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Dandruff

Dandruff is a skin condition that mainly affects the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. It can result in social or self-esteem problems. A more severe form of the condition, which includes inflammation of the skin, is known as seborrhoeic dermatitis.

The cause is unclear, but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors; the condition may worsen in the winter. It is not due to poor hygiene, and the underlying mechanism involves the excessive growth of skin cells. Diagnosis is based on symptoms.

There is no known cure for dandruff. Antifungal cream, such as ketoconazole, or the keratolytic agent salicylic acid may be used to try to improve the condition. Dandruff affects about half of adults, with males more often affected than females. In addition, people in all areas of the world are affected. Onset is usually at puberty, and it becomes less common after the age of 50.

Signs and symptoms
The main symptoms of dandruff are an itchy scalp and flakiness. Red and greasy patches of skin and a tingly feeling on the skin are also symptoms.

Dandruff and dry scalp are often confused since they share many of the same symptoms, but their causes and treatment are different. Dry scalp is simply dry skin on the scalp and can usually be easily treated with a skin care regimen.

Causes
The cause is unclear but believed to involve a number of genetic and environmental factors.

As the skin layers continually replace themselves, cells are pushed outward where they die and flake off. For most individuals, these flakes of skin are too small to be visible. However, certain conditions cause cell turnover to be unusually rapid, especially in the scalp. It is hypothesized that for people with dandruff, skin cells may mature and be shed in two to seven days, as opposed to around a month in people without dandruff. The result is that dead skin cells are shed in large, oily clumps, which appear as white or grayish flakes on the scalp, skin and clothes.

According to one study, dandruff has been shown to be possibly the result of three factors:
 * 1) Skin oil, commonly referred to as sebum or sebaceous secretions
 * 2) The metabolic by-products of skin micro-organisms (most specifically Malassezia yeasts)
 * 3) Individual susceptibility and allergy sensitivity.

Microorganisms
Older literature cites the fungus Malassezia furfur (previously known as Pityrosporum ovale) as the cause of dandruff. While this species does occur naturally on the skin surface of people both with and without dandruff, in 2007, it was discovered that the responsible agent is a scalp specific fungus, Malassezia globosa, that metabolizes triglycerides present in sebum by the expression of lipase, resulting in a lipid byproduct: oleic acid. During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. Oleic acid penetrates the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, and evokes an inflammatory response in susceptible people which disturbs homeostasis and results in erratic cleavage of stratum corneum cells.

Bacteria are also suspected to be a cause. Staphylococcus capitis was found to be 100 times more abundant on scalps affected by dandruff.

For a long time, studies on dandruff predominantly focused on fungi, particularly the Malassezia species, which are major fungi colonizing the human scalp and the dominant members of the cutaneous fungal microbiome. Of the 14 known cultured species of Malassezia, the most clinically significant species are M. restricta and M. globosa. These species have been reported to be associated with skin diseases, including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis.

However, another microorganism community composed of bacteria also inhabits the human scalp and includes facultative anaerobic bacteria, such as P. acnes, and aerobic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus.

Using 454 pyrosequencing of the microbiome on scalp dandruff, Eleven bacterial phyla were detected, but most sequences were assigned to two bacterial phyla: Actinobacteria (64.9%) and Firmicutes (32.5%). Of the 123 identified genera, Propionibacterium (63.3%, Actinobacteria) and Staphylococcus (32.4%, Firmicutes) comprised more than 95% of the total sequences. A total of 99.7% of the Propionibacterium belonged to P. acne, and 94.9% of the Staphylococcus were Staphylococcus spp (including S. epidermidis, S. capitis and S. caprae).

It was found that Propionibacterium decreased from 70.8% to 50.2% in the dandruff group, whereas Staphylococcus increased from 26.0% to 43.5%. Moreover, the proportion of the other low abundance bacteria increased in the dandruff group from 3.2% to 6.4%.

Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified 33 genera related to severity of dandruff including Staphylococcus showed a significant positive correlation with dandruff. In contrast, only two genera (Propionibacterium and Labrys) showed a significant negative correlation with dandruff. Because Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium were the two dominant but reciprocally inhibited bacterial genera on the scalp, these results indicated that dandruff was mainly associated with the balance of these two genera.

Microorganisms on the scalp, especially fungi, have been predominantly thought to be the main cause of the development of dandruff, after several studies it was observed that there was not a close association between the bacteria in genus and fungi in species. Furthermore, the relationship between bacteria and dandruff was stronger than the relationship between fungi and dandruff.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis
In seborrhoeic dermatitis, redness and itching frequently occur around the folds of the nose and eyebrow areas, not just the scalp. Dry, thick, well-defined lesions consisting of large, silvery scales may be traced to the less common condition of scalp psoriasis. Inflammation can be characterized by redness, heat, pain or swelling, and can cause sensitivity.

Inflammation and extension of scaling outside the scalp exclude the diagnosis of dandruff from seborrhoeic dermatitis. However, many reports suggest a clear link between the two clinical entities - the mildest form of the clinical presentation of seborrhoeic dermatitis as dandruff, where the inflammation is minimal and remains subclinical.

Seasonal changes, stress, and immunosuppression seem to affect seborrheic dermatitis.

Mechanism
Dandruff scale is a cluster of corneocytes, which have retained a large degree of cohesion with one another and detach as such from the surface of the stratum corneum. A corneocyte is a protein complex that is made of tiny threads of keratin in an organised matrix. The size and abundance of scales are heterogeneous from one site to another and over time. Parakeratotic cells often make up part of dandruff. Their numbers are related to the severity of the clinical manifestations, which may also be influenced by seborrhea.

Treatment
Shampoos use a combination of special ingredients to control dandruff.

Antifungals
Antifungal treatments including piroctone olamine, ketoconazole (Sebizole), zinc pyrithione, and selenium disulfide (Selsun Blue) have been found to be effective. Ketoconazole appears to have a longer duration of effect. Ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic agent that is active against Candida and M. furfur. Of all the antifungals of the imidazole class, ketoconazole has become the leading contender among treatment options because of its effectiveness in treating seborrheic dermatitis as well.

Ciclopirox (topical route) may also be used as an anti-dandruff agent. However, it is mostly sold as cream and its main use is for treating athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.

Other than zinc pyrithione, the most common anti-dandruff actives (outside the US) and part of many cosmetic shampoos, are piroctone olamine and climbazole. Very recent anti-dandruff shampoos use a new ester technology, propanediol caprylate.

Exfoliating agents
Coal tar causes the skin to shed dead cells from the top layer and slows skin cell growth.

Salicylic acid is an approved anti-dandruff active as per the US FDA OTC drug monograph and also used in many cosmetic anti-dandruff shampoos globally.

Etymology
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word dandruff is first attested in 1545, but is still of unknown etymology.

title: Dandruff


text:
Biological database

Biological databases are libraries of biological sciences, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis. They contain information from research areas including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microarray gene expression, and phylogenetics. Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization (both cellular and chromosomal), clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures.

Biological databases can be classified by the kind of data they collect (see below). Broadly, there are molecular databases (for sequences, molecules, etc.), functional databases (for physiology, enzyme activities, phenotypes, ecology etc), taxonomic databases (for species and other taxonomic ranks), images and other media, or specimens (for museum collections etc.)

Databases are important tools in assisting scientists to analyze and explain a host of biological phenomena from the structure of biomolecules and their interaction, to the whole metabolism of organisms and to understanding the evolution of species. This knowledge helps facilitate the fight against diseases, assists in the development of medications, predicting certain genetic diseases and in discovering basic relationships among species in the history of life.

Technical basis and theoretical concepts
Relational database concepts of computer science and Information retrieval concepts of digital libraries are important for understanding biological databases. Biological database design, development, and long-term management is a core area of the discipline of bioinformatics. Data contents include gene sequences, textual descriptions, attributes and ontology classifications, citations, and tabular data. These are often described as semi-structured data, and can be represented as tables, key delimited records, and XML structures.

Access
Most biological databases are available through web sites that organise data such that users can browse through the data online. In addition the underlying data is usually available for download in a variety of formats. Biological data comes in many formats. These formats include text, sequence data, protein structure and links. Each of these can be found from certain sources, for example:
 * Text formats are provided by PubMed and OMIM.
 * Sequence data is provided by GenBank, in terms of DNA, and UniProt, in terms of protein.
 * Protein structures are provided by PDB, SCOP, and CATH.

Problems and challenges
Biological knowledge is distributed among countless databases. This sometimes makes it difficult to ensure the consistency of information, e.g. when different names are used for the same species or different data formats. As a consequence, inter-operability is a constant challenge for information exchange. For instance, if a DNA sequence database stores the DNA sequence along the name of a species, a name change of that species may break the links to other databases which may use a different name. Integrative bioinformatics is one field attempting to tackle this problem by providing unified access. One solution is how biological databases cross-reference to other databases with accession numbers to link their related knowledge together (e.g. so that the accession number stays the same even if a species name changes). Redundancy is another problem, as many databases must store the same information, e.g. protein structure databases also contain the sequence of the proteins they cover, their sequence, and their bibliographic information.

Model-organism databases
Species-specific databases are available for some species, mainly those that are often used in research (model organisms). For example, EcoCyc is an E. coli database. Other popular model organism databases include Mouse Genome Informatics for the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, the Rat Genome Database for Rattus, ZFIN for Danio Rerio (zebrafish), PomBase for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, FlyBase for Drosophila, WormBase for the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae, and Xenbase for Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis frogs.

Biodiversity and species databases

Numerous databases attempt to document the diversity of life on earth. A prominent example is the Catalogue of Life, first created in 2001 by Species 2000 and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue of Life is a collaborative project that aims to document taxonomic categorization of all currently accepted species in the world. The Catalogue of Life provides a consolidated and consistent database for researchers and policymakers to reference. The Catalogue of Life curates up-to-date datasets from other sources such as Conifer Database, ICTV MSL (for viruses), and LepIndex (for butterflies and moths). In total, the Catalogue of Life draws from 165 databases as of May 2022. Operational costs of the Catalogue of Life are paid for by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the Illinois Natural History Survey, the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, and the Smithsonian Institution.

Some biological databases also document geographical distribution of different species. Shuang Dai et al. created a new multi-source database to document spatial/geographical distribution of 1,371 bird species in China, as existing databases had been severely lacking in spatial distribution data for many species. Sources for this new database included books, literature, GPS tracking, and online webpage data. The new database displayed taxonomy, distribution, species info, and data sources for each species. After completion of the bird spatial distribution database, it was discovered that 61% of known species in China were found to be distributed in regions beyond where they were previously known.

Medical databases
Medical databases are a special case of biomedical data resource and can range from bibliographies, such as PubMed, to image databases for the development of AI based diagnostic software. For instance, one such image database was developed with the goal of aiding in the development of wound monitoring algorithms. Over 188 multi-modal image sets were curated from 79 patient visits, consisting of photographs, thermal images, and 3D mesh depth maps. Wound outlines were manually drawn and added to the photo datasets. The database was made publicly available in the form of a program called WoundsDB, downloadable from the Chronic Wound Database website.

Nucleic Acids Research Database Issue
An important resource for finding biological databases is a special yearly issue of the journal Nucleic Acids Research (NAR). The Database Issue of NAR is freely available, and categorizes many of the public biological databases. A companion database to the issue called the Online Molecular Biology Database Collection lists 1,380 online databases. Other collections of databases exist such as MetaBase and the Bioinformatics Links Collection.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Biological database


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Unitary

Unitary may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Unitary divisor
 * Unitary element
 * Unitary group
 * Unitary matrix
 * Unitary morphism
 * Unitary operator
 * Unitary transformation
 * Unitary representation
 * Unitarity (physics)
 * E-unitary inverse semigroup

Politics

 * Unitary authority
 * Unitary state

title: Unitary


text:
Joël-François Durand

Joël-François Durand (born 17 September 1954) is a French composer.

Biography
Born in Orléans, Durand studied mathematics, music education and piano in Paris, then composition with Brian Ferneyhough in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (1981–84), and at Stony Brook University, New York, with Arel and Semegen (1984–86). Between 1979 and 1984 he attended masterclasses by György Ligeti and Luciano Berio at the Centre Acanthes in Aix-en-Provence, and with Luigi Nono at the Freiburg Musikhochschule. In 1981–82 he was awarded a scholarship from the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service). In 1982 he received a Darmstadt Institute Scholarship for his String Trio, and in 1983 his piano piece ...d'asiles déchirés... was awarded a prize at the Third International K.H. Stockhausen Composition Competition in Brescia, Italy. He left Europe in 1984 to pursue a PhD in Composition (awarded in 1988) at Stony Brook University (USA), where he studied composition with Bülent Arel and electronic music with Daria Semegen.

Durand was awarded scholarships from the Fulbright Foundation (1984) and from the French Ministry of Culture (1985). He received the Kranichsteiner Musikpreis from the Darmstadt Internationalen Ferienkurse in 1990. He was appointed assistant professor in composition at the University of Washington in 1991, and was invited to teach at the University of California, San Diego in the autumn of 1992. During the 1980-90s, he was regularly invited as a lecturer at the summer courses at Darmstädter Ferienkurse. He taught at the annual mastercourse at the Fondation Royaumont in France in 1993. He is currently Professor of Composition, and since 2002 Associate Director of the University of Washington School of Music.

In parallel to his activity as composer, Durand designs and manufactures high-end tonearms for record players. He founded the company Durand Tonearms LLC in 2009.

Works

 * Orchestral works
 * Piano Concerto (1993) – 22'
 * Five Musical Tales (1998) – 14'
 * Athanor (2000–2001) – 20'
 * Le Tombeau de Rameau III (2014) – 16'
 * Tropes de : Bussy (2017–18) – 25'

 * Chamber music and works for ensemble
 * String Trio (1981) – 7'
 * So er (1985) for 20 instruments – 11'
 * Lichtung (1987) for 10 instruments – 12'
 * Die innere Grenze (1988) for string sextet – 25'
 * Un feu distinct (1991) for flute, clarinet, piano, violin and cello – 15'
 * B.F., ein Mittelpunkt (1992) for 8 instruments – 3'
 * La terre et le feu (1999) for oboe and ensemble – 18'
 * La mesure des choses III. La mesure de la terre et du feu (1999) for oboe and viola – 12'
 * Cinq Duos (1999) for violin and viola – 14'
 * In the mirror land (2003) for flute and oboe; also versions for flute and B♭ clarinet and for B♭ clarinet and oboe – 6'
 * Ombre/Miroir (2004) for flute and 14 instruments – 14'
 * String Quartet (2005) – 21'
 * Le Tombeau de Rameau (2008) for flute, viola, and harp – 23'
 * Hermetic Definition (2012–13) for 10 instruments – 25'
 * Cage 100 Party Piece (2013) for ensemble – 1'
 * Mundus Imaginalis (2015) for 14 instruments – 17'
 * Geister, schwebende Geister (2019–20) for solo viola and 9 instruments – 20'
 * String quartet no.2, Cantar de Amigo (2020) – 27'

 * Works for solo instruments
 * Roman (1982) for violin – 8'
 * ...d'asiles déchirés... (1983) for piano – 12'
 * La mesure des choses I. La mesure de l'air (1992) for B♭ clarinet – 12'
 * La mesure des choses II. La mesure de la mer (1993) for piano – 9'
 * Le chemin (1994) for piano – 18'
 * Un chant lointain (1995) for electronic carillon – 4'
 * Les raisons des forces mouvantes (1996) for organ – 16'
 * Par le feu receuilli (1997) for flute – 10'
 * Au-delà, Cinq Etudes pour Piccolo (1997–98) for piccolo – 7'
 * Tiodhlac (2001) for B♭ clarinet – 3'
 * Tiodhlac II (2006) for bass clarinet – 4'
 * Further reflections on the nature of the mirror (2006) for flute – 8'
 * Le Tombeau de Rameau II (2013) for piano – 25'
 * Enfance (2015) for piano – 14'
 * Yellow and Red (2015) for drum set – 12'
 * La mesure des choses IV. La mesure du temps (2017) for one percussionist – 13'
 * Geister, wieder... (2020) for solo viola – 15'
 * In a weightless quiet (2020) for solo violin – 12'

 * Vocal music
 * Trois Mélodies (1986) for mezzo-soprano and 5 instruments – 6'
 * She or not (1998) for barytone – 9'

His music is published by DURAND Editions Musicales, Paris, and Editions Musicales Européennes, Paris, and distributed by Alexander Street Press, and BabelScores (Paris)

Discography
Mathew Nelson, clarinet Soundset Recordings SR1087, 2017
 * La mesure des choses I. La mesure de l'air and Tiodhlac

Eric Rynes, violin Albany Troy1614, 2016
 * Roman for solo violin

musikFabrik, Helen Bledsoe (flute), James Wood (conductor) Wergo 68542, Edition musikFabrik CD 04, 2010
 * Ombre/Miroir for flute and ensemble

BBC Symphony Orchestra – London Sinfonietta – Gareth Hulse (oboe) – Paul Silverthorne (viola) – Hans-Ola Ericsson (organ) Mode 139, 2004
 * La terre et le feu – Les raisons des forces mouvantes – La mesure des choses III. La mesure de la terre et du feu – Athanor

Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Stefan Litwin (piano), Bradley Lubman (conductor) – Trio de l'Ensemble Intercontemporain – Sextuor Schoenberg Naive Montaigne Mo 782093, 1998
 * Concerto for piano and orchestra – String Trio – Die innere Grenze

title: Joël-François Durand


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Veery

The veery (Catharus fuscescens) is a small North American thrush species, a member of a group of closely related and similar species in the genus Catharus, also including the gray-cheeked thrush (C. minimus), Bicknell's thrush (C. bicknelli), Swainson's thrush (C. ustulatus), and hermit thrush (C. guttatus). Alternate names for this species include Wilson's thrush (named so after Alexander Wilson ) and tawny thrush. Up to six subspecies exist, which are grouped into the eastern veery (C. fuscescens fuscescens), the western veery or willow thrush (C. fuscescens salicicolus), and the Newfoundland veery (C. fuscescens fuliginosus).

The specific name fuscescens is Neo-Latin for "blackish", from Latin fuscus, "dark". The English name may imitate the call.

Description
This species measures 16 - 19.5 cm in length. Its mass is 26 - 39 g, exceptionally up to 54 g. The wingspan averages 28.5 cm. Each wing measures 8.9 - 10.4 cm, the bill measures 1.2 - 1.9 cm and the tarsus is 2.7 - 3.25 cm. The veery shows the characteristic under-wing stripe of Catharus thrushes. Adults are mainly light brown on the upperparts. The underparts are white; the breast is light tawny with faint brownish spots. Veeries have pink legs and a poorly defined eye ring. Birds in the eastern portions of the species' breeding range are more cinnamon on the upper parts; western birds are more olive-brown. In the east, the veery is distinguished easily by its coloration; distinguishing western veeries from other Catharus thrushes is more difficult.

This bird has a breezy, downward-spiraling, flute-like song, often given from a low and concealed perch. The most common call is a harsh, descending vee-er, which gave the bird its name. Other calls include a chuckle, a sharp and low "wuck", and a slow wee-u. Veeries have been shown to decrease the rate and duration of singing when exposed to barred owl playback, possibly to decrease the chance of predation.

Breeding and wintering habitat
The breeding habitat is humid deciduous forest across southern Canada and the northern United States. Breeding habitat includes dense growth and dense understory close to a water source, such as a stream. These birds migrate to eastern South America. It has been found that winter range may include the entire Amazon basin, Mérida state in Venezuela, the headwaters of the Orinoco River, and São Paulo state, Brazil. Stopover regions during migration of several veeries from Delaware include the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the coasts of the Carolinas, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, and Venezuela. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe.

Feeding
They forage on the forest floor, flipping leaves to uncover insects; they may fly up to catch insects in flight. They mainly eat insects and berries. Insects are a main food source during the breeding season, while fruit and berries may compose most of the diet during the late summer and fall.

Nesting
They make a cup nest on the ground or near the base of a shrub. The nest consists of three structural layers, including outer, inner, and nest lining layers. The outer layer consists of leaves and supporting branches, while the inner layer consists of material woven together. Nest lining consists of flexible material such as bark, roots, and seeds. The use of different parts of 27 plant species, including invasive/alien plants, has been documented. Nests contain three to five greenish-blue eggs that may or may not have brown spots. The eggs are incubated for 10 to 14 days by the female, while both parents feed nestlings. Young Veeries can leave the nest between 10 and 12 days after they hatch.

This bird has been displaced in some parts of its range by the related wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). However, a case of interspecific parental care of a veery nest by a wood thrush has been documented in which a wood thrush provided more parental care to the veery nestlings than did the parents, possibly due to sexual solicitation by the female veery. Veeries are occasional hosts for the eggs of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Veery males have been found to engage in behaviors similar to the polygynandrous Bicknell's thrush in that males may feed nestlings at more than one nest and there may be multiple male feeders at nests.

Threats
Threats to the veery include nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, climate change, and alteration of Amazonian lowland forests. It is suggested that veeries are in decline, and breeding bird survey trend results indicate that veery populations declined across most of its range from 1966 to 2013. There have been concerns that the use of invasive/alien plant parts may decrease nesting success, but negative impacts have not been documented. Other potential threats include the loss of woodland habitat, squirrels, chipmunks, and raptors.

title: Veery


text:
Euzko Gudarostea

Euzko Gudarostea (spelled in modern Eusko Gudarostea) was the name of the army commanded by the Basque Government during the Spanish Civil War. It was formed by Basque nationalists, socialists, communists, anarchists and republicans under the direction of lehendakari José Antonio Aguirre and coordinating with the army of the Second Spanish Republic. It fought the troops of Francisco Franco during 1936 and 1937. It surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie at Santoña (province of Cantabria), while the rest of the Republican army kept fighting until 1939. This event is called the Santoña Agreement, Pact of Santoña, or Treason of Santoña by some Spanish leftists.

Gudari
The Basque word for a soldier, gudari (plural gudariak), is a neologism (from guda, "war", thus meaning "warrior" literally). The Standard Basque word is the Romance-derived soldadu. Like other Basque nationalist neologisms (ikurriña, lendakari), the meaning of gudari has been restricted to Basque concepts. The Basque word for an army is the Romance-derived armada.

The members of the Basque militant ETA consider themselves gudariak continuing the struggle of the Civil War Basque soldiers. This is contested by those war veterans that support the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Spanish Socialist Workers' Party or Communist Party.

The Gudari Eguna ("warrior day") is thus celebrated separately:

 * by ETA supporters on 27 September, remembering the date (1975) of the execution of Jon Paredes (a.k.a. Txiki) in Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, and Ángel Otaegui in Burgos.
 * by PNV supporters on 9 November since 1937.

title: Euzko Gudarostea


text:
Mood swing

A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood. Such changes can play a positive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning, or be disruptive. When mood swings are severe, they may be categorized as part of a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, where erratic and disruptive mood swings are a defining feature.

To determine mental health problem, people usually use charting with papers, interviews, or smartphone to track their mood/affect/emotion. Furthermore, mood swings not just fluctuate between mania and depression, but in some conditions, involve anxiety.

Terminology
Definitions of the terms mood swings, mood instability, affective lability, or emotional lability are commonly similar, which describe fluctuating or oscillating of mood and emotions. But each has unique characteristics that are used to describe specific phenomena or patterns of oscillation. Different from emotions or affect, mood associated with emotional responses without knowing the reason (unaware).

The dynamics of mood, mood patterns for long times are commonly erratic, labile or instable, also known as euthymic. Although the term of mood swing is unspecific, it may be used to describe a pattern where mood goes down from positive to negative valency immediately (without delay in baseline) at specific periods. And also generally have aperiodic patterns. This is because mood dynamics are influenced by various factors which can magnify or lessen fluctuations, such as when expectations become reality or not. Other terms for describing patterns are episodic, periodic, cyclothymia, rapid cycling, mixed states, short episodes, soft spectrum, diurnal variation, etc., although the definition of each term may be unclear.

Speed and extent
Mood swings can happen any time at any place, varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of bipolar disorder, so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self-esteem, through cyclothymia, up to a depressive disease. However most people's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs. The duration of bipolar mood swings also varies. They may last a few hours – ultrarapid – or extend over days – ultradian: clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania, or seven days of mania, occur, is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified. In such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks: these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria.

Characteristics

 * Changing mood up and down without knowing the reason or external stimuli, in various degrees, duration and frequent, from high mood (happy, elevated, irritated) to low mood (sad, depressed).
 * Sometimes it's mixed, a combination between manic and depression symptoms or similar with bittersweet experiences that last for a day.
 * Mood swings in normal people appear like "climate changing" at mild to moderate degree. Thus, unless it happens at a moderate degree or more, some people need more high emotional intelligence to recognize their mood change.
 * Mood swings in mental illness simply can be described by generalized complexity based on mood dynamics (patterns that characterize the oscillation) like intensity (mild, moderate, severe), duration (days, weeks, years), average mood and other features, such as:

 * 1) Mood swings in cyclothymia: Mood swings occur episodically and aperiodic within 2 years or more at a moderate degree and frequently. Characterized by coexisting with anxiety, persistence, rapid shift, intense, impulsive, heightened by sensitivity and reactivity to external stimuli.
 * 2) Mood swings in bipolar II: Episodic, hypomanic (severe degree) episodes occur continuously for 4 days, depression episodes for weeks, and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.
 * 3) Mood swings in bipolar I: Episodic, manic episodes (severe degree) occur continuously for 7 days, depressive episodes for weeks, and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes. Alterations in bipolar I and II can be rapid cyclic, which means changes of mood happen 4 times or more within a year. Symptoms of manic and hypomanic episodes are similar between bipolar I and bipolar II, just different in degree of intensity.
 * 4) Mood swings in Premenstrual symptoms (PMS): Episodically at mild to severe degree in the menses period, occur gradually or rapidly, start 7 days before and decrease at the onset of menses. Characterized by angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability or social withdrawal.
 * 5) Mood swings in borderline personality disorder (BPD): Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings. Mood swings fluctuate in rapid shifts for hours or days, not persistent, sensitive and heightened negative mood (e.g. irritability) by external stimuli.  Mood appears in the form of high intensity of irritability,  anxiety, and moderate degree depression (characterized by hostility, anger towards self, loneliness, isolation, related with relationships, emptiness or boredom).
 * 6) Mood swings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : Mood changes erratically and mood swings occur episodically, sometimes several times a day in rapid shifts. Characterized by a mild to moderate degree of irritability, related to the environment, impulsiveness (impatience to get rewards). In adult ADHD, high mood appears as excitement and low mood appears as boredom.
 * 7) Mood swings in schizophrenia: Although schizophrenia has flat emotions, a study in 2021 based on ALS-SF measures, Margrethe Collier et al., found that the score pattern of schizophrenia is similar to bipolar I. The alteration being related to delusions or hallucinations, mood changes that occur internally may be difficult to express externally (blunt affect), and heightened by external stimuli.
 * 8) Mood swings in major depressive disorder (MDD): Various mood patterns, and mood changes erratically. Mood swings occur episodically and fluctuate in moderate high mood and severe low mood. Characterized by having high negative affect (bad mood) most of the time, particularly in melancholic subtype. And also positive diurnal variation mood (bad mood in the morning, good mood in the evening), sensitivity to negative stimulation and mixed symptoms in some people, etc.
 * 9) Mood swings in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings rising in the period of recovery process.  Characterized by temporary fluctuations in negative affect (anxiety, irritability, shame, guilt) and self-esteem, reactive to environmental reminders, difficulty to control emotions, hyperarousal symptoms, etc.

Causes
There can be many different causes for mood swings. Some mood swings can be classified as normal/healthy reactions, such as grief processing, adverse effects of substances/drugs, or a result of sleep deprivation. Mood swings can also be a sign of psychiatric illnesses in the absence of external triggers or stressors.

Changes in a person's energy level, sleep patterns, self-esteem, sexual function, concentration, drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder.

Other major causes of mood swings (besides bipolar disorder and major depression) include diseases/disorders which interfere with nervous system function. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and autism spectrum are three such examples.

The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD. As a result, ADHD is known to bring about usually short-lived (though sometimes dramatic) mood swings. The communication difficulties associated with autism, and the associated changes in neurochemistry, are also known to cause autistic fits (autistic mood swings). The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the brain's electrical firing, and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings. If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder, treatments are harder to assign. Most commonly, however, mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and/or unexpected situations in daily life.

Degenerative diseases of the human central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease may also produce mood swings. Celiac disease can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear.

Not eating on time can contribute, or eating too much sugar, can cause fluctuations in blood sugar, which can cause mood swings.

Brain chemistry
If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters (NTs) in their brain, it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder. Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep, moods, and emotional states. A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory, and physical arousal. Like serotonin, an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression.

List of conditions known to cause mood swings

 * Bipolar disorder or cyclothymia: Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with characteristics of mood swings from hypomania or mania to depression. While cyclothymia is a lower degree of bipolar disorder. In 2022, ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group found that people with bipolar disorder have smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity,  which one of the functions is for emotion processing.
 * Anabolic steroid abuse: Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Used for treatment of male hypogonadism or delayed puberty, stimulating muscle growth, as well as treating impotence, and AIDS. Studies found that overusing anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause mood swings, impulsive, and aggressive behavior. This behavior is associated with decreased emotion regulation systems such as the frontal cortex, temporal, parietal, and occipital. Studies also found that using anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause neuronal changes and death in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thus symptoms of sleep and mood disorder occur.
 * Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is known as a disorder with difficulty keeping control of attention, hyperactivity, frequently changing focus and losing interest and also hyperfocus when doing something interesting or pleasurable tasks. Mood dysregulation may be caused by distraction when absorbed in pleasurable tasks. Another contribution to mood swings is lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), increased size of the hippocampus and decreasing size of the amygdala in some people. Abnormalities in these parts of the brain can cause disturbance in attention, motivation, mood, and behavioral inhibition.
 * Autism or other pervasive developmental disorder: Autism is a neurological and development disorder with symptoms such as lack of social, restricted repetitive behaviors, hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input, etc. Abnormal sensory processing is one of the reasons for mood swings in autism. Studies in 2015 found that in autism, the brain becomes overactivated in limbic areas, primary sensory cortices, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which functions for emotional and sensory processing. Studies found too, that the brain in autism has decreased connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, increased amygdala reactivity, and reduced prefrontal response which contribute to emotion dysregulation.
 * Borderline personality disorder: It has been theorized that borderline personality disorder comes from lack of ability to endure, learn and overcome negative events. People with BPD commonly have difficulty in relationships, which is associated with a tendency to anger-outbursts, judgment or expecting how others behave. Emotion dysregulation may be as a result of lack of interpersonal skills such as knowledge about emotions and how to control them, especially with intense emotions. Mostly, people with BPD use maladaptive emotion regulations like self-criticism, thought suppression, avoidance, and alcohol, which may trigger more mood disruption.
 * Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people. In Alzheimer's disease, mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation, salience, cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic function. Parkinson's disease can generate mood swings and mood dysregulation such as depression, low self worth, shame and worry about the future caused by cognitive and physical problems. And in Huntington's disease, common mood swings occur as a result of psychosocial, cognitive deficits, neuropsychiatric and biological factors.
 * Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is an effect of abusing Parkinson's disease drugs to decrease motor and non-motor syndromes, which result in mania, violent behavior, and depression when withdrawal. Mood dysregulation from dopamine dysregulation syndrome occurs as a result of changes in the neurotransmitter systems such as disturbance in the dopaminergic reward system.
 * Epilepsy: Epilepsy is an abnormal brain activity disease marked with seizures. Seizures occur because hypersynchronous and hyperexcitability of neurons, in other words, too much neural activity and excitability at the same time. Mood swings commonly appear before, during, after a seizure and during treatment. Studies found that seizures contribute to decreased function of emotions and mood processing as a consequence of abnormal neurogenesis and damaged neuron connections in the hippocampus and amygdala. Experiencing a seizure can cause mood swings caused by depression, anxiety, or worry about life being threatened. Another source of mood change comes from anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy, like phenobarbital for increasing brain inhibitors or antiglutamatergic for decreasing brain activity which generates depression, cognitive dysfunction, sedation or mood lability.
 * Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease caused by low or excessive production of thyroid hormone. Abnormal thyroid hormone can affect mood, although the correlation between thyroid hormone and mood disorder is still not known.
 * Intermittent explosive disorder: Intermittent explosive disorder is frequent rage that occurs spontaneous, uncontrolled, unproportioned and not persistent. This short duration of alternate mood occurs in the form of aggression verbally or physically towards people or property, sometimes followed by regret, shame and guilt after an act which might generate depression symptoms. Impulsive behavior in IED can be associated with hyperactivity in brain regions for regulating and emotional expression, such as the amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal area.
 * Menopause: Menopause in women commonly happens at age 52. One factor that causes mood disturbance is fluctuation of milieu hormones including sex steroids, growth hormones, stress hormones, etc.
 * Major depression: Major depression is a disorder with symptoms such as feelings of sadness, loss of interest, emptiness and, for some people, mixed with irritability, mental overactivity, and behavioral overactivity. Development of irritability or anger may result from personality traits like narcissistic or coping strategies to avoid looking sad, worthless, or frustrated.
 * Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Obsessive compulsive disorder is marked with obsessions and compulsions about something that causes life distress and dysfunction. Alteration of mood and feeling discomfort such as shame, guilt or anxiety may occur caused by intrusive thoughts, fear, urge, and fantasy.
 * Pathological demand avoidance
 * Post traumatic stress disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past. This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens, such as depression, outbursts of anger, self-destructive behaviors, and feelings of shame.
 * Pregnancy: Women commonly experience mood swings during the pregnancy and the postpartum period. Hormone changes, stress and worry may be the reasons for changes of mood.
 * Premenstrual syndrome: Women experience premenstrual syndrome like physical pains, mood swings, irritability or depression in a few days until 2 weeks of their period with different intensity. Furthermore, 4% to 14% of women experience severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which can decrease life quality. Despite the reason mood dysregulation in PMS is still unclear, Studies found that mood dysregulation is related with drop in progesterone concentrations, disruption of serotonergic transmission, GABAergic, stress, body-mass index, and traumatic events.
 * Schizoaffective disorder: Mood swings in schizoaffective disorder are caused by mixed symptoms between schizophrenia and mood disorder.
 * Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a disorder with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, mood dysregulation, etc. Mood changes may be generated from hallucinations and delusions which cause anger, paranoia, and shame.
 * Seasonal affective disorder: Seasonal affective disorder is depression which occurs during some seasons (commonly in winter), then manic or hypomanic episodes in the other season and that happens every year. These fluctuating moods appear in the form of anger attacks with depression and occur from season to season, also known as seasonal mood swings.
 * XXYY syndrome: XXYY syndrome is a rare type of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). XXYY syndrome contributes to abnormal neurodevelopment and psychiatric diseases which can cause mood disorders.

Treatment
It's part of human nature's mood going up and down caused by various factors. Individual strength, coping skill or adaptation ability, social support or another recovery model might determine whether mood swings will create disruption in life or not.

Cognitive behavioral therapy recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self-reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings. Exercise, treats, seeking out small (and easily attainable) triumphs, and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV, are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings.

Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind, or up from exaggerated shame states, is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one's own moods and varying sense of self-esteem.

Behavioral activation is a component of CBT that can break the cycle (depression leads to inactivity, inactivity leads to depression). This may rely on individual strengths to "cold start" the reward system.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Another manifestation of mood swing is irritability, which can lead to elation, anger or aggression. DBT has a lot of coping skills that can be used for emotion dysregulation, such as mindfulness with the "wise mind" or emotion regulation with opposite action.

Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) has a package of mindful emotion regulation skills (e.g., attention regulation skills, metacognitive regulation skills, etc.) that can be handy to have when mood swings happen.

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can be used to regulate life rhythm when mood swings happen frequently and disrupt the rhythm of life. Episodes of mood disorder often liberate people from daily routines by making a mess of sleep schedules, social interaction, or work and causing irregular circadian rhythms.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has a function to increase psychological flexibility by learning to assess present experience or be mindful, accept everything internally or externally, commit action to move toward personal recovery, etc.

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NRX

NRX (National Research Experimental) was a heavy-water-moderated, light-water-cooled, nuclear research reactor at the Canadian Chalk River Laboratories, which came into operation in 1947 at a design power rating of 10 MW (thermal), increasing to 42 MW by 1954. At the time of its construction, it was Canada's most expensive science facility and the world's most powerful nuclear research reactor. NRX was remarkable both in terms of its heat output and the number of free neutrons it generated. When a nuclear reactor such as NRX is operating, its nuclear chain reaction generates many free neutrons. In the late 1940s, NRX was the most intense neutron source in the world.

NRX experienced one of the world's first major reactor accidents on 12 December 1952. The reactor began operation on 22 July 1947 under the National Research Council of Canada, and was taken over by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) shortly before the 1952 accident. The accident was cleaned up and the reactor restarted within two years. NRX operated for 45 years, then shut down permanently on 30 March 1993. Decommissioning is underway at the Chalk River Laboratories site.

NRX was the successor to Canada's first reactor, ZEEP. Because the operating life of a research reactor was not expected to be very long, in 1948 planning started for construction of a successor facility, the National Research Universal reactor, which started self-sustained operation (or "went critical") in 1957.

Design
A heavy water moderated reactor is governed by two main processes. First, the water slows down (moderates) the neutrons which are produced by nuclear fission, increasing the chances of the high energy neutrons causing further fission reactions. Second, control rods absorb neutrons and adjust the power level or shut down the reactor in the course of normal operation. Either inserting the control rods or removing the heavy water moderator can stop the reaction.

The NRX reactor incorporated a calandria, a sealed vertical aluminium cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 8 m and height of 3 m. The core vessel held about 175 6 cm vertical tubes in a hexagonal lattice, 14,000 l of heavy water and helium gas to displace air and prevent corrosion. The level of water in the reactor could be adjusted to help set the power level. Sitting in the vertical tubes and surrounded by air were fuel elements or experimental items. This design was a forerunner of the CANDU reactors.

The fuel elements contained fuel rods 3.1 m long, 31 mm in diameter and weighing 55 kg, containing uranium fuel and sheathed in aluminium. Surrounding the fuel element was an aluminium coolant tube with up to 250 l/s of cooling water from the Ottawa River flowing through it. Between the coolant sheath and the calandria an air flow of 8 kg/s was maintained.

Twelve of the vertical tubes contained control rods made of boron carbide powder inside steel tubes. These could be raised and lowered to control the reaction, with any seven inserted being enough to absorb sufficient neutrons that no chain reaction could happen. The rods were held up by electromagnets, so that a power failure would cause them to fall into the tubes and terminate the reaction. A pneumatic system could use air pressure from above to quickly force them into the reactor core or from below to slowly raise them from it. Four of these were called the safeguard bank while the other eight were controlled in an automatic sequence. Two pushbuttons on the main panel in the control room activated magnets to seal the rods to the pneumatic system, and the pushbutton to cause the pneumatic insertion of the rods into the core was located a few feet away.

History
NRX was for a time the world's most powerful research reactor, vaulting Canada into the forefront of physics research. Emerging from a World War II cooperative effort between Britain, the United States, and Canada, NRX was a multipurpose research reactor used to develop new isotopes, test materials and fuels, and produce neutron radiation beams, that became an indispensable tool in the blossoming field of condensed matter physics.

The nuclear physics design of NRX emerged from the Montreal Laboratory of Canada's National Research Council, which was established at the University of Montreal during WWII to engage a team of Canadian, British, and other European scientists in top-secret heavy-water reactor research. When the decision was made to build the NRX at what is now known as Chalk River Laboratories, the detailed engineering design was contracted to Canada's Defence Industries Limited (DIL), who subcontracted construction to Fraser Brace Ltd.

In the early days of cancer radiation therapy, the NRX reactor was the world's only source of the isotope cobalt-60, first used to bombard tumours in 1951.

In 1994 Dr. Bertram Brockhouse shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in the 1950s at NRX, which advanced the detection and analysis techniques used in the field of neutron scattering for condensed matter research.

The CIRUS reactor, based on this design, was built in India. It was ultimately used to produce plutonium for India's Operation Smiling Buddha nuclear test.

It is claimed that the term "crud" originally stood for "Chalk River Unidentified Deposit", used to describe the radioactive scaling that builds up on internal reactor components, first observed in the NRX facility. Crud has since become common parlance for "Corrosion Related Unidentified Deposit" and similar expressions and is commonly used with no relation to the Chalk River plant.

Accident
On December 12, 1952, the NRX reactor suffered a partial meltdown due to operator error and mechanical problems in the shut-off systems. For test purposes, some of the fuel channels had been disconnected from high pressure water cooling and were connected by hoses to a temporary cooling system; one low-power channel was cooled only by airflow.

During tests at low power, with low coolant flux through the core, the supervisor noticed several control rods being pulled from the core; an operator in the basement had incorrectly opened pneumatic valves. The wrongly-opened valves were immediately closed, but some of the control rods did not reenter the core and stuck in almost withdrawn positions, but still low enough for their status lights to indicate them as lowered. Due to a miscommunication between the supervisor and the control room operator, wrong buttons were pressed when the supervisor asked to lower the control rods into the core. Instead of sealing the withdrawn control rods to the pneumatic system, the safeguard bank of four control rods was accidentally withdrawn from the core. The operator noticed that the power level was exponentially increasing, doubling each 2 seconds, and tripped the reactor. Three of the safeguard control rods, however, were not inserted into the core and the fourth took an abnormally long time, about 90 seconds, to insert, while the power kept rising. After just 10 seconds the core reached 17 MW(thermal). The cooling water boiled in some tubes connected to the temporary cooling system, and some of them ruptured; the positive void coefficient of the reactor led to a further power increase. About 14 seconds later valves were manually opened to drain the heavy water moderator from the calandria. As this took some time to become effective, power increased for 5 more seconds, peaked at an estimated 100 MW, then went down as the moderator level decreased and was at zero 25 seconds later. The whole accident, from low to high to zero power took about 108 seconds. Meanwhile, some fuel elements melted and were pierced in several places; the helium cover gas leaked and air was aspirated inside. Hydrogen and other gases evolved by radiation-induced dissociation of cooling water, and 3–4 minutes later oxyhydrogen exploded in the calandria. During the incident, some gaseous fission products were vented to the atmosphere, and heavy water in the calandria was contaminated with the cooling water and the fission products.

To remove the fuel decay heat, the water cooling system was kept operating, leaking contaminated coolant to the reactor basement. About 10 kCi of radioactive materials, contained in about 4500 m3 of water, collected in the basement of the reactor building during the next few days.

Clean-up of the reactor building required several months of work, assisted by 150 US Navy personnel after Admiral Rickover requested permission to send US nuclear submarine personnel to learn about cleaning up nuclear contamination. The US contingent included future US president Jimmy Carter, at the time a lieutenant in the US nuclear submarine program who was in charge of 12 men. The NRX reactor core and calandria, damaged beyond repair, were removed and buried, and an improved replacement was installed; the refurbished reactor started operating 14 months and 5 days after the accident. The clean up was primarily performed by 850 Atomic Energy of Canada staff, assisted by about 170 Canadian and 150 U.S. military personnel, and 20 contractors.

The lessons learned in the 1952 accident advanced the field of reactor safety significantly, and the concepts it highlighted (diversity and independence of safety systems, guaranteed shutdown capability, efficiency of man-machine interface) became fundamentals of reactor design. The incident was the world's first severe nuclear reactor accident.

title: NRX


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User:RichiH

=Help=

If you have any questions about IRC in general or freenode specifically, for example, getting user cloaks don't hesitate to contact me. You can either choose my talk page (slow response) or connect to irc://irc.freenode.net and message me directly (immediate to fast response). You will find a short howto on using X-Chat on Windows on my talk page, too :)

=Todo=

 * - write something useful about graves on the level below.
 * - edit shivalingam link

title: User:RichiH


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Hermit thrush

The hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus) is a medium-sized North American thrush. It is not very closely related to the other North American migrant species of Catharus, but rather to the Mexican russet nightingale-thrush. The specific name guttatus is Latin for "spotted", though historically this species has been given 17 additional species or subspecies names by various authors, now all treated as synonyms.

Description
This species measures 15 to 18 cm in length, spans 25 to 30 cm across the wings and weighs 18 to 37 g. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 7.8 to 11.1 cm, the bill is 1.6 to 1.9 cm and the tarsus is 2.7 to 3.3 cm. It is more compact and stockier than other North American Catharus thrushes, with relatively longer wings. The hermit thrush has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of Catharus thrushes. Adults are mainly brown on the upperparts, with reddish tails. The underparts are white with dark spots on the breast and grey or brownish flanks. They have pink legs and a white eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more grey-brown.

Behavior
Hermit thrushes breed in coniferous or mixed woods across Canada, southern Alaska, and the northeastern and western United States. They make a cup nest on the ground or relatively low in a tree.

While most hermit thrushes migrate to wintering grounds in the southern United States and south to Central America, some remain in northern coastal US states and southern Ontario. Identification of spotted thrushes is simplified by the fact that hermit thrush is the only spotted thrush normally found in North America during winter. They usually breed in forests, but will sometimes winter in parks and wooded suburban neighborhoods.

They are very rare vagrants to western Europe and northeast Asia.

They forage on the forest floor, also in trees or shrubs, mainly eating insects and berries.

Song
The hermit thrush's song has been described as "the finest sound in nature" and is ethereal and flute-like, consisting of a beginning note, then several descending musical phrases in a minor key, repeated at different pitches. It often sings from a high open location. Analysis of the notes of its song indicates that they are related by harmonic simple integer pitch ratios, like many kinds of human music and unlike the songs of other birds that have been similarly examined.

In culture
The hermit thrush is the state bird of Vermont.

Walt Whitman construes the hermit thrush as a symbol of the American voice, poetic and otherwise, in his elegy for Abraham Lincoln, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," one of the fundamental texts in the American literary canon. "A Hermit Thrush" is the name of a poem by the American poet Amy Clampitt. A hermit thrush appears in the fifth section ("What the Thunder Said") of the T. S. Eliot poem The Waste Land.

Former Canadian indie-rock band Thrush Hermit took their name from a reversal of the bird's name. It is also shared by the American bands Hermit Thrushes and Hermit Thrush.

title: Hermit thrush


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Rigged Hilbert space

In mathematics, a rigged Hilbert space (Gelfand triple, nested Hilbert space, equipped Hilbert space) is a construction designed to link the distribution and square-integrable aspects of functional analysis. Such spaces were introduced to study spectral theory. They bring together the 'bound state' (eigenvector) and 'continuous spectrum', in one place.

Using this notion, a version of the spectral theorem for unbounded operators on Hilbert space can be formulated. "Rigged Hilbert spaces are well known as the structure which provides a proper mathematical meaning to the Dirac formulation of quantum mechanics."

Motivation
A function such as $$ x \mapsto e^{ix}, $$ is an eigenfunction of the differential operator $$-i\frac{d}{dx}$$ on the real line $R$, but isn't square-integrable for the usual (Lebesgue) measure on $R$. To properly consider this function as an eigenfunction requires some way of stepping outside the strict confines of the Hilbert space theory. This was supplied by the apparatus of distributions, and a generalized eigenfunction theory was developed in the years after 1950.

Functional analysis approach
The concept of rigged Hilbert space places this idea in an abstract functional-analytic framework. Formally, a rigged Hilbert space consists of a Hilbert space $H$, together with a subspace $Φ$ which carries a finer topology, that is one for which the natural inclusion $$ \Phi \subseteq H $$ is continuous. It is no loss to assume that $Φ$ is dense in $H$ for the Hilbert norm. We consider the inclusion of dual spaces $H^{*}$ in $Φ^{*}$. The latter, dual to $Φ$ in its 'test function' topology, is realised as a space of distributions or generalised functions of some sort, and the linear functionals on the subspace $Φ$ of type $$\phi\mapsto\langle v,\phi\rangle$$ for $v$ in $H$ are faithfully represented as distributions (because we assume $Φ$ dense).

Now by applying the Riesz representation theorem we can identify $H^{*}$ with $H$. Therefore, the definition of rigged Hilbert space is in terms of a sandwich: $$\Phi \subseteq H \subseteq \Phi^*. $$

The most significant examples are those for which $Φ$ is a nuclear space; this comment is an abstract expression of the idea that $Φ$ consists of test functions and $Φ*$ of the corresponding distributions. Also, a simple example is given by Sobolev spaces: Here (in the simplest case of Sobolev spaces on $$\mathbb R^n$$) $$H = L^2(\mathbb R^n),\ \Phi = H^s(\mathbb R^n),\ \Phi^* = H^{-s}(\mathbb R^n),$$ where $$s > 0$$.

Formal definition (Gelfand triple)
A rigged Hilbert space is a pair $(H, Φ)$ with $H$ a Hilbert space, $Φ$ a dense subspace, such that $Φ$ is given a topological vector space structure for which the inclusion map $i$ is continuous.

Identifying $H$ with its dual space $H^{*}$, the adjoint to $i$ is the map $$i^* : H = H^* \to \Phi^*.$$

The duality pairing between $Φ$ and $Φ^{*}$ is then compatible with the inner product on $H$, in the sense that: $$\langle u, v\rangle_{\Phi\times\Phi^*} = (u, v)_H$$ whenever $$u \in \Phi\subset H$$ and $$v \in H = H^* \subset \Phi^*$$. In the case of complex Hilbert spaces, we use a Hermitian inner product; it will be complex linear in $u$ (math convention) or $v$ (physics convention), and conjugate-linear (complex anti-linear) in the other variable.

The triple $$ (\Phi,\,\,H,\,\,\Phi^*)$$ is often named the "Gelfand triple" (after the mathematician Israel Gelfand).

Note that even though $Φ$ is isomorphic to $Φ^{*}$ (via Riesz representation) if it happens that $Φ$ is a Hilbert space in its own right, this isomorphism is not the same as the composition of the inclusion $i$ with its adjoint $i*$ $$i^* i: \Phi\subset H = H^* \to \Phi^*.$$

title: Rigged Hilbert space


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This is just a placeholder.

Table

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Playa del Rey, Los Angeles

Playa del Rey (Spanish for "Beach of the King") is a seaside neighborhood on the westside of Los Angeles in the Santa Monica Bay region of Los Angeles County, California. It has a ZIP code of 90293 and area codes of 310 and 424. As of 2018, the community had a population of 16,230 people.

History
Lower Playa del Rey was originally wetlands and sand dune soil, but natural flooding was halted by levees made of earthen soil, boulders and reinforced concrete with a soft-bottom submerged soil that promotes both tidal flow in good weather and facilitated the flow of freshwater into the ocean in rainy weather, resulting in a dynamic estuarine river known as Ballona Creek.

The wetlands area were inhabited by the Tongva came to the wetlands three to five thousand years ago. The area was important for fishing and shellfish harvesting. The usage of wooden plank boats known as te'aats were used to paddle out to the Channel Islands. Guashna was the major village in the area and was an important regional trade center.

In the 1870s, Playa Del Rey was the location of the first attempt at a dredged harbor in Santa Monica Bay. Under contract with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, Moye Wicks' syndicate spent $300,000 to dredge Port Ballona Harbor, for shipping to the Orient. Within three years, winter waves brought flooding, but what remained of man's early efforts became the Del Rey Lagoon, now a municipal public park. In 1902, buyers interested in land at the new Playa Del Rey development were instructed to travel by streetcar to Alla Station where “tally-hos” awaited them. The new development eventually got its own streetcar stop on the Redondo Beach via Playa del Rey Line beginning from the Ivy Station. In 1910, the Playa del Rey Motordome was built, the first board track in the world; it was used for bike and also early auto racing.

Palisades del Rey was the name of the original 1921 neighborhood land development by Dickinson & Gillespie Co. that later came to be called Playa del Rey. The company advertised this area of sand dunes as the last stretch of coastal land in the city of Los Angeles to be developed. All of the houses in this area were custom built, many as beach homes owned by Hollywood actors and producers, including Cecil B. Demille, Charles Bickford, and others.

Construction in Playa del Rey surged in 1928 with the development of the Del Rey Hills neighborhood in the Eastern part of the community (to the East of Pershing Drive), and the move of Loyola University (now Loyola Marymount University) to the adjacent community of Westchester.

The southern portion of the original Playa del Rey development, which came to be known as Surfridge, is now vacant. Between 1966 and 1975, the houses that were once there were either moved or demolished to facilitate the expansion of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and to address concerns about the noise of increasing jet plane traffic. The noise from the flights made it less desirable to live on the dunes above the ocean under the LAX flight path. The City of Los Angeles condemned the southern section of Playa del Rey under the power of eminent domain and purchased all of the homes. Today, one can see only barbed-wire fences protecting vacant land and old streets where houses once sat. Recent LAX rejuvenation plans call for the city to finally remove the old streets that still line the empty neighborhood. The condemned areas of the community are now a protected habitat of the endangered El Segundo blue butterfly.

Playa del Rey in the 1950s and early 1960s was known as a great Los Angeles area "surfing spot," but due to the many rock jetties that were built to prevent beach erosion, the good surf has mostly disappeared. The beach at the northernmost end of Playa del Rey is still known as Toes Over Beach, Toes Beach, or just "Toes" by the local surfing community, a name derived from the toes-over or hang ten surfing maneuver. Most surfers now flock south of Dockweiler Beach to El Porto (the northernmost part of beach in the city of Manhattan Beach) or north of Marina del Rey to Venice Beach. The lifeguard and park services are uniform across the entire 20 mi stretch of beach.

One danger for beachgoers is the uncontrolled water runoff from the creek, and the occasional emergency overflow from the giant Hyperion treatment plant to the south. Under normal conditions, the plant discharges treated water 5 mi out to sea, but a rarely used 1 mi outflow pipe exists for emergencies or during maintenance. Wastewater discharged from this shorter pipe is close enough to shore to severely impact beach conditions when it is in use.

Locals refer to the small area of housing closest to the beach, where Culver Boulevard joins Vista del Mar, as "The Jungle," a nickname given to a group of closely built 1956 apartments bounded by Trolley Place and Trolleyway Street on its east and west respectively, and including the streets |Montreal, Fowling, Rees, Sunridge and Surf. The small sidewalks between homes had/have deep green overgrowth, which added to the name.

Today, the Pacific Avenue Bridge between Playa Del Rey and the jetty between Ballona Creek and the Marina is accessible to foot traffic and bicycle traffic, but not to automobiles. Bikers, skaters and joggers can cross this bridge to continue north to Santa Monica, and to the South Bay. It is the only pedestrian crossing over Ballona Creek between the ocean and Centinela Avenue, and the Lincoln Boulevard and Marina Freeway bridges both lack sidewalks.

Both the University of California, Los Angeles and Loyola Marymount University have crew teams that practice on the Ballona Creek channel and in Marina del Rey.

Geography
Considered part of Silicon Beach, Playa del Rey is a coastal neighborhood and a district of the city of Los Angeles. Its location immediately north of Los Angeles International Airport exposes some residents to air and noise pollution generated at the airport. Over the years, expansions at the airport have forced more than a thousand residents to move and hundreds of houses to be demolished.

The community is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, Marina del Rey and Ballona Creek to the north, the Ballona Wetlands and Playa Vista to the northeast, Westchester to the east, and Los Angeles International Airport and El Segundo to the south.

The city of Los Angeles has three small parks in Playa del Rey: Del Rey Lagoon Park, the .5 acre Titmouse Park, and Vista Del Mar Park. Del Rey Lagoon Park, which has an area of about 14 acre, also has a shallow saltwater swamp-pond known as Del Rey Lagoon. The pond has an area of about 5 acres, with a maximum depth of about 5 ft. The lagoon’s depth varies over time of day, as it is partially connected with the Ballona Creek by an underground pipe. The park is bounded by Ballona Creek to the north, Convoy Street to the south, Pacific Avenue to the west, and Esplanade and an apartment complex to the east.

Playa del Rey's rolling hills and depression wetland ponds are the result of ancient, wind-blown, compacted sand dunes that rise up to 125 ft above sea level, originally called and often referred to as The Del Rey Hills or "The Bluffs." These dunes run parallel to the coastline, from Playa del Rey, all the way south to Palos Verdes.

Demographics

According to data from the Los Angeles Times's "Mapping L.A." project, the area's demography was 72.6% Non-Hispanic White, 7.7% Asian, 3.9% Black, 10.0% Latino and 5.8% of other backgrounds.

94.7% of employed Playa Del Rey residents work in a white-collar profession. 65.6% of all residents 25 years of age or older have at least a bachelor's degree, and 39.8% of residents have obtained a graduate-level education or more. As of 2021, the median price for a single family home in the 90293 zip code has exceeded $3 million, and the average income is $148,296, which is among the wealthiest in Los Angeles.

Economy
As Playa del Rey is located in the heart of the Silicon Beach, the economy has become largely driven by the tech sector. The neighborhood is also home to a large number of airline and aerospace employees, owing to its proximity to LAX. The vast majority of land in Playa del Rey is zoned for residential purposes only. It is known for its large ocean-view estates, but the bulk of the population lives in the eastern portion, which is densely developed with apartment and condominium complexes. Only portions of Manchester Avenue, Pershing Drive and Culver Boulevard have businesses—mainly restaurants and a pharmacy—and offices mixed in with residential buildings.

Government and infrastructure
Los Angeles Fire Department Station 5 (Westchester/LAX Area) is in the area. Los Angeles Police Department operates the Pacific Community Police Station at 12312 Culver Boulevard, 90066, serving the neighborhood.

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services SPA 5 West Area Health Office serves Playa del Rey.

Playa del Rey lies entirely within the 11th council district of Los Angeles, and is represented on the city council by Traci Park.

Education
Playa del Rey is within the Los Angeles Unified School District. The area is within Board District 4. As of 2009, Steve Zimmer represents the district.

Notable schools in the area include Westchester Enriched Sciences Magnets (6–8) and St. Bernard High School, a private Roman Catholic school.

As of 2014, the Wiseburn School District allows parents in Playa del Rey to send their children to Wiseburn schools on inter-district transfers.

Notable people

 * Roseanne Barr, actress, comedian, former Presidential candidate
 * Charles Bickford, film and TV actor, primarily in the 1940s-1950s
 * Mel Blanc, voice actor, comedian, and musician. In the 1940s he resided on Ellen Avenue, now absorbed by LAX.
 * Jerry Buss, former owner of the Los Angeles Lakers
 * Jamaal Wilkes, UCLA and Los Angeles Lakers Hall of Famer
 * Bruce Campbell, actor
 * William J. Dodd, architect
 * Dave Draper, bodybuilder and television host
 * Sam Elliott, actor
 * Anthony Michael Hall, actor
 * Phil Jackson, former coach of the Los Angeles Lakers
 * Anissa Jones, actress
 * Noel Jones, bishop
 * Laura Karpman, composer
 * Jack Kruschen, actor
 * Patrick Long, racing driver
 * Benny Mardones, singer/songwriter
 * William C. deMille, film director
 * Sugar Shane Mosley, former World Champion boxer
 * Lenda Murray, IFBB professional bodybuilder
 * Taylour Paige, dancer and actress
 * Tara Reid, actress and pop culture figure
 * Dawn Robinson, original member of the group En Vogue
 * Carroll Shelby, auto designer
 * Carmen Twillie, actress/singer
 * Donda West, late mother of hip-hop artist Kanye West

title: Playa del Rey, Los Angeles


text:
Index set

In mathematics, an index set is a set whose members label (or index) members of another set. For instance, if the elements of a set $A$ may be indexed or labeled by means of the elements of a set $J$, then $J$ is an index set. The indexing consists of a surjective function from $J$ onto $A$, and the indexed collection is typically called an indexed family, often written as ${A_{j}}_{j∈J}|undefined$.

Examples

 * An enumeration of a set $S$ gives an index set $$J \sub \N$$, where $f : J → S$ is the particular enumeration of $S$.
 * Any countably infinite set can be (injectively) indexed by the set of natural numbers $$\N$$.
 * For $$r \in \R$$, the indicator function on $r$ is the function $$\mathbf{1}_r\colon \R \to \{0,1\}$$ given by $$\mathbf{1}_r (x) := \begin{cases} 0, & \mbox{if } x \ne r \\ 1, & \mbox{if } x = r. \end{cases} $$

The set of all such indicator functions, $$\{ \mathbf{1}_r \}_{r\in\R}$$, is an uncountable set indexed by $$\mathbb{R}$$.

Other uses
In computational complexity theory and cryptography, an index set is a set for which there exists an algorithm $I$ that can sample the set efficiently; e.g., on input $1^{n}$, $I$ can efficiently select a poly(n)-bit long element from the set.

title: Index set


text:
Talk:Marina del Rey, California

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100413194318/http://beaches.co.la.ca.us/bandH/Marina/AdmiraltyPark.htm to http://beaches.co.la.ca.us/bandh/Marina/AdmiraltyPark.htm
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External links modified
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Lead image

In this edit, my photo was dissed and replaced by one that doesn't look to illustrate that place very well. Perhaps we can do better? Ideas for best lead image? Here are some. Dicklyon (talk) 17:54, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I prefer Magnolia677's choice. Magnolia677 (talk) 18:06, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * As expected. Dicklyon (talk) 04:17, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marina del Rey, California


text:
Macintosh Portable

The Macintosh Portable is a portable computer that was designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from September 1989 to October 1991. It is the first battery-powered Macintosh, which garnered significant excitement from critics, but sales to customers were quite low. It featured a fast, sharp, and expensive monochrome active matrix LCD screen in a hinged design that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use. The Portable was one of the early consumer laptops to employ an active matrix panel—only the most expensive of the initial PowerBook line, the PowerBook 170, had such a panel. The machine was designed to deliver high performance, at the cost of increased price and weight. The Portable was discontinued in October 1991.

The Portable has features similar to the Atari STacy, a version of their Atari ST computer which contained a built in keyboard and monitor. Macintosh Portable can run Macintosh System 6.0.4 through System 7.5.5.

Hardware
The pointer was a built-in trackball that could be removed and located on either side of the keyboard, and can also be replaced with a numeric keypad if a mouse is being used. There were three drive configurations available for Macintosh Portable. A Portable could ship with one floppy drive, with two floppy drives, or with a hard drive and a floppy drive. The floppy drive is 1.44 MB. Most Macintosh Portable units came with a hard drive. It was a custom-engineered Conner CP-3045 (known by Apple as "Hard Disk 40SC"). It holds 40 MB of data, consumes less power compared to most hard drives of its time, and it has a proprietary SCSI connector; adapters that allow standard SCSI drives to be used on the Portable exist, but they are expensive. At 16 pounds (7.2 kilograms) and 4 inches (10 centimetres) thick, the Portable was a heavy and bulky portable computer. The main contributor to the Portable's weight and bulk was its lead-acid battery.

Display issues
Despite the dramatic improvement in terms of ergonomics offered by the responsiveness, sharpness, and uniformity of its active matrix panel, one of the primary drawbacks of the Portable was poor readability in low-light situations. Consequently, in February 1991, Apple introduced a backlit Macintosh Portable (model M5126). The backlight feature was a welcomed improvement, but it reduced the battery life by about a half. An upgrade kit was also offered for the earlier model as well, which plugged into the ROM expansion slot. The Portable used expensive SRAM memory in an effort to maximize battery life and to provide an "instant on" low-power sleep mode. In the newer backlit Portable, Apple changed SRAM memory to the less expensive (but more power-hungry) pseudo-SRAM, which reduced the total RAM expansion to 8 MB, and lowered the price.

Battery issues
The lead-acid battery pack on the non-backlit Portable offered up to ten hours of usage time, and the Portable draws the same amount of power when turned off, and when in sleep mode. The Portable, unlike many later portable computers from Apple and other manufacturers, will not boot without the battery pack installed. This is due to the relatively low power output of the included AC charger, 1.5A @ 7.5 V, which is insufficient to spin up the hard disk, which has an initial startup current draw requirement of 2-3 Amps. The battery pack must be installed and have sufficient charge to provide the additional current required during hard disk startup. Once booted and running, the total power required to run the computer drops below 1.5A and the Portable can continue to run on the AC charger alone. Several popular unauthorized workarounds were devised to allow the Portable to boot without a battery pack installed, including using an AC power supply from the PowerBook 100 series, which provides higher output.

The battery packs are no longer manufactured and it is very rare to find one that will hold a charge and allow the computer to start. As with other lead-acid batteries, such as automotive batteries, the sealed lead-acid (SLA) cells used in the Portable's battery pack sulfated and eventually failed if they were left for an extended time in a fully discharged state, such as when the computer was stored for a period of months or longer. It is possible to repack the battery with new cells, or use alternative 6 V batteries. There were three "X" size cylindrical sealed lead-acid cells inside the battery pack, manufactured by Gates Energy Products (now EnerSys); the same cells were also used in Quantum 1 battery packs for photographic flash use. The battery pack can be rebuilt with new EnerSys "Cyclon" brand batteries, using either three part number 0800-0004 single cells of 2V each, or using one 6V monobloc part number 0809-0012.

Development
There is some indication that Apple executives at the time, particularly, Jean-Louis Gassée, were aware of the design problems concerning the Macintosh Portable. These problems, combined with supply issues of the newly developed active matrix screen, caused numerous delays in launching the computer. While it cannot be determined what the initial internal intended launch date was, an AppleDesign illustration depicts prototypes dated 1986. Initial officially announced launch dates indicated that the Macintosh Portable would be available by June 1988. The Macintosh Portable itself also suggests a lengthy development time with a silkscreen date stamp of 1987 on the production keyboard PCB, indicating a close-to-final design was likely to have been determined by then. The computer, however would not be launched for over two years, with the final launch date being September 20, 1989.

Reception
The Macintosh Portable product launch was held at the Universal Amphitheater in Universal City, California at an estimated cost of $1 million with over 5,000 guests. The press reaction was mixed, with many praising the clear LCD screen, but most shunning the computer due to its size, weight and high cost, with the Los Angeles Times stating "It’s too big, too heavy and too expensive." Others noted that the computer seemed behind the times compared to competing laptops, stating that "This machine would have been OK 12 months or 18 months ago. But not today."

Apple had forecast first year sales of 50,000 units, however the computer only generated lackluster sales of 10,000 units in its first quarter on the market. Apple then reduced the price of the Macintosh Portable by $1,000 in 1990, just 7 months after launch, and discontinued the computer in 1991 with the launch of its replacement, the PowerBook series.

The Outbound
The Outbound laptop was a Mac-compatible laptop available during the same time period as the Portable. It was significantly smaller, less expensive, and lighter, but offered a much less responsive "twist" STN LCD and a less ergonomic pointing device. It was also restricted to 4 MB of RAM, due to the requirement that users install a ROM chip from an Apple machine such as Macintosh Plus.

title: Macintosh Portable


text: User talk:142.104.250.115

title: User talk:142.104.250.115


text:
Winnetka, Los Angeles

Winnetka is a neighborhood in the west-central San Fernando Valley in the city of Los Angeles. It is an ethnically diverse area, both for the city and for Los Angeles County, with a relatively large percentage of Hispanic and Asian people.

Winnetka was founded in 1922 as a small farming community. As of 2018, there are six public and four private schools in the area, a recreation center, two pocket parks and a city-operated child-care center.

Population
The 2000 U.S. census counted 40,943 residents in the 4.78-square-mile Winnetka neighborhood, or 9,286 people per square mile, about an average population density for the city. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 54,825. In 2000 the median age for residents was 32, considered average for city and county neighborhoods. The ethnic composition of the area was Latinos, 40.6%; whites, 36.1%; Asians, 15.5%; blacks, 4.3%; and others, 3.5%. Mexico (34.5%) and the Philippines (10.9%) were the most common places of birth for the 41.4% of the residents who were born abroad—an average percentage for Los Angeles.

The median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $62,435, considered average for the city and county. The percentage of households earning $40,000 to $60,000 in 2000 was high for the county. Renters occupied 48.3% of the housing stock and house- or apartment-owners held 51.7%.

The 2010 census counted a population of 49,043 per 4.1 square miles or 11,851 people per square mile.

The median age of residents is 37.1 years of age. A little higher than the average in California, which is 36 years of age. The highest age group of the population fall between the ages of 20-29 at 16% and the lowest falling at the age of 80+ at 3%. The sex of the population slightly favors men, with men taking up 51% of the population and women taking up 49% of the population. The racially diverse community is dominated by Hispanics taking up 53% of the population, followed by whites with 24%, Asians with 17%, Blacks with 3%, and others taking up the last 3%. Out of the population only 44% are foreign born, 59% from Latin America, 35% from Asia, 5% from Europe, and about 2% from Africa.

The median yearly household income in 2010 is $62,748, which is about the same as the average California amount. About 40% of the population fell under the $50,000 mark and 14.7% of the population fall under the poverty line. Renters make of 42% of the house or apartment stock while owners make up 58%.

Geography
The Los Angeles neighborhoods surrounding Winnetka include Chatsworth to the north, Northridge on the northeast, Reseda to the east, Woodland Hills to the south, and Canoga Park to the west.

Education
A total of 21.9% of Winnetka residents aged 25 and older have earned a four-year degree, which is considered an average figure for both the city and the county. Schools located in the neighborhood are:

As of the 2010 census 76.5% of the population is a high school graduate or higher and 23.7% have a bachelor's degree or higher, both fall below the state average. Population of this statistic are 25 years and over.

Public
Los Angeles Unified School District is the area district:
 * James Jordan Middle School, charter, 7911 Winnetka Avenue
 * Limerick Avenue Elementary School, 8530 Limerick Avenue
 * Winnetka Avenue Elementary School, 8340 Winnetka Avenue
 * Sunny Brae Avenue Elementary School, 20620 Arminta Street
 * John A. Sutter Middle School, 7330 Winnetka Avenue
 * Fullbright Avenue Elementary School, 6940 Fullbright Avenue

Private

 * Green Gables, elementary, 8217 Winnetka Avenue
 * St. Joseph the Worker Elementary School, 19812 Cantlay Street
 * St. Martin-in-the-Fields Parish School, 7136 Winnetka Avenue
 * AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian School, 6844 Oakdale Avenue

History
In 1920, the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce requested that Charles Weeks come to the San Fernando Valley to establish a series of one-acre egg farms. The farms would be based on the successful formula Weeks developed in East Palo Alto, California. The "poultry colony" Weeks created in the Winnetka area of the valley eventually developed into a small farming community named Weeks Poultry Colony. Later Weeks renamed the colony Winnetka, after a farm he owned in Winnetka, Illinois.

Parks and recreation centers

 * Winnetka Recreation Center: The center has an indoor gymnasium without weights, which can be used as an auditorium; it has a capacity of 400. In addition the center has a lighted baseball diamond, a children's play area, a community room which often hosts election polls, and picnic tables.
 * Quimby Park: which is unstaffed, has unlighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, and unlighted tennis courts.
 * Runnymede Park: An unstaffed pocket park, it has a children's play area, picnic tables, toilet facilities and unlighted tennis courts.
 * Winnetka Child Care Center: Operated by the city in Winnetka, the center takes children from ages 2.9 to 13 and has a capacity of 59 after-school children and 40 preschool children.

Government

 * Los Angeles City Council District 3, Councilman Bob Blumenfield.
 * California Congressional District 30, Representative Brad Sherman.
 * California State Senate District 27, State Senator Henry Stern
 * California State Assembly District 45, State Representative Jesse Gabriel
 * Los Angeles County Supervisor District 3 Supervisor Sheila Kuehl
 * LAUSD School Board District 3, Scott Schmerelson
 * LAUSD School Board District 4, Nick Melvoin
 * Winnetka is also the seat of one of Los Angeles' Neighborhood Councils.

Services

 * Post Office: The United States Postal Service Winnetka Post Office, 7655 Winnetka Avenue.
 * Los Angeles Police Department:
 * North of Roscoe: Devonshire Community Police Station, 10250 Etiwanda Avenue, Northridge; non-emergency (818) 832-0633 Voice.
 * South of Roscoe: Topanga Community Police Station, 19020 Vanowen Street; Reseda; non-emergency (818) 374-7611 Voice
 * Los Angeles Fire Department: Station #104, 8349 Winnetka Ave.
 * Canoga Park Library, 20939 Sherman Way, Canoga Park, CA 91303, (818) 887-0320
 * West Valley Regional Library 19036 Vanowen St. Reseda, CA 91335, (818) 345-9806
 * Winnetka Chamber of Commerce: The Board of Directors meets monthly (except July) on the second Monday of the month at 6pm. Board meetings are held at The Winnetka Convention Center located within: Best Western Canoga Park Motor Inn complex, 20122 Vanowen Street Winnetka CA 91306, (818) 772-4838

title: Winnetka, Los Angeles