text:
Killed in action

Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own personnel at the hands of enemy or hostile forces at the moment of action. The United States Department of Defense, for example, says that those declared KIA did not need to have fired their weapons, but only to have been killed due to hostile attack. KIAs include those killed by friendly fire in the midst of combat, but not from incidents such as accidental vehicle crashes, murder or other non-hostile events or terrorism. KIA can be applied both to front-line combat troops and to naval, air and support troops.

Furthermore, the term died of wounds (DOW) is used to denote personnel who reach a medical treatment facility before dying. The category died of wounds received in action (DWRIA) is also used for combat related casualties which occur after medical evacuation.

PKIA means presumed killed in action. This term is used when personnel are lost in battle, initially listed missing in action (MIA), but after not being found, are later presumed to have not survived. This is typical of naval battles or engagements on other hostile environments where recovering bodies is difficult. A very large number of soldiers killed in action went unidentified in World War I, like John Kipling, the son of British poet Rudyard Kipling, prompting the formation of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

In Wikipedia articles about battles, leaders who were killed in action have the symbol next to their name.

NATO definition
NATO defines killed in action or a battle casualty as a combatant who is killed outright or who dies as a result of wounds or other injuries before reaching a medical treatment facility or help from fellow comrades.

title: Killed in action


text:
Talk:First Things First 2000 manifesto

I thought Wikipedia didn't do primary sources? orthogonal 13:00, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I deleted the source text and left the introductory material. RickK 14:42, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Moved from VfD:
 * First things first 2000 Manifesto - contains mostly primary text --Minesweeper 13:18, Nov 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * I jumped on this too (in Talk), but the poster is new, let's give him a bit of time to make it an article before jumping in with both feet, maybe? orthogonal 13:29, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looking at the edit history of this IP, there's lots of interesting material. Some newbie issues but this looks as though it'll be fine after the lerning hurdles have been dealt with. JamesDay 14:03, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Still looks like this is going nowhere, but if FT can actually make something of this, then hold off deleting. I see nothing new in the "Manifesto" other than the age old premise that artists should either do something (in their mind) relevant and starve, or do what society is willing to pay them for. Although couched here as an "ethical" dilema, it is actually just a political one. I too hate cigarettes, but they are legal. It is therefore a political decision not to do cigarette ads, not an ethical one - Marshman 17:14, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Marshman you do not have a clue what you are talking about. What exactly is the difference between the ethical and the political? You read texts like you have a privileged position on the world and can see an 'objective' stance. Your argument pretends that it is that of 'reason' and 'common-sense' but in reality it conceals a political stance of the methodological individualist - right-wing and capitalist. So if you have a political position then why cannot others? What gives you the right to declare Truth with a capital T? I vote to keep it and have some balance against this pseudo objective stance which conceals a conservative, individualist and highly political agenda.
 * Ease up anonymous dude. I know what I'm talking about, but clearly you would not be receptive. And what the hell is a "methodological individualist"? Should I be insulted? Hurt? Proud? I'm definitey NOT rightwing by the way, and far from a capitalist (although I don't regard that as necessarily bad). Shows how good your politcal radar is. Here is a difference for you: if you are a graphical artist and take a job doing a cigarette ad, but do a crapy job because you are opposed to smoking, then that is a breach of ethics. If you refuse to do the work, that could be because of your personal ethics (you regard the perveyors of tobacco to be evil), but the entire question of smoking is really a societal/political one, not a moral issue. I find your POV to be at odds with general liberal thinking; not everyone has an "agenda" and I did not vote to delete, so what is your gripe? - Marshman I might add, I went and read the original 1964 Manifesto (on the web), and would have no problem with signing on to it myself. In my life, I've always been a critic of the advertising industry and consumerism. The problem is the strident presentations we are getting at Wikipedia on this subject: try this: lose the jargon, write like you are trying to teach something (stop preaching), and watch the POV. The subject is a valuable one, but so far you are a poor presenter. Around here, you are going to run into problems until you learn to get it across without POV. - Marshman 22:40, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * A Methodological Individualist is a person who believes in the sovereignty of the individual. The point is you cannot write in an objective style - it is a fiction. I suggest you read Gadamer, Foucault, Derrida et al. Anyway reading these debates I don't quite undestand the reasoning for deletions. It is far from democratic to allow a random collection of people to vote who are insiders and moreso have no idea about the subject matter... some real tricky questions about how you decide to manage this project if you ask me. I think a democratic pool with a real fair and equal voting system should be instigated - this is far from transparent, fair and free... just my 2 cents... User:ABC
 * Hmmm. Sounds good (sovereignty of the individual), but if that means "no responsibility to society," then anonymous dude is definitely way off base. Anyway, your criticism of the process is probably quite valid (discussed many times around here), but the idea there should (or even could) be such a pool is probably not realistic. Either everyone has an equal opportunity to voice their opinion (system in place now), or a select few are "elected" to make decisions for us. The latter is more likely to upset valued contributors than the former (which tends mostly to upset newbies and questionable contributors; no intention here to chasracterize anyone, just process). And all that is being said here is that an encyclopedia is no place for strong POVs. I think the problem that anonymous dude has with this tenent of Wikipedia is very clear in his response to criticism of his articles. Go read some of the articles. They are packed with jargon and source text. They need to be toned down and written so the average non-flamming liberal can even understand what he is saying. If I mis-interpreted the point of the articles (a distinct possibility) it might just be that the article is at fault (in its presentation of concepts) and not me. - Marshman 17:43, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. By the way, who made the vote above? Morwen 18:49, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Must be the graphics guy that is writing the POV articles? - Marshman
 * It's no longer primary text. I'm neutral on whether it's deleted or not. Angela 14:32, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Since the source text has been removed and the similar article (First things first 1964 Manifesto) was kept, the decision is to keep this for now. --Minesweeper 16:39, Nov 22, 2003 (UTC)

New discussion
I just read the FTF 2000 last night as well as several reactions to it. Frankly, the origional document was much more clearly written than this article. I recomend a complete overhaul if someone has the time (which I don't, at least at the moment). Binerman 17:04, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:First Things First 2000 manifesto


text:
Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration

In measure-theoretic analysis and related branches of mathematics, Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration generalizes both Riemann–Stieltjes and Lebesgue integration, preserving the many advantages of the former in a more general measure-theoretic framework. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is the ordinary Lebesgue integral with respect to a measure known as the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure, which may be associated to any function of bounded variation on the real line. The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind.

Lebesgue–Stieltjes integrals, named for Henri Leon Lebesgue and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, are also known as Lebesgue–Radon integrals or just Radon integrals, after Johann Radon, to whom much of the theory is due. They find common application in probability and stochastic processes, and in certain branches of analysis including potential theory.

Definition
The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral

 * $$\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)$$

is defined when  $$f : \left[a, b\right] \rightarrow \mathbb R$$ is Borel-measurable and bounded and  $$g : \left[a, b\right] \rightarrow \mathbb R$$ is of bounded variation in $[a, b]$ and right-continuous, or when $ f $ is non-negative and $g$ is monotone and right-continuous. To start, assume that $ f $ is non-negative and $g$ is monotone non-decreasing and right-continuous. Define $w((s, t]) = g(t) − g(s)$ and $w({a}) = 0$ (Alternatively, the construction works for $g$ left-continuous, $w([s,t)) = g(t) − g(s)$ and $w({b}) = 0$).

By Carathéodory's extension theorem, there is a unique Borel measure $μ_{g}$ on $[a, b]$ which agrees with $w$ on every interval $I$. The measure $μ_{g}$ arises from an outer measure (in fact, a metric outer measure) given by

 * $$\mu_g(E) = \inf\left\{\sum_i \mu_g(I_i) \ : \ E\subseteq \bigcup_i I_i \right\}$$

the infimum taken over all coverings of $E$ by countably many semiopen intervals. This measure is sometimes called the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure associated with $g$.

The Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral

 * $$\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)$$

is defined as the Lebesgue integral of $ f $ with respect to the measure $μ_{g}$ in the usual way. If $g$ is non-increasing, then define

 * $$\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) := -\int_a^b f(x) \,d (-g)(x),$$

the latter integral being defined by the preceding construction.

If $g$ is of bounded variation, then it is possible to write

 * $$g(x)=g_1(x)-g_2(x)$$

where $g_{1}(x) = Vx ag$ is the total variation of $g$ in the interval $[a, x]$, and $g_{2}(x) = g_{1}(x) − g(x)$. Both $g_{1}$ and $g_{2}$ are monotone non-decreasing.

Now, if $ f $ is bounded, the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of f with respect to $g$ is defined by

 * $$\int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg_1(x)-\int_a^b f(x)\,dg_2(x),$$

where the latter two integrals are well-defined by the preceding construction.

Daniell integral
An alternative approach is to define the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral as the Daniell integral that extends the usual Riemann–Stieltjes integral. Let $g$ be a non-decreasing right-continuous function on $[a, b]$, and define $I( f )$ to be the Riemann–Stieltjes integral

 * $$I(f) = \int_a^b f(x)\,dg(x)$$

for all continuous functions $ f $. The functional $I$ defines a Radon measure on $[a, b]$. This functional can then be extended to the class of all non-negative functions by setting

 * $$\begin{align}

\overline{I}(h) &= \sup \left \{I(f) \ : \ f\in C[a,b], 0\le f\le h \right \} \\ \overline{\overline{I}}(h) &= \inf \left \{I(f) \ : \ f \in C[a,b], h\le f \right \}. \end{align}$$

For Borel measurable functions, one has

 * $$\overline{I}(h) = \overline{\overline{I}}(h),$$

and either side of the identity then defines the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of $h$. The outer measure $μ_{g}$ is defined via

 * $$\mu_g(A) := \overline{I}(\chi_A)= \overline{\overline{I}}(\chi_A)$$

where $χ_{A}$ is the indicator function of $A$.

Integrators of bounded variation are handled as above by decomposing into positive and negative variations.

Example
Suppose that $ γ : [a, b] → R^{2}$ is a rectifiable curve in the plane and $ ρ : R^{2} → [0, ∞)$ is Borel measurable. Then we may define the length of $γ$ with respect to the Euclidean metric weighted by ρ to be

 * $$\int_a^b \rho(\gamma(t))\,d\ell(t),$$

where $$\ell(t)$$ is the length of the restriction of $γ$ to $[a, t]$. This is sometimes called the $ρ$-length of $γ$. This notion is quite useful for various applications: for example, in muddy terrain the speed in which a person can move may depend on how deep the mud is. If $ ρ(z)$ denotes the inverse of the walking speed at or near $z$, then the $ρ$-length of $γ$ is the time it would take to traverse $γ$. The concept of extremal length uses this notion of the $ρ$-length of curves and is useful in the study of conformal mappings.

Integration by parts
A function $ f $ is said to be "regular" at a point $a$ if the right and left hand limits $f (a+)$ and $f (a−)$ exist, and the function takes at $a$ the average value

 * $$f(a)=\frac{f(a-)+f(a+)}{2}.$$

Given two functions $U$ and $V$ of finite variation, if at each point either at least one of $U$ or $V$ is continuous or $U$ and $V$ are both regular, then an integration by parts formula for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral holds:

 * $$\int_a^b U\,dV+\int_a^b V\,dU = U(b+)V(b+)-U(a-)V(a-), \qquad -\infty < a < b < \infty.$$

Here the relevant Lebesgue–Stieltjes measures are associated with the right-continuous versions of the functions $U$ and $V$; that is, to $\tilde U(x) = \lim_{t\to x^+} U(t)$ and similarly $$\tilde V(x).$$ The bounded interval $(a, b)$ may be replaced with an unbounded interval $(-∞, b)$, $(a, ∞)$ or $(-∞, ∞)$ provided that $U$ and $V$ are of finite variation on this unbounded interval. Complex-valued functions may be used as well.

An alternative result, of significant importance in the theory of stochastic calculus is the following. Given two functions $U$ and $V$ of finite variation, which are both right-continuous and have left-limits (they are càdlàg functions) then

 * $$U(t)V(t) = U(0)V(0) + \int_{(0,t]} U(s-)\,dV(s)+\int_{(0,t]} V(s-)\,dU(s)+\sum_{u\in (0,t]} \Delta U_u \Delta V_u,$$

where $ΔU_{t} = U(t) − U(t−)$. This result can be seen as a precursor to Itô's lemma, and is of use in the general theory of stochastic integration. The final term is $ΔU(t)ΔV(t) = d[U, V],$which arises from the quadratic covariation of $U$ and $V$. (The earlier result can then be seen as a result pertaining to the Stratonovich integral.)

Lebesgue integration
When $g(x) = x$ for all real $x$, then $μ_{g}$ is the Lebesgue measure, and the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral of $ f $ with respect to $g$ is equivalent to the Lebesgue integral of $ f $.

Riemann–Stieltjes integration and probability theory
Where $ f $ is a continuous real-valued function of a real variable and $v$ is a non-decreasing real function, the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral is equivalent to the Riemann–Stieltjes integral, in which case we often write
 * $$\int_a^b f(x) \, dv(x)$$

for the Lebesgue–Stieltjes integral, letting the measure $μ_{v}$ remain implicit. This is particularly common in probability theory when $v$ is the cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable $X$, in which case
 * $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) \, dv(x) = \mathrm{E}[f(X)].$$

(See the article on Riemann–Stieltjes integration for more detail on dealing with such cases.)

Also see
Henstock-Kurzweil-Stiltjes Integral

title: Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration


text:
Parkville, Victoria

Parkville is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3 km north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Melbourne and Merri-bek local government areas. Parkville recorded a population of 7,074 at the 2021 census.

Parkville is bordered by North Melbourne to the south-west, Carlton and Carlton North to the south and east, Brunswick to the north (where a part of Parkville lies within the City of Merri-bek), and Flemington to the west. The suburb includes the postcodes 3052 and 3010 (University).

The suburb encompasses Royal Park, an expansive parkland which is notable as home to the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens and was the athlete's village for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

Parkville is a major education, research and healthcare precinct and home to the University of Melbourne, Monash University Pharmacy faculty, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Royal Women's Hospital, Royal Children's Hospital, the Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre and CSL.

The residential areas have a high median house price due to the proximity to the city centre and parkland, Victorian era buildings, terrace houses and tree lined streets.

Toponymy
Originally known as Park ville or Park-ville, the origins of the name are uncertain. The suburb may have been named after Royal Park. Park-ville was the name of one of the early homes along Flemington Road owned by the Ryan family in the 1870s, and there was once a street in Hotham named Parkville Street, which may have led toward this home. Before the 1870s, much of the area was known as either Hotham (North Melbourne) or Carlton, and during this time Parkville was simply a locality of Carlton. The name Park Ville came into common use after 1875, and was gradually shortened to its current form.

University and beginnings
The first institution of significance erected in the Parkville area was the University of Melbourne in 1853. A housing estate commenced sales in 1861 at what is now Parkville South. In 1868, further excisions from Royal Park were made for housing estates at Parkville North, along Royal Parade, and Parkville West, near Flemington Road. By the 1870s Parkville was a popular area for the middle class, and many large terrace houses were built in the area.

Between the wars
During World War One and Two, Royal Park was the site of military encampments. Camp Pell in Royal Park was the temporary military camp for United States forces during the Second World War.

In 1944, Melbourne Hospital was moved to Parkville.

In 1960 Parkville became home to the Victorian College of Pharmacy, on Royal Parade, which is now a campus of Monash University.

The Athlete's Village for the 2006 Commonwealth Games was built on the grounds of the former Royal Park Psychiatric Hospital located in Parkville. The Athlete's Village has since been converted into a residential area known as Parkville Gardens.

Demographics

In the, there were 7,409 people in Parkville. 50.1% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 7.1%, Malaysia 3.7%, England 2.7%, New Zealand 2.3% and India 2.2%. 58.2% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 9.1%, Cantonese 2.8%, Spanish 1.4% and Italian 1.4%. The most common response for religion was No Religion at 45.2%.

Housing
The residential part of Parkville South, commenced in 1861, is a Conservation Area under the Register of the National Estate and contains almost all of the suburb's housing.

Educational institutions

 * University of Melbourne and associated residential colleges, including Queen's College, Melbourne and Ormond College.
 * University High School
 * Monash University Parkville Campus (formerly Victorian College of Pharmacy)
 * Turana Youth Training Centre (formerly Melbourne Juvenile Justice Centre), a youth corrections facility, is located in Parkville.
 * Ridley Melbourne - Mission & Ministry College

Health and medical research institutions

 * Royal Melbourne Hospital
 * Royal Children's Hospital
 * Royal Women's Hospital
 * Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL), where vaccines and medicines are discovered and produced.
 * Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
 * Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
 * Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (MIPS) Part of Monash Universities Parkville Campus
 * Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, accommodating the relocated Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre that opened in 2016.

Bus
Seven bus routes service Parkville:

 * : Yarra Bend Park – University of Melbourne. Operated by Kinetic Melbourne.
 * : North Melbourne station – University of Melbourne via Royal Melbourne Hospital. Operated by Transit Systems Victoria.
 * : Footscray station – East Melbourne via North Melbourne. Operated by Transit Systems Victoria.
 * : Footscray station – University of Melbourne via Royal Melbourne Hospital. Operated by Transit Systems Victoria.
 * : Moonee Ponds Junction – University of Melbourne via Parkville Gardens. Operated by Dysons.
 * : Heidelberg station – Queen Victoria Market via Clifton Hill, Carlton and the University of Melbourne. Operated by Dysons.
 * Night Bus : Melbourne CBD (Queen Street) – Broadmeadows station via Niddrie and Airport West (operates Saturday and Sunday mornings only). Operated by Ventura Bus Lines.

Road
The main arterial road is Elizabeth Street, which becomes Royal Parade before becoming Sydney Road and the Hume Highway, the main highway heading towards Sydney.

Train
Royal Park is the main railway station in Parkville, located in Royal Park to the north and adjacent to the Melbourne Zoo, and is on the Upfield line, serviced by Metro Trains Melbourne. The planned Melbourne Metro Rail Project tunnel will have an underground Parkville railway station.

Tram
Twelve tram routes service Parkville, all operated by Yarra Trams:

 * Melbourne tram route 1 icon.svg: East Coburg – South Melbourne Beach
 * Melbourne tram route 3 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Malvern East
 * Melbourne tram route 5 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Malvern
 * Melbourne tram route 6 icon.svg: Moreland station – Glen Iris
 * Melbourne tram route 16 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Kew
 * Melbourne tram route 19 icon.svg: Coburg North – Flinders Street station
 * Melbourne tram route 57 icon.svg: West Maribyrnong – Flinders Street station
 * Melbourne tram route 58 icon.svg: West Coburg – Toorak
 * Melbourne tram route 59 icon.svg: Airport West – Flinders Street station
 * Melbourne tram route 64 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Brighton East
 * Melbourne tram route 67 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Carnegie
 * Melbourne tram route 72 icon.svg: Melbourne University – Camberwell

The Melbourne University Tram Stop is a major terminus for seven tram routes that operate along Swanston Street.

Royal Park

Royal Park, which Parkville was named after, is the largest of Melbourne's inner city parks (181 hectares) and is home to the Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens. The park is home to a wide range of sports and wildlife. Royal Park is home to the Parkville District Cricket Club, who are based at Brens Pavilion.

Royal Park Golf Course is north of the Zoological Gardens.

title: Parkville, Victoria


text:
Partnership for Peace

The Partnership for Peace (PfP; Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members. The program contains 6 areas of cooperation, which aims to build relationships with partners through military-to-military cooperation on training, exercises, disaster planning and response, science and environmental issues, professionalization, policy planning, and relations with civilian government. During policy negotiations in the 1990s, a primary controversy regarding PfP was its ability to be interpreted as a program that is a stepping stone for joining NATO with full Article 5 guarantees.

Amidst the security concerns in Eastern Europe after the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union, and also due to the failure of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), the program was launched during the summit in Brussels, Belgium between January 10 and 11, 1994. In the process, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality; therefore, countries such as Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the Partnership for Peace field activities in 1997.

In 2002, it began the Individual Partnership Action Plan to provide members an opportunity to be granted further assistance from NATO without having to commit to becoming full members of NATO. The program has additionally started an initiative for education, specifically military education. Over the course of its creation, the program has struggled with funding due to its ever-changing formation of members.

Background
Amidst the security concerns of the post–Cold War era, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) was established in 1991 to pay attention to security issues in Eastern Europe. The NACC was first announced at the Rome summit in November 1991 as NATO's first attempt to incorporate the former Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies into European security frameworks. This was intended to form diplomatic links between NATO and Eastern European military officials on industrial and military conversations. After 1991, the NACC held annual ministerial meetings and regular consultations between Eastern and Western representatives of NATO's political, economic, and military committees. The objective of these meetings was to strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Europe, thereby contributing to the regional political and military stability. However, the council contained 36 members of considerable geographic, economic, and cultural diversity who were at times in political dispute with each other. Eventually, this caused limited actions on the NACC's primary mission. By 1993, a range of Eastern European countries lost confidence in the NACC. The emergence of new states such as Croatia and Ukraine, along with the split of Czechoslovakia, led to Slovakian Foreign Minister, Milan Kňažko, urging the creation of a security framework that would facilitate cooperation on all levels with NATO. The shortcomings of the NACC in their insufficiency when dealing with fast-paced regional events, resulted in heightened pressure by NACC members for a membership into the NATO alliance and also the formation of an alternative program.

The concept of the PfP was first discussed by the Bulgarian society Novae, after being proposed as an American initiative at the meeting of NATO defense ministers in Travemünde, Germany, between October 20 and 21, 1993, and it was formally launched on January 10–11, 1994, at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium. According to declassified U.S. State Department records, President Clinton characterized to President Yeltsin the PfP as a "track that will lead to NATO membership" and that "does not draw another line dividing Europe a few hundred miles to the east". In September 1994 Clinton told Yeltsin that NATO would expand, but there was no timetable. By that time, Yeltsin had claimed a Russian sphere of influence covering the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Purpose
Between October 20 and 21, 1993, in Travemünde, Germany, a meeting for NATO defense ministers was held. In the meeting, the US proposed a program called the Partnership for Peace in response to issues in Eastern Europe. This initiative was designed by the US Secretary of Defense Les Aspin who did not want to exclude Russia from international security arrangements. This was mainly an initiative launched to encourage states to build democracy and active participation towards maintaining international security. The program was also put in place in order to strengthen security cooperation with states in Central and Eastern Europe that were not part of the NATO alliance. In the NATO summit held between January 10 and 11, 1994, the PfP was established by NATO under the North Atlantic Council (NAC). It was claimed by Clinton that the partnership would give way for countries in Eastern Europe, including those that were part of the Soviet Union and even Russia itself to work together "for the best possible future for Europe".

The PfP Framework Document presented six areas of cooperation, including:

 * To ensure transparency in national defense proceedings and budgeting procedures;
 * To allow defense forces to be controlled through democratic methods;
 * Under the jurisdiction of the United Nations or the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), states need to retain their ability and preparedness to contribute in constitutional behavior and operations;
 * To enhance the ability for states to provide humanitarian missions such as peacekeeping and search and rescue as the main goal through building a cooperative militaristic relationship with NATO and other states involved;
 * To build forces that can work with members of the NATO in the long run;
 * To consult with and report to NATO if threats made to the security, territory or sovereignty of a participating state are detected.

States were also promised offices at the NATO headquarters and at a Partnership Coordination Cell which was located near the SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe). States participating in the initiative were to receive perks for cooperating, albeit less than states who had already had full membership in the NATO alliance. NATO along with the US government announced that the existing alliance members would only need minimal contributions towards the cost of the initiative while the PfP members would have to fund for most of the cost of the program. The PfP also increased the possibility for participating states who were not part of the NATO alliance to be an official member, but never actually guaranteed a NATO membership. It was claimed that the PfP was used to delay decisions regarding the move towards expanding NATO membership to non-NATO members in Europe. It was also perceived as a devised plot by the West to prepare Eastern European states for the formation of a European Union by turning them into democratic states through military cooperation. By mid-October 1994, 22 states were part of the PfP.

Membership
On April 26, 1995, Malta became a member of PfP; it left on October 27, 1996, in order to maintain its neutrality. On March 20, 2008, Malta decided to reactivate its PfP membership; this was accepted by NATO at the summit in Bucharest on April 3, 2008. During the NATO summit in Riga on November 29, 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia were invited to join PfP, which they did on December 14, 2006.

Belarus and Russia were suspended from the PfP, the former in November 2021.

Austria
Austria's participation in PfP was strengthened in 1996. Their views on PfP focused on maintaining the ability and readiness to contribute to operations "under the authority and/or responsibility of the United Nations and/or NATO and/or the OSCE". An important area of Austrian PfP contribution is private emergency planning. 30% of all PfP activities in this field came from Austria in 1997. In that year, Austria participated in 227 activities, including 14 peacekeeping operations involving 713 people, within the framework of the NATO/PfP program.

Cyprus
Cyprus is the only European Union member state that is neither a NATO member state nor a member of the PfP program. The Parliament of Cyprus adopted a resolution in February 2011 in favor of PfP membership, but President Demetris Christofias said it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the Cyprus dispute and demilitarize the island. Turkey, a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved. President Nicos Anastasiades publicly supported PfP membership for Cyprus, though his foreign minister and successor Nikos Christodoulides has dismissed the idea, preferring to keep the country's foreign and defence affairs within the framework of the European Union.

Kosovo
Kosovo has described PfP membership as a tactical and strategic objective of the government. Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012. However, four NATO member states, Greece, Romania, Spain and Slovakia, do not recognize Kosovo's independence and have threatened to block their participation in the program. To be eligible to join, the Kosovar Armed Forces must be established from the Kosovo Security Force.

Previous members
16 former member states of the PfP (namely Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden) have subsequently joined NATO.

Note

 * 1.Known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia before February 15, 2019.

Legacy
During the post-Cold War era, equal distribution of opportunities to contribute to peacekeeping operations was made, but the status of middle and neutral powers such as Sweden, Finland, and Ireland also decreased. Therefore, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality in the current international political unipolar system. In June 1997, a senior NATO official said a broader role was aimed at working closer with NATO and finally joining the alliance. While the PfP provides a framework for cooperative relations with Russia, it did not include a membership into NATO. Although the PfP has made important contributions to crisis management, such as peacekeeping operations, Ireland and Austria are still not NATO members.

Evolution
In 2001, NATO granted participation in its Membership Action Plan (MAP) to nine of the 26 PfP countries. In 2002, NATO began the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) initiative during the 2002 Prague Summit. The goal of this plan was to provide member states of PfP a chance to be granted assistance from NATO to "establish reform goals" without the pressure of committing to NATO.

In 2003, the alliance assumed strategic command, control, and coordination of the mission and established a permanent International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) headquarters in Kabul. Since then, the operation has grown to about 120,000 troops from 47 countries.

During NATO's 2004 Istanbul Summit, the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was launched. During this summit, six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council were included. Over the course of the summit, NATO also established the less formalized Partners across the Globe initiative.

The 2008 Russo-Georgian War had implications for the Partnership for Peace. President Dmitry Medvedev referred to an attack by Georgia against a Russian military base in Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, as "Russia's 9/11". The subsequent expansion of the previously bilateral Georgia Train and Equip Program, which had been established within the context of Georgia's participation in the PfP, was viewed with alarm in Moscow.

As of 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only remaining participant in NATO's Membership Action Plan (MAP).

Partnership for Peace Education Initiative
The PfP has pushed for education programs amongst members of both NATO and the PfP composed of professional military education. Its purpose is to "contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic region and beyond". These education programs and training are mostly focused on Central Asia and the South Caucasus.

Struggles with funding
The Partnership for Peace has had ramification on its budget caused by the ever-changing formation of members. For instance, the average annual Wales Initiative Funding (WIF) established for the program was set at $43 million during the fiscal years of 1996 to 2005. In consequence of a decline in the number of countries participating in the program, annual funding was reduced to $29 million in fiscal years 2006 through 2010. Another factor includes the reduction of distribution of WIF funding in the program amongst aspiring members of NATO.

title: Partnership for Peace


text:
Talk:Dublin Area Rapid Transit

To Do List (May 2008)

 * Add in an infobox, similar to that of the London_undergound.
 * Divide up the current "[edit] Development and redevelopment of the DART" into History and Future.
 * Search for an improved map, showing the Interconnecter.
 * Establish a "Travelling on the DART" section, with details on ticketing, hours of operation etc.
 * Establish an "in popular culture" section, detailing Dorsh-speak and appearances in film and television

There are my suggestions as to what needs to be done. Has anyone got any feedback or have anything else that they think needs to be done? Alanmryan100 (talk) 21:45, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Expansion and correction notes
Notes for a substantial rewrite:
 * It's not light rail -- it's conventional heavy rail.
 * Current article makes it look like it only runs on the southside.
 * Mention electrification work on the original route in the early 1980s.
 * Japanese-built trains.
 * Mention the original route Bray - Howth (1983/4); extension south to Greystones (date?), and northward extension to Malahide (2000/2001).
 * Mention the AerDART bus connection from Howth Junction station to Dublin Airport - This is now defunct! D'oh!
 * Link to platform11.org - there is also some information there about the beginnings of the DART project.
 * There is a sign in between Portmarnock and Howth Junction beside a building site saying that it is a site for a new train station (kind of behind Clare Hall) - there was an article in the Fingal Independent about this too.
 * Mention the current expansion program (longer trains etc.).

Surely some of the trains at least were made in Barthelona? Siemens motors or?

More notes

 * Dublin and Kingstown Railway opened 17/12/1834
 * Salthill station is approx 400m south of Dunleary station (yes that is the correct spelling)
 * The orignal 80 cars are by LHB of Germany (1983), 10 by Alstom Spain(1999), 68 by Toyku Car Japan(2000-2004)
 * There are no plans to reopen Merrion (Gates) station
 * Fails to mention the fantastic views between Dalkey and Killiney stations

To point out:

NaLaochra 18:55, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Salthill station is west, not south of Dún Laoghaire station (the actual spelling - find one piece of documentation from Iarnród Éireann which refers to it as Dunleary). Sandycove, if that's what you meant, is south-east of Dún Laoghaire station.
 * Article needs to be updated, as eight-carriage DARTS are now in operation.
 * Mention vast design differences between LHB carriages and the new ones - in particular air conditioning, openable windows, separate seats (i.e. a groove for every ass instead of just a two-seater cushion) and the lack of leg room which the designers somehow thought we commuters would appreciate.

 * I'm not sure whether or not all the above points are now covered, so I added the expand tag. If someone more knowledgable than I determines that they have been, then it can be removed. Thanks! -- Beland 00:23, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I have made the following changes to this entry

 * I have removed from the article in reference to Irish Rail's proposed interconnector; "However, it is doubtful if and when these plans will ever materialise" This strikes me more as opinion than fact and is of a biased point of view. The very mention of the interconnector on the main article as being a "plan" proposed by Irish Rail seems sufficient in itself to imply that the interconnector remains an uncertain prospect. Also, questions around Transport21 aside it would seem more likely to materialise now there is a Government investment programme behind it.

 * In the article's initial reference to Transport21 I have amended the description of Transport21 to include the fact that it is "the Irish Government's investment programme" and removed the word "plan", though I don't dispute the fact that it is a plan, so feel free to re-instate if anyone disagrees strongly.

 * I have removed the following; "Also, an initiative called 'Meath On Track' has been launched, with the aim of promoting extension of the network to Navan" I would say Meath On Track can be more accurately described as 'a public campaign for the reinstatement of a former rail link to Navan' than 'an initiative' to extend the DART network to Navan. As such I don't see how it's relevant to an entry on the DART.

 * Finally, I have amended the external links. I changed the link to Platform11 so that it directs towards the Platform11 main page instead of sections of the site concerning DART, this would seem more appropriate given that a large portion of the site concerns rail commuters in the Dublin area anyway. I have also inserted the comment with the link that Platform11 is "an Irish rail-users organisation" as per the Platform11 site. This one link, instead of the previous two I feel better demonstrates how Platform11 relates to DART and the Platform11 position in general. I have removed the link to the Meath On Track site since its relevance is questionable and since it's a campaign that is also covered on the Platform11 site. I also have included a link to the CIE site in addition to the DART site since the two sites do not make reference to each other.

I feel and hope these changes bring the article on DART more in line with Wikipedia's guidelines. Also, I would make the following suggestions on any future edits to this entry on DART:

 * Perhaps the number of internal Wikipedia links should be reduced? There are quite a lot at the moment and this is generally discouraged in the guidelines. For example is it really necessary to insert a link to the Wikipedia entry for the Dublin suburb of Hazelhatch and Celbridge just because there is a proposed extension of the Dart to that area?

 * I think the sub-section "Criticisms of Dart" is an inappropriate heading to put over the mention of DART utilising level crossings as means of intersecting public roadways. It's also inappropriate in relation mentioning the fact that DART shares its tracks with Suburban and Intercity services. This latter part especially is common in other urban rail networks also. Perhaps it would be better highlighted by means of comparative analysis with similar urban heavy rail services around the world than to simply label it a 'criticism'? This section appears especially biased.

 * Perhaps there should be mention of the DART livery and how it was previously shared with the Dublin Bus livery? There is also no mention of the Aerdart service that fed from Dublin Airport to Howth Junction DART station and since withdrawn, this service in particular was branded consistent with the DART livery after Dublin Bus had been re-branded to it's own livery.

 * The section titled "Dart's Competitors" I also feel should be revised. On what criteria is Dublin Bus deemed a competitor but the Luas is not? This strikes me as original research since there are no references and that would be prohibited under Wikipedia guidelines. Put simply there is insufficient explanation or back up for this claim. I agree that mention of Dublin Bus feeder services should be retained.

 * Mention should be made of the fact that the south section of the DART (Dublin to Kingstown, now Dun Laoghaire) is widely considered to be the first passenger suburban rail service in the world.

Cut-Paste 19:34, 5 November 2006 (UTC)Cut-PasteCut-Paste 19:34, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Links on rail map
Fixed links to make them point consistently to the relevant railway station, as opposed to some pointing to stations, some to neighbourhoods. This also makes it consistent with the maps on Dublin Suburban Rail. Autarch 20:14, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Merge Proposal
How about mergeing the Interconnector article into the DART one? I think this makes sense as they are heavily linked and the Interconnector can get its own section under the Futue of the Dart. What opinion do other people have on this? Alanmryan100 (talk) 21:53, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I suspect that no current DART set will ever use this tunnel, the service will be operated by dedicated trainsets, yet to be purchased. Will they still be "DARTS"?, I don't know Suckindiesel (talk) 22:33, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Well I don't know if they'll use the current sets in the new tunnel, but surely if the DART "brand" is going to be used for the new trains, then it should be on the DART page. Alanmryan100 (talk) 21:57, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I was incorrect in saying that no current DART would use the tunnel, apparently later models (8510,8520) have the necessary fire rating to allow tunnel operation. Their branding, if used, and of any dedicated new fleet is probably yet to be decided. However, back to the main issue, the proposed tunnel is still some years away whereas the DART is current. It might be a bit premature to lump them together at this early stage. The topic is already adequately covered in the "Future expansion" section. Suckindiesel (talk) 15:56, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

I don't think we should merge, the Interconnector is currently only a plan - and may only ever be a plan. Equally the final implementation maybe completely different (lets face it theirs no "joined up" transport policy for Dublin). Wait and see. Djegan (talk)

It is a very bad idea to merge the Interconnector(or DART underground, which it is currently promoted as). It will make the DART section too big and messy (which I noticed this more and more as a growing bad trend in Wikipedia. It should not be merged just for the sake of it). It should ONLY be merged when it is finally constructed, because by then it will be part of the network and part of everyday life so only a paragraph will be required. Until then is a plan, so much more detail is required. But it is a big plan that has to be constructed (if the Dublin Rail network doesn't want to grind to a halt due to congestion) so it is a matter of when not if. So there if no fear of this not going ahead. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.192.200.169 (talk) 14:58, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Hmmmmm.......Sarah777 (talk) 22:06, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Not to be confused with Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART)
Should I add that to the top of the page?

--TheSpaceFace Let's Chat 21:42, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't see why it would be needed. The DART disambigation page already covers the various "DART"s around the world. There is no reason to think that a reader would accidentally or unexpectedly arrive at this article (where the title clearly and unambiguously refers to Dublin) expecting to find information about Dallas or Delaware or Des Moines or any other clearly different subject. The titles are not ambiguous. And so WP:NOTAMB applies. Guliolopez (talk) 14:50, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Not a rapid transit system
It should be made clear in the article that despite the name, the DART can not be considered a rapid transit system as it does not have an exclusive right way, and features several level crossings. 86.44.62.250 (talk) 14:35, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi. If you have a source confirming this proposed change or additional text ("the Dublin Area Rapid Transit system is not considered a rapid transit system [by an established/verifiable/authoritative source]"), then please do provide it. And we can consider how to reflect that source in the article. Otherwise the text proposed ("it is not considered a rapid transit system [by an unverifiable/unnamed opinion-holder] because there are level crossings") would read as uncited and unattributed editorial or original research. Guliolopez (talk) 14:43, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dublin Area Rapid Transit


text:
IEM

IEM can refer to:

 * I.E.M. (album)
 * Inborn error of metabolism
 * In-ear monitors, devices used by musicians, audio engineers and audiophiles to listen to music
 * Incredible Expanding Mindfuck (Music)
 * Information Engineering Methodology
 * Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics (Institut für Elektronische Musik und Akustik), part of the University of Music and Performing Arts, Graz
 * Institute of Engineering and Management
 * Integrated Enterprise Modeling
 * Institute of Engineering in Medicine, part of the University of California, San Diego
 * Institute for Experimental Mathematics, a central scientific facility of the University of Duisburg-Essen
 * Intel Extreme Masters, a series of international esports tournaments
 * International emergency medicine
 * Internet Explorer Mobile
 * Ion evaporation model, a model explaining electrospray ionization in mass spectrometry
 * Iowa Electronic Markets
 * Internal Energy Market, of the European Union

title: IEM


text:
Sharon, Wisconsin (disambiguation)

Sharon is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Wisconsin:
 * Sharon, Portage County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Sharon, Wisconsin, a village

title: Sharon, Wisconsin (disambiguation)


text:
Ryutaro Hashimoto

Ryutaro Hashimoto (橋本 龍太郎) was a Japanese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 1996 to 1998. He was the leader of one of the largest factions within the ruling LDP through most of the 1990s and remained a powerful back-room player in Japanese politics until scandal forced him to resign his leadership position in 2004. Disgraced, he chose not to stand in the general election of 2005, and effectively retired from politics.

Early political life
Hashimoto was born on 29 July 1937, in Sōja in Okayama Prefecture. His father, Ryōgo Hashimoto, was a cabinet minister under Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. Following his father's lead, Ryutaro received his degree in political science from Keio University in 1960, and was elected to the House of Representatives of Japan in 1963.

He moved through the ranks of the Liberal Democratic Party over the next twenty years, landing a spot as Minister of Health and Welfare under premier Masayoshi Ōhira in 1978, and in 1980 became the LDP's director of finance and public administration. He again became a cabinet minister in 1986 under Yasuhiro Nakasone, and in 1989 became secretary general of the LDP, the highest rank short of party president (if the LDP is in government, usually also the prime minister.)

Hashimoto became a key figure in the strong LDP faction founded by Kakuei Tanaka in the 1970s, which later fell into the hands of Noboru Takeshita, who then was tainted by the Recruit scandal of 1988. In 1991, the press had discovered that one of Hashimoto's secretaries had been involved in an illegal financial dealing. Hashimoto retired as Minister of Finance from the Second Kaifu Cabinet. Following the collapse of the bubble economy, the LDP momentarily lost power in 1993/94 during the Hosokawa and Hata anti-LDP coalition cabinets negotiated by LDP defector Ichirō Ozawa. Hashimoto was brought back to the cabinet when the LDP under Yōhei Kōno returned to power in 1994 by entering a ruling coalition with traditional archrival Japanese Socialist Party (JSP), giving the prime ministership to the junior partner, and the minor New Party Harbinger (NPH). Hashimoto became Minister of International Trade and Industry in the Murayama Cabinet of Tomiichi Murayama. As the chief of MITI, Hashimoto made himself known at meetings of APEC and at summit conferences.

In September 1995, Yōhei Kōno did not stand for another term. Hashimoto won the election to LDP president against Jun'ichirō Koizumi 304 votes to 87, and succeeded Kōno as leader of the party and as deputy prime minister in the Murayama cabinet.

Prime minister
When Murayama stepped down in 1996, the 135th National Diet elected Hashimoto to become Japan's 82nd prime minister – he was elected against NFP leader Ichirō Ozawa with 288 votes to 167 in the lower house and 158 to 69 in the upper house – and lead the continued LDP-JSP-NPH coalition government (First Hashimoto Cabinet).

Hashimoto reached an agreement with the United States for the repatriation of MCAS Futenma, a controversial U.S. military base in an urban area of Okinawa, in April 1996. The deal was opposed by Japan's foreign ministry and defense agency but was backed by Hashimoto's American counterpart, President Bill Clinton. The repatriation of the base has yet to be completed as of 2015, as Okinawans have opposed efforts to relocate the base to a new site. Hashimoto's domestic popularity increased during the Japanese-US trade dispute when he publicly confronted Mickey Kantor, US Trade Representative for the Clinton administration.

Hashimoto's popularity was largely based on his attitude. When asked about why Japanese car dealerships did not sell American cars, he answered, "Why doesn't IBM sell Fujitsu computers?" When Japan's economy did not seem to be recovering from its 1991 collapse, Hashimoto ordered a commission of experts from the private sector to look into improving the Japanese market for foreign competition, and eventually opening it completely.

On 27 September 1996, the Hashimoto cabinet dissolved the lower house of the National Diet. In the ensuing general lower house election in October, the LDP made gains while its coalition partners SDP – the JSP had been renamed briefly after the formation of the Hashimoto cabinet – and NPH lost seats. Both parties ended the coalition with the LDP, but they remained Diet allies in a cooperation outside the cabinet (kakugai kyōryoku) until 1998. Thus, the LDP and the Second Hashimoto Cabinet safely controlled both houses of the Diet, although it was initially technically in the minority by a few seats in the lower house, and well short of a majority in the upper house. It was the first single-party LDP government since 1993. Having achieved this, Hashimoto was confirmed without challenger as party president in September 1997.

Hashimoto's government raised the Japanese consumption tax in 1997. Although the government implemented a reduction in the personal income tax prior to raising the consumption tax, the hike still had a negative effect on consumer demand in Japan.

During the Upper House regular election 1998, the LDP failed to restore its majority (lost in 1989 and not to be regained until 2016) and instead lost more seats. Hashimoto resigned to take responsibility for this failure, and was succeeded as LDP president and Prime Minister by Foreign Minister Keizō Obuchi.

Later political life
Hashimoto stayed in a LDP adviser party, and in the 2nd Mori Cabinet the Minister of Okinawa Development Agency and Minister in charge of administrative reform were appointed. He led the faction for several years. In 2001 he was one of the leading candidates to take office as prime minister but lost in the election of the more popular Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi.

Hashimoto's faction began to collapse late in 2003 while debating over whether to re-elect Koizumi. In December 2004, Hashimoto stepped down as faction leader when he was found to have accepted a ¥100 million cheque from the Japan Dental Association, and announced that he would not run for re-election in his lower house district.

On World Water Day (22 March) in 2004, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan established a global advisory board on Water and Sanitation, and appointed Ryutaro Hashimoto as its chairman. Just prior to his death, Hashimoto submitted a letter addressed to "The People of the World" for publication in the book Water Voices from Around The World (October 2007), which is a book affiliated with the United Nations' decade of water (2005–15). In his letter, he addressed water-related disasters around the world, with an urgent appeal to the United Nations to halve the number of deaths caused by water disasters by 2015. Hashimoto closes this letter by writing: "An old proverb says 'Dripping water wears away the stone.' I humbly suggest, that through steadfast efforts, we can overcome any obstacle our civilization may encounter in the coming decade."

Personal life
He was married to Kumiko Hashimoto (born 1941) (橋本 久美子 Hashimoto Kumiko), and the couple had two sons and three daughters: Ryu, Gaku, Hiroko, Atsuko, and Danko.

An exchange program between the Scout Association of Japan and the Boy Scouts of America was started in 1998, at the suggestion of then-Prime Minister Hashimoto in a 1996 meeting with U.S. President Bill Clinton. In 1998, he was presented with the Silver World Award by Jere Ratcliffe, Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America, "for outstanding contributions to young people on an international level".

Death
In June 2006, Hashimoto was hospitalized in an ICU to undergo surgery to remove a large part of his colon. On 1 July 2006 at the age of 68, Hashimoto died from complications of multiple organ failure and septic shock at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine in Shinjuku, Tokyo, just 28 days before his 69th birthday.

Honours

 * Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan (1992)
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 July 2006; posthumous)
 * Senior Second Rank (1 July 2006; posthumous)

title: Ryutaro Hashimoto


text:
Dubbo

Dubbo is a city in the Orana Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the largest population centre in the Orana region, with a population of 43,516 at June 2021.

The city is located at the intersection of the Newell, Mitchell, and Golden highways. Dubbo officially became a city in the year 1966. Dubbo is located roughly 275 m above sea level, 303 km north-west of Sydney (400 km by road) and is a major road and rail freight hub to other parts of New South Wales. It is linked by national highways north to Brisbane and Charleville, south towards Melbourne and Canberra, east to Sydney, Newcastle and Gosford and west to Broken Hill and Adelaide.

Dubbo is included in the rainfall and weather forecast region for the Central West Slopes and in the Central West Slopes and Plains division of the Bureau of Meteorology forecasts.

History
Evidence of habitation by the Wiradjuri tribe, Indigenous Australians dates back over 40,000 years.

Explorer and surveyor John Oxley was the first European to report on the area, now known as Dubbo, in 1818. The first permanent British colonists in the area were English-born Robert Dulhunty and his brother Lawrence Dulhunty.

Dulhunty occupied a property, known as Dubbo Station (established in 1828), from the early 1830s on a squatting basis. With the passing of the Squatting Act in 1836, he took out a licence on the property.

Dulhunty showed an affinity with Indigenous Australians, his party included some 40 Aboriginals and he favoured using Aboriginal names for properties, including Dubbo. Dubbo is now thought to be a mispronunciation of the local Wiradjuri word thubbo, but because of a lack of precise records from Dulhunty at the time and an incomplete knowledge of the Wiradjuri language today, some conjecture remains over the word's meaning. Some references indicate that Dubbo was the name of an old Wiradjuri man who resided at the site when Dulhunty took the land. Dubbo's name apparently meant "red soil", consistent with the local landscape. Thubbo or tubbo possibly is Wiradjuri for "head covering".

Dundullimal Homestead is a farmhouse from that period, built around 1840 by John Maugham on his 26000 acre sheep station. The building is one of the oldest homesteads still standing in western NSW and today is open to visitors.

In 1846, due to the number of settlers in the area, the government decided to establish a courthouse, police station, and lock-up in the Dubbo area. A constable's residence was completed in 1847 and a wooden slab-construction courthouse and lock-up was completed in early 1848. By this time, the settlement had only four buildings - the constable's residence, courthouse and lock-up, a store, and an inn.

Due to the lack of title for the land, in 1848, storekeeper Jean Emile Serisier organised a petition asking for a land sale of town allotments. The plan was presented to the colony's surveyor general in May 1849 by surveyor G. Boyle White. The settlement was gazetted as a village in November 1849 with the first land sales taking place in 1850. Population growth was slow until the Victorian gold rush of the 1860s brought an increase in north–south trade. The first bank was opened in 1867. Steady population growth caused the town to be proclaimed a municipality in 1872, when its population was 850. The railway extension of the main western railway from Wellington to Dubbo was formally opened on 1 February 1881. By 1897, Dubbo had a general store, Carrier Arms, a slab courthouse, a gaol, and a police hut. The final section of the Molong to Dubbo railway opened in late May 1925. Dubbo was officially proclaimed a city in 1966.

Heritage listings
Dubbo has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Cobra Street: Dubbo RAAF Stores Depot
 * Macquarie Street: Talbragar Shire Council Chambers
 * 110–114 Macquarie Street: National Australia Bank building, Dubbo
 * 118 Macquarie Street: Colonial Mutual Life building, Dubbo
 * 195–197 Macquarie Street: Milestone Hotel
 * 215 Macquarie Street: Old Dubbo Gaol
 * Main Western railway: Dubbo railway station
 * Main Western railway 462.762 km: Macquarie River railway bridge, Dubbo
 * Obley Road: Dundullimal Homestead

Geography
The Macquarie River runs through Dubbo, as does Troy Creek. The City of Dubbo lies within a transition zone between the ranges and tablelands of the Great Dividing Range to the east and the Darling Basin plains to the west.

Climate
Dubbo falls in the warm temperate climate zone. Under Köppen climate classification, Dubbo has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that borders the semi-arid climate (BSk). Summers are warm to hot, and winters cool to cold, bringing some occurrences of early morning frost but generally no snowfall – unlike the nearby city of Orange. The last occurrence of snow was recorded by The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate in July 1951 and 1920. The town's location in this transition area allows a large temperature variation during the year, with high summer temperatures, sometimes peaking above 40 °C typical of the Western Plains of New South Wales and colder subzero temperatures typical of the Central Tablelands in winter.

Dubbo's location in the transition area between the Central Tablelands and the Central Western Plains has provided a mild distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Dubbo's wettest month is January with an average rainfall of 58.7 mm occurring on average over five days. Evaporation in the Dubbo area averages around 1880 mm per year. Dubbo is considerably sunny, receiving 148.6 days of clear skies annually, in contrast to Sydney's 104 days.

Wind patterns vary over the whole year. The prevailing winds at Dubbo are from the southeast, south, southwest and west, which account for a combined 64.4% of the wind direction over the whole year.

Demographics
In August 2021, the population of Dubbo was 43,516; 51.6% of residents were female and 48.4% were male. The median age is 35, slightly younger than the national average of 38. People aged 0–14 constitute 21.5% of the population compared to 18.2% nationally, and 15.6% of residents are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander; the median age in this group is 22.

About 81.2% of residents report being born in Australia, notably higher than the national average of 66.9%. Other than Australia, the most common countries of birth are India (1.7%), Nepal (1.6%), England (1.0%), the Philippines (0.8%), and New Zealand (0.7%). The most common reported ancestries in Dubbo are Australian, English, Australian Aboriginal, Irish, and Scottish.

Around 72.3% of residents report both parents having been born in Australia, significantly higher than the national average of 45.9%. About 82.7% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Nepali (1.7%), Punjabi (0.8%), Malayalam (0.5%), Urdu (0.5%), and Mandarin (0.4%).

The top religious groups in Dubbo are Catholic (26.4%), Anglican (17.7%), and Uniting Church (3.7%); 27.2% reported no religion (lower than the 38.4% nationally) and 9.2% did not answer the question.

Economy
The city's largest private employer is Fletcher International Exports, which exports lamb and mutton globally. Other local industries reflect the city's status as a regional base for surrounding agricultural regions.

A large employer is the Dubbo Base Hospital, with hospitals (excluding psychiatric hospitals) being the area's single largest employer.

Retail
Dubbo is also considered a major shopping centre for the surrounding regional areas in the Central and Far Western districts of New South Wales. Dubbo has many shopping districts, including the large and very recently renewed Orana Mall (East Dubbo), Macquarie and Talbragar Streets (City Centre), Centro Dubbo, Riverdale, and Tamworth Street local stores (South Dubbo). Dubbo features many boutiques and unique stores, as well as major national stores including Myer, Big W, Kmart (replaced Target in October 2020), Officeworks, Coles, Woolworths, Mitre 10, Bunnings Warehouse, The Good Guys, Harvey Norman, JB Hi-Fi, Sportsmans Warehouse and The Coffee Club.

A new suburban shopping centre in West Dubbo contains a Woolworths supermarket (Dubbo's third) and 15 smaller retail shops.

Tourism
Tourism is also a significant local industry. Dubbo features the open-range Taronga Western Plains Zoo, which is home to various species of endangered animals, including the white, black, and Indian rhinoceroses, and runs a successful breeding program for a number of endangered species. The zoo is home to numerous specimens from around the world in spacious open-range moat enclosures, grouped according to their continent of origin. Other town attractions include the historic Dundullimal Homestead, and the historic Old Dubbo Gaol in the middle of the commercial centre of Macquarie Street. The Western Plains Cultural Centre includes four gallery exhibition spaces, two museum exhibition spaces, and a community arts centre. The Royal Flying Doctor Service base at Dubbo airport has a large visitor information centre, staffed by volunteers, which features a King Air 200 turboprop aircraft and a variety of touch-screen interactive displays illustrating aspects of RFDS operations.

Education
The 20 schools and secondary colleges include the Dubbo School of Distance Education. It is home to one of the four main campuses of Charles Sturt University, which is located next to the Senior Campus of Dubbo College (successor to Dubbo High School, founded in 1917). There are three private K-12 schools located in Dubbo which are Macquarie Anglican Grammar School, Dubbo Christian School and St Johns College.

Architecture
Dubbo has several fine examples of Victorian civic architecture, including the (third) Courthouse (1887), the Lands Office with its use of timber and corrugated iron cladding, and the railway station (1881). Towards the centre of the city, the older residential areas contain numerous examples of red brick houses built in the "California Bungalow" style architecture of the early 20th century, together with Victorian terraced houses (mostly in the Darling Street area) and a few Edwardian semidetached homes.

Transport
Dubbo railway station lies on the Main Western railway line between Sydney and Bourke and opened in 1881. The station is the terminus for the daily NSW TrainLink Central West XPT service from Sydney with connecting road coach services to Broken Hill, Bourke, Cootamundra, Lightning Ridge, Nyngan and Tamworth. The Mindyarra Maintenance Centre is scheduled to open 700 metres to the east of the station in the early 2020s, as the home depot for the NSW TrainLink Regional Train fleet.

Dubbo Buslines operates services within the city. BusBiz operates coach services under contract to NSW TrainLink and maintains a depot in the city.

Dubbo City Regional Airport has flights to Sydney (QantasLink, Regional Express), Newcastle (FlyPelican), Canberra (FlyPelican) and other small outback New South Wales towns (Airlink).

Media
Local print media include:
 * The Daily Liberal
 * The Weekly Dubbo Photo News
 * The Weekly Mailbox Shopper

Three commercially licensed radio stations broadcast in the city:
 * Triple M broadcasts on FM 93.5, playing rock music.
 * 2DU – a local heritage station, it broadcasts on AM 1251.
 * Zoo FM – a rock music station, it broadcasts on FM 92.7.

ABC Radio also has a studio in the city: ABC Western Plains, local news and talk on 95.9FM.

ABC Radio broadcasts five services to the Dubbo area: ABC Local, ABC Radio National, Triple J, ABC Classic FM, and ABC NewsRadio.

The city also has narrowcast stations on 90.3 FM Racing Radio, a tourist radio station and a country music station. The city has two community stations: DCFM 88.9 Dubbo Community radio, and Rhema FM, which broadcasts Christian music.

The Dubbo area is served by five television stations. In common with all Australian TV stations, they now broadcast digital transmissions only, with the primary program in each case being designated as:
 * Seven (formerly branded as Prime7 and Prime Television), 7two, 7mate, 7Bravo, 7flix – an affiliate of Seven Network, owned and operated by the Seven Network since 2022 and formerly a Seven Network affiliate.
 * 10 Regional, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake – an affiliate of Network 10
 * WIN Television's Nine, 9Go!, 9Gem, 9Life – an affiliate of the Nine Network
 * ABC TV – ABC, ABC TV Plus, ABC Kids, ABC Me, ABC News
 * SBS Television – SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, SBS WorldWatch, SBS Food, NITV

Seven (formerly branded as Prime7 and Prime Television) and WIN Television both produce half-hour-long local news bulletins. Seven News (formerly Prime7 News and Prime News) screens at 6 pm, while WIN News screens at 5:30 pm from Monday to Friday. Nine News Central West was an hour-long bulletin that mixed local and national news, broadcast on the Southern Cross Austereo primary channel, when it was a Nine affiliate.

Subscription Television services are provided by Foxtel.

Sport and recreation
Sports play a big role in Dubbo's community life. Rugby league is popular in Dubbo. Two teams compete in the Group 11 Rugby League – the Dubbo CYMS and Dubbo Macquarie Raiders. The city also has an Australian rules football team, the Dubbo Demons, who were premiers in the Central West Australian Football League in 2007. Two rugby union teams are active, the Dubbo Kangaroos (Roos) and the Dubbo Rhinos, which compete in the Central West Rugby competition, the Blowes Clothing Cup.

Dubbo Junior Cricket Association conducts cricket for over 500 children aged between 5 and 16 during October to March and also conducts first-, second-, and third-grade competitions during this time.

Dubbo has a turf club, which incorporates a pony club and horse racing, and organises shows and gymkhana. Ultimate Frisbee is a new sport to the town and is rapidly growing in popularity.

The Dubbo Ultimate Frisbee Federation (DUFF) is the local Ultimate club and organises a local league and the Dubbo Meerkats Mixed rep side. The Dubbo Rams compete in the men's and women's NSW State Basketball Leagues. Netball is also popular in Dubbo with competitions every weekend for all age groups during netball season at the Nita McGrath netball courts near the Macquarie River in Central Dubbo. Dubbo has a large Junior and Senior Hockey Association with representative teams for all ages, while also participating in the Premier League Hockey Competition in both the Men's (Dubbo Lions) and Women's (Dubbo Blue Jays). Soccer is very popular, particularly among children. Dubbo has its own all-age men's and women's competition and has three teams – Dubbo FC Bulls, Westside Panthers, and Orana Spurs, which compete in the Western Premier League. Dubbo also has one of the only 10-lane pools outside of Sydney in NSW, the Dubbo Aquatic and Leisure Centre. The centre hosts meets through the Western Swimming Association (and affiliated clubs Dubbo City Swimtech and Orana Aquatic) and school carnivals.

Dubbo's Caltex Park hosted the annual City vs Country Origin match in 2006, with an attendance of 11,423, and in 2014, with an attendance of more than 9,600 in rainy conditions.

In 2007, Dubbo hosted the Junior World Orienteering Championships with most of the events held in the granite outcrops of the nearby Sappa Bulga Range. From this event, the orienteering club Western Plains Orienteers was born. Other sports popular in Dubbo include lawn bowls, via the huge variety of bowling clubs, and golf (on Dubbo's 27-hole golf course).

In 2022, Dubbo hosted the NSWPSSA Boys Cricket State Championships. The competition took place in Victoria Park, and Lady Cuttler Fields 1–5.

Named for a famous blacktracker, the Tracker Riley bike path is part of a 12.5-km walking and cycling loop along the Macquarie River.

 Image:Memorial gates Dubbo.jpg|WWI Memorial gates Image:Jacaranda avenue Dubbo.jpg|Avenue of jacarandas Image:Dubbo War Memorial 08.jpg|WWII Memorial Image:Tracker Riley path.jpg|Start of Tracker Riley cycle path Image:Shibble Bridge, Dubbo.jpg|Shibble Bridge, Tracker Riley cycleway

Notable people

 * Kirsty Lee Allan – actress in Australian drama series Sea Patrol
 * Frederick William Bamford (1849–1934) – politician
 * Braidon Burns – rugby league player for the Canterbury Bulldogs
 * Matt Burton – rugby league player for the Canterbury Bulldogs
 * Brandon Costin – former NRL player
 * Les Davidson – former NRL international
 * Megan Dunn – cyclist winning two gold in the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games.
 * Kaide Ellis – rugby league player for the St. George Illawarra Dragons
 * Tyler Everingham – racing driver
 * William Ferguson – Aboriginal leader and organiser of 1938 Day of Mourning protest
 * Lizzy Gardiner – costume designer
 * Luke Garner – second row for NRL Club Penrith Panthers
 * Pearl Gibbs (1901–1983) – Aboriginal leader, lived and died in Dubbo
 * Margaret Packham Hargrave – writer, poet, local poultry farmer, wrote for Daily Liberal
 * Ella Havelka (born 1989) – first Indigenous person to join The Australian Ballet
 * Bob Hewitt (born 1940) – tennis player and convicted rapist
 * Geoffrey Lancaster – international concert pianist
 * Father John Peter Leary OAM – noted Catholic missionary who worked with Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory was born in Dubbo.
 * Jean Lee – the last woman officially executed in Australia, in 1951
 * Kate Leigh – Sydney sly grog bar operator
 * Adrian Leijer – Australian international soccer player
 * Ben McCalman – Australian rugby union player (Western Force, Wallabies)
 * Glenn McGrath – Australian international cricketer, born in Dubbo and raised in Narromine
 * Amy Mills (1986–) – Australian Deaflympic gold medallist
 * Billy Noke – former NRL player
 * Kyle Noke – international MMA fighter, UFC fighter (Ultimate Fighting Championship)
 * Dean Pay – former NRL international and coach, grew up and retired in Dubbo
 * David Peachey – former NRL player
 * Steve Peacocke – actor, known for his role in soap opera Home and Away
 * Luke Priddis – former NRL player
 * The Reels – 1980s pop band, founders: John Bliss, Craig Hooper, Dave Mason
 * Andrew Ryan – former NRL player and current ABC Radio Grandstand Rugby League sideline expert
 * Jean Emile Serisier – was Dubbo's first businessman.
 * Mark Soden – former NRL player
 * Robert Adam Spears (1893–1950) – professional cyclist
 * Nicole Sykes – Australian International soccer player, and captain for Canberra United
 * Ashleigh Sykes – Australian International soccer player
 * Thirsty Merc – Australian rock band
 * Barrie Unsworth – 36th Premier of New South Wales
 * Greg Warren (born Dubbo 1973) – NSW Labor Party State MP and Parliamentary Secretary
 * Isaah Yeo – rugby league player and co-captain of the Penrith Panthers
 * Justin Yeo – former NRL player

title: Dubbo


text:
Mumtaz Mahal

Mumtaz Mahal (born Arjumand Banu Begum; ; lit. 'The Exalted One of the Palace'; 29 October 1593 – 17 June 1631) was the empress consort of Mughal Empire from 1628 to 1631 as the chief consort of the fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal in Agra, often cited as one of the Wonders of the World, was commissioned by her husband to act as her tomb.

Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum in Agra to a family of Persian nobility. She was the daughter of Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, a wealthy Persian noble who held high office in the Mughal Empire, and the niece of Empress Nur Jahan, the chief wife of Emperor Jahangir and the power behind the emperor. She was married at the age of 19 on 10 May 1612 or 16 June 1612 to Prince Khurram, later known by his regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the title "Mumtaz Mahal" lit. 'The Exalted One of the Palace'. Although betrothed to Shah Jahan since 1607, she ultimately became his second wife in 1612. Mumtaz and her husband had 14 children, including Jahanara Begum (Shah Jahan's favorite daughter), and the Crown prince Dara Shikoh, the heir-apparent, anointed by his father, who temporarily succeeded him until deposed by Mumtaz Mahal's sixth child, Aurangzeb, who ultimately succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor in 1658.

Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631 in Burhanpur, Deccan (present-day Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of her 14th child, a daughter named Gauhar Ara Begum. Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for her, which is considered to be a monument of undying love. As with other Mughal royal ladies, no contemporary likenesses of her are accepted, but imagined portraits were created from the 19th century onwards.

Family and early life
Mumtaz Mahal was born as Arjumand Banu on 29 October 1593 in Agra to Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan and his wife Diwanji Begum, the daughter of a Persian noble, Khwaja Ghias-ud-din of Qazvin. Asaf Khan was a wealthy Persian noble who held high office in the Mughal Empire. His family had come to India impoverished in 1577, when his father Mirza Ghias Beg (popularly known by his title of I'timad-ud-Daulah), was taken into the service of Emperor Akbar in Agra.

Asaf Khan was also the older brother of Empress Nur Jahan, making Mumtaz a niece, and later, a step daughter-in-law of Nur Jahan, the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, Shah Jahan's father. Her older sister, Parwar Khanum, married Sheikh Farid, the son of Nawab Qutubuddin Koka, the governor of Badaun, who was also the emperor Jahangir's foster brother. Mumtaz also had a brother, Shaista Khan, who served as the governor of Bengal and various other provinces in the empire during Shah Jahan's reign.

Mumtaz was remarkable in the field of learning and was a talented and cultured lady. She was well-versed in Arabic and Persian, and could compose poems in the latter. She was reputed to have a combination of modesty and candor, a woman warmly straightforward yet bemusedly self-possessed. Early in adolescence, she attracted the attention of important nobles of the realm. Jahangir must have heard about her, since he readily consented to Shah Jahan's engagement with her.

Marriage
Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan around 5 April 1607, when she was 14 years old at the time and he was 15. They were, however, married five years after the year of their betrothal on 10 May 1612 or 7 June 1612 in Agra. After their wedding celebrations, Shah Jahan, "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time", gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal. During the intervening years between their betrothal and marriage, Shah Jahan had married his first wife, Princess Kandahari Begum in 1610 and in 1617, after marrying Mumtaz, took a third wife, Izz-un-Nissa Begum (titled Akbarabadi Mahal), the daughter of a prominent Mughal courtier. According to the official court historians, both the marriages were political alliances. By all accounts, Shah Jahan was so taken with Mumtaz that he showed little interest in exercising his polygamous rights with his two other wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each. According to the official court chronicler, Motamid Khan, as recorded in his Iqbal Namah-e-Jahangiri, the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which Shah Jahan had for Mumtaz exceeded what he felt for his other wives." Likewise, Shah Jahan's historian Inayat Khan commented that 'his whole delight was centered on this illustrious lady [Mumtaz], to such an extent that he did not feel towards the others [i.e. his other wives] one-thousandth part of the affection that he did for her.' Mumtaz had a loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, grace, and compassion. Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant, leading court historians to go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their 19 years of marriage, they had 14 children together (eight sons and six daughters), seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.

Mughal empress
Upon his accession to the throne in 1628 after subduing his half-brother, Shahryar Mirza, Shah Jahan designated Mumtaz as his chief empress with the title of Padshah Begum '(First Lady or Queen of the Great)', 'Malika-i-Jahan' ("Queen of the World") and 'Malika-uz-Zamani' ("Queen of the Age") and 'Malika-i-Hindustan ("Queen of the Hindustan"). Mumtaz's tenure as empress was brief, spanning only three years due to her untimely death. Nonetheless, Shah Jahan bestowed her with magnanimous luxuries. She was also the only wife of Shah Jahan to be addressed as "Hazrat" being the mother of the heir apparent. For example, no other empress' residence was as decorated as Khas Mahal (part of Agra Fort), where Mumtaz lived with Shah Jahan. It was decorated with pure gold and precious stones and had rose-water fountains of its own. Each wife of the Mughal emperor was given a regular monthly allowance for her gastos (housekeeping or travelling expenses); the highest such allowance on record is the one million rupees per year given to Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan. Apart from this income, he gave her a lot of high-income lands and properties.

Shah Jahan consulted Mumtaz in both private matters and the affairs of the state, and she served as his close confidant and trusted adviser and because of this, she had enormous political power. Like her predecessor and aunt Nur Jahan, Mumtaz sat next to the emperor in the Hall of Private Audience and Hall of Public Audience (Dīwān-e-Khās and Dīwān-e-Ām). She was hidden behind a curtain; if she did not agree with something, she would place her hand on his back, out of sight. At her intercession, he forgave enemies or commuted death sentences. His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest honour of the land – his imperial seal, the Mehr Uzaz, which validated imperial decrees and nothing could be done without her consent. Mumtaz was portrayed as having no aspirations to political power, in contrast to her aunt, Empress Nur Jahan, the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, who had wielded enormous power and considerable influence in the previous reign.

An uncontested and great influence on him, often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute, she also enjoyed watching elephant and combat fights performed for the court. Mumtaz also patronized a number of poets, scholars and other talented persons. A noted Sanskrit poet, Vansidhara Mishra, was the Empress's favourite. On the recommendation of her principal lady-in-waiting, Sati-un-Nissa, Mumtaz Mahal provided pensions and donations to the daughters of poor scholars, theologians, and pious men. It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra, which is now known as Zahara Bagh. It is the only architectural foundation that can be connected to her patronage.

Death and aftermath

Mumtaz Mahal died from postpartum hemorrhage in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631 while giving birth to her 14th child, after a prolonged labor of around 30 hours. She had been accompanying her husband while he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was temporarily buried at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Daniyal on the bank of the Tapti River. The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable. Apparently, after her death, he went into secluded mourning for a year. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Mumtaz's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, gradually brought her father out of grief and took her mother's place at court.

Mumtaz Mahal's personal fortune (valued at 10 million rupees) was divided by Shah Jahan between Jahanara Begum, who received half, and the rest of her surviving children. Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result, her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja, the deceased empress's head lady-in-waiting, and the distinguished courtier Wazir Khan, back to Agra. There, it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yamuna River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally brought him to the region. While there, he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife. It was a task that would take 22 years to complete, the Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan to be built as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal. It is seen as an embodiment of undying love and marital devotion. English poet Sir Edwin Arnold describes it as "Not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passion of an emperor's love wrought in living stones." The beauty of the monument is also taken as a representation of Mumtaz Mahal's beauty and this association leads many to describe the Taj Mahal as feminine. Since Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decorations on graves, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are placed in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned to the right and towards Mecca.

The Ninety Nine Names of God are found as calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal in the crypt including, "O Noble, O Magnificent, O Majestic, O Unique, O Eternal, O Glorious...". There are many theories about the origin of the name of this tomb and one of them suggests that 'Taj' is an abbreviation of the name Mumtaz. European travelers, such as François Bernier, who observed its construction, were among the first to call it the Taj Mahal. Since they are unlikely to have come up with the name,  they might have picked it up from the locals of Agra who called the Empress 'Taj Mahal' and thought the tomb was named after her and the name began to be used interchangeably, but no firm evidence suggests this. Shah Jahan had not intended to entomb another person in the Taj Mahal; however, Aurangzeb had Shah Jahan buried next to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal rather than build a separate tomb for his father. This is evident from the asymmetrical placement of Shah Jahan's grave on one side of his wife's grave which is in the centre.

Astronomy

 * A crater was named in her honour on asteroid 433 Eros, along with another one after her husband.
 * A crater on the planet Venus is named after her.

Literature

 * A cat named after Mumtaz Mahal ("Princess Arjumand") plays a major role in Connie Willis's 1997 novel To Say Nothing of the Dog.
 * Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal) is a principal character in Indu Sundaresan's novel The Feast of Roses (2003) and its sequel, Shadow Princess (2010), begins with her death.
 * Mumtaz Mahal is a main character in Sonja Chandrachud's novel Trouble at the Taj (2011). She appears in the book as a ghost.
 * In John Shors' novel Beneath a Marble Sky (2013), Mahal's daughter, Princess Jahanara, tells the extraordinary story of how the Taj Mahal came to be, describing her own life as an agent in its creation and as a witness to the fateful events surrounding its completion.
 * Manahil Bandukwala's debut poetry collection Monument (2022) is a conversation with Mumtaz Mahal. It explores themes of love, monumentalisation, legacy, family, and empire.

Films

 * Mumtaz Mahal is a 1926 Indian silent film by Homi Master.
 * Actress Enakshi Rama Rau played the role of Mumtaz Mahal in Shiraz (1928).
 * Mumtaz Mahal, a 1944 Indian film was based on her life.
 * Actress Suraiya played the role of young Mumtaz Mahal in Nanubhai Vakil's film Taj Mahal (1941).
 * Mumtaz Mahal was portrayed by actress Nasreen in Abdul Rashid Kardar's film Shahjehan (1946).
 * Mumtaz Mahal is a 1957 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Ram Daryani, starring Veena in the titular role.
 * Bina Rai portrayed Mumtaz Mahal in M. Sadiq's film Taj Mahal (1963).
 * Zeba played the role of Mumtaz Mahal in S. T. Zaidi's Taj Mahal (1968).
 * Shahzadi Mumtaz, an Indian film starring Asokan and Shakuntala released in 1977.
 * Purnima Patwardhan portrayed her role in the 2003 Indian historical drama film, Taj Mahal: A Monument of Love.
 * Sonya Jehan portrayed Mumtaz Mahal in Akbar Khan's film Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story (2005).
 * Suhani Juneja played the role of young Arjumand Banu Begum in the second season of the popular webseries Taj: Divided by Blood on Zee5.

Other

 * Mumtaz Mahal was the inspiration behind the popular Guerlain perfume Shalimar (1921).

title: Mumtaz Mahal