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Talk:List of economists

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economics
There is no such thing as a Nobel Prize in Economics. Nobel never instituted a prize for economics, nor would he. Economists have free-rided the event to enhance their profession. The Bank of Sweden Prize for Economics was instituted with public money, tipical, and they forced their hand to be given at the same date. The marketing ploy is in the "In Memory of Alfred Nobel", which belies a laugh. Not even the most liberal economist would honor a monopolist business man, warmonger, inventor of Dynamite, suplier of the military. Only wikipedia can tell the truth. Britanica hires economists to write about the Nobel Prize in Economics and spread the small lie around.

 * I disagree with your comment. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics. There is no 'marketing ploy'. And, one more point: please suggest ways to improve this list. Wikipedia is not a social networking site. Masterpiece2000 (talk) 03:04, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Spurious names?
It seems that list is growing ever faster. It has outgrown its description as a list of "well known" economists, and I guess that's fair enough, but I'm particularly skeptical about the value of adding names too obscure to have their own wikipedia pages by now. I'll list them here in the hope that someone will find the motivation to check them out and add a note of justification (or otherwise).
 * Paul Baran
 * Important Marxist. Out of fashion, of course, but was influential. Rinconsoleao 16:28, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Edward Chamberlain
 * Colin Clark
 * Trygvie Haavelmo
 * I remeber his name from university, he is the inventor of the Haavelmo theorem 82.82.131.134 01:48, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Robert Haveman
 * Ernst Heckscher
 * Famous for his contributions to international economics, and a household name for economics because of the HOS model. --Étienne 5 July 2005 11:53 (UTC)
 * John R. Hicks
 * Hicks is a very important figure in utility theory. His work forms the basis of modern microeconomic analysis in this area. Rangerdude
 * Mikhail Kantarovich
 * Tjalling C. Koopmans
 * Famous contributions to growth theory and intertemporal optimization. Rinconsoleao 16:29, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Harvey Liebenstien
 * Edward Luttwak
 * Luttwak is an important US author, he wrote books about the globalization 82.82.131.134 01:48, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * N. Gregory Mankiw
 * Mankiw is an important US economist and bestseller author 82.82.131.134 01:48, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Gunnar Myrdal
 * Nobel laureate. Rangerdude 2 July 2005 17:29 (UTC)
 * Lionel Robbins
 * Joan Robinson
 * Famous Cambridge (UK) theorist, somewhat heterodox nowadays. --Étienne 5 July 2005 11:53 (UTC)
 * Bert Rürup
 * Rürup is an important German economist, an important reform last year got his name. 82.82.131.134 01:48, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Nassau William Senior
 * Findlay Shirras
 * Paul Sweezy
 * Important Marxist. Out of fashion, of course, but was influential. Rinconsoleao 16:28, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Michael Todaro
 * Todaro is a development economist, author of a pretty-widely used textbook called 'Economic Development' (currently in its ninth edition).
 * Jacob Viner
 * Important theorist in trade economics and firm theory - the Viner model that is named after him is the basis of microeconomic firm theory.Rangerdude 2 July 2005 17:29 (UTC)
 * Knut Wicksell
 * Important Swedish economist: http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/wicksellbio.html

I think most of these economists are reasonably well known (my definition of reasonably well known is that I have at least heard of them!) - so I'm happy with leaving them on the list. I agree however that there is not much point in adding names to the list until we have articles about them. Enchanter

I have books on my shelves by most of these people. I say leave them in. This is a list of economists, not a list of Wikipedia articles on economists. If you look at list of business theorists, we have articles on only a fraction of them. mydogategodshat 20:10, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Well that's OK then, I guess I should have trusted that some real economists were watching over this page. Pm67nz 01:39, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The list is pretty strong.. but I have issues with several marketing media consultant types.. Has any one else noticed this??--Oracleofottawa (talk) 00:28, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Categorisation
I think it would be useful to categorise the economists by the school of thought that they belong to. Do such things exist in economics, or do all economists think alike? :-) Or would they be better categorised by political outlook? I think dates of birth and death would be helpful too. I may come back and add the dates myself. Mr. Jones 22:21, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * It would occur difficult to categorize the economists in a general list by school of thought, many school of thoughts are grouped geographical like the Austrian, Chicago, Stockholm school. It would seem also that those economists would have the same opinion about different aspects but that's however not always true. They were very often discussing among each other about different subjects. Also many of the economists wouldn't agree to be categorized like that. And different sources could mention some differences. It would some therefore a bit POV to categorize it this way. It would be better to refer to the specific page of the different school of thougths. --Eigenwijze mustang 16:00, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Protection ?
Is ti possible to know a little more about the reasons of the current "protection" status ? I have made a request for unprotection as it seemed to me from the history section that a suitable period had elapsed, but I am ready to change it if there is good reason. --Étienne 5 July 2005 12:14 (UTC)

Why does this list exist?
Doesn't this list duplicate the content in category:Economists? --EGalloway 19:30, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This list predates the relatively new category system. The list of economics topics and list of economists is not used very much now that the category system is operational, however some people prefer the old system of lists. In the last two years we have gone from no effective navigation system to three of them. In addition to the old system of lists, and the category system, there is also a new system of portals. We seem to have gone from too few systems of navigation to too many. mydogategodshat 02:08, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Lifespans
It would be helpful to have the birthyear and so on listed to the right of the names —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.229.113.252 (talk) 18:27, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * the purpose of the list is to link to existing articles for the noted economist, where those details would reside. unfortunately, some don't have articles, which is problematic at best. Anastrophe 18:44, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Thomas Friedman
Should Thomas Friedman be added to this list since he is a best selling author of The World Is Flat??? -User:Noneforall 22:15, 8 November 2007
 * No. Friedman is not known for his contributions in economics. Masterpiece2000 (talk) 03:06, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Redlinked economists who were deleted
A recent edit deleted some of the most important economic theorists today because they do not yet have Wikipedia pages. Please contribute by starting pages for these highly notable people! --Rinconsoleao (talk) 12:04, 23 November 2007 (UTC) Or check the revision of 17:49, 22 Nov. 2007 for other red links you consider notable! --Rinconsoleao (talk) 12:04, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Truman Bewley
 * Lawrence Christiano
 * Xavier Gabaix
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:59, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Jordi Galí
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Faruk Gul
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Nobuhiro Kiyotaki
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * John J. McCall
 * Ellen McGrattan
 * Torsten Persson
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * David Romer
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 22:03, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Alvin E. Roth
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 22:03, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Robert Shimer
 * Already exists. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 22:03, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Noah Williams
 * Randall Wright
 * Created Randall Wright. --CronopioFlotante (talk) 21:46, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

Barbara Bergmann is red and that is a crying shame! Added line why she should remain and a call for an article ASAP! I just don't feel competent enough to write this EMINENT academics article...--Oracleofottawa (talk) 00:32, 18 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The Barbara Bergmann article exists. I've fixed the link. CronopioFlotante (talk) 18:07, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

A warming sense of completeness surrounds me....Thanks..--Oracleofottawa (talk) 00:39, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

List of Female Economists
Could someone compile this list? I feel it would very useful —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.6.100.254 (talk) 21:55, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Suggest deletion
I suggest deletion of this list. It adds nothing compared to using a category instead. Furthermore, if only notable economists are included, we have a very different problem of who should be included and who shouldn't. Ulner (talk) 20:13, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

 * You are right, and the recent additions make it worse, as politicians were added with no mention of any economic research and achievement. Pgreenfinch (talk) 15:16, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Xavier Sala i Martín should be in S, not in M list
Spanish (Catalan) economist Xavier Sala i Martín is currently listed in M. But, according to Spanish naming customs, he should be listed in S, because his first surname (probably father's first surname) is Sala, not Martín (his second —mother's first— surname). So his complete surname, used in alphabetical order in Spanish, starts with S.

Thanks a lot. 81.61.56.116 (talk) 18:03, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of economists


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Judy-Lynn del Rey

Judy-Lynn del Rey née Benjamin (January 26, 1943 – February 20, 1986) was a science fiction editor.

Born with dwarfism, she was a fan and regular attendee at science fiction conventions and worked her way up the publishing ladder, starting with work at the science fiction magazine Galaxy. She was Managing Editor of Galaxy magazine from July 1969 until July 1971, whilst also working on If magazine.

Judy-Lynn was a friend of Lester del Rey, marrying him in March 1971, after the death of his third wife. After moving to Ballantine Books, she revitalized the publisher's once-prominent science fiction line, and soon after brought in Lester to edit Ballantine's fantasy line. With their success, she was given her own imprint, called Del Rey Books. She also edited an original science fiction anthology series, Stellar, one of which, Stellar #2, won the Locus Award for "Best Anthology" in 1976. As an editor, she was known for her rapport with authors. Philip K. Dick called her a "master craftsman" and "the best editor I've ever worked with", and Isaac Asimov described her as "incredibly intelligent, quick-witted, hard-driving" and "generally recognised (especially by me) as one of the top editors in the business". She was also instrumental in obtaining the rights to publish novels based on George Lucas's then-unreleased movie Star Wars, which would earn Ballantine/Del Rey several million dollars.

She suffered a brain hemorrhage in October 1985 and died several months later. In 1986, she was posthumously awarded the Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor, but Lester del Rey declined the award in her name, saying that she would have objected to the award being given to her just because she had recently died.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Judy-Lynn del Rey


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UC Berkeley College of Chemistry

The UC Berkeley College of Chemistry is one of the fifteen schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. It houses the department of chemistry and the department of chemical and biomolecular engineering.

The College offers bachelor of science degrees in chemistry, chemical engineering, and chemical biology. Chemistry undergraduates have the option to earn a bachelor of arts degree in chemistry from the College of Letters and Science or to specialize in a materials chemistry concentration. With the College of Engineering, the College of Chemistry offers two joint majors: chemical engineering/materials science & engineering and chemical engineering/nuclear engineering. Its graduate programs confer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering, a Ph.D. in chemistry, and three professional master's degrees.

History
Although Berkeley began offering chemistry courses in 1869, the College was not officially established until 1872, awarding its first Ph.D. in 1885 to John Maxson Stillman, who later founded the chemistry department at Stanford University. A division of chemical engineering was formed in 1946, becoming a department in 1957. The department of chemical engineering changed its name to chemical and biomolecular engineering in 2010 to reflect the widening research interests of its faculty.

Faculty and researchers at the College and affiliated with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are responsible for the discovery of sixteen elements, including berkelium, californium, and seaborgium, named after Nobel laureate, department chair, and alumnus Glenn Seaborg.

Students and faculty
Today, the College comprises one of the largest chemistry programs in the nation, with a faculty of 96 professors, researchers, and lecturers and an enrollment of 963 undergraduate, 539 postgraduate, and 123 postdoctoral students. In the spring of 2021, the College conferred 187 bachelor's degrees and 93 graduate degrees. The faculty includes a Nobel laureate, twelve members of the National Academy of Engineering; 37 members of the National Academy of Sciences; and 34 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The College has thirty endowed chairs and professorships.

Campus
The College occupies a complex of six buildings on the northeastern corner of the Berkeley campus. Completed in 1917, Gilman Hall, where plutonium was identified in 1941, is the oldest of the buildings. Pimentel Hall, one of the largest lecture halls on campus, features a revolving stage that can accommodate chemistry demonstrations. The buildings are linked by a network of underground hallways and laboratories. The newest building, Tan Hall, was dedicated in 1997. A new building, Healthcock Hall, is scheduled to break ground in 2023-24.

Notable faculty

 * Paul Alivisatos (Ph.D. 1986) - Professor Emeritus, National Medal of Science (2015); Priestley Medal (2020)
 * Neil Bartlett - Professor (1969)
 * Carolyn Bertozzi (Ph.D. 1993) - Professor (1996-2015), Nobel Prize (2022)
 * Melvin Calvin (B.S. 1931, Ph.D. 1935) - Professor, Nobel laureate (1961)
 * Robert E. Connick (Ph.D. 1942) - Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Dean
 * Jennifer Doudna - Professor, Wolf Award (2020), Nobel laureate (2020)
 * William F. Giauque (B.S. 1920, Ph.D. 1922) - Professor, Nobel laureate (1949)
 * John F. Hartwig - Professor, Wolf Award (2019)
 * Martin Head-Gordon (B.S. 1983, Ph.D. 1989) - Professor (1992), Medal of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences (1998)
 * Dudley R. Herschbach - Assistant Professor, Nobel laureate (1986)
 * Joel Henry Hildebrand (Ph.D. 1906) - Dean (1949–1951), Chairman of the Dept. of Chemistry (1941–1943), Professor
 * Darleane Hoffman - Professor, National Medal of Science (1997)
 * Judith Klinman - Professor, National Medal of Science (2012)
 * Yuan T. Lee (Ph.D. 1965) - Professor, Nobel laureate (1986)
 * Gilbert Newton Lewis - Dean (1912–1941), Professor
 * Willard F. Libby (B.S. 1931, Ph.D. 1933) - Professor (1933-1941), Nobel laureate (1960)
 * Jeffrey R. Long - Professor, National Science Foundation Special Creativity Award
 * David MacMillan - Professor (1998-2000), Nobel Prize (2021)
 * George C. Pimentel (Ph.D. 1949) - Professor (1949-1989), National Medal of Science (1985)
 * Kenneth Pitzer (Ph.D. 1937) - Dean (1951–60), Professor, President of Rice University and Stanford University
 * John Prausnitz - Professor, National Medal of Science (2003)
 * Glenn T. Seaborg (Ph.D. 1937) - Professor, Nobel laureate (1951)
 * Gabor Somorjai - Professor, National Medal of Science (2002)
 * Andrew Streitwieser - Professor, National Academy of Science
 * Peidong Yang - Professor, MacArthur Genius Award (2015)
 * Omar Yaghi - Professor, Wolf Award (2018)

Notable alumni

 * Jan Anderson (Ph.D. 1959 Chemistry) - investigation of photosynthesis
 * Frances Arnold (Ph.D. 1985 Chemical Engineering) - Nobel laureate (2018)
 * Thomas Cech (Ph.D. 1975 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1989)
 * Robert F. Curl, Jr. (Ph.D. 1957 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1996)
 * Henry Eyring - (Ph.D. 1927 Chemistry) - National Medal of Science (1966)
 * Andrew Grove (Ph.D. 1963 Chemical Engineering) - cofounder of Intel
 * Richard A. Houghten (Ph.D. 1975 Chemistry) - Florida Inventors Hall of Fame (2018)
 * Willis Lamb (B.S. 1934 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate in Physics (1955)
 * Gordon Moore (B.S. 1950 Chemistry) - cofounder of Intel
 * Mario Molina (Ph.D. 1972 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1995)
 * Kary Mullis (Ph.D. 1972 Biochemistry) - Nobel laureate (1993)
 * Geraldine Richmond (Ph.D. 1980 Chemistry) - Priestley Medal (2018)
 * Susan Solomon (Ph.D. 1981 Atmospheric Chemistry) - Nobel Peace Prize (2007), National Medal of Science (1999)
 * Henry Taube (Ph.D. 1940 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1983)
 * Harold C. Urey (Ph.D. 1923 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1934)
 * A.R. Frank Wazzan (B.S. 1959 Chemical Engineering) - Dean, UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 1986 - 2001.
 * Ahmed Zewail (Postdoc. 1974 Chemistry) - Nobel laureate (1999)

Centers and institutes

 * Berkeley Catalysis Center
 * Berkeley Center for Green Chemistry
 * Berkeley Global Science Institute
 * Berkeley Nanosciences and Nanoengineering Institute
 * Berkeley Nanotechnology Club
 * Berkeley Quantum Information and Computation Center
 * Berkeley Stem Cell Center
 * California Research Alliance
 * CalSolv Center
 * Center for Computational Biology
 * Center for Genetically Encoded Materials
 * Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS)
 * California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3)
 * Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI)
 * Energy Frontier Research Center on Gas Separations
 * Joint BioEnergy Institute
 * Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis
 * Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry
 * Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center

title: UC Berkeley College of Chemistry


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Swedish Air Force

The Swedish Air Force (Svenska flygvapnet or just Flygvapnet) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

History

The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the escalating international tension during the 1930s the Air Force was reorganized and expanded from four to seven squadrons.

World War II
When World War II broke out in 1939 further expansion was initiated and this substantial expansion was not finished until the end of the war. Although Sweden never entered the war, a large air force was considered necessary to ward off the threat of invasion and to resist pressure through military threats from the great powers. By 1945 the Swedish Air Force had over 800 combat-ready aircraft, including 15 fighter divisions.

A major problem for the Swedish Air Force during World War II was the lack of fuel. Sweden was surrounded by countries at war and could not rely on imported oil. Instead domestic oil shale was heated to produce the needed petrol.

About 250 aircrew were killed in crashes 1939-1945 according to statistics that were not disclosed during the war years but published afterwards.

Expansion during the Cold War

The Swedish Air Force underwent a rapid modernization from 1945. It was no longer politically acceptable to equip it with second-rate aircraft types. Instead, the Air Staff purchased the best it could find from abroad, e.g. P-51D Mustangs, De Havilland Mosquito NF.19 night fighters and de Havilland Vampires, and supported the development of top performance domestic models. The Saab 29 Tunnan jet fighter was introduced around 1950.

In the late 1950s the Swedish Air Force introduced the Bas 60 air base system, which revolved around force dispersal of air squadrons across many wartime air bases in case of war in order to make it complicated for an opponent to destroy the air force on the ground. Road runways were also introduced as backup runways. Bas 60 was developed further into Bas 90 during the 1970s and 1980s.

During the Cold War large amounts of money (including funds intended for the Swedish nuclear weapons programme) were spent on the Swedish Air Force and domestic aircraft production. In 1957 Sweden had the world's fourth most powerful air force, with about 1,000 modern planes in front-line service. During the 1950s, it introduced fighters such as the Saab J 29 Tunnan, Saab A 32 Lansen and Saab J 35 Draken.

In June 1952 the Swedish Air Force lost two aircraft on Cold War operations, in what became known as the Catalina affair. A signals intelligence Douglas DC-3 was intercepted by Soviet MiG-15s over the Baltic, and shot down with the loss of three aircrew and five civilian technicians. A PBY Catalina rescue seaplane was then also downed, the five-man crew being rescued from the sea by a freighter.

In the air defence role the Swedish Air Force also operated surface-to-air missiles. Svea Air Corps (F 8) operated de Havilland J-28B Vampire jet aircraft in 1949 being replaced in 1953 by Saab J-29 Tunnan and in 1957 by J-34 Hunter fighters. As of 1961 F 8 reroled into missile defence role becoming the air force technical training centre for using the new RB-68 Bloodhound systems in 2 squadrons until 1974.

These Swedish units also operated the RB-68 missile system (1 squadron each):
 * Scania Wing, also F 10 Ängelholm
 * Kalmar Wing, also F 12 Kalmar,
 * Bråvalla Wing, also F 13 Norrköping
 * Blekinge Wing, also F 17 Kallinge,

Death toll during the Cold War
In the Cold War era, more than 600 Swedish fighter pilots were killed in crashes during peacetime exercises and training in the 1945–1991 period. In the 1950s–60s era the flight training curriculum was deficient and the training regimes were too risky and some aircraft types had design flaws. In the 1950s, about 21 pilots were killed annually.

In the 1960s the average number of killed were 13 per year, which meant Sweden had sixfold mortality rate per 100,000 flight hours compared to the United States. In the 1960s flight safety started to become a consideration, not due to the death toll but because the aircraft were getting increasingly expensive. In October 1960, a Lansen fighter crashed into a farmhouse and killed 7 people. In the 1970s the death toll was reduced to 6–7 per year. In subsequent years, it continued to fall and from 1996 onwards, no fatal accident has been recorded.

War service
The Swedish Air Force has been involved in three wars, the Finno-Soviet Winter War in 1939–40, in which volunteers took part, the Congo Crisis, 1961–64, and in the 2011 Libyan civil war.

Finland 1940
When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, Sweden came to its neighbour's assistance but eventually decided not to join the war.

A Swedish volunteer infantry brigade and a volunteer air squadron fought in northern Finland from January to March 1940. The squadron was designated F 19 and consisted of 12 Gloster Gladiator fighters and four Hawker Hart dive-bombers.

Congo 1961–1964

The Swedish Air Force saw combat as part of the United Nations peace-keeping mission ONUC during the Congo Crisis in 1961 to 1964. It established a separate air wing, F 22, equipped with a dozen Saab 29 Tunnans, which performed well under the rough conditions in central Africa. The secessionist adversaries possessed only a small number of aircraft with poor combat capabilities, e.g. Fouga Magister trainers.

1990s – restructuring
With the end of the Cold War the Swedish Armed Forces underwent a massive restructuring process. During this time, several air bases were deemed unnecessary and closed with fighters like the Saab 37 Viggen retired prematurely. In 1994 the air force had over 400 fighters, by 2005 the number had sunk to fewer than 150.

Libya 2011
On 29 March 2011, the Swedish prime minister announced that eight Saab JAS 39 Gripens would support the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya. The announcement responded to a NATO request for assistance. The Swedish fighters were limited to supporting the no-fly zone and were not authorized to engage in ground attack sorties. The deployment was approved by the Swedish Riksdag on 1 April 2011 and the first jets departed for Libya on 2 April. A C-130 Hercules accompanied the fighters for mid-air refueling.

Aircraft
Note: Three C-17 Globemaster III's are available through the Heavy Airlift Wing based in Hungary

Fighter wings
There are four fighter wings:
 * Skaraborg Wing (F 7), at Såtenäs Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D
 * Uppland Wing (F 16), at Ärna Air Base, reestablished in 2021 and without fighter divisions as of 2024
 * Blekinge Wing (F 17), at Ronneby Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D
 * Norrbotten Wing (F 21), at Luleå Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D

Helicopter squadrons
The aviation units that were formerly under the Swedish Army ("Arméflyget") and the Swedish Navy ("Marinflyget") have been merged with the helicopter units of the Air Force to form the single Helicopter Wing (Hkpflj) for the entire Armed Forces. The wing has been placed under the authority of the Air Force and consists of:

 * 1st Helicopter Squadron, co-located with Norrbotten Wing at Luleå Air Base, operates NH90 TTH (Hkp 14)
 * 2nd Helicopter Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates AW109 (Hkp 15) and UH-60M Black Hawk (Hkp 16)
 * 3rd Helicopter Squadron, co-located with Blekinge Wing at Ronneby Air Base, operates NH90 TTH (Hkp 14) and AW109 (Hkp 15)
 * 4th Helicopter Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates AW109 (Hkp 15) and UH-60M Black Hawk (Hkp 16)

Other squadrons
The air transport units perform airlift operations, and are used in both national and in international missions. The unit also organizes the Swedish part of the Heavy Airlift Wing in Hungary. Signals reconnaissance units conduct electronic combat reconnaissance and intelligence gathering.

 * 71st Air Transport Squadron, co-located with Skaraborg Wing at Såtenäs Air Base, operates C-130H Hercules
 * 74th Special Air Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates Gulfstream IV-SP, Saab 340 AEW&C and Saab 340
 * 75th State Air Squadron, at Arlanda Air Base, operates Gulfstream IV

Future of the Swedish Air Force

The Swedish Air Force is being adapted to new future tasks. Today about 80 Gripen C/D fighters remain in service. Some orders have been made and 60 new Jas 39 Gripen E units will join the air force in the coming years. Saab has also joined the primarily French project for the unmanned future stealth plane Dassault nEUROn.

In 2008 and 2010, the Swedish armed forces wanted to retire even more fighters and close air bases to relocate money to other branches. However, because of negative response from the public and pressure from the Swedish government, no cuts happened as of 2011.

In 2013, the USMC introduced Swedish helicopter units to the forward air control airborne mission profile for better air-ground coordination. In the same year, 60 further modified E class Gripens were ordered with the first plane to join the Air force in 2018.

At RIAT 2022, the commander of the Swedish Air Force stated that the air force in the future (2030) will consist of 60 Jas 39C/D and 60 Jas 39E in a total of 7 fighter squadrons.

In November 2022, the Strategic Defence Plan was published in which it was announced that all NH90 helicopters will be phased out and replaced, additional Sikorsky Black Hawks will be ordered for the tactical transport role, a new medium sized helicopter for the ASW/ASuW role will be selected.

Saab JAS 39 Gripen E
Today the Swedish Air Force main fighter is the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, in the C/D versions. By 2018 95 fighters were active with about 30 of these being updated from the A version.

The heavily modernised E version will replace the current fleet of Gripen Cs. The new aircraft includes a new Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, and is powered by the General Electric F414G. It carries more fuel and weapons. The upgrade also includes new weapon systems like the Meteor missile system. In 2013, Saab signed an agreement with the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration for 60 new Gripen in the E version. The first aircraft is to join the Swedish Air Force by 2018. JAS 39C is expected to remain in service until 2030.

Military transport aircraft
The Swedish C-130 Hercules (TP 84) were bought from the United States in the 1960s and has been updated several times. The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration has been tasked to update the aircraft so they can remain in service to 2030. There are also plans to buy new aircraft by 2024 to replace the current fleet. As part of the Heavy Airlift Wing cooperation, Sweden also operates three Boeing C-17 which are located at Pápa Air Base in Hungary.

Training aircraft
Sweden used the Saab 105 as the primary jet-trainer until phase out per June 2024. About 40 planes were operational. Designed in the 1960s the aircraft is starting to show its age and were gradually phased out from active service. The Swedish Air Force has selected the Grob G 120TP as its new Basic Trainer Aircraft, designated SK 40. 10 aircraft have been ordered and delivered but due to work environment problems caused by high workload the implementation of the new planes have been put on hold temporarily.

Saab GlobalEye AEW&C
Sweden will procure the Saab GlobalEye airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platform to replace its two S100D/ASC890. The Swedish Armed Forces submitted an official request to the government to buy the Saab GlobalEye platform on October 1, 2021. On October 24, 2021 the Swedish government approved the purchase to replace its old S100D/ASC890.

On 30 June 2022 SAAB and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) signed a contract for the acquisition of 2 GlobalEye aircraft, to be designated S 106 in Swedish service. The deal is valued at 7,3 billion SEK (US$710 million) and deliveries are scheduled for 2027. The contract also includes the option to procure up to 2 additional GlobalEye aircraft.

Ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
 * Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
 * Other ranks

People

 * Bengt Nordenskiöld
 * Lars Olausson

title: Swedish Air Force


text:
Takako Doi

Takako Doi (土井 たか子) was a prominent Japanese politician from 1980 until her retirement in 2005. She was the first female Lower House Speaker in Japan, the highest position a female politician has ever held in the country's modern history, as well as the country's first female Opposition Leader.

Early years
Doi was born in Hyōgo Prefecture and graduated from Doshisha University, where she studied law. She was elected to the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Diet, as a member of the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) in 1969, representing the 2nd district of Hyōgo. She spent her first ten years in the House on the sidelines, but came to national attention in 1980 when she was highly critical of Japan's unequal treatment of women, specifically about women-only home economics degrees and the father-dominated family registration law. She pressured the Diet to sign the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985.

Doi became Vice Chair of the JSP in 1983 and the first female leader of a political party division in Japanese history in 1986, as chair of the JSP Central Policy Division. The JSP took a record high number of seats in 1990, when it won 136 seats in the House of Representatives, partly because of Doi's popularity, but she resigned her party post in 1991, in the wake of the Gulf War.

In 1994, no party held a majority in the House and the JSP took the lead in forming a coalition government. The JSP's president, Tomiichi Murayama, became Prime Minister. However, the coalition collapsed in 1996 and, following a disastrous electoral defeat for the JSP later that year, Doi returned to lead the party.

Party leader
Doi was a popular opposition politician, but as party leader she saw her party collapse. Her chief act as leader was to rename the JSP as the Social Democratic Party (SDP), in 1996. Moderating the characters for "Socialism" by adding "Democratic" to the party name, Doi said that she wanted to form a more moderate party and bring more women into politics. Doi was responsible for recruiting young women with grass-roots activist backgrounds, such as Kiyomi Tsujimoto, into the party.

In 1998, former members of the JSP and of other parties formed the Democratic Party of Japan, and the SDP became a third-tier opposition party, watching its numbers steadily decline. The SDP was a minor party by the time the reality of the Japanese abductees taken by North Korea came to light in 2003. Doi's status plummeted as her earlier statements telling abductee families to "get over it" were shown on television, as was Doi's comment in Pyongyang in 1987 at the birthday party of Kim Il Sung: "We JSP members respect the glorious success of DPRK under the great leader Kim Il Sung." Doi apologized to the families and claimed that North Korean authorities had been deceiving her all along, but resigned the party leadership soon after. In 1989, Doi, together with Naoto Kan, Keiko Chiba, Tomiichi Murayama and other 129 Japanese politicians from Japan Socialist Party, Socialist Democratic Federation and Komeito signed a petition to the South Korean President Roh Tae-woo for the release of North Korean spies including Sin Gwang-su who had kidnapped a Japanese person in June 1980.

Loss of seats
Doi lost her directly elected seat in the House of Representatives in the 2003 election but remained in the House, having won a seat under the proportional representation system. She lost this seat in 2005 elections.

Death
She died in a hospital in Hyogo Prefecture of pneumonia on September 20, 2014, at the age of 85.

title: Takako Doi


text:
User:Dann

Dann is a University professor of Environmental Science and Policy, and a Potomac River, International waters and Sustainability expert. He formerly served as a United Nations project manager for the Global Environment Facility's International Waters portfolio. =Wikipedia Contributions=

His Wikipedia Contributions include:

As Creator or a Primary Contributor

 * The Global Environment Facility
 * International Waters
 * Potomac River
 * Student Pugwash USA
 * World Water Day

As Contributing Editor

 * Artibonite River and Artibonite Valley
 * Atlantic sturgeon
 * Ecosystem services
 * List of lakes
 * Law of the Sea

As Potential Editor/Contributor

 * Ecological Articles:
 * Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)
 * List of LMEs

 * Historical Articles:
 * the Double Naughts (2000s)

=Notes for Potential Articles/Edits=

Karlodinium
A dinoflagellate that can form dense reddish-brown harmful algal blooms with toxins lethal to fish, according to the Bay Journal.

The Double Naughts
Concise history by year of the period (2000-2009), in the spirit of historian Martin Gilbert's A History of the Twentieth Century : The Concise Edition of the Acclaimed World History (ISBN 006050594X). Double naughts is a neologism joining double knots with 2-naught-naught (the first three digits of each of this decade's years), thus implying this decade exhibited more global angst (knots) than in the recent past (in notable contrast to 1990s' euphoria).

<!--

Things to redact into narrative:

2001

 * September 11: September_11_Terrorist_Attacks

2002

 * Johannesburg Earth Summit / MDGs
 * Floods in Europe (or was this 2001?)

Issues

 * War and Peace
 * Middle East:
 * Iraq War (rift between US and Europe; UK/Japanese governments and public, etc.)
 * Roadmap vs. Israeli wall
 * Terrorism:
 * Afghanistan
 * bombings in Turkey, elsewhere
 * Nuclear standoffs:
 * North Korea
 * Iran

 * Human Rights/Civil Society
 * Detainees at Guantanamo
 * Washington, DC vs. Bagdad civil rights

 * Environment and Distasters
 * Hurricane Isabel and blackouts in N. Am

 * Exploration and Innovation

Dates/Events

 * January_2003
 * Lula takes Brazil into new era. (2003)
 * US Dept. of Homeland Security launched. (2003)

 * February_2003
 * 2nd space shuttle disaster (Feb 1). (2003)
 * 6 Million protest war in Iraq (Feb 15) (2003)

 * March_2003
 * Year of Freshwater: World Water Forum in Japan (note stats on those without access to freshwater)
 * North Korea asserts nuclear initiative

 * WHO SARS alert (2003)
 * March 29 - WHO doctor Carlo Urbani, who first identified SARS, dies of the disease.

 * PM of Serbia assassinated (2003)
 * March 15 - Hu Jintao is elected president of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin. (2003)

 * Revising rationale for War on Iraq (+later lack of evidence)
 * March 19 - Sen. Robert Byrd (D-W. Va.) gives a speech in the Senate, saying "I weep for my country" as he attests that America is discarding its image of a strong, benevolent peacekeeper.
 * March 20 - 2003 Iraq war: Land troops from United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invade Iraq, preceded by a surgical air strike on the suspected bunker of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad.
 * March 22 - The United States and the United Kingdom begin their shock and awe campaign

 * April_2003
 * April 9 - US forces seize control of Baghdad, apparently ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.

 * May_2003
 * Bush declares end of major phase of Iraqi hostilies (?), US casualties: (hundreds) ; Iraqi: ???

 * June_2003
 * July_2003
 * July 1 - 500,000 Hongkongers march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which redefined treason controversially.
 * July 5 - SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.
 * EU July 18 - Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European constitution.

 * August_2003
 * August 2 - The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.
 * August 2 - Scientists announce that the ozone layer may be showing signs of recovery due to an international ban on chlorofluorocarbons.
 * August 11 - NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
 * August 14 - Widespread power outage affects northeast United States and Canada.
 * August 27 - Perigee of Mars
 * EXTREMISM September 10 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day

 * September_2003
 * EU September 14 - Sweden rejects adopting the Euro in a referendum. (Results.)
 * EU September 14 - Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
 * SPACE September 27 - ESA's Smart 1 lunar satellite is launched.
 * Weather: Hurricane Isabel

 * October_2003
 * October 15 - China launches Shenzhou 5, their first crewed space mission.
 * China joins manned space exploration (October 14-16, 2003)
 * October 24 - Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.

 * November_2003
 * Revolution of [the] Roses: November 23 - Beleaguered Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over flawed elections.
 * Northern Ireland parliament tilts to extremes
 * India and Pakistan move towards restoring normal relations
 * Robert Mugabe vs. British Commonwealth
 * Bush's surprise visit to Iraq
 * Japanese lose (spy) satellites shortly after launch
 * SPACE November 26 - Last ever flight by Concorde.
 * HEALTH December 1 - the use of hand- held mobile phones, while driving, is made illegal, in the UK.
 * SPACE December 17 - Wright brothers first flight Centennial
 * DISC/ECOL: Japanese newly discover species of whale;
 * ECOL: Huge jellyfish (Stomolophus nomurai) flurish nr. Sea of Japan for second year in a row (first discovered in East China Sea, eaten by Chinese.  More than a metre (3.3ft) wide and weighing about 100kgs (220lbs), can grow up to 15'! Rising sea temperatures blamed for occasional appearance in 1920s.

 * December_2003
 * Taiwan pushes envelop towards independence w/proposed referendum re: Chinese missiles aimed at the island. US "kowtows" to Beijing, in words of Washington Post editorial (2003-12-10).
 * Japanese Mars explorer, in space for several years, is off course and aborted.
 * Iraqi Council to dissolve in July 2004
 * Africa Water meeting (see IISD.org)

2004
-->

-

title: User:Dann


text:
Namibia national rugby union team

The Namibia national rugby union team represents Namibia in men's international rugby union competitions nicknamed the Welwitschias, are a tier-two nation in the World Rugby tier system, and have participated in seven Rugby World Cup competitions since their first appearance in 1999. They are governed by the Namibia Rugby Union.

Namibia has been playing international rugby since the early 1900s. As well as having competed at the World Cup, Namibia annually competes in the Africa Cup. Until independence, players for Namibia were also eligible to represent South Africa, with Namibian-born Springboks including Jan Ellis.

1990s
Rugby union has been played in Namibia since 1916 when it was introduced by soldiers from South Africa who had invaded the German-run colony.

Before Namibia gained its independence in 1990, the team, as South West Africa, played in South Africa's domestic club competition, the Currie Cup. The team achieved their best result in the 1988 season, where they finished third.

The Namibia Rugby Union was formed in March 1990, and it joined the International Rugby Board in the same month. Independence came too late for Namibia to qualify for the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Hardened by regular, tough competition in the Currie Cup, the first few years of Namibian rugby union were relatively successful, their highest point being 2–0 home series victories over Ireland and Italy in 1991. That year the Welwitschias won all 10 of their Tests, the others being five victories against Zimbabwe and one against Portugal in Lisbon. One of Namibia's players, Andre Stoop was signed by English champion rugby league club, Wigan.

During the international seasons Namibia played six games; the first of which was a 55–23 win over Zimbabwe. Following another victory over Zimbabwe, in 1993 Namibia played Wales in Windhoek, losing 23–38. Namibia completed big victories over the Arabian Gulf rugby team, Kenya and Zimbabwe in the initial rounds of 1995 Rugby World Cup qualifying.

Russia toured Namibia in 1994, defeating the home team 31–12 in Windhoek. Although Namibia defeated Zimbabwe that year, the team lost to Côte d'Ivoire and drew with Morocco (all in Casablanca). In 1996 Namibia played two matches; losing 13–15 to Zimbabwe, and then defeating them by one point in a subsequent meeting. They played two games in 1997 as well, losing to Tonga and Zimbabwe.

During 1998 Namibia took part in the African tournaments for 1999 Rugby World Cup qualification. They started out in Round 3, where they finished second in the pool behind Zimbabwe on points difference (defeating Zimbabwe but losing to Tunisia). Namibia defeated Côte d'Ivoire, Morocco and Zimbabwe to qualify for the 1999 Rugby World Cup.

The team's participation was put in doubt when the Namibian government's Sports Commission barred the team from participating in a South African competition it had been using as preparation, and threatened to stop the team from taking part in the World Cup. This followed criticisms from non-white rugby clubs that the Namibian Rugby Union displayed racist attitudes. Ultimately, however, the team were allowed to take part.

The 1999 World Cup marked their debut at the tournament and since then they have been Africa's second representative alongside South Africa. While they suffered heavy defeats by France, Fiji and Canada, they took pride in scoring an early try and being level with France after 20 minutes.

2000–present
With a small player base, and lacking frequent or strong competition, the team has deteriorated in the 21st century. Their record in the World Cups has been poor as they have not yet managed a win. Their record defeat, 142–0 against Australia in the 2003 tournament, led to some questioning the presence of the minor teams at the tournament.

Namibia initially struggled in the qualifiers for the 2007 tournament, suffering a shock defeat to Kenya, their first ever to the African Great Lakes nation, and another to Tunisia. Following the Kenya loss, the Namibian squad slumped to 28th in the IRB rankings. However, after defeating Tunisia at home, the team was effectively through to two deciding matches against Morocco, to determine which of the two African nations would make it to France in 2007. Namibia convincingly won both legs, qualifying for the World Cup.

As the lowest ranked team at the start of the 2007 World Cup, Namibia was given no chance in its opening game of against Ireland. However, the Namibian squad frustrated Ireland, then the 5th ranked team in the world, and scored two tries for its narrowest World Cup loss of 17–32. They were convincingly beaten in their games with Argentina (63–3) and France (87–10). And, in the game in which they were seen as having the best chance to win, they suffered a disappointing 30–0 loss to Georgia, to end the tournament winless.

The African side was able to win the IRB Nations Cup in 2010.

Namibia achieved their fourth World Cup qualification in a row after defeating Côte d'Ivoire in 2011. They were drawn into Pool D, with South Africa, Wales, Fiji and Samoa. Their first match in the Rugby World Cup held in New Zealand (at the Rotorua International Stadium) resulted in a defeat by Fiji by 45–29. Their second match in this tournament was a 49–12 loss to Samoa but the third was an 87–0 loss to South Africa. In their final pool game, Wales proved to be too strong, as Namibia conceded 12 tries in an 81–7 defeat. Theuns Kotzé provided his side's one consolation, as his conversion of a Heinz Koll try made him Namibia's all-time highest Rugby World Cup points scorer.

The Welwitschias played the 2015 Vodacom Cup, collecting six defeats and one win against the Limpopo Blue Bulls. Namibia qualified for their fourth Rugby World Cup in 2015. They were placed in Pool C with New Zealand, Georgia, Tonga and Argentina. They managed to lose to Georgia by a single point (17–16), their best result ever and winning their first bonus point at the competition.

They qualified for the 2019 Rugby World Cup for the sixth time by winning the Rugby Africa Gold Cup and joined pool B along with South Africa, New Zealand, Italy and Canada. The team lost to New Zealand, South Africa and Italy, while the match versus Canada was cancelled because of Typhoon Hagibis.

South West Africa Record vs Touring Teams
Before independence Namibia played as South West Africa and played touring teams who toured South Africa.

Overall Record
Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Namibia national XV at test level up until 17 July 2024.

Current squad
On 21 June, Allister Coetzee named a 36-player squad for their July international matches against Blue Bulls and Portugal.

Head Coach: Allister Coetzee
 * Caps Updated: 13 July 2024

Most caps
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023.

Most tries
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023.

Most points
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Most points in a match
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Most tries in a match
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Most matches as captain
Last updated: Namibia vs Uruguay, 27 September 2023. Statistics include officially capped matches only.

Past coaches
Since the 1999 Rugby World Cup

title: Namibia national rugby union team


text:
El Mozote massacre

The El Mozote massacre took place both in and around the village of El Mozote, in the Morazán Department, El Salvador, on December 11 and 12, 1981, when the Salvadoran Army killed more than 811 civilians during the Salvadoran Civil War. The army had arrived in the village on the 10th, following clashes with guerrillas in the area. The Salvadoran Army's Atlácatl Battalion, under the orders of Domingo Monterrosa was responsible for the massacre.

In December 2011, the government of El Salvador apologized for the massacre, the largest in the Americas in modern times.

Background
In 1981, various left-wing guerrilla groups coalesced into the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front to do battle against El Salvador's military dictatorship, the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador.

Prior to the massacre, unlike many villages in the area, El Mozote had a reputation for neutrality. While many of its neighbors were largely Catholic, and were therefore often influenced by liberation theology and sympathetic to the guerrillas, El Mozote was largely Evangelical Protestant. The village had sold some supplies to the guerrillas but it was also "a place where the guerrillas had learned not to look for recruits". The people residing in the village maintained a low commercial relationship with guerrillas for their own safety, but did not ideologically associate with them due to the people's identity of being evangelical Christians.

Prior to the massacre, the town's wealthiest man, Marcos Díaz, had gathered the citizens in order to warn them that the army would soon pass through the area in a counterinsurgency operation, but he had been assured that the town's residents would not be harmed if they remained in place. Concerned that fleeing the town would cause them to be mistaken for guerrillas, the townspeople chose to stay and they also extended an offer of protection to peasants from the surrounding area, who soon flooded the town.

Massacre
In his 1994 book, The Massacre at El Mozote, American journalist Mark Danner compiled various reports in order to reconstruct an account of the massacre:

December 10
On the afternoon of December 10, 1981, units of the Salvadoran Army's Atlácatl Battalion, which was created in 1980 at the U.S. Army's School of the Americas, arrived at the remote village of El Mozote after a clash with guerrillas in the vicinity. The Atlácatl was a "rapid deployment infantry battalion" specially trained for counter-insurgency warfare, and led by Domingo Monterrosa. It was the first unit of its kind in the Salvadoran armed forces, and was trained by United States military advisors. Its mission, Operación Rescate ("Operation Rescue"), was to eliminate the rebel presence in a small region of northern Morazán where the FMLN had two camps and a training centre.

El Mozote consisted of about 20 houses on open ground around a square. Facing onto the square was a church and, behind it, was a small building which was known as "the convent". The priest used it to change into his vestments when he came to the village to celebrate Mass. Near the village was a small schoolhouse.

Upon their arrival in the village, the soldiers discovered that, in addition to being filled with its residents, the village was also filled with campesinos who had fled from the surrounding area and sought refuge in it. The soldiers ordered everyone to leave their houses and go into the square. They made people lie face down and searched them and questioned them about the guerrillas. They then ordered the villagers to lock themselves in their houses until the next day and warned them that anyone who came out would be shot. The soldiers remained in the village during the night.

December 11 and 12
Early the next morning, the soldiers reassembled the entire village in the square. They separated the men from the women and children, divided them into separate groups and locked them in the church, the convent, and various houses.

During the morning, they proceeded to interrogate, torture, and execute the men in several locations. Around noon, they began taking the women and older girls in groups, separating them from their children and murdering them with machine guns after raping them. Girls as young as 10 were raped, and soldiers were reportedly heard bragging about how they especially liked the 12-year-old girls. Finally, they killed the children, at first by slitting their throats, and later by hanging them from trees; one child killed in this manner was reportedly two years old. After killing the entire population, the soldiers set fire to the buildings.

The soldiers remained in El Mozote that night but, the next day, went to the village of Los Toriles and carried out a further massacre. Men, women, and children were taken from their homes, lined up, robbed, and shot, and their homes then set ablaze.

Initial reports and controversy
News of the massacre first appeared in the world media on January 27, 1982, in reports published by The New York Times and The Washington Post. Raymond Bonner wrote in The New York Times of seeing "the charred skulls and bones of dozens of bodies buried under burned-out roofs, beams, and shattered tiles". The villagers gave Bonner a list of 733 names, mostly children, women, and elderly, all of whom, they claimed, had been murdered by government soldiers. In response to the reporting, the Reagan White House went into overdrive behind the scenes, trying to convince as many influential reporters as possible that the stories were bogus, or that the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) rebels had staged the massacre. The N.Y. Times ultimately yanked Bonner out of El Salvador and reassigned him to a business beat—although the newspaper never acknowledged a single error in Bonner’s reporting.

Alma Guillermoprieto of The Washington Post, who visited the village separately a few days later, wrote of "dozens of decomposing bodies still seen beneath the rubble and lying in nearby fields, despite the month that has passed since the incident... countless bits of bones—skulls, rib cages, femurs, a spinal column—poked out of the rubble".

Both reporters cited Rufina Amaya, a witness who had escaped into a tree during the attack. She told the reporters that the army had killed her husband and her four children (the youngest of whom was eight months old) and had then lit the bodies on fire.

Salvadoran Army and government leaders denied the reports and officials of the Reagan administration called them "gross exaggerations". The Associated Press reported that "the U.S. Embassy disputed the reports, saying its own investigation had found... that no more than 300 people had lived in El Mozote." Edward S. Herman has argued that the coverage of the massacre has been biased.

The conservative organization Accuracy in Media accused the Times and Post of timing their stories to release them just before the congressional debate. Five months later, Accuracy in Media devoted an entire edition of its AIM Report to Bonner in which its editor Reed Irvine declared, "Mr. Bonner had been worth a division to the communists in Central America." Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Thomas O. Enders attacked Bonner and Guillermoprieto before a Senate committee, stating that there had been a battle between guerrillas and the army, but "no evidence could be found to confirm that government forces systematically massacred civilians." Enders also repeated the claim that only 300 people had lived in El Mozote, and it was impossible for the death toll to have reached that reported in the Times and Post stories.

On February 8, Elliott Abrams, assistant secretary of state for human rights and humanitarian affairs, told the committee that "it appears to be an incident that is at least being significantly misused, at the very best, by the guerrillas."

In February, in an editorial, "The Media's War", The Wall Street Journal criticized Bonner's reporting as "overly credulous" and "out on a limb". In Time magazine, William A. Henry III wrote a month later, "An even more crucial if common oversight is the fact that women and children, generally presumed to be civilians, can be active participants in guerrilla war. New York Times correspondent Raymond Bonner underplayed that possibility, for example, in a much-protested January 27 report of a massacre by the army in and around the village of [El] Mozote." The first U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador of Ronald Reagan's presidency, Deane R. Hinton, called Bonner an "advocate journalist". Bonner was recalled to New York in August and later left the paper.

Although attacked less vigorously than Bonner, Guillermoprieto was also a target of criticism. A Reagan official wrote a letter to the Post stating that she had once worked for a communist newspaper in Mexico, which Guillermoprieto denied.

Rufina Amaya's Account
Rufina Amaya was a Salvadoran woman who tragically became a symbol of the brutalities of the Salvadoran Civil War. In December 1981, during the Salvadoran Civil War, government soldiers massacred over 700 civilians in the village of El Mozote, including many women and children. Rufina Amaya was one of the few survivors of the massacre. Her husband and four children were among those killed.

Her account details how on the day leading up to December 10th, 1981, "Everything was closer every day, louder every day, and finally, by that day, the people were hiding in their houses." She explains how when the Atlácatl men arrived they were armed with M16s and shouted, "Salgan!" ("Get out here!") They walked out in the twilight hesitantly and did not know what was happening.

The soldiers cursed the citizens of El Mozote out and herded them into the center of the town with the butts of their rifles. Rufina Amaya, Domingo Carlos (her husband), Marta Lilián (3 years old), Cristino (9 years old), Maria Dolores (5 years old), and Maria Isabel (8 months old) emerged outside and were told like everyone else to lie face down and consequently were pushed down into the dirt. The sound of children crying and soldiers giving orders was all you could hear in the darkness. People would be kicked on the ground and subsequently asked questions about the "guerrillas." The soldiers thought the people of El Mozote were hiding these guerrillas in their town and were against the government of El Salvador.

Rufina said, "They were very abusive. We couldn't do anything. They all had guns. We had to obey." She thought they, "were sentenced to death right there," in that moment. Finally, they were ordered to stand up and return to their houses. The soldiers said they didn't want to see, "even so much as their noses" poke outside of the house. Amaya explains how the houses were packed full of people and the wailing children made the conditions even worse. The soldiers in the center of the town were singing and laughing as they shot their guns into the sky. The children in the house were hungry and afraid and "we could do nothing for them."

The soldiers again ordered the citizens outside and told them to "Form lines! Men and older boys over here! Women and children over there!" The soldiers looked them up and down as a helicopter arrived. Men were ordered into the church and the women and children were crowded into the house of Alfredo Marquez. The soldiers of the Atlacatl thought the people of El Mozote were collaborators. The helicopter then took off and left.

Rufina could hear shouting from the church. They could hear the men yelling, "No! No! Don't do this to us! Don't kill us!" She and her eldest son looked out the window to see what was going on and the soldiers were leading groups of men out of the church. She saw her husband try to escape as he was led out, but there was nowhere to go. Rufina's husband was shot with burst rounds of M-16s. Where they lay the soldiers brought out machetes and beheaded them with strong blows to the backs of their necks. Rufina hugged her children as she cried and her son was shouting, "They killed my father!" Many men from the church were continually throughout the night and at 8 o'clock many men were decapitated after being interrogated.

The next morning groups of 10 men were continually led to a hill known as El Pinalito. Where in the distance Rufina could hear gunshots from the house and only the soldiers would return. "All morning you could hear the shots, the crying, and the screaming."

Later that day, soldiers came back and said, "Now it's your turn, women." Younger women and girls were led out first and led to the hills of El Chingo and La Cruz. From the house, Rufina could hear the screams of the women who were led to the hills where they were raped.

The soldiers came back from the hills and began to separate women and children. They would take groups of women, one after another. Rufina was found in the last group of women. She fought against the soldiers who were taking her away from her 4 children. The women were marched down the main streets and could see houses burning and blood on the ground. They were led to the house of Israel Marquez and the women at the front of the line screamed because they saw pools of blood on the floor and piles of bloody corpses. Women were heard screaming, "There are dead people! They're killing people!" The women struggled and the soldiers said, "Don't cry, women. Here comes the devil to take you."

At this moment, as Rufina felt death upon her, fell to her knees asking, "god to forgive my sins." She explained how she was at the feet of the soldiers "between a crab-apple and a pine tree." She thinks this is how she was saved. With all the commotion going on around her, the soldiers lost track of her and she crawled between the trees and hid. She says, "I couldn't move, couldn't even cry. I had to remain absolutely still and silent. She witnessed the women grabbing each other and led into the house where she then heard shots and screams. Rufina continued to hear the cries of terror, the screaming, the begging, and the shooting.

Rufina hid in the trees as the houses were burned to the ground. The soldiers at this moment she heard contemplating what to do with the children. Some of the soldiers were against killing the kids, but the others said, "We have orders to finish everyone and we have to complete our orders. That's it." The soldiers felt that the guerrilla notion would grow up in the children eventually to the point where the children would become the guerrillas.

Later that night, Rufina began to hear cries from the house where the children were. She could hear her son Cristino crying, "Mama Rufina, help me! They're killing me! They killed my sister! They're killing me! Help me!" Rufina didn't want to hear the cries so she crawled away into a bush. She dug a little hole for her face so she could cry and not be heard. As the night went on, the soldiers were ordered to burn the houses and the church to the ground. She witnessed the buildings go up in flames and screams from inside the building of the people who were still alive in some capacity. Where she first escaped and lay, soldiers thought they saw a woman and fired rounds into the area she used to be. She lay still all night making sure the soldiers would not hear or see her. She witnessed everything that went down and finally, the soldiers left after massacring El Mozote.

Later investigation
On October 26, 1990, a criminal complaint was filed against the Atlácatl Battalion for the massacre by Pedro Chicas Romero of La Joya. Romero had survived the massacre himself by hiding in a cave above the town. When Romero filed the complaint with the Court of the First Instance in the San Francisco Gotera, he used Rufina Amaya, sole survivor of the El Mozote Massacre, as his witness.

In 1992, as part of the peace settlement established by the Chapultepec Peace Accords signed in Mexico City on January 16 of that year, the United Nations-sanctioned Truth Commission for El Salvador investigating human rights abuses committed during the war, supervised the exhumations of the El Mozote's remains by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), beginning November 17. The excavation confirmed the previous reports of Bonner and Guillermoprieto that hundreds of civilians had been killed on the site.

The Salvadoran minister of defense and the chief of the armed forces joint staff informed the truth commission that they had no information that would make it possible to identify the units and officers who participated in Operación Rescate. They claimed that there were no records for the period. The truth commission stated in its final report: "There is full proof that on December 11, 1981, in the village of El Mozote, units of the Atlácatl Battalion deliberately and systematically killed a group of more than 200 men, women and children, constituting the entire civilian population that they had found there the previous day and had since been holding prisoner... there is [also] sufficient evidence that in the days preceding and following the El Mozote massacre, troops participating in "Operation Rescue" massacred the non-combatant civilian population in La Joya canton, in the villages of La Rancheria, Jocote Amatillo y Los Toriles, and in Cerro Pando canton."

In 1993, El Salvador passed an amnesty law for all individuals implicated by UN investigations, which effectively exempted the army from prosecution. That year, Danner published an article in the December 6 issue of The New Yorker. His article, "The Truth of El Mozote", caused widespread consternation, as it rekindled the debate regarding the United States' role in Central America during the violence-torn 1970s and 1980s. He subsequently expanded the article into a book, The Massacre at El Mozote (1994). In a prefatory remark, Danner wrote: "That in the United States it came to be known, that it was exposed to the light and then allowed to fall back into the dark, makes the story of El Mozote—how it came to happen and how it came to be denied—a central parable of the Cold War."

In 1993, a special state department panel that examined the actions of U.S. diplomats vis-à-vis human rights in El Salvador concluded that "mistakes were certainly made... particularly in the failure to get the truth about the December 1981 massacre at El Mozote." In his study of the media and the Reagan administration, On Bended Knee, U.S. author Mark Hertsgaard wrote of the significance of the first reports of the massacre:

"What made the Morazan massacre stories so threatening was that they repudiated the fundamental moral claim that undergirded US policy. They suggested that what the United States was supporting in Central America was not democracy but repression. They therefore threatened to shift the political debate from means to ends, from how best to combat the supposed Communist threat—send US troops or merely US aid?—to why the United States was backing state terrorism in the first place."

A later court decision overturned the amnesty for defendants suspected of "egregious human rights violations" but attempts by Salvadoran lawyers to reopen the case repeatedly failed.

Legacy
On March 7, 2005, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States reopened an investigation into the El Mozote massacre based on the evidence found by the Argentine forensic anthropologists. As of December 2011, activists continued to lobby the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to hear the case.

In a January 2007 report in The Washington Post, a former Salvadoran soldier, José Wilfredo Salgado, told of returning to El Mozote several months after the massacre and collecting the skulls of the youngest victims, whose remains were exposed by recent rains, for "candleholders and good-luck charms".

In December 2011, the Salvadoran government formally apologized for the massacre, in a ceremony in the town. Foreign Minister Hugo Martinez, speaking on the government's behalf, called the massacre the "blindness of state violence" and asked for forgiveness.

In October 2012, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered El Salvador to investigate the El Mozote massacre and bring those responsible to justice. The court ruled that an amnesty law did not cover the killings.

On June 2, 2019, newly sworn in President of El Salvador, Nayib Bukele, ordered the removal of Colonel Domingo Monterrosa's name from the Third Infantry Brigade barracks in San Miguel. The United Nations blamed Colonel Monterrosa for ordering the El Mozote massacre.

In November 2021, the Bukele administration proposed a Foreign Agents Law that would require individuals and organizations that receive funding from sources outside of El Salvador to register as foreign agents. Human rights organizations such as Cristosal, an advocate for justice in the El Mozote case, warned that the adoption of such a bill would threaten the operation of human rights groups, labeling them as “foreign agents” and slowing their ability to investigate the happenings of the El Mozote massacre.

2016 reopening of inquiry
In 2016, Judge Jorge Guzmán reopened the judicial inquiry into the massacre, following the overturning of the amnesty law by the Salvadoran Supreme Court. However, the inquiry faced obstruction from the Bukele administration. President Bukele ordered the army to block Guzmán from executing a search warrant at the military archives and barracks and further accused Guzmán and the families of the victims of being part of a plot against his government.

In April 2021, Stanford professor Terry Karl testified before the inquiry that United States military advisor Allen Bruce Hazelwood was likely present during the massacre, based on documents and interviews. According to Karl, Hazelwood was with Colonel Monterrosa at the Atlácatl barracks at the start of the massacre, and accompanied Monterrosa by helicopter to the ongoing massacre. Karl alleged that the United States government engaged in a "sophisticated cover-up operation" to conceal the massacre and American presence. Karl also revealed that in 1982, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights Elliot Abrams told the director of Human Rights Watch about the presence of an American advisor at El Mozote in private conversation. Hazelwood denied the allegations of being present during the massacre, stating that he was actually 100 miles away training soldiers of the Atlácatl Battalion at the time.

In September 2021, the inquiry was effectively ended as Guzmán was removed as judge and forced to retire by Bukele following judicial reforms many saw as being targeted against the inquiry. Guzmán and other judges who opposed his firing have since faced harassment and retaliation by unknown perpetrators, the police, and government officials

title: El Mozote massacre


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Sampo Group

Sampo Group is a significant Nordic insurance group made up of the parent company Sampo plc, If P&C Insurance, Danish insurer Topdanmark and British P&C insurer Hastings Insurance, all of which are its subsidiaries. The parent company in Helsinki administers the subsidiaries. Sampo Group employs over 13,500 employees. Torbjörn Magnusson is the CEO of Sampo Group. Antti Mäkinen was elected as Chair of the Board of Sampo on 17 May 2023.

Largest shareholders of Sampo plc are Finnish national institutions (Government of Finland and State Pension Fund) as well as Varma Mutual Pension Insurance Company, Ilmarinen Mutual Pension Insurance Company, Sampo plc itself and Elo Mutual Pension Insurance Company.

Sampo Group had a banking operations under the name of Sampo Bank between 2000 and 2006. In November 2006, it was disclosed that the banking business of Sampo was sold to the Danish Danske Bank so that Sampo could concentrate on its insurance business. The proceeds of the sale were invested in the shares of Nordea, the largest bank in the Nordic region. Sampo sold its entire holding in Nordea in April 2022.

If is the leading property and casualty insurer in the Nordic region, with more than 3.7 million customers in the Nordic and Baltic countries. If offers insurance and services in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Sustainability
In 2017, Sampo plc published the first group-level sustainability report. In 2019, the Group joined the UN Global Compact initiative and signed the UN PRI. In addition to the group-level sustainability reporting, each individual Sampo Group company publishes their own sustainability reports annually.

History
The story of Sampo began in 1909, when the Mutual Insurance Company Sampo was established in Turku, Finland.

The 1980s were a turning point in Sampo's history. In 1987, Sampo changed its company type from a mutual insurance company to a limited company. The company's insurance customers became shareholders, and Sampo was listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange in January 1988.

The merger of Sampo and state-owned Leonia Bank was the number one business news story at the turn of the millennium. Sampo's Annual General Meeting approved the merger in April 2000. The Finnish state became the largest owner of Sampo-Leonia.

Leonia Bank became Sampo Bank in February 2001, and Investment Bank Mandatum joined Sampo Group later that spring. In 2002, Sampo became a shareholder in the Nordic insurance company P&C.

In 2006, Sampo announced a divestment that went down in Finnish economic history. The company sold its banking business to the Danish Danske Bank for more than €4,000,000,000 (US$4,500,000,000).

Nowadays, Sampo Group consists of the parent company Sampo plc and the subsidiaries: If, Topdanmark, and Hastings. Through its subsidiaries, Sampo operates in: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Baltic countries, and Great Britain.

Shareholders
Sampo plc's A share has been listed on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki (former Helsinki Stock Exchange) since January 1988. In terms of market capitalization Sampo plc is one of the largest companies listed on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki.

Foreign and nominee registered owners had 61.41% of Sampo plc's shares (31 Jan 2023). At the end of 2022, Sampo plc had over 198,000 shareholders.

Mandatum
Mandatum is one of Finland's financial services providers. They provide a variety of services, including wealth management, investments, personal risk insurance as well as incentive and reward solutions.

The partial demerger of Sampo plc became effective on 1 October 2023 and Mandatum was separated from Sampo Group.

Nordea
Nordea Bank Abp, commonly referred to as Nordea, is a Nordic financial services group operating in Northern Europe. In October 2009, Sampo plc received permission from Swedish authorities to acquire more than 20% of Nordea. Sampo sold its entire holding in Nordea in April 2022.

Name
In Finnish mythology, the name "Sampo" refers to a mythical machine that creates salt, food, flour and gold out of nothing.

title: Sampo Group


text:
Bognor (disambiguation)

Bognor may refer to:

Places

 * Bognor Regis, a town in Sussex, England simply called Bognor from 680 to 1930
 * Bognor Regis Town F.C., its football club
 * Bognor, Ontario, part of Meaford, Ontario, Canada

Other

 * Bognor (TV series), a British television series from 1981

title: Bognor (disambiguation)