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Talk:Ejection seat

Another early ejection seat was used on the Saab J21 push prop, the first was made on 1 June 1945. The first real use was on July 29 1946. A version using compressed air was tested in 1941. A gunpowder ejection seat was developed by Bofors tested in 1943. The first test in the air was on a Saab B17 on 27 February 1944. See http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/saabejec.htm // Liftarn

Shouldn't Zvezda SKS-94 be added to "Ejection seats in other aircraft" section?
Sukhoi 31M is equipped with ejection seat Zvezda SKS-94 for several years already. So far it is the only civil aircraft with factory-installed ejection seat. Can somebody add information about SKS-94? Here is more info about the seat —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.239.158.86 (talk) 22:08, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

"Spurs" are common
The article mentions leg straps that pull the legs towards the chair as if they are something unique to the F-104. That is simply not true. --J-Star 15:52, 2004 Nov 15 (UTC)
 * Leg restraints are also used on the B-1B Bomber and F-22 also. Lucky Foot (talk) 17:29, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

Source for K-36 section
The utmost in contemporary ejection seat technology is incorporated in the K-36 series designed by the Russian Zvezda bureau.

At best this section is NPOV. But does this thing even work like this section claims? The whole thing should probably be removed if there's no source. Twinxor t 02:06, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It is totally true that K36 is king. K36 has a primitive, but very efficient electro-mechanical thrust-vectoring techology, which can upright the seat under almost any circumstances, which means the seat will travel upwards and the parachute will have time to open. The three rocket engines are mounted under the seat at 90degrees offset to each other in 3D space and can be throttled individually, based on gyroscope command feed to upright the seat. The leg- and shoulder netting harness and the pop-up tennis racket (torso shockwave protector) mean the K36 is safe to use up to Mach3, which is not true for any modern western seat. The eject trigger handles are better located in K36 than western seats, easier to reach under high G-load. The only problem is weight. The K36 is very iron.

 * We have seen many incredible airshow videos of K36 ejection rescues, 1989 single, 1993 twice single, 1999 two-seater and the 20004 ukranian two-seater. Nothing, however, can beat this two-seater Szu-27 ejection from 1992 (one pilot OK, one retires from flight career due to injury). A lot of agricultural work before ejection: http://ejectionseat.com.ne.kr/su27ubcrash1992.mpeg

 * It was apparently added by an anon (195.70.48.245) a while ago. No source was given. Incidentally, that same anon made some erroneous (apparently; I'm no expert) claims on the F-35 article about that aircraft being based on a Russian design, which was promptly removed and written off as "fanboy tripe". I'm betting he made a few similar edits as well, but you'd have to check the history, because I'm too lazy. I say remove the section in its entirety. It's been without a source for too long after ample warning. TaintedMustard 17:29, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The F-35 russian design input (Yakovlev-141 engine and blueprints) is now acknowledged in the corresponding wikipedia article, after a renewed debate. It was hard to deny after PDF found on Lockheed's company website said the same...

 * I tried to hunt down some info. I can't say I know too much about the subject, so I'm not going to add anything to external links unless someone with a bit more knowledge can verify my references.

 * http://www.ejectionsite.com/k36seat.htm, http://forum.keypublishing.co.uk/archive/index.php?t-2252.html, http://www.zvezda-npp.ru/english/05.htm

 * In its Zvezda article, Wikipedia itself mentions that the system "is considered by many to be the world's best", though of course self-referencing is bad, and that article doesn't offer any links to news items or even hobbyist sites about the system.

 * My primary concern is whether the system is important enough to the subject to warrant its own section. I'm not going to remove the information if the system is indeed noteworthy in its own right, and from perusing the above sites, I don't doubt that it's notable within the relevent community, but I'd like someone with some familiarity to verify that (I didn't find any news items) and to add the relevent links.

 * Additional sources are also needed as to the US's unwillingness to adopt the system. TaintedMustard 14:28, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In the absence of the NPOV problems with the first half of the section, and the lack of any credible sources for the testing / non-adoption part I'm going to delete the whole section. Hopefully someone will find some referenced material to replace it. Kevin 10:25, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * In dont know whats up with you guys and the K-36 ES but sorry, its simply today best ejection seat, it was even considered by US to equip the F-35 and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, reasons are not only its more eficient than the ACES/NACES (as demonstrated in the sad Ukranie accident where the pilots ejected after the plane crashed and cartwheeled) ,its less agressive with the pilot as it uses a softer type of propulsion.. the problem was weight, it weighted many times more than the ACES/NACES so USAF/USN keep with the ACES/NACES. It was citated that maybe the weight gain of the K-36 would be compensated by the increase in confident by the pilots.. all that videos of MiG-29s and SU-27s crashing (where are the videos of F-16s, F-15s and so crashing :D ..even Mirages) feature the K-36 ES

Until you have the courtesy to sign your contributions to the discussion, you will have little credibility. You come across as nationalistically partisan in agenda.--Buckboard 08:34, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Please note that Vmin 150kph ejection limit on MiG-29's takes roots in the canopy being teared off by airflow in process of ejection, not in seat limitations. There was at least one successful 0-0 ejection from Su-24. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.174.97.107 (talk) 16:56, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Zero-zero ejector seat?
What's the meaning of "zero-zero" in zero-zero ejector seat?
 * The ejection seat can be used whislt the aircraft is stationary and on the gound (zero altitude zero velocity) its usage under such circumstances is rare (if its ever been used!) but its development was very useful particularly as there was no longer a minimum altitude below which you weren't protected.

 * The most likely scenario for a (near) zero-zero ejection is in an arresting gear or catapult failure on an aircraft carrier, where the aircraft is about to fall off the flight deck but is not going fast enough to fly. FiggyBee 05:52, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

While serving in VF-154 onboard the USS Independence (CV-62) in 1997 one of our F-14B Tomcats nose gear was blown off the oil slick flight deck and into the catwalk by another jet's blast. Fearing the A/C was going to fall completely overboard the pilots initiated a zero-zero ejection. Both pilots shot out, parachuted down into the ocean and were picked up by an SH-60F Sea Hawk without injury. The aircraft did not fall overboard but was out of service for months while the ejection seat/canopy system was rebuilt. Swaflyer 15:51, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

The "Zero/Zero" capability of ejection seats came to be in 1961 with the incorporation of a rocket motor on the bottom of the seat. The added thrust provided by the rocket motor propelled the seat high enough for safe parachure deployment. --Soon Bok 22:54, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * One of the first zero-zero seats was the Martin-Baker Mk VRN.4 - this was fitted to the Short SC.1 and the Ryan VZ-3RY.

 * ... and also ...

 * Flight Magazine 8th June 1961

 * By no means all the participants were fixed-wing aeroplanes. There were both helicopters and parachutists, one of the latter being W. T. H. Hay of Martin-Baker, who made a dramatic rocket ejection from a stationary lorry. This was the first public demonstration of Martin-Baker’s newest ground-level ejection equipment, which shot Mr Hay about 300ft into the air. On the Saturday, owing to a crosswind, he unfortunately landed on the edge of the runway instead of on the grass.

 * BTW, the driving force behind Martin-Baker's 'zero-zero' seats was VTOL and specifically what was to become the Harrier. The seat had to be usable at 'zero' airspeed because the Harrier was capable of hovering (like the Short SC.1 and the Ryan VZ-3RY), and a pilot might be forced to eject while the aircraft was, in effect, stationary. The same goes for the 'zero' altitude, as the Harrier might be hovering only be a few feet (40-50ft) above a clearing in a wood it was taking-off from or landing-on when the pilot needs to get out quickly.

 * ... and the reason it's called a 'zero-zero' seat is that before this type of seat was devised all previous ejection seats had minimum speed and minimum altitude limitations, e.g., 90 kt/250ft, the minimum airspeed being needed to ensure that the seat got the occupant clear of the airframe (the seat and occupant slow down rapidly after ejection due to the drag, and if the aircraft is flying too slowly for the design of seat, the seat and occupant may strike the tail - this killed at least one Vickers Valiant pilot), and the minimum height to ensure the parachute had time to open fully. The 'zero-zero' had NO limitations, e.g., 0 kt/ 0ft, hence its name.

 * ... oh, and BTW, the Harrier is also why the MDC was developed, as jettisoning the canopy in the hover isn't much use when all it does is go upwards so that the ejecting seat collides with it. Jettisoning is also too slow, so the MDC is used which shatters the canopy almost instantly, reducing the time needed before ejection-proper can take place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.76.39 (talk) 21:37, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

 * There's a blog with some info on the USN's involvement with Martin-Baker seats here:  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 19:31, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Info on MDC for Harrier here:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.30.162.162 (talk) 15:34, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

ACES II
Came here looking for more information about the ACES II seat used in the F-16. A little disappointed I didn't find much. Only a picture. Hope you will at least link to a more detailed page on this.

Dispute tag
The article Martin-Baker states;

Martin-Baker started to investigate ejection seats from 1934 onward, several years before Germany (1938) and Sweden.

Is this a date of invention? Or should the article be reworded to "the first working ejection seat was produced in Germany in 1938", or something similar. Emoscopes Talk 09:06, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * M-B don't claim to have had a working ejector seat until after the War. Since the Germans were actually mass-producing them, I think it's fair enough as it is.  I've removed the tag, btw, since this doesn't seem to be a red-hot debate (2.5 months without comment) and it was uglying up the article. FiggyBee 02:33, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Don't bother. A patent for the ejection seat was already issued in 1930 (with first experience in 1929), see Anastase Dragomir. --Alex:Dan 00:14, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Was supersonic speed really a driving factor?

 * After World War II, the need for such systems became pressing, as aircraft speeds were getting ever higher, and it was not long before the sound barrier was broken. Manual escape at such speeds would be impossible.

Supersonic aircraft were not the driving force for ejector seats, were they? How many pilots were able to manually escape from fighter aircraft in WWII? (That would be a great stat for the article if anyone can look it up regardless.) Rather than supersonic speeds, I thought the driving force was merely the improvement of the technology. Tempshill 22:20, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * It was the increasing speeds. At 400mph+ the slipstream is so great that a pilot often lacks the physical strength to climb out of the cockpit. Ian Dunster (talk) 10:14, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Bungee assisted escape?
Can anyone please supply a reference for the bungee assisted escape of 1910? Thank you. Nick1961 (talk) 11:40, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

F-104 inverted fatalities
The article states that, "Some models of the F-104 were equipped with upward-ejecting seats, which led to several fatal accidents when pilots trained on the downward-firing seats rolled inverted at low altitude and ejected."

I've heard this claim, I've searched for instances of it happening, but I have never seen it verified. I've added a 'citation needed' tag. Rpstrong (talk) 18:23, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The early ejection seats were only intended to get the pilot or crewmember out of the aircraft, and so the seat was only ejected a relatively short way, and in T-tailed aircraft like the F-104 an upward ejecting seat could have lead to the seat and occupant striking the tail. So a downward-ejecting seat was chosen. At the time zero/zero-capability seats were some way-off and as the most likely source of aircraft loss for a combat aeroplane was enemy action, which would almost certainly have taken place at medium to high altitudes, the fact that the seat ejected downwards was of no real consequence. It was only later when the zero/zero seat became available that pilots started to survive in situations that they couldn't have survived before, ejection seat or no ejection seat, such as abandoning the aircraft at low levels, that the disadvantages of downwards ejecting seats became apparent. The capabilities of the newer seats grew so much that they removed all the previous limitations that had been present, such as a minimum height to allow the parachute time to open, since the parachute had been introduced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 16:42, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

ACES II Ejection seats
This is an awesome article about the historical designs of both pre and post coldwar era aircrew ejection systems. However it is a common misconception that a seat merely leaves the aircraft when the handle is pulled and this is what I wish to clarify for some.

The ACES II ejection seat is catapulted out of the aircraft by a 2-stage rocket assembly lovingly referred to as the "Rocket Catapult". Upon exiting the aircraft the systems enviromental sensing unit takes in static and dynamic pressures allowing for one of the three modes of ejection to be determined. This information is in turn sent to the seats sequencing unit which in turn sends a signal out to the internally loaded munitions which both correct the trajectory of the pilots seat and allow for pilot - seat disconnection.

Upon ejection a "drag" chute is released to allow for the seat to reach the proper airspeed determined safe by the sequencing unit. It is only as this point that the actual pilot chute is released not before.

Again this is a brilliant article and I personally enjoyed reading it great job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sephios (talk • contribs) 01:46, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Pilot Safety
No mention is made about pilots who, after ejecting, report a permanent loss of height of about 1" due to spinal compression. Chris Stricklin (sp?) of the F-16 airshow crash is a good example. Also, nothing is mentioned about pilots that are permanently grounded after an ejection. Not sure if its just the Americans who do this. 68.144.38.146 (talk) 02:24, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Sounds like you'd have ruptured disks in order to achieve such a permanent change from an ejection. Take a look at these sources.

Brinkley Air Force report -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 01:16, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Regarding Pilot Safety
Pilots generally lose on average one inch in total height due to spinal compression after an Ejection. Pilots are generally not grounded because of a single ejection, however after three total ejections a pilot is grounded but not removed from service. In regards to pilot safety the fact that the seat is designed for maximum survivability and not comfort is a testament to how many pilots have been brought back because it worked without a malfunction. Chris Stricklin unfortunately is not a good example to use since his faulty and wreckless piloting brough down his aircraft and endangered the lives of spectators and that of his ground crew alike. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.9.127.6 (talk) 00:40, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It was generally (even on old seats) less than an inch. That much compression is besides likely to cause enough spinal cord damage that there could be serious injury. Really though, the persistent height loss owing to compression was much reduced by the rocket seat (i.e. zero-zero seats). The seat was now lofted clear by the long duration but relatively low force of the rocket, rather than having to be thrown clear entirely by the force of the initial cannon (which can only be a few metres long). It was this need in the early seats to apply a huge force so quickly that caused the spinal trauma. Andy Dingley (talk) 23:12, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

 * (An aside from the spinal compression for those fortunate to survive an ejection): it is very rare (previously unknown?) for the harness system to be compromised. But this was the cause of the first fatality on the Eurofighter Typhoon project, in Spain, earlier this year. The system for the MB MK 16A has now been very rapidly re-designed and re-delpoyed, to prevent this from ever happening again. Worthy of mention in the article somewhere? Wittlessgenstein (talk) 19:45, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

I find it strange that throughout the development of ejection seats, I can't find any mention of improvements to the seat harnesses. All designs strap the pilots IN and DOWN, not one that holds the pilot UP. Imagine a suitably designed powered harness that also goes under the pilot's armpits to lift him UP off his butt at the moment of ejection charges firing, spinal compression injuries will be reduced, if not eliminated. At worst, dislocated shoulder joints are less harmful than a wrecked spinal column!Life is short, but the years are long! (talk) 05:08, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

 * That sort of harness is likely to pull the pilot's arms off, or else to break his collarbones. Pilots are stronger in compression, even their spines, than they are as beams in shear. Andy Dingley (talk) 09:21, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

You may be correct, but what I was thinking is similar to pre-tensioned seatbelts in case of a crash. the harness only have to tighten and lift him up half an inch at most to offload and share the loads with the spine. There would be three load points instead of just the pilot's seat. Broken arm and collar bones are much easier to treat than damaged spine.Life is short, but the years are long! (talk) 12:10, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Lifting the pilot off the seat would only serve to allow the seat to attain a higher velocity (relative to the occupant) prior to contact with the occupant, which will increase the dynamic overshoot and increase the likelihood of a spinal injury. It would be better to precompress the spine prior to ejection, which is likely what the current haul-back reels do. -- T HE F OUNDERS I NTENT  PRAISE 01:03, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Having a system with a high likelihood of disabling combat aircrew who has to control his descent and potentially evade hostile forces may be considered to be very low on the list of design priorities. Ejection seats give crews in otherwise unsurviveable situations a chance to fight again86.154.37.250 (talk) 10:32, 3 January 2012 (UTC) Oops forgot to log inKitbag (talk) 10:33, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

1981Flight article
There's an interesting 1981 Flight International article on ejection seats here;   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.68.219 (talk) 17:57, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

ACES II stats
These don't make any sense at all. How come 0-Deg Pitch, 60-Deg Roll requires 0ft altitude whereas 0-Deg Pitch, 0-Deg Roll requires 116 feet? How can this be more? Furthermore, if a "light-weight crewman would reach an apogee of close to 200 feet if they ejected at ground level with zero airspeed" how can it only require 150 feet altitude to eject from inverted? Something doesn't seem right...  Tu rk ey ph an t 22:10, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Tail
I seem to remember reading about an aircraft that was designed to blow the tail free when the ejection system fired, to ensure the pilot didn't get clipped by it on the way up. However, I don't seem to see it in the article, and I'm %$^&*( if I can remember where else I might have seen it. Or did I hallucinate it?

* Septegram * Talk * Contributions * 03:01, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

You may be thinking of the several aircraft that had pusher propellers--Saab J21 and Dornier 335, as I remember, but I could well be wrong--with explosive devices intended to blow the props off.173.62.11.254 (talk) 19:02, 15 October 2015 (UTC)

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Can you add some facts?
I don't see such things as: How high does zero-zero ejection seat travel, for how long are the 12-14g's applied, etc. 2600:1700:4CA1:3C80:4D91:A5B2:7047:B1CE (talk) 03:48, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Land vehicle ejection seat
The article states that "No real life land vehicle has ever been fitted with an ejection seat." MythBusters built a successful ejection seat, which passengers did not detect when sitting in the car. Parkerea (talk) 14:40, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

Ejection seat
My father Chris T. Koochembere designed the ejection seat along with the catapult seat obsorbtion seat and the face shield that you pulled down over your face. He was mentioned in a biography named escape I have the original catapult prototype along with a picture, one of many of him kneeling down at the right side of the ejection seat with the catapult mounted on the wall behind him. 174.252.131.42 (talk) 19:49, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ejection seat


text:
Nicolas Baudin

Nicolas Thomas Baudin (17 February 1754 – 16 September 1803) was a French explorer, cartographer, naturalist and hydrographer, most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Pacific. He carried a few corms of Gros Michel banana from Southeast Asia, depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of Martinique.

Early career
Born a commoner in Saint-Martin-de-Ré on the Île de Ré on 17 February 1754, Nicolas Baudin joined the merchant navy as an apprentice (pilotin) at the age of 15; he was then "of average height with brown hair". He then joined the French East India Company at the age of 20 on Flamand. He returned from India on L'Étoile and arrived at Lorient.

At the beginning of 1778, he was to set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant. It was a ship equipped by his uncle, Jean Peltier Dudoyer, at the request of the Americans, which would become a privateer and be renamed Deane. At first the Minister for the Navy was against it, but he finally changed his mind and authorised the departure, as France had signed a treaty with the United States on 6 February. Since the atmosphere between the French and American crews on Lion became unbearable, Baudin was assigned by Lamotte-Picquet to Duc de Choiseul, a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. Officially it was heading for Saint-Domingue, but in fact the destination was Nova Scotia. However the vessel was shipwrecked at Liverpool, Nova Scotia.

Baudin was wounded, taken prisoner by the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax, Canada. After one month, he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among the friendly communities of Acadia. Appointed captain of the transport vessel Amphitrite, he was sunk by the English 60 leagues out to sea, rescued in a rowing boat and made his way to Cape Cod and then Boston. As captain of Revanche, 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français, heading for Boston. He was taken to Jamaica as a prisoner, then exchanged at the request of the Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint-Domingue. He returned to France on board the frigate Minerve, under the command of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under the Convention.

Back in France, he was appointed captain at the admiralty of La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in merchant ships. At the age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon, a civilian frigate of 1,100 tons and 42 cannon, fitted out by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. He was to form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg to strengthen the defence of the Dutch Cape Colony at the Cape of Good Hope. However, during a stopover in Brest, the Comte d'Hector decided he would appoint a man with more experience, Felix de Saint-Hilaire. Having returned to Nantes, and to the annoyance of Beaumarchais, the owner of the vessel, Baudin's uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie, a ship of 600 tons, to go to Saint-Domingue and then to the US. He went back to Bordeaux and left the Gironde on 9 December 1782 as part of a convoy of five merchant vessels. Three days later, in the Action of 12 December 1782, the convoy was attacked by an English ship, HMS Mediator (1782). After a hard battle, Baudin escaped, but two other ships owned by Beaumarchais were captured.

Reaching Saint-Domingue, the ship sank on 23 March 1783 at Puerto Plata, but the freight was saved. He negotiated for it and set off once again for Nantes on 23 April on Prince Royal, which he had bought on the spot. On 30 August he resold the boat, which in the meantime had become Union des 6 Frères, to Robert Pitot, a shipbuilder from the Isle de France who had just been freed from an English prison, and established himself as a trader in Bordeaux. The insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through his shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer.

On 16 April 1784, Baudin left once more for Saint-Domingue on Comte d'Angevillier, 1,000 tons with eight cannon, and built by Jean Peltier. He was still accompanied by his brother Alexandre Baudin as first mate. They were now 29 and 27 years old. Baudin had a 25% stake in the voyage and they returned to Nantes on 8 December 1784.

On 21 April 1785, he wrote to Benjamin Franklin requesting a recommendation to be accepted as a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He signed his letter 'Commander of the private frigate Comte d'Angevilliers, Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l'hôpital'.

On 22 July 1785, the Baudin brothers bought Caroline, a ship of 200 tons, built by the Thébaudière brothers. He was to take the last Acadians to Louisiana. He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy, built by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. In La Nouvelle Orléans local merchants contracted him to take a cargo of wood, salted meat, cod and flour to Isle de France (now Mauritius), which he did in Josephine (also called Pepita), departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle de France on 27 March 1787.

In the course of the voyage, Josephine had called at Cap‑Français in Haiti to make a contract to transport slaves there from Madagascar; while in Haiti he also encountered the Austrian botanist Franz Josef Maerter, who apparently informed him that another Austrian botanist, Franz Boos, was at the Cape of Good Hope awaiting a ship to take him to Mauritius. Josephine called at the Cape and took Boos on board. At Mauritius, Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and the collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and at the Cape back to Europe, which Baudin did, with Josephine arriving at Trieste on 18 June 1788. The Imperial government in Vienna was contemplating organizing another natural-history expedition, to which Boos would be appointed, in which two ships would be sent to the Malabar and Coromandel coasts of India, the Persian Gulf, Bengal, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cochin China, Tongking, Japan, and China. Baudin had been given reason to hope that he would be given command of the ships of this expedition.

Austrian expeditions
Later in 1788, Baudin sailed on a commercial voyage from Trieste to Canton in Jardinière. He apparently arrived at Canton from Mauritius under the flag of the US, probably to avoid the possibility of having his ship seized by the Chinese for payment of the debts owed them by the Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste. From there, he sent Jardinière under her second captain on a fur-trading venture to the north-west coast of America, but the ship foundered off Asuncion Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789.

Baudin made his way to Mauritius, where he purchased a replacement ship, Jardinière II, but this vessel was wrecked in a cyclone that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789. Baudin embarked on the Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship, Placeres, which sailed from Port Louis for Cadiz in August 1790. Placeres called at the Cape of Good Hope where it took on board the large number of plant and animal specimens collected in South Africa for the Imperial palace at Schönbrunn by Georg Scholl, the assistant of Franz Boos. Because of the poor condition of the ship, Placeres had to put in at the island of Trinidad in the West Indies, where Scholl's collection of specimens was deposited.

Baudin proceeded to Martinique, from where he addressed an offer to the Imperial government in Vienna to conduct to Canton commissioners who would be empowered to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Company, which would enable the company to renew its trade with China. On its return voyage from Canton, the proposed expedition would call at the Cape of Good Hope to pick up Scholl and the remainder of his natural-history collection for conveyance to Schönbrunn.

After returning to Vienna in September 1791, Baudin continued to press his case for an expedition under the Imperial flag to the Indian Ocean and China, and in January 1792 he was granted a commission of captain in the Imperial navy for this purpose. A ship, called Jardinière, was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van der Schot appointed to the expedition. After delays caused by the outbreak of war between France and Austria (April 1792), Jardinière departed from the Spanish port of Málaga on 1 October 1792. From the Cape of Good Hope Jardinière sailed across the Indian Ocean to the coast of New Holland (Australia), but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing any work there and forced Baudin to take the ship to Bombay for repairs.

From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa, where it gathered botanical and zoological collections. The expedition came to an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardinière went aground in a storm while attempting to enter Table Bay at the Cape of Good Hope. Baudin survived the wreck and made his way to the US, from where he went to France. As the Cape had been occupied by the English in June 1795, Baudin went back to New England. On 23 November 1795, he set sail from New York as a passenger on board the American ship, Ocean, under the command of Captain Vredemburgh and also accompanied by General de Rochambeau, the Governor of Saint Lucia, the French Consul in Boston and a colonial trader from Saint-Domingue, Jean Baptiste Rivière de la Souchère (known as Souchère-Rivière). They arrived in Le Havre on 21 December 1795. Baudin believed that he was expected and offered his services and his talents. He wrote to the Minister to give notice of his imminent arrival in Paris. He would have been somewhat disappointed had he seen the little note at the top of the letter 'Could Bonneville please tell me if he knows Captain Baudin and for which mission he was responsible?' He managed to send Jardinière's cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad.

Belle Angélique Expedition
In Paris, Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in March 1796 to suggest a botanical voyage to the Caribbean, during which he would recover the collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad. The museum and the French government accepted the proposal, and Baudin was appointed commander of an expedition in Belle Angélique, with four assigned botanists: René Maugé, André Pierre Ledru, Anselme Riedlé and Stanislas Levillain. Belle Angélique cleared Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands, where the ship was condemned as unseaworthy. The expedition sailed from the Canaries in a replacement vessel, Fanny, and reached Trinidad in April 1797. The British, who had just captured the island from the Spanish in February 1797, refused to allow Baudin to recover the collection of natural-history specimens. Baudin took Fanny to St. Thomas and St. Croix, and then to Puerto Rico, specimens being collected in all three islands. At St Croix, Fanny was replaced by a newly purchased ship, renamed Belle Angelique. The expedition returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants, birds and insects, which was incorporated into Bonaparte's triumphal procession, on 27 July, celebrating his recent Italian victories. On the recommendation of the Naval Minister to the Directory, Baudin was reinstated into the navy with the rank of Chief of Staff to Admiral Bruix, who at his request, granted to Marie-Etienne Peltier the command of a corsair, the Virginie. Baudin joined Bruix on Océan, on which Bruix was in charge of the squadron which resupplied Genoa.

New Holland Expedition

On 24 July 1798, at the suggestion of the Ministry of Marine, Baudin presented to the Assembly of Professors and Administrators of the National Museum of Natural History a plan for a hydrographic-survey expedition to the South Seas, which would include a search for fauna and flora that could be brought back for cultivation in France. The expedition would also have the aim of promoting the economic and commercial interests of France in the regions to be visited. The expedition would require two well-equipped ships, which would carry a team of astronomers, naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority. The first part of the voyage would be devoted to a thorough exploration of the coast of Chile and the collection of animal, bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France, followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico. The expedition would then continue into the Pacific Ocean, including a visit to Tahiti and the Society Islands, and would be completed with a survey of the yet unexplored south-west coast of New Holland (Australia). After considering this extensive proposal, the French government decided to proceed with an expedition confined to a survey of western and southern New Holland.

In October 1800, Baudin was selected by Bonaparte to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast of New Holland. He had two ships, FRENCH CORVETTE Géographe and FRENCH CORVETTE Naturaliste captained by Hamelin, and a suite of nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. Baudin left Le Havre on 19 October 1800, stopped off in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, then sailed straight to the Ile de France arriving on 15 March 1801, 145 days later. The over-long voyage, with early rationing, left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged, but the colony was happy to build up the crews in case of conflict and to make use of the new skills they brought with them. The expedition reached Australia in May 1801, and explored and mapped the western coast, and a part of the little-known southern coast of the continent. The scientific endeavour proved a great success, with more than 2,500 new species discovered. The French also met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect.

In April 1802, Baudin met Matthew Flinders, also engaged in charting the coastline, in Encounter Bay in present-day South Australia. Baudin then stopped at the British colony at Sydney for supplies, and from there he sent home Naturaliste, carrying all of the specimens that had been collected by both ships up to that time. According to recent research by academics from the University of Adelaide, during Baudin's expedition, François Péron, who had become the chief zoologist and intellectual leader of the mission, wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and capture the colony.

Realising that Géographe could not venture into some of the shallow waters along the Australian coast that he was intending to survey, he bought a new ship, Casuarina, named after the wood it was made from, and placed it under the command of Louis de Freycinet, who would, 15 years later, make his own circumnavigation of the world in the corvette l'Uranie. He then headed back to Tasmania, before continuing along the southern and western coasts of Australia to Timor, mapping as he went. In very poor health, he then turned for home.

Death
Baudin died of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803, at the age of 49, apparently in the home of Madame Alexandrine Kerivel. Baudin's exact resting place is not known, but the historian Auguste Toussaint believed that he was interred in the Kerivel family vault. However, the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetière de l’Ouest in the district of Port Louis, "just a few hundred metres from the explorer’s certain love: the sea".

These were his last wishes:"'He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin, his brother, currently in India, his silver marine watch, his night telescope and an 'Oriental Neptune'. He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin, wife of Citizen Louis Peltier, his porcelain from Saxony and Chantilly, consisting of three services, one of twelve cups, one of six and one of two pieces plus his gold watch. He names as the Executor of his will Citizen Louis Peltier (brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer), Judge of the Court of Appeal of this colony, to whom he entrusts the execution of the present document wishing and expecting that his goods be distrained in accordance with usual custom.'"

Places and monuments
A number of monuments have been established around Australia, including eight at various locations around Western Australia.

In Western Australia, there are many places that bear names from the French ships, sponsors and crew of Baudin's 1801–04 voyage and Louis de Freycinet's voyage in 1802–3, including:

 * Cape Peron
 * Cape Naturaliste
 * Cape Freycinet
 * D'Entrecasteaux National Park
 * Cape Le Grand National Park
 * Carnac Island
 * Geographe Bay
 * Geographe (Busselton suburb)
 * Vasse (Busselton suburb)
 * Vasse River
 * Leschenault (Bunbury suburb)
 * Esperance
 * Hamelin Bay

In South Australia, the following places bear Baudin's name:
 * Baudin Beach on Kangaroo Island
 * Baudin Rocks on the south-east coast of the state
 * Nicolas Baudin Island, on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula

In the Australian Capital Territory, Baudin Street in the suburb of Forrest,_Australian_Capital_Territory bears his name.

Animals
Six animals are named in his honour:
 * Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear, 1832 – Baudin's black cockatoo
 * Smilisca baudinii (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1841) – common Mexican tree frog (Hylidae)
 * Emoia baudini (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1839) – Baudin's emo skink (Scincidae)
 * Pseudemoia baudini (Greer, 1982) – Bight Coast skink (Scincidae)
 * Zanclea baudini Gershwin & Zeidler, 2003 – a jellyfish (Zancleidae)
 * Baudin pig – a once feral landrace on Kangaroo Island

Film award
The Nicholas Baudin Award, or Nicholas Baudin Prize, is awarded at the Antipodean Film Festival in Saint Tropez, France, each year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nicolas Baudin


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User:Snader

Sander:
 * would like to add some basic info on contemporary composers, mainly for wind band / brass band music
 * Philip Sparke
 * Philip Wilby
 * Derek Bourgeois
 * Peter Graham
 * Edward Gregson

title: User:Snader


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User:Hars

HarS is short for Harold Schellinx. Current projects:
 * Sound Chronicles
 * Found Tapes Exhibition
 * Sound Blog
 * Raudio

title: User:Hars


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Co-operative Party

The Co-operative Party (Y Blaid Gydweithredol) is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, supporting co-operative values and principles. The party currently has an electoral pact with the Labour Party. Established in 1917, the Co-operative Party was founded by co-operative societies to campaign politically for the fairer treatment of co-operative enterprise and to elect 'co-operators' to Parliament. The party's roots lie in the Parliamentary Committee of the Co-operative Union established in 1881.

Since 1927, the Co-operative Party has had an electoral pact with the Labour Party, with the parties agreeing not to stand candidates against each other. Candidates selected by members of both parties contest elections using the description "Labour and Co-operative Party". The Co-operative Party is a legally separate entity from the Labour Party, and is registered as a political party with the Electoral Commission. Co-operative Party members are not permitted to be members of any other political party in the UK apart from the Labour Party or Northern Ireland's Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP).

As of July 2024 the Co-operative Party was the fourth-largest party in the House of Commons, with 43 Members of Parliament. However, as all of its MPs sit with the Parliamentary Labour Party, this distinction is seldom made.

The Co-operative Party also has representatives in the House of Lords, the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Senedd, the London Assembly and some local government authorities.

In keeping with its co-operative values and principles, the Co-operative Party does not have a leader. Instead Joe Fortune is its General Secretary, Preet Kaur Gill chairs the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Jim McMahon chairs the National Executive Committee.

History
The Co-operative Party was formed in 1917 after being approved in May that year by the Congress of the British co-operative movement held in Swansea. Since an electoral pact was established in 1927, the party has stood joint candidates with the Labour Party.

In 1938 the Co-operative Party adopted a written constitution that formalised its link with the Labour Party. Co-operative Party candidates first stood in elections under the "Labour Co-operative" banner in 1946.

In its formative years the Co-operative Party was almost exclusively concerned with the trading and commercial problems of the co-operative movement. Since the 1930s, however, it has widened its emphasis, using influence gained through strong links with the political and commercial left to spread what it sees as the co-operative ethos and moral principles. The party now seeks recognition for co-operative enterprises and the "social economy", and support for co-operatives and co-operation across Europe and the developing world. The party stands for a sustainable economy and society, and a culture of citizenship and socially responsible business represented by the practice of retail and industrial co-operatives.

Joint Parliamentary Committee
The Joint Parliamentary Committee was set up in 1881 by The Co-operative Union. It was primarily a watchdog on parliamentary activities. Issues and legislation could be raised in the House of Commons only by lobbying sympathetic – usually Labour – MPs. As it was somewhat unsatisfactory to have to lobby MPs on each individual issue, motions were passed at the Co-operative Union Annual Congress urging direct parliamentary representation. However, for much of this early period societies would not commit funds.

First World War and early years
At the start of the First World War the many retail societies in the co-operative movement grew in both membership and trade; this was due, in part, because of their very public anti-profiteering stance. When conscription was introduced and food and fuel supplies restricted, these societies began to suffer. The movement was under-represented on the various governmental distribution committees and tribunals. Co-operatives received minimal supplies and even management were often drafted, whereas business opponents were able to have even clerks declared vital for the war effort. Societies were also required to pay excess profits tax, although their co-operative nature meant they made no profits.

A motion was tabled at the 1917 Congress held in Swansea by the Joint Parliamentary Committee and 104 retail societies, calling for direct representation at national and local government levels. The motion was passed by 1979 votes to 201.

At first Co-operative Party candidates still stood separately from Labour in local elections. The Co-op Party's Congress Reports listed the local authority candidates and their successes, listing them as (a) Co-operative, (b) Co-operative-Labour, or (c) Labour. Before 1946, there was no requirement that Co-operative Party candidates had also to be members of the Labour Party.

The Co-operative Party presented itself as the representative of the members of its affiliated Co-operative Societies. Hence the Party claimed more than 11 million members in each of the six years 1962–67.

At times the Party presented itself as non-political. In his 1932 election address, High Wycombe's first-elected Co-operative Party councillor Tom Collings wrote, 'The Chesham and Wycombe Co-operative Society, as one of the largest ratepayers in the town, claims the right of DIRECT REPRESENTATION ON THE COUNCIL. [...] Our Co-operative Party is not affiliated to any Political Party, but like the [Co-operative] Society itself, is composed of members having divers political views'.

Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee
An Emergency Political Conference was held on 18 October 1917. As a result, the Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee was formed in 1917, with the objective of putting co-operators into the House of Commons. This was soon renamed the Co-operative Party. The first national secretary was Samuel Perry, later a Member of Parliament and the father of Fred Perry.

At first the party put forward its own candidates. The first was H. J. May, later Secretary of the International Co-operative Alliance, who was unsuccessful at the January 1918 Prestwich by-election. Ten then stood in the 1918 general election. One candidate met with success, Alfred Waterson, who became a Member of Parliament for the Kettering seat. Waterson took the Labour whip in Parliament. In 1919, 151 Co-operative Party councillors were elected at local level. Waterson retired from Parliament in 1922, but four new Co-operative MPs were elected that same year, including A. V. Alexander, all of whom took the Labour whip. Six were elected in 1923 and five in 1924.

In the early years Co-operative Party and Labour Party candidates stood against one another for election on at least one occasion, at Paisley in 1923, where a Labour candidate won enough votes to deny victory to J. M. Biggar of the Co-operative Party.

However, since the Cheltenham Agreement was made in 1927 the party has had an electoral agreement with the Labour Party, which allows for a limited number of Labour Co-operative candidates. This means that the parties involved do not oppose each other. The agreement has been amended several times, most recently in 2003, which was made in the name of the Co-operative Party rather than the Co-operative Union. After the formal agreement, nine Labour Co-operative MPs were elected at the 1929 general election, and Alexander was made a cabinet minister. However, only one was returned at the 1931 election against the backdrop of a massive defeat for Labour.

The rise of the sister party
Labour's recovery as a credible party of government during World War II and the formal links and local affiliations brought by the 1927 agreement saw benefits electorally for the Co-operative Party. In 1945, 23 Labour Co-operative MPs were elected and two held high office in the Labour government – Alexander and Alfred Barnes, who had been chair of the party.

But with Labour's fluctuating fortunes and the slow post-war decline of the co-operative movement, the party saw its influence and standing fall. By 1983, another nadir for Labour fortunes, only eight Labour Co-operative MPs were elected.

However, in 1997 all 23 candidates won seats in Parliament and, after Labour assumed power, the party gained its first members of the Cabinet since A. V. Alexander: Alun Michael 1998–99 (later First Minister for Wales) and Ed Balls 2007–2010. In 2001, only one candidate was defeated: Faye Tinnion, who had stood against the Leader of the Conservative Party, William Hague.

Organisation and structure
The Co-operative Party is a membership organisation consisting of individual members as well as local, regional and national Co-operative Parties and affiliated co-operative societies and trade unions. Unlike other parties with representatives elected to Parliament, the Co-operative Party does not receive state funding and gets most of its income from membership subscriptions and affiliation fees. The party organisation is itself a co-operative society, registered with the Financial Conduct Authority.

The Party's highest decision-making body is the National Executive Committee (NEC), which is elected every three years by individual members, affiliated co-operatives and trade unions, the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Co-operatives UK.

An Annual Conference takes place each autumn to debate policy, discuss the Party's work and vote on motions, although its resolutions are only advisory on the NEC.

The Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group co-ordinates the work of the Party's MPs and Peers in Parliament.

Affiliates
Six of the UK's largest consumer co-operatives are affiliated to the Co-operative Party: the Co-operative Group, Midcounties Co-operative, Central England Co-operative, East of England Co-operative, Scotmid Co-operative and Chelmsford Star Co-operative.

The members of each co-operative society vote to approve affiliation to the Party at their annual general meeting. The largest society and funder of the Party is the Co-operative Group, which ballots its members each year on continued support for the Co-operative Party. At the May 2019 AGM, 79% of Co-operative Group members voted in favour of continued affiliation and that year donated £625,600 (2018: £625,600) to the Co-operative Party.

In 2016 Community became the first trade union to affiliate to the Co-operative Party, followed in 2018 by the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (Usdaw).

Co-operatives UK, Co-operative Press and a number of worker co-operatives and housing co-operatives are also organisational members of the Party.

Local structure
The local structure of the Co-operative Party's is based on autonomous units known as Society Co-operative Parties, which operate in a similar way to Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs).

Co-operative societies sponsor Society Co-operative Parties in their traditional areas of operation, which will often take the name of the supporting society (i.e. East of England Co-operative Party and East of England Co-operative).

Society Co-operative Parties usually have a number of branches covering one or more local authority area, which are the main way that individual members interact with the Party to debate policy, select candidates for elections and liaise with Constituency Labour Parties. The Society Co-operative Party is overseen by a party council made up of delegates from branches and the supporting co-operative society.

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each have a single national Society Co-operative Party. In England a local party will cover one or more county, or in some cases a full region.

Labour and Co-operative Party
The Co-operative Party and the Labour Party have had an electoral alliance known as the 'National Agreement' since 1927, meaning they do not stand against each other in elections. Instead the parties agree joint candidates to stand as Labour and Co-operative Party.

Labour and Co-operative candidates can stand at elections at all levels in England, Scotland and Wales. Although both parties organise in Northern Ireland, they do not stand candidates for election.

As a sister party the Co-operative Party has a unique relationship with the Labour Party meaning it does not affiliate at a UK level. Instead local Society Co-operative Parties affiliate to Constituency Labour Parties, which facilitates local co-operation and the selection of joint candidates.

Most candidates use the Labour and Co-operative Party description on their ballot paper, however some stand under another version, particularly for local government elections and elections in Scotland, Wales and London that use a list system. In this case only one description will be used to avoid voters thinking Labour and Co-operative candidates are standing against Labour candidates; however joint candidates are still recognised as part of the Labour and Co-operative Group if they are elected.

Although only the Labour Party emblem is used on the ballot paper, candidates and representatives can use a joint logo on their printed materials and websites.

Leadership
The Co-operative Party does not have a single leader, with the responsibilities shared between Jim McMahon as Chair of the National Executive Committee, Preet Kaur Gill as Chair of the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Joe Fortune as General Secretary, who oversees the day-to-day operations of the Party. For the purposes of the registration as a political party with the Electoral Commission, the General Secretary is registered as both the leader and the nominating officer.

Chairs of the Co-operative Party

 * 1918–1924 William Henry Watkins
 * 1924–1945 Alfred Barnes MP
 * 1945–1955 William Coldrick MP
 * 1955–1957 Albert Ballard
 * 1957–1965 James Peddie
 * 1965–1972 Herbert Kemp CSD, JP
 * 1972–1978 John Parkinson
 * 1978–1982 Tom Turvey JP
 * 1982–1989 Brian Hellowell
 * 1989–1995 Jessie Carnegie
 * 1995–1996 Peter Nurse
 * 1996–2001 Jim Lee
 * 2001–2019 Gareth Thomas MP
 * 2019–2019 Anna Turley MP (June–December)
 * 2019–2020 Chris Herries
 * 2020–present Jim McMahon MP

General Secretaries of the Co-operative Party

 * 1917–1942 Samuel Perry
 * 1942–1962 Jack Bailey
 * 1962–1967 Harold Campbell
 * 1967–1974 Ted Graham
 * 1974–1992 David Wise
 * 1992–1998 Peter Clarke
 * 1998–2008 Peter Hunt
 * 2008–2012 Michael Stephenson
 * 2012–2015 Karin Christiansen
 * 2015–2019 Claire McCarthy
 * 2019–present Joe Fortune

Electoral representation
The modern party is the political arm of the wider British co-operative movement and membership of another co-operative enterprise is a requirement for candidates. Co-operative members who wish to stand for election must also be members of the Labour Party, and stand as Labour and Co-operative Party candidates.

House of Commons
Since the results of the 2024 general election, there are 43 Labour and Co-operative MPs in the House of Commons.

House of Lords
There are fourteen Labour and Co-operative peers in the House of Lords:
 * Lord Bassam of Brighton
 * Lord Coaker of Gedling
 * Lord Foulkes of Cumnock
 * Lord Hain
 * Baroness Hayter of Kentish Town
 * Lord Hunt of Kings Heath
 * Lord Kennedy of Southwark
 * Lord Knight of Weymouth
 * Lord Monks
 * Baroness Royall of Blaisdon
 * Baroness Smith of Basildon
 * Baroness Thornton
 * Lord Touhig
 * Baroness Wilcox of Newport

Lord McFall of Alcluith currently sits as a non-affiliated peer following his election as Lord Speaker in May 2021.

Senedd
There are sixteen Labour and Co-operative Members of the Senedd:

Scottish Parliament
There are eleven Labour and Co-operative Members of the Scottish Parliament:

London Assembly
There are ten Labour and Co-operative Members of the London Assembly:

Police and Crime Commissioners
There are fifteen Labour and Co-operative Police and Crime Commissioners or Police, Fire and Crime Commissioners:

Directly elected Mayors
There are eight directly elected Labour and Co-operative metro mayors:

There are three directly elected Labour and Co-operative local authority mayors:

Local government
The Co-operative Party is represented in all tiers of local government by councillors who stand as Labour and Co-operative. In 2021 there were 938 Labour and Co-operative councillors across England, Scotland and Wales.

Northern Ireland Assembly
The Co-operative Party is affiliated with the Labour Party in Northern Ireland and in addition, Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) members are permitted to join the party. Neither the Co-operative or Labour parties currently have any representation in the Northern Ireland Assembly.

title: Co-operative Party


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Knut

Knut (Norwegian and Swedish), Knud (Danish), or Knútur (Icelandic) is a Scandinavian and German first name, of which the anglicised form is Canute. In Germany both "Knut" and "Knud" are used. In Spanish and Portuguese Canuto is used which comes from the Latin version Canutus, and in Finland, the name Nuutti is based on the name Knut. The name is derived from the Old Norse Knútr meaning "knot". In English the K is not mute, so the name is not pronounced nut or nute.

It is the name of several medieval kings of Denmark, two of whom also reigned over England during the first half of the 11th century.

People

 * Harthaknut I of Denmark (Knut I, Danish: Hardeknud) (b. c. 890), king of Denmark
 * Knut the Great (Knut II, Danish: Knud den Store or Knud II) (d. 1035), Viking king of England, Denmark and Norway
 * Subject of the apocryphal King Canute and the waves
 * Harthaknut (Knut III, Danish: Hardeknud or Knud III) (d. 1042), king of Denmark and England
 * Saint Knud IV of Denmark (Danish: Knud IV), king of Denmark (r. 1080–1086) and martyr
 * Knud Lavard (d. 1131), Danish prince and saint
 * Knud V of Denmark (Danish: Knud V), king of Denmark (r. 1146–1157)
 * Canute I of Sweden (Swedish: Knut Eriksson) (king 1173–1195)
 * Canute II of Sweden (Swedish: Knut Långe) (king 1229–1234)
 * Knud VI of Denmark (Danish: Knud VI), king of Denmark (r. 1182–1202)
 * Knut Wallenberg (1853-1938), Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs and banker
 * Knut Hamsun (1859–1952), Norwegian author
 * Knud Rasmussen (1879–1933), Greenlandic polar explorer and anthropologist
 * Knute Rockne (1888–1931), American football player and coach
 * Knute Cauldwell (1896-1952), American football player
 * Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1900–1976), younger son of King Christian X
 * Knud Reimers (1906–1987), Danish yacht designer
 * Knut Haukelid (1911-1994), American-born Norwegian soldier and resistance fighter
 * Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915–2007), Norwegian-born American biologist
 * Knut Haugland (1917–2009), Norwegian resistance fighter and explorer
 * Knud Heinesen (born 1932), Danish politician
 * Knut Hergel (1899–1982), Norwegian actor
 * Knut Frydenlund (1927–1987), Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Knut Vollebæk (born 1946), Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Knut Knudsen (born 1950), Norwegian cyclist, Olympic and World Champion
 * Knut Fleckenstein (born 1953), German politician
 * Knut Storberget (born 1964), Norwegian politician and former Minister of Justice
 * Knut Reinhardt (born 1968), German footballer
 * Knut Risan (1930–2011), Norwegian actor
 * Knut Arild Hareide (born 1972), leader of Norway's Christian Democratic Party, and a former Minister of the Environment
 * Knut Schreiner (born 1974), Norwegian guitarist for Turbonegro, Euroboys, Mirror Lakes, and music producer
 * Knut Wicksell (1851–1926), Swedish economist
 * Knut Abraham (born 1966), German politician

Other

 * Knut (polar bear) (2006–2011), a polar bear at the Berlin Zoo who attracted worldwide attention
 * Adonis Cnut, Rik Mayall's character in the sitcom Believe Nothing
 * Knut (band), a Swiss mathcore band
 * The Knut, a unit of currency in the fictitious Harry Potter universe
 * KNUT, a radio station in Guam
 * Knout, a heavy scourge-like multiple whip

title: Knut


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Talk:Partial list

This page should be merged with List of reference tables!!! Who will volunteer to do it>?!

 * I agree. I might do it.-- User:Docu

 * This article is bizarre. Why did people make the free links to "partial list" in the first place? I could see a partial list explaining what they are in the WP context, but it doesn't help encyclopedia users at all. Stan 21:33, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Partial list


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3GPP

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is an umbrella term for a number of standards organizations which develop protocols for mobile telecommunications. Its best known work is the development and maintenance of:
 * GSM and related 2G and 2.5G standards, including GPRS and EDGE
 * UMTS and related 3G standards, including HSPA and HSPA+
 * LTE and related 4G standards, including LTE Advanced and LTE Advanced Pro
 * 5G NR and related 5G standards, including 5G-Advanced
 * An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in an access independent manner

3GPP is a consortium with seven national or regional telecommunication standards organizations as primary members ("organizational partners") and a variety of other organizations as associate members ("market representation partners"). The 3GPP organizes its work into three different streams: Radio Access Networks, Services and Systems Aspects, and Core Network and Terminals.

The project was established in December 1998 with the goal of developing a specification for a 3G mobile phone system based on the 2G GSM system, within the scope of the International Telecommunication Union's International Mobile Telecommunications-2000, hence the name 3GPP. It should not be confused with 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which developed a competing 3G system, CDMA2000.

The 3GPP administrative support team (known as the "Mobile Competence Centre") is located at the European Telecommunications Standards Institute headquarters in the Sophia Antipolis technology park in France.

Organizational Partners
The seven 3GPP Organizational Partners are from Asia, Europe and North America. Their aim is to determine the general policy and strategy of 3GPP and perform the following tasks:
 * The approval and maintenance of the 3GPP scope;
 * The maintenance of the Partnership Project Description;
 * Take the decision to create or cease a Technical Specification Groups, and approve their scope and terms of reference;
 * The approval of Organizational Partner funding requirements;
 * The allocation of human and financial resources provided by the Organizational Partners to the Project Co-ordination Group;
 * Act as a body of appeal on procedural matters referred to them.

Together with the Market Representation Partners (MRPs) perform the following tasks:

 * The maintenance of the Partnership Project Agreement;
 * The approval of applications for 3GPP partnership;
 * Take the decision against a possible dissolution of 3GPP.

The Organizational Partners are:

Market Representation Partners
The 3GPP Organizational Partners can invite a Market Representation Partner to take part in 3GPP, which:

 * Has the ability to offer market advice to 3GPP and to bring into 3GPP a consensus view of market requirements (e.g., services, features and functionality) falling within the 3GPP scope;
 * Does not have the capability and authority to define, publish and set standards within the 3GPP scope, nationally or regionally;
 * Has committed itself to all or part of the 3GPP scope;
 * Has signed the Partnership Project Agreement.

, the Market Representation Partners are:

Standards
3GPP standards are structured as Releases. Discussion of 3GPP thus frequently refers to the functionality in one release or another.

Each release incorporates hundreds of individual Technical Specification and Technical Report documents, each of which may have been through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate the latest revision of the GSM standards.

The documents are made available without charge on 3GPP's web site. The Technical Specifications cover not only the radio part ("Air Interface") and Core Network, but also billing information and speech coding down to source code level. Cryptographic aspects (such as authentication, confidentiality) are also specified.

Specification groups
The 3GPP specification work is done in Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) and Working Groups (WGs).

There are three Technical Specifications Groups, each of which consists of multiple WGs:

 * RAN (Radio Access Network): RAN specifies the UTRAN and the E-UTRAN. It is composed of six working groups.

 * SA (Service and System Aspects): SA specifies the service requirements and the overall architecture of the 3GPP system. It is also responsible for the coordination of the project. SA is composed of six working groups.

 * CT (Core Network and Terminals): CT specifies the core network and terminal parts of 3GPP. It includes the core network – terminal layer 3 protocols. It is composed of five working groups.

The closure of GERAN was announced in January 2016. The specification work on legacy GSM/EDGE system was transferred to RAN WG, RAN6. RAN6 was closed in July 2020 (https://www.3gpp.org/news-events/2128-r6_geran).
 * GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network):

The 3GPP structure also includes a Project Coordination Group, which is the highest decision-making body. Its missions include the management of overall timeframe and work progress.

Standardization process
3GPP standardization work is contribution-driven. Companies ("individual members") participate through their membership to a 3GPP Organizational Partner. As of December 2020, 3GPP is composed of 719 individual members.

Specification work is done at WG and at TSG level:
 * the 3GPP WGs hold several meetings a year. They prepare and discuss change requests against 3GPP specifications. A change request accepted at WG level is called "agreed".
 * the 3GPP TSGs hold plenary meetings quarterly. The TSGs can "approve" the change requests that were agreed at WG level. Some specifications are under the direct responsibility of TSGs and therefore, change requests can also be handled at TSG level. The approved change requests are subsequently incorporated in 3GPP specifications.

3GPP follows a three-stage methodology as defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.130: Test specifications are sometimes defined as stage 4, as they follow stage 3.
 * stage 1 specifications define the service requirements from the user point of view.
 * stage 2 specifications define an architecture to support the service requirements.
 * stage 3 specifications define an implementation of the architecture by specifying protocols in details.

Specifications are grouped into releases. A release consists of a set of internally consistent set of features and specifications.

Timeframes are defined for each release by specifying freezing dates. Once a release is frozen, only essential corrections are allowed (i.e. addition and modifications of functions are forbidden). Freezing dates are defined for each stage.

The 3GPP specifications are transposed into deliverables by the Organizational Partners.

title: 3GPP


text:
Saab EV-1

The Saab EV-1, or Saab 900 Turbo EV-1, was developed by Saab in 1985 as a fully functional and roadworthy future concept car, EV-1 stands for ´Experimental Vehicle One´.

It was a wedge shaped 2 + 2 sports coupé body style based on the Saab 900 Turbo 16v. The body was steel and the roof all glass. The design was made by Björn Envall, and the metal work was done by Leif Mellberg included features such as a solar powered interior cooling fan, with 66 solar cells mounted in the glass roof.

This device cooled the car when parked in sunlight. The front and rear bumpers (fenders) were designed to absorb impacts and revert to their original shape. They were made of Aramid fibre (Twaron or Kevlar) reinforced composites. The side doors featured carbon-fibre side impact protection.

Most of the parts were from the Saab 900 Turbo 16 and modified, but the seats came from a Chevrolet Corvette. The engine was tuned to give 285 hp (213 kW). The top speed was 270 km/h and 0 to 100 km/h acceleration took 6.9 seconds.

The speedometer lights only illuminate the area around the current speed; a modified version of this feature has been incorporated as standard on later production Saab models. The windshield is wrap around and very deep and steeply inclined for the era, while the A-pillar has a much more vertical angle, providing excellent driver visibility.

The EV-1 can be seen in the background of Back to the Future Part II.

title: Saab EV-1


text:
List of English-language television channels in India

This is a list of English language television channels aired in India.

General entertainment

 * Colors Infinity
 * Comedy Central
 * Disney International
 * Zee Café
 * Tv 5 Monde Asie
 * Woman

Movies

 * &flix
 * &privé HD
 * MNX
 * Movies Now
 * Romedy Now
 * Sony Pix
 * Star Movies
 * Star Movies Select

Upcoming channels

 * NEWS X WORLD
 * Shemaroo Kids
 * NDTV 24x7 HD
 * Republic Business
 * Sports 18 2 HD
 * NHK World Premium
 * Times Now City

Kids & music

 * Cartoon Network HD+
 * Cbeebies
 * Disney Channel HD
 * Disney Channel
 * Disney Junior
 * ETV Bal Bharat
 * Gubbare
 * Nick HD+
 * Nick Jr.
 * Super Hungama
 * VH1

Infotainment & lifestyle

 * Animal Planet
 * Discovery Channel
 * Discovery Turbo
 * FashionTV
 * Star Life
 * History TV18
 * Investigation Discovery
 * Nat Geo Wild
 * National Geographic
 * NDTV Good Times
 * Sony BBC Earth
 * TLC India
 * Travelxp
 * Zee Zest

National channels

 * CNN-News18
 * DD India
 * India Today
 * Mirror Now
 * NDTV 24x7
 * NewsX
 * Republic TV
 * Times Now
 * WION

Domestic channels

 * North East Live

International channels

 * ABC Australia
 * Al Jazeera English
 * BBC World News
 * Bloomberg Television
 * CGTN
 * CNA
 * CNN
 * Deutsche Welle
 * France 24
 * NHK World
 * Press TV
 * RT

Business

 * CNBC TV18
 * ET Now
 * NDTV BQ Prime

Sports

 * DD Sports
 * Eurosport
 * Sony Sports Network
 * Sports18
 * Star Sports

Defunct

 * 9XO
 * Animax
 * AXN
 * Baby TV
 * BBC Entertainment
 * Big CBS Love
 * Big CBS Spark
 * Big Thrill
 * Boomerang
 * BTVi
 * CGTN
 * DD International
 * Disney XD
 * ESPN
 * Fox Action Movies
 * Fox Crime
 * Fox Life
 * Fox Sports News
 * FX
 * Green TV
 * HBO
 * HBO Hits
 * ITV Choice
 * India Ahead
 * Jetix
 * Living Foodz
 * Living Travelz
 * Living Zen
 * Lumiere Movies
 * Magicbricks Now
 * Marvel HQ
 * MGM
 * Nat Geo People
 * Neo Prime
 * Neo Sports
 * News 9
 * News X HD
 * NG Adventure
 * NG Music
 * NHK World Premium
 * Romedy Now HD
 * Sony AXN
 * Sony ESPN
 * Sony Le Plex HD
 * Sony Ten Golf HD
 * Spacetoon
 * Star Movies Action
 * Star Sports
 * Star World
 * Star World Premiere
 * TCM
 * Ten Cricket
 * Ten Sports
 * Tiranga TV
 * Toonami
 * Trace Sports
 * Travel Trendz
 * UTV Bloomberg
 * UTV World Movies
 * WB
 * Zee Movies
 * Zee Q
 * Zee Sports
 * Zee Trendz
 * Zone Reality


text:
Talk:Social control

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 January 2019 and 15 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jennybush.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Formal vs. informal rules
Tom Rushton, You added the following sentence: "These are usually enforced more regularly than informal social control and those that do not abide by these guidelines are usually punished directly". This does not strike me intuitively as a true statement and I wonder what authority you might find for it. It is a commonplace that formal rules are often ignored while informal rules are defined by their inforcement, i.e. an uninforced formal rule simply doesn't exist. Fred Bauder 11:28, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Links
There are two links on this page. One is not available and ultimately leads to a rather amateurish homepage. The other is available but contains no valuable content (for an encycl.) at all. Remove both? 134.106.199.96

Bias? Personal opinion?
This article is bursting to the seam with POV. It's mostly speculation, opinion, and conspiratorial. Someone neutralize this thing because this article's just got too much color for its own good.--NeantHumain 06:22, 24 March 2006 (UTC) /////////// Ha Ha. Neanthuman, from looking at your profile, I would hazard that you yourself are the best evidence of what this article is talking about. I mean, jeez, you are a young, well educated, malleable, groupthink, rightwing democrat, pseudoLiberal, twentysomething. Egads, you are what destroyed the promise of the Internet. Talk about a creature of overclass propaganda. MeatPuppetry to the max! Well, I sure hope someone has the time to stave off your destruction of this fine article, because it is nice to see a little truth here and there in this world. --cryofan
 * Sorry Cryofan, this page is definitely biased, and you attacking someone with your opinion of their social or political background is not going to cover that up. I have marked this page (which is certainly not a "fine article" at this point) as it obviously needs serious alteration. -- Grandpafootsoldier 21:33, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

standard sociology
This article is pretty much standard introduction to sociology material. It could use a good edit to refer to some of the other theories of power and control in society (there are many).

129.10.79.81 18:40, 11 September 2006 (UTC)Judy Perrolle

standard sociology
This article is pretty much standard introduction to sociology material. It could use a good edit to refer to some of the other theories of power and control in society (there are many.) im new to this page and i would like to ask whether the writer of this article could not include more information on the overt and covert goals of social control?

Edmund Burke
The article should have a note on Edmund Burke's thoughts on this. -- 201.51.228.217 23:08, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Medias???
Media is already plural. "Several intellectual figures such as Noam Chomsky have argued on the existence of systematic bias in modern medias." And shouldn't it be "reasoned about..."? Argued on? --Christofurio 18:03, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

No mention of religion
Nice article but I am suprised that there is no mention of the first, best and most popular form of social control - religion. Waffle247 10:00, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You summed that up rather nicely! However, we can't include that information in the article because of what would happen if everyone found out what religion is REALLY about. Seriously though, there should be a giant wikipedia article devoted to this issue. Afterall, people tend to forget that this was one of the major reasons that the USA even exists today instead of being a possession or part of the U.K. --Wisepiglet 11:51, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Erm.. yes well as I'm English I'll just say that I'm quite happy the USA isn't related to the UK anymore too. Waffle247 (talk) 15:07, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

No mention of 1984
Sorry, but said book is probably the most influential work ever to be written on this topic. Mention it. (69.29.26.85 (talk) 21:18, 24 February 2008 (UTC))

Neutrality check
I've had a look at this from the point of view of the article's sociological content. I've also read the comments above about bias. We need to remember that the subject is "social control." A question to be asked is: "if a society or agency is going to control people how can it do that?" The article illustrates some of the mechanisms of social control. Although not complete, it is a pretty fair intro to the field of social control. Edits since the tag was placed have removed the POV statements. I'm going to take the neutrality tag off the article. I will start adding sources. That should further improve the article and make its neutrality more transparent. Sunray 02:37, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 04:27, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Do u think church and school are a institute of social control and why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.18.126.33 (talk) 23:09, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Weight and Neutrality Issues at End
The article's end gives undue weight to marginalization and violates neutrality by expounding a pro-left POV thereabout: what should we do to balance its weight and neutralize its point-of-view?

Duxwing (talk) 04:01, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that the "Informal social control" section is incredibly poorly written. It doesn't adequately define the term and seems to give far too much weight to abuses of state power. I'm not sure what you mean by "pro-left POV." Perhaps you could elaborate on that. It seems to be from an anti-state POV and leaves out a great deal. There are a couple of ways to approach this. One approach might be to be bold and make some additions and changes. Another might be to list some of the problems here and collaborate on making changes. Thoughts? Sunray (talk) 21:07, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Writing "pro-left POV," I was trying to concisely describe my perception that the article, like leftists, sympathizes with homeless people. Whatever the article's leaning happens to be, I agree we should neutralize it.  The problems we have noticed, including yours:

 * POV
 * Anti-state
 * Pro-homeless
 * Too short

Anything else? Also, thanks for coming. :)

Duxwing (talk) 00:39, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I like your comments. NPOV is crucial. Homelessness is a good example of different approaches to social control taken by various jurisdictions. Up until the 1980s people whose behaviour was "deviant" or "abnormal" were placed in institutions. The de-institutionalization (initially of mental hospitals, later of various other kinds of institutions, except prisons) that began in the 1980s, created major changes in the urban landscape, as did the trends to privatization of public services and constraints on government spending on social services. Homelessness is, in part, a spin off from these changes. It could be used as an example, but it is only one of many phenomena that is influenced by formal social control policies. Social control is highly complex. We need to look for some good general sources. Sunray (talk) 18:11, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I think you suggested "good general sources" because you, like me, wanted more-diverse examples of social control: am I right? If we will get these sources, then where can we get them?
 * PS - Sorry for not having replied sooner! Duxwing (talk) 16:20, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

material moved from article on 01.11.2015
THIS MATERIAL IS WHOLLY UNREFERENCED (material was added by User: Fencingchamp) [Not by Fencingchamp; see reply below re: misread history.]

and was removed because it is not directly relevant to the subject of the article, and has no place in the introduction (I'm sure).

Sociologists who study deviance and crime examine cultural norms, how they change over time, how they are enforced, and what happens to individuals and societies when norms are broken. Deviance and social norms vary among societies, communities, and times, and often sociologists are interested in why these differences exist and how these differences impact the individuals and groups in those areas.

Sociologist define deviance as behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms. It is not simply more than nonconformity, however; it is behavior that departs significantly from social expectations. In the sociological perspective on deviance, there is subtlety that distinguishes it from our commonsense understanding of the same behavior. Sociologists stress social context, not just individual behavior. That is, deviance is looked at in terms of group processes, definitions, and judgments and not just as unusual individual acts. Sociologists also recognize that not all behaviors are judged similarly by all groups. What is deviant to one group may not be considered deviant to another. Further, sociologists recognize that established rules and norms are socially created, not just morally decided or individually imposed. That is, deviance lies not just in the behavior itself, but in the social responses of groups to behavior by others.

The study of deviance can be divided into the study of why people violate laws or norms and the study of how society reacts.

This reaction includes the labeling process by which deviance comes to be recognized as such. The societal reaction to deviant behavior suggests that social groups actually create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders.

Sociologists often use their understanding of deviance to help explain otherwise ordinary events, such as tattooing or body piercing, eating disorders, or drug and alcohol use. Many of the kinds of questions asked by sociologists who study deviance deal with the social context in which behaviors are committed. For example, are there conditions under which suicide is an acceptable behavior? Would one who commits suicide in the face of a terminal illness be judged differently from a despondent person who jumps from a window? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antrangelos (talk • contribs) 00:28, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps someone misread the history. I only added a small amount of material, not any of what's quoted above. Here's the way I rewrote the first 2 paragraphs (citations omitted), which was the entirety of my edit. (I did not remove any material.)

 * Social control is a concept developed within the disciplines of social science and political science, but having broad, general applicability. Social control measures are measures intended to prevent, limit, punish or stigmatize behavior considered undesirable by those imposing them.

 * The criminal justice system is an example of a formally constituted social control agency, but non-governmental entities ranging from Operation Rescue to Greenpeace may also engage in social control functions. Even Internet users may take informal social control measures such as "doxing" or publicly shaming perceived adversaries. Critics of psychiatry, such as the late Thomas Szasz, have pointed out that "mental health" workers also perform social control functions.

 * The reason I contributed these 2 paragraphs is that I felt the article suffered from why-should-I-care-syndrome. IOW, the reader would think that social control is an elite technical term having no relevance to daily life. However, in actual practice social control is frequently discussed in relation to real world issues, such as actions taken by social control agents both formal and informal. The general reader is more likely to read the entire article if he or she is intially grabbed by the concept and understands its relevance to daily life.

 * Looking at the current intro, it doesn't seem to pop as well, and doesn't give the reader clear, specific, highly varied examples of social control agents/agencies, which is probably the best way to introduce the subject. Fencingchamp (talk) 17:11, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Is this article about the same thing as Deleuze's "control societies"?
I redirected Control society to here, as I'm not too sure. If it is, then there should be some mention of Deleuze's writings.--Ilovetopaint (talk) 22:52, 6 November 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Social control