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The Unknown Soldier (novel)

The Unknown Soldier (Tuntematon sotilas, Okänd soldat) or Unknown Soldiers is a war novel by Finnish author Väinö Linna, considered his magnum opus. Published in 1954, The Unknown Soldier chronicles the Continuation War between Finland and the Soviet Union during 1941–1944 from the viewpoint of ordinary Finnish soldiers. In 2000, the manuscript version of the novel was published with the title Sotaromaani ("the war novel") and in 2015, the latest English translation as Unknown Soldiers. A fictional account based closely on Linna's own experiences during the war, the novel presented a more realistic outlook on the formerly romanticized image of a noble and obedient Finnish soldier. Linna gave his characters independent and critical thoughts, and presented them with human feelings, such as fear and rebellion.

Although published to mixed reviews, The Unknown Soldier quickly became one of the best-selling books in Finland and is considered both a classic in Finnish literature and a part of the national legacy. The novel was well received by frontline veterans; it shot Linna to literary fame and has been described as creating a shift in the collective memory of the war. It has sold nearly 800,000 units, been translated into 20 different languages and adapted into three films with the latest one released in 2017.

Setting and characters
The novel follows soldiers of a Finnish Army machine gun company operating on the Karelian front during the Continuation War from mobilisation in 1941 to the Moscow Armistice in 1944. The company's action is based on Infantry Regiment 8 (Finnish: Jalkaväkirykmentti 8), the actual unit Väinö Linna served in. The novel has no single central character and both begins and ends with an ironic play on the narrator's omniscience. Rather, its focus is on different responses and views on the experience of war from a soldier's point of view.

The men of the company come from all over Finland, they have widely varying social backgrounds and political attitudes, and everyone has their own way of coping with the war. The novel paints realistic, yet sympathetic, portraits of a score of very different men: cowards and heroes—the initially naive and eventually brave upper-class idealist Kariluoto; the down-to-earth Koskela; the hardened and cynical working-class grunt Lehto; the company comedian Vanhala; the pragmatic and strong-nerved Antero "Antti" Rokka; the politically indifferent Hietanen, and the communist Lahtinen. Most of the characters are killed in action during the course of the novel. Nevertheless, the general atmosphere of the machine gun company is relaxed and business-like, even childish and jolly, throughout the story, despite the war, losses and despair. The soldiers' continued disrespect for formalities and discipline is a source of frustration for some of the officers.

Plot
The novel starts with the company transferring in June 1941 from their barracks to the Finnish-Soviet border in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Soon after, the soldiers receive their baptism by fire in an attack over a swamp on Soviet positions. Captain Kaarna is killed during the battle and the stern Lieutenant Lammio takes his place as company commander. Amidst a series of battles, the company assaults a Soviet bunker line on a ridge and stops an armoured attack, the ambushed and abandoned Lehto commits suicide during a regimental flanking maneuver, and the soldiers advance into East Karelia. The company eventually crosses the old border lost during the Winter War and the soldiers ponder the justification for the continued invasion. In October 1941, the company is stationed in the captured and pillaged Petrozavodsk, where the novel follows the soldiers interacting with the locals.

Two men are executed after refusing to follow orders to fend off a Soviet winter attack along the Svir river—during which Lahtinen is killed while trying to carry off his Maxim M/32-33 machine gun and Rokka distinguishes himself by ambushing a 50-strong enemy unit with a Suomi KP/-31 submachine gun. The story moves on to the trench warfare period of the war. The period includes the soldiers drinking kilju (a home-made sugar wine) during Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim's birthday celebrations and getting drunk, a new recruit being killed by a sniper for failing to listen to advice from experienced veterans and raising his head above the trench, and Rokka capturing an enemy captain during a nightly Soviet probe into the Finnish trenches.

The final act of the novel describes the defence against the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive of summer 1944, the withdrawal and counter-attacks of the Finnish Army, and the numerous losses that the company suffers. The company abandons their machine guns in a lake while withdrawing from a hopeless defence, and Lieutenant Colonel Karjula executes the retreating Private Viirilä in a burst of rage while trying to force his men into positions. Koskela is killed while disabling an attacking Soviet tank with a satchel charge and Hietanen loses his eyes to an artillery strike and later dies when his ambulance is attacked. Asumaniemi, an ambitious young private, is the last one to die during the company's last counter-attack. The war ends in a ceasefire in September 1944, with the soldiers rising from their foxholes after the final Soviet artillery barrage stops. The survivors listen to the first radio announcements of the eventual Moscow Armistice. The novel's last sentence describes the characters of the unit as "[r]ather dear, those boys."

Themes
Väinö Linna wrote in his manuscript cover letter to the publisher WSOY that he wanted "to give the soldiers, who bore the weight of the calamity, all the appreciation and strip war of its glory". Gritty and realistic, the novel was partly intended to shatter the myth of a noble, obedient Finnish soldier. In Linna's own words, he wanted to give the Finnish soldier a brain, an organ he saw lacking in earlier depictions—such as Johan Runeberg's The Tales of Ensign Stål, where Finnish soldiers are admiringly portrayed with big hearts and little independent intellect. The Unknown Soldier is closely based on Linna's own experiences as a Finnish Army soldier in Infantry Regiment 8 during the Continuation War with many of its scenes derived from factual events, but is more or less fictional.

The novel has been described as an honest, uncomforting, forlorn, pacifist and critical outlook on the war between the Soviet Union and Finland. The Herald described Linna's aim as "not to home in on individual plights and agendas but to show the whole great shapeless mass of a platoon, one that is continuously besieged and pared down". The Independent stated that Linna examines nationhood and "the fate of small nations in particular" while the novel's "wisest characters come to regard nationality as a matter of chance". Aku Louhimies, director of the 2017 film adaptation, analysed Linna's intentions as follows: "I think [his] original idea was to show the events so that they would also act as a warning."

Reception and legacy
The novel initially received mixed reviews and was not expected to be a commercial success by its publishers, but has since become a revered household classic that Finns are given to read at school. By 2017, it had sold nearly 800,000 units. It launched Väinö Linna into a steady career as a public figure and The Unknown Soldier was adapted into different formats for theatre, cinema and radio. Released ten years after the end of the Continuation War, the novel is considered to be the first medium that gave a realistic description of the conflict instead of a polished one. Although the book was criticized, for example, by senior officers of the Finnish Defence Forces as an erroneous account of the war, the book was well received by the masses and frontline veterans who thought it depicted their experiences accurately.

The Unknown Soldier and its first film adaptation of 1955 created a shift in the cultural memory of the war. Likewise, the novel is widely believed to have a special cultural status whereby only a limited number of ways to adapt the canon text are considered acceptable. The cover art of a soldier's white silhouette against a red background, designed by Martti Mykkänen, became similarly famous and is often used as a symbol for war in Finland. The novel contributed numerous expressions and idioms into Finnish culture and language, with phrases that are popular to the point of some having become clichès. Few remember the exact characterisations from the book, but some phrases are known word for word. Some of the characters even became role models. For example, the disobedient but competent and pragmatic Rokka, or the humane jokester, Hietanen, are described as typical role models, while the calm, fair and composed Koskela is the paragon of every Finnish leader. In conclusion, the novel is considered to be a defining part of the national legacy and identity of Finland. As such, the 1955 film adaptation by Edvin Laine is broadcast on national television every Independence Day and seen by nearly 20% of the Finnish population.

Editions
By 2017, the book had been printed in 60 editions in Finland. Its first English translations were published in 1957 by William Collins, Sons and G. P. Putnam's Sons in the United Kingdom and the United States, respectively. It has since been translated into 20 other languages. An unedited manuscript version was published in 2000 by WSOY as Sotaromaani ("the war novel")—Linna's working title for The Unknown Soldier. Penguin Books published a new English translation by Liesl Yamaguchi in 2015 with the idiosyncratic title Unknown Soldiers to reflect the lives of young Finnish soldiers in the war.

Adaptations

 * The Unknown Soldier (1955)
 * The Unknown Soldier (1985)
 * Tuntematon sotilas (2009) - TV movie of a stage play based on the book
 * The Unknown Soldier (2017)

title: The Unknown Soldier (novel)


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Governor of Macau

The governor of Macau (Governador de Macau; ) was a Portuguese colonial official who headed the colony of Macau, before 1623 called captain-major (Capitão-mor). The post was replaced on 20 December 1999 upon the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China by the office of the chief executive of Macau.

Powers of the governor of Macau
The governor of Macau was responsible for the internal and local control of the colony. External relations and military needs were dealt by the Portuguese government in Lisbon.

List of captains-major and governors of Macau (1557–1999)
The date refers to the date of appointment.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Governor of Macau


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International Socialists (Canada)

The International Socialists is a Canadian socialist organization which is part of the International Socialist Tendency. The IS in Canada publishes Socialist Worker, an English-language monthly paper, and holds an annual Marxism conference every spring in Toronto.

Early history
The initial members consisted of activists involved in the Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada (better known as the Waffle), which had been forced to leave the social democratic New Democratic Party in 1972. A group of students at York University in Toronto formed a Marxist study group, and came into contact with left-Shachtmanites in the International Socialists (USA), an American group founded by Hal Draper.

After the collapse of the Waffle in late 1974, the group organized itself as the Independent Socialists in February 1975. This reflected the roots of the IS in the Waffle, which had a "left-nationalist" analysis of Canada's place in the world economy. But the name was in contradiction to the internationalist approach of the IS, and by 1976, the group voted to rename itself the International Socialists. From 1975, the IS published a monthly paper called Workers Action. In 1985, the paper was renamed Socialist Worker.

The IS is often identified as the "state-capitalist" group—reflecting the position of the IS that, from 1928 on, Soviet Union was no longer a workers' state, but state capitalist. This is in contrast to Leon Trotsky's position that the Soviet Union was a degenerated workers state. The state capitalist position was not actually central to the group's founding in 1975. Several prominent members adhered to the "bureaucratic collectivist" position associated with Max Shachtman, but by the late 1970s, the majority position in the group was clearly "state capitalist", outlined most clearly in Abbie Bakan's pamphlet, The Great Lie.

During the 1980s, the group was heavily involved in women's struggles, playing an important role in mobilizing support for legal abortion in Canada, largely as a participant in the broader Ontario Coalition for Abortion Clinics. Early in the decade, it was prominent as a defender of the new trade union movement in Poland, Solidarity.

From 1985 to 1986, when the IS was no more than 80 members, a crisis led to the division of the Toronto branch. The Toronto Central branch represented the majority and was led by David McNally. The Toronto East branch represented the minority faction and was led by Abbie Bakan and supported by the Montreal branch. The crisis caused leading members of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) in the UK to write an open letter of concern, urging the unity of the Toronto branch. Some attributed the dispute to personal animosities between leading members. But there was also a tension between a tendency towards propaganda by the majority, and an emphasis on an interventionist perspective by the minority.

A united steering committee slate was put forward and elected at the 1987 convention of the IS, addressed by Alex Callinicos, leading member of the SWP. The two Toronto branches fused into a single branch. That year, for the first time, the IS counted more than 100 members, and continued to grow through the late 1980s and into the early 1990s – intervening into the campaign to defend abortion clinics in Toronto, helping to build the movement against the war in the Gulf, and building in the student movement across the country. It is in this period that the IS also began to flesh out its position on the national question in Quebec, although it was not able to operate to any degree in French in Quebec.

The 1990s
The IS grew rapidly in the early 1990s, from 150 to 340 members in 1993–94 alone according to the group's claims. Further growth was achieved during the "Days of Action", a series of one-day general strikes between late 1995 and 1998 against the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party government, led by Premier Mike Harris. During this period of growth, the publication of Socialist Worker - the organization's paper - became fortnightly rather than monthly.

The unexpected and rapid growth of the group during this period led to a large split in 1996. A section of the organization argued that there were new possibilities for growth in the 1990s, and a more interventionist, activist organization was necessary. Another section of the organization thought that the interventionist perspective was based on an overly-optimistic analysis of the period, and were loath to move too far away from a propagandist, educational orientation. The section arguing for a more interventionist line carried the day at the November 1994 convention, Socialist Worker began appearing bi-weekly in January 1995, and the organization began publishing a monthly French paper. One year later, several leading members (including David McNally) resigned, and a faction emerged called the Political Reorientation Faction (PRF). The PRF produced a document rejecting the International Socialist Tendency's analysis of an upswing in class struggle during the mid-1990s, ("the 1990s is the 1930s in slow motion") and the Leninist conception of the party. Within weeks, members of the PRF (with one exception) left the IS to form the New Socialist Group prompting criticism from the IS majority for quitting rather than engaging in a proper political debate. The departing minority, however, argued that their position in the IS had become untenable and that their right to debate and organize were not tolerated by the majority.

21st century
The membership of the IS fell, and the publication frequency of Socialist Worker was reduced from every two weeks to monthly. It is now printed in full colour. Its French-language periodical, Résistance!, has ceased publication, and its annual theoretical journal, Marxism, has remained on hiatus. The IS has begun publishing a monthly campus newsletter called "the Agitator." The IS annual Marxism conference is also smaller; where the main event of the conference would draw as many as 500 attendees at the group's height, now the turnout is less than 100 per year.

The IS played a role in helping launch the movement against the war on Iraq, and is active in the War Resisters Support Campaign. It has several branches in Toronto as well as in Ottawa, Hamilton, Vancouver and members in several other cities. It was involved in the fight against Toronto Mayor Rob Ford, Occupy Toronto, and in the abortion rights, trade union, and student movements. Members of the IS in Toronto have been heavily involved in starting the Toronto Disability Pride March, which has taken place annually since 2011. On March 20, 2013, founding member Abbie Bakan, former Socialist Worker editor Paul Kellogg, and a few other members released a public statement announcing their resignation from the IS after a motion to write a public a letter of concern to the British SWP over its handling of rape allegations against one of its leaders was voted down at their annual convention. The IS Steering Committee responded that the resignation letter distorted "the democratic discussion and decisions at our Convention," noting that the IS "took very seriously the allegation of rape and the other issues raised by the crisis in the SWP and the discussion focused on whether an open letter intervening in the internal crisis of another organization would help the membership resolve their own dispute in a positive way. After discussing it, a majority at our Convention determined not to intervene and to allow the comrades in the SWP the space to debate the way forward through their own structures and processes."

Student component
Since the mid-1980s when the group took a political turn towards the student movement, much of the IS's work occurs on university campuses and most of its members are either university students or joined while in university. It was once quite active at the University of Toronto, where one member became president of the Student Administrative Council as part of a broader left wing slate. In recent years, they have been most active at York University in Toronto and Langara College in Vancouver.

In November 2012, IS members initiated a campaign against the local men's rights club at the University of Toronto, bringing together a coalition of students called UofT Students Against Sexism in order to protest a lecture given by controversial men's rights activist Warren Farrell. The protest drew around 100 people, and sparked a larger debate on campus around the existence of men's rights clubs.

Political stances
Unlike much of the mainstream left in Canada, the International Socialists oppose Left Nationalism which argues that Canada is a colony or dependency of the United States. The IS maintains that Canada is a leading capitalist country with an independent ruling class that carries out its own acts of imperialism. At the same time, members of the IS, including members of its steering committee, were also members of the left nationalist Council of Canadians as recently as 2002.

The group supports international socialism and Québécois and First Nations struggles for self-determination, up to and including independence. In Quebec, the IS does not, however, support the separatist Parti Québécois, which they see as a bourgeois nationalist party. The IS is involved in Québec Solidaire, a merger of the Union des Forces Progressistes and the Option Citoyenne.

The International Socialists argue for "critical support" of the New Democratic Party (NDP) on the federal and provincial levels, since the NDP, despite its flaws, is the party of the working class in Canada, and a victory for the NDP gives confidence to working class activists and those in the social movements to fight for reforms. Once the NDP is elected, IS members see the opportunity to expose the inability of social democrats to effect real change. IS members may occasionally work alongside NDP activists on certain campaigns despite the fact that IS members generally do not join the NDP. For example, In 2003, members of the IS worked on Joe Comartin's NDP leadership campaign.

Criticism
IS members have been criticized by other far-Left groups, including those who situate their roots within the broader International Socialist Tendency. The IS has been criticized for its role in the peace movement in Toronto where it has an influential position in the Toronto Coalition to Stop the War (TCSW). The June 30th Committee, an independent Toronto anti-war group, argues that TCSW was decisively influenced by the IS to sabotage their demonstration on June 30, 2004. It did so by calling a demonstration for the same time and location as the J30 demonstration and then proceeded to split the demonstration. One account can be found Toronto's Now Magazine. TCSW and IS members dispute this account. Other detractors argue that the IS did the same thing again for an emergency rally in November 2004 called by the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty.

The IS has also been criticized for its alleged role in undermining an anti-racist demonstration in Ottawa in May 1993. Strong criticisms of the IS were made in the second edition of Warren Kinsella's book Web of Hate and in the anarchist magazine Arm the Spirit.

title: International Socialists (Canada)


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Skunk ape

The skunk ape is a large and hairy human-like mythical creature purported to inhabit the forests and swamps in the southeastern United States, most notably in Florida. It is often compared to, synonymous with, or called the "cousin" of Bigfoot, a prominent subject within North American popular culture.

Many dubious articles have been presented in an attempt to prove the skunk ape's existence, including anecdotal sightings, disputed photographs, audio and video recordings, and casts of large footprints. The majority of mainstream scientists have historically discounted the existence of the skunk ape, considering it to be the result of a combination of folklore, misidentification, and hoax, rather than a living animal. The skunk ape has permeated into the popular culture of the southern United States, especially in Florida.

Description
The skunk ape is commonly described as a bipedal human or ape-like creature, approximately 5 - 7 ft tall, and covered in mottled reddish-brown hair. The skunk ape is often reported to be smaller in stature compared to traditional descriptions of Bigfoot from the northern United States and Canada. It is named for its foul odor, often described as being similar to a skunk.

History
Contemporary descriptions of the skunk ape in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama folklore have occurred since European settlers first occupied the region. In 1818, local newspapers reported a story from what is now Apalachicola, Florida, that spoke of a "man-sized monkey" raiding food stores and stalking fishermen along the shore. Cryptozoologists have made unsubstantiated claims that Seminole and Miccosukee culture includes stories of a foul-smelling, physically powerful, and secretive creature called Esti Capcaki, a name which roughly translates to "Furry Tall Man" or "Hairy Giant".

Notable alleged sightings
In 1929, an alleged sighting occurred at the famous and then recently constructed Perky Bat Tower at the Florida Keys. Witnesses reported that an unknown ape-like creature was drawn to the construction site. After inspecting the bat tower shortly after it had been stocked with bats, the creature shook the tower, driving off the bats before running off into the woods.

In 1942, a man in Suwanee County reported a similar creature rushing out from the brush line while he was driving down an isolated road. It was alleged to have grabbed onto his vehicle and beat on the running board and door for half a mile before departing. In the small community of Bardin, in Putnam County, Florida, beginning in the 1940s, there were a number of alleged sightings of a creature that came to be known as the Bardin Booger. In the 1960s, a rash of sightings in central Florida happened around Alachua County and Marion County. One such report from 1963 involved several members of a family encountering an ape-like creature around their rural home, including one instance of it approaching a window to peer inside at night.

Reports of the skunk ape were particularly common in the 1950s through the 1970s. The Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization has archived hundreds of alleged sightings across almost every county of Florida, beginning in 1955 into the present day.

In the 1970s, two Palm Beach County sheriff's deputies named Marvin Lewis and Ernie Milner reported that an ape-like creature stalked them through a grove before they shot at it with their firearms. They reported following a trail of footprints where they recovered hair snagged on a barbed wire fence line that had been pushed down. In 1971 to 1975, a rash of sightings occurred in Broward County and surrounding areas. Multiple eyewitnesses reported nocturnal encounters with a 5 to 7 foot (1.5–2.1 meter) ape-like creature with dark red to black fur. These events were heavily covered in newspapers, both local and in other Florida cities such as Miami, and were some of the earliest instances popularizing the term "Skunk Ape" in the state lexicon. Reports alleged that the skunk ape had invaded homes, stalked people, and killed several of a farmer's livestock including a horse and a bull. The local police department investigated after one law enforcement officer reported striking the skunk ape with his car. Posses were formed in an effort to locate the alleged creature, but no body or evidence was found.

In 1977, a failed-to-pass bill was proposed to the Florida state legislature to make it illegal to "take, possess, harm or molest anthropoids or humanoid animals".

Several Everglades wildlife tour bus operators and their guests have reported alleged sightings. In July 1997, one such operator, David Shealy, reported wildlife bait stands laden with lima bean had been raided and he noticed strange tracks surrounding them. He baited several locations with more lima beans and multiple witnesses reported skunk ape sightings soon after. Shealy and others attributed this instance to high seasonal flooding having driven numerous animals into tighter ranges around higher ground. One such sighting was by Everglades tour operators Steve Goodbread and Dow Rowland; some of their guests reported skunk ape sightings as well. Both operators claimed that 100 F weather, high humidity, and the rural location would make a hoax unlikely.

In 1997, a photograph of a dark upright figure in the swamp was taken by Ochopee Fire Control District Chief Vince Doerr that he claims depicts a skunk ape. He reported observing the creature cross the road, and stopped his car to capture a photograph. Within two weeks, over fifty people reported alleged sightings of a hairy creature within the Big Cypress National Preserve.

In the year 2000, the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office received two anonymous photos depicting a large, hairy, ape-like creature. The author of the letter claimed to be an elderly woman who reported the creature had been stealing apples from her back porch near I-75, and upon surprising it with a camera she was afraid it was an escaped orangutan that might harm her family. The scrutinized photos, dubbed the "Myakka skunk ape," remain a polarizing topic and their authenticity remains debated. One critique highlighting the photographs as a potential hoax is the subject's resemblance to a Bigfoot statue known from a Ripley's Believe It or Not! museum.

Sightings continue to the present day, with forty-eight out of sixty-seven counties in Florida reporting sightings since 2010.

Proposed explanations
Most anecdotal reports and alleged visual evidence are deemed to be fabrication or hoaxes. Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell has written that some of the reports may represent sightings of the Florida black bear, possibly some suffering from mange, and it is likely that other sightings are hoaxes or general misidentification of wildlife. The United States National Park Service considers the skunk ape to be a hoax.

In popular culture
The skunk ape has been widely adopted across Florida as an unofficial mascot for wilderness and rural culture, including appearing in roadside businesses and attractions, television commercials, and on signs. During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Orlando's Gatorland park used the skunk ape's reported foul smell to promote social distancing.

The skunk ape is often the subject of conferences that host guest speakers, research presentations, trail running events, and vendors.

title: Skunk ape


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User talk:Jhi

Hello Jhi, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions, to the J. R. R. Tolkien article. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Proposed deletion of Beyond Bree

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"Lithlad" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Jhi


text:
Dershowitz–Finkelstein affair

The Dershowitz–Finkelstein affair was a public controversy involving academics Alan Dershowitz and Norman Finkelstein and their scholarship on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in 2005.

Shortly after the publication of The Case for Israel (2003) by Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, Norman Finkelstein alleged that it was "a collection of fraud, falsification, plagiarism and nonsense." Finkelstein further derided the book, remarking, "If Dershowitz's book were made of cloth, I wouldn't even use it as a schmatta ... his book is such garbage." Finkelstein charged that Dershowitz had engaged in plagiarism in his use of Joan Peters' book From Time Immemorial. Dershowitz denied the charges. Former Harvard president Derek Bok, following a review requested by then-Harvard Law School Dean Elena Kagan, stated that no plagiarism had occurred.

In Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History, published by University of California Press on August 28, 2005, Finkelstein aimed to debunk The Case for Israel. Dershowitz had written letters to both The New Press and to the University of California Press to prevent its publication, claiming it contained massive libel and stating that the book should not be published. Dershowitz responded in his book The Case for Peace and alleged a campaign of vilification by Finkelstein against several pro-Israel academics.

Finkelstein's criticisms of Dershowitz
The book Beyond Chutzpah is a critique of arguments used to defend Israel's stance in the Israel-Palestine conflict, including the use of the allegation of anti-semitism to deflect criticism of Israel. A major theme of the book is a comparison of Alan Dershowitz's earlier book, The Case for Israel, with the findings of mainstream human rights organisations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Finkelstein wrote that Dershowitz had lied, misrepresented and fabricated many of his points in order to protect Israel and hide its record of alleged human rights violations, while "the real issue is Israel's human rights record".

In addition, Finkelstein wrote that he had found plagiarism where Dershowitz reproduced the exact errors found in Peters's citation of original sources. He said this was evidence that Dershowitz did not check the original sources he cited, a claim that Dershowitz adamantly denied.

Finkelstein said he had located twenty instances within as many pages, in which Dershowitz used some of the same words from the same sources that Joan Peters had used, largely in the same order. In several paragraph-long quotations, the two books have ellipses in the same positions. Finkelstein wrote that, in one instance, Dershowitz refers to the same page number as Peters, although he is citing a different edition of the same source, in which the words appear on a different page. Finkelstein stated: "It is left to readers to decide whether Dershowitz committed plagiarism as defined by Harvard University—'passing off a source's information, ideas, or words as your own by omitting to cite them.' According to a book review of Beyond Chutzpah, written by Professor Michael C. Desch in The American Conservative, "Finkelstein does not accuse Dershowitz of the wholesale lifting of someone else's words, but he does make a very strong case that Dershowitz has violated the spirit, if not the exact letter, of Harvard's prohibitions of the first three forms of plagiarism."

During an interview of the two men by Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!, Finkelstein also said that Dershowitz may not have written, or even read, the book.

Dershowitz took a number of steps to stop publication of Beyond Chutzpah. His lawyers wrote letters to the University of California Press threatening a lawsuit if it published the book. Dershowitz also wrote to the Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, asking him to stop the book from being published. Schwarzenegger responded that "he is not inclined to otherwise exert influence in this case because of the clear, academic freedom issue it presents". According to Jon Weiner, writing in The Nation, Dershowitz' lawyers contacted the president of the University of California, the university provost, seventeen directors of the university press and nineteen members of the university press’s faculty editorial committee to attempt to stop the publication of the book.

Dershowitz's response
Dershowitz threatened to bring a legal action against the University of California Press in response to the charges in Finkelstein's book. Dershowitz claimed to have written every word of The Case for Israel by hand and to have sent the University of California Press his handwritten manuscript. He says there is not a single phrase or sentence in it that was plagiarized, and accused Finkelstein of knowing this and making the charges in order to garner publicity. Dershowitz offered to produce his handwritten drafts (he does not type) to debunk the claim that The Case for Israel was ghostwritten and claimed Finkelstein has not asked to see them.

Dershowitz also asked California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to intervene in order to prevent the University of California Press from publishing the book. Schwarzenegger's legal advisor responded, however, that the governor would not intervene in issues of academic freedom.

As a result, when Beyond Chutzpah was published, it no longer used the word "plagiarize" in its argument that Dershowitz inappropriately borrowed from another work, nor did it include the claim that Dershowitz did not write The Case for Israel, because, the publisher said, "[Finkelstein] couldn't document that." "Dershowitz has said he cited sources properly, attempting to check all primary sources and citing Peters when she was his only source."

Dershowitz said that Finkelstein has invented false charges in order to discredit supporters of Israel: "The mode of attack is consistent. Chomsky selects the target and directs Finkelstein to probe the writings in minute detail and conclude that the writer didn't actually write the work, that it is plagiarized, that it is a hoax and a fraud," alleging that Finkelstein has leveled the same kind of charges against many others, calling at least 10 "distinguished Jews 'hucksters,' 'hoaxters,' 'thieves,' 'extortionists,' and worse."

Dershowitz's subsequent book on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, The Case for Peace, contains a chapter rebutting Finkelstein's charges, which Dershowitz made available on his web site.

Additional responses by Finkelstein and Dershowitz
Finkelstein argued in a letter to The Harvard Crimson published on October 3, 2003, that Dershowitz reproduced exactly two of Peters' mistakes, and made one relevant mistake of his own. In quoting Mark Twain, Finkelstein argued, "Dershowitz cites two paragraphs from Twain as continuous text, just as Peters cites them as continuous text, but in Twain's book the two paragraphs are separated by 87 pages." While still quoting Twain, although Dershowitz cited a different edition of Twain's Innocents Abroad than Joan Peters cites, Finkelstein continues, "the relevant quotes do not appear on these pages in the edition of Twain's book that Dershowitz cites." Finkelstein points out that these quotations do, however, appear on the pages that Joan Peters cites as her edition of Innocents Abroad. Finkelstein asserted: "Quoting a statement depicting the miserable fate of Jews in mid-19th century Jerusalem, Peters cites a British consular letter from 'Wm. T. Young to Viscount Canning.' Dershowitz cites the same statement as Peters, reporting that Young 'attributed the plight of the Jew in Jerusalem' to pervasive anti-Semitism. Turning to the original, however, we find that the relevant statement did not come from Young but, as is unmistakably clear to anyone who actually consulted the original, from an enclosed memorandum written by an 'A. Benisch' that Young was forwarding to Canning." He concluded: "It would be impossible for anyone who checked the original source[s] to make the[se] error[s]."

In response to the general charge of plagiarism, Dershowitz had characterized the excerpts as quotations that historians and scholars of the region cite routinely, such as Mark Twain and the reports of government commissions.

In "Statement of Alan M. Dershowitz" featured on a faculty webpage at Harvard Law School, Dershowitz writes: I will no longer participate in this transparent ploy to gather media attention for Finkelstein and his publisher. I answer all of his charges fully in Chapter 16 of my forthcoming book The Case For Peace, to be published by Wiley in August. My book deals with important and current issues, such as the prospects for peace in the immediate future. Finkelstein's deals with the irrelevant past that both Israelis and Palestinians are trying to put behind them. Let the marketplace judge our books. As far as I'm concerned, the public controversy is over and I will comment no further on the false charges leveled by Finkelstein and the UCP. Let them henceforth pay for their own publicity, instead of trying to get it on the cheap by launching phony attacks against me.

I will not debate Finkelstein. I have a longstanding policy against debating Holocaust deniers, revisionists, trivializers or minimizers. Nor is a serious debate about Israel possible with someone who acknowledges that he knows "very little" about that country. I will be happy to debate any legitimate experts from Amnesty International or any other human rights organization. Indeed, I have a debate scheduled with Noam Chomsky about these issues in the fall [2005].

Dershowitz strenuously denied that he did not credit Peters' book adequately in his own book, and Harvard University supported him in that position in exonerating him against Finkelstein's charges that he committed "plagiarism".

$10,000 challenge
During the joint interview of Dershowitz and Finkelstein in a 2003 Democracy Now! broadcast, host Amy Goodman alluded to an appearance on MSNBC's Scarborough Country in which Dershowitz made a challenge to "give $10,000 to the PLO" (Palestine Liberation Organization), playing a clip from the other program. In the headnote to the transcript, Goodman wrote:

On MSNBC's Scarborough Country on September 8, 2003, renowned appellate lawyer, Harvard Law professor and author Alan Dershowitz says: "I will give $10,000 to the PLO... if you can find a historical fact in my book that you can prove to be false." The book Dershowitz refers to is his latest work The Case For Israel. Today author and professor Norman Finkelstein takes him on and charges that Dershowitz makes numerous factual errors in his book. Dershowitz denies the charges. Finkelstein teaches at DePaul University and is the author of four books including The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering.

The segment of Democracy Now! appears in the included transcript of the program:

"Amy Goodman: ...we were intrigued on watching Scarborough Country when you debated, the offer that you made [....] just play it for a moment."

"Alan Dershowitz: Tell you what, I will give $10,000 to the P.L.O. in your name if you can find historical fact in my book that you can prove to be false. I issue that challenge, I issue it to you, I issue it to the Palestinian Authority, I issue it to Noam Chomsky to Edward Said, every word in my book is accurate and you can't just simply say it's false without documenting it. Tell me one thing in the book now that is false?"

"Amy Goodman: Okay. Let's go to the book. The Case for Israel $10,000."

On Democracy Now! Finkelstein replied to that specific challenge for material errors found in his book overall, and Dershowitz upped it to $25,000 for another particular "issue" that they disputed.

Finkelstein referred to "concrete facts which are not particularly controversial," stating that in The Case for Israel Dershowitz attributes to Israeli historian Benny Morris the figure of between 2,000 and 3,000 Palestinian Arabs who fled their homes from April to June 1948, when the range in the figures presented by Morris is actually 200,000 to 300,000.

Dershowitz responded to Finkelstein's reply by stating that such a mistake could not have been intentional, as it harmed his own side of the debate: "Obviously, the phrase '2,000 to 3,000 Arabs' refers either to a sub-phase [of the flight] or is a typographical error." In this particular context, Dershowitz's argument is that Palestinians left as a result of orders issued by Palestinian commanders: "If in fact, 200,000 were told to leave instead of 2,000, that strengthens my argument considerably."

Support for Finkelstein
In his review of Beyond Chutzpah, echoing Finkelstein's criticisms, Michael Desch, political science professor at University of Notre Dame observed:

"Not only did Dershowitz improperly present Peters's ideas, he may not even have bothered to read the original sources she used to come up with them. Finkelstein somehow managed to get uncorrected page proofs of The Case for Israel in which Dershowitz appears to direct his research assistant to go to certain pages and notes in Peters's book and place them in his footnotes directly (32, col. 3)."

Oxford academic Avi Shlaim had also been critical of Dershowitz, saying he believed that the charge of plagiarism "is proved in a manner that would stand up in court."

In Desch's review of Beyond Chutzpah, summarizing Finkelstein's case against Dershowitz for "torturing the evidence," particularly Finkelstein's argument relating to Dershowitz's citations of Morris, Desch observed: "There are two problems with Dershowitz's heavy reliance on Morris. The first is that Morris is hardly the left-wing peacenik that Dershowitz makes him out to be, which means that calling him as a witness in Israel's defense is not very helpful to the case. The more important problem is that many of the points Dershowitz cites Morris as supporting—that the early Zionists wanted peaceful coexistence with the Arabs, that the Arabs began the 1948 War to destroy Israel, that the Arabs were guilty of many massacres while the Israelis were scrupulous about protecting human rights, and that the Arabs fled at the behest of their leaders rather than being ethnically cleansed by the Israel Defense Forces—turn out to be based on a partial reading or misreading of Morris's books. Finkelstein documents these charges in exhaustive detail in Appendix II of his book and the preponderance of evidence he provides is conclusive.' (30–31)"

Support for Dershowitz
As Desch acknowledges in his book review of Beyond Chutzpah, "In the wake of a number of similar complaints against Dershowitz and two of his Harvard Law School colleagues Laurence Tribe and Charles Ogletree, former Harvard President Derek Bok conducted an investigation—the details of which were not made public—that... vindicated Dershowitz" (32, col. 3).

Dershowitz's involvement in Finkelstein's denial of tenure
In September 2006, Alan Dershowitz sent members of DePaul University's law and political science faculties what he described as "a dossier of Norman Finkelstein's most egregious academic sins, and especially his outright lies, misquotations, and distortions that... are not incidental to Finkelstein's purported scholarship; they are Finkelstein's purported scholarship," and he lobbied professors, alumni and administrators to deny Finkelstein tenure. DePaul's political science committee investigated the accusations against Finkelstein and concluded that they were not based on legitimate criticism. The department subsequently invited John Mearsheimer and Ian Lustick, two uninvolved academics with expertise on the Israel/Palestine conflict, to evaluate the academic merit of Finkelstein's work. Mearsheimer and Lustick came to the same conclusion. In April 2007 the De Paul University Liberal Arts and Sciences' Faculty Governance Council had voted unanimously to send a letter to Harvard University expressing "the council's dismay at Professor Dershowitz's interference in Finkelstein's tenure and promotion case."

In early 2007, the DePaul University Political Science department voted 9 to 3, and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Personnel Committee 5 to 0, in favor of giving Finkelstein tenure. The three opposing faculty members subsequently filed a minority report opposing tenure, supported by the Dean of the College, Chuck Suchar. Suchar stated he opposed tenure because Finkelstein's "personal and reputation demeaning attacks on Alan Dershowitz, Benny Morris, and the holocaust authors Eli Wiesel and Jerzy Kosinski" were inconsistent with DePaul's "Vincentian" values. In June 2007 a 4–3 vote by DePaul University's Board on Promotion and Tenure (a faculty board), affirmed by the university's president, the Rev. Dennis Holtschneider, denied Finkelstein tenure. Finkelstein was placed on administrative leave for the 2007–2008 academic year (the remainder of his contract with DePaul), his sole course having been cancelled. However, in announcing his decision, Holtschneider said the outside attention "was unwelcome and inappropriate and had no impact on either the process or the outcome of this case." On September 5, 2007, Finkelstein resigned after he and the university reached a settlement; they released a joint statement on the resolution of the conflict.

Additional points of dispute between Finkelstein and Dershowitz
In The Holocaust Industry, Finkelstein questioned Elie Wiesel's claim to have read Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in Yiddish. According to Finkelstein, no translation of the work existed in Yiddish at the time. Dershowitz responded that this was not so: he alleged that one had been published in Warsaw in 1929, and said that he had seen a copy at the Harvard Library. Finkelstein described this latter claim as false and inept, writing that the only work by Kant in Yiddish owned by the library was a partial translation of the Critique of Practical Reason, a completely different work than the one referred to by Wiesel and Dershowitz.

During a clash with members of J Street at the 2010 American Israel Public Affairs Committee conference, Dershowitz chastised J Street for pandering to anti-Israel activists and asked, "Why are you so popular with Norman Finkelstein?" J Street rebuffed Dershowitz's claim.

title: Dershowitz–Finkelstein affair


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User talk:Iamthecheese

Hello new user and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump
 * Have fun.

-- Alexandros 22:48, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Re Skunk Ape - please try and keep your language relatively encyclopedic. You wouldn't see "The thing smells" in Britannica now, would you? :) Dysprosia 22:56, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

April 2014 drive awards.

 * Cheers! Spring in Wikipedia is lovely! Just avoid the articles on flowers... (talk) 03:12, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Iamthecheese


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User:Iamthecheese

Hi. I'd just like to say that this whole Wikipedia idea is awesome. Glad to see the Internet being put to good use.

title: User:Iamthecheese


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Talk:Nauru Bwiema

As the official languages in Nauru Bwiema are English and Nauruan, I can't see any reason for having any translations other than these two. This isn't done for other national anthems. CdaMVvWgS, did you have any reason for trying to add the German and Spanish words? Angela 22:51, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

---

This was already discussed on Wik's talk page. --TwinsFan48 2 Dec 2003
 * Oh. I've copied that below now. Angela

The non-English translations of Nauru Bwiema are quite significant because of the Christian missionary presence on Nauru in the early 1900s, during the colonial era. Father Aloys Kayser, a German, is one of the most prominent figures in Nauruan history, and he is the compiler of the only comprehensive grammar of the Nauruan language. I am not sure of the significance of the Spanish version, though. --TwinsFan48

 * But the anthem was adopted in 1968. I don't see what it has to do with the missionaries of the early 1900s or with Kayser's grammar. --Wik 17:05, Nov 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * The point is that German influence was heavy, with German missionaries, German architecture and even a period of German colonial domination. I just want the translation to stay for these reasons. --TwinsFan48

I'll write this article in German and in Spanish. When I'll have done I'll include a internal language link to there, o.k.?? -- CdaMVvWgS 19:28, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Sylvain Chomet

Sylvain Chomet (born 10 November 1963) is a French comic writer, animator and film director.

Early career
Born in Maisons-Laffitte, Seine-et-Oise (now Yvelines), near Paris, he studied art at high school until he graduated in 1982. Chomet moved to London in 1988 to work as an animator at the Richard Purdum studio. In September of that year, he established a freelance practice, working on commercials for clients such as Principality, Renault, Swinton and Swissair.

In addition to his animation career, Chomet has created many print comics, starting in 1986 with Secrets of the Dragonfly. In 1992 Chomet wrote the script for a science fiction comic called The Bridge in Mud. 1993 saw Chomet writing the story for Léon-la-Came, which was drawn by Nicolas de Crécy for À Suivre magazine. This was published in 1995 and won the René Goscinny Prize in 1996. In 1997, Chomet published Ugly, Poor, and Sick, again with de Crécy. This won them the Alph-Art Best Comic Prize at the Angoulême Comics Festival.

Film career
In 1991, Chomet started work on his first animated film, The Old Lady and the Pigeons, with backgrounds designed by Nicolas de Crécy. The short film won him a BAFTA, the Grand Prize at the 1997 Annecy International Animated Film Festival, the Cartoon d'or prize, as well as the Audience Prize and Jury Prize at the Angers Premiers Plans Festival. It also received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.

Chomet's first feature-length animated film, The Triplets of Belleville was also nominated for two Oscars in 2003 (Best Animated Feature and Best Song), and introduced Chomet's name to a much wider audience. Upon the film's release, de Crécy accused Chomet of plagiarizing his work, citing it as the reason for the dissolution of their collaboration. The visual style of The Triplets of Belleville closely resembles the earlier work of de Crécy's 1994 graphic novel Le Bibendum Céleste.

In 2004, Chomet founded Django Films, an animation studio based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The studio was set up with the ambition of establishing itself in both animation and live-action filmmaking, but has since been dismantled due to several production difficulties, first losing funding for what was to be the studio's first animated feature, Barbacoa, to have been directed by Chomet. Another major setback was the studio's failure to secure funding for The Clan, an animated sitcom for BBC.

In 2006, he directed a segment for the collaborative film Paris, je t'aime; he was assigned the 7th arrondissement of Paris segment "Tour Eiffel". It was Chomet's first work in live action.

After many delays, Chomet directed The Illusionist, which premiered at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2010. The film was based on an unproduced script that Jacques Tati had written in 1956 as a personal letter to his estranged eldest daughter and stars an animated version of Tati himself. It was originally conceived by Tati as a journey of love and discovery that takes two characters across Western Europe to Prague. Chomet says that "Tati wanted to move from purely visual comedy and try an emotionally deeper story" and states that "It's not a romance, it's more the relationship between a dad and a daughter". The film cost an estimated $17 million to make, and was funded by Pathé Pictures.

Filming on Chomet's live action romantic musical-comedy Attila Marcel took place in Paris from mid-July 2012 and lasted 46 days. It premiered in the Special Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released theatrically in France by Pathé in October that year.

In 2014, a couch gag directed and composed by Chomet aired for The Simpsons episode "Diggs". It depicts the family running to the couch until the lights go off. Marge leaves to fix the fuse, and when the lights go up, the characters are drawn Triplets of Belleville-style and everything has a French aesthetic to it. Bart plays with a do-it-yourself foie gras kit, Lisa plays an accordion, Marge cries out, "Maggie? Où est Maggie?" and Homer gets up and eats a snail off the TV, oblivious that Maggie is stuck between his butt cheeks.

In 2015, Chomet directed and co-wrote the animated music video "Carmen" for Belgian musician Stromae.

In 2016, Chomet directed the short film Merci Monsieur Imada. Later that year, Chomet produced the illustrations for Caleb's Cab, a children's book written by his wife, Sally.

In June 2021, it was announced that Chomet would direct a Marcel Pagnol biopic, The Magnificent Life of Marcel Pagnol.

Unrealized and upcoming projects
In 2004, Chomet announced plans to direct Barbacoa, a film about a group of escaped zoo animals set during the 1871 Paris Commune produced by Django Films. Originally stated to be released in late 2005, the film was canceled because of lack of funding. Another production, an unnamed 3D project in collaboration with Miramax division Dimension Films, was also announced.

In 2006, Django Films was reported to be producing The Clan, an animated sitcom pilot for BBC to be directed by Chomet. The show, described as "manic" and "surreal", was to have focused on the lives of the dysfunctional inhabitants of a fictional Scottish island, and was labeled "a Scottish Simpsons".

In the mid-2000s, Chomet was hired to direct The Tale of Despereaux. The film's production was marred by disagreements and malpractice, or accusations thereof, between the French, British and North American staff involved. Chomet came up against creative and ethical differences with the producers and was eventually fired from the project and thrown out of the studio space allocated to the film. The film was ultimately directed by Sam Fell and Rob Stevenhagen.

In 2012, Chomet was in the early stages of working on a prequel to The Triplets of Belleville entitled Swing Poppa Swing to focus on the early lives of the elderly singing triplets from the first film.

In 2014, Chomet announced plans to direct The Thousand Miles, a mix of live-action and animation based on various works of Federico Fellini, including his "unpublished drawings and writings", with a screenplay by Tommaso Rossellini and Demian Gregory. Work was later developed to include producer credit from Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy. On January 5, 2016, Variety reported that Chomet was moving forward with the film after a lengthy development process, and was expected for a 2017 release. Since then, there has been no news.

In March 2018, it was reported that Chomet would direct an animated adaptation of Hwang Sok-yong's novel Familiar Things. Chomet was inspired to adapt the novel after becoming interested in Korean culture particularly after seeing the films of Park Chan-wook.

title: Sylvain Chomet


text:
Socialist Workers Organization (New Zealand)

The Socialist Workers Organization was a Trotskyist organisation based in New Zealand. It was part of the International Socialist Tendency, the British  Socialist Workers Party's international tendency.

The Socialist Workers Organization was established by the merger of the Communist Party of New Zealand and the International Socialist Organisation in 1994. The former was the direct linear organisational continuation of the old Communist Party that had been founded as a part of the Communist International. Unlike most such official Communist parties that of New Zealand had aligned itself with Beijing after China and the Soviet Union fell out in 1961. Later still the CPNZ aligned itself with Albania.

The latter group, the ISO, had been formed by a small group who had been recruited to the politics of the International Socialism Tradition while living in Australia and had decided to form their own organisation based on those politics. It came as a shock to them then when they found that the leadership of the SWP (Britain) had entered into discussions with the CPNZ and they only reluctantly fused into the new Socialist Workers Organisation at the behest of the SWP who sent an emissary to New Zealand to further the fusion.

After a period of working together the core of the former ISO felt that the SWO was dominated by elements who had not broken from Stalinist organisational practices and politics and split to refound the International Socialist Organisation. The new ISO is active in Dunedin and Wellington. The SWO evolved into Socialist Worker (Aotearoa) active in Auckland and Wellington, but was dissolved in 2012.


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Talk:Lillehammer affair

Untitled
I agree with your assessment here: "I'd like to ban the word terrorist from every article except Terrorism,"

That's Zero's assesment. However although one can state some doubt whether groups such as the PLO and the Irgun are/were terrorist groups, it is generally accepted that Black September, Hamas, Lehi and other such groups are considered terrorist. I am willing to compromise. How about we term the act terrorist as opposed to the organization? Few can doubt the murder of innocent non-combatant athlete-civilians far from a region of conflict would qualify as terrorism. -Leumi

 * Impossible. That would mean America is a terrorist state, since America routinely murders people when they attack other countries.

189.146.103.66 (talk) 17:13, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Please sign your comments by using three or four ~ (they are known as "tildes"). Thanks. IZAK 10:03, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I found this phrase to be a bit vague: "The Israeli government attempted to deny responsibility..." It seems that if the government was attempting to deny responsiblity then they were denying responsiblity, so the sentence should simply read "The Israeli government denied responsiblity..." If, however, the parts of the Israeli government were denying responsiblity and parts weren't, then this could be characterized as an attempt to deny responsibility, as the article says at present. This would require a little clarification, though, and I doubt its the case. -Infernallek
 * I've changed the sentence and added a reference to the fact that Israel has paid compensation, but does not admit responsibility. Epameinondas 16:07, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Why does this article even exist? It cites no sources whatsoever. 70.24.2.159 16:44, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * An article will not be deleted just because it lacks sources, but because it is a hoax, false, non-notable, etc. This even occured, but no one has taken the time to source it yet. Feel free to do so! Joshdboz 19:46, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
 * My oh my, some people... Look, this was a very well-known incident - see e.g. - and I find it rather laughable that you suggested this article might be a hoax because it lacks references without so much as doing a quick search about it on Google. Sorry, there are a lot of anti-Israeli myths out there (as I'm sure there are plenty of anti-Palestinian/anti-American/anti-whatever myths out there too), but this isn't one of them. (hmm, that came out more insulting than I intended! Apologies...) Thomas Ash 16:16, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that Joshdboz wasn't suggesting that this article was a hoax, but rather explaining that "hoax" is one of the reasons that a given article could potentially be deleted.216.52.69.217 13:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification 216.52.69.217. I was just pointing out that this event is true, and that is why it is not being deleted, even though it has no sources. Joshdboz 18:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
the leader of the assassins, managed to escape and was never extradited by Israel to face justice in Norway Justice is a bit emotive, would "trial" be better 195.92.40.49 15:46, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The main problem with using the term "justice" is that even if he had been extradited he probably would've gotten a laughably short sentence just like all the other assassins. 75.76.213.106 (talk) 02:44, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Leyl-Ha-Mar
I beleive I saw somwhere that this event is known within the Mossad as Leyl-Ha-Mar which in Hebrew means Night of Bitterness and is a play on the name of the village Lillehammer. Should this be added in? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.156.22.50 (talk) 22:07, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Lawyer
Is there a source for the lawyer marrying one of the agents? Seems a bit odd to me.

Is now.A Taxed Mind (talk) 23:27, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Agents
The article says there were nine agents involved, but lists more than a dozen names. Which ones are the actual agents? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.178.138.64 (talk) 01:16, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

203.59.84.61 (talk) 07:05, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Looks like someone has proposed merging this with Ahmed Bouchiki but has not opened the discussion, so I'll do it:

 * Support - unfortunately Ahmed Bouchiki is notable only for the circumstances of his death so it makes no sense having separate articles dealing with each. – ukexpat (talk) 14:21, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Support - He's not notable outside of the Lillehammer affair. --Havermayer (talk) 00:11, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

trial and convictions
The article does not mention that 5 of the agents were convicted by Norwegian coutrs to several years of prison. As far as I know they were convicted for murder. --188.103.196.98 (talk) 14:34, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

I have amended this, and they were not convicted of murder, but complicity in the killing.A Taxed Mind (talk) 23:30, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Update following BBC World Service programme
The 10min radio article available indefinitely as a podcast cleared up a number of minor queries on this talk page so I updated the Article to reflect that. One problem is I can't get the References/Citations to number properly, the clipboard labelled "Named references" doesn't appear to be working properly for me. Anybody able to tidy up that for me? Much appreciated thanksA Taxed Mind (talk) 23:26, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Please help with references again
Sorry again. Second sentence on third para of History, "The information provided to the Norwegian Secret Service by the captured agents was rapidly shared with its European counterparts." could have a reference from Chapter 18 of the "External Link; Further names of individuals involved in the affair". Is this a reliable text? or is it somebodys school homework...Any idea? ThanksA Taxed Mind (talk) 23:44, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Inaccuracies
The introduction refers to "an innocent Moroccan waiter", and states that six of the Mossad team of fifteen were captured and convicted of complicity in the killing by the Norwegian justice system". I suggest that there are three issues with these statements.

First the reference to an "innocent" waiter. The implication is that if it had been the intended target the murder would have been ok. The reality is that assassination is murder, and illegal under Norwegian and Israeli law. It did not matter whether they killed the wrong person or not. They killed someone, and got caught.

Secondly the agents were not captured by "the Norwegian justice system". They were captured by police.

Thirdly, the agents were convicted by a court of law, not a "system".Royalcourtier (talk) 02:55, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
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 * Ahmed Bouchiki.jpg

convicted of involvement in the killing
Doesn't it sound more natural than "complicity" ? 85.193.228.103 (talk) 12:51, 24 January 2021 (UTC)

"A female Mossad agent then jumped into the pool"
Why is the agent's gender relevant here?

Disputed account by Dan Arbel
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-07-15/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-mossad-agent-who-took-the-fall-for-the-lillehammer-fiasco-breaks-his-silence/00000189-561c-d481-afbd-5e3e49c80000

Dan Arbel disputes the account of events presented in this article. Notably, he said that multiple agents had warned Hameiri that Bouchikhi bore no resemblance to Salameh but he insisted on going ahead with the operation anyway. He also states that he had been informed that the Norwegians were cooperating with the Mossad, and that he had revealed the Mossad's involvement because he was certain he would be immediately released.

Can someone put this information into the article? It is on protected status and i am unable to edit the article. Question2005 (talk) 07:57, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Opening sentence
The opening sentence is a bit complex in my opinion. Currently it is

> The Lillehammer affair (Hebrew: פרשת לילהאמר, Parshat Lillehammer, Norwegian: Lillehammer-saken) was the murder of Ahmed Bouchikhi, a Moroccan waiter and brother of the renowned musician Chico Bouchikhi, by Mossad agents in Lillehammer, Norway, on 21 July 1973.

or

> The Lillehammer affair (Hebrew: פרשת לילהאמר, Parshat Lillehammer, Norwegian: Lillehammer-saken) was the murder by Mossad agents of Ahmed Bouchikhi, a Moroccan waiter and brother of the renowned musician Chico Bouchikhi, in Lillehammer, Norway, on 21 July 1973.

Perhaps removing one layer of passive voice would be helpful here, something like

> Mossad agents murdered Ahmed Bouchikhi, a Moroccan waiter and brother of the renowned musician Chico Bouchikhi, in Lillehammer, Norway, on 21 July 1973 in what is known as the Lillehammer affair (Hebrew: פרשת לילהאמר, Parshat Lillehammer, Norwegian: Lillehammer-saken). Phiarc (talk) 11:23, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lillehammer affair


text:
Talk:French alphabet

Untitled
What about Œ? -- Toby Bartels 22:59, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

For previous discussions regarding deletion, see Talk:French alphabet/deletion.

Some words differ by only 'oe' vs 'œ' ligature: could you give an example ? --FvdP 18:09, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

since in modern computer-based typesetting the ligature has fallen out of use,  It has not. See the french wikipedia for discussions about it. The policy there is to keep ligatures. Recent programs that support the french language support them. --FvdP 18:15, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * If you think those claims are wrong, please correct them. They were based on what french people have told me. Morwen 21:37, Jan 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the last one is wrong, and I don't know about the first one, but I can't think of any example of a pair of words that differ only by oe vs œ (but maybe there are some), and I don't think such a pair would present any strong comprehension problem if it existed. So I'll remove that claim as well. Thanks for your answer. --FvdP 19:03, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * It may be a mangled version of 'some words really are properly spelt oe, not œ and writing them with the ligature would be wrong'. I don't know if that's true or not - the answer certainly needs to be on the page - how automatically the oe -> œ thing happens. Morwen 19:06, Jan 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed, non-ligatured 'oe' is sometimes the correct spelling, like in "moelleux". There shouldn't be very many examples though. --FvdP 23:02, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

misnomer
(yes, I have seen the archive). It's really the Latin alphabet. What we are discussing here is French phonology, and maybe French typography. If you want to keep the page at its present location, at least make clear that the name is stricly speaking incorrect. Same goes for English alphabet. dab 17:47, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Comprehension problems
I removed the "writing 'oe' instead of a ligatured 'œ' does not present comprehension problems" part. It is simply not true, the ligature is an important hint of a word's pronounciation. "OE" will be pronouced like O and E, while "&OElig" will usually be pronounced like French EU. Unusual words such as coercitif, lœss, cœlioscope, moellon, œnilisme benefit from that. Sam Hocevar 11:23, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Merge with French orthography?
How about merging this page with French orthography (recently split from French phonology and orthography? As in the article Writing system of Spanish, the table could be compressed and contained within a short section. Lesgles ( talk ) 02:44, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Merge with French orthography? No
Keep the French Alphabet page. It is very handy to be able to look up French Alphabet, or Albanian Alphabet for that matter and find a summary.

Ñ→Ny?
I don't understand, shouldn't it be ñ→gn for rules of French pronunciation?Cameron Nedland 02:48, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes it is. Ñ is pronounced gn or ny. Captain frakas (talk) 19:26, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Two systems of letter names
They tried to implement the same system in Dutch (at least in Belgium), but the (fortunately) failed. Maybe it's a belgian thing?

The letter Y

 * I see in the table, that the letter y is pronounced /i grec/ ! Are you sure it's not a typo? Because now it would be approximately pronounced as (ee-gretsh), which is not even close to French phonology, as far as I know it.
 * See the pronunciation of [c] in the IPA --Mahmudmasri (talk) 19:56, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * "i grec" is the name of the letter (the french for "Greek I"), not the pronunciation ! Cdlt, V IGNERON * discut. 13:47, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

I take it that the R in the i grec pronunciation should be the uvular R, as it is in the pronunciation of R above? As now, it's simply an R (not upside down). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.52.13.102 (talk) 22:31, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, it is technically a phonemic representation… But OK, I'll change it. CapnPrep (talk) 21:24, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

The french names of the french letters is missing —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.21.60.80 (talk) 16:36, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

I've added them, but I'm not sure if that's how you actually write them, be happy if someone who knows will correct the names 79.178.211.229 (talk) 23:00, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Where's ç?
What about ç?

82.12.1.173 (talk) 16:25, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

Vowels
Hmm, but "in", "en", "an" etc. are also separate vowels - they stand for nasals... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.221.161.223 (talk) 10:44, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

When were k and w added to the alphabet
I read somewhere many years ago that the traditional French alphabet was 24 letters with the w and k added more recently. Does anyone know when? I think it may be interesting to add this to the article.99.245.248.91 (talk) 06:04, 27 July 2013 (UTC) Never heard about it, add the source please.--2.245.186.26 (talk) 13:02, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

A with diaeresis?
I notice the introduction to this article has an "A" with diaeresis, but it's not mentioned in the body of the article, or in any other refeferences I've found on the web. Is this really a member of the french alphabet?

A and O with diaeresis?
I notice the "Letter Names" seciton of this article has an "A" and "O" with diaeresis, but it's not mentioned in the body of the article, or in any other refeferences I've found on the web. Is this really a member of the french alphabet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Craig Andrew Robertson (talk • contribs) 06:55, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:French alphabet