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Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector

The Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector (officially the Atlantic City Expressway Connector; also known as the Atlantic City Connector or Brigantine Connector) is a connector freeway in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States. It is a 2.37 mi extension of the Atlantic City Expressway, connecting it to New Jersey Route 87, which leads into Brigantine via the Marina district of Atlantic City. Locally, the freeway is known as "the Tunnel", due to the tunnel along its route that passes underneath the Westside neighborhood. The connector is a state highway owned and operated by the South Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA); it has an unsigned designation of Route 446X.

Proposals for a similar connector road in Atlantic City date to 1964; planning began in 1995 after businessman Steve Wynn proposed a new casino in the Marina district. The goals were to reduce traffic on Atlantic City streets and improve access to the Marina district and Brigantine. It was supported by Governor Christine Todd Whitman and Mayor Jim Whelan, but faced major opposition during its planning. Residents whose homes were to be destroyed for the tunnel construction fought the project, and competing casino owner Donald Trump filed lawsuits to prevent its construction.

Construction took almost three years and opened in July 2001 at a total cost of $330 million. Since its opening, the connector has served up to 30,000 vehicles daily, and affected the city's economy by bringing business to the casinos in the Marina district.

Route description

The Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector is a freeway located entirely within Atlantic City, New Jersey, and has a route length of 2.37 mi. It is a toll-free extension of the tolled Atlantic City Expressway (A.C. Expressway) and serves as a connector between the expressway and Route 87 near Brigantine. The connector averages two lanes per direction and has a posted speed limit of 35 mph. The northernmost 0.89 mi serves northbound traffic only, whereas southbound traffic travels along the parallel Route 87. Exits along the route are designated by letter from A to I. It is owned and operated by the SJTA and is classified by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) as a state highway, unsigned Route 446X, which is part of the National Highway System.

The route begins near the eastern terminus of the A.C. Expressway with a southbound-only exit to the Midtown and Downbeach districts. It then turns north along the western shore of Atlantic City and comes to a grade crossing with NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line adjacent to the Atlantic City Rail Terminal, followed by an interchange at Bacharach Boulevard. At 0.87 mi along the route, the freeway enters a 1957 ft tunnel under Horace Bryant Park in the Westside neighborhood. North of the tunnel is a southbound on-ramp from Route 87, followed by an interchange with U.S. Route 30 (US 30) via Route 187. After the US 30 interchange, the freeway continues for northbound traffic only, with an exit that serves as a U-turn to the southbound connector, an exit to Borgata and MGM Tower, and an exit to the Farley Marina and Golden Nugget Atlantic City. The final exit ramp leads to Harrah's Atlantic City, after which the northbound connector terminates as it merges onto Route 87 northbound, which continues into Brigantine via the Brigantine Bridge.

Initial proposals
The 44 mi A.C. Expressway was built from 1962 to 1965, connecting the Philadelphia metropolitan area with the coastal resort city of Atlantic City. During construction in 1964, the Atlantic City Planning Board proposed the Route 30 Connector, a connector road linking the end of the expressway in Midtown Atlantic City with US 30. The purpose of the connector was to reduce traffic congestion and improve access to the Marina district and the neighboring city of Brigantine. Because of a lack of funds and environmental concerns about construction near the adjacent wetlands, the connector project remained dormant until 1990 when plans for the road were included in a report by the city's Transportation Executive Council. A 1991 study found the project was environmentally feasible, and a route was proposed with a 1 mi elevated highway over the wetlands. Construction costs were estimated at $80 million, but due to a continuing lack of funds and the complexity of constructing above the wetlands, the project was again postponed.

Planning

Plans for the connector reemerged in 1995 following a proposal from real estate businessman and Mirage Resorts president Steve Wynn. The city of Atlantic City issued requests for proposals to developers interested in developing the H-Tract, a former landfill site in the Marina district. Wynn obtained the property from the city following his proposal to construct Le Jardin, a $1 billion casino resort. He said he would only build if better road access was provided directly to the site, which prompted state officials to revive the connector plans.

Governor Christine Todd Whitman created a transportation task force in September 1995 to consider options. It studied 11 alternative routes, including elevated highways, tunnels, and improvements to existing streets. In March 1996, the task force determined that the best alternative was the Westside Bypass route, which included a highway along the western shore of the city with a tunnel under the Westside neighborhood. Whitman formally adopted the task force's recommendation in July 1996, which ensured that the alternative would be built.

The goals of the project were to improve access to the Atlantic City Convention Center, the Marina district, and Brigantine, and to improve traffic flow along the city's streets. It was expected to accommodate 14,000 to 17,000 vehicles per day. The tunnel was designed to have as little impact on the surrounding environment as possible; its design included both portals on opposite ends of the community, with landscaping added between the construction site and adjacent homes. Nine existing homes along Horace J. Bryant Jr. Drive would be demolished for the construction of the tunnel. Funding for the project, formally known as the Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector, was approved in January 1997. The total cost of the project was $330 million (equivalent to $ million in ). To fund the project, Mirage Resorts paid $110 million, with the remainder coming from state funds from the SJTA ($60 million), the Transportation Trust Fund ($95 million), and the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority ($65 million).

Controversies

The project was controversial, as tunnel construction would displace homes in the Westside neighborhood, and residents vowed to fight it. Its opponents described the project as an effort to destroy a community, while supporters claimed it was necessary to reduce traffic and create new jobs at the planned casino. Atlantic City Mayor Jim Whelan, a supporter, felt the project would benefit the city. Mirage offered each affected property owner on Horace J. Bryant Jr. Drive $200,000 for their homes, an offer five of the nine accepted. A group of 92 Westside homeowners filed a lawsuit against the company and the city claiming the tunnel construction would require the demolition of "their stable, black neighborhood" and create health concerns, thus violating their rights.

Donald Trump, the chairman of Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts at the time, was also opposed to the connector, and paid the Westside residents' legal bills. Knowing that Wynn's casino would not be built without the connector, Trump also filed lawsuits against the use of state funds for the project. According to Whelan, Trump "didn't want the competition" with his three existing Atlantic City casinos, including Trump Marina, next to the site of Wynn's future casino at the H-Tract. Trump criticized the connector as a state-funded "private driveway" to Wynn's casino, and denounced the funding as "corporate welfare" that unfairly favored an out-of-state company (Mirage) over those that had previously made business investments in the city. He claimed that the tunnel would have "immense environmental impacts", and urged the state's Department of Environmental Protection to deny construction permits. Mirage and Wynn retaliated by filing an antitrust lawsuit against Trump Hotels alleging that the company's only goal was to prevent the Mirage resort from being built. The feud between Trump and Wynn over the connector was later the subject of the 2012 book The War at the Shore: Donald Trump, Steve Wynn, and the Epic Battle to Save Atlantic City, by former Mirage director Richard "Skip" Bronson.

According to the Las Vegas Sun, "more than a dozen" lawsuits were filed over the connector project. The lawsuit by the Westside homeowners was eventually dismissed by a federal judge in February 1998. Trump's legal battles against the project lasted four years; he dropped them in February 2001 in exchange for a settlement that would include a new ramp to provide access from the future H-Tract casino to Trump Marina. Trump agreed to pay half the ramp's $12 million cost. A group of New Jersey mayors who also opposed the project filed suit to block "an inappropriate use of state funds". Their lawsuit was also dismissed; the court found the construction of the connector necessary whether the casino was built or not.

Aside from the tunnel, the project was criticized for including a railroad grade crossing on a freeway. The design was opposed by the Federal Railroad Administration and rail advocacy groups for safety concerns; however, the SJTA said the design was a compromise to allow for a full interchange at Bacharach Boulevard and provide access to the convention center.

Construction
Construction bids for the design–build contract of the Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector were submitted to the SJTA in July 1997. The contract was awarded to the joint venture of Yonkers Contracting Company and Granite Construction who served as the general contractors. At the time of inception, the connector was the largest design–build project performed by the State of New Jersey. Permits were granted in October 1998, and the groundbreaking ceremony took place on November 4. Completion was originally scheduled for May 2001.

Excavation of the tunnel began in May 1999; the cut and cover method was used. The nine homes were demolished and a 2900 ft trench was dug down to 35 ft deep. A total 160000 cuyd of dirt were removed, most of which was reused to construct ramps at other sites on the connector. For the tunnel walls, 100000 cuyd of reinforced concrete were poured, and a 5 ft concrete roof was constructed on top of the tunnel where the homes once stood; the site was later turned into a neighborhood park. Since the tunnel runs adjacent to the Penrose Canal, groundwater was present 5 ft below the bottom of the trench, requiring a dewatering process to complete the construction. Technology was installed to monitor traffic flow and control the tunnel ventilation, which automatically triggers jet fans if carbon monoxide levels become too high. The tunnel is 14.5 ft high, but is restricted to vehicles with a maximum clearance of 14 ft.

In addition to the tunnel, the project included the construction of 16 overpasses, 15 ramps, and 23 retaining walls, plus landscaping, drainage, and the installation of variable-message signs. Workers also relocated public utility infrastructure, shifted 2000 ft of railroad tracks, rebuilt 3680 ft of bulkhead, and demolished a pumping station, a warehouse, and portions of a power station. A promenade at Trump Marina was leveled to make way for new ramps, and 37 ornamental lampposts were dismantled and later shipped to the nearby Tuckerton Seaport, which opened in 2000. To avoid disruptions in the neighborhood, construction materials were delivered by barge, and construction vehicles did not travel along any local streets.

During construction, Wynn sold Mirage Resorts to MGM Grand Inc. in 2000, forming the MGM Mirage company. Wynn's plans for his Atlantic City casino resort were cancelled. MGM Mirage took over the H-Tract site and renamed it Renaissance Pointe, and developed plans for Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa, which opened in 2003 after three years of construction.

Opening
A shortage of materials and delivery issues in late 2000 delayed the connector's opening from May to July 2001. The grand opening ceremony took place on July 27, with festivities including a pedestrian tunnel walk. The connector was expected to open to traffic that evening, but due to last-minute malfunctions with the tunnel's emergency communication system, it did not open to vehicles until July 31. Upon opening, the freeway was formally named the Atlantic City Expressway Connector, although it is called "the Tunnel" by locals. The ramp from Borgata to Trump Marina opened in 2003, which marked the completion of the connector project.

Once the connector opened, travel times between the Midtown and the Marina districts fell from fifteen minutes to four. Initial traffic volume was lower than expected; the connector served only 11,000 to 12,000 vehicles per day during its first several months, which was attributed to a decline in travel following the September 11 terrorist attacks. However, traffic increased the following year, and the connector served up to 20,000 vehicles daily by July 2002, significantly higher than the original projections. Due to the opening of Borgata in 2003, annual traffic volume increased by 25 percent that year, serving 30,000 vehicles daily. Whelan said "the impact of the [connector] project is undeniable" in improving traffic flow in the city and access to Brigantine. Traffic data from 2013 shows that the connector was used by 24,590 vehicles daily, including 1,229 trucks.

The connector also affected the city's economy and casino industry. Whelan credited the project for bringing Borgata, which has since become the city's top-grossing casino. Joe Kelly, executive director of the Greater Atlantic City Chamber of Commerce, said "the Connector has been vitally important to furthering Atlantic City's economic development objectives" by improving access to the Marina district and making it more "economically viable". State records from 2016 showed that the three casinos in the Marina district had an average annual gross revenue of $134 million, compared to $70 million for the casinos along the Atlantic City Boardwalk. Transportation analyst and former SJTA executive Anthony Marino cited the connector's ease of access to the Marina district casinos as a factor in their success and a challenge for boardwalk casinos; Whelan said it forced boardwalk casinos to reevaluate their business models.

The tunnel was used as a filming location in 2018 for the TV series Succession; the series portrayed the location as the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel in New York City.

title: Atlantic City–Brigantine Connector


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Brit Awards

The BRIT Awards (often simply called the BRITs) are the British Phonographic Industry's annual popular music awards. The name was originally a shortened form of "British", "Britain", or "Britannia" (in the early days the awards were sponsored by Britannia Music Club), but subsequently became a backronym for British Record Industry Trusts Show. The awards were first held in 1977 and originated as an annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industry's trade association, the BPI. In 1989, they were renamed The BRIT Awards. Mastercard has been the long-term sponsor of the event. In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for classical music, called the Classic BRIT Awards, was held annually between 2000 and 2013, before being revived in 2018 but has not been held since.

The highest profile music awards ceremony in the UK, the BRIT Awards have featured some of the most notable events in British popular culture, such as the final public appearance of Freddie Mercury, the Jarvis Cocker protest against Michael Jackson, the height of a high-profile feud between Oasis and fellow Britpop band Blur, the Union Jack dress worn by Geri Halliwell of the Spice Girls, and a Chumbawamba member throwing a bucket of iced water over then-Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. These moments took place in the 1990s when the ceremony had a reputation for being "a little shambolic, unpredictable and, at times, anarchic" with a criticism it has lost its edge since then and "evolved into a more polished, sanitised affair."

The BRIT Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox and Mick Fleetwood hosted a widely criticised show in which little went as rehearsed. From 1990 to 2006, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. From 2007, The BRIT Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV. That year, comedian Russell Brand was the host and three awards were dropped from the ceremony: British Rock Act, British Urban Act and British Pop Act. For the last time, on 16 February 2010, Earls Court in London was the venue for The BRITs. The BRIT Awards were held at the O2 Arena in London for the first time in 2011.

The BRIT Award statuette given to the winners features Britannia, the female personification of Britain. Since 2011, the statuette has been regularly redesigned by well known British artists, architects, and designers including Vivienne Westwood, Damien Hirst, Tracey Emin, Peter Blake, Zaha Hadid, Anish Kapoor, David Adjaye, Yinka Ilori and Es Devlin, Pam Hogg, Olaolu Slawn and Rachel Jones. In 1992, KLF opened the show and invited extreme metal band Extreme Noise Terror on stage, complete with flame-throwers, and fired machine gun blanks over the crowd. The group sent a dead sheep to the aftershow party, and later buried their BRIT Award statuette at Stonehenge signifying their abhorrence of the music industry. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most BRIT Awards, 13 as a solo artist and another five as part of Take That. Girl group Little Mix made history at the Brit Awards 2021, when they became the first female group to receive the award at the ceremony after 43 years since it was first introduced. In 2024, English singer-songwriter Raye, broke the record for the most nominations received by a single artist in a year with seven in total.

Ceremonies
The first awards ceremony was in 1977, as "The BRITish Record Industry BRITannia Awards", to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee and was televised by Thames Television. There has been an annual ceremony since 1982.

Broadcast
The 1988 BPI Awards was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on live television. The BBC had previously broadcast the ceremony from 1985, with the shows from 1982 to 1984 not broadcast on television. The BBC continued to broadcast the renamed BRIT Awards, live in 1989 and pre-recorded from 1990 to 1992. ITV have broadcast the awards since 1993, pre-recorded until 2006 and live from 2007 onwards. BBC Radio 1 has provided backstage radio coverage since 2008.

For many years, ITV have aired a launch show in January titled The BRITs Are Coming, which reveals some of the artists who have been nominated at the upcoming ceremony. Previous hosts include Jonathan Ross and Kate Thornton. The 2013, 2014 and March 2021 host was Nick Grimshaw, followed by Reggie Yates and Laura Whitmore in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Emma Willis hosted The BRITs Are Coming in 2017 and again in 2018 when it was broadcast live for the first time. Clara Amfo hosted the 2019 launch show and Alice Levine hosted in 2020. Grimshaw hosted the March 2021 The Brits Are Coming with Griff. The December 2021 launch show was hosted by Amfo and Maya Jama.

The 2023 edition took place on 11 February 2023 and was held, for the first time, on a weekend. The nominees for 2023 were announced via the BRITs social platforms on 12 January 2023 by Jack Saunders and Vick Hope.

BRITs

 * Notes

Electricians' strike (1987)
In 1987 the BPI Awards ceremony was held in the Great Room at the Grosvenor House Hotel. At the time there was a BBC electricians' strike in effect, and the organisers decided to use a non-TV events production company, called Upfront, to manage the show. Despite the show being picketed, the event was transmitted as intended. For a while, the outdoor broadcast scanner was rocked on its wheels by the protesters and they managed to shut off the power to one of the big GE video screen projectors. Upfront was then asked to organise the following year and persuaded the BPI to move the event to a larger venue, starting the trend that continues to this day, albeit at The O2, and with a different production company (MJK Productions).

Samantha Fox and Mick Fleetwood (1989)
In 1989, the ceremony was broadcast live and presented by Fleetwood Mac's Mick Fleetwood and singer Samantha Fox. The inexperience of the hosts, an ineffective autocue, and little preparation combined to create an unprofessional show that was poorly received. The hosts continually got their lines mixed up, a pre-recorded message from Michael Jackson was never transmitted and several guest stars arrived late on stage or at the wrong time, such as Boy George in place of The Four Tops.

Andy Bell and Boy George embrace (1989)
In accepting the award for British Group from Boy George at the 1989 awards, Andy Bell of Erasure kissed George on stage to cheers from the crowd, with Bell stating it was an act in protest against Section 28 introduced by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government that prohibited the "promotion" of homosexuality in schools.

Freddie Mercury's final public appearance (1990)
The 1990 awards ceremony saw the last public appearance of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury. Queen appeared at the ceremony to receive the Outstanding Contribution to Music. Mercury (who had been suffering from AIDS since 1987 but had not disclosed it to the public) did not make a speech, as Brian May did the talking on behalf of the other members, but his gaunt appearance was noticeable.

The KLF (1992)
In 1992, dance/art band The KLF was awarded Best British Group (shared with Simply Red) and were booked to open the show. In an attempt to hijack the event, the duo collaborated with grindcore metal band Extreme Noise Terror to perform a death metal version of the dance song "3 a.m. Eternal", a performance that prompted conductor Sir Georg Solti to walk out in disgust. The performance ended with Bill Drummond firing blanks from a vintage machine gun over the audience and KLF publicist/announcer Scott Piering stating "Ladies and gentlemen, The KLF have now left the music business". Producers of the show then refused to let a motorcycle courier collect the award on behalf of the band. Later that evening, the KLF dumped a dead sheep outside the venue of an after-show party, whilst their Brit Award was reportedly found buried in a field near Stonehenge in 1993.

Michael Jackson and Jarvis Cocker (1996)
In 1996, Michael Jackson was given a special Artist of a Generation award. At the ceremony he accompanied his single "Earth Song" with a stage show, culminating with Jackson as a 'Christ-like figure' surrounded by children. Jarvis Cocker, of the band Pulp, mounted the stage in what he would later claim as a protest at this portion of the performance. Cocker ran across the stage, lifting his shirt and pointing his (clothed) backside in Jackson's direction. Cocker was subsequently questioned by the police but was told he would not be prosecuted.

Regarding his actions, Cocker said, "My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing. I just ran on the stage. I didn't make any contact with anyone as far as I recall."

Oasis and Blur rivalry (1996)
1996 saw the height of a well-documented feud between Britpop bands Oasis and Blur. The differing styles of the bands, coupled with their prominence within the Britpop movement, led the British media to seize upon the rivalry between the bands. Both factions played along, with the Gallaghers taunting Blur at the 1996 BRIT Awards by singing a rendition of "Parklife" when they collected their award for Best British Group (with Liam Gallagher changing the lyrics to "Shite-life" and Noel Gallagher changing them to "Marmite").

Chumbawamba and John Prescott (1998)
In 1998, Danbert Nobacon of the politically active band Chumbawamba threw a bucket of iced water over then-Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. Despite apologies on behalf of the band from EMI Europe, Chumbawamba were unrepentant, saying, "If John Prescott has the nerve to turn up at events like the Brit Awards in a vain attempt to make Labour seem cool and trendy, then he deserves all we can throw at him."

Russell Brand (2007)
Some controversy was caused by the host of the 2007 awards ceremony, comedian Russell Brand, who made several quips relating to news stories of the time including Robbie Williams entering rehab for addiction to prescription drugs, the Queen's 'naughty bits' and a fatal friendly fire incident involving a British soldier killed by American armed forces in Iraq. ITV received over 300 complaint calls from viewers. He would again instigate controversy the following year at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards.

Adele speech cut short (2012)
Adele won the British Album of the Year widely regarded as the most coveted award. Less than half a minute into her acceptance speech, host James Corden was forced to cut Adele off in order to introduce Blur who were due to perform an eleven-minute set as they had received the Outstanding Contribution to Music and the ceremony was running over its allotted time. Adele was visibly annoyed and proceeded to raise her middle finger and the producers of the show came under fire on Twitter for the decision. Following the incident Adele said "I got cut off during my speech for Best Album and I flung the middle finger. But that finger was to the suits at The BRIT Awards, not to my fans". Adele received an apology from the show's organisers, who stated; "We send our deepest apologies to Adele that her big moment was cut short. We don't want this to undermine her incredible achievement in winning our night's biggest award. It tops off what's been an incredible year for her." Due to the tight schedule, only three of the five songs Blur played were broadcast on ITV.

Alex Turner speech (2014)
On 2014 Arctic Monkeys won the British Album of the Year. When the band got up on stage to receive the award, lead singer Alex Turner, started his speech by testing the mic and then talked about the cyclical nature of rock music, saying that even if its popularity declines it will never die as a music genre, while the rest of the band laughed in the background. He ended the speech by saying, "Invoice me for the microphone if you need to", dropped it to the ground, and left the stage. That night they became the first act to win both British Album and British Group three times. The speech divided both press and audience, being labeled as both "pretentious twaddle" and a sincere defence of the genre, as well as garnering reactions from other musicians, with Johnny Marr saying it was "quite poetic".

When asked a few days later, Turner said, "In public, I'm a quiet guy, so doing anything in front of lots of people always makes me nervous. I'm known for my music, not how well I deliver a speech. People always assume if you're in a band that's been on the scene for ages that you're going to be really confident, but that's not true at all." In a 2016 interview with Rolling Stone, he re-addressed the speech, "A lot of people thought I was waffling away on drugs, but I wasn't. I just can't pretend getting an award was something I've dreamed about since I was a kid, because it isn't." In 2022 when an interviewer implied the speech was akin to performance art, Turner seemed to agree. Wet Leg's singer Rhian Teasdale quoted part of Turner's speech, during the 2023 ceremony, as the band won New Artist.

David Bowie enters Scottish independence debate (2014)
At 67 years of age, the influential musician David Bowie became the oldest recipient of now defunct British Male Solo Artist. Bowie used his acceptance speech, delivered in his absence by Kate Moss, to urge Scotland to remain part of the UK in the September 2014 Scottish independence referendum. His speech read: "I'm completely delighted to have a Brit for being the best male – but I am, aren't I Kate? Yes. I think it's a great way to end the day. Thank you very, very much and Scotland stay with us." Bowie's unusual intervention in British politics garnered a significant reaction throughout the UK on social media.

Little Mix Best British Group win and speech (2021)
In 2021, Little Mix's win for British Group marked the first time that a girl group had won that award since it was first introduced in 1977. The group used their acceptance speech to call out white male dominance, misogyny, sexism and lack of diversity in the industry. Fellow group member Leigh-Anne Pinnock stated "It's not easy being a female in the UK pop industry. We've all seen the white male dominance, misogyny, sexism, and lack of diversity. We're proud of how we've stuck together, stood for our group, surrounded ourselves with strong women, and are now using our voices more than ever."

Little Mix also called out the awards ceremony for the lack of nominations and wins for female groups in the category while paying homage to previous "female bands" including the Spice Girls, Sugababes, All Saints, and Girls Aloud etc, who all had made significant contributions to pop culture in the UK but were overlooked by the Brit Awards.

Raye sets a new record (2024)
At the Brit Awards 2024, English singer-songwriter Raye received seven nominations, making her the most nominated artist in a single year breaking a record held by Gorillaz, Craig David and Robbie Williams. Furthermore, she broke the record for the most wins received in a single night with six in total.

Spice Girls' performance of "Wannabe" and "Who Do You Think You Are" (1997)
Ginger Spice, Geri Halliwell, wore a Union Jack dress. Spicemania was at its height in the UK and the Spice Girls had just cracked the US as well, reaching Number 1 with their debut single and album. Halliwell was originally going to wear an all-black dress, but she thought it was too boring so her sister sewed on a Union Jack tea towel, with a 'peace' sign on the back. The now iconic red, white and blue mini-dress was worn during the Spice Girls' performance of their Number 1 song "Who Do You Think You Are". In 1998 she sold her dress in a charity auction to Hard Rock Cafe in Las Vegas for a record £41,320, giving Halliwell the Guinness World Record for the most expensive piece of pop star clothing ever sold. This performance won the Spice Girls the award for "BRITs Hits 30 – Best Live Performance at The BRIT Awards" at the 2010 BRIT Awards, with Samantha Fox presenting the award to Geri Halliwell and Mel B.

Geri Halliwell's performance of "Bag It Up" (2000)
Three years following the iconic Spice Girls performance, Halliwell, now a solo artist, performed her new single "Bag It Up" at the 2000 BRIT Awards. The performance featured Halliwell emerging, whilst dancing on with a pole, from a pair of large inflatable female legs. As the performance continued, her male backing dancers stripped to their pink briefs whilst dancing with the Union Jack flag. It is widely believed that Halliwell lip-synced her performance. In addition to all this, the performance is famous for being performed on the same night that the Spice Girls received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, which Halliwell declined to accept with her former bandmates.

Gorillaz's performance of "Clint Eastwood" (2002)
When it was announced that past Brit Award recipient Damon Albarn, and his project Gorillaz, would be taking the stage at the 2002 Brit Awards, no one knew what to expect. The four cartoon members of the band performed the song on giant life size screens (an early version of a 3D hologram) without the Blur frontman being present at all. The band performed their hit single "Clint Eastwood" alongside UK underground rap group Phi Life Cypher and a group of silhouetted female dancers mimicking the zombies from the band's music video. The performance received rapturous cheers and applause.

Girls Aloud's performance of "The Promise" (2009)
English-Irish girl group Girls Aloud marked their first ever performance at the 2009 ceremony, by performing their single "The Promise". The performance saw the members, Cheryl Cole, Kimberley Walsh, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Nadine Coyle appear as though they were naked, with their modesty being covered by pink feather fans. This performance was nominated in the 2010 ceremony for the "BRITs Hits 30 – Best Live Performance at The BRIT Awards", alongside Oasis and The Who, which the Spice Girls eventually went on to win.

Adele's performance of "Someone like You" (2011)
Adele performed her song "Someone like You" at the 2011 BRITs with only a piano accompanying her. Her emotional performance was received with a standing ovation at the O2 Arena and the video has received 187 million views so far on YouTube. The performance launched "Someone Like You" 46 spots up the UK charts to Number 1, and in the process, made Adele the first artist in the UK since The Beatles to have two top five singles and two top five albums at the same time. The performance had all lights down and focused on Adele and her piano.

Madonna's performance of "Living for Love" (2015)
Madonna's live return to BRIT Awards after 20 years was widely promoted in the media in the days leading up to the ceremony and during the show itself. During the performance of "Living for Love", she walked onstage wearing an oversized cape. When standing on stairs situated on the stage, the cape's cord failed to separate, so when Madonna's backing dancer pulled the cape behind her, she fell down the stairs and noticeably hit the stage hard. She paused momentarily as her backing music continued, before she managed to separate herself from the cape and then continued performing. In an interview on The Jonathan Ross Show, Madonna blamed her fall on a wardrobe malfunction as her cape had been tied too tightly so it could not be unfastened in time, before adding: "I had a little bit of whiplash, I smacked the back of my head. And I had a man standing over me with a flashlight until about 3am to make sure I was compos mentis. I know how to fall, I have fallen off my horse many times."

Katy Perry and Skip Marley's performance of "Chained to the Rhythm" (2017)
In the leadup to the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Katy Perry was a major endorsement for Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, performing at many of her rallies and speaking at public events. After Donald Trump won the election, Perry returned to recording her fifth studio album and in February 2017 released "Chained to the Rhythm". During the performance, she was joined onstage by two large skeletal puppets dressed as Trump and British Prime Minister Theresa May. The performance was also notable as a backing dancer fell offstage at the end of the performance whilst wearing a house costume.

Current

 * British Album of the Year
 * British Artist of the Year
 * British Single of the Year
 * British Producer of the Year
 * British Group
 * Best New Artist
 * Songwriter of the Year
 * British Pop Act
 * British Dance Act
 * British R&B Act
 * British Rock/Alternative Act
 * British Hip Hop/Rap/Grime Act
 * Rising Star Award
 * International Solo Artist
 * International Group
 * International Song

Defunct

 * British Artist Video of the Year (1985–2021)
 * British Male Solo Artist (1977, 1982–2021)
 * British Female Solo Artist (1977, 1982–2021)
 * British Live Act (2005–2009, 2013)
 * Classical Recording (1982–1993)
 * Classical Soloist Album (1977)
 * Comedy Recording (1985)
 * International Album (1977, 2002–2011)
 * International Artist (1983–1985)
 * International Male Solo Artist (1989–2021)
 * International Female Solo Artist (1989–2021)
 * International Breakthrough Act (1988–2012)
 * Non-Musical Recording (1977)
 * Orchestral Album (1977)
 * Soundtrack/Cast Recording (1985–2001)

Special

 * Artist of a Generation (1996)
 * Biggest Selling Album Act (1998)
 * Biggest Selling Album & Single of 1993 (1994)
 * Biggest Selling Live Act of 1999 (2000)
 * Brits Billion Award (2023–present)
 * British Album of 30 Year (2010)
 * British Song of 25 Year (2005)
 * Freddie Mercury Award (1996, 1998–1999)
 * Global Success Award (2013–2019)
 * Icon Award (2014, 2016–2017, 2021)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award (1983, 1989)
 * Live Performance of 30 Year (2010)
 * Most Successful Live Act (1993)
 * Outstanding Contribution to Music (1977, 1982–1988, 1990–2010, 2012, 2019)
 * Sony Trophy Award for Technical Excellence (1983–1984)
 * Special Award (1983, 1985)
 * Special Recognition (2013)

Voting procedure
According to The BRIT Awards website, the list of eligible artists, albums, and singles is compiled by the Official Charts Company and submitted to the voting academy, which consists of over 1,000 members of the music industry, including the previous year's nominees and winners. The voters use a secure online website to vote, and the voting is scrutinized by Electoral Reform Services. The concept of fan voting was abolished after the 2019 Brit Awards, but brought back in 2022.

Performances
Coldplay are the act with most performances ever, with five opening presentations and eight overall, followed by Take That and band member Robbie Williams, who performed seven times each. Adele has performed at five ceremonies, the most amongst female artists.

Most successful acts
There have been numerous acts, both groups and individuals, that have won multiple awards. The table below shows those that have won four or more awards.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brit Awards


text:
Park Avenue

Park Avenue is a boulevard in New York City that carries north and southbound traffic in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx. For most of the road's length in Manhattan, it runs parallel to Madison Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east. Park Avenue's entire length was formerly called Fourth Avenue; the title still applies to the section between Cooper Square and 14th Street. The avenue is called Union Square East between 14th and 17th Streets, and Park Avenue South between 17th and 32nd Streets.

Early years and railroad construction
Because of its designation as the widest avenue on Manhattan's East Side, Park Avenue originally carried the tracks of the New York and Harlem Railroad built in the 1830s, just a few years after the adoption of the Manhattan street grid. The railroad's right-of-way at ground level forced foot and carriage traffic onto either side of the tracks. Later on, the railroad was run through an open cut tunnel under Murray Hill, which was then covered with grates and grass between 34th and 40th Street in the early 1850s. A section of this "park" was later renamed Park Avenue in 1860. Park Avenue's original southern terminus was at 34th Street, and the newly renamed Park Avenue was given its own house-numbering system separate from that of Fourth Avenue. The address 1 Park Avenue was assigned to a house at 101 East 34th Street, at the northeast corner of Park Avenue and 34th Street.

The Harlem Railroad was later incorporated into the New York Central Railroad, and a terminal for the New York Central at 42nd Street, the Grand Central Depot, opened in 1871. But the tracks laid to the new terminal proved problematic. There were originally no grade-separated crossings of the railroads between 42nd and 59th Streets. As such, they required railroad crossings along Fourth Avenue, which resulted in frequent accidents; seven people died within 12 days of the Hudson River Railroad's move to Grand Central.

In 1872, shortly after the opening of Grand Central Depot, New York Central owner Cornelius Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project. The tracks between 48th and 56th Streets were to be moved into a shallow open cut, while the segment between 56th and 97th Streets, which was in a rock cut, would be covered over. After the improvements were completed in 1874, the railroads, approaching Grand Central Depot from the north, descended into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continued underground into the new depot. As part of the project, Fourth Avenue was transformed into a boulevard with a median strip that covered the railroad's ventilation grates. Eight footbridges crossed the tracks between 45th and 56th Streets, and there were also vehicular overpasses at 45th and 48th Streets. The boulevard north of Grand Central was renamed Park Avenue in 1888.

Grand Central and Terminal City
A fatal collision between two trains occurred under Park Avenue in 1902, in part because the smoke coming from the steam trains obscured the signals. The New York state legislature subsequently passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan. By December 1902, as part of an agreement with the city, New York Central agreed to put the approach to Grand Central Station from 46th to 59th Streets in an open cut under Park Avenue, and to upgrade the tracks to accommodate electric trains. Overpasses would be built across the open cut at most of the cross-streets. The new electric-train terminal, Grand Central Terminal, was opened in 1913.

After the electric trains were buried underground, the area around Park Avenue in the vicinity of Grand Central was developed into several blocks worth of prime real estate called Terminal City. Stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues, it came to include the Chrysler Building and other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; and an array of high-end hotels that included the Marguery, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria. In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building (now called the Helmsley Building), straddling Park Avenue north of the terminal.

The Park Avenue Viaduct reroutes Park Avenue around Grand Central Terminal between 40th and 46th Streets, allowing Park Avenue traffic to traverse around the building and over 42nd Street without encumbering nearby streets. The western (now southbound) leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919, but congestion developed soon after the viaduct's opening, so an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added in 1928.

Later years
The developer Henry Mandel acquired the lots on the eastern side of Fourth Avenue between 32nd and 33rd Street in 1923 under the name "One Park Avenue Corporation". To ensure his corporate name was accurate, Mandel asked the New York City Board of Aldermen to move Park Avenue's southern terminus to 32nd Street. The change went into effect on December 1, 1924, and address numbers along Park Avenue were changed accordingly. The previous house numbered 1 Park Avenue was occupied by Martha Bacon, widow of diplomat Robert Bacon, who led the opposition to the renumbering. The Board of Aldermen summarily overturned the name change, but Mayor John Hylan vetoed the move in April 1925. This prompted Bacon to appeal the decision to the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, which overturned Hylan's veto in November 1927, on the basis that the extension of Park Avenue to 32nd Street had been made for the benefit of a developer. Mandel's development at 32nd Street was thus known as 461–477 Fourth Avenue, and the developers of that building sued to reverse the appellate ruling. The New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, reversed the appellate ruling in February 1928. Bacon contemplated bringing up the matter with the United States Supreme Court, but she ultimately relented, changing her address to "Park Avenue at 34th" by 1930.

In 1927, the medians on Park Avenue north of Grand Central were trimmed to add one lane of traffic in each direction. This project eliminated the pedestrian path on the medians, as they became much narrower. The median was extended by one block from 96th Street to 97th Street in 1941, creating the only remaining median on Park Avenue with a pedestrian path and seating. In the 1920s the portion of Park Avenue from Grand Central to 96th Street saw extensive apartment building construction. This long stretch of the avenue contains some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Real estate at 740 Park Avenue, for example, sells for several thousand dollars per square foot.

In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic. Efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unsuccessful.

A tradition was introduced in 1945 as a memorial to American soldiers killed in action, whereby Christmas trees are placed in the median and lit up on the first Sunday in December at Brick Presbyterian Church. On May 5, 1959, the New York City Council voted 20–1 to change the name of Fourth Avenue between 17th and 32nd Streets to Park Avenue South. The renaming, along with a ban on overhanging signs along the newly renamed Park Avenue South, was intended to improve the character of the avenue. Unlike with the earlier renamings of Park Avenue, the address numbers of Park Avenue South continued from those on the remaining section of Fourth Avenue. The Pan Am Building (now MetLife Building), in between the Park Avenue Viaduct's legs north of Grand Central Terminal, was opened in 1963.

In September 2007, the Metro-North Railroad reached an agreement with the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to install pedestrian traffic signals along Park Avenue between 46th Street and 56th Street. The two sides had feuded over the issue since 1982, when Penn Central controlled the Park Avenue Tunnel. In 1997, the NYCDOT commissioner stated that signals would be installed during an upcoming phase of reconstruction in the Grand Central area. The $35 million project, whose cost was split between Metro-North and the city, was approved by the MTA Board later that month. It called for the installation of 12 pedestrian signals and 8 traffic signals at the eleven intersections and the renovation of the sidewalks and streets around Grand Central to prevent rainwater from seeping into the tunnel. Car traffic in this area had been controlled by traffic lights on a pole at each intersection in the middle of the median, instead of the usual four from each direction, resulting in a relatively high rate of pedestrian injuries. Additional traffic lights and pedestrian signals had not been added because this area of Park Avenue was located directly atop the roof of the Park Avenue Tunnel, with the street being 8 in above the roof in some locations. Because the roof was 18 to 24 in thick, there was not enough room to provide a foundation for the traffic poles without puncturing the structure. Due to the high cost of making these upgrades, and the lack of cooperation between the New York City Department of Transportation and Metro-North, which had opposed any solution that would modify the tunnel roof, the project was delayed for several years. The project had been estimated to cost $200,000 per intersection in 1994. As part of the new agreement, Metro-North designed a way to anchor the traffic signals in the deck and tunnel roof. Pedestrian signals and gantry-mounted traffic signals were installed at these intersections in July 2010.

On March 12, 2014, two apartment buildings near 116th Street, 1644 and 1646 Park Avenue, were destroyed in a gas explosion. Eight people were killed and many others were injured.

Manhattan
The road that becomes Park Avenue originates at the Bowery. From Cooper Square at 8th Street to Union Square at 14th Street, it is known as Fourth Avenue, a 70 foot road carrying northbound traffic. At 14th Street, it turns slightly northeast to align with other avenues drawn up in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. From 14th Street to 17th Street, it forms the eastern boundary of Union Square and is known as Union Square East; its southbound lanes merge with Broadway south of 15th Street, and the thoroughfare divides into two distinct portions in the one-block section between 14th and 15th Streets. From 17th Street to 32nd Street, it is known as Park Avenue South. Address numbers on Park Avenue South are a continuation of those on Fourth Avenue; for example, 225 Park Avenue South was originally known as 225 Fourth Avenue.

Above 32nd Street, for the remainder of its distance, it is known as Park Avenue, a 140 ft boulevard. The address numbers for Park Avenue are reset above 32nd Street; for example, the address 1 Park Avenue would ordinarily have been numbered 461 Fourth Avenue. Between 33rd Street and 40th Street, the leftmost northbound lane descends into the Murray Hill Tunnel. North of 40th Street, the center lanes of Park Avenue rise onto an elevated structure that goes around Grand Central Terminal and the MetLife Building (formerly the Pan Am Building), carrying each direction of traffic on opposite sides of the buildings. The bridge, one of two structures in Manhattan known as the Park Avenue Viaduct, returns to ground level at 46th Street after going through the Helmsley Building (also referred to as the New York Central Building or 230 Park Avenue). The IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs under this portion of the street. Once the line reaches Grand Central–42nd Street, it shifts east to Lexington Avenue.

As Park Avenue enters Midtown north of Grand Central Terminal, it is distinguished by many glass-box skyscrapers that serve as headquarters for corporations and investment banks such as Société Générale, JPMorgan Chase at 270 Park Avenue and 277 Park Avenue, UBS at 299 Park Avenue, Citigroup at 399 Park Avenue, Colgate-Palmolive, and MetLife at the MetLife Building. From 47th to 97th Streets, the tracks for Metro-North Railroad's Park Avenue main line run in the Park Avenue Tunnel underneath Park Avenue. At 97th Street, the tracks come above ground, rising onto the other Manhattan structure known as the Park Avenue Viaduct. The first street to pass under the viaduct is 102nd Street; from there to the Harlem River the railroad viaduct runs down the middle of Park Avenue. Park Avenue in Manhattan ends north of 132nd Street, with connections to the Harlem River Drive.

The flowers and greenery in the median of Manhattan's Park Avenue are privately maintained, by the Fund for Park Avenue. The begonia was specifically chosen by the Fund's gardeners because there is no automatic watering system and the floral variety is resilient under hot sun rays.

The Bronx
The avenue is continued on the other side of the river in the Bronx. In the Bronx, Park Avenue begins at East 135th Street in the Mott Haven neighborhood. The entire avenue is divided by Metro-North's own right of way in the borough. Between East 135th Street to East 173rd Street, Park Avenue is one way only in either direction in most sections. North of East 173rd Street it is a two way avenue continuing to Fordham Plaza where it ends.

Businesses
The following institutions are either headquartered or have significant business presences on Park Avenue:
 * Arconic
 * American Airlines at 2 Park Ave.
 * Americas Society
 * Asia Society
 * Bankers Trust
 * The Blackstone Group at 345 Park Ave.
 * Bristol Myers Squibb
 * British Airways at 2 Park Ave.
 * Cantor Fitzgerald at 499 Park Ave.
 * Citigroup at 399 Park Ave.
 * Colgate-Palmolive at 300 Park Ave.
 * Council on Foreign Relations
 * Credit Suisse at 324 Park Ave.
 * C. V. Starr at 90 Park Ave.
 * Deutsche Bank
 * Digitas
 * Environmental Defense Fund
 * EXL Service
 * FactSet at 90 Park Ave.
 * Ferrari
 * Heineken International
 * Hilb, Rogal & Hobbs Co.
 * Hachette Book Group USA at 237 Park Ave.
 * Houlihan Lokey at 245 Park Ave.
 * Hunter College
 * JPMorgan Chase & Co. at 270 Park Ave.
 * KPMG
 * Leucadia National
 * Lenox Hill Hospital
 * Major League Baseball
 * Maserati
 * Mercedes-Benz
 * MetLife at 200 Park Ave.
 * M&T Bank
 * Mutual of America at 320 Park Ave.
 * The National Football League
 * Needham & Company
 * New York Life
 * Oneworld at 2 Park Ave.
 * Piper Jaffray at 345 Park Ave.
 * Raymond James at 320 Park Ave.
 * Reed Elsevier
 * Sanofi-Aventis
 * Seligman
 * Sefaria
 * Société Générale
 * Tata Consultancy Services
 * Twitch Interactive, Inc.
 * Vivendi SA
 * UBS at 299 Park Ave.
 * The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel at 301 Park Ave.
 * Warner Bros. Discovery at 230 Park Ave.

Notable structures
In north-south order:

 * Daryl Roth Theatre
 * 44 Union Square
 * Everett Building, 200 Park Avenue South
 * W New York Union Square, 201 Park Avenue South
 * 225 Park Avenue South
 * Church Missions House, 281 Park Avenue South
 * United Charities Building, 287 Park Avenue South
 * 300 Park Avenue South
 * Metropolitan Life North Building, 324 Park Avenue South
 * New York Life Building, 364–378 Park Avenue South
 * 2 Park Avenue –designed by Ely Jacques Kahn
 * 3 Park Avenue
 * 4 Park Avenue, formerly the Vanderbilt Hotel
 * Robb House, 41 Park Avenue
 * Adelaide L. T. Douglas House, 57 Park Avenue
 * Scandinavia House – The Nordic Center in America, 58 Park Avenue
 * Our Saviour Roman Catholic Church, 59 Park Avenue
 * Union League Club
 * 101 Park Avenue
 * Pershing Square Building, 125 Park Avenue
 * Grand Central Terminal (actually in Park Avenue, between the Park Avenue Viaduct's two roadways)
 * MetLife Building, 200 Park Avenue
 * Helmsley Building, 230 Park Avenue
 * 245 Park Avenue
 * 270 Park Avenue – replaced the Union Carbide Building
 * 277 Park Avenue
 * 299 Park Avenue
 * Waldorf Astoria New York, 301 Park Avenue
 * St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church
 * 345 Park Avenue
 * Racquet and Tennis Club, 370 Park Avenue
 * Park Avenue Plaza
 * Seagram Building, 375 Park Avenue –designed by Mies van der Rohe
 * Lever House, 390 Park Avenue –designed by Gordon Bunshaft
 * 399 Park Avenue
 * 425 Park Avenue
 * 432 Park Avenue – At completion in 2015, was the tallest residential building in the world
 * Ritz Tower, 465 Park Avenue
 * Halstead Property, 499 Park Avenue
 * 500 Park Avenue
 * Trump Park Avenue, 502 Park Avenue
 * Central Presbyterian Church, 593 Park Avenue
 * 620 Park Avenue
 * Seventh Regiment Armory, 643 Park Avenue
 * 655 Park Avenue
 * Harold Pratt House, 58 East 68th Street (corner of Park Avenue)
 * Park Avenue Houses
 * Percy R. Pyne House, 680 Park Avenue (now the Americas Society)
 * Oliver D. Filley House, 684 Park Avenue (now the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute)
 * William Sloane House, 686 Park Avenue (now the Italian Cultural Institute of New York)
 * Henry P. Davison House, 690 Park Avenue (now the Italian Consulate General)
 * 720 Park Avenue
 * Asia Society, 725 Park Avenue
 * 740 Park Avenue
 * 778 Park Avenue
 * 970 Park Avenue
 * Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, 980 Park Avenue
 * 1000 Park Avenue
 * Park Avenue Christian Church, 1010 Park Avenue
 * Brick Presbyterian Church, 1140 Park Avenue

Rail transit
Metro-North Railroad's Grand Central Terminal, serving the Harlem Line, Hudson Line, and New Haven Line, is at 42nd Street and Park Avenue. The MNR's Park Avenue main line runs along Park Avenue in both boroughs between Grand Central and Fordham station, with stations in between at 125th Street, 162nd Street, and Tremont Avenue.

The New York City Subway's adjacent Grand Central–42nd Street station serves the. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line additionally runs under Park Avenue and its extensions from 41st to 8th Streets. The 33rd Street, 28th Street, 23rd Street, and Astor Place stations are served by the, while the 14th Street-Union Square station is served by the.

Bus service
The southbound M98 Limited runs on Park Avenue between Harlem River Drive and 120th Street, stopping at the Harlem-125th Street station. The northbound M1, M2, and M3 serve Park Avenue between 8th Street and 25th Street. The southbound SIM1, SIM3, SIM4, SIM33, X27 and X28 express bus routes serve Park Avenue during off-peak hours. No buses run along Park Avenue in the Bronx, although Fordham Plaza Bus Terminal is located at the northern end of the road.

In popular culture

 * The song "Puttin' On the Ritz", from the film Blue Skies (1946), refers to affluent people strutting "up and down Park Avenue".
 * The 1961 stage and film musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying takes place in the fictional "Park Avenue office building of World Wide Wicket Company, Inc."
 * The 1936 film Theodora Goes Wild, the bachelor apartment of Michael Grant is located on Park Avenue.
 * In the intro to the mid 1960s – early 1970s TV show Green Acres, Eva Gabor's character sings "Darling I love you, but give me Park Avenue!", where she lived before moving to rural Hooterville with her husband, the lawyer-turned-farmer.
 * In the TV series The Odd Couple, Felix Unger and Oscar Madison live at 1049 Park Avenue.
 * In the 1971 film Carnal Knowledge, the characters of Jack Nicholson and Art Garfunkel can be seen walking up Park Avenue, past the crossing with East 52nd Street.
 * In the TV series Diff'rent Strokes, Phillip Drummond, with his daughter, Kimberly and adopted sons, Willis and Arnold Jackson live at 697 Park Avenue.
 * In the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, WASP bond trader Sherman McCoy lives in an apartment on Park Avenue, signifying his financial success.
 * In the multi-platinum 1989 hit single "Youth Gone Wild" by American band Skid Row, Park Avenue is mentioned in the lyrics: "I said 'Hey man, there's something that you oughta know. / I tell ya Park Avenue leads to Skid Row.'"
 * In The Simpsons episode "E-I-E-I-D'oh", Homer is ridiculed by two farmers outside Sneed's Feed & Seed (Formerly Chuck's) for having a "Park Avenue manicure". Homer responds by saying "I'm sorry, I believe in good grooming".
 * The PBS documentary Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream sheds light on the gap between the impoverished people living on Park Avenue in the South Bronx and the extremely wealthy living at 740 Park Avenue in Manhattan.
 * General Motors borrowed the name of the street for the Buick Park Avenue, a large luxury sedan that was produced first as the premium trim line for the Buick Electra from 1977 to 1990, and as a standalone model from 1991 to 2005.
 * In the 2017 video game Sonic Forces, one of the main stage takes place on Park Avenue, the stage re-imagined as a war zone.
 * In the second season of Riverdale, one of the main characters from the show, Veronica Lodge is said to have lived on Park Avenue when she was back in New York City.
 * In an episode in the second season of Seinfeld, "The Chinese Restaurant", one character that cuts in front of the main characters Jerry, Elaine, and George at a restaurant in Manhattan is said to live there, implying that he is incredibly wealthy and deserving of the special treatment.
 * In the sixth season of Mad Men, Don Draper's address appears on an envelope as "783 Park Avenue, apt. 17B".
 * In the 2012 film The Avengers, the climax takes place on the Park Avenue Viaduct.
 * In the 2020 miniseries The Undoing

title: Park Avenue


text:
New Jersey Route 172

Route 172 is a short state highway in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. The designation runs along the southernmost leg of George Street, which is county and city-maintained the rest of the way. Route 172 is 0.69 mi long, serving as a connector from an intersection with County Route 527 (CR 527) and Paul Robeson Boulevard to an interchange with Route 18. The highway was assigned in the 1950s, when nearby Route 18 was realigned onto a new freeway over Burnet Street in New Brunswick. Route 172 underwent a major upgrade during the reconstruction of Route 18, including a roundabout at an intersection with CR 617, and a brand-new interchange with the local lanes of Route 18.

Route description
Route 172 begins at the intersection of Paul Robeson Boulevard (formerly Commercial Avenue prior to 2019) and George Street (CR 527, signed as CR 672) in New Brunswick. Route 172 (with CR 527 unsigned at this point) travels as a two-lane road southeast along George Street first passing residences before intersecting Bishop Street and Jones Avenue where both sides of the road become flanked by the Douglass Campus of Rutgers University. It intersects Nichol Avenue and Chapel Drive which both serve the campus. The road crosses a small stream and passes under a pedestrian overpass before reaching a roundabout marking the northern terminus of CR 617 (Ryders Lane). Route 172 turns to the north and becomes a four-lane small divided highway. A pair of jughandles serve Gibbons Drive with a signalized intersection in the center. Past this intersection, a ramp providing access for eastbound Route 172 traffic to Route 18 south exits the state highway. Route 172 crosses over the southbound lanes and the northbound express lanes of Route 18 before the state highway terminates at a signalized intersection with the northbound local lanes of Route 18.

History
Route 172 originated as alignment of State Highway Route S-28, which was assigned in the 1927 state highway renumbering. In the 1953 renumbering, State Highway Route S-28 was reassigned as Route 18. However, just a few years after the designation of Route 18 in New Brunswick along George Street, construction of a bypass around New Brunswick began. The highway was constructed along Burnet Street, which became state-maintained by the State Highway Department. The route was completed to Route 27, and Route 18 was moved onto that alignment. The former alignment of Route 18 remained state-maintained up to the intersection with Commercial Avenue, which was eventually re-designated as Route 172.

When the New Jersey Department of Transportation started construction on upgrading the bypass, the fly-over ramp and on-ramp to and from Route 172 were torn down for construction of a new interchange along a new local/express format. The overpass was closed on October 12, 2007 to begin the construction. The bridge was built by 1955 and was replaced in 2008. On January 2, 2009, the new exit ramp for Route 18 to Route 172 was reopened to traffic.

title: New Jersey Route 172


text:
British degree abbreviations

Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards. Many degree titles have more than one possible abbreviation, with the abbreviation used varying between different universities. In the UK it is normal not to punctuate abbreviations for degrees with full stops (e.g. "BSc" rather than "B.Sc."), although this is done at some universities.

Overview
The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies lays down five levels of qualification with the title of degree: foundation (not in Scotland), ordinary and honours bachelor's (only separate levels in Scotland), master's and doctoral. These relate to specific outcome-based level descriptors and are tied to the Bologna Process.

It is common to put the name of the awarding institute in brackets after the degree abbreviation, e.g. BA (Lond). A list of standard abbreviations for British universities can be found at.

Note that the lists below include historical degrees that may not currently be offered in British universities.

Anomalies
For historical reasons some universities (the ancient universities of England and Scotland) do not fully adhere to the Framework (particularly with respect to the title of Master of Arts), and degrees in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine are titled as bachelor's degrees despite being at master's level.

Undergraduate Master of Arts degrees
The usage in the ancient universities is not consistent with the Framework or the Bologna Process. The ancient universities of England (Oxford and Cambridge) grant an MA degree that is not a substantive qualification but reflects the ancient practice of these universities of promoting BAs to MAs (and thus full membership of the University) a few years after graduating (see Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)). The ancient universities of Scotland award an undergraduate MA (see Scottish MA) instead of a BA. For students to obtain a master's degree consistent with the framework in these ancient English universities, they have created the MSt (Master of Studies) to address this anomaly and differentiate between the degrees, both master's.

The MAs from Aberdeen, Heriot-Watt, Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews are considered bachelor's level qualifications on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and first cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process, while the Oxbridge MAs are considered "not academic qualifications" (the actual qualification being the BA).

Master's level bachelor's degrees
Conversely, some bachelor's degrees in the "higher faculties" at the older universities in the UK (e.g. those other than arts at Oxford and Cambridge) are postgraduate qualifications (e.g. the BCL and BMus at Oxford). Many have been changed to the corresponding master's degree (e.g. BSc is now MSc at Oxford), but only within the last generation. The BD (Bachelor of Divinity) remains a higher degree at some universities (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews and, until recently, Durham) but is an undergraduate degree at most (e.g. London, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow).

Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science, while undergraduate degrees, are longer courses and are considered to be master's level qualifications in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and second cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process.

Bachelor/Master/Doctor of Philosophy
There is an international (but not universal) custom that certain degrees will be designated '.... of Philosophy'. Examples are the BPhil (Bachelor of Philosophy), MPhil (Master of Philosophy) and PhD or DPhil (Doctor of Philosophy). Most recipients of such degrees have not engaged in a specialised study of academic philosophy - the degree is available for almost the whole range of disciplines. The origins lie in the ancient practice of regarding all areas of study as elements of 'philosophy' with its Greek meaning, 'friend of wisdom'. Thus holders of an MPhil degree may have earned it in any academic discipline.

Foundation level qualifications
These qualifications sit at level 5 (foundation level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are short cycle (within or linked to the first cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process.

See also Foundation degree.

 * FdA - Foundation of Arts
 * FDA - Foundation Degree of the Arts
 * FDArts - Foundation Degree of the Arts
 * FDEd - Foundation Degree of Education
 * FdEng - Foundation of Engineering
 * FDEng - Foundation Degree of Engineering
 * FDS- Foundation Degree of Science
 * FdSc - Foundation of Sciences

Bachelor's level qualifications
These qualifications sit at level 6 (bachelor's level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications under the Bologna Process.

Most British bachelor's degrees are honours degrees and indicated by putting "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation. A student achieving a pass grade, below honours standard, may be awarded an "ordinary degree" or a "pass degree" and may not add "(Hons)".

As noted above, the MAs of the ancient universities of Scotland are also at this level and may also add "(Hons)" after their acronyms. Both these and bachelor's degrees with honours at Scottish universities are four-year courses at level 10 of the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland. Scottish bachelor's degrees without honours (including non-honours MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland) are three-year course with less specialisation (an Ordinary Degree or a General Degree) at level 9 of the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland.

Some of the following are postgraduate degrees in a few universities, but generally bachelors are undergraduate degrees.

 * AgrB - Bachelor of Agriculture
 * BA - Bachelor of Arts
 * BA(Admin) - Bachelor of Arts in Administration
 * BACom - Bachelor of Arts in Commerce
 * BAEcon - Bachelor of Arts in Economics
 * BA(Ed) - Bachelor of Arts in Education
 * BA(FS) - Bachelor of Arts in Financial Studies
 * BAI - Bachelor of Arts in Engineering (Arte Ingeniaria)
 * BAI(Elect) - Bachelor of Arts in Electrical Engineering
 * BAI(Mech) - Bachelor of Arts in Mechanical Engineering
 * BALaw - Bachelor of Arts in Law
 * BAO - Bachelor of Arts in Obstetrics (Arte Obstetricia)
 * BARelSt - Bachelor of Arts on Religious Studies
 * BASc - Bachelor of Arts and Science
 * BASoc - Bachelor of Arts in Sociology
 * BATheol - Bachelor of Arts in Theology
 * BA/BSc - Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Science
 * BAcc - Bachelor of Accounting
 * BAdmin - Bachelor of Administration
 * BAgr - Bachelor of Agriculture
 * BAH - Bachelor of Animal Health
 * BArch - Bachelor of Architecture
 * BArchSc - Bachelor of Architectural Science
 * BBA - Bachelor of Business Administration
 * BBLS - Bachelor of Business and Legal Studies
 * BBS - Bachelor of Business Studies
 * BBus - Bachelor of Business
 * BChem - Bachelor of Chemistry
 * BCL - Bachelor of Civil Law
 * BCLD(SocSc) - Bachelor of Community Learning and Development in Social Sciences
 * BClinSci - Bachelor of Clinical Science
 * BCom - Bachelor of Commerce
 * BCombSt - Bachelor of Combined Studies
 * BCommEdCommDev - Bachelor of Community Education and Community Development
 * BComSc - Bachelor of Commercial Science
 * BD - Bachelor of Divinity
 * BDes - Bachelor of Design
 * BDiv - Bachelor of Divinity
 * BEconSc - Bachelor of Economic Science
 * BEconSci - Bachelor of Science in Economics
 * BEd - Bachelor of Education
 * BEng - Bachelor of Engineering
 * BES - Bachelor of Engineering Studies
 * BEng(Tech) - Bachelor of Engineering in Technology
 * BEng/BSc - Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science
 * BFA - Bachelor of Fine Art
 * BFin - Bachelor of Finance
 * BFLS - Bachelor of Financial and Legal Studies
 * BFST - Bachelor of Food Science and Technology
 * BH - Bachelor of Humanities
 * BHealthSc - Bachelor of Health Sciences
 * BHSc - Bachelor of Health Science
 * BHy - Bachelor of Hygiene
 * BIBA - Bachelor of International Business Administration
 * BJur - Bachelor of Jurisprudence
 * BL - Bachelor of Law
 * BLE - Bachelor of Land Economy
 * BLegSc - Bachelor of Legal Science
 * BLib - Bachelor of Librarianship
 * BLing - Bachelor of Linguistics
 * BLitt - Bachelor of Letters or Bachelor of Literature
 * BLittCelt - Bachelor of Celtic Letters
 * BLS - Bachelor of Library Studies
 * BM - Bachelor of Medicine
 * BM - Bachelor of Midwifery
 * BMedSc - Bachelor of Medical Science(s)
 * BMedSci - Bachelor in Medical Science
 * BMet - Bachelor of Metallurgy
 * BMid - Bachelor of Midwifery
 * BMidWif - Bachelor of Midwifery
 * BMin - Bachelor of Ministry
 * BMS - Bachelor of Midwifery Studies
 * BMSc - Bachelor of Medical Science
 * BMus - Bachelor of Music
 * BMusEd - Bachelor of Music Education
 * BMusPerf - Bachelor of Music Performance
 * BN - Bachelor of Nursing
 * BNatSci - Bachelor in Natural Science
 * BNS - Bachelor of Nursing Studies
 * BNurs - Bachelor of Nursing
 * BOptom - Bachelor of Optometry
 * BOst - Bachelor of Osteopathy
 * BPA - Bachelor of Public Administration
 * BPA - Bachelor of Performing Arts
 * BPharm - Bachelor of Pharmacy
 * BPhil - Bachelor of Philosophy
 * BPhil(Ed) - Bachelor of Philosophy in Education
 * BPhys - Bachelor of Physics
 * BPhysio - Bachelor of Physiotherapy
 * BPl - Bachelor of Planning
 * BRadiog - Bachelor of Radiography
 * BSc - Bachelor of Science
 * BScAgr - Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
 * BSc(Dairy) - Bachelor of Science in Dairying
 * BScD - Bachelor of Science in Dentistry
 * BSc(DomSc) - Bachelor of Science in Domestic Science
 * BScEc - Bachelor of Science in Economic and Social Studies
 * BScEcon - Bachelor of Science in Economic Science or Bachelor of Economic and Social Studies
 * BSc(Econ) - Bachelor of Science in Economics
 * BSc(Ed) - Bachelor of Science in Education
 * BSc(Eng) - Bachelor of Science in Engineering
 * BScFor - Bachelor of Science in Forestry
 * BScHW - Bachelor of Science in Health and Wellbeing
 * BSc(HealthSc) - Bachelor of Science in Health Science
 * BSc(Hort) - Bachelor of Science in Horticulture
 * BSc(MCRM) - Bachelor of Science in Marine and Coastal Reserve Management
 * BSc(Med) - Bachelor of Science in Medicine
 * BSc(Mid) - Bachelor of Science in Midwifery
 * BSc(Min) - Bachelor of Science in Mining
 * BSc(Psych) - Bachelor of Science in Psychology
 * BScHSc - Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences
 * BScPH - Bachelor of Science in Public Health
 * BScTech - Bachelor of Science in Technology
 * BSocSc - Bachelor of Social Sciences
 * BSS - Bachelor of Social Studies
 * BSt - Bachelor of Studies
 * BStSu - Bachelor of Deaf Studies
 * BSW - Bachelor of Social Work
 * BTCP - Bachelor of Town and County Planning
 * BTech - Bachelor of Technology (not to be confused with BTEC)
 * BTechEd - Bachelor of Technological Education
 * BTh - Bachelor of Theology
 * BTheol - Bachelor of Theology
 * BTS - Bachelor of Theatre Studies
 * EdB - Bachelor of Education
 * LittB - Bachelor of Literature or Bachelor of Letters
 * LLB - Bachelor of Laws
 * LLB(Eur) Bachelor of Laws (European)
 * MA - Master of Arts (bachelor's level at some Scottish universities)
 * MA(SocSci) - Master of Arts (Social Sciences)
 * MusB - Bachelor of Music
 * ScBTech - Bachelor of Science in Technology

Master's level qualifications
These qualifications sit at level 7 (master's level) of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are second cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process.

Undergraduate-entry degrees
Undergraduate-entry "Integrated master's" degrees are offered with honours, and so may add (hons) after the degree abbreviation. These are substantive master's degrees integrating undergraduate and master's level study, with the final qualification being at the same level as postgraduate master's.

Primary qualifications in medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine are taken as undergraduate-entry courses and are denominated bachelor's degrees, but are normally offered without honours These are also qualifications at the same level as postgraduate master's degrees, but retain the name of bachelor's for historical reasons. The Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery are always taken together as the primary medical qualification in the UK, equivalent to the American MD.

Note that where there is a similarly titled postgraduate master's degree, the formulation " Master in ..." is used for the undergraduate degree and "Master of ..." for the postgraduate degree (e.g. MArt/MA, MSci/MSc). Where there is no equivalent postgraduate degree, either "in" or "of" is used.

Integrated master's degrees

 * MAcc - Master in Accountancy
 * MAccFin - Master of Accounting and Finance
 * MAnth - Master in Anthropology
 * MArabic - Master of Arabic Studies
 * MArc - Master of Archaeology
 * MArch - Master of Architecture
 * MArt - Master in Arts
 * MART - Master of Art
 * MBio - Master of Biomedical Sciences, Master of Biological Sciences
 * MBiochem - Master of Biochemistry
 * MBiol - Master of Biology or Master in Biological Sciences
 * MBiolSci - Master of Biological Science
 * MBiomed - Master in Biomedical Sciences
 * MBioMedSci - Master of Biomedical Science
 * MBioms - Master of Biomedical Sciences
 * MBus - Master in Business and Management or Master of Business
 * MChD - Master in Dental Surgery
 * MChem - Master of Chemistry
 * MChemPhys - Master of Chemical Physics
 * MChiro - Master of Chiropractic
 * MClass - Master of Classical Studies
 * MClassL - Master of Classical Languages
 * MComp - Master of Computer Science or Master of Computing
 * MCompPhil - Master of Computer Science and Philosophy
 * MCompSci - Master of Computer Science
 * MComSC - Master of Community and Social Care
 * M.CMAc - Master of Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture
 * MCreW - Master of Creative Writing
 * MDiv - Master of Divinity
 * MDes - Master of Design
 * MDrama - Master of Drama and Theatre Studies
 * MEarthPhys - Master of Earth Physics
 * MEarthSci - Master of Earth Science
 * MEcol - Master of Ecology
 * MEcon - Master of Economics
 * MEdStud - Master of Education Studies
 * MEng - Master of Engineering
 * MEngLit - Master of English
 * MEnv - Master of Environmental Science
 * MEnvSc - Master of Environmental Science
 * MESci - Master of Earth Science
 * MFin - Master of Finance
 * MFor - Master of Forestry
 * MGeog - Master of Geography
 * MGeogSCI - Master of Geographical Science
 * MGeol - Master of Geology
 * MGeophys - Master of Geophysics
 * MGeoSci - Master in Geology
 * MHist - Master of History
 * MHRM - Master of Human Resource Management
 * MInf - Master of Informatics
 * MLA - Master of Landscape Architecture
 * MLang - Master of Languages
 * MLaw - Master of Law
 * MLibArts - Master of Liberal Arts
 * MLing - Master of Linguistics
 * MMarBiol - Master of Marine Biology
 * MMark - Master in Marketing
 * MMath - Master of Mathematics
 * MMath&Phys - Master of Mathematics and Physics
 * MMathCompSci - Master of Mathematics and Computer Science
 * MMathPhil - Master of Mathematics and Philosophy
 * MMathPhys - Master of Mathematics and Physics
 * MMathStat - Master of Mathematics and Statistics
 * MMBiol - Master of Marine Biology
 * MME - Master of Mechanical Engineering
 * MMedSci - Master of Medical Science
 * MMet - Master of Meteorology
 * MMkt - Master in Marketing
 * MMorse - Master of Mathematics, Operational Research, Statistics and Economics
 * MMSc - Master of Marine Science
 * MNatSc - Master of Natural Science
 * MNeuro - Master in Neuroscience
 * MNeuroSci - Master of Neuroscience
 * MNSW - Master of Nursing and Social Work
 * MNurs - Master of Nursing
 * MNursSci - Master of Nursing Science
 * MNutr - Master of Nutrition
 * MOcean - Master of Oceanography
 * MOptom - Master of Optometry
 * MOSci - Master of Ocean Science
 * MOst - Master of Osteopathy
 * M.Ost. - Master of Osteopathy
 * MPharm - Master of Pharmacy
 * MPharmacol - Master of Pharmacology
 * MPhilSt - Master of Philosophical Studies
 * MPhyPhil - Master of Physics and Philosophy
 * MPhys - Master of Physics
 * MPhysio - Master of Physiotherapy
 * MPhysPhil - Master of Physics and Philosophy
 * MPlan - Master of Town and Regional Planning
 * MPLAN - Master of Planning
 * MPol - Master of Politics and International Relations
 * MPsych - Master of Psychology
 * MRelSt - Master of Religious Studies
 * MSci - Master in Science (Master of Natural Sciences at Cambridge )
 * MScOT or MScOccTher - Master of Science in Occupational Therapy
 * MSLT - Master of Speech and Language Therapy
 * MSoc - Master of Sociology
 * MSocStud - Master of Social Studies
 * MSPRT - Master of Sport
 * MStat - Master of Statistics
 * MTheatre - Master of Theatre
 * MTheol - Master in Theology
 * MTCP - Master of Town and Country Planning
 * MVetPhys - Master of Veterinary Physiotherapy
 * MZOOL - Master of Zoology

Primary dental qualifications

 * BChD - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
 * BDOS - Bachelor of Dental and Oral Sciences
 * BDS - Bachelor of Dental Surgery
 * DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery

Primary medical qualifications

 * BMBS - Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
 * BMBCh - Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery
 * MB, BChir - Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
 * MBBCh - Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
 * MBBS - Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
 * MBChB - Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
 * MD - Doctor of Medicine

Primary veterinary qualifications

 * BVS - Bachelor of Veterinary Surgery
 * BVetM - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
 * BVetMed - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
 * BVM&S - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
 * BVMBVS - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, Bachelor of Veterinary Science
 * BVMedSci - Bachelor of Veterinary Medical Science
 * BVMS - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
 * BVMSci - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine and Science
 * BVSc - Bachelor of Veterinary Science
 * VetMB - Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine

Postgraduate degrees
Postgraduate master's degrees may be either taught degrees or research degrees. Taught master's degrees may be awarded by an institution with taught degree awarding powers; master's degrees by research (e g MPhil, MRes), where over half of the student's effort is in original research, require research degree awarding powers. Postgraduate degrees are not normally honours degrees and thus do not add "(Hons)". Some degrees may be offered as either integrated master's or postgraduate master's courses at different institutes, e.g. MEng and MArch.

A few postgraduate degrees at Oxford are titled as bachelor's degrees. These are, nonetheless, master's level qualifications.

 * BCL - Bachelor of Civil Law (Oxford)
 * BPhil - Bachelor of Philosophy (Oxford)
 * EMBS - European Master in Business Sciences
 * LLM - Master of Laws (Master of Law at Cambridge )
 * LLM(Res) Master of Laws (Research)
 * MA - Master of Arts
 * MArch - Master of Architecture
 * MASt - Master of Advanced Study
 * MBA - Master of Business Administration
 * MBL - Master of Business and Law
 * MComp - Master of Composition
 * MCD - Master of Civic Design
 * MCh - Master of Surgery
 * MCL - Master of Corporate Law
 * MClinDent - Master of Clinical Dentistry
 * MDes - Master of Design
 * MEd - Master of Education
 * MEng - Master of Engineering
 * MEng(Eur) - Master of Engineering (European)
 * MEP - Master of Educational Practice
 * MFA - Master of Fine Art
 * HMHW - Higher Master in Health and Wellbeing
 * MJur - Master of Jurisprudence (Law) (Magister Juris at Oxford)
 * MLaw - Master in Law
 * MLib - Master of Librarianship
 * MLit - Master of Literature
 * MLitt - Master of Letters
 * MMin - Master of Ministry
 * MMus - Master of Music
 * MPA - Master of Public Administration
 * MPerf - Master of Performance
 * MPH - Master of Public Health
 * MPhil - Master of Philosophy (under the Framework, the MPhil is "normally reserved" for longer master's courses with a significant research element, or for PhD candidates who do not reach sufficient level for the award of a doctorate )
 * MPP - Master of Public Policy
 * MProf - Master of Professional Studies or Master of Professional Practice
 * MRes - Master in Research
 * MbyRes - Master by Research
 * MSc - Master of Science
 * MSc(Eur) - Master of Science (European)
 * MScEcon - Master of Economic and Social Studies
 * MScD - Master of Science in Dental Science
 * MScHW - Master of Science in Health and Wellbeing
 * MSt - Master of Studies
 * MSW - Master of Social Work
 * MTeach - Master of Teaching
 * MTL - Master of Teaching and Learning
 * MTh - Master of Theology
 * MTheol - Master of Theology
 * MUniv - Master of the University (the MUniv is only ever an honorary degree)
 * MusM - Master of Music

Doctoral degrees
UK doctoral degrees are at level 8 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications and are third cycle qualifications under the Bologna Process. All doctoral degrees include "original research or other advanced scholarship" demonstrating "the creation and interpretation of new knowledge".

Due to the flexibility of Latin word order, there are two schools in the abbreviation of doctor's degrees. The two ancient universities of England split on this: at Cambridge, D follows the faculty (e.g. PhD, LittD.), while at Oxford the D precedes the faculty (e.g. DPhil, DLitt). Most universities in the UK followed Oxford for the higher doctorates but followed international precedent in using PhD for Doctor of Philosophy and professional doctorates.

The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications lays down the naming convention that Doctor of Philosophy is reserved for doctorates awarded on the basis of examination by thesis or publication, or by artefact, composition or performance accompanied by written academic commentary. Other doctorates (typically styled professional or specialist doctorates) that have substantial taught elements normally include the field in the name of the degree.

Higher doctorates are normally awarded as honorary degrees (honoris causa), but can also be awarded on the basis of a substantial body of published work. DUniv is only ever an honorary degree. Some degrees awarded as higher doctorates by one institution may be awarded as professional doctorates by another (e.g. EngD).

Professional / specialist doctorates

 * AdminD - Doctor of Administration
 * AMusD - Doctor of Musical Arts
 * ClinPsyD - Doctor of Clinical Psychology
 * DAHP - Doctor of Advanced Healthcare Practice
 * DAP - Doctor of Academic Practice
 * DAppEdPsy - Doctor of Applied Educational Psychology
 * DBA - Doctor of Business Administration
 * DBAEngTech - Doctor of Business Administration Engineering Technology
 * DBL - Doctor of Business Leadership
 * DBS - Doctor of Biomedical Science
 * DClinPrac - Doctor of Clinical Practice
 * DClinPsy - Doctor of Clinical Psychology
 * DClinPsych - Doctor of Clinical Psychology or Doctor of Clinical and Community Psychology
 * DCouns - Doctor of Counselling
 * DClinSci - Doctor of Clinical Science
 * DDP - Doctor of Design Practice
 * DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery
 * DEd - Doctor of Education
 * DEdChPsy - Doctor of Educational and Child Psychology
 * DEdPsy - Doctor of Educational Psychology
 * DEng - Doctor of Engineering (awarded as a higher doctorate by some universities)
 * DFA - Doctor of Fine Arts
 * DFin - Doctor of Finance
 * DFT - Doctor of Family Therapy
 * DForenPsy - Doctor of Forensic Psychology
 * DHealthPsy - Doctor of Health Psychology
 * DHC - Doctor of Health Care
 * DHS - Doctor of Health Studies
 * DHSc - Doctor of Health Science
 * DHum - Doctor of Humanities
 * DHy - Doctor of Hygiene
 * DLang - Doctor of Languages
 * DM - Doctor of Medicine (awarded by thesis at some universities; awarded as a higher doctorate at some universities)
 * DMA - Doctor of Musical Arts
 * DMan - Doctor of Management
 * DMet - Doctor of Metallurgy
 * DMin - Doctor of Ministry
 * DMus - Doctor of Music (awarded as a higher doctorate at some universities)
 * DMW - Doctor of Midwifery
 * DNurs - Doctor of Nursing
 * DNursSc - Doctor of Nursing Science
 * DOccTher - Doctor of Occupational Therapy
 * DOT - Doctor of Occupational Therapy
 * DPA - Doctor of Public Administration
 * DPH - Doctor of Public Health
 * DProf - Doctor of Professional Studies
 * DProfCounsPsy - Professional Doctorate in Counseling Psychology
 * DProfHW - Professional Doctorate in Health and Wellbeing
 * DPS - Doctor of Professional Studies
 * DPT - Doctor of Physiotherapy
 * DPhysio - Doctor of Physiotherapy
 * DPT - Doctor of Physical Therapy
 * DPT - Doctor of Practical Theology or Practical Theology Doctorate
 * DSocCare - Doctor of Social Care
 * DSportExPsy - Doctor of Sport and Exercise Psychology
 * DSportExSci - Doctor of Applied Sport and Exercise Science
 * DSW - Doctor of Social Work
 * DTh - Doctor of Practical Theology
 * DThM - Doctor of Theology and Ministry
 * DTour - Doctor of Tourism
 * EdChPsychD - Doctor of Educational and Child Psychology
 * EdD - Doctor of Education
 * EDD - Professional Doctorate in Education
 * EdPsychD - Doctor of Educational Psychology
 * EngD - Doctor of Engineering or Engineering Doctorate
 * EntD - Doctor of Enterprise
 * HScD - Doctor of Health Science
 * JD - Juris Doctor
 * MD - Doctor of Medicine (awarded by thesis at some universities; awarded as a higher doctorate at some universities)
 * MusD - Doctor of Music (awarded as a higher doctorate at some universities)
 * PsychD - Doctor of Psychology
 * SocSciD - Doctor of Social Sciences
 * SocScD - Doctor of Social Science
 * SPPD - Doctor of Social and Public Policy
 * ThD - Doctor of Theology

Doctorates by thesis or composition

 * DDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery
 * DNursSci -Doctor in Nursing Science
 * DPhil - Doctor of Philosophy
 * MD - Doctor of Medicine
 * MD(Res) - Doctor of Medicine (Research)
 * PhD - Doctor of Philosophy

Higher and honorary degrees

 * DCh - Doctor of Surgery
 * DCL - Doctor of Civil Law
 * DD - Doctor of Divinity
 * DDS – Doctor of Dental Surgery
 * DDSc - Doctor of Dental Science
 * DEd – Doctor of Education
 * DHL - Doctor of Humane Letters
 * DLitt - Doctor of Letters
 * DLit - Doctor of Literature
 * DLit(Ed) - Doctor of Literature (Education)
 * DM - Doctor of Medicine
 * DMus - Doctor of Music
 * Hon DMus - Honorary Doctor of Music
 * Dr.h.c. or Dr.(h.c.) - Doctor honoris causa
 * DSc - Doctor of Science
 * DSc(Econ) - Doctor of Science (Economics)
 * DSc(Eng) - Doctor of Science (Engineering)
 * DSc(Med) - Doctor of Science (Medicine)
 * DSc (Social Science) – Doctor of Science in Social Science
 * DScEcon - Doctor of Economic and Social Studies
 * DTech - Doctor of Technology
 * DUniv - Doctor of the University
 * DVM&S - Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
 * EngD - Doctor of Engineering
 * LittD - Doctor of Letters
 * LLD - Doctor of Laws
 * ScD - Doctor of Science
 * MA(h.c.) - Honorary Master of Arts (Oxford, Dublin and Cambridge)

title: British degree abbreviations