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Analog signal processing

Analog signal processing is a type of signal processing conducted on continuous analog signals by some analog means (as opposed to the discrete digital signal processing where the signal processing is carried out by a digital process). "Analog" indicates something that is mathematically represented as a set of continuous values. This differs from "digital" which uses a series of discrete quantities to represent signal. Analog values are typically represented as a voltage, electric current, or electric charge around components in the electronic devices. An error or noise affecting such physical quantities will result in a corresponding error in the signals represented by such physical quantities.

Examples of analog signal processing include crossover filters in loudspeakers, "bass", "treble" and "volume" controls on stereos, and "tint" controls on TVs. Common analog processing elements include capacitors, resistors and inductors (as the passive elements) and transistors or opamps (as the active elements).

Tools used in analog signal processing
A system's behavior can be mathematically modeled and is represented in the time domain as h(t) and in the frequency domain as H(s), where s is a complex number in the form of s=a+ib, or s=a+jb in electrical engineering terms (electrical engineers use "j" instead of "i" because current is represented by the variable i). Input signals are usually called x(t) or X(s) and output signals are usually called y(t) or Y(s).

Convolution
Convolution is the basic concept in signal processing that states an input signal can be combined with the system's function to find the output signal. It is the integral of the product of two waveforms after one has reversed and shifted; the symbol for convolution is *.
 * $$y(t) = (x * h )(t) = \int_{a}^{b} x(\tau) h(t - \tau)\, d\tau$$

That is the convolution integral and is used to find the convolution of a signal and a system; typically a = -∞ and b = +∞.

Consider two waveforms f and g. By calculating the convolution, we determine how much a reversed function g must be shifted along the x-axis to become identical to function f. The convolution function essentially reverses and slides function g along the axis, and calculates the integral of their (f and the reversed and shifted g) product for each possible amount of sliding. When the functions match, the value of (f*g) is maximized. This occurs because when positive areas (peaks) or negative areas (troughs) are multiplied, they contribute to the integral.

Fourier transform
The Fourier transform is a function that transforms a signal or system in the time domain into the frequency domain, but it only works for certain functions. The constraint on which systems or signals can be transformed by the Fourier Transform is that:
 * $$\int^\infty_{-\infty} |x(t)|\, dt < \infty$$

This is the Fourier transform integral:
 * $$X(j\omega) = \int^\infty_{-\infty} x(t)e^{-j\omega t}\, dt$$

Usually the Fourier transform integral isn't used to determine the transform; instead, a table of transform pairs is used to find the Fourier transform of a signal or system. The inverse Fourier transform is used to go from frequency domain to time domain:
 * $$x(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^\infty_{-\infty} X(j\omega )e^{j\omega t}\, d\omega $$

Each signal or system that can be transformed has a unique Fourier transform. There is only one time signal for any frequency signal, and vice versa.

Laplace transform
The Laplace transform is a generalized Fourier transform. It allows a transform of any system or signal because it is a transform into the complex plane instead of just the jω line like the Fourier transform. The major difference is that the Laplace transform has a region of convergence for which the transform is valid. This implies that a signal in frequency may have more than one signal in time; the correct time signal for the transform is determined by the region of convergence. If the region of convergence includes the jω axis, jω can be substituted into the Laplace transform for s and it's the same as the Fourier transform. The Laplace transform is:
 * $$X(s) = \int^\infty_{0^-} x(t)e^{-s t}\, dt$$

and the inverse Laplace transform, if all the singularities of X(s) are in the left half of the complex plane, is:
 * $$x(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^\infty_{-\infty} X(s )e^{s t}\, d s $$

Bode plots
Bode plots are plots of magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency for a system. The magnitude axis is in [Decibel] (dB). The phase axis is in either degrees or radians. The frequency axes are in a [logarithmic scale]. These are useful because for sinusoidal inputs, the output is the input multiplied by the value of the magnitude plot at the frequency and shifted by the value of the phase plot at the frequency.

Time domain
This is the domain that most people are familiar with. A plot in the time domain shows the amplitude of the signal with respect to time.

Frequency domain
A plot in the frequency domain shows either the phase shift or magnitude of a signal at each frequency that it exists at. These can be found by taking the Fourier transform of a time signal and are plotted similarly to a bode plot.

Signals
While any signal can be used in analog signal processing, there are many types of signals that are used very frequently.

Sinusoids
Sinusoids are the building block of analog signal processing. All real world signals can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoidal functions via a Fourier series. A sinusoidal function can be represented in terms of an exponential by the application of Euler's Formula.

Impulse
An impulse (Dirac delta function) is defined as a signal that has an infinite magnitude and an infinitesimally narrow width with an area under it of one, centered at zero. An impulse can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoids that includes all possible frequencies. It is not, in reality, possible to generate such a signal, but it can be sufficiently approximated with a large amplitude, narrow pulse, to produce the theoretical impulse response in a network to a high degree of accuracy. The symbol for an impulse is δ(t). If an impulse is used as an input to a system, the output is known as the impulse response. The impulse response defines the system because all possible frequencies are represented in the input

Step
A unit step function, also called the Heaviside step function, is a signal that has a magnitude of zero before zero and a magnitude of one after zero. The symbol for a unit step is u(t). If a step is used as the input to a system, the output is called the step response. The step response shows how a system responds to a sudden input, similar to turning on a switch. The period before the output stabilizes is called the transient part of a signal. The step response can be multiplied with other signals to show how the system responds when an input is suddenly turned on.

The unit step function is related to the Dirac delta function by;

 * $$\mathrm{u}(t) = \int_{-\infty}^{t} \delta (s)ds$$

Linear time-invariant (LTI)
Linearity means that if you have two inputs and two corresponding outputs, if you take a linear combination of those two inputs you will get a linear combination of the outputs. An example of a linear system is a first order low-pass or high-pass filter. Linear systems are made out of analog devices that demonstrate linear properties. These devices don't have to be entirely linear, but must have a region of operation that is linear. An operational amplifier is a non-linear device, but has a region of operation that is linear, so it can be modeled as linear within that region of operation. Time-invariance means it doesn't matter when you start a system, the same output will result. For example, if you have a system and put an input into it today, you would get the same output if you started the system tomorrow instead. There aren't any real systems that are LTI, but many systems can be modeled as LTI for simplicity in determining what their output will be. All systems have some dependence on things like temperature, signal level or other factors that cause them to be non-linear or non-time-invariant, but most are stable enough to model as LTI. Linearity and time-invariance are important because they are the only types of systems that can be easily solved using conventional analog signal processing methods. Once a system becomes non-linear or non-time-invariant, it becomes a non-linear differential equations problem, and there are very few of those that can actually be solved. (Haykin & Van Veen 2003)

circuits

 * RC circuit
 * LC circuit
 * RLC circuit
 * Series and parallel circuits

filters

 * Band-pass filter
 * Band-stop filter
 * High-pass filter
 * Low-pass filter

title: Analog signal processing


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Chicago Surrealist Group

The Chicago Surrealist Group was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in July 1966 by Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont, Bernard Marszalek, Tor Faegre and Robert Green after a trip to Paris in 1965, during which they were in contact with André Breton. Its initial members came from far-left or anarchist backgrounds and had already participated in groups IWW (calling themselves the Rebel Worker Group and putting out a magazine called the Rebel Worker) and SDS; indeed, the Chicago group edited an issue of Radical America, the SDS journal, and the SDS printshop printed some of the group's first publications.

Collaborations and projects
The group played a major role in organizing the World Surrealist Exhibition held at Gallery Black Swan in Chicago in 1976. As the name suggests, broader in scope than previous "international" exhibitions, it featured hundreds of works almost exclusively from contemporary participants in surrealism from thirty-one countries.

Marvelous Freedom/Vigilance of Desire was the title of the catalogue of the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition. It contains a number of texts and reproductions, as well as a blueprint of the layout of the gallery, with the location of the different "domains" into which the exhibition was organised.

The group also produced four issues of a journal, Arsenal: Surrealist Subversion, between 1970 and 1989. Participants in the group's activities have included Clarence John Laughlin, Gerome Kamrowski, Philip Lamantia, Tristan Meinecke and Franklin Rosemont. As participants past and present have been based in cities other than Chicago, the group has never been strictly defined by geography, despite its name. The group has worked with others, such as The Surrealist Group in Stockholm, with which it met in Chicago and Stockholm in 1986, publishing the International Surrealist Bulletin No. 1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chicago Surrealist Group


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Talk:Cold-blooded

a
This really should be under Ectotherm instead of Cold-Blooded, since Cold-Blooded is archaic and not technically correct. Woofles 01:30, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

I believe the title of this page should be "Ectothermic" because "cold-blooded" is a term used by people who are not really into Biology and such - "Ectothermic" is the proper word for "cold-blooded". I do agree with Woofles. Kapt'n S 01:14, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Does "cold-blooded" technically refer to poikilothermic rather than ectothermic? The subtle etymological difference being that the former refers to a variable body temperature and the latter to an organism dependent on external sources of heat. I suppose if it is a new title, this is academic but perhaps for historical reasons? If anyone changes this, also have a look at warm-blooded, which similarly I would propose as homeothermic rather than endothermic --postglock 08:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Cold-blooded" etymology
"Cold-blooded" is such a blanket term that it encompasses poikilothermy, ectothermy, and bradymetabolism. Theoretically, it would best fit creatures that fall between all three categories. This would still exclude a lot of creatures who are often referred to as "cold-blooded." Further frustration results from the erroneous belief that cold-blooded creatures are actually incapable of maintaining and controlling their body temperatures. The end result is that a cold-blooded animal is an animal that doesn't actually exist. Hence one of the main reasons why it is in such disfavour.

With that said, "poikilothermy" is no more correct than "ectothermy", for thermophysiological classification. "Bradymetabolic" is probably the most useful term, as it is the most common feature seen in creatures normally called "cold-blooded." Still, there are even exceptions to this (e.g., caterpillars are poikilothermic and ectothermic, but tachymetabolic).

Heterothermic
Is the term "heterothermic" still in use? "Homeothermic" appears in Wikipedia for "warm-blooded". --12.149.13.1 14:43, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)Jeff Worthington 2005-06-24
 * Yeah, it's sort of a unique type of poikilothermy. Still it was worth mentioning, so I gave it a quick write-up. The bit about regional heterothermy is always useful to know. Also, since it straddles the line between what fits best under warm-blooded and what fits best under cold-blooded, I gave it its own page. Jura 06:47, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Types of Temperature Control
Regarding the sentence that begins "Some large poikilotherms"--Large animals that maintain constant body temperatures (all the time) are not poikilotherms--they are inertial homeotherms | gigantotherms. In contrast, some large animals are only homeothermic | gigantothermic some of the time.

The paragraph that mentions large poikilotherms needs more information because not all members of the groups you have mentioned are poikilotherms. For example, a large dinosaur would be a homeotherm and the sea turtle a poikilotherm (some sea turtles may be homeotherms). Large dinosaurs are homeotherms (homeothermic all of the time) because of their large size. Some species of sea turtles are homeothermic some of the time. They float on the surface of the ocean to absorb heat and then, after submerging again, stay homeothermic for periods of time because of their sheer size. During long periods of time underwater their body temperature may decrease, depending on the temperature of the surrounding water. Their body temperature may also decrease when they float on the surface of the ocean at night, depending on the surrounding temperature. Suzanne 18:37 11 Jun 2006

mammals can also be poikilotherms during development. many young altrical animals such as the rat(Rattus norvegicus)have to develop there themoreguatory system and start out as a poikilothermic endotherm at birth and once it has reached a certain mass (~30g)at around 3 weeks olds it is able to maintain its body temerature so becoming homeothermic.

Cold - Blooded
Can someone please tell me if cold-blooded animals can feel? Since I was a child I've always believed that they couldn't feel pain... And I'm not able to find out if this is true or not. I know that they can feel temperture difference but that has to do with their blood not with their feeling.... thanks

i'm sure they can

Plants & Cold-Blooded
Are plants cold-blooded? (since they don't regulate the temperature of their internal structures)

(The Caped Crusader (talk) 02:29, 14 May 2008 (UTC))

Cold - Blooded (dictionary)
What about Cold blooded in the sense of being very evil? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.249.229.58 (talk • contribs)
 * Good point, but this isn't Wiktionary: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cold-blooded On the other hand, a link to the wiktionary entry would be useful, if someone could recall the syntax for that. Richard W.M. Jones 17:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Change
I do not understand why my changes were reverted. I think everyone here can agree that this page should be under "ectotherms" instead of the outdated term "cold-blooded". "cold-blooded" should redirect to ectotherm, not vice versa. This change reflects the retirement of a term that is no longer used due to it's inaccuracy. I made this change because it has been discussed, and there is no reason to have such a misnomer on wikipedia.

I completely agree, this is an encyclopedia, not a "Childs Biology". I agree with the change to ectotherm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.129.33.102 (talk) 09:55, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I totally agree with this, as well. This is an encyclopedia, and 'cold blood' is a lazy and informal term. StevePrutz (talk) 22:06, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Idea: perhaps make this term a disambiguation page? StevePrutz (talk) 22:08, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Fine by me. The less vague and the more precise the better. --Jwinius (talk) 22:54, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I would disagree that cold-blooded and ectotherm are synonymous. The term is used as a wastebin for all animals that are not birds, or mammals, and thus includes many animals that are homeothermic ecotherms, endothermic poikilotherms, and endothermic bradymetabolic animals. An earlier revision of this page had that. If we are going to go to a shorter, disambiguation page, then I would recommend we do the same for warm-blooded as well. Jura (talk) 16:58, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Article splitting commencing
Work has begun. Please feel free to help out after a few hours. StevePrutz (talk) 16:12, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I am pretty much done with the initial work. If anyone knows how to quickly fix all the little redirects to their new proper home, please help! Also, I am making a navbox for all the terms. StevePrutz (talk) 16:54, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Navbox template
Check out thermoreg. It's not that pretty, so if you have a better way to present it, please do so. StevePrutz (talk) 17:21, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cold-blooded


text: User talk:205.213.111.51

title: User talk:205.213.111.51


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Alan Holmes

Alan Holmes is a musician, artist and record producer, based in north Wales. Although he began his musical career in the late 1960s in childhood beat group The Insects, he first came to prominence in The Zuggs (in 1979), followed by A Silly Tree, the latter including Gary Stubbs, later of Cut Tunes with whom Holmes also served. Holmes was responsible for the cult psychedelic band The Pinecones and by the mid-1980s he was a key member of Reinheitsgebot, Third Spain and The Lungs.

Holmes' career came into its own though as bass-player with the late-1980s Welsh language punk group Fflaps, who released two LPs for the Liverpool Probe Plus label and a third for the Central Slate label, in addition to touring Europe extensively between 1988 and 1992. After his bass amplifier blew up on stage, he moved to guitar and the group morphed into the more psychedelic/experimental Ectogram in 1993.

Holmes has worked as a session musician on several albums by Welsh artists including the debut album by Melys, and has produced several albums including the early releases of Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. He has also been responsible for much of the sleeve art of the Ankst label.

He continues to work with his own groups Parking Non-Stop and Spectralate in addition to making solo recordings as The Groceries.

There are also:
 * Another musician of the same name, a prominent session saxophonist in the 1960s.
 * A British astronomer named Alan R. Holmes

title: Alan Holmes


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Sidereal and tropical astrology

In astrology, sidereal and tropical are terms that refer to two different systems of ecliptic coordinates used to divide the ecliptic into twelve "signs". Each sign is divided into 30 degrees, making a total of 360 degrees. The terms sidereal and tropical may also refer to two different definitions of a year, applied in sidereal solar calendars or tropical solar calendars.

While sidereal systems of astrology calculate twelve zodiac signs based on the observable sky and thus account for the apparent backwards movement of fixed stars of about 1 degree every 72 years from the perspective of the Earth due to the Earth's axial precession, tropical systems consider 0 degrees of Aries as always coinciding with the March equinox (known as the spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere) and define twelve zodiac signs from this starting point, basing their definitions upon the seasons and not upon the observable sky wherein the March equinox currently falls in Pisces due to the Earth's axial precession. These differences have caused sidereal and tropical zodiac systems, which were aligned around 2,000 years ago when the March equinox coincided with Aries in the observable sky, to drift apart over the centuries.

Sidereal astrology accounts for the Earth's axial precession and maintains the alignment between signs and constellations via corrective systems known as ayanamsas (Sanskrit:  'ayana'  "movement" +  'aṃśa' "component"), whereas tropical astrology, to reiterate, is based upon the seasonal cycle of the Northern hemisphere and does not take axial precession into consideration. Though tropical astrology typically considers the zodiac of the Northern Hemisphere to be applicable without change to the Southern hemisphere, a small number of tropical astrologers modify the zodiac to reflect seasons in the Southern hemisphere, taking Libra as the sign that coincides with the spring equinox instead of Aries.

Ayanamsa systems used in Hindu astrology (also known as Vedic astrology) include the Lahiri ayanamsa and the Raman ayanamsa, of which the Lahiri ayanamsa is the most widely used. The Fagan-Bradley ayanamsa is an example of an ayanamsa system used in Western sidereal astrology. As of 2020, sun signs calculated using the Sri Yukteswar ayanamsa were around 23 degrees behind tropical sun signs. Per these calculations, persons born between March 12 – April 12, for instance, would have the sun sign of Pisces. Per tropical calculations, in contrast, persons born between March 21 – April 19 would have the sun sign of Aries.

Astronomic zodiac
A small number of sidereal astrologers do not take the astrological signs as an equal division of the ecliptic but define their signs based on the actual width of the individual constellations. They also include constellations that are disregarded by the traditional zodiac but are still in contact with the ecliptic.

For the purpose of determining the constellations in contact with the ecliptic, the constellation boundaries as defined by the International Astronomical Union in 1930 are used. For example, the Sun enters the IAU boundary of Aries on April 19 at the lower right corner, a position that is still rather closer to the "body" of Pisces, as the first sign rather than of Aries. The IAU defined the constellation boundaries without consideration of astrological purposes.

The dates the Sun passes through the 12 astronomical constellations of the ecliptic are listed below, accurate to the year 2011. The dates will progress by an increment of one day every 70.5 years. The corresponding tropical and sidereal dates are given as well.

title: Sidereal and tropical astrology


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Linear combination of atomic orbitals

A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of functions, the basis functions, which describe the electrons of a given atom. In chemical reactions, orbital wavefunctions are modified, i.e. the electron cloud shape is changed, according to the type of atoms participating in the chemical bond.

It was introduced in 1929 by Sir John Lennard-Jones with the description of bonding in the diatomic molecules of the first main row of the periodic table, but had been used earlier by Linus Pauling for H2+.

Mathematical description
An initial assumption is that the number of molecular orbitals is equal to the number of atomic orbitals included in the linear expansion. In a sense, n atomic orbitals combine to form n molecular orbitals, which can be numbered i = 1 to n and which may not all be the same. The expression (linear expansion) for the i th molecular orbital would be:

 * $$\ \phi_i = c_{1i} \chi_1 + c_{2i} \chi_2 + c_{3i} \chi_3 + \cdots +c_{ni} \chi_n$$

or

 * $$\ \phi_i = \sum_{r} c_{ri} \chi_r $$

where $$\ \phi_i $$ is a molecular orbital represented as the sum of n atomic orbitals $$\ \chi_r $$, each multiplied by a corresponding coefficient $$\ c_{ri} $$, and r (numbered 1 to n) represents which atomic orbital is combined in the term. The coefficients are the weights of the contributions of the n atomic orbitals to the molecular orbital. The Hartree–Fock method is used to obtain the coefficients of the expansion. The orbitals are thus expressed as linear combinations of basis functions, and the basis functions are single-electron functions which may or may not be centered on the nuclei of the component atoms of the molecule. In either case the basis functions are usually also referred to as atomic orbitals (even though only in the former case this name seems to be adequate). The atomic orbitals used are typically those of hydrogen-like atoms since these are known analytically i.e. Slater-type orbitals but other choices are possible such as the Gaussian functions from standard basis sets or the pseudo-atomic orbitals from plane-wave pseudopotentials. By minimizing the total energy of the system, an appropriate set of coefficients of the linear combinations is determined. This quantitative approach is now known as the Hartree–Fock method. However, since the development of computational chemistry, the LCAO method often refers not to an actual optimization of the wave function but to a qualitative discussion which is very useful for predicting and rationalizing results obtained via more modern methods. In this case, the shape of the molecular orbitals and their respective energies are deduced approximately from comparing the energies of the atomic orbitals of the individual atoms (or molecular fragments) and applying some recipes known as level repulsion and the like. The graphs that are plotted to make this discussion clearer are called correlation diagrams. The required atomic orbital energies can come from calculations or directly from experiment via Koopmans' theorem.

This is done by using the symmetry of the molecules and orbitals involved in bonding, and thus is sometimes called symmetry adapted linear combination (SALC). The first step in this process is assigning a point group to the molecule. Each operation in the point group is performed upon the molecule. The number of bonds that are unmoved is the character of that operation. This reducible representation is decomposed into the sum of irreducible representations. These irreducible representations correspond to the symmetry of the orbitals involved.

Molecular orbital diagrams provide simple qualitative LCAO treatment. The Hückel method, the extended Hückel method and the Pariser–Parr–Pople method, provide some quantitative theories.

title: Linear combination of atomic orbitals


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Eavan Boland

Eavan Aisling Boland (, ; 24 September 1944 – 27 April 2020) was an Irish poet, author, and professor. She was a professor at Stanford University, where she had taught from 1996. Her work deals with the Irish national identity, and the role of women in Irish history. A number of poems from Boland's poetry career are studied by Irish students who take the Leaving Certificate. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry.

Early life and education
Boland's father, Frederick Boland, was a career diplomat and her mother, Frances Kelly, was a noted painter. She was born in Dublin in 1944.

When she was six, Boland's father was appointed Irish Ambassador to the United Kingdom; the family followed him to London, where Boland had her first experiences of anti-Irish sentiment. Her dealing with this hostility strengthened Boland's identification with her Irish heritage. She spoke of this time in her poem, "An Irish Childhood in England: 1951".

At 14, she returned to Dublin to attend Holy Child School in Killiney. She published a pamphlet of poetry (23 Poems) in her first year at Trinity, in 1962. Boland earned a BA with First Class Honors in English Literature and Language from Trinity College Dublin in 1966.

Teaching and Professorial roles
After graduating, Boland held numerous teaching positions and published poetry, prose criticism and essays. She taught at Trinity College Dublin, University College, Dublin, and Bowdoin College, and was a member of the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa. She was also writer in residence at Trinity College Dublin, and at the National Maternity Hospital.

In 1969, Boland married the novelist Kevin Casey; they would have two daughters together. Her experiences as a wife and mother influenced her to write about the centrality of the ordinary, as well as providing a frame for more political and historical themes. According to her friend Gabrielle Calvocoressi, she "loved gossip like fish love water".

In the late 1970s and 1980s, Boland taught at the School of Irish Studies in Dublin. From 1996 she was a tenured Professor of English at Stanford University where she was the Bella Mabury and Eloise Mabury Knapp Professor in the Humanities and Melvin and Bill Lane Professor for Director of the Creative Writing program. She divided her time between Palo Alto and her home in Dublin.

Poetry
Eavan Boland's first book of poetry was New Territory published in 1967 with Dublin publisher Allen Figgis. This was followed by The War Horse (1975), In Her Own Image (1980) and Night Feed (1982), which established her reputation as a writer on the ordinary lives of women and on the difficulties faced by women poets in a male-dominated literary world.

Boland was writer in residence at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, in 1994. During this time she composed 'Night Feed' and 'The Tree of Life', and her work remains on a plaque in the hospital garden.

Several of her volumes of poetry have been Poetry Book Society Choices in the UK, where she is primarily published by Carcanet Press. In the United States her publisher is W. W. Norton.

Her poem "Quarantine" was one of 10 poems shortlisted for RTÉ's selection of Ireland's favourite poems of the last 100 years in 2015.

Former Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, quoted from her poem "The Emigrant Irish" in his address to the joint houses of the US Congress in May 2008.

On 15 March 2016, President Obama quoted lines from her poem "On a Thirtieth Anniversary" (from "Against Love Poetry" 2001) in his remarks at a reception in the White House to celebrate St Patrick's Day.

In March 2018 RTE broadcast a documentary on her life as a poet called "Eavan Boland: Is it Still the Same?". In the same year, Boland was commissioned by the Government of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy to write the poem "Our future will become the past of other women" to be read at the UN and in Ireland during the centenary commemorations of women gaining the vote in Ireland in 1918.

Editing and translating
Boland co-edited The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms (with Mark Strand; W. W. Norton & Co., 2000). She also published a volume of translations in 2004 called After Every War (Princeton University Press). With Edward Hirsch, she co-edited "The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology of the Sonnet" (W. W. Norton & Co., 2008).

Awards
In 1976, Boland won a Jacob's Award for her involvement in The Arts Programme broadcast on RTÉ Radio. Her other awards include a Lannan Foundation Award in Poetry and an American Ireland Fund Literary Award.

Her collection In a Time of Violence (1994) received a Lannan Award and was shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize.

In 1997 she received an honorary degree from University College Dublin. She also received honorary degrees from Strathclyde University and Colby College in the US in 1997, and the College of the Holy Cross in 1999. She received one from Bowdoin College in 2004. In 2004 she also received an honorary degree from Trinity College Dublin.

Boland received the Bucknell Medal of Distinction 2000 from Bucknell University, the Corrington Medal for Literary Excellence Centenary College 2002, the Smartt Family prize from the Yale Review and the John Frederick Nims Award from Poetry Magazine 2002.

Her volume of poems Against Love Poetry was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.

Her volume Domestic Violence (2007) was shortlisted for the Forward prize in the UK. Her poem 'Violence Against Women' from the same volume was awarded the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry for the best poem published in 2007 in Shenandoah magazine.

In 2012, Boland won a PEN Award for creative nonfiction with her collection of essays, A Journey With Two Maps: Becoming a Woman Poet published in 2012.

In 2016 she was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2017 she received the Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bord Gáis Energy Irish Book Awards.

On 25 May 2018 she was elected an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy. Boland received the Irish PEN Award for Literature in 2019.

Death and legacy
Boland was writer in residence at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, in 1994. During this time she composed 'Night Feed' and 'The Tree of Life', and her work remains on a plaque in the hospital garden.

Boland died in Dublin on 27 April 2020, aged 75.

In 2020, Boland was posthumously awarded the Costa Book Award for poetry for her final collection The Historians.

Poetry

 * 23 Poems. Dublin: Gallagher, 1962.
 * Autumn Essay. Dublin: Gallagher, 1963.
 * Eavan Boland Poetry/Prose Joseph O’Malley. Dublin: Gallagher, 1963.
 * New Territory. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1967.
 * W. B. Yeats and His World. With Micheál Mac Liammóir. London: Thames, 1971; New York: Thames & Hudson, 1998.
 * The War Horse. London: Victor Gollancz, 1975.
 * In Her Own Image. Dublin: Arlen House, 1980.
 * Introducing Eavan Boland. Princeton, New Jersey: Ontario Review P, 1981.
 * Night Feed. Dublin: Arlen House, 1982. Reissue: Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1994.
 * The Journey and Other Poems. Dublin: Arlen House, 1986; Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1987.
 * Selected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1989.
 * Outside History. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1990.
 * Outside History: Selected Poems 1980–1990. New York: Norton, 1990.
 * In a Time of Violence. New York: Norton, 1994; Manchester: Carcanet, 1994.
 * Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
 * Penguin Modern Poets: Carol Ann Duffy, Vicki Feaver, Eavan Boland. London: Penguin, 1995.
 * An Origin Like Water: Collected Poems 1967–1987. New York: Norton, 1996.
 * The Lost Land. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1998.
 * The Lost Land: Poems. New York: Norton, 1998.
 * Against Love Poetry. New York: Norton, 2001.
 * Code. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2001.
 * Three Irish Poets: An Anthology: Eavan Boland, Paula Meehan, Mary O’Malley. Ed. Eavan Boland. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2003.
 * After Every War: Twentieth-Century Women Poets. Trans. Eavan Boland. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2004.
 * New Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2005.
 * Domestic Violence. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2007; New York: Norton, 2007.
 * Irish Writers on Writing. Ed. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2007.
 * Literary Genius: 25 Classic Writers Who Define English & American Literature. Ed. Joseph Epstein. Philadelphia, PA: Paul Dry Books, 2007. (Illustrated by Barry Moser)
 * Selected Poems by Charlotte Mew. Ed. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2008.
 * New Collected Poems. New York: Norton, 2008.
 * The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology. Ed. With Edward Hirsch. New York: Norton, 2008.
 * A Journey with Two Maps: Becoming A Woman Poet. (prose essays) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2011; New York: Norton, 2011
 * New Selected Poems (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2013.
 * Eavan Boland: A Poet's Dublin: Edited by Paula Meehan and Jody Allen Randolph. (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2014.
 * A Woman Without A Country (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2014; New York: Norton, 2014.
 * Eavan Boland: A Poet's Dublin: Edited by Paula Meehan and Jody Allen Randolph. (poems) New York: WW. Norton, 2016.
 * The Historians: Poems. (poems) New York: WW. Norton, 2020.

Prose

 * Object Lessons: The Life of the Woman and the Poet in Our Time. New York: Norton, 1995; Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
 * The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms. Ed. Eavan Boland and Mark Strand. New York: Norton, 2000.
 * The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology. Ed. With Edward Hirsch. New York: Norton, 2008.
 * A Journey with Two Maps: Becoming A Woman Poet. (prose essays) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2011; New York: Norton, 2011.

title: Eavan Boland


text:
Talk:Eavan Boland

Publications
Could the publications list be moved to its own page, with a link in the Publications section? I feel it would just make the page look tidier, without the long, untabled list.

FreeT (talk) 23:44, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Eavan Boland


text:
Saadia (disambiguation)

Saadia may refer to::

People with the given name

 * Saadia (given name)
 * Saadia Gaon, rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period
 * Saadia Ibn Danan (died 1493), rabbi, poet, and Dayan in Grenada
 * Saadiah ben Joseph ha-Levi (16th century), rabbi in Yemen

People with the surname

 * Dany Saadia (born 1969), Mexican entrepreneur, screenwriter, and filmmaker
 * Nouara Saadia (born 1950), Algerian politician

Others

 * Saadia (film), a 1953 adventure film

title: Saadia (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Conservative Party of Canada

Removing "Internal Factions" from infobox
Would like to seek a consensus on this. The difference between a Blue Tory/Red Tory is best presented elsewhere in the article. It does not provide an objective reader with an accurate, objective view of the party's ideology. When objectively used, these terms best describe historical conservatism in Canada.

The contemporary Conservative Party is not defined by Red Toryism/Blue Toryism, at all. The latter term is hardly used to describe any federal Conservative politician.

"Red Tory" describes practically nobody in the parliamentary caucus. From my experience, the only people who use this term are those trying to present the party in a pejorative manner. I challenge anybody in support of this to tell me the leader of the "Red Tory" faction in the Conservative Party.

Presenting a party whose leader won as a non-incumbent with 71% of the votes cast and a 59 point margin as having deep-rooted internal factions is simply misrepresentation. Deathying (talk) 20:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose Though most Conservative MPs seem to align with Blue Toryism, there are still a few that can fit the "Red Tory" label...Michael Chong comes to mind, and Erin O'Toole does to. Erin was a former party leader, and his opposition to repealing the carbon tax and the 2020 assault-style weapons ban as well as his proposal to balance the budget without major cuts makes him a Red Tory.

 * Also, one leadership election does not mean the party is "100% Blue Tory" as you feel it is.  Ak-eater06  (talk) 02:11, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Erin O'Toole campaigned to the right of Peter MacKay and changed dramatically during the 2021 campaign. His slogan "Take Back Canada" during the leadership race was not meant to curry favour with "Red Tory" members. The article about Red Toryism itself acknowledges a definition drift in Canadian politics. It's applied too broadly towards any Conservative that's not a social conservative.
 * Chong placed 5th in the 2017 contest. Behind the overt social conservative, Brad Trost.
 * It's not reflective of the modern day party to place Red/Blue as factions because the agreement within the party seems quite broad. If we look back to the time of the PC-CA merger, you'll note that many PCs, like Joe Clark, Kim Campbell, Scott Briton, etc. simply switched to the Liberals or never even joined the new Conservative Party whatsoever. Deathying (talk) 02:37, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * To just add a little more: the Red Tory/Blue Tory distinction was most prevalent in Canada nearly 20 years ago, at a time the country was 25% smaller in population. A generation ago. At the federal level, nobody is flying a Red Tory banner anymore. And nobody characterized as one by media sources embraces the label.
 * The Conservatism in Canada article names Peter MacKay as a Blue Tory despite him having animosity with social conservatives during the leadership race, and widely called a Red Tory by the media. Probably because he supported the merger, which happened a generation ago.
 * These inconsistencies are because these terms are based purely on opinion. The bottom line is that there are no factions. There's a clear, majority ideology. Deathying (talk) 03:00, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * And no, I never said "100% Blue Tory" anywhere. Do we call progressive Liberals like Terry Beech "Orange Grits" or "Green Grits"? Did we ever call Martin a "Blue Grit"? Do we need to place a fringe part of the party and it's membership on equal footing with the common majority ideology, referencing a 20 year old political event, that bears no significance to the political situation of 2023, all because the media recycles the terms to hype up leadership elections? Deathying (talk) 03:06, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * We absolutely did call Martin a Blue Grit. The only reason we don't have a name for left-wing Liberals is because nobody has ever tried to push one. — Kawnhr (talk) 18:53, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't think anybody is trying to suggest the party is disunited or more riven by factionalism than other parties, but just maintain links to relevant subjects. However, as I look around the Wiki, this doesn't actually appear to be common practice. For example, neither Democratic Party (United States) nor Republican Party (United States) list any of their internal caucuses in the infobox; Australian Labor Party doesn't include Labor Left and Labor Right; Conservative Party (UK) doesn't include one-nation conservatism; Union for a Popular Movement doesn't include The Strong Right, The Social Right, et al; Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), an extremely factionalized party, doesn't list anything, either. I actually can't find any infobox that lists factions. Seems fair to remove them here; the body works just as well for the links. — Kawnhr (talk) 18:50, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support removal from the infobox. The topic doesn't merit listing in the infobox.  By all means, there should be a section/heading for the topic, but there's only so much that should be listed in an infobox, and factions isn't one of them.  Regards,  PK  T (alk)  19:41, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Okay, I'll remove it based on this vote. Should we still keep the part in the first paragraph where it says, "...and welcoming a broad variety of members, including "Red Tories" and "Blue Tories""?  Ak-eater06  (talk) 22:22, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think it's still worth keeping in the lede. — Kawnhr (talk) — Kawnhr (talk) 22:41, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

User:Kawnhr and User:PKT, mind sharing your opinion on the bottom discussion (adding fiscal conservatism to infobox)?  Ak-eater06  (talk) 22:45, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Updates to ideology infobox
Would also like to seek a consensus on this to avoid an edit war with Ak-eater06.

There currently is a comment advising against a change to linking Conservatism with Conservatism in Canada in the infobox. I would like to make this infobox consistent with other conservative parties such as the GOP, Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong, Conservative Party (UK). I cannot find any prior discussion in the archives besides comments supportive of what I want to do here. Talk:Conservative_Party_of_Canada/Archive_2, from 2017. If you do have a link to why this comment was made, please link it. Under the ideology row, we should change Conservatism to Conservatism (Canadian) This is in line with the examples I linked above, and recognizes the differences between the CPC and the ideology itself. The CPC's ideology and how conservative they can actually be is heavily defined by Canadian culture and values, warranting some distinction here.

Deathying (talk) 20:38, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Fine. I'm okay with changing it to "Canadian Conservatism". The UK Conservative Party article using "British Conservatism" changed my opinion on this edit conflict. The definition of conservatism varies from country to country too (e.g. a Conservative in Canada, the UK, Australia might not be considered conservative in the US).  Ak-eater06  (talk) 01:49, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Proposal to add fiscal conservatism

 * Support We should also add Fiscal conservatism back as an ideology associated with the party, especially when it is so plainly spelled out in the party constitution and party platform. I might add the last (relatively) balanced budget in Canadian history was introduced by this party. If that's not fiscal conservatism, I don't know what is.Deathying (talk) 20:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose I would have no problem with Canadian conservatism change.... but fiscal conservative is a pipe dream....Fraser Institute
 * https://www.fraserinstitute.org › ...PDF Examining Federal Debt in Canada by Prime Ministers Since Confederation, 2022. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 23:21, 18 July 2023 (UTC) https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/conservatives-economic-vision-for-canada-is-hardly-conservative Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 12:31, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * What do the sources say? I'm wary of adding anything here simply based on our own analysis and what the party itself claims, because that has the potential to open a nasty can of worms. I'd also note that, after clicking through parties of the International Democrat Union, I see very few parties that have "fiscal conservatism" included — "economic liberalism" seems to suffice. — Kawnhr (talk) 16:15, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose now. Kawnhr's right; few Western right-of-centre parties don't list fiscal conservatism as an ideology. There's no need to add it to the ideology section in the infobox then.  Ak-eater06  (talk) 17:46, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conservative Party of Canada


text:
They'd Rather Be Right

They'd Rather Be Right (also known as The Forever Machine) is a science fiction novel by American writers Mark Clifton and Frank Riley.

Plot
Two professors create an advanced cybernetic brain, which they call "Bossy." Bossy can "optimise your mind...and give you eternal youth into [sic] the bargain, but only if you're ready to abandon all your favourite prejudices." However, when given the choice of admitting they were wrong and therefore being able to benefit from Bossy's abilities, most people would rather be right, and Bossy's ability to confer immortality is almost made ineffective by humanity's fear of "her."

Reception and significance
They'd Rather Be Right somewhat controversially won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1955, the second Hugo ever presented for a novel.

In a brief 1982 review of a contemporary reprint of the novel, author David Langford wrote that "though it contains an interesting idea, the book seems an implausible award-winner. It's fine (...) to postulate a machine giving immortality, youth and a perfect complexion to those and only those who can cast aside preconceptions and prejudices (...) The idea, though, is flattened into the ground by the authors' reluctance to do the work which would make it convincing."

Langford has also addressed conspiracy theories attributing They'd Rather Be Right ' s win to Scientology, saying it is more likely that Clifton was popular for his short stories.

Galaxy Science Fiction reviewer Floyd C. Gale faulted the novel, saying, "although a passably workmanlike job, loose ends outnumber neat knits in this yarn."

In 2008 Sam Jordison described the novel as "appalling," the "worst ever winner [of the Hugo Award]," and "a basic creative writing 'how not to,'" saying that its win "by public vote (...) raises serious questions about the value of a universal franchise." Similarly, Lawrence Watt-Evans has noted that They'd Rather Be Right is "the usual [book] cited" as the "worst book ever to win [the Hugo Award]", and Rick Cook responded to the question of "Is the book any good?" with "No," going on to explain that it originated as "one of those tailored-to-order serials for the old Astounding. Sometimes those things worked and sometimes they didn't. This one didn't."

Publication history

They'd Rather Be Right was first published as a four-part serial in Astounding Science Fiction from August 1954 to November 1954. It was published as a book in 1957, and a heavily cut version was released the following year under the title The Forever Machine. The novel has been reprinted a few times in the decades since, including at least two foreign language translations.

They'd Rather Be Right is a sequel to "Crazy Joey" by Mark Clifton with Alex Apostolides (August 1953, originally published in Astounding Science Fiction) and "Hide! Hide! Witch!" by Mark Clifton with Alex Apostolides (December 1953, originally published in Astounding Science Fiction).

The stories "Crazy Joey" and "Hide! Hide! Witch!" appeared without They'd Rather Be Right in The Science Fiction of Mark Clifton, edited by Barry N. Malzberg and Martin H. Greenberg (Southern Illinois University Press; December 8, 1980). ISBN 978-0809309856

In 1992, Carroll & Graf Publishers confusingly re-issued They'd Rather Be Right with its two prequel stories, "Crazy Joey" and "Hide! Hide! Witch!", under the title The Forever Machine. In this volume, the stories "Crazy Joey" and "Hide! Hide! Witch!" comprise the first section, entitled "Crazy Joey," while the novel They'd Rather Be Right makes up the second section, entitled "Bossy." ISBN 978-0881848427

title: They'd Rather Be Right


text:
Slater-type orbital

Slater-type orbitals (STOs) are functions used as atomic orbitals in the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method. They are named after the physicist John C. Slater, who introduced them in 1930.

They possess exponential decay at long range and Kato's cusp condition at short range (when combined as hydrogen-like atom functions, i.e. the analytical solutions of the stationary Schrödinger equation for one electron atoms). Unlike the hydrogen-like ("hydrogenic") Schrödinger orbitals, STOs have no radial nodes (neither do Gaussian-type orbitals).

Definition
STOs have the following radial part:

 * $$R(r) = N r^{n-1} e^{-\zeta r}\,$$

where
 * $n$ is a natural number that plays the role of principal quantum number, $n$ = 1,2,...,
 * $N$ is a normalizing constant,
 * $r$ is the distance of the electron from the atomic nucleus, and
 * $$\zeta$$ is a constant related to the effective charge of the nucleus, the nuclear charge being partly shielded by electrons. Historically, the effective nuclear charge was estimated by Slater's rules.

The normalization constant is computed from the integral
 * $$ \int_0^\infty x^n e^{-\alpha x} \, \mathrm dx = \frac{n!}{~\alpha^{n+1}\,}~. $$

Hence
 * $$N^2 \int_0^\infty \left(r^{n-1} e^{-\zeta r}\right)^2 r^2 \, \mathrm dr = 1 \Longrightarrow N = (2\zeta)^n \sqrt{\frac{2\zeta}{(2n)!}}~. $$

It is common to use the spherical harmonics $$Y_l^m(\mathbf{r})$$ depending on the polar coordinates of the position vector $$\mathbf{r}$$ as the angular part of the Slater orbital.

Derivatives
The first radial derivative of the radial part of a Slater-type orbital is
 * $$ {\partial R(r)\over \partial r} = \left[\frac{(n - 1)}{r} - \zeta\right] R(r) $$

The radial Laplace operator is split in two differential operators
 * $$ \nabla^2 = {1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}\left(r^2 {\partial \over \partial r}\right) $$

The first differential operator of the Laplace operator yields
 * $$ \left(r^2 {\partial\over \partial r} \right) R(r) = \left[(n - 1) r - \zeta r^2 \right] R(r) $$

The total Laplace operator yields after applying the second differential operator
 * $$ \nabla^2 R(r) = \left({1 \over r^2} {\partial\over \partial r} \right) \left[(n - 1) r - \zeta r^2 \right] R(r) $$

the result
 * $$\nabla^2 R(r) = \left[{n (n - 1) \over r^2} - {2 n \zeta \over r} + \zeta^2 \right] R(r) $$

Angular dependent derivatives of the spherical harmonics don't depend on the radial function and have to be evaluated separately.

Integrals
The fundamental mathematical properties are those associated with the kinetic energy, nuclear attraction and Coulomb repulsion integrals for placement of the orbital at the center of a single nucleus. Dropping the normalization factor $N$, the representation of the orbitals below is
 * $$\chi_{n \ell m}({\mathbf{r}}) =

r^{n-1}~e^{-\zeta\,r}~Y_\ell^m({\mathbf{r}})~.$$

The Fourier transform is
 * $$\begin{align}

\chi_{n \ell m}({\mathbf{k}}) &= \int e^{i{\mathbf{k}}\cdot {\mathbf{r}}}~\chi_{n \ell m}({\mathbf{r}})~\mathrm{d}^3 r \\ &=4\pi~(n-\ell)!~(2\zeta)^n~(i k/\zeta)^\ell~Y_\ell^m({\mathbf{k}}) \sum_{s=0}^{\lfloor(n-\ell)/2\rfloor} \frac{\omega_s^{n \ell}}{~(k^2+\zeta^2)^{n+1-s}}, \end{align}$$ where the $$\omega$$ are defined by
 * $$\omega_s^{n \ell} \equiv \left( -\frac{1}{4\zeta^2} \right)^s\,\frac{(n-s)!}{~s!~(n-\ell-2s)!~}.$$

The overlap integral is
 * $$ \int \chi^*_{n \ell m}(r)~\chi_{n'\ell'm'}(r)~\mathrm{d}^3 r = \delta_{\ell \ell'}\,\delta_{mm'}\, \frac{(n+n')!}{~(\zeta+\zeta')^{n+n'+1}}$$

of which the normalization integral is a special case. The superscript star denotes complex-conjugation.

The kinetic energy integral is $$\begin{align}& \int \chi^*_{n \ell m}(r)~\left(-\tfrac{1}{2} \nabla^2\right)\,\chi_{n'\ell'm'}(r)~\mathrm{d}^3 r \\&= \frac{1}{2}\delta_{\ell\ell'}\,\delta_{mm'}\, \int_0^\infty e^{-(\zeta+\zeta')\,r} \left[ [\ell'(\ell'+1) - n'(n'-1)]\,r^{n+n'-2} + 2\zeta'n'\,r^{n+n'-1} - \zeta'^2\,r^{n+n'} \right]~ \mathrm dr~, \end{align}$$ a sum over three overlap integrals already computed above.

The Coulomb repulsion integral can be evaluated using the Fourier representation (see above)

\chi^*_{n \ell m}({\mathbf{r}}) = \int \frac{~e^{i \mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}}~}{(2\pi)^3}~ \chi^*_{n \ell m}({\mathbf{k}})~\mathrm{d}^3 k $$

which yields $$\begin{align} \int \chi^*_{n \ell m}( \mathbf{r} ) \frac{1}{ \left| \mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}' \right|}~\chi_{n'\ell'm'}( \mathbf{r}')~ \mathrm{d}^3 r &= 4\pi \int \frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}~ \chi^*_{n \ell m}( \mathbf{k} ) ~\frac{1}{k^2}~\chi_{n'\ell'm'}( \mathbf{k} ) ~\mathrm{d}^3 k \\ &= 8\,\delta_{\ell \ell'}\, \delta_{mm'}~ (n-\ell)!~ (n'-\ell)!~ \frac{\,(2\zeta)^n\,}{\zeta^\ell} \frac{\,(2\zeta')^{n'}\,}{\zeta'^\ell} \int_0^\infty k^{2\ell} \left[ \sum_{s=0}^{\lfloor (n-\ell)/2\rfloor} \frac{\omega_s^{n \ell}}{(k^2+\zeta^2)^{n+1-s}} \sum_{s'=0}^{\lfloor (n'-\ell)/2\rfloor} \frac{\omega_{s'}^{n'\ell'}}{(k^2+\zeta'^2)^{n'+1-s'}~} \right] \mathrm dk \end{align}$$ These are either individually calculated with the law of residues or recursively as proposed by Cruz et al. (1978).

STO software
Some quantum chemistry software uses sets of Slater-type functions (STF) analogous to Slater type orbitals, but with variable exponents chosen to minimize the total molecular energy (rather than by Slater's rules as above). The fact that products of two STOs on distinct atoms are more difficult to express than those of Gaussian functions (which give a displaced Gaussian) has led many to expand them in terms of Gaussians.

Analytical ab initio software for polyatomic molecules has been developed, e.g., STOP: a Slater Type Orbital Package in 1996.

SMILES uses analytical expressions when available and Gaussian expansions otherwise. It was first released in 2000.

Various grid integration schemes have been developed, sometimes after analytical work for quadrature (Scrocco), most famously in the ADF suite of DFT codes.

After the work of John Pople, Warren. J. Hehre and Robert F. Stewart, a least squares representation of the Slater atomic orbitals as a sum of Gaussian-type orbitals is used. In their 1969 paper, the fundamentals of this principle are discussed and then further improved and used in the GAUSSIAN DFT code.

title: Slater-type orbital


text:
Gaussian orbital

In computational chemistry and molecular physics, Gaussian orbitals (also known as Gaussian type orbitals, GTOs or Gaussians) are functions used as atomic orbitals in the LCAO method for the representation of electron orbitals in molecules and numerous properties that depend on these.

Rationale
The use of Gaussian orbitals in electronic structure theory (instead of the more physical Slater-type orbitals) was first proposed by Boys in 1950. The principal reason for the use of Gaussian basis functions in molecular quantum chemical calculations is the 'Gaussian Product Theorem', which guarantees that the product of two GTOs centered on two different atoms is a finite sum of Gaussians centered on a point along the axis connecting them. In this manner, four-center integrals can be reduced to finite sums of two-center integrals, and in a next step to finite sums of one-center integrals. The speedup by 4-5 orders of magnitude compared to Slater orbitals outweighs the extra cost entailed by the larger number of basis functions generally required in a Gaussian calculation.

For reasons of convenience, many quantum chemistry programs work in a basis of Cartesian Gaussians even when spherical Gaussians are requested, as integral evaluation is much easier in the Cartesian basis, and the spherical functions can be simply expressed using the Cartesian functions.

Mathematical form
The Gaussian basis functions obey the usual radial-angular decomposition
 * $$\ \Phi(\mathbf{r}) = R_l(r) Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$$,

where $$Y_{lm}(\theta,\phi)$$ is a spherical harmonic, $$l$$ and $$m$$ are the angular momentum and its $$z$$ component, and $$r,\theta,\phi$$ are spherical coordinates.

While for Slater orbitals the radial part is
 * $$\ R_l(r) = A(l,\alpha) r^l e^{-\alpha r}, $$

$$A(l,\alpha)$$ being a normalization constant, for Gaussian primitives the radial part is
 * $$\ R_l(r) = B(l,\alpha) r^l e^{-\alpha r^2},$$

where $$B(l,\alpha)$$ is the normalization constant corresponding to the Gaussian.

The normalization condition which determines $$A(l,\alpha)$$ or $$B(l,\alpha)$$ is
 * $$\int _0 ^\infty \mathrm{d}r \, r^2 \left| R_l (r) \right|^2 = 1$$

which in general does not impose orthogonality in $$l$$.

Because an individual primitive Gaussian function gives a rather poor description for the electronic wave function near the nucleus, Gaussian basis sets are almost always contracted:
 * $$\ R_l(r) = r^l \sum_{p=1}^P c_p B(l,\alpha_p) \exp(-\alpha_p r^2)$$,

where $$c_p$$ is the contraction coefficient for the primitive with exponent $$\alpha_p$$. The coefficients are given with respect to normalized primitives, because coefficients for unnormalized primitives would differ by many orders of magnitude. The exponents are reported in atomic units. There is a large library of published Gaussian basis sets optimized for a variety of criteria available at the Basis Set Exchange portal.

Cartesian coordinates
In Cartesian coordinates, Gaussian-type orbitals can be written in terms of exponential factors in the $$x$$, $$y$$, and $$z$$ directions as well as an exponential factor $$\alpha$$ controlling the width of the orbital. The expression for a Cartesian Gaussian-type orbital, with the appropriate normalization coefficient is

 * $$\Phi(x,y,z;\alpha,i,j,k)=\left(\frac{2\alpha}{\pi}\right)^{3/4}\left[\frac{(8\alpha)^{i+j+k}i!j!k!}{(2i)!(2j)!(2k)!}\right]^{1/2}x^i y^j z^k e^{-\alpha(x^2+y^2+z^2)}$$

In the above expression, $$i$$, $$j$$, and $$k$$ must be integers. If $$i+j+k=0$$, then the orbital has spherical symmetry and is considered an s-type GTO. If $$i+j+k=1$$, the GTO possesses axial symmetry along one axis and is considered a p-type GTO. When $$i+j+k=2$$, there are six possible GTOs that may be constructed; this is one more than the five canonical d orbital functions for a given angular quantum number. To address this, a linear combination of two d-type GTOs can be used to reproduce a canonical d function. Similarly, there exist 10 f-type GTOs, but only 7 canonical f orbital functions; this pattern continues for higher angular quantum numbers.

Molecular integrals
Taketa et al. (1966) presented the necessary mathematical equations for obtaining matrix elements in the Gaussian basis. Since then much work has been done to speed up the evaluation of these integrals which are the slowest part of many quantum chemical calculations. Živković and Maksić (1968) suggested using Hermite Gaussian functions, as this simplifies the equations. McMurchie and Davidson (1978) introduced recursion relations, which greatly reduces the amount of calculations. Pople and Hehre (1978) developed a local coordinate method. Obara and Saika introduced efficient recursion relations in 1985, which was followed by the development of other important recurrence relations. Gill and Pople (1990) introduced a 'PRISM' algorithm which allowed efficient use of 20 different calculation paths.

The POLYATOM System
The POLYATOM System was the first package for ab initio calculations using Gaussian orbitals that was applied to a wide variety of molecules. It was developed in Slater's Solid State and Molecular Theory Group (SSMTG) at MIT using the resources of the Cooperative Computing Laboratory. The mathematical infrastructure and operational software were developed by Imre Csizmadia, Malcolm Harrison, Jules Moskowitz and Brian Sutcliffe.

title: Gaussian orbital


text:
Talk:Diego Velázquez

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Unclaimedomain.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:28, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Featured article review of November 25, 2005
Changes since being promoted on April 16, 2005. This is the version that was promoted. Changes are minor but significant and seem to be positive. Tuf-Kat 04:52, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent article. Changes have been good. Except perhaps this quotation from Francis Bacon added with no reference in the "Second Visit to Italy" section. Otherwise, minor imprefections include numerous red links, placement of the images 'Surrender of Breda' and 'Juan de Pareja', the section "To Madrid (early period)" without any text (see "Velázquez's Italian period" for a good overview of subsections that should exist between section heading and subsections), and the phrase "warm-up" is quoted from somewhere by someone in the "Second Visit to Italy" section. --maclean25 07:24, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Would there be a problem with moving the first sub-section (with or without the title) of "To Madrid (early period)" to "Early Life" and changing the title to "Madrid (early period)"? This would bring the title in line with Manual of Style (headings) standards and eliminate the section with no text. --maclean25 06:52, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Jocundity
The section "Velázquez in modernity" appears to be a joke. But this is due to the disparity between the concept of a serious article regarding fine art and the images of works that were created by painters who obviously lacked Velázquez's ability.Lestrade 00:18, 21 January 2006 (UTC)Lestrade
 * I'm not exactly sure if you're providing a suggestion for change. In another point, I saw the reference to I, Juan de Pareja, the Newberry book, and removed it. I don't think an article about the artist is a proper place for this. Perhaps an article for the book itself linking to Velázquez? Lestrade, if you have something more specific to say rather than that you simply find the section a joke, please do post it. The article was accepted for FA with that section intact, and no one addressed it as a problem then. If you have a concern now..go for it. --DanielNuyu 07:03, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

wrong Maria Theresa
The link for Maria Theresa, wife of Louis XIV, is to Maria Theresa of Austria, rather than to the Wikipedia article on Maria Theresa of Spain. I tried to fix it myself, but, sadly, fell short.

It's not a major error, just a link to the incorrect Maria Theresa. Cheers, Ivonne Rovira missivonne@yahoo.com

 * Fixed it, thanks for pointing this out. --DanielNuyu 00:31, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Las Meninas
What can you say about this painting? my art teacher asserted it anticipated the lesson of "Ceçi n'est pas une pipe" [Magritte]. Do you agree? 87.7.60.200 20:41, 15 June 2006 (UTC)Giovanni
 * What's the lesson? Is it that a painted representation of an object is not the object itself? Some art teachers like to be arcane.Lestrade (talk) 02:25, 23 February 2008 (UTC)Lestrade

Funny Period
Is this a joke? This strange title wasn't here a few minutes ago.

Rv contemporary painter
I have removed the work of a contemporary painter's homage to Velazquez. Images by Picasso and Bacon are understandable, but an article about Velazquez is not a portal for contemporary artists to gain publicity. JNW 01:14, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Article improvement/Peer review
This article was recently demoted from Featured article status. This article appears to be at or near Good article status.

Would any of the editors contributing to this article be interested in assisting in a Peer review, and nomination for Good article process? The intent would be to regain Featured article status. Espana Viva  07:15, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

To User JNW. Thank you very much for making into a foodnote information about converso origin of Velasquez. User: Tracadero. 3.11. 07

Duplicate?
I know nothing about the subject, but the list of selected works appears to contain two iterations of the same painting, spaced 10 years apart. The 1634 listing links to the painting, while the 1624 listing links to a biographical article which contains an image of the painting...dated to 1634. I would remove this, but the list gives specific dimensions for the painting, as well as a museum that owns it. What's up here? This should be fixed or clarified. 65.190.89.154 22:33, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

You are right. The entry for the 1624 portrait mistakenly linked to an article with an image of the 1634 portrait. I've un-linked it. Thanks. JNW 22:56, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Velazquez not Spanish?
So, now Velazquez is Portugese? Let me see, Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Pablo Casals, etc., etc. I'm still looking for any Spanish person of note who isn't billed as "not Spanish" by Wikipedia. Seems there's just an aversion to admitting any person of Spanish ancestry is worth a hoot!Cd195 (talk) 17:43, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Weird as it may seem, Velasques is neither Portugese nor spanish; he is Portuguese, the son of a Portuguese man who went to Seville and impregnated yet another flamenco gipsy dancer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.33.200 (talk) 02:00, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Innocent pictures
Although the new one (Image:Velazquez.innocent-x.jpg) looks better enlarged, the old one (Image:Diego Velázquez 048.jpg) is brighter & looks better (350 setting) as a thumb on my screen. In truth neither is a very high quality image. I've seen the original too! Johnbod (talk) 23:06, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

The older one has too much brightness, the one i added is not colourful enough. Found a better one from the museums site, will add it instead (Image:Innocent-x-velazquez.jpg) Mlaoxve (talk) 01:48, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's certainly the best; nice one! Johnbod (talk) 02:34, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I prefer old to new and newest to both. Good job. Modernist (talk) 03:30, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * One look at the handling of the background drapery confirms that the 'newest' version is best. The transcription of color and brushwork is unacceptable in the first version, ambiguous in the second, and only approaches clarity in the latest image. Good work. JNW (talk) 03:37, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Date of birth/baptism
Born in Seville, Andalusia, Spain early on June 6, 1599, and baptized on 6 June,
 * Question: We know he was baptised on 6 June. How do we know he was also born that same day?  --  JackofOz (talk) 07:54, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

In the olden days babies were typically baptised the day they were born in the Catholic Church, since a baptised baby will not go to purgatory if it dies. --Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 23:44, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Wrong link for "The Adoration of the Magi" under Diego Velázquez' Selected Works
The link for the "The Adoration of the Magi" under Selected Works sends the user to "The Adoration of the Magi" by Bartolomé Estéban Murillo. There is a Wikipedia entry for "The Adoration of the Magi" by Diego Velázquez, but it appears to be available in Spanish and Italian only. The link to the Spanish entry is as follows:

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Magos_%28Vel%C3%A1zquez%29

Regards, Hippitydoo (talk) 18:07, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Modern references
The reference to Picasso and the others is totally inappropriate. Why is it included? Did the author think it validated Velázquez in some way? There are many present day artists of the traditional school who would find the notion absurd and insulting. What is the point? Jive Dadson (talk) 07:38, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Not at all inappropriate. Such references are standard for articles on the masters, and the references to Picasso, Dali, and Bacon deal with well-known works that clearly are indebted to Velazquez, whether or not they meet with the approval of 'traditionalists' like myself. JNW (talk) 19:15, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Upon reading the lead, it seems that rather than expunging mention of 20th century artists, the introduction can be a great deal more fulsome, with much-deserved elaboration on V's stature as one of the great masters of western painting. Britannica is laudatory in its assessment, and there is a long way to go here. JNW (talk) 21:08, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

If mention is to made of Velasquez's influence, why is no mention made Of Sargent? His "El Jaleo," as well as many of his early portraits, are much more truly inspired by Velasquez than the facile rip-offs of Picasso and Bacon.Orapronobis (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:46, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Jewish ancestry
I have remove from the article this: Recent archival investigations carried out by Mendez, Ingram and others not only reject his aristocratic origins, but have brought to light that he belonged to the Jewish converso lineage.

Which documents, how they came about and what do they say ?, the reference is not very enlighten. Velázquez supposedly Jewish ancestors can not be more than a theory contradicted but well know facts

These are the facts : - REFERENCE YOUR so called FACTS please sounds to much like your opinion...Modernist (talk) 01:22, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

1. By the time Velázquez was born Jews has been expelled from Spain for more than a century (the were expelled from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal six years later). Those few who decided to stay were forced to convert to Christianity. Usually despised, they were called marranos in Spain. Seen with suspicion, many perished under the iron rule of the inquisition that was in full swing at that time

2. Velázquez wanted to obtain and finally received the order of Santiagoo. Two mandatory requirements to get the order were:

a) noble ancestry

b ) purity of the blood (meaning no Jewish or Arab ancestry in seven generations). It took years to clear Velázquez ancestry until he was given the order. It can be seen displayed in his chest (the red symbol) in the portrait las Meninas. --Miguelemejia (talk) 18:17, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I have referenced his Jewish ancestry with reliable sources - Wikipedia requires reliable sources - if it's referenced than it stays in the article!...Modernist (talk) 01:26, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the possibility of Jewish ancestry should at least be mentioned as a theory. Here is Peter Schjeldahl in The New Yorker reviewing Anthony Bailey's new book on Velazquez Velazquez and the Surrender of Breda: The Making of a Masterpiece.

 * Here is what Schjeldahl writes: "Bailey lays out recently surfaced evidence that the artist's Portuguese ancestors were plebian and very likely Jewish, which, since 1492, had been grounds for banishment, if not worse, at the hands of the Inquisition. That self-wounding policy, for the nation, was compounded between 1609 and 1614, when Philip III banished hundreds of thousands of Christian-converted Moors... An intervention by Philip secured Velazquez his knighthood..." -- An d Re w 19:32, 7 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources indicate Velázquez had Jewish ancestors JSTOR, The Jewish Ancestry of Velázquez and this. ..Modernist (talk) 20:55, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Hang on - Jews were not "forced" to convert, they could CHOOSE to either convert or leave the country. In the Baltic in 2015 there are ethnic Russians who can not chose, for they suddenly (after the breakdown of USSR) have no more citicenship in the new EU-memmber states. Always look close at things. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.112.177.58 (talk) 12:54, 12 February 2015 (UTC)

3.Definite talk about the jewish ancestry trend: first of all, it doesn't really matter the gibberish talk about jews in spain, since people are making up jewish ancestry through is Portuguese side - the father's side. The few jews that remained in Portugal were forced to convert, yet they weren't in Porto area, they were mainly in the border with spain. Plus, there is nothing jewish in his known genealogical tree: http://geneall.net/pt/nome/138153/diogo-velasquez/. Since he received the order of Santiago, he couldn't have neither jewish nor arab ancestry, although he might not have noble ancestry, because corruption, stardom, famous painter, close to the royal family, you know the drill. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.33.200 (talk) 01:24, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

I'm taking out the "Spaniards of Portuguese-Jewish ancestry" category tag. Because speculation about him having Jewish ancestors is simply a THEORY, this tag has absolutely no business being here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:A7D4:1930:B97D:8DB7:E47B:2978 (talk) 22:11, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Output?
Reading this article, I feel it might be useful to mention Velazquez's relatively small body of work : less than 120 known works, depending on who you ask. I have a good citation for this information, but I'm not sure which section would be suitable. My first thought is to include a sentence or two at the beginning of the "selected works" list. Any thoughts from regular contributors to this article? -- Docether (talk) 15:29, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * It could go either there or in the opening. JNW (talk) 04:24, 11 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the input; I've added some prefatory text to the "selected works" list, but feel free to move it to improve the article's flow. -- Docether (talk) 14:39, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

Did he have kids?!?!?!?!?!
Did he, if so put them in the article with dates of life and facts. 66.158.68.102 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:45, 6 May 2010 (UTC).

Velasques Portuguese roots
Velasques father was born in Portugal and his names and his parents' names are not spanish names, since they were Portuguese and were born in Portugal; therefore: João Rodrigues da Silva, Diogo Rodrigues and Maria da Silva. Source? The most important Portuguese (and spanish, AFAIK) genealogy website: http://geneall.net/pt/nome/138153/diogo-velasquez/ That Jewish trend of magically finding Jewish ancestry in some known spanish (take Miguel de Cervantes, for example) is just a trend, which lacks evidence in most cases. In case of Velasques, since some people are tracing back is jewish roots to his Portuguese side, and since the same people are claiming nobility at the same time, there is a contradiction right there for a start, since noble people didn't mix with jews, back then, in Portugal. Besides, there is nothing jewish in his relatives' names (both first name and family name). The jewish community in Porto, at the time, was pratically inexistent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.33.200 (talk) 00:59, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The Getty ULAN is considered authoritative. It lists 56 different forms of Diego Velázquez's name (count them here) and neither "Velasques" nor "da Silva" appear anywhere among them. Notice that under the heading "Biographies" are eleven examples showing how his nationality is handled by reliable sources, and he is not identified by any of them as Portuguese-Spanish. Wikipedia follows reliable sources.

 * Numerous sources state (or speculate, with evidence) that Velázquez was of Jewish ancestry, and these sources should be acknowledged. As far as I know, the issue has never been settled conclusively. I am able to view only the first page of one of the sources our article cites (Edgar Samuel, "The Jewish Ancestry of Velasquez") and so cannot evaluate it. Another source, diegovelazquez.org, says "Recent archival investigations carried out by Mendez, ingram and others not only reject his aristocratic origins, but have brought to light that he belonged to the Jewish converso lineage." In a recent exhibition catalogue (Carr et al. 2006, Velázquez, London: National Gallery, pp. 22–23), John H. Elliott takes a more cautious approach to these same sources. Elliott writes: "There are strong indications that Velázquez may have falsified the identity of his maternal grandmother in his application for admission to the Order, and that those witnesses who attested to the nobility of his Portuguese ancestors were lying ... On the paternal side, too, it is likely that his family were originally in trade, and it is at least possible that, as with so many of the Portuguese immigrants who settled in Seville, Jewish blood ran in his veins", citing "Ingram 1999, pp. 69–85, based on new archival information, and suggesting Jewish origins. Cómez (2002, pp. 383–8) argues instead for possible Moorish origins. See also Méndez Rodríguez in Seville 1999." Here is the Kevin Ingram article mentioned. The contradiction you allege ("some people are tracing back is jewish roots to his Portuguese side, and since the same people are claiming nobility at the same time, there is a contradiction") is not there; these sources say his ancestors were tradespeople. Ingram believes Velázquez was being deceptive in claiming his ancestors came from Porto, and says they probably came from the easternmost part of Portugal, where many conversos resided. Ewulp (talk) 03:19, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

About his name: you posted an unreliable source, plus an anglo-saxon source, written by people that doesn't have a clue about Portuguese family names and/or are influenced by the spanish inquisition trying to force spanish ancestry through his father side, by magically making his father born in Seville and not in Porto. Do you have any clue about the differences between Portuguese family names and spanish family names? By the way, i wrote Velasques in this new section title on purpose, as you can see in the article, where i wrote his last name correctly, since that name comes from his spanish side and since the issue is about the rest of the names. About his racial ancestry, i admit he might not have noble roots, yet, those so called investigators might have a political and/or religious bias - it is juicy to attack Roman Catholic church and Europe's monarchies/nobles - therefore that doesn't mean much. Besides, most of the accusations are based in beliefs, not actual evidence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.214.184.54 (talk) 22:00, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Las Meninas full image has virus infection?
According to Symantec, Bloodhound.Exploit.314 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.4.14.58 (talk) 15:32, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation
"Velaskwez" is a horrible, jarring, simply wrong pronunciation. I've certainly heard educated people saying it that way, but it's wrong. Should the article report incorrect pronunciations (as it does in a footnote), or should it just report the correct one? I do not think it's useful to describe things that people get wrong, but only the correct and verifiable facts. 124.150.164.201 (talk) 22:49, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Citation style
As citations proliferate, a change to short citations would seem a good move and I propose to make the change if no objections. Ewulp (talk) 02:53, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Ok. The less templated html nonsense the better. Its very hard to edit through that stuff. SFN fine by me. Ceoil  (talk) 03:06, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes - preferably not sfn though. Johnbod (talk) 03:11, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Its great to see work on major articles, as seen on my watchlist, however. Ceoil  (talk) 07:40, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It's languished a while; still quite a lot of EB 1911 here ... I too avoid templates in favor of the Smith 2010, p. 1. model. Ewulp (talk) 22:54, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Much better now! Johnbod (talk) 04:33, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diego Velázquez


text:
Talk:The Private Life of Plants

Expanded article
In line with my efforts on all the previous David Attenborough articles, I have started to expand this one as well. Episode summaries in a style consistent with the others (eight full lines on a 1280 x 1024 monitor) will be added gradually. Chris 42 20:29, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Reception
Is there some info available on the series reception, eg critics views and viewing figures? mattbr 18:21, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Private Life of Plants