text:
Worshipful Company of Barbers

The Worshipful Company of Barbers is one of the livery companies of the City of London, and ranks 17th in precedence.

The Fellowship of Surgeons merged with the Barbers' Company in 1540, forming the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, but after the rising professionalism of the trade broke away in 1745 to form what would become the Royal College of Surgeons.

The company no longer retains an association with the hairdressing profession, and principally acts as a charitable institution for medical and surgical causes. In modern times, between one-third and one-half of the company's liverymen are surgeons, dentists or other medical practitioners.

History
The first mention of the Barbers' Company occurs in 1308 when Richard le Barbour was elected by the Court of Aldermen to keep order amongst his fellows. Barbers originally aided monks, who were at the time the traditional practitioners of medicine and surgery, because papal decrees prohibited members of religious orders themselves from spilling blood. In addition to haircutting, hairdressing, and shaving, barbers performed surgery: neck manipulation; cleansing of ears and scalp; draining/lancing of boils, fistulae, and cysts with wicks; bloodletting and leeching; fire cupping; enemas; and the extraction of teeth.

Soon surgeons with little expertise in the haircutting and shaving arts of the barbers began to join the company, but in 1368, the surgeons were allowed to form their own, unincorporated fellowship or guild. However, the Barbers' Guild retained the power to oversee surgical practices in London. The Barbers' Guild continued this oversight after it became, by royal charter of 1462, a company.

The Fellowship of Surgeons merged with the Barbers' Company in 1540 by Act of Parliament to form the Company of Barbers and Surgeons. The Act specified that no surgeon could cut hair or shave another and that no barber could practice surgery; the only common activity was to be the extraction of teeth. The barber pole, featuring red and white spiralling stripes, indicated the two crafts (surgery in red and barbering in white). Barbers received higher pay than surgeons until surgeons were entered into British warships during naval wars.

In order to become a member of the company, apprentice training would occur for seven years within the household of an experienced barber-surgeon; apprentices would assist in surgical care and gain hands-on experience in tasks such as setting bones and suturing wounds. Once completed, the new member would demonstrate their skills and abilities to Company-appointed examiners. They would then pay a membership fee and join the ranks of the Company.

The first Master of the Company of Barbers and Surgeons was the superintendent of St Bartholomew's Hospital and royal physician, Thomas Vicary. The presentation of the charter is the subject of a painting by Hans Holbein the Younger, in the collection of the Barbers' Company.

However, with the rising professionalism of surgery, in 1745 the surgeons broke away from the barbers to form the Company of Surgeons, which became the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800.

The company no longer retains an association with the hairdressing profession. It does, however, retain its links with surgery, principally acting as a charitable institution to the benefit of medical and surgical cases. In modern times, between one-third and one-half of the company's liverymen are surgeons, dentists or other medical practitioners.

Barber-Surgeons' Hall and arms
The first hall was built on Monkwell Street. The current hall is at Monkwell Square after its predecessor was completely destroyed by bombings during World War II.

After the licensing of dissection in 1540, public demonstrations took place four times a year in the Great Hall of Barber-Surgeons' Hall – with a crowd surrounding a table. Attendance was compulsory for all 'free' surgeons. The dissected corpses were buried in the churchyard of St Olave's, Silver Street. By 1568, the Court of Assistants of the Company ordered wooden raised seating to be erected in the Hall during anatomies. By the 17th century, travelers noted that the universities at Padua and Leiden possessed purpose-built anatomical theatres. Inigo Jones was commissioned to design and build one for the Surgeon-Barbers, but died (1652) before it was finished. The work was completed by John Webb in 1636.

The herb garden that surrounded the Hall was used to create medicinal samples and is considered one of the reasons that people were able to escape during the Great Fire of London in 1666, as it kept the fire away from that side of the building. However, the anatomy theatre was the only Company building to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The second hall was designed by Edward Jarman, whose plan provided a courtyard, with the main part of the Hall on its west side again using bastion 13 of the Roman wall. The buildings remained substantially the same until 1784 when the anatomy theatre was demolished to make way for housing. In 1869, economic constraint necessitated the leasing of the dining hall and kitchen areas for warehouse use, the Company retaining little more than an entrance lobby and Courtroom (which became the new dining hall) on the ground floor, and a staircase leading to a committee room and accommodation for the Beadle.

On the night of 24 August 1940 the second hall and its environs were slightly damaged by a high explosive bomb (the first to fall on London in the Second World War) but on the night of 29 December 1940 the Hall and surrounding area were almost totally destroyed by incendiary bombs which started fires that raged for three days. On 13 May 1969, the current Hall was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.

With the merger of the Barbers' Company and Surgeons' Fellowship in 1540 to become the Company of Barbers and Surgeons, the hall was called Barber-Surgeons' Hall – a name that continues despite the fact that the company is once again the Barbers' Company since the secession of the surgeons.

Similarly, the arms of the present-day company continue to be those granted in 1569 after the merger: a quartered combination of the arms of the Barbers' Company (granted 1451, with fleams – 1st and 3rd quarters) and the badge of the Fellowship of Surgeons (1492, a crowned rose on a 'spatter' (or spatula) – 2nd and 4th quarters).
 * The crest is an opinicus – an English heraldic variation of griffin.
 * The supporters are collared (by a crown) and chained lynxes – presumably suggesting the keenness of vision necessary for surgery.
 * The motto is De Praescientia Dei (Latin for From/through the Foreknowledge of God) – possibly referring to the uncertain outcomes of the surgeon's attention which, good or bad, were attributed to God.

title: Worshipful Company of Barbers


text:
Primo visto

Primo visto, Primavista, Prima-vista, Primi-vist, Primiuiste, Primofistula, or even Primefisto, is a 16th-century gambling card game fashionable c. 1530–1640. Very little is known about this game, but judging by the etymology of the words used to describe the many local variants of the game, it appears to be one of Italian origin.

Historical claims
Based upon references in period literature it appears to be closely related to the game of Primero, with some later authorities claiming that the two games were in fact the very same. Opposing claims to this theory include the fact that the earliest known reference to the name Primo visto appears in Greene's "Notable Discovery of Coosnage" published in 1591, more than half a century after the name Primero was in common use. John Minsheu, an English linguist and lexicographer, claims that Primero and Prima vista (hence Primo visto) were two distinct card games - "That is, first and first seen, because he that can shew such an order of cardes first winnes the game", although he gives but one set of names and just one reason for their names Robert Nares in his book "A Glossary" states that the circumstance of the cards being counted in the same way, with the "Six" reckoned for eighteen and the "Seven" for twenty-one, seems to determine that Primo visto was the same as Primero, or even possibly a later variation of the latter.

Slightly stronger evidence exists in the form of a list of popular board and card games and diversions of the time of the English Renaissance in John Taylor's 1621 book "Taylor's Motto", listing both Primero and Primefisto, and the same occurs in a list of card games in Richard Brome's "The New Academy".

Variants
A brief poem by the French Humanist Mellin de Saint-Gelais written in 1525 describes Francis I of France, Pope Clement VII and Emperor Charles V (the combatants in the Italian War of 1521–1526, a struggle for the possession of Italy) playing a hand of "Prime" (a game similar to Primero and to the "Flux"). That seems to indicate that the game of Primo visto, and consequently Primero, is probably older than many historians have been able to determine and may date to the beginning of the 16th century or even further back in time.

A comparison with the terms used in the game of Primero, the mode of playing and the outcome, indicates that Primo visto was played according to the rules of Primero. It is possible, however, that it was played with only three cards dealt to each player instead of four, followed by a few rounds of bettings. Another possible difference may lie in the amount staked to the pool. The main part of the game was one of bluff and vies among the players, which also suggests that Primo visto was a simple variant, like the French game of "Prime".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Primo visto


text:
Talk:Café

What is a café?
Dang, this is a mess for something so short! This seems a lot more like a description of what I (a transplanted New Yorker living in Seattle) would call a "coffeehouse" than a "café". In Connecticutt, a "café" is basically a bar or tavern. In the UK (and, I believe, Australia) a "cafe" (without the accent and with a silent "e") is what we in New york call a "greasy spoon."

 * I'm from Connecticutt [sic] originally, and a café is a café is a café, just like in NYS or NYC (nicely vague there BTW, sir). And coffee is, as expected, the "main event".

 * Incidentally, some of the writing here seems wholly ignorant of common American usage of the term. In the US, the meaning of café is wholly analogous to the continental term, i.e. café=coffee house.  It was different in the 1970s–when café meant a Chock full o'Nuts, for example—but that is massively outdated, now.
 * Unother (talk) 20:23, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

The only reason I'm getting into this at all is that I'm interested in writing about the coffeehouse culture that evolved out of the Italian espresso joints of NY and SF in the Beat era and has resulted in both a continuing, rather similar coffeehouse culture and a slicked-up commercialized equivalent epitomized by Starbucks.
 * Frankly the "NY and SF Beat era" take is also, IMHO, misinformed. Modern café culture in the US is, like it or not, intimately bound up with Starbucks (and Peet's and Coffee Bean et al.; anyone who attempts to separate American Culture from American Commerce is nicely idealistic but woefully prone to mythologizing).  But this culture came from the Pacific coast first and moved to the East Coast in the 1990s.  There are far more independent coffeehouses/cafés on the Pacific coast than the Atlantic coast.

 * And finally, for reference, if—in 1990–you had wanted an Espresso on the East Coast then you would have been confined mostly to going to an Italian neighborhood in a Northeastern city.
 * Unother (talk) 20:23, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Do people really think the definition of café here is right? I don't want to mess with it if I'm in a minority. Jmabel 02:47, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Quite. Where is the List of Cafés?  And I'll have to correct you one one thing only: here in Australia a café is a coffeehouse, is spelt with the accent and the 'e' is pronounced.  As far as I know, a 'greasy spoon' is a caff in London, and not at all like the nice places to sit and read and chat. —Sam Wilson (Australia) 04:39, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In Eric Bogle's song "I Hate Wogs", in the persona of a racist Australian, he refers in passing to a "Chinese caff". Admittedly, he's a transplanted Scotsman, but I would have thought he'd lived in Oz long enough to get it right. Oh, well. - Jmabel | Talk 09:00, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Café is the correct spelling and often the only spelling recognised by dictionaries. The accent is needed otherwise the word is just "Kay-f" not "Kaf-ay". I think the only reason for the 'Cafe' spelling are the recent trends in being lazy with spelling (and in part because of the difficulties computers had in supporting accents). I think the article should be located at Café with Cafe as a redirect. Kyle sb 06:39, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with the redirect, and the article really needs some revision and added material. Photos, anyone?  Some clarifications of what a café is in different regions seems also to be neccessary — we're not all in agreement I think!  :-)  —Sam Wilson (Australia) 00:52, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I've done the redirect, and added a bit; needs more. —Sam Wilson (Australia) 01:34, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It's hardly a "recent trend in being lazy with spelling" or a result of computers. Since accents are uncommon in English, dropping them in loanwords is a longstanding part of the anglicisation of loanwords. For example, the French à propos, once written as such in English, is now universally written apropos.  Similar examples that have completed or nearly completed the accent-removal process include role (formerly rôle), smorgasbord (formerly smörgåsbord), and elite (formerly élite).  Café is midway through the process, with both forms seeing wide use. --Delirium 21:09, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. And Kyle sb's comments about "lazy spelling" and "The accent is needed otherwise the word is just "Kay-f" not "Kaf-ay" are way off the mark.  It is just normal anglicization.  There is nothing wrong with using the English alphabet when writing in English.  It isn't an error; it isn't laziness.  We have every bit as much right to use our own alphabet as anyone else does.  Gene Nygaard (talk) 06:21, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

Origins
No offence meant to 81.215.118.78, the author of the following paragraph, but I've removed it to here pending referencing and editing. Can anyone oblige? (I'll do it myself in a day or twelve if no-one else steps up.)

 * "But the origin of cafes are appeared in Istanbul at Ottoman Era in 1554. Hundreds of them was opened continiously. Most of them are a social club statues. Every guild was own cafe. And those names was 'yenichery cafe, 'sailors cafe', 'meddah(stand-up comadians) cafe, 'karagoz(shadow theatre) cafe'... etc. And specially public cafes turn on a 'singing cafe' at every nights."

—Sam Wilson (Australia) 09:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Re cafés being "more commonly known as cafeterias"
Is this true in UK and/or Commonwealth usage? This is definitely not true in U.S. usage. Here, the two words have different connotations. Most people use the word "cafeteria" to refer to a rather utility-grade (if you will) place to get some (utility-grade) food, such as the large room where schoolkids eat, or a restaurant that is set up in similar fashion (sometimes referred to as a "public cafeteria"; almost extinct nowadays). In the U.S., a stylish coffeeshop with good coffee and baked goods would almost never be called a "cafeteria", except as a rather idiolectic or ecolectic usage.

Obviously these words (café, cafeteria, coffeeshop) are used slightly differently in different English-speaking regions. The article ought to state this explicitly and neutrally, and briefly describe the usages in each region, e.g., Britain, Canada, Australia, U.S., etc. Right now I think people in each region have been overwriting each others' usages with a "that's incorrect!" kind of slant. We need to realize that there are regional differences, and list them.

— Lumbercutter 18:15, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Suggest merging this article into coffeehouse
Given that this article contains little content (most of it is etymology of the word), I suggest merging this article into coffeehouse. There is no real difference between a café and a coffeehouse, at least in my part of the English-speaking world. Comments? hajhouse 00:01, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I strongly agree with this proposal. I came here looking for the content that I ended up finding on the page coffeehouse; this page has "coffee shop" in bold and claims that that's distinct from "coffeehouse", but Coffee shop (disambiguation) includes entries for both "coffee shop" and "coffee house". Combine the two and have done with it. --AlexChurchill 23:26, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "...but Coffee shop (disambiguation) includes entries for both "coffee shop" and "coffee house"." - It does? I don't see it.  Besides, what does that have to do with a café, or the fact cafés and coffee shops are different concepts? These should remain separate articles. Torc2 00:27, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * That term is used in very few countries, the articles should remain separate. The attempts to mutineer this article to become a discussion purely of US cafés has already made it bad enough. Owen214 (talk) 14:34, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

The European meaning of café?
I am a European myself, and I am quite sure that nowhere in Europe people think of a café as a place to drink coffee and eat cake or a sandwhich. Although most European cafés do serve coffee, and sometimes also sandwiches and small meals, that is not what we think of when we talk about café. When we say café, we think of beer, wine or liquor. A café is a place where we go to drink alcohol. Much like a pub in Brittain, or a bar in the US. A place where you dink coffee may be called different names in different countries, in different regions even. Sometimes it's called a coffeeshop or coffeebar, sometimes it's called a snackbar. But then, in some European countries a snackbar is a fastfood restaurant. But a café is always a place where alcohol is served. Cfdemoor (talk) 16:06, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Except in Britain. Where a café would very rarely be serving alcohol. If you exclude Britain from your "in Europe" statement, no argument here. Arrrgh, forgot to sign in. 19:26, 5 July 2010 (UTC)95.59.80.190 (talk) AntiSceptic

Korean Cafe
If the "Korean Cafe" section is to remain, it needs a tremendous amount of rewriting. It has grammar issues and has the tone of a promo piece. Also, there is no need to list every cafe in Korea and mention what's on their menu (note, I'm being partially sarcastic here). — al-Shimoni  (talk) 05:24, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Café


text:
The Persistence of Memory

The Persistence of Memory (Spanish: La persistencia de la memoria) is a 1931 painting by artist Salvador Dalí and one of the most recognizable works of Surrealism. First shown at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, since 1934 the painting has been in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, which received it from an anonymous donor. It is widely recognized and frequently referred to in popular culture, and sometimes referred to by more descriptive titles, such as "Melting Clocks", "The Soft Watches" or "The Melting Watches".

Analysis
The well-known surrealist piece introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch. It epitomizes Dalí's theory of "softness" and "hardness", which was central to his thinking at the time. As Dawn Adès wrote, "The soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time, a Surrealist meditation on the collapse of our notions of a fixed cosmic order". This interpretation suggests that Dalí was incorporating an understanding of the world introduced by Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. Asked by Ilya Prigogine whether this was the case, Dalí replied that the soft watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by the surrealist perception of a Camembert melting in the sun.

The year prior to painting the Persistence of Memory, Dali developed his " paranoiac-critical method," deliberately inducing psychotic hallucinations to inspire his art. He remarked, "The difference between a madman and me is that I am not mad." This quote highlights Dali's awareness of his mental state. Despite his engagement in activities that could be seen as insane, Dali maintained that he was not actually mad.

It is possible to recognize a human figure in the middle of the composition, in the strange "monster" (with much texture near its face, and much contrast and tone in the picture) that Dalí used in several contemporary pieces to represent himself – the abstract form becoming something of a self-portrait, reappearing frequently in his work. The creature seems to be based on a figure from the Paradise section of Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights, which Dalí had studied. It can be read as a "fading" creature, one that often appears in dreams where the dreamer cannot pinpoint the creature's exact form and composition. One can observe that the creature has one closed eye with several eyelashes, suggesting that the creature is also in a dream state. The iconography may refer to a dream that Dalí himself had experienced, and the clocks may symbolize the passing of time as one experiences it in sleep or the persistence of time in the eyes of the dreamer.

The orange clock at the bottom left of the painting is covered in ants. Dalí often used ants in his paintings as a symbol of decay. Another insect that is present in the painting is a fly, which sits on the watch that is next to the orange watch. The fly appears to be casting a human shadow as the sun hits it. The Persistence of Memory employs "the exactitude of realist painting techniques" to depict imagery more likely to be found in dreams than in waking consciousness.

The craggy rocks to the right represent the tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia. Many of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia. The strange and foreboding shadow in the foreground of this painting is a reference to.

Versions
Dalí returned to the theme of this painting with the variation The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (1954), showing his earlier famous work systematically fragmenting into smaller component elements, and a series of rectangular blocks which reveal further imagery through the gaps between them, implying something beneath the surface of the original work; this work is now in the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, while the original Persistence of Memory remains at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Dalí also produced various lithographs and sculptures on the theme of soft watches late in his career. Some of these sculptures are Persistence of Memory, Nobility of Time, Profile of Time, and Three Dancing Watches.

title: The Persistence of Memory


text:
Bank of the United States

Bank of the United States may refer to:
 * First Bank of the United States (1791–1811)
 * Second Bank of the United States (1816–1836)
 * Bank of United States (1913–1930), a commercial bank not affiliated with the government
 * Bank of the United States (Charleston, South Carolina), in the Charleston Historic District

title: Bank of the United States


text:
AOD

AOD may refer to:

Army

 * Army Ordnance Department, a forerunner of the British Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC)

Film

 * Army of Darkness, a 1993 film, third in the Evil Dead series

Music

 * Adrenalin O.D., a US hardcore punk band
 * Act of Depression, the debut album by Underoath
 * Art of Dying (band), a hard rock band
 * Assembly of Dust, an American rock band
 * Aubrey O'Day, an American singer/dancer

Video games

 * Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, the 6th game in the Tomb Raider series
 * Art of Defense, a type of multiplayer game common in Command & Conquer Generals: Zero Hour
 * Astro On Demand, a Hong Kong TVB subscription channel
 * Arsenal of Democracy (video game), a grand strategy wargame
 * Angels of Death (video game), a Japanese horror adventure game

Other

 * Animation On Display, formerly Anime Overdose and then AOD: The San Francisco Animation Convention

Fraternal order

 * Ancient Order of Druids, fraternal order revived in London in 1781

Politics

 * Alliance of Democracies, non-profit organisation

Religion

 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit

Science and technology

 * Acousto-optic deflector, a device for controlling an optical beam
 * Advanced Optical Disc, an old name for HD DVD, digital optical media
 * Argon oxygen decarburization, a process in stainless steel making
 * Automatic Overdrive transmission, a vehicle transmission
 * Above Ordnance Datum, a level expressed as a height above mean sea level
 * Adult Onset Diabetes, a metabolic disorder, characterized by high blood glucose
 * Aerosol Optical Depth, a measure for small particles suspended in the atmosphere
 * AMD OverDrive, a software from AMD
 * Always on Display, a screen feature of certain smartphones
 * Audio on demand, a system for listening to audio content such as radio, podcasts and other streaming media

Other

 * Alcohol and Other Drugs (AOD) refers to substances, legal or illegal, that can alter mood, behavior, or physical functioning.
 * Architecture Overview Document, a document related to Solution architecture, details the high-level requirements, principles and constraints that bound to particular project.

title: AOD


text:
Coffeehouse

A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that serves various types of coffee, espresso, latte, americano and cappuccino. Some coffeehouses may serve cold beverages, such as iced coffee and iced tea, as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches, muffins, cakes, breads, donuts or pastries. In continental Europe, some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large multinational corporations. Some coffeehouse chains operate on a franchise business model, with numerous branches across various countries around the world.

While café may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a diner, British café (also colloquially called a "caff"), "greasy spoon" (a small and inexpensive restaurant), transport café, teahouse or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place. A coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. Many coffeehouses in West Asia offer shisha (actually called nargile in Levantine Arabic, Greek, and Turkish), flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah. An espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks.

From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: a coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening.

Etymology

The most common English spelling of café is the French word for both coffee and coffeehouse; it was snatched by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. The Italian spelling, caffè, is also sometimes used in English. In Southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to and spelt caff.

The English word coffee and French word café (coffeehouse) both derive from the Italian caffè —first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570 —and in turn derived from Arabic qahwa (قهوة). The Arabic term qahwa originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by Islam, the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced. European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with Turkey, likely via Venetian-Ottoman trade relations.

The English word café to describe a restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French café. The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660. The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade, Ottoman Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana (Serbian coffee house).

The translingual word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French (café); German (Kaffee); Polish (kawa); Serbian (кафа / kafa); Ukrainian (кава, 'kava'); and others.

Ottoman Empire
The first coffeehouses appeared in Damascus. These Ottoman coffeehouses also appeared in Mecca, in the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century, then spread to the Ottoman Empire's capital of Istanbul in the 16th century and in Baghdad. Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as chess and backgammon, listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.

Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524. However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples. The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (kiva han) in Istanbul: "Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee."

Persia
The 17th century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave a lively description of the Persian coffeehouse (qahveh khaneh in Persian) scene: "People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller."

Europe

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno, founded by a Jewish merchant, or later in 1640, in Venice. In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists.

Austria
The traditional tale of the origins of the Viennese café begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him.

However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato. Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened a registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685. Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses. The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century.

Over time, a special coffee house culture developed in Habsburg Vienna. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on the other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the Habsburg Empire in the 19th century. Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in Trieste, then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous cappuccino. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.

England
The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in Oxford in 1650 –1651 by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House). In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosée in 1652. Anthony Wood observed of the coffee houses of Oxford in his Life and Times (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news". The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.

From 1670 to 1685, the number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate. English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted the popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name of 'Penny Universities'.

Though Charles II later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the wits gathered around John Dryden at Will's Coffee House, in Russell Street, Covent Garden. As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, Queen Mary and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". William III's privy council also suppressed Jacobite sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes.

By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs, wits and stockjobbers, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center. According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty".

Jonathan's Coffee House in 1698 saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange. Lloyd's Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals, leading to the establishment of Lloyd's of London insurance market, the Lloyd's Register classification society, and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's.

In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol, an alternative to the public house.

Romania
In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania.

France
Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò, his apprentice, opened the Café Procope in 1686. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.

Hungary
The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.

Italy
During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: Caffè Florian in Venice, Antico Caffè Greco in Rome, Caffè Pedrocchi in Padua, Caffè dell'Ussero in Pisa and Caffè Fiorio in Turin.

Ireland
In the 18th century, Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of Dick's Coffee House, owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy. These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop.

Today, the term café is used for most coffeehouses – this can be spelled both with and without an acute accent, but is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by the owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "Bewley's Café" – i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent.

Portugal
The history of coffee in Portugal is usually told to have begun during the reign of king John V, when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the Dutch East India Company and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken to Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Although, coffee already existed in Angola, already introduced by Portuguese missionaries. During the 18th century, the first public cafés appeared, inspired by french gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment.

Several cafes emerged in Lisbon such as: Martinho da Arcada (being the oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), Café Tavares, Botequim Parras, among others. Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as Manuel du Bocage with his visits to Café Nicola, which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and Fernando Pessoa with his visits to A Brasileira, which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses was the Café Marrare, opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by Júlio Castilho, Raimundo de Bulhão Pato, Almeida Garrett, Alexandre Herculano and other members of the Portuguese government and the intelligentsia. It began its own saying: «Lisboa era Chiado, o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei» (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law").

Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as Café Vianna, opened in Braga, in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco and Eça de Queirós. During the 1930's, a surge in coffee houses happened in Porto with the opening of several that still exist, such as Café Guarany, opened in 1933, and A Regaleira, opened in 1934.

Switzerland
In 1761 the Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in St. Gallen.

Gender
The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned. Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in Paris.

In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700, the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.

Aside from the discussion around women as guests of the coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were Moll King (coffee house proprietor) in England, and Maja-Lisa Borgman in Sweden.

Contemporary
In most European countries, such as Spain, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, and others, the term café means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as pastries such as cakes, tarts, pies, or buns. Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, a café is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands a koffiehuis serves coffee, while a coffee shop (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs (cannabis and hashish) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as bar. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.

Argentina
Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include Confitería del Molino, Café Tortoni, El Gato Negro, Café La Biela.

United States

The first coffeehouse in America opened in Boston, in 1676. However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the Boston Tea Party and the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the War of 1812 when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain. Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the Bank of New York and the New York Chamber of Commerce.

Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the espresso- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village, Boston's North End, and San Francisco's North Beach. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly folk performers during the American folk music revival. Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the Beats, who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses. Blues singer Lightnin' Hopkins bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".

In 1966, Alfred Peet began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in Berkeley, California to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee. Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse, Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model.

From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, A Coffeehouse Manual, served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses.

They are popular to this day with coffeehouses such as Starbucks seeming to be on every corner of streets in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle.

Format
Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol.

One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot. The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced.

Asia
Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah, which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee") ( see also Arabic phonology ). Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and herbal teas, especially the highly popular hibiscus blend (Egyptian Arabic: karkadeh or ennab). The first 'ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs (Cairo), bursa (Alexandria) and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates.

In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like Indian Coffee House, Café Coffee Day, Barista Lavazza have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.

In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption, with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called kopi tiam. The word is a portmanteau of the Malay word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the Hokkien dialect word for shop (店; POJ: tiàm). Menus typically feature simple offerings: a variety of foods based on egg, toast, and coconut jam, plus coffee, tea, and Milo, a malted chocolate drink that is extremely popular in Southeast Asia and Australasia, particularly Singapore and Malaysia.

In Indonesia, traditional coffee houses are called kedai kopi, rumah kopi, or warung kopi which is often abbreviated as warkop. Kopi tubruk is a common drink in small warkop. As a coffee drink companion, traditional kue is also served in the coffee house. The first coffee house in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in Jakarta which named Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho.

In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like Starbucks have become the prevalent hangouts for upper- and middle-class professionals in such districts as the Makati CBD. However, carinderias (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called "Kapihan" (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or merienda. There are also a number of establishments often referred to as "cafés" that serve not just coffee and pastries, but full meals, often international cuisine highly altered to Filipino tastes.

In Thailand, the term "café" is not only a coffeehouse in the international definition, as in other countries, but in the past was considered a night restaurant that serves alcoholic drinks during a comedy show on stage. The era in which this type of business flourished was the 1990s, before the 1997 financial crisis.

The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the Si Kak Phraya Si in the area of Rattanakosin Island, by Madam Cole, an American woman who living in Thailand at that time, Later, Chao Phraya Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) located at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), the ground next to the Royal Plaza. At present, Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved to within Phayathai Palace. In the southern region, a traditional coffeehouse or kopi tiam is popular with locals, like many countries in the Malay Peninsula.

Australia

In the 19th Century, coffee houses such as the Collingwood Coffee Palace or the Federal Coffee Palace in the centre of Melbourne were established and were part of the temperance movement to reduce the consumption of alcohol in society.

In modern Australia, coffee shops are ubiquitously known as cafés. Since the post-World War II influx of Italian immigrants introduced the first espresso coffee machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a boom in locally owned cafés Australia-wide began in the 1990s. Alongside the rise in the number of cafés there has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne. A local favourite is the "flat white" which remains a popular coffee drink.

Africa
In Cairo, the capital of Egypt, most cafés have shisha (waterpipe). Most Egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out at the café, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953.

United Kingdom
The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, Italian-run espresso bars and their formica-topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard's 1960 film Expresso Bongo. The first was The Moka in Frith Street, opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953. With their "exotic Gaggia coffee machine[s],... Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and... Suncrush orange fountain[s]" they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such as Starbucks and Pret a Manger.

Espresso bar
The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from espresso. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee, based in Seattle, U.S., and Costa Coffee, based in Dunstable, U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

The espresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high-yield espresso machine (usually bean to cup machines, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of widespread adoption of public WiFi access points to provide Internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises.

The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; biscotti, cannoli and pizzelle are a common traditional accompaniment to a caffe latte or cappuccino. Some upscale espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include scones, muffins, croissants, and even doughnuts. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink masala chai. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' Frappucino.

A worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista. The barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars), a reasonable facility with some equipment as well as the usual customer service skills.

title: Coffeehouse


text:
Talk:Brontë family

untitled
What was their father's original name? RickK 03:22, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Padraig mac Aedh Ó Proinntigh. He lived from 1777 to 1861, was born in Co. Down the eldest of ten children born to Aedh Ó Proinntigh and his wife Ellen Mhic Labhradha. --Angr/undefined 6 July 2005 07:50 (UTC) (but information from Fergananim)Nearly this entire page is taken from The Bronte Parsonage Website - but I'm too cautious to blank and copy vio! Can anyone back me up here?  Cabiria 19:38, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

I am backing you up. I will add the copy violation text. Noirdame 09:03, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Go for it. I think you should keep some text that is just raw information, though. 66.229.182.113 00:39, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Name
The accent over the 'e' in 'Brontë' indicates that it's not really English cuz there aren't any accents in English, so where exactly does the name 'Brontë' come from? ~Sushi 04:36, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Bronte invented it. His real name was Brunty or Prunty. He was an Irish traitor who changed his name to an invented pretentious one to disguise the nationality he was ashamed of.

He (Mr.Brunty, Punty or Prunty) was the son of a foundling from England, so his nationality is up for discussion - by the way you are only a 'traitor' if you denounce others, not yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.17.215.8 (talk) 16:21, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Supposedly Patrick Brunty admired the great British Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, 1st Duke of Bronté, and changed his name to honor Nelson. That would also explain the accent mark, since the King of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand, created Nelson a Duke in appreciation for his victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile, in 1798. References for that supposition would be welcomed here. Dthomsen8 (talk) 02:27, 23 December 2008 (UTC)dthomsen8
 * The Brontës certainly admired Nelson, but Wellington was their favourite. Robert Ferrieux (talk) 14:23, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Lots of new references will arrive with the translation  of the very  complete French article.--Kudpung (talk) 21:24, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Biography
The notorious book of Gaskell should not be called a biography. Gaskell had no idea what a biography really is. What she wrote is just a cumulation of gossip. If you want to be informed about the Brontës, reading Juliet Barkers book ist a MUST! Sorry for expressing myself in such a dictatorial way, but as the Oxford Companion to Englisch Literature states, there are "many legends but few certainties" especially about Emily.

 * If you could just source your statements then we can add this to the article. SmokeyJoe 06:24, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Lots of new references will arrive with the translation  of the very complete French article.--Kudpung (talk) 21:23, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Invitation
You're invited to visit the page Les Brontë in the French version of Wikipedia. Your comments will be most welcome in its talk page. Please express your views in English. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.254.240.183 (talk) 23:43, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That's a great article. Well done if you wrote it. Yohan euan o4 (talk) 23:46, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks I have added an expand tag for translators to use French article to expand this one. Keith D (talk) 18:38, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The translation is now in progress. Please see the info  template below.--Kudpung (talk) 21:19, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Consumption
The Bronte sisters were said in Scientific American to have died of tuberculosis, anyone can verify and include references to that?24.184.234.24 (talk) 23:18, 8 October 2009 (UTC)LeucineZipper

 * Lots of new references will arrive with the translation  of the very  complete French article.--Kudpung (talk) 21:21, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

pronunciation
Since the only ref given (forvo.com) gives both "Brontee" and "Brontay", I've edited each Brontë article to include both pronunciations. (Brontë, Anne Brontë, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë and Branwell Brontë.) If anyone can find a source showing one or the other to be correct, feel free to remove the wrong one. Lfh (talk) 15:17, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Translation from French Wikipedia article
I will be working  on translating relevant  parts from  the French Wikipedia featured article for embedding  in  this article. To keep everything  together, please only  discuss this work on its associated talk  page. The work in progress is here: User:Kudpung/Brontë translation, please feel free to  use any  English  text  that I will have completed. Please be gentle with your criticisms - I am not  a scholar of these works by  the Brontes. As soon as the first  of any of the translations have been used, please put  this template on  the top of this talk  page:  Thanks for you help in moving this important article forward. --Kudpung (talk) 03:46, 26 February 2010 (UTC)}}

✅ --Kudpung (talk) 14:29, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Is this article a joke?
Origin of the name Bronte at the start with much content given to the country the father disowned with all his heart? Perhaps we should edit many of the Irish entries with their English/British origins and stick them right at the start of the article?Twobells (talk) 20:51, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The fr.Wiki article is vastly superior to our own mediocre effort to produce an article on such  a milestone in English literary  history. The translation  of the very  lengthy  article is nearing  completion, which will probably render superfluous any  comments here for a while.--Kudpung (talk) 18:46, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Translation done. Still a work in  progress.
The translation has been done and the content of the original English article has been included. The French article was significantly  longer than is recommended for the en.Wiki  and some material has been split  off to sub 'main  article' pages while others, namely  main  pages for the members of the family, are being  prepared in  my  user space. --Kudpung (talk) 14:36, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Please note that my marking of  diff 366438062 (Article replaced by heavily edited translation from the fr.Wiki article. Existing en.Wiki text incorporated. See Talk.) as m for minor was totally  inadvertent. The edit  was of course the major event in  the article's entire history. --Kudpung (talk) 02:25, 17 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to say so, but this article does now read somewhat like a translation, and not an altogether good one. Many phrases seem poorly worded and difficult to understand. For example: "Nothing would foretell the gifts that these children were to demonstrate from their youngest ages." What does this mean? If the children demonstrated their gifts from "their youngest ages," then nobody needed to "foretell" anything, yet this sentence seems to be saying there was nothing at all remarkable about the children. Also: "Since their early deaths, and then the death of their father in 1861, they were subject to a following that did not cease to grow." It sounds very strange to describe the sisters as being successful beginning with their early deaths. And what did the death of their father have to do with the sisters' literary following? I find myself wishing someone with knowledge of the subject would give this article a thorough reworking for clarity and accuracy. 69.181.70.238 (talk) 20:49, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The translation is pretty accurate and was done by a bilingual, professional linguist. However, the quality of prose in the source language (the original French article), although at first sight appears to be of an academic standard, is questionable. Many of the turns of phrase are unclear or ambiguous, and such items have been translated more or less literally, especially to give people like you a chance to improve them - which is precisely what Wikipedia is all about. Therefore, if you feel strongly enough about it, why not have go at fixing it yourself: Rewrite the prose wherever necessary, check for correct translation, and look up and find new information to  improve the content.--Kudpung (talk) 23:34, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

 * In answer to  the statement  on  your talk  page, if you  use Wikipedeia frequently,  you  will  find a great many articles are permanently  in  development.  Brontë is not  an article that  has been placed here by  a crackpot, and it  is under constant  review. The people working  on  it  are very  aware of its imperfections; You  should have seen what  was here before ! (You  can  do  this by  clicking  HERE). Again, as you  know how to  edit  here, and again  if you  feel  strongly  enough  about  it, why  not  do  the tagging  yourself? Nobody  owns the articles here, and your help  would be appreciated.)--Kudpung (talk) 14:59, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Article workshop
Some parts of the article might be stored temporarily in  the Talk:Brontë/article workshop  while they  are undergoing  a major edit  or rewrite.

Structure
The structure of this article is quite bizarre, it jumps about and frequently repeats itself. I really dont think it necessary to have two separate sections on each of the sisters. Also the section headings are more like an essay than an encyclopedic article. I'll think about it.--J3Mrs (talk) 19:58, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

French article on the The Brontës
The article has now been edited, wikified, made clearer, terser in style, the flowery bits have been deleted, with added references and fewer notes. The structure has been changed (it was previously designed so as to ensure that each section is autonomous), the repetitions deleted, all reiteration avoided. You might wish to have a look at the cluster of articles on the Brownings, Robert Browning and corollaries (including Elizabeth Barrett Browning). Robert Ferrieux Robert Ferrieux (talk) 03:17, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Picture of Cambridge
Can I suggest replacing the picture of King's College, Cambridge next to the section on Patrick Bronte with a picture of John's, that being the college he actually attended? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pinkbeast (talk • contribs) 15:37, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Semi-Protect?
I request that this article be semi-protected due to the recent multiple attempts of vandalism from unregistered users. It is also a feasible method to curb vandalism on this page as more than one ip address has been detected to have been vandalising. Orangewarning (talk) 13:59, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * OK I have semi-protected for now. Keith D (talk) 17:46, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Un-neutral headers
Some of the headers here aren't neutral and are not encyclopedia languages, but rather languages from books' reviews.

For example:

5.2.1 1847, a bountiful year 5.2.2 Jane Eyre and the end of anonymity 5.2.3 The powerful winds of Wuthering Heights 5.2.4 1848, Anne's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall — one of the first sustained feminist novels — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.251.0.39 (talk) 19:14, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I think I agree. Anyone else? Pinkbeast (talk) 20:48, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment - I think that they came from the French wiki as most of the article was translated from there and it is one of their featured articles! Keith D (talk) 23:41, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Wherever they came from, surely this sort of flowery language is inappropriate? Pinkbeast (talk) 18:33, 2 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It came from the French (which as previously mentioned is a FA on fr.Wiki). As a bilingual, I undertook (on request) to translate it. Flowery language is a feature of French and that is how I translated it. is heartily welcome to recast anything s/he feels is inappropriate for English encyclopedic style. Maybe in the not too distant future we can make another attempt for GA. --Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 02:05, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

The portrait
The brightly coloured image that was at the head of this page looked as if it had an automatic digital colour enhancement done on it. This almost never works on paintings. In this case the image,which is very muted, was made very brightly coloured.

The other adjustment that has been made is the digital blocking out of two fold marks which caused serious paint loss. While the restoration of the damage might be deemed acceptable, changing the colouration of the picture to that extent is not. Amandajm (talk) 13:17, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation of "Brontë" again
I've found a source for the pronunciation of the surname Brontë, from Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. To quote from the Explanatory Notes:

 * "When our research shows that an author's pronunciation of his or her name differs from common usage, the author's pronunciation is listed first, and the descriptor commonly precedes the more familiar pronunciation."

The book then goes on to list BronTEE as the author's pronunciation, but commonly pronounced by others as BronTAY.

This source is available on Google Books, so anyone can check it online. DORC (talk) 18:11, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

The Bronte Family
On seeing a TV Program on the Bronte Family. I have some points of view:

The brother I believe, painted himself as a spirit image and seeing himself being detached from his sisters. In researching death patterns for another of years. The Bronte Sisters indicated two of the girls left life of their own choosing. Charlotte's pattern indicates her death was a spontaneous self choice, brought on by her illness knowing there was no cure. Emily's pattern though is indicative of people who die from an incurable illness and reflects deaths in hospitals if not at home. Anne with her illness decided that a direct suicide was her way to leave. Their brother, Patrick. Was taken out of life having completed the task of his birth.

It is also my belief he was the father of the girls in their past life and caused their deaths, including his own. With unfinished task of that time, there re-enterd physical life in the 19th Century to complete the remain life task. They I feel, were very much aware of why they were here and who they were. With their brother seeing himself as an energy to assits his sisters retain their ageing and rolls. felt a detachment with them. Hence, the so called, painted him self out of the painting. To me that means he was there, but not as a part of their life.

Charlotte, was a non-return spirit. Emily and Anne were died about five moths from their birthdays.Brownbearwolf (talk) 04:02, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Daphne du Maurier
There appears to be some confusion in the article over the Daphne du Maurier book.

The bibliography entry in question is -

This gives a year of 1987 but the ISBN specified points to a 1972 date. There are a few short references to this entry but there are also a couple of entries in the references that point to 1986 and the body of the article also mentions 1986.

What date should be used and to which edition do the pages quoted refer to? Keith D (talk) 00:46, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I can understand if the author's pronunciation of his or her name differs from the standard pronuciation say Paul Giamatti pronounces his last name "Jee-ah-maw-tee while in Italy it would be pronunced " Juh-maw-tee" you would note the Italian pronunciation and his preferred pronunciation. But I don't see the purpose of noting people's mispronunciation of a name, such as in the case of the Brontës where it isn't "their" pronunciation, it's the correct pronunciation. See the "e"? It looks like this:ë The reason for the two dots is to show that the e should be pronounced like in the name Chloë. It would be pronunced "Klowee" not "Klow." Why enshrine a mispronunciation? Isn't an encyclopedia supposed to provide facts, not "common" mistakes? NapoleonX (talk) 23:47, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

 * As I explained on my talk page, we report facts; we aren't in the business of divining "truth," especially as it concerns pronunciation—something in which there are no absolutes. Human languages evolve over time; in Shakespeare's day, our English would have been seen as incorrect.

 * Our sources say that, not , is the more common pronunciation; in my own experience, that's also how most people pronounce it. The article does justice to this fact by first reporting Miss Charlotte Brontë's preferred pronunciation and following up with the common pronunciation qualified as such.

 * By the way, the "two dots" are called a diaeresis. Rebb  ing  00:25, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * If we are retaining this on this page then we should also restore it to all of the family member articles that it was removed from. Keith D (talk) 00:50, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Restored at Anne Brontë, Branwell Brontë, Maria Brontë, and Emily Brontë. Rebb  ing  01:49, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

 * But I'm not talking about the evolution of language such as in your example of Shakespeare's English vs. Modern English, I'm talking about pronunciation. Pronunciation may differ by region, but there is a correct way to pronounce a name. People may mispronounce it, but there is a correct way. You wouldn't pronounce Jose "Joe-see", it's pronounced "Hoe-zay." You know the term for the dots (thanks for the info btw). Well aren't the diaeresis there for a purpose? To show that the "e" should be pronounced, such as in my example of Chloë. According to Wikipedia, diaresis have a purpose. Here's a link to the WP page on the purpose of the diaresis over the "e", using the Brontë family as an example https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8B#English Maybe people would learn to correctly pronounce their favorite authors if it was noted what the correct pronunciation was. Just because most people make a mistake doesn't make the mistake correct. Most Americans probably pronounce Albert Camus as "Albert Ca-muss." But that is not how his name is correctly pronounced. I learned by reading about it that the correct way to pronounce French author Albert Camus' name is "Al-bear Ca-moo." NapoleonX (talk) 20:36, 4 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Certainly not: Camus is pronounced "ca-mü".Wouldn't it be better to use the international phonetic symbols?--Robert Ferrieux (talk) 11:38, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

 * You miss my point entirely: correct pronunciation is defined by the consensus of English speakers. A Received Pronunciation speaker might say that an American grossly mispronounces the English language and could even point to a RP dictionary for support. But would she be correct? Well, no. The same is true here. Logically, perhaps "Brontë" should be pronounced, but "says" should also be pronounced , not , yet which is "correct"? If you were talking about Vladimir Putin with another English speaker, would you follow the Russian pronunciation of his name, down to the backwards-sounding syllable stresses, rolled "r"s, and palatalized consonants? If you did, you would likely come across as laughably pretentious.

 * Anyway, none of that matters. We report what reliable sources say without overlaying our views, regardless of how reasonable those views may be. Therefore, because the cited dictionary (and other dictionaries) report both pronunciations, so must we; and we do justice to your "true' pronunciation by giving it first, and without any qualifier like "common." Rebb  ing  21:52, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

Museum visitor numbers
The citations in the article states that the museum is the second most visited literary site in the world - but the visitor numbers for 2017 were around 88,000 (Bronte museum visitor numbers on the rise again, Keighley News, 4 May 2018), but this is far less than some others in the UK - Burn's Birthplace Museum, 164,000 (2017 Visitor Figures, Association of Leading Visitor Attractions) - and Hill Top, the home of Beatrix potter, 119,000 (Visitor attraction numbers cumbriatourism.org) - even if it was the second most visited at one time the citations seem outdated as other sites now have many more visitors, because of this I have changed this statement to remove puffery and give a more precise number. EdwardUK (talk) 21:19, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Elementary power
Is it "elementary power" or elemental that is meant here? Rwood128 (talk) 22:13, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Elementary is ambiguous. Rwood128 (talk) 10:26, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Origin of the name 1830–1852
Why is there the date "1830–1852" in the section title "Origin of the name 1830–1852" ?

2001:171B:2274:7C21:4DB1:59B1:E6FC:7A9 (talk) 12:08, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Unclear text
Hi, this is the introductory section on "Literary and artistic influence": "These fictional worlds were the product of fertile imagination fed by reading, discussion, and a passion for literature. Far from suffering from the negative influences that never left them and which were reflected in the works of their later, more mature years, the Brontë children absorbed them with open arms." What are these negative influences? Reading, discussion, and a passion for literature? I struggle to find any actual information in the second sentence. Can it be clarified? T 84.208.65.62 (talk) 21:27, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

List of novels
This article used to have a list of all their novels and who wrote them. Is there a particular reason it has been removed? It's a bit of an ordeal searching through this article to see who wrote what. I'd like to bring the list back. Richard75 (talk) 20:42, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Have you got a pointer to the version that had such a list? Keith D (talk) 23:12, 16 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I can't find it and now I'm wondering if I saw it somewhere else. It would still be convenient to have all the titles in one place for easy reference though. Richard75 (talk) 17:32, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

Héger or Heger?
There is currently a discussion on this subject at Talk:Constantin Héger to which you might wish to contribute. Masato.harada (talk) 16:55, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brontë family


text:
User talk:Garzubide

Germán Arzubide Dagdug

title: User talk:Garzubide


text:
Talk:William Tell (opera)

Comment
Removed 203.88.254.129's verbatim insertion of http://library.flawlesslogic.com/tell.htm.

Featured sound candidates/William Tell Overture
Please see Featured sound candidates/William Tell Overture about the brass band file just added to this article. -- Klein zach  02:32, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

Ballet music
I think this deserves a little space. There seem to be a number of recordings of the music and the Pas de six is the source for the first movement for Britten's Matinees Musicales which should be mentioned. Any suggestions on where best to fit it in? A section of its own or a mention with the arias or overture?--Peter cohen (talk) 22:40, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, now that the arias/recits etc are in the synopsis, we should remove the "Noted arias" section altogether - is that right? I think you're right about the ballet music - this was after all a key component of these operas (thought I didn't know about the Britten until now).  Perhaps in a (greatly expanded) performance history/recording history section? – Lackingdirection (talk) 23:48, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * This looks like a reliable source for the Britten. The movement was very familiar to me but I hadn't realised that it was based on Rossini. I wasn't the only gallery prommer last night to be disconcerted by hearing such a familiar piece in the body of the opera when we thought that only the overture was well-known.--Peter cohen (talk) 23:59, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * That does look reliable (and fascinating, to me anyway). I suppose we could put it into a Tosca-style "Music" section, along with the Overture and a longer discussion of the rest of the music (would take some doing though!)  I think the overture section is a little incongruous - it would be like having a "Nessun Dorma" section near the top of the aforementioned Tosca - but it does deserve special mention... – Lackingdirection (talk) 00:10, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Advice sought on image
I've found an image that I think would be great for the Roles section at the V&A site. As best I can tell from the Wiki guidelines, it should be fine to use as a reproduction of a 19th century original. The metadata from some images used on the Wikipedia site on the V&A itself would seem to support this. I was hoping (as a newbie) that someone more familiar with these issues could either confirm, or tell me that I'm completely mistaken, as appropriate! Thanks in advance, – Lackingdirection (talk) 15:23, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

The opera's title
Shouldn't it be "Guillaume Tell"? That's the original title of the opera ... --Malcolm77 (talk) 09:39, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The original title of an opera has never been particularly relevant when it comes to how we title opera articles. It's the name they are best known by in the English-speaking world, whatever that is in each case.  It may turn out to be the original title or it may not, and it may turn out that it's not even an English title.  Hence Götterdämmerung, not Twilight of the Gods; hence La bohème, not some OR translation thereof; but hence The Marriage of Figaro, not Le nozze di Figaro; but La clemenza di Tito, not The Mercy of Titus.
 * As for this article, who's ever heard of the "Guillaume Tell Overture"? That’s almost the whole argument against naming this Guillaume Tell.  That said, we title the article William Tell but then immediately start out talking about something called Guillaume Tell, and the list of operas in the box also refers to Guillaume Tell.  This is a problem we need to fix pronto.  --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  10:40, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Good point - does that change to the lead make it a simple enough fix? For the article at least - less sure about the infobox... Lackingdirection (talk) 00:37, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Much better, thank you! --Robert.Allen (talk) 05:38, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, thanks muchly, Lacking.
 * Re the infobox: We seem to have a policy of opera infoboxes always showing the name under which operas were first published, even where, as in this case, there's a mismatch between the name shown and the title of the article.  I must check about this, because on the face of it, it's contrary to the principle of always referring to an article by its current name.  Otherwise, what's the point of changing it? --  ♬  Jack of Oz  ♬  [your turn]  11:03, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Do we? The Barber of Seville is not listed as  Almaviva. Also, the dual-language way it's done there is almost certainly the best compromise here. Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about % of all FPs 21:47, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * FYI, WikiProject Opera has a list (decided upon some years ago) of operas commonly referred to by their English titles here. The navboxes show the operas in chronological order togther with (generally) year of first performance.  I don't see the need to substitute William Tell for Guillaume Tell in the list - the latter was the title used when it was first performed, as explained in the article's lead/lede, and incorporating one English title in a list of Italian and French titles would look rather weird, IMO. (But then I would say that, wouldn't I! [[Image:Smile.png|16px]]) --GuillaumeTell 17:52, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

File:Eugène Du Faget - Costume designs for Guillaume Tell - 1-3. Laure Cinti-Damoreau as Mathilde, Adolphe Nourrit as Arnold Melchtal, and Nicolas Levasseur as Walter Furst.jpg scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that the featured picture File:Eugène Du Faget - Costume designs for Guillaume Tell - 1-3. Laure Cinti-Damoreau as Mathilde, Adolphe Nourrit as Arnold Melchtal, and Nicolas Levasseur as Walter Furst.jpg, which is used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for May 4, 2021. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2021-05-04. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:09, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Tell (opera)


text:
Edward Ord

Edward Otho Cresap Ord (October 18, 1818 – July 22, 1883), frequently referred to as E. O. C. Ord, was an American engineer and United States Army officer who saw action in the Seminole War, the Indian Wars, and the American Civil War. He commanded an army during the final days of the Civil War, and was instrumental in forcing the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. He also designed Fort Sam Houston. He died in Havana, Cuba of yellow fever.

Early life and career
Ord was born in Cumberland, Maryland, the son of James and Rebecca Ord. Family tradition made James Ord the illegitimate son of George IV of the United Kingdom and Maria Fitzherbert but, instead, he may have been the son of Ralph Ord, who was baptised at Wapping, Middlesex, in 1757, the son of John Ord, a factor (agent) from Berwick-upon-Tweed. Historian James Munson has concluded that Mrs Fitzherbert had no child by the Prince of Wales, although other historians disagree. For example, Saul David concludes that it is generally accepted that the Prince of Wales and Mrs Fitzherbert had at least one child and that James Ord would be the most likely candidate. Edward Ord was considered a mathematical genius and was appointed to the United States Military Academy by President Andrew Jackson. His roommate at West Point was future general William Tecumseh Sherman. He graduated in 1839 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida and was promoted to first lieutenant.

In January 1847, Ord sailed on the USS Lexington around Cape Horn with Henry Halleck and William Tecumseh Sherman. He arrived in Monterey, California, capital of that newly acquired territory, and assumed command of Battery F, 3rd U.S. Artillery, with orders to complete Fort Mervine, which was renamed Fort Halleck. Its construction was superintended by Lieutenant Ord and his second in command, Lieutenant Sherman. On February 17, 1865, the fort was renamed Ord Barracks. In 1904, it was renamed to honor the original Presidio of Monterey.

Ord was in California when the gold rush began, with its resultant skyrocketing prices. Since their military salaries no longer covered living expenses, Ord's commander suggested that the younger officers take on other jobs to supplement their income. In the fall of 1848, Ord and Sherman, in the employ of John Augustus Sutter, Jr., assisted Captain William H. Warner of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the survey of Sacramento, California, helping to produce the map that established the future capital city's extensive downtown street grid. Ord also produced a map of the Gold and Quicksilver district of California dated July 25, 1848.

Later, Los Angeles officials needed to have a survey of the public lands in order to sell them, and Ord was hired as the surveyor. He chose William Rich Hutton as his assistant, and together the two mapped Los Angeles in July and August 1849. Thanks to the efforts of these two men, historians have a fairly good view of what the Pueblo de Los Angeles looked like at the middle of the 19th century. Lieutenant Ord surveyed the pueblo and his assistant Hutton sketched many scenes of the pueblo and drew the first map from Ord's survey. The Los Angeles City Archives has the original map produced by Hutton from Ord's survey. Ord was paid $3000 for his work on this survey. La Reina De Los Angeles, published in 1929, states that Ord was offered 160 acres of public land and 10 building sites all in the present downtown business district but accepted the $3000 instead.

Ord was promoted to captain in 1850, while serving in the Pacific Northwest. He married Mary Mercer Thompson on October 14, 1854, and they eventually had thirteen children. One of their notable children was Jules Garesche Ord, who was killed in action after reaching the top of San Juan Hill in Cuba. He was the officer who started and led the charge which Teddy Roosevelt followed. Another was Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II, who was also a United States Army Major who served with the 22nd Infantry Regiment during the Indian Wars, the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. He was also a painter, inventor and poet. The son of Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II and grandson of Edward Ord was James Garesche Ord, who commanded the 28th Infantry Division and was Chairman of the Joint U.S.–Brazil Defense Commission in World War II.

In 1859, while attending artillery school at Fort Monroe, Virginia, Ord was summoned by Secretary of War John B. Floyd to quell John Brown's raid on the Harpers Ferry Federal arsenal. However, Col. Robert E. Lee reached Harpers Ferry first, and Colonel Lee telegraphed to Captain Ord that the situation was under control and Ord and his men would not be needed at Harpers Ferry. They were instructed to halt at Fort McHenry in Baltimore.

Civil War service

At the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Ord was serving as Captain of Battery C, 3rd U.S. Artillery, and also as post commander at the U.S. Army's Fort Vancouver in Washington Territory. On May 7, 1861, Ord led two companies of the 3rd Artillery from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco. After relocating to the east, Ord's first assignment was as a brigade commander in the Pennsylvania Reserves. In this capacity, he figured prominently in the Battle of Dranesville in the fall of 1861.

On May 3, 1862, Ord was promoted to the rank of major general of volunteers and, after briefly serving in the Department of the Rappahannock, was assigned command of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Tennessee. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant sent Ord with a detachment of two divisions along with Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans's forces to intercept Sterling Price at the town of Iuka. Due to a possible acoustic shadow Ord's forces were never engaged and Rosecrans fought alone. Ord likewise missed the fighting at Corinth but engaged the Confederate forces in their retreat at the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge. There he was seriously wounded and had to leave field command only for a short time. When Grant relieved Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand from his command, Ord was conveniently situated to assume command of the XIII Corps during the final days of the Siege of Vicksburg.

After the fall of Vicksburg, Ord remained in command of the XIII Corps in the Department of the Gulf. In 1864, he was transferred back to the Eastern Theater to assume command of the XVIII Corps. His forces were present during the Battle of the Crater but did not actively participate in the fighting. In the fall of 1864 he was seriously wounded in the attack on Fort Harrison and did not return to action until January 1865.

In March 1865, during a prisoner exchange in Virginia, Ord spoke with Confederate General James Longstreet. During their conversation, the subject of peace talks came up. Ord suggested that a first step might be for Lee and Grant to have a meeting. General Longstreet carried this idea back to General Lee, who wrote to Grant about the possibility of a "military convention" in the interest of finding what Lee called "a satisfactory adjustment of the present unhappy difficulties". Grant forwarded Lee's proposal to President Abraham Lincoln, with a request for instructions. In the end, Lincoln directed Grant to decline all such offers unless it was for the explicit purpose of accepting the surrender of Lee's army.

It was at this time, during the spring of 1865, that Ord's career peaked. He was assigned command of the Army of the James during the Appomattox Campaign. Maj. Gen. John Gibbon's corps of Ord's army played a significant role in the breakthrough at Petersburg. On April 9, he led a forced march to Appomattox Court House to relieve Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan's cavalry and force Lee's surrender. General Sherman said that he "had always understood that [Ord's] skillful, hard march the night before was one of the chief causes of Lee's surrender."

General Ord was present at the McLean house when Lee surrendered, and is often pictured in paintings of this event. When the surrender ceremony was complete, Ord purchased as a souvenir, for $40, the marble-topped table at which Lee had sat. It now resides in the Chicago Historical Society's Civil War Room.

After the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, many in the North, including Ulysses S. Grant, wanted strong retribution to be visited upon the Southern states. Grant called upon Ord to find out if the assassination conspiracy extended beyond Washington, D.C. Ord's investigation determined the Confederate government was not involved with the assassination plot. This helped greatly to quench the call for revenge on the former Confederate states and people.

Postbellum
During Reconstruction, Ord was assigned by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to command the Army of Occupation, headquartered at Richmond. Subsequently, he was assigned to the Department of the Ohio until he was mustered out of the volunteers in September 1866. On December 11, 1865, he received the commissions of lieutenant colonel and brigadier general in the regular army for the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge and brevet major general of volunteers for the assault of Fort Harrison, all dating from March 13, 1865. Subsequently, he commanded the Department of Arkansas (1866–67), the Fourth Military District (1867–68), and the Department of California (1868–71).

Ord commanded the Department of the Platte from December 11, 1871, until April 11, 1875, when he was reassigned as the commander of the Department of Texas. He served in that role until his retirement on December 6, 1880. While he was stationed in Texas, he supervised the construction of Fort Sam Houston.

In January 1872, Ord was a member of the buffalo hunting excursion with the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia on the plains of southwest Nebraska with American celebrities of the day. They included Philip Sheridan (second in command of the United States Army), Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild Bill Hickok, and Texas Jack Omohundro.

During 1872, Col. Ord and a soldier detachment were assigned to protect the survey parties of the Wheeler Survey as they worked in the vicinity of northeastern Utah.

In 1876, Ord was appointed military governor of the Fourth Military District which included Mississippi and Arkansas.

Ord retired from the army in 1881 with the rank of brevet major general, and at this time, General Sherman wrote of him, "He has had all the hard knocks of service, and never was on soft or fancy duty. He has always been called on when hard duty was expected, and never flinched."

Later in 1881, Ord was hired by his former commander, U. S. Grant, president of the Mexican Southern Railroad owned by Jay Gould, as a civil engineer to build a railroad line from Texas to Mexico City.

In 1882, Ord's daughter, Roberta, married prominent Mexican general Jerónimo Treviño.

While working in Mexico, Ord contracted yellow fever. He became seriously sick while on his way from Vera Cruz to New York. He was taken ashore at Havana, Cuba, where he died in the evening of July 22, 1883. On the occasion of his death, General Sherman said of Ord, "As his intimate associate since boyhood, the General here bears testimony of him that a more unselfish, manly, and patriotic person never lived". He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.

General Ord's son, Edward O. C. Ord, Jr., was also an Army officer. Ord, Jr. was a hereditary member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, the Sons of the American Revolution and the Sons of the Revolution.

Legacy

 * Well before his death, the Southern Pacific Railroad named a station in California, along its now-abandoned Colusa Branch, Ord Bend as recognition of the nearby Ord Ranch, owned in the 1850s by Ord and two of his brothers.
 * The former Fort Ord, now Fort Ord National Monument, in Monterey County, California, was named for him.
 * Ord, Nebraska, was named in his honor while he was serving as commander of the Department of the Platte.
 * Peaks named Mount Ord in Brewster County, Texas, and Mount Ord in Maricopa County, Arizona, are named for him.
 * There is a bronze statue of Ord at Vicksburg National Military Park.
 * There is a bust of Ord on display in the foyer of the University Police Department at California State University, Monterey Bay, in Seaside, California.
 * The Ord-Weitzel Gate is inscribed with his name at Arlington National Cemetery, but was relocated and modified.
 * There is a bust of Ord at Grant's Tomb in New York City depicting him as one of five (Sherman, Thomas, McPherson, Sheridan, and Ord) sentinels watching over the tomb of President Ulysses S. Grant.
 * Ord Street in Chinatown, Los Angeles, California is named after him. There is also an Ord Street in San Francisco named for him.
 * Ord Street NE in Washington, D.C., is named for him.

title: Edward Ord