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Ben E. King

Benjamin Earl King (né Nelson; September 28, 1938 – April 30, 2015) was an American soul and R&B singer and record producer. He rose to prominence as one of the principal lead singers of the R&B vocal group the Drifters, notably singing the lead vocals on three of their biggest hit singles "There Goes My Baby", "This Magic Moment", and "Save the Last Dance for Me" (their only U.S. No. 1 hit).

As a soloist, King is best known as the singer and co-composer of "Stand by Me", which became a US Top 10 hit, both in 1961 and later in 1986 (when it was used as the theme to the film of the same name), and a number one hit in the United Kingdom in 1987. The single was also placed on the RIAA's list of Songs of the Century. His 1975 single "Supernatural Thing" became a top five hit on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, King was the original recording artist of songs such as "Spanish Harlem", "I (Who Have Nothing)", "So Much Love", "Don't Play That Song (You Lied)", "Groovin'", and "Till I Can't Take It Anymore" all of which have been covered by multiple artists to varying degrees of success.

King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, as a member of the Drifters, and has been nominated as a solo artist. Along with the Drifter's "There Goes My Baby", King's songs "Stand by Me" and "Spanish Harlem" also appeared on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll. Additionally, he was inducted alongside the Drifters into Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000, as well as the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012 with the Towering song award.

Early life
Benjamin Earl Nelson was born on September 28, 1938, in Henderson, North Carolina, and moved to Harlem, New York, at the age of nine in 1947. He began singing in church choirs, and in high school formed the Four B's, a doo-wop group that occasionally performed at the Apollo Theater.

The Drifters
In 1958, King (still using his birth name) joined a doo-wop group called the Five Crowns. Later that year, the Drifters' manager George Treadwell fired the members of the original Drifters, and replaced them with the members of the Five Crowns.

King had a string of R&B hits with the group on Atlantic Records. He co-wrote and sang lead on the first Atlantic hit by the new version of the Drifters, "There Goes My Baby" (1959). King sang lead on a succession of hits by the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, including "Save the Last Dance for Me", "This Magic Moment", and "I Count the Tears". He recorded only 13 songs with the Drifters—two backing other lead singers and 11 lead vocal performances—including an unreleased song called "Temptation" (later redone by Drifters vocalist Johnny Moore). The last of the King-led Drifters singles to be released was "Sometimes I Wonder", which was recorded on May 19, 1960, but not issued until June 1962.

After a year of touring with the Drifters, contract disputes arose with Treadwell, in which King and his manager Lover Patterson demanded greater compensation. Treadwell refused, and King was only hired for studio recordings. On television, fellow Drifters member Charlie Thomas usually lip-synched the songs that King had recorded with the Drifters.

Solo career

In May 1960, King left the Drifters, assuming the stage name Ben E. King in preparation for a solo career. Remaining with Atlantic Records on its Atco imprint, King scored his first solo hit with the ballad "Spanish Harlem" (1961).

King's next single, "Stand by Me", written with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, ultimately would be voted as one of the Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America. King cited singers Brook Benton, Roy Hamilton, and Sam Cooke as influences for his vocals of the song. "Stand by Me", "There Goes My Baby", "Spanish Harlem", and "Save the Last Dance for Me" were all named in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll; and each of those records has earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. King's other well-known songs include "Don't Play That Song (You Lied)", "Amor", "Seven Letters", "How Can I Forget", "On the Horizon", "Young Boy Blues", "First Taste of Love", "Here Comes the Night", "Ecstasy", and "That's When It Hurts". In the summer of 1963, King had a Top 30 hit with "I (Who Have Nothing)", which reached the Top 10 on New York's radio station, WMCA.

King's records continued to place well on the Billboard Hot 100 chart until the mid-1960s. British pop bands began to dominate the pop music scene, but King still continued to make R&B hits. Some of these hits include "What is Soul?", "Tears, Tears, Tears", and Till I Can't Take It Anymore. In 1975, King made a comeback on the top 40 Billboard Hot 100 chart with the Disco hit "Supernatural Thing". "Supernatural Thing" peaked at number 5 on Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 1 on the Billboard R&B Charts. It was also nominated for a Grammy at the 18th Annual Grammy Awards in 1975 for "best R&B vocal performance, male". In 1977, King collaborated with Average White Band in releasing the album Benny & Us. The album spawned two top 40 R&B hits, "A Star in the Ghetto" and "Get It Up".

King returned to the Drifters in late 1982 in the United Kingdom and sang with them until the group's break-up and reorganization in 1986. From 1983 until the band's break-up, the other members of this incarnation of the Drifters were Johnny Moore, Joe Blunt, and Clyde Brown.

A 1986 re-issue of "Stand by Me" followed the song's use as the theme song to the movie Stand By Me and re-entered the Billboard top ten after a 25-year absence. This reissue also topped the charts in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland for three weeks in February 1987. The reissue also made King the first act to reach the Hot 100's top 10 in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, either as a member of an act that reached that high (in this case, the Drifters) or as a solo act that did.

In 1990, King and Bo Diddley, along with Doug Lazy, recorded a revamped hip hop version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song "Book of Love" for the soundtrack of the movie Book of Love. He also recorded a children's album, I Have Songs In My Pocket, written and produced by children's music artist Bobby Susser in 1998, which won the Early Childhood News Directors' Choice Award and Dr. Toy's/the Institute for Childhood Resources Award. King performed "Stand by Me" on the Late Show with David Letterman in 2007. Ahmet Ertegun said, "King is one of the greatest singers in the history of rock and roll and rhythm and blues."

As a Drifter and solo artist, King achieved five number-one hits: "There Goes My Baby", "Save the Last Dance for Me", "Stand By Me", "Supernatural Thing", and the 1986 re-issue of "Stand By Me". He also earned 12 Top 10 hits and 26 Top 40 hits from 1959 to 1986. King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Drifter; he was also nominated as a solo artist.

A re-recording of King's "I (Who Have Nothing)" was selected for the Sopranos Peppers and Eggs Soundtrack CD (2001).

King was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2009.

On March 27, 2012, the Songwriters Hall of Fame announced that "Stand By Me" would receive its 2012 Towering Song Award and that King would be honored with the 2012 Towering Performance Award for his recording of the song.

Later life
King was active in his charitable foundation, the Stand By Me Foundation, which helps to provide education to deserving youths. King was a resident of Teaneck, New Jersey, from the late 1960s onwards.

King performed "Stand By Me" during a televised tribute to late comedian George Carlin, as he was one of Carlin's favorite artists. On November 11, 2010, King performed "Stand By Me" at the Latin Grammys with Prince Royce.

King toured the United Kingdom in 2013 and played concerts in the United States as late as 2014, despite reported health problems.

Following a brief illness, King died at Hackensack University Medical Center on April 30, 2015, at the age of 76. He was married to his wife, Betty, for 50 years, and had three children: Terris Cannon, Benjamin King Jr., and Angela Matos, in addition six grandchildren.

Legacy
King has been covered by acts from several genres. "So Much Love" was recorded by Dusty Springfield and many others. "I (Who Have Nothing)" was performed by Shirley Bassey in 1963 and also by Tom Jones in 1970, as well as a 1979 recording by Sylvester. "Till I Can't Take It Anymore" was revisited by peer Ray Charles in 1970 and "Spanish Harlem" was sung by Aretha Franklin in 1971. "Stand by Me" was covered by the Righteous Brothers, Otis Redding, John Lennon, Mickey Gilley, Seal, Florence and the Machine, and Tracy Chapman. The song forms the basis for the Indian hit "Dildaara" by songwriters Vishal–Shekhar. King also inspired a number of rock bands: Siouxsie and the Banshees recorded "Supernatural Thing" in 1981 and Led Zeppelin did a cover version of "Groovin'", which is better known under the title of "We're Gonna Groove".

title: Ben E. King


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Echoes (radio program)

Echoes is a daily two-hour music radio program hosted by John Diliberto featuring a soundscape of ambient, space, electronica, and new-age music. The program features in-depth artist interviews and intimate "living room" performances. Interview subjects have included Brian Eno, Peter Gabriel, Laurie Anderson, and Philip Glass. Live performers have included Yo-Yo Ma, Pat Metheny, Loreena McKennitt, Steve Roach, Air and many others. Echoes has produced sixteen CD collections from these and other in-studio performances. Distributed by Public Radio Exchange, Echoes is currently heard on about 80 radio stations. Echoes can also be heard on the web, with 24/7 streaming and on-demand audio available.

Echoes was created in 1989 by Kimberly Haas and John Diliberto, a music journalist whose works have appeared in Billboard, Pulse, Jazziz, Down Beat, Musician, and Amazon.com. He has also produced Peabody Award-winning documentaries for National Public Radio's Jazz Profiles. Haas and Diliberto had previously produced the award-winning documentary series Totally Wired (1982–1989), which won Columbia University's Major Armstrong Award, the Ohio State Award, and the National Federation of Community Broadcaster's Award.

Both Haas and Diliberto began their careers at WXPN while students at the University of Pennsylvania. Diliberto was music director from 1974 to 1976. Haas was Program Director from 1980 until 1986. Diliberto founded the space music program Star's End in 1976, and it remains on the air to this day.

Echoes has also produced 23 CDs of live performances from the program. The latest is Victoria Place: Echoes Live 23.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Echoes (radio program)


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Lüderitz

Lüderitz is a town in the ǁKaras Region of southern Namibia. It lies on one of the least hospitable coasts in Africa. It is a port developed around Robert Harbour and Shark Island.

The town is known for its colonial architecture, including some Art Nouveau work, and for wildlife including seals, penguins, flamingos and ostriches. It is also home to a museum and lies at the end of a decommissioned railway line to Keetmanshoop. The town is named after Adolf Lüderitz, founder of the German South West Africa colony.

Economy and infrastructure
The centre of Lüderitz' economic activity is the port, until the incorporation of the exclave Walvis Bay in 1994 the only suitable harbour on Namibia's coast. However, the harbour at Lüderitz has a comparatively shallow rock bottom, making it unusable for many modern ships. The recent addition of a new quay has allowed larger fishing vessels to dock at Lüderitz. The town has also re-styled itself in an attempt to lure tourists to the area, which includes a new waterfront area for shops and offices.

Construction of a new port at Shearwater Bay, 30 km south of Lüderitz, has been proposed for the export of coal from Botswana with a 1,600 km railway connecting the two.

The German magazine Der Spiegel reports that a massive green hydrogen project is taking shape in a former seal processing plant 80 kilometers south of Lüderitz. It will measure wind speed, solar radiation and barometric pressure for the operation of one of the five largest hydrogen plants in the world. It includes 500 wind turbines and 40 square kilometers of solar panels. The investment equals Namibia's entire gross domestic product.

Lüderitz is situated on the B4 national road to Keetmanshoop. It is also the terminus of the 318 km railway line to Seeheim where the railway connects to the rest of the country's network. This line, built by inmates of the concentration camp on Shark Island, was completed in 1908 but is currently not operational. Rebuilding of a remaining 47 km track gap to Aus has been delayed since 2009.

The town very early had a power plant, used to power the electrified railway lines that served the diamond mining industry in Kolmanskop, Pomona, Bogenfels (completed 1913) and Charlottental (completed 1920). With 1.5 MW of output, it is assumed to be the largest in Africa at that time.

History
The bay on which Lüderitz is situated was first known to Europeans when Bartolomeu Dias encountered it in 1487. He named the bay Angra Pequena (Small Bay) and erected a padrão (stone cross) on the southern peninsula. In the 18th century Dutch adventurers and scientists explored the area in search of minerals but did not have much success. Further exploration expeditions followed in the early 19th century during which the vast wildlife in the ocean was discovered. Profitable enterprises were set up, including whaling, seal hunting, fishing and guano-harvesting. Lüderitz thus began its life as a trading post.

The town was founded in 1883 when Heinrich Vogelsang purchased Angra Pequena and some of the surrounding land on behalf of Adolf Lüderitz, a Hanseat from Bremen in Germany, from the local Nama chief Josef Frederiks II in Bethanie. On 7 August 1884 the German Flag was officially hoisted in Angra Pequena. When Adolf Lüderitz did not return from an expedition to the Orange River in 1886, Angra Pequena was named Lüderitzbucht in his honour. The later shortening of the town's name to Lüderitz also refers to him. In 1905, German authorities established a concentration camp on Shark Island. The camp, access to which was very restricted, operated between 1905 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. Between 1,000 and 3,000 Africans from the Herero and Nama tribes died here as a result of the tragic conditions of forced labour. Their labour was used for expansion of the city, railway, port and on the farms of white settlers.

In 1909, after the discovery of diamonds nearby, Lüderitz enjoyed a sudden surge of prosperity due to the development of a diamond rush to the area. In 1912 Lüderitz already had 1,100 inhabitants, not counting the indigenous population. Although situated in harsh environment between desert and Ocean, trade in the harbour town surged, and the adjacent diamond mining settlement of Kolmanskop was built.

After the German World War I capitulation South Africa took over the administration of German South West Africa in 1915. Many Germans were deported from Lüderitz, contributing to its shrinking in population numbers. From 1920 onwards, diamond mining was only conducted further south of the town in places like Pomona and Elizabeth Bay. This development consequently led to the loss of Lüderitz' importance as a trading place. Only small fishing enterprises, minimal dock activity and a few carpet weavers remained.

In an effort to remove colonial names from the maps of Namibia, on 8 August 2013 the Namibian government renamed the constituency ǃNamiǂNûs, its name prior to 1884.

Geography

Just outside Lüderitz lies the ghost town of Kolmanskop, a prominent tourist destination. This previously bustling diamond town is now abandoned and fights a constant struggle against being buried under the shifting sand dunes of the Namib desert.

Conservation
The coastline of the area is recognised by Bird Life and other global conservation groups as being an Important Bird Area (IBA), i.e., vital for coastal seabird breeding.

In April 2009, an oil spill from an oil tanker risked the safety of countless African penguins and numerous other species of endemic flora and fauna.

Several species of cetacean, notably the diminutive Heaviside's dolphin, can be seen closer to shore; larger whales such as southern right, humpback, minke, fin and pygmy right are found in pelagic zones further from the mainland.

Climate
Lüderitz has a desert climate (BWk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with moderate temperatures throughout the year. The average annual precipitation is 17 mm. Windy and cold conditions can occur due to the cold South Atlantic current on the coast.

Politics
Lüderitz is twinned with Lüderitz in Germany, part of the town of Tangerhütte since 2010.

Lüderitz is governed by a town council that has seven seats.

The 2015 local authority election was won by SWAPO which gained six seats (2,679 votes). The remaining seat went to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) with 265 votes. SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election but lost majority control over the town council. SWAPO obtained 1,244 votes and gained three seats. Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, gained 990 votes and two seats. One seat each went to the Landless People's Movement (LPM, a new party registered in 2018) with 515 votes and the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA since 2017) with 343 votes.

Media
Lüderitz has a local monthly newspaper, Buchter News. The paper, which was started as a source of free English-language reading material, is run by volunteers from the British gap year charity Project Trust.

Sport
Lüderitz is home to the Lüderitz Speed Challenge, the only international sporting event held in the town. This is an annual 6 week long speed sailing event held in October and November each year under the auspices of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC). The Event is the brainchild of French kitesurfer Sebastian Cattalan, who became the first sailor in history to break the 50 Knot barrier in the purpose built canal with a speed of 50.26 Knots in 2008.

In October 2011, Turkish-born American adventurer Erden Eruç departed from Lüderitz Bay for the final ocean crossing of his Guinness world record-setting solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. Eruç rowed to South America in an oceangoing rowboat, taking five months for the crossing to the town of Güiria, Venezuela.

Notable people

 * Manuel de Freitas South African politician, born in Lüderitz, resident of Johannesburg since age 7.
 * Ida Jimmy (1945–2024), independence activist, national hero
 * Joseph Obgeb Jimmy (1951–2004), a Namibian diplomat.
 * Zacharias Lewala (fl. 1908) discovered a diamond in 1908, started a diamond rush in the area of Lüderitz
 * Anton Lubowski (1952–1989), a Namibian anti-apartheid activist and advocate. Assassinated
 * Adolf Lüderitz (1834 in Bremen – 1886), German merchant and eponymn for the town.
 * Hilaria Mukapuli (born 1969), Namibian politician and a legislator; Mayor of Lüderitz, 2016- 2019.
 * Friedel Sellschop (1930–2002), South African scientist, pioneered in applied nuclear physics.
 * Mvula ya Nangolo (1943–2019), a Namibian journalist and poet, grew up in Lüderitz

Education
Previously, the German school Deutsche Schule Lüderitzbucht was located in the city. In 1965 it had 13 teachers and 140 learners and was supported by the German government. The town currently has 3 primary and 2 secondary schools: Diaz, Nautilus, and Helene van Rhijn Primary, Lüderitz Junior Secondary and Angra Pequena Senior Secondary schools.

Landmarks

 * Deutsche Afrika Bank building, erected 1907, national monument
 * Felsenkirche (Rock Church) on Diamond Hill, a church in vertical gothic style consecrated in 1912. After the diamond rush of 1908 and the completion of the railway line to Keetmanshoop Lüderitz became permanently home to a significant white population. As a result, a number of churches were built. Felsenkirche, one of the oldest Lutheran churches in Namibia, has been a national monument since 1978.
 * Glück Auf building, built 1907/08 for a lawyer of the diamond companies, declared a national monument in 2014
 * Goerkehaus, the residence of Hans Goerke, manager and co-owner of the early diamond umbrella company, erected 1909–1911, national monument
 * Kreplinhaus, the residence of the first mayor, Emil Kreplin, built in 1909, national monument
 * Krabbenhöft & Lampe building, after co-owners Friedrich Wilhelm Krabbenhöft and Oscar Lampe. The predecessor of this business, the Handelsstation F.W. Krabbenhöft in Keetmanshoop, existed since 1880 and was one of the first formally registered businesses in South West Africa. Erection of the building started in late 1909 and has been a national monument since 1979.
 * Lüderitz Railway Station, erected in 1904, is also a national monument.

title: Lüderitz


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Webbing

Webbing is a strong fabric woven as a flat strip or tube of varying width and fibres, often used in place of rope. It is a versatile component used in climbing, slacklining, furniture manufacturing, automobile safety, auto racing, towing, parachuting, military apparel, load securing, and many other fields.

It may be made of hemp, cotton or linen, but also synthetic fibers such as nylon, polypropylene or polyester. Webbing is also made from exceptionally high-strength material, such as Dyneema, and Kevlar. Webbing is both light and strong, with breaking strengths readily available in excess of 10000 lbf.

There are two basic constructions of webbing. Flat webbing is a solid weave, with seat belts and most backpack straps being common examples. Tubular webbing consists of a flattened tube, and is commonly used in climbing and industrial applications.

Materials
Some examples of common webbing materials are:
 * Polypropylene, a lightweight and economical material with a soft feel. Typically with a thickness of about 3/36 in.
 * Cotton reinforced with nylon ("extra strength cotton"), a thicker and stronger webbing. Typically with a thickness of about 1/16 in.
 * Ultra abrasion resistant nylon, a very dense weave which requires more advanced tools to work with. Typically with a thickness of about 3/36 in.

Sporting goods
In rock climbing, nylon webbing is used in slings, runners, harnesses, anchor extensions, and quickdraws. Webbing is used in many ways in hiking and camping gear including backpacks, straps, load adjusters and tent adjusters. There are two types of webbing: tubular and flat. Some common webbing widths found on backpacks and hiking gear are:
 * 10 mm
 * 15 mm
 * 20 mm
 * 25 mm
 * 30 mm
 * 38 mm
 * 50 mm
 * 75 mm

The most popular webbing width is 25 mm but 38 mm and 50 mm are also very common. Narrower webbing is frequently looped through chock stones, which are jammed into cracks as safety anchors. In other cases, webbing is looped over rock outcroppings. Webbing is less likely to loosen itself off the rock than tubular rope. Note that webbing construction is either utterly flat or flat-tubular; the latter tends to handle better but knots are more likely to jam.

The most popular knots in webbing are the water knot and the grapevine knot. The latter is stronger, but uses more webbing for the knot. It is customary to leave a few centimetres extending from the knot, and in many cases climbers tape the ends down onto the main loops.

Webbing is also less expensive than rope of similar size, particularly kernmantle rope, which requires elaborate and expensive manufacturing. Unlike climbing rope, which is generally sold with recognizable brand names, webbing manufacture is typically generic. Climbing shops sell it off of a spool on a per yard or per foot basis.

Webbing is cut with a hot wire as is nylon rope, which prevents fraying and unravelling. However, when webbing does fray and unravel, the result is less disastrous than with rope, providing a modest advantage. Webbing suffers the drawback of less elasticity than perlon rope, and it may be more difficult to handle with gloves or mittens on.

Slacklines often use flat or tubular 25 mm webbing, or flat 50 mm webbing. Other widths are used, but are less common.

White water rafting boats use tubular webbing for bow lines, stern lines, "chicken lines" (around the exterior perimeter of the boat), equipment tie down, or floor lacing for self-bailing rafts. Rafters call tubular webbing "hoopie" or "hoopi". Rafters also use camstraps with flat webbing for equipment tie down.

Life preservers are also crafted using nylon or cotton webbing that conforms to federal standards and guidelines.

Automotive and racing safety
Seat belts are an obvious example of webbings used in auto safety but there are myriad other uses. Nylon and polyester webbing are used a great deal in auto racing safety for a large variety of items. Racing harnesses restraining the driver have used nylon webbing for years, but since the death of Dale Earnhardt, polyester webbing is becoming more popular due to its increased strength, and lower rate of elongation under load. The nylon commercial type 9 webbing generally used in racing harnesses stretches approximately 20 to 30 percent of its initial length at 2500 lbf while polyester only stretches 5 to 15 percent. Window nets to prevent objects from entering the driver compartment are constructed of polypropylene webbing, as are helmet nets used to reduce side loads to the head in Sprint cars. The HANS device uses webbing tethers to attach the helmet to the collar, and the Hutchens device is made almost entirely of webbing.

Furniture
Webbing is used in couches and chairs as a base for the seating areas that is both strong and flexible. Webbing used as a support is often rubberised to improve resilience and add elasticity. Many types of outdoor furniture use little more than thin light webbing for the seating areas. Webbing is also used to reinforce joints and areas that tend to flex.

Military
Military webbing, or web gear otherwise known as Mil-Spec webbing, is typically made of strips of woven narrow fabrics of high tensile strength, such as nylon, Kevlar, and Nomex. When these materials are used for parachute and ballooning applications, they must also conform to PIA (Parachute Industry Association) standards.

Mil-Spec webbing is used to make military belts, packs, pouches, and other forms of equipment. The British Army adopted cotton webbing to replace leather after the Second Boer War although leather belts are still worn in more formal dress. The term is still used for a soldier's combat equipment, although cotton webbing has since been replaced with stronger materials. The webbing system used by the British Army today is known as Personal Load Carrying Equipment. Americans use Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE).

Typical contents of military webbing equipment include cooking equipment, 24 hours' worth of rations, water, ammunition, first aid or survival supplies, cold weather/rain gear, anti-gas/CBRN gear and sheltering equipment (such as a tent quarter/shelter half, poles, rope, etc.). Items are generally stored in an ordered fashion in a combination of ammo and utility pouches.

It is unusual for western armies to fight while wearing a pack, and so prior to anticipated contact with the enemy the pack is usually stowed away from the forward edge of the battle area and webbing is used instead. Webbing belts are also used frequently by modern cadet and scout groups, as well as police and security forces.

Transportation
Tie downs, tie straps, cargo straps, E-track straps, cargo hoist straps, tow ropes, winch straps, cargo nets, and dozens of other items are used by thousands of shipping and trucking companies every day. The transportation industry is perhaps the largest user of high strength webbing in the world.

Apparel
Belts, suspenders/braces, sandals and handbags/purses are woven from various forms of webbing. Corset-style back braces and other medical braces often incorporate straps made from webbing.

Pet harnesses and leashes
Pet harnesses and leashes frequently utilize webbing. These products are often sewn together with cotton fabric.

Hardware
Webbing is often outfitted with various forms of tie down hardware to extend its range of abilities (and create tie down straps). This hardware can take the form of:

 * End fittings (S-hooks, snap hooks, bolt/anchor plates, J-hooks, flat hooks, etc.)
 * Fasteners (over-center, cam, ratchet, etc.)
 * Buckles (slide buckles, snap buckles, etc.)

There is also hardware associated with the various end fittings to attach them to a surface, such as footman's loops, brackets and E-track fittings.

While webbing sizes in general are standardized, buckles in general are proprietary. Therefore, if one part of a buckle breaks (i.e. female or male end) both parts usually have to be replaced (female and male end).

title: Webbing


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Bill Nelson (disambiguation)

Bill Nelson (born 1942) is the administrator of NASA and former U.S. senator from Florida.

Bill Nelson may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Bill Nelson (artist) (born 1946), illustrator and sculptor
 * Bill Nelson (musician) (born 1948), English singer, guitarist and songwriter
 * Bill Nelson (sound engineer) (20th century), American sound engineer
 * Billy Nelson (actor) (1903–1973), American actor
 * Billy Bass Nelson (born 1951), American musician, member of the P-funk All Stars

Sports

 * Bill Nelson (American football) (1948–2010), American football defensive tackle
 * Bill Nelson (baseball) (1863–1941), American baseball player
 * Bill Nelson (sports coach), Australian swimming coach

Others

 * Bill Nelson, murder victim who was killed, cooked and eaten by his wife Omaima Nelson
 * Desiré Dubounet or Bill Nelson (born 1951), American alternative medicine promoter

title: Bill Nelson (disambiguation)


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Talk:Heart

please edit
he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3]he heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.[3] Can someone please edit on the main page of this article that the name of the place in which the heart is situated is called the "mediastinum" Willing student (talk) 02:07, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

 * . @Willing student there is a mention of mediastinum already in the lead as middle compartment of the chest. The middle compatment links to the mediastinum. This is done so that people who are not associated with medical subjects can ger an overview of the subject without making it too technical. So, there is no need to change it. Feel free to contact me if you need any help. Thankyou signed, 511KeV    (talk) 17:46, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Biography
The protection icon in the top right displays a tooltip "This article is semi-protected to promote compliance with the policy on biographies of living persons". This is not a biography of a living person, why is the protection template used? --51.6.166.33 (talk) 08:12, 14 May 2022 (UTC)

I love this!
wow this is awsome! 2600:2B00:A252:6C00:BA5F:98FF:FE17:6A85 (talk) 13:49, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heart


text:
Talk:Battle of Falkirk

-

Wally?
I found two instances of Wally, I'm assuming someone did this as a prank. I changed Wally's to Wallace's and Wally to Wallace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.69.4.81 (talk) 00:13, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

72,000 Infantry???
Is this a typo? It says 72,000 infantry for the English side. I believe it's suppose to be 12,000 infantry? Intranetusa 00:24, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

"the cause of Scottish freedom would have to wait for another champion" seems a bit dramatic, and strays toward POV. orthogonal 17:46, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, agreed Gmh04 17:48, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Aftermath?
This section exhibits a highly biased POV. I will make some minor changes at this time, but it will almost certainly require more work after that happens. Pádraic MacUidhir

Edward Longshanks?
Is there any reference to Edward I being referred to as "Longshanks" outside of the movie Braveheart? If not, this might be construed as a bit POV given the depiction of Edward in the film.D J L 20:27, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually Ive heard that name several times outside the movie.Cameron Nedland 16:06, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

Edward, Longshanks, and the Braveheart Myth
Many medieval monarchs were awarded nicknames, most often by the monkish chroniclers who recorded the details of their lives, usually reflecting some aspect of their character, appearance or circumstances. For example, King John, Edward's grandfather, was called 'Lackland' because he initially missed out in Henry II's distribution of the family estates ( he subsequently became Lord of Ireland, but the nickname persevered). Likewise, Edward was informally called 'Longshanks' because he was unusually tall. The nickname would never have been used in the way it is in Braveheart, and there is absolutely no evidence that he was ever referred to in this way by the Scots.

I've now had a chance to digest this article properly, and I'm sorry to say that the battle of Falkirk has been viewed through the awful prism of Braveheart, as the above user has obviously guessed.

First and foremost, all reference to 'Longshanks'has been removed because it is indeed inaccurate and improper to refer to Edward in this way in any serious piece of historical writing.

Second, Edward's army was not 'reluctant' to face the Scots in battle, which meant a definite outcome to the campaign. The army had been close to collapse before the battle because it was hungry and because the enemy could not be found. Although the Welsh had indeed been mutinous before Falkirk, they went on to make a vital contribution to Edward's victory. I would be interested to know the names of the 'several historical sources' that are alleged to claim the contrary.

Third, the Scottish cavalry could not remain on the field because it was both lightly armed and lighly mounted. Imagine, if you will, a juggernaut bearing down on a mini car, and this might convey some idea of the English knight and the Scottish light horse. Scotland, at this time, did not have the capacity to breed-and feed-the kind of heavy horses used by armoured knights throughout Europe. Moreover, Scottish knights could not afford to equip themselves with the same kind of armour and weapons used by the English. If they had made a stand at Falkirk they would have been cut to pieces. Sir Robert Kieth's horsemen did indeed make a contribution to the Scottish victory at Bannockburn; but they never had to face the English knights, tied up in Bruce's schiltrons. They were most effectively used against Edward II's archers, thus preventing them carrying out the same devastating work they had at Falkirk.

I hate to be critical about other people's work, but to be frank this is a very poor account of the battle of Falkirk, which seems to draw its chief inspiration from Braveheart. The analysis of the cavalry battle verges on the ridiculous. My editing has eliminated the worst errors, but I believe this whole piece requires substantial rewriting. Might I suggest that articles of this kind are written in future by people who have a working knowledge of the elements of medieval warfare. Rcpaterson 23:08, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

PS I note that the necessary changes I made have been edited out, with a reversion to the highly innacurate previous version. I have changed this back in accordance with the above observations; but this is the last time I will do so. I am not playing ping pong with this. Rcpaterson 07:34, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

I've now substantially rewritten this piece to give a fuller account both of the fighting at Falkirk, its historical significance as a battle, and -most important of all-the crucial command role played by Edward I. No mention is made of the movie referred to above because it has no place in any serious historical analysis. Rcpaterson 03:02, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

I fear you will have your work 'reverted' by the Braveheart tendency. This is distressing, but not surprising. A brief point or two.....the tiny Scottish cavalry element at Falkirk consisted of men-at-arms, largely meners, tenants and associates of the Comyn family. They would have been indistinguishable from their counterparts in England, France or the Low Countries. The same applies to 'short bows'. The evidence for Scottish shortbows comes from 19th century historians - Oman and Gardiner - not from medieval source material. CsinC

Pyrrhic victory?
Given that Edward was later forced to retreat could this be considered an english pyrrhic victory? Dermo69 12:32, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Given that allegedly in Medevial battles-the loser was judged to have the one with the most casualities-Wallace's 1/3 casualites killed {2,000?} matched Edward Infantry losses of {2,000}-and that Wallace's "army" was still 2/3 alive of 6,000 (Half deserted and half remained with Wallace}-the "English victory" could be looked upon as half "pyrrhic victory" and as half Draw-Edward had killed or driven away many of the Scots-yet he had to retreat from Scotland-aparently his only sensible option-and had not destroyed Wallace's forces.

 * In modern terms, we might describe this as a tactical victory for the English (they were left in command of the field), but a strategic victory for the Scots (the invading English army was rendered incapable by the action and had to abandon its campaign). --146.109.240.242 09:00, 11 September 2007 (UTC)'

I agree the victory wasn't nearly as total as Edward wanted it, but this was the last time Wallace fought a direct battle against the English so I don't think it would count as a pyrrhic victory, because it permanently removed a major opponent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kohran (talk • contribs) 14:06, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The "Casualty Figures" in this article are entirely speculative and not supported by the (very little) contemporary evidence. English casualty figures of "5000" (i.e. very heavy and comparable to French losses at Agincourt) are almost certainly wrong. Losses of this scale are only sustained when armies experience a total collapse; moreover no contemporary commentator suggests that the English had much difficulty in overcoming the Scots at Falkirk. I suggest that Scottish casualties should be recorded as "heavy but unknown" and English casualties should be recorded as "unknown". Boring but correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.108.92.22 (talk) 15:42, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

I believe irish were present
If I remember correctly, there was a fairly large amount of irish infantry at the battle. The article does not mention this.

Formating problem in the battle section
The images cover up part of the text. I tried to edit it to fix this, but reverted my own useless edit back to the last version that was saved by someone else (IP 86.148.192.211). Perhaps someone else can do a better job that I did. Twfowler (talk) 21:20, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistencies
Currently the infobox states that Edward led "28,700" troops, while the text suggests considerably fewer than that at 14,000 (2,000 horses and 12,000 infantry), a number consistent with this source., which is discusses the issue in more detail in the attached Pdf. Clearly the exact figures are not known, and chrinicles of the time exaggerated the numbers on both sides. Paul B (talk) 09:47, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, I mean it says that Edward had over 10,000 Welsh infantry! At it's largest, the united Welsh army in Wales was never as large as 10,000 (see Battle of Crug Mawr and Battle of Orewin Bridge) and this includes cavalry. Also the Welsh armies had suffered heavy casualties following the 1282-83 wars and it's unlikely that the English could have hired this many so soon after such a devastating war. Although the English had also suffered heavy casualties in the war, it was easier for them to recruit more men due to their larger population and resources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.196.50 (talk) 15:14, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Please can people stop putting in fictitous army sizes and casualty figures for which there is no contemporaneous evidence. This is supposed to be an encyclopedia of facts. Just because some romantic author, several hundred years ago, conjured up a number to suit his particular polemic, doesn't make it a fact. If nobody knows the actual numbers (and nobody does) the article should list them as "unknown".

Treacherous Comyns?
Going by the text on the Comyns page and the desire to be more encyclopedic anyway, I have edited the text which describes Comyns as having 'treacherously' withdrawn his cavalry. Would Comyns have been made a Guardian after the Battle if he had been so obviously treacherous? As it says further up in the Discussion, the main accounts are likely to be biassed anyway and I find the evidence that suggests the horse would have been no match for the English horse compelling. IceDragon64 (talk) 23:11, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Braveheart
This seems to be a very POV account of the battle inspired by the film Braveheart. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.12.36.114 (talk) 00:51, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Andrewa (talk) 03:33, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Battle of Falkirk (1298) → Battle of Falkirk — Where we only have 2 meanings of a title the margin of notability does not need to be very great to decide that one is the primary meaning. The 1298 battle is one of the two major battles fought by William Wallace, it featured in the film Braveheart. The 1746 battle is not quite so well known, less important in the 1745 rebellion than Prestonpans or Culloden, it should be treated as a hatnote. PatGallacher (talk) 21:34, 9 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment isn't that an argument for a dab page, if the two are close in notability, then neither should be primary, resulting in a dab page. 65.94.71.179 (talk) 22:56, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Support I think the argument is that the 1746 battle is nowhere near as well known as the 1298 version.  In any case, shouldn't the second battle really be at Battle of Falkirk Muir?  Skinsmoke (talk) 01:39, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Battle of Falkirk Muir which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 19:15, 27 March 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:09, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Battle
I guess Wallace didn't train enough men RehanArif (talk) 16:43, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

Battle of Falkirk memorial
There's a photo of the monument (to this battle) - but there's no mention of it in the text … should there be? At the head of the page, the co-ordinates given for this battle are 55°59′15″N 3°45′41″W - but under Possible battle sites the text states that "the site of the battle is uncertain", and lists three possibilities; to which of these do the co-ordinates refer? Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 06:33, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Callender/Callendar Wood/s
Possible battle sites mentions "south of Callendar Woods (as depicted in the diagrams above)" - but the diagrams have "Callend e r Wood", and the caption of the final photograph is "South edge of Callendar Wood". Is it possible to get consistency? The sign by Forestry Commission Scotland has "Callendar Wood", though the sign erected by FCS and the Falkirk Community Trust shows "Callendar Woods". Does anyone know if the plural is correct, or the singular? In any case, the two diagrams of the battle need correction to show "Callendar". Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 08:54, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Falkirk


text:
Electronic civil disobedience

Electronic civil disobedience (ECD; also known as cyber civil disobedience or cyber disobedience) can refer to any type of civil disobedience in which the participants use information technology to carry out their actions. Electronic civil disobedience often involves computers and the Internet and may also be known as hacktivism. The term "electronic civil disobedience" was coined in the critical writings of Critical Art Ensemble (CAE), a collective of tactical media artists and practitioners, in their seminal 1996 text, Electronic Civil Disobedience: And Other Unpopular Ideas. Electronic civil disobedience seeks to continue the practices of nonviolent-yet-disruptive protest originally pioneered by American poet Henry David Thoreau, who in 1848 published Civil Disobedience.

A common form of ECD is coordination DDoS against a specific target, also known as a virtual sit-in. Such virtual sit-ins may be announced on the internet by hacktivist groups like the Electronic Disturbance Theatre and the borderlands Hacklab.

Computerized activism exists at the intersections of politico-social movements and computer-mediated communication. Stefan Wray writes about ECD: "As hackers become politicized and as activists become computerized, we are going to see an increase in the number of cyber-activists who engage in what will become more widely known as Electronic Civil Disobedience. The same principals of traditional civil disobedience, like trespass and blockage, will still be applied, but more and more these acts will take place in electronic or digital form. The primary site for Electronic Civil Disobedience will be in cyberspace. Jeff Shantz and Jordon Tomblin write that ECD or cyber disobedience merges activism with organization and movement building through online participatory engagement:"Cyber disobedience emphasizes direct action, rather than protest, appeals to authority, or simply registering dissent, which directly impedes the capacities of economic and political elites to plan, pursue, or carry out activities that would harm non-elites or restrict the freedoms of people in non-elite communities. Cyber disobedience, unlike much of conventional activism or even civil disobedience, does not restrict actions on the basis of state or corporate acceptance or legitimacy or in terms of legality (which cyber disobedient view largely as biased, corrupt, mechanisms of elites rule). In many cases recently, people and groups involved in online activism or cyber disobedience are also involving themselves in real world actions and organizing. In other cases people and groups who have only been involved in real world efforts are now moving their activism and organizing online as well."

History
The origins of computerized activism extend back in pre-Web history to the mid-1980s. Examples include PeaceNet (1986), a newsgroup service, which allowed political activists to communicate across international borders with relative ease and speed using Bulletin Board Systems and email lists. The term "electronic civil disobedience" was first coined by the Critical Art Ensemble in the context of nomadic conceptions of capital and resistance, an idea that can be traced back to Hakim Bey’s (1991) "T. A. Z. The Temporary Autonomous Zone: Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism" and Gilles Deleuze’s and Felix Guattari’s (1987) "A Thousand Plateaus". ECF uses temporary - and nomadic -"autonomous zones" as the launch pads from where electronic civil disobedience is activated (for example, temporary websites that announce the ECD action).

Before 1998, ECD remained largely theoretical musings, or was badly articulated, such as the Zippies 1994 call for an "Internet Invasion" which deployed the metaphor of war albeit within the logic of civil disobedience and information activism. Some commentators pinpointing the 1997 Acteal Massacre in Chiapas, Mexico, as a turning point towards the internet infrastructure being viewed not only as means for communication but also a site for direct action. In reaction to the Acteal Massacre a group called Electronic Disturbance Theatre (not associated with Autonomedia) created a software called FloodNet, which improved upon early experiments with virtual sit-ins. The Electronic Disruption Theatre exhibited its SWARM project21 at the Ars Electronic Festival on Information Warfare, where it launched a three-pronged FloodNet disturbance against web sites of the Mexican presidency, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and the Pentagon, in solidarity with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, against the Mexican government, against the U.S. military, and against a symbol of international capital. The Acteal Massacre also prompted another group, called the Anonymous Digital Coalition, to post messages calling for cyber attacks against five Mexico City based financial institution’s web sites, the plan being for thousands of people around the world to simultaneously load these web sites on to their Internet browsers. Electrohippies flooded the World Trade Organization site during the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity.

Hacktivism
The term electronic civil disobedience and hacktivism may be used synonymously, although some commentators maintain that the difference is that ECD actors don’t hide their names, while most hacktivists wish to remain anonymous. Some commentators maintain that ECD uses only legal means, as opposed to illegal actions used by hacktivists. It is also maintained that hacktivism is done by individuals rather than by specific groups. In reality the distinction between ECD and hacktivism is not clear.

Ricardo Dominguez of the Electronic Disturbance Theater has been incorrectly referred to by many as a founder of ECD and hacktivism. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Visual Arts at the University of California of San Diego and teaches classes on Electronic Civil Disobedience and Performance Art. His recent project the Transborder Immigrant Tool is a hacktivist gesture which has received wide media attention and criticism from anti-immigration groups.

Examples
ECD is often open-source, non-structured, moves horizontally and non-linearly. For example, virtual sit-ins may be announced on the internet and participants may have no formal connection with each other, not knowing each other's identity. ECD actors can participate from home, from work, from the university, or from other points of access to the Net.

Electronic civil disobedience generally involves large numbers of people and may use legal and illegal techniques. For example, a single person reloading a website repeatedly is not illegal, but if enough people do it at the same time it can render the website inaccessible. Another type of electronic civil disobedience is the use of the Internet for publicized and deliberate violations of a law that the protesters take issue with, such as copyright law.

Blatant disregard of copyright law by millions of Internet users every day on file sharing networks might also be considered a form of constant ECD, as the people doing it have decided to simply ignore a law that they disagree with.

Blockchain technology has been leveraged by EDC groups to help make them more decentralized, anonymous, and secure.

Intervasion of the UK
In order to draw attention to John Major's Criminal Justice Bill, a group of cyber-activists staged an event in which they "kidnapped" 60s counter-cultural hero Timothy Leary at a book launch for Chaos & Cyberculture held on Guy Fawkes Day 1994, and then proceeded to "force him to DDoS government websites". Leary called the event an "Intervasion". The Intervasion was preceded by mass email-bombing and denial of service attacks against government servers with some success. Although ignored by the mainstream media, the event was reported on Free Radio Berkeley.

Grey Tuesday
On February 24, 2004, large scale intentional copyright infringement occurred in an event called Grey Tuesday, "a day of coordinated civil disobedience". Activists intentionally violated EMI's copyright of The White Album by distributing MP3 files of The Grey Album, a mashup of The White Album with The Black Album, in an attempt to draw public attention to copyright reform issues and anti-copyright ideals. Reportedly over 400 sites participated including 170 that hosted the album. Jonathan Zittrain, professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School, comments that "As a matter of pure legal doctrine, the Grey Tuesday protest is breaking the law, end of story. But copyright law was written with a particular form of industry in mind. The flourishing of information technology gives amateurs and homerecording artists powerful tools to build and share interesting, transformative, and socially valuable art drawn from pieces of popular cultures. There's no place to plug such an important cultural sea change into the current legal regime."

Border Haunt
On July 15, 2011, 667 people from 28 different countries participated in the online collective act of electronic civil disobedience called "Border Haunt" that targeted the policing of the U.S.-Mexico border. Participants collected entries from a database maintained by the Arizona Daily Star that holds the names and descriptions of migrants that died trying to cross the border territory and then sent those entries into a database run by the company BlueServo which is used to surveil and police the border. As a result, the border was conceptually and symbolically haunted for the duration of the one-day action as the border policing structure received over 1,000 reports of deceased migrants attempting to cross the border. The Border Haunt action was organized by Ian Alan Paul, a California-based new media artist and was reported on by Al Jazeera English and the Bay Citizen.

E-Graffiti: Texts in Mourning and Action
In response to the political assassination of Zapatista teacher Jose Luis Solís López (alias Galeano), in Chiapas, Mexico, Ian Alan Paul and Ricardo Dominguez developed a new form of Electronic Civil Disobedience that was used as part of a distributed online performance on May 24, 2014 as part of the week of action and day of remembrance in solidarity with the Zapatista communities.

When users logged on to the project website, their web browsers sent mass amounts of page requests to the server of the Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, filling their error logs with lines of text drawn from Don Quixote, communiques from the Zapatista Communities, as well as from texts authored by the Critical Art Ensemble. As a kind of E-Graffiti and form of Electronic Civil Disobedience, floods of HTTP traffic were sent from around the world as the books and communiques were written onto the error logs of their servers several thousand times by different users.

Öppna skolplattformen
In 2020 a Swedish citizen initiative to build an app for accessing the data from the City of Stockholm’s official school system began. The background is that the City of Stockholm had developed an official school system in-house. The result was a very expensive system (more than $117 million ). The mobile application for parents and employees to use left user frustrated and complaining about complexity and horrible usability. As a result of this some parents decided to build an open source version mobile alternative using the API of the school platform. On February 12, 2021 the app was released and all of its code was published under an open source license on GitHub. Following this the city began to work against the new alternative citizen made frontend and tried blocking it by obfuscating the official webbapplications API-calls, reporting key people in the citizen project to the police, calling them out in the press as unlawful, etc.

During most of 2021 the city counsel and staff upheld their opposition but saw their costs rising and that there was an overwhelming support of the new frontend. The politicians in charge finally chose to step in in the fall of 2021 and open up a collaboration with the parents building the frontend.

Thai Censorship
When the government of Thailand proposed a system to reform their country's network in 2015. They stated that changes were imperative "to control the inappropriate websites and control the inflow of information." Their proposed reform would allow the government to monitor and censor the circulation of their network. A couple of months before this news, the Thai government underwent a coup which also resulted in the new government taking over major media and banning political gatherings. These serious events concerned the people of Thailand which caused them to organize and act.

Rather than participating in a DDOS attack against the government which is usually associated with criminal activity, they decided to take to Facebook to gather internet users from around the world. These users all occupied Thai government websites in order to overflow their bandwidth and called it a "Virtual sit-in." The daily average users increased by almost 100,000 people which then prompted the government to announce that they would not use their reform proposal to censor but to study the youth.

title: Electronic civil disobedience


text:
Lacuna Coil

Lacuna Coil is an Italian gothic metal band from Milan. Since their formation in 1994, the group has had two name changes, being previously known as Sleep of Right and Ethereal, and they have recorded nine studio albums, two extended plays, two live albums, two compilation albums, one video album, and sixteen singles and music videos.

They have toured internationally and were nominated in 2006 for a MTV Europe Music Award. They won the 2012 Metal Female Voices Fest Award for the Best Album, the 2016 Metal Hammer Award for the Best International Band, and the 2018 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Award for Best Live Act. The band's 2012 release, Dark Adrenaline, peaked at number 15 on the Billboard 200. As of March 2012, Lacuna Coil have sold over two million albums worldwide.

Formation and debut EP (1994–1998)
Vocalist Andrea Ferro and bassist/composer Marco Coti Zelati formed Sleep of Right in Milan, Italy, 1994, and recruited Raffaele Zagaria on guitars, and Michaelangelo Algardi on the drums. After recording a song titled "Bleeding Souls" for the Noise of Bolgia compilation in 1995, Claudio Leo became the band's second guitarist, and Leonardo Forti replaced Michaelangelo on the drums after his departure. The band asked Cristina Scabbia, a friend and girlfriend of Marco at the time, to sing background vocals briefly, which led to her officially joining the band. Soon after, the band changed their name to Ethereal, and signed to Century Media at the end of 1997. Finding that the name Ethereal was already taken by a Greek band, they changed their name to Lacuna Coil.

Lacuna Coil released a self-titled EP through Century Media in 1998, shortly after Raffael Zagaria, Claudio Leo, and Leonardo Forti departed. As a result, guitarist Cristiano Migliore and drummer Cristiano Mozzati were recruited officially. At this point, the band was touring with Moonspell after the release of the Lacuna Coil EP.

In a Reverie (1998–2000)
Following a second European tour, the band recorded their debut full-length album In a Reverie and added second guitarist Marco Biazzi. The band supported the album with another European tour, co-headlining with Skyclad. Allmusic rated the album 4 stars, saying it was "a fine debut by a band that bears watching." The band toured mostly around Europe, generally as a support act.

Halflife EP and Unleashed Memories (2000–2002)
Following their debut, In a Reverie, the EP Half-Life was released in 2000 with five songs: "Half Life", "Hyperfast", "Stars" (a cover of a Dubstar single), "Trance Awake" and a demo version of "Senzafine". The final version of the latter was included in the 2001 album Unleashed Memories. While the studio album contained 10 songs, later re-releases included the Halflife EP. That same year, the band toured the United States for the first time, supporting Moonspell.

Comalies (2002–2005)
The band's breakthrough album Comalies was released in 2002. A significant player on Europe's metal scene for nearly a decade at this point, the band was virtually unknown in the United States. The TV series Uranium gave the band some of its earliest US exposure; over a year later, the first single from Comalies, "Heaven's a Lie", began to receive radio and media attention, pulling the band into North America's musical mainstream. They kicked off their first headlining U.S. tour in 2003, supported by Dog Fashion Disco. Networks such as Fuse played the song's video, for example. In early 2005, "Heaven's a Lie" won in The 4th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Hard Rock/Metal Song. The beginning of this song was also used as the introduction music for the audio podcast novel The Rookie by Scott Sigler. The second single, "Swamped", was played in heavy rotation and used in the video game Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines. It also appeared on the soundtrack for the movie Resident Evil: Apocalypse. Videos were filmed for both songs and broadcast on MTV2's Headbangers Ball, which also saw the band perform an acoustic rendition of "Heaven's a Lie" live.

By 2004, Comalies had become the best-selling CD in Century Media's history. The band appeared at Ozzfest in between headlining club tours in the United States and Europe. A bonus, extended version of Comalies was released both in stores and on iTunes. This version consisted of both live and acoustic versions of the songs "Heaven's A Lie", "Swamped", "Unspoken", "Aeon" and "Senzafine" from Unleashed Memories.

Karmacode (2005–2008)
The band and label postponed the release of their follow-up to Comalies, Karmacode, to early 2006. According to the band's website, this made it possible for more time to be spent on production and to avoid the crowded summer 2005 release schedule for metal albums. On 23 December 2005 the band announced on their web site that all recording, mixing, and mastering on Karmacode had been completed. It was then announced that Karmacode would be released in the United States on 4 April 2006.

During their 2005 European Tour, Lacuna Coil debuted two new songs from Karmacode at selected concerts: "Our Truth" and "Fragile" under the working titles "Antonio" and "A2" respectively.

Karmacode debuted at number 28 on the Billboard 200. Considered by Billboard to be "the biggest album in the history of Century Media Records", it was acclaimed by music critics and magazines. Corresponding with the release of the new album, Lacuna Coil toured with Rob Zombie throughout North America in early 2006. After their tour with Zombie, they performed main stage at Ozzfest 2006 along with System of a Down, Ozzy Osbourne, and Hatebreed, becoming the first female-fronted band to co-headline the heavy-metal festival. That summer they also played on the main stage of the Download Festival (a three-day music festival in England's Donington Park), which was headlined by Metallica, Tool, and Guns N' Roses. That December, Lacuna Coil teamed up with In Flames, The Sword and Seemless for a US tour, as well as The Blackest of the Black 2006 Tour.

Four singles were officially released from Karmacode: "Our Truth", "Closer", "Within Me" and a cover of Depeche Mode's "Enjoy the Silence". "Our Truth" was the first single released and had a music video produced for it. The song was featured on the Underworld: Evolution soundtrack and entered the top forty on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart in the United States.

The band toured extensively to support the album throughout 2007. This included the Jägermeister Music Tour, The Hottest Chicks in Metal Tour 2007, Loudpark Festival '07 in Saitama City's Saitama Super Arena, and the Australian leg of Megadeth's Gigantour.

Lacuna Coil's first live DVD was released in November 2008, entitled Visual Karma (Body, Mind and Soul). The CD/DVD package is a retrospective of all things from the band's Karmacode album cycle. The set list features concerts filmed at Germany's Wacken Festival and at the Japanese Loudpark Festival in 2007.

Shallow Life (2008–2010)
In 2008, it was announced that Lacuna Coil's fifth studio album would be produced by Don Gilmore and would include some Arabic influences. Cristina Scabbia explained in the magazine Rock Sound: "It's different, but it's our style. We haven't done anything absolutely different from our style, because that wouldn't be natural, that would be weird - it wouldn't be us. The songs are definitely more powerful, more complete, more intense, more straight-to-the-point." Andrea Ferro said: "We've put more attention on the real meaning of the songs, so the vocals are a bit more prominent. We've worked a lot with Don Gilmore on the pronunciation of the words in English, so people really understand the meanings of the words. There are strong choruses, where people can relate and really understand what we mean."

On 13 December 2008, it was revealed that the new album would be titled Shallow Life. The album was released in Europe on 20 April 2009 and in the United States on 21 April 2009. It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Top 200 Album Chart, and became Lacuna Coil's first Top 20 album in the U.S., it has sold nearly 70,000 copies in the United States.

In February and March 2009, Lacuna Coil played at the Australian music festival Soundwave alongside metal acts including DevilDriver, In Flames, Lamb of God, and Nine Inch Nails. The festival spanned five capital cities, at which they performed their single "Spellbound" from Shallow Life for the first time. Early June saw them play in the UK at Download Festival. Their set was scheduled for the opening day, where they would play on the second stage just before Opeth and later Mötley Crüe. Later in July 2009, Lacuna Coil embarked on the American Spellbound Tour, alongside Kill Hannah, Seventh Void, and Dommin. This was Lacuna Coil's first U.S. headlining run in over two years and the first tour the band has been on since the Music as a Weapon Tour IV alongside Disturbed, Killswitch Engage, and Chimaira in early 2009. During Early 2010 (Jan/Feb) the band came to the United Kingdom to do a Headline "Shallow Life" tour with their support acts Dommin and Dirty Little Rabbits. They then returned to the UK again in September/October 2010 headlining the "Survive" tour, this time at more intimate/VIP venues, with the support act Slaves to Gravity.

Dark Adrenaline (2011–2012)
A new album that was in the works since the first quarter of 2011 was confirmed with its title later being revealed as Dark Adrenaline. Produced by Don Gilmore and mixed by Marco Barusso. On 2 September 2011, it was announced that the first single from the record, titled "Trip the Darkness", was released digitally on 17 October 2011, with the album's release following on 24 January 2012. The album's third single, "End of Time", was released on 12 December 2012; the music video for the song was shot in Italy on 17 October 2012.

Broken Crown Halo (2013–2015)
In September 2013, the band announced the start of recording their new album with the producer Jay Baumgardner. Lacuna Coil announced the title of their upcoming album, Broken Crown Halo, due for release 1 April in North America.

The first track of their new album called "Nothing Stands In Our Way" was premiered online. On 14 February 2014, the band announced via their Facebook page that their guitarist Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore and drummer Cristiano "Criz" Mozzati decided to retire from the band after 16 years, citing personal reasons. Ryan Folden (The Agony Scene, Burn Halo, Enterprise Earth, After Midnight Project) has since joined the band.

Delirium and Black Anima (2015–2022)
On 8 December 2015, it was announced that the band were recording a new album, titled Delirium, produced by Marco Coti Zelati and mixed by Marco Barusso. On 8 April 2016, Lacuna Coil premiered the song "The House of Shame" and announced the release of the album on 27 May 2016. On 21 July 2016, Lacuna Coil presented the album's second single "Delirium" as a music video, followed by their third single "Blood, Tears, Dust", as a music-action video on 22 March 2017, and their fourth single, "You Love Me 'Cause I Hate You" on 15 May 2017. On 9 December 2016, Lacuna Coil premiered a new Christmas-themed song titled "Naughty Christmas" as a stand-alone single. On 14 January 2016, Lacuna Coil announced the amicable departure of longtime guitarist Marco Biazzi. On 11 April 2016, during an Italian press tour, Cristina Scabbia and Andrea Ferro presented Diego Cavallotti as the new live guitarist for the forthcoming tour. On 15 July 2019, Ryan Folden announced via social-media that he was stepping back as a full time member, adding that he did not work on Black Anima. The band has been working with drummer Richard Meiz of Genus Ordinis Dei until a permanent replacement is named On 11 October 2019 the band released the album Black Anima, containing the singles "Layers of Time", "Reckless" and "Save Me".

In July 2020, it was announced that Lacuna Coil had plans to stream a live show in their home city of Milan, where they were to perform their latest album Black Anima in full for the first time, amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

In April 2021, the band announced the release of a new live album on 25 June 2021, to be called Live from the Apocalypse. The album included the track "Bad Things", which previously was an Amazon exclusive.

Comalies XX (2022–present)
On 15 July 2022, it was announced that the band would release an LP titled Comalies XX, with "deconstructed and transported" versions of original songs from their 2002 release, Comalies. It is scheduled to be released on 14 October 2022. Andrea Ferro stated that band this would be considered a special project rather than their 10th studio album. On 19 July 2022 the band released the first single for the LP, "Tight Rope XX" along with a video clip. The reworked track was also played live for the first time at US music festival; INKcarceration a week prior.

On 1 April 2023, the band announced their contribution of a new song titled 'Never Dawn' to 'Zombicide: White Death', the latest board game Kickstarter project by game designer Nicolas Raoult and publisher CMON. The song is featured in the game's soundtrack and is the band's first involvement in a board game project. Zombicide: White Death is a cooperative survival board game set in the Arctic in the midst of a zombie outbreak. Lacuna Coil released a full version of their single "Never Dawn" on June 2.

On 19 April 2024, the band released their latest single, "In The Mean Time," featuring guest vocals by Ash Costello of New Years Day. According to the band, the track's message reflects concerns about the diminishing civility evident in contemporary society: "We're navigating through a tumultuous era where many seem to have lost their way. Our world is marred by strife and sorrow, with individuals grappling with feelings of isolation, anxiety, and despair. The external pressures bear down heavily, obscuring our vision and clouding our judgment."

A music video directed by Patric Ullaeus and starring Andreas Barås accompanied the release.

The single was already available on all digital platforms before the release of the music video.

The song and video are released shortly before Lacuna Coil heads out on a headline US tour with special guests New Years Day and additional support coming from Oceans Of Slumber. The band will be hitting big festival stages at Rockville, Sonic Temple, and the Milwaukee Metal Festival.

Costello expressed gratitude, stating, "I am deeply honored to join Lacuna Coil on tour for the first time, to have the incredible opportunity to lend my guest vocals to a new track and appear in the music video. Working alongside the powerhouse vocalist Cristina has been a privilege, and I may be biased in saying that 'In The Mean Time' has quickly become my favorite by Lacuna Coil. Its message about embracing individuality and not conforming deeply resonates with me."

On the same day, Lacuna Coil announced a tour in the United Kingdom and Ireland called "In The Meantime," scheduled from 15 October 2024 to 26 October 2024 with support from Finnish nu metal band, Blind Channel.

Musical style
Lacuna Coil's music has been described as being "heavy, melodic, and relentlessly melodramatic". Inspired by the combination of gothic imagery and music, the members have been known, musically, for composing mid-tempo songs consisting of prominent guitar lines and contrasting dual female/male vocal harmonies to help create a melodic, detached sound. Much of the band's recent material, however, sees a heavier and more down-tuned style, featuring a more distinct bass line and a higher mixing of the guitars within the songs.

Lacuna Coil's music is mainly regarded as gothic metal and alternative metal. AllMusic's Steve Huey said that "Lacuna Coil aren't always the doomiest of progressive goth metal bands; in fact, they sometimes sound like a heavier version of Heart". AllMusic said that the band "distinguished themselves with orchestral arrangements and dual vocalists." According to VH1, "Goth-spooked Italian maestros Lacuna Coil boasts the most distinctive and dynamic male-female vocal duo in contemporary hard-and-heavy music making: Andrea Ferro and Cristina Scabbia, respectively". AllMusic's Mike DaRonco said, "With Ferro's tortured screams and Scabbia's ethereal range, the group attracted a devoted following that soon spread outside of Italy and throughout Europe before they broke into the U.S. market". AllMusic's Andy Hinds wrote, "Rarely succumbing to heavy-handedness, Lacuna Coil escapes the stylistic straitjacket of the goth/metal formula, making them more accessible than many of their peers."

Comalies marked the beginning of a shift in the band's sound, as their "early repurposing of gothic metal evolved into something bigger, heavier and more accessible, it turned them into major players". According to Blabbermouth, "the band's mastery of a certain strain of highly melodic but intermittently brutal gothic metal [on Comalies] enabled them to streak ahead of their peers" The band subsequently shifted to an alternative metal sound. Karmacode saw the band move away from their distinctive sound in favor of a nu metal sound. Sputnikmusic staff writer Trey wrote that the album "presented a band struggling to move beyond minor league success even if it meant losing their own individuality". The band's follow-up, Shallow Life, was described by AllMusic as a "deliberately commercial effort with strong pop-metal influences". Following the band's more experimental recordings, Dark Adrenaline saw the band combine "elements of the traditional Lacuna Coil sound [with] the more modern elements of later years". Loudwire says that some of the band's albums have displayed a hard rock sound.

Band members
Current members
 * Andrea Ferro — vocals (1994–present)
 * Marco Coti Zelati — bass, keyboards (1994–present), guitars (2016)
 * Cristina Scabbia — vocals (1996–present)
 * Richard Meiz — drums (2019–present)

Former members
 * Michaelangelo Algardi — drums (1994)
 * Raffaele Zagaria — guitars (1994–1998)
 * Claudio Leo — guitars (1994–1998; died 2013)
 * Leonardo Forti — drums (1994—1998)
 * Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore — guitars (1998–2014)
 * Cristiano 'Criz' Mozzati — drums (1998–2014)
 * Marco "Maus" Biazzi — guitars (1999–2016)
 * Diego "Didi" Cavalotti — guitars (2016–2024)
 * Ryan Blake Folden — drums (2014–2019, touring 2012–2013)

Live musicians
 * Anders Iwers — guitars (1997)
 * Steve Minelli — guitars (1998)
 * Alice Chiarelli — keyboards (1998)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * In a Reverie (1999)
 * Unleashed Memories (2001)
 * Comalies (2002)
 * Karmacode (2006)
 * Shallow Life (2009)
 * Dark Adrenaline (2012)
 * Broken Crown Halo (2014)
 * Delirium (2016)
 * Black Anima (2019)
 * TBA (2024)

title: Lacuna Coil


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Dark wave

Dark wave (also typeset as darkwave) is a music genre that emerged from the new wave and post-punk movement of the late 1970s. Dark wave compositions are largely based on minor key tonality and introspective lyrics and have been perceived as being dark, romantic and bleak, with an undertone of sorrow. The genre embraces a range of styles including cold wave, ethereal wave, gothic rock, neoclassical dark wave and neofolk.

In the 1980s, a subculture developed primarily in Europe alongside dark wave music, whose followers were called wavers or dark wavers. In some countries, such as Germany, the movement also included fans of gothic rock (so-called trad-goths).

Origins (1980s)
Since the 1980s, the term has been used in Europe to describe the gloomy and melancholy variant of new wave and post-punk music. At that time, the term "goth" was inseparably connected with gothic rock, whereas "dark wave" acquired a broader meaning, including music artists that were associated with gothic rock and synthesizer-based new wave music.

"The term darkwave originated in the 1980s as an indicator of the dark counterpart of new wave. Bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, Cocteau Twins, Soft Cell, and Depeche Mode are exponents of this first generation of darkwave. Darkwave ... employs relatively slower tempos, lower pitches, and more minor keys in its musical settings of melancholy texts than new wave."

The movement spread internationally, developing such strands as ethereal wave, with bands such as Cocteau Twins, and neoclassical dark wave, initiated by the music of Dead Can Dance and In the Nursery. Simultaneously, different substyles associated with the new wave and dark wave movements started to merge and influence each other.

German dark wave bands were partially associated with the Neue Deutsche Welle (i.e. German new wave). Other bands, such as Malaria! added elements of chanson and cabaret music, which became known as cabaret noir (or "dark cabaret", a term popularized by U.S. dark wave label Projekt Records).

Second generation (1990s)
After the new wave and post-punk movements faded in the mid-1980s, dark wave was renewed as an underground movement. Ataraxia and the Frozen Autumn from Italy, and the French Corpus Delicti also evolved from this movement and became the leading artists of the west Romanesque scene. These bands followed a path based on the new wave and post-punk music of the 1980s.

"In the 1990s, a second generation of darkwave bands became popular, including Diary of Dreams, Deine Lakaien, and The Frozen Autumn... The German band Deine Lakaien ... is audibly influenced by the dark synthesizer sounds of Depeche Mode."

At the same time, a number of German artists developed a more theatrical style, interspersed with German poetic, metaphorical lyrics, called Neue Deutsche Todeskunst (literally New German Death Art). Other bands combined synthesizers with elements of neofolk and neoclassical dark wave.

After 1993, in the United States the term dark wave (as the one-word variant "darkwave") became associated with the Projekt Records label, because it was adopted by the label founder Sam Rosenthal after leafing through the pages of German music magazines such as Zillo, and has been used to promote and market artists from German label Hyperium Records in the U.S. (e.g. Chandeen and Love Is Colder Than Death).

"I first became aware of the term 'Dark Wave' back in 1992. It appeared in German magazines – such as Zillo – describing a style of European music that followed other 'waves' such as New Wave ... I found those two words ('dark' and 'wave') quite interesting. This was something underground, submerged, obscure... which swept over you, immersed you, surrounded you. It was a poetic phrase that could describe many different sounds. At the time, I was looking for a name for my little mail-order company. I wanted something that would encompass the variety of music available in my catalog."

Projekt featured bands such as Lycia, Black Tape for a Blue Girl, and Love Spirals Downwards, some of these characterized by atmospheric guitar and synth-sounds and female vocals. This style took cues from 1980s bands like Cocteau Twins and is often referred to as ethereal dark wave. Projekt has also had a long association with Attrition, who appeared on the label's earliest compilations. Joshua Gunn, a professor of communication studies at Louisiana University, described the U.S. type of dark wave music as:

"...an expansion of the rather limited gothic repertoire into electronica and, in a way, the US answer to the 'ethereal' subgenre that developed in Europe (e.g. Dead Can Dance). Anchored by Sam Rosenthal's now New York-based label Projekt, dark wave music is less rock and more roll, supporting bands who tend to emphasize folk songcraft, hushed vocals, ambient experimentation, and synthesized sounds [...] Projekt bands like Love Spirals Downwards and Lycia are the most popular of this subgenre."

Revival (2010s-2020s)
In the 2010s, a new generation of bands rekindled the darkwave genre for a new generation of fans. The most prominent of these acts is Boy Harsher, but others include Drab Majesty, Twin Tribes and Pixel Grip. Substance is an annual Darkwave and Industrial music festival occurring in Los Angeles which began in the 2010s. Meanwhile, Verboden is an annual Darkwave festival in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Wave-Gotik-Treffen festival in Leipzig, Germany, established in 1992, is considered one of the world's largest festivals for "dark" music and culture, taking place at Pentecost annually throughout the city. It attracts around 20,000 visitors from all over the world.

title: Dark wave


text:
Talk:Hactivism

How is this different from hacktivism? -- Jim Redmond 17:39, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hactivism