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Raj Kapoor

Raj Kapoor (born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; 14 December 1924 2 June 1988), also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor, was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema. He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in the history of Indian cinema, and has been referred to as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema and as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian Cinema.

Born in Peshawar as the eldest son of Prithviraj Kapoor of the Kapoor family, Raj Kapoor starred in and produced many films for which he received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India. He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955). His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine in 2005. His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) competed for the Palme d'Or prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1951 and 1955's editions respectively.

His films were global commercial successes in parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa, and the Soviet bloc. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts. India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed to him in 1987 by the Government of India.

Early life and background
Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli, a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community. His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor (née Mehra). The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India. He was the eldest of six children in the family. He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family. His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor. He also had a sister named Urmila Sial. Two other siblings died in infancy. Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education.

He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father. His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son. His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor. His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor. Kamal's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl. His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer.

As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too. Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dehradun, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay.

Debut and struggle (1947–1948)
At the age of ten, Raj Kapoor appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935 film Inquilab.

His big break came with the lead role in 1947 with Kidar Sharma's romantic drama Neel Kamal opposite Begum Para and Madhubala. The film proved to be a semi-hit at the box office, but his other releases, such as Jail Yatra, Dil Ki Rani and Chittor Vijay didnt do well.

In 1948, he founded his own banner R. K. Films and made his directional debut with the musical drama Aag in which he starred alongside Nargis, Premnath and Kamini Kaushal. The film was not a huge commercial success, but received positive reviews from critics.

Stardom (1949-1964)
The year 1949 changed the direction of Kapoor's career. His first release Sunehre Din flopped commercially, but the next one Parivartan did reasonable business and emerged a semi-hit while his third release Mehboob Khan's romantic drama Andaz which also had Dilip Kumar and Nargis went on to become a blockbuster at the box office. The mega success of Andaz was followed by Barsaat which he also directed and produced. The film went ahead of the former and emerged a huge blockbuster as well as the highest grossing film of all time breaking the record of Ashok Kumar starrer Kismet.

The huge success of Andaz and Barsaat made Kapoor one of the leading male stars of the time alongwith Dilip Kumar and Dev Anand. The following year, he solidified his star-status with hits in Sargam and Dastan opposite Rehana and the then top actress Suraiya, respectively.

Kapoor had only one release in 1951 which was his own directional, the crime drama Awaara co-starring Prithviraj Kapoor and Nargis. The film opened to highly positive response from critics as well as the audience and proved to be another mega blockbuster for the actor. Its soundtrack composed by Shankar–Jaikishan was the best selling Hindi film music album of the 1950s and became hugely popular in foreign markets as well, especially the South Asian nations like Soviet Union, China, Turkey and Afghanistan. Awaara also earned Kapoor a massive fan-following in Soviet Union where the film had approximately 100 million admissions and remains the third-most watched foreign film in the country. In 1952, he reunited with Nargis for psychological drama Anhonee and crime noir Bewafa. Anhonee did extremely well at the box office and emerged a superhit. On the other hand, Bewafa which also had Ashok Kumar in the lead could only manage average profits.

In 1955, he produced, directed and starred in Shree 420, again paired opposite Nargis. This was the highest grossing film of the year and broke records set by his previous film Awara. In 1956, he produced and starred opposite Nargis for the final time in Chori Chori. That same year, Nargis also made a cameo appearance in Jagte Raho, marking the final time she and Kapoor appeared onscreen together. He appeared in several outside productions such as Do Ustad (1959), Anari (1959) and Chhalia (1960). In 1960, he produced and starred in the hit musical social drama Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, which was directed by his frequent cinematographer Radhu Karmakar.

In 1964, he returned to directing with the romantic musical drama Sangam, starring alongside Vyjayanthimala and Rajendra Kumar. This marked his first film to be shot in technicolour. It would be the highest grossing film in his career at that point and the last successful film to have Kapoor in the leading role.

Decline & focus on direction 1965-1988
His later films as an actor such as Around the World (1966) and Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968) were box office flops. In 1970, he directed and starred in Mera Naam Joker, which was a box office disaster and almost bankrupted his film production studio. The film would later gain a cult following and was acknowledged as a misunderstood film.

His studio recovered the following year when he launched his son Randhir Kapoor's career with the family drama Kal Aaj Aur Kal. This film brought together three generations of the Kapoor family, with Prithviraj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor and Randhir in the main roles as well as Randhir's wife to be Babita. Randhir also made his directorial debut with this film. In 1973, he launched his middle son Rishi Kapoor's career with the romantic comedy drama Bobby which also introduced Dimple Kapadia. In 1975, he starred opposite his son Randhir again in Dharam Karam, the second film to be directed by Randhir.

In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) with Zeenat Aman, Prem Rog (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) which introduced Mandakini. He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in Naukri (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in Abdullah (1980). He played a detective in two comedy films: Do Jasoos (1975) and Gopichand Jasoos (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar). In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival. Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in Vakil Babu (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi. A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled Chor Mandali in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute.

He was set to direct Henna starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988. His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991.

Personal life
On 12 May 1946, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra. Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry. Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra.

Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947–), Rishi Kapoor (1952–2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962–2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1948–2020) and Rima Jain (1955–). Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor. Rishi's widow is actress Neetu Singh and their two children are daughter Riddhima Kapoor, and son, actor Ranbir Kapoor. Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and they had two children: daughter Nitasha Nanda and son, Nikhil Nanda, married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain.

Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law, three of Kapoor's grandchildren and a great-grandson are all actors in the Hindi film industry. His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Hindi cinema superstars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist. Nikhil's son, Agastya Nanda, made his acting debut with The Archies in 2023.

Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this. The couple starred in several films together, including Awaara and Shree 420. As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after Chori Chori and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of Mother India (1957). In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affair in his autobiography Khullam Khulla.

Krishna Raj Kapoor died on 1 October 2018. Rajan Nanda, husband of Ritu Nanda, died on 5 August 2018. In January 2020, Ritu Nanda herself died. She was followed three months later by her younger brother Rishi, Kapoor's second son, who died in April 2020. Kapoor's third and youngest son, Rajiv, died in February 2021.

Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Shailendra, Hasrat Jaipuri, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry.

Cause
Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63. He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment. He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma. At the time of his death, he was working on the movie Henna (an Indo-Pakistan based love story). The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991.

Memorial at family farm in Pune
His and his parents' samadhi is at their family farm "Rajbaugh", meaning the "gardens of king". Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra. The Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus. The memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan. The Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990. Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, and Prem Rog. The family bungalow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this bungalow.

Artistry and legacy
Raj Kapoor is often referred as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema in the Indian media. Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest. His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes.

Siddharth Kak made Raj Kapoor, a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division.

A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001. To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012.

Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme. His films Aag, Shree 420 and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots. Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for Mera Joota Hai Japani, a song from the movie Shree 420:

 * Mera joota hai Japani (My shoes are Japanese)
 * Ye patloon Inglistani (These trousers are English)
 * Sar pe lal topi Roosi (The red cap on my head is Russian)
 * Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani (But still, however, my heart is Indian)

The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since Shree 420 was released. Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country.

Kapoor appeared in Box Office India's "Top Actors" list twelve times, (1949-1960).

In 2014, Google commemorated his 90th birthday.

Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics. Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits. He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra. He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style. He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music. He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv. Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship.

Raj Kapoor's Shree 420 (1955) movie's Hindi song Mera Joota Hai Japani ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds.

The 1967 "Song about Yogis" (Песенка про йогов) by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga.

He was called "the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry".

In 2022, he was placed in Outlook India's "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.

Awards and honors
Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations. His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine. His film Jagte Raho (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India. In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards. He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002.

In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario. In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada.

Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was a screenwriter and director for a number of Raj Kapoor's best films.
 * Awaara (1951)
 * Anhonee (1952)
 * Shree 420 (1955)
 * Jagte Raho (1956)
 * Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)
 * Mera Naam Joker (1970)
 * Bobby (1973)
 * Henna (1991)

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice. He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from Barsaat until Kal Aaj Aur Kal. (Jagte Raho with Salil Chowdhury and Ab Dilli Dur Nahin being two exceptions in this period). Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Prem Rog (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Prem Granth as well), Rahul Dev Burman for Dharam Karam, and Ravindra Jain for (Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Henna). Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i.e. Dhoon (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet Hum Pyaar Karenge by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O. P. Nayyar (Do Ustad).

List of films with Shankar–Jaikishan: (18 Films)

 * Barsaat (1949)
 * Aah (1953)
 * Awaara (1951)
 * Boot Polish (1954)
 * Shree 420 (1955)
 * Chori Chori (1956)
 * Kanhaiya (1959)
 * Main Nashe Men Hoon (1959)
 * Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1960)
 * Aashiq (1962)
 * Ek Dil Sao Afsane (1963)
 * Sangam (1964)
 * Teesri Kasam (1966)
 * Around the World (1967)
 * Diwana (1967)
 * Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968)
 * Mera Naam Joker (1970)
 * Kal Aaj Aur Kal (1971)

Nargis
Raj Kapoor and Nargis worked together in 16 films including 6 of his own productions.

 * Aag (1948)
 * Andaz (1949)
 * Barsaat (1949)
 * Pyaar (1950)
 * Jan Pahechan (1950)
 * Awaara (1951)
 * Amber (1952)
 * Anhonee (1952)
 * Ashiana (1952)
 * Bewafa (1952)
 * Aah (1953)
 * Paapi (1953)
 * Dhoon (1953)
 * Shree 420 (1955)
 * Chori Chori (1956)
 * Jagte Raho (1956) (cameo)

Mukesh and Manna Dey
Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films. Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya... (I have lost my voice...). However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in Shree 420 and Chori Chori. Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:
 * "Laga Chunri Mein Daag" (Dil Hi To Hai)
 * "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo" (Mera Naam Joker)
 * "Dil Ka Haal Sune Dil Wala" (Shree 420)
 * "Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum" (Chori Chori)
 * "Jahan Mein Jati Hoon Wahin Chale Aate Ho" (Chori Chori)
 * "Yeh Raat Bhigi Bhigi, Yeh Mast Fizayen" (Chori Chori)
 * "Masti Bhara Hai Samaan" (Parvarish)
 * "Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" (Shree 420)
 * "Pyar hua Iqrar hua hai" (Shree 420)
 * "Chalat Musafir" (Teesri Kasam)
 * "Belia Belia Belia" (Parvarish)
 * "Lallah Allah Tera Nigehbaan" (Abdullah)
 * "Mama O Mama" (Parvarish)

title: Raj Kapoor


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Ayala Center

The Ayala Center is a 50 ha mixed-use major commercial development operated by Ayala Land located in Barangay San Lorenzo within the Makati Central Business District in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. The complex comprises three shopping malls; three department stores, each with its own retail shops, restaurant arcades and cinemas; several hotels, eight residential towers, five office towers, four parking buildings and leisure amenities such as the Greenbelt Park, Glorietta 3 Park, and the Ayala Museum, showcasing exhibits on Philippine history and art.

About the Center
The Ayala Center is a recreational, shopping, dining, and entertainment development located in the heart of Makati. It is bounded by Ayala Avenue, Dela Rosa Street, and Legazpi Street to the north, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA/C-4) to the east, Arnaiz Avenue to the south, and to the west by Paseo de Roxas. The Ayala station of MRT Line 3 serves the area.

History
Ayala Center's predecessor, the Makati Commercial Center, was built in 1960. It consisted of several small arcades (Maranaw Arcade, Makati Arcade, Angela Arcade, Lising's Commercial, Mayfair Center, Bricktown, Anson's), theaters (Rizal Theater and Quad Cinemas), freestanding retail outlets (including Makati Supermart, Sulo Restaurant, Automat Restaurant, Rustan's, Shoe Mart and Mercury Drug), open parks, and hotels (including Manila Garden Hotel and InterContinental Hotel Manila). It was later renamed as The Center Makati in the 1980s.

The Ayalas decided to redevelop The Center Makati with the merging of existing structures in the 1990s into a new development that would cover over 50 ha of facilities. To mark the change, it was renamed as the Ayala Center in 1991. Its redevelopment is ongoing by phases since the late 2000s, which includes the renovation and expansion of Glorietta and Greenbelt malls and replacing old buildings and open parking spaces with new office buildings, residential towers, hotels, and the One Ayala complex, respectively.

Shopping malls

 * Glorietta
 * Greenbelt
 * One Ayala

Department stores

 * Rustan's
 * SM Makati
 * The Landmark
 * Adora
 * Marks & Spencer
 * Debenhams (closed as of May 2021)

Parking facilities
Aside from the basement parking beneath Glorietta, Greenbelt, and One Ayala, respectively, the following are the carpark buildings located at the complex:
 * 6750 Steel Carpark
 * Park Square
 * Paseo Steel Carpark
 * The Link

Hotels

 * InterContinental Manila (closed in 2015)
 * Dusit Thani Manila
 * Holiday Inn & Suites Makati
 * Makati Fairmont Hotel and Raffles Suites and Residences
 * New World Renaissance Hotel
 * Peninsula Manila
 * Makati Shangri-La
 * Ascott Makati (formerly Oakwood Premier)
 * Seda One Ayala (under construction)

Office buildings

 * 6750 Ayala Avenue
 * Glorietta 1 Corporate Center
 * Glorietta 2 Corporate Center
 * One Ayala Tower 1 (One Ayala East Tower)
 * One Ayala Tower 2 (One Ayala West Tower)
 * One Ayala South Tower (under construction)

2000 bombing
On May 17, 2000, at 5:02 p.m. PHT, Glorietta was bombed, injuring 12 persons, mostly teenagers. According to local authorities, the homemade bomb was placed in front of a toilet beside a video arcade. This bombing was said to be a precursor to the May 21, 2000 SM Megamall bombing and the December 30, 2000 Rizal Day bombings.

2007 explosion
The 2007 Glorietta explosion ripped through the Glorietta 2 section of the Glorietta shopping complex at Ayala Center in Makati on October 19, 2007, killing 11 people and injuring 120. Despite conflicting reports, it was concluded that the explosion was caused by a faulty liquefied petroleum gas tank located in a Chinese restaurant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ayala Center


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Band-stop filter

In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered, but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the inverse of a band-pass filter. A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor).

Narrow notch filters (optical) are used in Raman spectroscopy, live sound reproduction (public address systems, or PA systems) and in instrument amplifiers (especially amplifiers or preamplifiers for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass instrument amplifier, etc.) to reduce or prevent audio feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the frequency spectrum (electronic or software filters). Other names include "band limit filter", "T-notch filter", "band-elimination filter", and "band-reject filter".

Typically, the width of the stopband is 1 to 2 decades (that is, the highest frequency attenuated is 10 to 100 times the lowest frequency attenuated). However, in the audio band, a notch filter has high and low frequencies that may be only semitones apart. From the figure of the frequency response of an ideal band-stop filter, it's obvious that the band-stop filter is simply an inverted band-pass filter where they share same definition of bandwidth, pass band, stop band and center frequency. The attenuation should be infinite in the stop band and be zero in the two pass bands for an ideal band-stop filter. Band-stop filters are designed by the combination of a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter in a parallel configuration. Overlapping does not occur in the summation of high-pass filter and low-pass filter during the design of band-stop filter. The difference in the starting and ending frequency points causes the two filters to connect effectively without any overlapping.

Mathematical description
Band-stop filter can be represented as a combination of low-pass and high-pass filters if the bandwidth is wide enough that the two filters do not interact too much. A more general approach is to design as a low-pass prototype filter which can then be transformed into a bandstop. The simple notch filter shown can be directly analysed. The transfer function is,

$$H(s)=\frac{s^2+\omega^2_z}{s^2 + \frac{\omega_p}{Q}s+\omega^2_p}$$

Here $$\omega_z$$ is zero circular frequency and $$\omega_p$$ is the pole circular  frequency. Zero frequency is the cutoff frequency and $$\omega_p$$ sets the type of the notch filter: standard notch when $$\omega_z = \omega_p$$, low-pass notch ($$\omega_z > \omega_p$$) and high-pass notch ($$\omega_z < \omega_p$$) filters. $$Q$$ denotes the Q-factor.

For standard notch filter the formulation can be rewritten as

$$H(s)=\frac{s^2+\omega^2_0}{s^2 + \omega_cs+\omega^2_0},$$

where $$\omega_0$$ is the central rejected frequency and $$\omega_c$$ is the width of the rejected band.

In the audio domain
For countries using 60 Hz power lines: This means that the filter passes all frequencies, except for the range of 59–61 Hz. This would be used to filter out the mains hum from the 60 Hz power line, though its higher harmonics could still be present.
 * Anti-hum filter
 * low frequency: 59 Hz,
 * middle frequency: 60 Hz,
 * high frequency: 61 Hz.

For countries where power transmission is at 50 Hz, the filter would have a 49–51 Hz range.

In the radio-frequency (RF) domain
When measuring the non-linearities of power amplifiers, a very narrow notch filter can be very useful to avoid the carrier frequency. Use of the filter may ensure that the maximum input power of a spectrum analyser used to detect spurious content will not be exceeded.
 * Non-linearities of power amplifiers

A notch filter, usually a simple LC circuit, is used to remove a specific interfering frequency. This is a technique used with radio receivers that are so close to a transmitter that it swamps all other signals. The wave trap is used to remove or greatly reduce the signal from the nearby transmitter.
 * Wave trap

Most affordable software-defined radios (SDR) on the market today suffer from limited dynamic and operating ranges. In other words, in real-world operating environments, a SDR can easily be saturated by a strong signal. In particular FM broadcast signals are very strong and nearly everywhere. These signals can prevent a SDR from processing other weak signals. FM notch filters are very useful for SDR applications and have increased in their popularity.
 * Software-defined radio

Optical filtering (wavelength selection)
In optics, there are several methods of filtering selected wavelengths from a source or to a detector. They rely on scattering or destructive interference.

Filtering by scattering and diffraction
A diffraction grating or a dispersive prism may be used to selectively redirect selected wavelengths of light within an optical system.

In the case of transmission gratings and prisms, polychromatic light that passes through the object will be redirected according to wavelength. A slit may then be used to select wavelengths that are desired. A reflective grating may also be utilized for the same purpose, though in this case light is reflected rather than transmitted. Filters of this design may be high-pass, band-pass, or low-pass, depending on system configuration.

Filtering by interference
When using optics with real materials, light will be attenuated at various wavelengths through interference with the medium through which the light traversed. In this sense, material selection may be utilized to selectively filter light according to the wavelengths that are minimally attenuated. To some extent, all real optical systems will suffer from this phenomenon.

Alternatively, it is also possible to use an oscillating reflecting surface to cause destructive interference with reflected light along a single optical path. This principle is the basis for a Michelson interferometer.

Band-stop smoothing filter
Smoothing filter is essential in many fields, such as signal and image processing, computer vision, statistics, stated by Roonizi (2021). Algorithms such as quadratic variation regularization and smoothness priors are the most common way to perform signal denoising. These algorithms are implemented to band-stop smoothing filters and being investigated by Roonizi (2021). A naive band-stop smoothing filter is raised, which is constructed by connecting a high-pass smoothing filter and a low-pass smoothing filter. These two smoothing filter sections are configured in parallel way. Moreover, it was suggested that positive noise correlation promises to obtain the best band-stop smoothing filter.

Telecommunications
The development of telecommunications applications raises the demand of radio frequency and microwave filters, stated by Haddi (2019). Those filters are commonly used in PA systems (Public Address Systems) and speaker systems to produce audio with great quality. Microwave filters have high flexibility of actualization and low cost. The band-stop filter in the telecommunications field, has a respectable place which it is essential for microwave transceivers. For example, wireless communication systems make use of band-stop filters to achieve the requirement of miniaturization.

Microstrip Band-stop Filter
Microstrip-line band-stop filter is convenient to implement with low cost and light weight. Hsieh & Wang (2005) stated that, conventional microstrip band-stop filters are made of shunt open-circuited resonators. They usually has the characteristic of having narrow stopband. However, alternating the band-stop filter to have a wide stop band response with specific design can bring huge advantage over the conventional band-stop filters.

The advantages of the microstrip band-stop filter designed by Hsieh & Wang (2005) is its compact size and easy implementation. This improved band-stop filter with wide stop-band has additional amount of transmission zeros. The purpose of this design is to combine a shunt open-circuited quarter-wavelength resonator with one section of quarter-wavelength frequency-selecting coupling structure, stated by Hsieh & Wang (2005). As a result, a simple structured band-stop filter with easy implementation can bring advantages of lower-order resonators, great stop band performance when compared to conventional microstrip band-stop filters.

title: Band-stop filter


text:
List of historians by area of study

This is a list of historians categorized by their area of study. See also List of historians.

Ancient history

 * Sedat Alp (1913, Veroia, The Ottoman Empire - 2006, Ankara, Türkiye) Hittitolog- Historian, Ancient Anatolian
 * Ekrem Akurgal (1911, Haifa, The Ottoman Empire- 2002, İzmir, Türkiye) Archaeologist- Historian, Ancient Anatolian
 * Leonie Archer (born 1955) – Graeco-Roman Palestine
 * Mary Beard (born 1955)
 * Anatoly Bokschanin (1903–1979) – Roman history
 * Fernand Braudel (1902, Luméville-en-Ornois, France - 1985, Cluses, France ) Roman history
 * Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton (1900–1903) – Roman history and prosopography
 * Halet Çambel (1916, Berlin, Germany- 2014, İstanbul, Türkiye) Archaeologist- Historian, Ancient Anatolian
 * Michael Crawford (born 1939)
 * Roland Étienne (born 1944, French) – Ancient Greece and Hellenistic period
 * Moses Finley (1912–1986)
 * Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) – The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
 * Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969, British) – Roman history
 * Peter Green (born 1924) – Ancient Greece and Macedon
 * Herodotus
 * Keith Hopkins (1934–2004) - Roman history
 * Muazzez İlmiye Çığ (born 1914, Bursa-Türkiye) Sumerologist, Sumerian history
 * Josephus
 * Yuliya Kolosovskaya (1920–2002) – Roman history and Roman provinces of the Danube
 * Sergey Kovalev (1886–1960) – Hellenistic and Roman period
 * Mikhail Kublanov (1914–1998)
 * Barbara Levick (1931–2023) – Roman emperors
 * Livy
 * Ramsay MacMullen (1928–2022) – History of Rome
 * Nikolai Mashkin (1900–1950) – Roman history
 * Fergus Millar (1935–2019)
 * Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903) History of Rome
 * Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831) – Roman history
 * Orosius
 * Tahsin Özgüç (1916, Kardzhali, The Ottoman Empire- 2005, Ankara, Türkiye) Archaeologist- Historian, Ancient Anatolian
 * Edward Togo Salmon (1905–1988) - Roman history
 * Howard Hayes Scullard (1903–1983) – Roman civilization
 * Mariya Sergeyenko (1891–1987) – Roman agriculture and daily life
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011) – Ancient India
 * Elena Shtaerman (1914–1991) – Roman history
 * Suetonius
 * Ronald Syme (1903–1989) – Classical period
 * Tacitus
 * Joseph Tainter (born 1949)
 * Lily Ross Taylor (1886–1969) - Roman history
 * Thucydides
 * Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (born 1951)
 * Max Weber (1864–1920)
 * Xenophon
 * Polybius

Medieval history

 * John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. (born 1939) - American medievalist specialized in the history of Central and Southeastern Europe, and Balkans
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011) – early medieval History of India
 * Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (born 1940) – historian of medieval medicine
 * Placido Puccinelli (1609–1685, Italian) – Northern Italy in the 10th century and the Florentine church
 * Marc Bloch (1886–1944, French) – Medieval France
 * John Boswell (1947–1994, American) – Homosexuality in the Middle Ages
 * Norman Cantor (1930–2004)
 * Georges Duby (1924–1996, French) – Specialized in the history of France between the Capets and the Valois
 * François-Louis Ganshof (1895–1980), Belgian – wrote on early medieval institutional history and feudalism
 * Geoffrey of Monmouth
 * Giraldus Cambrensis
 * Johan Huizinga (1872–1945, Dutch) – cultural history, wrote Waning of the Middle Ages
 * Jacques Le Goff (1924–2014, French) – Middle Ages, particularly the 12th and 13th centuries
 * Rev. F. X. Martin (1922–2000, Irish) – Mediævalist and campaigner
 * Rosamond McKitterick (born 1949) – Frankish and Carolingian history
 * Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) – the "Pirenne Thesis" of early Medieval development
 * Eileen Power (1889–1940) – Middle Ages
 * Miri Rubin (born 1956) – social and religious history, 1100–1500
 * Steven Runciman (1903–2000) – the Crusades
 * Richard Southern (1912–2001)
 * Sidney Painter (1902–1960)
 * John Julius Norwich (1929–2018)
 * John V. Tolan (born 1959)
 * Chris Wickham (born 1950)
 * Retha Warnicke (born 1939)
 * Aaron Gurevich (1924–2006)
 * Jerome Lee Shneidman (1929–2008) – psychohistory
 * Michael Prestwich (born 1943)
 * Alessandro Barbero (born 1959)
 * Dick Harrison (born 1966)
 * Satish Chandra (1922–2017)
 * Irfan Habib (born 1931)
 * Michel Kaplan (born 1946, French) – Byzantinist
 * Gina Fasoli (1905–1992) – medieval cities, feudal society, and Lombardy

History of Canada

 * Donald Creighton (1902–1979) – Developed the Laurentian thesis
 * William J. Eccles (1917–1998) – History of New France
 * Lionel Groulx (1878–1967) – The history of Quebec in particular and French North America in general
 * Harold Innis (1894–1952) – Economic historian of Canada
 * Jack Granatstein (born 1939) – Political and Military historian of Canada
 * W.L. Morton (1908–1980) – Expert on western Canada

See also List of Canadian historians.

History of the Caribbean

 * Kamau Brathwaite (1930–2020)
 * Aviva Chomsky (born 1957)
 * C. L. R. James (1901–1989)
 * Lucille M. Mair (1924–2009)
 * Walter Rodney (1942–1980)
 * Eric Williams (1911–1981) – Focused on slavery and the slave trade, condemned imperialism
 * Betty Wood (1945–2021)

History of the United States

 * Henry Adams (1838–1918) – history of the United States in the presidential administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
 * Stephen Ambrose (1936–2002) – biographer of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard M. Nixon
 * Edward L. Ayers (born 1953) – U.S. South, founder of the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) and Digital Scholarship Lab
 * George Bancroft (1800–1891) – wrote first large-scale history of the US
 * Charles A. Beard (1874–1948) – revisionist history of Founding Fathers suggesting monetary motivations
 * Samuel Flagg Bemis (1891–1973) – U.S. foreign policy; won two Pulitzer Prizes
 * Ira Berlin (1941–2018) - Slavery
 * William Brandon (1914–2002) – historian of the American West and Native Americans.
 * Holly Brewer (born 1964) – early American History
 * Alan Brinkley (1949–2019) – historian of the Great Depression
 * David H. Burton - U.S. historian and biographer of presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft as well as Clara Barton and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
 * Bruce Catton (1899–1978) – American Civil War
 * William Cronon (born 1954) – American environmental history, the frontier in New England, and the American West
 * J. Frank Dobie (1888–1964) – historian of Texas and the Southwestern United States
 * David Herbert Donald (1920–2009)
 * W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963) – historian of the Reconstruction
 * Drew Gilpin Faust (born 1947) – Civil War, culture of death, and the Confederacy
 * Robert H. Ferrell (1921–2018) – Harry S. Truman, the 20th-century U.S. presidency, World War I
 * Eric Foner (born 1943) – Civil War and Reconstruction
 * John Hope Franklin (1915–2009) – historian of African Americans
 * John A. Garraty (1920–2007) – biography
 * Elizabeth Fox-Genovese (1941–2007) – Southern slavery, women's history
 * Doris Kearns Goodwin (born 1943) - U.S. presidents, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1995 for No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II
 * Richard Hofstadter (1916–1970) – Progressivism and U.S. political history
 * Daniel Walker Howe - political and intellectual history of the early republic and antebellum period
 * Peter Iverson – 20th century U.S. West/Native American history (emphasis in Navajo history)
 * Paul Johnson (born 1928) – author of A History of the American People and a biographer of George Washington
 * Winthrop Jordan (1931–2007) – African-American history
 * David Lavender (1910–2003) – Western United States
 * David McCullough (1933–2022) – general study, most notable work is recent biography of John Adams
 * James M. McPherson (born 1936) – American Civil War
 * Pauline Maier (1938–2013) – late Colonial, Revolution, Constitution
 * D. W. Meinig (1924–2020) – geographic history of America
 * Philip D. Morgan (born 1949) – slavery
 * David Nasaw (born 1945) – biography and U.S. cultural history
 * Francis Parkman (1823–1893) – historian of the French and Indian War
 * William B. Pickett (born 1940)
 * David Pietrusza (born 1949) - 20th century presidential elections; biography
 * Dominic Sandbrook (born 1974) – political history of the 1960s and 1970s
 * Arthur Schlesinger Sr. (1888–1965)
 * Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (1917–2007)
 * Cornelius Cole Smith, Jr. (1913–2004) – historian of Arizona, California and the Southwestern United States
 * Jean Edward Smith (1932–2019) – biography, foreign policy, political economy, constitutional law, legal history, and politics
 * Irma Tam Soong (1912–2001) – history of Chinese immigration in Hawaii
 * Frederick Jackson Turner (1861–1932) – developed the Frontier Thesis
 * Frank Vandiver (1925–2005)
 * Alexander Scott Withers (1792–1865) – primary accounts of colonial western Virginia conflicts
 * Sean Wilentz (born 1951) - political, social, and cultural history
 * Betty Wood (1945–2021) – early American history
 * Gordon S. Wood (born 1933) - American Revolution
 * C. Vann Woodward (1908–1999) – Southern United States
 * Howard Zinn (1922–2010) – political scientist and historian of the United States, known for A People's History of the United States

History of Latin America
See also Category:Historians of Latin America
 * Jeremy Adelman (born 1960)
 * Marc Becker
 * David Brading (1936-2024)
 * Aviva Chomsky (born 1957)
 * James Dunkerley (born 1953)
 * Mark Falcoff (born 1941)
 * Ann Farnsworth-Alvear
 * Charles Gibson (born 1943)
 * Mike Gonzalez (born 1943)
 * Clarence H. Haring (1885–1960)
 * Daniel James (born 1948)
 * Kenneth Maxwell (born 1941)
 * William H. Prescott (1796–1859)
 * Peter Winn
 * John Wirth (1936–2002)
 * John Womack (born 1937)
 * Leslie Bethell (born 1937)

Brazil

 * Boris Fausto (1930–2023)
 * Lilia Moritz Schwarcz (born 1957)

Chile

 * Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo (1523–1575)
 * Pedro Mariño de Lobera (1528–1594)
 * Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche (1742–1816)

Peru

 * Jorge Basadre (1903–1980)
 * Raúl Porras Barrenechea (1897–1960)
 * María Rostworowski (1915–2016)

History of Europe

 * Patricia Clavin (born 1964) – international relations and transnational relations
 * Norman Davies (born 1939) – Europe as a whole
 * Tony Judt (1948–2010) – post 1945
 * Elizabeth Eisenstein (1923–2016) – early printing and transitions in media
 * Julia P. Gelardi – royal history of 19th and 20th centuries
 * John Lukacs (1924–2019) – Cold War
 * Henri-Jean Martin (1924–2007) – early printing and writing
 * Effie Pedaliu – history of Italian war crimes and Cold War
 * Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) – Belgium
 * Walter Alison Phillips (1864–1950)
 * Andrew Roberts (born 1963) – Second World War
 * John Roberts (1928–2003) – Europe
 * J. Salwyn Schapiro (1879–1973)
 * Norman Stone (1941–2019)
 * Charlotte Zeepvat – royal history of 19th and 20th centuries

History of Albania

 * Stavro Skëndi (1905–1989)

History of Belgium

 * Henri Pirenne (1862–1935) – Middle Ages
 * Sophie de Schaepdrijver (born 1961) – World War I
 * Herman Van der Wee (born 1928) – social and economic history

History of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * İbrahim Peçevi (1572–1650)
 * Antun Knežević (1834–1889)
 * Bono Benić (1708–1785)
 * Hamdija Kreševljaković (1888–1959)
 * Smail Balić (1920–2002)
 * Enver Redžić (1915–2009)
 * Marko Vego (1907–1985) – medievalist & archaeologists
 * Mustafa Imamović (1941–2017)
 * Salmedin Mesihović (born 1975) – medievalist & archaeologists

History of England and Britain

 * Donald Adamson (born 1939) – British
 * Robert C. Allen (born 1947) – British economic
 * Perry Anderson (born 1938) – British; European history
 * Leonie Archer (born 1955) – British
 * Karen Armstrong (born 1944) – religious
 * Gerald Aylmer (1926–2000) – British; administrative history
 * Bernard Bailyn (1922–2020) – Atlantic migration
 * Onyeka – Black Britons
 * The Venerable Bede (672–735) – Britain from 55 BC to 731 AD
 * Brian Bond (born 1936) – military
 * Asa Briggs (1921–2016) – British social.
 * Herbert Butterfield (1900–1979) – historiography
 * Angus Calder (1942–2008) – Second World War
 * David Cannadine (born 1950) – Modern Britain, British business and philanthropy
 * J.C.D. Clark (born 1951) – 18th century
 * Linda Colley (born 1949) – 18th century
 * Patrick Collinson (1929–2011) – Elizabethan England & Puritanism
 * Maurice Cowling (1926–2005) – 19th and 20th century politics
 * John Darwin (born 1948) – British Empire
 * John Davies (1938–2015) - Wales
 * Susan Doran – Elizabethan
 * Eamon Duffy (born 1947) – religious history of the 15th–17th centuries
 * Harold James Dyos (1921–1978) – urban
 * Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (1921–1994) – Tudor period
 * Charles Harding Firth (1857–1936) – political history of the 17th century
 * Antonia Fraser (born 1932) – 17th century
 * William Gibson (born 1959) – ecclesiastical history
 * Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902) – political history of the 17th century
 * Ruth Goodman (born 1963) – early modern
 * Andrew Gordon (born 1951) – naval
 * Geoffrey of Monmouth (died c. 1154) – England
 * Élie Halévy (1870–1937) - British 19th century
 * Edward Hasted (1732–1812) – Kent
 * Max Hastings (born 1945) – military, Second World War
 * J. H. Hexter (1910–1996) – England in the 17th century
 * Christopher Hill (1912–2003) – England in the 17th century
 * Gertrude Himmelfarb (1922–2019) – social and cultural history of the Victorian period
 * Eric Hobsbawn (1917–2012) – Marxist British history
 * David Hume (1711–1776) – Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and author of the six volume History of England (originally History of Britain)
 * Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609–1674) – English Civil Wars
 * John Edward Lloyd (1861–1947) – early Welsh history
 * Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (1800–1859) – English writer and historian whose most famous work was The History of England from the Accession of James the Second
 * John Morrill (born 1946) Seventeenth-century political and military history
 * Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888–1960) – political history of the 18th century
 * Kenneth Morgan (born 1934) – modern Wales
 * Steven Pincus – 17th and 18th century England
 * Andrew Roberts (born 1963) – Political biographies, 19th and 20th centuries
 * A. L. Rowse (1903–1997) – Cornish history and Elizabethan England
 * Dominic Sandbrook (born 1974) – Britain in the 1960s and after
 * John Robert Seeley (1834–1895) – British political history of the modern period
 * Jack Simmons (1915–2000) – railways, topography
 * Paul Slack (born 1943) – Early Modern British Social history
 * David Spring (1918–2004) - British 19th century
 * David Starkey (born 1945) – Tudor historian and TV presenter
 * Lawrence Stone (1919–1999) – English society and the history of the family
 * Keith Thomas (born 1933) – Early Modern English Society
 * E. P. Thompson (1924–1993) – British working class
 * George Macaulay Trevelyan (1876–1962) – English history (many different periods)
 * Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton (1914–2003) – Britain in the 17th century
 * Retha Warnicke (born 1939) – Tudor history and gender issues
 * Andy Wood (born 1967) – British social historian, 1500 to present
 * Daniel Woolf (born 1958) – Early Modern England and History of Historical Writing
 * Cicely Veronica Wedgwood (1910–1997) – British
 * G. M. Young (1882–1959) - Victorian England
 * Perez Zagorin (1920–2009) – 16th and 17th centuries

History of the British Empire

 * Antoinette Burton
 * Robert Bickers (born 1964)
 * Richard Drayton (born 1964)
 * Gerald S. Graham (1903–1988)
 * Vincent T. Harlow (1898–1961)
 * Wm. Roger Louis (born 1936)
 * P. J. Marshall (born 1933)
 * David Quinn (1909–2002)
 * D. M. Schurman (1924–2013)
 * Archibald Paton Thornton (1921–2004)
 * Glyndwr Williams (born 1932)

History of Croatia

 * Johannes Lucius (1604–1679)
 * Pavao Ritter Vitezović (1652–1713)
 * Franjo Rački (1828–1894)
 * Tadija Smičiklas (1843–1914)
 * Vjekoslav Klaić (1849–1928)
 * Ferdo Šišić (1869–1940)
 * Nada Klaić (1920–1988)
 * Mirjana Gross (1922–2012)
 * Trpimir Macan (born 1935)
 * Ivo Banac (1947–2020)
 * Radoslav Katičić (1930–2019)

History of Finland

 * Kesar Ordin (1835–1892)
 * Mikhail Borodkin (1852–1919)

History of France

 * Marc Bloch (1886–1944) – medieval France
 * Jean-Jacques Becker (born 1928) - French historian of contemporary history
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Napoleon, and Paris
 * Natalie Zemon Davis (born 1928) – early modern France
 * Georges Duby (1924–1996) – medieval France
 * Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) – French historian
 * Alistair Horne (1925–2017) – modern French military history
 * Julian Jackson (born 1954) – 20th century France
 * Douglas Johnson (1925–2005) – historian of modern France
 * Simon Kitson (born c. 1967) – historian of Vichy France
 * Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929–2023) – history of the French peasantry
 * Michael Marrus (born 1941) – Vichy France
 * John M. Merriman (born 1946) - French Historian
 * Jules Michelet (1798–1874) – French historian
 * Roland Mousnier (1907–1993) – early modern France
 * Robert Roswell Palmer (1909–2002) – French revolution
 * Robert Paxton (born 1932) – Vichy France
 * Pierre Renouvin (1893–1974) – French diplomatic history
 * Andrew Roberts (born 1963) – Napoleon
 * John C. Rule (1929–2013) – 17th and 18th century France
 * Zeev Sternhell (1935–2020) – French fascism
 * Eugen Weber (1925–2007) – modern French history
 * John B. Wolf (1907–1996) – French history
 * Isser Woloch (born 1937) – 18th century France
 * Gordon Wright (1912–2000)
 * Robert J. Young (born 1942) – the Third Republic
 * See also List of historians of the French Revolution.

History of Germany

 * Celia Applegate – music history and nationalism
 * David Blackbourn (born 1949)
 * Gisela Bock (born 1942)
 * Horst Boog (1928–2016) – military history
 * Karl Dietrich Bracher (1922–2016)
 * Martin Broszat (1926–1989)
 * Alan Bullock (1914–2004)
 * Robert Citino (born 1958) – military history
 * Gordon A. Craig (1913–2005)
 * Richard J. Evans (born 1947)
 * Joachim Fest (1926–2006)
 * Fritz Fischer (1908–1999)
 * Luise Gerbing (1855–1927), history of Thuringia
 * Deborah Hertz (born 1949)
 * Klaus Hildebrand (born 1941)
 * Andreas Hillgruber (1925–1989)
 * Jonathan House (born 1950)
 * Christian Hartmann (born 1959) – military history
 * Gerhard Hirschfeld (born 1946) – 20th century German social, World War I & II
 * Eberhard Jäckel (1929–2017)
 * Ian Kershaw (born 1943)
 * Klemens von Klemperer (1916–2012)
 * Ernst Klink (1923–1993) – military history
 * Claudia Koonz (born 1940)
 * Dieter Langewiesche (born 1943)
 * Timothy Mason (1940–1990)
 * Frank McDonough (born 1957)
 * Wendy Lower (born 1965) – history of National Socialism
 * Geoffrey P. Megargee (born 1959) – military history
 * Friedrich Meinecke (1862–1954)
 * Hans Mommsen (1930–2015)
 * Wolfgang Mommsen (1930–2004)
 * George Mosse (1918–1999)
 * Ernst Nolte (1923–2016)
 * Steven Ozment (1939–2019)
 * Detlev Peukert (1950–1990)
 * Koppel Pinson (1904–1961)
 * Gerhard Ritter (1888–1967)
 * Hans Rothfels (1891–1976)
 * David Schoenbaum (born 1935)
 * Jean Edward Smith (1932–2019)
 * Ronald Smelser (born 1942)
 * Louis Leo Snyder (1907–1993)
 * Fritz Stern (1926–2016)
 * David Stahel (born 1975)
 * Michael Stürmer (born 1938)
 * Heinrich von Treitschke (1834–1896)
 * A.J.P. Taylor (1906–1990)
 * Hugh Trevor-Roper (1914–2003) – British historian and peer who specialized on Nazi leadership and incorrectly verified the authenticity of The Hitler Diaries
 * Henry Ashby Turner (1932–2008)
 * Gerd R. Ueberschär (born 1943) – military history
 * Bernd Wegner (born 1949) – military history and history of National Socialism
 * Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931–2014)
 * Wolfram Wette (born 1940) – military history and history of National Socialism
 * John Wheeler-Bennett (1902–1975)
 * Jay Winter (born 1945)
 * Michael Wolffsohn (born 1947)
 * Gordon Wright (1912–2000) – Germany – 19th and 20th centuries
 * David T. Zabecki (born 1947) – military history
 * Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born 1947)
 * Rainer Zitelmann (born 1957)

History of the Habsburg monarchy

 * John Komlos (born 1944) – economic

History of Ireland

 * Mary Bonaventure Browne (after 1610–after 1670), Poor Clare and historian
 * Ann Buckley
 * Francis John Byrne (1934–2017)
 * John Clyn (fl. 1333–1349)
 * James Donnelly (born 1943) – Irish social history
 * Brian Farrell (1929–2014)
 * Roy Foster (born 1949)
 * Kathleen Hughes (1926–1977)
 * Geoffrey Keating
 * J.J. Lee (born 1942) – 20th century Ireland
 * James Francis Lydon (1928–2013)
 * F.S.L. Lyons (1923–1983) – modern Ireland
 * Oliver MacDonagh (1924–2002) – modern Ireland
 * Dermot MacDermot (1906–1989)
 * Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh (fl. 1643–1671)
 * Gilla Isa Mor mac Donnchadh MacFhirbhisigh (fl. 1390–1418)
 * Muirchu moccu Machtheni (fl. late 7th century)
 * Flann Mainistrech (died 1056)
 * F.X. Martin (1922–2000)
 * Kenneth Nicholls
 * Adhamh Ó Cianáin (died 1373)
 * Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c. 1590–1643)
 * Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (born 1954)
 * Eugene O'Curry (1794–1862)
 * John O'Donovan (1806–1861)
 * Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin (died 1372)
 * Pilip Ballach Ó Duibhgeannáin (fl. 1579–1590)
 * Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh (1629–1718)
 * Nollaig Ó Muraíle
 * Tírechán (fl. late 7th century)
 * Father Paul Walsh (1885–1941)
 * Sir James Ware (1594–1666)

History of Italy

 * Lorenzo Arnone Sipari (born 1973) – social and environmental Italian history
 * R.J.B. Bosworth (born 1943) – Fascism, Mussolini
 * Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) – philosophy of history, modern Italian history
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – Renaissance art and Sicily
 * Renzo De Felice (1929–1996) – Fascism, biographer of Mussolini
 * John Foot (born 1964) – modern Italy history, The City
 * Emilio Gentile (born 1946) – Fascism
 * Carlo Ginzburg (born 1939) – witchcraft and agrarian cults, microhistory
 * Alessandra Kersevan (born 1950) – Italian concentration camps
 * Claudio Pavone (1920–2016) – Italian fascism, World War II, anti-fascism
 * Effie Pedaliu – Italian war crimes
 * John Pollard (born 1944) – The church and Fascism
 * Paul Ginsborg (born 1945) – The Risorgimento, Italian modern and contemporary history
 * Lucy Riall (born 1962) – The Risorgimento, Garibaldi, Sicily
 * Gaetano Salvemini (1873–1957) – Fascism, French Revolution
 * Denis Mack Smith (1920–2017) – Italian modern history
 * Arrigo Petacco (1929–2018) – Fascism

History of Moldova/Bessarabia

 * Nicolae Iorga (1871–1940)
 * Ion Nistor (1876–1962)
 * Petre Cazacu (1873–1956)
 * Charles King (born 1967)
 * Igor Casu (born 1973)
 * Gh. Cojocaru (born 1963)

History of the Netherlands

 * Jaap R. Bruijn (born 1938)
 * Femme Gaastra (born 1945)
 * Pieter Geyl (1887–1966)
 * John Lothrop Motley (1814–1877)
 * Jonathan Israel (born 1946)
 * G. J. Renier (1892–1962)
 * Herbert H. Rowen (1916–1999)
 * Simon Schama (born 1945)

History of Poland

 * Norman Davies (born 1939) – modern Polish history
 * Robert I. Frost (born 1958) — modern Polish history
 * Pawel Jasienica (1909–1970) – Polish amateur historian
 * Wickham Steed (1871–1956)

History of Portugal

 * José Hermano Saraiva (1919–2012)
 * A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933–2007) – early modern period
 * José Mattoso (born 1933) – medieval history
 * Fernando Rosas (born 1946) – contemporary history

History of Romania

 * Lucian Boia (born 1944)
 * Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (1838–1907)
 * Nicolae Iorga (1871–1940)
 * Mihail Kogalniceanu (1817–1891)
 * Irina Livezeanu (born 1952)
 * David Mitrany (1888–1975)
 * Vladimir Tismaneanu (born 1951)
 * Alexandru D. Xenopol (1847–1920)
 * Alexandru Zub (born 1934)

History of Russia

 * Nicholas Bethell (1938–2007)
 * Robert Conquest (1917–2015) – Soviet Union
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – Catherine the Great
 * Orlando Figes (born 1959)
 * Patricia Kennedy Grimsted (born 1935) – post-Soviet archives
 * Geoffrey Hosking (born 1942)
 * Lindsey Hughes (1949–2007) - C17th and C18th
 * Leopold Labedz (1920–1993)
 * Roy Medvedev (born 1925)
 * Robin Milner-Gulland (born 1936) - cultural history
 * Richard Pipes (1923–2018) – Soviet Union
 * William Taubman (born 1941) – Nikita Khrushchev
 * Peter Kenez (born 1937) – Soviet Union and Soviet cinema
 * Robert Service (born 1947)
 * Adam Ulam (1922–2000)
 * Anne Applebaum (born 1964) – Gulag history
 * Sheila Fitzpatrick (born 1941) – everyday life under Stalinism
 * Nicolas Werth (born 1950) – political repressions
 * Nikita Petrov (born 1957) – political repressions
 * Viktor Danilov (1927–2016) – history of collectivization
 * Oleg Khlevniuk (born 1959) – Stalin and Politburo
 * Moshe Lewin (1921–2010) – collectivization
 * David Shearer (born 1957) – Stalinist repressions

History of Serbia

 * Vladimir Ćorović (1885–1941)
 * Sima Ćirković (1929–2009)
 * Rade Mihaljčić (1937–2020)
 * Stojan Novaković (1842–1915)
 * Stanoje Stanojević (1874–1937)
 * Jovan I. Deretić (1939–2021)

History of Scotland

 * G. W. S. Barrow (1924–2013)
 * Steve Boardman
 * Hector Boece (1465–1536)
 * George Buchanan (1506–1582)
 * Gilbert Burnet (1643–1715)
 * Tom Devine
 * John of Fordun
 * Christopher Harvie (born 1944)
 * Colin Kidd (born 1964)
 * Michael Lynch (born 1946)
 * Norman Macdougall
 * Rosalind Mitchison (1919–2002)
 * Richard Oram
 * T.C. Smout (born 1933) - Scottish social history
 * Nigel Tranter (1909–2000)
 * Christopher Whatley
 * Jenny Wormald (1942–2015)

Historiographer Royal of Scotland

 * James Fall, 1682
 * William Robertson (1721–1793), 1763–1793
 * John Gillies (1747–1836), 1793–1836
 * George Brodie (1786–1967), 1836–1867
 * John Hill Burton (1809–1881), 1867–1881
 * William Forbes Skene (1809–1892), 1881–1893
 * David Masson (1822–1907), 1893–1908
 * Peter Hume Brown (1849–1918), 1908–1919
 * Robert Rait (1874–1936), 1919–1930
 * Robert Kerr Hannay(1867–1940), FRSE, 1930–1940
 * J. D. Mackie (1887–1978), OBE, 1958–1978
 * Gordon Donaldson (1913–1993), CBE, 1979–1993
 * Christopher Smout (born 1933), CBE, since 1993

History of Slovakia

 * Vojtech Čelko (born 1946) – political and cultural history of Central Europe in the 20th century; history of Czechoslovak exile after 1948
 * Ladislav Deák (1931–2011) – foreign policy of Central European states and Yugoslavia in the interwar period; history of Hungarian-Slovak foreign relationships
 * Gabriela Dudeková (born 1968) – social policy of Austria-Hungary; situation of POWs and civilians in World War I; history of feminism and gender studies
 * Ivan Kamenec (born 1938) – Holocaust in Slovakia; diplomacy in Central Europe in the interwar period and during World War II
 * Adam František Kollár (1718–1783) – influential jurist, historian and ethnologist, who coined the term ethnology
 * Peter Kopecký – history of diplomacy and foreign policy of Slovakia
 * Juraj Marusiak (born 1970) – history of Slovak-Polish relationships; modern history of Central and Eastern Europe
 * Thomas Spira (1923–2005) – study of nationalism and ethnicity (born and raised in Slovakia)
 * Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861) – philologist, poet, Slavist, literary historian and ethnographer
 * Štefan Šutaj (born 1954) – history of Hungarian minority in Czechoslovakia; Slovak civic (non-communist) political parties after 1945
 * Zora Mintalová – Zubercová (born 1950) – food history and material culture of Central Europe

History of Slovenia

 * Bogo Grafenauer (1916–1995)
 * Alessandra Kersevan (born 1950) – Italian concentration camps
 * Vasilij Melik (1921–2009) – Slovene Lands in the 19th century.
 * Jože Pirjevec (born 1940) – Foibe massacres
 * Milica Kacin Wohinz (born 1930) – Italianization of Slovenes between 1918 and 1943
 * Marta Verginella (born 1960) – history of the Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)

History of Spain

 * Ida Altman (born 1950) – Early modern Spain, colonial Latin America
 * Roger Collins (born 1949) – medieval history, Spain, Visigothic Spain, history of Muslim Spain
 * Rafael Núñez Florencio (born 1956)
 * Julian Ribera y Tarragó (1858–1934) – Spain, history of the Book, medieval history, history of Muslim Spain
 * Julia Pavón (born 1968) – medieval history of Navarra
 * Joseph Pérez (1931–2020) - history of the Spanish Empire.

History of Sweden

 * Peter Englund (born 1957)
 * Anders Fryxell (1795–1881)
 * Erik Gustaf Geijer (1783–1847)
 * Jan Glete (1947–2009)
 * Carl Grimberg (1875–1941)
 * Dick Harrison (born 1966)
 * Ragnhild Hatton (1913–1995) – biographer of King Charles XII
 * Sten Lindroth (1914–1980)
 * Erik Lönnroth (1910–2002)
 * Olaus Magnus (1490–1557)
 * Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694)
 * Erik Ringmar (born 1960)
 * Michael Roberts (1908–1996)
 * John Robinson (1650–1723)
 * Curt Weibull (1886–1991)
 * Lauritz Weibull (1873–1960)

History of Yugoslavia

 * Ivo Banac (1947–2020)
 * Misha Glenny (born 1958)
 * Barbara Jelavich (1923–1995) – wrote extensively on Balkan history, along with her husband Charles Jelavich
 * John R. Lampe – author of Yugoslavia As History: Twice There Was a Country
 * Stevan K. Pavlowitch (born 1933)
 * Catherine Samary – author of Yugoslavia Dismembered
 * Stephen Schwartz (born 1948)
 * Jozo Tomasevich (1908–1994)

History of The Republic of Turkey and Turkish Empires

 * Halil İnalcık (1916–2016), İstanbul, Türkiye), history of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
 * İlber Ortaylı (born 1947, Bregen, Österreich), history of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
 * Heath W. Lowry (born 1942, America), history of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
 * Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (1890–1966, İstanbul, Türkiye), Turcologist and historian, history of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
 * Yusuf Halaçoğlu (born 1949, Adana, Türkiye), history of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey
 * Reşat Ekrem Koçu (1905–1975, İstanbul, Türkiye), writer and historian, history of the Ottoman Empire
 * Ahmed Cevad Pasha (Kabaağaçlızade Ahmet Cevat Paşa) (1851–1900, İstanbul, Türkiye), Ottoman statesman (Grand Vizier), history of the Ottoman Empire
 * Aşıkpaşazade (Âşıkpasazâde Derviş Ahmet Âşıkî) (yak. 1400, Amasya–yak. 1484), Ottoman Empire/ Türkiye) history of the Ottoman Empire
 * Ibn Kemal (Kemal Paşazade (ibn-i Kemâl)) (1468–1534, The Ottoman Empire/Türkiye), Ottoman statesman, history of the Ottoman Empire
 * Koçi Bey (Mustafa Koçi Bey) (?–1650, The Ottoman Empire/Türkiye), Ottoman statesman, history of the Ottoman Empire
 * Katip Çelebi (Haci Halife Kalfa) (1609–1657, İstanbul, The Ottoman Empire/Türkiye), history of the Ottoman Empire

Middle East

 * George Antonius (1891–1941) – historian of Arab nationalism
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – study of the Faiqani tribe of South Persia
 * Neilson Debevoise (1903–1992) – history of the Parthian Empire
 * Caroline Finkel
 * Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1895–1971) – Editor, The Encyclopaedia of Islam
 * Bernard Lewis (1916–2018) – history of Islam and the Middle East
 * S.D. Goitein (1900–1985) - history of the Mediterranean; social history of the Medieval Islamic world
 * Albert Hourani (1915–1993)
 * ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni (1226–1283) – Ta’rīkh-I-Jahān Gushā (A History of the World-Conqueror Chingis Khān)
 * Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
 * Walid Khalidi (born 1925) – Palestinian historian
 * D. S. Margoliouth (1858–1940)
 * Michael Oren (born 1955)
 * Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (circa 1247–1318) – Jāmi‛ al-Tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles), Ta’rīkh–i-Ghāzānī (a history of the Mongols and Turks)
 * Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg (1944–2000) – Achaemenid history
 * Ibn al-Tiqtaqa (born c. 1262) – Shi'i historian, wrote Al-Fakhīr

Central Asia

 * Denis Sinor (1916–2011), Hungarian-American historian of Central Asia
 * Edward A. Allworth (1920–2016), American historian specializing in Central Asia
 * Étienne de la Vaissière (born 1969), French specialist of Sogdian culture and early medieval Central Asia
 * Geoffrey Wheeler (1897–1990), British soldier and historian of Central Asia
 * Lola Dodkhudoeva (born 1951), Tajikistani historian specialising in medieval Central Asian affairs
 * Svetlana Gorshenina (born 1969), Uzbek specialist on Pre-Islamic Central Asia

History of the Indian Subcontinent

 * Muzaffar Alam (born 1947)
 * A. L. Basham (1914–1986)
 * Chris Bayly (1945–2015)
 * Dipesh Chakrabarty (born 1948)
 * Bernard Cohn (1928–2003)
 * Sir Jadunath Sarkar (1870–1958)
 * R. C. Majumdar (1884–1980)
 * Niharranjan Ray (1903–1981)
 * Datto Vaman Potdar (1890–1979)
 * Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar (1895–1963)
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011)
 * Nicholas Dirks
 * Ranajit Guha (1923–2023)
 * Ayesha Jalal (born 1956)
 * John Keay (born 1941)
 * Sumit Sarkar (born 1939)
 * Romila Thapar (born 1931)
 * Irfan Habib (born 1931 )
 * Thomas Metcalf (born 1934)
 * Barbara Metcalf (born 1941)
 * Percival Spear (1901–1982)
 * Bipan Chandra (1928–2014)
 * Gyan Prakash (born 1952)
 * Tanika Sarkar
 * Barbara Ramusack (born 1937)
 * Thomas Trautmann (born 1940)
 * K. K. Aziz (1927–2009)
 * Mubarak Ali (born 1941)
 * Mohammad Ishaq Khan (1946–2013)
 * NS Rajaram (1943–2019)
 * Sukumar Sen (linguist)
 * Suniti Kumar Chatterji

History of India

 * Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (born 1940) – Unani historian

History of Pakistan

 * K. K. Aziz (1927–2009)
 * Imran Khan (born 1952)

History of Japan

 * William George Aston (1841–1911)
 * Gail Lee Bernstein (born 1939)
 * Harold Bolitho (1939–2010)
 * Hugh Borton (1903–1995)
 * Albert M. Craig (born 1927)
 * Sheldon Garon (born 1951)
 * Carol Gluck (born 1941)
 * Andrew Gordon (born 1952)
 * William Elliot Griffis (1843–1928)
 * John Whitney Hall (1916–1997)
 * Susan Hanley (born 1939)
 * Marius Jansen (1922–2000)
 * Donald Keene (1922–2019)
 * Joyce Lebra (1925–2021)
 * Jeffrey Mass (1940–2001)
 * Richard Ponsonby-Fane (1878–1937)
 * Tetsuo Najita (1936–2021)
 * Ian Nish (1926–2022)
 * Edwin O. Reischauer (1910–1990)
 * Donald Richie (1924–2013)
 * George Bailey Sansom (1883–1965)
 * Ernest Mason Satow (1843–1929)
 * Amy Stanley (born 1978)
 * Conrad Totman (born 1934)
 * Stephen Turnbull (born 1948)
 * Barak Kushner (born 1968)

History of Korea

 * Bruce Cumings (born 1943) – modern Korea
 * Carter J. Eckert
 * James Palais (1934–2006)
 * Il-yeon (1206–1289)
 * Kim Bu-sik (1075–1151) – early annalist
 * Kim Dae-mun
 * Lee Ki-baek (1924–2004)
 * James Hoare (born 1943)
 * Shin Chaeho (1880–1936) – ancient Korean history
 * Andre Schmid (born 1963)
 * Yu Deuk-gong (1749–1807) – Balhae
 * Odd Arne Westad (born 1960) – professor at the London School of Economics

History of China

 * Robert Bickers (born 1964) - modern China
 * Immanuel C.Y. Hsu (1923–2005) - modern China
 * John Herman (1889–1950)
 * Ann Paludan (1928–2014) – ancient China
 * Sima Qian – compiled Records of the Grand Historian
 * Chen Shou (233–297) – author of the Records of Three Kingdoms.
 * Jonathan Spence (born 1936)
 * Denis Twitchett (1925–2006) – Cambridge scholar, and editor of The Cambridge History of China
 * Hans van de Ven (born 1958)
 * Frederic Wakeman, Jr. (1937–2006)
 * Odd Arne Westad (born 1960) – professor at the London School of Economics and author of many books on China

History of Hong Kong

 * Steve Tsang (born 1959)

Africa

 * David Cohen (born 1943)
 * A. G. Hopkins (born 1938) – European colonialism and globalisation
 * William Miller Macmillan (1885–1974)
 * Jocelyne Dakhlia (born 1959) – political and cultural history of Islam in the Maghreb
 * Jan Vansina (1929–2017)

History of the Serers

 * Alioune Sarr (1908–2001), Senegalese specialist on Serer medieval history
 * Henry Gravrand (1921–2003), French specialist on Serer ancient history, Serer medieval history and Serer religion
 * Issa Laye Thiaw (1943–2017), Senegalese specialist on Serer general history and Serer religion
 * Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof (1924–2011), Gambian specialist on Serer general history and history of Senegambia (Senegal and Gambia)
 * Marguerite Dupire (1920–2015), French scholar of Serer religion and history
 * Louis Diène Faye (born 1936), Senegalese scholar of Serer religion and history

History of Australia

 * Manning Clark (1915–1991)
 * Keith Windschuttle (born 1942)
 * Geoffrey Blainey (born 1930)
 * Stuart Macintyre (1947–2021)
 * Henry Reynolds (born 1938)
 * Frank Welsh (born 1931)
 * Andrew Moore

History of Fiji

 * Brij Lal

History of New Zealand

 * James Belich (born 1956)
 * Michael King (1945–2004)
 * W. H. Oliver (1925–2015)
 * William Pember Reeves (1857–1932)
 * J. G. A. Pocock (1924–2023)
 * Keith Sinclair (1922–1993)

History of Tonga

 * Sione Lātūkefu

History of Papua New Guinea

 * John Waiko (born 1945)

Abolitionist

 * George Washington Williams (1849–1891) – Early African-American historian

Counterfactual

 * Niall Ferguson (born 1964) – Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals (1997)

Marxist

 * Eric Foner (born 1943) – Marxist historian of the American Civil War and Reconstruction
 * Eugene D. Genovese (1930–2012) – Marxist historian of southern US history and slavery
 * Ranajit Guha (1923-2023) – Indian Marxist historian
 * Christopher Hill (1912–2003) – 17th century England
 * Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012) – Marxist historian of the modern world
 * Gerald Horne (born 1949) – African American Marxist historian
 * Timothy Wright Mason (1940–1990) – Marxist historian who worked on the history of National Socialism and the German working-class
 * Maxime Rodinson (1915–2004) – French Marxist historian on the history of Islam
 * Sumit Sarkar (born 1939) – Indian Marxist historian
 * Edward Palmer Thompson (1924–1993) – British Marxist historian, author of The Making of the English Working Class
 * Walter Rodney (1942–1980) – Marxist historian of Africa

Nazi

 * Walter Frank (1905–1945) – Nazi historian and anti-Semitic writer
 * David Hoggan (1923–1988)

Anarchist

 * Paul Avrich (1931–2006) – USA, oral history of the U.S. and Russia
 * Murray Bookchin (1921–2006) – USA, writer; founder of "social ecology"
 * Sam Dolgoff (1902–1990) – USA, writer, activist, co-founder of Anarcho-Syndicalist Review
 * Sébastien Faure (1858–1942) – France, Encyclopedie Anarchiste, 4 volumes (1932–1934)
 * David Goodway (born 1942) – UK, writer, editor
 * Daniel Guérin (1904–1988) – France, writer, editor Libertarian Communist
 * Robert Graham (born 1958) – USA, writer, editor
 * Andrej Grubacic – Bulgarian history and anarchism, lecturer at University of San Francisco
 * Peter Marshall (born 1946) – England, historian, philosopher, writer (of Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism, 1992)
 * Chuck W. Morse (born 1969) – USA, writer, founder of Institute for Anarchist Studies(IAS)
 * Max Nettlau (1865–1944) – Austria, writer of Geschichte der Anarchie, seven volumes
 * Abel Paz (1921–2009) – Spain, Civil war, Durruti, CNT/FAI
 * José Peirats (1908–1989) – Spain, historian of the CNT/FAI
 * Alexandre Skirda (1942–2020)
 * Antonio Tellez (1921–2005)
 * Dana Ward – founder of "Anarchist Archives", Online Research on the History and Theory of Anarchism, (USA)
 * George Woodcock (1912–1995)
 * Howard Zinn (1922–2010)

Pacifist

 * Ludwig Quidde (1858–1941) – Prescient German pacifist and student of history who combined his specialties in his condemnation of Kaiser Wilhelm II

Architectural history

 * Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 80/70 BC?–c. 25 BC) – Roman architect and engineer, author of De architectura
 * Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) – Italian polymath, active in many fields, author of De Re Aedificatoria among others
 * Josef Strzygowski (1862–1941)
 * Joseph Rykwert (born 1926)
 * Manfredo Tafuri (1935–1994)
 * David Watkin (historian) (1941–2018)
 * Alberto Pérez-Gómez (born 1949)
 * Doğan Kuban (1926–2021) – architect, history of architecture and art history

Art history

 * Nurhan Atasoy (born 1934, Tokat, Türkiye) – Turkish and Islamic Art History
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – French and Italian art and architectural history
 * Oleg Grabar (1929–2011) – Islamic Art History
 * Catherine Mason – British computer and digital art history
 * Nicholas Pevsner (1903–1983) – History of art and English architecture
 * Alena Potůčková (1953–2018) – Czech art history
 * Simon Schama (born 1945) – Art history
 * Ichimatsu Tanaka (1895–1983) – Japanese art history
 * Renáta Tyršová (1854–1937) – Czech ethnography and art history
 * Yukio Yashiro (1890–1975) – Japanese art history; Botticelli and the Florentine Renaissance

Christianity

 * Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–339) – "Father of Church history"
 * Alexander Campbell Cheyne (1924–2006) – Scottish ecclesiastical historian
 * John Gilmary Shea (1824–1892) – father of American Catholic History
 * Bengt Hägglund (1920–2015) – historian of Christian theology
 * Barbara Thiering (1930–2015) – rediscovered the "Pesher technique"

Classical Antiquity

 * Werner Eck (born 1939)
 * Robert Malcolm Errington (born 1939)
 * Erich S. Gruen (born 1935)
 * Ronald Syme (1903–1989)
 * Robert Garland (born 1947)

Economic history

 * Robert C. Allen (born 1947)
 * Leah Boustan
 * Eli Heckscher (1879–1952)
 * Barry Eichengreen (born 1952)
 * Niall Ferguson (born 1964)
 * Robert Fogel (1926–2013)
 * Alexander Gerschenkron (1904–1978)
 * Claudia Goldin (born 1946)
 * Susan Howson (born 1945)
 * Harold James (born 1956)
 * John Komlos (born 1944)
 * Naomi Lamoreaux (born 1950)
 * David S. Landes (1924–2013)
 * Joel Mokyr (born 1946)
 * Thomas Piketty (born 1971)
 * W. W. Rostow (1916–2003)
 * Tirthankar Roy (born 1960)
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011) – economic history of ancient India
 * Robert Skidelsky (born 1939)
 * R. H. Tawney (1880–1962)

Egyptology

 * Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert (born 1954)
 * Ludwig David Morenz (born 1965)
 * Richard B. Parkinson (born 1963)
 * William Kelly Simpson (1928–2017)
 * John W. Tait (born 1945)
 * Edward F. Wente (born 1930)
 * Penelope Wilson

Environmental history

 * Christopher Smout (born 1933)
 * William Cronon (born 1954) – Frederick Jackson Turner Professor of History, Geography, and Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison

Espionage

 * Christopher Andrew (born 1941)
 * John Barron (1930–2005)
 * John Earl Haynes (born 1944)
 * David Kahn (1930–2024)
 * Victor Suvorov (born 1947)
 * Nigel West (born 1951)

Food history

 * Sidney Mintz (1922–2015)
 * Massimo Montanari (born 1949)
 * Zora Mintalová – Zubercová (born 1950)

Gender history

 * John Boswell (1947–1994, American) – homosexuality in medieval times
 * Francisca de Haan (fl. 1998-) – Central, Eastern and South Eastern European Women's and Gender History
 * Nahema Hanafi (born 1983) - gender studies
 * George Mosse (1918–1999)
 * Marysa Navarro (born 1934) - feminism
 * Retha Warnicke (born 1939) – gender issues

Historiography

 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011)
 * Alphonse Balleydier (1810–1859)
 * Marc Bloch (1886–1944)
 * Fernand Braudel (1902–1985)
 * Herbert Butterfield (1900–1979)
 * E. H. Carr (1892–1982)
 * R. G. Collingwood (1889–1943)
 * Geoffrey Elton (1921–1994)
 * Richard J. Evans (born 1947)
 * Pieter Geyl (1887–1966)
 * J. H. Hexter (1910–1996)
 * Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1929–2023)
 * Peter Novick (1934–2012)
 * Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886)
 * Hayden White (1928–2018)
 * Frank Ankersmit (born 1945)

Academic protagonists in Australia's "history wars"

 * Geoffrey Blainey (born 1930)
 * Stuart Macintyre (1947–2021)
 * Robert Manne (born 1947)
 * Henry Reynolds (born 1938)
 * Lyndall Ryan (1943–2024)
 * Keith Windschuttle (born 1942)

History of business

 * Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1918–2007)
 * Jan Glete (1947–2009) – Swedish business history
 * Allan Nevins (1890–1971)

History of ideas, culture, literature, and philosophy

 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011) – material culture in Ancient India
 * Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) – history of ideas
 * J.C.D. Clark (born 1951) – British historian of 18th century ideas
 * Jovan Deretić (1934–2002), Serbian literary history
 * Michel Foucault (1926–1984) – history of ideas
 * Peter Gay (1923–2015) – history of ideas
 * A.O. Lovejoy (1873–1962) - history of ideas
 * Lewis Mumford (1895–1988) – history of technology
 * Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız (1905–1975, İstanbul, Türkiye) – Turkology, Turkish Literature
 * Pertev Naili Boratav (Mustafa Pertev) (1907–1998) – Turkish folklorist, Ottoman and Turkish culture
 * Sedat Alp (1913–2006) – Hittitolo, historian, ancient Anatolian languages

History of international relations

 * Harry Elmer Barnes (1889–1968)
 * Herbert Butterfield (1900–1979)
 * E.H. Carr (1892–1982)
 * Gordon A. Craig (1913–2005)
 * John Lewis Gaddis (born 1941) – historian of the Cold War
 * Ragnhild Hatton (1913–1995) – historian of 17th- and 18th-century international relations
 * Klaus Hildebrand (born 1941)
 * Andreas Hillgruber (1925–1989)
 * Paul Kennedy (born 1945) – British historian, author of influential The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
 * William L. Langer (1896–1977)
 * Arno J. Mayer (1926–2023)
 * Lewis Bernstein Namier (1888–1960)
 * Paul W. Schroeder (1927–2020) – U.S. historian, 19th-century European international relations
 * Jean Edward Smith (1932–2019)
 * A.J.P. Taylor (1906–1990) – historian of European international relations
 * Harold Temperley, (1879–1939) – British historian, Cambridge, 19th- and early 20th-century diplomatic history, British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898-1914 (ed.)
 * Ernest Llewellyn Woodward, (1890–1971)

History of science and technology

 * Michael Adas (born 1943) – colonialism and imperialism, global history
 * Jim Bennett (1947–2023) – mathematics, scientific instruments and astronomy
 * Stephen G. Brush (born 1935)
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011)
 * Allen G. Debus (1926–2009) – chemistry and medicine
 * A. Hunter Dupree (1921–2019) – botany; U.S. government policy on science and technology
 * Peter Galison (born 1955) – physics, philosophy, objectivity
 * John L. Heilbron (1934–2023) – physics, quantification, astronomy, religion and science
 * Richard L. Hills (1936–2019) – technology, steam power
 * Thomas P. Hughes (1923–2014) – technology
 * Evelyn Fox Keller (1936–2023) – science and gender, biology
 * Melvin Kranzberg (1917–1995) – technology
 * Daniel J. Kevles (born 1939) – science and politics, physics, biology, eugenics
 * Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996) – physics, "paradigm shifts"
 * James Mosley (born 1935) – printing
 * David F. Noble (1945–2010) – science and technology-based industrial development
 * Abraham Pais (1918–2000) – physics
 * Giuliano Pancaldi (born 1946) – Italian science
 * Theodore M. Porter (born 1953)
 * A. I. Sabra (1924–2013) – optics, Islamic science
 * George Sarton (1884–1956)
 * Jack Simmons (1915–2000) – railway history
 * Nathan Sivin (born 1931) – history of science in China
 * Kim H. Veltman (1948–2020) – science and art
 * M. Norton Wise (born 1940)

History of the papacy

 * Ludwig von Pastor (1854–1928) – wrote 40 volume history of the popes making extensive use of the Vatican Secret Archives

Holocaust

 * Götz Aly (born 1947)
 * Jean Ancel (1940–2008)
 * Yitzhak Arad (1926–2021)
 * David Bankier (1947–2010)
 * Omer Bartov (born 1954)
 * Paul R. Bartrop (born 1955)
 * Yehuda Bauer (born 1926)
 * Georges Bensoussan (born 1952)
 * Wolfgang Benz (born 1941)
 * Michael Berenbaum (born 1945)
 * Ruth Bettina Birn (born 1952)
 * Donald Bloxham
 * Randolph L. Braham (1922–2018)
 * Richard Breitman (born 1947)
 * Martin Broszat (1926–1989)
 * Christopher Browning (born 1944)
 * Michael Burleigh (born 1955)
 * David Cesarani (1956–2015)
 * Catherine Chatterley
 * Richard I. Cohen (born 1946)
 * John S. Conway (1929–2017)
 * David M. Crowe
 * Danuta Czech (1922–2004)
 * Szymon Datner (1902–1989)
 * Lucy Dawidowicz (1915–1990)
 * Terrence Des Pres (1939–1987)
 * Deborah Dwork
 * Leo Eitinger (1912–1996)
 * David Engel (born 1951)
 * Barbara Engelking (born 1962)
 * Richard J. Evans (born 1947)
 * Andrew Ezergailis (born 1930)
 * Esther Farbstein (born 1946)
 * Norman Finkelstein (born 1953)
 * Jack Fischel (born 1937)
 * Michael Fleming
 * Joseph Friedenson (1922–2013)
 * Henry Friedlander (1930–2012)
 * Saul Friedländer (born 1932)
 * Tuvia Friling (born 1953)
 * Christian Gerlach (born 1963)
 * Martin Gilbert (1936–2015)
 * Daniel Goldhagen (born 1959)
 * Jan Grabowski (born 1962)
 * Gideon Greif (born 1951)
 * Jan T. Gross (born 1947)
 * Israel Gutman (1923–2013)
 * Peter Hayes
 * Susanne Heim (born 1955)
 * Raul Hilberg (1926–2007)
 * Klaus Hildebrand (born 1941)
 * Eberhard Jäckel (1929–2017)
 * Miroslav Kárný (1919–2001)
 * Steven T. Katz (born 1944)
 * Ian Kershaw (born 1943)
 * Ernst Klee (1942–2013)
 * David Kranzler (1930–2007)
 * Shmuel Krakowski (1926–2018)
 * Erich Kulka (1911–1995)
 * Otto Dov Kulka (1933–2021)
 * Konrad Kwiet (born 1941)
 * Lawrence Langer (born 1929)
 * Jacek Leociak (born 1957)
 * Dariusz Libionka (born 1963)
 * Deborah Lipstadt (born 1947)
 * Peter Longerich (born 1955)
 * Richard C. Lukas (born 1937)
 * Eugen Kogon (1903–1987)
 * Michael Marrus (born 1941)
 * Jürgen Matthäus (born 1959)
 * Hans Mommsen (1930–2015)
 * Kurt Pätzold (1930–2016)
 * Franciszek Piper (born 1941)
 * Detlev Peukert (1950–1990)
 * Léon Poliakov (1910–1997)
 * Antony Polonsky (born 1940)
 * Dina Porat (born 1943)
 * Laurence Rees (born 1957)
 * Alvin H. Rosenfeld (born 1938)
 * Mark Roseman (born 1958)
 * John K. Roth
 * Livia Rothkirchen (1922–2013)
 * R. J. Rummel (1932–2014)
 * Tom Segev (born 1945)
 * Timothy D. Snyder (born 1969)
 * Nicholas Stargardt (born 1962)
 * Sybille Steinbacher (born 1966)
 * Alan E. Steinweis (born 1957)
 * Dan Stone (born 1971)
 * Robert Jan van Pelt (born 1955)
 * Nikolaus Wachsmann (born 1971)
 * Kenneth Waltzer (born 1942)
 * Rebecca Wittmann (born 1970)
 * David Wyman (1929–2018)
 * Hanna Yablonka (born 1950)
 * Leni Yahil (1912–2007)

Lutheranism

 * Johann Lorenz von Mosheim (1694–1755) – Lutheran historian of Christianity from its inception through the 18th century

Maritime history

 * Robert G. Albion (1896–1983)
 * William A. Baker (1911–1981)
 * Jaap R. Bruijn (born 1938)
 * Howard I. Chapelle (1901–1975)
 * Grahame Farr (1912–1983)
 * Femme Gaastra (born 1945)
 * John Hattendorf (born 1941)
 * John de Courcy Ireland (1911–2006)
 * Benjamin Woods Labaree (1927–2021)
 * Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976)
 * J. H. Parry (1914–1982)
 * Glyndwr Williams (born 1932)

Media history
History of newspapers and magazines, History of radio, History of television, and History of the Internet
 * Asa Briggs (1921–2016)

Military history

 * C.T. Atkinson (1874–1964), historian of the British Army and Marlborough's Army
 * Correlli Barnett (born 1927) – British military historian
 * Antony Beevor (born 1946) – British military historian
 * Brian Bond (born 1936) – First World War
 * Caleb Carr (born 1955) – American military historian
 * Michael Carver (1915–2001) – British soldier and historian
 * Alan Clark (1928–1999) – British M.P. and historian
 * Martin van Creveld (born 1946) – Israeli military historian
 * Saul David (born 1966) – Military history
 * N.H. Gibbs (1910–1990) – Interwar period
 * Adrian Goldsworthy (born 1969) – British military historian
 * Jack Granatstein (born 1939) – Canadian military historian
 * Bruce Barrymore Halpenny (born 1937) – writer and military historian
 * Victor Davis Hanson (born 1953) – American classicist and military historian
 * Andreas Hillgruber (1925–1989) – German military historian
 * Richard Holmes (1946–2011) – British military history
 * Alistair Horne (1925–2017) – British historian of French military history
 * Michael Howard (1922–2019) – modern military history
 * John Keegan (1934–2012, English) – specialised in 20th-century wars
 * Anthony Kemp (1939–2018) – English historian of history of World War II
 * Frederic Kidder (1804–1885) - American historian of New England including military operations
 * B. H. Liddell Hart (1895–1970) – military history
 * Edward Luttwak (born 1942) – military strategy
 * Piers Mackesy (1924–2014) – 18th century
 * S. L. A. Marshall (1900–1977) – American military historian
 * Jürgen Möller (born 1959) – German military historian
 * Peter Paret (1924–2020) – military history
 * Gordon Prange (1910–1980)
 * Gerhard Ritter (1888–1967) – German military historian
 * Cornelius Ryan (1920–1974) – World War II
 * Digby Smith (born 1935) Napoleonic Wars
 * Jean Edward Smith (1932–2019) – U.S. and German military historian
 * Hew Strachan (born 1949) – British military historian
 * Gerhard Weinberg (born 1928) – U.S. military historian
 * Spenser Wilkinson (1853–1937)

Mormonism

 * Leonard J. Arrington (1917–1999) – LDS Church historian 1975–1982
 * B.H. Roberts (1857–1933)
 * Fawn M. Brodie (1915–1981)
 * Richard Bushman (born 1931)

Naval history

 * Robert G. Albion (1896–1983) – maritime history
 * Daniel A. Baugh (born 1931)
 * Ulane Bonnel (1918–2006)
 * Josiah Burchett (1666–1746)
 * Montagu Burrows (1819–1905)
 * Geoffrey Callender (1875–1946)
 * Howard I. Chapelle (1901–1975) – maritime history
 * William Bell Clark (1889–1968)
 * Julian Corbett (1854–1922)
 * William S. Dudley (born 1936)
 * Michael Duffy
 * Jan Glete (1947–2009)
 * James Goldrick (born 1958)
 * Andrew Gordon (born 1951) – Battle of Jutland
 * Barry M. Gough (born 1938)
 * Kenneth J. Hagan (born 1936)
 * Paul G. Halpern (born 1937)
 * John Hattendorf (born 1941)
 * John Daniel Hayes (1902–1991)
 * J. Richard Hill (1929–2017)
 * William James (1780–1827)
 * Paul Kennedy (born 1945)
 * R.J.B. Knight (born 1944)
 * Dudley W. Knox (1877–1960)
 * Andrew Lambert (born 1956)
 * Harold D. Langley (1925–2020)
 * John Knox Laughton (1830–1915)
 * Michael Lewis (1890–1970)
 * Christopher Lloyd (1906–1986)
 * Alfred Mahan (1840–1914)
 * Arthur Marder (1910–1980)
 * Tyrone G. Martin (born 1930) – historian of the USS Constitution and of the history of ironclads
 * William J. Morgan (1917–2003)
 * Samuel Eliot Morison (1887–1976) – wrote History of United States Naval Operations in World War II and numerous works about the maritime exploration of the Americas
 * Henry Newbolt (1862–1938) – wrote The Naval History of the Great War
 * Michael Oppenheim (1853–1927)
 * Charles O. Paullin (1869–1944)
 * Werner Rahn (born 1939)
 * Bryan Ranft (1917–2001)
 * Clark G. Reynolds (1939–2005)
 * Herbert Richmond (1871–1946)
 * N.A.M. Rodger (born 1949)
 * Stephen Roskill (1903–1982)
 * John Darrell Sherwood (born 1966)
 * D.M. Schurman (1924–2013)
 * William N. Still, Jr. (born 1932)
 * Craig Symonds (born 1946)
 * David Syrett (1939–2004)
 * Geoffrey Till (born 1945)
 * Johan Carel Marinus Warnsinck (1882–1943)
 * Colin White (1951–2008)

Presbyterianism

 * D.G. Hart (born 1956)

Social history

 * David Rothman (1937–2020) — Father of American social history and the role of institutions in shaping history and society.
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011) – social history of ancient India
 * Lloyd deMause (born 1931) – psychohistory
 * Gabriela Dudeková (born 1968)
 * Ruth Goodman (born 1963) – early modern, British social history

World history

 * Felipe Fernández-Armesto (born 1950)
 * Christopher Bayly (1945–2015) – British Empire and India
 * Ferdinand Braudel (1902–1985) – social and economic history
 * Will Durant (1885–1981) – author of The Story of Civilization
 * Francis Fukuyama (born 1955) – "End of history" thesis
 * Hendrik Willem van Loon (1882–1944) – world history and geography for younger readers
 * William McNeill (1917–2016) – author of The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
 * Jürgen Osterhammel (born 1952)
 * John Roberts (1928–2003) – author of [History of the World
 * Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–2011)) – author of Vishwa Itihaas ki Bhumika in Hindi.
 * Jackson J. Spielvogel (born 1939) – author of several major world history textbooks
 * Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975) – wrote landmark text A Study of History
 * Immanuel Wallerstein (1930–2019)

Biography

 * Peter Ackroyd (born 1949) – Dickens, Blake, Thomas More, Eliot, Newton
 * James Boswell (1740–1795) – Samuel Johnson
 * Alan Bullock (1914–2004) – historian best known for his influential biography of Hitler
 * Robert Caro (born 1935) – Lyndon Johnson
 * Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) – Friedrich der Grosse (the Great)
 * Vincent Cronin (1924–2011) – Louis XIV, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, Catherine the Great, and Napoleon
 * Leon Edel (1907–1997) – Henry James
 * Richard Ellmann (1918–1987) – James Joyce
 * Erik Erikson (1902–1994) – psychoanalytic biographies of Luther and Gandhi
 * Roy Foster (born 1949) – W.B. Yeats
 * Joseph Frank (1918–2013) – Fyodor Dostoevsky
 * Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865) – Charlotte Brontë
 * Stephen Greenblatt (born 1943) – Shakespeare
 * Ragnhild Hatton (1913–1995) – King Charles XII of Sweden and King George I of Great Britain
 * Walter Isaacson (born 1952) – Einstein
 * Ian Kershaw (born 1943) – historian well known for his influential study of Hitler
 * Ralph G. Martin (1920–2013) – Hubert H. Humphrey, Harry S. Truman, Edward VIII, Golda Meir, and John F. Kennedy
 * Roi Medvedev (born 1925) – Stalin
 * Susan Quinn (born 1940) – Marie Curie
 * Ron Rosenbaum (born 1946) – author of Explaining Hitler
 * Norman Sherry (1925–2016) – Graham Greene
 * Jean Edward Smith (1932–2019) – Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ulysses S. Grant, John Marshall, and Lucius D. Clay
 * Suetonius – lives of the Caesars
 * Lytton Strachey (1880–1932) – Eminent Victorians
 * A.N. Wilson (born 1950) – Tolstoy

title: List of historians by area of study


text:
Currency bill tracking

Currency bill tracking is the process of tracking the movements of banknotes, similar to how ornithologists track migrations of birds by ringing them. It is usually facilitated by any one of a number of websites set up for the purpose, which can track currency among the users of that website. A user may register a bill by entering its serial number, and if someone else has already registered the bill, then the "route" of the bill can be displayed.

Some bill tracking sites encourage marking a bill before spending it, whereas others do not. This usually depends on the laws of the country issuing the currency.

The most popular currencies for currency tracking are the euro, the United States dollar (USD), and the Canadian dollar (CAD).

Background and legal status
Originally beginning in the United States in the mid-1990s, the phenomenon or hobby of currency tracking quickly spread first to Canada and then beyond. Especially with the Euro bill tracking, trackers have taken on a much more competitive nature and have formed communities within their respective sites. Many successful sites incorporate some sort of social media, either through site specific unique techniques, or through outside popular social media sites. In the Eurozone because multiple countries having adopted the Euro, this easily leads to competition between trackers in different countries; in the United States competition plays out at the state or county level; and in Canada, at the provincial level.

Marking bills in Canada with ink or rubber stamp is not illegal. In the United States, marking bills is illegal if there is intent to render the bill "unfit to be re-issued"; however, this is rarely enforced and only a fine is faced, if convicted. Marking is widespread in both countries. In the Eurozone marking is not universal, and varies by region. The European Central Bank considers the marking of bills (as well as the destruction of them) to be legal and not exclusive to governments.

Popular currency bill tracking websites
Some of the most popular websites for bill tracking include the following:

America

 * Where's George?, started in December 1998.
 * Where's Willy? for CAD (Canada).

Europe

 * EuroBillTracker was started on January 1, 2002, to track euro banknotes. It is the largest of the euro tracking sites.
 * DoshTracker, launched in 2001 and relaunched in 2012, allows pound sterling banknotes to be tracked around the United Kingdom and abroad

Oceania

 * The Money Tracker, started in March 2006, tracks Australian dollars and has similar functionality to Where's George.

In popular culture
The act of tracking a $20 bill was the binding theme between various stories in the film Twenty Bucks.

A similar scheme to currency bill tracking – and said to be inspired by it – is BookCrossing, which tracks the movement of secondhand books which are marked and then "released into the wild".

In one episode of the Czechoslovak comic series Rychlé šípy, the boy club releases a marked 1 crown coin and then they track the coin through Czechoslovakia.

title: Currency bill tracking


text:
Gabriela Women's Party

The Gabriela Women's Party (General Assembly Binding Women for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action), or simply GABRIELA, is a progressive Filipino political party that advocates for women's issues and represents Filipino women in the House of Representatives.

The party is separate, although allied, with GABRIELA National Alliance of Filipino Women. GABRIELA, the alliance, is a nationwide network of grassroots organizations, institutions, and programs that address social issues such as human rights, poverty, globalization, militarism, violence, rape culture, health, sex trafficking, censorship and other issues affecting women. The alliance has regional chapters in Metro Manila, Cordillera Administrative Region, and Mindanao; sub-regional chapters in Negros, Panay and Samar, and provincial chapters in Bicol and Cebu. GABRIELA's membership includes Filipino women from marginalized sectors of society and works towards their education and empowerment. The organization also engages in counseling services, medical missions, free clinics, and trainings on women's health and women's rights.

History
GABRIELA, the alliance, was founded in April 1984 after 10,000 women marched in Manila, defying a Marcos decree against demonstrations. GABRIELA was named in honor of Gabriela Silang, a Filipina revolutionary, who led a revolt against Spain in 1763 following her husband's assassination. Amidst a backdrop of widespread social inequality and unrest, GABRIELA aimed to synthesize issues of national liberation, poverty and women's emancipation. The organization's founders pushed for "Third World feminism" which focused on comprehensive social transformation, rather than focusing on individual forms of oppression. GABRIELA's advocacy challenges patriarchy, alongside resisting foreign influence and neocolonialism.

Electoral performance
In 2003, the Gabriela Women's Party was launched with the help of GABRIELA members and other women's and people's organizations. In the 2004 election for the House of Representatives the party-list received 464,586 votes (3.6518% of the nationwide vote) and won a seat for first nominee Liza Maza In the 2007 election, the party won two seats in the nationwide party-list vote. The Gabriela Women's Party was the only women's party to obtain a second term in Congress.

Representatives to Congress

 * 13th Congress (2004–2007) - Liza Maza
 * 14th Congress (2007–2010) - Luzviminda Ilagan, Liza Maza
 * 15th Congress (2010–2013) - Luzviminda Ilagan, Emerenciana de Jesus
 * 16th Congress (2013–2016) - Luzviminda Ilagan, Emerenciana de Jesus
 * 17th Congress (2016–2019) - Emerenciana de Jesus, Arlene Brosas
 * 18th Congress (2019–2022) - Arlene Brosas
 * 19th Congress (2022–present) - Arlene Brosas

One Billion Rising (OBR) Task Force Philippines
Source:

One Billion Rising (OBR) is a global campaign founded to end rape and sexual violence against women. Since 2013, GABRIELA have led the One Billion Rising Task Force in the Philippines and abroad where its chapters are situated.

The Philippine task force members include:

 * Gabriela
 * Gabriela Women's Party
 * Gabriela Youth
 * Kilusang Mayo Uno
 * Alliance of Concerned Teachers
 * Ecumenical Women's Forum
 * Salinlahi Alliance for Children's Concerns
 * Association for the Rights of Children in Southeast Asia
 * Amihan Federation of Peasant Women
 * Kadamay
 * Innabuyog Gabriela
 * Kabataan Partylist
 * Migrante

Human trafficking
In the Philippines, GABRIELA is actively involved in awareness campaigns to prevent the trafficking of women and girls from the Philippines. Its strategies consist of seminars and information dissemination to NGOs and government agencies and awareness campaigns at the community level. In 1999, GABRIELA launched the Purple Rose Campaign against the sex trafficking of Filipino women and children. The campaign achieved a milestone with the passage of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 with GABRIELA representative Liza Maza as the bill's co-sponsor. GABRIELA is also actively involved in the Vow to Fight Against Violence on Women and the Free Our Sisters/Free Ourselves campaign.

International chapters
GABRIELA has chapters in the United States, the Netherlands, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom.

title: Gabriela Women's Party