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Pankow

Pankow is the second largest area of Berlin by population (424,000 in 2023). In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, it was merged with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee; the resulting borough retained the name Pankow. Pankow was sometimes claimed by the Western Allies (United States, United Kingdom, and France) to be the capital of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), while the German Democratic Republic itself considered East Berlin to be its capital.

Overview
The borough, named after the Panke river, covers the northeast of the city region, including the inner city locality of Prenzlauer Berg. It borders Mitte and Reinickendorf in the west, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in the south, and Lichtenberg in the east. Pankow is Berlin's largest borough by population and the second largest by area (after Treptow-Köpenick).

Between 1945 and 1960, Schönhausen Palace and the nearby Majakowskiring street in the Niederschönhausen locality of Pankow was the home to many members of the East German government. Western writers therefore often referred to Pankow as a metonym for the East German regime—as reflected by Udo Lindenberg's song Sonderzug nach Pankow. The fact that "-ow" is rare as an ending for place names in West Germany and – especially in the wrong but common pronunciation /'pankof/ – sounds Slavic or more specifically "Russian" to German ears may have played a role in this use as it carried a connotation of the East German government being a foreign, more specifically Russian/Soviet, puppet regime — a claim right leaning newspapers and politicians often made much more openly than through this mere insinuation and connotation.

The Rykestrasse Synagogue, Germany's largest synagogue, is located in the Prenzlauer Berg locality. The Weißensee Cemetery is one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe. In northern Prenzlauer Berg, the Wohnstadt ("residential town") Carl Legien is part of the Berlin Modernist Housing Estates UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Weißer See is the borough's largest natural body of water.

Subdivision
The Pankow borough consists of 13 localities:

 * Prenzlauer Berg
 * Weissensee
 * Blankenburg
 * Heinersdorf
 * Karow
 * Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow
 * Pankow
 * Blankenfelde
 * Buch
 * Französisch Buchholz
 * Niederschönhausen
 * Rosenthal
 * Wilhelmsruh

District council
The governing body of Pankow is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 228,102 ! 99.3 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,561 ! 0.7 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 229,663 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 310,049 ! 74.1 ! 7.3 ! !
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Cordelia Koch
 * 56,349
 * 24.7
 * 4.1
 * 16
 * 4
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Sören Benn
 * 44,351
 * 19.4
 * 1.6
 * 12
 * 1
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Rona Tietje
 * 38,984
 * 18.1
 * 3.0
 * 11
 * 1
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Denise Bittner
 * 28,165
 * 12.3
 * 0.4
 * 8
 * ±0
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Daniel Krüger
 * 17,822
 * 7.8
 * 5.5
 * 5
 * 3
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Thomas Enge
 * 13,241
 * 5.8
 * 1.9
 * 3
 * 1
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left|
 * 6,053
 * 2.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 5,310
 * 2.3
 * 0.3
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 4,236
 * 1.9
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Volt Germany
 * align=left|
 * 3,980
 * 1.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| The Greys
 * align=left|
 * 3,429
 * 1.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 2,315
 * 1.0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 1,885
 * 0.8
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Renters' Party
 * align=left|
 * 1,523
 * 0.7
 * 0.9
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 459
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 1.0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 1,885
 * 0.8
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Renters' Party
 * align=left|
 * 1,523
 * 0.7
 * 0.9
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 459
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left|
 * 459
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Sören Benn of The Left was elected mayor on 27 October 2016. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Motorised transportation
Pankow's road network is characterised by three radial axes to and from the city centre at Alexanderplatz - all of them running in a north/north-eastern direction: B96a (Schönhauser Allee/Berliner Straße), B109 (Prenzlauer Allee/Prenzlauer Promenade) and B2 (Greifswalder Straße/Berliner Allee). B109 leads to A114; Pankow is also the only borough in Berlin which is directly served by the Berliner Ring A10.

The ring roads of Danziger Straße (within the Berlin S-Bahn circle line) and Ostseestraße - Wisbyer Straße - Bornholmer Straße also of high importance.

Public transportation
Pankow is served by the S-Bahn lines S1, S2, S25, S26, S41, S42, S8 and S85. The northeastern part of the Berlin S-Bahn circle line is located in Pankow, which includes the stations of Storkower Straße, Landsberger Allee, Greifswalder Straße, Prenzlauer Allee and Schönhauser Allee. Bornholmer Straße station and Wollankstraße station border the borough of Mitte, while Schönholz station and Wilhelmsruh station border Reinickendorf. The Stettiner Bahn serves Pankow, Pankow-Heinersdorf, Blankenburg, Karow and Buch.

In addition to the S-Bahn, five U-Bahn stations are located in the borough of Pankow: Senefelderplatz, Eberswalder Straße, Schönhauser Allee, Vinetastraße and Pankow. At Schönhauser Allee and Pankow, travellers can change to S-Bahn services.

Twin towns – sister cities
Pankow is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇱 Ashkelon, Israel (1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Kołobrzeg, Poland (1994)

title: Pankow


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Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is the fourth borough of Berlin, formed in an administrative reform with effect from 1 January 2001, by merging the former boroughs of Charlottenburg and Wilmersdorf.

Overview
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf covers the western city centre of Berlin and the adjacent affluent suburbs. It borders on the Mitte borough in the east, on Tempelhof-Schöneberg in the southeast, Steglitz-Zehlendorf in the south, Spandau in the west and on Reinickendorf in the north. The district includes the inner city localities of Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf and Halensee.

After World War II and the city's division by the Berlin Wall, the area around Kurfürstendamm and Bahnhof Zoo was the centre of former West Berlin, with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church as its landmark. The Technical University of Berlin (Technische Universität Berlin), the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste), the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung), the Deutsche Oper Berlin as well as Charlottenburg Palace and the Olympic Stadium are also located in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.

Demographics
, the borough had a population of 326,354, of whom about 110,000 (34%) were of non-German origin. The largest ethnic minorities were Turks at 4%; Poles at 3.5%; Arabs, former Yugoslavians and Afro-Germans at 2.5% each; Russians at 1.5%; and Ukrainians and Iranians at 1.0% each.

Subdivision
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is divided into seven localities: The localities of Schmargendorf and Grunewald were part of the former Wilmersdorf borough until 2001. By resolution of 30 September 2004, the localities of Westend and Charlottenburg-Nord were created on the territory of the former Charlottenburg borough, like Halensee on the territory of the former Wilmersdorf borough.

District council
The governing body of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 173,082 ! 99.2 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,360 ! 0.8 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 174,442 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 246,148 ! 70.9 ! 7.9 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Kirstin Bauch
 * 42,720
 * 24.7
 * 4.9
 * 15
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Heike Schmitt-Schmelz
 * 38,058
 * 22.0
 * 3.1
 * 14
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Judith Stückler
 * 37,883
 * 21.9
 * 0.3
 * 13
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Stefanie Beckers
 * 16,987
 * 9.8
 * 0.5
 * 6
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Annetta Juckel
 * 13,038
 * 7.5
 * 0.3
 * 4
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Michael Seyfert
 * 8,174
 * 4.7
 * 5.0
 * 3
 * 2
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left|
 * 3,648
 * 2.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Volt Germany
 * align=left|
 * 3,245
 * 1.9
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 2,681
 * 1.5
 * 0.0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,531
 * 1.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 1,294
 * 0.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 813
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * align=left|
 * 589
 * 0.4
 * 1.2
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Humanists
 * align=left|
 * 479
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| We are Berlin
 * align=left|
 * 430
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 276
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 136
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 276
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 136
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Kirstin Bauch of the Greens was elected mayor on 16 December 2021. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Twin towns – sister cities
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf is twinned with:

 * Apeldoorn, Netherlands (1968)
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Iburg, Germany (1980)
 * 🇭🇺 Belváros-Lipótváros (Budapest), Hungary (1998)
 * 🇩🇪 Forchheim (district), Germany (1991)
 * 🇫🇷 Gagny, France (1992)
 * Gladsaxe, Denmark (1968)
 * 🇮🇱 Karmiel, Israel (1985)
 * 🇩🇪 Kulmbach (district), Germany (1991)
 * 🏴 Lewisham, England, United Kingdom (1968)
 * 🇦🇹 Linz, Austria (1995)
 * 🇩🇪 Mannheim, Germany (1962)
 * 🇩🇪 Marburg-Biedenkopf, Germany (1991)
 * 🇵🇱 Międzyrzecz, Poland (1993)
 * 🇩🇪 Minden, Germany (1968)
 * 🇮🇱 Or Yehuda, Israel (1966)
 * 🇺🇦 Pechersk (Kyiv), Ukraine (1991)
 * 🇩🇪 Rheingau-Taunus (district), Germany (1991)
 * Split, Croatia (1970)
 * 🏴 Sutton, England, United Kingdom (1968)
 * 🇮🇹 Trento, Italy (1966)
 * 🇩🇪 Waldeck-Frankenberg, Germany (1988)

Economy

The borough's economy largely depends on retail trade, mainly in the City West area along Kurfürstendamm, Breitscheidplatz and Tauentzienstraße, with supra-local importance.

The Berliner Börse (Berlin Stock Exchange) is housed in the Ludwig-Erhard-Haus designed by Nicholas Grimshaw at Fasanenstraße 85 in Berlin-Charlottenburg near Bahnhof Zoologischer Garten

The Royal Porcelain Factory in Berlin (German: Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin) (KPM) is also situated in Charlottenburg, near Berlin-Tiergarten Station

The Messe Berlin (Exhibition Grounds/Trade Fair Center) is situated in Berlin-Westend

Air Berlin had its headquarters in Building 2 of the Airport Bureau Center in Charlottenburg-Nord. Air Berlin employed 1,200 employees at its headquarters. Germania has its headquarters in Charlottenburg-Nord.

Education
There are 74 schools in the city. There are 29,446 students attending these schools, 5,261 are foreigners. Of the 12,993 students studies in 38 primary schools while the number of students studying in the ymansiums is 9,617. In addition, there are 3 Hauptschule, 6 Realschule and 14 Gymnasium in the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf.

The district also has two universities, Technical University of Berlin and Berlin University of the Arts. In 2011, the Technical University of Berlin was named the 46th best university in the world in engineering and technology according to the QS World University Rankings.

Higher education

 * CharlottenburgHardenbergstraßeUDK.jpg]] Universität der Künste (Berlin University of the Arts)
 * Technische Universität Berlin (Technical University of Berlin)
 * Bbw University of Applied Sciences
 * ESCP Business School
 * Touro College Berlin

Primary and secondary schools

 * Comenius-Schule, a primary school, is in Wilmersdorf.
 * Halensee-Grundschule, a primary school, is in Halensee.
 * Jüdische Traditionsschule, traditionell Jewish primary and secondary school in Westend
 * Heinz-Galinski-Schule Charlottenburg, Jewish primary school
 * Svenska Skolan Berlin, Swedish School Berlin
 * Nelson-Mandela-School, International School
 * Goethe-Gymnasium, one of the most popular secondary schools in Berlin
 * Peter-Ustinov-Schule, located between Messe Nord and Wilmersdorfer Straße.
 * Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, School of the Evangelical Church

Weekend education

 * The Japanische Ergänzungsschule in Berlin e.V. (ベルリン日本語補習授業校 Berurin Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a weekend Japanese supplementary school, is held at Halensee-Grundschule.
 * Zentrale Schule für Japanisch Berlin e.V. (共益法人ベルリン中央学園補習授業校 Kyōeki Hōjin Berurin Chūō Gakuen Hoshū Jugyō Kō), another weekend Japanese supplementary school, is held at the Comenius-Schule – Established April 1997.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf


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User talk:AlexLL

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 13:32, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Are you estonian?--Egon

Yes, I live in Estonia. Thanks for corrections.--AlexLL

I'am estonian too, but here we cannot write/speak in estonian...--Egon

How do you feel in Korea?--AlexLL

Like in home...icc--Egon

Unverified image
Hey Alex, thanks for uploading Image:Alfons Rebane.jpg! It really improves Alfons Rebane. I noticed that it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Ricky81682 (talk) 08:49, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Alfons_Rebane.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Alfons_Rebane.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 08:04, 18 April 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Kelly hi! 08:04, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:AlexLL


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Charlottenburg

Charlottenburg is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Established as a town in 1705 and named after Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen consort of Prussia, it is best known for Charlottenburg Palace, the largest surviving royal palace in Berlin, and the adjacent museums.

Charlottenburg was an independent city to the west of Berlin until 1920 when it was incorporated into "Groß-Berlin" (Greater Berlin) and transformed into a borough. In the course of Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was merged with the former borough of Wilmersdorf becoming a part of a new borough called Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Later, in 2004, the new borough's districts were rearranged, dividing the former borough of Charlottenburg into the localities of Charlottenburg proper, Westend and Charlottenburg-Nord.

Geography
Charlottenburg is located in Berlin's inner city, west of the Großer Tiergarten park. Its historic core, the former village green of Alt Lietzow, is situated on the southern shore of the Spree River running through the Berlin glacial valley. The Straße des 17. Juni road, former Charlottenburger Chaussee, which runs eastwards from Charlottenburg Gate through the Tiergarten park to Brandenburg Gate, connects Charlottenburg with the historic centre of Berlin-Mitte.

In the north and west, the Berlin Ringbahn and the Bundesautobahn 100 (Stadtring) mark the border with the Charlottenburg-Nord and Westend suburbs. Adjacent in the south is the territory of Wilmersdorf. Charlottenburg also borders on the district of Halensee in the southwest, as well as on Moabit, Hansaviertel and Tiergarten (all part of the Mitte borough) in the east and on Schöneberg in the southeast.

History
Archaeological findings in the area date back to the Neolithic era. Within the Margraviate of Brandenburg, on the land occupied by present-day Charlottenburg, there were three settlements in the late Middle Ages: the farmsteads Lietzow (pronounced leat-tsow) south of the Spree and Casow (pr. caasow) beyond the river, as well as a further settlement called Glienicke (pr. gleanicke). Although these names are of Slavic origin, the settlements are likely to have had a mixed Slavic and German population.

Lietzow
Lietzow (also called Lietze, Lutze, Lutzen, Lütze, Lützow, Lusze and Lucene) was first documented in 1239, when the Ascanian margraves John I and Otto III of Brandenburg founded the Benedictine Sankt Marien nunnery in nearby Spandau. The nuns were enfeoffed with the Lucene and Casow estates; while the Lietzow farmstead probably was expanded to a village by 1315, Casow was already mentioned as abandoned in the 1375 doomsday book of Emperor Charles IV. From old field names, it is believed that a third medieval settlement on Charlottenburg territory, Glienicke, arose in the area of the present day streets Kantstraße, Fasanenstraße, Kurfürstendamm and Uhlandstraße at the former Gliniker Lake.

Unlike Casow and Glienicke, the Lietzow area has been populated continuously and its development is well documented. In the course of the Protestant Reformation, Elector Joachim II Hector of Brandenburg confiscated the monastic estates in 1542 and finally had the nunnery dissolved in 1558. For more than four hundred years, members of the Berendt family were mayors and thus had to pay lower taxes. A village church was first documented in 1541. Ecclesiastically, Lietzow came under the Wilmersdorf parish, the priests reached it from there by the so-called Priesterweg (priest's way), on the line of the streets now called Leibnizstraße, Konstanzer Straße and Brandenburgische Straße.

Charlottenburg Palace

In 1695, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover received Lietzow from her husband, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg, in exchange for her estates in Caputh and Langerwisch near Potsdam. Frederick had a summer residence built there for Sophie Charlotte by the architect Johann Arnold Nering between 1695 and 1699. After he had crowned himself Frederick I, King in Prussia, the Lützenburg castle was extended into a stately building with a cour d'honneur. The Swedish master builder Johann Friedrich Eosander supervised this work. Sophie Charlotte died in February 1705; shortly afterwards the settlement facing the palace was called Charlottenburg - the palace itself became Schloss Charlottenburg - and chartered as a town on 5 April 1705. The king served as the town's mayor until the historic village of Lietzow was incorporated into Charlottenburg in 1720.

Frederick's successor as king, Frederick William I of Prussia, rarely stayed at the palace, which depressed the small town of Charlottenburg. Frederick William even tried to revoke the town's privileges. With the coronation of his successor Frederick II in 1740 the town's significance increased, as regular celebrations again took place at the palace. Between 1740 and 1747 Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff built the eastern New Wing as Frederick's residence. Later, Frederick II preferred the palace of Sanssouci, which he had partly designed himself.

When Frederick II died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II succeeded him, and Charlottenburg became the favourite royal residence, and remained so for his son and successor Frederick William III (reigned 1797–1840). After the defeat of the Prussian army at Jena in 1806, the French occupied Berlin. Napoleon took over the palace, while his troops made a camp nearby. Charlottenburg became part of the new Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars.

Recreational and residential area
In the late 18th century, Charlottenburg's development did not depend only on the crown. The town became a recreational area for the expanding city of Berlin. Its first true inn opened in the 1770s, in the street then called Berliner Straße (now Otto-Suhr-Allee), and many other inns and beer gardens were to follow, popular for weekend parties especially. Berliners seeking leisure and entertainment came by boat, by carriage and later by horse-drawn trams, above all to a large amusement park at the shore of the Spree river called Flora, that went into bankruptcy in 1904.

From the 1860s on the wealthy Bourgeoisie of Berlin discovered Charlottenburg as a residential area, among the first were Gerson von Bleichröder and Ernst Werner von Siemens, who had a villa built in the Berliner Straße in 1862. At the same time industrial companies like Siemens & Halske and Schering erected large factories in the north-east, at the border with the Moabit district of Berlin. In 1877 Charlottenburg received town privileges and until World War I saw an enormous increase of population with 100,000 inhabitants as of 1893 and a population of 306,000 in 1920, being the second largest city within the Province of Brandenburg, after Berlin. In the course of industrialization in the 19th century, much of Charlottenburg was incorporated in a network of streets laid out in the Hobrecht-Plan in an area that came to be known architecturally as the Wilhelmine Ring.

The development was accompanied by an urban planning of broad streets and sidewalks, parks and spacious residential buildings, especially around the southern Kurfürstendamm area, which enabled large parts of Charlottenburg to preserve their affluent residential character. "The richest town of Prussia" established a Royal Technical College in 1879 (which later became the Berlin Institute of Technology), followed by the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt and the College of the Fine Arts. A new town hall with an 88 m tall spire was erected on the occasion of its 200-year jubilee in 1905 and an opera house opened in 1912. The history of Charlottenburg as a municipality in its own right ended with the Greater Berlin Act of 1 October 1920, when the town became a part of Berlin. The Province of Brandenburg was administered in Charlottenburg from 1918 until the province's dissolution in 1946 after World War II.

Talaat Pasha, the former Ottoman Empire Minister of the Interior, one of the Three Pashas, and architect of the Armenian genocide, was assassinated by Soghomon Tehlirian in Charlottenburg on 15 March 1921.

Borough of Berlin
In the 1920s the area around the Kurfürstendamm evolved into the "New West" of Berlin, a development that had already started around 1900 with the opening of the Theater des Westens, the Café des Westens and the Kaufhaus des Westens, followed by several theatres, cinemas, bars and restaurants, which made Charlottenburg the Berlin centre of leisure and nightlife. Artists like Alfred Döblin, Otto Dix, Gottfried Benn, Else Lasker-Schüler, Bertolt Brecht, Max Liebermann, Stefan Zweig and Friedrich Hollaender socialized in the legendary Romanisches Café at the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. However the days of the Golden Twenties came to an end with the rise of the Nazi Party. In World War II the area around the Breitscheidplatz was heavily damaged by air raids and the Battle of Berlin.

After 1945 the city was partitioned by the allies and Charlottenburg became part of the British sector during the Cold War. The Kurfürstendamm area quickly regained its importance, as it became the commercial centre of West-Berlin. It was therefore the site of protests and major demonstrations of the late 1960s German student movement, that culminated on 2 June 1967, when student Benno Ohnesorg was shot by a police officer during a demonstration against Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi at the Deutsche Oper.

Before the reunification of Berlin, Charlottenburg was the centre of West Berlin, with many high market bars and restaurants. After 1990 German reunification Charlottenburg struggled with the rise of the Mitte borough as Berlin's historic centre. The City West is still the main shopping area, offering several major hotels, theatres, bars and restaurants.

The area around Charlottenburg's Kantstrasse is Berlin's Chinatown in the West, with a high concentration of Asian shops, gastronomy and inhabitants. It is commonly dubbed Kantonstrasse, in reference to the southern Chinese province of Guangdong.

Overview
Beside the palace, Charlottenburg is also home to:

 * ESCP Business School
 * the old and new Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church on the Breitscheidplatz, built in 1895 by Franz Schwechten and in 1961 by Egon Eiermann, the former West Berlin landmark
 * the Europa-Center, Berlin's first shopping mall opened in 1965
 * Bahnhof Zoo, the main railway station in Berlin until the opening of Berlin Hauptbahnhof in 2006
 * the adjacent Berlin Zoological Garden, opened in 1844, officially located on the territory of the neighbouring Tiergarten locality
 * Kurfürstendamm avenue, first laid out about 1542, today together with the Tauentzienstraße Berlin's main shopping area
 * Technical University of Berlin with about 27,000 students, founded in 1879
 * Berlin University of the Arts with about 4,500 students
 * Charlottenburg Town Hall, built in 1905
 * Charlottenburg Gate
 * Luisenkirche on Gierkeplatz, built in 1823 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel
 * the Amerika Haus on Hardenbergstraße, built in 1957 by the United States Information Agency
 * the Malteser-Hilfsdienst (Order of Malta) building at Alt-Lietzow str. 33
 * the Literaturhaus on Fasanenstraße and the nearby Institute for Media and Communication Policy
 * SRH Hochschule Berlin

Theatres

 * Deutsche Oper Berlin on Bismarckstraße, opened in 1912, one of the three Berlin opera houses with relief in memory of Benno Ohnesorg by Alfred Hrdlicka, 1971 (installed in 1990)
 * Theater des Westens musical theatre at Kantstraße, built in 1896
 * Renaissance-Theater on Hardenbergstraße, 1902, rebuilt in Art deco design by Oskar Kaufmann in 1927
 * Schiller Theater, built by Max Littmann in 1906
 * Theater am Kurfürstendamm, 1921

Museums
both located in the former Gardes du Corps barracks at Charlottenburg Palace, built by Friedrich August Stüler 1859
 * Museum Berggruen for classic modern art
 * Museum Scharf-Gerstenberg for surrealist art
 * Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Museum for Pre- and Early History)
 * Museum of Photography and Helmut Newton Foundation, next to Bahnhof Zoo
 * Bröhan Museum for Art Nouveau and Art Deco
 * Literaturhaus Berlin
 * Käthe Kollwitz Museum on Fasanenstraße
 * Gipsformerei (Replica workshop) of the Berlin State Museums
 * Beate Uhse Erotic Museum (closed in September 2014 and searching for new premises. )

title: Charlottenburg


text:
Steglitz-Zehlendorf

Steglitz-Zehlendorf is the sixth borough of Berlin, formed in Berlin's 2001 administrative reform by merging the former boroughs of Steglitz and Zehlendorf.

Home to the Free University of Berlin, the Berlin Botanical Garden, and a variety of museums and art collections, Steglitz-Zehlendorf is an important hub for research, science and culture in Berlin. It is known to be the wealthiest borough of Berlin, having the city's highest median household income.

History
The first mention of a present-day locality in the district by name was Lankwitz (Lancewitz) in 1239. It is assumed that Slavic and German settlements were established at the Schlachtensee and Krumme Lanke lakes after 1200 at the latest. The first documented mention of Zehlendorf (then Cedelendorp) dates back to 1242. Here the Lehnin Abbey bought the settlement and kept it until 1542. Frederick the Great donated a church to the village in 1768 during a stopover on the journey from the Berlin Palace to the Sanssouci Palace. The settlement was located halfway between the two places, which gave the village an economic boost through its function as a relay station. Steglitz also originated in the first half of the 13th century as a Linear settlement. At the end of this century the wooden church was replaced with the village church Steglitz. It stood until the 19th century, when it was replaced by Matthew's Church.

Today's double district is still characterized by connecting infrastructure between Berlin and Potsdam. For example, the first section of the Reichsstraße 1 was routed through Steglitz and Zehlendorf (paved in 1792). In 1838, the Stammbahn was opened parallel to this. This development of the suburbs led to a strong growth of the settlements. Steglitz became the largest rural municipality in Prussia around 1900 with 80,000 inhabitants. The former districts of Steglitz and Zehlendorf were formed in 1920 during the formation of Greater Berlin from previously independent rural communities and estate districts of the Teltow district. The entire area of the present district belonged to the American Sector of Berlin after the Second World War from 1945 to 1990, together with the districts of Tempelhof, Schöneberg, Neukölln and Kreuzberg. In 2001, the two formerly independent districts were merged to form the district of Steglitz-Zehlendorf as part of Berlin's administrative reform. In December 2020, the new Locality Schlachtensee was founded on the initiative of local residents.

Demographics
As of 2021, Steglitz-Zehlendorf had a population of roughly 306 000, making it the fifth most populous out of Berlin's twelve boroughs. The median age was 46,5, the highest of all Berlin boroughs. 28,8% of Steglitz-Zehlendorf residents had a migration background, lying under the Berlin average of 36%.

Steglitz-Zehlendorf has the highest number of Abitur (secondary education degree) graduates in Berlin. The borough also has the highest median household income and the lowest unemployment rate in Berlin. With 15% of Steglitz-Zehlendorf households making more than 200% of the German national median income, it is the wealthiest Berlin borough.

Subdivision
Since December 2020, the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough consists of eight localities:

District council
The governing body of Steglitz-Zehlendorf is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 179,696 ! 99.2 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,431 ! 0.8 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 181,127 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 234,324 ! 77.3 ! 6.1 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Cerstin Richter-Kotowski
 * 48,961
 * 27.2
 * 1.2
 * 17
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Maren Schellenberg
 * 40,184
 * 22.4
 * 2.7
 * 14
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Carolina Böhm
 * 39,079
 * 21.7
 * 0.8
 * 13
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Mathia Specht-Habbel
 * 16,997
 * 9.5
 * 0.4
 * 5
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Peer Döhnert
 * 9,245
 * 5.1
 * 5.4
 * 3
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Pia Imhof-Speckmann
 * 9,007
 * 5.0
 * 1.0
 * 3
 * ±0
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left|
 * 4,503
 * 2.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,750
 * 1.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Volt Germany
 * align=left|
 * 2,595
 * 1.4
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 2,332
 * 1.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 1,797
 * 1.0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 911
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * align=left|
 * 832
 * 0.5
 * 1.9
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Humanists
 * align=left|
 * 503
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left|
 * 832
 * 0.5
 * 1.9
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Humanists
 * align=left|
 * 503
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Maren Schellenberg of the Greens was elected mayor on 8 December 2021. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Landmarks

 * The Bierpinsel (literally: "Beer Brush"), a 1970s style tower in Steglitz
 * The Botanical Garden in Lichterfelde West
 * The Lichterfelde West Villenkolonie – exclusive residential area from 1860 with tree lined and cobbled streets
 * Glienicke Palace
 * Glienicke Hunting Lodge
 * The Philological Library at the Free University of Berlin in Dahlem, by Norman Foster
 * Prussian Privy State Archives in Dahlem
 * The Wannsee: lake, villa (site of the notorious Wannsee Conference), and lido
 * Liebermann Villa, former residence of the painter Max Liebermann, today a museum for his art at the Wannsee
 * Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), with the same named castle in the Wannsee
 * Berlin Mexikoplatz station, Art Nouveau railway station in Zehlendorf

Gymnasiums

 * Arndt-Gymnasium Dahlem in Dahlem
 * Beethoven-Gymnasium in Lankwitz
 * Dreilinden-Gymnasium in Nikolassee
 * Droste-Hülshoff-Schule in Zehlendorf
 * Fichtenberg-Oberschule in Steglitz
 * Goethe-Gymnasium in Lichterfelde
 * Gymnasium Steglitz in Steglitz
 * Hermann-Ehlers-Gymnasium in Steglitz
 * Königin-Luise-Stiftung in Dahlem
 * Lilienthal-Gymnasium in Lichterfelde
 * Paulsen-Gymnasium in Steglitz
 * Schadow-Gymnasium in Zehlendorf
 * Werner-von-Siemens-Gymnasium in Nikolassee
 * Willi-Graf-Gymnasium in Lichterfelde
 * Freie Schule Anne-Sophie Berlin in Zehlendorf

Locations for science

 * American Academy in Berlin
 * Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft
 * Centre for Modern Oriental Studies
 * Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin
 * German Federal Archives - branch office Berlin: central archive of the German Reich and the GDR
 * Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
 * Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin) in Dahlem
 * Philological Library of Freie Universität Berlin
 * Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science
 * German Archaeological Institute
 * Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
 * Institute for Museum Research
 * Japanische Internationale Schule zu Berlin, a Japanese international school, is in the Wannsee community in Steglitz-Zehlendorf.
 * Krankenhaus Waldfriede
 * Max Planck Society
 * Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
 * Max Planck Institute for Human Development
 * Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics
 * Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
 * Prussian Privy State Archives
 * Zuse Institute Berlin

Twin towns – sister cities
Steglitz-Zehlendorf is twinned with:

 * Brøndby, Denmark (1968)
 * 🇮🇹 Cassino, Italy (1969)
 * 🇩🇪 Hagen, Germany (1967)
 * 🇺🇦 Industrialnyi (Kharkiv), Ukraine (1990)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Dolny, Poland (1993)
 * 🇮🇱 Kiryat Bialik, Israel (1966)
 * 🇩🇪 Königs Wusterhausen, Germany (1988)
 * 🇩🇪 Lüchow-Dannenberg, Germany (1979)
 * 🇵🇱 Nałęczów, Poland (1993)
 * 🇩🇪 Nentershausen, Germany (1966)
 * 🇵🇱 Poniatowa, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Rendsburg-Eckernförde, Germany (1964)
 * 🇸🇪 Ronneby, Sweden (1976)
 * 🇮🇱 Sderot, Israel (1975)
 * 🇬🇷 Sochos, Greece (1993)
 * 🇰🇷 Songpa (Seoul), South Korea (2013)
 * 🇭🇺 Szilvásvárad, Hungary (1989)
 * 🇩🇪 Westerwald, Germany (1970)
 * 🇭🇺 Zugló (Budapest), Hungary (2008)

In 2020 Steglitz-Zehlendorf dissociated itself from its twin town of Kazimierz Dolny in Poland because the latter declared itself an LGBT free zone. There is a debate about terminating the partnership.

People

 * Walter Fritzsche (1895–1956), football player
 * Wolfgang Krause (1895–1970), philologist
 * Kurt Aland (1915–1994), theologian and biblical scholar
 * Maria Sebaldt (1930–2023), actress
 * Nils Seethaler (born 1981), Anthropologist

title: Steglitz-Zehlendorf


text:
Tempelhof-Schöneberg

Tempelhof-Schöneberg is the seventh borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Tempelhof and Schöneberg. Situated in the south of the city it shares borders with the boroughs of Mitte and Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in the north, Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf and Steglitz-Zehlendorf in the west as well as Neukölln in the east.

Subdivision
Tempelhof-Schöneberg consists of six localities as from north to south:
 * Schöneberg
 * Friedenau
 * Tempelhof
 * Mariendorf
 * Marienfelde
 * Lichtenrade

Demographics
As of 2010, the borough had a population of 335,060, of whom about 105,000 (31%) were of non-German origin. The largest ethnic minorities were Turks constituting 7% of the population; Poles at 4%; Yugoslavians at 3%; Arabs at 2.5%; Afro-Germans at 1.5% and Russians at 1.3%.

Borough assembly
The governing body of Tempelhof-Schöneberg is the borough assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, leading to a Green-red coalition (Zählgemeinschaft) between the Greens and the Social Democratic Party. The results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 180,985 ! 99.0 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,838 ! 1.0 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 182,823 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 256,738 ! 71.2 ! 7.1 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Saskia Ellenbeck
 * 42,758
 * 23.6
 * 1.7
 * 15
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Angelika Schöttler
 * 42,488
 * 23.5
 * 1.2
 * 15
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Matthias Steuckardt
 * 37,598
 * 20.8
 * 0.3
 * 13
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Elisabeth Wissel
 * 15,999
 * 8.8
 * 0.8
 * 5
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Reinhard Frede
 * 12,747
 * 7.0
 * 0.3
 * 4
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Karsten Franck
 * 10,425
 * 5.8
 * 5.3
 * 3
 * 3
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left|
 * 5,110
 * 2.8
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Volt Germany
 * align=left|
 * 3,001
 * 1.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 2,924
 * 1.6
 * 0.1
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,680
 * 1.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 1,940
 * 1.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 1,701
 * 0.9
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * align=left|
 * 1,072
 * 0.6
 * 1.4
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 438
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Liberal Democrats
 * align=left|
 * 104
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 438
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Liberal Democrats
 * align=left|
 * 104
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Jörn Oltmann of the Greens was elected mayor on 17 November 2021. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Twin towns – sister cities
Tempelhof-Schöneberg is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Ahlen, Germany (1964)
 * Amstelveen, Netherlands (1957)
 * 🇩🇪 Bad Kreuznach (district), Germany (1964)
 * 🏴 Barnet (London), England, United Kingdom (1955)
 * 🇫🇷 Charenton-le-Pont, France (1984)
 * 🇵🇱 Koszalin, Poland (1995)
 * 🇫🇷 Levallois-Perret, France (1986)
 * 🇹🇷 Mezitli, Turkey (2012)
 * 🇮🇱 Nahariya, Israel (1970)
 * 🇩🇪 Paderborn (district), Germany (1962)
 * 🇩🇪 Penzberg, Germany (1964)
 * 🇩🇪 Teltow-Fläming (district), Germany (1991)
 * 🇩🇪 Werra-Meißner (district), Germany (1957)
 * 🇩🇪 Wuppertal, Germany (1964)

Sites of interest

 * Wikimedia Deutschland has its offices in Tempelhof-Schöneberg
 * Places of Remembrance, a memorial consisting of 80 different signs affixed to lampposts in the Bavarian Quarter of Berlin's Schöneberg locality

title: Tempelhof-Schöneberg


text:
Alfons Rebane

Alfons Vilhelm Robert Rebane (24 June 1908 – 8 March 1976) was an Estonian military commander. He was the most highly decorated Estonian military officer during World War II, serving in various Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS units of Nazi Germany.

After World War II Rebane joined the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) where he played a key role in assisting the armed resistance to Soviet rule in Estonia and other Baltic countries. He led the Estonian portion of MI6's Operation Jungle well into the 1950s.

In 1961, Rebane retired from the British intelligence services and moved to Germany, where he stayed until his death in Augsburg in 1976. The 1999 reburial of Rebane in Estonia with state honors triggered a number of controversies.

Early life
Rebane was born in Valga in southern Estonia, then part of the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire. In 1920 Rebane, son of a railway official, attended the Russian secondary school in Narva. From 1926 to 1929 he attended Tartu University and graduated from the Estonian Military Academy with first class honours. He served as an infantry officer on the armoured train "Captain Irv" of the 1st Armored Train Regiment as a second lieutenant in 1929. Married in 1931 to Agnia Soomets, they had one daughter Tiiu who died soon afterwards. On Estonian Independence Day on 24 February 1933, Rebane was promoted to first lieutenant. From 1935 to 1939 he served as junior instructor in the Defence League Viljandi County Territorial Regiment, between 1939 and 1940 in the Lääne County Territorial Regiment. From January to June 1940 Rebane was the Commandant of Lihula.

World War II
Rebane served as an officer in the Estonian Army until Soviet troops occupied the country in 1940. The Soviets disbanded and absorbed most of the Estonian Armed Forces and arrested and executed the entire Estonian high command. Many junior officers, such as Rebane, were dismissed due to their lack of "political reliability" and were liable to be deported. For a while, Rebane worked in construction, then fled into the forests when the Soviets began mass deportations in 1941. He established and led a group of Forest Brothers in Virumaa (Northern Estonia) in May 1941.

After Germany had taken control of Estonia, Rebane joined the German Wehrmacht where he served in its combat formations in Northwestern Russia, subsequently becoming the captain of the 184th Security Battalion, which was later renamed to the Estonian 658th Eastern Battalion. In February 1944 Rebane's unit was transferred to the Narva Front and attached to the Wehrmacht's 26th Army Corps on 2 March. On 27 April 1944, the unit was released from the Wehrmacht. Rebane, after initially refusing, was forced to join the newly formed 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian) of the Waffen-SS, eventually becoming colonel of the 47th Waffen-Grenadier Regiment. The Estonian division played a significant role in the Battle of Narva and the Battle of Emajõgi, holding back the Soviet re-occupation of Estonia until the Soviet Tallinn Offensive, September 1944 while suffering heavy casualties. Rebane's unit was then evacuated to Germany for refitting and saw more action on the Eastern Front in the spring of 1945. Rebane had a reputation for tactical skill. With most of the Estonian forces captured by the Soviet Army in Czechoslovakia, Rebane managed to reach the British Occupation Zone with a number of his men at the end of the war. Soldiers who fought in units under his command were colloquially referred to as "fox cubs" (Rebane translates to "fox" in Estonian).

Decorations
According to Carlos Jurado, an expert on non-German units, and Nigel Thomas: Rebane was "the most decorated and probably the most talented and charismatic Baltic soldier during WWII". Rebane became one of the most decorated Estonians. During his days in the Estonian Army, he was awarded the Defence League White Cross 3rd Class and the Latvian Aizsargi Cross of Merit. In the German army he was awarded the Iron Cross first and second class, the War Merit Cross with swords second class, the Eastern Front Medal, the silver Infantry Assault Badge and the silver Ostvolk Medal for bravery. Rebane was also decorated with the silver Close Combat Clasp, awarded for hand-to-hand fighting by unsupported infantry for a total of 30 days. In February 1944 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and in April 1945 he was promoted to Waffen-Standartenführer and awarded the Knight's Cross with Oakleaves for extreme bravery on the battlefield.

Post war
In 1947 Rebane moved to England and joined the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) as the Estonian expert at the Intelligence School in London. There he played a key role in assisting the armed resistance to the Soviet rule in Estonia and other Baltic countries. He led the Estonian portion of MI6's Operation Jungle well into the 1950s. In 1961, Rebane retired from the British intelligence services and moved to Germany, where he stayed until his death in Augsburg in 1976.

Legacy
In 1977, and Beate Klarsfeld alleged Rebane was a war criminal. According to a 2005 report published by the Estonian State Commission on the Examination of the Policies of Repression, investigations conducted by the KGB after World War II found no documents confirming the accusation against Rebane and his "army unit".

The return and reburial of Rebane's ashes with military honours at a national cemetery in 1999 in Estonia sparked a controversy. The American Jewish Congress protested that the reburial served as an "indication that fascist ideology is recognized in Estonia". A tombstone to Rebane, unofficially erected in 2004 but unveiled before Pärnumaa District Parliamentarian and former Foreign Minister Trivimi Velliste, was protested by Russia's Chief Rabbi, Berl Lazar and the Russian Jewish Congress.

The Estonian authorities assert that the Estonian Waffen-SS units engaged solely in combat operations at the front to defend Estonia's independence and had nothing to do with punitive operations in the territories occupied by the Nazi Germany. According to the President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves "We are witnesses to the information war against Estonia which already reminds of an ideological aggression". According to the editor of Virumaa Teataja newspaper Rein Sikk: "Alfons Rebane was a good soldier according to our historians. He was never convicted of war crimes and [the allegations] are just a political game to try to show that Estonia has lots of fascists."

In June 2018, a plaque commemorating Rebane was unveiled on the wall of a private building in Mustla where he had lived. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs protested the unveiling.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1939)
 * 2nd Class (9 April 1943)
 * 1st Class (9 November 1943)
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 23 February 1944 as Major and commander of the Estonian voluntary battalion 658
 * 875th Oak Leaves on 9 May 1945 as Obersturmbannführer and commander of Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment of the SS 46

title: Alfons Rebane


text:
The Dunphy Show

The Dunphy Show is an Irish chat show hosted by Eamon Dunphy that aired for one series on TV3 in 2003. The programme featured guest interviews, audience participation and live music from guest music groups. The Dunphy Show aired every Friday night in direct competition with The Late Late Show on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ).

Challenging The Late Late Show
Since 1962, RTÉ's The Late Late Show had enjoyed total dominance of the Irish chat show market on a Saturday night and subsequently on Friday nights. In 2002, TV3 set about devising their own chat show which would go "head-to-head" and challenge RTÉ's monopoly. By the start of 2003, planning was at an advanced stage after six months of preparatory work; however, little details were revealed about the precise nature of the show or who would host. Ironically, the team behind the programme included Cillian Fennell, an ex-RTÉ producer who had worked on The Late Late Show during Gay Byrne's final season.

In May 2003, TV3 announced that former soccer player and journalist Eamon Dunphy had signed a contract to present the new show. Following the announcement the media immediately declared a "clash of the chat shows" and a clash of personalities between Dunphy and Pat Kenny. In an interview with the RTÉ Guide, Kenny described broadcasting as a "hobby for Dunphy" and that "if it goes pear-shaped for Eamon he'll write another book about Gazza or something". Former chat show host Gay Byrne said that "there wasn't enough room for two talk shows" and that TV3 would be "scalded by the experience".

Debut
The Dunphy Show made its debut at 9:00 p.m. on 5 September 2003 for an initial run of thirty programmes. The opening set of guests included former footballer Páidí Ó Sé, author Candace Bushnell, journalist Robert Fisk, jockey Kieren Fallon and Huey Morgan from the Fun Loving Criminals, while the musical guests were Joe Dolan and his band, and singer-songwriter Paul Brady. The opening programme received relatively good reviews, with Shane Hegarty of The Irish Times stating that "while there was little of the controversial Dunphy on show, there remained a real edge about the TV3 host. Ding, ding. End of round one. Kenny should be worried, Dunphy should be happy."

Cancellation
The first edition of The Dunphy Show attracted a total audience of 342,000. The first three shows attracted an average total audience of 260,000 compared to 615,000 for The Late Late Show, however, the numbers tuning in for the third edition of Dunphy's chat show fell to 157,000. In November it was announced that the show would be going off-air for a six-week break at Christmas due to commercial reasons and for contractual reasons with Dunphy. This was viewed in some media circles as an indication that the show was failing and it came in for some harsher criticism after a promising start. On 5 December 2003, exactly three months to the day since the show began, TV3 announced that it was cancelling The Dunphy Show.

Production
The Dunphy Show was broadcast from The Helix at Dublin City University (DCU) in front of an audience of 450, All bar one of the shows were broadcast live.

title: The Dunphy Show


text:
Akihabara Station

Akihabara Station (秋葉原駅) is an interchange railway station in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is at the center of the Akihabara shopping district specializing in electronic goods.

Lines
Akihabara Station is served by the following lines. JR East:
 * Tōhoku Main Line
 * Keihin-Tohoku Line
 * Yamanote Line
 * Sōbu Main Line
 * Chūō-Sōbu Line

Tokyo Metro:

Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company:
 * Tsukuba Express

The above-ground section of the station is cross-shaped, with the Chūō-Sōbu Line tracks running from east to west, and the Yamanote and Keihin-Tohoku Line (and Tohoku Shinkansen and Ueno–Tokyo Line, which do not stop at Akihabara) from north to south.

JR East
There are two island platforms serving four tracks for the Yamanote Line and the Keihin-Tohoku Line on the 2nd level, and two side platforms serving two tracks for the Sobu Line Local service on the 4th level.

Chest-high platform edge doors were installed on the Yamanote Line platforms in May 2015, to be brought into operation from 20 June 2015.

Tokyo Metro
There are two underground side platforms serving two tracks.

The song "Koi Suru Fortune Cookie" by AKB48 is to be used as the departure melody on the Hibiya Line platforms from spring 2016.

Tsukuba Express
There is an underground island platform serving two tracks.

History
Akihabara Station was opened in November 1890 as a freight terminal linked to Ueno Station via tracks following the course of the modern day Yamanote Line.

It was opened to passenger traffic in 1925 following the construction of the section of track linking Ueno with Shimbashi via Tokyo Station and the completion of the Yamanote Line. The upper level platforms were added in 1932 with the opening of an extension to the Sōbu Line from its old terminal at Ryōgoku to Ochanomizu, making Akihabara an important transfer station for passengers from the east of Tokyo and Chiba Prefecture.

The huge growth in commuter traffic following the Second World War caused considerable congestion and was only relieved with the construction of the Sōbu line tunnel linking Kinshichō with Tokyo, bypassing Akihabara.

The Hibiya Line subway station was opened on May 31, 1962, with the line's extension from Naka-Okachimachi to Ningyōchō.

The station facilities of the Hibiya Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

On August 24, 2005, the underground terminus of the new Tsukuba Express Line opened at Akihabara. The entire station complex, including the JR station, was also refurbished and enlarged in preparation for the opening of the Tsukuba Express.

Station numbering was introduced in 2016 with Akihabara being assigned station numbers JY03 for the Yamanote line, JK28 for the Keihin-Tōhoku line, and JB19 for the Chūō-Sōbu line. At the same time, JR East assigned a three-letter code to their major interchange stations; Akihabara was assigned the three-letter code "AKB".

TH Liner services on the Hibiya Line between Ebisu and Kuki commenced on 6 June 2020.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by an average of 240,327 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the ninth-busiest station operated by JR East. Over the same fiscal year, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 122,576 passengers daily (both exiting and entering passengers), making it the 23rd busiest Tokyo Metro station. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below. Note that JR East figures are for boarding passengers only.

Surrounding area
The main attraction is the Akihabara electronics retail district to the north and west of the station.

 * Iwamotocho Station ( Toei Shinjuku Line)
 * Suehirocho Station ( Tokyo Metro Ginza Line)

Route buses

 * Cha 51(茶51); For Ochanomizu Station, Hongō-sanchōme Station, and Komagome Station
 * Aki 26(秋26); For Kanda Station, Iwamotochō Station, Kiyosumi-shirakawa Station, and Kasai Station
 * Kazaguruma Akihabara Route; For Ochanomizu Station, Chiyoda City Office
 * Kazaguruma Akihabara Route; For Ochanomizu Station, Chiyoda City Office

Highway buses

 * My Town Direct Bus; For Tokyo Disney Resort, Shin-Urayasu Area
 * Airport Limousine; For Haneda Airport
 * Kanto Yakimono Liner; For Kasama Station, Mashiko Station
 * For Takasaki Station, Shin-Maebashi Station, Maebashi Station, and Maebashi Bus Center
 * Tono Kamaishi; For Shin-Hanamaki Station, Tōno Station, Kamaishi Station, Kirikiri, and Yamada
 * Yuhi; For Tsuruoka Station, Amarume Station, and Sakata Station
 * Southern Cross; For Kyōto Station, Ōsaka Station, Namba Station, and Osaka City Air Terminal (JR Namba Station)
 * Tokyo Tokkyu New Star; For Kyōto Station, Ōsaka Station, Universal Studios Japan, Tennōji Station, Ōsaka Uehommachi Station, and Fuse Station
 * For Toyama Station, Kanazawa Station, and Kenroku-en

title: Akihabara Station


text:
Neukölln

Neukölln is one of the twelve boroughs of Berlin. It is located in the southeastern part from the city centre towards Berlin Schönefeld Airport. It was part of the former American sector under the Four-Power occupation of the city. It features many Gründerzeit buildings and is characterized by having one of the highest percentage of immigrants in Berlin. In recent years an influx of students and creative types has led to gentrification.

History
The Berlin district of Neukölln has a long and varied history that reflects the city's changing political and cultural landscape.

Located in the south of the city, Neukölln was originally a small village on the outskirts of Berlin. Neukölln's independence ended on 1 October 1920 when it was incorporated into Berlin.

In September 1929, Goebbels led his men into Neukölln, a KPD stronghold, and the two warring parties exchanged pistol and revolver fire. During World War II, Neukölln was the location of a subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp for Jewish and Romani women.

After World War II, Neukölln underwent significant transformation as a result of the city's division by the Berlin Wall. The neighborhood was located in West Berlin and became a center of industry and commerce, with many factories and warehouses. From 1966 to 1975 the Gropiusstadt was built, a "Trabantenstadt" or city-within-a-city housing estate, designed by architect Walter Gropius. In the 1980s and 1990s, Neukölln underwent a process of gentrification, with many artists, students, and young professionals moving into the area. In recent years, Neukölln has become known for its diverse and vibrant cultural scene, with a mix of traditional and alternative businesses and a thriving arts and music scene.

Today, Neukölln is a popular destination for tourists and locals alike, with a diverse array of restaurants, cafes, and shops, as well as a number of cultural attractions and events. Despite its gentrification, Neukölln remains a working-class neighborhood with a diverse and multicultural population.

Locality subdivisions
Neukölln is subdivided into five localities:

Public transport

Neukölln is served by three operational sections of urban rail.

U-Bahn:

 * U7: Rathaus Spandau ↔ Rudow (running northwest–southeast)
 * U8: Wittenau ↔ Hermannstraße (running north–south)

Part of each of the following S-Bahn routes share an east–west-running section of Ringbahn track through Neukölln:

 * S41 /S42: Südkreuz → Gesundbrunnen → Südkreuz (clockwise ↔ anti clockwise circular)
 * S45: Südkreuz ↔ Berlin Schönefeld Flughafen (only from Monday till Friday). An extension of the S45 is projected to run beyond the current terminus at Schönefeld Airport to the under construction Berlin Brandenburg Airport.
 * S46: Westend ↔ Königs Wusterhausen
 * S47: Spindlersfeld ↔ Hermannstraße

Among the numerous rail stations in Neukölln three act as interchanges:

 * Hermannplatz - U7 / U8
 * Hermannstraße - U8 / S-Bahn
 * Berlin-Neukölln - U7 / S-bahn

Demographics
As of 2010, the borough had a population of 310,283, of whom 121,000 (38.9%) were of non-German ethnicity. The percentage is significantly higher in the locality of the same name, Neukölln. The borough is known for its large Turkish, Arab and Kurdish communities, which together make up roughly 18% of the borough's population. Recently, there has been an influx of Romani people and Sub-Saharan Africans.

Gentrification
A trend is the rapid gentrification of certain neighbourhoods within the borough. There has been an influx of students, creatives and other young professionals of mostly Western origin avoiding higher rents which are charged in other parts of Berlin. This has caused a knock-on effect, with rents rising in some parts of Neukölln. Northern Neukölln, just to the south of the Kreuzberg area, has become informally referred to as "Kreuzkölln" as the area becomes increasingly fashionable.

District council
The governing body of Neukölln is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 143,164 ! 98.9 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,655 ! 1.1 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 144,819 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 225,767 ! 64.1 ! 6.5 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Martin Hikel
 * 41,104
 * 28.7
 * 1.7
 * 18
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Susann Worschech
 * 25,238
 * 17.6
 * 2.7
 * 11
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Falko Liecke
 * 24,191
 * 16.9
 * 0.6
 * 10
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Sarah Nagel
 * 21,525
 * 15.0
 * 2.8
 * 9
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Julian Potthast
 * 10,125
 * 7.1
 * 5.7
 * 4
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Roland Leppek
 * 6,971
 * 4.9
 * 0.6
 * 3
 * 1
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left|
 * 4,101
 * 2.9
 * 0.7
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 2,909
 * 2.0
 * 0.4
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 1,787
 * 1.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 1,451
 * 1.0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Volt Germany
 * align=left|
 * 1,431
 * 1.0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 1,061
 * 0.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| We are Berlin
 * align=left|
 * 843
 * 0.6
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 235
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 192
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 235
 * 0.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 192
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Martin Hikel of the SPD was elected mayor on 21 March 2018. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Notable people

 * Edgar Froese (1944–2015), musician, founder of the electronic music group Tangerine Dream
 * Leo Arons (1860–1919), physicist, social democrat and supporter of the trade union movement
 * Sebastian Blomberg (born 1972), actor
 * Horst Buchholz (1933–2003), actor
 * Heinz Buschkowsky (born 1948), politician (SPD), former district mayor of Neukölln
 * Christiane F. (born 1962), author of the book Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo
 * Ursula Goetze, anti-Nazi activist (1916–1943)
 * Alexander Hacke, musician, born 1965 in Neukölln
 * Kirsten Heisig (1961–2010), juvenile magistrate in Neukölln, created the Neuköllner Modell, applying rapid intervention procedures to deal with juvenile offenders before they embarked on a criminal lifestyle
 * Kurt Krömer (born 1974), presenter, actor and entertainer
 * Jutta Limbach (1934–2016), legal academic
 * Will Meisel (1897–1967), composer and publisher
 * Inge Meysel (1910–2004), actress
 * Gunnar Möller (1928–2017), actor
 * Mady Rahl (1915–2009), actress
 * Antonio Rüdiger (born 1993), footballer
 * Werner Seelenbinder (1904–1944), wrestler, politician (KPD) and resistance fighter
 * Katharina Szelinski-Singer (1918–2010), sculptor
 * Elsa Thiemann (1910–1981), Bauhaus educated photographer, who took many photographs of Neukölln where she lived
 * Lotte Ulbricht (1903–2002), wife of East German leader Walter Ulbricht
 * Emil Wutzky (1871–1963), trade unionist and local politician (SPD)
 * Engelbert Zaschka (1895–1955), inventor and helicopter pioneer
 * Alice Phoebe Lou (born 1993), a South African singer-songwriter

In popular culture

 * "Neuköln" (deliberately spelt with one 'l') is an instrumental piece by David Bowie, the ninth track on his 1977 album "Heroes".
 * The last track of Miss Kittin's first solo album I Com is called "Neukölln 2".
 * The German film Knallhart is set in the northern part of Neukölln.
 * The German documentary Neukölln Unlimited tells the story of three Lebanese teenagers based in Neukölln, who fight their deportation out of Germany.
 * Electronic music producer Kobosil is a native of the city. With a Bachelor of Arts in audio production, he has released music on the Ostgut Ton and MDT labels.
 * The series 4 Blocks is set in Neukölln and Kreuzberg.
 * The sixth leg of The Amazing Race 32 had its Pit Stop in Neukölln.

Twin towns – sister cities
Neukölln is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇪 Anderlecht, Belgium (1955)
 * 🇮🇱 Bat Yam, Israel (1978)
 * 🇫🇷 Boulogne-Billancourt, France (1955)
 * 🇹🇷 Çiğli (İzmir), Turkey (2005)
 * 🇩🇪 Cologne, Germany (1967)
 * 🏴 Hammersmith and Fulham (London), England, United Kingdom (1955)
 * 🇩🇪 Leonberg, Germany (1970)
 * 🇮🇹 Marino, Italy (1980)
 * 🇷🇺 Pavlovsk (Saint Petersburg), Russia (1991)
 * 🇨🇿 Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic (2005)
 * 🇷🇺 Pushkin (Saint Petersburg), Russia (1991)
 * 🇨🇿 Ústí nad Orlicí, Czech Republic (1989)
 * 🇩🇪 Wetzlar, Germany (1959)
 * Zaanstad, Netherlands (1955)

title: Neukölln


text:
Treptow-Köpenick

Treptow-Köpenick is the ninth borough of Berlin, Germany, formed in Berlin's 2001 administrative reform by merging the former boroughs of Treptow and Köpenick.

Overview
Among Berlin's boroughs it is the largest by area with the lowest population density. The Johannisthal Air Field, Germany's first airfield, was located in Treptow-Köpenick, between Johannisthal and Adlershof. Treptower Park, a popular place for recreation and a tourist destination, is also located in the borough. The park features the sprawling Soviet War Memorial, a war memorial to the Soviet soldiers who fell in the Battle of Berlin in 1945.

Subdivisions
Treptow-Köpenick is divided into 15 localities:
 * Alt-Treptow
 * Plänterwald
 * Baumschulenweg
 * Johannisthal
 * Niederschöneweide
 * Altglienicke
 * Adlershof
 * Bohnsdorf
 * Oberschöneweide
 * Köpenick
 * Friedrichshagen
 * Rahnsdorf
 * Grünau
 * Müggelheim
 * Schmöckwitz

District council
The governing body of Treptow-Köpenick is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 159,765 ! 99.0 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,627 ! 1.0 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 161,392 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 219,255 ! 73.6 ! 7.4 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Oliver Igel
 * 40,300
 * 25.2
 * 0.4
 * 16
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Ines Feierabend
 * 28,213
 * 17.7
 * 5.0
 * 11
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Claudia Leistner
 * 21,929
 * 13.7
 * 4.3
 * 8
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Bertram Wieczorek
 * 21,131
 * 13.2
 * 0.7
 * 8
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Alexander Bertram
 * 19,031
 * 11.9
 * 8.2
 * 7
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Joachim Schmidt
 * 9,698
 * 6.1
 * 2.5
 * 3
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left| Jennifer Schrodt
 * 5,934
 * 3.7
 * New
 * 2
 * New
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 3,935
 * 2.5
 * 0.2
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 2,878
 * 1.8
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,533
 * 1.6
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Treptow-Köpenick Voters' Association
 * align=left|
 * 1,080
 * 0.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Klimaliste
 * align=left|
 * 998
 * 0.6
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Humanists
 * align=left|
 * 630
 * 0.4
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 530
 * 0.3
 * 0.8
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 514
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 431
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 514
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Ecological Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 431
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Oliver Igel of the SPD was elected mayor on 27 October 2011. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Twin towns – sister cities
Treptow-Köpenick is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Albinea, Italy (1997)
 * 🇵🇪 Cajamarca, Peru (1998)
 * 🇩🇪 Cologne, Germany (1990)
 * 🇺🇸 East Norriton Township, Pennsylvania, United States (1991)
 * 🇸🇮 Izola, Slovenia (2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Mokotów (Warsaw), Poland (1993)
 * 🇦🇹 Mürzzuschlag, Austria (2002)
 * 🇩🇪 Odernheim, Germany (1997)

 * Subotica, Serbia (2002)
 * 🇹🇷 Tepebaşı, Turkey (2017)
 * 🇭🇺 Veszprém County, Hungary (2002)

title: Treptow-Köpenick


text:
Marzahn-Hellersdorf

Marzahn-Hellersdorf is the tenth borough of Berlin, formed in 2001 by merging the former boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf.

Geography
It is situated in the northeast of Berlin. Marzahn-Hellersdorf borders to the Berlin boroughs of Lichtenberg in the west and Treptow-Köpenick in the south as well as to the Brandenburg municipalities of Ahrensfelde in the north and Hoppegarten and Neuenhagen in the east.

Demographics
As of 2010, the borough had a total population 248,264, of whom about 30,000 (12%) were of non-German origin. Therefore, it is considered to be the least ethnically diverse borough of Berlin with the highest percentage of (Ethnic) Germans. Although the immigrant minority is relatively small, the borough has a higher concentration of Russia-born, Kazakhstan-born (e.g. Volga Germans) and Vietnamese people as compared to other parts of the city. Recently, there has been a significant influx of people with Middle Eastern and Muslim backgrounds.

Subdivision
The borough consists of five former villages which all became part of Greater Berlin in 1920:
 * Biesdorf
 * Hellersdorf
 * Kaulsdorf
 * Mahlsdorf
 * Marzahn

History
Each of the five districts the borough consists of originally came from one administrative district called "Landkreis Niederbarnim" and were incorporated into the city due to the establishment of Greater Berlin in 1920. Together with the two other boroughs Lichtenberg and Friedrichsfelde, they formed the borough Lichtenberg until 1979. At the end of the 1970s especially the district Marzahn grew as a result of the building of the developing area Marzahn. Consequently, Marzahn was formed out of the five districts the borough consists of today in 1979.

As a result of the building of two more developing areas (Hellersdorf and Kaulsdorf) the number of inhabitants increased so that the borough Hellersdorf was founded out of the three districts Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf on 1 June 1986. The borough remained independent until 2001.

In view of whole Berlin, Marzahn-Hellersdorf shows the biggest changes concerning demography. In 1991 the average age of the two boroughs reached a number of 30,5 years which increased to 39,6 years due to the migration of the younger people.

District council
The governing body of Marzahn-Hellersdorf is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 136,899 ! 98.7 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,742 ! 1.3 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 138,641 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 210,618 ! 65.8 ! 6.8 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Nadja Zivkovic
 * 28,430
 * 20.8
 * 3.5
 * 12
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Gordon Lemm
 * 27,742
 * 20.3
 * 2.0
 * 12
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Juliane Witt
 * 27,233
 * 19.9
 * 6.1
 * 11
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Jeannette Auricht
 * 23,108
 * 16.9
 * 6.3
 * 10
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Chantal Münster
 * 9,455
 * 6.9
 * 2.3
 * 4
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Anja Molnar
 * 7,258
 * 5.3
 * 2.8
 * 3
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left| Ina Seidel-Grothe
 * 6,858
 * 5.0
 * New
 * 3
 * New
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 3,146
 * 2.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,365
 * 1.7
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Humanists
 * align=left|
 * 747
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 557
 * 0.4
 * 1.2
 * 0
 * ±0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 557
 * 0.4
 * 1.2
 * 0
 * ±0
 * ±0
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Gordon Lemm of the SPD was elected mayor on 4 November 2021. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Twin towns – sister cities
Marzahn-Hellersdorf is twinned with:

 * 🇭🇺 Budapest XV (Budapest), Hungary (1991)
 * Halton, England, United Kingdom (1994)
 * Hoàng Mai (Hanoi), Vietnam (2013)
 * 🇧🇾 Kastrychnitski (Minsk), Belarus (1993)
 * 🇩🇪 Lauingen, Germany (1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Tychy, Poland (1992)

title: Marzahn-Hellersdorf


text:
Adolf Reubke

Adolf Reubke (December 6, 1805 – March 3, 1875) was a German organ builder.

Reubke was born in Halberstadt, the son of domain collector Georg Benjamin. His family moved to Hausneindorf in 1809, and Reubke began taking piano lessons. To pursue a professional career, he was sent to the Cathedral Gymnasium school, but left early after his father died. He later became an apprentice of a woodturner, but after some conflicts with his mentor, left the apprenticeship and continued woodturning at his family home.

Reubke's interest in music remained, and he taught himself to build instruments, building his first organ in 1837. He eventually started an organ-building business based in Hausneindorf. From 1853 to 1858, the company built an organ with 53 voices for the Jakobikirche in Magdeburg, and from 1856 to 1861, it built the organ at Magdeburg Cathedral. In 1860, it built the organ for the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra.

Reubke married Elise Weiderhold, and the two had three sons: Friedrich Julius, born in 1934; Carl Ludwig Emil, born in 1836; and Otto, born in 1942. All three of his sons became musicians. In particular, Julius Reubke became a noted composer and pupil of Franz Liszt before his early death in 1858.

From 1860, Adolf ran his business, now called Reubke & Sohn, with his son Emil. Emil continued to run the business after Adolf died, until his own death in 1884. Ernst Röver took over and, in turn, ran the business until his death.

Reubke died in 1875 in Hausneindorf.

title: Adolf Reubke


text:
Chris Poland

Chris Poland (born December 1, 1957) is an American guitarist, best known as the former guitarist of the thrash metal band Megadeth. Since 2002, Poland has been the guitarist of the instrumental rock/jazz fusion bands OHM and OHMphrey, among others, and has appeared on several projects and albums from a variety of different genres.

Welkin
Poland joined Welkin as a replacement for their guitarist, Dick Maxfield. Other members of the band included drummer Mike Meany and bassist MoonMcGeach. He reunited with both of them at a "clinic/performance" in April 2010 at House of Guitars in Rochester, New York.

The New Yorkers
Poland would move to California and form the band The New Yorkers with Gar and Stew Samuelson, as well as Robbie Pagliari and other musicians.

Megadeth (1984–1987)
Poland joined Megadeth in 1984 after being introduced to Dave Mustaine and David Ellefson by Jay Jones, who was Megadeth's manager at the time. Poland left the band abruptly, and was replaced by guitarist Mike Albert before Megadeth embarked on their first tour. Poland returned in October 1985 and then remained in the band until he and Samuelson were fired in 1987, due to alleged substance abuse, which had led Poland to sell off Mustaine and Ellefson's guitar gear, along with his own. In response, Mustaine wrote the song "Liar" for their following album So Far, So Good... So What!, which was partly meant as a callout to Poland.

Frontman Dave Mustaine retrospectively referred to Poland as "an amazing guitar player—he can play circles around me" in a Behind the Music episode that aired on VH1 in 2001.

Circle Jerks
Poland played bass with Circle Jerks briefly in 1989, replacing Zander Schloss.

Rust in Peace demos
In 1990, Mustaine asked Poland to record solos for demos that would become songs for Rust In Peace. Poland agreed to play the solos, but did not rejoin the band, at the urging of his manager, Janie Hoffman. He played on demos of almost all of the songs that would end up on the studio album. Ultimately, Megadeth recruited Marty Friedman to play the solos for the album. Poland's solos can be heard on the 2004 remastered version of Rust In Peace.

Final return to Megadeth and lawsuit
He and Mustaine teamed up one final time in 2004 to record Megadeth's comeback album, The System Has Failed, though Poland opted not to rejoin the band full-time.

In 2004, after the reissue and re-release of Rust in Peace, a lawsuit was filed against Mustaine regarding the use of three Rust In Peace demos on the album's reissue without Poland's permission. Poland settled and "ended a professional relationship with Mustaine and Megadeth". Poland explained the circumstances in a 2018 interview with the As The Story Grows podcast, realizing that he would not be paid for the demos that were included on the reissue.

2000s
In 2009, Poland formed OHMphrey, a side-project with Robby Pagliari of OHM, and Jake Cinninger, Kris Myers, and Joel Cummins of progressive rock band Umphrey's McGee.

In 2019, Poland appeared on the track "Hammer (Comes Down)", on Megadeth bassist David Ellefson's solo release Sleeping Giants, with Mark Tremonti, Thom Hazaert, Dave McClain and Joey Radziwill of Sacred Reich, and Flotsam and Jetsam vocalist Eric AK. It was later announced Poland had signed to Ellefson's revived Combat Records, who would release a 30th Anniversary Edition of his solo debut Return to Metalopolis in 2020. The expanded 2-CD/LP configuration, features a remastered version of the original LP, with four new tracks, and material from the independently released, out of print 2007 release Return to Metalopolis Live. It was later announced in 2020 that Poland would tour Australia and Japan, with Ellefson and Hazaert, supporting Ellefson's eponymous solo band.

In January 2020, Poland was inducted into the Metal Hall of Fame, alongside Geoff Tate, Don Dokken, Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, Prong, Graham Bonnet, and more. Poland was inducted by Hazaert and former Machine Head guitarist Phil Demmel who joined Poland for a performance of "Peace Sells", with Butcher Babies bassist Ricky Bonazza, and Dead by Wednesday drummer Opus Lawrence and guitarist Dave Sharpe, who also tour with Ellefson and Hazaert in Ellefson's "Sleeping Giants" solo band. Poland also performed "Paranoid" at the induction, with Vai, Satriani, and Tate.

Solo albums

 * 1990: Return to Metalopolis
 * 2000: Chasing the Sun
 * 2000: Rare Trax (compilation)
 * 2007: Return to Metalopolis Live (live)
 * 2019: Resistance
 * 2020: Return to Metalopolis 30th Anniversary Edition

With Megadeth

 * 1985: Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!
 * 1986: Peace Sells... But Who's Buying?
 * 1990: Rust in Peace (Poland's solos appear on the demo recordings of "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due", "Take No Prisoners", and "Rust in Peace... Polaris", which were released as bonus tracks on the 2004 remaster)
 * 2000: Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years (compilation)
 * 2004: The System Has Failed
 * 2005: Greatest Hits: Back to the Start (compilation)
 * 2007: Warchest (compilation)
 * 2008: Anthology: Set the World Afire (compilation)
 * 2019: Warheads on Foreheads (compilation)

With Damn the Machine

 * 1993: Damn the Machine
 * 1993: Silence EP

With Mumbo's Brain

 * 1995: Excerpts from the Book of Mumbo
 * 1999: Rare Trax

With Lamb of God

 * 2003: As the Palaces Burn
 * 2004: Ashes of the Wake

With OHM

 * 2003: OHM:
 * 2004: "Live" On KPFK 90.7 FM, Lion Music
 * 2005: Amino Acid Flashback
 * 2006: Live at the New Brookland Tavern (DVD)
 * 2008: Circus of Sound
 * 2012: Tsunami Jams

With OHMphrey

 * 2009: OHMphrey, Magna Carta
 * 2012: Posthaste, Magna Carta

With Polcat

 * 2012: Polcat, Ashro Records

Other album appearances

 * 2001: Warmth in the Wilderness: A Tribute to Jason Becker, Lion Music
 * 2002: Squadrophenia, Cosmosquad, Marmaduke Records
 * 2004: Give Us Moore! – Gary Moore Tribute, Lion Music
 * 2006: The Longest Night, Pharaoh
 * 2006: Double Heart Project – Human Nature's Fight, Brennus
 * 2006: ''Jimi Hendrix Tribute – The Spirit Lives On Vol. 1 & 2, Lion Music
 * 2007: Long Live Me, THE SCREAMIN' LORDS, Brannick Records
 * 2008: Innervisions, Tadashi Goto, Progrock
 * 2009: Guitars That Ate My Brain
 * 2009: Misty Mountain Hop: A Millennium Tribute to Led Zeppelin
 * 2009: The Call of the Flames, Shredding the Envelope, Standstill And Scream Music
 * 2011: Metalusion, Glen Drover, Magna Carta
 * 2012: Plains of Oblivion – Jeff Loomis
 * 2012: Two Minutes to Midnight: A Millennium Tribute to Iron Maiden, Versailles Records
 * 2013: Intermezzo, Michael Angelo Batio
 * 2013: Virtue and Vices, Robot Lords of Tokyo, RLoT Records
 * 2013: Frequency Unknown Queensryche(guest appearance), Cleopatra
 * 2013: Belt Buckles and Brass Knuckles, Moccasin Creek, Moccasin Creek Music
 * 2014: Curve of the Earth – Lion Drome
 * 2014: Will to Power – Lord Volture, Mausoleum Records
 * 2014: Onward to Freedom – Tourniquet
 * 2016: The Art of Loss - Redemption
 * 2018: Gazing at Medusa – Tourniquet
 * 2018: Long Night's Journey into Day - Redemption
 * 2019: Sleeping Giants - David Ellefson
 * 2020: Alive In Color - Redemption

title: Chris Poland


text:
Kanda Station (Tokyo)

Kanda Station (神田駅) is a railway station in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Tokyo Metro operate individual portions of the station.

Lines

 * JR East
 * Keihin-Tōhoku Line
 * Yamanote Line
 * Chūō Line (Rapid)
 * Tokyo Metro
 * Tokyo Metro Ginza Line

Station layout
Kanda consists of two separate stations that form an interchange. The elevated station is operated by JR East and the underground station is operated by the Tokyo Metro. Although they are an interchange, passengers must pass through ticket barriers and pay separate fares to switch between services.

JR East station
The JR East station is the older of the two stations and opened in 1919. It is situated on an elevated viaduct and has three island platforms serving six tracks. The platforms are numbered sequentially from east to west starting with platform 1. Yamanote Line trains use the inner platforms 2 and 3, Keihin-Tōhoku Line trains use platforms 1 and 4, and Chūō Line trains use platforms 5 and 6 as they split off from the main line north of Kanda. There are an additional two tracks east of the station; these are used for Shinkansen trains running between Tokyo Station and Ueno.

There are two sets of entrances and exits (a total of four) that allow passengers to access the JR East station. The northern set, the north and east exits, offers a connection to the Ginza Line on the Tokyo Metro. The southern set, the south and west exits, has a View Plaza travel service centre. Both exits have rows of ticket machines, ticket gates, and a JR reservation office.

Tokyo Metro
The Tokyo Metro station is the newer of the two stations and opened in 1931 as part of an extension of first subway line in Asia, the Ginza Line. There is a simple island platform setup with two tracks. Platform 1 is for southbound trains to Ginza and Shibuya whilst platform 2 is used for northbound trains to Ueno and Asakusa.

Access to the station is provided by a total of six entrances and exits. Exits and 1 and 2 are used as the connection to the JR East station and are on Chūō-dōri (中央通り). Exits 3 and 4 are on the same street but in the centre of the station near Kanda-Kajichō. Exits 5 and 6 are at the northernmost part of the station.

The song "Omatsuri Mambo" (お祭りマンボ, Omatsuri Mambo) by Hibari Misora is used as the departure melody for the Ginza Line platforms in 2015.

History
The station first opened on March 1, 1919 when the Chūō Main Line was extended from Manseibashi Station, which existed between Kanda and Ochanomizu, to Tokyo Station.

The tracks of Tōhoku Main Line, now used by trains on the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and the Yamanote Line, extended from Akihabara Station to Kanda and further to Tokyo on November 1, 1925. This extension completed the loop of the Yamanote Line.

The subway station opened on November 21, 1931. On this day, the subway closed the temporary terminal at Manseibashi Station and made Kanda Station the new terminus. The station became an intermediate station on April 29, 1932 when the line was extended to Mitsukoshimae Station.

The station facilities of the Ginza Line were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

The extension through Kanda Station of the Tōhoku Shinkansen from its previous terminus at Ueno to Tokyo breached a pair of express tracks of the Tohoku Main Line through the station. These are being reinstated by the Tōhoku Jūkan Line project. The project was due to be completed in 2013 but was subsequently delayed until 2015 as a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

From March 14, 2015 onwards, Keihin-Tōhoku rapid services began serving the station.

Station numbering was introduced to the JR East platforms in 2016 with Kanda being assigned station numbers JC02 for the Chūō line rapid, JK27 for the Keihin–Tōhoku Line, and JY02 for the Yamanote line. At the same time, JR East assigned the station a three-letter code to its major transfer stations; Kanda was assigned the code "KND".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by an average of 97,589 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the fortieth-busiest station operated by JR East. In fiscal 2013, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 52,612 passengers per day (exiting and entering passengers), making it the seventieth-busiest station operated by Tokyo Metro. The average daily passenger figures for each operator in previous years are as shown below.

 * Note that JR East figures are for boarding passengers only.

title: Kanda Station (Tokyo)


text:
Lichtenberg

Lichtenberg is the eleventh borough of Berlin, Germany. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it absorbed the former borough of Hohenschönhausen.

Overview
The district contains the Tierpark Berlin in Friedrichsfelde, the larger of Berlin's two zoological gardens. During the period of Berlin's partition between West and East, Lichtenberg was the location of the headquarters of the Stasi, the East German state security service. Prior to the establishment of the GDR it housed the main office of the Soviet Military Administration in Berlin, and before that it was an officers' mess of the Wehrmacht. The complex is now the location of the Stasi Museum. The Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial is on the site of the main remand prison of the Stasi. Additionally, Lichtenberg is the location of the German-Russian Museum, the historical venue of the unconditional surrender of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) on 8 May 1945.

The population is ethnically diverse, and has a significant Vietnamese community.

Subdivision
Lichtenberg is divided into 10 localities:

History
The historic village of Lichtenberg together with neighbouring Friedrichsfelde, Karlshorst, Marzahn, Biesdorf, Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf was incorporated as the 17th borough of Berlin by the 1920 Greater Berlin Act.

In the 1970s, the East German government had large pre-fabricated high-rise housing estates (Plattenbau) built in the east of the Lichtenberg borough. This area was separated off and became the new borough of Marzahn, which included Biesdorf, Hellersdorf, Kaulsdorf and Mahlsdorf in 1979. In 1986, this district in turn was split into the two boroughs of Marzahn and Hellersdorf in 1986, and again merged as Marzahn-Hellersdorf by the 2001 administrative reform.

District council
The governing body of Lichtenberg is the district council (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). It has responsibility for passing laws and electing the city government, including the mayor. The most recent district council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 146,276 ! 98.8 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,767 ! 1.2 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 148,043 ! 100.0 ! ! 55 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 216,202 ! 68.5 ! 8.4 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (LINKE)
 * align=left| Michael Grunst
 * 36,283
 * 24.8
 * 5.0
 * 15
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Jutta Feige
 * 28,739
 * 19.6
 * 2.0
 * 12
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Martin Schaefer
 * 19,224
 * 13.1
 * 0.5
 * 8
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Daniela Ehlers
 * 19,057
 * 13.0
 * 4.8
 * 8
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Karsten Woldeit
 * 17,528
 * 12.0
 * 7.2
 * 7
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Rico Apitz
 * 8,009
 * 5.5
 * 2.5
 * 3
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Tierschutzpartei
 * align=left| Katja Michel
 * 6,528
 * 4.5
 * New
 * 2
 * New
 * colspan=8 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * align=left|
 * 3,744
 * 2.6
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters
 * align=left|
 * 3,214
 * 2.2
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| dieBasis
 * align=left|
 * 2,179
 * 1.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * align=left|
 * 1,124
 * 0.8
 * 2.1
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party
 * align=left|
 * 433
 * 0.3
 * 0.7
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 214
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 433
 * 0.3
 * 0.7
 * 0
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Liberal Conservative Reformers
 * align=left|
 * 214
 * 0.1
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Elections Berlin
 * }
 * }

District government
The district mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister) is elected by the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung, and positions in the district government (Bezirksamt) are apportioned based on party strength. Michael Grunst of the Left was elected mayor on 16 December 2016. Since the 2021 municipal elections, the composition of the district government is as follows:

Twin towns – sister cities
Lichtenberg is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇱 Białołęka (Warsaw), Poland (2000)
 * 🇵🇱 Hajnówka County, Poland (2001)
 * Hoàn Kiếm (Hanoi), Vietnam (2015)
 * 🇱🇹 Jurbarkas, Lithuania (2003)
 * 🇷🇺 Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (2001)
 * 🇲🇿 KaMubukwana (Maputo), Mozambique (1995)
 * 🇦🇹 Margareten (Vienna), Austria (2015)

People

 * Ilse Stöbe (1911–1942), German journalist and resistance fighter
 * Hans Kempin (1913–1992), German Waffen-SS combat and training officer
 * Bommi Baumann (born 1947), German construction worker, co-founder of the German organization Movement 2 June and author
 * Gregor Gysi (born 1948), German politician (SED, The Linke)
 * Katja Lange-Müller (born 1951), German writer
 * Gesine Lötzsch (born 1961), German politician (SED, The Linke)
 * Annett Fleischer (born 1979), German actress
 * Alexander Fehling (born 1981), German actor
 * Christoph Sydow (1985–2020), German journalist
 * Daniel Siebert (born 1984), German football referee
 * Patrick Hausding (born 1989), German diver

title: Lichtenberg