text:
Kensington Palace

Kensington Palace is a royal residence set in Kensington Gardens, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. It has been a residence of the British royal family since the 17th century, and is currently the official London residence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, the Duke and Duchess of Kent, Prince and Princess Michael of Kent and Princess Eugenie and her husband Jack Brooksbank and their two sons. Kensington Palace is sometimes used as a metonym for the offices of royals who officially reside there.

Today, the State Rooms are open to the public and managed by the independent charity Historic Royal Palaces, a nonprofit organisation that does not receive public funds. The offices and private accommodation areas of the palace remain the responsibility of the Royal Household and are maintained by the Royal Household Property Section. The palace also displays many paintings and other objects from the Royal Collection.

King William III and Queen Mary II

Kensington Palace was originally a two-storey Jacobean mansion built by Sir George Coppin in 1605 in the village of Kensington.

Shortly after William and Mary assumed the throne as joint monarchs in 1689, they began searching for a residence better suited for the comfort of the asthmatic William. Whitehall Palace was too near the River Thames, with its fog and floods, for William's fragile health. In the summer of 1689, William and Mary bought the property, then known as Nottingham House, from the Secretary of State Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 7th Earl of Winchilsea, for £20,000. They instructed Sir Christopher Wren, Surveyor of the King's Works, to begin an immediate expansion of the house. In order to save time and money, Wren kept the structure intact and added a three-storey pavilion at each of the four corners, providing more accommodation for the King and Queen and their attendants. The Queen's Apartments were in the north-west pavilion and the King's in the south-east.

Wren re-oriented the house to face west, building north and south wings to flank the approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. The palace was surrounded by straight cut solitary lawns, and formal stately gardens, laid out with paths and flower beds at right angles, in the Dutch garden fashion. The royal court took residence in the palace shortly before Christmas 1689. For the next seventy years, Kensington Palace was the favoured residence of British monarchs, although the official seat of the Court was and remains at St. James's Palace, which has not been the actual royal residence in London since the 17th century.

Additional improvements soon after included Queen Mary's extension of her apartments, by building the Queen's Gallery. After a fire in 1691, the King's Staircase was rebuilt in marble and a Guard Chamber was constructed, facing the foot of the stairs. William had constructed the South Front, to the design of Nicholas Hawksmoor, which included the Kings' Gallery where he hung many works from his picture collection. Mary II died of smallpox in the palace in 1694. In 1702, William suffered a fall from a horse at Hampton Court and was brought to Kensington Palace, where he died shortly afterwards from pneumonia.

Queen Anne
After William III's death, the palace became the residence of Queen Anne. She had Christopher Wren complete the extensions that William and Mary had begun, resulting in the section known as the Queen's Apartments, with the Queen's Entrance, and the plainly decorated Wren designed staircase, that featured shallow steps so that Anne could walk down gracefully. These were primarily used by the Queen to give access between the private apartments and gardens.

Queen Anne's most notable contribution to the palace were the gardens. She commissioned the Hawksmoor-designed Orangery, modified by John Vanbrugh, that was built for her in 1704. The level of decoration of the interior, including carved detail by Grinling Gibbons, reflects its intended use, not just as a greenhouse, but as a place for entertaining. A magnificent 12 ha baroque parterre, with sections of clipped scrolling designs punctuated by trees formally clipped into cones, was laid out by Henry Wise, the royal gardener.

Kensington Palace was the setting of the final argument between Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and Queen Anne. The Duchess, who was known for being outspoken and manipulative, was jealous of the attention the Queen was giving to Abigail Masham, Baroness Masham. Along with the previous insensitive acts of the Duchess after the death of Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, who had died at Kensington Palace in October 1708, their friendship came to an abrupt end on 6 April 1710, with the two seeing each other for the last time after an argument in the Queen's Closet. Queen Anne died at Kensington Palace on 1 August 1714.

King George I and King George II

George I spent lavishly on new royal apartments, creating three new state rooms known as the Privy Chamber, the Cupola Room and the Withdrawing Room. He hired the unknown William Kent in 1722 to decorate the state rooms, which he did with elaborately painted trompe-l'œil ceilings and walls. The Cupola Room was Kent's first commission for the King. The octagonal coffering in the domed ceiling was painted in gold and blue, and terminated in a flat panel decorated with the Star of the Order of the Garter. The walls and woodwork were painted brown and gold to contrast with the white marble pilasters, doorways and niches which were surmounted with gilded statuary.

George I was pleased with his work, and between 1722, and 1727, Kent oversaw the decoration and picture hanging for all of the royal apartments at Kensington Palace. Kent's final commission was the King's Grand Staircase which he painted with 45 intriguing courtiers from the Georgian court, including the King's Turkish servants Mahomet and Mustapha, Peter 'the wild boy' as well as himself along with his mistress. King George I enlarged the palace with the addition of an apartment, built on the north-west side, to house his mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal.

The last reigning monarch to use Kensington Palace was George II, who did not undertake any major structural changes to the palace during his reign, and left the running of the palace to his wife Caroline of Ansbach. At the request of the Queen, Charles Bridgeman, successor to Henry Wise as royal gardener, swept away the outmoded parterres and redesigned Kensington Gardens in a form that is still recognisable today: his remaining features are the Serpentine, the basin called the Round Pond, and the Broad Walk. After the death of his wife, George II neglected many rooms and the palace fell into disrepair. King George II died at Kensington Palace on 25 October 1760.

19th century
With the accession of George III in 1760, Kensington Palace was only used for minor royalty. The sixth son of George III, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, was allocated apartments in the south-west corner of Kensington Palace in 1805 known as Apartment 1. He was interested in the arts and science and amassed a huge library that filled ten rooms and comprised over fifty thousand volumes. He had a large number of clocks, and a variety of singing birds that were free to fly around his apartments. He was elected as president of the Royal Society and gave receptions in his apartments at Kensington Palace to men of science. The expense they incurred induced him to resign the presidency, as he preferred to employ the money in making additions to his library.

The Duke of Sussex caused quite a scandal when he married twice in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, because it had not been approved by the King. His second wife, Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness, was never titled or recognised as the Duchess of Sussex. However, she was created Duchess of Inverness in her own right in 1840. The Duke died at Kensington Palace in 1843. As he had lived beyond his means and amassed substantial debts, his possessions, including the library, were sold after his death. The Duchess of Inverness continued to reside at Kensington Palace until her death in 1873.

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III, was allocated two floors of rooms in the south-east corner of the palace, below the State Apartments, which he renovated for his use. The apartments were next to his near-blind sister Princess Sophia. His daughter, Alexandrina Victoria, was born on 24 May 1819, and her christening conducted in the Cupola Room the following month. The Duke of Kent and Strathearn died nine months after the birth of his daughter.

She grew up in the confines of the palace in an unhappy and lonely childhood as a result of the Kensington System adopted by her mother, Victoria, Duchess of Kent, and the domineering Sir John Conroy, her mother's comptroller of the household. Princess Sophia fell under the sway of Conroy, who took advantage of her senility and blindness. She frequently served as his spy on the Kensington household, as well as on her two elder brothers. Conroy squandered most of her money until she died in 1848, at Kensington Palace.

In 1837, Princess Alexandrina Victoria was awakened to be told that her uncle, King William IV, had died and that she was now queen. She took the regnal name of Victoria and held her first privy council in the Red Saloon at the palace. The Queen promptly moved to Buckingham Palace. She granted rooms in Kensington Palace to her family and retired retainers, which included the Duke and Duchess of Teck, parents of Queen Mary (great-grandmother of King Charles III), who was born at Kensington Palace on 26 May 1867. In 1873, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, resided in the apartment with her husband, the Marquess of Lorne, departing after he was appointed Governor-General of Canada for Rideau Hall.

The couple returned after his tenure, and Louise used her art studio at the apartments to design and sculpt the Statue of Queen Victoria, Kensington Palace. The apartment became her primary residence upon her widowhood in 1914 before her death in 1939. In 1955, the apartment was given to the widowed Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and her children until her death in 1969. Louise's younger sister, Princess Beatrice, was given by Queen Victoria the apartments once occupied by the Queen and her mother below the State Apartments.

20th century
During World War I, George V allowed a number of rooms in the palace to be used by those working for Irish POWs and Irish soldiers at the front, and decreed that its royal inhabitants adhere to the same rations as everyone else. The royal inhabitants now included Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany; Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone; and Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. In 1921, upon widowhood, Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven, moved into a grace-and-favour apartment at Kensington Palace. During this period, her grandson, Prince Philip, lived with her at times as she was in charge of his education. As a result of the number of royal relatives residing there during the 1920s and 1930s, Edward VIII called the palace "the aunt heap." Kensington Palace was severely damaged during the Blitz of 1940. It was hit by an incendiary bomb that exploded in the north side of Clock Court, damaging many of the surrounding buildings including the State Apartments, particularly the Queen's Apartments. The Headquarters of Personnel Section occupied Apartment 34, and as a result the garden was overrun with anti-aircraft guns, sandbags and trenches. Repairs to the palace were not completed for several years, but after the war, Prince Philip stayed with his grandmother, Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven in the lead-up to his 1947 marriage with Princess Elizabeth, later to become Queen Elizabeth II.

With the bombing damage and the deaths of Princess Louise and Princess Beatrice, the palace entered a period of neglect. During the 1950s, residents of the palace included the Master of the Horse, Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort, who had married Lady Mary Cambridge - a niece of Queen Mary as the daughter of Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge, Sir Alan Lascelles, Queen Elizabeth's private secretary and Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, who lived in the palace until her death in 1981.

In 1955, the widowed Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, moved into Apartment 1, with her children, which had been vacant since Princess Louise's death in 1939. It was at this time that the apartment was divided and Apartment 1A created. The stylish Duchess of Kent continued to live in the apartment until her death at Kensington Palace of a brain tumour in 1968.

Following their wedding on 6 May 1960, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, sister of Queen Elizabeth II, and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, moved into Apartment 10, while they set about transforming the much larger Apartment 1A to new designs. In 1960, Kensington Palace was under the auspices of the Department of the Environment. The renovation had to be carried out under the strictest of budgets, with the eventual costs coming in at £85,000, approximately £1.5 million today. By 1962, the whole interior had been gutted. All the floors, except the attic floor, were removed to deal with rising damp. The resulting modern apartment consisted of the main reception rooms, three principal bedrooms and dressing rooms, three principal bathrooms, the nursery accommodation, nine staff bedrooms, four staff bathrooms, two staff kitchens and two staff sitting rooms.

Twenty ancillary rooms included a linen store, a luggage room, a drying room, a glass pantry and a photographic dark room for Lord Snowdon. The house in 18th century style, had a modern colour palette, with the bold use of colours including Margaret's favourites, pink and kingfisher blue. The house was largely designed by Snowdon and Princess Margaret with the assistance of the theatre designer Carl Toms, one-time assistant to Oliver Messel, Lord Snowdon's uncle, and a close friend of the royal couple. The royal couple moved into Apartment 1A on 4 March 1963, prior to the birth of their daughter, Lady Sarah, who was born at the palace the following year.

Prince and Princess Richard of Gloucester, later Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, moved into Apartment 1 after their marriage in 1972, the 21-room house previously occupied by Princess Marina, where they subsequently raised their three children. In 1994, after the Gloucesters had to give up their country home, Barnwell Manor, for financial reasons, they moved the Duke's aged mother Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, from Barnwell to Kensington Palace where she died in her sleep on 29 October 2004 at age 102. She holds the record as the oldest person in the history of the British royal family.

The Queen gave the keys to the five-bedroom, five-reception grace-and-favour Apartment 10 to Prince and Princess Michael of Kent on the occasion of their marriage in 1978. Their children, Lord Frederick Windsor and Lady Gabriella Kingston, were raised at the residence. In 2008, there was controversy when it was claimed that the couple paid a rent of only £70 per week, though they fulfilled no official duties on behalf of the Queen. The British Monarchy Media Centre denied these reports and stated that, "The Queen is paying the rent for Prince and Princess Michael of Kent's apartment at a commercial rate of £120,000 annually from her own private funds... This rent payment by The Queen is in recognition of the Royal engagements and work for various charities which Prince and Princess Michael of Kent have undertaken at their own expense, and without any public funding."

It was announced that from 2010, that Prince and Princess Michael would begin paying rent of £120,000 a year out of their own funds to continue living in the apartment. In 1996, Prince Michael's older brother, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and his wife Katharine moved into Wren House on the Kensington Palace estate.

In 1981, in the part of the palace that King George I had built for his mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, Apartments 8 and 9 were combined to create the London residence of the newly married Prince of Wales and his wife, Diana, Princess of Wales. It remained the official residence of the Princess after their divorce until her death. Her sons, Princes William and Harry, were raised in Kensington Palace and went to local nursery and pre-preparatory schools in Notting Hill, which is a short drive away. According to Andrew Morton, the palace was a "children's paradise" with its long passageways, a helicopter pad, and many outdoor gardens, including one on the roof where the family spent many hours.

Several notable courtiers live or have lived at The Old Barracks building, on the southern end of the palace. Notable residents include: Paul Burrell, Princess Diana's butler; Sir Miles Hunt-Davies, Private Secretary to Prince Philip; Jane, Lady Fellowes, Diana's sister, and her husband Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes, Private Secretary to the Queen. Diana's interview with Martin Bashir for the BBC's Panorama programme was recorded in Diana's sitting room at the palace. In February 1987, a thief wearing a ski mask hit police guards with a hammer while in the gardens but did not get inside the palace, where Prince Charles, Diana and other royals were sleeping.

Upon Diana's death on 31 August 1997, the gates at Kensington Palace became the focus of public mourning with over one million bouquets, reaching 5 ft deep in places, placed as tribute before them stretching out into Kensington Gardens. The Princess's coffin spent its last night in London at the palace. On the morning of 6 September 1997, a tenor bell signalled the departure of the funeral cortège carrying the coffin from the palace on a gun carriage to Westminster Abbey for the ceremony. Her residence was stripped bare and lay vacant for 10 years after her death. It was split back into two apartments, with Apartment 8 being used by four of Charles's charities and Apartment 9 becoming home to the Chief of the Defence Staff.

21st century
Following their marriage in 2011, the then-Duke and Duchess of Cambridge used Nottingham Cottage as their London residence. They then moved into the four-storey, 20-room Apartment 1A, the former residence of Princess Margaret, in 2013. Renovations took 18 months at a cost of £4.5 million, including new heating, electrics and plastering, and the removal of asbestos that required nearly everything to be stripped out internally, as well as a new roof.

Kensington Palace became the Duke and Duchess's main residence in 2017, moving from their country home, Anmer Hall. The apartment covers four storeys, with three bedrooms, two nurseries and five reception rooms. In 2016, Diana's former residence, Apartment 8, was turned into office space for the couple's staff, official duties and charity work. The Duke and Duchess have hosted multiple engagements, receptions, and meetings at the palace.

On 28 March 2012, it was announced that Prince Harry had moved his residence from Clarence House to a one-bedroom apartment at Kensington Palace. From 2013, he resided at Nottingham Cottage. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex continued to live at the property until the birth of their son in spring 2019.

In April 2018, Princess Eugenie moved from St James's Palace into Ivy Cottage at Kensington Palace. She lived there with her husband Jack Brooksbank until November 2020. In September 2019, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, previously residents of Apartment 1, moved to the Old Stables, a smaller home located within the palace's estate. In summer 2022, The Prince and Princess of Wales moved their family residence to Adelaide Cottage near Windsor Castle. Kensington Palace remains their official London residence as well as the location of their household and offices.

Interior and grounds
Kensington Palace contains many public and private apartments and residences within the building and its grounds. The palace houses fifty total residents. Aside from royals, it also hosts members of the military, courtiers, staff, and citizens who pay market rent.

King and Queen's State Apartments
The King's and Queen's State Apartments are state rooms and private apartments historically used by various monarchs and consorts. The King's State Apartments were used for diplomatic audiences and meetings, described as "opulent" and "surprisingly sparse". The Queen's State Apartments were a domestic residence typically used by consorts to live in and entertain. The state apartments were first opened to the public in 1899. The museum closed intermittently during the conflicts of the First and Second World Wars before reopening permanently in 1949.

The entryway to the King's State Apartments is marked by the King's Staircase, decorated with a painting by William Kent depicting George I's royal court, completed in 1974. The apartment possesses several reception rooms. The Presence Chamber features a limewood fireplace where the monarch received ministers. The Privy Chamber was one of Queen Caroline's favourite entertaining spaces. The Cupola Room has been described as the "most splendidly decorated room in the palace", also by Kent.

The King's Drawing Room, where courtiers would come "in search of power and patronage", features a copy of Venus and Cupid by Giorgio Vasari, which Caroline attempted to have removed to no avail. The King's Gallery, built for William III, is decorated with red accents and golden ornaments, used for exercise and displaying paintings. Featuring numerous works by Kent, it houses Charles I at the Hunt by Anthony van Dyck.

The Queen's State Apartments consist of the rooms where Mary II and later royal consorts resided. The Queen's Staircase is "deliberately plainer" than its counterpart, accessible to the gardens. The Queen's Gallery, built in 1693, was previously filled with Turkish carpets and oriental artifacts, and was designed as a place for Mary to fulfil "simple pastimes such as walking, reading, and needlework." The Queen's Dining Room is where Mary and William would take their meals together in private, featuring 17th-century panelling. The Queen's Drawing Room features décor from China and Japan, and features William and Mary's intertwined monogram carved into the crown moulding. Mary's bedroom, where she entertained friends, is included in the apartments.

Apartment 1
Apartment 1 is a royal residence located in the southwest wing of the palace. During its vacancy from 1939 and 1955, it was divided into two, with a separate Apartment 1 and Apartment 1A within the space. The apartment has 21 rooms and a walled garden, as well as adjoining doors to Apartment 1A. It has been described as a “lovely big apartment”; Apartment 1 is the second-biggest residence in the palace. Previous interior rooms have included the "sizable" library of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, and the sculpting studio of Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.

Apartment 1A
Apartment 1A is a royal residence, covering four storeys, with twenty rooms total. It has five reception rooms, each with fireplaces, as well as three bedrooms, dressing rooms and two nurseries. The upper level has nine staff bedrooms, while the basement holds a luggage room, gym, and laundry quarters. There are three kitchens, one for family use and two for the staff. The residence overlooks a large, walled-in garden, hidden from public view in the palace's museum wing by frosted windows.

The entrance hall has intricate crown moulding and black-and-white tiling. The apartment features art and furnishings from the Royal Collection. The Duchess of Cambridge decorated the space with furniture from IKEA, with the interior featuring "warm beiges and floral pillows", gold trim upholstery, and detailed carpeting.

Apartments 8 & 9
Apartments 8 & 9 are two conjoined chambers situated on the northern-most section of the main palatial building. The apartment covers three storeys. During its use as a residence, the two-room nursery covered the entirety of the top floor. Other spaces included two reception rooms: a drawing room doubling as Diana's office, a sitting room with a television, and a formal dining room. In 1981, the apartments were combined to create a family home for Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

The residence had a helicopter pad, and many outdoor gardens, including one on the roof and a greenhouse where the family spent many hours. Diana decorated the residence in "bold patterns and lush fabrics", as well as floral wallpaper and a mix of modern and antique furniture, upholstered with golden lacquer. From 1997, the apartments have been used as office space for various groups, charities, and staff.

Apartment 10
Apartment 10 is a residence situated in the north-east section of the palace, in the public gardens. The three-storey apartment holds five bedrooms and five reception rooms. Former tenant Princess Margaret described it as "the doll’s house".

Wren House
Named for architect Christopher Wren, Wren House residence is near a cluster of cottages on the grounds of the palace, located north of the main building. It has five bedrooms and five reception rooms. The cottage covers two storeys, and has been noted as one of the more modest residences within the palace. Wren House is said to have the "best view" of the palace's walled gardens.

Nottingham Cottage
Nottingham Cottage is a residence near a cluster of cottages on the grounds of the palace, located north of the main building. Described as a "cosy property", it contains two bedrooms, two reception rooms, and a small garden.

Ivy Cottage
Ivy Cottage is a residence near a cluster of cottages on the grounds of the palace, located north of the main building. The cottage holds three bedrooms. While in residence, Princess Eugenie was reported to have renovated the residence and "brightened the cottage up with lots of pops of colour" and various art pieces.

Old Stables
The Old Stables is a residence near a cluster of cottages on the grounds of the palace, located north of the main building. During Sir Alan Lascelles' occupation, it was described as "lavishly decorated". During the residence of Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester, the house was decorated with "old wooden furniture" and "bright turquoise walls".

King's Kitchen Cottages and the Upper Lodge
The King's Kitchen Cottages and Upper Lodge make up staff residences.

Chapel
The Kensington Palace Chapel was built in the 1830s, used for private family services and occasions. Described as the "heart" of the palace, it was converted into residential space before being restored as a chapel by a conservation company in 2002. The space is approximately 9 meters long, including a "variety of antique features" and oak wall panelling. Renaissance era art pieces from the Royal Collection adorn the room, alongside a 19th-century brass hung chandelier. Family events that have taken place at the chapel include the 2004 wedding of Lady Davina Windsor, and the 2015 christening of Isabella Windsor, daughter of Lord Frederick Windsor and Lady Frederick Windsor,.

As a tourist attraction/other uses

By the end of the 19th century, the State Rooms were severely neglected. The brickwork was decaying and the woodwork was infested with dry rot. Calls were made for the palace to be demolished, but Queen Victoria declared that "while she lived, the palace in which she was born should not be destroyed". In 1897, Parliament was persuaded to pay for the restoration which was completed two years later. The State Rooms were opened to the public on the Queen's birthday, 24 May 1899. This began the palace's dual role as a private home to royalty and a public museum.

Queen Mary was instrumental in opening the State Apartments as a temporary location for the London Museum, now known as the Museum of London, from 1911 to 1914. The State Apartments were filled with showcases, some containing hundreds of objects including 18th-century costumes and dresses worn by Queen Victoria, Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary. The museum returned from 1950 to 1976 before it moved to its next home on London Wall.

In 1989 care for the Kensington Palace State Rooms was contracted out to Historic Royal Palaces Agency, a non-departmental public body, on behalf of the Department of the Environment. Historic Royal Palaces Agency became an independent charity in 1998 called Historic Royal Palaces (HRP), which is dependent on charitable giving for management of the site. Under HRP the Kensington Palace State Rooms underwent a two-year, £12 million renovation, underwritten with contributions from the Heritage Lottery Fund as well as other public and private donations. New uniforms for staff were designed by Stuart Stockdale at Jaeger.

The re-opening of the palace occurred in time for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 2012. Visitors now can choose four different routes throughout the palace that offer exhibits incorporating cutting-edge digital presentations, interactive experiences, and audio sequences that bring to life the gatherings of gowns, antique furniture, and other memorabilia of notable residents of the palace. These include William and Mary in the Queen's State Apartments, the court of George I and II in the King's State Apartments, and the life of Queen Victoria in the rooms most associated with her.

The fourth exhibit displays selections of Queen Elizabeth's wardrobe in the 1950s, Princess Margaret from the 1960 and 70s and Diana, Princess of Wales, in the 1980s during their fashion heyday. The grounds of the palace were renovated with enhancements including eliminating railings, fences, and shrubs that had undermined royal gardener Charles Bridgeman's original landscaping. Two new public gardens to the south and east of the palace were installed that connect the property to Kensington Gardens.

The nearest tube stations are Queensway, Bayswater, High Street Kensington, or (slightly farther) Gloucester Road.

In October 2011, Disney, in cooperation with Historic Royal Palaces, hosted "Rapunzel's Royal Celebration" at Kensington Palace, a special event in which Rapunzel (Tangled) was inducted as the tenth official Disney Princess and crowned. All nine existing Princesses attended – title characters, Snow White, Cinderella, Pocahontas, and Mulan, as well as, Aurora (Sleeping Beauty), Ariel (The Little Mermaid), Belle (Beauty and the Beast), Jasmine (Aladdin), and Tiana (The Princess and the Frog) – arriving by carriage in a procession that passed through Hyde Park. Other Disney characters who attended were the Fairy Godmother and Flynn Rider, who crowned Rapunzel. An estimated 10,000 people watched the procession, and over 100 girls from 25 countries attended the ceremony inside the palace. It was the second Disney Princess induction/coronation to take place outside the Disney Parks and Resorts, and the first to take place outside the United States.

title: Kensington Palace


text:
List of coalfields

A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the approximate boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural, in addition to geological. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, and watersheds and other geographical considerations. At one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was probably only referred to by a few small railroads and history buffs by the 1980s. Renewed interest in industrial heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience.

New South Wales

 * Gunnedah Basin coalfields
 * Hunter Valley coalfields
 * South Maitland coalfields
 * Sydney Basin coalfields

Queensland

 * Bowen Basin coalfields
 * Galilee Basin coalfields
 * Surat Basin coalfields
 * Walloon coalfields

Victoria

 * Latrobe Valley coalfields

Western Australia

 * Collie coalfields

Belgium

 * Borinage Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973)
 * Campine Coalfield (1917–1992)
 * Centre Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1973)
 * Charleroi Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1984)
 * Liege Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1980)

Canada

 * Ardley coalfield
 * Beersville Coalfield
 * Carbon-Thompson coalfield
 * Comox Coalfield
 * Crowsnest coalfield
 * Cypress Coalfield
 * Daly-Weaver coalfield
 * Dominion coalfield
 * Drumheller coalfield
 * East Kootenay coalfield
 * Elk Valley Coalfield
 * Estevan Coalfield
 * Flathead Coalfield
 * Gething coalfield
 * Hat Creek Coalfield
 * Howley Coalfield
 * Inverness Coalfield
 * Joggins River Herbert Coalfield
 * Lethbridge coalfield
 * Mabou Coalfield
 * MacKay coalfield
 * Mannville coalfield
 * Merritt Coalfield
 * Minto Coalfield
 * Nanaimo Coalfield
 * Onakawana Coalfield
 * Peace River coalfield
 * Pictou Coalfield
 * Princeton Coalfield
 * St. George Coalfield
 * St Rose-Chimney Corner Coalfield
 * Spring Hill Coalfield
 * Sydney Coalfield
 * Taber coalfield
 * Tulameen Coalfield
 * Willow Bunch Coalfield
 * Wood Mountain Coalfield

Chile

 * Lirquén Coalfield, Penco, Bío Bío Region
 * Puchoco Coalfield, Coronel, Bío Bío Region
 * Lota Coalfield, Lota, Bío Bío Region
 * Curanilahue Coalfield, Curanilahue, Bío Bío Region
 * Boca Lebu Coalfield, Lebu, Bío Bío Region
 * Mulpún Coalfield, Mafil, Los Ríos Region
 * Loreto Coalfield, Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region

China

 * Juye coalfield
 * Sha'er Lake coalfield
 * Zhunggar coalfield

Colombia
Colombia has the largest coal reserves in Latin America and is a major exporter.
 * Cerrejón, in La Guajira
 * Guajira coalfield

France

 * Aumance Coalfield
 * Blanzy Coalfield
 * Brassac Coalfield
 * Carmaux Coalfield
 * Champagnac Coalfield
 * Dauphiné Coalfield
 * Decazeville Coalfield
 * Epinac Coalfield
 * Gard Coalfield
 * Hérault Coalfield
 * Loire Coalfield
 * Lorraine Coalfield (1820–2004)
 * La Machine Coalfield
 * Messeix Coalfield
 * Nord-Pas-de-Calais Coalfield (1852–1990)
 * Provence Coalfield
 * St Eloi Coalfield

Germany

 * Aachen Coalfield
 * Erkelenz Coalfield (1914–1997)
 * Inde Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1944)
 * Wurm Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1992)

 * Ibbenbüren Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2018)
 * Lugau-Oelsnitz Coalfield (1844–1971)
 * Ruhr Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2018)
 * Saar Coalfield (Middle Ages – 2012)
 * Zwickau Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1979)

England

 * Bristol and Somerset Coalfield
 * Bristol Coalfield
 * Cheadle Coalfield
 * Clee Hills Coalfield
 * Coalbrookdale Coalfield
 * Cumberland Coalfield
 * Durham Coalfield
 * East Staffordshire Coalfield
 * Forest of Dean Coalfield
 * Ingleton Coalfield
 * Kent Coalfield
 * Lancashire Coalfield
 * Burnley Coalfield
 * South Lancashire Coalfield
 * Manchester Coalfield
 * Oldham Coalfield
 * St Helens Coalfield
 * Wigan Coalfield

 * Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield
 * Midgeholme Coalfield
 * Newent Coalfield
 * Oxfordshire-Berkshire Coalfield
 * North Staffordshire Coalfield
 * Northumberland Coalfield
 * Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield
 * Oswestry Coalfield
 * Shrewsbury Coalfield
 * Shropshire Coalfield
 * Somerset Coalfield
 * South Staffordshire Coalfield
 * Cannock Chase Coalfield
 * Warwickshire Coalfield
 * Wyre Forest Coalfield
 * Yorkshire Coalfield
 * South Yorkshire Coalfield

Scotland

 * Ayrshire Coalfield
 * Central Ayrshire Coalfield
 * South Ayrshire Coalfield

 * Brora Coalfield
 * Canonbie Coalfield
 * Central Coalfield
 * Clackmannan Coalfield
 * Dailly Coalfield
 * Douglas Coalfield
 * Fife Coalfield
 * Central Fife Coalfield
 * East Fife Coalfield
 * West Fife Coalfield

 * Lanarkshire Coalfield
 * Lothians Coalfield
 * Machrihanish Coalfield
 * Midlothian Coalfield
 * Northeast Stirlingshire Coalfield
 * Sanquhar Coalfield
 * Scremerston Coalfield

Wales

 * Anglesey Coalfield
 * North Wales Coalfield
 * Denbighshire Coalfield
 * Flintshire Coalfield

 * Pembrokeshire Coalfield
 * South Wales Coalfield

India

 * South Eastern Coalfields
 * Chirimiri Coalfield
 * Daltonganj Coalfield
 * Deoghar Coalfield
 * Delhi-Jaipur Coalfield
 * East Bokaro Coalfield
 * Ib Valley Coalfield
 * Jharia Coalfield
 * Jhilimili Coalfield
 * Kamptee Coalfield
 * Korba Coalfield
 * Makum Coalfield
 * Mand Raigarh Coalfield
 * Namchik-Namphuk Coalfield
 * North Karanpura Coalfield
 * Pench Kanhan Coalfield
 * Rajmahal coalfield
 * Ramgarh Coalfield
 * Raniganj Coalfield
 * Singareni Coalfield
 * Singrauli Coalfield
 * Sohagpur Coalfield
 * South Karanpura Coalfield
 * Talcher Coalfield
 * Umaria Coalfield
 * Wardha Valley Coalfield
 * West Bokaro Coalfield

Hokkaidō

 * Ishikari coalfield
 * Kayanuma coalfield
 * Kushiro coalfield
 * Rumoi coalfield
 * Tenpoku coalfield

Honshū

 * Jōban coalfield
 * Omine coalfield
 * Ube coalfield

Kyūshū

 * Amakusa coalfield
 * Chikuhō coalfield
 * Miike coalfield
 * Nishisonogi coalfield

New Zealand

 * kapuka
 * Rotowaro
 * Stockton

The Netherlands

 * Limburg Coalfield (Middle Ages – 1974)
 * Peel Coalfield (1955–1962)

Pakistan

 * Thar Coalfield

Poland

 * Lower Silesia Coalfield
 * Lublin Coalfield
 * Upper Silesian Coal Basin

Russia

 * Ulug-Khem coal basin

South Africa

 * Ermelo Coalfield
 * Highveld Coalfield
 * Klip River Coalfield
 * Utrecht Coalfield
 * Waterberg Coalfield
 * Witbank Coalfield

Ukraine

 * Bogdanovskoye coalfield
 * Donets Coalfield, sometimes known by its misnomer Donetsk Coalfield
 * Lviv-Volhynian Coalfield
 * Dnieper Coalfield (lignite)

Alabama

 * Warrior Coalfield
 * Cahaba Coalfield
 * Coosa Coalfield
 * Lookout Mountain Coalfield
 * Sand Mountain Coalfield

Alaska

 * Nenana Coalfield

Arkansas

 * Arkansas Valley Coalfield

Colorado

 * Book Cliffs Coalfield
 * Boulder-Weld Coalfield
 * Canyon City Coalfield
 * Colorado Springs Coalfield
 * Crested Butte Coalfield
 * Dan Forth Hills Coalfield
 * Durango Coalfield
 * Grand Hogback Coalfield
 * Grand Mesa Coalfield
 * North Park Coalfield
 * Nucla Naturita Coalfield
 * Pagosa Springs Coalfield
 * Somerset Colorado Coalfield
 * South Park Coalfield
 * Trinidad Coalfield
 * Yampa Coalfield

Illinois

 * Harrisburg Coalfield
 * Southern Illinois

Indiana

 * Southwestern Indiana

Iowa

 * Appanoose-Wayne Coalfield
 * Eldora Coalfield
 * Fort Dodge Coalfield
 * Walnut Creek Coalfield

Kansas

 * Pittsburg-Weir Coalfield

Kentucky

 * Cicinnatti-Southern Coalfield
 * Cumberland Gap Coalfield
 * Elkhorn Coalfield
 * Harlan Coalfield
 * Hazard Coalfield
 * Jellico Coalfield
 * Kenova Coalfield
 * Paintsville Coalfield
 * Thacker Coalfield
 * West Kentucky Coalfield

Maryland

 * Cassellman Coalfield
 * Georges Creek Coalfield
 * Lower Youghiogheny Coalfield
 * Upper Potomac Coalfield
 * Upper Youghiogheny Coalfield

North Carolina

 * Dan River Coalfield
 * Deep River Coalfield

Ohio

 * Amsterdam-Salineville Coalfield
 * Cambridge Coalfield
 * Coshocton Coalfield
 * Crooksville Coalfield
 * Federal Creek Coalfield
 * Goshen Coalfield
 * Hocking Coalfield
 * Ironton Coalfield
 * Jackson Coalfield
 * Lisbon Coalfield
 * Massillion Coalfield
 * Meigs Creek Coalfield
 * Palmyra Coalfield
 * Pittsburgh No. 8 Coalfield
 * Pomeroy Coalfield

Oklahoma

 * Arkoma Basin Coalfield
 * Northeastern Shelf Coalfield
 * Oklahoma Coalfield

Oregon

 * Coos Bay Coalfield

Pennsylvania

 * Anthracite Coalfield (Coal Region)
 * Beaver Coalfield
 * Bennetts Branch Coalfield
 * Bernice Coalfield
 * Black Lick Coalfield (aka Nanto Glo Coalfield)
 * Blossburg Coalfield
 * Broad Top Coalfield
 * Butler Coalfield
 * Cameron Coalfield
 * Clarion Coalfield
 * Clearfield Coalfield
 * Connellsville Coalfield
 * Freeport Coalfield
 * Georges Creek Coalfield
 * Indian Valley Coalfield
 * Indiana Coalfield
 * Irwin Gas Coalfield
 * Keating Coalfield
 * Kittanning Coalfield
 * Klondike Coalfield
 * Ligonier Coalfield
 * Low Grade Division Coalfield
 * Mercer Coalfield
 * Meyersdale Coalfield
 * Moshannon Coalfield
 * Mountain Coalfield
 * Pittsburgh Coalfield
 * Punxsutawney Coalfield
 * Ralston Coalfield
 * Shawmut Coalfield
 * Snowshoe Coalfield
 * Somerset Pennsylvania Coalfield
 * Westmoreland Coalfield
 * Windber Coalfield

Tennessee

 * Cumberland Gap Coalfield
 * Jellico Coalfield
 * Lafollette Coalfield
 * Rockwood Coalfield
 * Soddy Coalfield
 * Wartburg Coalfield

Utah

 * Blacktail Coalfield
 * Book Cliffs Coalfield
 * Castlegate Coalfield
 * Coalville Coalfield
 * Emery Coalfield
 * Harmony Coalfield
 * Henry Mountains Coalfield
 * Kaiporonitis Plateau Coalfield
 * Kolob Plateau Coalfield
 * Sunnyside Coalfield
 * Teton Basin Coalfield
 * Vernal Coalfield
 * Wasatch Plateau

Virginia

 * Buchanan Coalfield
 * Clinch Valley Coalfield
 * Pocahontas Coalfield
 * Richmond Coalfield
 * Southwestern Coalfield (Big Stone Gap Coalfield)
 * Valley Coalfield (anthracite)

West Virginia

 * Elkins Coalfield
 * Fairmont Coalfield
 * Greenbrier Coalfield
 * Kanawha Coalfield
 * Logan Coalfield
 * Meadow Branch Coalfield (anthracite)
 * New River Coalfield
 * Panhandle Coalfield
 * Pocahontas Coalfield
 * Upper Potomac Coalfield
 * Williamson Coalfield
 * Winding Gulf Coalfield

Wyoming

 * Bighorn Coalfield
 * Black Hills Coalfield
 * Goshen Hole Coalfield
 * Green River Coalfield
 * Hams Fork Coalfield
 * Hanna Coalfield
 * Jackson Hole Coalfield
 * Powder River Coalfield (aka Gillette Coalfield)
 * Rock Creek Coalfield
 * Wind River Coalfield

Venezuela

 * Guasare coalfield

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of coalfields


text:
Scarlet tanager

The scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea) is a medium-sized American songbird. Until recently, it was placed in the tanager family (Thraupidae), but it and other members of its genus are now classified as belonging to the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). The species' plumage and vocalizations are similar to other members of the cardinal family, although the Piranga species lacks the thick conical bill (well suited to seed and insect eating) that many cardinals possess. The species resides in thick deciduous woodlands and suburbs.

Etymology
The genus name Piranga is from Tupi Tijepiranga, the name for an unknown small bird, and the specific olivacea is from Neo-Latin olivaceus, "olive-green".

Description
The scarlet tanager, a mid-sized passerine, is marginally the smallest of the four species of Piranga that breed north of the Mexican border. It can weigh from 23.5 to 38 g, with an average of 25 g during breeding and an average of 35 g at the beginning of migration. Scarlet tanagers can range in length from 16 to 19 cm and from 25 to 30 cm in wingspan. Adults of both sexes have pale, horn-colored, fairly stout, and smooth-textured bills. Adult males are crimson-red with black wings and tail. The male's coloration is intense and deeply red, similar but deeper in shade than the males of two occasionally co-existing relatives, the northern cardinal and the summer tanager, both which lack black wings. Females are yellowish on the underparts and olive on top, with yellow-olive-toned wings and tail. The adult male's winter plumage is similar to the female's, but the wings and tail remain darker. Young males briefly show a more complex, variegated plumage intermediate between adult males and females.

The somewhat confusing specific epithet olivacea ("the olive-colored one") was based on a female or immature specimen rather than erythromelas ("the red-and-black one"), which authors attempted to ascribe to the species throughout the 19th century (older scientific names always takes precedence, however).

Female, immature, and nonbreeding males may be distinguished from the same ages and sexes in summer tanagers, which are more brownish overall, and western tanagers, which always have bold white bars and more yellowish undersides than scarlet tanagers. The song of the scarlet tanager sounds somewhat like a hoarser version of the American robin's and is only slightly dissimilar from the songs of the summer and western tanagers. The call of the scarlet tanager is an immediately distinctive chip-burr or chip-churr, which is very different from the pit-i-tuck of the summer tanager and the softer, rolled pri-tic or prit-i-tic of western tanager.

Behavior
Their breeding habitat is large stretches of deciduous forest, especially with oaks, across eastern North America. They can occur, with varying degrees of success, in young successional woodlands and occasionally in extensive plantings of shade trees in suburban areas, parks, and cemeteries. For a viable breeding population, at least 10 to 12 hectares of forest are required. In winter, Scarlet tanagers migrate to the montane forest of the Andean foothills of northwestern South America, passing through Central America around April, and again around October. They begin arriving in their breeding grounds in numbers by about May and already start to move south again in midsummer; by early October, they are all on their way south. The bird is an extremely rare vagrant to Western Europe.

Scarlet tanagers are often out of sight, foraging high in trees, sometimes flying out to catch insects in flight and then returning to the same general perch, in a hunting style known as "sallying". Sometimes, however, they also capture their prey on the forest floor. They eat mainly insects, but opportunistically consume fruit when plentiful. Any flying variety of insect can readily be taken when common, such as bees, wasps, hornets, ants, and sawflies; moths and butterflies; beetles; flies; cicadas, leafhoppers, spittlebugs, treehoppers, plant lice, and scale insects; termites; grasshoppers and locusts; dragonflies; and dobsonflies. Scarlet tanagers also take snails, earthworms, and spiders. While summer tanagers are famous for this feeding method, when capturing bees, wasps, and hornets, scarlet tanagers also rake the prey against a branch to remove their stingers before consumption. Plant components of their diet include a wide variety of fruits that are eaten mainly when insect population are low: blackberries (Rubus allegheniensis), raspberries (R. ideaus), huckleberries (Gaylussacia sp.), juneberries and serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.), mulberries (Morus rubra), strawberries (Fragaria virginiana), and chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa).

Breeding
Male scarlet tanagers reach their breeding ground from mid-May to early June. Females generally arrive several days to a week later. Nest building and egg laying both occur usually in less than two weeks after the adults arrive. The clutch is usually four eggs, occasionally from three to five and exceptionally from one to six eggs may be laid. The eggs are a light blue color, often with a slight greenish or whitish tinge. Incubation lasts for 11 to 14 days. Hatching and fledging are both reached at different points in summer depending on how far north the tanagers are breeding, from June-early July in the southern parts of its breeding range to as late as August or even early September in the northernmost part of its range. The average weight at hatching is 3.97 g, with the nestlings increasing their weight to 20 - 22 g by 10 days, or 70% of the parent's weight. The young leave the nest by 9–12 days of age and fly capably by the time they are a few weeks old. If the nesting attempt is disturbed, scarlet tanagers apparently are unable to attempt a second brood, as several other passerines can. In a study of 16 nests in Michigan, 50% were successful in producing one or more fledglings. In western New York, fledgling success increased from 22% in scattered patches of woods to as high as 64% in extensive, undisturbed hardwood forest.

Threats and status
Exposure and starvation can occasionally kill scarlet tanagers, especially when exceptionally cold or wet weather hits eastern North America. They often die from collisions with man-made objects including TV and radio towers, buildings and cars. Beyond failure due to brood parasitism of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), predation is the primary direct cause of nesting failures. In one study, 69–78% of nests were preyed upon. Recorded nest predators are primarily avian like blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), although others such as squirrels, chipmunks, raccoons (Procyon lotor), domestic cats (Felis catus), and snakes take a heavy toll. Raptorial birds hunt and kill many scarlet tanagers from fledgling throughout their adult lives, including all three North American Accipiter species, merlins (Falco columbarius), and owls, including eastern screech owls (Megascops asio), barred owls (Strix varia), long-eared owls (Asio otus), and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus).

Scarlet tanagers birds do best in the forest interior, where they are less exposed to predators and brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird. Being a bird that evolved to breed in forest interior and not exposed to the brown cowbird prior to habitat fragmentation, scarlet tanagers have not evolved any defensive strategies to cope with it. Where forest fragmentation occurs, which is quite widespread, the scarlet tanager suffers high rates of predation and brood parasitism in small forest plots and is often absent completely from plots less than a minimum size. Their nests are typically built on horizontal tree branches. Specifically, their numbers are declining in some areas due to habitat fragmentation, but the IUCN still classifies the scarlet tanager as being of least concern.

title: Scarlet tanager


text:
Mamoru Shigemitsu

Mamoru Shigemitsu (重光 葵) was a Japanese diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs three times during and after World War II and as Deputy Prime Minister. As a civilian plenipotentiary representing the Japanese government, Shigemitsu cosigned the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) on September 2, 1945.

Early life and career
Shigemitsu was born in what is now part of the city of Bungo-ōno, Ōita Prefecture, Japan. He graduated from the Law School of Tokyo Imperial University in 1911 and immediately entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After World War I, he served in numerous overseas diplomatic assignments, including in Germany and the United Kingdom and briefly as consul at the Japanese consulate in Seattle, Washington, United States.

Pre-war
Following the Mukden Incident in 1931, Shigemitsu was active in various European capitals, attempting to reduce alarm at Japanese military activities in Manchuria.

During the First Shanghai Incident of 1932, he was successful in enlisting the aid of western nations in brokering a ceasefire between the Kuomintang Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. On April 29, 1932, while attending a celebration for the birthday of Emperor Hirohito in Shanghai, a Korean independence activist, Yoon Bong-Gil threw a bomb at a reviewing stand killing General Yoshinori Shirakawa and wounding several others, including Shigemitsu. Shigemitsu lost his right leg in the attack and walked with an artificial leg and cane for the rest of his life.

Shigemitsu later became ambassador to the Soviet Union, and in 1938, he negotiated a settlement of the Russo-Japanese border clash at Changkufeng Hill. He then became Japan's ambassador to the United Kingdom during a period of deteriorating Anglo-Japanese relations, most notably the Tientsin incident of 1939, which pushed Japan to the brink of war with the United Kingdom. He was recalled in June 1941.

World War II
Shigemitsu was highly critical of the foreign policies of Yōsuke Matsuoka, especially the Tripartite Pact, which he warned would further strengthen anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States. Shigemitsu spent two weeks in Washington, DC, on the way back from Britain and conferred with Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura to attempt to arrange for direct face-to-face negotiations between Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Shigemitsu's many attempts to stave off World War II angered the militarists in Tokyo, and only two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was sidelined with an appointment as ambassador to the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of China. In China, Shigemitsu argued that the success of the proposed Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere depended on the equal treatment of China and the other Asian nations by Japan.

On April 20, 1943, in a move that was viewed as a sign that Japan might be preparing for a collapse of the Axis Powers, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō replaced Foreign Minister Masayuki Tani with Shigemitsu, who had been steadfast in his opposition to the militarists. Shigemitsu was thus foreign minister during the Greater East Asia Conference. The American press often referred to him in headlines as "Shiggy".

From July 22, 1944, to April 7, 1945, he served simultaneously as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Greater East Asia in the Kuniaki Koiso administration. He then again served as Minister of Foreign Affairs briefly in August 1945 in the Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko administration right before Japan's surrender.

Shigemitsu, as civilian plenipotentiary, along with General Yoshijirō Umezu, signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) on September 2, 1945.

Post-war
Despite Shigemitsu's well-known opposition to the war, at the insistence of the Soviet Union, he was taken into custody by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers and held in Sugamo Prison as an accused war criminal. Despite a signed deposition by Joseph Grew, the former ambassador of the United States to Japan, over the protests of Joseph B. Keenan, the chief prosecutor, Shigemitsu and his case came to trial and was convicted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for waging an aggressive war and for not doing enough to protect prisoners-of-war from inhumane treatment. However, the tribunal was extremely lenient on the grounds that Shigemitsu had regularly opposed Japanese militarism and protested the POWs' inhumane treatment.

He was sentenced to seven years in prison, the lightest punishment that was handed down to anyone convicted at the trial. He was paroled in 1950.

After the end of the occupation of Japan, Shigemitsu formed a short-lived political party, Kaishintō, which merged with the Japan Democratic Party in 1954. In October 1952, he was elected to a seat in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan, and in 1954, he became Deputy Prime Minister of Japan under Prime Minister Ichirō Hatoyama, the leader of Japan Democratic Party.

The cabinet continued after the merger of the party and the Liberal Party as the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in 1955, and Shigemitsu continued to hold the post of Deputy Prime Minister of Japan until 1956.

Shigemitsu concurrently served as Foreign Minister from 1954 to 1956. In April 1955, he represented Japan at the Bandung Conference held in Indonesia, which marked the beginning of the return of Japan to participating in an international conference since the League of Nations. Then in August, Shigemitsu led a high-level Japanese delegation to the United States to press for a revision to the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty, but this effort was met with a cold reception from Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who had been the treaty's primary architect and was loath to revisit it. Dulles told Shigemitsu in no uncertain terms that any discussion of treaty revision was "premature" because Japan lacked "the unity, cohesion, and capacity to operate under a new treaty arrangement," and Shigemitsu was forced to return to Japan empty-handed.

The following year, Shigemitsu addressed the United Nations General Assembly, pledging Japan's support of the founding principles of the United Nations and formally applying for membership. Japan became the UN's 80th member on December 18, 1956. Shigemitsu also travelled to Moscow in 1956 in an attempt to normalize diplomatic relations and to resolve the Kuril Islands dispute. The visit resulted in the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956.

Death
In January 1957, a year after his visit to the Soviet Union, Shigemitsu died of myocardial infarction at 69 in his summer home in Yugawara, Kanagawa.

title: Mamoru Shigemitsu


text:
Summer tanager

The summer tanager (Piranga rubra) is a medium-sized American songbird. Formerly placed in the tanager family (Thraupidae), it and other members of its genus are now classified in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). The species's plumage and vocalizations are similar to other members of the cardinal family.

Taxonomy
The summer tanager was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Fringilla rubra. Linnaeus based his description on the "summer red-bird" described and illustrated by Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which was published in 1729–1732. Catesby gave the location as Carolina, Linnaeus specified America; the type location is now South Carolina. The summer tanager is the type species of the genus Piranga that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1808. The genus name Piranga is from Tupi Tijepiranga, the name for an unknown small bird; the specific rubra is from Latin ruber meaning "red".

Two subspecies are recognised:
 * P. r. cooperi Ridgway, 1869 – breeds in southwest USA and north Mexico, winters in south Mexico
 * P. r. rubra (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeds in east USA, winters in Central and North South America

Description
Adults have stout, pointed bills and measure 17 cm in length and weigh a mean 30.1 g, ranging from 25.8–33.6 g (0.99–1.19 oz). Wingspan ranges from 28 to 30 cm. Adult males are rose red and similar in appearance to the hepatic tanager, although the latter has a dark bill; females are orangish on the underparts and olive on top, with olive-brown wings and tail. As with all other birds, all red and orange colorations are acquired through their diet.

The summer tanager has an American robin-like song, similar enough that novices sometimes mistake this bird for that species. The song consists of melodic units, repeated in a constant stream. The summer tanager's song, however, is much more monotonous than that of T. migratorius, often consisting of as few as three or four distinct units. It is clearer and less nasal than the song of the scarlet tanager. The summer tanager also has a sharp, agitated-sounded call pi-tuk or pik-i-tuk-i-tuk.

Distribution and habitat
The summer tanager's habitat varies regionally, with pine-oak and mixed forests preferred in the southeastern United States, and riparian lowlands preferred in the southwest. These birds spend the breeding season across the southern United States and Northern Mexico, reaching as far north as Iowa and New Jersey in the east. They overwinter in Mexico, Central America and northern South America. This tanager is an extremely rare vagrant to western Europe.

Behaviour and ecology
These birds are often out of sight, foraging high in trees, sometimes flying out to catch insects in flight. They mainly eat insects, but also regularly supplement their diets with fruit. Fruit of Cymbopetalum mayanum (Annonaceae) are an especially well-liked food in their winter quarters and birds will forage in human-altered habitat. Consequently, these trees can be planted to entice them to residential areas, and they may well be attracted to bird feeders. Summer tanagers have also been reported to eat larger invertebrate prey, including snails and slugs; there is additionally one report of an individual attempting to eat a vertebrate–a green anole–at a migratory stopover site in Mississippi.

Summer tanagers build a cup nest on a horizontal tree branch anywhere from 4-45 feet from the ground.

title: Summer tanager


text:
Frogmore

Frogmore is an estate within the Home Park, adjoining Windsor Castle, in Berkshire, England. It comprises 33 acre, of primarily private gardens managed by the Crown Estate. It is the location of Frogmore House, a royal retreat, and Frogmore Cottage. The name derives from the preponderance of frogs which have always lived in this low-lying and marshy area near the River Thames. This area is part of the local flood plain. Its large landscaped gardens are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Part of the gardens of the estate are set aside as burial places for members of the British royal family: the Royal Mausoleum (containing the tomb of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert); the Royal Burial Ground; and the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum (the burial place of Queen Victoria's mother).

Frogmore House and grounds
Frogmore House was built in the 1680s and in 1792 the house and estate were bought by George III for his wife Queen Charlotte, although the land had formed part of the Windsor royal hunting ground since the reign of Henry VIII. Charlotte engaged James Wyatt to redesign the house and sought the advice of her Vice-Chamberlain, William Price, regarding the redevelopment of the grounds. Price’s brother Uvedale, an early exponent of the Picturesque, clearly influenced the design. In 1840, Frogmore was inherited by the Duchess of Kent and, following her death in 1861, by her daughter, Queen Victoria. The estate became a favoured, almost sacred, retreat; after burying her mother in a mausoleum overlooking the lake, the Queen commissioned another, the Royal Mausoleum, for her husband Albert, Prince Consort and for herself, after Albert’s death in 1861.

During her long widowhood, when she rarely visited London, Victoria spent much of her time at Windsor and at Frogmore. She undertook further building work in the gardens, employing Samuel Sanders Teulon to construct a teahouse, and engaging Thomas Willement to redecorate the Gothic Ruin, originally designed by Wyatt and Princess Elizabeth. In this setting Victoria placed the Indian Kiosk, and in her later years would often undertake correspondence in a tent set up nearby, attended by her Indian servant Abdul Karim.

In 1900 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma was born at Frogmore House. On the estate near the House is Frogmore Cottage, built for Queen Charlotte around 1801. Frogmore Gardens are Grade I listed.

Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum
The first of two mausoleums within the Frogmore Gardens is the burial place of Queen Victoria's mother, Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, the Duchess of Kent. The Mausoleum was designed by the architect A J Humbert, to a concept design by Prince Albert's favourite artist, Professor Ludwig Gruner.

In the latter years of her life, the Duchess lived in Frogmore House and in the 1850s, construction began on a beautiful domed 'temple' in the grounds of the estate. The top portion of the finished building was intended to serve as a summer-house for the Duchess during her lifetime, while the lower level was destined as her final resting place. The Duchess died at Frogmore House on 16 March 1861 before the summer-house was completed so the upper chamber became part of the mausoleum and now contains a statue of the Duchess by William Theed (1864).

Royal Mausoleum
The second mausoleum in the grounds of Frogmore, just a short distance from the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum, is the much larger Royal Mausoleum, the burial place of Queen Victoria and her consort, Prince Albert. Queen Victoria and her husband had long intended to construct a special resting place for them both, instead of the two of them being buried in one of the traditional resting places of British Royalty, such as Westminster Abbey or St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The mausoleum for the Queen's mother was being constructed at Frogmore in 1861 when Prince Albert died in December of the same year. Within a few days of his death, proposals for the mausoleum were being drawn up by the same designers involved in the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum: Professor Gruner and A. J. Humbert.

Work commenced in March 1862. The dome was made by October and the building was consecrated in December 1862, although the decoration was not finished until August 1871. The building is in the form of a Greek cross. The exterior was inspired by Italian Romanesque buildings, the walls are of granite and Portland stone and the roof is covered with Australian copper. The internal decoration is in the style of Albert's favourite painter, Raphael, an example of Victoriana at its most opulent. The interior walls are mainly faced in Portuguese red marble, a gift from King Luis I of Portugal, a cousin of both Victoria and Albert, and are inlaid with other marbles from around the world. The monumental tomb itself was designed by Baron Carlo Marochetti. It features recumbent marble effigies of the Queen and Prince Albert. The sarcophagus was made from a single piece of flawless grey Aberdeen granite. The Queen's effigy was made at the same time, but was not put in the mausoleum until after her funeral.

Only Victoria and Albert are interred there, but the mausoleum contains other memorials. Among those is a monument to Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt (1843–1878), Victoria's second daughter, who died of diphtheria shortly after her youngest daughter May (1874–1878). In the centre of the chapel is a monument to Edward, Duke of Kent, Victoria's father. He died in 1820 and is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

One of the sculptures is of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in Saxon Dress, commissioned after Prince Albert's death and executed by William Theed (1804–91). It was unveiled on 20 May 1867 in Windsor Castle, and was moved to the Royal Mausoleum in 1938. The plaster model, which was exhibited in 1868 at the Royal Academy of Arts, is on loan from the Royal Collection to the National Portrait Gallery, London. Queen Victoria recorded in her diary that the idea for it came from Victoria, Princess Royal (her eldest child) and that the inscription on the plinth is a quotation from The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith. The inscription on the plinth alludes to the poet's lament for the passing of the imagined village of 'Sweet Auburn'.

The building has been closed to the public since 2007 because it is structurally unsound. The foundations are waterlogged, and the lower elements of the building are disintegrating. In February 2018, the Royal Household announced it was undertaking repair work on the mausoleum; the work is expected to be complete by 2023.

Royal Burial Ground
Since its inauguration in 1928, most members of the royal family, except for Kings and Queens, have been interred in the Royal Burial Ground, a cemetery behind Queen Victoria's mausoleum. Among those buried there are Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, as well as Prince George, Duke of Kent; the Duke of Windsor, who reigned as King Edward VIII before abdication; and his wife Wallis. Many members of the families of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and of the Marquess of Cambridge are also buried there. Also in the Burial Ground is the cenotaph of Queen Maria of Yugoslavia, a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria and wife of King Aleksandar I of Yugoslavia. Having lived in exile in London, she was buried here from 1961 until April 2013, when her remains were exhumed and returned to Oplenac, Serbia.

The Gothic Ruin, Queen Victoria's Teahouse and the Indian Kiosk
Various other structures stand in the grounds including the Gothic Ruin (1793), Queen Victoria's Teahouse (a brick pavilion of 1869) and the Indian Kiosk. Constructed of marble, the kiosk was taken from the Qaisar Bagh in Lucknow following the looting of the city, by the Viceroy of India, Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning in 1858. The kiosk is octagonal with an onion dome with round arches and deep eaves. It is a Grade II listed structure. Teulon’s Teahouse also has a Grade II listing while James Wyatt’s nearby Gothic Ruin is designated Grade II*.

Public access
The house and gardens are usually open to the public on about six days each year, usually around Easter and the August Bank Holiday. The Royal Burial Ground may be viewed from around its perimeter on the days that the gardens are open to the public. The Duchess of Kent's mausoleum may also be viewed externally, but is never open to the public.

title: Frogmore


text:
Chern (disambiguation)

Chern may refer to:
 * Shiing-Shen Chern (1911–2004), Chinese-American mathematician
 * Chern class, a type of characteristics class associated to complex vector bundles; named after Shiing-Shen Chern
 * Chern, Russia, several inhabited localities in Russia
 * Chern, medieval fortress on the modern location of Chernivtsi, Ukraine

title: Chern (disambiguation)


text:
81 (number)

81 (eighty-one) is the natural number following 80 and preceding 82.

In mathematics
81 is:

 * the square of 9 and the second fourth-power of a prime; 34.
 * with an aliquot sum of 40; within an aliquot sequence of three composite numbers (81,40,50,43,1,0) to the Prime in the 43-aliquot tree.
 * a perfect totient number like all powers of three.
 * a heptagonal number.
 * an icosioctagonal number.
 * a centered octagonal number.
 * a tribonacci number.
 * an open meandric number.
 * the ninth member of the Mian-Chowla sequence.
 * a palindromic number in bases 8 (1218) and 26 (3326).
 * a Harshad number in bases 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10 and 13.
 * one of three non-trivial numbers (the other two are 1458 and 1729) which, when its digits (in decimal) are added together, produces a sum which, when multiplied by its reversed self, yields the original number:
 * 8 + 1 = 9
 * 9 × 9 = 81 (although this case is somewhat degenerate, as the sum has only a single digit).

The inverse of 81 is 0.$\overline{012345679}$ recurring, missing only the digit "8" from the complete set of digits. This is an example of the general rule that, in base b,
 * $$\frac{1}{\left(b-1\right)^2} = 0.\overline{012\cdots(b-4)(b-3)(b-1)},$$

omitting only the digit b−2.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M81, a magnitude 8.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major, also known as Bode's Galaxy, and the first of what is known as the M81 Group of galaxies
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 81, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields
Eighty-one is also:
 * The number of squares on a shogi playing board
 * The year AD 81, 81 BC, or 1981.
 * The atomic number of thallium
 * The symbolic number of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club. 'H' and 'A' are the 8th and 1st letter of the alphabet, respectively.
 * The title of a short film by Stephen Burke: 81
 * The model number of Sinclair ZX81
 * The number of the department in France called Tarn [[Image:Tarn-Position.png|thumb|90px|[[Departments of France|Department]] 81 of France (Tarn)]]
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Japan
 * "+81" is a song by Japanese metalcore band Crystal Lake.
 * One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in India
 * The number of stanzas or chapters in the Tao Te Ching (in the most common arrangements).
 * The number of provinces in Turkey.
 * The number of prayers said in the Rosary in each night.
 * "The 81" is a 1965 song by Candy and the Kisses.
 * Artemis 81 is a 1981 BBC TV science fiction drama.
 * 'The Eighty-One Brothers' is a Japanese fable
 * The number of possible divinations in the Taixuanjing
 * 81 (八一) is referenced in flags and symbols of the People's Liberation Army as it was founded on August 1 (8/1).

title: 81 (number)


text:
82 (number)

82 (eighty-two) is the natural number following 81 and preceding 83.

In mathematics
82 is:
 * the twenty-seventh semiprime and the thirteenth of the form (2.q).
 * with an aliquot sum of 44, within an aliquot sequence of four composite numbers (82,44,40,50,43,1,0) to the Prime in the 43-aliquot tree.
 * a companion Pell number.
 * a happy number.
 * palindromic in bases 3 (100013), 9 (1019) and 40 (2240).

In science

 * The atomic number of lead.
 * The sixth magic number.
 * Messier 82, a starburst galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 82, a single star in the constellation Andromeda.

In other fields
Eighty-two is also:

 * The model number of: Mark 82 bomb, a nonguided general-purpose bomb.
 * The number of the French department Tarn-et-Garonne.
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to South Korea.
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Norway.
 * Title of Dennis Smith's book about firefighters, Report from Engine Co. 82.
 * The year AD 82, 82 BC, or 1982, stylized as '82.
 * The number of Trip Murphy's (Matt Dillon) car in Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005).
 * The second studio album by African electropop outfit Just a Band (2009).
 * The number (*82) to unblock your caller ID for phones that block anonymous incoming calls.
 * The very significant number that appears at the end of Kurt Vonnegut's book Hocus Pocus.

In sports

 * Both the NBA and NHL operate 82-game regular seasons.
 * In Major League Baseball, the number of games a team must win to secure a winning season.

title: 82 (number)


text:
83 (number)

83 (eighty-three) is the natural number following 82 and preceding 84.

In mathematics
83 is:

 * the sum of three consecutive primes (23 + 29 + 31).
 * the sum of five consecutive primes (11 + 13 + 17 + 19 + 23).
 * the 23rd prime number, following 79 (of which it is also a cousin prime) and preceding 89.
 * a Sophie Germain prime.
 * a safe prime.
 * a Chen prime.
 * an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n − 1.
 * a highly cototient number.
 * the number of primes that are right-truncatable.
 * a super-prime, because 23 is prime.

Chemistry

 * The atomic number of bismuth (Bi)

Astronomy

 * Messier object M83, a magnitude 8.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 83, a magnitude 12.3 elliptical galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

Judaism

 * When someone reaches 83 they may celebrate a second bar mitzvah

In music

 * M83 is the debut album of the French electronic music group M83
 * 83 is a song written by John Mayer in the Room for Squares album.
 * 83 is a Quebec hip-hop group
 * 83 is a song produced by Maximono

In film and television

 * Gypsy 83 is 2001 film directed by Todd Stephens
 * Class of '83 is 2004 film directed by Kurt E. Soderling
 * 83 Hours 'Til Dawn is a 1990 film directed by Donald Wrye
 * 83 is the highest UHF channel on older televisions made before the late 1970s (newer televisions only go up to channel 69, due to the frequency spectrum previously assigned to channels 70–83 in the United States being reassigned to cellular phone service there in the late 1970s-early 1980s). As an example, the television station CIVIC-TV managed by the James Woods character Max Renn in the 1983 film Videodrome was on Channel 83.

In other fields
Eighty-three is also:
 * The year AD 83, 83 BC, or 1983
 * The TI-83 series, graphing calculators from Texas Instruments
 * Konsept83 is a Greek graphic design team.
 * The model number of Bell XP-83
 * The number of the French department Var
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Poland
 * The eighth letter of the alphabet is H and the third letter is C, thus 83 stands for "Heil Christ," a greeting sometimes (not always) used by racist organizations that consider themselves also to be Christian. This symbology is also known to be used by many non-racist Christians and non-denominational Churches.
 * An emoticon based on :3 with wide-open eyes.

title: 83 (number)


text:
84 (number)

84 (eighty-four) is the natural number following 83 and preceding 85. It is seven dozens.

In mathematics
84 is a semiperfect number, being thrice a perfect number, and the sum of the sixth pair of twin primes $$(41 + 43)$$. It is the number of four-digit perfect powers in decimal.

It is the third (or second) dodecahedral number, and the sum of the first seven triangular numbers (1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28), which makes it the seventh tetrahedral number.

The twenty-second unique prime in decimal, with notably different digits than its preceding (and known following) terms in the same sequence, contains a total of 84 digits.

A hepteract is a seven-dimensional hypercube with 84 penteract 5-faces.

84 is the limit superior of the largest finite subgroup of the mapping class group of a genus $$g$$ surface divided by $$g$$.

Under Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem, a smooth connected Riemann surface $$X$$ of genus $$g > 1$$ will contain an automorphism group $$\mathrm{Aut}(X) = G$$ whose order is classically bound to $$|G| \le 84 \text { } (g - 1)$$.

84 is the thirtieth and largest $$n$$ for which the cyclotomic field $$\mathrm {Q}(\zeta_{n})$$ has class number $$1$$ (or unique factorization), preceding 60 (that is the composite index of 84), and 48.

There are 84 zero divisors in the 16-dimensional sedenions $$\mathbb S$$.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M84, a magnitude 11.0 lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 84, a single star in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields

Eighty-four is also:

 * The year AD 84, 84 BC, or 1984.
 * The number of years in the Insular latercus, a cycle used in the past by Celtic peoples, equal to 3 cycles of the Julian Calendar and to 4 Metonic cycles and 1 octaeteris
 * The atomic number of polonium
 * The model number of Harpoon missile
 * WGS 84 - The latest revision of the World Geodetic System, a fixed global reference frame for the Earth.
 * The house number of 84 Avenue Foch
 * The number of the French department Vaucluse
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Vietnam
 * The town of Eighty Four, Pennsylvania
 * The company 84 Lumber
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Spain
 * A variation of the game 42 played with two sets of dominoes.
 * The film 84 Charing Cross Road (1987) starring Anne Bancroft and Anthony Hopkins
 * KKNX Radio 84 in Eugene, Oregon
 * The B-Side to "Up All Night" (Take That song)
 * British Army term for the 84mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifle.
 * How many Earth years it takes Uranus to orbit the Sun once

title: 84 (number)


text:
85 (number)

85 (eighty-five) is the natural number following 84 and preceding 86.

In mathematics
85 is:

 * the product of two prime numbers (5 and 17), and is therefore a semiprime of the form (5.q) where q is prime.
 * specifically, the 24th Semiprime, it being the fourth of the form (5.q).
 * together with 86 and 87, forms the second cluster of three consecutive semiprimes; the first comprising 33, 34, 35.
 * with a prime aliquot sum of 23 in the short aliquot sequence (85,23,1,0).
 * an octahedral number.
 * a centered triangular number.
 * a centered square number.
 * a decagonal number.
 * the smallest number that can be expressed as a sum of two squares, with all squares greater than 1, in two ways, 85 = 92 + 22 = 72 + 62.
 * the length of the hypotenuse of four Pythagorean triangles.
 * a Smith number in decimal.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M85 is a magnitude 10.5 lenticular galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
 * NGC 85 is a galaxy in the constellation Andromeda
 * 85 Io is a large main belt asteroid
 * 85 Pegasi is a multiple star system in constellation of Pegasus
 * 85 Ceti is a variable star in the constellation of Cetus
 * 85D/Boethin is a periodic comet

In titles and names

 * Federalist No. 85, by Alexander Hamilton, the last of The Federalist Papers (1788)
 * The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie, a book by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao
 * 85 Days: The Last Campaign of Robert Kennedy, a book by Jules Witcover
 * Live/1975–85, an album of live recordings by Bruce Springsteen (1986)
 * 80–85, a compilation album by Bad Religion (1991)
 * Cupid & Psyche 85, an album by band Scritti Politti (1985)
 * 45/85 was a television documentary on World War II
 * Minuscule 85, Papyrus 85, Lectionary 85 are early Greek manuscripts of the New Testament
 * "85", a 2000 rap single by YoungBloodz, from their album Against Da Grain
 * 85°C, a Taiwanese coffee store chain.

In sports
In U.S. college athletics, schools that are members of NCAA Division I are limited to providing athletic scholarships to a maximum of 85 football players in a given season. The specifics vary by the two Division I football subdivisions:
 * In the top-level FBS, each player provided with a scholarship may, and almost always does, receive a full scholarship.
 * In the second-level FCS, schools are allowed to provide football-related athletic aid equivalent to 63 full scholarships, but this aid may be divided among up to 85 players as the schools see fit.

In other fields

 * The year AD 85, 85 BC, or 1985.
 * The Muslim calendar year 85 AH.
 * The atomic number of the chemical element astatine
 * The number of the French department Vendée
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Brazil
 * The radix of the Ascii85 (sometimes called Base85) binary-to-text encoding
 * The IQ and nickname of Aaron in Alien 3
 * The number worn by Chad Ochocinco, whose name means "eight five" in Spanish
 * Arabigere 85 is a village in India
 * E85 fuel is 85% ethanol and 15% conventional gasoline
 * MCS-85 was a family of Intel processors including the 8085
 * TI-85 was a graphing pocket calculator by Texas Instruments
 * KC 85 was a family of small computers built in East Germany in the 1980s
 * PMD 85 was a personal computer built in Czechoslovakia in 1985
 * Learjet 85 is an all-composite plane being developed by Bombardier Aerospace
 * British Rail Class 85, a category of UK train locomotives
 * DRG Class 85, a category of German train locomotives
 * TK85 was a clone of the Sinclair ZX81 made in Brazil in 1983
 * Lima Site 85 was a battle in the Vietnam War
 * A85 is the Dutch Defence in the Encyclopaedia of Chess
 * EF 85mm is a photographic camera lens by Canon
 * F85 (disambiguation), multiple uses
 * Part of the assignation for the Toyota AE85, commonly referred to as an "eight-five".
 * KiHa 85 series is a diesel Limited express train that ran in Japan until 2023.
 * HC85 series is the successor of KiHa 85 and is a hybrid diesel limited express train.

In military technology

 * 85mm is a common caliber for cannons
 * SU-85 was a Soviet tank
 * TR-85 was a Romanian battle tank
 * Tu-85 was a prototype Soviet bomber
 * ASU-85 a Soviet self-propelled gun
 * CZ 85 is a Czech 9mm semiautomatic pistol
 * PT-85 is a Korean tank
 * 7.62 Tkiv 85 is a Finnish army rifle
 * HG 85 is a Swiss fragmentation grenade
 * Taurus Model 85, a 9mm revolver made in Brazil

title: 85 (number)


text:
86 (number)

86 (eighty-six) is the natural number following 85 and preceding 87.

In mathematics
86 is:

 * nontotient and a noncototient.
 * the 25th distinct semiprime and the 13th of the form (2.q).
 * together with 85 and 87, forms the middle semiprime in the 2nd cluster of three consecutive semiprimes; the first comprising 33, 34, 35.
 * an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 86 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.
 * a happy number and a self number in base 10.
 * with an aliquot sum of 46; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence of seven members (86,46,26,16,15,9,4,3,1,0) in the Prime 3-aliquot tree.

It appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 37, 49, 65 (it is the sum of the first two of these).

It is conjectured that 86 is the largest n for which the decimal expansion of 2n contains no 0.

86 = (8 × 6 = 48) + (4 × 8 = 32) + (3 × 2 = 6). That is, 86 is equal to the sum of the numbers formed in calculating its multiplicative persistence.

In science

 * 86 is the atomic number of radon.
 * There are 86 metals on the modern periodic table.

In other fields

 * In American English, and particularly in the food service industry, 86 has become a slang term referring to an item being out of stock or discontinued, and by extension to a person no longer welcome on the premises.
 * The number of the French department Vienne. This number is also reflected in the department's postal code and in the name of a local basketball club, Poitiers Basket 86.
 * +86 is the code for international direct dial phone calls to China.
 * An art gallery in Ventura, California, displaying art pieces from such artists Billy Childish, Stacy Lande and Derek Hess, most of which include the number *86 hidden or overtly shown in the art, and some of which fall under the genre of lowbrow.
 * 86 is the device number for a lockout relay function in electrical engineering electrical circuit protection schemes.
 * 86 is often used in Japan as the nickname for the Toyota AE86.
 * 86 is the name of a series of Japanese science fiction light novels written by Asato Asato, later adapted as a manga and an anime.

title: 86 (number)


text:
87 (number)

87 (eighty-seven) is the natural number following 86 and preceding 88.

In mathematics
87 is:

 * the sum of the squares of the first four primes (87 = 22 + 32 + 52 + 72).
 * the sum of the sums of the divisors of the first 10 positive integers.
 * the thirtieth semiprime, and the twenty-sixth distinct semiprime and the eighth of the form (3.q).
 * together with 85 and 86, forms the last semiprime in the 2nd cluster of three consecutive semiprimes; the first comprising 33, 34, 35.
 * with an aliquot sum of 33; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence of five composite numbers (87,33,15,9,4,3,1,0) to the Prime in the 3-aliquot tree.
 * 5! - 4! - 3! - 2! - 1! = 87
 * the last two decimal digits of Graham's number.

In sports

 * Cricket in Australia holds 87 as a superstitiously unlucky score and is referred to as "the devil's number". This originates from the fact that 87 is 13 runs short of a century. 187, 287, and so on are also considered unlucky but are not as common as 87 on its own.
 * In the National Hockey League, Wayne Gretzky scored a league-high 87 goals with the Edmonton Oilers in the 1983–84 NHL season.

In other fields
Eighty-seven is also:

 * The atomic number of francium.
 * An answer to a popular puzzle question states 16, 06, 68, 88, xx, 98. The answer is 87 when looked upside down.
 * The number of years between the signing of the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the Battle of Gettysburg, immortalized in Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address with the phrase "Four Score and Seven Years ago..."
 * The model number of Junkers Ju 87.
 * The number of the French department Haute-Vienne.
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Inmarsat and other services.
 * The 87 photographic filter blocks visible light, allowing only infrared light to pass.
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Denmark.
 * The opus number of the 24 Preludes and Fugues of Dmitri Shostakovich.
 * In model railroading, the ratio of the popular H0 scale is 1:87. Proto:87 scale claims to offer precise proportions of wheels and tracks of real railroads.
 * David Bowie CD (1987) Never Let Me Down includes the song, "'87 and Cry".
 * The 87th United States Congress met from January 3, 1961, to January 3, 1963, during John F. Kennedy's time in office.
 * Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning film starred Randy Quaid (1995).
 * Wenger Swiss Army Knife version XXL, listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's most multi-functional penknife with 87 tools.
 * Sonnet 87 by William Shakespeare.
 * Vault 87 is a main location in the game Fallout 3.
 * M87* is the first black hole ever photographed.
 * Aragorn's age in The Lord of the Rings.
 * "The Bite of '87" in the Five Nights at Freddy's series.

title: 87 (number)


text:
89 (number)

89 (eighty-nine) is the natural number following 88 and preceding 90.

In mathematics
89 is:

 * the 24th prime number, following 83 and preceding 97.
 * a Chen prime.
 * a Pythagorean prime.
 * the smallest Sophie Germain prime to start a Cunningham chain of the first kind of six terms, {89, 179, 359, 719, 1439, 2879}.
 * an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form 3n − 1.
 * a Fibonacci number and thus a Fibonacci prime as well. The first few digits of its reciprocal coincide with the Fibonacci sequence due to the identity
 * $$\frac{1}{89}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty{F(n)\times 10^{-(n+1)}}=0.011235955\dots\ .$$

 * a Markov number, appearing in solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation with other odd-indexed Fibonacci numbers.

M89 is the 10th Mersenne prime.

Although 89 is not a Lychrel number in base 10, it is unusual that it takes 24 iterations of the reverse and add process to reach a palindrome. Among the known non-Lychrel numbers in the first 10000 integers, no other number requires that many or more iterations. The palindrome reached is also unusually large: 8813200023188.

There are exactly 1000 prime numbers between 1 and 892=7921.

In science
Eighty-nine is:

 * The atomic number of actinium.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M89, a magnitude 11.5 elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 89, a magnitude 13.5 peculiar spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix and a member of Robert's Quartet.

In sports

 * The Oklahoma Redhawks, an American minor league baseball team, were formerly known as the Oklahoma 89ers (1962–1997). The number alludes to the Land Run of 1889, when the Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma were opened to white settlement. The team's home of Oklahoma City was founded during this event.
 * In Rugby, an "89" or eight-nine move is a phase following a scrum, in which the number 8 catches the ball and transfers it to number 9 (scrum half).
 * The Elite 89 Award is presented by the U.S. NCAA to the participant in each of the NCAA's 89 championship finals with the highest grade point average.
 * 89, a 2017 film about a football match, between Liverpool and Arsenal in 1989.

In other fields
Eighty-nine is also:

 * The designation of Interstate 89, a freeway that runs from New Hampshire to Vermont
 * The designation of U.S. Route 89, a north–south highway that runs from Montana to Arizona
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Korea
 * "Pop Song 89" by R.E.M.
 * A model of the Texas Instruments calculator TI-89
 * California Proposition 89, a 2006 California ballot initiative on campaign finance reform
 * The title of a currently-unreleased song by Bon Iver
 * The greatest number of verses in a chapter of a book of the Bible other than the Book of Psalms—specifically Numbers chapter 7.
 * The number of units of each colour in the board game Blokus
 * The number of the French department Yonne
 * Information Is Beautiful cites eighty-nine as one of the words censored on the Chinese internet.

title: 89 (number)