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Jardine

Jardine is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Al Jardine (born 1942), member of the Beach Boys
 * Alexander Jardine (British Army officer) (died 1799), Scottish army officer and author
 * Alexander Jardine (Medal of Honor) (1874–1949), American Medal of Honor recipient
 * Alexander William Jardine (1843–1920), Australian engineer and geographer
 * Antonio Jardine (born 1988), NCAA college basketball player for the Syracuse Orange
 * Cassandra Jardine (1954–2012), British journalist and writer
 * Christine Jardine (born 1960), British politician
 * David Jardine (disambiguation), several people:
 * David Jardine (1840–1892), of David and John Jardine, US architect
 * David Jardine Jardine (1847–1922), Scottish landowner and racehorse owner
 * David Jardine (barrister) (1794–1860), English barrister and magistrate
 * David Jardine (footballer) (1867-?), Scottish football goalkeeper
 * David Jardine (merchant) (1818–1856), tai-pan of the Jardine, Matheson & Co.

 * Don Jardine (1940–2006), American professional wrestler
 * Douglas Jardine (1900–1958), English cricketer
 * Sir Ernest Jardine, 1st Baronet (1859–1947), Scottish MP
 * Frank Jardine (ice hockey) (1924–1999), British ice hockey player
 * Francis Lascelles Jardine (1841–1919), Australian pioneer
 * George Jardine, Scottish religious minister and academic
 * George Jardine (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer
 * James Jardine (disambiguation), several people:
 * James Jardine (engineer) (1776–1858), Scottish civil engineer, mathematician and geologist
 * James Jardine (cricketer, born 1794) (1794–1872), English cricketer
 * James Jardine (judge) (1846–1909), English cricketer, academic, barrister and judge
 * James Jardine (Medal of Honor) (1837–1922), Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * James Bruce Jardine (1870–1955), British soldier and diplomat
 * James Willoughby Jardine (1879–1945), British judge and politician

 * John E. Jardine (1838–1920) of David and John Jardine, US architect
 * John Jardine (football coach) (died 1990), American football coach
 * Sir John Jardine, 1st Baronet (1844–1919), Scottish Liberal politician and businessman
 * Keith Jardine (born 1975), American mixed martial artist
 * Lisa Jardine (1944–2015), British historian
 * Nicholas Jardine (born 1943), British mathematician, philosopher of science and its history, and historian
 * Ray Jardine, American author and adventurer
 * Robert Jardine (disambiguation), several people:
 * Robert Jardine (politician) (1825–1905), Scottish businessman, politician and baronet
 * Robert Jardine (railway promoter) (1812–1866), Canadian businessman
 * Bob Jardine (1864–1941), Scottish footballer
 * Robert Jardine (surgeon) (1862–1932), Canadian professor of midwifery in Glasgow, Scotland
 * Robert Anderson Jardine (1878–1950), priest of the Church of England

 * Rick Jardine, Canadian mathematician
 * Quintin Jardine Scottish author
 * Sandy Jardine (1948–2014), Scottish footballer
 * Taylor Jardine (1990–), lead singer for the pop-punk band We Are the In Crowd
 * James W. Jardine (1908–1977), City of Chicago Water Commissioner; Jardine Water Purification Plant named for him
 * Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet (1800–1874), Scottish naturalist
 * Walter Jardine (1884–1970), Australian commercial artist
 * William Jardine (disambiguation), several people:
 * William Jardine (1784–1843), Scottish surgeon and businessman
 * William Jardine (merchant), Scottish surgeon and merchant, of Jardine, Matheson & Co.
 * Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet (1800–1874), Scottish naturalist
 * William Marion Jardine (1879–1959), U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, Ambassador to Egypt
 * William Murray Jardine (born 1984), 24th Chief of Clan Jardine
 * William Jardine, editor of the Farmer's Almanac

title: Jardine


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Tai Ping Shan

Tai Ping Shan, Taipingshan, Taiping Mountain, or Mount Taiping may refer to:

 * Victoria Peak, a mountain in the western half of Hong Kong Island
 * Tai Ping Shan Street, a street marking the early colonial history in Hong Kong
 * Taiping Mountain, in Ilan on Taiwan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tai Ping Shan


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Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان; 6 May 1918 – 2 November 2004) was an Emirati royal, politician, philanthropist and the founder of the United Arab Emirates. Zayed served as the governor of Eastern Region from 1946 until he succeeded Sheikh Shakhbut as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966, and then as the first president of the United Arab Emirates while he retained his position as Abu Dhabi's ruler from 1971 until his death in 2004. He is revered in the United Arab Emirates as the Waalid al-Ummah ("Father of the Nation"), credited for being the principal driving force behind uniting the seven Trucial States to found the Union of the United Arab Emirates.

Zayed replaced his older brother Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966 after Shakhbut was deposed through a bloodless coup by members of the ruling family with British support.

Family and early life
Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan. His father was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed was the youngest of his four brothers. His eldest brother, Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle, Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan. His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti. She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept. Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ("Zayed the Great"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909. At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of seven Trucial States along the lower coast of the Persian Gulf. He also showed interest in falconry.

Zayed was born at Qasr al-Hosn, Abu Dhabi, in 1918 and moved from Abu Dhabi to Al Ain in 1926, after the death of his father. As Zayed was growing up in Al-Ain, there were no modern schools anywhere along the coast. He only received a basic instruction in the principles of Islam, and lived in the desert with Bedouin tribesmen, familiarising himself with the life of the people, their traditional skills and their ability to survive under the harsh climatic conditions.

Career and reign
Zayed was appointed the governor of the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi in 1946, and was based in the Muwaiji fort in Al Ain. At this time, the area was poor and prone to outbreaks of disease. When parties from Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) began exploring for oil in the area, Zayed assisted them.

In 1952, a small Saudi Arabian force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al-Otaishan occupied the village of Hamasa in the Buraimi Oasis (the 'Buraimi Dispute'). Zayed was prominent in his opposition to Saudi territorial claims and reportedly rejected a bribe of about £30 million to allow Aramco to explore for oil in the disputed territory. As part of this dispute, Zayed and his brother Hazza attended the Buraimi arbitration tribunal in Geneva in September 1955 and gave evidence to tribunal members. When the tribunal was abandoned amid allegations of Saudi bribery, the British initiated the reoccupation of the Buraimi Oasis through a local military force, the Trucial Oman Levies. A period of stability followed during which Zayed helped to develop the region and took a particular interest in the restoration of the falaj system, a network of water channels which kept the plantations of the Buraimi Oasis irrigated and fertile.

The discovery of oil in 1958, and the start of oil exports in 1962, led to frustration among members of the ruling family about the lack of progress under Sheikh Shakhbut's rule. Shakhbut was seen as averse to spending revenue from oil money to develop the emirate by other members of Al Nahyan and hence they requested British help to install Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead through a bloodless coup. On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed in a bloodless palace coup. The move to replace Shakhbut with Zayed had the unanimous backing of the Al Nahyan family. The news was conveyed to Shakhbut by British Acting Resident Glen Balfour-Paul who added the support of the British to the consensus of the family. Shakhbut finally accepted the decision and, with the Trucial Oman Scouts providing safe transport, left for Bahrain. He subsequently lived in Khorramshahr, Iran before returning to live in Buraimi.

In the late 1960s, Zayed hired Katsuhiko Takahashi, a Japanese architect, to design and plan the city of Abu Dhabi. Takahashi, working to instructions from Zayed, often marked out in sand with a camel stick, was responsible for a number of key buildings, while also introducing wide roads, the construction of corniches and also greening the city. Another architect, Egyptian Abdulrahman Makhlouf, also worked to render Zayed's instructions into city plans and infrastructural projects following Takahashi's departure.

Between 8–11 January 1968, the UK's Foreign Office Minister Goronwy Roberts visited the Trucial States and announced to its shocked rulers that the United Kingdom would abrogate its treaties with them and intended to withdraw from the area. In a seminal meeting on 18 February 1968 at a desert highland on the border between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai shook hands on the principle of founding a Federation and attempting to invite other trucial rulers to join in order that a viable nation be formed in the wake of the British withdrawal.

In 1971, after occasionally difficult negotiations with the other six rulers of the Trucial States, the United Arab Emirates was formed. Zayed was appointed to the presidency of the UAE in 1971 and was reappointed on four more occasions: 1976, 1981, 1986, and 1991.

In 1974, Zayed settled the outstanding border dispute with Saudi Arabia by the Treaty of Jeddah by which Saudi Arabia received the output of the Shaybah oilfield and access to the lower Persian Gulf in return for recognising the UAE.

In 1976 he founded the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which grew to be the world's third-largest sovereign investment fund by 2020, with nearly a trillion US dollars' worth of assets under management.

Attitudes

Sheikh Zayed was determined to unite the Emirates into federation. His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf to Iran. He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands which Iran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate of Sharjah in 1971. The islands remain in Iranian hands, despite over three decades of UAE diplomatic initiatives.

The attitude of Zayed towards his neighbors can best be seen in his position regarding the "Umm al Zamul" dispute (1964), when he expressed a genuine wish that his brother Sheikh Shakhbut would accept "the Sultan's proposal for a neutral zone". He said in that regard: "... it was ridiculous to squabble over a [water] well so bitter that few bedouin could stomach its waters, or to split hairs over a tiny area of barren, almost totally unfrequented desert. And even if there happened to be oil in the area, Abu Dhabi had so much already that she could well afford to spare some for her less fortunate neighbours".

Furthermore, during the negotiations between Abu Dhabi and Dubai that resulted in forming the Abu Dhabi — Dubai Union (which preceded the formation of the United Arab Emirates), Sheikh Zayed was extremely generous with the Sheikh Rashid of Dubai. Kemal Hamza, Sheikh Rashid's envoy to the meeting between Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid in Sumeih remarked that "Zayed was extremely 'karim' (generous) throughout the negotiations and seemed prepared to give Rashid whatever he wanted". This amounted to Zayed giving Rashid "oil rights in the sea-bed that might be worth milions a year" even at the risk of criticism "at home for giving so much..." It also gave rise to comments that such concessions constituted "an alienation of territory by Abu Dhabi". But the future course of events proved, none of these arguments stood the test of judgment in light of the much higher goal that Sheikh Zayed had in mind, and which in the ultimate analysis amply justified the sacrifices incurred by him. Such concessions are rare in the records of history and news of this generosity travelled far and wide.

He was considered a relatively liberal ruler, and permitted private media. However, they were expected to practice self-censorship and avoid criticism of Zayed or the ruling families. Freedom of worship was permitted, and to a certain extent allowances were made for expatriate cultures, but this did not always sit comfortably in the eyes of the wider Arab world with Zayed's role as a Muslim head of state.

Zayed did not shy away from controversy when it came to expressing his opinions on current events in the Arab world. Troubled by the suffering of Iraqi civilians, he took the lead in calling for the lifting of economic sanctions on Iraq imposed by the United Nations in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, despite Kuwaiti displeasure and opposition.

Zayed was one of the wealthiest men in the world. A Forbes estimate put his fortune at around US$20 billion in 2004. The source of this wealth was almost exclusively due to the immense oil wealth of Abu Dhabi and the Emirates, which sit on a pool of a tenth of the world's proven oil reserves. In 1988, he purchased, for £5m, Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill, Berkshire as his English home.

Policies and charity
At the time the British withdrew from the Persian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during the decades that followed.

Using the country's enormous oil revenues, Zayed built institutions such as hospitals, schools and universities and made it possible for UAE citizens to enjoy free access to them. He was also known for making donations to the tune of millions [pounds sterling] for worthy causes around the Arab World as well as in the neighbouring countries and in the world at large.

When asked by The New York Times in April 1997 why there is no elected legislature, Zayed replied, Why should we abandon a system that satisfies our people in order to introduce a system that seems to engender dissent and confrontation? Our system of government is based upon our religion and that is what our people want. Should they seek alternatives, we are ready to listen to them. We have always said that our people should voice their demands openly. We are all in the same boat, and they are both the captain and the crew. Our doors are open for any opinion to be expressed, and this well known by all our citizens. It is our deep conviction that Allah has created people free, and has prescribed that each individual must enjoy freedom of choice. No one should act as if they own others.

Those in the position of leadership should deal with their subjects with compassion and understanding, because this is the duty enjoined upon them by Allah, who enjoins upon us to treat all living creatures with dignity. How can there be anything less for mankind, created as Allah's successors on earth? Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion and is based on Allah's Book, the Quran. What need have we of what others have conjured up? Its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete. Land was also often distributed gratis (free). However, while this policy benefited many landless families, enormously wealthy clans and individuals were given free land grants in proportion to their status and influence with the royal family. His majlis (a traditional Arab consultation council) was open to the public. He allowed non-Muslim religious buildings, such as churches and a temple, to be built. Zayed was also in favour of certain rights for women, such as access to education and women's labour rights, within traditional parameters. His views regarding women's rights were considerably more liberal than his counterparts in the GCC nations.

Zayed was one of the founders of the Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust which was initiated by Saudi royal Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud, King Faisal's son, in 1981. After floods ravaged Yemen's Ma'rib Governorate in 1982, Zayed financed the construction of the current dam of Ma'rib in 1984. This was to replace the historical one that was damaged in antiquity, and support the country's agriculture and economy. The area of Ma'rib is reportedly from where his ancestors migrated to what is now the UAE.

Zayed Centre
Controversy over the opinions of the Zayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School to return Sheikh Zayed's $2.5 million gift to the institution in 2000 as "tainted money." Former United States president Jimmy Carter accepted the Zayed International Prize for the Environment in 2001. The award included a monetary prize of $500,000 from the Zayed Centre, and Carter stated in his acceptance speech that the award carried extra significance to him, since it was named after his personal friend.

There was similar controversy when the London School of Economics accepted a large donation by the Zayed Centre, to build a new lecture theatre in the New Academic Building in 2008. The gift was accepted with the Sheikh Zayed Theatre being the second largest lecture hall on the campus.

Harvard's equivocation, the Carter controversy, and the engendering negative publicity, prompted Sheikh Zayed to shut down the centre in August 2003, stating that the Zayed Centre "had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance."

Death
On 2 November 2004, Zayed died at the age of 86. He had been suffering from diabetes and kidney problems. He was buried in the courtyard of the new Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi. His eldest son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, took an increasing role in government beginning in the 1980s. Directly after his father's death, he became the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and was ratified as the president of the United Arab Emirates by his fellow rulers in the Supreme Council.

Memorials and legacy

 * Zayed University, a government-sponsored higher education institution with campuses in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
 * Shaikh Zayed University, located in Khost, southeastern Afghanistan. It was built with the aid of Sheikh Zayed.
 * Sheikh Zayed City in Greater Cairo, Giza Province, Egypt, built depending on a donation from Abu Dhabi Fund for Development, on directions of Sheikh Zayed.
 * The Zayed International Prize for the Environment and Zayed Future Energy Prize are named in his honour.
 * The Kukës International Airport "Zayed-Flatrat e Veriut" in the northern city of Kukës, Albania, was named after him.
 * Shaikh Zayed International Airport (Rahim Yar Khan) located in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, is named in his honor.
 * Shaikh Zayed Medical College and Hospital located at Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan, was named in his honor.
 * Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Mosque, also known as Stockholm Mosque, in Stockholm, Sweden.
 * The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Surakarta, Indonesia.
 * A lecture theater was named in his honor at the London School of Economics.
 * A Hafiz School in Gudermes, Chechen Republic, was named in the Sheikh's honor.
 * The Sheikh Zayed Arab Falconry Heritage Wing at The World Center of Birds of Prey in Boise, Idaho which was set up through a donation from Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed, son of Sheikh Zayed.
 * The current dam in Ma'rib is also called "Zayed Dam".
 * Zayed Town, located in Central Bahrain, was financed by Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and named in his honour. The first phase of this township project was inaugurated in 2001.
 * A street in Montenegro was named for his memory in 2013.
 * Shaikh Zayed Hospital for children and another for women in Larkana Sindh Pakistan.
 * Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore Punjab Pakistan, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore.
 * The 5th ring road in Kuwait is now named in honor of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.
 * The Sheikh Zayed Tower at the Johns Hopkins Hospital is named in his honor.
 * Sheikh Zayed Hospital located at Vushtrri, Kosovo, was named in his honor.
 * Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
 * Sheikh Zayed Professorship of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Mayo Clinic.
 * Sheikh Zayed Children Welfare Centre, a centre for orphaned children located in Mombasa, Kenya.

Year of Zayed
On 6 August 2017, the Emirates News Agency reported that Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates issued directives that declared 2018 to be the Year of Zayed in honor of his father, Sheikh Zayed. The declaration came during Zayed's 51st anniversary of assuming the leadership of Abu Dhabi in 1966, who became the ruler by replacing Sheikh Shakbut and was aimed to commemorate centenary birth anniversary of Sheikh Zayed.

Founder's Memorial
In 2018, a year dedicated in the UAE to the celebration of Zayed's life and legacy, the Founder's Memorial was opened in Abu Dhabi. The memorial consists of an open Heritage Garden and Sanctuary Garden at the centre of which is a cubic pavilion housing The Constellation, an artwork dedicated to Zayed's memory.

Marriage and children
Zayed bin Sultan married seven times and has 19 sons. His children are as follows:

title: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan


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Brent Mydland

Brent Mydland (October 21, 1952 – July 26, 1990) was an American keyboardist, song writer and singer. He was a member of the rock band The Grateful Dead from 1979 to 1990, a longer tenure than any other keyboardist in the band.

Growing up in Concord, California, Mydland took up music while in elementary school. After graduation, he played with a number of bands and recorded one album with Silver before joining Bobby and the Midnites with Bob Weir and jazz veterans Billy Cobham and Alphonso Johnson. This led to an invitation to join the Dead in 1979, replacing Keith Godchaux who had decided to leave. Mydland quickly became an important member in the Dead, using a variety of keyboards including Hammond organ and various synthesizers and singing regularly. He wrote several songs on the band's studio albums released while he was a member.

After a tour in the early summer 1990, Mydland died of an accidental drug overdose.

Early life
Born in Munich, Germany, the child of a Norwegian U.S. Army chaplain, Mydland moved to San Francisco with his parents at the age of one. Mydland spent most of his childhood in Concord, California. He started piano lessons at age six and had formal classical lessons through his junior year in high school. In an interview he commented that "My sister took lessons and it looked fun to me, so I did too. There was always a piano around the house and I wanted to play it. When I couldn't play it I would beat on it anyway." His mother, a graveyard shift nurse, encouraged Mydland's talents by insisting that he practice his music two hours each day. He played trumpet from elementary till his senior year in high school; his schoolmates remember him practicing on an accordion, as well as the piano, every day after school.

Mydland played trumpet in the school's marching band, but was dismissed for having long hair. He graduated from Liberty High School, Brentwood, California, in 1971.

Pre-Grateful Dead
Mydland began playing rock'n'roll with friends in high school (Liberty High School), and was influenced by organists such as Lee Michaels, Ray Manzarek and Steppenwolf's Goldy McJohn. He became a fan of the Grateful Dead in the late 1960s, though was less impressed by their 1970s material.

After graduation, Mydland lived in a quonset hut in Thousand Oaks, California, writing songs. He joined a band with Rick Carlos, who was invited by John Batdorf of Batdorf & Rodney to join their band. Mydland was asked to join shortly after. He then formed the band Silver with Batdorf, releasing one album on Arista Records.

Mydland then got in touch with Bob Weir via a connection from Batdorf & Rodney, and joined Weir's side project Bobby and the Midnites as keyboardist and backing vocalist.

Grateful Dead
Mydland joined the Grateful Dead in April 1979, replacing Keith and Donna Godchaux, who had decided to start their own band. After two weeks of rehearsals, he played his first concert with the band at the Spartan Stadium, San Jose, on April 22.

Mydland quickly became an integral part of the Dead owing to his vocal and songwriting skills as much as his keyboard playing. He quickly combined his tenor singing with founding members Weir and Jerry Garcia to provide strong three-part harmonies on live favorites. He easily fit into the band's sound and added his own contributions, such as in Go to Heaven (1980) which featured two of Mydland's songs, "Far From Me" and "Easy to Love You," the latter written with frequent Weir collaborator John Perry Barlow. On the next album, In the Dark (1987), Mydland co-wrote "Hell in a Bucket" with Weir and Barlow; he also penned the train song "Tons of Steel".

Built to Last (1989) featured several more of Mydland's songs: the moody "Just a Little Light", the environmental song "We Can Run," the live-performance-driven "Blow Away" and the poignant "I Will Take You Home," a lullaby written with Barlow for Mydland's two daughters.

Mydland wrote several other songs that were played live but not released on any studio albums, including "Don't Need Love," "Never Trust A Woman," "Maybe You Know," "Only a Fool," all written solo, and "Gentlemen Start Your Engines," with Barlow. Many of these were intended for a solo album that was started but never completed, along with "Love Doesn't Have to be Pretty," performed live solo, but not with the Grateful Dead. He also co-wrote "Revolutionary Hamstrung Blues" with Phil Lesh and Lesh's lyrical collaborator Bobby Petersen, although the song was performed live only once.

His high, gravelly vocal harmonies and emotional leads added to the band's singing strength, and he even occasionally incorporated scat singing into his solos. Monty Byrom, guitarist on Mydland's unreleased solo album said Mydland was "one of the most talented guys I've ever met. I've never seen anybody that could sing with those kind of notes, night after night. He was a cross between Gregg Allman and Howlin' Wolf. It was crazy." Mydland's vocals added color to old favorites such as "Cassidy," "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo," "Ramble on Rose," the Band's "The Weight", and he even wrote his own verse for Willie Dixon's "Little Red Rooster". He sang lead on many covers, including Traffic's "Dear Mr. Fantasy", the Beatles' "Hey Jude", the Meters' "Hey Pocky Way", and, with Lesh, the Spencer Davis Group's "Gimme Some Lovin'". Mydland's instrumental interactions with Garcia became an increasingly prominent factor in the Dead's music over the years -- their duo exchanges in Friend of the Devil were an early and lasting example.

Mydland's last show with the Grateful Dead was on July 23, 1990, at the World Music Theater, in Tinley Park, Illinois.

In 1994, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead.

Equipment
While Keith Godchaux had preferred to play only piano at concerts, Mydland was keen to experiment with different sounds during live performances. He frequently changed his setup to add new sounds. He played several different electric pianos and synthesizers throughout his tenure. Upon joining the band in 1979, his piano sounds came from a Fender Rhodes. In 1982, he switched to a Yamaha CP-70 electric grand, though he only used it for about one year. During this time he also used analog synthesizers including a Minimoog, and a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5. In 1983, he replaced his analog synthesizers and electric piano with a Yamaha GS-1 digital piano. The GS-1 is an extremely rare synthesizer, with only about 100 ever produced. In the mid-eighties, he also added an E-mu Emulator II to his rig.

In mid 1987, Mydland's synthesizer setup changed once again. Bob Bralove had been hired by the Grateful Dead to program and maintain new MIDI systems. The GS-1 and Emulator II were replaced by a new Kurzweil MIDIboard MIDI controller, which gave Mydland the ability to use voices from an array of different synthesizer modules, and blend them together using volume pedals and foot switches. The MIDIboard, like the GS-1 it replaced, was capable of polyphonic aftertouch, a relatively rare feature in MIDI controllers. The synthesizer racks included a Roland MKS-20 digital piano, a Kurzweil 250RMX (the rack-mounted version of the famous Kurzweil K250 synthesizer), a Roland S550 sampler, an Oberheim Matrix 1000, a Lexicon PCM41 digital delay, a Lexicon PCM70 reverb/effects processor, and an Akai mixing board. A Roland D-50 keyboard was added in the fall of 1987, and a Korg M1 keyboard was added in the fall of 1989 after experimenting with the M1R module version on the 1989 summer tour. These keyboards could be controlled through the MIDIboard, or could be played independently.

Mydland regularly played the Hammond organ, and had a B-3 with ten modified Leslie speakers in his setup for his entire tenure. The Grateful Dead purchased three B-3 organs for his use when he joined the band, and he personally owned several B-3 organs at the time of his death. The B-3 he played for the majority of his tenure with the Grateful Dead, known for once being covered with stickers, is currently used by keyboardist Jeff Chimenti during live performances. It was present at the 50th anniversary Fare Thee Well concerts in July 2015. Outlines from where the stickers once were are still visible on the back of the organ.

Other work
In 1982, he recorded and mastered a solo studio album, but it was never released.

In the summer of 1985, he performed with Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann in their band Kokomo along with 707's Kevin Russell and Santana's David Margen.

In 1985, he performed at the Haight Street Fair with Weir, John Cipollina, and Merl Saunders, among others.

In 1986, Mydland formed Go Ahead with several San Francisco Bay area musicians, including Bill Kreutzmann, also former Santana members Alex Ligertwood on vocals and David Margen on bass, as well as guitarist Jerry Cortez. The band toured during the time Jerry Garcia was recovering from a diabetic coma, and also briefly reunited in 1988.

In 1988, Mydland performed at the Bay Area Music Awards, sharing an organ with Merl Saunders and performing alongside Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, John Fogerty, and others.

He also did numerous solo projects and performances, as well as duo performances with Bob Weir numerous times throughout the 1980s, with Weir on acoustic guitar and Mydland on grand piano.

Death
Brent Mydland died at his home in Lafayette, California, on July 26, 1990, shortly after completing the Grateful Dead's summer tour. An autopsy conducted by the Contra Costa Coroner's office revealed that Mydland had died of acute cocaine and morphine intoxication. Richard Rainey, Contra Costa County coroner, stated that "Toxicology tests reveal lethal levels of morphine and cocaine in the blood", a mixture "commonly referred to as a 'speedball'." He was the third Dead keyboardist to die (after founding member Ron "Pigpen" McKernan in 1973 and Keith Godchaux in 1980); Garcia said Mydland's death was "crushing" and it abruptly closed a chapter of the band's career.

Mydland is buried at Oakmont Memorial Park in Lafayette, California.

Legacy
Weir has said that the late '80s and early '90s with Mydland was his favorite time playing in the band.

David Gans has described Mydland as "a talented synthesist [sic], who was able to play all this beautiful synthesized string stuff, but he could still kick ass and take names on the Hammond organ."

Mydland's younger daughter, Jennifer Mydland, is an aspiring singer-songwriter.

With the Grateful Dead

 * Go to Heaven – 1980
 * Reckoning – 1981
 * Dead Set – 1981
 * In the Dark – 1987
 * Dylan & the Dead – 1989
 * Built to Last – 1989
 * Without a Net – 1990
 * Infrared Roses –1991
 * Grayfolded – 1994
 * Dick's Picks Volume 5 – 1996
 * Dozin' at the Knick – 1996
 * Dick's Picks Volume 6 – 1996
 * Terrapin Station – 1997
 * Fallout from the Phil Zone – 1997
 * Dick's Picks Volume 13 – 1999
 * View from the Vault, Volume One – 2000
 * Dick's Picks Volume 21 – 2001
 * Nightfall of Diamonds – 2001
 * Postcards of the Hanging – March 2002
 * View from the Vault, Volume Three – 2002
 * Go to Nassau – 2002
 * View from the Vault, Volume Four – 2003
 * Dick's Picks Volume 32 – 2004
 * Truckin' Up to Buffalo – 2005
 * Road Trips Volume 1 Number 1 – 2007
 * Road Trips Volume 3 Number 1 – 2009
 * Crimson White & Indigo – 2010
 * Road Trips Volume 3 Number 4 – 2010
 * Formerly the Warlocks – 2010
 * Road Trips Volume 4 Number 2 – 2011
 * Road Trips Volume 4 Number 4 – 2011
 * Spring 1990 – 2012
 * Spring 1990: So Glad You Made It – 2012
 * Dave's Picks Volume 8 – 2013
 * Live at Hampton Coliseum – 2014
 * Spring 1990 (The Other One) – 2014
 * Wake Up to Find Out – 2014
 * 30 Trips Around the Sun – 2015
 * 30 Trips Around the Sun: The Definitive Live Story 1965–1995 – 2015
 * Dave's Picks Volume 20 – 2016
 * Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989 – 2017
 * Dave's Picks Volume 27 – 2018
 * The Warfield, San Francisco, California, October 9 & 10, 1980 – 2019
 * Dave's Picks Volume 31 – 2019
 * Giants Stadium 1987, 1989, 1991 – 2019
 * Saint of Circumstance – 2019
 * Dave's Picks Volume 35 – 2020
 * Dave's Picks Volume 36 – 2020
 * Dave's Picks Volume 39 – 2021
 * Dave's Picks Volume 40 – 2021
 * In and Out of the Garden: Madison Square Garden '81, '82, '83 – 2022
 * Madison Square Garden, New York, NY 3/9/81 – 2022
 * Dave's Picks Volume 44 – 2022
 * Dave's Picks Volume 47 – 2023
 * Dave's Picks Volume 49 – 2024

With other artists

 * Silver – Silver – 1976
 * Sweet Surprise – Eric Andersen – 1976
 * Bobby and the Midnites – Bobby and the Midnites – 1981
 * A Wing and a Prayer – Matt Kelly – 1985
 * Down in the Groove – Bob Dylan – 1988
 * New Frontier – New Frontier – 1988

title: Brent Mydland


text:
Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy

The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy is a written statement of belief formulated by more than 200 evangelical leaders at a conference convened by the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy and held in Chicago in October 1978. The statement was designed to defend the position of biblical inerrancy against a trend toward liberal conceptions of Scripture.

The subsequent November 1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics recognised the need to add a hermeneutical framework to the statement.

Finally the December 1986 conference adopted the Chicago Statement on Biblical Application.

Inerrancy statement
The Inerrancy Statement elaborates on various details in articles formed as couplets of "We affirm..." and "We deny...". Under the statement, inerrancy applies only to the original manuscripts which no longer exist, but which, its adherents claim, "can be ascertained from available manuscripts with great accuracy" (Article 10). In the statement, inerrancy does not refer to a blind literal interpretation, and that "history must be treated as history, poetry as poetry, hyperbole and metaphor as hyperbole and metaphor, generalization and approximation as what they are, and so forth." It also makes it clear that the signers deny "that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science. We further deny that scientific hypotheses about earth history may properly be used to overturn the teaching of Scripture on creation and the flood."

Signatories to the statement came from a variety of evangelical Christian denominations, and included Robert Preus, James Montgomery Boice, Kenneth Kantzer, J. I. Packer, Francis Schaeffer, R. C. Sproul and John F. MacArthur.

Hermeneutics statement
The Hermeneutics Statement recognised that "the values of a commitment [to inerrancy] are only as real as one's understanding of the meaning of Scripture". It particularly aimed to address "the meaning of the 'grammatico-historical exegesis' mentioned in Article XIII".

Biblical Application statement
The foci of the summit on Biblical Application were "the Trinitarian foundations that must give shape to all the church's life and witness, and then on a number of community concerns that come under the heading of Christian social ethics. These themes were chosen partly for their intrinsic importance and partly because there is need to dispel doubts as to whether Bible believers can ever agree on how to respond to them. ... [It] offers a high degree of consensus as to how a trusted Bible directs prayer, planning and action in today's drifting society."

Notable signers

 * Gleason Archer Jr.
 * Greg Bahnsen
 * James Montgomery Boice
 * D. A. Carson
 * W. A. Criswell
 * John Feinberg
 * Norman Geisler
 * Ralph Earle Jr.
 * Robert Godfrey
 * Wayne Grudem
 * Stanley N. Gundry
 * Howard Hendricks
 * D. James Kennedy
 * Hal Lindsey
 * Josh McDowell
 * Jack MacArthur
 * John F. MacArthur
 * Allan MacRae
 * J. P. Moreland
 * Harold Ockenga
 * J. I. Packer
 * Luis Palau
 * Paige Patterson
 * Paul Pressler
 * Robert Preus
 * Francis Schaeffer
 * Frank Schaeffer
 * R. C. Sproul
 * Marten Woudstra

Criticism within evangelicalism
Old Testament theologian Peter Enns was greatly critical of the statement saying, "Much of what burdens CSBI can be summed up as failing to reflect adequately on the nature of inspiration. The irony is clear.  In their efforts to protect biblical authority, the framers define inspiration in a way that does not account well for how the Bible actually behaves."

Theologian Roger Olson recognised the political elements of the statements: "In all such efforts, projects, there is a perceived 'enemy' to be excluded." He adds: "When I look at the Chicago Statement on inerrancy and its signatories I believe it is more a political (in the broad sense) statement than a clear, precise, statement of perfect agreement among the signatories. In other words, what was really going on there... was driven by a shared concern to establish and patrol 'evangelical boundaries'."

Criticism of position on evolution
The Hermeneutics statement specifically came out against what it called "evolutionism":
 * Article 19: "WE DENY that Scripture should be required to fit alien preunderstandings, inconsistent with itself, such as naturalism, evolutionism, scientism, secular humanism, and relativism."
 * Article 22: "WE DENY that the teachings of Genesis 1-11 are mythical and that scientific hypotheses about earth history or the origin of humanity may be invoked to overthrow what Scripture teaches about creation."

The official commentary was forthright: "...a recognition of the factual nature of the account of the creation of the universe, all living things, the special creation of man, the Fall, and the Flood. These accounts are all factual, that is, they are about space-time events which actually happened as reported in the book of Genesis. ... Likewise, the use of the term 'creation' was meant to exclude the belief in macro-evolution, whether of the atheistic or theistic varieties.

The Biblical Application statement was also forthright in its denial of evolutionary thought: "Mainstream Protestantism ... provides a cautionary tale in this regard, for it has erred in a radical way by acquiring the habit of regularly relativizing biblical teaching to current secular fashion, whether rationalist, historicist, evolutionist, existentialist, Marxist, or whatever. But this is to forget how sin darkens and misdirects the human intellect..." and "for our secular society insists on judging itself, not by the revelation of the Creator that the Bible sets forth, but by evolutionary, permissive, materialistic, hedonistic, and this-worldly yardsticks...".

The statements' rejection of the scientific consensus about evolution has been strongly criticised by thinkers within the evangelical community itself, such as Richard Wright: "the important Chicago Inerrancy statements simply miss the target when addressing the relationship between science and the bible. ... [D]iscussions on science and the bible touch upon very important and profound theological issues, which require some amount of expounding, but none was given.  The statements supply a surprisingly large number of articles and other declarations that insist that all the bible is literal, historical truth, including Genesis.  Those articles, combined with Geisler's commentary to those articles, reveal contradictions, inconsistencies, and a healthy dose of lazy theology."

title: Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy


text:
User:Anthere/mediation

Since january 2004, I am a member of the Mediation Committee. I participated in setting it up, and contributed to the following pages :
 * Mediation
 * Mediation Committee
 * Requests for mediation

On meta, I am the main author of
 * Dispute resolution (in dev)
 * Incivility
 * Source of conflict
 * Apology (in dev)

Historical comment : missing a point
On Wikipedia, it should not matter who is writing what. The only thing that should matter is what is written, what is suggested to the community. Given that, we agree, what is written and suggested, is not too inflammatory, or insulting, or humiliating. This proposition is none of this.

It does not matter who write something. Just the content is important. I like that comparison made on the ML, that we should protect all the GMO articles from being "taken over" by Monsanto or Greenpeace. For all you know, people supporting Greenpeace or any environmental organisation, or people working for Monsanto, or any industrial firm making research or producing GMO, could already be editing all these articles. And then so what ? If the result is OK ? Why should it matter, as long as the resulting article is good and neutral ? If those from Greenpeace, and those from Monsanto play the game with honesty, where is the problem ? There is no problem. Especially, since any change made by another editor may be changed by others. Because none of us would deny that in spite of their efforts, they are not sometimes factually wrong, conceptually wrong or just biaised. We all are. And that is not very important, since others are here to correct us. Any contribution that hold a meaning, that has an interest, that is considered worthwhile, should be kept, and reworked if necessary. That hold for articles, just as for governance.

This proposition interests some of us. As such, the discussion should not roll over who initially made it up, but about what it could bring to the project, which issues it could solve. At the same time, some insist that the proposition is having some drawbacks, that some points are bad. Fine, then, what is the difference with any issue over an article ? If the proposition has some bad aspect, just change it. If the proposition is interesting some people, then it should not be just thrown away, just because of who made it initially. As you often say, be bold.

I feel a bit taken abashed there, because I feel this proposition is just part of something that should be taking place, in particular after the RK issue. We clearly need to work on mediation and resolution of conflict issue. Remember, it is not only RK issue, but this is also why some users, such as User:Kat, who you appear to regret, left. Because some issues were never solved, because no process existed, so that some issues got stuck forever (and mind you, are still stuck).

In short, I think issues such as the one raised over Daniel Boyer articles, or those raised over User:RK are a big warning, that when a community gets big, there is need for other options, to take decisions, as well as to help people solving their conflicts.

And this requires a big brainstorming, with all of us part of it. That is how consensus decision making works. First, people throw as much ideas that they can think of, even the most crazy ones, the ones that appear absolutely incredible and impossible to set up. It does not matter. People just think together, and the thoughts of one enrich another one, who will have a better idea. At this point of the process, just killing the brainstorming by declaring an idea is wrong and should be dismissed, because of its author, is just bad.

When everyone threw crazy ideas in the basket, other ideas, more useable, will begin to appear.

Please, do not try to pretend there are no problem of conflict resolution. Most of them are solved more or less painfully, by classical wiki process. Which I think is best, with public discussion on talk page, between identified (even by IP) users. When a conflict appears, either one of the protagonist ask to someone to mediate the conflict, or a mediator miraculously appears, willing to bring a little help. In most cases, this is sufficient, and it is good.

But, it does not solve every conflict. Perhaps because no one is willing to mediate, or just because nothing can help a conflict which is degenerating into personal attacks. Then something else is needed. It happened to me that no one came to help in a starting conflict with RK. I call Ed for help. He just ignored my call. And no one came either. So, I just dropped the matter, because I felt no desire to make appear another of these worthless and extremely degrading conflicts. But, ultimately, that means no conflict was solved, which is for me a demonstration of Wikipedia inability to solve issues sometimes.

Why do nobody come to help conflicts sometimes ? Because they know not the topic, so feel helpless, because they do not have time or energy, because they are not in friendly terms with one of the protagonists, or because they fear very much consequences on themselves. I experienced that more than once on the fr wiki, where some users prefer shutting up rather than to find themselves facing a shouting mob. Once someone begins to try to help mediate the case, they feel less alone, and dare speaking up. I think the current proposition - with all its imperfections - could somehow help there. It could help those in unfriendly terms with one of the protagonists to help anyway (and perhaps, then, gain understanding of this user, and learn to appreciate him better). It could also help all those who are timid, perhaps to train themselves, before feeling stronger to mediate bare faced. And it could solve the conflict, by stripping away, all historical background that could disturb the process. Just as for the devil advocate, having a anonymous mediator in a consensus decision process, is not something uncommon. If I dared say so, that is also why the man sentencing people to death in Europe before, was anonymous. It was also protection to him. One of the good point of this option, is that since the user:mediator would only focus (it should be his only role ihmo) his activity on mediation, provided he is good (:-)), he will be able to benefit from a reputation, so when approaching a conflict, he will probably be seen with much benevolence. All in all, if I knew mediator role was taken in turns by Ec, Erik and Ed, I would be very confident calling for User:Mediator for help would be prone to much success. I would likely be easier to manage myself, and perhaps, the real success would not be at all due to Ec, Erik or Ed, but to another user, who would feel *good* and proud of his success. And as I told you, not knowing who it was, the success will shower over all those who could have held the role. More WikiLove I am sure :-)

But this is just one of the possibility of mediation in consensus process. Alex option is also interesting, especially for extrem cases, where all forms of mediation previously provided, have failed. Because people in conflict are best approached privately when they are really angry. It could mostly help to cool people down, without other well-meaning people further heating up the debate. Mind you, if some had not hold this kind of practice when RK attacked me, I would be gone by now. Because private conversations were needed to cool down things, for them to be rational again. And only a mediator could do that. A person not taking sides. So, here, I see benefits in what Alex proposes, but mostly to sooth relationships, the core of the conflict should go back to the talk page, to discuss the topic. That is where it does belong. Personal issues belong more to privacy. Note that one of the main drawback of Alex option, is that it will de-facto exclude mediation for those who have no email adress, or all the anonymous IPs. So, as interesting as it is, it can only be *one* process among others. Unless we declare that IP contributions are unwelcome from now on, and that every user must provide a valid email adress to contribute. Do we want that ? I do not think so.

All I mean to say here, is that shutting down an idea, because of its author, is just detrimental to the wiki-consensus-based process. User:Anthere

Some comments by others
I don't envy your position as mediator. Personally I think I will go back to investigating whether Huntsman spiders will really bite people as they are claimed to do, and whether it really hurts so much when they  finally do it. I think maybe that is safer. ;-) anon1

-

I hope that the small areas of disagreement we may have won't obscure the larger areas of agreement, or the respect that I have for you (even if you do seem to be much TOO nice :-) anon2

-

But Anthere, you should know you are indeed an unusual wikipedian, because you will bend over backwards to see the good side of people, which is why you are so valued a member of the community (seriously!). Fuzheado IRC 22/02/2004

--

I only picked you for the selfish reasons I stated at the time, although I suppose if I had been completely honest, I might have said "because I think she likes me and likely be more sympathetic to my arguments than someone random"... I think you did a good job and worked much harder than I had any right to expect. I feel a lot better as a result of your intervention. anon3

---

Anthere is delicious
 * This adorable flattery is from MyRedDice :-) I wonder what came to his mind to write such a thing

--

Mark_Ryan: awwww i'll send ya a love letter if you want Anthere0: yes, please :-) Mark_Ryan: To my sweet, dear Anthere... you make me happy when you enter the channel. Some sanity in a field of extraordinary insanity. A bluebell in a paddock of thickets... Anthere0: A bluebell in a paddock of thickets ? Anthere0: what is thickets ? Mark_Ryan: Anthere0: thorny horrible stuff Mark_Ryan: like roses but without the nice flowers :) Anthere0: please go on to raise my spirit Mark_Ryan: you have the spirit of a glistening silver brumby (horse), graceful, wild and carefree Anthere0: I keep my personal love letter for bad times

--

I think that you have a strong sense of injustice...you don't care about rules per se, but you care when you feel that rules are applied unfairly or violated or when people are treated badly...I just think that ... you look for the person who is evil, and the person who is good and once you have decided who is evil, you decide to fight the evil person...well, that is the precise reason I have reservations about you...I think a mediator needs to be very distant, very objective, cold even, he should not sympathize with the people he mediates for. Eloquence.

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nominating ant for coord, for her bounteous energy and ease of reaching out to people. | I'd like to see the AMA develop into a 'conflict patrol' like the RC patrol, to keep an eye on conflicts and reach out to people to defuse situations before they are forced into formal conflict channels -- rather than waiting for people to come here and ask for they know not what help. +sj+ 20:53, 2004 Mar 20 (UTC)

title: User:Anthere/mediation


text:
Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible

The Joseph Smith Translation (JST), also called the Inspired Version of the Holy Scriptures (IV), is a revision of the Bible by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, who said that the JST/IV was intended to restore what he described as "many important points touching the salvation of men, [that] had been taken from the Bible, or lost before it was compiled". Smith was killed before he deemed it complete, though most of his work on it was performed about a decade beforehand. The work is the King James Version of the Bible (KJV) with some significant additions and revisions. It is considered a sacred text and is part of the canon of Community of Christ (CoC), formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and other Latter Day Saint churches. Selections from the Joseph Smith Translation are also included in the footnotes and the appendix of the Latter-day Saint edition of the LDS-published King James Version of the Bible. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' edition of the Bible includes selections from the JST in its footnotes and appendix. It has officially canonized only certain excerpts that appear in the Pearl of Great Price. These excerpts are the Book of Moses and Smith's revision of part of the Gospel of Matthew.

The work of revision
As with Smith's other translations, he reported that he was forced to "study it out in [his] mind" as part of the revelatory process. During the process, Smith occasionally revisited a given passage of scripture at a later time to give it a "plainer translation."

Philip Barlow observes the six basic types of changes:

 * Long additions that have little or no biblical parallel, such as the visions of Moses and Enoch, and the passage on Melchizedek
 * "Common-sense" changes (e.g., Genesis 6:6 "And it repented the Lord that he had made man" is revised in Moses 8:25 to read: "And it repented Noah, and his heart was pained that the Lord had made man". God, being perfect, needs no repentance.)
 * "Interpretive additions", often signaled by the phrase "or in other words," appending to a passage to clarify
 * "Harmonization", reconciled passages that seemed to conflict with other passages
 * "Not easily classifiable", frequently the meaning is changed, often idiosyncratically
 * Grammatical improvements, technical clarifications, and modernization of terms (by far the most common within the JST/IV)

The JST/IV was a work in progress throughout Smith's ministry, the bulk between June 1830 and July 1833. Some parts of the revision (Genesis and the four Gospels) were completed from beginning to end, including unchanged verses from the KJV; some parts were revised more than once, and others revised one verse at a time. The manuscripts were written, re-written, and in some cases, additional edits were written in the columns, pinned to the paper or otherwise attached. Smith relied on a version of the Bible that included the Apocrypha, and marked off the Bible as verses were examined (the Apocrypha was not included in the JST). By 1833, Smith said it was sufficiently complete that preparations for publication could begin, though continual lack of time and means prevented it from appearing in its entirety during his lifetime. He continued to make a few revisions and to prepare the manuscript for printing until he was killed in 1844. Regarding the completeness of the JST/IV as we have it, Robert Matthews has written:

"[T]he manuscript shows that Smith went all the way through the Bible from Genesis to Revelation. But it also shows that he did not make all the necessary corrections in one effort. This situation makes it impossible to give a statistical answer to questions about how much of the Translation was completed or how much was not completed. What is evident, however, is that any part of the Translation might have been further touched upon and improved by additional revelation and emendation by Smith."

Use of other texts
Some scholars infer that Smith had access to Old Testament pseudepigrapha and included insights from these texts in his translation.

In March 2017, Brigham Young University (BYU) professor Thomas A. Wayment and his undergraduate research assistant Haley Wilson-Lemmón published a notice in BYU's Journal of Undergraduate Research suggesting that Smith borrowed heavily from Methodist theologian Adam Clarke's famous Bible commentary. They contend that "direct parallels between Smith's translation and Adam Clarke's biblical commentary are simply too numerous and explicit to posit happenstance or coincidental overlap." They further posit that this evidence is sufficient to "demonstrate Smith's open reliance upon Clarke" before suggesting Sidney Rigdon was likely responsible for urging the use of Clarke's source material. In a May 2018 interview, Wilson-Lemmón indicated that she had provided copies of the research manuscript to the dean of BYU Religious Education. Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón subsequently provided copies to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church. This prompted a meeting between Wayment and unidentified church authorities, after which they "got the green light" to publish. Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón's findings were then published in full on June 26, 2020 in Producing Ancient Scripture: Joseph Smith's Translation Projects in the Development of Mormon Christianity published through University of Utah Press. Wayment then published another article on the topic in the July 2020 issue of the Journal of Mormon History. In October 2020, Latter-day Saint JST scholar and then-former BYU professor Kent P. Jackson published a rebuttal to the findings of Wayment and Wilson-Lemmón in Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship. Jackson argues that "none of the examples provide can be traced to Clarke's commentary, and almost all of them can be explained easily by other means...The few overlaps that do exist are vague, superficial, and coincidental...I do not believe there is Adam Clarke-JST connection at all[.]"

Doctrinal development
Many of Smith's revisions to the Bible led to significant developments in the doctrines of Mormonism. During the process of translation, when he came across troubling biblical issues, Smith often dictated revelations relevant to himself, his associates, or the church. About half of the revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants are in some way connected to this translation process, including background on the Apocrypha (LDS D&C section 91 CofC D&C 88), the three degrees of glory (LDS section 76 CofC Section 85), the eternal nature of marriage and plural marriage (LDS section 132), teachings on baptism for the dead (LDS section 124 CofC Section 107), and various revelations on priesthood (LDS sections 84, 88, 107 CofC Sections 83, 104).

Overall, 3,410 verses in the printed editions of JST/IV differ in textual construction from the KJV (this uses the verse numbering of the JST/IV as the basis for comparison). Of the total of 1,289 verses changed in the Old Testament, 25 correspond to the additions of Book of Moses chapter 1, and 662 occur in the Book of Genesis. Hence, more than half of the changed verses in the JST/IV Old Testament and 20 percent of those in the entire JST/IV Bible are contained in Moses chapter 1 and Genesis, with the most extensive modifications occurring in Genesis chapters 1–24. As a proportion of page count, changes in Genesis occur four times more frequently than in the New Testament and twenty-one times more frequently than in the rest of the Old Testament. The changes in Genesis are not only more numerous, but also more significant in the degree of doctrinal and historical expansion. Jeffrey M. Bradshaw has suggested that one reason for this emphasis may have been "early tutoring in temple-related doctrines received by Joseph Smith as he revised and expanded Genesis 1–24, in conjunction with his later translation of relevant passages in the New Testament and, for example, the stories of Moses and Elijah." Additional evidence suggests that the Book of Moses itself could be seen as a temple text, in the sense discussed by BYU professor John W. Welch.

Publication and use by the Community of Christ
Smith was killed prior to the publication of the JST/IV. At his death, the manuscripts and documents pertaining to the translation were retained by his widow, Emma Smith, who would not give them to the Quorum of the Twelve, although Willard Richards, apparently acting on behalf of Brigham Young, requested the manuscript from her. Consequently, when Young's followers moved to the Salt Lake Valley, they did so without the new translation of the Bible.

Following Smith's death, John Milton Bernhisel asked permission of Emma Smith to use the manuscript to copy notes into his own KJV Bible. Bernhisel spent much of the spring of 1845 working on this project. The LDS Church has Bernhisel's Bible in its archives, but it contains less than half of the corrections and is not suitable for publication. For many years the "Bernhisel Bible" was the only JST/IV source for LDS Church members living in the Salt Lake Valley.

In 1866, Emma Smith gave the manuscript into the custody of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church), of which she was a member, and her son Joseph Smith III, its prophet-president. In 1867, the RLDS Church published the first edition of the IV and obtained a copyright for it. The RLDS Church, now known as Community of Christ, publishes the Inspired Version of the Holy Scriptures through the Herald House, its publishing arm. The copyright has expired on the 1867 edition and a bound photo reproduction of that edition is published by a private concern. In 1944, the RLDS Church issued a "new corrected edition" that eliminated some of the errors made in the original 1867 edition.

In 2024, the Community of Christ transferred ownership of the original manuscripts and Bible used in the Joseph Smith Translation to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as part of a $192.5 million acquisition of historic sites, documents, and objects.

Today, Herald Publishing House, Community of Christ's publishing arm, sells both the Inspired Version and the NRSV. Community of Christ considers the NRSV to be a "good, recent translation".

Scholarship on JST/IV manuscripts
Because LDS scholars had not yet had an opportunity to compare the RLDS Church's 1944 IV edition to the original manuscripts, its initial acceptance by LDS Church members was limited. Beginning in the 1960s, explorations of the textual foundations of the JST/IV began in earnest with the pioneering work of the CofC scholar Richard P. Howard and the LDS scholar Robert J. Matthews. Matthews's summary of an exhaustive study corroborated the RLDS claims that the 1944 and subsequent editions of JST/IV constituted a faithful rendering of the work of Smith and his scribes—insofar as the manuscripts were then understood. With painstaking effort over a period of eight years, and with the full cooperation of Community of Christ, a facsimile transcription of the original manuscripts of the JST/IV was published in 2004.

Viewpoints within the LDS Church
The LDS Church initially viewed the RLDS-published Inspired Version with suspicion, and favoured the Authorized King James Version (KJV) over it, although this suspicion "rapidly faded" during the 1970s. Following polemics by J. Reuben Clark of the First Presidency in favour of the KJV and the Greek Textus Receptus, the KJV has been firmly established as the approved English-language bible of the LDS Church.

Today, the LDS Church describes the creation of the JST/IV as Smith dictating "inspired changes and additions to scribes." However, the LDS church accepts only a portion of the changes found in the JST/IV as canon. Joseph Smith–Matthew and the Book of Moses, containing translations and revelatory expansions of Matthew 24 and Genesis 1–7, respectively, are contained in the LDS Pearl of Great Price; thus, they are the only portions of the JST/IV that the LDS Church has canonized as part of its standard works. Additionally, over 600 of the more doctrinally significant verses from the translation are included as excerpts in the current LDS Church edition of the KJV. This step has ensured an increase in the JST/IV's use and acceptance in the LDS Church today. A 1974 editorial of the LDS Church-owned Church News stated: "The Inspired Version does not supplant the King James Version as the official Church version of the Bible, but the explanations and changes made by the Prophet Joseph Smith provide enlightenment and useful commentary on many biblical passages."

Regarding the JST/IV, Bruce R. McConkie (1915–1985) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles said, "The Joseph Smith Translation, or Inspired Version, is a thousand times over the best Bible now existing on earth".

Some Mormon scholars argue that the term "translation" was broader in meaning in 1828 than it is today, and Smith's work was at the time considered a revision of the English text, rather than a translation between languages; one of "ideas rather than language". It is known that Smith had not studied Hebrew or Greek to produce the JST/IV manuscript, although Smith did later study Hebrew from 1836 on.

LDS scholar Royal Skousen discusses whether one should assume that every change made in the JST/IV constitutes revealed text. Besides arguments that can be made from the actual text of the JST/IV, there are questions regarding the reliability and degree of supervision given to the scribes who were involved in transcribing, copying, and preparing the text for publication. Differences are also apparent in the nature of the revision process that took place at different stages of the work. For example, while a significant proportion of the Genesis passages that have been canonized as the Book of Moses "[look] like a word-for-word revealed text," evidence from a study of two sections in the New Testament that were revised twice indicates that the later "New Testament JST is not being revealed word-for-word, but largely depends upon Joseph Smith's varying responses to the same difficulties in the text."

title: Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible


text:
Muhammad az-Zanati

Muhammad al-Zanati (الزناتي إمحمد الزناتي Az-Zanati al-Muhammad az-Zanati) is a Libyan politician who was the General Secretary of the General People's Congress, and the head of state of Libya from 18 January 1992 until 3 March 2008. He was reappointed on 1 March 2000. He is of the Qadhadhfa branch of the Houara tribe.

title: Muhammad az-Zanati


text:
Zener cards

Zener cards are cards used to conduct experiments for extrasensory perception (ESP). Perceptual psychologist Karl Zener (1903–1964) designed the cards in the early 1930s for experiments conducted with his colleague, parapsychologist J. B. Rhine (1895–1980).

Overview

The Zener cards are a deck of 25 cards, five of each symbol. The five symbols are: a hollow circle, a plus sign, three vertical wavy lines, a hollow square, and a hollow five-pointed star.

In a test for ESP, the experimenter picks up a card in a shuffled pack, observes the symbol, and records the answer of the person being tested, who would guess which of the five designs is on the card. The experimenter continues until all the cards in the pack are used.

Poor shuffling methods can make the order of cards in the deck easier to predict and the cards could have been inadvertently or intentionally marked and manipulated. In his experiments, J. B. Rhine first shuffled the cards by hand but later decided to use a machine for shuffling.

In his book, The New Apocrypha, John Sladek expressed incredulity at the tests stating, "It's astonishing that playing cards should have been chosen for ESP research at all. They are, after all, the instrument of stage magicians and second-dealing gamblers; they can be marked and manipulated in many traditional ways. At the best of times, card-shuffling is a poor way of getting a random distribution of symbols."

Rhine's experiments with Zener cards were discredited due either to sensory leakage or to cheating, or both. The latter included the subject being able to read the symbols from slight indentations on the backs of cards, and being able to both see and hear the experimenter, which allowed the subject to note facial expressions and breathing patterns.

Terence Hines has written of the original experiments:

"The methods the Rhines used to prevent subjects from gaining hints and clues as to the design on the cards were far from adequate. In many experiments, the cards were displayed face up, but hidden behind a small wooden shield. Several ways of obtaining information about the design on the card remain even in the presence of the shield. For instance, the subject may be able sometimes to see the design on the face-up card reflected in the agent’s glasses. Even if the agent isn’t wearing glasses it is possible to see the reflection in his cornea."

Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he was unable to find any high-scoring subjects.

James Alcock notes, "Despite Rhine’s confidence that he had established the reality of extrasensory perception, he had not done so. Methodological problems with his experiments eventually came to light, and as a result parapsychologists no longer run card-guessing studies and rarely even refer to Rhine’s work."

The chemist Irving Langmuir called Rhine's experiments an example of pathological science – the science of things that aren't so – and criticized its practitioners not as dishonest people but as ones that have sufficiently fooled themselves.

During James Randi's TV special Exploring Psychic Powers Live! a psychic was tested on a deck of 250 Zener cards and was only able to predict 50 of them correctly, which is the expected result of random guessing the cards.

In 2016 Massimo Polidoro tested an Italian mother and daughter that were claiming a 90% and above success rate of psychic transmission using Zener cards. Upon restricting them from seeing each other's faces and to the use of a silent writing method their success rate dropped to no better than chance. The women were cognizant of the fact that they required visual contact to achieve transmission of the symbols saying, "This kind of understanding is so natural to us, all this attention to us is also very surprising. There are no tricks, but surely we understand each other with looks. It always happens."

In June 2023, a novel approach to the usage of Zener cards was suggested, employing artificial intelligence. OpenAI's language model, ChatGPT, was proposed as a way to simulate Zener card experiments.

Statistics

The results of many tests using Zener cards fit with a typical normal distribution.

Probability predicts these test results for a test of 25 questions with five possible answers if chance is operating:
 * 79% of people will get between 3 and 7 correct (probability is a more precise calculation).
 * The probability of guessing 8 or more correctly is 10.9% (in a group of 25, you can expect several scores in this range by chance).
 * Getting 15 out of 25 correct is about 1 in 90,000.
 * Getting 20 out of 25 correct is about 1 in 5 billion.
 * Getting all 25 correct has a probability of about 1 in 300 quadrillion.

title: Zener cards


text:
Talk:Oracle Database

version 23.x
the version I downloaded and installed identifies as "23.0.0". this article mentions the initial version as "23.2.0". what am I missing? Erwindon (talk) 23:16, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

 * With 23.2.0, the .2 is a "release update" version, which is basically a patch version. It's a little more than a normal patch, because sometimes they add new features in the release update. 57.140.28.12 (talk) 16:19, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Why two initial versions listed for v5
Why are two initial versions listed for v5

5.0.22 (5.1.17) GrandPoohBah (talk) 00:41, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oracle Database


text:
User:Valisk

Valisk is the nome de guerre of John Christopher Alan Holroyd, a 'wannabe' British Historian and current History BA Student.

Articles I have written or heavily edited :

 * Horatio Kitchener
 * Kitchener's Army
 * 9th (Scottish) Division
 * 10th (Irish) Division
 * 11th (Northern) Division
 * British 12th (Eastern) Division
 * 13th (Western) Division
 * 14th (Light) Division
 * Kitchener's Island
 * Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier
 * Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar
 * John French, 1st Earl of Ypres
 * Gordon Memorial College
 * Kitchener's Army divisional structure 1915
 * Kitchener's Army divisional structure 1918
 * Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien

title: User:Valisk


text:
Ashburton

Ashburton may refer to:

Australia

 * Ashburton, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Ashburton railway station, Melbourne
 * Shire of Ashburton, a shire in Western Australia
 * Electoral district of Ashburton, a former state electorate in Western Australia
 * Ashburton River (Western Australia), river in the Pilbara

New Zealand

 * Ashburton, New Zealand, a town in Canterbury
 * Ashburton Aerodrome, a small airport serving Ashburton
 * Ashburton County, was one of the counties of New Zealand
 * Ashburton District, which replaced Ashburton borough and county
 * Ashburton (New Zealand electorate), a former electorate in New Zealand
 * Ashburton River / Hakatere, river in the South Island

South Africa

 * Ashburton, KwaZulu-Natal, a town in South Africa

United Kingdom

 * Ashburton, Devon, a town in England
 * Ashburton (UK Parliament constituency), a former UK Parliamentary constituency
 * Ashburton railway station
 * Ashburton, London, an area in the London Borough of Croydon, England
 * Ashburton (ward), a ward in the London Borough of Croydon, England
 * Ashburton Grove, the location of the Emirates Stadium, home of London's Arsenal Football Club
 * Ashburton Learning Village, in Croydon

United States

 * Ashburton, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood

title: Ashburton


text:
Abdul Qadir Bajamal

Abdul Qadir Bajamal (عبد القادر باجمال; 18 February 1946 – 7 September 2020) was a Yemeni politician who served as Prime Minister from 31 March 2001, to 7 April 2007. He was a member of the General People's Congress party and was appointed as Prime Minister by President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Previously he served as Foreign Minister from 1998 to 2001, and Deputy Prime Minister of Yemen from 1994 to 2001.

Bajmal died on 7 September 2020 in UAE.

Foreign honours

 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I

title: Abdul Qadir Bajamal


text:
Talk:Hejaz railway

earlier comments
I'm curious why this article was merged to this name, which seems to be the least used transliteration of the name on Google -

 * "Hijaz Railway" - 48 hits
 * "Hedjaz Railway" - 248 hits
 * "Hejaz Railway" - 1520 hits

I'd suggest "Hedjaz" (as the form most commonly used at the time of construction) or "Hejaz" (most common today) would be more appropriate if the aim is for people to find this article. -- Arwel 20:33, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I get:

 * "hijaz railway" - 434
 * "hedjaz railway" - 248
 * "hejaz railway" - 1520 hits

Probably just a Google thing.

There was an article called Hijaz line, which I expanded. I live in Jeddah, which is in the Hijaz, and Hijaz is the common spelling in English consular documents etc. as well as the spelling used by the Saudis themselves when writing in English. When I renamed it to Hijaz railway I discovered there was already another article, so I merged the better parts. I have no problem if anybody wants to move it to Hejaz railway. Probably logical, since there is also a Hejaz article. The only comprehensive book on the railway uses the spelling Hedjaz, which is a bit old-fashioned. Quite off-topic, but I've got a Hijaz/Hejaz rail-pin on the desk in front of me right now. Anjouli 20:48, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * And I've moved it. You are right of course. Anjouli 20:56, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I'm not sure how but the page history of this article seems to have been lost. I wrote the innitial entry to this article some time ago G-Man 18:01, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ok it had been merged from Hedjas Railway instead of being moved, so I moved that here to avoid losing the history G-Man 18:08, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * "Hedjas" is the old German spelling. Maybe some justification since the Germans helped build it. Anjouli 06:01, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The article started out as the Hedjaz railway, then got merged into another article on the Hijaz railway, hence the comment above about the most common transliterations, then it was moved back to Hedjaz railway and now has been moved to Hejaz railway. I don't mind which we finally settle on as long as we don't have long chains of REDIRECTs since I believe double-redirects don't work. Arwel 18:54, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * And I have now edited all the other transliterations to redirect directly to Hejaz_railway. Arwel 19:01, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hejaz is probably the best place, as we have a Hejaz article. I thought that was where I left it after the last edit, but it seems to have been all around the houses since then. Anjouli 05:53, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

After a closer inspection of the history, I see my rename to "Hejaz" seems to have vanished and somehow it got back to "Hedjaz". How did that happen? Anjouli 05:59, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think it should go back to Hijaz. Google shows that that's more common (over 46000 English-language hits as opposed to 42000 for Hejaz; it's also more accurate and here in Syria at least it seems to be more commonly used for the railway.

As to the metal sleepers used in some areas, the stealing of wooden ones wasn't necessarily the only reason. In many climates wood does not survive at all well, and thus other materials are often used -- iron or steel being the most practicable at the time of construction of most narrow gauge railways. This is the reason for them being used on the Eritrean Railway, for example. These days, concrete would of course be used. --Morven 08:34, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC) -

"Although justified as a "religious railway" to aid the Hajj pilgrimage, its true purpose was probably to cement the Ottoman grip on the region and foster trade between Damascus and Medina."

So now we're ascribing motives to the Ottomans for building this and saying that they had negative intentions relative to the Arabs. How do you know what its "true purpose" was?

 * ..err, because it's the shared opinion of most historians of the period and mentioned in almost all written texts about the railway? 212.93.160.7 19:41, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Lack of continuation to Mecca
I thought that the main reason for this was that Abdul Hamid II was overthrown and his successor wasn't as enthusiastic about the whole Hejaz railway project. What do reliable sources say? -- Ynhockey (Talk) 21:58, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Route details
I noticed that the article [Hedschasbahn] on the German Wikipedia has much more detailed route information. I translated one of the tables. Any opinions whether these route-tables, and iother info from the German article, may be a useful addition here?
 * sorry forgot to sign! 17:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Another try. Bleddynefans (talk) 17:30, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was move. Jafeluv (talk) 09:57, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

unititled comments
Hejaz railway → Hejaz Railway — It will be more appropriate for the article to have a proper name as a title. Currently, that proper name redirects to this article. In other words, the request if for an interchanged content, with the proper name holding the main article, and this article holding a redirect link. Joey80 (talk) 02:31, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Support so capped in Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 15:08, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Definition
There seems to be some confusion about the definition of the term Hejaz Railway. This article defines it as the section from Damascus to Medina but the article İstanbul Haydarpaşa Terminal defines it as the entire railway from Istanbul to Medina. Can anyone clarify this? Biscuittin (talk) 16:26, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 1 September 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved all  Dr Strauss   talk   12:30, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Hejaz Railway → Hejaz railway – Per our MOS, article name is not a company or proper noun, plus most sources use lowercase. 22:05, 31 August 2017 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). GeoffreyT2000 (talk, contribs) 02:01, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

 * There was a former RM above from 8 years ago. New discussion is therefore needed. If consensus is to use a lowercase "r" in "railway", then Category:Hejaz Railway and Template:Hejaz Railway should be moved to Category:Hejaz railway and Template:Hejaz railway respectively for consistency. GeoffreyT2000 (talk, contribs) 02:06, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support – as requestor to bring article title into continuity compliance with 2017 community consensus of MOS:TITLES. Cheers!   20:47, 2 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support – Not routinely capped in sources, so not here, per MOS:CAPS. Dicklyon (talk) 15:31, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Identify stations
We should, and then link them. I'll try and start it here. I'm combining the names from the line plan/sketch + list from the lead + infobox map. Very helpful: this map from Saleh Musa Daradkeh, The Hijaz Railway pp. 205-208.

In the end we should primarily have the old, original Ottoman stations with the names used before WWI. NB: did the Ottomans use different transliterations for the various European languages, or did they offer just French, or maybe English or German? Next to the original names we can place the current Arabic ones, but separately. Modern additional branch lines should also be marked differently.

This list should be processed together with the History of the Hajj page, as the railway stations and the Syrian hajj route largely overlap and present similar identification and linking issues (see Talk:History of the Hajj).

[Many hours later: I have removed the material after inserting it into the article :) ] Arminden (talk) 13:28, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Infobox map ("The railway in 1908")
It should be redone: Arminden (talk) 13:52, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) The heading is "The railway in 1908", but on the map it says "1914". Which one is it? During WWI a lot of branch lines were added.
 * 2) It is full of mistakes (see topic here-above: badly mistead names, probable repetition etc.).
 * 3) It is in (more or less) Italian.
 * 4) The German article has a partially better version, but A. it's in German, and B. only this one has a very useful inset map for Damascus-Daraa section.

Aqaba area: stations are problematic
James Nicholson, author of a book on the subject ("The Hejaz Railway"; probably self-edited, or not published yet?) has a website with excellent documentation (professional concept and photos, good and rigurous explanations) on the southern part of the now Saudi segment. He seems to also use the original, Ottoman-period spelling, which is needed here. However, his list of stations differs from the one in this article's own route plan. I call "route plan" the vertical line at the top of the page with the rail line's essential features marked on it. It is particularly problematic for the short segment in the mountainous stretch near Aqaba, where Nicholson has only one station and the page's own plan has three, none of which has the same name as Nicholson's. The next station to the S also differs in name, but only partially, so probably the same (both names begin with Aqaba, 'pass' or 'ascent'). Maybe the plan includes small water stations (old locomotives there probably very "thirsty"), or maybe Jordan still uses that section and has added new stations in recent times. Anyone? Arminden (talk) 13:47, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Solved, using UK source (hand-typed!).
 * James Nicholson did have his book published in 2005. Arminden (talk) 18:07, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hejaz railway


text:
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title: Help:Protection


text:
Neoclassical dark wave

Neoclassical dark wave is a subgenre of dark wave music that is characterized by an ethereal atmosphere and by incorporating elements of classical music.

History
In the middle of the 1980s, the bands Dead Can Dance, Cocteau Twins and In the Nursery released influential albums which essentially laid the foundations of the neoclassical dark wave genre.

title: Neoclassical dark wave


text:
Kākāriki

The three species of kākāriki (also spelled kakariki, without macrons), or New Zealand parakeets, are the most common species of parakeets in the genus Cyanoramphus, family Psittaculidae. The birds' Māori name, which is the most commonly used, means "small parrot". The etymology is: from kākā, parrot + riki, small. The word is also used to refer to the colour green because of the birds' predominantly green plumage. The patches of red on the birds' rumps are, according to legend, the blood of the demigod Tāwhaki.

The three species on mainland New Zealand are the yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps), the red-crowned parakeet, or red-fronted parakeet (C. novaezelandiae), and the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet or orange-fronted parakeet (C. malherbi – not to be confused with Eupsittula canicularis a popular aviary bird known as the orange-fronted conure, orange-fronted parakeet or half-moon conure).

Habitat
All above subspecies are native to New Zealand, and have become endangered as a result of habitat destruction following human settlement and nest predation by introduced mammals. Scarce on the mainland, kākāriki have survived well on outlying islands. They are easy to breed, but as with all protected native species in New Zealand, a licence from the Department of Conservation is required to keep them in captivity.

Mitochondrial DNA analysis has indicated that the orange-fronted parakeet is a separate species and not just a colour variation of the yellow-crowned parakeet. The orange-fronted parakeet is highly endangered, with less than 200 individuals remaining in the North Canterbury region of the South Island. Furthermore, Chatham Island's yellow-crowned parakeet and the red-crowned populations of New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, and the subantarctic islands have been determined to be distinct species.

The identification and detection of gender are very important for the protection of Kākāriki. Understanding the sex ratios within populations helps in managing breeding programs and maintaining balanced demographics in captivity, contributing to the preservation of this species. Accurate gender testing plays a pivotal role in effective population management and conservation strategies for Kākāriki.

title: Kākāriki