text:
Talk:New Zealand state highway network

Seal of SH1 north of Kaitaia
The statement "The last 87 km from Kaitaia to Waitiki Landing (21km south of Cape Reinga) are unsealed" isn't accurate. SH1 is definitely sealed where it leaves Kaitaia for Cape Reinga. I don't know where the seal ends. Moriori 01:42, Dec 7, 2003 (UTC)

You are correct - the most recent map I have available shows seal as far as Waitiki Landing. I think this text was left behind whne I corrected an earlier error which I introduced about the highway going all the way to the cape. Dramatic 10:17, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

SH 67
My mps show this as SH 67 all the way up to Karamea. However, the last time I visited Karamea 2 years ago, I recall seeing a "67 ends" signpost somewhere around Sumemrlea (just before the road turns inland for its big climb over Karamea Bluff). If this is the case, the highway would only be 52 Km long with the last 54 Km as undesignated road. dramatic 07:16, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Confirmed from Transit NZ that the highway ceases before Karamea Bluff dramatic 21:30, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

SH 1 Starts/Finishes
Technically, SH1 starts - in the S.I. at least - at Picton and goes to Bluff, and not the other way round. Not sure about the North Island. The kilometre posts are the clue... Christchurch has a 345 km post, Dunedin's northern motorway has the 700 km post indicating 700 km from Picton, and the numbers keep getting bigger as you travel further south. Not sure about the N.I. - I suspect it starts from Wellington and heads north. Grutness 13:42, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Finally found out. the NI's numbering starts at the top, too - Orewa is at 288km. I'll re-order the information on SH1 to match. Grutness...wha?  05:23, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

SH50A
I know the info for the highways around Napier/Hastings is incorrect. I'll try and get an up-to-date map, but anyone local is welcome to beat me to it!dramatic 21:40, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * There are some maps of the Napier/Hastings area at transit and page2 which may help. --202.89.147.79 01:16, 6 February 2006 (UTC)Gorman

West coast "correction"
Nurg, I'd argue that West Coast is correct. The oly place that the SH touches the west coast os on The West Coast - nowhere in Tasman, nor in Otago or Southland. Sure it goes through Nelson and Queenstown, but changing the capitalisation and removing the link doesn't alter the fact that neither of them are on the west coast or in the West Coast! The road does go via the West Coast - as well as going to Nelson and Queenstown. Grutness 12:29, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Bridge Numbering
Are we sure about the bridge numbering? I travelled down to Turangi last week and the numbering didn't seem to match. The bridges had four-digit numbers, and there were random posts along the way with format 624/5.00 (or something like that). Neonumbers 08:19, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This was the system - it's in the process of being changed over to a new system. I've expanded that bit of the text and moved it to its own section (though I'm not sure that section's now in the right place - move it to somewhere better if necessary)! Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 06:13, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Missing highways?
I've just come across an old guide book which listed several highways not shown here. I've added them in, but they may no longer have Highway status, so if anyone knows any more.... the numbers are 40, 49A, 52, 57A, 89, and 91. Grutness|hello? 00:45, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to think we should list fully de-gazetted highways in a separate list at the foot of the page (to which 72 should be moved also). Highways which have been shortened (partial de-gazetting) or rerouted should have marginal notes in the main listing. There have certainly been many changes over the years.dramatic 02:28, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell, 49A has been decommisioned (you have already noted all others in your list are "Formally"). I was in this area recently and didn't notice signage indicating 49A.  It also isn't on this list (although it doesn't mention 73A which appears on maps in another section of their pages).  Some of the distances in this list are different from what you have.--202.89.147.79 01:24, 6 February 2006 (UTC)Gorman
 * Highway 91 was the Balclutha to Kaitangata road; Highway 92 was the Balclutha to Invercargill via Owaka and Tokanui road. I think Highway 89 was the Crown Range Road from Wanaka to somewhere near Arrowtown. From memory, these three highways (and other parts of highways, such as that part of Highway 96 from Ohai to Tuatapere via Orawia and Clifden - the Clifden to Tuatapere section being retained but redesignated as part of Highway 99) were revoked some time around 1992. The cynic in me thought at the time that this was a quick and dirty way of improving the sealed/unsealed ratio of the State Highways, as Highway 92 was at the time still unsealed between Niagara and somewhere near Maclennan. Daveosaurus (talk) 11:44, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Waiau disambiguation
There is a link to Waiau that needs disambiguation, in the South Island Highways listing (the SH 70 entry). The link points at a red-link heavy disambiguation page at present. Thanks for your help. Courtland 02:07, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yikes that was a horrible dab page! I've fixed it up as per NZ naming conventions. Grutness...  wha?  02:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

SH1 separate article?
is it worth splitting the information about State Highway 1 out into its own article? There's probably quite a bit of information which could be added in about its history (when different parts were first built, etc) which would be out of place on the current article but which would be useful to have on Wikipedia somewhere. Grutness...  wha?  02:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Three months and no comments... if no-one objects in the next week, I'll split out a separate SH1 article. Grutness...wha?  00:20, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't object but I advise (well, not "advise", more just "express concern") against it, unless of course there's a history to write on SH1, which I guess there is, prob about 10kb worth? A short history would be acceptable here, but if it gets long, of course, the entire history gets moved to a new page (without mention here).  You know what, you sound like you've got it all sussed... go ahead, be bold — as long as they'll be articles (i.e. the SH1 article won't be limited in length due to there being only a little bit you can write about it — some stubs are stubs for this reason).  (I don't even edit this article... I just watch it for some reason.)  Neonumbers 10:48, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The main problem is that no-one seems to have written anything anywhere on the history of New Zealand's state highways. No books, nothing on the web, nothing. It would be possible to write quite a bit more about SH1, but extending it too much is going to make the current article very top-heavy. Grutness...wha?  05:22, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh, dear, that's going to be a small problem. Well, if SH1 is (arguably) the main highway of the network, so I'd say the SH1 section could get to a considerable length, maybe 50% of the full comprehensive article (whether this is fully comprehensive I don't know).  Neonumbers 10:37, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've extended what's there (and rewritten it north to south rather than the other way round, since that's how the road numbering works). That will probably do for now. If I manage to find soemthing about the history of the road, though, I'll consider the split again. Grutness...wha?  00:45, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Route Shield
Hello. I'm an aussie and I've done some work on our Blue Shield system on wikipedia, and when I noticed that NZ used the same shield but that browny colour, I just changed colours and instantly, you have your own NZ State Highway sheild on the wiki. - Boochan 05:22, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not brown, it's a dark red. Have a look at the photo near the bottom of the page. Actually, it'd be very easy for me to take a photo of this as well - I'll be travelling down SH1 in about half an hour :) Grutness...wha?  06:03, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Grutness...wha?  09:02, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No Probs - The picture below of the sign makes it look brown, thats all - Thats what my Paint Shop Pro intepreted it as... :) - Boochan 08:48, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

SH1 infobox
I've added an infobox to the State Highway 1 (New Zealand) article, though some of the information on it doubtless needs correcting (I was working from an old road map :). If we start breaking out other articles for NZ highways it could possibly be turned into a parametered template, though I get in a mess when trying to deal with template parameters myself. If interested people could check it out and make any amendments they feel necessary, it'd be appreciated! Grutness...wha?  09:23, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

SH13?
Has anyone else noticed that when you come off at the new Highbrook Dr exit on the Southern Motorway, it says that Otara, MIT & the shield for SH13 is towards Bairds Rd. I wasn't aware there was a SH13 going thru Otara/Papatoetoe/East Tamaki? - Martync84 22:43, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Is id definitely a red State Highway shield andnot a white urban route shield? dramatic 18:43, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * If a new SH were created there, 19 or 21 are both available, and more in keeping with the North to South Numbering. SH13, were it to exist, would be in Northland. Transit's map of North Island Highways doesn't show it . --Limegreen 21:33, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, SH 21 is taken - its the State Highway connecting SH 1 and SH 3 to Hamilton International Airport (bit out of place, don't you think). Laydan M (mailbox) 04:44, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Definitely a red shield & not a white urban shield Martync84 10:13, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

SH22
State Highway 22 seems to have been shortened to stop north of Pukekohe, rather than extend right through to the Waikato River. I was driving along this route last week and the 'Highway Ends' shield is before you reach Pukekohe when travelling south. I see that Transit maps dated 1 January 2005 have this highway not reaching Pukekohe. 203.211.77.209 03:10, 23 May 2007 (UTC)Gorman

Separate articles on the eight national highways
Hi all - we've long had an article on SH1, but none on the other seven national highways. It's probably about time we did - I've just made State Highway 8 (New Zealand), which I'd like other editors to have a look at and comment/expand on. BTW, if anyone's willing to make any of the others, I'd be only too keen to make appropriate maps (just leave a note on my talk page). Grutness...wha?  23:54, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Shields for north island highways
I just uploaded the shields of all north island highways in [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_state_highway_shields Commons Cat. "New_Zealand_state_highway_shields"], south island will follow in a few days. If someone wishes to add the missing shields to the articles, please also replace existing *.png files, all of them are drawn with wrong font and letter dimensions. Andy king50 (talk) 19:41, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks Andy. Maybe all the signs I see have faded (the SH44 ones aren't exactly old though), but those all look too bright. dramatic (talk) 06:45, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * i matched the color of my signs to the color shown by Transit NZ in their road sign manual vol. 07 Manual 07 / Guide Signs. The color there is specified as "reflectorized red" - the older signs could be a non reflectorized version - or the manual shows a wrong color. -- Andy king50 (talk) 15:20, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * South Island shields are finished too....Andy king50 (talk) 07:27, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

RAPID numbering
I've edited the example given for finding distances using RAPID numbering as this is only really applicable for the first stage of each highway. RAPID numbers are calculated from a datum point which is, more often than not, somewhere quite different from the start of the highway; the nearest major town, or even a minor town if the road changes name at a major or minor junction. For example, of the six major highways which comprise State Highway 94, only one of them (Waimea Highway) calculates its RAPID numbers from the start of the highway at Gore. Daveosaurus (talk) 11:29, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

 * RAPID numbers do follow distance markers on some highways - especially if the State Highway remains within a single territorial authority e.g. State Highway 49 (Ruapehu), State Highway 53 (South Wairarapa). I was thinking of the Tararua District when I was writing the part - they have the RAPID numbers on State Highway 2 following the distance markers (e.g. 83990) Lcmortensen (mailbox) 00:29, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

New Zealand Highway NavBox
Does anyone know how to add links to the navbox. I've made an article for SH29 but there is no link to it from the navbox.Videomaniac29 (talk) 08:11, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅. Have added SH 29 link. For future reference, clicking the "E" in the top left hand corner of the navbox takes you to the navbox's edit page. From there it's pretty self-explanatory. Lcmortensen (mailbox) 09:59, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

SH x or SHx
There is a debate over at Wikivoyage about whether or not there should be a space between "SH" and the number. Usage here seems to be spaced. NZTA uses both forms, sometimes on the same page, eg,. Some other agencies specify unspaced, eg, NZ Post says "abbreviate 'State Highway' to 'SH' (eg. 'SH 1')". I'm guessing NZTA does not have an official style, since they use both - anyone know for sure? Nurg (talk) 07:55, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Naming convention
Has the naming convention for New Zealand state highways been discussed before? I find it rather unnatural that they are all named "New Zealand State Highway x" when "State Highway x (New Zealand)" would reflect the common name. Thoughts? Pointers?  Schwede 66  21:15, 8 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I haven't been around for long enough but I have always known the highway articles to be called "New Zealand State Highway x". This certainly has the way I created articles for the highways that were at the time not yet established (15, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 46, 47) Ajf773 (talk) 09:48, 11 December 2016 (UTC)

roads of national significance
Roads of national significance are mentioned in 17 articles, but none explains the concept, or lists the roads. Should there be a separate heading in this article, or would it be more appropriate as a separate article, or an expanded part of the last paragraph of Fifth National Government of New Zealand, with a link, or 'see also' here? Johnragla (talk) 23:39, 16 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd keep it as a separate article. Definitely notable and more a political initiative than being just a collection of state highways. Interestingly, the TraNZport blog has just published an article on RoNS. Maybe you saw it, too, and that is what prompted this question. Yes, it's a blog. It doesn't state who is writing the blog. I happen to know who it is and let's just say that it's somebody who knows the topic—transport planning—inside out (i.e. it's more than just a hobby). That is, I would regard this particular blog as a WP:RS.  Schwede 66  00:07, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * I've created Roads of National Significance, though it could still do with more work on it. Johnragla (talk) 06:54, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

Numbering
"State highways are numbered according to which part of the country they are located. State highways within the Wellington, Manawatū and Hawke's Bay regions are numbered between 50-59, with 59 being the next available number for the Wellington region." This is a little more specific than what's in the article, though maybe still vague enough not to change anything. Mapsax (talk) 00:23, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:New Zealand state highway network


text:
Pete Visclosky

Peter John Visclosky (born August 13, 1949) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for IN's 1st congressional district from 1985 until his retirement in 2021. He is a member of the Democratic Party and was the dean of the Indiana congressional delegation before his retirement in 2021. The District lies in Northwest Indiana, and includes most of the Indiana side of the Chicago metropolitan area. Redistricting passed by the Indiana General Assembly in 2011 changed the district's boundaries, effective January 2013, to include all of Lake and Porter counties as well as the western and northwestern townships of LaPorte County, while shifting Benton, Newton, and Jasper counties out of the district.

On November 6, 2019, Visclosky announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020.

Early life, education, and pre-congressional career
Visclosky was born in Gary, Indiana, the son of John and the late Helen (née Kauzlaric) Visclosky. He is of Croatian-Slovak descent. He was educated at Andrean High School in Merrillville, Indiana. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Accounting at Indiana University Northwest in Gary, Indiana and went on to earn his juris doctor from Notre Dame Law School. At Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., Visclosky earned a Master of Laws in International and Comparative Law. He worked as a lawyer and staff member of United States Representative Adam Benjamin before entering the House.

Elections
In 1984, Visclosky ran for Congress in Indiana's 1st congressional district. In the Democratic primary, he defeated incumbent U.S. Congresswoman Katie Hall, Jack Crawford, and Sandra Smith 34%-33%-31%-1%. In the general election, he defeated Republican Joseph Grenchik 71%-29%. He was reelected 17 times from a district that has been in Democratic hands without interruption since 1931.

In 1986, he won the Democratic primary again with 57%, defeating Hall and three other candidates. He won the general election with 73% of the vote. In 1988, he won the Democratic primary 84%-16% against Sandra Smith. He went on to win the general election with 77% of the vote.

In 1990, Hall challenged Visclosky for the third time and was defeated 51%-30%. He won the general election with 66% of the vote. In 1992, he won the Democratic primary with 72% and the general election with 69%. In 1994, he won the Democratic primary with 77% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Republican John Larson 56%-44%.

For the rest of his career, he never won a primary with less than 71% and he only once won a general election with less than 60% of the vote - in 2010, when Republicans re-took control of the House of Representatives.

Tenure
Visclosky is pro-union and anti-free trade. Reinstating the steel tariff, fighting against illegal actions known as "Steel Dumping", in which countries undercut American steel prices by subsidizing steel production, and/or producing steel through nationalized steel companies, which artificially manipulates the market price of steel produced in this manner, a violation of trade agreements, free markets, and certain international laws, and fighting to save American manufacturing jobs have long been priorities of Visclosky. He serves as Chair of the Congressional Steel Caucus when the Democrats have control of the House, and serves as Vice Chair when they don't. He is also a former Chair of the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee and the current Ranking Member. Congressman Visclosky also opposed actions that would have certain components of advanced U.S. Military weapons and hardware made in foreign countries, most notably in China, which caused the closing of U.S.-based manufacturing centers, such as "Magnequench" in Valparaiso, Indiana, which was covered heavily in the media, most notably in printed media from his district, namely "The Times" and "The Post Tribune", both servicing Northwest Indiana. In this particular case, the component was a sophisticated, high-tech magnet, made of rare earth metals, that is an integral part of U.S. smart-bombs and guided missile systems, including the "Joint Direct Attack Munition" or "JDAM".

Visclosky is one of the 126 Democrats who voted against the Iraq War Resolution. He is also a supporter of high tech solutions as a way to revive the American blue collar work force, and as a way to decrease crime.

Visclocsky was a prime proponent of expanding Gary/Chicago International Airport's runway, and played a role in the securing of $58 million in federal funding to do so in 2006.

Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline
During his tenure, one of Visclosky's focuses had been improving Indiana's Lake Michigan shoreline.

In 1985, during his first term, Visclosky proposed the "Marquette Plan", which would have seen 75% of Northwest Indiana's industrial shoreline reclaimed for public uses. Two decades later, he revived the proposal in a revised form, as the "Marquette Greenway", which would have seen bike trails built along the lakefront. While the overall "Marquette Plan" has not been realized, a number of projects have reclaimed some of the industrial lakefront, such as the Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk.

In 2019, Visclosky added a measure making Indiana Dunes a United States National Park to an appropriations bill, which passed into law. Indiana Dunes thereby became the 61st National Park.

South Shore Line improvements
A large focus of Visclosky during his tenure was improving the South Shore Line rail service. Visclosky managed to help secure federal funding for a number of improvements to the South Shore Line throughout his tenure, including funding for new overpasses and bridges. In his last term as a congressman, two major projects Visclosky had long advocated for to improve the South Shore Line, double tracking on the existing main branch and the construction of the new West Lake Corridor, received federal funding.

PMA Group investigation
The Washington Times reported in March 2009 that Visclosky had received, over ten years, $1.36 million in campaign donations from clients of the PMA Group. In 2007 and 2008, the United States House Committee on Appropriations, of which Visclosky is a member, directed $137 million in government purchasing to PMA's clients. In May 2009, Visclosky received subpoenas in the grand jury investigation into PMA Group, the first member of Congress to be subpoenaed in the investigation. The Congressman was later cleared of all charges by the House Ethics Committee, who detailed in a 305-page report that "Simply because a member sponsors an earmark for an entity that also happens to be a campaign contributor does not, on these two facts alone, support a claim that a member's actions are being influenced by campaign contributions".

Steven V. Roberts and Cokie Roberts called the Visclosky/PMA/Sierra Nevada Corporation relationship "a bribe by any other name".

In 2011, the House Ethics Committee ended its investigation, clearing Visclosky and Republican former Representative Todd Tiahrt of Kansas. While "PMA's lobbyists pushed or directed company executives to maximize personal or Political Action Committee (PAC) campaign contributions and to attend specific fundraisers while pursuing earmarks," the report notes, "the evidence did not show that Members or their official staff were included in discussions or correspondence about, coordinated with PMA on, or knew of these strategies."

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Appropriations
 * Subcommittee on Defense (Chair)
 * Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Steel Caucus (Vice Chair)
 * Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues
 * Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans
 * Congressional Diabetes Caucus
 * Congressional Fire Services Caucus
 * Congressional Hellenic Caucus
 * Congressional Serbian Caucus
 * Great Lakes Task Force
 * Missing, Exploited, and Runaway Children Caucus
 * Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition
 * Buy America Caucus
 * Dairy Farmers Caucus
 * French Caucus
 * Macedonian Caucus
 * National Parks Caucus
 * Slovak Caucus
 * Friends of Switzerland
 * Wine Caucus
 * Wire and Wire Products Caucus
 * Law Enforcement Caucus
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * U.S.-Japan Caucus

Subsequent career
In January 2022, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb appointed Visclosky to serve as chairman of the Gary/Chicago Airport Authority.

Electoral history
! Year ! ! Democratic ! Votes ! % ! ! Republican ! Votes ! % ! ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! % ! ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! %
 * + Indiana's 1st congressional district: Results 1984–2018
 * 1984
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |147,035
 * |71%
 * |Joseph Grenchik
 * |59,986
 * |29%
 * |James Willis
 * |Libertarian
 * |943
 * |0%
 * 1986
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |86,983
 * |73%
 * |William P. Costas
 * |30,395
 * |26%
 * |James Willis
 * |Libertarian
 * |660
 * |1%
 * ! style="background:#FF3300; "|Tracy Kyle
 * ! style="background:#FF3300; "|Workers League
 * ! style="background:#FF3300; "|403
 * ! style="background:#FF3300; "|0%
 * 1988
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |138,251
 * |77%
 * |Owen Crumpacker
 * |41,076
 * |23%
 * 1990
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |68,920
 * |66%
 * |William P. Costas
 * |35,450
 * |34%
 * 1992
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |147,054
 * |69%
 * |David Vucich
 * |64,770
 * |31%
 * 1994
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |68,612
 * |56%
 * |John Larson
 * |52,920
 * |44%
 * 1996
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |133,553
 * |69%
 * |Michael Petyo
 * |56,418
 * |29%
 * |Michael Crass
 * |Libertarian
 * |3,142
 * |2%
 * 1998
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |92,634
 * |73%
 * |Michael Petyo
 * |33,503
 * |26%
 * |Michael Crass
 * |Libertarian
 * |1,617
 * |1%
 * 2000
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |148,683
 * |72%
 * |Jack Reynolds
 * |56,200
 * |27%
 * |Christopher Nelson
 * |Libertarian
 * |2,907
 * |1%
 * 2002
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |90,443
 * |67%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |41,909
 * |31%
 * |Timothy Brennan
 * |Libertarian
 * |2,759
 * |2%
 * 2004
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |178,406
 * |68%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |82,858
 * |32%
 * 2006
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |104,195
 * |70%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |40,146
 * |27%
 * |Charles Barman
 * |Independent
 * |5,266
 * |4%
 * 2008
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |199,954
 * |71%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |76,647
 * |27%
 * |Timothy Brennan
 * |Libertarian
 * |5,421
 * |2%
 * 2010
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |99,387
 * |59%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |65,558
 * |39%
 * |Jon Morris
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,762
 * |3%
 * 2012
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |187,743
 * |67%
 * |Joel Phelps
 * |91,291
 * |33%
 * 2014
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |86,579
 * |61%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |51,000
 * |36%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,714
 * |3%
 * 2016
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |207,515
 * |82%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |47,051
 * |18%
 * |John Meyer
 * |Independent
 * |17
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |159,611
 * |65%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * 2002
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |90,443
 * |67%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |41,909
 * |31%
 * |Timothy Brennan
 * |Libertarian
 * |2,759
 * |2%
 * 2004
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |178,406
 * |68%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |82,858
 * |32%
 * 2006
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |104,195
 * |70%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |40,146
 * |27%
 * |Charles Barman
 * |Independent
 * |5,266
 * |4%
 * 2008
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |199,954
 * |71%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |76,647
 * |27%
 * |Timothy Brennan
 * |Libertarian
 * |5,421
 * |2%
 * 2010
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |99,387
 * |59%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |65,558
 * |39%
 * |Jon Morris
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,762
 * |3%
 * 2012
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |187,743
 * |67%
 * |Joel Phelps
 * |91,291
 * |33%
 * 2014
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |86,579
 * |61%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |51,000
 * |36%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,714
 * |3%
 * 2016
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |207,515
 * |82%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |47,051
 * |18%
 * |John Meyer
 * |Independent
 * |17
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |159,611
 * |65%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |99,387
 * |59%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |65,558
 * |39%
 * |Jon Morris
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,762
 * |3%
 * 2012
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |187,743
 * |67%
 * |Joel Phelps
 * |91,291
 * |33%
 * 2014
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |86,579
 * |61%
 * |Mark Leyva
 * |51,000
 * |36%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,714
 * |3%
 * 2016
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |207,515
 * |82%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |47,051
 * |18%
 * |John Meyer
 * |Independent
 * |17
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |159,611
 * |65%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |4,714
 * |3%
 * 2016
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |207,515
 * |82%
 * |Donna Dunn
 * |Libertarian
 * |47,051
 * |18%
 * |John Meyer
 * |Independent
 * |17
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |159,611
 * |65%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * |47,051
 * |18%
 * |John Meyer
 * |Independent
 * |17
 * |0%
 * 2018
 * |Pete Visclosky
 * |159,611
 * |65%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * |	Mark Leyva
 * |85,594
 * |35%
 * |35%

Personal life
Visclosky is a Roman Catholic.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pete Visclosky


text:
Antivenom

Antivenom, also known as antivenin, venom antiserum, and antivenom immunoglobulin, is a specific treatment for envenomation. It is composed of antibodies and used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. Antivenoms are recommended only if there is significant toxicity or a high risk of toxicity. The specific antivenom needed depends on the species involved. It is given by injection.

Side effects may be severe. They include serum sickness, shortness of breath, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Antivenom is traditionally made by collecting venom from the relevant animal and injecting small amounts of it into a domestic animal. The antibodies that form are then collected from the domestic animal's blood and purified.

Versions are available for spider bites, snake bites, fish stings, and scorpion stings. Due to the high cost of producing antibody-based antivenoms and their short shelf lives when not refrigerated, alternative methods of production of antivenoms are being actively explored. One such different method of production involves production from bacteria. Another approach is to develop targeted drugs (which, unlike antibodies, are usually synthetic and easier to manufacture at scale).

Antivenom was first developed in the late 19th century and came into common use in the 1950s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Medical uses
Antivenom is used to treat certain venomous bites and stings. They are recommended only if there is significant toxicity or a high risk of toxicity. The specific antivenom needed depends on the venomous species involved.

In the US, approved antivenom, including for pit viper (rattlesnake, copperhead and water moccasin) snakebite, is based on a purified product made in sheep known as CroFab. It was approved by the FDA in October 2000. U.S. coral snake antivenom is no longer manufactured, and remaining stocks of in-date antivenom for coral snakebite expired in fall 2009, leaving the U.S. without a coral snake antivenom. Efforts are being made to obtain approval for a coral snake antivenom produced in Mexico which would work against U.S. coral snakebite, but such approval remains speculative.

As an alternative when conventional antivenom is not available, hospitals sometimes use an intravenous version of the antiparalytic drug neostigmine to delay the effects of neurotoxic envenomation through snakebite. Some promising research results have also been reported for administering the drug nasally as a "universal antivenom" for neurotoxic snakebite treatment.

A monovalent antivenom is specific for one toxin or species, while a polyvalent one is effective against multiple toxins or species.

The majority of antivenoms (including all snake antivenoms) are administered intravenously; however, stonefish and redback spider antivenoms are given intramuscularly. The intramuscular route has been questioned in some situations as not uniformly effective.

Antivenoms bind to and neutralize the venom, halting further damage, but do not reverse damage already done. Thus, they should be given as soon as possible after the venom has been injected, but are of some benefit as long as venom is present in the body. Since the advent of antivenoms, some bites which were previously invariably fatal have become only rarely fatal provided that the antivenom is given soon enough.

Side effects
Antivenoms are purified from animal serum by several processes and may contain other serum proteins that can act as immunogens. Some individuals may react to the antivenom with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) or a delayed hypersensitivity (serum sickness) reaction, and antivenom should, therefore, be used with caution. Although rare, severe hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis to antivenom are possible. Despite this caution, antivenom is typically the sole effective treatment for a life-threatening condition, and once the precautions for managing these reactions are in place, an anaphylactoid reaction is not grounds to refuse to give antivenom if otherwise indicated. Although it is a popular myth that a person allergic to horses "cannot" be given antivenom, the side effects are manageable, and antivenom should be given rapidly as the side effects can be managed.

Method of preparation
Most antivenoms are prepared by freeze drying (synonym, cryodesiccation, lyophilization). The process involves freezing the antisera, followed by application of high vacuum. This causes frozen water to sublimate. Sera is reduced to powder with no water content. In such an environment, microorganisms and enzymes cannot degrade the antivenom, and it can be stored for up to 5 years [at normal temperatures]. Liquid antivenoms may also be stored for 5 years, but they must be stored at low temperatures [<8 degrees Celsius (or 46 degrees Fahrenheit)].

Mechanism
Antivenoms act by binding to and neutralizing venoms. The principle of antivenom is based on that of vaccines, developed by Edward Jenner; however, instead of inducing immunity in the person directly, it is induced in a host animal and the hyperimmunized serum is transfused into the person. The host animals may include horses, donkeys, goats, sheep, rabbits, chickens, llamas, and camels. In addition, opossums are being studied for antivenom production. Antivenoms for medical use are often preserved as freeze-dried ampoules, but some are available only in liquid form and must be kept refrigerated. They are not immediately inactivated by heat, however, so a minor gap in the cold chain is not disastrous.

History
The use of serum from immunized animals as a treatment for disease was pioneered in 1890 by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, who first demonstrated that the infectious diseases diphtheria and tetanus could be prevented or cured using transfusions from an immune animal to a susceptible one. On February 10, 1894, Albert Calmette at the Pasteur Institute, and independently Césaire Auguste Phisalix and Gabriel Bertrand at the National Museum of National History in France, announced that they had achieved the same result—treatment of a vulnerable animal with serum from an immunized one—this time using snake venom as the source of protection and disease. Calmette went on subsequently to immunize horses using venom from Indian cobras, and the resulting Serum Antivenimeux (antivenomous serum) became the first commercially-available antivenom product.

Natural immunity of snakes to their own venom was observed at least as long ago as 1767, by Felice Fontana in his work Ricerche Fisiche sopra il Veleno della Vipera (Physical Research on the Venom of the Viper). Surgeon-Major Edward Nicholson wrote in the November 1870 Madras Medical Journal that he had witnessed a Burmese snake-catcher inoculating himself with cobra venom. However, the snake-catcher was unsure whether this was actually effective and therefore continued to treat his snakes with care. Nicholson, along with other Britons, began to consider that venom might provide its own cure. Although Scottish surgeon Patrick Russell had noted in the late 18th century that snakes were not affected by their own venom, it was not until the late 19th century that Joseph Fayrer, Lawrence Waddell, and others began to consider venom-based remedies again. However, they and other naturalists working in India did not have the funding to fully develop their theories. In 1895 Sir Thomas Fraser, Professor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, picked up Fayrer and Waddell's research to produce a serum to act against cobra venom. His "antivenene" was effective in the laboratory, but failed to make an impact as the public were focused on contemporary Pasteurian discoveries.

In 1901, Vital Brazil, working at the Instituto Butantan in São Paulo, Brazil, developed the first monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms for Central and South American Crotalus and Bothrops genera, as well as for certain species of venomous spiders, scorpions, and frogs. In Mexico in 1905, Daniel Vergara Lope developed an antivenom against scorpion venom, by immunizing dogs. In Australia, the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) began antivenom research in the 1920s. CSL has developed antivenoms for the redback spider, funnel-web spiders and all deadly Australian snakes. In the USA, the H.K. Mulford company began producing "Nearctic Crotalidae antivenin" in 1927, via a consortium called the Antivenin Institute of America.

Over time, a variety of improvements have been made in the specificity, potency, and purity of antivenom products, including "salting out" with ammonium sulphate or caprylic acid, enzymatic reduction of antibodies with papain or with pepsin, affinity purification, and a variety of other measures. Many equine facilities now use plasmapheresis to collect blood plasma instead of blood serum.

Availability
There is an overall shortage of antivenom to treat snakebites. Because of this shortage, clinical researchers are considering whether lower doses may be as effective as higher doses in severe neurotoxic snake envenoming.

Antivenom undergoes successive price markups after manufacturing, by licencees, wholesalers and hospitals. When weighed against profitability (especially for sale in poorer regions), the result is that many snake antivenoms, world-wide, are very expensive. Availability, from region to region, also varies.

Internationally, antivenoms must conform to the standards of pharmacopoeia and the World Health Organization (WHO).

In 2024 researchers have discovered a synthetic antibody that can neutralize a key type of neurotoxin produced by four different deadly snake species from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. This might be a step toward an antivenom that could be used on any of the 200 or so dangerous venomous snakes throughout the world.

Antivenoms have been developed for the venoms associated with the following animals:

Terminology
The name "antivenin" comes from the French word venin, meaning venom, which in turn was derived from Latin venenum, meaning poison.

Historically, the term antivenin was predominant around the world, its first published use being in 1895. In 1981, the World Health Organization decided that the preferred terminology in the English language would be venom and antivenom rather than venin and antivenin or venen and antivenene.

title: Antivenom


text:
Key authentication

 Key /Config-authentication is used to solve the problem of authenticating the keys of a person (say "person A") that some other person ("person B") is talking to or trying to talk to. In other words, it is the process of assuring that the key of "person A", held by "person B", does in fact belong to "person A" and vice versa.

This is usually done after the keys have been shared among the two sides over some secure channel. However, some algorithms share the keys at the time of authentication.

The simplest solution for this kind of problem is for the two concerned users to communicate and exchange keys. However, for systems in which there are a large number of users or in which the users do not personally know each other (e.g., Internet shopping), this is not practical. There are various algorithms for both symmetric keys and asymmetric public key cryptography to solve this problem.

Authentication using Shared Keys
For key authentication using the traditional symmetric key cryptography, this is the problem of assuring that there is no man-in-the-middle attacker who is trying to read or spoof the communication. There are various algorithms used now-a-days to prevent such attacks. The most common among the algorithms are Diffie–Hellman key exchange, authentication using Key distribution center, kerberos and Needham–Schroeder protocol. Other methods that can be used include Password-authenticated key agreement protocols etc.

Authentication using Public Key Cryptography
Crypto systems using asymmetric key algorithms do not evade the problem either. That a public key can be known by all without compromising the security of an encryption algorithm (for some such algorithms, though not for all) is certainly useful, but does not prevent some kinds of attacks. For example, a spoofing attack in which public key A is claimed publicly to be that of user Alice, but is in fact a public key belonging to man-in-the-middle attacker Mallet, is easily possible. No public key is inherently bound to any particular user, and any user relying on a defective binding (including Alice herself when she sends herself protected messages) will have trouble.

The most common solution to this problem is the use of public key certificates and certificate authorities (CAs) for them in a public-key infrastructure (PKI) system. The certificate authority (CA) acts as a 'trusted third party' for the communicating users and, using cryptographic binding methods (e.g., digital signatures) represents to both parties involved that the public keys each holds which allegedly belong to the other, actually do so. A digital notary service, if you will. Such CAs can be private organizations providing such assurances, or government agencies, or some combination of the two. However, in a significant sense, this merely moves the key authentication problem back one level for any CA may make a good faith certification of some key but, through error or malice, be mistaken. Any reliance on a defective key certificate 'authenticating' a public key will cause problems. As a result, many people find all PKI designs unacceptably insecure.

Accordingly, key authentication methods are being actively researched.

title: Key authentication


text:
Julian McMahon

Julian Dana William McMahon (born 27 July 1968) is an Australian-American actor and former model. He is the only son of Sir Billy McMahon, a former Prime Minister of Australia. He is best known for his roles as Detective John Grant in Profiler, Cole Turner in Charmed, Christian Troy in Nip/Tuck, Doctor Doom in the Fantastic Four duology, Jonah in Runaways, and Jess LaCroix in CBS crime drama FBI: Most Wanted.

Early life
McMahon was born in Sydney, the son of Sir William McMahon, a prominent Australian politician, and Lady McMahon (née Sonia Hopkins), an heiress, socialite and fashion icon. His father was a Member of the Australian House of Representatives and a high-ranking minister in the 24-year Liberal Government for many years before Julian's birth; he became the 20th Prime Minister of Australia in March 1971, when Julian was two years old. His mother left their three children in the care of a nanny to be with her husband in Canberra during his Prime Ministership. He has an older sister, Melinda, and a younger sister, Deborah. He is of Irish descent through his father.

In an interview with the Herald Sun in 2018, McMahon discussed his childhood: "My Dad... was born in 1908. That’s a very different time to what it was when he was raising me. He must have gone through a strange misunderstanding of how you were parented in 1908 versus how you parent in 1972; it would have been so conflicting. Also how you be a husband in that period of time would have been different."

McMahon was educated at the private, boys-only, Sydney Grammar School, which his father had attended. As a child he dreamed of being an army cadet and playing rugby. McMahon briefly studied law at the University of Sydney and economics at the University of Wollongong. McMahon found no interest in his studies, and began a modelling career. He became known as a model in various fashion capitals, such as Milan, London, New York City, Rome, and Paris.

McMahon was working in Europe when his father died, and returned to Australia for the funeral. While home, he filmed some Levi's commercials which helped him land a role on the iconic Australian soap opera Home & Away.

Career
McMahon won recognition for his roles in television dramas, in portrayals of Ben Lucini in the Australian soap opera Home and Away (1989–1991), Detective John Grant in the American crime drama Profiler (1996–2000), Cole Turner in the American supernatural drama Charmed (2000–2003), and Christian Troy in the American medical drama Nip/Tuck (2003–2010). He also appeared in films with leading and supporting roles, such as Chasing Sleep (2000) alongside Jeff Daniels, Doctor Doom in the Fantastic Four franchise (2005 and 2007), Premonition (2007) starring alongside Sandra Bullock, Red (2010) alongside Bruce Willis, Faces in the Crowd (2011) alongside Milla Jovovich , and Bait (2012) alongside Dan Wyllie and Xavier Samuel.

In the early 1990s, McMahon struggled to obtain a work permit for the United States and as a result he missed out on a few roles. McMahon's big break Hollywood role was on the soap opera Another World when he was cast as Ian Rain in 1993. The first scene he shot in New York for the show had him emerge from a pool in a speedo at the Cory Mansion. He remembers the experience as "pretty magical".

McMahon's work in television, particularly with Nip/Tuck and Charmed garnered him more success. The former series won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. McMahon played the lead role in Nip/Tuck, alongside Dylan Walsh throughout the entire series' run. He also played Jonah on Marvel's Runaways.

In 2018, McMahon returned to Australia to film Swinging Safari in Queensland, alongside Guy Pearce, Kylie Minogue, Radha Mitchell, Asher Keddie, and Jeremy Sims. The film is set in the 1970s and sees McMahon sport handlebar moustache. McMahon and his ex-sister-in-law Kylie Minogue share an improvised kiss in a scene where couples partner swap. He stated that he found it difficult speaking with an Australian accent in the film because the majority of his career he has adapted to performing with an American accent.

From 2020 to 2022, McMahon starred as Jess LaCroix for more than two seasons on the CBS crime drama FBI: Most Wanted. He stated that when he received the script for the series from CBS, he had an "aha moment" and knew he had to play the character. His final episode, "Shattered", aired March 8, 2022.

Most of McMahon's roles have been villains or damaged characters which he says he feels attracted to.

Personal life
McMahon jokingly noted in an interview with Jimmy Kimmel that his mother [was] "a very scary lady" because she would visit him on the set of his films and critique his performance when he finished a scene.

In 1994, McMahon married singer Danni Minogue after meeting on the set of Home and Away in 1991. He starred in her music video clip for the single "This Is It", a song that summed up the couple's relationship and hopes for the future. The newlyweds spent a great deal of their marriage apart, due to McMahon pursuing his career in Los Angeles and Minogue in England. They divorced after 18 months with Minogue stating that her negative relationship with McMahon's mother, Sonia, Lady McMahon, being an issue from the beginning.

In 1999, McMahon married Baywatch star Brooke Burns and had a daughter, before divorcing in 2001. McMahon married for the third time in 2014 to Kelly Paniagua.

McMahon has resided in USA since the 1990s, but says his soul is still Australian: "I feel like I'm Australian on the inside and American on the outside or something. I would never want to leave it behind either. I love Australians, Australianisms, I love my part of being Australian. I love where I grew up and how I grew up and, you know, I wouldn't change it for the world."

title: Julian McMahon