aude)
 * Orb (in Valras-Plage)
 * Hérault (near Agde)
 * Vis (near Ganges)
 * Vidourle (in Le Grau-du-Roi)
 * Rhône (in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône)
 * Gard or Gardon (in Beaucaire)
 * Durance (in Avignon)
 * Calavon (near Caumont-sur-Durance)
 * Verdon (in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance)
 * Asse (in Valensole)
 * Bléone (in Les Mées)
 * Buëch (in Sisteron)
 * Ubaye (near La Bréole)
 * Guil (in Guillestre)
 * Ouvèze (near Avignon)
 * Cèze (in Codolet)
 * Ardèche (in Pont-Saint-Esprit)
 * Chassezac (in Saint-Alban-Auriolles)
 * Drôme (in Loriol-sur-Drôme)
 * Eyrieux (in Beauchastel)
 * Isère (near Valence)
 * Drac (in Grenoble)
 * Romanche (near Vizille)
 * Arc (near Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny)
 * Galaure (in Saint-Vallier)
 * Saône (in Lyon)
 * Azergues (in Anse)
 * Chalaronne (in Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne)
 * Veyle (near Mâcon)
 * Reyssouze (near Pont-de-Vaux)
 * Seille (near Tournus)
 * Sâne Vive (in Brienne)
 * Sâne Morte (in Ménetreuil)
 * Solnan (in Louhans)
 * Vallière (in Louhans)
 * Sevron (in Varennes-Saint-Sauveur)
 * Grosne (in Marnay)
 * Doubs (in Verdun-sur-le-Doubs)
 * Loue (near Dole)
 * Allaine/Allan (near Montbéliard)
 * Ouche (in Saint-Jean-de-Losne)
 * Tille (near Auxonne)
 * Ognon (in Pontailler-sur-Saône)
 * Côney (in Corre)
 * Ain (near Pont-de-Chéruy)
 * Albarine (in Châtillon-la-Palud)
 * Bourbre (in Chavanoz)
 * Fier (in Seyssel)
 * Chéran (in Rumilly)
 * Arve (in Geneva, Switzerland)
 * Touloubre (in Saint-Chamas via the Étang de Berre lagoon)
 * Arc (near Berre-l'Étang via the Étang de Berre)
 * Argens (in Fréjus)
 * Var (in Saint-Laurent-du-Var)
 * Estéron (in Saint-Martin-du-Var)
 * Tinée (near Utelle)
 * Roya (in Ventimiglia, Italy)

Corsica
The rivers in this section are listed counterclockwise around the Corsican coast starting from Cap Corse.

 * Golo (near Bastia)
 * Tavignano (in Aléria)
 * Taravo (near Propriano)
 * Cavu (near Zonza)

Po basin (Adriatic Sea)

 * Po/Pô (near Venice, Italy)
 * Dora Riparia/Doire Ripaire (in Turin, Italy)
 * Cenischia/Cenise (in Susa, Italy)

Longest rivers
The river lengths in the table below refer to the part of the rivers on French territory.

a Excluding the part of the river not on French territory.

Notes and references

 * Géoportail maps service
 * The Sandre database of rivers in France

title: List of rivers of France


text:
Trần Đức Lương

Trần Đức Lương (born 5 May 1937) is a Vietnamese politician who served as the sixth President of Vietnam from 1997 to 2006.

Early life
Trần Đức Lương was born in Đức Phổ District in Quảng Ngãi Province, and relocated to Hanoi after graduating from high school in 1954. He studied geology at Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, and was employed as a cartographer.

Career
He joined the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1959, and became a functionary of the party in the 1970s. In 1987, he became Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam. Member of the Politburo since June 1996, Trần Đức Lương was elected state president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on September 24, 1997, and re-elected in 2002. On June 24, 2006, Lương announced his resignation (along with Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải). Nguyễn Minh Triết was named to succeed Lương as president.

His retirement was quiet and he only joined the government national programs or state funerals of other senior members of the Communist Party.

Family
His son, Trần Tuấn Anh was the head of Central Economic Committee until the resignation in 2024.

In his family, there is another member who works as a social activist is Tran Van Anh- The second granddaughter of Tran Duc Luong. She graduated from Brown University, a private school in US with full scholarship in Economics and politics. Tran Van Anh and other members of the family has low-profile lifestyle and very limited public information of them compared to his son Trần Tuấn Anh. The only information available about the president's heir generation is that his second granddaughter now works for NGO sector under ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam. It's been stated that his family members will not become involved in politics.

Other family members of Trần Đức Lương work in commerce, trading field.

title: Trần Đức Lương