text:
Bupropion

Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. Bupropion, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder.

Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizures, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. Bupropion use during pregnancy may be associated with increased likelihood of congenital heart defects.

Bupropion acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and a nicotinic receptor antagonist. However, its effects on dopamine are weak and clinical significance is contentious. Chemically, bupropion is an aminoketone that belongs to the class of substituted cathinones and more generally that of substituted amphetamines and substituted phenethylamines.

Bupropion was invented by Nariman Mehta, who worked at Burroughs Wellcome, in 1969. It was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1985. Bupropion was originally called by the generic name amfebutamone, before being renamed in 2000. In 2021, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 29million prescriptions. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Depression
The evidence overall supports the effectiveness of bupropion over placebo for the treatment of depression. Some peer-reviewed studies suggest the quality of evidence is low. Some meta-analyses report that bupropion has an at-most small effect size for depression. One meta-analysis reported a large effect size. However, there were methodological limitations with this meta-analysis, including using a subset of only five trials for the effect size calculation, substantial variability in effect sizes between the selected trials—which led the authors to state that their findings in this area should be interpreted with "extreme caution"—and general lack of inclusion of unpublished trials in the meta-analysis. Unpublished trials are more likely to be negative in findings, and other meta-analyses have included unpublished trials. Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of bupropion for depression is similar to that of other antidepressants.

Over the autumn and winter months, bupropion prevents development of depression in those who have recurring seasonal affective disorder: 15% of participants on bupropion experienced a major depressive episode vs. 27% of those on placebo. Bupropion also improves depression in bipolar disorder, with the efficacy and risk of affective switch being similar to other antidepressants.

Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: for instance, unlike the majority of antidepressants, it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, and the occurrence of sexual side effects is not different from placebo. Bupropion treatment is not associated with weight gain; on the contrary, the majority of studies observed significant weight loss in bupropion-treated participants. Bupropion treatment also is not associated with the sleepiness that may be produced by other antidepressants. Bupropion is more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue in depressed patients. Bupropion is effective in the treatment of anxious depression and, contrary to common belief, does not exacerbate anxiety in this context. The effectiveness of bupropion for anxious depression is equivalent to that of SSRIs in the case of depression with low or moderate anxiety, whereas SSRIs show a modest effectiveness advantage in terms of response rates for depression with high anxiety.

The addition of bupropion to a prescribed SSRI is a common strategy when people do not respond to the SSRI, and it is supported by clinical trials; however, it appears to be inferior to the addition of atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole.

Smoking cessation
Prescribed as an aid for smoking cessation, bupropion reduces the severity of craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms such as depressed mood, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and increased appetite. Initially, bupropion slows the weight gain that often occurs in the first weeks after quitting smoking. With time, however, this effect becomes negligible.

The bupropion treatment course lasts for seven to twelve weeks, with the patient halting the use of tobacco about ten days into the course. After the course, the effectiveness of bupropion for maintaining abstinence from smoking declines over time, from 37% of tobacco abstinence at 3 months to 20% at one year. It is unclear whether extending bupropion treatment helps to prevent relapse of smoking.

Overall, six months after the therapy, bupropion increases the likelihood of quitting smoking by approximately 1.6 fold as compared to placebo. In this respect, bupropion is as effective as nicotine replacement therapy but inferior to varenicline. Combining bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy does not improve the quitting rate.

In children and adolescents, the use of bupropion for smoking cessation does not appear to offer any significant benefits. The evidence for its use to aid smoking cessation in pregnant women is insufficient.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
In the United States, the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not an approved indication of bupropion, and it is not mentioned in the current (2019) guideline on the ADHD treatment from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Systematic reviews of bupropion for the treatment of ADHD in both adults and children note that bupropion may be effective for ADHD but warn that this conclusion has to be interpreted with caution, because clinical trials were of low quality due to small sizes and risk of bias. Similarly to atomoxetine, bupropion has a delayed onset of action for ADHD, and several weeks of treatment are required for therapeutic effects. This is in contrast to stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, which have an immediate onset of effect in the condition.

Sexual dysfunction
Bupropion is less likely than other antidepressants to cause sexual dysfunction. A range of studies indicate that bupropion not only produces fewer sexual side effects than other antidepressants but can actually help to alleviate sexual dysfunction including sexual dysfunction induced by SSRI antidepressants. There have also been small studies suggesting that bupropion or a bupropion/trazodone combination may improve some measures of sexual function in women who have hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and are not depressed. According to an expert consensus recommendation from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health, bupropion can be considered as an off-label treatment for HSDD despite limited safety and efficacy data. Likewise, a 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis of bupropion for sexual desire disorder in women reported that although data were limited, bupropion appeared to be dose-dependently effective for the condition.

Weight gain
Bupropion, when used for treating long term weight gain over a period of 6 to 12 months, results in an average weight loss of 2.7 kg (5.9 lbs) over placebo. This is not much different from the weight loss produced by several other weight-loss medications such as sibutramine or orlistat. The combination drug naltrexone/bupropion has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of obesity.

Other uses
Bupropion is not effective in the treatment of cocaine dependence, but it is showing promise in reducing drug use in treating amphetamine-type stimulant use and cravings. Based on studies indicating that bupropion lowers the level of the inflammatory mediator TNF-alpha, there have been suggestions that it might be useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and other autoimmune conditions, but very little clinical evidence is available. Bupropion is not effective in treating chronic low back pain.

Bupropion has been used to treat disorders of diminished motivation like apathy, abulia, and akinetic mutism. Accordingly, the drug has been found to increase effort expenditure and improve motivational deficits in animal models. However, only limited benefits of bupropion in the treatment of apathy have been observed in clinical trials in various conditions.

Available forms
Bupropion is available as an oral tablet in a number of different formulations. It is formulated mostly as the hydrochloride salt but also to a lesser extent as the hydrobromide salt. The available forms of bupropion hydrochloride include IR (instant-release) tablets (50, 75, 100mg), SR (sustained-release) tablets (50, 100, 150, 200mg), and XL (extended-release) tablets (150, 300, 450mg). The IR formulation is generally administered thrice daily, the SR formulation twice daily, and the XL formulation once daily. The only marketed form of bupropion hydrobromide is Aplenzin, an extended-release oral tablet taken once daily (174, 348, 522mg, equivalent to 150, 300, and 450mg of bupropion hydrochloride). In addition to single-drug formulations, bupropion is formulated in combinations including naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave; 8mg/90mg extended-release tablets) for obesity and dextromethorphan/bupropion (Auvelity; 45mg/105mg tablets) for depression.

Contraindications
The drug label advises that bupropion should not be prescribed to individuals with epilepsy or other conditions that lower the seizure threshold, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or benzodiazepine or alcohol withdrawal. It should be avoided in individuals who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The label recommends that caution should be exercised when treating people with liver damage, severe kidney disease, and severe hypertension, and in children, adolescents and young adults due to the increased risk of suicidal ideation.

Side effects
The common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Bupropion has the highest incidence of insomnia of all second-generation antidepressants, apart from desvenlafaxine. It is also associated with about 20% increased risk of headache.

Bupropion raises blood pressure in some people. One study showed an average rise of 6 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure in 10% of patients. The prescribing information notes that hypertension, sometimes severe, is observed in some people taking bupropion, both with and without pre-existing hypertension. Safety of bupropion in people with cardiovascular conditions and its general cardiovascular safety profile remain unclear due to the lack of data.

Seizure is a rare but serious adverse effect of bupropion. It is strongly dose-dependent: for the immediate release preparation, the seizure incidence is 0.4% at the dose 300–450 mg per day; the incidence climbs almost ten-fold for the higher than recommended dose of 600 mg. For comparison, the incidence of unprovoked seizure in the general population is 0.07–0.09%, and the risk of seizure for a variety of other antidepressants is generally 0–0.5% at the recommended doses.

Cases of liver toxicity leading to death or liver transplantation have been reported for bupropion. It is considered to be one of several antidepressants with greater risk of hepatotoxicity.

The prescribing information warns about bupropion triggering an angle-closure glaucoma attack. On the other hand, bupropion may decrease the risk of development of open angle glaucoma.

Bupropion use by mothers in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with 23% increase of the odds in congenital heart defects in their children.

Bupropion has rarely been associated with instances of Stevens–Johnson syndrome.

Psychiatric
The FDA requires all antidepressants, including bupropion, to carry a boxed warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in people younger than 25. This warning is based on a statistical analysis conducted by the FDA which found a 2-fold increase in suicidal thought and behavior in children and adolescents, and 1.5-fold increase in the 18–24 age group. For this analysis the FDA combined the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants in order to obtain statistically significant results. Considered in isolation, bupropion was not statistically different from placebo.

Bupropion prescribed for smoking cessation results in 25% increase of the risk of psychiatric side effects, in particular, anxiety (about 40% increase) and insomnia (about 80% increase). The evidence is insufficient to determine whether bupropion is associated with suicides or suicidal behavior.

In rare cases, bupropion-induced psychosis may develop. It is associated with higher doses of bupropion; many cases described are at higher than recommended doses. Concurrent antipsychotic medication appears to be protective. In most cases the psychotic symptoms are eliminated by reducing the dose, ceasing treatment or adding antipsychotic medication.

Although studies are lacking, a handful of case reports suggest that abrupt discontinuation of bupropion may cause antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.

Overdose
Bupropion is considered moderately dangerous in overdose. According to an analysis of US National Poison Data System, adjusted for the number of prescriptions, bupropion and venlafaxine are the two new generation antidepressants (that is excluding tricyclic antidepressants) that result in the highest mortality and morbidity. For significant overdoses, seizures have been reported in about a third of all cases; other serious effects include hallucinations, loss of consciousness, and abnormal heart rhythms. When bupropion was one of several kinds of pills taken in an overdose, fever, muscle rigidity, muscle damage, hypertension or hypotension, stupor, coma, and respiratory failure have been reported. While most people recover, some people have died, having had multiple uncontrolled seizures and myocardial infarction.

Interactions
Since bupropion is metabolized to hydroxybupropion by the enzyme CYP2B6, drug interactions with CYP2B6 inhibitors are possible: this includes such medications as paroxetine, sertraline, norfluoxetine (active metabolite of fluoxetine), diazepam, clopidogrel, and orphenadrine. The expected result is the increase of bupropion and decrease of hydroxybupropion blood concentration. The reverse effect (decrease of bupropion and increase of hydroxybupropion) can be expected with CYP2B6 inducers such as carbamazepine, clotrimazole, rifampicin, ritonavir, St John's wort, and phenobarbital. Indeed, carbamazepine decreases exposure to bupropion by 90% and increases exposure to hydroxybupropion by 94%. Ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, and efavirenz have been shown to decrease levels of bupropion and/or its metabolites. Ticlopidine and clopidogrel, both potent CYP2B6 inhibitors, have been found to considerably increase bupropion levels as well as decrease levels of its metabolite hydroxybupropion.

Bupropion and its metabolites are inhibitors of CYP2D6, with hydroxybupropion responsible for most of the inhibition. Additionally, bupropion and its metabolites may decrease expression of CYP2D6 in the liver. The end effect is a significant slowing of the clearance of other drugs metabolized by this enzyme. For instance, bupropion has been found to increase area-under-the-curve of desipramine, a CYP2D6 substrate, by 5-fold. Bupropion has also been found to increase levels of atomoxetine by 5.1-fold, while decreasing the exposure to its main metabolite by 1.5-fold. As another example, the ratio of dextromethorphan (a drug that is mainly metabolized by CYP2D6) to its major metabolite dextrorphan increased approximately 35-fold when it was administered to people being treated with 300 mg/day bupropion. When people on bupropion are given MDMA, about 30% increase of exposure to both drugs is observed, with enhanced mood but decreased heart rate effects of MDMA. Interactions with other CYP2D6 substrates, such as metoprolol, imipramine, nortriptyline, venlafaxine, and nebivolol have also been reported. However, in a notable exception, bupropion does not seem to affect the concentrations of CYP2D6 substrates fluoxetine and paroxetine.

Bupropion lowers the seizure threshold, and therefore can potentially interact with other medications that also lower it, such as antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, theophylline, and systemic corticosteroids. The prescribing information recommends minimizing the use of alcohol, since in rare cases bupropion reduces alcohol tolerance.

Caution should be observed when combining bupropion with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), as it may result in hypertensive crisis.

Pharmacodynamics
The mechanism of action of bupropion in the treatment of depression and for other indications is unclear. However, it is thought to be related to the fact that bupropion is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and antagonist of several nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Bupropion does not act as a norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent. Pharmacological actions of bupropion, to a substantial degree, are due to its active metabolites hydroxybupropion, threo-hydrobupropion, and erythro-hydrobupropion that are present in the blood plasma at comparable or much higher levels. In fact, bupropion could accurately be conceptualized as a prodrug of these metabolites. Overall action of these metabolites, and particularly one enantiomer S,S-hydroxybupropion, is also characterized by inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake and nicotinic antagonism (see the chart on the right). Bupropion has no meaningful direct activity at a variety of receptors, including α- and β-adrenergic, dopamine, serotonin, histamine, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

The occupancy of dopamine transporter (DAT) by bupropion (300mg/day) and its metabolites in the human brain as measured by several positron emission tomography (PET) studies is approximately 20%, with a mean occupancy range of about 14 to 26%. For comparison, the NDRI methylphenidate at therapeutic doses is thought to occupy greater than 50% of DAT sites. In accordance with its low DAT occupancy, no measurable dopamine release in the human brain was detected with bupropion (one 150mg dose) in a PET study. Bupropion has also been shown to increase striatal VMAT2, though it is unknown if this effect is more pronounced than other DRIs. These findings raise questions about the role of dopamine reuptake inhibition in the pharmacology of bupropion, and suggest that other actions may be responsible for its therapeutic effects. No data are available on occupancy of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) by bupropion and its metabolites. However, due to the increased exposure of hydroxybupropion over bupropion itself, which has higher affinity for the NET than the DAT, bupropion's overall pharmacological profile in humans may end up making it effectively more of a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor than a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Accordingly, the clinical effects of bupropion are more consistent with noradrenergic activity than with dopaminergic actions.

In contrast to many other phenethylamines and amphetamines, bupropion is not an agonist of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).

Bupropion has been found to have a mixture of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory activity through modulation of the immune system. One such mechanism underlying these effects may be reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). The catecholaminergic actions of bupropion may be involved in its immunomodulatory effects.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, bupropion is rapidly and completely absorbed reaching the peak blood plasma concentration after 1.5 hours (tmax). Sustained release (SR) and extended release (XL) formulations have been designed to slow down absorption resulting in tmax of 3 hours and 5 hours, respectively. Absolute bioavailability of bupropion is unknown but is presumed to be low, at 5–20%, due to the first-pass metabolism. As for the relative bioavailability of the formulations, XL formulation has lower bioavailability (68%) compared to SR formulation and immediate release bupropion.

Bupropion is metabolized in the body by a variety of pathways. The oxidative pathways are by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2B6 leading to R,R- and S,S-hydroxybupropion and, to a lesser degree, CYP2C19 leading to 4'-hydroxybupropion. The reductive pathways are by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the liver and AKR7A2/AKR7A3 in the intestine leading to threo-hydrobupropion and by yet unknown enzyme leading to erythro-hydrobupropion.

The metabolism of bupropion is highly variable: the effective doses of bupropion received by persons who ingest the same amount of the drug may differ by as much as 5.5 times (with a half-life of 12–30 hours), while the effective doses of hydroxybupropion may differ by as much as 7.5 times (with a half-life of 15–25 hours). Based on this, some researchers have advocated monitoring of the blood level of bupropion and hydroxybupropion.

The metabolism of bupropion also seems to follow biphasic pharmacokinetics: the redistribution alpha phase with half-life of about 1 hour precedes the metabolism beta phase of about 12-30 hours. This might explain why abuse is unfeasible due to a short "high", as well as support the use of extended-release formulas to maintain a consistent concentration of bupropion.

Chemistry
Bupropion is an aminoketone that belongs to the class of substituted cathinones and the more general class of substituted phenethylamines. The clinically used bupropion is racemic, that is a mixture of two enantiomers: S-bupropion and R-bupropion. Although the optical isomers on bupropion can be separated, they rapidly racemize under physiological conditions.

There have been reported cases of false-positive urine amphetamine tests in persons taking bupropion.

Synthesis
It is synthesized in two chemical steps starting from 3'-chloro-propiophenone. The alpha position adjacent to the ketone is first brominated followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting alpha-bromoketone with t-butylamine and treated with hydrochloric acid to give bupropion as the hydrochloride salt in 75–85% overall yield.

History

Bupropion was invented by Nariman Mehta of Burroughs Wellcome (now GlaxoSmithKline) in 1969, and the US patent for it was granted in 1974. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an antidepressant on 30 December 1985, and marketed under the name Wellbutrin. However, a significant incidence of seizures at the originally recommended dosage (400–600 mg/day) caused the withdrawal of the drug in 1986. Subsequently, the risk of seizures was found to be highly dose-dependent, and bupropion was re-introduced to the market in 1989 with a lower maximum recommended daily dose of 450 mg/day.

In 1996, the FDA approved a sustained-release formulation of alcohol-resistant bupropion called Wellbutrin SR, intended to be taken twice a day (as compared with three times a day for immediate-release Wellbutrin). In 2003, the FDA approved another sustained-release formulation called Wellbutrin XL, intended for once-daily dosing. Wellbutrin SR and XL are available in generic form in the United States and Canada. In 1997, bupropion was approved by the FDA for use as a smoking cessation aid under the name Zyban. In 2006, Wellbutrin XL was similarly approved as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder.

In October 2007, two providers of consumer information on nutritional products and supplements, ConsumerLab.com and The People's Pharmacy, released the results of comparative tests of different brands of bupropion. The People's Pharmacy received multiple reports of increased side effects and decreased efficacy of generic bupropion, which prompted it to ask ConsumerLab.com to test the products in question. The tests showed that "one of a few generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg, sold as Budeprion XL 300 mg, didn't perform the same as the brand-name pill in the lab." The FDA investigated these complaints and concluded that Budeprion XL is equivalent to Wellbutrin XL in regard to bioavailability of bupropion and its main active metabolite hydroxybupropion. The FDA also said that coincidental natural mood variation is the most likely explanation for the apparent worsening of depression after the switch from Wellbutrin XL to Budeprion XL. On 3 October 2012, however, the FDA reversed this opinion, announcing that "Budeprion XL 300 mg fails to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to Wellbutrin XL 300 mg." The FDA did not test the bioequivalence of any of the other generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg, but requested that the four manufacturers submit data on this question to the FDA by March 2013. the FDA has made determinations on the formulations from some manufacturers not being bioequivalent.

In April 2008, the FDA approved a formulation of bupropion as a hydrobromide salt instead of a hydrochloride salt, to be sold under the name Aplenzin by Sanofi-Aventis.

In 2009, the FDA issued a health advisory warning that the prescription of bupropion for smoking cessation has been associated with reports about unusual behavior changes, agitation and hostility. Some people, according to the advisory, have become depressed or have had their depression worsen, have had thoughts about suicide or dying, or have attempted suicide. This advisory was based on a review of anti-smoking products that identified 75 reports of "suicidal adverse events" for bupropion over ten years. Based on the results of follow-up trials this warning was removed in 2016.

In 2012, the US Justice Department announced that GlaxoSmithKline had agreed to plead guilty and pay a $3 billion fine, in part for promoting the unapproved use of Wellbutrin for weight loss and sexual dysfunction.

In 2017, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended suspending a number of nationally approved medicines due to misrepresentation of bioequivalence study data by Micro Therapeutic Research Labs in India. The products recommended for suspension included several 300 mg modified-release bupropion tablets.

Following EMA's call for an industry-wide review of medicines for the possible presence of nitrosamines, GlaxoSmithKline paused batch release and distribution of bupropion 150 mg tablets in November 2022. In July 2023, EMA raised the acceptable daily intake of nitrosamines impurities, leading GlaxoSmithKline to announce that distribution of bupropion 150 mg tablets would resume "across the EU and Europe" by the end of 2023.

Recreational use
While bupropion demonstrates some potential for misuse, this potential is less than of other commonly used stimulants, being limited by features of its pharmacology. Case reports describe misuse of bupropion as producing a "high" similar to cocaine or amphetamine usage but with less intensity. Bupropion misuse is uncommon. There have been a number of anecdotal and case-study reports of bupropion abuse, but the bulk of evidence indicates that the subjective effects of bupropion when taken orally are markedly different from those of addictive stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamine. However, bupropion, by non-conventional routes of administration like injection or insufflation, has been reported to be misused in the United States and Canada, notably in prisons.

Legal status
In Russia bupropion is banned as a narcotic drug, due to it being a derivative of methcathinone. In Australia, France, and the UK, smoking cessation is the only licensed use of bupropion, and no generics are marketed.

Brand names
Brand names include Wellbutrin, Aplenzin, Budeprion, Buproban, Forfivo, Voxra, Zyban, Bupron, Bupisure, Bupep, Smoquite, Elontril, and Buxon.

Research
Bupropion has been studied limitedly in the treatment of social anxiety disorder.

title: Bupropion


text:
Talk:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold

Semi-protected edit request on 15 December 2023
Please add the following paragraph underneath the subheading 'Fiction inspired by the duo'. Feel free to make changes or reject altogether:

The 1999 teen black comedy crime film "Duck! The Carbine High Massacre" was released just six months after Columbine. It is loosely based on the events of the massacre with two trench-coat wearing neo-nazi male protagonists Derwin and Derick, (played by William Hellfire and Joey Smack, respectively) who wish to kill students and susequently themselves after Derwin (who is supposedly meant to represent Eric Harris) is assaulted by jocks. Faithnomore1999 (talk) 14:50, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Shadow311 (talk) 16:04, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * What kind of source would be sufficient? Faithnomore1999 (talk) 13:50, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

 * See the explanation at MOS:POPCULT. Nikkimaria (talk) 04:04, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Should this entry redirect to the Columbine High School massacre entry (or vice versa) regarding 'motive' and 'rationale' sections?
The entry for Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold and the entry for the Columbine High School massacre both include sections that theorize the motive or rationale behind the massacre. Both entries overlap in their motive and rationale sections while also deviating and covering different information in different orders and at different weights.

It seems like a good way to handle this would be to choose which entry should be the source of truth for documenting theories about motive and rational. In my opinion, the Columbine High School massacre entry is the right place for lengthy documentation of theories about motives—motive is specifically about the massacre, not necessarily a biographical fact, and much of it is speculative (or debunked).

But I don't know about the standards for writing about murders / acts of terrorism vs. their perpetrators on Wikipedia, so I don't want to make any edits before putting this question to the talk page. Is there a way this is handled in other examples? TypingMadeSimple (talk) 00:25, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold


text:
User talk:Quinerr

Hello "Quinerr" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wikipediaing, -- Infrogmation 07:22, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quinerr


text:
Talk:Cambridge United F.C.

Player information
I have made a new table showing the first team players using a template i found on another page. What do people think of it? is it better or worse than before? --BurtonH0123 (talk) 16:56, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Please use the format as found in the Manual of Style for football clubs. It's a much nicer layout, anyway. Dancarney (talk) 20:30, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

sorry about that :P... BurtonH0123 (talk) 14:57, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Reg Smart

 * Recent editor added note about Reg Smart stepping down from role (unspecified) in early 2006. I cannot find any verification for this elsewhere on the web - could this statement be clarified? -- MightyWarrior 12:03, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The official website lists Baker as the current chairman and Smart as life president, so I believe this information to be correct. Although I can't find any verification for the fact that he resigned in early 2006, at http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/News/Feature/0,,10423%7E793946,00.html it does state that Baker was named president on 20/02/2006. --Oli 22:21, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but Reg Smart ceased to be chairman (stepped down from board of directors) in 2002; see http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/cambridge_utd/1789540.stm. So what role did he step down from in 2006?? -- MightyWarrior 23:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Is it realistic to expect that the list of current players can be kept sufficiently up-to-date? From the club's official web-site it looks as though a number of players listed in this article have now moved on. -- MightyWarrior 12:03, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is realistic to keep the current players up to date. I would happily take on the role of updating it if i hear of any transfers. --BurtonH0123 (talk) 16:57, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Table of Managers
Here is a table of managers to add. I'm holding back at the moment until I can verify some of the dates that look iffy.

TomDestry 12:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've used this information and created the page List of Cambridge United F.C. managers with a link from this page. I think the information is now correct using a combination of Soccerbase and the official website. Oli 22:34, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Headings
Seems to be too many sub-headings in the history section (more of User:AlexWilkes edits). Can I suggest that the sections are combined, rather than having one sentence per heading? WikiGull 13:50, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I did do this some time ago when there were many more headings, but I would agree there are still too many, especially the first few which could probably come under one 'older' history section. Why not have a go WikiGull? Oli 15:50, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

New Kit
Cambridge United have today released a new Home kit and as I am not very experianced with Editing football related articals I am going to suggest someone else to do it. The new kit looks like this,

http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/javaImages/75/6e/0,,10423~3305077,00.jpg

Jazza5 19:17, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

The away colours need changing. The away kit is light blue, the 3rd kit is white.

http://www.footballshirtculture.com/200811251954/08/09-kits/cambridge-united-new-08/09-away-kit.html 87.82.25.114 (talk) 16:14, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Women's Team
I've added a short sentence about this under players in line with a lot of other club pages, but I can't find much information about it. I think it would be beneficial to have something about this if any information can be found. Oli 22:32, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

History
I think the History section is too long and needs condensing, with a longer history (including more pre-league era information) being created on a separate linked-to page. I will start to do this unless anyone has any objections? Oli 22:36, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Fandom
An unnamed editor today (21/08/2007) added a section entitled 'Fandom' to the article. I've since removed this as there's already a section on 'Supporters', and most of the information read like an advertisement (price and sale information) and was thus unsuitable for Wikipedia (see WP:SOAP). I've put a more objective sentence on 'United in Endeavour' in the supporters section which I think is more appropriate. Oli 22:59, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

New Current Season Page
I have created a new page showing this season for Cambridge United. I am slightly unsure that i have included everything, in particular transfers, as for me the Cambridge utd website has not been working for me. Could somebody please take a look at it and help take it forward. By the way, i am happy to keep the results table up to date throughout the season so this is not an issue. BurtonH0123 (talk) 19:55, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Cambridge United F.C.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/History/0,,10423~61508,00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0,,10423~2006,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090815041358/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk:80/page/NewsDetail/0,,10423~1751681,00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10423~1751681,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074918/http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf to http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131020074918/http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf to http://www.footballfanscensus.com/issueresults/Club_Rivalries_Uncovered_Results.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:56, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 21 external links on Cambridge United F.C.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/History/0%2C%2C10423~61508%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~689291%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10423~36431%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2006%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~1089770%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~1227375%2C00.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~1751681%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110203050455/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2282149%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2282149%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110205032957/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2283167%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2283167%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044955/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/news/article/richard-money-joins-407500.aspx to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk//news/article/richard-money-joins-407500.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100529175644/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2059010%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10423~2059010%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150109083521/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/club/stadium/ to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/club/stadium/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071225070834/http://www.conferencegrounds.co.uk/cambridge_united.htm to http://www.conferencegrounds.co.uk/cambridge_united.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070625033629/http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/AbbeyStadium/0%2C%2C10423%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/AbbeyStadium/0%2C%2C10423%2C00.html
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/CRCScholarsReports/0%2C%2C10423~880385%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120313182805/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/COENews/0%2C%2C10423~1082778%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/COENews/0%2C%2C10423~1082778%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070701082828/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/pages/fame/halloffame.htm to http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/pages/fame/halloffame.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061013134003/http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2006%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2006%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120624053749/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2007%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2007%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101218082636/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2008%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2008%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101218081420/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2009%2C00.html to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/page/Fixtures/0%2C%2C10423~2009%2C00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150920162550/http://www.footballconference.co.uk/history.php to http://www.footballconference.co.uk/history.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:34, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Cambridge United F.C.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111006150333/http://www.cambridgeunited.com/lookback/wembleypic.html to http://www.cambridgeunited.com/lookback/wembleypic.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191823/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Sport/Cambridge-United/Power-play.htm to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Sport/Cambridge-United/Power-play.htm
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/sport/football/united/2007/06/29/c600abfc-8513-4e7d-ada6-2cacc7dc2e28.lpf
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_sport_camb_utd/displayarticle.asp?id=425350
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_sport_camb_utd/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=432795
 * Added tag to http://mobile.cambridge-united.co.uk/runtime/cambridge/article?articleId=2748881
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090617200712/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_sport_camb_utd/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=424923 to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_sport_camb_utd/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=424923
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/sport/football/united/2006/01/11/d83d5ee6-e0df-4fd9-b2a7-bb3aeaffc62e.lpf
 * Added tag to http://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/the-construction-index-news/Cambridge-United-plans-new-stadium
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120531113156/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Home/First-glimpse-of-Cambridge-Uniteds-proposed-new-stadium-24042012.htm to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Home/First-glimpse-of-Cambridge-Uniteds-proposed-new-stadium-24042012.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071021024139/http://www.cambridgefansunited.org/whatiscfu.html to http://www.cambridgefansunited.org/whatiscfu.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070624062401/http://www.confguide.com/cgi-bin/attst.mpl/2005 to http://www.confguide.com/cgi-bin/attst.mpl/2005
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070205032230/http://www.confguide.com/cgi-bin/attst.mpl/2006 to http://www.confguide.com/cgi-bin/attst.mpl/2006
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160509062027/http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/team/staff-profiles/ to http://www.cambridge-united.co.uk/team/staff-profiles/
 * Added tag to http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Cambridge-United-7-Morecambe-0-Shaun-Derry/story-29142066-detail/story.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:30, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Cambridge United F.C.. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120919234435/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/Losses/0%2C%2C10794~634821%2C00.html to http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/Losses/0,,10794~634821,00.html
 * Added tag to http://www.genesissports.co.uk/pro-sports/our-clubs/cambridge-united/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121126175139/http://www.cambridgeunited-mad.co.uk/sngl/ed22/united_in_endeavour_section/index.shtml to http://www.cambridgeunited-mad.co.uk/sngl/ed22/united_in_endeavour_section/index.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:52, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

Cambridge United L.F.C. listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Cambridge United L.F.C.. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 19:59, 7 June 2019 (UTC)

2019-20
Get the page updated to reflect the 2019-20 season. It finished ages ago!! BRACK66 (talk) 03:27, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Division
We finished 14th in EFL League One.The page says EGL League Two. Please amend. BRACK66 (talk) 06:47, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Division
We finished 14th in EFL League One. The page says EFL League Two. Please amend. BRACK66 (talk) 14:16, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Thankyou BRACK66 (talk) 12:01, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cambridge United F.C.


text:
Obelia

Obelia is a genus of hydrozoans, a class of mainly marine and some freshwater animal species that have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle. Hydrozoa belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, which are aquatic (mainly marine) organisms that are relatively simple in structure with a diameter around 1mm. There are currently 120 known species, with more to be discovered. These species are grouped into three broad categories: O. bidentata, O. dichotoma, and O. geniculata. O. longissima was later accepted as a legitimate species, but taxonomy regarding the entire genus is debated over.

Obelia is also called sea fur.

Obelia has a worldwide distribution except the high-Arctic and Antarctic seas. and a stage of Obelia species are common in coastal and offshore plankton around the world. Obelia are usually found no deeper than 200 m from the water's surface, growing in intertidal rock pools and at the extreme low water of spring tides.

Life cycle
The polyp colony reproduces asexually. During this stage of life, Obelia are confined to substrate surfaces. In mature colonies there are individual hydranths called gastrozooids, which can be found expanded or contracted, to aid in the growth of this organism by feeding. The reproductive polyp gonozooids have medusa buds. These medusa buds differentiate Obelia from others in the family Campanulariidae because development begins from a bud within the gonotheca. Eventually the buds are lost, and subsequent development shares resemblances with other hydranths. Other hydranths are specialized for defense. The main stalky body of the colony is composed of a coenosarc, which is covered by a protective perisarc.

The next generation of the life cycle begins when the medusae are released from the gonozooids, producing free swimming male only medusae velum with gonads, a mouth, and tentacles. The physical appearance of the male and female medusae velum, including their gonads, are indistinguishable, and the sex can only be determined by observing the inside of the gonads, which will either contain sperm or eggs. The medusae reproduce sexually, releasing sperm and eggs that fertilize to form a zygote, which later morphs into a blastula, then a ciliated swimming larva called a planula.

The planulae are free-swimming for a while but eventually attach themselves to some solid surface, where they begin their reproductive phase of life. Once attached to a substrate, a planula quickly develops into one feeding polyp. As the polyp grows, it begins developing branches of other feeding individuals, thus forming a new generation of polyps by asexual budding.

Structure
Through its life cycle, Obelia take on two forms: polyp and medusa. They are diploblastic, with two true tissue layers—an epidermis (ectodermis) and a gastrodermis (endodermis)—with a jelly-like mesoglea filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a nerve net with no brain or ganglia. A gastrovascular cavity is present where the digestion starts and later becomes intracellular. They have incomplete digestive tracts where the food enters, is digested, and expelled through the same opening. Scientists are trying to pinpoint their food preferences, but experiments have shown Obelia feeding on crustaceans under lab conditions, and ciliates. Some species of Obelia are known ingest tintinnids and microplanktonic sex through  grazers. During the polyp stage, the mouth is situated at the top of the body, surrounded by tentacles, whereas during the medusa stage, the mouth is situated at the distal end of the main body structure. Four gonads lie in this main body structure, or manubrium. Food is caught with the tentacles, then directed to the manubrium; sometimes food lands directly onto the manubrium and is consumed that way. The food is then distributed through a canal system, consisting of four radial canals and an outer ring. Defense and the capture of prey are helped by unique stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts triggered by the cnidocil. It has a ridge-like structure on the inner margin, called a velum. If the velum is present, it is called a craspedote medusa.

Phylogeny
Estimates of divergence times and distinctive haplotypes provide evidence of glacial refugia around Iceland and southeastern Canada. In one study, O. geniculata was first documented in these areas in the 1990s but were later found in Massachusetts and Japan in the 2000s. There are three reciprocally monophyletic clades of Obelia, one branch for the North Atlantic, one for Japan, and one for New Zealand. There seems to be an ancestral haplotype that occurs in the North Atlantic populations from Massachusetts, New Brunswick, and Iceland. The population from Woods Hole, MA shows less genetic diversity than the New Brunswick population. The more recent expansion of these haplotypes demonstrates the southward movement of hydroid populations, possibly due to climate change. The North Atlantic populations contain ancestral haplotypes, which differ from the populations in Japan and New Zealand. Pacific populations have more haplotype diversity than all four of the North Atlantic populations, which indicates that the North Atlantic population is more recently established than the Pacific population. The minimum estimated age of the New Brunswick population is between 47 and 143 thousand years old. Including the Massachusetts population, this number is between 82 and 150 thousand years, but Iceland has the oldest estimated population with the minimum age ranging from 68 to 204 thousand years old.

Obelia are distinguishable from others in Campanulariidae from their size in length and diameter, as well as their smaller hydrothecal cusps and relatively thinner perisarc thickness. Some morphological traits are hard to distinguish across species, so observing a combination of these traits will help with identification. Other useful observable characteristics are branching pattern of colonies and length of trophosome. There are variations and exceptions to these, which makes identification even more difficult. O. geniculata is characterized by a thicker perisarc with more variation that other species of ''Obelia. O. longissima'' have longer first and second order branches, in addition to a greater variation in hydrothecal cusp length than others in the genus. O. bidentata differs from the previous species due to their more cylindrical and longer hydrothecal cusps.

title: Obelia


text:
Kuwaiti

Kuwaiti may refer to:
 * Something of, from, or related to the country of Kuwait
 * A person from Kuwait, or of Kuwaiti descent, see Demographics of Kuwait
 * Kuwaiti Arabic, the dialect of Gulf Arabic spoken in Kuwait
 * Kuwaiti Persian, a dialect of Persian spoken in Kuwait
 * Kuwaiti cuisine
 * Kuwaiti culture

title: Kuwaiti


text:
Talk:Flying saucer

Parallel universes
''One possible explanation of flying saucers is based on the theory of parallel universes. As these parallel universes fold and twist in their higher dimension, occasionally they come in contact with one another. Using a two-dimensional analogy, imagine bedsheets hanging side by side on a clothes line, wafting in the breeze. The two-dimensional creatures that inhabit this two-dimensional bedsheet world are constrained by some force that prevents them from moving into the third dimension. When two bedsheets come in contact, this constraining force causes the point of contact to assume a minimal surface two-dimensional object, a circle. The dimension-constraining forces interact, causing an emission of light. The intersection could effect bizarre motion - sudden acceleration, abrupt turns, and suddenly disappear as the two bedsheets separate. The behavior of this "object" would be unexplainable by the laws of physics as understood by the two-dimensional beings.''

''Moving up to three-dimensional universes, when two come in contact, the region of contact again assumes a minimal surface area object, a sphere or ellipsoid of revolution. The dimension-constraining forces cause the emission of light around its perimeter. Bizarre motions are evidenced by the object of intersection, and it suddenly disappears as the two universes separate their point of conjunction.''

''This theory raises many questions. Is it possible, for example, for the inhabitants of a universe to force a wrinkle in their universe such that it intentionally comes in contact with a parallel universe? Could they then use this intersection to travel from their universe to the adjoining one? What if the intersection of two universes takes place at a location in one of the universes at the center of a star? There would likely be a sudden infusion of star-interior matter flowing into the other universe.''

''Some may criticize this hypothesis as attributing one unexplained phenomenon to yet another, the theory of higher dimensionality and parallel universes. However, many scientists believe that physical dimensions higher than three could explain numerous phenomena we observe in our universe.''

Um. What the hell? This whole thing stinks of crackpottery -- I can't find a decent reference of any kind for the theory, which suggests that it's 12.253.162.61's own. Moved here for now; please discuss. --Mirv 07:34, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Opposing points of view
Regarding edits of 3/21/04, prior version almost completely lacked balance. NPOV requires acknowledging at very least the existence of responsible opposing points of view. I had the arbitrary fortune of directly observing three distinct glowing UFO craft in broad daylight for approximately 15 seconds flying in the "impossible" zigzag pattern before flying directly into a cloud and illuminating the vapor as they passed into it. This phenomenon is real and non-imaginary, and deserves at minimum the kind of mention the previous draft denied it. CSICOP does good work much of the time, but it also proceeds, imho, from sometimes dogmatic preassumptions. Timothy Good's book Above Top Secret is the kind of credible research that provides the evidence for those willing to examine it, and the link http://www.ufoevidence.org provides intelligent discussion of some of the most common skeptical objections. The main point is, this edit acknowledges the existence of both perspectives rather than one only. Chris Rodgers 03:39, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Rubbish. Your anecdotal story is useless her - only Reliable Sources are used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.30.135 (talk) 11:37, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

Merge to UFO?
Is there any convincing reason this article shouldn't be merged with unidentified flying object? - David Gerard 12:23, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * It's been over a week and no-one seems to care. So I'm merging - David Gerard 11:35, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is: not all saucers are UFOs - IE: those in popular movies, US & Canadian designs - PFS 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Note:1.G-force in the UFO,2.The radar of UFO,3.Power system of UFO,4.weapon system of UFO,...H.H.Li January 3,2017. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.46.139.251 (talk) 14:34, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger per PFS comment above. Flying saucers have a history separate from UFOs, which is detailed in this article; i.e. their long use in science fiction which predates the 1947 discovery of UFOs, and attempts to build flying saucer aircraft. -- Chetvorno TALK 18:03, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

Flying saucers out of style?
I think I take issue with the assertion that black triangles have supplanted flying saucers in sightings, and this contention does not seem to be particularly supported by the source provided. While certainly the absolute numbers of flying saucer sightings have declined, and flying saucers than less credibility than they had previously in the "UFO community", it seems to me that the the man-in-the-street's conception of a UFO is probably still a flying saucer (few have probably even heard of "black triangles"), and it's likely that these still form the greater part of sightings. So we need real numbers, and if we don't have real numbers either way, then this unsupported statement should I think be removed.--Pharos 18:22, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, by studying the raw reports available from UFO collecting organizations one would notice that the saucer reports are still present and seem to be statistically more prevalent than other shapes (although the most common UFO reports are just lights)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

Overall, this is a rare example of a really good short article on a subject - there can be (and were/are) volumes written on the subject, but this article provides a good, succinct summary of all the important aspects of flying saucers. That said, if editors would like to advance it to the FA level, it would need to be expanded with more in-depth information, which is basically what the difference between GA and FA is all about.

As you can see, however, I still cannot promote this article because of some reservations I have. I hope the article's editorial team will keep active in helping improve the article, and within the week's time I can assign it the "on hold" status, all the issues will be dealt with and I will be able to promote it duly.

 * 1) While I can only appreciate the good referencing throughout the article, source #1 does not seem particularly reliable or appropriate to me. It appears to be somebody's personal essay on a personal website. It is also used to substantiate potentially contentious statements in the article. I would try to find a better source for those, perhaps removing some.
 * 2) Reference #2 does not directly state what is being attributed to it in the last part of the lead section. It also doesn't cover the vehicles in "Earth-based examples".
 * 3) Reference #3 is a perhaps good summary of the subject, but I believe the author himself used some original sources - I think for a keen ufologist, locating them wouldn't be too hard.
 * 4) Reference #5 - what about baloons?
 * 5) The first paragraph of "flying source in culture" curiously goes without a single reference. It also contains statements likely to be challenged, so good, reliable references seem necessary.
 * 6) Reference #8 doesn't even mention Googie style - I believe the author of this article went one step to far in interpreting the meaning of the source.
 * 7) Mentioning a particular movie and game in the last sentence seems going a bit into less relevant detail to me (unless the sentence would be phrased to highlight those as EXAMPLES, and the sources would discuss the use of the motiff in more recent cultural context, giving those examples.

Looking forward to being able to promote the article, PrinceGloria 13:20, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

PS. One last thing - a pet peeve of mine is placement of navigational templates at the end of article that do not contain a link to the article itself. I think the template still has room for more links, which could broaden its utility.

 * Whoops, seems like I forgot about the deadline... Not much activity here anyway, so I guess that's it for now. In case anybody would feel like working on the article further, please do mind the review above - once all reservations will be offset, the article should clear GAC with flyijng colours! Happy editing, PrinceGloria 15:03, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Well the concept of the black triangles theroy could very much be the military's Steath Bomber """"

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:11, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Anteriority debate
There have been some heated debates between skeptics and non-skeptics to acertain wether saucers in science-fiction productions (litterature or comics) were anterior to saucer sighting reports or the opposite. The purpose of this debate was to try and dismiss the saucer sighting as fabricated after science fiction material. It would be interesting to include some of this debate on the main page, and maybe to try and track some of the earliest examples of both science-fiction saucers and real saucer reports. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.8.17.235 (talk) 19:48, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * There is at least one documented sighting of a flying saucer (alleged) from the nineteenth century. This precedes both Arnold's birth and their appearance in mainstream science fiction. I will look this up at some point. Arnold popularised the term, or re-invented it, but it appears he wasn't the originator of it.-213.205.241.73 (talk) 13:41, 23 November 2019 (UTC)

Something I noticed
I noticed that the pic of a UFO on the page used to be captioned An alledged UFO over Passaic, New Jersey. Now it says "An alledged UFO over Passoria, New Jersey". Whats up with that?--Metalhead94 (talk) 02:54, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Problematic references
I deleted two new paragraphs about Henri Coanda's flying saucer designs for four reasons: 1) the text was very poorly written, 2) the text was too much about Coanda and not enough about flying saucers in general, 3) parts of the text are wrong, and 4) the references are problematic. Here are the refs:
 * http://www.go4it.ro/curiozitati/dosare-3998600/proiectele-necunoscute-ale-lui-henri-coanda-7057481/ozn-ul-lui-coanda-fascinanta-creatie-care-a-inlemnit-america-7099030/
 * http://storage0.dms.go4it.ro/media/2/84/2031/7099030/4/aerodina-1932.jpg
 * http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7884468677144545541&hl=ro#
 * http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/coanda.htm
 * http://www.rexresearch.com/coanda/1coanda.htm
 * http://storage0.dms.go4it.ro/media/2/84/2031/7099030/3/aerodina-1956.jpg
 * http://storage0.dms.go4it.ro/media/2/84/2031/7099030/5/aerodina-1961-1965.jpg
 * http://storage0.dms.go4it.ro/media/2/84/2031/7099030/7/aerodina.jpg
 * http://www.studiidecaz.ro/images/logo_com/197.jpg

The allstar.fiu.edu site is copyrighted, yet a quote was taken from that site. The video.google.com link is most likely a copyrighted video. The JPG images do not prove anything. The rexresearch.com link includes a cite to an old version of the Wikipedia article about the Coanda effect, and the text it supposedly supports fails to discuss the relevance the patent on flying saucers.

What's wrong in the text is that Coanda is known to have researched an air-jet-powered snow sled ambulance for the German Army during WWII, not some rumored secret weapon. The 1910 aircraft by Coanda is not connected to flying saucers in any way. What's not said about Coanda in this chunk of text is that he never produced a working flying saucer.

The IP addresses involved in this are 79.11x from Brasov, Romania, and they include of a group of 1024 IP addresses that were blocked en masse on 10 October 2010 for edit warring on Coanda-related articles. The two-month block expired 10 December and the IP returned injecting the same material. These references, especially the awful JPG image URLs, have been the subject of much edit warring at the article about Henri Coandă since July 2010: and many more. Binksternet (talk) 19:14, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I removed the copyright violations immediately. The rest needs to go, too. Binksternet (talk) 20:50, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * oh boy, not you again. I understand you are susppended from time to time, because your permanently weird and though head implications in several articles across wikipedia. Yet you still done them, un dettered. The quote is a quote of Coanda, is not copyrighted, i can post it from lots of romanian sources, but i chose to point out an english language too. If you think that is a copyright problems, why dont you ask the author of that article about it? It is clearly pointed out that you can take anything from there, with permission. Same for the Google video, which is clearly not a problem. Rest of your concerns is just spam, part of your weird and silly camapign against Henri Coanda. Get a life, get a girlfriend, it will make you some good, trust me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.116.248.243 (talk) 09:19, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * In an effort to resolve this edit war, I have shortened and rewritten the piece into English. I haven't looked at the verifiablitiy or accuracy of the links, which may need further clarification. It is probably more appropriate to keep the other information in the Henri Coanda article. Regards Lynbarn (talk) 12:33, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * thanks, is a quite normal or common sense position. I might add as well another link related with subject and where a interesting photo with tests of a mock up flying saucer using "Coanda effect" is presented http://www.newfluidtechnology.com.au/Henri_Coanda_The_facts.pdf.
 * about the link  it is an article done at Museum of Technic Dimitrie Leonida from Bucharest, where most of the Coanda archives is located. They present there some snippets from various pattents related with lenticular flying machines invented by Coanda, and there is a short movie of presentation as well, unfortunately just in romanian.
 * the article from FIU is another good source, and the quote from there is not copyrighted, is a public statement made by Coanda, and is posted in many other places, but mostly on romanian sites, thats why i posted as the source that english language article. There is no copyright issues with it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.114.197.83 (talk) 11:39, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd edited the article based upon what the sources do say. They don't support the first patent on a flying saucer.GraemeLeggett (talk) 12:45, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The Allstar FIU article says at the top of it: "Please let me remind all of you--this material is copyrighted." What can be copyrighted is any translation into English of a Romanian or French source. The quote from Coanda speaking at a Romanian Academy symposium is such a quote, the English translation possibly copyrighted. I am removing that quote until such a time as its copyright status is clearly demonstrated to be one of permissible use. Binksternet (talk) 15:15, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * The Australian PDF from New Fluid Technology called "Henri Coanda: The Facts" is unverifiable as a reference because it has no author. Its photographs are interesting but it has problems with inaccuracy in its text, for instance, the 1911 "stamp" is said to be designed by Coanda but it is clearly a reworking of the 1910 brochure cover art by Charles Vernau of Paris; and the PDF asserts that the 1910 aircraft is "unquestionably the worlds first jet propelled airplane" when major questions have been raised about that, by notable mainstream historians. I assume the PDF author to be Terry Day, Technical Director of New Fluid Technology in Queensland, but this is not made clear. Anyway, this PDF is one I feel can be used as an external link or as a source for photographic evidence, but one in which the text analysis is unverifiable. Binksternet (talk) 15:15, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Catchword
It seems to me that one might find a more earnest expression for the subject of the article. Flying saucer is clearly humorous, but in the article, there is not referred to this fact in the section of the lead that deals with the origin of the term.

Nevertheless, there is said:

"Both the terms flying saucer and flying disc were used commonly and interchangeably in the media until the early 1950s."

Would it, therefore, not be useful to move the article to Flying disc? For me, this catchword would appear much more encyclopedic. --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 13:08, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I only now realize that Flying disc is already used for something absolutely different. But, nevertheless: it does not make a good impression to have an article with an obviously humorous catchword, but without any remark on the fact that, and in how far, the catchword is a humorous one. --Hans Dunkelberg (talk) 13:20, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

Translation in broken English
Somebody who knows both languages perfectly should improve the English translation of text (1) in (2).

This is what Coanda said, speaking in Romanian:

(1)''„Avioanele pe care le avem astăzi nu sunt decât perfecţionarea avioanelor de jucărie pe care le fac copiii din hârtie. Părerea mea este că ar trebui să găsim o maşină de zbor complet diferită, bazată pe alte principii ale zborului. Avionul viitorului va decola vertical, va zbura ca oricare altul şi va ateriza tot vertical. Ideea mi-a venit de la puterea uriasa a cicloanelor”.''

Broken English translation: ''"At a Symposionum organized by the Romanian Academy in 1967 Coanda said:

(2)"These airplanes we have today are no more than a perfection of a toy made of paper children use to play with. My opinion is we should search for a completely different flying machine, based on other flying principles. I consider the aircraft of the future, that which will take off vertically, fly as usual and land vertically. This flying machine should have no parts in movement. The idea came from the huge power of the cyclons" [sic][13]". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.83.160.23 (talk) 15:31, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

N.F.O.
I propose that every reference to "unidentified flying object" or "UFO" be changed to Nazi flying object and NFO. There is no way a flying "object" can be considered unidentified if they are in fact Nazi. -- bigrealjay482 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.238.118.157 (talk) 02:08, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

DON'T MERGE DON'T MERGE because flying saucers are also NASA spacecraft as of now
[http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/science/20140808/nasas-flying-saucer-mars-test-called-success-despite-torn-chute]

[https://www.google.com/search?q=saucer+test+success]

User:Pedant 76.90.171.224 (talk) 00:49, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

Unnecessary apostrophe
This article, in its first paragraph, says that since 1952, the term "flying saucers" has been supplanted by the United States Air Force term "unidentified flying objects or UFO's" (sic). I am inclined to think that the apostrophe is not needed here. Vorbee (talk) 15:54, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Flying saucer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130321080210/http://brumac.8k.com/trent1.html to http://brumac.8k.com/trent1.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:39, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Flying saucer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120304051634/http://www.iwasabducted.com/ufomistakes/clouds/ to http://www.iwasabducted.com/ufomistakes/clouds/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151001154047/http://citypaper.net/articles/070397/article005.shtml to http://citypaper.net/articles/070397/article005.shtml
 * Added tag to http://uk.gamespot.com/destroy-all-humans/reviews/destroy-all-humans-review-6127942/?tag=summary%3Breview

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:18, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Flying saucer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150619195944/http://ufos.about.com/od/bestufocasefiles/p/loring.htm to http://ufos.about.com/od/bestufocasefiles/p/loring.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:22, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:11, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Plan9SaucerShadow.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:03, 20 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Plan9SaucerShadow.jpg

History
The 1978 radio drama | CBS Mystery Theater ~ A Message from Space 790 begins, "The term 'flying saucer' was first used by a Texas farmer, who saw one over his ranch in 1878. That's right, 100 years ago.  For this information, I'm indebted to Arthur Shuttlewood, one of the foremost authorities in the world on UFO's." Anything to this? 50.53.52.21 (talk) 07:44, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

“NAZI-Disc”
I admit that most of the texts mentioning Flying Saucer like vehicles built by Nazi-engineers during WWII in Germany ( ... yeah. ) are of US-American origin and thus more local culture at yours. But those stories merit to be included, here. If you are closer to the “scene”, maybe you also feel where they fit in.

I came here, precisely from one of those “Web-pages” and am still too overwhelmed to evaluate anything. 109.190.55.91 (talk) 07:19, 13 November 2021 (UTC) (Germany/France)
 * Darn. I found the Nazi-UFO in this Wikipedia edition. Never mind.109.190.55.91 (talk) 07:26, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

WP:OR
Much of this article likely needs to be written from sources. I started editing when I noticed some issues in the lead. There's bits of it throughout the article though. Rjjiii (talk) 20:58, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * you recently added content and reorganized some sections. Are you planning to do more? And do you have plans/ideas for the organization or scope of the article? Rjjiii (ii) (talk) 23:14, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Please take the lead, I was just trying to help out since you mentioned the article had some problems. I probably copied WAY too much from the Kenneth Arnold incident page and it can be pared down a lot -- feel free to remove anything I added as you see fit, it's messy article and I don't know what its final form should look like.    I could pretty easily make Flying Saucers in Popular Culture far more comprehensive, but that material would probably best belong in a subarticle.   As a reader, I would want to know how the "disc with bubble" became "the" image of a flying saucer.  We're still just scratching the surface of what a big deal the "flying saucer" was in 50s culture -- it wasn't just a sci-fi thing, it was all over the place.
 * Just first thoughts.  How best could I help here?   I don't know if we need to rehash the conspiracies as much it should.      Feoffer (talk) 07:25, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * thanks for the work you put in and your feedback. I had not really thought too much about what the "final form should look like" before I asked above. I was more focused existing problematic content.
 * In general, the article should probably have a narrow scope to prevent overlap with and forking from Unidentified flying object. In many of the other language wikipedias, this article is a redirect to UFO. For example, "platillo volador" on es-wiki is a redirect to Ovni (UFO). Other reference sources treat UFO as the primary topic. Brittanica rolls "flying saucers" into their UFO article. Encyclopedia.com does a definition and link to "UFO". The Columbia Encyclopedia "flying saucer" entry gives a link to "UFO". Enciclonet has a UFO/OVNI article, but nothing for flying saucers. I think anything that can be covered at Unidentified flying object, UFOs in fiction, UFO religion, or UFO conspiracy theories should be covered primarily there, leaving this article as a UFO subarticle.
 * I am thinking sections of this article could be:
 * History
 * Precursors
 * 1947 (not sure on title for section)
 * 1950s into 1960s (not sure on title, but flying saucer peak)
 * Later (not sure on title)
 * Culture
 * idk on sub-sections?
 * Characteristics
 * idk on sub-sections?
 * The "Explanations" section is fine for now, but as the other sections are worked out, those bits should either be worked in, ported over to Unidentified flying object, or cut out. Let me know what you think, Rjjiii  (talk) 08:41, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That matches with my thinking -- we don't need to fully rehash the whole "UFOs are alien spaceships" thing when it's adequately covered and debunked elsewhere. I don't think the project currently has a place that conveys what a big deal "Saucer Culture" was in the 1950s. I'd really like to find a RS connecting, say, Passiac saucer to, say, George Jetson's domed flying saucer car. Feoffer (talk) 10:10, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Gotcha, I'm going to reorganize the sections. I'll condense the history, add Ray Palmer into the history section briefly, and write characteristics from sources. If you have sources/ideas for pop culture stuff, I can work around that. Rjjiii  (talk) 04:06, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flying saucer


text:
President of Angola

The president of Angola (Presidente de Angola) is both head of state and head of government in Angola. According to the constitution adopted in 2010, the post of prime minister is abolished; executive authority belongs to the president who has also a degree of legislative power, as he can govern by decree.

The position of president dates from Angola's independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto obtained the position when his People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) won control of the country from the Portuguese. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him.

Under Dos Santos' leadership, Angola became a multi-party state, although it remained controlled by him. The election held in 1992 reelected Dos Santos with 49% of the votes. His opponent, Jonas Savimbi of the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) party, claimed that the election was fraudulent.

As of 2021, there is a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Angola. The term limit has not been met by any president yet.

The Angolan president is elected by double simultaneous first-past-the-post voting for the same five-year term as the assembly, renewable once. Each participating party nominates a candidate as top of its list, who must be clearly identified on the ballot paper. The top candidate of the party gathering the most votes is elected President in accordance with the 2010 Constitution. The new constitution limits a president to serving two terms, although it does not count the terms served to date, and abolishes the post of prime minister, instead introducing the post of vice-president.

João Lourenço is the current incumbent. He ascended to power on 26 September 2017.

Relevant lists

 * General
 * Lists of incumbents
 * List of national leaders

 * Angola
 * List of colonial governors of Angola
 * List of prime ministers of Angola
 * List of heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
 * List of heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola

title: President of Angola


text:
Danny Ainge

Daniel Ray Ainge (born March 17, 1959) is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and professional baseball player who serves as an executive for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). During his 18-year career as general manager for the Boston Celtics, Ainge was known for making bold moves to help the team rebuild, and clearing cap space. He served as the Celtics' president of basketball operations from 2003 until his retirement in 2021.

A three-sport star in high school, Ainge was named to All-America teams in football, basketball, and baseball. At Brigham Young University, he was named national basketball college player of the year and won the John R. Wooden Award for the most outstanding male college basketball player. While in college, Ainge also played parts of three seasons with the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB), mostly as a second baseman. He was then drafted into the NBA by the Celtics in 1981. Ainge played in the NBA for 14 seasons, playing for the Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and Phoenix Suns, primarily as a shooting guard. He went on to coach the Suns for three seasons before joining management of the Celtics, with whom Ainge has three NBA championships to his credit (two as a player, one as a team executive). During his playing career, Ainge appeared in the 1988 All-Star Game. He was the NBA Executive of the Year in 2008.

Early life
Born and raised in Eugene, Oregon, Ainge was a multi-sport star at North Eugene High School. He led the Highlanders' basketball team to consecutive AAA state titles in 1976 and 1977, earning all-state honors both years, and was considered one of the top football recruits in Oregon at wide receiver. As a junior, Ainge was named to the 1977 Parade High School All-America team, and is the only one to be a high school first team All-American in football, basketball, and baseball.

College career
Ainge played college basketball at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. He hit one of the best-known shots in the 1981 NCAA tournament, against Notre Dame in Atlanta in the Sweet Sixteen, when his coast-to-coast drive and lay-up with two seconds remaining gave the Cougars a one-point win. Ainge concluded his senior year by winning the Eastman Award, as well as the John R. Wooden Award—given to the best collegiate player in the nation. During his four-year career at BYU, Ainge was an All-American, a two-time First Team Academic All-American, the WAC Player of the Year and a four-time All-WAC selection. He concluded his college career having scored in double figures in 112 consecutive games, an NCAA record at that time.

Toronto Blue Jays (1979–1981)
Ainge was selected in baseball's 1977 amateur draft by the Toronto Blue Jays. He made it to the major leagues with the Blue Jays in while still in college. Mostly a second baseman, Ainge played third base and outfield positions as well, hitting .220 in his baseball career with two home runs and 146 hits in 211 games. Ainge is the second-youngest player in Blue Jays history to hit a home run, at 20 years and 77 days, surpassed only by Vladimir Guerrero Jr.

After three years with the Blue Jays, Ainge decided to pursue a career in basketball and was drafted by the Boston Celtics in the second round (31st overall) of the 1981 NBA draft, who had to buy out Ainge's contract from the Blue Jays after a legal battle.

Ainge is one of 13 athletes who have played in the National Basketball Association and Major League Baseball, along with Frank Baumholtz, Hank Biasatti, Gene Conley, Chuck Connors, Dave DeBusschere, Dick Groat, Steve Hamilton, Mark Hendrickson, Cotton Nash, Ron Reed, Dick Ricketts, and Howie Schultz.

Boston Celtics (1981–1989)
Not everything went well for Ainge in NBA basketball at first. He had a terrible first day of practice, "shooting 0–2,547", Larry Bird wrote in his autobiography Drive: The Story of My Life. Celtics head coach Bill Fitch gave Ainge a rough time, saying his batting average was better than his shooting percentage on the basketball court. But Ainge became an important player for the Celtics teams that won NBA titles in 1984 and 1986.

Ainge played sparingly during his rookie season (1981–82), but broke into the starting lineup in his second year, averaging 9.9 points per game. However, new coach K.C. Jones moved Ainge back to the bench in his third season (1983–84), starting Gerald Henderson instead. Ainge remained an important role player off the bench, helping the Celtics defeat the rival Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA Finals that year. The Celtics traded Henderson to Seattle in the off-season, returning Ainge to the starting guard position opposite Dennis Johnson. Ainge responded by averaging 12.9 points and 5.3 assists per game in 1984–85. He remained a starter for the Celtics for most of the next five seasons. The Celtics won the championship again in 1985–86; that team is widely considered to be one of the greatest in NBA history. In 1986–87, Ainge finished second in the NBA in free throw shooting (89.7%) and third in 3-point shooting (44.3%). The following year, he made 148 3-pointers, shattering the previous NBA single-season record of 92 held by Darrell Griffith of the Utah Jazz. Ainge made his only appearance in the NBA All-Star Game that year, scoring 12 points.

Sacramento Kings (1989–1990)
In 1989, Ainge was traded to the Sacramento Kings, along with Brad Lohaus, for young center Joe Kleine (whom the Celtics saw as a possible successor to the aging Robert Parish) and Ed Pinckney. Now a featured player on a team with no superstars, Ainge averaged 20.3 points and 6.7 assists per game in that half-season with the Kings. He scored 45 points for the Kings in a loss to the Golden State Warriors, matching a career high that he had set just a few months prior against the Philadelphia 76ers while still playing for the Celtics at that time.

Portland Trail Blazers (1990–1992)
In 1990, Ainge was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for Byron Irvin and draft picks. Being a native of Oregon, he was considered a hometown favorite by Blazers fans. On May 5, 1992, Ainge played an important role in the highest scoring NBA postseason game of all time, scoring 25 points and hitting multiple key shots during a 155–153 double overtime win over the Phoenix Suns. The win gave the Blazers a three games to one game lead in the Western Conference Semifinals. Ainge would go on to help the Blazers reach the 1992 NBA Finals, only to succumb to the Chicago Bulls in six games. On June 5, he scored nine points in the extra period to tie an all-time NBA record for most points in an overtime during a finals game.

Phoenix Suns (1992–1995)
After the 1991–92 season, Ainge became a free agent. He had stated in media interviews that he ideally wanted to stay in Portland and would contact Blazers management before seriously entertaining offers from other teams. However, on July 1, 1992, Ainge signed a contract with the Phoenix Suns on his first day of free agency. Ainge averaged 11.8 points per game as the Suns went 62–20 that year and reached the NBA finals, where they lost to the Bulls in six games.

On January 18, 1994, he became the second player in NBA history to hit 900 three-point shots (he made 1,002 three-pointers for his career), and he scored 11,964 points for an average of 11.5 points per game, 2,768 rebounds for an average of 2.7, and 4,199 assists, an average of four per game, over 1,042 NBA games.

Ainge retired after the 1994–95 season. At the time of his retirement, he had the highest personal winning percentage in NBA history among players with at least 1,000 career games, edging out Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 69.0% to 68.8%. Ainge was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.

Reputation
Throughout his playing career, Ainge was known as a brash, hard-nosed player. In a 1983 playoff game against the Atlanta Hawks, he called 7ft 1in Tree Rollins a "sissy", whereupon Rollins elbowed Ainge in the face. Ainge tackled Rollins and the two began wrestling. Rollins bit Ainge's middle finger so hard that it required two stitches to keep the tendon together. Ainge was ejected from the contest for starting the fight. The incident prompted the headline "Tree Bites Man" on the April 25, 1983, Boston Herald. While playing for the Phoenix Suns in the 1993 season, Ainge got into a tussle with Michael Jordan at midcourt; both were given a technical foul. In a 1994 postseason game, Ainge rifled an inbounding pass at the head of Houston Rockets guard Mario Elie, striking him in the face and snapping his neck back.

Coaching career
Ainge rejoined the Phoenix Suns as an assistant to head coach Cotton Fitzsimmons in May 1996. On November 14, 1996, Fitzsimmons retired after the Suns started the season with an 0–8 record and Ainge was appointed as his replacement. During his first season coaching the Suns, Ainge got into an on-court altercation with player Robert Horry, which led to Horry throwing a towel at Ainge afterward. Despite early struggles, Ainge would lead the Suns into the 1997 NBA playoffs after they started the season with a 0–13 record.

On December 14, 1999, Ainge resigned as head coach of the Suns; he cited a need to spend more time with his family. Ainge had accumulated a 136–90 record during his stint as head coach. Ainge was replaced by assistant coach Scott Skiles.

Boston Celtics executive
In 2003, Ainge was hired as the executive director of Basketball Operations for the Celtics. He has often been controversial in his role as a Celtics executive, trading popular players such as three-time All-Star Antoine Walker (earning himself the nickname "Trader Danny") and having personality conflicts with then-head coach Jim O'Brien (which eventually led to O'Brien's departure to the Philadelphia 76ers). However, Ainge kept the support of both the Celtics' ownership group and—perhaps most importantly—legendary former head coach Red Auerbach, who was employed by the team as a "senior assistant" until his death in October 2006.

The 2006–07 Celtics finished with a 24–58 record, second-worst in the team's history. Following the season, Paul Pierce, team captain and face of the franchise, expressed frustration with the team's failures. He requested a trade to a contender if management were unable to acquire veteran talent of Pierce's caliber.

Ainge responded with two bold moves that changed the franchise's fortunes almost overnight: the 2007 trades for the Minnesota Timberwolves' Kevin Garnett and the Seattle SuperSonics' Ray Allen immediately returned the Celtics to the ranks of the NBA's elite franchises for the first time since the early 1990s. Together with Pierce, they formed a new "Big Three" and led the Celtics to the NBA's best record (66–16) during the 2007–08 season. It was the most dramatic single-season improvement in league history (42 wins more than the previous year), and it earned Ainge the NBA Executive of the Year Award.

Boston faced the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2008 NBA Finals, renewing the long rivalry between the two teams. The Celtics won in six games, giving the franchise its 17th NBA championship. Ainge held the trophy for the first time since winning in 1986. In October 2008, after the Celtics' championship season, he was promoted to President of Basketball Operations.

On May 3, 2010, Ainge was fined $25,000 for tossing a towel to distract then Cleveland Cavaliers forward JJ Hickson shooting a free throw during Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Semifinals.

In 2013, Ainge traded Garnett and Pierce, along with Jason Terry and D.J. White, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for five players plus the Nets' first-round picks in 2014, 2016, and 2018. Boston also received the rights to swap picks with Brooklyn in 2017. It is widely considered one of the most lopsided trades in league history, in favor of the Celtics, as the players from the trade became franchise cornerstones Jayson Tatum and Jaylen Brown. The trade would ultimately be instrumental in helping the Celtics win the 2024 NBA Finals long after Ainge left the team.

On August 22, 2017, Ainge made another blockbuster deal, trading All-Star point guard Isaiah Thomas, as well as Jae Crowder, Ante Žižić and the rights to the Nets' 2018 first-round draft pick, to the Cleveland Cavaliers for All-Star Kyrie Irving. Eight days later, the deal also included a 2020 second round pick from the Miami Heat as compensation relating to a prior injury to Thomas. This move, however, wouldn't be as successful for the Celtics by comparison, as Irving would eventually leave the Celtics for the Brooklyn Nets after two seasons of play for them. Irving would, however, later play for the Celtics' opponents in the 2024 NBA Finals, the Dallas Mavericks.

On June 2, 2021, Ainge announced his retirement and named head coach Brad Stevens as his replacement as President of Basketball Operations.

Utah Jazz executive
On December 15, 2021, Ainge was hired as the CEO of basketball operations and alternate governor of the Utah Jazz.

Ainge's first transaction was hiring the new head coach Will Hardy after Quin Snyder announced his resignation as head coach. In the 2022 NBA offseason, Ainge traded Rudy Gobert to Minnesota and Donovan Mitchell to Cleveland. In return of these two major trades, the Jazz received Lauri Markkanen, Colin Sexton (via sign-and-trade), Malik Beasley, Jarred Vanderbilt, rights to the 14th and the 22nd picks (Ochai Agbaji and Walker Kessler) respectively, seven first round picks and four first round pick swaps. Ainge's third move was the 2023 trade deadline a major trade to clear cap space he traded Mike Conley to Minnesota, Malik Beasley and Jarred Vanderbilt to the Lakers. In return, the Jazz received Russell Westbrook (who later bought out the contract to sign with the Clippers), Juan Toscano-Anderson, Damian Jones and a 2027 first round pick. Ainge also signed young prospects Kris Dunn, Luka Samanic and Vernon Carey Jr.

Other pursuits
In 1996, Ainge made his acting debut in Space Jam, playing himself while as a member of the Phoenix Suns. While only a brief appearance, Ainge was dubbed "The Bad Shot Guy" after catching and shooting the ball at the same time while Charles Barkley roamed the court after having his skills stolen by the Monstars.

While a player with the Suns, Ainge opened a national chain of hat stores which he has since sold. Ainge has volunteered at a number of charitable organizations. Ainge also served as a commentator for the NBA on TNT.

Personal life
Ainge and his wife, Michelle, reside in Wellesley, Massachusetts; they have six children, one of whom, Austin, is director of player personnel for the Boston Celtics and like his father, played basketball at BYU. Ainge's grandson, Dre, also lives in Wellesley.

Ainge's nephew, Erik Ainge, was the starting quarterback on the football team at the University of Tennessee and was selected by the New York Jets in the 5th round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Another nephew, Jake Toolson, played the shooting guard position for BYU and recently signed an Exhibit-10 contract with the Utah Jazz.

Ainge and his family are active members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in which Ainge served as a bishop.

Ainge had a mild heart attack in 2009, and another in 2019. He has ADHD, according to a personality test Ainge took when Doc Rivers was coaching the Celtics.

title: Danny Ainge