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Law of Return

The Law of Return (חוק השבות, ḥok ha-shvūt) is an Israeli law, passed on 5 July 1950, which gives Jews, people with one or more Jewish grandparent, and their spouses the right to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship. Section 1 of the Law of Return declares that "every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh [immigrant]". In the Law of Return, the State of Israel gave effect to the Zionist movement's "credo" which called for the establishment of Israel as a Jewish state. In 1970, the right of entry and settlement was extended to people with at least one Jewish grandparent and a person who is married to a Jew, whether or not they are considered Jewish under Orthodox interpretations of Jewish law.

On the day of arrival in Israel, or occasionally at a later date, a person who enters Israel under the Law of Return as an oleh would receive a certificate confirming their oleh status. The person then has three months to decide whether they wish to become a citizen and can renounce their prior citizenship during this time. Since 2005, the right does not apply to residents of the West Bank or the Gaza strip due to the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law. The right to an oleh certificate may be denied if the person is engaged in anti-Jewish activity, is a hazard to the public health or security of the state, or has a criminal past that may endanger public welfare.

History
The Law of Return was passed unanimously by the Knesset, Israel's Parliament, on 5 July 1950. The date chosen so that it would coincide with the anniversary of the death of Zionist visionary Theodor Herzl. It declared:

 * "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh."

In a declaration to the Knesset, the then Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion asserted that the law did not bestow a right but rather reaffirmed a right Jews already held:

 * "This law does not provide for the State to bestow the right to settle upon the Jew living abroad; it affirms that this right is inherent in him from the very fact of being a Jew; the State does not grant the right of return to the Jews of the diaspora. This right preceed [sic] the State; this right build [sic] the State; its source is to be found in the historic and never broken connection between the Jewish people and the homeland."

Follow-up legislation on immigration matters was contained in the Nationality Law of 1952.

Originally, the rights under the Law of Return applied only to Jews. However, due to an inability on the lawmakers to agree on a definition of "who is a Jew", the Law did not define the term, relying instead on the issue to resolve itself over time. As a result, the Law relied in effect on the traditional halakhic definition. But, the absence of a definition of who is a Jew, for the purpose of the Law, resulted in divergent views of the various streams of Judaism competing for recognition.

Those who immigrate to Israel under the Law of Return are immediately entitled to citizenship in Israel. However, differences of opinion have arisen as to whether a person who claims citizenship under the Law of Return should be automatically registered as "Jewish" for census purposes. According to the halakhic definition, a person is Jewish if their mother is Jewish, or if they convert to Judaism. Orthodox Jews do not recognize conversions performed by Reform or Conservative Judaism. However, the Law provides that any Jew regardless of affiliation may migrate to Israel and claim citizenship.

Jewish ancestry amendment
The Law of Return was amended in 1970 to extend the right of return to some non-Jews. Amendment number 2, 4a, states:

"The rights of a Jew under this Law and the rights of an oleh under the Nationality Law, 5712-1952***, as well as the rights of an oleh under any other enactment, are also vested in a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew, except for a person who has been a Jew and has voluntarily changed his/her religion."

The law since 1970 applies to the following groups:
 * Those born Jews according to the Orthodox interpretation; having a Jewish mother or maternal grandmother.
 * Those with Jewish ancestry – having a Jewish father or grandfather.
 * Converts to Judaism (Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative denominations—not secular—though Reform and Conservative conversions must take place outside the state, similar to civil marriages).

Jews who have converted to another religion are not eligible to immigrate under the Law of Return, even though they are still Jews according to halakha.

The 1970 amendment was induced by the debate on "who is a Jew?". Until then the law did not refer to the question. There are several explanations for the decision to be so inclusive. One is that as the Nuremberg Laws did not use a halakhic definition in its definition of "who is a Jew", the Law of Return definition for citizenship eligibility is not halakhic either. Another explanation is the 1968 wave of immigration from Poland, following an antisemitic campaign by the government. These immigrants were very assimilated and had many non-Jewish family members.

A second explanation is that in order to increase immigration levels so as to offset the "demographic threat" posed by the growth of the Arab population, the law expanded the base group of those eligible to immigrate to Israel.

A third explanation promoted by religious Jews is that the overwhelmingly secular leadership in Israel sought to undermine the influence of religious elements in Israeli politics and society by allowing more secular Jews and their non-Jewish spouses to immigrate.

The Israeli Rabbinate is a purely Orthodox body that is far more strict in defining "who is a Jew". This creates a situation in which thousands of immigrants who are eligible for citizenship under the Law of Return's criteria, are ineligible for Jewish marriage by the Israeli Rabbinate.

As of 2021, 3,340,000 Jews have immigrated to Israel since its independence in 1948. Hundreds of thousands of people who do not have Jewish status under Orthodox Jewish interpretations of halakha received Israeli citizenship, as the law confers citizenship to all offspring of a Jew (including grandchildren) and their spouses.

Denial of citizenship
Section 2(b) of the Law of Return empowers the Minister of Interior to deny Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return on a number of grounds. For example, an applicant may be denied citizenship if they are considered a threat to the security of the State of Israel (e.g. treason against the Jewish State), or who has a past criminal record involving a serious crime, such as murder, and poses a danger to the well-being of the State of Israel; or, for example, may be a fugitive in another country for any felony (unless they are persecution victims); or such persons who, by virtue of their illness, may pose a serious public health risk to the people of Israel; as also any person who may be actively engaged in any campaign that vociferously speaks out against the Jewish people and undermines their cause (such as demagoguery).

This provision has been used to exclude applicants a handful of times since Israel's establishment. Notable cases include Robert Soblen, an American Communist who spied for the Soviet Union and fled to Israel in an attempt to escape a life sentence; Meyer Lansky, an American mobster who was initially granted entry to Israel but was expelled two years later; and Victor Vancier, an American Kahanist activist convicted of involvement in a series of bombings.

In 1962, the case of Oswald Rufeisen, born a Polish Jew and later a Catholic convert, came before the Israeli Supreme court. The Supreme Court decided that "no one can regard an apostate as belonging to the Jewish people".

The granting of citizenship under the Law of Return does not prevent a person from being extradited back to another country under an extradition treaty with that other country.

Followers of Messianic Judaism
The Supreme Court of Israel ruled in 1989 that Messianic Judaism constituted another religion, and that people who had become Messianic Jews were not therefore eligible for Aliyah under the law.

On April 16, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in a case brought by a number of people with Jewish fathers and grandfathers whose applications for citizenship had been rejected on the grounds that they were Messianic Jews. The argument was made by the applicants that they had never been Jews according to halakha, and were not therefore excluded by the conversion clause. This argument was upheld in the ruling, and the government agreed to reprocess their applications. Despite this, Messianic Jews are considered to be eligible for the law if they can claim Jewish ancestry (having a Jewish father or grandfather).

Claims of discrimination in relation to Palestinian refugees
Critics claim that the Law of Return runs counter to the claims of a democratic state.

Palestinians and advocates for Palestinian refugee rights criticize the Law of Return, which they compare with the Palestinian claim to a Palestinian right of return. These critics consider the Law, as contrasted against the denial of the right of return, offensive and institutionalized ethnic discrimination.

A report by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) slammed the Law of Return, "conferring on Jews worldwide the right to enter Israel and obtain Israeli citizenship regardless of their countries of origin and whether or not they can show links to Israel-Palestine, while withholding any comparable right from Palestinians, including those with documented ancestral homes in the country," as a policy of "demographic engineering" meant to uphold Israel's status as "the Jewish state". The report was later withdrawn following controversy.

Same-sex relationships
On June 10, 2011, the Law of Return was tested when a gay male couple, one Jewish and one Catholic, made Aliyah to Israel. This couple was the first same-sex, different religion married couple to request joint Aliyah status, although opposite sex married couples of different religions receive joint Aliyah as a matter of course. The Jewish man quickly received citizenship but the decision of citizenship for his husband was delayed by the Ministry of the Interior despite the clause in the law saying the spouse of the Jewish returnee must also be granted citizenship. On August 10, 2011, the Ministry of the Interior granted citizenship to the non-Jewish husband as required by The Law of Return.

In 2014, Interior Minister Gideon Sa'ar announced that Jews in same-sex relationships who got married abroad but wished to immigrate to Israel were allowed to do so under the Law of Return, even with a non-Jewish spouse, and that both spouses would receive Israeli citizenship.

Support for the Law of Return
Supporters of the law say that it is very similar to those in many European states, which also employ an ethnic component.

Supporters argue that:

 * 1) The Law of Return is not the only way of acquiring citizenship. For example, non-Jews can become citizens by naturalization, residence, or marrying an Israeli citizen. Naturalization, for instance, is available under certain circumstances for the non-Jewish parents of a citizen who has completed their army service.
 * 2) The right granted to Jews along with their relatives under the Law does not necessarily or automatically discriminate against non-Jews, but is a form of "positive" discrimination. Israel has residency and citizenship laws for non-Jews that are equivalent to those in other liberal democracies. Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) argues that the Law of Return is consistent with Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(3), which CAMERA says allows for preferential immigration treatment of some groups without discrimination against a particular group. Thus, CAMERA and others argue that other countries, including Germany, provide immigration privileges to individuals with ethnic ties to these countries (See Right of return and Repatriation laws).
 * 3) While the purpose of the Law of Return is perhaps to keep Israel predominantly Jewish, an argument states that a world where Jews have been persecuted, the concept of maintaining a Jewish state is necessary for the survival of the Jewish people generally and to provide a safe haven for Jewish refugees in specific cases. CAMERA argues the Law of Return is justified under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I(4), which CAMERA argues allows for affirmative action, because of the discrimination Jews faced during the Holocaust.
 * 4) Benjamin Pogrund, director of Yakar's Center for Social Concern in Jerusalem and member of the Israeli delegation to the United Nations World Conference against Racism, calls the law "unfair" from the Palestinian refugees' point of view, but sees the unfairness as having happened in other places too. Pogrund compares the flight/expulsion of Palestinians (both in 1948 and 1967) to Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, India and Pakistan.

Debate in Israel
Among Israeli Jews, continued Jewish immigration enjoys strong support. According to a 2016 poll conducted by Pew Forum 98% of all Jewish Israelis wanted the law to continue to allow Jewish immigration. However, some argue that the law permits the entry of too many non-Jews, undermining its purpose.

Support for the law among Israeli Arabs is much less. According to a poll overseen by Haifa University sociologist Sammy Smooha among 700 Jews and 700 Arabs conducted in 2017 only 25.2% "accepted" the Law of Return, down from 39% in 2015.

In September 2007, the discovery of a violent Israeli Neo-Nazi cell (Patrol 35) in Petah Tikva, made up of teenage immigrants from the former Soviet Union, led to renewed calls amongst politicians to amend the Law of Return. Effi Eitam of the National Religious Party and the National Union, which represent the religious Zionist movement and have previously attempted to advance bills to amend the Law of Return, stated that Israel has become "a haven for people who hate Israel, hate Jews, and exploit the Law of Return to act on this hatred." On the other end of the political spectrum, MK Ahmed Tibi of United Arab List and Ta'al criticized the system's double standard, stating that "people immigrated to Israel and received automatic citizenship under the Law of Return, while citizens of Nazareth and Tayibe are not allowed to visit their own relatives merely due to the fact that they are Arabs."

Thirty-seven percent of Israelis polled said that deeper background checks on new immigrants would amount to racism against Jews from Russian-speaking countries.

Applicability of the law
Amongst those who are in favor of retaining the Law, controversy exists over its wording. The Law's definition of a "Jew" and "Jewish people" are subject to debate. Israeli and Diaspora Jews differ with each other as groups and among themselves as to what this definition should be for the purposes of the Law of Return. Additionally, there is a lively debate over the meaning of the terms "Jewish State" and "State of the Jews".

It is not only the Knesset, however, which has been repeatedly obliged to directly or indirectly address these issues. Over the years, many of Israel's interior ministers have examined the issue of the Law of Return and wavered as to how to apply it. The judiciary has also been called upon to express an opinion on matters relating to the Law. This burning and recurrent question in the country's political dialogue not only reveals but also exacerbates differences of opinion between Israelis.

One central issue is who has the authority over determining the validity of conversions to Judaism for purposes of immigration and citizenship. For historical reasons, the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, under the Israeli Ministry of Religious Affairs, made this determination, but this arrangement is in question. This practice has met opposition among non-Orthodox religious leaders both within Israel and in the diaspora. Several attempts have been made to resolve the issue, the most recent being the Ne'eman Commission, but an impasse persists.

On March 31, 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled 7–4 that all conversions performed outside of Israel would be recognized by the authorities under the Law of Return, notwithstanding the Ne'eman Commission's view that a single body should determine eligibility for immigration. The court had already ruled in 1989 that conversions performed outside of Israel were valid for the Law of Return (regardless of whether they were Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform). The 2005 ruling extended this, finding that overseas conversions were still valid even if the individuals did the preparatory work for the conversions while residing in Israel.

title: Law of Return


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Talk:Combining diacritic marks

I'm not familiar with the use of the word macron in this article in a generic sense rather than to mean only the one particular diacritic which is a short horizontal line over a letter.

The article also uses terms vaguely such as "mark", "character", "merge with", "placed after", etc.

Hippietrail 07:49, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Combining diacritic marks


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Congregation

Congregation may refer to:

Religion

 * Church (congregation), a religious organization that meets in a particular location
 * Congregation (Roman Curia), an administrative body of the Catholic Church
 * Religious congregation, a type of religious institute in the Catholic Church
 * Congregation (group of houses), in some religious orders of the Catholic Church

Music

 * The Congregation (band), an English pop group
 * Congregation (The Afghan Whigs album), 1992, and its title song
 * Congregation (Kerbdog album), 2014
 * The Congregation (Johnny Griffin album), 1957
 * The Congregation (Leprous album), 2015
 * "Congregation" (song), by Foo Fighters, 2014

Other uses

 * Congregation (university), a formal meeting of a university

title: Congregation


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User talk:Tarosan~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 08:05, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tarosan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tarosan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tarosan~enwiki


text:
User talk:Binky

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
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 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 08:05, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

There are also some references to Yom Kipur in the wiki, is the spelling wrong?

Webhat 04:30, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's definitely not the standard spelling. But we don't need two articles on it  - Binky 04:34, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If I'd have known it was there I would have tried to redirect it. Webhat 04:36, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * not to worry, you won't be the only one to try and look up "Yom Kipur". Now they'll find the article! I think I'll make some for lowercase versions as well.- Binky

Regarding Strauss, please see Disambiguation, specifically "When to disambiguate".—Eloquence 12:50, Jan 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right, "When to disambiguate" certainly needs improvement. - Binky

 * I do not agree. I think the correct solution, to avoid redundancy and cluttering the namespace, is to redirect to the proper subsection in the list of names. This is not really a case of disambiguation -- this is a search index, which has nothing to do with disambiguation. And we have such an index: the list of names.

 * Unfortunately the current software does not allow redirecting to anchors. This turned out to be a tricky problem, and until it is solved I won't bother to revert your version, but I will still remove these name lists where I see them. They are not disambiguation.—Eloquence

 * Nor was it labelled disambiguation, nor is the "List of People whose surnames begin with St" to which it was redirected disambiguation. Perhaps it would be better to conceptualize such pages in terms of "conveying information"; that is, providing a service to the Wikipedia user rather than to the Wikipedia software? -- Binky

 * I fail to see how redirecting to the correct point in the list is not an acceptable solution from the user's point of view.—Eloquence

 * I think providing actual information by which the user may choose which of many (for example) Strausses was intended by a link is preferable, and that such a tailored list is more user-friendly than being dumped into a long alphabetical list of names. -- Binky 21:14, 5 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * The information content is the same, the context is roughly the same, only the page loading time is different. That, in my view, does not justify 1) cluttering the namespace with name pages (e.g. if there is a company "Strauss", we would have to disambiguate it from the name list, same goes for thousands of other surnames), 2) having to maintain the same information in two places. Furthermore, the list of names is currently being neglected, and having redirects or links from common name pages to it might make it more useful in the long run.—Eloquence 23:28, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I guess we just disagree about the information content then. The list of names is not, I submit, being neglected because of a lack of links to it, but because it is fundamentally uninteresting - unlike (for example) a discussion about the various Strauss families. -- Binky 00:09, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no content difference (or at least there shouldn't be) between the pages. But if we can't agree on what to do, we'll have to hold a vote on this matter, as it affects potentially thousands of pages on Wikipedia.—Eloquence

-- Binky, when you voted "No" on the first poll at WikiProject Peerage, you commented: "no need for exemption from "most common name" rule". However, I humbly suggest that the option may have been unfortunately misread. The "No" option requires that articles on peers use the titles only if there is a need to disambiguate. Under that option, it does not matter whether the name is common or not. For instance, we would have William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire and William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire - not because "Duke of Devonshire" is more common, but because we need to disambiguate between the two. However, your vote indicates one thing and your comments another. Thus, I humbly apply that you change your vote: on the first poll, "yes", and on the second poll, it would be appropriate to keep a "no". -- Lord Emsworth
 * The first poll asks if the title of an article must include that person's peerage title; my answer is no: it should include the peerage title only if it is the way he is commonly known, or if needed for disambiguation. I oppose tacking the title on simply because he has one. I understand why "WikiProject Peerage would want to do so, but an article so named should be a redirect. The "most common name"" is a wikipedia standard primarily for ease of linking: articles are far more likely to include a reference to Frank Pakenham than to Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford.  I also find the simultaneous use of a surname and a title disconcerting: surnames if used for clarity should be parenthetical: for example, William (Cavendish), 2nd Duke of Devonshire. And for absolutely correct disambiguation, the two examples you give require the addition of the dates of creation of the title: William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire of the  1618 creation is a different person than William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire of the 1694 creation. -- Binky 23:51, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Regarding the use of parantheses for clarity, most encyclopaedic sources that I have come across do not use such parantheses; they use the last name as normal. Consider, for instance: Britannica, Encarta, and Columbia. Wiki naming conventions also use such an arrangement. -- Lord Emsworth 00:05, Jan 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * But it's certainly not correct. Burke's avoids surnames, The Complete Peerage gives them parenthetically. -- Binky 00:09, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, surnames remain unused if the form is "A, Earl of X" (John, Earl of London), but are commonly used if the form is "A B, nth Earl of X" (John Smith, 5th Earl of London). The second usage may not be the individual's name, but it seems to be the way in which he would be generally referred to in several reference works. -- Lord Emsworth 11:40, Jan 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's equivalent to saying surnames are used if surnames are used. It's clearly true, but it's also clearly a seat-of-the-pants terminological creation, not a person's name. What I object to is your assertion that it's the person's name: it's not, and you shouldn't use that claim to bolster your position on what to call an article about them. It's particularly unpleasant to see people make assumptions about those who vote against them: that they simply know nothing about the peerage, or that they are American and therefore ignorant, juxtaposed with an incorrect assertion about what that correct name is. - Binky 21:20, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

John Kenney said on my talk page:

"Lord Longford and Lord Chatham are very frequently referred to as such. And the 1618 creation was of an earldom, so that's not a proper example.  And it's not tacking on a title simply because the person has one.  The title is a part of the person's name, and most people with peerage are commonly known by that title, including Chatham and Longford (Russell's a harder case, since his peerage and surname are the same, but he's frequently referred to as "Lord Russell")."

-- Lord Emsworth 00:28, Jan 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * I picked a bad example, but you get the point. And yes, it is just tacking on a title if it's not the way they are known: you're not giving the person's name if you give Firstname Lastname Rank of Placename, you're tacking the title onto their previous name. And the issue is not whether SOMEONE calls them by the title, but how they are known to MOST poeple. For peers with no other accomplishments, this will often be some form of name including their title. For peers with accomplishments in arts, sciences, or letters, this will often be a form of name which does not mention their title. In such instances, their title should not be tacked on to their article's title simply because they have one. The name with the tacked-on peerage should be a redirect. This should not seriously interfere with anything the Wikiproject Peerages is doing. Shorter article names are preferable, and article names that are terms actually used are preferable, because they will more frequently be properly linked. -- Binky 21:20, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Binky


text:
Psyche (mythology)

Psyche (Ψυχή ; ) is the Greek goddess of the soul and often represented as a beautiful woman with butterfly wings. The name Psyche means "soul" in Greek and was commonly referred to as such in Roman mythology as well, though the direct translation is Anima (Latin word for "soul"). She was born a mortal woman and eventually granted immortality, with beauty that rivaled even Aphrodite, goddess of love. Psyche is known from the novel The Golden Ass, also known as Metamorphoses, written by the Roman philosopher and orator Apuleius in the 2nd century. In the myth, she was given multiple trials to be with her beloved, Eros, also known as Cupid, god of physical love and desire and son of Aphrodite. The cultural influences of Psyche's story can be depicted in art dating back to the 4th century BCE.

The Golden Ass
The Golden Ass, written in Latin, is fully survived and written in the 2nd century CE by Apuleius. The novel consists of eleven books, mainly surrounding a man named Lucius. Lucius, dabbling in magic, attempts to turn into a bird but after the spell goes wrong, turns himself into a donkey and goes on a journey where he eventually is restored to human form with the help of the goddess Isis. Along the way, he hears many stories, including tales about Socrates and the endeavors of a group of bandits. The biggest, most notable story Lucius hears on his journey is about Psyche and Cupid’s love story, spanning books 4-6.

Early life
In an unnamed kingdom, a king and queen had three beautiful daughters. The youngest, Psyche, possessed beauty that surpassed that of her sisters which resulted in those around her, including priests, comparing her to Aphrodite (referred to as Venus in The Golden Ass). Many went to the extent of saying that she was even fairer than the goddess herself. In other iterations, she is not compared to Aphrodite but mistaken for her.

Psyche's beauty attracted people from all over distant lands to give gifts and offerings. When Aphrodite's temples were neglected as a result, the goddess was outraged a mortal was being worshiped over her. As punishment, Aphrodite sent her son, Eros, to make the girl fall in love with a vile and hideous monster, as he could make anyone fall in love with the strike of his arrows. Eros did as he was asked by approaching Psyche as she slept and touching her with one of his arrows. Psyche awoke, and although she did not see him because he was invisible, Eros accidentally wounded himself with his own arrow and fell in love with her.

Meanwhile, both of her elder sisters were jealous of her beauty. Still, they eventually went on to marry kings and left to be with their husbands. Although everyone kept admiring Psyche's beauty, it became apparent that she couldn't find a suitor because they were happy to just worship her instead of asking her hand in marriage. The king and queen, deeply disturbed by this, decided to consult the Oracle of Delphi, also known as Pythia at the Temple of Apollo for answers. Apollo, speaking through the Oracle, said "Despair, king. Your daughter will marry a beast even the gods fear. Dress her in funeral clothes and take her to the tallest rock spire in the kingdom. There, she shall meet her doom." The king returned heartbroken but obeyed the god's orders.

Marriage to Eros

After the king consulted the Oracle, Psyche was taken to the rock spire and abandoned to her fate. She waited for the beast, but it did not come. In some retellings, Eros is there, only invisible. Zephyrus, the Greek lord of the west wind, carried her away from the rock and moved her to a place where she fell into a deep sleep. When she awoke again, she found herself in a palace made of gems and gold.

An invisible voice told Psyche to make herself at home and that everything belonged to her. She took a bath and ate a big feast, all while an invisible lyre played beautiful music to entertain her. It was then that Psyche learned that the invisible person was her new husband. He visited only at night, forbidding her to look upon his face or learn his name, saying that it was better for her to love him as an equal than to see him as something godly.

Psyche's first weeks within the palace were filled with pleasures, and although she feared him at first, she eventually came to fall in love with the invisible man and soon fell pregnant. During the day, however, she became lonely, only looking forward to nighttime when her husband would visit. Eventually, she asked to see her sisters who, in her absence, had assumed her death and had been in mourning. Eros eventually permitted her to invite her family to the palace, instructing Zephyrus to carry the sisters to the palace where they would be reunited.

When they arrived, her sisters gazed upon their sister’s good fortune and became jealous. They began to ask questions about Psyche’s husband, intending to trick her. At first, Psyche lied about who her husband was, claiming he was a hunter. With more prodding, Psyche finally admitted she had never seen her husband’s face and did not know his name. In anger and jealousy, they recalled the Oracle's words and claimed that Psyche's husband was not a kind man but in fact a monster, and that she should approach him in his sleep and kill him.

Psyche, although doubtful, was eventually swayed by her sisters' words and looked upon Eros while he was sleeping, sneaking into his room with an oil lamp and a knife. As Psyche shone the light on her husband's face, she realized that he was a god and reprimanded herself for her foolishness. However, as she shifted, a small drop of hot oil fell onto Eros' shoulder, awakening him. Betrayed by his wife's actions, Eros took off in flight to be attended to by his mother, due to his burns from the oil lamp. As he disappeared, so did the palace, and Psyche found herself in a field near where her sisters lived. Distraught, Psyche told her sisters of what happened and they pretended to be saddened for her. Instead, the sisters were plotting to convince Eros to take one of them to be his wife. The two traveled to the peak and jumped, thinking Zephyrus would catch them and take them to the palace as he did the last time. Zephyrus, however, knowing what was truly in their hearts, ignored them and the two sisters fell to their deaths. Upset and lost, Psyche wandered and searched for her lover. Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, pitied the girl and told her to go to Aphrodite and beg for forgiveness.

Sorting grain

While Aphrodite had been tending to her son’s injuries, she had learned about the secret marriage between Psyche and her son. When the girl came and begged for forgiveness, the angry goddess had Psyche whipped and tortured. Afterward, she was given barrels of grains, barley, wheat, beans, and poppy seeds mixed together to sort through and was ordered to have them sorted by evening. Psyche broke down in despair, but an ant witnessed the exchange and took pity on the girl, instructing her colony to help sort the grain. Aphrodite, surprised and enraged to see that the task had been completed, gave Psyche a new task.

Golden fleece
This time, she was ordered to approach a pack of rams known for being violent and shear their golden fleece to bring back to the goddess. Rather than be killed by these rams, Psyche planned on drowning herself in the river near the pack. As she prepared to do so, the river god Potamoi spoke and said, "Psyche, tried by much suffering, do not pollute my holy waters with your pitiable death." He then instructed her to wait until the rams calmed when the weather was cooler, for the animals would be less likely to attack her. Psyche listened to the river god and waited until it got cooler before she was able to safely shear the fleece off the backs of the rams.

The River Styx
Once that task had been completed, Aphrodite gave Psyche her third task: gather the black waters from the River Styx in a crystal cup the goddess had given her. Arriving near the river, Psyche once again began to despair, for getting to the river itself meant climbing up a treacherous cliff and risking her life. This time, it was Zeus who took pity on the girl and sent his eagle to retrieve the water for her in the crystal cup, thus successfully completing the third task.

A sample of beauty

For her fourth and final task, Psyche was given a golden box and ordered to travel to the Underworld to retrieve a bit of beauty possessed by Persephone, goddess of spring, and queen of the Underworld. Psyche, believing this last task was impossible, once again decided to take her own life. She climbed a tall tower and prepared to jump, but the tower spoke and instructed Psyche to go to the border of Sparta where she could find a passageway to the Underworld. Upon arriving, Psyche was surprised to find that Persephone willingly filled the box with her beauty. However, on her way back to give Aphrodite the box, curiosity once again overcame her and she opened it. Instead of finding a sample of beauty, she found a cloud of darkness that put her in a deep sleep.

The marriage of Psyche and Eros
By this point in the story, Eros had fully healed from his injury and took flight to find his love. When he found Psyche, he gently awoke her with an arrow and took the box to Aphrodite before going in search of Zeus to plead his case. The god of the sky agreed to help Eros and Psyche in exchange for Eros’ service the next time a beautiful maiden caught his eye and the deal was made. Zeus arranged an assembly, sending Hermes, the messenger god, to gather the gods together. At this assembly, Zeus warned Aphrodite not to ever bring harm to Psyche again before handing the girl the drink of the gods, ambrosia, which granted her immortality. Afterward, Psyche and Eros were married and a big celebration and feast commenced. From then on, Psyche and Eros had a child, Hedone, the goddess of pleasure, and Psyche became known as the goddess of the soul.

Interpretations
Many interpretations have been made on the story of Cupid and Psyche, among them on the connections between love, trials, and the soul. According to the writer Fulgentius, the story could be read through a Christian lens in which Psyche is compared to Adam because both had curiosities that led them to be banished from paradise. The Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio proposed that the marriage between Psyche and Cupid could be seen as the bond between the soul and God. Thomas Bullfinch wrote that the soul can be compared to a butterfly, in that the soul can be purified through trials and tribulations, just like a butterfly bursting from its cocoon. Other scholars believe it could be seen as an allegory for the soul’s journey for love, while some believe that just like butterflies, the human soul endures pain and change and can still have a happy ending.

Gnostic narrative
Psyche is featured in the creation myth found in the ancient Gnostic text known as On the Origin of the World. Here she appears as a lover of Eros who pours her blood upon him and also upon the Earth, which causes the first rose to appear on the Earth from a thorn bush.

Literature

 * "Love in Color" by Bolu Babalola is a collection of works that features a story about Psyche and Eros.
 * "The Fable Of The Goddess Psyche And Cupid" by Lucius Apuleius translated by T. Taylor 2023.
 * "Till We Have Faces" by C.S. Lewis is not focused on Psyche but instead her sister Orual, giving a different view point of Psyche in myth.
 * "Cupid: A Tale of Love and Desire" by Julius Lester is centered around Cupid in this romantic, light retelling.
 * "The Earthly Paradise" by William Morris is an 1868 poem retelling the story of Psyche and Cupid and other myths.
 * "Ode to Psyche" poem by John Keats in 1819 in which the narrator shares his plans to resurrect Psyche.

Paintings, sculptures, and engravings

 * The Wedding Feast of Cupid and Psyche painting by Raphael, 1517.
 * Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss sculpture by Antonio Canova, 1787.
 * Rings from Roman Britain engraved with images of the two lovers
 * Psyche's Wedding painting by Edward Burne-Jones, 1895.
 * Cupid and Psyche painting by François Gérard, 1798.
 * Bacchus, Venus, and Cupid painting by Rosso Fiorentino, 1531.
 * Psyche sculpture by Hiram Powers, 1848.
 * Psyche Abandoned sculpture by Pietro Tenerani, 1819.
 * Psyche sculpture by Bertel Thorvaldsen, 1806.

Other references

 * Comus masque by John Milton alludes to Psyche's story.
 * The astronomer Annibale de Gasparis named an asteroid found in 1852 after Psyche.
 * NASA will send a satellite of the same name to study the asteroid.
 * "Eve, Psyche & the Bluebeard's Wife," 2023 song by Le Sserafim
 * Psyche, a semi-opera by Matthew Locke

title: Psyche (mythology)


text:
Iron–sulfur world hypothesis

The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish his ideas. The hypothesis proposes that early life may have formed on the surface of iron sulfide minerals, hence the name. It was developed by retrodiction (making a "prediction" about the past) from extant biochemistry (non-extinct, surviving biochemistry) in conjunction with chemical experiments.

Pioneer organism
Wächtershäuser proposes that the earliest form of life, termed the "pioneer organism", originated in a volcanic hydrothermal flow at high pressure and high (100 °C) temperature. It had a composite structure of a mineral base with catalytic transition metal centers (predominantly iron and nickel, but also perhaps cobalt, manganese, tungsten and zinc). The catalytic centers catalyzed autotrophic carbon fixation pathways generating small molecule (non-polymer) organic compounds from inorganic gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide). These organic compounds were retained on or in the mineral base as organic ligands of the transition metal centers with a flow retention time in correspondence with their mineral bonding strength thereby defining an autocatalytic "surface metabolism". The catalytic transition metal centers became autocatalytic by being accelerated by their organic products turned ligands. The carbon fixation metabolism became autocatalytic by forming a metabolic cycle in the form of a primitive sulfur-dependent version of the reductive citric acid cycle. Accelerated catalysts expanded the metabolism and new metabolic products further accelerated the catalysts. The idea is that once such a primitive autocatalytic metabolism was established, its intrinsically synthetic chemistry began to produce ever more complex organic compounds, ever more complex pathways and ever more complex catalytic centers.

Nutrient conversions
The water gas shift reaction (CO + H2O → CO2 + H2) occurs in volcanic fluids with diverse catalysts or without catalysts. The combination of ferrous sulfide (FeS, troilite) and hydrogen sulfide as reducing agents (both reagents are simultaneously oxidized in the reaction here under creating the disulfide bond, S–S) in conjunction with pyrite  formation:
 * FeS + H2S → FeS2 + 2 H+ + 2 e−

 * or with H2 directly produced instead of 2 H+ + 2 e−

 * FeS + H2S → FeS2 + H2

has been demonstrated under mild volcanic conditions. This key result has been disputed. Nitrogen fixation has been demonstrated for the isotope 15N2 in conjunction with pyrite formation. Ammonia forms from nitrate with FeS/H2S as reductant. Methylmercaptan [CH3-SH] and carbon oxysulfide [COS] form from CO2 and FeS/H2S, or from CO and H2 in the presence of NiS.

Synthetic reactions
Reaction of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methanethiol CH3SH in the presence of nickel sulfide and iron sulfide generates the methyl thioester of acetic acid [CH3-CO-SCH3] and presumably thioacetic acid (CH3-CO-SH) as the simplest activated acetic acid analogues of acetyl-CoA. These activated acetic acid derivatives serve as starting materials for subsequent exergonic synthetic steps. They also serve for energy coupling with endergonic reactions, notably the formation of (phospho)anhydride compounds. However, Huber and Wächtershäuser reported low 0.5% acetate yields based on the input of CH3SH (methanethiol) (8 mM) in the presence of 350 mM CO. This is about 500 times and 3700 times the highest CH3SH and CO concentrations respectively measured to date in a natural hydrothermal vent fluid.

Reaction of nickel hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) (in the presence or absence of ferrous hydroxide, hydrogen sulfide or methyl mercaptan) generates nickel cyanide, which reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) to generate pairs of α-hydroxy and α-amino acids: e.g. glycolate/glycine, lactate/alanine, glycerate/serine; as well as pyruvic acid in significant quantities. Pyruvic acid is also formed at high pressure and high temperature from CO, H2O, FeS in the presence of nonyl mercaptan. Reaction of pyruvic acid or other α-keto acids with ammonia in the presence of ferrous hydroxide or in the presence of ferrous sulfide and hydrogen sulfide generates alanine or other α-amino acids. Reaction of α-amino acids in aqueous solution with COS or with CO and H2S generates a peptide cycle wherein dipeptides, tripeptides etc. are formed and subsequently degraded via N-terminal hydantoin moieties and N-terminal urea moieties and subsequent cleavage of the N-terminal amino acid unit.

Proposed reaction mechanism for reduction of CO2 on FeS: Ying et al. (2007) have shown that direct transformation of mackinawite (FeS) to pyrite (FeS2) on reaction with H2S till 300 °C is not possible without the presence of critical amount of oxidant. In the absence of any oxidant, FeS reacts with H2S up to 300 °C to give pyrrhotite. Farid et al. have experimentally shown that mackinawite (FeS) has ability to reduce CO2 to CO at temperature higher than 300 °C. They reported that the surface of FeS is oxidized, which on reaction with H2S gives pyrite (FeS2). It is expected that CO reacts with H2O in the Drobner experiment to give H2.

Early evolution
Early evolution is defined as beginning with the origin of life and ending with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a coevolution of cellular organization (cellularization), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the metabolism.

Cellularization
Cellularization occurs in several stages. It may have begun with the formation of primitive lipids (e.g. fatty acids or isoprenoids) in the surface metabolism. These lipids accumulate on or in the mineral base. This lipophilizes the outer or inner surfaces of the mineral base, which promotes condensation reactions over hydrolytic reactions by lowering the activity of water and protons.

In the next stage lipid membranes are formed. While still anchored to the mineral base they form a semi-cell bounded partly by the mineral base and partly by the membrane. Further lipid evolution leads to self-supporting lipid membranes and closed cells. The earliest closed cells are pre-cells (sensu Kandler) because they allow frequent exchange of genetic material (e.g. by fusions). According to Woese, this frequent exchange of genetic material is the cause for the existence of the common stem in the tree of life and for a very rapid early evolution. Nick Lane and coauthors state that "Non-enzymatic equivalents of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis have been identified as well. Multiple syntheses of amino acids from α-keto acids by direct reductive amination and by transamination reactions can also take place. Long-chain fatty acids can be formed by hydrothermal Fischer-Tropsch-type synthesis which chemically resembles the process of fatty acid elongation. Recent work suggests that nucleobases might also be formed following the universally conserved biosynthetic pathways, using metal ions as catalysts".

Metabolic intermediates in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway such as glucose, pyruvate, ribose 5-phosphate, and erythrose-4-phosphate are spontaneously generated in the presence of Fe(II). Fructose 1,6-biphosphate, a metabolic intermediate in gluconeogenesis, was shown to have been continuously accumulated but only in a frozen solution. The formation of fructose 1,6-biphosphate was accelerated by lysine and glycine which implies the earliest anabolic enzymes were amino acids. It had been reported that 4Fe-4S, 2Fe-2S, and mononuclear iron clusters are spontaneously formed in low concentrations of cysteine and alkaline pH. Methyl thioacetate, a precursor to acetyl-CoA can be synthesized in conditions relevant to hydrothermal vents. Phosphorylation of methyl thioacetate leads to the synthesis of thioacetate, a simpler precursor to acetyl-CoA. Thioacetate in more cooler and neutral conditions promotes synthesis of acetyl phosphate which is a precursor to adenosine triphosphate and is capable of phosphorylating ribose and nucleosides. This suggests that acetyl phosphate was likely synthesized in thermophoresis and mixing between the acidic seawater and alkaline hydrothermal fluid in interconnected micropores. It is possible that it could promote nucleotide polymerization at mineral surfaces or at low water activity. Thermophoresis at hydrothermal vent pores can concentrate polyribonucleotides, but it remains unknown as to how it could promote coding and metabolic reactions.

In mathematical simulations, autocatalytic nucleotide synthesis is proposed to promote protocell growth as nucleotides also catalyze CO2 fixation. Strong nucleotide catalysis of fatty acids and amino acids slow down protocell growth and if competition between catalytic function were to occur, this would disrupt the protocell. Weak or moderate nucleotide catalysis of amino acids via CO2 fixation would favor protocell division and growth. In 2017, a computational simulation of a protocell at an alkaline hydrothermal vent environment showed that "Some hydrophobic amino acids chelate FeS nanocrystals, producing three positive feedbacks: (i) an increase in catalytic surface area; (ii) partitioning of FeS nanocrystals to the membrane; and (iii) a proton-motive active site for carbon fixing that mimics the enzyme Ech". Maximal ATP synthesis would have occurred at high water activity in freshwater and high concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ prevented synthesis of ATP, however the concentrations of divalent cations in Hadean oceans were much lower that in modern oceans and alkaline hydrothermal vent concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ are typically lower than in the ocean. Such environments would have generated Fe3+ which would have promoted ADP phosphorylation. The mixture of seawater and alkaline hydrothermal vent fluid can promote cycling between Fe3+ and Fe2+. Experimental research of biomimetic prebiotic reactions such as the reduction of NAD and phosphoryl transfer also support an origin of life occurring at an alkaline hydrothermal vent.

Proto-ecological systems
William Martin and Michael Russell suggest that the first cellular life forms may have evolved inside alkaline hydrothermal vents at seafloor spreading zones in the deep sea. These structures consist of microscale caverns that are coated by thin membraneous metal sulfide walls. Therefore, these structures would resolve several critical points germane to Wächtershäuser's suggestions at once:

 * 1) the micro-caverns provide a means of concentrating newly synthesised molecules, thereby increasing the chance of forming oligomers;
 * 2) the steep temperature gradients inside the hydrothermal vent allow for establishing "optimum zones" of partial reactions in different regions of the vent (e.g. monomer synthesis in the hotter, oligomerisation in the cooler parts);
 * 3) the flow of hydrothermal water through the structure provides a constant source of building blocks and energy (chemical disequilibrium between hydrothermal hydrogen and marine carbon dioxide);
 * 4) the model allows for a succession of different steps of cellular evolution (prebiotic chemistry, monomer and oligomer synthesis, peptide and protein synthesis, RNA world, ribonucleoprotein assembly and DNA world) in a single structure, facilitating exchange between all developmental stages;
 * 5) synthesis of lipids as a means of "closing" the cells against the environment is not necessary, until basically all cellular functions are developed.

This model locates the "last universal common ancestor" (LUCA) within the inorganically formed physical confines of an alkaline hydrothermal vent, rather than assuming the existence of a free-living form of LUCA. The last evolutionary step en route to bona fide free-living cells would be the synthesis of a lipid membrane that finally allows the organisms to leave the microcavern system of the vent. This postulated late acquisition of the biosynthesis of lipids as directed by genetically encoded peptides is consistent with the presence of completely different types of membrane lipids in archaea and bacteria (plus eukaryotes). The kind of vent at the foreground of their suggestion is chemically more similar to the warm (ca. 100 °C) off ridge vents such as Lost City than to the more familiar black smoker type vents (ca. 350 °C).

In an abiotic world, a thermocline of temperatures and a chemocline in concentration is associated with the pre-biotic synthesis of organic molecules, hotter in proximity to the chemically rich vent, cooler but also less chemically rich at greater distances. The migration of synthesized compounds from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration gives a directionality that provides both source and sink in a self-organizing fashion, enabling a proto-metabolic process by which acetic acid production and its eventual oxidization can be spatially organized.

In this way many of the individual reactions that are today found in central metabolism could initially have occurred independent of any developing cell membrane. Each vent microcompartment is functionally equivalent to a single cell. Chemical communities having greater structural integrity and resilience to wildly fluctuating conditions are then selected for; their success would lead to local zones of depletion for important precursor chemicals. Progressive incorporation of these precursor components within a cell membrane would gradually increase metabolic complexity within the cell membrane, whilst leading to greater environmental simplicity in the external environment. In principle, this could lead to the development of complex catalytic sets capable of self-maintenance.

Russell adds a significant factor to these ideas, by pointing out that semi-permeable mackinawite (an iron sulfide mineral) and silicate membranes could naturally develop under these conditions and electrochemically link reactions separated in space, if not in time.

Alternative environment
The 6 of the 11 metabolic intermediates in reverse Krebs cycle promoted by Fe, Zn2+, and Cr3+ in acidic conditions imply that protocells possibly emerged in locally metal-rich and acidic terrestrial hydrothermal fields. The acidic conditions are seemingly consistent with the stabilization of RNA. These hydrothermal fields would have exhibited cycling of freezing and thawing and a variety of temperature gradients that would promote nonenzymatic reactions of gluconeogenesis, nucleobase synthesis, nonenzymatic polymerization, and RNA replication. ATP synthesis and oxidation of ferrous iron via photochemical reactions or oxidants such as nitric oxide derived from lightning strikes, meteorite impacts, or volcanic emissions could have also occurred at hydrothermal fields.

Wet-dry cycling of hydrothermal fields would polymerize RNA and peptides, protocell aggregation in a moist gel phase during wet-dry cycling would allow diffusion of metabolic products across neighboring protocells. Protocell aggregation could be described as a primitive version of horizontal gene transfer. Fatty acid vesicles would be stabilized by polymers in the presence of Mg2+ required for ribozyme activity. These prebiotic processes might have occurred in shaded areas that protect the emergence of early cellular life under ultraviolet irradiation. Long chain alcohols and monocarboxylic acids would have also been synthesized via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Hydrothermal fields would also have precipitates of transition metals and concentrated many elements including CHNOPS. Geothermal convection could also be a source of energy for the emergence of the proton motive force, phosphoryl group transfer, coupling between oxidation-reduction, and active transport. It's noted by David Deamer and Bruce Damer that these environments seemingly resemble Charles Darwin's idea of a "warm little pond".

The problems with the hypothesis of a subaerial hydrothermal field of abiogenesis is that the proposed chemistry doesn't resemble known biochemical reactions. The abundance of subaerial hydrothermal fields would have been rare and offered no protection from either meteorites or ultraviolet irradiation. Clay minerals at subaerial hydrothermal fields would absorb organic reactants. Pyrophosphate has low solubility in water and can't be phosphorylated without a phosphorylating agent. It doesn't offer explanations for the origin of chemiosmosis and differences between Archaea and Bacteria.

title: Iron–sulfur world hypothesis


text:
Talk:IBook

www.iBook-Clamshell.com link removed
Some weeks ago, i added an external link to my website www.iBook-Clamshell.com, which provides the most comprehensive information for the first colored iBook generation on the internet. It was removed by someone without explanatory statement. If someone someday wants to relist the information.......--Waldohreule (talk) 08:09, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Minor suggestion
On the HD spec, I would specify ATA (vs. SATA), and 2.5" or 1.8". it is a PATA 2.5", formerly known as an IDE 2.5"141.109.108.119 (talk) 03:15, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Picture
The picture of the iBook G4 shows actually a PowerBook G4. I don't know how to fix this, but perhaps someone does. Thx.

Anon, I moved the photo to PowerBook with an updated blurb. -- iHoshie 04:48, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I don't think the paragraph about the iBook repair program belongs in the article. In the long term it's of no importance in an encyclopedia article, and those affected by it will either already know about it, or can easily find out from a wide range of far more appropriate sources. By analogy, you would not expect an article on say, the Ford Maverick to list every factory recall the model ever had, which model numbers it affected, what part was replaced and so forth. There are better sources for that sort of information. I think the para should be removed. Graham 23:08, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It is not ordinary problem but a case that made some damage on the reputation of Apple. I read a lot about this on OSNews and there was even a Wired article about the case. I think this is rather a matter of balance. Currently, the problem is rather highlighted at the opening section. If there are a lot more besides this issue, it shoudln't stand out much. -- Taku 06:25, Mar 28, 2004 (UTC)

( Afer me adding a picture of the iBook G3 v2 )

"User:GRAHAMUK (rm superfluous image (please do not add images that add nothing useful to article), and superfluous comment about spelling of iBook - titling capitalization of article is a well known WP limitation)"

What do you mean adds nothing useful to the article? it it had a picture of the iBook G3v1 & iBook G4, this added a picture of iBook G3v2 therefore adding pictures of all major models of the iBook, i think that adds some value.

See: What i changed: The page after my change:

I'm not going to go into some edit war over this, but i would have liked to have a picture of all three models to go with the timeline of all three releases. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 17:18, 2004 Apr 7 (UTC)

 * The G3 and G4 iBooks are physically indistinguishable. Therefore a photo of the two conveys no more useful information to a reader of the article. In addition, there is a tendency for people to add extra photos to articles simply because they have one - it makes the page a heftier download than it needs to be and for slow and expensive dial-up connections that's important. It's easy to lose sight of what WP is all about; anyone interested in seeing more pictures (of anything, but in this case iBooks) can easily find them on more appropriate external sites - like Apple.com, for example. Graham 00:30, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * They are not physically indistinguishable, similar, but not indistinguishable. anyway, i think you should stop the edit war and we should get a third party opinion on this before this gets too heated. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 10:28, 2004 Apr 8 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, well I'm not getting heated, I just like to make articles as good as they can be within my limited powers of perception. No axe to grind here ;-) The models may be distinguishable if you had them in front of you, but not in the pictures added. It's nice to be able to add one's own pictures to WP articles - it's nice warm fuzzy feeling to see your work published, but it's all too easy to lose sight of whether it's truly enhancing an article. Sorry to harp on, but this is a bit of a sore point with me since I have a low bandwidth connection that costs a fortune once my download allowance is used up - I'd change ISPs but living in rural Australia means I don't have a choice. That's why I gripe when pages wind up with too many unnecessary pictures. Recently, the Boeing 747 page ended up with 6 separate images, all showing nearly identical planes all form the same angle! Luckily after some gentle persuasion, sense prevailed and the extra images got linked via alternate pages. I'm just trying to avoid other pages going the same way. I mean, we could all add our own pictures of iBooks - I'm typing this on an iBook, so it's not as if I have a problem with iBook users or anything - but despite having the means to take many lovely pics of my own iBook, I have refrained simply because it wouldn't add anything. The argument that it's a picture of MY iBook rather than some generic image wouldn't wash, just as the G4/G3 argument doesn't really wash. But anyway, I agree, if others want to comment then if there is a consensus for adding the image then I'll back down gracefully. Graham 05:57, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Since i've been so long on a internet connection that i dont have to pay bandwidth on i had forgotten that particular point. My reasons for this were never to get my stuff out there, i simply wanted to enhance the article, and i now agree with your point. However there is still one thing that bothers me and that is we have one picture of that machine under public domain and another under the GFDL, and finally we have one that appears to be taken directly from the apple website. Why did you, given the choice of keeping a public domain picture instead of one whos copyright status is uncertain, and later the same picture only this time up against one that is under the GFDL choose to use this one.
 * I agree now that we dont need so many pictures, however i think you chose the wrong one to keep. Sure, it looks better but i think that given the choice of one under a free licence and one whos licence is uncertain one should choose the former.
 * However i do not reccomend the picture i took for this since it's too dark and taken at such a perspective that there isnt much that can bee seen on it, i suggest that User:Hoshie's picture be cropped and put in. --Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 09:18, 2004 Apr 9 (UTC)

 * It's just simple that pictures in wikipedia are presented only for the sake of complement. Having two identical pictures are just unnecessary. But can we allow some people to put pictures at this talk page? I guess if you have one, you want to upload it somewhere. -- Taku 00:36, Apr 8, 2004 (UTC)

swapping photos
Graham and Ævar have very good points.

I have swapped the iBook G4 photo due to the simple fact that the iBook G4 photo looks like something I've seen on the Apple site. We do want to keep Wikipedia "clean", right? -- iHoshie 12:52, Apr 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I never even looked at the copyrights issue for the images - Ævar makes a very good point in that respect. The main image did look very "apple-ish" but I didn't check up whether it was a copyvio - it might not be under "fair use", but in any case I think the change by Hoshie is fine - it avoids any possibility of a copyvio, and adds a decent pic. Graham 02:35, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

video out ports - photos could be helpful
I found this page while looking at info on video out from iBooks. "White" ibooks have had three different video out configurations: (The reset button is a small button near the headphone jack.) These are fairly significant differences that would be visible, based on the presence or absence of the reset button and the symbol on the headphone or A/V jack. Here are examples of three different configurations: Apple's adaptor names: This information is not obvious nor easy to find (no one seems to have it in one place, including Apple). Specific adaptor names found by searching for "video adapter" and "a/v cable" at Apple's online store. This site has a reasonable description and photos, but leaves out that only non-external reset button iMacs can use the Apple Video Adapter: http://www.eusd4kids.org/edtech/ibookconnect.html Also, the "clamshell" iBooks apparently use the Apple A/V Cable too.- Winston
 * iBooks with an external reset button (next to the headphone jack) have a Mini-DVI jack that supports Mini-DVI to VGA only.
 * iBooks with an external reset button can have a headphone jack (symbol is a set of headphones) or an A/V jack (symbol is a rounded rectangle with double parentheses). The A/V jack supports composite video out using an Apple A/V Cable
 * iBooks without an external reset button have a Mini-DVI jack that supports VGA or Composite/S-video, with different adaptors for each.
 * iBook G3 600 with CD only drive - MiniDVI to VGA video out, using included adapter; 1/8" audio out (headphone) jack
 * iBook G3 600 with Cd/DVD drive - MiniDVI to VGA video out, using included adapter; 1/8" A/V out jack
 * iBooks without an external reset button- Mini-DVi to VGA video out, using included adapter; Mini-DVI to composite (RCA jack) or S-Video out, using optonal adapter, 1/8" audio out (headphone) jack
 * Mini-DVI to VGA: Apple VGA Display Adapter (included with iBooks that have a Mini-DVI jack)
 * Mini-DVI to Composite and S-video: Apple Video Adapter
 * A/V ("headphone") jack to Composite video: Apple AV Cable

 * Not sure where you got that information, but it's wrong. I suggest you should look at better sources before you make any changes. --Ctachme 20:25, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * And how did you know it's wrong? I mean if you have a good source, tell us. -- Taku 23:26, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ctachme is right, this information is very incorrect. No iBook has *ever* come with DVI out, only VGA, in the form of a mini-VGA connector, so says http://www.apple.com/ibook/specs.html. All Dual USB iBooks have had a mini-VGA output connector, along with an included Mini-VGA to VGA adapter. Later "early" models did have the A/V jack, which allowed composite video out of the headphone jack. When the reset button was removed from the port-side of the unit (Around the time the 700MHz models were introduced), the A/V jack went back to being a headphone jack, and the Mini-VGA port now doubled as a composite/S-Video out port with a seperate Mini-VGA to Video adapter. -- mgahs 05:00, Nov 7, 2004 (UTC)

RAM
I changed mention of the maximum RAM that an ibook could have - mine has 1.5GHz, as it is the final version that came out mid-2006 with 512GHz pre-installed RAM, and 1GHz SD expansion. --Starseeker shkm 15:23, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Airport
Which was the first ibook to have a slot for the airport card? which was the first to be compatible with Airport Extreme? Which was the first to have it built-in?

 * As the article states, the original iBook had an airport slot, and was thus the first commercially available laptop with built-in wireless capability. The iBook G4 was the first iBook with an Extreme slot. jamiemcc 22:11, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Lack of iBook G4 line-in jack
I have removed a block of text about the iBook G4's lack of microphone jack from the iBook G3 Clamshell section. I'm not sure if it should be merged into the iBook G4 section.

"iBook G4s lack a line-in or microphone jack, commonly found on PC Laptops, even though the iBook G4 has internal circuitry for an electric microphone mounted in the display lid of the case. Apple recommends an external USB audio device such as the Griffin iMic, or a different model of laptop (such as the PowerBook) to get an audio input socket. G4 Mac Minis also lacked an audio input jack, but it was introduced to Intel Mac Mini, fixing this problem."

Lavenderbunny 17:25, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Bad feeling about the recent edit of the Quality issues section.
On 16 August 2007 02:57, Tony Sidaway removed a lot in the Quality issues section of the iBook lemma. According to his comment, it is cruft, and WP:OR.

I will not revert his change, because maybe it makes sense. But still I have a bad feeling about this change.

Calling it cruft, and writing that he had fun with removing it (as he does in his comment), is at least not nice and friendly to wikipedians who try to contribute something. Now there is always the risk that some other wikipedian will revert this section.

If you remove something, do it in a nicer, and better commented manner. I have no time to go into the details now, but when I have time I might come back on this (or not). Fact is, that there are severe quality issues with the iBook, and the section looks rather small now, smaller than I consider as realistic.

Yvolution 19:00, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

The Quality Issues section mentions that users started having issues with the displays in 2005, but then says that a class-action lawsuit was filed in December of 2003. I take it the first reference should be 2003 also? (Just wanted to make sure before I changed anything.) eleraama 70.59.172.173 (talk) 22:59, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

@ elraama, the year 2005 is not correct indeed. I checked in older versions of this article and there we see the correct date "2003". Apart from this, still I think the quality issue section should be more extensive. Yvolution 12:23, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

I just wanted to say that the Quality issue is probably the number one problem with these laptops. I don't think its far off to say that its one of the worst engineering disasters in recent IT manufacturing. Failure rates are documented up to 50% in some cases, anecdotally 75%. I think its very important to mention these, however I won't edit unless everyone agrees. Also they start with the very first iBook Dual USB back in 2001, and continue right through the full iBook G3 line. Here is an overview (we could include this link, I don't see it in the article):

http://www.macintouch.com/reliability/laptops.html

From the article: "The white 12" iBook G3 series became much less reliable through its first five revisions, reaching a 73% failure percentage! The last revision dropped to a 49% failure percentage — much improved over the previous model, but still unconscionably high."

Particularly note this analysis under the logic board column:

http://www.macintouch.com/graphics/laptopcomponents.png

oblivionboy 18:23, 27th May, 2008 (UTC)

Maybe Mention a Mod?
I'm not entirely sure if it's applicable, but I've been following an interesting mod for the Clamshell (466 and possibly 366) on MacNN forums; it's the installation of an XGA screen in the CS. There's more information on its LiveJournal page: http://community.livejournal.com/ibookmod/

Skky 03:17, 02 January 2008 (GMT)

Magnesium chassis
I believe the iBook G4 does have a magnesium chassis. Although not a good source, I read it at http://www2.shopping.com/xPO-Apple-APPLE-M9418LL-A-14-1-iBook. When I remove the battery of my iBook G4, I am able to see part of the chassis. Although I am not sure, I believe it is magnesium.

Yes, it is magnesium. 141.109.108.119 (talk) 03:15, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

82.171.102.118 (talk) 18:30, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Bulky Casing
I am perplexed by this line:

"Its rounded case design provided good impact protection, but made the computer bulkier at a time when other laptops such as the original PowerBook G4 were getting drastically more compact. "

The original Clamshell iBook was launched in 1999, and by the time they switched to the translucent casing of the iBook Dual USB, it was the same year as the G4s came out - 2001. The 1999 - 2000 Clamshells coincided almost perfectly with the Powerbook G3s (Wallstreet, Lombard, Pismo) and Apple obviously started both lines again with the iBook G3 translucents, and the G4 Powerbooks. Both share the same radical departure in design of the "modern" macs we're so used to now. It sounds like maybe someone has a grudge against the venerable old Clamshells? :) Seriously though, I think we should rework the sentence so it removes this last part oblivionboy 07:54, June 3rd, 2008 (UTC)

The Chip underneath the logic board shim affects the 1.2GHz iBook G4 as well... Thats how I'm posting this.
Also, it is not physically possible to place a shim between the case and the GPU, as there is a Heat sink between them already. It would make more sense to tighten the screws holding down the heat sink, as they are springloaded. Someone might want to confirm this information, as I can only cite experience, not sources.

1.0 GB RAM in a G3 Clamshell iBook ?
It is not recommended to do so but has been upgraded to 1.0 GB of RAM. IMHO the Clamshell iBook RAM is 576MB max (64MB internal+512MB SO-DIMM). If there is a way to upgrade the internal RAM a reference is needed, otherwise this statementent should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Waldohreule (talk • contribs) 09:18, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Newton included in the timeline of portable macintoshes?
The newton is included in the timeline, but its not a macintosh. It doesnt run MacOS or OSX. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.87.149.23 (talk) 12:06, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Added External Link to iFixit
I work for iFixit, and I just added an external link to iFixit's series of repair manuals for the iBook. The repair manuals have hundreds of Creative Commons-licensed, step-by-step repair photos and in-depth troubleshooting information. iFixit is the most respected online resource for Apple troubleshooting and repair, but don't take my word for it. The following article was published on the front page of the LA Times Business section on June 23rd 2010. iFixit has also received numerous other online reviews from the press and media which can be viewed here:

I feel that this page is incomplete without a link to the most comprehensive online resource for iBook repair, but I want to make sure to disclose my bias in adding the link. Please remove it if you think it is not useful.

Straife (talk) 18:18, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Removed as COI spam. Everard Proudfoot (talk) 21:23, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

a little caotic
I think this artical could use some tirming. Lex Martin (talk) 00:40, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

I concur. It needs a little work. I'll pick through it a bit as I get the chance.Jo7hs2 (talk) 12:06, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Model (known by Apple as) in tables
Thanks Applist for the effort, but the upperrow in the tables with 'Model (known by Apple as)' and the official modelnames as referred by Apple are essential to identify a Mac to supporting information by Apple. Sometimes other will refer to a Mac with this modelname as well. There are not (I agree) very nice modelnames thosen by Apple but that's just that way it is. Here some supportpages by Apple where to see the modelnames:

http://support.apple.com/kb/SP70?viewlocale=en_US

http://support.apple.com/kb/SP61?viewlocale=en_US

http://support.apple.com/kb/sp100

Maarten Rail (talk) 21:55, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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URL
Why is the "i" in iBook capitalized in the URL? How does one fix that? Stapmoshun (talk) 03:12, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

English
Beast quest 2402:4000:12CE:2FC6:28BD:C34E:7C65:7171 (talk) 12:15, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:IBook


text:
Mats Svegfors

John Mats Arvid Svegfors (born 28 August 1948) is a Swedish journalist and politician. He was the editor-in-chief of Svenska Dagbladet from 1991 to 2000, and governor of Västmanland County from 2000 to 2009.

title: Mats Svegfors


text:
Car of the Year

Car of the Year (COTY) is a common abbreviation for numerous automotive awards.

The "Car of the Year" phrase is considered to have been introduced by Motor Trend magazine in 1949 when the new publication named Cadillac as Motor Trend Car of the Year.

Other publications and various organizations also have developed COTY recognitions. The Australian automobile magazine Wheels began an award in 1963.

In 1964, a jury of European automotive journalists began selecting the European Car of the Year award.

Many COTY awards focus on regional markets, vehicle types, or market segments. An example is the "tow car of the year" in the UK (for pulling travel trailers). or the COTY AJAC award in Canada.

Criteria
The COTY is meant to award excellence in automotive design. Criteria vary, but the World Car of the Year are typical:
 * eligible cars are all those that have been launched and gone on sale in the past year
 * must be available on at least two continents
 * juror can borrow the car in question from manufacturer fleet of test cars
 * fitness for purpose
 * real-world practicalities such as running costs, interior space and comfort, acceleration, handling, roadholding, ride comfort, noise levels, fit, finish, visual and tactile quality of the interior
 * Innovation - advance of car design and engineering

The originator of the COTY award, Motor Trend, uses these criteria:
 * Advancement in design
 * Engineering excellence - integrity of the total vehicle concept and execution and use of technologies that benefit the consumer
 * Efficiency - fuel economy and overall operating costs
 * Safety - protect occupants from harm in a crash and avoid a crash
 * Value - relative to competitors in the same market segment
 * Performance of intended function

Global

 * World Car of the Year selected by a jury of 102 international automotive journalists from 30 countries, beginning in 2003

Regional

 * Arab Car of the Year (ARABCOTY) (Middle East) https://www.arabcoty.com/
 * European Car of the Year selected by a collective of automobile magazines from different countries in Europe. The current organisers of the award are Auto (Italy), Autocar (United Kingdom), Autopista (Spain), Autovisie (Netherlands), L'Automobile Magazine (France), Stern (Germany) and Vi Bilägare (Sweden). The voting jury consists of motoring journalists from publications throughout Europe.
 * Middle East Car of the Year (MECOTY) https://www.mecoty.com/
 * North American Car of the Year - 60 automotive journalists from the US and Canada

National

 * Drive Car of the Year (Australia)
 * Wheels magazine's Car of the Year (Australia)
 * Canadian Car of the Year
 * China Car of the Year
 * German Car of the Year
 * Das Goldene Lenkrad (Germany)
 * Indian Car of the Year
 * Irish Car of the Year
 * Japan Car of the Year
 * RJC Car of the Year (Japan)
 * Car of the Year (KAJA, AWAK/ Korea)
 * Lithuanian Car of the Year
 * Qatar Car of the Year - Maqina Magazine (QCOTY) (Qatar)
 * Russian Car of the Year
 * South African Car of the Year
 * UK Car of the Year
 * Auto Express magazine's Car of the Year Awards (UK)
 * ''Evo Magazine's Evo Car of the year [eCoty] (UK)
 * Fifth Gear's Car of the Year Awards (UK)
 * Top Gear's Car of the Year Awards (UK)
 * What Car? magazine's Car of the Year (UK)
 * Automobile Magazine's Automobile of the Year (USA)
 * Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best (USA)
 * Motor Trend magazine's Motor Trend Car of the Year The magazine continues its COTY award begun in 1949, and has also expanded to separate trophies for pickup trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) (USA)
 * MotorWeek magazine's Driver's Choice Awards (USA)
 * Green Car of the Year selected by Green Car Journal (USA)
 * Carsguide Car of the Year
 * International Car of the Year selected by Road & Travel Magazine (USA)

title: Car of the Year


text:
Awa Province

Awa Province may refer to:
 * Awa Province (Chiba) (安房国) in modern-day Chiba Prefecture
 * Awa Province (Tokushima) (阿波国) in modern-day Tokushima Prefecture

title: Awa Province