text:
Connie Stevens

Connie Stevens (born Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingolia; August 8, 1938) is an American actress and singer. Born in Brooklyn to musician parents, Stevens was raised there until age 12, when she was sent to live with family friends in rural Missouri. In 1953, at age 15, Stevens relocated with her father to Los Angeles.

She began her career in 1957, making her feature film debut in Young and Dangerous, before releasing her debut album, Concetta, the following year. She had a supporting role in the musical comedy Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) opposite Jerry Lewis, followed by the drama film The Party Crashers (also 1958) opposite Frances Farmer.

Stevens gained widespread recognition for her portrayal of "Cricket" Blake on the network television series Hawaiian Eye, beginning in 1959. She garnered concurrent musical success when her single "Sixteen Reasons" became a radio hit, peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the UK Singles Chart in 1960. Stevens continued to appear in film and television throughout the 1970s and 1980s, as well as performing as a musical nightclub act.

Stevens' later film roles include in the comedy Tapeheads (1988) and the drama Love Is All There Is (1996). In 2009, Stevens made her directorial debut with the feature film Saving Grace B. Jones, which she also wrote and produced, based partly on elements of her own childhood.

Early life
Stevens was born Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingolia in Brooklyn, New York, United States, the daughter of musician Peter Ingolia (known as Teddy Stevens) and singer Eleanor McGinley. Stevens is of Italian and Irish descent. She adopted her father's stage name of Stevens as her own. Her parents divorced and she lived with her grandparents and attended Catholic boarding schools. Actor John Megna was her half-brother.

At the age of 12, she witnessed a murder while waiting at a bus stop in Brooklyn. The event traumatized Stevens, and she was sent to live with family friends in Boonville, Missouri.

Coming from a musical family, Stevens joined the singing group called The Fourmost with Tony Butala, who went on to fame as founder of The Lettermen. Stevens moved to Los Angeles with her father in 1953.

Early films
Her first notable film role was in Young and Dangerous (1957) with Mark Damon, a low budget teen movie. She also was in Eighteen and Anxious (1957); and an episode of The Bob Cummings Show ("Bob Goes Hillbilly"). In December 1957 Stevens signed a seven-year contract with Paramount starting at $600 a week going up to $1,500 a week.

Jerry Lewis saw her in Dragstrip Riot (1958), and cast her as his love interest in his 1958 production of Rock-A-Bye Baby, giving Stevens her first big break.

Stevens made another film with Damon, The Party Crashers (1958), before Paramount dropped her.

Warner Bros. and Hawaiian Eye

In May 1959, she signed a seven-year contract with Warner Bros. starting at $300 per week. Like many Warners contract players, Stevens was kept busy guest-starring on their regular TV shows such as The Ann Sothern Show, Maverick, Tenderfoot, 77 Sunset Strip and Cheyenne.

She appeared opposite James Garner in an episode of the TV Western series Maverick titled "Two Tickets to Ten Strike," which also featured Adam West. Stardom came when she was cast as Cricket Blake in the popular television detective series Hawaiian Eye from 1959 to 1963, a role that made her famous; her principal costar was Robert Conrad.

First televised on December 23, 1960, she appeared (uncredited) in "The Dresden Doll", Episode 15 of Season 3 of 77 Sunset Strip as her character from Hawaiian Eye, Cricket Blake.

In a televised interview on August 26, 2003, on CNN's Larry King Live, Stevens recounted that while on the set of Hawaiian Eye she was told she had a telephone call from Elvis Presley. "She didn't believe it, but in fact it was Elvis, who invited her to a party and said that he would come to her house and pick her up personally"; they subsequently dated.

Music career
Stevens' first album was titled Concetta (1958). She had minor single hits with the standards "Blame It on My Youth" (music by Oscar Levant and lyrics by Edward Heyman), "Looking for a Boy" (music by George Gershwin and lyrics by Ira Gershwin), and "Spring Is Here" (music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart).

After making several appearances on the Warner Bros. hit TV series 77 Sunset Strip, she recorded the hit novelty song "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)" (1959), a duet with one of the stars of the program, Edd Byrnes, that reached #4 on the Billboard Hot 100. She and Byrnes also appeared together on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom.

She had hit singles as a solo artist with "Sixteen Reasons" (1960), her biggest hit, reaching #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, (#9 in the UK) and a minor #71 hit "Too Young to Go Steady" (1960) (music by Jimmy McHugh and lyrics by Harold Adamson). Other single releases were "Apollo", "Why'd You Wanna Make Me Cry?", "Something Beautiful," "Mr. Songwriter," "Now That You've Gone," "La-La (Means I Love You)" (originally performed by The Delfonics), and "Keep Growing Strong" (which was remade by the Stylistics under the title "Betcha by Golly, Wow").

Film stardom and theatre

Stevens' popularity on the small screen and as a recording star encouraged Warner Bros. to try her in films. She starred in three films for the studio, all opposite Troy Donahue: Parrish (1961), as a rural girl; Susan Slade (1962), playing the title role, an unwed mother; and Palm Springs Weekend (1963), a teen romantic comedy. In 1962 Warner Bros. suspended her briefly for refusing to go on a publicity tour. She performed in Wizard of Oz on stage in Kansas.

When Hawaiian Eye ended, Stevens guest-starred on Temple Houston and The Red Skelton Show. She played the lead in the horror film Two on a Guillotine (1965), for Warners.

Stevens later starred as Wendy Conway in the television sitcom Wendy and Me (1964–1965) with George Burns, who also produced the show with Warner Bros. and played an older man who watched Wendy's exploits upstairs on what appears to be a surreptitious closed-circuit television hook-up in his apartment. She had a percentage of the show, and had three and a half years left on her contract with Warners. She said "I've done the teenage epics... and want to move up into something like Virginia Woolf or Any Wednesday. I want to be a big star but do I have to throw tantrums and behave badly to get there? Can't I just be talented and work hard and be happily married?"

Stevens had the juvenile lead in Never Too Late (1965), released by Warner Bros. She signed a new contract with Warner Bros. to make one film a year for six years.

She reprised her stage performance of Wizard of Oz at Carousel Theatre, California, then followed it with Any Wednesday, at Melodyland, Anaheim California. Stevens was reunited with Jerry Lewis in Way... Way Out (1966).

Broadway and nightclubs
Stevens in 1966 starred in the Broadway production of Neil Simon's The Star-Spangled Girl with Anthony Perkins and Richard Benjamin. While she continued to appear in television series such as ABC Stage 67, Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, and Love, American Style, Stevens enjoyed performing live, so in 1968 she also began appearing regularly in nightclubs in Las Vegas, where her shows were well received by both audiences and entertainment critics.

TV movies
Stevens had a small role in a TV movie The Littlest Angel (1969). She made Mister Jerico (1970) for British TV and had a supporting role in The Grissom Gang (1971).

Stevens starred in the TV movies Call Her Mom (1972), Playmates (1972), Every Man Needs One (1972), and The Sex Symbol (1974).

She turned down the Valerie Perrine role in Lenny because of its nudity.

She had the lead in a feature Scorchy (1976).

In the 1970s, Stevens started singing the "Ace Is the Place" jingle on Ace Hardware TV commercials in Southern California, and was a guest on The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast a few times.

In the spring of 1977, Stevens appeared in a first-season episode of The Muppet Show.

1978: La croisière s'amuse (The Love Boat) (série télévisée) : (saison 2, épisode 13

1980s
She was in Love's Savage Fury (1979), Murder Can Hurt You! (1980), Scruples (1980), Aloha Paradise, Side Show (1981), Harry's Battles (1981), and Grease 2 (1982).

Stevens guest starred on Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Hotel, Detective in the House, Murder, She Wrote and Tales from the Darkside.

She had supporting roles in Rowdies (1986), Back to the Beach (1987), Tapeheads (1988), and Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis (1988).

She also was seen numerous times on the Bob Hope USO specials, including his Christmas Show from the Persian Gulf (1988).

In 1988, Stevens said "I still want to make movies with Marlon Brando. But first I've got to get hot. That's what I'm trying to do - get hot. I'm still waiting for the big role. I haven't peaked yet."

She elaborated: "I'm a big star all over the world except in Hollywood. I play (nightclubs in) Japan and Hong Kong every Christmas and New Year's... I don't have a hit TV show, I don't have a hit record, I don't have a hit movie, but I created something that people still love. I invented Cricket. There was barely a part written for me. Half the time, I said whatever I wanted. I was everybody's daughter. I was every boy's fantasy girlfriend. Girls wanted to be like me. That good feeling still exists. That's why I'm a big business, with 17 people working for me. I may not be the richest woman in the world, but I do okay. But Hollywood is a different story... There's something wrong when an actress can come off a 'Dynasty' or a 'Falcon Crest' and get a production deal (to star in a mini-series or TV movie) and I can't." Stevens had a regular role on the sitcom Starting from Scratch (1988). She said at the time, "TV is not my favorite medium; the work is hard, you don't have any life, and I feel like I've already been a champion in it, but the economics of the business is you need momentum to get hot. I'm using this to get me into movies." The show only lasted one season.

1990s onwards

Stevens’ later appearances include Ellen, Love Is All There Is, Baywatch, Clueless, James Dean: Race with Destiny (1997), Returning Mickey Stern, Titus, Wild Card, 8 Simple Rules, Fat Actress, The Wedding Album.

In 1997, Stevens wrote, edited, and directed a documentary entitled A Healing, about Red Cross nurses who served during the Vietnam War. The following year it won the title of Best Film at the Santa Clarita International Film Festival. She also co-wrote and directed the thriller Saving Grace B. Jones (2009); it was shot in Boonville and is based on true events that Stevens witnessed there, as a child.

She also was in Double Duty (2009), Just Before I Go (2014), and Search Engines (2016), co-starring daughter Joely Fisher.

Other projects
In 1969, Stevens toured with the Bob Hope USO tour to Guam and Southeast Asia.

In 1987, she, Barbara Eden and Lee Greenwood toured with Bob Hope on his USO tour to the Persian Gulf. Among her charitable works, she founded the Windfeather project to award scholarships to Native Americans, and supports CancerGroup.com. In 1991 Stevens received the Lady of Humanities Award from Shriners Hospital and the Humanitarian of the Year Award by the Sons of Italy in Washington, D.C.

Stevens developed her own cosmetic skin care product line, Forever Spring, and in the 1990s opened the Connie Stevens Garden Sanctuary Day Spa in Los Angeles.

In 1994, accompanied by her two daughters, she issued her first recording in several years, Tradition: A Family at Christmas,

She made nightclub appearances and headlined in major Las Vegas showrooms.

Awards and recognition
Stevens has a star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in Palm Springs, California, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6249 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California, and a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario.

On September 23, 2005, Stevens was elected secretary-treasurer of the Screen Actors Guild, the union's second-highest elected position. She succeeded James Cromwell, who did not seek re-election.

On June 29, 2013, the National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution's President General, Merry Ann Wright, presented Stevens with the Founder's Medal for Patriotism, for her 40+ years of work with the USO.

Personal life
Stevens dated actor Glenn Ford in the early 1960s.

She was married twice during her twenties. Her first husband, from 1963 until their 1966 divorce, was actor James Stacy. Her second husband, from 1967 until they divorced in 1969, was singer Eddie Fisher. She is the mother of actresses Joely Fisher and Tricia Leigh Fisher, and the former stepmother of Todd Fisher and actress Carrie Fisher. Stevens is a half-sister of John Megna through their mother.

Television

 * The Bob Cummings Show (1958)
 * The Ann Sothern Show (1958)
 * 77 Sunset Strip (1958–1960)
 * Cheyenne (1959)
 * Hawaiian Eye (1959–1963)
 * Maverick (1959) - Episode: "Two Tickets to Ten Strike" with James Garner
 * Wendy and Me (1964–1965) - Series with George Burns
 * The Littlest Angel (1969)
 * Love American Style – Episode: "Love and the Legal Agreement" (1969)
 * Mister Jerico (1970)
 * Kraft Music Hall Presents The Des O'Connor Show (1970-71)
 * Call Her Mom (1972)
 * Playmates (1972)
 * Every Man Needs One (1972)
 * The Sex Symbol (1974)
 * The Muppet Show (Episode 102) (1976)
 * Love's Savage Fury (1979)
 * Scruples (1980) (miniseries)
 * Murder Can Hurt You (1980)
 * Side Show (1981)
 * Fantasy Island – Season 5 Episode 5: "Show Me A Hero" (1982)
 * The Love Boat – Episode: "Same Wavelength" (1982)
 * Fantasy Island – Season 6 Episode 19: "The Beautiful Skeptic" (1982)
 * Murder, She Wrote – Episode: "Murder Digs Deep" (1985)
 * Tales from the Darkside – Episode: "Unhappy Medium" (1986)
 * Starting from Scratch (1988–1989)
 * Bring Me the Head of Dobie Gillis (1988)
 * Murder, She Wrote – Episode: "The Big Show of 1965" (1990)
 * Baywatch – Episode: - "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" (1996)
 * James Dean: Race with Destiny (1997)
 * Becoming Dick (2000)
 * 8 Simple Rules – Episode: "Daddy's Girl" (2004)
 * Fat Actress – Episode: "Crack for Good" (2005)

title: Connie Stevens


text:
Francis Mond Professor of Aeronautical Engineering

The Francis Mond Professor of Aeronautical Engineering is a professorship in the University of Cambridge. It was established in 1919 as a result of a benefaction from Emile Mond, in memory of his son Francis who had been educated at Peterhouse and was killed in action on 15 May 1918 whilst serving with the RAF on the Western Front.

Incumbents of the Francis Mond Professorship of Aeronautical Engineering

 * Bennett Melvill Jones, 1919–1952
 * William Austyn Mair, 1952–1983
 * Michael Gaster, 1986–1995
 * Bill Dawes, 1996–current

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory

Fyshwick is a retail and light industrial suburb of Canberra, Australia,  east of the South Canberra district. At the, Fyshwick had a population of 56.

It has many motor vehicle dealers, stores selling home furnishings and hardware, and stores that sell goods wholesale. Fyshwick also has the Canberra Outlet Centre and the Fyshwick Fresh Food Markets. There are also some cafés and fast-food outlets.

It was named after Sir Philip Fysh, a Tasmanian politician who assisted in bringing about Australia's Federation. The suffix "wick", from Old English, means "dwelling place" – and, by extension, "village" or "district". Its streets are named after Australia's industrial towns and regions – for example, Mount Isa is represented by Isa Street and Townsville is represented by Townsville Street.

Fyshwick is also known for its adult entertainment industry. Fyshwick and Mitchell are the two places in the ACT where strip clubs and brothels may operate legally. Prostitution in the ACT was decriminalised in 1992, but strip clubs and brothels are restricted to those two suburbs. Fyshwick was also known for firework retailers before their 2009 ban from public purchase in the Australian Capital Territory.

The only railway line into Canberra runs through the middle of Fyshwick, dividing the area into halves. Ipswich and Newcastle Streets as well as the Monaro Highway cross the railway line, uniting both halves of Fyshwick.

The Fyshwick sewage treatment works was built in 1967 to treat waste water that could not easily be pumped to the other side of Canberra. It is now used to treat industrial waste water, which is then used to water the Duntroon grounds and golf course.

History
One noteworthy portion of Fyshwick, located between the railway line and Canberra Avenue, was built as an internment camp during early 1918. It was known as the Molonglo Internment Camp, although it was also referred to as a concentration camp. The site was intended to accommodate 3,500 German and Austrian nationals being expelled from China, however once the camp had been established in May 1918 these internees were no longer destined for Molonglo. Instead, the camp housed 150 internees transferred from the Bourke Camp in New South Wales. The camp was closed in late 1919 after the internees were deported to Germany. Most of the camp's buildings were sold off, with the remaining buildings being converted to house construction workers, some of whom were unemployed returned servicemen. It was then called Molonglo Settlement. Gradually the camp buildings were moved to other camp sites around Canberra and the roads used to service the camp became the first streets of Fyshwick.

The internment camp's hospital at what is now Tennant Street became the Molonglo Public School. This school closed in 1942 and then became a naval auxiliary wireless station. This operated until 1946. The station consisted of one wooden T-shaped building and a fibro mess hall. This station operated the receivers for the strategic fixed radio links to Australia for Whitehall, Halifax and Bombay Fort. During this period 14 WRANS operated the equipment. Marion Stevens was a Petty Officer in charge of the station from 1943 to 1946. She was notable as the only woman in charge of a transmitting station.

The station was part of the Harman radio network, as was connected via a landline to the main Harman site. Equipment at the Molonglo station included teleprinters for use when reception was good. During poorer radio propagation periods morse code radiotelegraphy had to be used.

After the war the Molonglo station became a dog training school. In the early 1980s the buildings were demolished.

Geology

Most of the north of Fyshwick is underlain by Canberra Formation, calcareous shale. On top of this to the east and west of Jerrabomberra creek are Tertiary pebble gravels, and also quaternary alluvium. There are two andesite dykes intruded across Gladstone Street.

South of the South Fyshwick fault is the dacitic andesite of the Ainslie Volcanics.

The South Fyshwick Fault starts in Narrabundah, runs east from Lithgow St to Tennant Street, crosses the Molonglo river and heads north east to Dundee Hill to join Sullivans Fault.

Education
Fyshwick residents get preference for:
 * A shared Priority Enrollment Area (PEA) of Forrest Primary and Red Hill Primary
 * Telopea Park School (for high school)
 * Narrabundah College

title: Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory


text:
Talk:HP-49G Plus

some people have reported that the keyboard has not been registering keypresses: YES, specialy Y^X EEX and HIST

title: Talk:HP-49G Plus


text:
Talk:Querelle

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:55, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Querelle


text:
Largest remainders method

The largest remainder methods or quota methods are methods of allocating seats proportionally that are based on calculating a quota, i.e. a certain number of votes needed to be guaranteed a seat in parliament. Then, any leftover seats are handed over to "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders, i.e. the most "leftover" votes). They are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods).

Divisor methods are generally preferred by social choice theorists to the largest remainder methods because they are less susceptible to apportionment paradoxes. In particular, divisor methods satisfy population monotonicity, i.e. voting for a party can never cause it to lose seats. Such population paradoxes occur by increasing the electoral quota, which can cause different states' remainders to respond erratically. Divisor methods also satisfy resource or house monotonicity, which says that increasing the number of seats in a legislature should not cause a state to lose a seat (a situation known as an Alabama paradox).

When using the Hare quota, the method is known as the Hare–Niemeyer or Hamilton method.

Method
The largest remainder methods require the numbers of votes for each party to be divided by a quota representing the number of votes required to win a seat. Usually, this is given by the total number of votes cast, divided by the number of seats. The result for each party will consist of an integer part plus a fractional remainder. Each party is first allocated a number of seats equal to their integer. This will generally leave some remainder seats unallocated. To apportion these seats, the parties are then ranked on the basis of their fractional remainders, and the parties with the largest remainders are each allocated one additional seat until all seats have been allocated. This gives the method its name.

Largest remainder methods can also be used to apportion votes among solid coalitions, as in the case of the single transferable vote, which becomes the largest-remainders method when voters are all partisans (i.e. only rank candidates of their own party).

Quotas
There are several possible choices for the electoral quota; the choice of quota affects the properties of the corresponding largest remainder method, with smaller quotas leaving fewer seats left over for small parties to pick up, and larger quotas leaving more seats. As a result, a larger quota is, somewhat counterintuitively, always more favorable to smaller parties.

The two most common quotas are the Hare quota and the Droop quota. The use of a particular quota with one of the largest remainder methods is often abbreviated as "LR-[quota name]", such as "LR-Droop".

The Hare (or simple) quota is defined as follows:

 * $$\frac{\text{total votes}}{\text{total seats}}$$

It is used for legislative elections in Russia (with a 5% exclusion threshold since 2016), Ukraine (5% threshold), Bulgaria (4% threshold), Lithuania (5% threshold for party and 7% threshold for coalition), Tunisia, Taiwan (5% threshold), Namibia and Hong Kong. LR-Hare is sometimes called Hamilton's method, named after Alexander Hamilton, who devised the method in 1792.

The Droop quota is given by:
 * $$\frac{\text{total votes}}{\text{total seats}+1}$$

and is applied to elections in South Africa.

The Hare quota is more generous to less popular parties and the Droop quota to more popular parties. Specifically, the Hare quota is unbiased in the number of seats it hands out, and so is more proportional than the Droop quota (which tends to be biased towards larger parties).

Examples
These examples take an election to allocate 10 seats where there are 100,000 votes.

Pros and cons
It is easy for a voter to understand how the largest remainder method allocates seats. The Hare quota gives no advantage to larger or smaller parties, while the Droop quota is biased in favor of larger parties. However, in small legislatures with no threshold, the Hare quota can be manipulated by running candidates on many small lists, allowing each list to pick up a single remainder seat.

However, whether a list gets an extra seat or not may well depend on how the remaining votes are distributed among other parties: it is quite possible for a party to make a slight percentage gain yet lose a seat if the votes for other parties also change. A related feature is that increasing the number of seats may cause a party to lose a seat (the Alabama paradox). The highest averages methods avoid this latter paradox, though at the cost of very rare quota violations.

Technical evaluation and paradoxes
The largest remainder method satisfies the quota rule (each party's seats amount to its ideal share of seats, either rounded up or rounded down) and was designed to satisfy that criterion. However, this comes at the cost of paradoxical behavior. The Alabama paradox is when an increase in the total number of seats leads to a decrease in the number of seats allocated to a certain party. In the example below, when the number of seats to be allocated is increased from 25 to 26 (with the number of votes held constant), parties D and E counterintuitively end up with fewer seats.

With 25 seats, the results are:

With 26 seats, the results are:

title: Largest remainders method


text:
Chris Argyris

Chris Argyris (July 16, 1923 – November 16, 2013 ) was an American business theorist and professor at Yale School of Management and Harvard Business School. Argyris, like Richard Beckhard, Edgar Schein and Warren Bennis, is known as a co-founder of organization development, and known for seminal work on learning organizations.

Biography
Argyris was born a twin—along with Thomas S. Argyris (1923–2001) —into a family of Greek immigrants to the United States in Newark, New Jersey. Argyris (pronounced AHR-JUR-ris) grew up in Irvington, New Jersey, and Athens, Greece. In World War II he served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. After his service he studied psychology at Clark University, where he met Kurt Lewin. He obtained his MA in 1947, and joined the University of Kansas, where he obtained his MSc in Psychology and Economics in 1949. In 1951 received his PhD from Cornell University, with a thesis under the supervision of William F. Whyte on organizational behavior.

In 1951 Argyris started his academic career at Yale University as part of the Yale Labor and Management Center where he worked under its director and an early influence, E. Wight Bakke. At Yale he subsequently became appointed Professor of Management science. In 1971 he moved to Harvard University, where he was Professor of Education and Organizational Behavior, until his retirement. Argyris was active as director of the consulting firm Monitor in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Argyris received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Toronto in 2006 and a Doctor of Science award from Yale University in 2011.

Argyris died on November 16, 2013, age 90, and is buried at Linwood Cemetery in Weston, Massachusetts.

Work
Argyris' early research explored the impact of formal organizational structures, control systems and management on individuals and how they responded and adapted to them. This research resulted in the books Personality and Organization (1957) and Integrating the Individual and the Organization (1964). He then shifted his focus to organizational change, in particular exploring the behaviour of senior executives in organizations, in Interpersonal Competence and Organizational Effectiveness (1962) and Organization and Innovation (1965).

From there he moved on to an inquiry into the role of the social scientist as both researcher and actor (Intervention Theory and Method (1970); Inner Contradictions of Rigorous Research (1980) and Action Science (1985) – with Robert Putnam and Diana McLain Smith). His fourth major area of research and theorizing – in significant part undertaken with Donald Schön – was in individual and organizational learning and the extent to which human reasoning, not just behavior, can become the basis for diagnosis and action (Theory in Practice (1974); Organizational Learning (1978); Organizational Learning II (1996) – all with Donald Schön). He has also developed this thinking in Overcoming Organizational Defenses (1990) and Knowledge for Action (1993).

Adult personality
Argyris believed that managers who treat people positively and as responsible adults will achieve productivity. Mature workers want additional responsibilities, variety of tasks, and the ability to participate in decisions. He also came to the conclusion that problems with employees are the result of mature personalities managed using outdated practices.

Action science
Argyris' collaborative work with Robert W. Putnam, (not to be confused with Robert D. Putnam), and Diana McLain Smith advocates an approach to research that focuses on generating knowledge that is useful in solving practical problems. Other key concepts developed by Argyris include ladder of inference, double-loop learning, theory of action/espoused theory/theory-in-use, high advocacy/high inquiry dialogue and actionable knowledge and the study of adult personality.

Argyris' concept of Action Science begins with the study of how human beings design their actions in difficult situations. Human actions are designed to achieve intended consequences and governed by a set of environment variables. How those governing variables are treated in designing actions are the key differences between single-loop learning and double-loop learning. When actions are designed to achieve the intended consequences and to suppress conflict about the governing variables, a single-loop learning cycle usually ensues. On the other hand, when actions are taken, not only to achieve the intended consequences, but also to openly inquire about conflict and to possibly transform the governing variables, both single-loop and double-loop learning cycles usually ensue. (Argyris applies single-loop and double-loop learning concepts not only to personal behaviors but also to organizational behaviors in his models.)

Model 1 illustrates how single-loop learning affects human actions. Model 2 describes how double-loop learning affects human actions. The following Model 1 and Model 2 tables introduce these ideas (tables are from Argyris, Putnam & Smith, 1985, Action Science, Ch. 3). Other key books conveying Argyris' approach include Argyris & Schon, 1974 and Argyris, 1970, 1980, 1994).

Table 1, Model 1: Theory-In-Use: defensive reasoning

Table 2, Model 2: Theory-In-Use: productive reasoning

Selected books

 * Argyris, C. 1957. Personality and Organization: the Conflict between System and the Individual. New York: Harper. OCLC 243920
 * Argyris, C. 1962. Interpersonal Competence and Organizational Effectiveness. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press. OCLC 254242
 * Argyris, C. 1964. Integrating the Individual and the Organization. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-03315-4
 * Argyris, C. 1965. Organization and Innovation. Homewood, Ill.: R.D. Irwin. OCLC 228981
 * Argyris, C. 1970. Intervention Theory and Method: a Behavioral Science View. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-00342-2
 * Argyris, C. 1971. Management and Organizational Development: the Path from XA to YB. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-002219-4
 * Argyris, C. 1972. The Applicability of Organizational Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08448-2
 * Argyris, C. 1974. Behind the Front Page: Organizational Self-Renewal in a Metropolitan Newspaper. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-223-X
 * Argyris, C., Schön, D.A. 1974. Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-230-2
 * Argyris, C. 1976. Increasing Leadership Effectiveness. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01668-3
 * Argyris, C. 1978. Regulating Business: the Search for an Optimum. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies. ISBN 0-917616-27-8
 * Argyris, C., Schön, D.A. 1978. Organizational Learning: a Theory of Action Perspective. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-00174-8
 * Argyris, C. 1980. Inner Contradictions of Rigorous Research. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-060150-8
 * Argyris, C. 1982. Reasoning, Learning, and Action: Individual and Organizational. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-524-7
 * Argyris, C., Putnam, R., Smith D.M. 1985. Action Science: Concepts, Methods, and Skills for Research and Intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-665-0
 * Argyris, C. 1990. Overcoming Organizational Defenses: Facilitating Organizational Learning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-12338-4
 * Argyris, C. 1993. Knowledge for Action: a Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 1-55542-519-4
 * Argyris, C. 1993. On Organizational Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-262-1
 * Argyris, C., Schön, D.A. 1996. Organizational Learning II: Theory, Method and Practice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-62983-6
 * Argyris, C. 1999. On Organizational Learning, 2nd ed. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Business. ISBN 0-631-21308-2
 * Argyris, C. 2000. Flawed Advice and the Management Trap: How Managers Can Know When They're Getting Good Advice and When They're Not. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513286-6
 * Argyris, C. 2004. Reasons and Rationalizations: The Limits to Organizational Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926807-X

 * Publications about Chris Argyris

title: Chris Argyris


text:
Henry Kučera

Henry Kučera (15 February 1925 – 20 February 2010), born Jindřich Kučera, was a Czech-American linguist who pioneered corpus linguistics, linguistic software, a major contributor to the American Heritage Dictionary, and a pioneer in the development of spell checking computer software. He is remembered in particular as one of the initiators of the Brown Corpus.

Early life and education
Kučera was born in Třebařov (between Pardubice and Olomouc) in Czechoslovakia and later moved with his family to Hodonín, where he studied. When the Communists came to power in February 1948, his studies in philosophy and linguistics at Charles University in the Czech capital of Prague were interrupted. He was forced to leave Czechoslovakia in April 1948 when it became clear that his political writings had placed him at risk of detention by the Communist authorities.

Kučera then moved to Allied-occupied Germany where he worked under the supervision of the U.S. CIC (Counterintelligence Corps) for refugee organizations, assisting Czech refugees with relocation programs and preparing passports. It was during this time that he met Pavel Tigrid, who went on to become Kučera's mentor and longtime friend. Following the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Tigrid went on to become the Minister of Culture for Czechoslovakia.

Teaching career
In 1949, he traveled to New York City aboard the USS General C. H. Muir. After receiving his PhD from Harvard University, he taught at the University of Florida at Gainesville for two years. Kučera then returned to Harvard as a research fellow. In 1955 he received an appointment at Brown University, where he was promoted to full professor in 1965. He spent the rest of his teaching career there. He retired in 1990 as the Fred M. Seed Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Cognitive Sciences with, among other honors, a black tie retirement party and the publication of a Festschrift about his accomplishments.

Works
While at Brown, he was able to further pursue his interest in linguistics. There he became interested in the computational analysis of human language, though at the time there were scarcely any tools for this type of research.

In 1963 and 1964, Kučera collaborated with W. Nelson Francis to create the Brown Corpus of Standard American English, generally known as the Brown Corpus. This was a carefully compiled selection of current American English as published during the year 1961 in 1,000 sources on a wide variety of subjects. It has been very widely used in computational linguistics, and was for many years among the most-cited resources in the field. Kučera and Francis themselves subjected it to a variety of computational analyses from which derived their classic work Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English (1967), followed by Francis and Kučera's Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar (1982).

Shortly thereafter, Boston publisher Houghton-Mifflin approached Kučera to supply a million word, three-line citation base for its new American Heritage Dictionary. This ground-breaking new dictionary, which first appeared in 1969, was the first dictionary to be compiled using corpus linguistics for word frequency and other information.

Kučera wrote one of the first spell checkers over Christmas break, 1981, in PL/I, at the behest of Digital Equipment Corporation. It was a simple, rapid spelling verifier. Further development resulted in "International Correct Spell", a spell checking program which was used on word processing systems such as WordStar and Microsoft Word as well as numerous small computer applications. Kučera later oversaw the development of Houghton-Mifflin's Correct Text grammar checker, which also drew heavily on statistical techniques for analysis. He founded Language Systems Incorporated (LSI), later Language Systems Software Incorporated (LSSI), to manage his software programs and updates until the patents expired in 2002. Houghton-Mifflin spun out Inso Corporation. With income largely from Microsoft and others licensing the spelling and grammar tools, in 1996 Inso acquired Electronic Book Technologies.

Honors
In addition to his PhD in Linguistics from Harvard University, Kučera had a doctorate from Charles University in Prague which was restored after the Velvet Revolution ousted the communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He received honorary degrees from Pembroke College in Providence, RI, Bucknell University in Lewisburg, PA, and Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic (1990). Kučera was a member of the academic honor society Phi Beta Kappa.

Selected publications

 * H. Kučera (1961). The phonology of Czech.

 * Andrew Mackie, Tatyana K. McAuley, Cynthia Simmons, eds. (1962). For Henry Kučera. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Slavic Publications.

 * H. Kučera and W. N. Francis (1967). Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English.

 * H. Kučera (1968). A Comparative Quantitative Phonology of Russian, Czech, and German.
 * W. N. Francis and H. Kučera (1983). Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar.
 * W. N. Francis and H. Kučera (1989). Manual of information to accompany a standard corpus of present-day edited American English, for use with digital computers.

title: Henry Kučera


text:
Dragsfjärd

Dragsfjärd is a former municipality of Finland. On 1 January 2009 it was consolidated with Kimito and Västanfjärd to form the new municipality of Kimitoön.

It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 3,378 (2004-12-31) and covered an area of 274.95 km2 of which 8.17 km2 is water. The population density was 12.66 inhabitants per km2.

Western part of the municipality belongs to the Southwestern Archipelago National Park and forms the eastern part of the park.

The municipality was bilingual with 76% of the population being Swedish speakers and 21% being Finnish speakers.

People from Dragsfjärd

 * Artur Wuorimaa (1854 – 1921)
 * Wilhelm Ramsay (1865 – 1928)
 * Gottfrid Lindström (1887 – 1975)
 * Allan Wallenius (1890–1942)
 * Olavi Saarinen (1923 – 1979)
 * Conny Karlsson (1975 – )

title: Dragsfjärd


text:
Eckerö

Eckerö is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. The municipality has a population of 0 and covers an area of undefined km2 of which undefined km2 is water. The population density is undefined PD/km2.

The municipality is unilingually Swedish and NaN of the population are Swedish speakers. It is the westernmost municipality of Åland and Finland. The company Eckerö Linjen operates a ferry connection between Berghamn in Storby, Eckerö and Grisslehamn on Väddö, Norrtälje in Sweden.

The municipality has previously also been known as Ekkerö in Finnish documents, but is today referred to as "Eckerö" also in Finnish.

Eckerö's most famous building is the Post and Customs house. It is the largest building that has been erected to aid the postal services between Stockholm and St. Petersburg. The building was built during the Russian era in 1828. Architect C.L Engel made the construction plans.

title: Eckerö


text:
April Wine

April Wine is a Canadian rock band formed in 1969 and based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Led by singer-guitarist-songwriter Myles Goodwyn from its inception in 1969 until his death in 2023, April Wine first experienced success with their second album, On Record (1972), which reached the top 40 in Canada and yielded two hit singles: a cover of Elton John's "Bad Side of the Moon", a top 20 hit in Canada; and a cover of Hot Chocolate's "You Could Have Been a Lady", a number 2 song in Canada.

They have experienced only moderate international success, but great popularity in their home country of Canada. Their greatest response internationally throughout the 1970s and early '80s came with songs such as, "You Could Have Been a Lady" (1972), "Tonite Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love" (1975), "Roller" (1979), "I Like to Rock" (1980), "Sign of the Gypsy Queen" (1981), and "Just Between You and Me" (1981). They have released 16 studio albums.

Early years
Although April Wine officially began in late 1969 in Waverley, Nova Scotia, their roots can be traced to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1967/68, where brothers David and Ritchie Henman grew up playing music together before moving to Nova Scotia.

Three of the founding members - David Henman (guitar), Ritchie Henman (drums), and their cousin Jim Henman (bass) - were originally in a band named Prism (not to be confused with the Vancouver-based band of the same name). After a brief break to attend university, the trio reformed with Myles Goodwyn on lead vocals and guitar. Goodwyn had previously played with Jim Henman in a group called the Termites. David Henman christened the new group "April Wine". They realized that Halifax did not provide opportunities to play and record, so they sent a demo tape to Aquarius Records in Montreal. Aquarius managers Terry Flood and Donald K. Tarlton returned a rejection letter but the band mistook it for an invitation. On April 1, 1970, April Wine went to Montreal, bringing with them their instruments and $100 in cash; Flood and Tarlton were persuaded to sign the band to a contract. They were set up in a chalet and booked at a local comedy club, Café Andre. They spent the next five months touring eastern Canada with Mashmakhan.

The band recorded and released their self-titled debut album April Wine in September 1971. The album included a single, "Fast Train", which was a top 40 hit in Canada and peaked at #38 on the RPM Singles Chart. It established Myles Goodwyn as April Wine's main songwriter. The album did not sell well, but the success of the single led the band's label to ask for a second album. Jim Henman left the band in the fall of 1971 and was replaced by Jim Clench. In the meantime, the band spent 1971 touring the college circuit, with the exception of July 30th, when they opened at Montreal's Place Des Nations for The Guess Who. 1972 was much the same, although they began to play larger venues and opened for a few more large acts, like Ike & Tina Turner, Jethro Tull, Badfinger and Stevie Wonder.

Mainstream success
Under the guidance of producer Ralph Murphy, April Wine recorded their second album, On Record in 1972. The first single was a cover version of the Hot Chocolate song "You Could Have Been a Lady". The record was a commercial success, hitting number two for a single week on the RPM Canadian charts, as well as cracking the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States where it stayed for 11 weeks, peaking at No. 32. A second single, a cover of "Bad Side of the Moon" by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, also got much airplay on Canadian radio and was a minor hit in the U.S. Both tracks remain staples on classic rock radio stations in Canada. On Record was certified Gold in Canada and the band, along with Murphy, returned to the studio.

While the band was recording their third album in 1973, David and Ritchie Henman quit. Goodwyn and Clench held auditions and the replacements were drummer Jerry Mercer (formerly of Mashmakhan) and guitarist Gary Moffet. They finished the album, Electric Jewels, with the songs "Weeping Widow," "Just Like That" and "Lady Run, Lady Hide", which would stay in April Wine's set lists for many years. In support of this album, the band embarked on the Electric Adventure Tour where nearly every Canadian arena or concert hall that seated more than 2500 saw the band play. The tour also featured a massive lighting and pyrotechnic show. Touring proved successful; Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli of The Rascals attended a 1974 concert in Massey Hall, and were so impressed they offered to record and produce a live album of the band. The one-night recording session was something of a rushed enterprise; they wanted the album to be released by the end of the tour. Goodwyn wasn't happy with the sound, but April Wine Live went gold.

Gold and platinum years
The band's fifth release, 1975's Stand Back, went double platinum in Canada, riding on the success of the singles "Tonight Is A Wonderful Time To Fall In Love" and "I Wouldn't Want To Lose Your Love". April Wine went on tour with Heart, then Thundermug. In April 1976, April Wine became the first band to sell out Regina Stadium and the first band to sell out Edmonton's Kinsmen Field House two nights in a row. Following the tour, Jim Clench left, eventually to join Bachman–Turner Overdrive (in 1977); he was replaced by Steve Lang.

The band's next release, in 1976, was The Whole World's Goin' Crazy. It was the first April Wine release to hit platinum status based on advanced sales orders alone. The album contained the popular title track as well as a hit single, the ballad "Like A Lover, Like A Song". Their sixth album, Forever for Now, was another platinum seller and contained the band's biggest single to date, "You Won't Dance With Me".

On March 4 & 5, 1977, April Wine was booked to play a charity concert at Toronto's famed El Mocambo Club. The co-headliner on the bill was a band called "The Cockroaches", which turned out to be The Rolling Stones. The pseudonym was a poorly kept secret and huge crowds turned out for the event. April Wine's performance was captured and released as the album Live at the El Mocambo. The band then got its first chance at touring the U.S., opening for The Rolling Stones, Styx and Rush.

Also in 1977, Brian Greenway, late of The Dudes (the Henmans' new band) was brought in as a third guitarist and co-vocalist. His addition gave April Wine a powerful three guitar attack that would make their hard rock sound. This also allowed Goodwyn to switch to keyboards for ballads. They also signed to Capitol Records (in addition to Aquarius).

1978 saw continued Canadian success, and the beginning of international success. The band's seventh album, and the first with Capitol, was First Glance, which had an immediate impact and the singles "Let Yourself Go" and "Get Ready For Love" were successful on Canadian radio. It was the third single, the raucous "Roller", that brought the band mass appeal across North America—it stayed on the Billboard Hot 100 for eleven weeks. First Glance stayed on the Billboard album chart for many weeks, making it April Wine's first gold record outside of Canada. Constant touring helped propel the band to greater success, as Americans embraced the hard rock of this "new" band from Canada—in 1978, they toured with Rush and played with Triumph, Starcastle, and Teaze and, in July, played a concert with the Rolling Stones, Journey, and the Atlanta Rhythm Section.

Following on the popularity of First Glance, April Wine released Harder ... Faster in 1979. "Say Hello" and "I Like to Rock" were popular hits on both sides of the border and Harder ... Faster proved to be yet another multi-platinum release for the band. It would stay on the Billboard top album chart for 40 weeks. 1979 was spent touring with Styx, Rush, Toto, Boston, Squeeze and Blue Öyster Cult. By now, the band had accumulated enough hits that Aquarius was able to release the album Greatest Hits. In 1979, the BBC released In Concert for international distribution; in 1981, Aquarius released another compilation album, The Best of April Wine Rock Ballads.

1980s
On 16th August 1980 the band performed at the inaugural Monsters of Rock festival in Castle Donington, England.

The Nature of the Beast was released in January 1981, and riding on the popularity of the hit singles "Just Between You and Me" and the band's cover of the Lorence Hud song "Sign of the Gypsy Queen", the album hit multi-platinum success in Canada, and was the first April Wine album to reach platinum status internationally. April Wine embarked on an extensive support tour, performing to their largest crowds ever. In addition to a packed schedule of solo concerts, they toured with Diamond Head, Harlequin, Krokus and Franke and the Knockouts, played five concerts with Loverboy, and travelled to Germany to play a concert with Neil Young, Jethro Tull, the Michael Schenker Group (MSG), and King Crimson. The band then went on an eighteen-month hiatus.

In July 1982 April Wine released their tenth studio album, Power Play. The album included the singles "Enough is Enough", "If You See Kay" and "Anything You Want, You Got It". The latter would become the band's opening number on the supporting tour, while the "Enough is Enough" video started receiving frequent rotation on MTV. Despite decent sales, Power Play was not met with the same critical acclaim the prior two albums had received; both the album and its singles charted well on Billboard's lists, but for shorter periods of time than earlier albums and singles. Still, it was certified gold, and then platinum, in October. The Power Play tour in 1982 was the band's most extensive—three months, with Saga, Eddie Money and Uriah Heep. The New York concerts with Saga and Money resulted in separate Live From Central Park albums.

The band started writing and recording their next album, Animal Grace, but the members were not getting along, and Myles Goodwyn moved from Canada to the Bahamas. Both Animal Grace and its single "This Could be the Right One" rose quickly on the charts, but stayed only for a short time. In 1984 the band got together for its announced "Farewell Tour", which was a month-long tour across Canada. The tour was successful enough to spawn another live album, One for the Road.

April Wine still owed Capitol Records one more album. So Greenway joined Goodwyn in Nassau, along with Montreal session musicians Daniel Barbe (keyboards), Jean Pellerin (bass) and drummer Marty Simon, to record what was supposed to be the band's final album, Walking Through Fire. It was released in September 1985 under the April Wine name.

Rebirth
In 1988 Goodwyn moved back to Canada. Although there was interest in an April Wine reunion, and the subject was discussed among the former members, other commitments prevented them from getting together until 1992. April Wine returned to the stage that year, starting with a free concert in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. The reunited band consisted of Goodwyn, Greenway, returning drummer Jerry Mercer and bassist Jim Clench, who hadn't played with the band since 1975. Filling out the act was third guitarist Steve Segal. The band toured in both Canada and the US. In 1993, now with Flood Ross Entertainment, they released the first "true" April Wine album in a decade, Attitude. It was certified gold in Canada soon after its release. Segal remained with the band through one more studio release, 1994's Frigate. Each year, for the next five years, they went out on tour, playing with, among others, Def Leppard, Foreigner, Meat Loaf, Loverboy, Peter Frampton, Blue Öyster Cult and Nazareth.

The band released another album in 2001, entitled Back to the Mansion. Also in 2001, the band's song "Roller" was featured in the movie Joe Dirt. Then in 2003, they released the live album called Greatest Hits Live 2003. In the meantime, various labels released several compilation albums.

In 2004 Silverline released April Wine's first DVD-A called From the Front Row ... Live!. From 2001 to 2004 their live shows included Carl Dixon (formerly of the bands Coney Hatch, and The Guess Who) on guitars, keyboards and backing vocals.

April Wine entered into its 37th year as a band in 2006. On October 31 of that year, Aquarius Records released April Wine Rocks!, a new compilation of April Wine favourites, including a bonus live tune and a new album, entitled Roughly Speaking, was released on November 28, 2006. At the end of that year, Clench left the band for the second time and was replaced by bassist Breen LeBoeuf. A year later, Mercer announced his retirement; his scheduled final show in Calgary, Alberta, ringing in the 2009 new year, was cancelled due to bad weather. Mercer was replaced by drummer Blair Mackay.

April Wine was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at the Juno Awards of 2010 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Goodwyn and Greenway accepted the honour.

On November 3, 2010, Jim Clench died in Montreal, of lung cancer, at 61. LeBoeuf left April Wine the following July and was replaced by Richard Lanthier from the Yes tribute band Close to the Edge. Mackay left in March 2012 and was succeeded by Roy "Nip" Nichol, late of the band SamHill. Steve Lang died on February 4, 2017, at age 67, of Parkinson's disease.

Labels continued to release their music; BGO Records released a re-mastered The Nature Of The Beast / Power Play in 2020. April Wine continued to tour across Canada annually and to play festivals in Europe and in the United States, with the group consisting of Goodwyn, Greenway, Lanthier, and drummer Roy "Nip" Nichol. They played a concert in Ottawa in September 2021.

Their song 'Sign of the Gypsy Queen' can be heard in the background in the penultimate Breaking Bad episode Granite State; the guitar solo is playing behind Jesse's recorded confession tape being watched by Todd and Uncle Jack in the neo-Nazi compound.

In December 2022 Myles Goodwyn announced that he would no longer be touring with the band, turning over his vocal and guitar duties to Marc Parent: "I've had a long career, happy, fulfilling. I've seen much of the world and I'm grateful to continuing support of radio and our fans worldwide, but touring has been very difficult in recent years because of my diabetes and my health comes first, so unfortunately, my touring days are officially over", he said. He only focused on writing and recording. Goodwyn died in Halifax, Nova Scotia on December 3, 2023, at the age of 75.

Discography
Studio albums
 * April Wine (1971), Aquarius Records
 * On Record (1972), Aquarius Records
 * Electric Jewels (1973), Aquarius Records
 * Stand Back (1975), Aquarius Records
 * The Whole World's Goin' Crazy (1976), Aquarius Records
 * Forever for Now (1977), Aquarius Records
 * First Glance (1978), Aquarius Records
 * Harder ... Faster (1979), Aquarius Records
 * The Nature of the Beast (1981), Aquarius Records, Capitol Records
 * Power Play (1982), Aquarius Records, Capitol Records
 * Animal Grace (1984), Capitol Records
 * Walking Through Fire (1986), Aquarius Records, Capitol Records
 * Attitude (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * Frigate (1994), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * Back to the Mansion (2001), Civilian Records
 * Roughly Speaking (2006), Universal Music Canada

Live albums
 * April Wine Live (1974), Aquarius Records
 * Live at the El Mocambo (1977), Aquarius Records
 * In Concert (1980), BBC Transcription Services
 * Live in London, on VHS (1981), Picture Music
 * Live From Central Park, split with Saga (1982), Telemedia Communications, TBS Syndications
 * Live From Central Park, split with Eddie Money (1982), Telemedia Communications
 * One For The Road (1985), Aquarius Records
 * From the Front Row ... Live! (2004), Silverline
 * Live in London (2009), Cherry Red Records
 * Live in America (2023), Renaissance

Compilations
 * Greatest Hits (1979), Aquarius Records
 * The Best of April Wine Rock Ballads (1981), Aquarius Records
 * King Biscuit Flower Hour, split with Michael Stanley Band (1981), DIR Broadcasting
 * King Biscuit Flower Hour, split with John Waite (1983), DIR Broadcasting
 * All the Rockers (1987), Aquarius Records
 * The Hits (1987), Aquarius Records
 * The First Decade (1989), Aquarius Records
 * Oowatanite (1990), Aquarius Records
 * Rock Ballads (1990), Aquarius Records
 * The April Wine Collection (1991), Aquarius Records
 * Champions of Rock (1996), Disky
 * Back to Back Hits split with Great White (1996), CEMA Special Markets
 * King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents...April Wine (1999), DIR Broadcasting
 * Rock Champions (2000), EMI
 * Classic Masters (2002), Capitol Records
 * Best of April Wine (2003), Aquarius Records
 * Greatest Hits Live 2003 (2003), Civilian Records
 * April Wine Rocks! (2006), Aquarius Records
 * Animal Grace / Walking Through Fire (2009), BGO Records
 * First Glance / Harder... Faster (2007), BGO Records
 * The Hard & Heavy Collection (2009), Micro Werks
 * The Best of April Wine Rock Ballads (2009), Aquarius Records
 * The Nature of the Beast / Power Play (2012), BGO Records (re-released 2020)
 * Classic Album Set (2016), Caroline Records

EPs
 * I Like to Rock (1979), Capitol Records
 * Like A Lover Like A Song (1979), Aquarius Records
 * The Emergence of a Rock Powerhouse (1981), Capitol Records
 * '81 Summer Tour Tracks Pack, Recorded Live At Hammersmith Odeon London (1981), Capitol Records
 * Review Preview (1981), Capitol Records
 * Love Has Remembered Me (1985), Aquarius Records
 * April Wine 4-track video (1985), Sony, Picture Music
 * April Wine (1992), Flood Ross Entertainment

Singles
 * "Fast Train" / "Wench" (1971), Aquarius Records
 * "Listen Mister" / "Time" (1971), Aquarius Records
 * "You Could Have Been a Lady" / "Teacher" (1972), Aquarius Records
 * "Bad Side of the Moon" / "Believe in Me" (1972), Aquarius Records
 * "Drop Your Guns" / "Flow River Flow" (1972), Aquarius Records
 * "Weeping Widow" / "Tell Your Mama" (1973), Aquarius Records, Pye Records
 * "Weeping Widow" / "Just Like That" (1973), Pye Records, Big Tree Records
 * "Lady Run, Lady Hide" / "I Get Bad" (1973), Aquarius Records
 * "Bad Side of the Moon" / "You Could Have Been a Lady" (1973), One Way Records
 * "Just Like That" / "Cat's Claw" (1973), Aquarius Records
 * "Electric Jewels" / "I Can Hear You Callin'" (1973), Aquarius Records
 * "I'm On Fire For You Baby" (1974), Big Tree Records
 * "Oowatanite" / "Highway Hard Run" (1975), Aquarius Records
 * "Tonite Is A Wonderful Time To Fall In Love" / "Not For You Not For Rock & Roll" (1975), Aquarius Records
 * "I Wouldn't Want To Lose Your Love" / "Druthers" (1975), Aquarius Records
 * "Cum Hear The Band" / "Baby Done Got Some Soul" (1975), Aquarius Records
 * "Child's Garden" / "The Whole World's Goin' Crazy" (1976), London Recordings
 * "Rock 'N' Roll Woman" / "Child's Garden" (1976), London Recordings
 * "Gimmie Love" / "We Can Be More Than We Are" (1976), Aquarius Records
 * "You Won't Dance With Me / "Holly Would" (1976), Aquarius Records
 * "Shotdown" (1976), London Recordings
 * "Forever, For Now" (1976), Aquarius Records
 * "The Whole World's Goin' Crazy" / "So Bad" (1976), Aquarius Records
 * "Like A Lover, Like A Song" / "Goody Two-Shoes" (1976), Aquarius Records
 * "She's No Angel" / "Gimme Love" (1977), Aquarius Records
 * "Rock N' Roll Is A Vicious Game" (1977), London Recordings
 * "Get Ready For Love" / "Comin' Right Down On Top Of Me" (1978), Capitol Records, Aquarius Records
 * "Roller" / "Right Down To It" (1978), Capitol Records
 * "Let Yourself Go" / "Hot On The Wheels Of Love" (1978), Aquarius Records
 * "Tonite" / "Ladies Man" (1979), Capitol Records
 * "Say Hello" / "Before the Dawn" (1979), Capitol Records
 * ""Ladies Man" / "Oowatanite (live)" (1979), Capitol Records
 * "I Like to Rock" / "Babes in Arms" (1979), Aquarius Records
 * "All Over Town" / "All Over Town (live)" (1981), Aquarius Records
 * "Sign of the Gypsy Queen" / "Crash and Burn" (1981), Aquarius Records, Capitol Records
 * "Just Between You And Me" / "Big City Girls" (1981), Aquarius Records
 * "Roller" / "Say Hello" (1981), Capitol Records, Starline
 * "If You See Kay" / "Blood Money" (1982), Capitol Records
 * "Enough is Enough" / "Ain't Got Your Love" (1982), Capitol Records, EMI Electrola
 * "Tell Me Why" / "If You See Kay" (1982), Aquarius Records
 * "What if We Fall in Love" / "Waiting on a Miracle" (1982), Aquarius Records
 * "Sons of the Pioneers" / "Too Hot To Handle" (1984), Aquarius Records
 * "This Could Be The Right One" / "I Really Don't Want Your Love" (1984), Aquarius Records
 * "Money Talks" (1984), Aquarius Records
 * "Rock Myself To Sleep" / "All It Will Ever Be" (1985), Capitol Records
 * "Love Has Remembered Me" / "Anejo" (1985), Aquarius Records
 * "It's A Pleasure To See You Again" / "Baby It's You" (1989), Aquarius Records
 * "Here's Looking At You Kid" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "Good From Far (Far From Good)" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "Givin' It, Takin' It" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "If You Believe in Me" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "Voice In My Heart" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "That's Love" (1993), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "Can't Take Another Night" (1994), EMI
 * "If I Was A Stranger" (1994), EMI
 * "Drivin' With My Eyes Closed" (1994), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "I'm a Man" (1994), Flood Ross Entertainment
 * "Won't Walk That Road No More" (1998), Civilian Records
 * "Won't Go There" (2001), Civilian Records
 * "Holiday" (2001), Civilian Records
 * "Talk To Me" (2001), Civilian Records
 * "That's Who I Am, This Is What I Do" / "Enough is Enough" (2003), Civilian Records
 * "Strong Silent Type" / "Just Between You And Me (live)" (2003), Civilian Records

Band members
Current members

 * Brian Greenway – guitar, vocals (1977–1986, 1992–present)
 * Richard Lanthier – bass, vocals (2011–present)
 * Roy Nichol – drums, vocals (2012–present)
 * Marc Parent – lead vocals, guitar (2023–present)

Former members
 * Myles Goodwyn – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards (1969–1986, 1992–2023; died 2023)
 * Jimmy Henman – vocals, bass (1969–1971)
 * David Henman – guitar, vocals (1969–1973)
 * Ritchie Henman – drums, keyboards (1969–1973)
 * Jim Clench – bass, vocals (1971–1975, 1992–2006; died 2010)
 * Gary Moffet – guitar, backing vocals (1973–1984)
 * Jerry Mercer – drums (1973–1984, 1992–2008)
 * Steve Lang – bass, backing vocals (1975–1984; died 2017)
 * Daniel Barbe – keyboards (1985–1986)
 * Jean Pellerin – bass (1985–1986)
 * Marty Simon – drums (1985–1986)
 * Steve Segal – guitar (1992–1994)
 * Carl Dixon – guitar, keyboards, vocals (2001–2004)
 * Breen LeBoeuf – bass, vocals (2007–2011)
 * Blair Mackay – drums (2009–2012)

Timeline

Awards
April Wine has never won a Juno despite 11 nominations. However, they were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at the Juno Awards of 2010.

Myles Goodwyn was awarded the East Coast Music Awards ECMA Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003.

April Wine was also inducted into the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame and awarded with its Lifetime Achievement Award on March 13, 2009.

In 2008, April Wine was inducted into the East Coast Music Hall of Fame.

title: April Wine


text:
Enontekiö

Enontekiö ( ; Enontekis; Iänudâh; Jeänõk) is a municipality in the Finnish part of Lapland with approx. 0 inhabitants. It is situated in the outermost northwest of the country and occupies a large and very sparsely populated area of about undefined km2 between the Swedish and Norwegian border. Finland's highest point, the Halti fell, with a height of 1324 m above the mean sea level, is situated in the north of Enontekiö. The municipality shares borders with regions of Sweden and Norway that encompass the Scandinavian Mountains. The administrative centre of Enontekiö is the village of Hetta. About one fifth of the community's population are Sami people. Enontekiö's main industries are tourism and reindeer husbandry.

Location and dimensions
Enontekiö is located in the region of Lapland in the outermost northwest tip of Finland. The salient between the Swedish and Norwegian borders, which is occupied by the municipality of Enontekiö, is called Käsivarsi (Finnish for "arm"), because before World War II, Finland's borders had the shape of a woman's figure (Suomi-neito) and the area looked like her raised right arm. The municipality occupies a large and sparsely populated area of undefined km2 (more than three times the area of Luxembourg). Thus Enontekiö is Finland's third-largest municipality in size, after Inari and Sodankylä, and with a population density of only undefined PD/km2, it is the second-most sparsely populated municipality, after Savukoski.

Enontekiö's neighbouring municipalities are Inari in the east, Kittilä in the southeast, and Muonio in the south; on the Swedish side in the west, there is Kiruna Municipality and on the Norwegian side in the north, there are Storfjord Municipality, Gáivuotna Municipality (also known as Kåfjord), Nordreisa Municipality, and Kautokeino Municipality. Enontekiö shares a border of more than 450 km with the two adjacent nations. The border to Sweden is formed by the river Muonionjoki and its tributary, Könkämäeno.

Villages
The main village of Enontekiö is the settlement of Hetta in the south, with approx. 530 inhabitants. There is no village with the name of Enontekiö, but Hetta is often called the municipality's name. Other important places are the village of Kilpisjärvi, which is located near the border triangle of Finland-Sweden-Norway, as well as Karesuvanto and Palojoensuu, both of which are located at the Muonionjoki at the Swedish border. Enontekiö's villages are concentrated in the southern area and along the banks of the rivers Könkämäeno and Muonionjoki in the west of the municipality. Often, there is a corresponding village on the Swedish side of the river, bearing the same name (or the Swedish form of the name), e.g. Karesuvanto/Karesuando. In contrast, the part of the Käsivarsi Mountains away from the rivers is almost completely uninhabited.

The following villages belong to Enontekiö (Sami name, if available, in parentheses):

 * Hetta (Heahttá)
 * Jatuni (Jáhton)
 * Karesuvanto (Gárasavvon)
 * Kelottijärvi (Gelojávri)
 * Ketomella
 * Kilpisjärvi (Gilbbesjávri)
 * Kultima (Gulddán)
 * Kuttanen (Guhttás)
 * Leppäjärvi (Leaibejávri)
 * Luspa (Luspi)
 * Markkina (Boaresmárkan)
 * Maunu (Mávdna)
 * Muotkajärvi (Muotkejávri)
 * Näkkälä (Neahčil)
 * Nartteli
 * Nunnanen (Njunnás)
 * Palojärvi (Bálojávri)
 * Palojoensuu (Bálojohnjálbmi)
 * Peltovuoma (Bealdovuopmi)
 * Raittijärvi
 * Ropinsalmi
 * Saivomuotka (Sáivomuotki)
 * Sonkamuotka
 * Vähäniva
 * Vuontisjärvi (Vuottesjávri)
 * Yli-Kyrö

Topography
In its northern region, Enontekiö shares borders with areas of Sweden and Norway in which segments of the Scandinavian Mountains are located. Through that and through its location in the far north of Finland, it is geologically and scenically very different from the rest of the country. Halti, the highest mountain of Finland with a height of 1,324 m, is located in Enontekiö, together with all 21 other mountains higher than 1000 m in the country. Besides Haltitunturi, probably the best known and scenically most distinctive mountain is the Saana with a height of 1029 m, which rises above the village of Kilpisjärvi. The southern part of the municipality is less mountainous, but some single fjells (tunturi, which means hills towering above the timber line) rise above the otherwise rather flat surrounding area. Below, a part of the Pallastunturi–Ounastunturi-massif extends into Enontekiö's territory.

A little more than 5% of the municipality's area consists of water. Several large rivers originate in Enontekiö: The Muonionjoki, Ounasjoki, Ivalojoki, and one of the headstreams of the Tenojoki have their sources in the municipality. Enontekiö owes its name to them: Eno is an old Finnish word for "major river" cognate with the Northern Sámi word Eatnu or "large river, largest river (in a specific region)" and tekiö is derived from the Northern Sámi derivational suffix -dat which forms abstract nouns. All of the 825 lakes in the area are rather small. The largest lakes are the Pöyrisjärvi, the Kilpisjärvi near the village with the same name, and the Ounasjärvi near Hetta.

Flora and fauna
The vegetation of Enontekiö is very meagre, due to the extreme northern latitude. The northern border of the natural geographic range of the spruce approx. matches the southern border of the municipality; the range of the pine ends only 20 km north of Hetta, too. North of that, only birches grow. The timber line is approximately 600 m; above that, a tundra-like vegetation predominates. Heaths extends above timber line.

The lower heathlands are dominated by shrubs such as Betula nana, Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum hermaphroditum, whereas in the fjell heaths at higher elevations Salix herbacea, Empetrum and alpine grasses with lichens and mosses occur. In the mountains of the north-west Cassiope tetragona is abundant. The largest part of the municipal area consists of these plateaus or bogs, which mainly predominate at the rivers. Only 19% of Enontekiö's area is afforested. About 70% of the total area is conservation area of various grades. Enontekiö contains parts of the Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park, as well as the wilderness areas of Käsivarsi, Pulju, Pöyrisjärvi and Tarvantovaara.

Due to the harsh climatic conditions, there are not especially many species among Enontekiö's fauna; however, there are Arctic species that are unknown to southern Finland, e.g. Norway lemming, Arctic fox, snowy owl, Eurasian dotterel, ptarmigan, and ring ouzel. Besides the semi-domesticated reindeer, there are a lot of small mammals and bird species.

Climate
Enontekiö's climate is characterised by the extreme northern location, the high altitude compared to the rest of Finland and the closeness of the Arctic Ocean. Due to the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream, the winters are not quite as harsh as in central Lapland, which is characterised by the continental climate, but the summers are shorter and cooler.

The annual average temperatures of Enontekiö are the lowest of Finland. In Kilpisjärvi, in the north of the municipal area, the long-term average is −2.3 °C (compared to Helsinki: approx. +5 °C; Berlin approx. +9 °C). July is the warmest month, with an average temperature of +10.9 °C, the coldest is January with −13.6 °C. Due to these extreme climatic conditions, the growing season only lasts a little over 100 days. Thus, the winter, with its 200 days, is very long. The annual average precipitation is 459 mm. In the cold season, enormous amounts of snow can fall: The highest snow depth ever recorded in Finland was measured on April 19, 1997, in Kilpisjärvi: 190 cm. Normally, a permanent snow cover is generally formed in October and does not melt again until the end of May. In sheltered places, snow can remain even longer; thus a ski race is traditionally held for Midsummer's night in Kilpisjärvi.

Enontekiö's municipal area is located between 200 and 300 km north of the Arctic Circle. Accordingly, there are extreme seasonal differences in the length of daylight. In Kilpisjärvi, the Midnight Sun shines between May 22 and July 23. Accordingly, Polar night (kaamos) prevails between December 2 and January 11. Enontekiö has the highest rate of occurrence of Polar lights in Finland: In the region around Kilpisjärvi, this natural spectacle can be observed on average three out of four nights during the dark season in clear weather.

Prehistory and Swedish age
The first human settlement in Enontekiö emerged after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age, when people of the Komsa culture migrated from the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The oldest traces of settlement were found at the shores of the Ounasjärvi Lake and are dated to a time 6,000 BC. Later, the Sami population of Lapland, which predominated for a long time in Enontekiö, developed by the blending of this stone-age ancestral population with speakers of Uralic languages, who immigrated after the 3rd millennium BC. Initially, the inhabitants of Enontekiö made their living from hunting and fishing, and they had only a few reindeer as draught animals.

In early modern times, Enontekiö came under Swedish influence during the course of the Christianisation of the shamanistic Sami. In the 16th century, Enontekiö's first church was built. It was a small wooden building in the village of Rounala on the right shore (today in Sweden) of the Könkämäeno river. According to tradition, the church was erected by three Sami brothers who had converted to Christianity. It was a central meeting point, where Sami people gathered for religious ceremonies, where merchants travelled to sell their wares, and where Swedish officials held judicial courts at particular times. In 1611, a new church was built in the village of Markkina. After the destruction of this church, another one was erected in the same place in 1661.

Since the end of the 17th century, the reindeer-Sami culture, which was based on keeping large herds of reindeer, spread from Norwegian and Swedish Lapland to Enontekiö. The reindeer-Sami of Enontekiö had a nomadic way of life; they moved with their animals between the coniferous forests in the south to Kåfjord, Kvænangen, and Nordreisa (in Norway) on the coast of the Arctic Ocean following the annual cycle of summer and winter grazing land. Enontekiö's last nomads did not settle down until the 1960s, but the culture of the reindeer-Sami is still preserved in the large-scale herding of reindeer. As of the 17th century, the first Finnish people settled down in the south of Enontekiö and introduced the culture of settled agriculture. Due to the Finnish immigration and the assimilation of the old-established Sami population, a Finnish majority emerged over the years.

Period of Russian sovereignty
In 1809 when Sweden ceded the region of today's Finland to Russia in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, Enontekiö became a part of the newly founded Grand Duchy of Finland, too. Because the church of Markkina stood on the Swedish—and therefore wrong—side of the river after the Swedish-Russian demarcation, it was torn down in 1826. Its beams were shipped down the Muoniojoki to Palojoensuu, where the church was rebuilt as henceforth the fourth church of Enontekiö. Already in 1864, the church was again moved to Hetta, which had in the meantime became the largest settlement of the region. The closing of the Russian-Norwegian border in 1852 and of the Russian-Swedish border in 1889 had severe consequences for Enontekiö's reindeer-nomads, because they could no longer move with their herds to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. As a result, they transferred their grazing areas inland to the southeast and helped spread the culture of reindeer-herding to the remaining parts of Lapland. Due to the separation of the administration of the municipality from the church administration, the political municipality of Enontekiö came into existence in 1877.

After independence
With the Finnish declaration of independence in 1917, Enontekiö became a part of the independent republic of Finland, too.

During the Continuation War (1941–1944), where Finland allied with Germany in fighting against the Soviet Union, Enontekiö, together with all of northern Finland, was part of the operational region of the Wehrmacht. In 1942, the Germans in Enontekiö started to establish the Sturmbock emplacement in occupied Norway and in Petsamo in order to protect the harbours on the Arctic Ocean. When Finland concluded the Moscow Armistice with the Soviet Union on September 4, 1944, committing themselves to expel the German troops, the Finnish-German Lapland War broke out. Lapland's civilian population had to be moved to a safe place in a very short time. Enontekiö's population was evacuated to neutral Sweden together with all of western Lapland's inhabitants. After the Germans quickly left southern Lapland, the 12,000 soldiers of the 7th Gebirgsdivision (Mountain Division) of the Wehrmacht occupied the Sturmbock emplacement at the end of October. During their fallback, the German applied the tactics of scorched earth and devastated Enontekiö, too. During the cold winter, a war of attrition was maintained between German troops, barricaded in their fortifications, and Finnish troops, who took a stand in Markkina. After the Wehrmacht had abandoned Petsamo and northern Norway, the Sturmbock emplacement was no longer of strategic value and was cleared without a struggle at the beginning of January in 1945. In order to secure the flank in Lyngen Municipality, their last emplacement in northern Norway, the Germans still operated in the north of the Käsivarsi region, where minor combat operations took place, before the last Wehrmacht soldiers left Finnish soil on April 27 at Kilpisjärvi.

Population development and structure
Enontekiö currently has nearly 2,000 inhabitants. In the beginning 1990s, there were still 2,500 inhabitants. Because the structurally weak Lapland was hit harder by the Finnish economic crisis than the south, a wave of migration to expansion centers in the south started in the middle of the decade. Initially, the number of inhabitants also rapidly decreased in Enontekiö, but it now has consolidated at a lower level. Enontekiö's population consists of NaN under the age of 15, NaN between 15 and 64, and NaN older than 64. The excess of men is conspicuous. They account for 53.2% of the population.

Sami
Enontekiö is part of the native settlement area of the indigenous Sami people. Nineteen percent of the municipality's population are ethnic Sami, but only NaN speak Sami as their native language. The municipality is part of the Sami "homeland" (kotiseutualue), which is defined by law and where Sami have special minority rights. Thus Northern Sami, the particular Sami language used in Enontekiö, has official status in the municipality besides the Finnish language, and therefore is allowed to be used in contact with the authorities. Well-known Sami from Enontekiö are the artist, Nils-Aslak Valkeapää and the Joik-singer Wimme.

Religion
Enontekiö's Evangelical Lutherans are part of the parish of Enontekiö, which is subordinate to the diocese of Oulu. It has been an independent parish since 1916, it had previously been a chapel parish of Muonio. As in the rest of Lapland, the Laestadianism, a conservative Lutheran movement of the Great Awakening, is strongly represented in Enontekiö. The Laestadian are organised within the Evangelical Lutheran Church. From 1826 to 1849, Lars Levi Laestadius, the founder of the Laestadianism, was pastor in Karesuando in Sweden, from where his doctrine quickly spread to the adjacent Enontekiö. The first awakening in Finland took place in the winter of 1846/47 in Enontekiö and Muonio.

Parliamentary elections
Results of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election in Enontekiö:

 * Centre Party  38.2%
 * True Finns  15.2%
 * National Coalition Party  14.7%
 * Social Democratic Party  12.7%
 * Swedish People's Party  0,3%
 * Left Alliance  4.8%
 * Green League  9.0%
 * Christian Democrats  3.4%

Administration
After some contested decisions have been made during the 2017-2021 election period, some members of the formerly dominating Centre Party established the independent list Enontekiöläisten ääni ("Voice of the people of Enontekiö"). In the 2021 elections of the municipal council, which is the highest instance for local affairs, the new list Enontekiöläisten ääni gained the most votes and now provides five out of 17 representatives to the municipal council. Both of the large parties in rural Finland, the National Coalition Party and the Centre Party have three seats in the municipal council each. The Green league and the local Sami list of Johtti Sápmelaččat have two representatives each. Like Enontekiöläisten ääni, also the Finns Party is new to the municipal council. The Finns Party as well as the Christian Democrats provide one representative to the municipal council each. Since 2017 the National Coalition Party and the Christian Democrats have been in a local alliance. The number of seats in the local municipal council is 17.

Coat of arms
Enontekiö's coat of arms was designed by Olof Eriksson. It depicts a silver, red-armoured Willow grouse in a blue field. The willow grouse is a very prevalent bird in Northern Lapland and was an important food for Enontekiö's inhabitants in the past, which is why it is also called the "bird of life".

Twin municipalities
Enontekiö is a twin municipality with three of its neighbouring municipalities, Kiruna Municipality in Sweden, Storfjord Municipality in Norway, and Kautokeino Municipality in Norway.

Economy
Enontekiö's economic structure has a large percentage involved in the service sector: 76% of the gainfully employed population work in the tertiary sector, 45% of these work in civil service. Agriculture and forestry employ 13% of Enontekiö's inhabitants, the manufacturing sector 6%. As is usual in the structurally weak Lapland, the unemployment in Enontekiö is a big problem: In January 2007 with 24.7%, the municipality had the second highest unemployment rate of all Finnish municipalities. In 1996 at the peak of the Finnish economic crisis, the unemployment rate was near 40%.

Reindeer husbandry was the dominant branch of business in Enontekiö for a long time. In the northwest of Lapland, reindeer husbandry has already been done for centuries, in contrast to the other regions of the Finnish reindeer husbandry area, where it was only introduced on a large scale in the 19th century after the eradication of the wild Finnish forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus). Reindeer husbandry plays an important role even today. The herders are organised in the cooperatives (paliskunta) of Näkkälä and Käsivarsi and have a total of 20,000 semi-domesticated reindeer. Due to the climatic conditions, agriculture is scarcely possible, but dairy farming is operated on a small scale. Due to the sparse vegetation, forestry plays only a minor role.

Tourism is a major branch of business in Enontekiö, even if there are fewer visitors than in those municipalities of Lapland which have big skiing centres. Enontekiö mostly attracts nature tourists, who travel to Lapland for hiking, fishing, canoeing, skiing or snowmobiling, as well as automobile tourists, such as those on their way to the North Cape. Annually, more than 100,000 overnight stays are registered. Twenty percent of the tourists are from abroad. The largest group are the Norwegians, followed by the Germans, Swedes, Dutch, and British. The Norwegians visit Enontekiö mainly for its low prices. The Norwegian shopping tourism made up 40% of the retail business volume in all of Enontekiö, and even 60–70% in Kilpisjärvi, near the border.

Transportation
Enontekiö's most important traffic connection is highway 21 (E8). Along its entire route, starting in Tornio at the Gulf of Bothnia, it follows the line of the Finnish–Swedish border and ends in Kilpisjärvi at the Norwegian border. The main road 93 branches off highway 21 at Palojoensuu and at first leads in an eastward direction to the municipal centre of Hetta and then further in a northward direction to the Norwegian border. The villages of the southern part of the municipality are connected to each other by small roads. But in the northern part of Enontekiö, highway 21 is the only road, taking a course next to the banks of the Muonionjoki and Könkämäeno; the uninhabited area between the river valley and the Norwegian border has no roads at all. There are three border crossings in Enontekiö: The village of Karesuvanto is connected by a bridge with the Swedish bank and there are border crossings to Norway in Kilpisjärvi and Kivilompolo.

The municipality has its own airport, (Enontekiö Airport), west of Hetta. It is mainly approached by charter flights, whose passengers account for 95% of the airport's passenger volume. Regular flights to Enontekiö are established only in the spring. The company Finncomm Airlines provides direct flights to Enontekiö from Helsinki-Vantaa between March and May. The passenger volume of 13,700 passengers per year is relatively low.

Enontekiö is not connected to the railroad network. The next railroad station is in Kolari, approximately 150 km to the south.

Education and social affairs
There are five primary schools in Enontekiö: In the Kilpisjärvi primary school, pupils are taught from preschool to 9th grade, in the schools of Karesuvanto, Hetta, and Peltojärvi, from preschool to 6th grade. Enontekiö's upper school is attended by pupils of the 7th to 9th grade. The higher education entrance qualification can be obtained after graduating from the upper school at the secondary school of Enontekiö. The primary schools of Kilpisjärvi and Karesuvanto and the upper school of Enontekiö offer native language education to Sami pupils. Adult education takes place at an adult education centre. The municipality's library is located in the main village of Hetta, more remote regions are supplied by a mobile library. The University of Helsinki runs a biological research station in Kilpisjärvi. The University of Oulu runs the KAIRA radio telescope facility at Kilpisjärvi as well.

Healthcare is organised together with the neighbouring municipality of Muonio. In Enontekiö, there are two health centres for inpatient treatment, one in Hetta and one in Karesuvanto. Beds are available in Muonio's health centre.

Buildings
The church of Enontekiö was built in the central village of Hetta in 1951/52 as a replacement for its predecessor, which was destroyed during the Lapland war; it is the sixth church of the municipality. It is a modern building made from brick and concrete and designed by the architect, Veikko Larkas. The slender church tower is 30 m high and is connected to the nave by a porch. The artist Uuno Eskola made the altarpiece of the church with a combination of fresco and mosaic techniques. It depicts the resurrected Jesus Christ, who is blessing Lapland and its people. The church's organ was a gift from Germany from 1958.

Due to their preserved old building structure, the villages of Kultima, Näkkälä, Nunnanen, Peltovuoma, Pöyrisjärvi, and Raittijärvi are officially listed cultural monuments. The stone bridge of Ahdaskuru, erected in 1943 near the Norwegian border, is also listed; it is the only bridge in Lapland which was not destroyed during the Lapland War.

Museums
There are three museums in Enontekiö: The buildings of the museum of local history, which opened in 1991, were moved to Hetta from different villages in the municipality. They are a farmhouse from Raattama from the end of the 19th century, a living room from Ylikyrö from the 1920s, a storehouse also from Ylikyrö from the 18th century, a sauna from Muotkajärvi built in 1937, and a cattle shed from Kaukonen in the neighbouring municipality of Kittilä. The nature and culture centre of Fjell-Lapland is maintained by the Finnish Forest Office (Metsähallitus) and is located in Hetta, too. With its exhibitions, it shows the nature of northern Lapland and the culture of the reindeer-Sami. In Järämä, approximately 20 km north of Karesuvanto, a part of the Sturmbock emplacement from the Lapland War was restored. Since 1997, there is an annexed museum, dealing with the history of the Lapland War in Enontekiö.

Regular events
Since 1971, a Sami cultural event, the Mary's Days of Hetta (Hetan Marianpäivät), is held at the beginning of March. It continues the old Sami tradition of meeting in the church village on special holidays. Today, Mary's Days include performances of Sami music, art exhibitions, contests of riding a reindeer sleigh and roping. At Easter, a church and chamber music festival, the Music Days of Hetta (Hetan musiikkipäivät), is held in Enontekiö. From the end of April to the beginning of May, a contest of ice fishing (Kilpisjärven pilkkiviikot) attracts fishermen. In late summer, a tournament of orienteering (Suomen tunturisuunnistus) is held on the fells near Kilpisjärvi.

Notable individuals

 * Andte Gaupe-Juuso, Big Brother 2014 winner
 * Kai Hyttinen, musician and a former Kilpisjärvi wilderness guide
 * Anni-Kristiina Juuso, actress
 * Aslak Juuso, a herder
 * Pigga Keskitalo, Sámi politician and academic
 * Yrjö Kokko, writer
 * Ilmari Mattila, actress
 * Juhani Raattamaa, "lay preacher"
 * Wimme Saari, singer
 * Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, writer, artist and musician
 * Niko Valkeapää, musician
 * Vuontis-Kalle, storyteller

title: Enontekiö


text:
Speaker of the Riksdag

The speaker of the Riksdag (Riksdagens talman) is the presiding officer of the national unicameral legislature in Sweden.

The Riksdag underwent profound changes in 1867, when the medieval Riksdag of the Estates was abolished. The new form of the Riksdag included two elected chambers, each with its own speaker. Since the de facto introduction of parliamentarism in 1917, the Riksdag has properly functioned as the institution to which the prime minister and the government are held accountable. In 1971 the institution was transformed into a unicameral legislature with 350 members, reduced to 349 in 1976 to avoid parliamentary deadlocks. Since 1975, in accordance with the Instrument of Government of 1974, it is the speaker and no longer the monarch who appoints and dismisses the prime minister.

The current speaker is Andreas Norlén, who has held the gavel since September 2018.

Duties of the speaker
The speaker is the head and presiding officer of the Riksdag, and is elected by the chamber as the first order of business when the Riksdag re-convenes following a general election. As such, the speaker coordinates the work that takes place in the Riksdag. The office is mandated in the Swedish constitution and the duties of the office are set out in the Instrument of Government (1974) and the Riksdag Act.

The speaker themselves does not take part in debates, nor do they participate in the parliamentary committees. Consequently, they have no vote, and a substitute is appointed to fill his or her seat in the Riksdag during their time in office. While the speaker is still one of the elected representatives of the Riksdag, they are expected to remain unbiased and objective with regards to the political issues that are debated.

In terms of official protocol, the position of speaker is the second highest-ranked public position in Sweden. Only the monarch outranks the speaker since the monarch is the head of state. Additionally, the speaker nominally outranks the prime minister of Sweden, even though (since the 1974–75 reforms) that person is the country's de jure and de facto chief executive.

Appointment and dismissal of the prime minister
One of the more important aspects of the work of the speaker is to head negotiations concerning the forming of a new government in case there is a shift of power after an election. The speaker can then dismiss a prime minister who is voted out of office, which happened for the first time on 25 September 2018. After the negotiations, the speaker proposes the new prime ministerial candidate to the chamber, and following a positive vote, the speaker signs the commission (förordnande) on behalf of the Riksdag. The prime minister appoints and dismisses their own cabinet ministers, forming the government (Regeringen), without the involvement of the speaker.

In case of either a voluntary resignation or a vote of no confidence, the letter of resignation of a prime minister is handed to the speaker.

In most other parliamentary systems, including other constitutional monarchies, these duties are instead handled by the head of state. Relieving the Swedish monarch of political powers, although not the key objective from the outset, nevertheless became an important part of constitutional reform in the 1970s.

The speaker also attends the special change-of-government council held at the Stockholm Palace following the appointment of a new prime minister. During these meetings the speaker informs the monarch on the procedure of forming the incoming government. The monarch then announces the change of government.

Deputy speakers
The speaker is assisted by three deputy speakers who are also elected by the chamber. Traditionally, the second, third and fourth largest parties gets to name of one of their members for these offices. There is some disagreement whether the largest party or the leading party of the largest party bloc should hold the speakership (and thus also the position of First Deputy Speaker). Unlike the Speaker (and cabinet ministers), the deputy Speakers are not replaced by an alternate and remain members of the Riksdag with voting rights.

Regent ad interim
In case all adult members of the Swedish royal family who are in the line of succession to the throne, as prescribed in the Act of Succession, are out of the country, the speaker assumes the role of Regent ad interim (Riksföreståndare). This would also be the case if they were all to decease.

Riksdag Board
The speaker chairs the Riksdag Board (Riksdagsstyrelsen), which deliberates on the organisation of the work of the Riksdag, directs the work of the Riksdag Administration (Riksdagsförvaltningen) and decides upon matters of major significance concerning the international contacts programme.

War Delegation
The speaker chairs the War Delegation (Krigsdelegationen), when it is deemed necessary to convene.

Speakers of the First Chamber (upper house)

 * Gustaf Lagerbjelke (1867–1876)
 * Henning Hamilton (1877)
 * Anton Niklas Sundberg (1878–1880)
 * Gustaf Lagerbjelke (1881–1891)
 * Pehr von Ehrenheim (1891–1895)
 * Gustaf Sparre (1896–1908)
 * Christian Lundeberg (1909–1911)
 * Ivar Afzelius (1912–1915)
 * Hugo Hamilton (1916–1928)
 * Axel Vennersten (1928–1936)
 * Johan Nilsson (1937–1955)
 * John Bergvall, Liberal (1956–1959)
 * Gustaf Sundelin, Liberal (1959–1964)
 * Erik Boheman, Liberal (1965–1970)

Speakers of the Second Chamber (lower house)

 * Anton Niklas Sundberg (1867–1872)
 * Ferdinand Asker (1873–1875)
 * Arvid Posse (1876–1880)
 * Olof Wijk (1880–1890)
 * Gustaf Ryding (1891)
 * Carl Herslow (1892–1893)
 * Robert De la Gardie (1894–1902)
 * Axel Swartling (1903–1912)
 * Carl Bonde (1913)
 * Johan Widén (1914–1917)
 * Daniel Persson (1918)
 * Herman Lindqvist, Social Democrat (1918–1921)
 * Viktor Larsson, Social Democrat (1922–1923)
 * Herman Lindqvist, Social Democrat (1924–1927)
 * Viktor Larsson, Social Democrat (1927)
 * Bernhard Eriksson, Social Democrat (1928–1932)
 * August Sävström, Social Democrat (1933–1952)
 * Gustaf Nilsson, Social Democrat (1953–1957)
 * Sven Patrik Svensson (1958–1960)
 * Fridolf Thapper, Social Democrat (1960–1968)
 * Henry Allard, Social Democrat (1969–1970)

title: Speaker of the Riksdag


text:
Talk:Tourette syndrome

Recent image edit

Re, this edit, the image using upright is a painting, and the detail in the painting is relevant. MOS:IMGSIZE says:
 * Where a smaller or larger image is appropriate, use scaling factor, which expands or contracts the image by a factor.
 * For example:
 * might be used for an image with fine detail (e.g. a map or diagram) to render it "30% larger than this user generally wants". (For a reader with the usual base width setting of 220px, this is 285px.)
 * might be used for an image with little detail (e.g. a simple drawing or flag) which can be adequately displayed "40% smaller than this user generally wants". (For a reader with the usual base width setting of 220px, this is 130px.)
 * When specifying  values greater than 1, take care to balance the need to reveal detail against the danger of overwhelming surrounding article text.
 * Images in which a small region of detail is important (but cropping to that region is unacceptable) may need to be larger than normal, but  should usually be the largest value for images floated beside text.
 * Images within an article, especially those near one another and on the same side, may be more appealing if presented at the same width.

The detail in the painting is relevant, the image is not overwhelming adjacent text, and that this edit followed immediately on this unrelated discussion is concerning. (most recent involved editors at the TFA revamping, except Outriggr and Yomangani, who no longer edit) and, who weighed in on TFA day, does an upright scaling factor of 1.5 seem to comply with MOS:IMAGES ? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  23:33, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

 * No response, no feedback; after waiting a week, I will reinstate upright for painting to agree with (same size of) diagram in article. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  14:44, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Unexplainable coherent outburests
I am an adult with no history of disorders, but have found myself making sudden unexplainable quick comments in a group that “outed” some behavior heretofore kept secret. I was as surprised as everyone else and found myself ostracized from the people whose act or behaviour I had “outed.” Please note behavior's were not illegal or sexual in nature but instead just divulged secret(s) kept hidden. I had absolutely no intention to do this and was only triggered when the person I had never met entered the room and I was introduced to him. The experience has stayed with me to this day some 40 years later. 75.161.235.113 (talk) 00:28, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 April 2024
Please change and only one motor tic is required for diagnosis. to and only one motor tic (along with one or more vocal tics) is required for diagnosis.

The point in this change, besides making clearer the point in the original reference, is to prevent non-native speaking people who have motor tics but no vocal tics, such as myself, and are looking for diagnosis possibilities for those tics, to consider erroneously a Tourette diagnosis based on the original text. The WHO ICD-11 classification still requires at least one vocal tic for a possible Tourette syndrome diagnostic, as one can verify in the ICD-11 website, and not only one motor tic. Yes, I'm aware Wikipedia should not be used as a medical diagnosis tool. Yes, I do discuss everything I find with my doctor. But other people will look for possibilities anyway, and the text is better be crystal clear on what it says. Rpioveza (talk) 17:44, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ I have corrected that, thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:40, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

Cannabis
please change ((cannabis)) to ((Cannabis (drug)|cannabis)) 2601:540:C701:C010:70ED:BA15:F651:4C53 (talk) 13:48, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅ It's more helpful to describe where the wikilink is. ABG (Talk/Report any mistakes here) 13:58, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tourette syndrome