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God the Father

God the Father is a title given to God in Christianity. In mainstream trinitarian Christianity, God the Father is regarded as the first Person of the Trinity, followed by the second person, Jesus Christ the Son, and the third person, God the Holy Spirit. Since the second century, Christian creeds included affirmation of belief in "God the Father (Almighty)", primarily in his capacity as "Father and creator of the universe".

Christians take the concept of God as the father of Jesus Christ metaphysically further than the concept of God as the creator and father of all people, as indicated in the Apostles' Creed where the expression of belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" is immediately, but separately followed by in "Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood.

Overview
In much of modern Christianity, God is addressed as the Father, in part because of his active interest in human affairs on the earth, in the way that a father would take an interest in his children who are dependent on him and as a father, he will respond to humanity, his children, acting in their best interests. Many believe they can communicate with God and come closer to him through prayer – a key element of achieving communion with God.

In general, the title Father (capitalized) signifies God's role as the life-giver, the authority, and powerful protector, often viewed as immense, omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent with infinite power and charity that goes beyond human understanding. For instance, after completing his monumental work Summa Theologica, Catholic St. Thomas Aquinas concluded that he had not yet begun to understand "God the Father".

Although the term "Father" implies masculine characteristics, God is usually defined as having the form of a spirit without any human biological gender, e.g. the Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 239 specifically states that "God is neither man nor woman: he is God". Although God is never directly addressed as "Mother", at times motherly attributes may be interpreted in Old Testament references such as a hymn of praise , or.

In the New Testament, the Christian concept of God the Father may be seen as a continuation of the Jewish concept, but with specific additions and changes, which over time made the Christian concept become even more distinct by the start of the Middle Ages. The conformity to the Old Testament concepts is shown in Matthew 4:10 and Luke 4:8 where in response to temptation Jesus quotes Deuteronomy 6:13 and states: "It is written, you shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall you serve." 1 Corinthians 8:6 shows the distinct Christian teaching about the agency of Christ by first stating: "there is one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we unto him" and immediately continuing with "and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and we through him." This passage clearly acknowledges the Jewish teachings on the uniqueness of God, yet also states the role of Jesus as an agent in creation. Over time, the Christian doctrine began to fully diverge from Judaism through the teachings of the Church Fathers in the second century and by the fourth century belief in the Trinity was formalized. According to Mary Rose D'Angelo and James Barr, the Aramaic term Abba was in the early times of the New Testament neither markedly a term of endearment,  nor a formal word; but the word normally used by sons and daughters, throughout their lives, in the family context.

Old Testament
According to Marianne Thompson, in the Old Testament, God is called "Father" with a unique sense of familiarity. In addition to the sense in which God is "Father" to all men because he created the world (and in that sense "fathered" the world), the same God is also uniquely the law-giver to his chosen people. He maintains a special, covenantal father–child relationship with the people, giving them the Shabbat, stewardship of his prophecies, and a unique heritage in the things of God, calling Israel 'my son' because he delivered the descendants of Jacob out of slavery in Egypt according to his covenants and oaths to their fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. In the Hebrew Bible, Isaiah 63:16 (JP) reads: "For You are our father, for Abraham did not know us, neither did Israel recognize us; You, O [YHWH], are our father; our redeemer of old is your name." To God, according to Judaism, is attributed the fatherly role of protector. He is titled the Father of the poor, of the orphan and the widow, their guarantor of justice. He is also titled the Father of the king, as the teacher and helper over the judge of Israel.

According to Alon Goshen-Gottstein, in the Old Testament "Father" is generally a metaphor; it is not a proper name for God but rather one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God. According to Mark Sameth, references to God the Father convulsing in labor, giving birth, and suckling (Deuteronomy 32:13, 18) hint to a priestly belief, noted in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries by Guillaume Postel and Michelangelo Lanci respectively, that “God the Father” is a dual-gendered deity. In Christianity fatherhood is taken in a more literal and substantive sense, and is explicit about the need for the Son as a means of accessing the Father, making for a more metaphysical rather than metaphorical interpretation.

New Testament
There is a deep sense in which Christians believe that they are made participants in the eternal relationship of Father and Son, through Jesus Christ. Christians call themselves adopted children of God:

"But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons. And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, "Abba! Father!” So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God."

In Christianity the concept of God as the Father of Jesus is distinct from the concept of God as the creator and Father of all people, as indicated in the Apostles' Creed. The profession in the creed begins with expressing belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" and then immediately, but separately, in "Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood within the creed.

History
Since the second century, creeds in the Western Church have included affirmation of belief in "God the Father (Almighty)", the primary reference being to "God in his capacity as Father and creator of the universe". This did not exclude either the fact the "eternal father of the universe was also the Father of Jesus the Christ" or that he had even "vouchsafed to adopt [the believer] as his son by grace".

Creeds in the Eastern Church (known to have come from a later date) began with an affirmation of faith in "one God" and almost always expanded this by adding "the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible" or words to that effect.

By the end of the first century, Clement of Rome had repeatedly referred to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and linked the Father to creation, 1 Clement 19.2 stating: "let us look steadfastly to the Father and Creator of the universe". Around AD 213 in Adversus Praxeas (chapter 3) Tertullian is believed to have provided a formal representation of the concept of the Trinity, i.e. that God exists as one "substance" but three 'Persons': The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, and with God the Father being the Head. Tertullian also discussed how the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. While the expression "from the Father through the Son" is also found among them.

The Nicene Creed, which dates to 325, states that the Son (Jesus Christ) is "born of the Father before all ages", indicating that their divine Father-Son relationship is seen as not tied to an event within time or human history.

Trinitarian
To Trinitarian Christians (which include Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, and most but not all Protestant denominations), God the Father is not a separate God from God the Son (of whom Jesus is the incarnation) and the Holy Spirit, the other hypostases of the Christian Godhead. In Eastern Orthodox theology, God the Father is the arche or principium ("beginning"), the "source" or "origin" of both the Son and the Holy Spirit, and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead. The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son, and the Father through the Son eternally breathes the Holy Spirit.

As a member of the Trinity, God the Father is one with, co-equal to, co-eternal, and consubstantial with the Son and the Holy Spirit, each Person being the one eternal God and in no way separated: all alike are uncreated and omnipotent. Because of this, the Trinity is beyond reason and can only be known by revelation.

The Trinitarian concept of God the Father is not pantheistic in that he is not viewed as identical to the universe or a vague notion that persists in it, but exists fully outside of creation, as its creator. He is viewed as a loving and caring God, a Heavenly Father who is active both in the world and in people's lives. He created all things visible and invisible in love and wisdom, and created man for his own sake.

The emergence of Trinitarian theology of God the Father in early Christianity was based on two key ideas: first the shared identity of the Yahweh of the Old Testament and the God of Jesus in the New Testament, and then the self-distinction and yet the unity between Jesus and his Father. An example of the unity of Son and Father is Matthew 11:27: "No one knows the Son except the Father and no one knows the Father except the Son", asserting the mutual knowledge of Father and Son.

The concept of fatherhood of God does appear in the Old Testament, but is not a major theme. While the view of God as the Father is used in the Old Testament, it only became a focus in the New Testament, as Jesus frequently referred to it. This is manifested in the Lord's Prayer which combines the earthly needs of daily bread with the reciprocal concept of forgiveness. And Jesus' emphasis on his special relationship with the Father highlights the importance of the distinct yet unified natures of Jesus and the Father, building to the unity of Father and Son in the Trinity.

The paternal view of God as the Father extends beyond Jesus to his disciples, and the entire Church, as reflected in the petitions Jesus submitted to the Father for his followers at the end of the Farewell Discourse, the night before his crucifixion. Instances of this in the Farewell Discourse are John 14:20 as Jesus addresses the disciples: "I am in my Father, and you in me, and I in you" and in John 17:22 as he prays to the Father: "I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they may be one as we are one."

Nontrinitarian
A number of Christian groups and communities reject the doctrine of a co-equal Trinity, and generally teach that God the Father is supreme, but nontrinitarian Christian groups differ somewhat from one another in their views regarding God the Father and Christ the Son.

In Mormonism, including its largest denomination the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the most prominent conception of "the Godhead" is as a divine council of three distinct beings: the Father (who is also referred to as Elohim), the Son Jesus (who is identified with Jehovah of the Old Testament), and the Holy Spirit. The Father and Son are considered to have perfected, physical bodies, while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit. LDS Church members believe God the Father presides over both the Son and Holy Spirit, where God the Father is greater than both, but they are one in the sense that they have a unity of purpose. Most denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement also believe God (often referred to as Heavenly Father) has at least one spouse referred to as Heavenly Mother, and together they are called Heavenly Parents.

The Assemblies of Yahweh are nontrinitarian, believing that the Father is greater than the Son in all things, and that the Holy Spirit is not equal to the Father, and is not an actual person, but is God's "power" or "character" in action. They refer to God the Father as "Yahweh". The Yahweh Assemblies and other Sacred Name groups generally teach that Christ the Son was God's first and prime creation, and was used to create everything else. They believe that the Messiah, whom they call "Yahshua" or "Yeshua" or "Yehoshua", died for man's sins, and is to be honored as the Anointed Lord, but that God the Father (Yahweh) is the True God that all "true worshippers" ultimately serve and worship. They teach that the Father is the only eternal one.

In Jehovah's Witness theology, only God the Father (Jehovah) is the one true almighty God, even over his Son Jesus Christ. They teach that the Logos is God's Only-begotten Son, and that the Holy Spirit is God's active force (projected energy). They believe that the Father and the Son are united in divine purpose, administration, legislation, and man's salvation, but are not one being and are not equal in power. While the Witnesses acknowledge Jesus’ pre-existence, perfection, and unique "Sonship" from God the Father, and believe that the Logos had an essential role in creation and redemption, and is the Messiah, they believe that only the Father is without beginning. They say that the Son was the Father's only direct creation, before all ages. While both Persons are highly honored, taught, and preached, in their interpretations of John 17:3 and John 14:28, God the Father is emphasized in Jehovah's Witness meetings and services more than Christ the Son, as they teach that the Father is greater than the Son.

Oneness Pentecostalism teaches that God is a singular spirit who is one person, not three divine persons, individuals or minds. God the Father is the title of the supreme creator. The titles of the Son and Holy Spirit are merely titles reflecting the different personal manifestations of the One True God the Father in the universe.

Other religions
Although similarities exist among religions, the common language and the shared concepts about God and his title Father among the Abrahamic religions is quite limited, and each religion has very specific belief structures and religious nomenclature with respect to the subject. While a religious teacher in one faith may be able to explain the concepts to his own audience with ease, significant barriers remain in communicating those concepts across religious boundaries.

Greco-Romanism
Greco-roman pagans believed in an original triad, with the time the names and gods of it were changed, except one, Jupiter, which means "Father Jove" and comoes from Proto-Italic Djous Patēr, from Djous (“day, sky”) + Patēr (“father”), from Proto-Indo-European Dyḗws (literally “the bright one”), root nomen agentis from Dyew- (“to be bright, day sky”), and Ph₂tḗr (“father”).

God Worshipping Society
A syncretic sect created by Hong Xiuquan, founder of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, that mixed Protestantism and Chinese folk religion, the objective of this sect was to overthrow the Manchus and restore power to the Han. God consisted of a triad made up of Shangdi (the Supreme Emperor in ancient Chinese worship), Christ as the eldest son and Hong as the youngest son.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, Bhagavan Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, chapter 9, verse 17, stated: "I am the Father of this world, the Mother, the Dispenser and the Grandfather", one commentator adding: "God being the source of the universe and the beings in it, He is held as the Father, the Mother and the Grandfather". A genderless Brahman is also considered the creator and Life-giver, and the Shakta goddess is viewed as the divine mother and life-bearer.

Islam
Unlike in Judaism, the term "father" is not formally applied to God by Muslims, and the Christian notion of the Trinity is rejected in Islam. Even though traditional Islamic teaching does not formally prohibit using the term "Father" in reference to God, it does not propagate or encourage it. There are some narratives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in which he compares the mercy of God toward his worshipers to that of a mother to her infant child.

Islamic teaching rejects the Christian father-son relationship of God and Jesus, and states that Jesus is a prophet of God, not the Son of God. Islamic theology strictly reiterates the Absolute Oneness of God, and totally separates him from other beings (whether humans, angel or any other holy figure), and rejects any form of dualism or Trinitarianism. Chapter 112 of the Quran states: "Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “He is God—One ˹and Indivisible˺; God—the Sustainer ˹needed by all˺. He has never had offspring, nor was He born. And there is none comparable to Him.”"

Judaism
In Judaism, the use of the "Father" title is generally a metaphor, referring to the role as Life-giver and Law-giver, and is one of many titles by which Jews speak of and to God. The Jewish concept of God is that God is non-corporeal, transcendent and immanent, the ultimate source of love,   and a metaphorical "Father".

The Aramaic term for father (אבא, abba) appears in traditional Jewish liturgy and Jewish prayers to God (e.g. in the Kaddish).

According to Ariela Pelaia, in a prayer of Rosh Hashanah, Areshet Sfateinu, an ambivalent attitude toward God is demonstrated, due to his role as a father and as a king. Free translation of the relevant sentence may be: "today every creature is judged, either as sons or as slaves. If as sons, forgive us like a father forgives his son. If as slaves, we wait, hoping for good, until the verdict, your holy majesty." Another famous prayer emphasizing this dichotomy is called Avinu Malkeinu, which means "Our Father Our King" in Hebrew. Usually the entire congregation will sing the last verse of this prayer in unison, which says: "Our Father, our King, answer us as though we have no deed to plead our cause, save us with mercy and loving-kindness."

Sikhism
The Guru Granth consistently refers to the creator as "He" and "Father". This is because the Granth is written in north Indian Indo-Aryan languages (mixture of Punjabi and dialects of Hindi) which have no neutral gender. Since the Granth says that the God is indescribable, God has no gender according to Sikhism.

God in the Sikh scriptures has been referred to by several names, picked from Indian and Semitic traditions. He is called in terms of human relations as father, mother, brother, relation, friend, lover, beloved, husband. Other names, expressive of his supremacy, are thakur, prabhu, svami, sah, patsah, sahib, sain      (Lord, Master).

In Western art
For about a thousand years, no attempt was made to portray God the Father in human form, because early Christians believed that the words of Exodus 33:20 "Thou canst not see my face: for there shall no man see Me and live" and of the Gospel of John 1:18: "No man hath seen God at any time" were meant to apply not only to the Father, but to all attempts at the depiction of the Father. Typically only a small part of the body of Father would be represented, usually the hand, or sometimes the face, but rarely the whole person, and in many images, the figure of the Son supplants the Father, so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted.

In the early medieval period God was often represented by Christ as the Logos, which continued to be very common even after the separate figure of God the Father appeared. Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father, so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for the depiction of the Father in human form gradually emerged around the tenth century AD.

By the twelfth century depictions of a figure of God the Father, essentially based on the Ancient of Days in the Book of Daniel had started to appear in French manuscripts and in stained glass church windows in England. In the 14th century the illustrated Naples Bible had a depiction of God the Father in the Burning bush. By the 15th century, the Rohan Book of Hours included depictions of God the Father in human form or anthropomorphic imagery. The depiction remains rare and often controversial in Eastern Orthodox art, and by the time of the Renaissance artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church.

title: God the Father


text:
User talk:Wally

Note: if you have issues related to my current AMA advocacies, please see the following pages:

El_C Advocacy Instantnood Advocacy (concluded)

First Archive, through 25 January 2005 Second Archive, through 5 January 2006

AMA
Hello, you are receiving this message because your name is on the list of members of the Association of Members' Advocates. There is a poll being held at Wikipedia talk:Association of Members' Advocates for approval of a proposal for the revitalisation of the association. You are eligible to vote and your vote and input are welcome. Izehar 22:33, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Welcome back!
With the promise of tuna (and more tuna to come!), I've been sent to welcome you back and to wish you a Happy belated Christmas and bestest New year! While we never met, I feel like I know you pretty well. My owner speaks very highly of you (though he is an idiot, but I'll give him the benefit of doubt). Cordially & sincerely yours, Kitty 22:Θ4, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

AMA
I'd be humbled to have my name considered for such a role, so I won't decline. But personally I'd be more inclined to put up you, Sam, or Neigel. :) I fear I might suffer from a certain lack of activity in the actual AMA role. Then again, that puts me above a fair number of people too, it seems. Yes, things smack of entryism. By whom exactly, I don't fully understand. But I fear there is enough entryism to make a coordinator election not helpful to maintaining the core function of AMA. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 19:08, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Well, I've not made many friends on AMA talk pages myself, that's for sure. :) I guess then worrying about that is not productive. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 19:29, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

I like it better than Gator's proposal. I fear the "must have been involved in at least one case" will not close the entryism hole, because people will now just hop on some case in order to qualify. I admit, I don't know how to resolve that without setting an arbitrary time-of-membership bar (maybe a bar as of the point in time at which a coordinator election was supposed to happen would have the best legitimacy). - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 21:39, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Re mass message: Yes, I don't see why not, when Gator did the same, and Alex did that to announce his resignation. Seems like a suitable and accepted trend. Maybe avoid massing those who have voted. I can foresee some people complaining that the AMA is being "bogged down" by mass messages. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 18:34, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

It was a pleasure
..to meet you. ε γκυκλοπ  αίδεια  *  22:16, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

No apology needed of course
Sorry about my shouting friend at Panera today. She knew I wrote for Wikipedia and we noticed the meet-up going on, and then as we were leaving you passed by and I noted it to her. She, to take revenge for my shouting at a professor of hers a couple weeks ago to embarass her, decided to put me on the spot by calling yours and then ducking away. She found it funny, but I felt an explanation desirable.

Yours,

Wally 21:20, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Dude, it was very very funny as a matter of fact. You should have popped in for the meetup. Anyway the woman I was walking with was a reporter for the New York Times and now I'm sure she thinks that I'm much more of a celebrity than I actually am. This was the first time anyone ever randomly recognized me on the street.--Jimbo Wales 08:48, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, there won't be an article about it. Jenny was just there as a friend of mine who happened to be in town.--Jimbo Wales 16:38, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Time to archive?
Just a thought - I think it might be time to archive this page. It's getting big. Just a thought. The Neokid Talk 18:59, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Just a note from the outgoing AMA Coordinator
Just want to let you know that I have just resigned as Coordinator of the AMA opening the way for an election. If you want to see my statement check the Coodinator's page: AMA Coordinator. Alex756 18:58, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your comment, Wally. Alex756 00:30, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Claude Auchinleck
I am glad you reverted your claim that his wife ran off with my grandfather, otherwise I would have had to ask your seconds to arrange a meeting for pistols at dawn. Dabbler 23:23, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for voting!
Hello there! I wanted to thank you for taking the time to vote on my arbitration commitee nomination. Although it was not successful, I appreciate the time you spent to read my statement and questions and for then voting, either positively or negativly. Again, thank you!  Páll  (Die pienk olifant) 22:30, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

AMA
I agree that everyone should have a voice. A vote right now is different (as discussed) and not everyone should be able to run if they just joined. A voice though? That's more than OK. Thanks for the compliment.Gator (talk) 20:26, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Fine by me, just be careful that it doesn;t get protected with his version. (he'll revert again, I'm sure)Gator (talk) 21:29, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

I consider Hip's section regarding "bad advocacy" a personal attack and plain old mean. I want to see it removed. But if I do it...well you know. Mind helping me out? Thanks.Gator (talk) 21:48, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Leo Ryan
I got interested in Wikipedia because of Leo Ryan. He and my dad went to and graduated from Campion High School.In fact I started the Campion High School article before I signed on Wikipedia.I am the one who did some editing on the Leo Ryan article.The article about Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke also got myself interested in Wikipedia.Thank you-RFD 13:39, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

AMA Coordinator Election
Dear AMA Member,

You are entitled to vote in the AMA Coordinator election, set to begin at midnight on 3 February 2006. Please see the pages on the election and its candidates and the procedure and policy and cast a vote by e-mail!

Wally 11:38, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Voting by e-mail?
Hello Wally,

Regarding the AMA Coordinator Election, - I'm a bit worried by submission of votes by e-mail, rather than via Wiki, after user login.

Wikipedia accounts can be "anonymous", simply registering a username (In view of the not-infrequent "flame wars" etc, it's not surprising that people don't always wish to divulge anything more than a username). The wikipedians on the electoral roll are listed in a public area, by their wiki username, as is the voting address.

What's to stop ill-intentioned people from voting simply by sending a vote to the appropriate address and signing it with one of the names from the voters list?

Sorry I didn't pick up on this sooner. Wikityke 14:36, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not a life or death decision. Both candidates are uncontoversial. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 19:49, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Results
Both candidates got exactly the same number of votes. I don't know if you had any kind of plan for this. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 19:49, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Wally, I see you noted my response to the discussion on the AMA talk page about the tie. Perhaps you and Sam (as mediators?) in discussion with Ambi and Keith can come to an agreement about the outcome that will resolve it. If Keith has any objections to perhaps they could be discussed? Certainly if he does not object I think that Ambi they could take the position. It does not suprise me that the AMA could not even have an normal election! Alex756 16:48, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Any definitive news on the results? Wikityke 01:18, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

So, was Alex's indication that he would have voted for Ambi used as the deciding factor? I never got the memo and had to infer this from the talk page. (Which talk page exactly, I can hardly remember.) Seems like WT is also in the same boat. Anyway, cheers. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 21:25, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Advocacy
I'm interested in your advocacy services. I see that you're relatively new to the AMA, but you seem to be thorough and I like your statement. Please advise what would be the best way to go about things. uriah923(talk) 07:22, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You're of course free to do that, but I would request you become fully informed on the scope of the problem by reading the full history of uriah923's talk page, the full history of User:Uriah923/ON, and the various pages Uriah spread the conversation out to including two relevant sections on Talk:iTunes. - Taxman Talk 14:33, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps it would be better to discuss this over email? Feel free to contact me at buhansen@gmail.com.  uriah923(talk) 15:21, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Looking for members advocate
Dear Wally, I am looking for an advocate. Are you available? You can read about the dispute on my talk page. Otto 18:14, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

RfC Woggly / Harassment / Request Unblock
I am seeking a RfC from User:Woggly but have been told that it has not been filed. Could you kindly assist me in filing this RfC and defending me / being free of her and her friends' open, destructive harassment which now includes my first block! As a professional international journalist of 25 years I have never been censored in any forum (except for Syria and Iran), till now :< Thank you. IsraelBeach 21:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

john Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton
"His barony died with him, as he had no direct heirs, whilst the baronetcy — under an older and more lenient patent — passed to a more distant relative."

I don't quite follow this, didn't the baronetcy decended in the normal fashon from his father first to him then to his nephew Charles Parry Hobhouse which is normal heirs male.Alci12 12:47, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

George Harbottle
This article is being considered for deletion; I noticed on its talk page that you have made some contributions to it. Perhaps you would like to join the discussion? It's here. Cheers, David Sneek 15:03, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That's interesting. The comments were made by someone who was not logged on and who added the signature later ; and it's exactly in the edits from that IP-address that the information first appeared which some of those who participate in the AfD discussion find untrustworthy... David Sneek 18:43, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * My guess is that our anonymous friend from the University of Queensland did not choose you for a reason, but just randomly picked a user name; the other Queensland edit that day  was signed by User:Tetris - who does not exist. David Sneek 22:34, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Susan, (Dowager) Countess of Swinton
Hi, I wondered if you have a reference that shows Lady Swinton using the title of "Dowager". It's quite unusual nowadays! I'm not sure some of those from Wikiproject Peerage will like it appearing in the opening sentence, but the "Titles from birth" section should list the form she actually uses.  J Rawle  (Talk) 17:32, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Proper form is that if a peer dies and someone succeeds to the title, the peer's spouse is referred to as the Dowager "Title of X," yes? In any event, as the article and the titling thereof makes clear, she has not used the Swinton title in any form for quite some time, preferring to be referred to be her life barony. I merely made the change I did to indicate her strictly de jure title, since it's clear what she uses in practice.

 * The widow can be known as "The Dowager Title of X", but may alternatively choose the style "Forename, Title of X", which tends to be more popular now (because of the negative connotations of the word "Dowager", according to the article on Courtesy title). So generally, articles on Wikipedia just start "Name, Countess of X" even for widows (otherwise what happens when a widow herself dies?).

 * Lady Swinton does use the title of Countess socially (or at least did before her husband's death). You are right that this is a bit of a difficult case – wives of peers holding lower titles of their own have been much discussed in recent months.  J Rawle  (Talk) 19:05, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It's tricky. My initial reaction was to go to remove it. Other PP members may see it differently but using Dowager - even where the subject doesn't use it - is much the same as our use of Baron not Lord in the name. The use of forename+title is afaik a matter of social use, that of dowager+title a matter of 600yrs of common law. The question we need to ask is probably is anyone being confused by not including this form of disambiguation to the entry. I doubt they are. Alci12 11:03, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Honorifics
See MoS:BIO for my edit to Cunningham Alci12 11:11, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

I need an advocate and help with mediation
Greetings,

I need an advocate who will walk me through the mediation process.

I am trying to get the following added to the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Max Tegark is a renown physicist and a PhD profressor of cosmology at MIT. He agrees with my addition.

I am having problem with an editor by the name of Lethe who follows me around Wikipedia reverting all my edits without commentary.

I have tried reasoning with him on discussion pages, but he refuses to read what I write.

Advantages of MWI

If Hugh Everett's theory was just another interpretation of Quantum Mechanics it would have no followers, especially since it proposes the existence of countless other universes which theoretically can never be observed. Because it is not falsifiable it seemingly violates Popper's criteria for a good scientific theory. The reason it has so many adherents is because it offers numerous advantages over the Copenhagen Interpretation, among which are the following:

1. Quantum mechanics becomes a deterministic theory making it more compatible with the theory of relativity and all other physics theory to date which are all deterministic. The Copenhagen Interpretation introduced indeterminacy and randomness into science. Aside from the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics there is no scientific theory that includes indeterminacy or randomness. Einstein particularly objected to this aspect of the Copenhagen Interpretation. In response to it, he said, "God does not play dice with the universe."

2. It eliminates the "measurement problem."

3. It eliminates Von Neumann's "boundary problem": where to draw the line between the micro world where quantum mechanics applies, and the macro world where it does not. Shortly before his death in 1953, Albert Einstein wrote: "Like the moon has a definite position whether or not we look at the moon, the same must also hold for the atomic objects, as there is no sharp distinction possible between these and macroscopic objects."

4. It eliminates the special place for an observer and human consciousness.

5. It restores objective reality of the universe between measurements. Shortly before his death, Albert Einstein also wrote: "Observation cannot CREATE an element of reality like a position, there must be something contained in the complete description of physical reality which corresponds to the possibility of observing a position, already before the observation has been actually made."

6. The wave-particle duality paradox evaporates. It simply and naturally explains the double-slit experiment. Richard Feynman said, "[the double-slit experiment] has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality it contains the only mystery." David Deutcsh wrote: ". . . the argument for the many worlds was won with the double-slit experiment."

7. Schrodinger's Cat paradox evaporates.

It seems Einstein's main objections with quantum mechanics had more to do with the Copenhagen Interpretation, than with quantum mechanics itself. While MWI does not quite generate the kinds of worlds necessary to justify the anthropic principle, it is a step on the way to Stephen Hawking's No Boundary Proposal and Max Tegmark's All Universe Hypothesis which do justify the anthropic principle.

Michael D. Wolok 18:22, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism of your talk page
Please see the 'Bobby Sands' section on Kittybrewster's talk page. I'm not quite sure what the difficulty is and which of us, me or Kittybrewster, you are blaming. --Major Bonkers 16:13, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

AMA Roll Call
There is currently an AMA Roll Call going on. Please visit the page and sign next to your name to indicate whether or not you're still active. :-) אמר Steve Caruso ( desk / poll ) 18:45, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Duke's Men change
Re the Duke's Men change: do you think not? Really? Cause they sang there. Stirlazy 22:20, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

See: Talk:Italian general election, 1948
You added:

 * "Perhaps because of this campaign, the Christian Democrats won the 1948 election with 48 percent of the vote, while the FDP only received 31 percent. The FDP would not win a general election for the next 40 years."

As a comprimise I made with someone who probably does not share your POV, this section will be deleted in a week because it lacks sources. Travb (talk) 22:40, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for response on my talk page. Hey hey, you have defcon icon. Travb (talk) 00:48, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Your AMA statement was deleted
Your AMA statement was deleted apparently carelessly from the AMA statements page (see this edit)if your statement needs to be restored, the text is at User:Pedant/AMA error Pedant 02:04, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Advocacy request
Heyo, Steve Caruso here. There is a Request for assistance by bongo1234  (talk) on  Cake_Media. Would you be willing to take their case? If you will, please leave a note and sign under the entry on WP:AMARQ and change "(pending)" in the heading to "(open)." When you're finished with the case, set it to "(closed)". If you're not able to take the case, please leave me a message on my talk page so I can continue searching for a willing Advocate. Many thanks! אמר Steve Caruso  ( desk / AMA )  16:26, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Use of own pictures on Wikipedia
Hi Wally. Selected you from the list.

Once again my apologies. This has belatedly been put at the head of this request. I guess I missed that you should have been asked whether you are willing to get involved with this? Best wishes, Des Kilfeather Desk1 21:59, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I am very much new with Wikipedia, and enthusiastic about its mission. But have had a discouraging start. However not wanting to wimp out of Wikipedia I need to check some facts to be sure of my ground. 2 x users have been giving a tough and less than constructive time, which "hopefully I do not qualify for". Astrotrain and Berks105. Sorry I have not yet mastered the links, just picking all these complexities up as I go along.

My personal mission as a professional photographer is to help raise awareness of the UK maritime community, its global contribution and value. As part of this mission I spent a year producing pictures and publishing them in my book Trafalgar 200 Through the Lens Queen Elizabeth II 80th Birthday Edition. The book has been accepted by UK Maritime Institutions including the Royal Navy's newspaper and its museum as a worth while contribution. I have been independently nominated for the Desmond Wettern Media award for this work. I am trying to play this down a bit as I do not want to stick my chin out too much with aggessive users.

My intention is to populate relevant articles in Wikipedia with appropriate pictures from my book and provide short background texts. These pictures are generally unique and not available elsewhere. In my first attempt at this I admit I made a mistake and made too much play on my own ownership of the pictures and overtly added links. Of course as is normal practice I added copyright information and links on the image page, plus an ISBN for source data. Additionally I noted the book and ISBN on the further reading or reference part of articles where one existed already. Astrotrain and Berks105 between them immediately followed every single article I had worked on and fully deleted them calling them spam. Its not as if they just deleted the links they cut the whole lot. Astrotrain even issued a spam warning when I reverted some work back.

I have tried negotiating with both parties without success and have come up with compromise suggestions which have been turned down flat. Astrotrain has also made further deletions stating full entitlement to delete anything, e.g. USS Saipan (LHA-2). Interestingly some other users have been very kindly following me around fixing my links and tidying up my images and some remain, so not everyone is against the idea.

Anyway where I am totally unsure of myself is: can Astrotrain and Berks105 be right?  Wikipedia is not interested in publishing users own images as a matter of policy?  Or users are breaking all the guidelines by putting source reference book details and photographer web links in the image page? I notice lots of images have links to the photographer and background information to the images so this Astrotrain Berks105 rule must only be applying to people presenting their own work.

The following is an example Trafalgar 200 from this article the exchange of opinions and attempted negotiation can be follow on each of our talk pages. Once again sorry about the way the information is spread about, afraid I got confused by all the aggression. Can Astrotrain just totally delete any work as an established editor, as claimed? I do not have any reason to want a problem with Astrotrain or Berks105, they put in a lot of work to Wikipedia.

Well, thank you for reading this. I am accutely aware that Wikipedia is being supported by some very eminent academics and I certainly do not fall into this category, but nevertheless am confident my contributions are relevant and of interest to those following the subject.

Best wishes DP Kilfeather Desk1 16:06, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Hello again Wally. Astrotrain has now tagged all my images as having licence problems. I have emailed Wikipedia asking advice on which licence I need to use. Interestingly the licence help section makes it clear that Wikipedia is grateful to photographers for supply work free of charge. Des Desk1 17:00, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi Wally, not sure if you are picking things up on my talk page, so talking with you here.

Thanks for your rapid response. Proper thanks given on my talk page where you left feedback.

The User Astrotrain is still vandalising my work. To try and shake him off my tail I have given him notice that he is violating Trade Marks, the word Astrotrain is a Trade Mark of Katara in Japan, but that user still persists in attacking my work using that illegal user name.

I think agreement has been reached with other users by removing all personal links from my image pages pending a decision from Wikipedia image licencing specialists and you as a mediator even though I have not mentioned your user name. One user ALR has been very good in tidying up the presentation of one of my images, after initally attacking me.

But Astrotrain is just deleting my work anyway. I do not know how to proceed with recommending the blocking of Astrotrain but that user is violating international law on the use of Trade Marks and possibly exposing Wikipedia to legal action from Katara's lawers. Astrotrain needs to be blocked for legal reasons, but it would probably also be useful for that user to go through the process of starting again. That user has a documented history of destroying other peoples work and holding back the development of Wikipedia on several articles there is a need for that user to re-evaluate its contribution to Wikipedia and personal agenda. I wish Astrotrain well with a new user name.

Anyway. It occurs to me that there must be thousands of photographers in the world, many-many much more competent than me, who would be willing to release their prized pictures to Wikipedia for free Wikipedia use only. Much of the world is lacking in education and information. The world's poorest only hope in the short term is "technology leap" e.g. skipping the benefit of a free national press and going straight to the Internet with Wikipedia being a prime source of unbiased information. But not making pictures and information available from the professionals ensures that third world countries will only get second rate information, this will not help them. And on the contrary could be counterproductive to their development by holding back information. Photographers often appear an arrogant breed, but deep down they are artists; caring people. Perhaps Wikipedia should be calling on photographers around the world to make their contribution to the eradication of starvation and improved standards of living through education and Wikipedia. Hopefully this is not just soapbox but a constructive suggestion that can be the seed of something useful. Des Desk1 21:29, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Request for Advise
HEy Wally, if you can, would you e-mail me at mystar@chartermi.net I am in need of some advise. As I am being Wikistalked, my contribs are being read/stalked. I do not wish to discuss my opinion on here yet.

Thanx

mystar aka Ron

Regarding Association of Members' Advocates
Hi, you are receiving this message because you have listed yourself as an active member of WP:AMA. If you aren't currently accepting inquiries for AMA, or if you have resigned, please de-list yourself from AMA Members. If you are still active, please consider tending to any new requests that may appear on Category:AMA Requests for Assistance. We're going to put AMA on wheels. :) Sorry for the template spamming - we're just trying to update our records, after we had a huge backlog earlier in the week (if you've been taking cases, then sorry, and please ignore this :)). Again, sorry, and thanks! M a  rtinp23  21:10, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Help this newbie
I saw your notes at AMA and decided to post this with you (even though your are busy). If you are not an aspirant and if you can take on an arbcom member, please try to help this newbie. She is really in need of help and has been treated unfairly, possibly in violation some privacy/checkuser policies. Dakshayani 08:14, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Mordechai Vanunu FAR
Mordechai Vanunu has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. LuciferMorgan 18:48, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Siege
Many thanks for your kind note. That article was a turning point for me: after working on it, I decided to concentrate on individual articles rather than scattering handfuls of gradualism here and there. I was only able to reference about 75% of the material that remains (I removed the obviously debatable stuff), and so there is still work to be done by someone who can locate further sources. All the best. qp10qp 17:16, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

RE: Targets in next UK election
Hey Wally. I don't know if you've caught the answer to your Targets question, but in a nutshell, due to boundary changes, some constituencies have been calculated as being "won" at the last election by parties other than those who actually did. Thus Solihull, for example, will be a LibDem "gain" if they "hold" next time.

doktorb wordsdeeds 17:50, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Subpages
Please note that to create subpages, so should use a forward slash "/", rather than a backward slash "\". I've fixed this with your user talk archives and advocacy pages (hope you don't mind): recently a lot of these pages have been deleted. Regards, --RFBailey (talk) 19:14, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Hattie Harperson
Hello there! Pardon me if this isn't the right place to be doing this, but I am very new to this!

I made my first ever contribution to Wikipedia recently, adding a short edit to the article on Harriet Harman, namely "Has acquired the nickname of Hattie Harperson, due to her politically-correct stance". I checked the page today and found this had been removed, by you, if I understand the page edit history correctly. Apologies if I am meant to be referring to this on the page, but I couldn't quite work out how!

I wondered why you had removed this edit? I can point you to a considerable number of references that refer to HH as Hattie Harperson, and it seems an appropriate addition to me. The nickname has been used for several months at least. Boris Johnson refers to HH by this name at:

http://www.boris-johnson.com/2008/07/29/between-the-thought-and-the-action/

Don't know who coined it, but I could have a looky!

Best wishes from Cambro-Norman. Cambro-norman (talk) 13:09, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2004
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2004, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * It should be merged into the main article of 2004 Presidential Election because the Republican primaries had no significance considering Bush really won unopposed.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Jerzeykydd (talk) 01:40, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Football Manager 2012
The update section lists stuff verbatim (or near-bverbatim) from the site. Stuff like thats usually flaggedLihaas (talk) 05:02, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Wally


text:
User talk:JensG~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

UtherSRG 18:51, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

PS. You can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called JensG. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name JensG~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JensG~enwiki


text:
USS Ethan Allen

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Ethan Allen in honor of Ethan Allen, the guerrilla leader of the Green Mountain Boys.
 * The first USS Ethan Allen (1861) was a bark that raided the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.
 * The second USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608) was the lead ship of her class of ballistic missile submarine that served during the Cold War.

Similar named

 * SS Ethan Allen was a Liberty ship laid down by Bath Iron Works 7 January 1942, launched 16 August 1942 and scrapped 1960..

title: USS Ethan Allen


text:
Abhyankar

Abhyankar is a surname native to the Indian state of Maharashtra. Abhyankar surname is found among Chitpavan Brahmin community.

Etymology
Abhyankar is a Sanskrit word which means One who removes fears.

Notable people
Notable people with the surname include:
 * Anand Abhyankar (1963–2012), Indian film, television and theatre actor
 * Anupama Gokhale (born Anupama Abhyankar in 1969), Indian chess player
 * Moreshwar Vasudeo Abhyankar (1886–1935), Indian lawyer and freedom fighter
 * Sanjeev Abhyankar (born 1969), Indian classical vocalist
 * Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar (1930–2012), Indian-American mathematician
 * Abhyankar's conjecture
 * Abhyankar's inequality
 * Abhyankar's lemma
 * Abhyankar–Moh theorem

title: Abhyankar


text:
Robert Rich (musician)

Robert Rich (born August 23, 1963) is an ambient musician and composer based in California, United States. With a discography spanning over 30 years, he has been called a figure whose sound has greatly influenced today's ambient music, New-age music, and even IDM.

1980s: Sleep concerts and Early Career
During Rich's time at Stanford University in the 1980s, he became well known in the San Francisco Bay Area for giving live night-time performances for somnolent or sleeping audiences. These performances were experiments to influence REM cycle sleep with auditory stimulus. They were usually nine hours long and lasted from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m. During these performances, he would generate abstract drones and atmospheres while the audience dozed in sleeping bags that they brought themselves. In the morning, he ended the concert with piano solos and served tea.

During this time, he released four albums on cassette: Sunyata (1982), Trances (1983), Drones (1983), and his first live album titled Live (1984). He recorded the first album when he was 18 years old.

Rich applied to study at Stanford’s Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics. He organized a meeting with John Chowning, the founder of the class and inventor of FM synthesis. When Chowning saw Rich’s first three albums, he was approved for the class.

In 1983, he and Rick Davies together with a bassist named Andrew McGowan, formed a group called "Urdu". They performed several live concerts in the San Francisco Bay area. The group dissolved after a live radio broadcast in 1984. Some of the group's recorded material was released as a self-titled album in 1985.

In 1987, Rich released an album titled ' Numena'. This album marked the beginning of a new sound for Rich; it was his first album to explore complex rhythmic patterns, a wider range of acoustic instrumentation, and just intonation. It was also his first album to be released on CD originally.

1990s–2000s
In the years that followed, he developed a complex range of sounds founded upon the seamless integration of electronic, electric, and acoustic instrumentation, and the exploration of complex just tunings. His music continues to reflect the organic and much of it is based on a concept in synthesis he refers to as glurp. His interest in using unique sounds inspired him to create a large collection of original field recordings and homemade instruments. One of these instruments is a range of flutes made from PVC pipe.

His interest in unique sounds has also given him work as a sound designer for synthesizer presets and for E-mu Systems’ Proteus 3 and Morpheus sound modules. He has also designed sounds for films including Pitch Black and Behind Enemy Lines, a series of sampling discs called Things that Go Bump in the Night, and a library of Acid Loops called Liquid Planet. He has also helped develop the MIDI micro-tuning specification, which is the standard used to create justly tuned compositions in MIDI.

His collaborators over the years have included Steve Roach, Brian "Lustmord" Williams, Lisa Moskow, Alio Die, and Ian Boddy.

In 1992, he formed a new group called Amoeba. The group released three albums featuring ex-Urdu members Rick Davies and Andrew McGowan at different times.

In 2001, he released an album titled Somnium, a 7-hour album divided into three tracks on one DVD video. This album was a recreation of the sleep-concert environment he had created during the 1980s at Stanford. Although not officially recognised, many people believe it to be the longest artist album of all time.

In 2004, he released an album of piano solos titled Open Window. This album documents his improvised piano style that has been part of his live concerts for decades. It was recorded on a 1925 vintage A.B. Chase baby grand piano.

On March 11, 2005, Rich suffered a hand injury while cleaning a glass jug, accidentally slipping and falling on top of it. During the recovery process, he continued to record new material and tour. He also constructed end-blown flutes from PVC pipe that are more easily played with his limited right-hand dexterity.

During his 2006 tour, Rich performed in front of a film created by visual artist Daniel Colvin as a backdrop. After the tour, he created a score for the film, which was released on CD and DVD in 2007 under the title Atlas Dei. In 2007, he also released the album Illumination, a companion soundtrack of a multimedia installation by Michael Somoroff, and a collaboration album with touch guitarist Markus Reuter.

Solo studio and live albums

 * 1982: Sunyata (reissued 2013 on Sunyata & Inner Landscapes)
 * 1983: Trances (reissued 1994 on Trances/Drones)
 * 1983: Drones (reissued 1994 on Trances/Drones)
 * 1984: Live (live)
 * 1987: Inner Landscapes (live) (reissued 2013 on Sunyata & Inner Landscapes)
 * 1987: Numena (reissued 1997 on Numena + Geometry)
 * 1989: Rainforest
 * 1991: Gaudí
 * 1991: Geometry (reissued 1997 on Numena + Geometry)
 * 1994: Propagation
 * 1994: Night Sky Replies (limited edition 3" CD)
 * 1996: A Troubled Resting Place (collects lone tracks)
 * 1998: Below Zero (collects lone tracks)
 * 1998: Seven Veils
 * 2000: Humidity (live, 3 discs)
 * 2001: Somnium (audio in DVD-video format)
 * 2001: Bestiary
 * 2003: Temple of the Invisible
 * 2003: Calling Down the Sky
 * 2004: Open Window
 * 2005: Echo of Small Things
 * 2006: Electric Ladder
 * 2007: Music from Atlas Dei
 * 2007: Illumination
 * 2009: Live Archive
 * 2010: Ylang
 * 2011: Medicine Box
 * 2012: Nest
 * 2013: Morphology
 * 2014: Premonitions 1980-1985
 * 2014: Perpetual (A Somnium Continuum)
 * 2015: Filaments
 * 2016: What We Left Behind
 * 2016: Foothills: Robert Rich Live on KFJC, 28 May 2014
 * 2016: Vestiges
 * 2017: Live at the Gatherings 2015
 * 2018: The Biode
 * 2019: Tactile Ground
 * 2020: Offering to the Morning Fog
 * 2020: Neurogenesis
 * 2023: Travelers' Cloth

Collaboration albums

 * 1985: Urdu by Urdu
 * 1990: Strata (with Steve Roach)
 * 1992: Soma (with Steve Roach)
 * 1993: Eye Catching by Amoeba
 * 1995: Yearning (with Lisa Moskow)
 * 1995: Stalker (with Brian "Lustmord" Williams)
 * 1997: Watchful by Amoeba
 * 1997: Fissures (with Stefano Musso/Alio Die)
 * 2000: Pivot by Amoeba
 * 2002: Outpost (with Ian Boddy)
 * 2005: Lithosphere (with Ian Boddy)
 * 2007: Eleven Questions (with Markus Reuter)
 * 2008: React (with Ian Boddy)
 * 2008: Zerkalo (with Faryus)
 * 2014: A Scattering Time by Meridiem (with Percy Howard)
 * 2017: Lift a Feather to the Flood (with Markus Reuter)
 * 2022: For Sundays when it Rains (with Luca Formentini)

DVDs

 * 2007 Atlas Dei

General references

 * Interview (January 2005), Ambient Visions website.
 * Liner notes, Sunyata (1982).
 * Essay by Rick Davies from the liner notes, Trances/Drones (1983/1994).
 * Liner notes, Numena + Geometry (1987/1991). Fathom 11077-2.

title: Robert Rich (musician)


text:
Csárdás

Csárdás, often seen as Czárdás, is a traditional Hungarian folk dance, the name derived from csárda (old Hungarian term for roadside tavern and restaurant). It originated in Hungary and was popularized by bands in Hungary as well as neighboring countries and regions such as of Slovenia, Burgenland, Croatia, Transylvania, Slovakia and Moravia, as well as among the Banat Bulgarians, including those in Bulgaria.

History
The origin of the csárdás can be traced back to the 18th century Hungarian music genre the verbunkos, where the 'verbunk' was used as a recruiting dance by the Austrian army.

The csárdás is characterized by a variation in tempo: it starts out slowly (lassú) and ends in a very fast tempo (friss, literally "fresh"). There are other tempo variations, called ritka csárdás, sűrű csárdás and szökős csárdás. The music is in or  time. The dancers are both male and female, with the women dressed in traditional wide skirts, which form a distinctive shape when they whirl.

Classical composers who have used csárdás themes in their works include Emmerich Kálmán, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Léo Delibes, Johann Strauss, Pablo de Sarasate, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Franz von Suppé and others. The csárdás from Strauss' operetta Die Fledermaus, sung by the character Rosalinde, is probably the most famous example of this dance in vocal music. One of the best-known examples of instrumental csárdás is the composition by Vittorio Monti for violin and piano. This virtuoso piece has seven tempo variations.

The original folk csárdás, as opposed to the later international variants, is enjoying a revival in Hungary thanks to the táncház movement.

title: Csárdás


text:
Carlos Sainz Sr.

Carlos Sainz Cenamor (born 12 April 1962) is a Spanish rally driver. He won the World Rally Championship drivers' title with Toyota in and, and finished runner-up four times. Constructors' world champions to have benefited from Sainz are Subaru, Toyota and Citroën (,  and ). In the 2018 season, he was one of the official drivers of the Team Peugeot Total. He received the Princess of Asturias Sports Award in 2020. Sainz founded the Acciona | Sainz XE Team to join Extreme E and competed in the first two seasons alongside Laia Sanz.

Nicknamed El Matador, Sainz previously held the WRC record for most career starts until Finnish co-driver Miikka Anttila broke the record. He was also the first non-Nordic driver to win the 1000 Lakes Rally in Finland. He came close to repeating the feat at the Swedish Rally, finishing second four times and third twice. Alongside his WRC successes, he has won the Dakar Rally (2010, 2018, 2020, 2024), the Race of Champions (1997) and the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship (1990). His co-drivers were Antonio Boto, Luis Moya, Marc Martí, and Lucas Cruz.

Personal life
His son, Carlos Sainz Jr., is also a professional racing driver, currently competing for Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One. He also has an older brother named Antonio Sainz, born on 10 December 1957, who was also a rally driver.

Early life
Sainz was born in Madrid. Before moving into motorsport, he played football and squash. As a teenager, Real Madrid gave him a trial and in squash he was the Spanish champion at the age of 16. He got his first touch of motorsport in Formula Ford while still playing squash and football. Before dedicating himself to motorsport, Sainz studied law up to the second scheduled cycle.

Early career (1980–1988)
Sainz began rallying in 1980. He finished runner-up in the Spanish Rally Championship in 1986, in a Group B Renault 5 Turbo, and won it with a Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1987 and 1988.

Ford gave him his first World Rally championship appearances during the 1987 season. He finished seventh in the Tour de Corse and eighth on the RAC Rally. He remained with Ford for the following season, now co-driven by Luis Moya, who remained his regular co-driver for the next fifteen years. He finished fifth twice, in the Tour de Corse and the Rallye Sanremo, and seventh on an icy RAC Rally.

Ford were an increasingly minor player in the World Rally Championship, with the rear-wheel-drive Sierra uncompetitive against the four-wheel-drive cars, and struggled to retain ambitious and talented young drivers such as Sainz and his teammate in 1988, Didier Auriol. Both departed the team for 1989; Auriol to Lancia and Sainz to Toyota Team Europe, the Japanese marque's rallying arm operating in Cologne, Germany.

Toyota (1989–1992)
Despite all previous rallying Toyota Celicas having only ever looked a competitive prospect on highly specialized endurance rallies such as the Safari Rally, the new combination of Toyota and Sainz rapidly rose in competitiveness. In the 1989 season, Sainz started with four retirements but then finished on the podium in three rallies in a row. His teammate, by then two-time world champion Juha Kankkunen, also gave the Celica GT-Four ST165 its debut win at the inaugural Rally Australia. Sainz would almost certainly have won his first World Championship Rally on the final event of the season, the RAC Rally, but for mechanical failure in the final stages, which relegated him to second.

In the 1990 season, Sainz drove his GT-Four to victory at the Acropolis Rally, at the Rally New Zealand, at the 1000 Lakes Rally, as the first non-Nordic driver, and at the RAC Rally, claiming his first world drivers' title, ahead of Lancia's Didier Auriol and Kankkunen, ending the Italian marque's domination of the drivers' world championship since the advent of the Group A era of the sport in 1987.

In, Sainz narrowly failed to defend his title against a resurgent Lancia-mounted Kankkunen, his efforts capped by a dramatic roll of his Celica in Australia which left him in a neckbrace. Both Sainz and Kankkunen took five wins, the first time in the history of the WRC that two drivers had managed such a win tally during one season. Sainz led Kankkunen by one point going into the final round of the season, the RAC Rally, where Kankkunen took his third title by winning ahead of Kenneth Eriksson and Sainz. Kankkunen's and Sainz's point totals, 150 and 143, both broke the record set by Sainz a year earlier (140).

Aboard the new ST185 Toyota Celica in the 1992 season, in a year that would prove the last for the foreseeable future for Lancia, Sainz managed to score memorable victories on the Safari Rally and on his home asphalt round, the Rally Catalunya. The title fight again went down to the wire, and this time in a three-way battle; before the RAC, Sainz led Kankkunen by two points and Auriol, who had taken a record six wins during the season, by three points. Sainz's victory ahead of Ari Vatanen and Kankkunen, combined with Auriol's retirement, confirmed the title in favour of the Spaniard.

A limited number of 440 Celica GT-Four ST185s, carrying his name on a plaque in the vehicle, and with decals on the outside, were sold in the United Kingdom in 1992 in an attempt to capitalise on Sainz's two championship successes with the works team. These were the part of the 5,000 units of ST185 for WRC homologation. It is said that Sainz still keeps a Celica GT-Four given to him by Toyota, which he drives to Real Madrid games at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.

Lancia (1993)
Despite winning the world title Sainz left Toyota at the end of 1992, mainly because for the 1993 season the team was to be sponsored by Castrol, a rival to Sainz's personal sponsor, Repsol. Sainz therefore moved to the private but Lancia-backed Jolly Club. Lancia had won the manufacturers' championship for the previous six years, but the Delta was an ageing design and technical developments during the season were minor, despite assurances given to Sainz that development would continue. The Delta lost ground to newer cars, and became less and less competitive as 1993 wore on. Sainz's only podium finish was his second place at the Acropolis Rally. He finished second on the San Remo Rally, but he and his teammate were later disqualified for using illegal fuel. He finished eighth in the drivers' championship, which was won by Toyota driver Juha Kankkunen. Lancia withdrew from the sport altogether at the end of the season.

Subaru (1994–1995)
Sainz then chose to drive for the then fledgling Subaru World Rally Team in, where he replaced Ari Vatanen. Sainz's experience, perfectionism and abilities as a development driver played a vital role in developing the then-new Impreza to the point where it could mount a sustained challenge to Toyota and Ford. Indeed, in the hands of Sainz and Colin McRae the Subarus were frequently faster than the Fords during the season. Toyota won the manufacturers' title, but the drivers' championship was only settled on the final round, with Didier Auriol winning ahead of Sainz. In the 1995 season, he won the Monte Carlo Rally, the Rally Portugal and the Rally Catalunya. At this latter event he was trailing his teammate Colin McRae until the team ordered the Scotsman to slow down and allow Sainz to win, which led to a dispute between the drivers. Nevertheless, they were tied for the lead in the drivers' world championship going into the season-ending RAC Rally. McRae won his home event 36 seconds ahead of Sainz, despite losing time with mechanical difficulties that at one stage had put him two minutes behind. Subaru secured their first manufacturers' title with a triple win as the team's second young Briton, Richard Burns, finished third. Sainz was later to join McRae at both Ford and Citroën.

Return to Ford (1996–1997)
Sainz was supposed to return to Toyota for 1996 season, however the Toyota Team Europe was banned for the season following the cheating scandal surrounding the Celica's turbo restrictor. Instead Sainz decided to join the factory Ford, bringing the Repsol sponsorship with him. He spent two seasons with the squad, aboard the Ford Escort RS Cosworth and later, the Escort World Rally Car. In 1996, he won the inaugural Rally Indonesia and with five other podium finishes to his name, he took third place in the drivers' world championship, behind Mitsubishi's Tommi Mäkinen and Subaru's McRae. In the 1997 season, he again won the Indonesian round, along with the Acropolis Rally, but again lost the title fight to Mäkinen and McRae. However, he won the Race of Champions at the end of 1997.

Return to Toyota (1998–1999)
Sainz then departed, once again, for Toyota, partnering Didier Auriol and helping to further the Corolla World Rally Car project that had been instituted in 1997, as part of the Cologne based team's recovery from the embarrassment of exclusion from the world championship on the penultimate round of the 1995 season.

Sainz won on his first outing for them, on the 1998 season opener Monte Carlo Rally, and later in the season, added a victory in New Zealand. The seemingly terminal blow to title rival Tommi Mäkinen's chances was his retirement on the first day of the final event of the year, the Rally Great Britain, which gave the initiative to Sainz, who now only had to finish fourth in order to ensure the title. However, just 300 m from the finish of the last stage, he too was forced to retire from the needed fourth place with a mechanical problem. As a result, both Sainz and Toyota gifted their respective titles to rivals Mäkinen and Mitsubishi Ralliart.

A subdued season followed for Sainz in 1999, although it did at least culminate in a departing manufacturers' title for Toyota, by now fostering alternative interests in Formula One. Sainz took a total of eight podiums, but no wins, and finished fifth in the drivers' standings, behind his third-placed teammate Auriol who had taken his only win of the season at the inaugural China Rally.

Second return to Ford (2000–2002)
This was the precursor of another, three-year stint with Ford, again alongside McRae, beginning with the 2000 season. He won the inaugural edition of the Cyprus round of the world championship, and finished third in the drivers' points standings.

Sainz failed to score a victory on any rally during the 2001 season, but with five podiums and four other point-scoring finishes, he managed to keep himself in the title fight throughout the very closely contested season, eventually finishing sixth in the standings, only eleven points adrift of the champion, Subaru's Richard Burns. Meanwhile, teammate McRae took three wins and led the championship before the season-ending Rally GB, where McRae crashed out. Ford also lost the manufacturer's title to Peugeot.

In, Sainz inherited the victory of the Rally Argentina, having provisionally finished third, due to the disqualifications of the two leading Peugeots of Marcus Grönholm and Burns. This was his only win of the season, and in a close fight for second place in the drivers' championship, behind the dominant Grönholm, Sainz finished third, one point ahead of his teammate McRae.

Citroën (2003–2005)
Effectively frozen out along with McRae at Ford, he along with the Scot moved to Citroën for the, during which he scored one win in Turkey – which was the first gravel event win for Citroën Xsara WRC – and finished third in the championship. Sainz continued with the team in the season, and scored his final world rally victory at the 2004 Rally Argentina. During the Rally Catalonia 2004, after announcing his retirement, Sainz was considered by drivers, codrivers and directors of the official teams, as the best rally driver of history. In the championship, Sainz finished fourth, after missing out the final rally in Australia, due an accident during pre-event recce.

Despite formally retiring at the end of the 2004 season, with a possible view to moving into the World Touring Car Championship, he was invited back to the WRC fold on the request of Citroën, to replace the faltering Belgian driver François Duval. Although Duval was soon to reclaim his seat, Sainz's two rallies back in the Citroën impressed many, with the now 43-year-old Spaniard posting fourth and third finishing positions respectively.

Later career in rally raid
In 2006, Sainz was at the wheel of a Volkswagen in that year's Dakar Rally, sharing the cockpit with the two times winner of the Dakar Rally, Andreas Schulz. In 2007, he repeated his attempt with Volkswagen, this time with French Michel Perin, also a former winner of the raid. Following the resignation of Fernando Martin, he even ran, eventually in vain, for the vice-president position at his beloved football club Real Madrid, for which he once trained. In 2007 Sainz won the FIA Cross-Country Rally World Cup with the Volkswagen team. In 2008, he won the Central Europe Rally, which was the relocated and rescheduled Dakar Rally for that year because of a terrorist attack. In January 2009, partnering again with Perin, he led the Dakar Rally until crashing out on the 12th stage. Later in 2009 Sainz won Silk Way Rally with Volkswagen team. At the 2010 Dakar Rally, Sainz changed again co-pilot, teaming with fellow Spaniard Lucas Cruz. Sainz edged out teammate Nasser Al-Attiyah to take his maiden win in the event. In 2010 Sainz also won the Silk Way Rally for the second time. In the 2011 Dakar Rally, Sainz finished third.

Sainz entered Dakar Rally 2013 in a brand-new two-wheel-drive buggy. His teammate was former Dakar-winner Nasser Al-Attiyah and the team was supported by Qatar and Red Bull. Sainz won the first stage, but faced later various problems and was finally forced to retire on the sixth stage due to an engine failure. After the retirement Sainz commented that despite the result, "it was worth coming here with this concept ... I hope the experience will be useful for the future even if I'm not sure whether I'll come back”. However, later Sainz announced he would like to be part of Qatar Red Bull Rally Team and return to the Dakar in 2014. Sainz took part in the 2014 Dakar, but was forced to retire after a crash on stage 10.

In March 2014 it was announced that Peugeot Sport would return to Dakar in 2015 and Sainz joined Cyril Despres to race for Peugeot, driving its Peugeot 2008 DKR. In the rally he retired after a crash. In Dakar 2016 Sainz was forced to retire from the lead after the gearbox of his Peugeot broke. In 2017 Sainz also had to retire after rolling his Peugeot during the fourth stage of the rally. In 2018, Sainz took the second Dakar win of his career with Peugeot team.

After Peugeot shut down its rally raid programme, Sainz joined X-Raid to drive a Mini at the 2019 Dakar Rally. He stuck the car in a large hole on stage 3, damaging the suspension, but limped to the end of the stage and finished the event 13th.

Sainz won his third Dakar Rally in 2020, with co-driver Lucas Cruz. The duo registered four stage wins to their name, before finally winning the race with a lead of just 6 minutes and 21 seconds.

Sainz returned to the Dakar Rally in 2021 with Mini, recording three stage victories on the way to an overall third-place finish.

After joining Audi in 2022, Sainz won his fourth Dakar Rally in 2024, becoming the oldest Dakar winner at age 61.

Volkswagen's WRC project
As Volkswagen Motorsport announced its WRC entry for 2013, Sainz was announced to be part of the WRC project. Volkswagen's motorsport director Kris Nissen told that he needed "10 seconds" to convince Sainz to remain part of the company's efforts in the new programme. Nissen told that the team would need Sainz for some testing of the new car. In November 2011, Sainz had the honour to drive first kilometres with the new Volkswagen Polo R WRC near Trier, Germany, when the team began testing the new car. In late 2011, Nissen also revealed he would like to see Sainz taking part in some rally with the WRC Polo before he calls time on his career. In early 2012 Sainz drove the Polo WRC in its maiden gravel test in Spain with Sébastien Ogier and in summer he tested the Polo WRC in Finland. In October Sainz re-joined his old co-driver Luis Moya to perform course car duties on the San Marino´s annual Rally Legend event with Volkswagen's new-for-2013 Polo R WRC. In December 2012 Sainz dismissed rumours he would drive a Polo WRC in some of the WRC-rallies in 2013, but stated he was available for testing, if needed.

Sainz returned to competing in 2012, as he entered a historic rally with his old co-driver Luis Moya in Spain. The pair competed in a Porsche 911 rally car and won the rally. The pair made a return to historic rallies in March 2013 by winning Rally de España Histórico with a Porsche 911.

Sainz XE Team
In November 2020, it was announced that Sainz would team up with QEV Technologies to form Acciona | Sainz XE Team to join the all-electric SUV off-road racing series Extreme E in the inaugural season with Laia Sanz and himself as the drivers line-up. The team made its Extreme E debut at the 2021 Desert X-Prix and achieved a podium finish at the Arctic X-Prix. The team finished in sixth in the teams championship. The team maintained the drivers line-up for the 2022 season and achieved two podiums at the Desert and Copper X-Prixs. The team finished in third in the teams' championship.

The team again maintained the drivers line-up for the 2023 season. However, in January 2023, Sainz suffered multiple spinal fractures after crashing at the Dakar Rally and was replaced by Mattias Ekström for the season. The team started strongly at the Desert X-Prix – in Round 1, the team qualified the fastest, achieved a super sector and finished the race in second place. In Round 2, the team won their first race in Extreme E. The team won its second race in Round 7 at the Island X-Prix II. At the final two rounds of the season, the team finished in second and suffered a DNF respectively, losing the championship to RXR by 11 points.

For the 2024 season, Ekström moved to McLaren XE and was replaced by Fraser McConnell.

Complete Extreme E results
(Races in bold indicate best qualifiers; races in italics indicate fastest super sector)

Recognitions

 * Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 21 December 1994
 * Olympic Order 1997 – Awarded by Spanish Olympic Committee
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit, 30 November 2001
 * Gold Medal for Sporting Merit 2001 – Awarded by Ayuntamiento de Madrid
 * Medal of youth and sports and associative engagement 2008 – Awarded by the French Government
 * In March 2012, Sainz was inducted into the Rally Hall of Fame along with Michèle Mouton.
 * In May 2020, Carlos Sainz was crowned The Greatest WRC Driver of all time in a poll of fans and expert journalists.
 * On 16 June 2020, Princess of Asturias Awards por Sports.

Dakar Rally stage wins
''NOTE: Following the 2007 killing of French tourists in Mauritania, the Amaury Sport Organisation moved the 2008 edition to Central Europe, known as the 2008 Central Europe Rally. As the race was legally held under Dakar regulations with Dakar entries, the rally is included as part of the Dakar lineage.''

Complete Extreme E results
(key)

Complete World Rally-Raid Championship results
(key)

title: Carlos Sainz Sr.


text:
USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608)

USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608), lead ship of her class, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen.

Ethan Allen's keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Corporation of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 22 November 1960, sponsored by Margaret Hitchcock (Sims) Hopkins, great-great-great-granddaughter of Ethan Allen and wife of Robert H. Hopkins. The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1961, with Captain Paul L. Lacy, Jr., commanding Blue Crew and Commander W. W. Behrens, Jr., commanding the Gold Crew.

Ethan Allen (Navy hull design SCB 180) was the first submarine designed as a ballistic missile launch platform. (The earlier George Washington-class submarine were converted attack submarines.) She was constructed from HY80 steel (high yield, 80000 psi yield strength), and was fitted with the Mark 2 Mod 3 Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS). At launch, she was outfitted with Polaris A-2 (UGM-27B) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and Mark 16 Mod 6 torpedoes; the torpedo fire control system was the Mark 112 Mod 2. The A-2s would be replaced with Polaris A-3s and but maintained the high pressure air ejection launch gear throughout the rest of her career as a FBM. The fire control system was upgraded to the Mark 80 fire control systems during 1965, while in the 1970s these would be replaced with Polaris A-3Ts. In addition, Ethan Allen was updated with Mark 37 and (later) Mark 48 torpedoes during her operational lifetime.

On 6 May 1962, Ethan Allen, under Captain Lacy and with Admiral Levering Smith aboard, launched a nuclear-armed Polaris missile that detonated at 11000 ft over the South Pacific. That test (Frigate Bird), part of Operation Dominic, was the only complete operational test of an American strategic missile. The warhead was said to hit "right in the pickle barrel". USS Carbonero (SS-337) and USS Medregal (SS-480) participated in the test, about 30 miles from the impact point.

To make room for the new Ohio-class submarine ballistic missile submarines within the limitations of SALT II, Ethan Allen's missile tubes (and those of other George Washington-class submarine and Ethan Allen-class submarine ballistic missile submarines) were disabled, and she was redesignated an attack submarine (hull number SSN-608) on 1 September 1980.

Ethan Allen	was decommissioned on 31 March 1983 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 April 1983. Her hulk was tied up in Bremerton, Washington, until entering the Nuclear Powered Ship-Submarine Recycling Program. Recycling was completed on 30 July 1999..

In Tom Clancy's novel The Hunt for Red October (published 1984),  the USS Ethan Allen is blown up as a decoy in order to convince the Russian Navy that the Red October has been destroyed. (This plotline doesn't feature in the later film adaptation.)

title: USS Ethan Allen (SSBN-608)


text:
Talk:Nontrinitarianism

Modern Christian groups
The paragraph on Oneness Pentecostalism mentions that The paragraph on Oneness Pentecostals are often revered to as "Modalists" or "Sabellians" or "Jesus Only" but omits the fact that the terms are often conceded derogatory among Oneness Pentecostals. The term “Apostolic” which is a common way Oneness Pentecostals refer to themselves is missing from the list. Jasoninkid (talk) 01:40, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

Martin Luther citation
The citation to Luther's sermon does not directly support the facts asserted by the article, and furthermore a sermon like this is a WP:PRIMARY source, which shouldn't really be used as a citation in this context, at all. I have added maintenance tags, looks kinda ugly on the lede section. Elizium23 (talk) 07:30, 29 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I would agree, this appears to be WP:OR from a primary source. Since it's a relatively recent addition (less than two weeks ago) I'm going to remove it from the lede. If anyone thinks it should stay, let's discuss here. --FyzixFighter (talk) 19:11, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Restorationist
Adding a link or saying some groups are under the Restoration Movement on this page.Apha9 (talk) 04:41, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Short description
Shortened short description per WP:SDSHORT. Editor2020 (talk) 20:48, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Muhammad of Mecca, 6th century A.D. military and religious leader, was a non-Trinitarian Christian
...who kept Jewish initiation rites such as Friday evening prayer (Shabbat), circumcision, and headscarf. 109.245.227.209 (talk) 16:18, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

Nontrinitarianism and antitrinitarianism
The opening paragraph, Nontrinitarianism is a form of Christianity that rejects the mainstream Christian theology of the Trinity ... Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian could be read as though nontrinitarianism and antitrinitarianism refer to slightly different ideas. If they are essentially the same, it would be better to open with Nontrinitarianism, also known as antitrinitarianism, is a form of Christianity ...

Are the two terms fully interchangeable, do they have different meanings, or have they been used at different time periods for essentially the same set of beliefs? - BobKilcoyne (talk) 19:19, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nontrinitarianism


text:
René Coty

Gustave Jules René Coty (20 March 1882 –22 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

Early life and politics
René Coty was born in Le Havre and studied at the University of Caen, where he graduated in 1902, receiving degrees in law and philosophy. He worked as a lawyer in his hometown of Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial law.

He also became involved in politics, as a member of the Radical Party, and in 1907 was elected as a district councillor. The following year he was elected to the communal council of Le Havre as a member of the Republican Left group. He retained both of these positions until 1919. Coty also served as a member of the Conseil Général of Seine-Inférieure from 1913 to 1942, holding the post of vice president from 1932.

When the First World War broke out, Coty volunteered for the army, joining the 129th Infantry Regiment. He fought at the Battle of Verdun. He entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1923, succeeding Jules Siegfried as Deputy for Seine-Inférieure. However, by this stage of his political career Coty had moved away from the Radical Party, and sat as a member of the Republican Union. Between 13 and 23 December 1930 he served as Under-secretary of State for the Interior in the government of Théodore Steeg.

In 1936, Coty was elected to the Senate for Seine-Inférieure. He was one of the French parliamentarians who, on 10 July 1940, voted to give extraordinary powers to Philippe Pétain, thereby bringing about the Nazi-backed Vichy government. Coty remained relatively inactive during the Second World War, although he was rehabilitated after the war.

Postwar life and presidency
He was a member of the Constituent National Assembly from 1944 to 1946, and chaired the right-wing Independent Republican group, which later became part of the National Center of Independents and Peasants. Coty was elected to the National Assembly in 1946 as a Deputy for Seine-Inférieure, and from November 1947 to September 1948, he served as Minister for Reconstruction and Urban Planning in the governments of Robert Schuman and André Marie. Coty was elected as a member of the Council of the Republic in November 1948, and served as Vice President of the Council from 1952.

Coty stood as a candidate for president in 1953, although it was thought unlikely that he would be elected. Nonetheless, and despite twelve successive ballots, right-wing favourite Joseph Laniel failed to obtain the absolute majority required. Following the withdrawal of another key right-wing candidate, Louis Jacquinot, Coty was finally elected in the thirteenth ballot on 23 December 1953, winning 477 votes against the 329 of socialist Marcel-Edmond Naegelen. He succeeded Vincent Auriol as president on 16 January 1954.

As President of the Republic, Coty was even less active than his predecessor in trying to influence policy. His presidency was troubled by the political instability of the Fourth Republic and the Algerian question. With the deepening of the crisis in 1958, on 29 May of that year, President Coty appealed to Charles de Gaulle, the "most illustrious of Frenchmen" to become the last Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic. Coty had threatened to resign if de Gaulle's appointment was not approved by the National Assembly.

De Gaulle drafted a new constitution, and on 28 September, a referendum took place in which 79.2% of those who voted supported the proposals, which led to the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle was elected as president of the new republic by parliament in December, and succeeded Coty on 9 January 1959. Coty was a member of the Constitutional Council from 1959 until his death in 1962.

In popular culture
A photo of President Coty is a running joke in the 2006 French spy spoof OSS 117: Cairo, Nest of Spies.

title: René Coty


text:
World DanceSport Federation

The World DanceSport Federation (WDSF), formerly the International DanceSport Federation (IDSF), is the international governing body of DanceSport and Para DanceSport, as recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

Founded in 1957 as the International Council of Amateur Dancers (ICAD), it took the name IDSF in 1990. In 2011, it was renamed to WDSF to emphasise the global character of the organization.

History

 * 1909 First unofficial ballroom championships in Paris
 * 1957 ICAD founded in Wiesbaden on 12 May 1957
 * 1960 First television broadcast of Dancesport
 * 1990 Name changed to IDSF
 * 1992 Becomes a member of the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF)
 * 1995 World Rock & Roll Confederation (WRRC) joins IDSF as an associate member
 * 1997 Recognised by the IOC
 * 2001 Subscribes to World Anti-Doping Code
 * 2004 International Dance Organisation (IDO) joins IDSF as an associate member
 * 2007 Presentation of the VISION 2012 project to the IDSF General Meeting
 * 2008 IDSF and the International Paralympic Committee "enter into a collaboration agreement to promote Wheelchair DanceSport jointly"
 * 2008 United Country and Western Dance Council (UCWDC) joins IDSF as an associate member
 * 2008 IDSF General Meeting delegates the praesidium to pursue a restructure of the federation under VISION 2012
 * 2010 Launches the IDSF Professional Division
 * 2011 Changes name to WDSF on 19 June

Regions
The WDSF has 97 national member associations (In 5 October 2023: 14 in Americas, 48 in Europe, 2 in Oceania, 11 in Africa and 20 in Asia), 76 of which are recognised by their National Olympic Committee. 77 of them are full members while 20 are provisional members:

 * 1) Asia (17+3): DanceSport Asia (DSA-1996-Taipei,Taiwan): India-China-Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan-Hong Kong-Indonesia-Japan-South Korea-Lebanon-Macau-Malaysia-Philippines-Singapore-Thailand-Uzbekistan-Vietnam + (Cambodia-Mongolia-Turkmenistan)
 * 2) Oceania (2+0): DanceSport Oceania (DSO): Australia-New Zealand
 * 3) Africa (3+8): DanceSport Africa: Botswana-South Africa-Lesotho + (Namibia-Cameroon-Democratic Republic of Congo-Morocco-Senegal-Tunisia-Uganda-Zimbabwe)
 * 4) Europe (47+1): DanceSport Europe (DSE-Stuttgart,GER): Albania-Russia-Ukraine-Armenia-Austria-Azerbaijan-Belarus-Belgium-Bulgaria-Croatia-Cyprus-Czech Republic-Poland-England-Luxembourg-Ireland-Serbia-Slovenia-Denmark-Germany-Estonia-Portugal-Andorra-France-Italy-Finland-Georgia-Hungary-Iceland-Israel-Latvia-Liechtenstein-Lithuania-Macedonia-Malta-Moldova-Montenegro-Greece-Netherlands-Norway-Romania-San Marino-Switzerland-Slovakia-Spain-Sweden-Türkiye + (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 * 5) Americas (6+8): DanceSport Americas: Argentina-Canada-United States-Colombia-Ecuador-Trinidad and Tobago + (Guatemala-Panama-Uruguay-Brazil-Peru-Chile-Dominican Republic-El Salvador)

Associate Member: World Rock'n'Roll Confederation

Membership in other organisations

 * Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF; formerly SportAccord)
 * International World Games Association (IWGA)
 * Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations (ARISF)
 * International Masters Games Association (IMGA)

Relationship with the World Dance Council
The WDSF is not the only international organisation in the field of competitive dance: the World Dance Council (WDC) is another prominent international dance organisation.

In the past, the WDC focus was on administering professional dancers and competitions. However, the launch of the WDC Amateur League in 2007 put the two organisations in direct conflict. The launch of the IDSF Professional Division in 2010 has since become an additional point of conflict.

The WDSF formerly prohibited its members from participating in any competition that is not listed and registered by either WDSF or a WDSF National Member Body. WDC competitions fall into this prohibited category. This policy was revoked in 2012 at the Annual Meeting by vote of the members and since then WDSF encourages athletes to support only WDSF DanceSport and imposes certain restrictions on athletes who compete outside the WDSF DanceSport system.

Like the WDC, WDSF bans same-sex couples from entering competitions, under rule D2.1.1, which states a couple must consist of a man and a woman.

Publications
The International News (Tanzsportmagazin), which served as WDSF's official publication since 1998, was replaced in 2004 by DanceSport Today, and in 2009 by World DanceSport magazine.

title: World DanceSport Federation


text:
Talk:Text encoding

Rewrite
I thought this article was generally wrong, so rewritten. Previous text preserved in a comment. Tim Bray 06:25, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I find it odd that there is no reference to the character encoding article. I'll add that in a "See also" section, but I think there is probably significant overlap between this article and that one, and I think we should try to work on figuring out a way to disambiguate or merge them. Is there a difference between "text encoding" and "character encoding"? Would, say, Morse Code be under one and not the other? — mjb 01:26, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ASCII?
Is ASCII really by far the most common encoding ? Is it so much more common than ISO-8859-1/15 ?

Merged with character encoding
Upon closer inspection, there was nothing in this article to differentiate "text encoding" from "character encoding", and all of the content is, I believe, covered elsewhere, so this article now redirects to the character encoding article. I merged the intro paragraphs but did not see anything else in this article that was necessary to reproduce in the other.

I think someone once wanted "text encoding" to be a separate article because "character encoding" was being used to specifically apply to low-level character encodings in computers, and thus excluded more general character encodings used in non-computer-based communication, like Morse Code and ASCII, as well as higher-level encodings such as Vietnamese Quoted-Readable. However, the character encoding article now covers the former examples, and the latter, if they ever were in the article, aren't anymore, so this article is (was) redundant. Perhaps there should be a term for the higher-level encodings, but "text encoding" certainly isn't ideal. — mjb 04:05, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Text encoding