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Talk:Nagarjuna

untitled
Nagarjuna=Nagasena? That sounds utterly, utterly wrong. To my ear.कुक्कुरोवाच

 * See ramblings at the end of the 1800s. Probably has been debunked by now but thought I'd be safe and add the tidbit until someone found a latter source (maybe PTS edition of milinda?) --prat 13:53, 2004 Apr 12 (UTC)

Contrary to the summaries in the page history for 2004 July 21, the article was not troubled by a bug. The limitation of 5 transclusions of the same template on one page is an important security feature against vandals, and does not interfere with what the facility was meant for. Which is to say that the remaining special-character templates are arguably being misused, and it might amount to, uh, right form to eliminate use of them before they are deleted. --Jerzy(t) 05:53, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)

"cites the pratekyabuddhas"
Quote from referred article:

 * sambhuddhānām anutpāde śrāvakāṇāṁ punaḥ kśaye
 * And again, when the disciples are destroyed and full Buddhas do not arrive,
 * jñānaṁ pratyekabuddhānām asamsargāt pravartate|12
 * The gnosis (knowledge, etc.) of the independently enlightened Buddhas proceeds without association (with teachings).

In what sense is this citing any pratekyabuddhas for authority? It seems a tautology on pratekyabuddha, (and perhaps a reference to the latter-day decline of the dharma).

What I notice about it is that after negating so much, in this passage N. does not apply his usual formal method to this very conventional doctrine.

--Munge 23:17, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed this. It is not possible to cite pratekyabuddhas, and Nagarjuna would not pretend to do so. Regarding pratekyabuddhas, N. is stating that the Dharma is not a doctrine produced by a Buddha - i.e. that it may be discoved and indeed is so by pratekyabuddhas. He mentions this as a part of his argument to demonstrate that the Dharma is eternal.

 * I also removed the following couple of statements, as they added little to the article anyway, (the Tibetan issue is addressed more fully later in the article). (20040302)

Image of nagarjuna
that used to be here, was removed, put back removed -- I'm not gleaning from the page history why it was taken out. Anyone? Zero sharp 08:23, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparently, the article was vandalised by User:64.4.97.40 a couple weeks ago and nobody noticed. - Nat Krause(Talk!) 21:47, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

"the canon"
The article says, My question is, which canon? If we mean the Pāli Canon, then let's say so. The only infomation provided by context is that canon is counterposed with Mahayana sutras. But the link goes to Tripitaka, which certainly is not exclusive of Mahayana literature.—Nat Krause(Talk!) 01:54, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed that last line a while ago (sorry, I was new to Wikipedia and didn't realize that I should discuss these things on the discussion page first). The passage had said something to the effect that Nagarjuna only quotes from the Tripitika and never mentions Mahayana sutras. This really isn't true, since his openning slokas seem to be a reference to a passage in the Perfection of Wisdom in 18,000 lines. In my humble opinion, "canon/Tripitaka" seems appropriate since I don't find any evidence that Nagarjuna was using a Pali version. More likely, he was using a Sanskrit version similar to one of those translated into Chinese. It is clear to me that at the time of Asanga, at least, (see the Mahayanasutralamkara, end of chp I) some thought Mahayana sutras to be opposed to the Tripitaka. Nagarjuna disputes this kind of claim in the Ratnavali. So the idea that Mahayana texts were not exclusive of the Tripitaka was probably precisely what was being debated.—Walser

 * Hi, thanks for your response. Actually, it is not necessary in most situations to discuss changes to articles beforehand. If there turns out to be a disagreement, we tend to discuss after that has come to light. So, you did the right thing by changing the passage to make it more accurate.

 * I know understand what you mean that, at the time Nagarjuna was writing, there would have been a concept of "the Tripitaka" which excluded the Mahayana sutras. Now, I'm not any kind of expert on this subject, but it seems to me that to contrast "Tripitaka" with "Mahayana sutras" might nevertheless be confusing to the average reader, because the Mahayana literature later became accepted by some people as part of the Tripitaka, and this is still the current view, unless I'm mistaken, in Tibet and East Asia. That said, I'm not sure what alternative wording to suggest. Perhaps something like, "the canon of āgamas" or "the non-Mahayana canon"? Perhaps that is too wordy.

 * At any rate, the meaning now seems fairly understandable and the exact wording is perhaps not worth too much tinkering.—Nat Krause(Talk!) 21:38, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

How about: "If the most commonly accepted attribution of texts (that of Christian Lindtner) holds, then he was clearly a Māhayānist, but his philosophy holds assiduously to the canonical texts recognized by all Buddhists during his lifetime, and while he does make explicit references to Mahāyāna texts, he is always careful to stay within the parameters described by that canon."? Walser

Location of Nagarjunakonda
The article states,

But as per the maps of Andhra Pradesh, both Nagarjuna Sagar and Nagarjunakonda are located in Nalgonda District and not in Guntur District. This needs to be corrected. akella

A red link is created based on the following....
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Madhyamaka+Yogacara&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en --222.67.212.250 (talk) 10:11, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=Yogacara-Madhyamaka%20school&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=ws --222.67.212.250 (talk) 10:18, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Info about his works on medicine....
--222.64.22.251 (talk) 09:47, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?q=%E9%BE%99%E6%A0%91%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E8%8D%AF%E6%96%B9&hl=zh-CN&btnG=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2&lr=

--222.64.22.251 (talk) 09:55, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=Nagarjuna+medical+formulas&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

The assertion that Nagarjuna was the author of the Susruta Samhita is simply incorrect. Three medical texts are ascribed to Nagarjuna: the Yogashataka (a treatise on opthamology), The Yogaratnamala (some manuscripts list a different author) and the Rasavaisesikasūtra (basically alchemical medicine). To my knowledge, the Susruta Samhita (a work dedicated to Dhanvantari, the physician of the gods, sometimes described as an avatar of Vishnu) has never been ascribed to Nagarjuna before now. This section needs to be revised. Joseph Walser 15:03, 19 June 2012 (UTC) Walser — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joseph Walser (talk • contribs)

Archaeological discoveries at Amarāvatī confirm the fact that Nāgārjuna maintained a friendship ...
There are no such discoveries. I have argued that in light of what evidence there is, that Nagarjuna probably was a kind of adviser for Yajna Sri Satkarni. But that argument started with an examination of the likelihood that he wrote the Ratnavali for a Satavahana king. IF this is true, then the archaeological evidence from Amaravati indicates it would have had to have been Yajna Sri. Mine was a best evidence approach, but when doing history of this time period there are no smoking guns. I would hate the gentle reader to think that anyone has found a rock at Amaravati with Nagarjuna's personal grafitti on it saying "Nagarjuna and Yajna Sri, BFF." Joseph Walser 15:29, 19 June 2012 (UTC) Walser — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joseph Walser (talk • contribs)

 * Joseph, thank you for the information. I have started to soften the wording in this section of the article text. Tengu800 00:14, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

notes to the translations of his works read like an advertisement
... self-explanatory — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.150.118.208 (talk) 19:45, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

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Ayurveda
The article claimed: ''According to Frank John Ninivaggi, Nāgārjuna was also a practitioner of Ayurveda. First described in the Sanskrit medical treatise Sushruta Samhita, of which he was the compiler of the redaction, many of his conceptualisations, such as his descriptions of the circulatory system and blood tissue (described as rakta dhātu) and his pioneering work on the therapeutic value of specially treated minerals knowns as bhasmas, which earned him the title of the "father of iatrochemistry". ''

I do not see any of these claims in the article to Ayurveda, nor is there anything that establishes Frank John Ninivaggi as an expert or his views as an accepted opinion in science. Hence, WP:REDFLAG-- Zz (talk) 23:54, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

 * That edit was added by Butterplantforest whose sole purpose seemed to be to add "Frank John Ninivaggi" to lots of articles., , , . 65.28.236.17 (talk) 17:26, 28 August 2018 (UTC)

A little skepticism about Pyrrho, please
The article puts forward here a dubious theory without discussion, namely, that Nagarjuna's thought was influenced by the skepticism of Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus, which in turn was a mere borrowing from earlier Indian ascetic philosophy. This is not a consensus view. Wikipedia is a place to describe the debate, not take a side. — ℜ ob C. alias ALAROB 20:13, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Anachronism
Calling a man born more than 1500 years before Kant a neo-Kantian seems wrong, perhaps proto-Kantian would be a more appropriate terminology. 2601:602:87F:9C3D:E9FA:8644:751C:8F15 (talk) 21:13, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nagarjuna


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Alexia

Alexia may refer to:
 * Alexia (given name)
 * Alexia (Italian singer) (born 1967)
 * Alexia (album), a 2002 album by the Italian singer
 * Alexia Putellas (born 1994), Spanish footballer sometimes known mononymously
 * Alexia: Labor Omnia Vincit, a 2022 docu-series about the footballer
 * Alexia (condition) (also known as acquired dyslexia), loss of the ability to read due to cerebral disorder
 * Pure alexia, a form in which other language skills are unaffected
 * Alexia Wight, an Australian plant genus, synonym of Alyxia
 * Index–Alexia Alluminio, an Italian cycling team
 * MV Alexia, an oil tanker converted into a merchant aircraft carrier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alexia


text:
46 (number)

46 (forty-six) is the natural number following 45 and preceding 47.

In mathematics
Forty-six is
 * thirteenth discrete semiprime ($$2 \times 23$$) and the eighth of the form (2.q), where q is a higher prime.
 * with an aliquot sum of 26; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence of six composite numbers (46,26,16,15,9,4,3,1,0) to the Prime in the 3-aliquot tree.
 * a Wedderburn-Etherington number,
 * an enneagonal number
 * a centered triangular number.
 * the number of parallelogram polyominoes with 6 cells.

It is the sum of the totient function for the first twelve integers. 46 is the largest even integer that cannot be expressed as a sum of two abundant numbers. It is also the sixteenth semiprime.

Since it is possible to find sequences of 46+1 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member, 46 is an Erdős–Woods number.

In science

 * The atomic number of palladium.
 * The number of human chromosomes.
 * The approximate molar mass of ethanol (46.07 g mol$−1$)

Astronomy

 * Messier object M46, a magnitude 6.5 open cluster in the constellation Puppis.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 46, a star in the constellation Pisces.

In music

 * Japanese idol group franchise Sakamichi Series, which consists of Nogizaka46, Keyakizaka46, Hinatazaka46, and Yoshimotozaka46

In sports

 * Valentino Rossi used 46 as his number in the MotoGP world motorcycle championship.
 * The number of mountains in the 46 peaks of the Adirondack mountain range. People who have climbed all of them are called "forty-sixers"; there is also an unofficial 47th peak.
 * The name of a defensive scheme used in American football; see 46 defense.

In religion

 * The total of books in the Old Testament, Catholic version, if the Book of Lamentations is counted as a book separate from the Book of Jeremiah
 * The number of years taken to build the Temple of Jerusalem (Jn 2:20) Gospel of John
 * The number of stars on Our Lady of Guadalupe's mantle

In other fields
Forty-six is also:
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Sweden.
 * The number of samurai, out of 47, who carried out the attack in the historical Ako vendetta; sometimes referred to as the 46 Ronins to discount the one samurai forced to turn back.
 * In the title of the movie Code 46, starring Tim Robbins and Samantha Morton.
 * Several routes numbered 46 exist throughout the world.
 * Because 46 in Japanese can be pronounced as "yon roku", and "yoroshiku" (よろしく) means "my best regards" in Japanese, people sometimes use 46 for greeting.
 * 46 is the number of the City Chevrolet and Superflo cars driven by Cole Trickle in the movie Days of Thunder.
 * The number of the French department Lot.
 * 46 is the number that unlocks the Destiny spaceship on the Sci-Fi TV show Stargate Universe. Dr. Rush discovers that the number 46 relates to the number of human chromosomes and begins sequencing different genetic codes to finally gain control of the ship's operating system.  The episode was called "Humans".
 * The number depicted in the first flag of Oklahoma (replaced in 1925), signifying the fact that Oklahoma was the 46th state to join the United States.
 * Joe Biden was inaugurated as the 46th President of the United States on January 20, 2021.

title: 46 (number)


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User:Flickharrison

Filmmaker, writer, webmaster, digital propagandist and artist from Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Flick's homepage

Flick's political film analysis

title: User:Flickharrison


text:
User:Ebeisher

EBeisher

title: User:Ebeisher


text:
Marty McFly

Martin Seamus "Marty" McFly is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Back to the Future franchise. He is a high school student living in the fictional town of Hill Valley, California, who accidentally becomes a time traveler and alters history after his scientist friend Emmett Brown invents a DeLorean time machine. He was created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale. In the film trilogy, he is portrayed by Canadian actor Michael J. Fox. Back to the Future established Fox as a film star, such was the commercial success and popularity of the film upon its release in 1985. Marty returned in two film sequels, Back to the Future Part II in 1989 and Back to the Future Part III in 1990.

During the development of Back to the Future, Eric Stoltz was initially cast in the role, but was replaced by Fox. Various other actors have portrayed or voiced the character in other media. In the animated series, David Kaufman voices him, and in the video game developed and published by Telltale Games, he is voiced by A.J. LoCascio, while Fox makes vocal cameos as his future counterparts. Olly Dobson played him in the original stage musical adaptation in the West End and Casey Likes plays him in the Broadway production.

Critics have described Marty as a film character that defined the 1980s. He was named one of the greatest movie characters of all time by Empire. Critics have also described him as a pop culture icon. Since the release of Back to the Future, he has been influential in other media, often being referenced in television and film.

Concept and creation
The concept for Back to the Future originated in co-creators Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale wanting to make a film about time travel. Gale said that the story evolved after he found his father's old high school year book and asked himself "Would we have been friends if we'd been at school together?" He considered the realization that parents were once young and also contemplated the idea that people are in charge of their own destinies. Gale and Zemeckis shared a fascination with the way that the future was often depicted in the wrong way in media and thought it would be cool to write a film in which the character changed history.

Gale and Zemeckis started to contemplate the concept while working on Used Cars (1980). They decided that it was impossible to answer the question of whether they would have hung out with their parents because their perception of them as parents could never change. After outlining the story concept, they spent time filling in the details of the McFly family through history. They used index cards pinned to a bulletin board to define each scene and then worked out the details and dialogue. Part of the process involved defining what a young person in the 1980s would take for granted and they used this as the basis for the jokes, which center on the cultural differences between the eras. This proved challenging as neither of them had grown up in the 1950s or the 1980s.

In the early drafts of the script, Doc Brown's technology caused the whole world to change instead of just Marty's family but this idea was rejected. Gale stated that Marty was named after a production assistant on Used Cars because it seemed like a "good, all-American name". Zemeckis then suggested the surname McFly. It took some time to work out how Marty would travel in time, but they knew it had to be by accident rather than for some personal gain. In the first two drafts of the script, many elements of the story were different to the final version and featured a time chamber instead of the DeLorean time machine. Some elements had to be changed or abandoned, such as a joke about Marty's long hair, which was removed due to changes in 1980s hairstyles. Zemeckis said that Marty's encounter with his teenage mother in 1955 was always the most difficult part of the film and they spent a long time trying to get it right.

When they pitched the story, it was rejected over 40 times as it was considered too sweet, although it was also rejected by Disney due to concerns over the subplot involving Marty's relationship with his mother. Others considered that a story about time travel would not make any money. The project was eventually taken on by Steven Spielberg at his production company Amblin Entertainment as he had always believed in the success of the project.

Casting and filming
Michael J. Fox was the first choice for Zemeckis when casting the role of Marty McFly in Back to the Future, as he had seen him starring in the television series Family Ties in the part of Alex Keaton. Fox was still under contract causing concern about his filming availability, so producer Gary Michael Goldberg did not give him the script. Various young actors auditioned for the part of Marty, including Jon Cryer, Billy Zane, Ben Stiller, C. Thomas Howell, Johnny Depp, John Cusack, Charlie Sheen and Matthew Modine. Ralph Macchio also missed out on the role due to concerns that his New York accent and East Coast ethnicity were not the right fit for Marty's "all-American quality". Eric Stoltz was eventually cast as Marty and used method acting, insisting that the film crew call him "Marty" outside of filming. His intense, serious acting style clashed with the light, comedic portrayal that Zemeckis and Gale were expecting from the part. According to Gale, Stoltz portrayed Marty with the approach that he would feel miserable over how his family changes and this underpinned his performance. After reviewing 40 minutes of footage, Spielberg, Zemeckis and Gale knew it was a problem. Despite making the decision to fire Stoltz, filming continued into January 1985, with Stoltz filming the scene at the Twin Pines mall with Christopher Lloyd. Five weeks into shooting, Zemeckis replaced Stoltz with Fox. By that time, Universal Pictures had already negotiated the filming schedule for Fox around his commitment to Family Ties. Zemeckis personally took the responsibility of giving the news to Stoltz, stating that it was "the hardest meeting I've ever had in my life and it was all my fault. I broke his heart". Gale explained that the recasting did not reflect on Stoltz's acting abilities, but they had just cast the wrong person.

With Fox in the role, Zemeckis had to reshoot the previous five weeks of filming with a new leading man. The producers were impressed by Fox's sense of timing and comic ability. Zemeckis commented, "He's got the perfect blend of traditional leading man qualities. He's vulnerable but he's calm." As Fox had joined the production after filming had begun, he was forced to juggle filming of both the film and television series within a punishing schedule. This involved rehearsals for Family Ties from 10am until 6pm followed by filming Back to the Future from 6.30pm until 2.30am. Fox stated that the schedule was exhausting but worth the effort. Fox exclaimed that he could play Marty McFly in his sleep and wrote, "that very nearly turned out to be the case". His presence changed the atmosphere on set and he had a good rapport with Lloyd. Gale said that as well as being a good actor and having a natural comedic ability, Fox "gave the actors more to work with". Lloyd said that although he was worried about the replacement, he had a natural chemistry with Fox and found it easy to work with him. Fox assumed that his exhaustion would result in a poor performance and damage his career, but instead his anxieties benefited his portrayal of Marty: "I barely knew where I was, and I didn’t really know what I was doing. That served the film because Marty's supposed to be disoriented." For a scene in which Marty plays a cover version of the song "Johnny B. Goode" by Chuck Berry at a school dance, Fox had to be taught to play guitar by Paul Hanson. Fox recalled that he also could not dance, so he worked with a choreographer in order to move like a rock star. He wanted to incorporate all of the mannerisms of his favorite guitarists, including "a Pete Townshend windmill, and Jimi Hendrix behind the back, and a Chuck Berry duck walk". Although Fox mimed the guitar playing and lip-synced the song in the scene, it was Tim May who played guitar, while the vocals were provided by Mark Campbell.

While filming a scene for the third film, which involves Marty being strung up in a noose by Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen and his gang, the stunt almost went seriously wrong. In his 2002 autobiography, Lucky Man: A Memoir, Fox recalled that he stood on a box for the first two takes as the shot only filmed the upper part of his body. When the scene failed to look realistic, he decided to try the stunt without the box. As a result, the rope blocked his carotid artery and caused him to lose consciousness for several seconds until Zemeckis realised that he was not acting. This incident later led Fox to contemplate whether his developing symptoms were related to the hanging before he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

Characteristics
Marty McFly is the Back to the Future protagonist who is raised in Hill Valley, California, a fictional town set in 1985. He is a confident teenager who attends high school and dreams of becoming a rock star. He also lives in a family with various personal issues. He is the youngest of three children of George McFly and Lorraine Baines-McFly. He has a brother, Dave McFly, and a sister, Linda McFly. Marty's girlfriend is Jennifer Parker and his best friend is Emmett Brown, a scientist Marty and Jennifer call "Doc". In the third film, Marty meets his great-great paternal grandparents, Seamus and Maggie, who were Irish immigrants in 1885. He also meets their infant son William, Marty's great-grandfather. Despite never explicitly being explained in the film, Gale confirmed that Marty met his friend Doc Brown when he was around 14 after hearing that Brown was a dangerous lunatic. Marty was curious, so he snuck into Doc's lab and was fascinated by his inventions. Doc allowed him to help with his experiments and their friendship began.

Personality
In Back to the Future, Marty is shown to be disappointed by his family, particularly his wimpish father and alcoholic mother. Marty enjoys playing electric guitar with his group The Pinheads and plays "The Power of Love" at a Battle of the Bands audition as his favorite band is Huey Lewis and the News. This ability gives him the opportunity to take the lead in 1955 when stepping in for Marvin at the Enchantment Under the Sea Dance, where he shows the fictitious R&B band named Marvin Berry and the Starlighters the chord changes for "Johnny B. Goode". He is a talented skateboarder, often clinging onto the back of vehicles to gain extra speed when he is late for school. He also proves to be an excellent pistol shot, a skill he has honed by playing shooting games such as Wild Gunman.

Marty's carefree attitude results in confrontations with his high school principal Mr. Strickland, who calls him a "slacker", comparing him to his father. After Strickland warns him against associating with Doc Brown and claims that no McFly ever amounted to anything, Marty shows determination, stating that he will change history. When confronted with a challenging circumstance, Marty often uses the catchphrase "This is heavy!" He frequently displays anger whenever he is accused of cowardice. For the sequels, Gale said that they wanted to establish a character flaw for Marty that he has to overcome and realised that he is a "hothead", as demonstrated when he quickly becomes involved in a confrontation with the bully Biff Tannen. Gale said that this character flaw was then verbalised in Marty's catchphrase, "Nobody calls me chicken!", which he described as Marty's "Achilles' heel". Marty eventually learns a valuable lesson about choosing to walk away from a fight and refuses a driving race challenge that could have caused his death.

Marty frequently uses pop culture references, particularly when adopting aliases throughout the Back to the Future series. In the first film, soon after waking up in the bedroom of Lorraine in 1955, he adopts the name "Calvin Klein" after she starts calling him that due to it being Marty's brand of underwear. In the French dub of Back to the Future, the name Calvin Klein was replaced by Pierre Cardin, after the French fashion designer. He also uses the alias "Darth Vader, an extraterrestrial from the Planet Vulcan", thereby confusing Star Wars with Star Trek, while wearing a radiation suit to attempt to coerce George into asking Lorraine out to the dance. In the third film, he uses the name "Clint Eastwood" after traveling back to 1885. He also mimics the tough guy personas of Travis Bickle played by Robert De Niro in Taxi Driver and Dirty Harry played by Eastwood while practising with a pistol.

Physical appearance
In Back to the Future, Marty's clothing reflects the fashion of 1985. He wears a pair of Levi's jeans, paired with a buttoned shirt, a denim jacket with a puffer jacket on top and a pair of Nike Bruin shoes. In 1955, he wears a camp shirt, two-tone jacket and denim, later changing to a check jacket and tie. After time travelling with Doc Brown in the second film and arriving in the future on October 21, 2015, Marty wears a more futuristic outfit to blend in with the fashion of the era. His updated look features wearable technology, including a self-drying bomber jacket combined with jeans that have pockets worn on the outside and sneakers with automatic self-lacing technology. His skateboard is also replaced by a hoverboard. In the third film, after time travelling back to the year 1885, his outfit features a poncho and hat in a similar style to the Man with No Name, a film character portrayed by Eastwood.

Back to the Future
In 1985, eccentric scientist Emmett "Doc" Brown invites Marty to join him at the Twin Pines Mall, where he shows him a time machine that he has invented out of a DeLorean. After inputting the date November 5, 1955, Libyan terrorists arrive and shoot him, as Doc Brown had used plutonium to power the DeLorean instead of building a nuclear weapon for them. During this exchange, Marty escapes from them in the time machine, accidentally traveling back to 1955 by reaching 88 miles per hour. There, he gets knocked over by a car in the place of his teenage father, George, which disrupts how his parents meet. After waking up in the bedroom of his teenage mother, Lorraine, she develops a crush on him. Marty contacts the younger version of Doc Brown and enlists his help to reunite his parents and travel back to 1985. He attempts to convince George to ask Lorraine out to the Enchantment Under the Sea dance, where they are fated to kiss for the first time. In the process, he draws the attention of bully Biff Tannen, who frequently bullies George. Marty concocts a plan with George in which he will rescue Lorraine from Marty's advances while they are parked in a car during the night of the dance in order to win her affections. That night Biff appears on the scene, taking Marty's place in the car. When George finds Biff with Lorraine, he finally gains the courage to stand up to him and knocks him out with a punch, securing Lorraine's affections. At the dance, Marty joins the band on stage and plays guitar, which results in George and Lorraine making their first kiss. Marty arrives at the Hill Valley clocktower in time to complete Doc Brown's plan to send him back to the future by using a lightning strike as a power source for the DeLorean. The plan is successful and Marty travels back to 1985. There he finds that his exploits in the past have changed the future, as George is a novelist and Biff works for him. He discovers that Doc Brown is still alive having worn a bulletproof vest after Marty warned him about his fate in 1955.

Back to the Future Part II
Doc Brown transports Marty and Jennifer to October 21, 2015 in the DeLorean to help their children, but their departure is witnessed by Biff. Their future selves have married and their teenage son, Marty Jr, will be arrested for getting involved in a robbery with Griff, Biff's grandson. Jennifer is knocked unconscious by Doc Brown and left asleep while Marty disguises himself as Marty Jr and comes into contact with the elder Biff. Marty refuses Griff's offer and gets into a hoverboard dash, resulting in Griff and his crew getting arrested instead of Marty Jr. Jennifer, who was left behind, is taken back to her 2015 home by the police after tracing her there using her fingerprints. Marty and Doc Brown rescue her while, unbeknownst to them, elder Biff steals their time machine and returns to 1955, where he gives his younger self a sports almanac from the future to use for gambling. When Marty returns to 1985, he discovers that Hill Valley is now a dystopia, with Biff becoming extraordinarily rich and corrupt. He had forcefully married Marty's mother, Lorraine, and secretly murdered Marty's father. He also legalized gambling in the process, becoming known as the "Luckiest Man on Earth". Marty and Doc Brown return to 1955 again to steal the almanac from Biff. At the high school dance, Marty tracks down the almanac in young Biff's possession while trying to avoid his other self. After a chase down a tunnel on his hoverboard, Marty succeeds in retrieving it from Biff. Doc Brown is accidentally transported back to 1885 after lightning strikes the DeLorean, leaving Marty stranded. Marty immediately receives a letter from Doc Brown, written on September 1, 1885, which informs him that he has traveled back in time. Marty then seeks the help of the 1955 version of Doc Brown.

Back to the Future Part III
Marty finds the 1955 version of Doc Brown and informs him of the previous events. Using the letter that Doc Brown sent from 1885, they find the DeLorean hidden in a mineshaft, but also discover a tombstone with Doc Brown's name on it. This reveals that he was shot and killed by Bufford "Mad Dog" Tannen six days after he wrote the letter. Marty decides to travel back to 1885 in the DeLorean in an effort to save Doc Brown. After Doc Brown sets the date to September 2, 1885, Marty time travels and hides the DeLorean in a cave. In 1885, he meets his great-great-grandparents, Seamus and Maggie, and their son, his great-grandfather. He discovers that Doc Brown has made a new life as a blacksmith. Marty crosses paths with "Mad Dog" Tannen, Biff's great-grandfather, and gets into a brawl with him. He is rescued by Doc Brown while being hung from a noose by Tannen. The two concoct a plan to get the DeLorean up to 88 miles per hour to transport Marty back to 1985 and save the Doc from being shot by Tannen. While they plan their escape, Marty and Doc Brown meet a teacher named Clara Clayton and Doc Brown falls in love with her. During a festival, "Mad Dog" and Marty agree to a one-on-one showdown on the day that Marty is meant to travel back to 1985. During the showdown, Marty defeats "Mad Dog" and proceeds with their time travel plan, which involves pushing the DeLorean with a steam engine over a ravine. Finally, Doc Brown decides to stay in 1885 with Clara while Marty travels back to 1985 in the DeLorean. Upon arrival in 1985, the time machine is destroyed by an oncoming train, but Marty escapes. He reunites with Jennifer and decides to decline a street race with Needles. While pondering over the wreckage of the DeLorean, Doc Brown arrives in a new time machine that he has built from a steam engine, alongside his wife Clara and their children, and tells them to make their future a good one as it has yet to be written, before bidding them farewell.

Video games
In 1985, a Back to the Future video game loosely based on the film was released on the Commodore 64, featuring Marty as a playable character. Released by Electric Dreams, the game involves Marty interacting with other characters from the film and finding objects, while his progress is tracked by a photo of himself and his siblings disappearing. Another Back to the Future video game was released by LJN in 1989 on the Nintendo Entertainment System and features Marty running around Hill Valley to pick up clocks and avoid obstacles and enemies. This was followed in 1990 by Back to the Future Part II & III, a side-scrolling platform game based on the second and third films, which was also released by LJN. A Back to the Future Part II video game was also published in 1990 by Image Works based on the film. A 1991 Back to the Future Part III video game was also released for 16-bit consoles, including the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amiga. In 1993, a video game titled Super Back to the Future Part II was published by Toshiba and developed by Daft for the Nintendo Super Famicon, which featured Marty as a playable character riding his hoverboard. In 2010, Telltale Games published Back to the Future: The Game, an episodic video game. Set after the film trilogy, it features the voice of A.J. LoCascio as Marty, the player character. Fox reprised his role in the crossover toys-to-life Lego video game Lego Dimensions. Marty is set to appear alongside Doc Brown in the upcoming video game, Funko Fusion, which will be released in 2024.

Stage
In 2014, a West End musical adaptation of Back to the Future was announced. Both Zemeckis and Gale were involved in the production, with Jamie Lloyd as director and co-writer. The aim was to produce a stage show with the spirit of the film, but with some additional music and lyrics. It was due to launch in 2015, the 30th anniversary of the film, but was delayed when Jamie Lloyd left the project due to creative differences. Stage actor Olly Dobson debuted the role of Marty in Back to the Future: The Musical, which premiered at Manchester Opera House on 20 February 2020 and ran for 12 weeks before moving to the West End. In the London production at the Adelphi Theatre, he was succeeded by Ben Joyce. Casey Likes plays him in the Broadway production of the musical. For the North American tour that launched in June 2024 at Playhouse Square in Cleveland, Caden Brauch took on the role.

Other media
David Kaufman voices Marty in Back to the Future: The Animated Series, which ran for two seasons from 1991 to 1993. It follows the adventures of Marty, Doc and his wife Clara as they travel through time. Fox appeared as Marty in a television promo for the 2010 Scream Awards. Fox and Lloyd made an entrance in the DeLorean as Marty and Doc Brown on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on October 21, 2015, the day the characters traveled to in Back to the Future Part II. In the scene, the two characters were shown to be unimpressed by technological progress in 2015. For the same date, on Back to the Future Day, CollegeHumor released a cartoon skit featuring Marty and Doc Brown, which showed how they would react to real life in 2015. In 2020, Fox dressed in Wild West clothing as Marty in a trailer to promote the Christmas song "Holiday" by Lil Nas X.

Critical response
Following the release of Back to the Future, Marty received a largely positive response from critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times appreciated the comedy in Marty's home life in 1985 and his adventures in 1955 and considered Fox's performance to be funny. Roger Ebert favorably compared Marty's story arc to Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life, stating that he "begins with one view of his life and reality, and is allowed, through magical intervention, to discover another". Kirk Ellis of The Hollywood Reporter made a similar comparison and described Fox's portrayal as "appealing" stating that he was "easily one of the more intelligent-looking young actors to cross a screen recently". Conversely, Los Angeles Times reviewer Sheila Benson left an unfavorable review, describing Marty as "big on brashness and energy, dangerously low on subtlety". Ray Loynd writing for Variety enjoyed the "zestful" performance of Fox, describing him as an "Arthurian knight figure" and his rendition of "Johnny B. Goode" as an "audience-grabbing scene". Richard Corliss of Time responded positively to Marty's heavy metal riff and predicted that viewers would continue to love him for the next 30 years.

Cultural impact and legacy
Back to the Future was a commercial success and the highest grossing film at the box office in 1985. It spawned two sequels and transformed Fox into a box office star. Due to the success and popularity of the film trilogy, Marty McFly is widely considered to be Fox's most celebrated film role. In the decades following the release of Back to the Future, critics have reflected on the character's impact. Marty McFly was listed as one of the ten greatest sci-fi movie characters of all time by Olly Dyche of MovieWeb, who described him as "an incredibly cool character" with "enough charm to make anyone swoon". Eric Francisco of GamesRadar+ ranked him the seventh greatest movie character of the 1980s alongside Doc Brown. Empire magazine selected him as the 12th greatest movie character of all time. GQ chose Marty's 1985 clothing as one of the most iconic movie outfits, specifying the "double-denim, the flannel, the iconic red puffer vest". In a retrospective review, Justin Chang in the Los Angeles Times noted that Back to the Future is in essence Marty's story, specifically his struggle to control his existence, and considered every other character in the film an "afterthought". Kayla Turner of Screen Rant counted Marty as one of the film characters that defined the 1980s, describing him as a "timeless cultural icon whose influence extends far beyond the decade". Reflecting on the "Johnny B. Goode" scene in Back to the Future, Jason Lipshutz of Billboard described Marty as "one of the most beloved characters in film history". Emily Lackey writing for Bustle called him a "pop culture icon". Fox has also been praised for his portrayal of Marty. The Guardian writer Hadley Freeman attributed much of the timelessness of Back to the Future to his performance commenting, "His bright-eyed charm and, yes, screwball energy give the film a joyful momentum that makes it an enduring pleasure". Mark Monahan writing for The Telegraph opined that Back to the Future would be a poorer film without Fox's "uniquely energetic charm". In a review, Empire 's Adam Smith opined that the film established Fox as "the finest light-comedy actor of his generation" and considered his portrayal of Marty as "the most charming screen presence of the 80s". Tom Breihan of The A. V. Club said that it was difficult to imagine anyone as perfect as Fox in the role of Marty and described him as "small and squinty and breezily charismatic".

Critics have paid tribute to a sequence in Back to the Future in which Marty takes to the stage at the high school dance, grabs a red Gibson ES-345 and leads a version of Chuck Berry's song "Johnny B. Goode" in front of a crowd of 1950s teenagers. In the film, his performance motivates the character Marvin Berry to call up his cousin and hold up the phone so that he can hear the new sound. Ben Travis of Empire described the scene as "Marty's coolest moment, channelling all of the actor's own rock star heroes". Gregory Wakeman of Yahoo! Entertainment considered it to be "arguably the most iconic sequence of the entire movie". MovieWeb called it "a staple of pop culture with innumerable movies and shows riffing on the scene's premise". The Hollywood Reporter cited it as the greatest moment in the film. David Browne writing for Rolling Stone highlighted that the scene could be viewed as problematic, as it implies that Marty, a white teenager, invented rock and roll and appropriates the music of Chuck Berry. The scene was reproduced in the stage adaptation but altered to remove the telephone conversation. According to Berry's son, Charles Berry Jr., this was not viewed as problematic by his father or himself and he recognized that it was just a movie. Billboard's Jason Lipshutz commented that the scene defined Back to the Future and epitomised its lead character: "Marty is a freight train, barging into high school gymnasiums and shootouts with terrorists and different dimensions with a hangdog charm and ease of knowing that he can skateboard past his problems." Complex listed the scene as one of the great moments in movie history.

Marty has been influential in popular culture and he has often been referenced in other media. Morty Smith of the American animated series Rick and Morty began as a parody of Marty McFly. He was the inspiration for the naming of the English band McFly. Tom Holland cited Marty as his main inspiration for Peter Parker in Spiderman: Homecoming. He said, "My goal was to try and kind of be our generation's Marty McFly." Japanese pro wrestler Kushida has dressed as Marty McFly as part of his ring character. In 2018, The Great British Bake Off opened a series with a skit involving host Sandi Toksvig dressed as Marty alongside Noel Fielding dressed as Doc Brown. The Daily Dot reported in 2018 that Marty had become an internet meme, in particular a scene in which he plays heavy rock at the school dance in 1955 and the teenagers fail to appreciate his music. The meme was used to express something considered too far ahead of its time, quoting Marty's response "Guess you’re not ready for that yet, but your kids are gonna love it". In October 2021, Daniel Craig reenacted a Back to the Future scene in the role of Marty with James Corden and Christopher Lloyd on The Late Late Show. Season 3 of Stranger Things includes numerous references to Back to the Future, including visual homages to the character. In the 2023 film The Flash, Marty is referenced as a joke when Barry Allen travels back in time to stop his mother from being murdered and changes history in the process. He is horrified to discover that Marty is portrayed by Stoltz in Back to the Future instead of Fox. When Fox joined British band Coldplay on stage at Glastonbury in 2024, Chris Martin explained, "The main reason why we're in a band is because of watching Back to the Future".

Awards and honours
For his portrayal of Marty McFly, Fox received several awards and nominations. In 1985, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for Back to the Future. He also won a Saturn Award for Best Actor in 1985 for the film. In 1986, he won a Jupiter Award for Best International Actor for the role.

title: Marty McFly


text:
Talk:Frame bundle

Vielbein versus veirbein
I've realized the spelling "vielbein" is far more common than "vierbein". Phys 21:31, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * "vierbein" refers to frames in four dimensions, "vielbein" refers to frames in many dimensions: the German for four is "vier" and for many is "viel". I hope that helps!

really?
should these frames not be orthonormal? or does it not matter since you can untwist the fibre locally?

husemoller talks about orthonormal k-frames a bit differently, and there does not seem to be an article talking about that, should it be mentioned here or should we at least point towards the stiefel variety/manifold?-sean, a lowly math student.

Fundamental vs. solder
I choose to emphasize the name fundamental rather than solder because of the following quote from Sharpe (Differential geometry, 1997, p.363):

[Fundamental forms] have also been called "canonical" or "solder" forms. The terminology depends on the context. When we are given the frame bundle of a manifold, the correct terminology is "fundamental" or "canonical" forms since, as described in the definition, they are canonically determined on the frame bundle. On the other hand, if we are given a principal bundle, then the "solder forms" are not canonical, but once they are given they allow us to uniquely identify this principal bundle with a bundle of frames so that the solder forms correspond to the restriction of the canonical forms. Thus, the solder forms allow us to "solder" (in the sense of "identify") the two bundles.

What do you think? -- Fropuff 16:15, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * This is a reasonable point, although I would then say that the frame bundle therefore has a canonical (or tautological) solder form. Anyway, I don't feel strongly about it (although I think "canonical" and "tautological" are a bit more descriptive than "fundamental"), so do as you think best. Geometry guy 16:50, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

diagram needed

 * Actually, I'd rather see a diagram over at fiber bundle to be honest. The discussion of bundle maps is far too short, and definitely needs to be fleshed out with a diagram.  But diagrams are a good thing in general, so why not put one here too. Silly rabbit 10:47, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

Confusing use of tautological/fundamental 1-form
The term "tautological/fundamental" 1-form is almost universally employed in reference to the form on T^*M, not FM --- including in the wikipedia article on the subject. If your use of the term in the context of FM is homegrown, it should be done away with entirely in the interest of clarity. On the other hand, if the term is indeed used this way in some circles (i.e. for a vector-valued form on FM), then the distinction should be made crystal clear. Otherwise, the language will be very confusing to nonexperts (such as myself). I chose not to delete it myself, but, as it stands, this piece of the article is very confusing. 76.119.238.128 (talk) 19:26, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frame bundle


text:
Marion Williams

Marion Williams (August 29, 1927 – July 2, 1994) was an American gospel singer.

Early years
Marion Williams was born in Miami, Florida, to a religiously devout mother and musically inclined father. She left school when she was nine years old to help support the family, and worked as a maid, a nurse, and in factories and laundries. She began singing in front of audiences while young. As was common in the area, Williams learned African American blues and jazz, alongside Caribbean calypso.

Poverty caused Williams to leave school at fourteen to work with her mother at a laundry, although she eventually graduated from Pacific Union College in 1987. She sang at church and on street corners, inspired by a wide range of musicians, including Sister Rosetta Tharpe and the Smith Jubilee Singers.

She stayed with gospel in spite of pressure to switch to popular blues tunes or the opera.

Career
In 1946, while visiting a friend in Philadelphia, Williams happened to sing before an audience that included Clara and Gertrude Ward. They recognized her talent and offered her a job. A year later, she became part of the Famous Ward Singers. Her growling, hands-on-the-hips vocal style made her one of the group's undisputed stars.

In 1958, she and other members of the Ward group formed the Stars of Faith. In 1965, Williams began her solo career. For the next 15 years, she toured the United States, Africa and the West Indies.

In 1992, critic and music historian Dave McGee, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide, said "One will come away from her recordings believing that she was nothing less than the greatest singer ever".

The Ward Singers
Williams was invited to join the Ward Singers when they heard her singing during a visit to a close friend in Philadelphia in 1946. Williams finally joined them in 1947, staying with them for eleven years. Her first recording with the group was "How Far Am I from Canaan" (1948), followed by the breakthrough "Surely God Is Able", which launched Williams and the rest of the group into super-stardom. Their concerts were mobbed by frenzied fans.

Stars of Faith
Dissatisfied with the low pay she was receiving while starring for the group, Williams left the Ward Singers in 1958, followed by most of the rest of the group, to form the Stars of Faith. The new group was unable, however, to reproduce the success the Ward Singers had enjoyed, as Williams retreated from the spotlight to give other members of the group more opportunity to star. The group's career recovered, however, in 1961, when it appeared in Black Nativity, an Off-Broadway production, and toured across North America and Europe.

Solo career
In 1965, Williams began a solo career. While in Miami for her mother's funeral, she felt re-inspired to continue her career and began touring college campuses across the country. The recording that is perhaps her best-known hit, "Standing Here Wondering Which Way to Go", is from this period.

Albums

 * Can't Keep It to Myself (1993, Shanachie Entertainment Corp.)
 * Standing Here Wondering Which Way to Go (1971, Atlantic Recording Corp.)

Film appearances
Williams opens the 1990 video Amazing Grace with Bill Moyers singing the signature song. Later in the PBS production, she stylized the song in her own way. In 1991, she performed as a gospel singer in the film Fried Green Tomatoes, though her scene is available only in the director's cut. The movie was dedicated to her.

Television appearances
On Hootenanny, a musical variety television show, she performed "Packin' Up" and "I've Got To Live The Life I Sing About In My Song" as Marion Williams and Stars of Faith. Williams also performed two songs on The Merv Griffin Show; during the appearance she and Griffin sang a duet of "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands". During this appearance she also discussed her international touring plans.

Music
A powerful singer with a preternaturally broad range, able to reach the highest registers of the soprano range without losing either purity or volume, she could also swoop down to growling low notes in the style of a country preacher.

Influence
Williams' singing helped make the Ward Singers nationally popular when they began recording in 1948, and also inspired rock and roll pioneer Little Richard's signature wail.

Honors and awards
Williams was honored by the MacArthur Foundation in 1993, stating that she was among "the last surviving links to gospel's golden age...one of the most versatile singers of her generation."

She was one of the recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors in 1993. Her tribute included an all-star lineup including appearances by Billy Preston, Little Richard, and Aretha Franklin.

Personal life
Williams was an esteemed member and Church Mother at the BM Oakley Memorial Church of God in Christ in Philadelphia under the pastorate of the late Mother Irene A. Oakley.

Williams died at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia on July 2, 1994, aged 66. She was interred at Ivy Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

title: Marion Williams


text:
48 (number)

48 (forty-eight) is the natural number following 47 and preceding 49. It is one third of a gross, or four dozens.

In mathematics
Forty-eight is the double factorial of 6, a highly composite number. Like all other multiples of 6, it is a semiperfect number. 48 is the smallest non-trivial 17-gonal number.

48 is the smallest number with exactly ten divisors, and the first multiple of 12 not to be a sum of twin primes.

There are eleven solutions to the equation φ(x) = 48, namely {65, 104, 105, 112, 130, 140, 144, 156, 168, 180, 210}. This is more than any integer below it, making 48 a highly totient number. On the other hand, the totient of 48 is 16, a third of its numeric value, that is also the number of divisors of 168, the seventeenth record for sum-of-divisors of natural numbers where 48 specifically sets the sixteenth such record value, of 124.

Since the greatest prime factor of 482 + 1 = 2305 is 461, which is clearly more than twice 48, 48 is a Størmer number.

48 is a Harshad number in decimal, as it is divisible by 4+8 = 12.

By a classical result of Honsberger, the number of incongruent integer-sided triangles of perimeter $$m$$ is given by the equations $$\tfrac {m^2}{48}$$ for even $$m$$, and $$\tfrac{(m+3)^2}{48}$$ for odd $$m$$.

48 is the order of full octahedral symmetry, which describes three-dimensional mirror symmetries associated with the regular octahedron and cube. 48 is also twice the order of full tetrahedral symmetry (24).

Riemann zeta function
48 is the floor and nearest-integer value of the ninth imaginary part of non-trivial 0|zeroes in the Riemann zeta function (see, Riemann hypothesis). Among the nine first such floor and ceiling values, this is the closest to an integer, differing from 48 by a value of around $$+ \text { } 0.0051508811671597279 \dots$$

Meanwhile, the fifth such ceiling value is 33, which is the smallest of only three numbers to hold a sum-of-divisors of 48 (the others are 35 and 47). The composite index of 48 represents the fifth floor value in this sequence, 32.<ref name="A13629" The smallest floor and ceiling values in the Riemann zeta function are 14 and 15, which are the two smallest numbers (of three total) to hold a sum-of-divisors of 24 (half 48).

In science

 * The atomic number of cadmium.
 * The number of Ptolemaic constellations.
 * The number of symmetries of a cube.

Astronomy

 * Messier object M48, a magnitude 5.5 open cluster in the constellation Hydra.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 48, a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda.

In religion

 * The prophecies of 48 Jewish prophets and 7 prophetesses were recorded in the Tanakh for posterity.
 * According to the Mishnah, Torah wisdom is acquired via 48 ways (Pirkei Avoth 6:6).
 * In Buddhism, Amitabha Buddha had made 48 great vows and promises to provide ultimate salvation to countless beings through countless eons, with benefits said to be available merely by thinking about his name with Nianfo practice. He is thus hailed as "King of Buddhas" through such skillful compassion and became a popular and formal refuge figure in Pureland Buddhism.

In music

 * Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier is informally known as because it consists of a prelude and a fugue in each major and minor key, for a total of forty-eight pieces.
 * "48" is a song by Sunny Day Real Estate.
 * "48" is a song by Tyler, The Creator.
 * "Forty eight" is a song by Truckfighters on their 2007 album, Phi.
 * "48 Hour Parole" is a song by the Hollies.
 * "48 Crash" is a song by Suzi Quatro.
 * Familiar 48 is an alternative pop/rock band formerly known as Bonehead.
 * On Tool's album Ænima, there is a song named "Forty-Six & 2", the sum of which is 48.
 * AKB48 Group is a Japanese female idol group.

In sports

 * 48 is the total number of minutes in a full NBA game.

In other fields
Forty-eight may also refer to:
 * the code for international direct dial phone calls to Poland.
 * the model number of the HP-48 S/SX/G/GX/G+/GII.
 * the 48 Hour Film Project.
 * The First 48, an American crime program, 2004-present.
 * 48 Hours is a television news program on CBS.
 * 48 Hrs., a 1982 film starring Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy, followed by Another 48 Hrs.
 * Arizona is the 48th state in the United States.
 * The 48 United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) are also referred to as the "Lower 48" or the "48 contiguous states".
 * '48 is an alternate history novel by James Herbert.
 * The 48 Laws of Power is a book by Robert Greene.
 * The number 48 in ASCII is what you add to any single digit integer to convert to its ASCII value.
 * MAC address uses 48-bit (6-byte).
 * The number of the French department Lozère.
 * a model of Harley-Davidson in the Sportster line.
 * In Chinese numerology, 48 is an auspicious number meaning 'determined to prosper', or simply 'prosperity', which is good for business.
 * 48 is the number of mountain peaks in New Hampshire over 4000 feet above sea level, as defined by the Appalachian Mountain Club.
 * '48 is a slang term in Palestinian Arabic for parts of Israel or Palestine not under the control of the State of Palestine. Arab people from those parts are colloquially known as 48-Arabs (عرب ٤٨).

title: 48 (number)


text:
Parents for Rock and Rap

Parents for Rock and Rap, founded in 1987 by Mary Morello in the United States, was an anti-censorship campaign which focuses on campaigning for the importance of free speech in popular music. For the work that Mary Morello put into this, she won a Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award in 1996. The campaign mainly focused on opposition to the Parents Music Resource Center.

Mary Morello is also the mother of guitar player Tom Morello, of Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave, The Nightwatchman and Street Sweeper Social Club.

title: Parents for Rock and Rap


text:
User talk:Ebeisher

Hello "Ebeisher" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.

Note that I moved your "EBeisher" page to User:Ebeisher, as personal pages go in the "User:" space.

 * Happy wikipediaing, -- Infrogmation 21:37, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It is a pity that you removed the other canary from the picture I uploaded, it was already sad that she died some time ago :-( Flyingbird 20:22, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

"And that's when I shot him, your honor" →Raul654 05:15, Mar 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Your honour, that is what Raul claims, I just uploaded the picture including the breeding female canary again, the caption of that image in the article still said that there was a breeding female, Sir! Flyingbird 21:02, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

Hi, you said "Has anyone considered or heard of using Wiki to develop a complete Family tree? Imagine from Adam & Eve to present day..." The WikiTree project has ambitions of achieving something like that - have a look and consider joining the community to realize the dream. --Tjfulopp 05:21, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Male and Female images
Hi Ebeisher,

I've just uploaded two images, Image:Male.png and Image:Female.png, because I thought that Image:Male.JPG and Image:Female.JPG looked a little scratchy. I hope that's alright with you (and I don't wish to demean your artistic abilities!).

Thanks, — Asbestos | Talk  15:31, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tudor style
Hi as you started the above page perhaps you would like to comment on the idea proposed here. Regards Giano | talk 12:21, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Empty youth soccer articles
Hi, I noticed that you've been creating a lot of youth soccer league articles that have no content. Please do not create numerous empty pages on purpose. If you plan on adding content later, try focusing on one article at a time. Write the text offline so that you can just create the article when you are done and paste in the text. This way there aren't a bunch of empty pages floating around. Also, the tag is deprecated. Try categorizing stubs in the future. —  Indi  [ talk ] 16:07, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Specifically, use Footy-org-stub instead of stub. --Malthusian (talk) 22:49, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Hi! The "articles" have now been around for three days. I will speedy delete the entries if not expanded with text soon. See WP:CSD, specifically criterion A3. Punkmorten 14:44, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Muir-beach.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Muir-beach.JPG. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stan 22:10, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Ambulance.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Ambulance.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. User:Gay Cdn (talk) (Contr) 19:49, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Template:LOTG
A template you created, Template:LOTG, has been marked for deletion as a deprecated and orphaned template. If, after 14 days, there has been no objection, the template will be deleted. If you wish to object to its deletion, please list your objection here and feel free to remove the   tag from the template. If you feel the deletion is appropriate, no further action is necessary. Thanks for your attention. --MZMcBride 23:28, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Lady-of-auxerre.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lady-of-auxerre.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

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Speedy deletion of Image:Laon-cathedral.jpg
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title: User talk:Ebeisher


text:
User talk:Reid

Hello Reid, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 21:42, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the Wikilove Angela! Reid

Spelling
I know it's not a common use of the word (and WP:NOT dumbed down), but the word "essay" can be used as a verb ("assay" is something different, though related), as can be seen by examining its French root word, essayer, "to try". I find it helpful to use Google for quick definitions: try "define:essay" and "define:assay" in the search box sometime. If that doesn't convince you, try the ever handy Wiktionary or the OED. -- Gwern (contribs) 03:40, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:UNC SEAL.jpg)
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title: User talk:Reid


text:
Loyola

Loyola may refer to:

People

 * St. Ignatius of Loyola
 * Loyola (surname)
 * Etsowish-simmegee-itshin, indigenous man whose baptismal name was Loyola

Places

 * Loyola (CTA), a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system, in Chicago, Illinois, US
 * Loyola (Montreal), a district of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * Loyola, California, an unincorporated town in Santa Clara County, California, US
 * Loyola, San Sebastián, a neighborhood in San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
 * Sanctuary of Loyola, Azpeitia, Guipúzcoa, Spain

India

 * Loyola High School (Goa), Margao
 * Loyola High School, Patna, Bihar
 * Loyola High School (Pune), Maharashtra
 * Loyola High School, Hindupur
 * Loyola High School, Karimnagar
 * Loyola High School, KD Peta
 * Loyola High School, Vinukonda
 * Loyola Higher Secondary School, Kuppayanallur
 * Loyola Public School, Nallapadu, Andhra Pradesh
 * Loyola School, Baripada, Odisha
 * Loyola School, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
 * Loyola School, Chennai, Chennai
 * Loyola School, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
 * Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
 * Loyola School, Kozhikode, Kerala
 * Loyola Convent Primary School, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu
 * St.Ignatius Convent Higher Secondary School, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu

Australia

 * Loyola College, Melbourne, secondary school in Watsonia, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria
 * Loyola College, Mount Druitt, secondary school in New South Wales

Indonesia

 * Kolese Loyola, Semarang, Central Java

New Zealand

 * St Ignatius of Loyola Catholic College, Drury (opening 2023)

Kenya

 * St. Ignatius Mukumu Boys, high school in Kakamega, Kenya

Nigeria

 * Loyola Jesuit College, secondary school in Abuja, Nigeria
 * Loyola College, Ibadan, Nigeria

Tanzania

 * Loyola School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Canada

 * Loyola Campus, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec
 * Loyola Catholic Secondary School, Mississauga, Ontario
 * Loyola High School (Montreal), Quebec
 * St. Ignatius of Loyola Secondary School (Oakville), Ontario

United States

 * Loyola Academy, Wilmette, Illinois
 * Loyola Blakefield, Towson, Maryland
 * Loyola Catholic School, Mankato, Minnesota
 * Loyola College Prep, Shreveport, Louisiana
 * Loyola High School (Detroit), Michigan
 * Loyola High School (Los Angeles), California
 * Loyola Sacred Heart High School, Missoula, Montana
 * Loyola School (New York City), Manhattan, New York
 * Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland), Cleveland, Ohio
 * St. Ignatius College Preparatory, San Francisco, California
 * St. Ignatius College Preparatory School, Chicago, Illinois

South America

 * Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (Caracas), La Castellana, Caracas, Venezuela
 * Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (Medellín), Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
 * Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (San Juan), San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * Loyola College, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
 * Colegio Loyola Gumilla, Ciudad Guayana, Bolívar, Venezuela

Canada

 * The former Loyola College (Montreal), Quebec (now Concordia University)
 * Loyola International College, part of Concordia University
 * Loyola Student Residence & Loyola Academic Complex, part of Saint Mary's University (Halifax), Nova Scotia

India

 * Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
 * Loyola Academy, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh
 * Loyola College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Peru

 * Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola (St. Ignatius of Loyola University) (USIL), Lima, Peru
 * San Ignacio University, the university's international campus in Miami.
 * Instituto San Ignacio de Loyola (ISIL), the university's institute for short careers, Lima, Peru

United States

 * Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California
 * Loyola Law School
 * Loyola Marymount Lions, this school's intercollegiate athletic program
 * Loyola University Chicago, Illinois
 * Loyola University Chicago School of Law
 * Loyola University Medical Center
 * Loyola Ramblers, the school's intercollegiate athletic program
 * Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland (formerly, Loyola College)
 * Loyola Greyhounds, the school's intercollegiate athletic program
 * Loyola University New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Loyola University New Orleans College of Law
 * St. Ignatius College, renamed John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio

Elsewhere

 * Instituto Politécnico Loyola (Loyola Polytechnic Institute), Benemérita de San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic
 * Loyola College of Culion, Palawan, Philippines
 * Loyola University Andalusia, Seville and Cordoba, Spain

Science

 * 3589 Loyola, a main-belt asteroid

Spirituality

 * Loyola Hall, Rainhill, Merseyside, United Kingdom
 * Loyola House, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
 * Villa Loyola, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

title: Loyola


text:
49 (number)

49 (forty-nine) is the natural number following 48 and preceding 50.

In mathematics
Forty-nine is the square of the prime number 7|seven and hence the fourth non-unitary square prime of the form p2

49 has an aliquot sum of 8; itself a prime power, and hence an aliquot sequence of two composite members (49, 8, 7,1,0).

It appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 21, 28, 37 (it is the sum of the first two of these).

Along with the number that immediately derives from it, 77, the only number under 100 not having its home prime known.

The smallest triple of three squares in arithmetic succession is (1,25,49), and the second smallest is (49,169,289).

49 is the smallest discriminant of a totally real cubic field.

49 and 94 are the only numbers below 100 whose all permutations are composites but they are not multiples of 3, repdigits or numbers which only have digits 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8, even excluding the trivial one digit terms.

49 = 7^2 and 94 = 2 * 47

Decimal representation
The sum of the digits of the square of 49 (2401) is the square root of 49.

49 is the first square where the digits are squares. In this case, 4 and 9 are squares.

Reciprocal
The fraction $1⁄49$ is a repeating decimal with a period of 42:

 * $1⁄49$ = $\overline{0.|0204081632 6530612244 8979591836 7346938775 51}$ (42 digits repeat)

There are 42 positive integers less than 49 and coprime to 49. (42 is the period.) Multiplying 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551 by each of these integers results in a cyclic permutation of the original number:

 * 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551 × 2 = 040816326530612244897959183673469387755102
 * 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551 × 3 = 061224489795918367346938775510204081632653
 * 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551 × 4 = 081632653061224489795918367346938775510204

The repeating number can be obtained from 02 and repetition of doubles placed at two places to the right:

02  04     08       16         32           64            128              256                512                 1024                   2048 +                   ... -- 020408163265306122448979591836734693877551...0204081632...

because $1/49$ satisfies:
 * $$x = \frac{1}{50} + \frac{2x}{100} = \frac{1}{50}(1 + x)\, .$$

In chemistry

 * The atomic number of indium.
 * During the Manhattan Project, plutonium was also often referred to simply as "49". Number 4 was for the last digit in 94 (atomic number of plutonium) and 9 for the last digit in Pu-239, the weapon-grade fissile isotope used in nuclear bombs.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M49, a magnitude 10.0 galaxy in the constellation Virgo.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 49, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.

In religion

 * In Judaism: the number of days of the Counting of the Omer and the number of years in a Jubilee (biblical) cycle.
 * The number of days and night Siddhartha Gautama spent meditating as a holy man
 * In Buddhism, 49 days is one of the lengths of the intermediate state (bardo)

In sports

 * 49er, a member of the San Francisco 49ers team of the National Football League (United States football).
 * Arsenal had a 49-game unbeaten run between May 2003 and October 2004 until they lost to Manchester United, which is a national record in English football.
 * Rocky Marciano ended his boxing career as the only heavyweight champion with a perfect record—49 wins in 49 professional bouts, with 43 knockouts.
 * Indian Premier League cricket team Royal Challengers Bangalore holds the lowest ever team total in IPL history in the 2017 edition of IPL

In music

 * "49 Bye-Byes", a song on the self-titled album Crosby Stills and Nash
 * "Days of '49", a 19th century folk song about the California Gold Rush, recorded by Bob Dylan (on the album Self Portrait) and by many others
 * 49:00... Of Your Time/Life is a one-track solo album by Paul Westerberg.
 * In Blues music lore, it was at the junction of US Highway 49 and 61 in Clarksdale, Mississippi, that legendary bluesman Robert Johnson sold his soul to the devil in return for fame and success. In later years Howlin' Wolf immortalized the road in the song "Highway 49", originally written by Big Joe Williams.

In other fields
Forty-nine is:
 * HP-49 series is a Hewlett-Packard calculator
 * 49er, one who participated in the 1849 California Gold Rush.
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Germany
 * In the title of Thomas Pynchon's novel The Crying of Lot 49
 * In the title of the movies Ladder 49 and 49 Up
 * A 49 is a party after a powwow or any gathering of American Indians, held by the participants. It is also type of song that is sung on such occasions. A 49 is typically held in an isolated place and features drumming and singing.
 * 49th parallel between Canada and the US
 * Japanese GS1 country code
 * The number of the French department Maine-et-Loire
 * Since 4 BCE until 1993 AD, there have been 49 instances of a Master Number 22 year. The next Master Number 22 year will not be until 2299 AD.

title: 49 (number)


text:
Quantum solvent

A quantum solvent is essentially a superfluid (aka a quantum liquid) used to dissolve another chemical species. Any superfluid can theoretically act as a quantum solvent, but in practice the only viable superfluid medium that can currently be used is helium-4, and it has been successfully accomplished in controlled conditions. Such solvents are currently under investigation for use in spectroscopic techniques in the field of analytical chemistry, due to their superior kinetic properties.

Any matter dissolved (or otherwise suspended) in the superfluid will tend to aggregate together in clumps, encapsulated by a 'quantum solvation shell'. Due to the totally frictionless nature of the superfluid medium, the entire object then proceeds to act very much like a nanoscopic ball bearing, allowing effectively complete rotational freedom of the solvated chemical species. A quantum solvation shell consists of a region of non-superfluid helium-4 atoms that surround the molecule(s) and exhibit adiabatic following around the centre of gravity of the solute. As such, the kinetics of an effectively gaseous molecule can be studied without the need to use an actual gas (which can be impractical or impossible). It is necessary to make a small alteration to the rotational constant of the chemical species being examined, in order to compensate for the higher mass entailed by the quantum solvation shell.

Quantum solvation has so far been achieved with a number of organic, inorganic and organometallic compounds, and it has been speculated that as well as the obvious use in the field of spectroscopy, quantum solvents could be used as tools in nanoscale chemical engineering, perhaps to manufacture components for use in nanotechnology.

title: Quantum solvent