text:
Talk:Qin (state)

Anachronism
Shang Yang couldn't have been a "firm believer in the philosophies of Han Fei;" he lived & died a full century before Han Fei. -Bill Henderson

This statement was not dated but was already resolved when I looked at it.FourLights (talk) 06:51, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

King list
Why are the king list broken into chunk of three? --Menchi 03:31, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Dunno but I guessed Spring and Autumn Period, the spot in between, and Warring States Period. Then I thought the spot in between wasn't that long, and my theory was mush.  Well ... still waiting for an answer! :) --Pratyeka 05:11, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * The breaks make it look that there are three sub-dynasties though (especially the fact that the numbers get re-initialized to one twice!), when the succession was continuous. It is worth noting when the Warring States Period began in the list; here are the years: . However, I don't know if it is true that the five ancestors of Feizi were "rulers of Qin", as shown on that table. My understanding is that Qin City was not rewarded to this family until Feizi. --Menchi 05:20, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that those 5 ancestors were closer to mythological rulers than actual. Starting the lists with Qin Zhong is appropiate since he fought the western barbarians for the protection of King Li of Zhou. kt2 06:45, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually King Xiao of Zhou was pleased with Feizi's ability to bread horses between the Wei and Qian Rivers and assigned him with the town of Qin and the name of Qin Ying "setting asside land for him so that he may become a dependant domain". And it was from him that the Qin lineage began: Qin Ying, his son Qin Hou (10 years of rule), his grandson Gongbo (3 years of rule), his great-grandson Qin Zhong (23 years). And it was really King Xuan of Zhou (successor of King Li) who after sucurring his place on the throne, sent Qin Zhong to push back the Quanrong people, but he was killed in battle and his son was sent in to replace him and he succeded in defeating the Quanrong so from there King Xiao officially made him Duke Zhuang of Qin. So personally, I think the list should start from either Feizi or Duke Zhuang. --Master Liang 01:14, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

King Zheng
Did the state cease to exist when King Zheng proclaimed himself emperor? --Jiang 07:12, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Answered in the article kt2 07:27, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Deleted kings
Why are there several kings deleted?Pookleblinky 03:57, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Size of armies
This article seems to take ancient sources of the sizes of armies at face value. Ancient sources place the army of the contemporary Persian Empire at 500,000 men, but nobody believes that today. But I am not expert enough to say more. Can someone check it? David s graff 03:07, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Can someone please check the numbers on these armies?? They seem impossibly huge. The greatest empires in history never managed to have armies that numbered as large as the ones described in this article. How can a mere state raise an army that took the entire Roman Empire to raise? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.120.233 (talk) 09:20, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's start with the change of army system during that time. Warfares between feudal states upto around mid Spring and Autumn period had been consisted of chariots battles and the sizes of armies were accounted for in terms of number of chariots, where each chariot was accompanied with approximately 30 foot soldiers.  Large battles during the Spring and Autumn period such as the battle of Chengpu (632 B.C.) between Chu and Jin each side manuvered around 700 chariots, i.e. ~21,000 men.  All these men came from the noble families, where slaves and ordinary citizens (farmers) were not enlisted.

 * As the scale of war escalated into late Spring and Autumn and early Warring States, the need for larger and large army stretched the noble population to its limit for providing an elite educated fighting force and conscription of ordinary citizens became the new system, which resulted in a huge jump in army sizes. The state's survival requirement for large armies also promoted the developments of human settlement in previously unoccupided lands and agricultural practices were put into full force in these newly developed lands in order to stock up food and supplies during peace years and provide urgent frontline needs during wartimes.  Besides foods and supplies, the most critical benefit of land development was the increase in population, as the same manpower for land cultivation was also fully utilized in battle.  Based on the Discourses of the Warring States, Book Zhao, General Zhao Tu mentioned "in acient times (pre-warring states), cities despite large, still no more than 300 zhang (measured across, where 1 zhang = 3.33 metres); (in the city) population despite large, still no more than 3,000 families.  Nowadays (warring states), cities of 1,000 zhang wide, 10,000 families (have developed to the point that they) can see each others (on their smoke towers)."  If we assume each family has 10 members, which is extremely conservative in a Chinese family, there is already a city with population of 100,000, and when cities this size can see each other on the horizon, these states did have the manpower to sustain centuries of warfare of a slautering nature.  An estimate of the population of the then central China (i.e. north to great wall, south to Yangtze, west to Qin, east to sea) was approximately 20 million.

 * As we look at Qin's army system after Shang Yang's reform, which impleted conscription and enlisted every 50 of 100 farming male above 23 years old (merchants class exempted). Services started in hometown for 1 month, then change base to the capital for 1 year, and then change base at the border for 1 year.  The rest of the weaker 50 men stayed home for agricultural production.  During the battle of Changping, the conscription was temporarily changed to every male above 15 that lives east of the Yellow River.  At the eve of uniting China, Qin has an army of approximately 600,000.  After unification, instead of reducing the size of the army, Qin chose to expand it further with the resources it acquired from the six fallen states to expand the Empire up north and down south, which led to its overthrown in merely 15 years due to social unsustainability.

 * It must be most inappropriate to compare Rome to China even at the same period, especially Mediterranean Europe, near east and north Africa never have the same amount of population to back an army that size. It does not have the fertile land as in central China to produce agricultural yields that can sustain that kind of population.  It was also spread across 3 continents with a sea in the middle whereas in China the stage was focus in 10 provinces in today's map, often enemy cities were within tens of kilometers in today's measurement and these states must out-grow its component and to prevent from being out-grown (i.e. slaugter when possible) in order to defend itself.  Maoyingkiu 02:06, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Most historians will use the historically given figures to at least give a sense of magnitude, with the caveat of admitting that they are almost certainly exaggerated. Perhaps such an approach is best here.129.110.116.65 (talk) 12:42, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
This article has a good history section, but it needs to look at other aspects of Qin too. --Danaman5 06:59, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

References and Quotes
Why are there no references? And no quotes? Or any box saying this article needs more references? 213.114.210.23 (talk) 18:31, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

There are no references. It looks great, but who includes no references? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 35.8.219.43 (talk) 20:22, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Ts'in
another name... Böri (talk) 16:56, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Feizi
秦非子is not a viscount.All Chinese source have not this explain.—星光下的人 (talk) 13:48, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 看起来您不明白我的意思，中国古代有“五等爵位”，就是公、侯、伯、子、男. 一般英文的翻译是Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount, Baron
 * [Translation: It looks like you don't understand my meaning. In ancient China the five orders of nobility in common English usage are Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount and Baron.]
 * 会中文早说，五等爵不是你想的那么简单，更重要的是，非子的“子”不是子爵，懂了吗？—星光下的人
 * [Translation: As regards the previous comment, the five orders of nobility are not as simple as you think. More importantly the "子" here does not mean Viscount. Do you understand?] (talk) 10:02, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, firstly this is the English Wikipedia so discussions should be conducted in English ( I have added translations for the above exchange). Please give a reference that confirms "Viscount" is not the meaning here - I am not disagreeing with your point of view but it needs to be verifiable. Philg88 (talk) 12:40, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * 开什么玩笑，这种东西应该你提供，你凭什么认为非子的子是子爵的意思，你的来源在哪？没有来源，自然是用拼音. 《史记·秦本纪》：“有非子居犬丘. ”这个时候非子是没有封地的，没封地会是子爵？非子乃名!—星光下的人
 * [Translation: Are you joking? You should provide the reference. Why do you think the 子 of 非子 means viscount? What is your source? There is no source. It is natural to use pinyin.  "Feizi lived in Quanqiu" At this time he did not have a fiefdom so how can he have been a viscount? Therefore Feizi is his name.] (talk) 14:42, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, I'm happy to come in and contribute to this discussion at Philg88's request. I've read the first few back-and-forths: what is the original disagreement?  Philg88 mentioned early usage(s) of the term '子', but it seems like that's not the original issue...or is it?  Thanks.    White Whirlwind  咨   16:12, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks White Whirlwind. In fact "子" is the crux of the issue. The quote he cites above from the Shiji only says that he lived in a place called 犬丘 - not that he wasn't a viscount. That said, I am starting to have some concerns about the use of 子 and 伯 as de facto titles for nobility rather than just names but there are an awful lot of WP articles that use them. Philg88 (talk) 22:50, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * 因为有自动翻译机在，我还是中文了. Philg88阁下对先秦历史的不熟悉，直接造成你把子理解为子爵，其实只要用《左传》的例子就够了，郜子，吴子，楚子、郧子，这些都是以国+“子”称呼该国国君，也有以国+“子”+名的方式，如邾子克，莒子狂. 那么好了，如果非子是子爵，那么非即他的封地，敢问非在哪？—星光下的人 (talk) 05:03, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm looking into this dispute but will be travelling to Hong Kong this weekend and won't be able to write my full opinions until next week. I'm fairly certain I can resolve this problem now but I'd better wait and be certain. Philg88, can you link to some other articles that translate the name-suffix 子 in its 子爵 viscount sense?  That's rather unusual, and I'd like to see what how they source those instances ('The Man Under Starlight' has a good point in that other Wikipedia pages are not inherently reliable sources, although they will certainly link to them in ideal situations.)  Also The Man Under Starlight (星光下的人), you need to be more respectful and less combative in your communications.  Your reasoning and arguments are very good, though. As Philg88 mentioned earlier, even though it is not easy for you, please do your best to use good English when working on this version of Wikipedia.  I understand your Chinese perfectly, but that's not the point.  Thanks to both of you gentlemen.   White Whirlwind  咨   09:57, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I suppose what The Man Under Starlight says makes certain sense. Han Feizi means something like Master Han Fei, not Viscount Fei of Han. The issue seems to be how do we identify whether 子 is used as a name or a title of nobility or a title of respect (like 孔子)? In Han's case, each of the pre-state sovereigns is referred to as _ _ 子 and also has a given name(韓獻子 == 韓厥). Considering they were heads of a powerful family and not exactly known in history as influential writers suggest the 子 here is a title of nobility to me. Hanfresco (talk) 10:14, 3 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The generation before 韓厥 is Hanyu(韩舆) son of Han Jian(韩简，韩定伯) is son of Han Qiubo (韓赇伯) is son of Hanwan (韓万,韩武子) is son of Quwo Huanshu（曲沃桓叔）,this line come from The Book of Lineages (世本).Do you want to translate them to Earl and Viscount?
 * “据我们对现有文献记载调查，在一个同氏集团内，大体上只有继位为大宗的人才称“伯”或“子”. 比如鲁国季孙氏的季文子、季武子、季悼子、季平子、季桓子、季康子等，皆季孙氏大宗. 孟孙氏的孟穆伯、孟孝伯、孟武伯和叔孙氏的叔孙戴伯、叔孙宣伯亦分别是孟孙氏和叔孙氏大宗. 因此子服氏的诸“伯”，亦同孟穆伯、孟孝伯、孟武伯、叔孙戴伯、叔孙宣伯、臧哀伯等一样，是子服氏集团大宗的称号”——谢维扬《周代家庭形态》ISBN:7-207-06426-8—星光下的人 (talk) 08:11, 4 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The fundamental issue here is that early Western historians thought that they understood the Chinese societal hierarchy then grafted the five grades of nobility from the British system onto it despite China’s completely different culture. Unfortunately this stuck and has led to the propagation of nomenclature errors ever since.

 * Dictionaries of classical (i.e. old) Chinese all seem to have definitions of 子 that state it was both an honorific as well a title of nobility. For example, the says on page 490:  (Definition 4) 子 – 古代男子的美称或尊. 如：孔子；孟子；荀子；韩非子.也用作表敬的第二人称代词. 《左传 • 鲁僖公三十年》:“吾不能早用子，今急而求子. ” 古代能师长. 如：子日；子墨子.  Translation: In ancient times a male laudatory or honorific title, e.g. : Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi, Han Fei. Also used as a respectful second person pronoun.  “Early on I could not use zi but now it is an urgent request.” Can also be used as part of a teacher’s name, e.g. Zi Ri, Zi Mozi.  (Definition 6) 古代爵位名. 为五等爵的第四个. 直至清代仍沿用. Translation: An ancient order of nobility, fourth of the five ranks. Still used up to the time of the Qing Dynasty. Based on the above, it is clear that Confucius was not Viscount Kong nor Han Fei Viscount Fei of Han. However I think that in Zhou Dynasty China Viscount/Honorable were possibly interchangeable as an indication of hierarchical status.

 * In defense of using the English ranks of nobility generally, I don’t think anyone would agree that the Duke of Zhou should become Zhougong or the Marquess of Shen Shenhou. Sources concur that the five orders of nobility were created by King Wu of Zhou, who was most definitely pre-Qin Dynasty.

 * It seems to me that the crux of the issue is to decide on an individual basis whether the子 is an honorific or a title of nobility which is not in itself an easy task. As for examples of the use of the (pre-Qin) title viscount see Marquess Jing of Han, and the article Viscount, along with any Chinese/English dictionary. Philg88 (talk) 07:18, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The use of zi 子 to mean "Viscount" is without question the less common of its two or three main usages (the exception, not the rule, so to speak). I do not think we should render "Feizi" as "Viscount Fei", and I think the "Man Under Starlight" user has made the best case in the discussion.

 * Although we have had some good arguments for and against its use, including Philg88's dictionary references, I think it might be helpful if I gave a short history of the word zi 子 as best as I understand it, as it will shed some light that will not be found in any dictionary. (Note: I'm not going to talk about oracle bone usage or bronzes here, as I don't know much about them aside from the oracle bone dictionary PDF I have.)

 * First we have, of course, its original "child" meaning, from which its other meanings flow, as I'll treat below using just the ancient and very reliable Book of Songs (Chinese).

 * The word zi 子 appears in the Book of Songs (Chinese) nearly 400 times, at least half of those times used in the term junzi 君子 (or kjun tsjəʔ, as Prof. Baxter reconstructs it). Now, this is a term nearly anybody who knows some Chinese will have heard, and as you all know it's generally translated into English as "gentleman" or "superior man" because of its usage in the Confucian classics.  That is not quite its true meaning.  It literally means "son of prince" - in ancient times, the sons of royalty were probably more educated, refined, and cultured than other men, and parents of common background likely encouraged their sons to act gentlemanly, like a kjun tsjəʔ 君子.  Confucius seems to have emphasized that regardless of a man's birth status in society, he could choose the noble path of the kjun tsjəʔ 君子 for himself. (I learned this from Dr. David Honey, my first formal Classical Chinese teacher, who I think learned it from the great Peter Boodberg.)  The name-suffix usage (e.g. Kongzi, Zhuangzi, Feizi, etc.) almost certainly derives ultimately from this usage, and not from the Zhou ranks of nobility.

 * This then is also probably the origin of zi 子's other usage in the Book of Songs as the second-person pronoun "you" or "thou" that seems to be used by girls toward a boyfriend or husband (like in 《子襟》：青青子襟，悠悠我心 "The vest thou wear'st, viridian dark / [inside] my sad and longing heart." - My rough translation). It's probably literally more like "[noble] man".  I think it's similar to the use of "My Lord" as "husband" in archaic English, a form that is very common in the modern Mandarin laogong 老公 "husband".  We could go on to discuss other usages if we wanted to.

 * Now, the "viscount" meaning is indeed given in many dictionaries, though it's evident from the one Philg88 gave alone that it's a rarer meaning (note that it doesn't quote an example - the Cihai 辭海 doesn't either, see page 2557). I am not a Classical Chinese guru, but I wouldn't feel comfortable translating this into "viscount" unless it expressly appears as zijue 子爵.  Incidentally, the link Philg88 sent to Viscount lists Japanese shishaku and Korean jajak as "viscount"  equivalents, and note that both of those are simply transliterations of the original Chinese term 子爵.

 * I hope this expressed my views on the discussion clearly, and I thank Philg88 for the honor of inviting me to add my two cents.  White Whirlwind  咨   14:30, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your sterling effort on this one White Whirlwind. I think you've made it quite clear that Zi is not Viscount in this article. Best, Philg88 (talk) 22:12, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you White Whirlwind and Philg88. I did a bit of my own research and corroborated the above. Han (state) article was modified accordingly. Hanfresco (talk) 23:07, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Capitals
From a number of maps I get the following list of capitals for Qin:

1) Xiquanqiu (西犬丘)

2) Pingyang （平阳)

3) Yong (雍)

4) Xianyang (咸阳）(which from its location looks like it was previously Pingyang)

which does not match what the article has right now. Also, Chinese WP says that the Qin capital was unknown (which seems a bit odd to say the least). Can anyone confirm this list? Philg88 (talk) 00:00, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Xichui was a vague area ("Western March") headed by the Ying clan of Quanqiu. It's always been typical in Chinese to refer to the capital by the region's name. Other than that, the list did match yours. (I'll check to see how big the difference between Xiquanqiu and Quanqiu is.) — Llywelyn II   14:55, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

Qin Hou or Marquis of Qin?
Since we've already got several long-timers' attention here, I'd like to invite everyone to join the ongoing discussion at Talk:Marquis of Qin, on whether or not to translate the title of the second ruler of Qin, 秦侯 (Qin Hou), to Marquis of Qin. --Zanhe (talk) 18:01, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

Zhongyu or Zhongjue?
The character can have both readings. Accounting for the Wade transcription, Nienhauser's translation of the Shiji uses Zhongjue, presumably for good reasons. Do we have any equally good source reading it as yu or is it conventional in pinyin versions? — Llywelyn II   02:31, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Watson Burton and Feng Li also use Zhongjue. But some dictionaries, such as zdic.net, don't even show the jue pronunciation. Maybe it's the archaic reading, which scholars sometimes prefer. -Zanhe (talk) 03:28, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Yueyang or Liyang?
While we're on the subject, the capital 櫟陽 appears on various Wikipedia pages as Yueyang (as here), Liyang (as here)... and nevermind. Zdic seems pretty clear that Yue is the ancient placename. (Someone double check for me that it's the right place name.) — Llywelyn II   04:40, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Definitely Yueyang. -Zanhe (talk) 05:01, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems like the Tang dynasty articles were especially partial to Liyang (while still obviously talking about a community within modern Xi'an). Is there any reason to think that it changed its name in Middle Chinese or those editors just didn't know that the placename was a special case? — Llywelyn II   12:40, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Most people are simply not aware of the special pronunciation for the ancient place name. But all dictionaries I've seen note the special Yueyang pronunciation. -Zanhe (talk) 07:14, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Origin
Also, I saw that you added content on the origin of Qin based on the Shiji. Please be aware that Sima Qian's account is disputed by many modern historians. Archaeological evidence seems to support the theory that they originated in the east and were moved to the west after Duke of Zhou's suppression of the Rebellion of the Three Guards. See articles by Li Xueqin and by Wu Rui. -Zanhe (talk) 05:11, 4 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yep. Didn't even have to add the cite, since it was already part of the text: just expanded what was already there. Especially if it's disputed, we should include both theories; you seem better versed in the eastern origin one. Feel free to add it, along with whatever caveats about "the traditional story...", "Sima Qian claimed...", whathaveyou. — Llywelyn II   12:39, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chen (state) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:59, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:12, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

Overthrow of Zhou
19th and early 20th century sources obviously go too far in considering the Qin Empire to have begun in 255 but we still need to move over a block of text and sources from "King Zhaoxiang of Qin" to discuss Qin's ending of the Zhou dynasty, which is now barely even touched by the article. Even if the Nan King was a scarsely-respected figurehead, it was still the end of hundreds of years as the sons of Heaven and a major moment in retrospect.

Similarly, the Huiwen King's assumption of royal dignity and rituals needs more treatment in the article. — Llywelyn II   13:58, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

identity issues
Chu (state), Qin (state), Yan (state)

It is illustrated in the sources provided that these three states were frequently called "barbarian" by those in the Central Plains, just as Wu and Yue also were. Whether this view is caused by genuine difference in ethnic identity or just snobbery should be addressed. Why are they removed or toned down without any discussion? If you don't believe me, check the sources yourselves. I can go quote it for you if you want. If not I'm going to revert everything. 42.61.172.8 (talk) 15:13, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Establishment 897 BC?
The first sentence in this articel dates the state of Qin to 897 BC (traditionally dating) with reference to The Cambridge History of China. The source actually say that Feizi that year was given a small attached appanage to breed horses for the Zhou royal hose, but according to my understanding this is not to be equated with the formation of a state. The same source also say that Qin 770 BC was rised to full principality, and Qin 750 BC asserted sovereignty. I would propose that the article state the establishment date for the state of Qin to 750 BC or 770 BC. I think 770 BC is the date that correspond most to how establishment dates have been selected for the other feudal states during this period. Best regards, --Bairuilong (talk) 02:54, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Im fixing the kings of states during the warring states period.
Im fixing it right now. Unfriendly770 (talk) 08:21, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Guys help why the kings after the 15th was not going to show up?
Can anyone know what happened to the king category? Unfriendly770 (talk) 14:07, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I didn't delete any other of the script,i just added some kings, but the kings after the 15th wasn't going to show up, can someone teach me how to fix it? Unfriendly770 (talk) 14:12, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Its says unknown parameter when im previewing it,can someone help me? Unfriendly770 (talk) 14:14, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * User:Unfriendly770, the lists of leaders and deputies in Infobox former country are intended to hold first and/or last and/or particularly notable examples. They're not designed to contain every single person who filled one of the roles. That's why the template parameters only go to fifteen, which is honestly already probably too many. Folly Mox (talk) 15:28, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks! This taught me a lesson! Unfriendly770 (talk) 03:30, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Need we include "Ch'in" in the first sentence?
Rather shocking (probably affected somehow) and obligatory Ngrams results to be treated with a grain of salt

It seems that the contemporary use of Wade Giles for most political entities (versus, say, Tao or kung fu) is pretty negligible; it does pop up in quotes and refs later but it seems intuit-able enough for a general audience, could certainly front WG in the. Remsense 诉  15:15, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I personally have no strong opinion about the addition of the Wade Giles spelling. I added it simply because similar articles such as Qi (state), Chu (state) or Qin dynasty have also included Wade Giles spellings in their very first sentences. If there is indeed no such a need then I think Wade Giles spellings can be removed from all such articles. --Wengier (talk) 15:33, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This would be my gut feeling but I wanted to check first. Remsense  诉  15:40, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I do notice that most other dynasties do not show Wade Giles spelling bolded in the first sentence though. I think perhaps we can indeed fix above-mentioned articles somehow.--Wengier (talk) 15:50, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * So, there's this gut feeling I have that certain historical figures (i.e. Warring States and maybe Tang really) should have more weight to displaying WG as they were the focus of Western scholarship and those spellings will likely be more familiar to more people? Remsense  诉  15:58, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This is certainly interesting. Perhaps someone who is more familiar with such historical figures may provide a good answer for this. --Wengier (talk) 16:04, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Qin (state)


text:
C. Z. Guest

Lucy Douglas "C.Z." Guest (née Cochrane; February 19, 1920 – November 8, 2003) was an American actress, author, columnist, horsewoman, fashion designer, and socialite who achieved a degree of fame as a fashion icon. She was frequently seen wearing elegant designs by designers like Mainbocher. Her unfussy, clean-cut style was seen as typically American, and she was named to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List in 1959.

Life and career
She was born on February 19, 1920, in Boston, Massachusetts to Vivian Hervey Wessell and Alexander Lynde Cochrane, an investment banker who belonged to a family of Boston Brahmins. Her brother called her Sissy, and she transformed that into C.Z. She had two sisters, Nancy (née Cochrane) Palmer of Johns Island, Florida and Jean "Neenie" (née Cochrane) Cameron Welch of Knockbrack Grange, near Oldcastle in County Meath, Ireland.

In 1937, she was presented as a debutante and, in 1939, she was voted the "Glamor Girl of the Massachusetts North Shore in a beauty contest which prompted her to have a stint as a showgirl. She dabbled in acting, including an appearance in the Ziegfeld Follies in 1944.

On March 8, 1947, she married Winston Frederick Churchill Guest, a U.S. national polo champion and the son of Frederick Guest, who was a son of Ivor Bertie Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne, and Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (daughter of John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough) and who, through his mother, was a first cousin of Sir Winston Churchill. Ernest Hemingway was best man at the wedding, which took place at Hemingway's home in Havana, Cuba. The couple had two children, Alexander Guest and Cornelia Guest. C.Z. Guest was pictured on the cover of the July 20, 1962, issue of Time magazine as part of an article on American society.

After a horse riding accident in 1976, Guest was asked by the New York Post to write a column on gardening. Her first book, First Garden, was illustrated by her friend Cecil Beaton. Other friends included Truman Capote, Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, Barbara Hutton, Diana Vreeland, Babe Paley and William S. Paley, Gloria Guinness and Thomas "Loel" Guinness, and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, who were the godparents of their children.

She was painted by Diego Rivera, Salvador Dalí, Kenneth Paul Block, and Andy Warhol.

In 1985, she designed a small fashion collection consisting mainly of cashmere sweaters that was introduced at a show of the Cuban-born American designer Adolfo, well known for dressing Nancy Reagan and Babe Paley. In 1986, she expanded her design work to include a limited line of sportswear sold under license, and, in 1990, she came out with a fragrant insect repellent and other garden merchandise.

Death
Guest died on November 8, 2003, in Old Westbury, New York, at the age of 83, as a friend was driving her to the hospital after she experienced breathing difficulties at home.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: C. Z. Guest


text:
Ian Wallace

Ian Wallace is the name of:

Arts and entertainment

 * Ian Wallace (author) (1912–1998), science fiction author
 * Ian Wallace (drummer) (1946–2007), drummer with King Crimson, Bob Dylan, and many others
 * Ian Wallace (illustrator) (born 1950), illustrator of children's books
 * Ian Wallace (photographer) (born 1972), Tasmanian landscape photographer
 * Ian Wallace (bass-baritone) (1919–2009), singer and contestant on My Music
 * Ian "Nion" Wallace, Canadian performance artist

Other

 * Ian Wallace (ornithologist) (1933–2021), British ornithologist and natural history author
 * Ian Wallace (artist) (born 1943), pioneer of Vancouver's conceptual art movement
 * Ian Wallace (Australian footballer) (born 1950), Australian footballer for Footscray
 * Ian Wallace (footballer, born 1956), Scottish international footballer

title: Ian Wallace


text:
Love over Gold

Love over Gold is the fourth studio album by British rock band Dire Straits, released on 24 September 1982 by Vertigo Records internationally and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States. The album featured two singles: "Private Investigations," which reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, and "Industrial Disease," which reached No. 9 on Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the United States. The title track was never released as a single, but two years later a live version from Alchemy: Dire Straits Live reached #15 in France, #29 in New Zealand, #43 in the Netherlands and #50 in the band's native United Kingdom. The album reached number one on album charts in Australia, Austria, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom, as well as number 19 in the United States. Love over Gold was later certified gold in the United States, platinum in France and Germany and double-platinum in Canada and the United Kingdom.

Background
Following the end of the On Location Tour on 6 July 1981 in Luxembourg, Mark Knopfler began writing songs for Dire Straits' next album. Keyboard player Alan Clark and Californian guitarist Hal Lindes, who both joined the band at the end of 1980 for the On Location Tour, would also be involved with the new album. This was also the last album to feature drummer Pick Withers.

Knopfler was inspired to write "Telegraph Road" after Dire Straits' tour bus drove for miles along Telegraph Road in Detroit:

"I was reading a book at the time called The Growth of the Soil and I just put the two together...it's the same road, and it just went on and on and on forever, it's like what they call linear development, and I just started to think. I wondered how that road must have been when it started, what it must have first been...I was actually sitting in the front of the tour bus at the time."

Recording
Love over Gold was recorded at the Power Station in New York from 8 March to 11 June 1982. Knopfler produced the album, with Neil Dorfsman as his engineer—the first in a long line of collaborations between the two.

Knopfler used several guitars during the sessions, including four Schecter Stratocasters—two red, one blue, and one sunburst—a black Schecter Telecaster, an Ovation classical guitar on "Private Investigations" and "Love over Gold," a custom Erlewine Automatic on "Industrial Disease" and his 1937 National steel guitar on "Telegraph Road". Knopfler also used Ovation twelve- and six-string acoustic guitars during the recording.

Several songs were written and recorded during the Love over Gold sessions that were not released on the album. "Private Dancer" was originally planned for the album, with all but the vocal tracks being recorded. Knopfler decided that a female voice would be more appropriate and handed the song to Tina Turner for her comeback album, Private Dancer. "The Way It Always Starts" ended up on Knopfler's soundtrack to the film Local Hero, with vocals sung by Gerry Rafferty. "Badges, Posters, Stickers and T-Shirts" was cut from the album and later released in the UK as a B-side to "Private Investigations" and in the United States as the B-side to "Industrial Disease." It was subsequently released in the United States as the third track on the ExtendedancEPlay EP.

Release
Love over Gold was released on 20 September 1982 initially on vinyl LP and cassette, and later on compact disc. "Private Investigations" was released as the lead single from the album in Europe. It reached the number 2 position in the United Kingdom, despite its almost seven minute length, and was Dire Straits’ first single in the UK to reach the top 5. In the United States the shortest track "Industrial Disease" was released as a single, reaching the 75 position on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1983.

The album was remastered and reissued with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 by Vertigo Records internationally, and in 2000 by Warner Bros. records in the United States. The remastered CD features slightly altered cover art; the album title is rendered underneath the band name, both in larger type, rather than arranged across the top. The image of lightning is also somewhat zoomed in and made brighter, making for a more purple color. It remains the only remastered Dire Straits CD with altered cover art (the U.S. remastered CD still retains the original vinyl LP art).

Love over Gold was the final album to feature original drummer Pick Withers, who was replaced by former Dave Edmunds / Rockpile drummer Terry Williams. Dire Straits then embarked on the eight-month-long Love over Gold Tour which finished with two sold-out concerts London's Hammersmith Odeon on 22 and 23 July 1983. In January 1983 a four-song EP titled ExtendedancEPlay was released while Love over Gold was still in the album charts. The double album Alchemy Live was a recording of excerpts from the final two concerts of the tour, and was reportedly released without studio overdubs. The concert was also issued on VHS and Laserdisc, and was remastered and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010.

"Private Investigations" continued to be played throughout the Brothers in Arms and On Every Street tours, while "Telegraph Road" returned to the band's set list in 1992 during the last half of Dire Straits' final tour, and Knopfler continued to play the track during his tours as a solo artist.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, David Fricke called Love over Gold "an ambitious, sometimes difficult record that is exhilarating in its successes and, at the very least, fascinating in its indulgences." Fricke remarked that the album more deeply and at times more dramatically explores a dichotomy present on Dire Straits' earlier albums, between fiery angst and soft sensitivity. He concluded that "in a period when most pop music is conceived purely as product, Love over Gold dares to put art before airplay."

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the addition of a new rhythm guitarist "expands [Dire Straits'] sounds and ambitions." Erlewine added, "Since Mark Knopfler is a skilled, tasteful guitarist, he can sustain interest even throughout the languid stretches, but the long, atmospheric, instrumental passages aren't as effective as the group's tight blues-rock, leaving Love over Gold only a fitfully engaging listen."

Personnel
Dire Straits
 * Mark Knopfler – lead vocals, guitars
 * Hal Lindes – guitars
 * John Illsley – bass
 * Alan Clark – keyboards
 * Pick Withers – drums

Additional musicians
 * Ed Walsh – synthesizer programming
 * Mike Mainieri – vibraphone and marimba (2, 4)

Production

 * Mark Knopfler – producer
 * Neil Dorfsman – engineer
 * Barry Bongiovi – assistant engineer
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York City, New York, USA)
 * Peter Cunningham – photography
 * Alan Lobel – photography
 * Michae Rowe – sleeve design
 * Damage Management – management

Weekly charts
Love Over Gold spent 200 weeks in the UK Albums Chart.

title: Love over Gold


text:
Dubailand

Dubailand was an entertainment complex planned to be built in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which was owned by Tatweer (which belongs to Dubai Holding). When announced in 2003 it was one of the most ambitious leisure developments ever proposed anywhere in the world costing $64.3 billion, but development has been severely impacted by global recession and Dubai's financial crisis. The development was put on hold in 2008, due to the global financial meltdown of 2007-2008, but resumed in mid-2013. Updates in 2013 showed that $55 billion had been raised towards the works.

Some projects were cancelled, although Dubailand has since become the name of an entertainment district in Dubai where some of the planned projects for the Dubailand complex have opened. Other projects are being built and are planned to open in 2025.

Development
Dubailand was announced on 23 October 2003. It would have an area of 278 km2, twice the size of Walt Disney World, and comprise 45 "mega projects" and 200 sub projects. Over the years, there were 22 projects under construction. Dubailand was divided into six zones (worlds): Attractions and Experience World, Sports and Outdoor World, Eco-Tourism World, Themed Leisure and Vacation World, Retail and Entertainment World, and Downtown, the largest collection of theme parks in the world.

The Sahara Kingdom theme park, situated in the Attractions & Experience World, would cover 460000 m2 and would combine high end virtual and physical theme park rides, attractions such as a state of the art gaming zone, IMAX theater, and integrated live and virtual entertainment shows, together with a retail zone, four hotels and residential accommodations. The theme of the development was traditional Arabian folklore and the tales of One Thousand and One Nights.

In 2006, planning permission was granted for the Great Dubai Wheel, a 185 m giant Ferris wheel with 30 passenger capsules, to be built and managed by the Great Wheel Corporation. It was expected to open in 2009, at a cost of over AED 250 million. In January 2012, it was announced that the Great Dubai Wheel would not be built.

In 2008, most of the developments in Dubailand were put on hold and virtually all of the staff and workforce were fired due to global financial meltdown of the late 2007-2008.

On 19 January 2008, DreamWorks announced plans to build a theme park in Dubailand.

On 4 March 2008, Tatweer announced a strategic alliance with Six Flags to build the 5000000 sqft Six Flags Dubailand theme park.

On 1 May 2008, Tatweer announced the launch of Freej Dubailand. Freej Dubailand would boast hotels totalling 2,600 keys, and feature retail, food and beverage outlets, as well as a spectrum of entertainment attractions.

On 2 May 2008, it was announced that the design and conceptual master plan for a Marvel Superheroes theme park had been finalized, the first of its kind. It would have included 17 rides and attractions on a 4500000 sqft development. It would also comprise nine retail outlets on an area of 30000 sqft. Over 40 food and beverage outlets, including carts merchandising light refreshments, would be developed over 40000 sqft.

On 6 May 2008, Tatweer announced a strategic alliance with Merlin Entertainments Group to build a Legoland park in Dubailand. The project would have cost AED 912 million, occupy a total of 3000000 sqft, and would feature more than 40 interactive rides, shows and attractions geared towards families with children ages 2 to 12.

At this point, Dubai Properties Group took over Dubailand from Tatweer. United States companies Six Flags and DreamWorks dropped out of their projects, losing interest in the site.

In September 2012, Dubai Properties Group announced the revival of the Mudon residential community project, estimating the completion of the project at around 18 months.

Construction on the site resumed in early 2013, with the 72,000 square-meter Dubai Miracle Gardens opening at the beginning of March. The adjacent 2,600 square-meter Dubai Butterfly Garden opened in 2015.

In October 2016, Legoland Dubai was opened at Dubai Parks and Resorts, 35 km from Dubailand. In December 2016, Motiongate Dubai, which incorporates DreamWorks' attractions, opened at Dubai Parks and Resorts.

Zones
This list includes both places that have been built and opened and proposed places that have not yet been built.
 * Attractions & Experience World (13.9 km2)
 * Akoya Oxygen - master community by DAMAC Properties
 * Bawadi
 * Aqua Fantasia - Dancing fountains with laser illumination
 * Falcon City of Wonders
 * IMG Worlds of Adventure (opened in 2016)
 * Legends of Dubailand - mixed-use entertainment and residential development, also known as Arabian Legends and Legends-Dubailand
 * Global Village
 * The Trump World Golf Club, Dubai (opened in 2017)
 * Kids City theme park
 * Dubai Miracle Garden (opened in 2013)
 * Dubai Butterfly Garden (opened in 2014)
 * Retail and Entertainment World (4 km2)
 * Dubai Outlet City (opened in August 2007)
 * Black Market
 * Flea Market - farmer’s market
 * World Trade Park - Dubai Bazaar
 * Auction World
 * Factory Outlets at Dubai Flea & Street Markets
 * Dubai Lifestyle City
 * Themed Leisure and Vacation World (29.7 km2)
 * Women's World (LEMNOS) at Al Barsha Mall
 * Destination Dubai VIP
 * Desert Kingdom
 * Andalusian Resort and Spa - planned
 * Eco-Tourism World (130 km2)
 * Al Sahra Desert Resort and Equestrian Centre
 * Sand Dune Hotel - planned
 * Al Kaheel - planned
 * Bio World - planned
 * Animal World - planned
 * Sports and Outdoor World (32.9 km2)
 * Dubai Sports City
 * Emerat Sports World - planned
 * Extreme Sports World - planned
 * Plantation Equestrian and Polo Club
 * Dubai Motor City which includes Dubai Autodrome
 * Dubai Golf City
 * Dubai Snowdome
 * Downtown (1.8 km2)
 * City of Arabia
 * Mall of Arabia, which would have been the world's largest shopping mall
 * Restless Planet theme park - planned
 * Wadi Walk - a water front community - under development
 * Elite Towers
 * City Walk
 * Virtual Game World - planned

Cancelled projects

 * Legoland Dubailand (moved to phase 1 of Dubai Parks & Resorts in Jebel Ali as Legoland Dubai, opened October 2016)
 * Six Flags Dubailand (moved to phase 2 of Dubai Parks & Resorts in Jebel Ali as Six Flags Dubai, but subsequently cancelled)
 * Pharaoh's Theme Park
 * DreamWorks Studio Theme Park (now as a part of Motiongate Dubai in Dubai Parks & Resorts, opened October 2016)
 * Universal Studios Dubailand
 * F1-X Theme Park Dubai
 * The Tiger Woods Dubai (renamed as "The Trump World Golf Club, Dubai" as part of Akoya Oxygen, opened 2017)
 * Brownstown Dubailand and Rowleyville Dubailand
 * Freej Dubailand
 * Marvel Superheroes Theme Park (now as a part of IMG Worlds of Adventure, opened 15 August 2016)
 * Tourism World
 * Aviation World
 * Islamic Culture and Science World
 * Giants World
 * Six Water Parks
 * Astrolab Resort
 * Great Dubai Wheel

title: Dubailand


text:
Pharaonism

Pharaonism was an ideology that rose to prominence in Egypt in the 1920s and 1930s. A version of Egyptian nationalism, it argued for the existence of an Egyptian national continuity from ancient times to the modern era, stressing the role of ancient Egypt and incorporating anti-colonial sentiment. Pharaonism's most notable advocate was Taha Hussein. The movement largely faded by the 1940s, having failed to resonate with most Egyptians, and was superseded by pan-Arabism and Islamism.

Since 2020, however, a popular and state-sponsored revival of the ideology, termed Neo-Pharaonism, has been taking place in Egypt.

Egyptian identity
Egyptian identity since the Iron Age Egyptian Empire evolved for the longest period under the influence of native Egyptian culture, religion and identity (see Ancient Egypt). The Egyptians came subsequently under the influence of a succession of several foreign rulers, including Persians, Greco-Macedonians, Romans and Arab Caliphates. Under these foreign rulers, the Egyptians accommodated three new religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, and produced a new language, Egyptian Arabic. By the 4th century, the majority of the Egyptians had converted to Christianity and in 535 the Roman Emperor Justinian ordered the Temple of Isis at Philae closed, which marked the formal end of the ancient religion of Egypt.

During the Middle Ages, the monuments of the ancient Egyptian civilization were sometimes destroyed as remnants of a time of jahiliyyah ("barbarous ignorance"). The majority of the destruction of the ruins occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries, a time of floods, famines and plagues in Egypt, leading some people to believe that Allah was punishing the Egyptians for the continued existence of these relics of a time of jahiliyyah. The most notable acts of destruction in the Middle Ages were the tearing down of a statue of the goddess Isis in 1311 in Fustat and the destruction of a temple in Memphis in 1350, which inspired much relief when it was discovered the "evil eye" (the eye of Horus) on the temple's walls did not cause the deaths of those destroying the temple as feared.

The Koran singled out the Pharaoh whose story is related in the Book of Exodus as an especially vicious tyrant opposed to Allah, and in general the Pharaohs are portrayed in Islamic tradition as depraved despots reveling in jahiliyyah. Several Muslim leaders such as the Caliph Yazid III ordered the destruction of all the pharaonic monuments. However, there is considerable evidence of popular local pride in monuments such as the Giza Pyramids and the Sphinx, so much that these monuments were never destroyed out of the fear of causing riots. The monuments of Pharaonic Egypt were generally seen as possessing magical powers and were viewed as objects of respect by ordinary Egyptians, despite the fact that the Koran execrates ancient Egypt as an especially reprehensible period of jahiliyyah. As late as 1378, it was reported that nominally Muslim peasants would go burn incense at night in front of the Sphinx while uttering prayers which were said to empower the Sphinx to speak, which led a Sufi holy man to attack the Sphinx. Local legends claimed the attack on the Sphinx led to a massive sand storm at Giza, which only ended with the holy man's lynching.

In Egypt, the belief in the magical powers of the Pyramids and ancient ruins played a significant role in their preservation. Some even warned of dire consequences if they were destroyed, leading to the conclusion that leaving them untouched was the best option. These beliefs demonstrated a sense of pride and reverence for Egypt's ancient past. Additionally, in the Middle Ages, Egyptians created a story associating the Pharaoh mentioned in religious texts with Iran, aiming to salvage pride despite the condemnation in the Quran. To safeguard the ruins, they often attributed them to Islamic figures, making them quasi-Islamic sites that were protected from destruction.

Because knowledge of the hieroglyphs was lost from the 6th century until 1822 when Jean-François Champollion deciphered the Rosetta Stone, the memory of ancient Egypt was that of an impressive civilization which built various monuments whose precise meaning had been long since been lost, limiting the extent of popular identification with it. Mohammad Ali the Great, the Albanian tobacco merchant turned Ottoman vali (governor) of Egypt and who ruled the country with an iron hand from 1805 until his death in 1849, had no interest in the ruins of ancient Egypt except as a source of gifts for foreign leaders. Likewise, Mohammad Ali had a permissive attitude towards Europeans taking ancient Egyptian relics with them, allowing much plundering of various sites such as by the Italian Giovanni Battista Belzoni while a diplomatic posting in Cairo was highly sought after owing to opportunities for looting. One of Mohammad Ali's officials, Rifa'a al-Tahtawi, persuaded him in 1836 to embark on preserving Egypt's heritage by ending the plundering of sites in Egypt and to create a museum to display Egypt's treasures instead of letting them be taken to Europe. Tahtawi later published a history of ancient Egypt in 1868, which took advantage of the discoveries of archaeologists and the deciphering of the hieroglyphs, which marked the first time that the heritage of ancient Egypt was used as a symbol of national pride in modern Egypt.

Nationalism
Questions of identity came to the fore in the 20th century as Egyptians sought to end the British occupation of Egypt, leading to the rise of ethno-territorial secular Egyptian nationalism (also known as "Pharaonism"). Pharaonism became the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists of the pre- and inter-war periods, according to modern historian and University of Colorado professor James P. Jankowski; "What is most significant [about Egypt in this period] is the absence of an Arab component in early Egyptian nationalism. The thrust of Egyptian political, economic, and cultural development throughout the nineteenth century worked against, rather than for, an "Arab" orientation... This situation—that of divergent political trajectories for Egyptians and Arabs—if anything increased after 1900."

Pharaonism celebrated Egypt as a distinct geographic and political unit whose origins went back to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in about 3100 BC, and which presented Egypt as more closely linked to Europe rather than to the Middle East. The focus on the ancient Egyptian past was used as a symbol of Egyptian distinctiveness, which was used to down-play Arab and Islamic identities, and was intended to brand Egypt as a European rather than a Near Eastern nation. Pharaonism first appeared in the early 20th century in the writings of Mustafa Kamil Pasha who called Egypt the world's first state and Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed who wrote about a "pharaonic core" surviving in modern Egypt.

In 1931, following a visit to Egypt, Syrian Arab nationalist Sati' al-Husri remarked that: "[Egyptians] did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands, and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation." The later 1930s would become a formative period for Arab nationalism in Egypt, in large part due to efforts by Syrian/Palestinian/Lebanese intellectuals. Nevertheless, a year after the establishment of the League of Arab States in 1945, to be headquartered in Cairo, Oxford University historian H. S. Deighton was still writing:

The Egyptians are not Arabs, and both they and the Arabs are aware of this fact. They are Arabic-speaking, and they are Muslim—indeed religion plays a greater part in their lives than it does in those either of the Syrians. But the Egyptian, during the first thirty years of the [twentieth] century, was not aware of any particular bond with the Arab East... Egypt sees in the Arab cause a worthy object of real and active sympathy and, at the same time, a great and proper opportunity for the exercise of leadership, as well as for the enjoyment of its fruits. But she is still Egyptian first and Arab only in consequence, and her main interests are still domestic.

One of the most prominent Egyptian nationalists and critics of pan-Arabism was Egypt's most notable writer of the 20th century, Taha Hussein. He expressed his disagreement with Arab unity and his beliefs in Egyptian nationalism on multiple occasions. In one of his most well known articles, written in 1933 in the magazine Kawkab el Sharq, he wrote saying:

Pharaonism is deeply rooted in the spirits of the Egyptians. It will remain so, and it must continue and become stronger. The Egyptian is Pharaonic before being Arab. Egypt must not be asked to deny its Pharaonism because that would mean: Egypt, destroy your Sphinx and your pyramids, forget who you are and follow us! Do not ask of Egypt more than it can offer. Egypt will never become part of some Arab unity, whether the capital [of this unity] were to be Cairo, Damascus, or Baghdad.

It has been argued that until the 1940s, Egypt was more in favour of territorial, Egyptian nationalism and distant from the pan-Arab ideology. Egyptians generally did not identify themselves as Arabs, and it is revealing that when the Egyptian nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul met the Arab delegates at Versailles in 1918, he insisted that their struggles for statehood were not connected, claiming that the problem of Egypt was an Egyptian problem and not an Arab one.

In February 1924 Zaghloul, now prime minister of Egypt, had all of the treasures found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun seized from the British archaeological team led by Howard Carter under the grounds that the treasures belonged to Egypt and to prevent Carter from taking them to Britain as he wanted. Zaghloul justified the seizure under the grounds that "it is the duty of the government to defend the rights and dignity of the nation". On 6 March 1924, Zaghlul formally opened the tomb of King Tutankhamun to the Egyptian public in an elaborate ceremony held at night with the sky lit up by floodlights, which reportedly attracted the largest crowd ever seen in Luxor. The opening of Tutankhamun tomb was turned into a nationalist demonstration when the British High Commissioner, Field Marshal Allenby arrived, and was loudly booed by the crowd, who started to demand immediate British evacuation of Egypt. The long dead Tutankhamun was turned by the Wafd Party into a symbol of Egyptian nationalism, which was why Carter's plans to take the treasures from his tomb aroused such opposition in Egypt. However, the case of Tutankhamun's treasures were merely an opportunistic move by Zaghlul at asserting Egyptian independence, which had only been gained in February 1922, against Carter and his team, who were viewed as acting arrogantly towards the Egyptians.

Ahmed Hussein who founded the nationalistic and fascistic Young Egypt Society in 1933 stated that he became interested in Egyptian nationalism after a scouting trip through the Valley of the Kings in 1928, which inspired him with the belief that if Egypt was great once, then it could be great again. The Young Egypt Society glorified the ancient Egyptian past, which was regularly mentioned in party rallies, and in reference to Egypt's Turco-Circassian aristocracy demanded that Egypt have "a leader of action, who is not of Turkish or Circassian blood, but of Pharanoic blood". Initially, the Young Egypt Society had very particularist interpretation of Egyptian nationalism, which emphasized that Egypt was not just another Muslim and/or Arab nation, but rather having a very distinctive identity owing to the heritage of ancient Egypt. The Young Egypt Society, which was closely modeled along the lines of the fascist movements of Italy and Germany, called for a British withdrawal from Egypt, the union of Egypt and the Sudan, and for Egypt under the banner of Arab nationalism to create an empire stretching from the Atlantic to the Indian oceans. The invocation of the glories of ancient Egypt by the Young Egypt Society was used to explain why the Egyptians were to dominate the proposed pan-Arab state. However, Hussein discovered that Pharaonism appealed only to middle class Egyptians, and limited his party's appeal to the Egyptian masses. Starting in 1940, the Young Egypt Society abandoned Pharaonism and sought to reinvent itself as an Islamic fundamentalist party.

"Pharaonism" was condemned by Hassan al-Banna, the founder and Supreme Guide of the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, as glorifying a period of jahiliyyah ("barbarous ignorance"), which is the Islamic term for the pre-Islamic past. In a 1937 article, Banna attacked Pharaonism for glorifying the "pagan reactionary Pharaohs" like Akhenaten, Ramesses the Great and Tutankhamun instead of Muhammad and his companions and for seeking to "annihilate" Egypt's Muslim identity. Banna insisted that Egypt could only be part of the wider Islamic ummah ("community") and that any effort to mark Egyptian distinctiveness from the rest of Islamic world was going against the will of Allah.

Arab identity
However, Egypt under King Farouk was a founding member of the Arab League in 1945, and the first Arab state to declare war in support of the Palestinians in the Palestine War of 1948. This Arab nationalist sentiment increased exponentially after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. The primary leaders of the Revolution, Muhammad Naguib, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, were staunch Arab nationalists who stressed that pride in Egypt's individual indigenous identity was entirely consistent with pride in an overarching Arab cultural identity. It was during Naguib's tenure as leader that Egypt adopted the Arab Liberation Flag to symbolize the country's links to the rest of the Arab World.

For a while Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic. When the union was dissolved, Egypt continued to be known as the UAR until 1971, when Egypt adopted the current official name, the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism, however, was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Pan-Arab politics. Nasser's successor Anwar Al Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation, unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms "Arab," "Arabism," and "Arab unity," save for the new official name, became conspicuously absent. (See also Liberal age and Republic sections.) Sadat only engaged in Pharaonism for international consumption, as when he arranged for the mummy of King Ramses the Great to go to Paris for restoration work in 1974; he insisted the French provide an honor guard at Charles de Gaulle airport to fire a 21 gun salute as befitting a head of state when the coffin containing King Ramses' corpse touched French soil. Domestically, Pharaonism was discouraged under Sadat, who closed the mummy room in the Egyptian Museum for offending Muslim sensibilities, though in private Sadat was said to remark that "Egyptian kings are not be made a spectacle of" suggesting a degree of respect for the ancient past.

Although the overwhelming majority of Egyptians today continue to self-identify as Arabs in a linguistic sense, a growing minority reject this, pointing to the failures of Arab and pan-Arab nationalist policies, and even publicly voicing objection to the present official name of the country.

In late 2007, el-Masri el-Yom daily newspaper conducted an interview at a bus stop in the working-class district of Imbaba to ask citizens what Arab nationalism (el-qawmeyya el-'arabeyya) represented for them. One Egyptian Muslim youth responded, "Arab nationalism means that the Egyptian Foreign Minister in Jerusalem gets humiliated by the Palestinians, that Arab leaders dance upon hearing of Sadat's death, that Egyptians get humiliated in Eastern Arabia, and of course that Arab countries get to fight Israel until the last Egyptian soldier." Another felt that, "Arab countries hate Egyptians", and that unity with Israel may even be more of a possibility than Arab nationalism, because he believes that Israelis would at least respect Egyptians.

Some contemporary prominent Egyptians who oppose Arab nationalism or the idea that Egyptians are Arabs include Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Zahi Hawass, popular writer Osama Anwar Okasha, Egyptian-born Harvard University Professor Leila Ahmed, Member of Parliament Suzie Greiss, in addition to different local groups and intellectuals. This understanding is also expressed in other contexts, such as Neil DeRosa's novel Joseph's Seed in his depiction of an Egyptian character "who declares that Egyptians are not Arabs and never will be."

Critics of Arab nationalism
Egyptian critics of Arab nationalism contend that it has worked to erode and/or relegate native Egyptian identity by superimposing only one aspect of Egypt's culture. These views and sources for collective identification in the Egyptian state are captured in the words of a linguistic anthropologist who conducted fieldwork in Cairo:

Historically, Egyptians have considered themselves as distinct from 'Arabs' and even at present rarely do they make that identification in casual contexts; il-'arab [the Arabs] as used by Egyptians refers mainly to the inhabitants of the Gulf states... Egypt has been both a leader of pan-Arabism and a site of intense resentment towards that ideology. Egyptians had to be made, often forcefully, into "Arabs" [during the Nasser era] because they did not historically identify themselves as such. Egypt was self-consciously a nation not only before pan-Arabism but also before becoming a colony of the British Empire. Its territorial continuity since ancient times, its unique history as exemplified in its pharaonic past and later on its Coptic language and culture, had already made Egypt into a nation for centuries. Egyptians saw themselves, their history, culture and language as specifically Egyptian and not "Arab."

Copts
Many Coptic intellectuals hold to a version of Pharaonism which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, Ancient Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. However, some Western scholars today see Pharaonism as a late development, arguing that it was shaped primarily by Orientalism, and they doubt its validity.

The problems of Pharaonism as an integrating ideology
The Canadian archaeologist Michael Wood argued that one of the principal problems of Pharaonism as an integrating ideology for the population is that it glorifies a period in time too remote for most Egyptians, and moreover, one that lacks visible signs of continuity for the Arabic speaking Muslim majority, such as a common language, culture, or alphabet. Wood noted that the popular belief that ancient Egypt was a "slave state" has been questioned by archaeologists and historians, but this popular image held in both the Islamic and the Western nations of a "slave state" makes identification with this period problematic. The story told in the Book of Exodus of an unnamed Pharaoh whose cruelty led him to enslave the Israelites and whose hubris caused his death when he unwisely attempted to follow Moses across the parting of the Red Sea has led to the Pharaohs being portrayed across the ages as a symbol of tyranny. When President Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981 reviewing a military parade in Cairo, his Muslim fundamentalist assassins were heard to shout: "We have killed the Pharaoh!" In Arabic, the verb tafarana, meaning to act tyrannically, literally translates as "acting Pharaohically".

Wood wrote that even the surviving ruins of ancient Egypt, consisting mostly of "tombs, palaces and temples, the relics of a death-obsessed, aristocratic, pagan society," seem to confirm the popular image of a "slave state," while the "more sophisticated models of Egyptian history, developed mainly by foreign scholars, remain ignored". The ruins of ancient Egypt, with their pompous and grandiose bragging about the greatness of the god-kings who had them built, give the impression of a society slavishly devoted to serving the kings who proclaimed themselves to be living gods. Wood wrote that it is not certain if this was indeed the case, as Egyptologists know very little about the feelings and thoughts of ordinary people in ancient Egypt, but it is clear that ancient Egypt was a "highly stratified society", which makes it difficult for people today to identify with a society whose values were so different from the present.

One of the principal reasons why Pharaonism went into decline starting in the 1940s was because the Koran condemns ancient Egypt so strongly, making it very difficult for Egyptian Muslims to use the symbols of ancient Egypt without causing accusations of abandoning their faith Wood wrote that a principal difference between Egypt and Mexico is that Mexicans can and do incorporate elements from Mesoamerican civilizations like the Olmecs, the Maya, and the Mexica (Aztecs), which are seen as part of a national continuity interrupted by the Spanish conquest of 1519–1521 and resumed with independence in 1821, whereas it is impossible for Egyptians to use pharaonic symbols "without being left open to the charges that such symbols were non-Islamic or anti-Islamic". Wood wrote: "Islam and the Egypt of the Pharaohs could be reconciled only with great difficulty; in the end they could not but compete...Egyptian nationalists who wished to look for their ancient history for inspiration would have to start from scratch and would have to distance themselves from an Islamic identity with which the Pharaonic past could not really coexist with".

Another problem was posed by the way in which almost all of the archaeological work on ancient Egypt in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century was done by foreign archaeologists who discouraged Egyptians from studying the period. Western archaeologists tended to see the study of ancient Egypt as having nothing to do with modern Egypt; even the very term Egyptology refers to the study of pre-Roman Egypt, not modern Egypt. In the 19th century, various racial theories were devised to claim that the Egyptians were not the descendants of the ancient Egyptians, or alternatively, the history of ancient Egypt was a cycle of renewal caused by the conquests of racially superior invaders and decline caused by miscegenation with the racially inferior native population. The purpose of such theories was to assert the West was the "true heirs" of ancient Egypt, whose people were viewed as "honorary Westerners" with no connection to modern Egyptians. The effects of such efforts was to persuade many Egyptians that the pharaonic past was indeed not part of their heritage.

Moreover, since the Coptic language is descended from the ancient Egyptian language, starting in the 19th century a number of Copts have identified with Pharaonism as a way of emphasizing that they are "purer" Egyptians than the Muslim majority. For the purpose of building a national identity, an ideology that can be used to privilege a minority as being more authentic Egyptian than the majority presents problems, and generally, efforts to build an Egyptian national identity that embraces both Muslims and Copts have turned to the more recent periods of the past. Wood wrote that for the purposes of building national pride, "the Pharaonic past, for the Egyptian nationalist, was simply the wrong past."

2020s resurgence
A resurgence of Pharaonism, dubbed "Neo-Pharaonism", has been noted in today's Egypt, coming from both the state and the people.

The Egyptian government under president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has openly embraced the ancient Egyptian aesthetic. In 2020, a 90-ton obelisk depicting the pharaoh Ramses II was erected in Tahrir Square. Throughout 2021, various extravagant parades were organized around the transportation of mummies and other artifacts to the Grand Egyptian Museum. Similar spectacles, including musical performances in the ancient Egyptian language, followed the opening of the Avenue of Sphinxes later that year. The First Lady Entissar Amer declared that she felt proud of "belonging to an ancient civilization". Critics have described the government's promotion of Neo-Pharaonism as having undertones of "racial nationalism".

In 2023, there was mass public anger in Egypt over the depiction of Cleopatra as a black African in the Netflix docudrama series African Queens. The actress in question, Adele James, received a wave of abusive comments from Egyptians over social media. The backlash was represented through the use of the hashtag #مصر_للمصريين (Egypt for the Egyptians). Young Egyptians shared photos online depicting their own faces juxtaposed against those of kings, queens or everyday figures from ancient Egypt, intending to show the physical similarities between modern Egyptians and their ancient counterparts, asserting a national continuity.

The Egyptian government also commented on the controversy, with the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities stating that the series represented a "falsification of Egyptian history." The Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Archeology through the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities released a statement on the issue, claiming that Queen Cleopatra was "light-skinned and (had) Hellenic features."

The Neo-Pharaonic trend has been analyzed as a rather unique movement for Egypt, given that it is a state-sponsored "populist discourse of identity politics" which moves away from Islamism and pan-Arabism towards the promotion of a special Egyptian identity. Curiously, no widespread Islamist backlash towards Neo-Pharaonism has been observed yet.

title: Pharaonism


text:
User talk:Mcwee

Hello. I think the title Kafka's Language uses too many capital letters. It is not conventional to capitalize common nouns in Wikipedia article titles without some special reason for doing so. I've moved the page to Kafka's language. Michael Hardy 03:42, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 02:34, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mcwee


text:
User talk:Loc2262

Hello, Loc2262, and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Have fun.

-- Paul A 03:45, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loc2262


text:
Aaron Burr Sr.

Aaron Burr Sr. (January 4, 1716 – September 24, 1757) was a notable Presbyterian minister and college educator in colonial America. He was a founder of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and the father of Aaron Burr (1756–1836), the third vice president of the United States.

Early years
A native of Connecticut, Burr was born in 1716 in present-day Fairfield to Daniel Burr (1660–1727) and Elizabeth Burr, nee Pinckney (1675–1722), daughter of Philip Pinckney (1618–1687); his father was a wealthy farmer. He was of English ancestry (his grandfather Jehu Burr had been born in Lavenham, Suffolk, England, in 1625, settled in the Connecticut Colony as a young man, and died there in 1692).

Aaron Burr attended Yale College (now Yale University), where he obtained a B.A. in 1735. After graduation, he studied theology in New Haven and witnessed the First Great Awakening, a significant religious and spiritual movement of the 1730s and 1740s. He was personally acquainted with Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah, daughter of James Pierpont, who is credited with founding Yale. Edwards, a leader of the Great Awakening, was Burr's mentor and would later become his father-in-law.

Career
On December 21, 1736, Burr became a minister of the Presbyterian Church of Newark, Newark, New Jersey. He also taught Greek and Latin to youth, and co-authored Introduction to the Latin Tongue. After a few years, Burr rose to prominence in the Presbyterian circles of upper New Jersey and the New York City area.

College founder
Between 1741 and 1758, a controversy over unorthodox piety fostered by the Great Awakening and how it affected traditional authority of church officers led to internal differences in the Presbyterian and Congregational churches. Presbyterians became divided between the so-called conservative Old Side and dissenting, pro-Awakening New Side congregationalists—between Old and New Lights. The rift affected the faculty and student body at Yale that was at the time an incubator for both Presbyterian and Congregational clergy. In opposition to Thomas Clap, Yale's first president, Jonathan Edwards, Burr, and Jonathan Dickinson, all being on the pro-Awakening side, founded the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) at Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1746.

Dickinson was elected first president of the College, but died soon after in 1747. Burr, who taught at the College, then became the second president on November 9, 1748 after approval of the college charter by the New Jersey governor, Jonathan Belcher. During his tenure (1748–1757), the curriculum was settled, the student body increased from 8 in 1747 to 40–50 in 1751, and the first commencement was held. Among the first graduates was Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; five others became Presbyterian ministers. Burr moved the College to its permanent home at Princeton, New Jersey, where he supervised the construction of Nassau Hall, Princeton's best-known structure and the largest building in colonial New Jersey when it was completed in 1756. In 1755, Burr was relieved of his pastoral duties in order to concentrate full-time on his work at Princeton. At age 32, he became the youngest person ever to serve as president of Princeton.

In September 1756, when the French and Indian War was underway, Burr wrote a sermon in which he sought to defend the "Priviledges [sic] of unadulterated Christianity; British Liberty and Property, in a delightful and fruitful Country" foretelling future fusion of secular and religious rhetoric in the Revolutionary era.

Personal life
On June 29, 1752, Burr married Esther Edwards (1732–1758), daughter of the New England Congregational great, Jonathan Edwards. Together, they had two children:
 * Sarah "Sally" Burr (1754–1797), who married Tapping Reeve (1744–1823)
 * Aaron Burr Jr. (1756–1836), who in 1782 married Theodosia Bartow Prevost (1746–1794), widow of officer of british army Jacques Marcus Prevost (1736–1781). After her death in 1794, he married Eliza Jumel (1775–1865) in 1833.

Death
In the fall of 1757, Burr died in his first year in Princeton (tenth year of being the president) of fever after traveling to Massachusetts to Governor Belcher's funeral where he delivered a sermon. It was believed that his premature death had been brought on or aggravated by overwork. His remains were interred in the President's Lot at Princeton Cemetery. His widow died seven months later, orphaning their three-year-old daughter and two-year-old son.

Descendants
His grandchildren include Aaron Burr Reeve (1780–1809), who died shortly after the birth of his only child, Tapping Burr Reeve (1809–1829), and Theodosia Burr (1783–1813). Theodosia was married to Joseph Alston (1779–1816), who served as the 44th Governor of South Carolina from 1812 to 1814.

Brothers and sisters
At Aaron Burr Sr. was a bunch of brothers and sisters for three marriages of his father
 * Hannah Burr (born 1681)
 * Jehu Burr (1687–1757)
 * Mary Burr (1689–1763)
 * Elizabeth Burr (1696–1760)
 * Stephen Burr (1697–1778)
 * Peter Burr Sr. (1699–1777)
 * Jane Burr (1701–1779)
 * Esther Burr (1703–1741)
 * Philip Burr (1705–1710)
 * David Burr (1709–1766)
 * Moses Burr (1714–1740)

Works

 * Burr, Aaron. Sermon at the Ordination of David Bostwick. New York, 1745.
 * Burr, Aaron. A Discourse Delivered at New-Ark in New Jersey, January 1, 1755. New York, 1755.
 * Burr, Aaron. The Watchman's Answer to the Question, What of the Night, & C: A Sermon Preached Before the Synod of New York, Convened at Newark in New Jersey, September 30, 1756. Boston, 1757.
 * Burr, Aaron. The Supreme Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ, Maintained. Boston, 1757.
 * Burr, Aaron. A Funeral Sermon, Preached at the Interment of Jonathan Belcher, Esg. New York, 1757.

title: Aaron Burr Sr.


text:
First Battle of Winchester

The First Battle of Winchester, fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County, Virginia, and Winchester, Virginia, was a major victory in Confederate Army Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley during the American Civil War. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks and pursued it as it fled across the Potomac River into Maryland. Jackson's success in achieving force concentration early in the fighting allowed him to secure a more decisive victory which had escaped him in previous battles of the campaign.

Background
Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks learned on May 24, 1862, that the Confederates had captured his garrison at Front Royal, Virginia, and were closing on Winchester, turning his position. He ordered a hasty retreat down the Valley Pike from Strasburg. His columns were attacked at Middletown and again at Newtown (Stephens City) by Jackson's converging forces. The Confederates took many Union prisoners and captured so many wagons and stores that they later nicknamed the Union general "Commissary Banks". Jackson pressed the pursuit for most of the night and allowed his exhausted soldiers only a few hours of sleep before dawn.

Banks now deployed at Winchester to slow the Confederate pursuit. He had two brigades of infantry under Colonels Dudley Donnelly and George Henry Gordon, a mixed brigade of cavalry under Brig. Gen. John P. Hatch, and 16 guns. Gordon's brigade was placed on the Union right on Bower's Hill with its left flank at the Valley Pike, supported by a battery of artillery. The center of the line (Camp Hill) was held by the cavalry supported by two guns. Donnelly's brigade was placed in a crescent on the left to cover the Front Royal and Millwood roads with the rest of the artillery. At earliest light the Confederate skirmish line advanced in force driving the Union pickets back to their main line of battle.

Battle
During the night, the advance of Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's division (four brigades) reached Buffalo Lick. Jackson moved three of Ewell's brigades to the left to participate in the advance on the Valley pike, leaving Ewell with just Trimble's brigade and Bradley Johnson's Maryland regiment. At dawn, he deployed Trimble's brigade astride the Front Royal Pike and advanced against the Union left flank. His leading regiments (in particular the 21st North Carolina) came under heavy fire from Union forces deployed behind stone fences and were repulsed. Confederate forces regrouped and brought up artillery. Ewell advanced the regiments of Trimble's brigade, sending regiments to either side of the high ground to enfilade the Union position. Donnelly withdrew his brigade to a position closer to town with his right flank anchored on Camp Hill. Ewell then attempted a flanking movement to the right beyond the Millwood Road, but in response to orders from Banks, Donnelly withdrew through the town.

In conjunction with Ewell's advance on the Front Royal Pike, Jackson advanced on the Valley Pike at early dawn in a heavy fog. At Jackson's command, Winder's brigade swept over a hill to the left of the pike, driving off the Union skirmishers who held it. Jackson quickly placed a section of artillery on the hill to engage Union artillery on Bower's Hill at a range of less than half a mile. Union sharpshooters along Abrams Creek began picking off the cannoneers. Jackson brought up the rest of his artillery and a duel ensued with the Union guns on Bower's Hill.

Jackson then brought up the brigades of Fulkerson, Campbell, and Elzey to support Winder. Despite numerous officers being wounded, Jackson's forces were in good order and nearly ready for an attack. He then deployed Brig. Gen. Richard Taylor's Louisiana brigade (led by the Louisiana Tigers) reinforced by two regiments of Fulkerson's brigade and backed up by Scott's brigade, to the left along Abrams Creek. Taylor marched under fire to a position overlapping the Union right and then attacked Bower's Hill. The Confederate assault swept irresistibly forward over the crest in the face of determined resistance. With three enemy brigades in its front and three coming at its right flank, Gordon's Union brigade gave way and Union soldiers began streaming back into town.

Union forces retreated through the streets of Winchester and north on the Valley Pike to Martinsburg. After resting in Martinsburg, Banks' command continued north to the Potomac River, crossing it at Williamsport. Confederate pursuit was lethargic, as the troops were exhausted from the non-stop marching of the previous week under Jackson's command. Nevertheless, many Union prisoners fell into Confederate hands. Brig. Gen. Turner Ashby's cavalry was disorganized from the actions of May 24 and did not pursue until Banks had already reached the Potomac.

Aftermath
First Winchester was a major victory in Jackson's Valley Campaign, both tactically and strategically. Union plans for the Peninsula Campaign, an offensive against Richmond, were disrupted by Jackson's audacity, and thousands of Union reinforcements were diverted to the Valley and the defense of Washington, D.C.

title: First Battle of Winchester


text:
Trivia Trap

Trivia Trap is an American game show produced by Mark Goodson Productions. It was created by producer Goodson and originally ran from October 8, 1984 to April 5, 1985 on ABC. The game featured two teams of three contestants each competing against each other to answer trivia questions in various formats. Bob Eubanks was the host, and Gene Wood announced during the first two weeks. Charlie O'Donnell announced during the third week and was replaced by Bob Hilton for the remainder of the series.

Gameplay
Two teams of three contestants – the Juniors, who wore blue sweaters and were under 30 years of age; and the Seniors, who wore red sweaters and who were over the age of 30 – answered trivia questions to reach a goal of $1,000. The members of the championship team then competed individually to win or share a top prize of $10,000.

First format
Two sets of four answers each were displayed. The team in control chose one set and was asked a question, and each member in turn attempted to eliminate one wrong answer. Their turn ended when either all three wrong answers or the correct answer had been chosen. The team received $50 for eliminating one wrong answer, $100 for two, or $300 for all three. A new set of answers was then displayed to replace the ones that had been used, and the other team then played.

Two rounds were played in this manner; each team had one turn per round, with the seniors always choosing first. At the end of the second round, the host asked a question concerning the last unused set of answers for viewers to play along; the correct answer was revealed at the start of the Trivia Race.

This format remained in place until December 14, 1984. Goodson reworked the format after a focus group from American Film International indicated that eliminating wrong answers was a format flaw.

Second format
The reworked format began with the host asking a trivia question to the home audience, then revealing its answer after both teams had been introduced.

Fact or Fiction?
The first round consisted entirely of true/false questions.

The previous day's champions selected one of two question packets, and each team member was asked one question worth $25. After all three members had answered, the challengers played the other packet.

Two sets of questions were played, with the challengers given first choice for the second set.

The Trivia Trap Round
The team in the lead (or the champions, in case of a tie) played first and had a choice of two categories. After the category was chosen, the host asked a question and four answers were shown. One contestant answered, and each of the other two had to agree or disagree. The correct answer awarded $200 if all three agreed, $100 if one contestant disagreed, or $50 if two disagreed. If the original answer was incorrect and if any contestants had disagreed with it, they had a chance to choose the correct one in the same manner described above and win the appropriate amount. Two pairs of categories were played, one category per team in each pair.

$1,000 Trivia Race
Control of this round began with the team in the lead. If the score was tied, the champions (or the winners of a coin toss, if both teams were new) started the round. The team in control chose one of three categories, and each member had one chance to answer a question asked by the host. The correct answer awarded $100 and allowed them to keep control, but if all three members missed it, control passed to the opposing team. The chosen category was then discarded and replaced in either case. When a team either answered a question correctly or gained control due to a miss by their opponents, the member after the one who had last given an answer chose the next category and had first chance to respond.

The first team to accumulate $1,000 or more won the game and advanced to the $10,000 Trivia Ladder bonus round. Except for a brief period in February 1985, the question value doubled to $200 if neither team had reached this goal after the tenth question. Both teams kept their accumulated money and divided it evenly among all three members.

$10,000 Trivia Ladder
The three members of the winning team were assigned to positions 1, 2, and 3 in descending order of their performance in the Trivia Race. The #1 contestant was shown a set of four answers and had to decide whether to play or pass to the #2 contestant, who in turn could either play or pass; a second pass forced the #3 contestant to play by default. The host then asked a question, and the contestant in control chose one answer. A correct response awarded $1,000 to that individual contestant and allowed him/her to take part in the final $10,000 question, while a miss eliminated him/her from the round.

Three questions were played in this manner, with the second question initially offered to the higher-ranked contestant who had not answered the first one and the third question given to the last remaining contestant with no option to pass.

Any team members who answered correctly were shown a fourth set of answers and asked one more question. If two or more members took part, each one secretly chose an answer by pressing a button at his/her desk; if only one was playing, he/she would simply state an answer choice aloud. Team members who answered correctly won equal shares of the day's $10,000 grand prize. If no one answered their individual question correctly, the final question was not played.

Any team that played the Trivia Ladder five times retired undefeated.

Broadcast history
Trivia Trap premiered on October 8, 1984 in ABC's 11:00 AM timeslot, taking over the time period for a house of reruns (like Benson, celebrity Family Feud specials, etc.). That time was home to popular game shows The Price Is Right on CBS and Wheel of Fortune on NBC and struggled as a result. ABC canceled Trivia Trap after six months and 128 episodes; the show's final episode aired on April 5, 1985. The following Monday, All-Star Blitz took over the show's timeslot. Game Show Network aired the show several times over the late 1990s into the late 2000s, while Buzzr aired the first two episodes as part of the "Lost and Found" marathon in September 2017, and the show continued to air on Buzzr until April 2018.

Trivia Trap was the final Mark Goodson-produced game show to have an original format. From then until the acquisition of Goodson's company by the predecessors of FremantleMedia, all of the shows produced by Mark Goodson Productions were revivals of previous series and Trivia Trap was also the last Mark Goodson-produced game show to premiere on ABC until Match Game 90 premiered in July 1990.

title: Trivia Trap


text: Talk:Darwin Awards

title: Talk:Darwin Awards