text:
Molly Elliot Seawell

Molly Elliot Seawell (October 23, 1860 – November 15, 1916), an early American historian and writer, was a descendant of the Seawells of Virginia and a niece of President John Tyler. Raised on a large plantation, her education included being "turned loose in a library of good books", her father's home containing the best literature of the 18th century. She read English classics, and was especially fond of poetry. She did not read a novel until after she was 17, and the first was Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield. Her three amusements were reading, riding and piano-playing. Her father, a prominent lawyer, died just as Seawell reached adulthood.

Seawell sent some stories to Lippincott's Monthly Magazine when William S. Walsh was the editor. Recognizing Seawell's ability to be unusual, he encouraged her from the beginning. Her first stories were signed with a pen name till her friends persuaded her to sign her own name, which occurred after Maid Marian was published. This is considered her best story. She ventured into the genre of juvenile literature when she sent Little Jarvis to The Youth's Companion to contend for the US$500 prize.

It is possible that Seawell's essay "On the Absence of Creative Faculty in Women" attracted more attention than any of her books. Women answered it, and the discussion was joined by Andrew Lang, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and others. The Critic stated that essay attracted more attention than any single article ever published in its columns. In style, Seawell was said to resemble Jane Austen. Seawell's works, besides numerous short stories, included: Young Heros of our Navy, Maid Marian and Other Stories, Midshipman Paulding, Hale Weston, Paul Jones, and The Midshipmen's Mess.

Early life and education
Molly Elliot Seawell was born in Gloucester, Virginia, a member of one of the older European families to settle in Virginia. Her father, John Tyler Seawell, a lawyer and orator, was a nephew of President John Tyler. Her mother (Tyler's second wife), Frances Elizabeth Jackson Seawell, was a native of Baltimore whose father, Major William Jackson, a distinguished officer in the War of 1812, who was with the Cavalry division at the Battle of North Point, 12 September 1814.

Descendants of the original Seawells spell the family name in one of two forms: "Sewell" (as in Sewell's Point, Norfolk, Virginia) and "Seawell." Otis Notman interviewing Molly Elliot Seawell for The New York Times Saturday Review of Books noted that the regional pronunciation of the name was "Sowell," although Molly Elliot Seawell pronounced her name as it was spelled ("Talks", 392).

Seawell spent her early life at the family's plantation home, "The Shelter," which had been a hospital in the American Revolutionary War. She described her early formation as a "... secluded life ... in the library of an old Virginia country house, and in a community where conditions more nearly resembled the eighteenth than the nineteenth century" ("The Ladies' Battle", 116).

Her father was a student of the Classics, who influenced her learning. She was not allowed to read a novel until she was 17, instead reading history, encyclopedias, and the works of William Shakespeare and the Romantic poets. Her education was primarily informal at home, where she learned riding, dancing, and household management. In addition to these influences and her Tidewater surroundings, Seawell's seafaring uncle, Joseph Seawell, contributed to her future literary subjects.

Life
After her father's death and between her move to Norfolk and settling for life in Washington, D.C., Seawell made the first of many trips to Europe. Her visits took her to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, and even as far as Imperial Russia. Apparently the appeal of Russia and Germany was the therapeutic waters of the baths, to which Seawell attributed the improvement of a chronic eye condition (Notman "Some Authors," "Talks"). Her summers in Europe, returning to Washington in October, became a regular event. These travels extended the material of her literary subjects which included the sea, England, France, and Central Europe.

The household Seawell sustained with her mother and her younger sister Henrietta on P Street near Washington's fashionable Du Pont Circle was the location of an artists' salon of sorts. She entertained artists and writers there in addition to such notables of the time as the Earl of Carlisle and his daughter, Lady Dorothy Howard (Notman "Some Authors," "Talks"). After the death of her mother and later of Henrietta, Seawell temporarily withdrew from social life, despite an enormous capacity for friendship and interest in people.

Seawell's health had been precarious for a number of years. She died of cancer in her home on November 15, 1916, only a few weeks after her 56th birthday. Her Roman Catholic Requiem Mass was held at the Church of St. Matthew (now the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle). Her body was interred in Baltimore's Greenmount Cemetery.

Writings
The death of her father when she was 20 (Notman "Talks" 392) prompted Molly Elliot Seawell, her mother and her younger sister, Henrietta, to move from "The Shelter" in Gloucester to Norfolk and later to Washington, D.C. It was either in Norfolk or in Washington that Seawell began her literary career in earnest.

She first wrote using pseudonyms (including the patrician-sounding "Foxcroft Davis" – the novels Mrs. Darrell and The Whirl – and the Russian "Vera Sapoukhyn") until the publication of her short story Maid Marian in 1886, a tale she later dramatized for actress Rosina Vokes. Her first novel, Hale-Weston, published in 1889, was widely read and translated into German. These successes established her literary career; in her own words:

"That I succeeded was due to tireless effort, unbroken health, a number of fortunate circumstances, and above all, what I am neither afraid nor ashamed to say, the kindness of the good God. In the course of time, I became, through literature alone, a householder, a property-owner, a taxpayer, and the regular employer of five persons. (The Ladies' Battle 116)"

In 1890, Seawell received a prize for a short story. Five years later, she received a $3000 prize from the New York Herald for a story.

Her literary production included forty books of fiction, collected short fiction, non-fiction, and numerous political columns from Washington for New York dailies and essays. Among her political essays was a 1910 article for The Atlantic Monthly opposing women's suffrage, in which she also spoke ill of the extension of the franchise to African Americans after the Civil War.

For her short stories and historical works, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature by American professor Charles W. Kent in 1910 and 1911

Style
Seawell's fiction might be distinguished into three genres: regional fiction, romances, and books for boys (primarily nautical stories). Their strong suit is Seawell's ability in characterization rather than her plots. In an interview with her, Notman observed this strength ("Talks" 392), to which she replied: "My people usually seem flesh and blood to me. If they do not have the breath of life in them at the beginning, no amount of labor can make them real." Mitchell in American Women Writers remarks more critically, "Plot was never her strong point, and the perfect ladies and gentlemen, the overt racism, and the condescending tone are interesting only because they reflect values once widespread" (41).

Seawell was widely read in her time and, at the beginning of the 20th century, was included in standard reference works on American writers and among the Times's Otis Notman's interviews with William Dean Howells, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser.

Works

 * Throckmorton; A Novel (1890)
 * Midshipman Paulding (New York, 1891)
 * Paul Jones (1892)
 * Decatur and Somers (1893)
 * The Berkeleys and their Neighbors (1894)
 * A Strange, Sad Comedy (1895)
 * The Sprightly Romance of Marsac (1896)
 * The History of Lady Betty Stair's Suitors (1897)
 * A Virginian Cavalier (1898)
 * The Rock of the Lion (1898)
 * The Loves of the Lady Arabella (1899)
 * The Fortunes of Fifi (1903) --(*made into a 1917 film The Fortunes of Fifi)
 * Mrs. Darrell (1905)
 * The Victory (1906)
 * The Whirl: A Romance of Washington Society (1909)
 * The Ladies' Battle (1910)
 * Betty's Virginia Christmas (1914)

title: Molly Elliot Seawell


text:
Perrysburg

Perrysburg may refer to some places in the United States:

 * Perrysburg, Indiana
 * Perrysburg, Ohio
 * Perrysburg Township, Wood County, Ohio
 * Perrysburg (town), New York
 * Perrysburg (CDP), New York

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Perrysburg


text:
IP3

IP3 may refer to:

 * Inositol trisphosphate (IP3), used for signal transduction in biological cells
 * Third-order intercept point, in radio telecommunication
 * IP3 International, a nuclear technology company

title: IP3


text:
Andreas Libavius

Andreas Libavius or Andrew Libavius was born in Halle, Germany c. 1550 and died in July 1616. Libavius was a renaissance man who spent time as a professor at the University of Jena teaching history and poetry. After which he became a physician at the Gymnasium in Rothenburg and later founded the Gymnasium at Coburg. Libavius was most known for practicing alchemy and writing a book called Alchemia, one of the first chemistry textbooks ever written.

Life
Libavius was born in Halle, Germany, as Andreas Libau, the son of Johann Libau. His father, only a linen worker, could not give Libavius an education because in this time period only the wealthy were able to get a higher education. Showing great intelligence as a child Livavius overcame his personal status and attended the University of Whittenburg at the age of eighteen in 1578. In 1579 he entered the University of Jena where he studied philosophy, history and medicine. In 1581 he obtained the academic degree of magister artium and was named a poet laureate.

He began teaching in Ilmenau in 1581 and remained there until 1586 when he moved to Coburg to teach there. In 1588 he went to study at the University of Basel and received the degree of medicinae doctor. Shortly thereafter, he became a professor of history and poetry at the University of Jena. At the same time, he also supervised the disputations in the field of medicine.

In 1591 he became physician of the city council of Rothenburg and, one year later, became the superintendent of schools. This position led to conflict with the rector of schools causing Libavius to move to Coburg in 1605. In 1606 he was offered and accepted the position of headmaster of the reestablished Casimirianum Gymnasium in Coburg. He lived in Coburg from 1607 until his death in 1616.

Little is known about his personal life, but he did have two sons, Michael, and Andreas, who followed in his father's footsteps and became a teacher and physician. He also had two daughters, Susanna, and one whose name is not known.

Alchemy
Libavius is best known for his work as an alchemist above all else. Alchemy was an early science whose goals were to transform matter like turning base metals to gold. Alchemists also tried to find an elixir of life that would allow them to cure all disease. Alchemy is the study that turned into what we know today as chemistry. Libavius believed that his studies in alchemy would help further advancements in the medical field.

In 1597 Libavius published Alchemia, a textbook that summarized all the discoveries alchemists had made at this point. Alchemia was organized into four parts: what to have in a laboratory, descriptions of procedures, chemical analysis, and transmutation. Publishing such a book was blasphemous, as many alchemists wanted to keep their findings to themselves to prevent their findings from being misused. Libavius thought that knowledge should be shared if it could be used to help better mankind.

His studies in alchemy led to many new discoveries in chemistry. He discovered methods to prepare a number of chemicals like hydrochloric acid, ammonium sulfate and tin chloride. He also recorded the dangers of alchemy, as most of it was done in homes, and proposed the development of a series of laboratories, called chemical houses, to make alchemy a safer practice.

Views on alchemy
Libavius was a staunch believer in chrysopoeia, or the ability to transmute a base metal into gold. This viewpoint was a matter of much debate for alchemists of the time, and he defended it in several of his writings. Though he did discover several new chemical processes, he tended to be more of a theoretician, and he leaned toward traditional Aristotelianism rather than Paracelsian alchemy.

He was an opponent of Paracelsus on the grounds of Paracelsus' disrespect for ancient thought, magnification of personal experience above others' experience, overstatement of the didactic function of nature, use of magical words and symbols in natural philosophy, confusion of natural and supernatural causes, interjection of seeds into the creation of the universe, and postulation of astral influences. Despite this, he did not entirely reject all Paracelsian methods. In The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, Frances Yates states:

"Andrea Libavius was one of those chymists who was influenced up to a point by the new teachings of Paracelsus in that he accepted the use of the new chemical remedies in medicine advocated by Paracelsus, whilst adhering theoretically to the traditional Aristotelian and Galenist teachings and rejecting Paracelsist mysticism. Aristotle and Galen appear, honourably placed, on the title-page of Libavius's main work, the Alchymia, published at Frankfurt in 1596 ... Libavius criticized the Rosicrucian Fama and Confessio in several works. Basing himself on the texts of the two manifestos, Libavius raises serious objections to them on scientific, political, and religious grounds. Libavius is strongly against theories of macro-microcosmic harmony, against Magia and Cabala, against Hermes Trismegistus (from whose supposed writings he makes many quotations), against Agrippa and Trithemius—in short he is against the Renaissance tradition."

He accepted the Paracelsian principle of using occult properties to explain phenomena with no apparent cause but rejected the conclusion that a thing possessing these properties must have an astral connection to the divine.

He was also critical of alchemists who claimed to have produced a panacea, or cure-all, not because he didn't believe that a panacea was possible, but because these alchemists invariably refused to disclose their formulas. He believed that anyone who managed to create a panacea was duty bound to teach the process to as many other people as possible, so that it could benefit mankind. He was particularly critical of Georgius am Wald (also called Georgius an und von Wald), an alchemist who wrote a book in which he claimed to have made a panacea. Libavius considered am Wald to be a fraud and declared that am Wald's panacea was no more than sulfur and mercury, not gold as am Wald claimed. Between 1595 and 1596 he dedicated four volumes, Neoparacelsica, Tractatus duo physici, Gegenbericht von der Panacea Amwaldina, and Panacea Amwaldina victa to exposing am Wald as a quack.

Works

Within a span of 25 years (1591–1616) Libavius wrote more than 40 works in the field of logic, theology, physics, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy and poetry. He was actively involved in polemics, especially in the fields of chemistry and alchemy, and as such many of his writings were controversial at the time.

Libavius was an orthodox Lutheran, and in his theological treatises, which he wrote under the pseudonym of Basilius de Varna, he criticized Catholicism, specifically the Jesuit order, and later on in his life, Calvinism. This can also be seen in some of his non-theological works, particularly in some of the works produced during his involvement with the conflict between the Paracelsists, anti-Paracelsists, Galenists, and Hermetics.

In 1597, he wrote the first systematic chemistry textbook, Alchymia, where he described the possibility of transmutation. In this book he also showed that cuprous salt lotions are detectable with ammonia, which causes them to change color to dark blue. In 1615 he wrote Syntagmatis alchamiae arcanorum where he detailed the production of tin chloride, something that he developed in 1605. He was not the first person to invent this process, however, as the Franciscan friar Ulmannus had discovered it earlier and wrote about in the book Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit in 1415.

He also contributed works to the study of medicine. Between 1599 and 1601 he wrote Singularia, a four volume collection of lectures on natural science, which included a collection of descriptions and discussions about medical phenomena. In 1610 he published one of the first German medical texts, Tractatus Medicus Physicus und Historia des fürtrefflichen Casimirianischen SawerBrunnen/ unter Libenstein/ nicht fern von Schmalkalden gelegen.

Other works

 * Quaestionum physicarum – 1591
 * Dialectica – 1593
 * Neoparacelsica – 1594
 * Tractatus duo physici – 1594
 * Exercitiorum logicorum liber – 1595
 * Dialogus logicus – 1595
 * Antigramania – 1595
 * Gegenbericht von der Panacea Amwaldina, auff Georg vom Waldt davon aussgegangenen Bericht – 1595
 * Singularium pars prima … pars secunda – 1595
 * Tetraemerum – 1596
 * Commentationum metallicorum libri  – 1597
 * Variarum controversarium libri duo – 1601
 * Analysis dialéctica colloquii Ratisbonensis – 1602
 * Poemata epica, lyrica, et elegica – 1602
 * Alchymistische Practic – 1603 (Digitalisat)
 * Gretserus triumphatus – 1604
 * Praxis alchymiae – 1604
 * Alchymia triumphans – 1607
 * Pharmacopea – 1607
 * Syntagma selectorum – 1611
 * Syntagma arcanorum – 1613
 * Syntagmatis arcanorum chymicorum  – 1613
 * Examen philosophiae novae – 1615
 * Analysis confessionis Fraternitatis de Rosae Cruce – 1615
 * Wolmeinendes Bedencken / Von der Fama, und Confession der Brüderschaft deß Rosen Creutzes – 1616

title: Andreas Libavius


text:
Mount Olive

Mount Olive may refer to:

Canada

 * Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown, a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario
 * Mount Olive (Canadian Rockies), a mountain on the Continental Divide/British Columbia-Alberta in the Canadian Rockies

Cities and towns

 * Mount Olive, Alabama (disambiguation)
 * Mount Olive, Arkansas (disambiguation)
 * Mount Olive, Illinois
 * Mount Olive, Indiana
 * Mount Olive, Kentucky
 * Mount Olive, Mississippi
 * Mount Olive, Missouri
 * Mount Olive, Stokes County, North Carolina
 * Mount Olive, Wayne County, North Carolina
 * Mount Olive, Ohio
 * Mount Olive, Shenandoah County, Virginia
 * Mount Olive Township, New Jersey

Other places in the US

 * Mount Olive Cemetery (disambiguation)
 * Mount Olive (Natchez, Mississippi), a historic house

Other uses

 * Mount Olive College, located in Mount Olive, North Carolina
 * Mount Olive Pickle Company, a food processing firm

title: Mount Olive


text:
Mount Airy, Virginia

Mount Airy is the name of several places in the Commonwealth of Virginia:
 * Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia, a mid-Georgian plantation house built for Col. John Tayloe, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Richmond County and a National Historic Landmark
 * Mount Airy (Leesville, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Bedford County
 * Mount Airy (Verona, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Augusta County
 * Mount Airy, Charles City County, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Mount Airy, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Mount Airy, Shenandoah County, Virginia, an unincorporated community

title: Mount Airy, Virginia


text:
User talk:Robinoke

The Way of the World on peer review
Hi, Robinoke, thanks for listing The Way of the World on peer review, and for doing such great work on the article! It's a highly interesting subject to me, I'm delighted it's getting attention. The best way of getting plenty of input on peer review is to reply to the comments you do get, btw. Other potential reviewers will be much more encouraged if you seem interested in getting comments, and that way you'll have a chance of getting some real dialogue going. I've just edited the peer review instructions to recommend this simple trick, after I'd noticed what a difference it makes, so I though I'd mention it to you, too. Best wishes, good luck with your work. --Bishonen | talk 17:29, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Decolonization, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

re: VfD for Push-pull factors for colonists
You asked for help nominating this page for deletion. I've responded to your request at Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion. I recommend against deletion but if you want to, you should do so via Redirects for deletion which has processes and templates which are less disruptive to the functioning of the redirect during the discussion period.

The other implied part of your question was a more general one of "how do I nominate something when the VfD sub-page is already populated with an existing archive?" To the best of my knowledge, that process has never been documented. Here's what I do:
 * 1) Tag the article with  and save the page.
 * 2) Edit the article and change the link in the VfD header from this article's entry to this article's entry .  Note that instead of the template automatically reading the pagename through the brackets, you must paste in the real pagename and add the " (2nd nomination)".
 * 3) Now proceed normally to follow that new redlink to the VfD subpage and explain your reason for nominating for deletion.
 * 4) When you add the listing to the VfD list, you will again have to make sure that the link is pointing correctly to the "PAGENAME (2nd nomination)" subpage.

It's complicated but it works. It doesn't really happen that often which is why we've never tried to document it before, I suppose. Hope that helps. Rossami (talk) 00:10, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Roaring Twenties, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. Falphin 03:33, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Nice Work
Just a littl thank you for all your work on Frank Black and Pixies, awesome stuff, and it's hard to find a fan. Nice job.

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Vandalism
Sorry, Im kinda new at this and it looked like you made the edit. Sorry --Digon3 15:54, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

You helped choose Mark Twain as this week's WP:AID winner
→ A z a  Toth 00:25, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

You helped choose Coffee as this week's WP:AID winner
– ClockworkSoul 04:07, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

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Jezebel
Hi Robinoke. I know this is many moons after your comment about the plethora of pop culture references in the Jezebel article, but I heartily agree! If you are still interested in moving this huge list to a separate article, please see my comment this date on the Jezebel talk page. (I am a near-Luddite, so I don't know how to create a new article.) Thank you :) Z Wylld (talk) 17:39, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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title: User talk:Robinoke


text:
Introduced species

An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are considered naturalized. The process of human-caused introduction is distinguished from biological colonization, in which species spread to new areas through "natural" (non-human) means such as storms and rafting. The Latin expression neobiota captures the characteristic that these species are new biota to their environment in terms of established biological network (e.g. food web) relationships. Neobiota can further be divided into neozoa (also: neozoons, sing. neozoon, i.e. animals) and neophyta (plants).

The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically as an invasive species), while other introduced species may have little or no negative impact (no invasiveness). Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others.

Terminology
The formal definition of an introduced species from the United States Environmental Protection Agency is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species".

In the broadest and most widely used sense, an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or house may not meet the criteria unless they escape and persist.

Subset descriptions
There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species, and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. Examples of these terms are "invasive", "acclimatized", "adventive", "naturalized", and "immigrant" species.

The term "invasive" is used to describe introduced species that cause ecological, economic, or other damage to the area in which they were introduced.

Acclimatized species are introduced species that have changed physically and/or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment. Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically/behaviorally sufficient for the new environment.

Adventive species are often considered synonymous with "introduced species", but this term is sometimes applied exclusively to introduced species that are not permanently established.

Naturalized species are often introduced species that do not need human help to reproduce and maintain their population in an area outside their native range (no longer adventive), but that also applies to populations migrating and establishing in a novel environment (e.g.: in Europe, house sparrows are well established since early Iron Age though they originated from Asia).

Immigrant species are species that travel, sometimes by themselves, but often with human help, between two habitats. Invasiveness is not a requirement.

Invasive species
Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an "introduced species". Such species might be termed naturalized, "established", or "wild non-native species". If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species, they are called "invasive species". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introduced species are essentially "non-native" species. Invasive species are those introduced species that spread widely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species "invasive" only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause.

According to a practical definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location, spreading (invading) by natural means. The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. For example, U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines "invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health". The biological definition of invasive species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause, only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction.

Some argue that "invasive" is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define.

From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species (although the State of Hawaii has adopted an approach that comes close to this). Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced "pest" species, that are officially listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species. Early detection and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction. Management of invasion pathways are on the forefront of eliminating unwanted invasive species this would include preliminary steps; educating the public, cooperation from industries and government resources.

In Great Britain, the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive.

Nature of introductions
By definition, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.

Intentional introductions
Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild. In these cases, it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires. In the second case, species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated.

The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as biological globalization.

Positive Introductions

Although most introduced species have negative impacts on the ecosystems they enter into, there are still some species that have affected the ecosystem in a positive way. For example, in New Hampshire invasive plants can provide some benefits to some species. Invasive species such as autumn olive, oriental bittersweet, and honeysuckle produce fruit that is used by a handful of fruit-eating bird species. The invasive plants can also be a source of pollen and nectar for many insects, such as bees. These invasive plants were able to help their ecosystem thriving, and increase the native animal's chances of survival. Several introduced exotic trees served as nest sites for resident waterbird species in Udaipur city, India.

Economic
Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example, soybeans, kiwi fruit, wheat, honey bees, and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America. Collectively, non-native crops and livestock account for 98% of US food. These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that, according to the Congressional Research Service, they probably exceed the costs.

Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting agriculture, aquaculture or other economic activities are widespread. Eurasian carp was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source. The apple snail was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska, foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the Australian Dung Beetle Project in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop. These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests.

The rise in the use of genetically modified organisms has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new/modified species into different environments. Companies such as Monsanto that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species. The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today, however, the rise of genetically modified organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species.

Human enjoyment
Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment. Numerous fish and game animals have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting. The introduced amphibian (Ambystoma tigrinum) that threatens the endemic California salamander (A. californiense) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen. Pet animals have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans, and their escapes have resulted in several introductions, such as feral cats, parrots, and pond slider.

Lophura nycthemera (silver pheasant), a native of East Asia, has been introduced into parts of Europe for ornamental reasons.

Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties. The introduced Norway maple for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada's parks. The transport of ornamental plants for landscaping use has and continues to be a source of many introductions. Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive. Notable examples include water hyacinth, salt cedar, and purple loosestrife.

In other cases, species have been translocated for reasons of "cultural nostalgia", which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms. Famous examples include the introduction of common starlings to North America by the American Eugene Schieffelin, a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the American Acclimatization Society, who, it is rumoured, wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's plays into the United States. He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890, and another forty in 1891.

Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the European rabbit in Australia. Thomas Austin, a British landowner, had rabbits released on his estate in Victoria because he missed hunting them. A more recent example is the introduction of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) to North America by a Cincinnati boy, George Rau, around 1950 after a family vacation to Italy.

Addressing environmental problems
Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems. A number of fast spreading plants such as kudzu have been introduced as a means of erosion control. Other species have been introduced as biological control agents to control invasive species. This involves the purposeful introduction of a natural enemy of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread.

A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct, done in the interests of conservation. Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S., and the red kite to parts of England and Scotland. Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species.

Unintentional introductions
Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of rat (the black, Norway and Polynesian) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships, and arachnids such as scorpions and exotic spiders are sometimes transported to areas far beyond their native range by riding in shipments of tropical fruit. This was seen during the introduction of Steatoda nobilis (Noble false widow) worldwide through banana shipments.

Further there are numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water, among them the invasive comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi, the dangerous bacterium Vibrio cholerae, or the fouling zebra mussel. The Mediterranean and Black Seas, with their high volume shipping from exotic sources, are most impacted by this problem. Busy harbors are all potential hotspots as well: over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world.

There is also the accidental release of the Africanized honey bees (AHB), known colloquially as "killer bees") or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carp to the United States. The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example, the oleander aphid, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant, oleander.

Yet another unintentional pathway of introduction is during the delivery of humanitarian aid in the aftermath of natural disasters. This occurred during relief efforts for Hurricane Maria in Dominica, it was found that the common green iguana, the Cuban tree frog, and potentially the Venezuela snouted tree frog were introduced with the former two becoming established.

Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above. For instance, Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada; about 27 of these non-native species have become established, and only a handful can be considered invasive, including the intentionally introduced Harmonia axyridis, multicolored Asian lady beetle. However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes. In North America, Harmonia axyridis has become the most abundant lady beetle and probably accounts for more observations than all the native lady beetles put together.

Introduced plants
Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories, initially as either ornamental plants or for erosion control, stock feed, or forestry. Whether an exotic will become an invasive species is seldom understood in the beginning, and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly naturalizing and becoming invasive. Studies have shown that introduced species display a greater likeliness of naturalizing when there is an appropriate environmental match, the plant species are short lived herbs or cultivate from seeds.

Peaches, for example, originated in China, and have been carried to much of the populated world. Tomatoes are native to the Andes. Squash (pumpkins), maize (corn), and tobacco are native to the Americas, but were introduced to the Old World. Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment. Others may become feral, but do not seriously compete with natives, but simply increase the biodiversity of the area. One example would be Dandelions in North America, which have become an essential source of early season nectar for both native and introduced pollinators, and do not meaningfully compete with native grasses or flowers.

A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia. Caulerpa was first observed in the Mediterranean Sea in 1984, off the coast of Monaco. By 1997, it had covered some 50 km2. It has a strong potential to overgrow natural biotopes, and represents a major risk for sublittoral ecosystems. The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium. Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant Phyla canescens, which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America, Europe, and Africa as an ornamental plant. This species has become invasive in Australia, where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks. It has also become invasive in France where it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region, where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats.

Japanese knotweed grows profusely in many nations. Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century. It is a source of resveratrol, a dietary supplement. It can grow in building foundations, threatening their stability, and spreads quite quickly. Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) has spread very widely across the Indian subcontinent and is impacting a range of wild species including urban birds.

Introduced animals
Most introduced species do not become invasive. Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the gypsy moth in eastern North America, the zebra mussel and alewife in the Great Lakes, the Canada goose and gray squirrel in Europe, the beaver in Tierra del Fuego, the muskrat in Europe and Asia, the cane toad and red fox in Australia, nutria in North America, Eurasia, and Africa, and the common brushtail possum in New Zealand. In Taiwan, the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes.

One notoriously devastating introduced species is the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata). Originating in a region encompassing Iran and India, it was introduced to the West Indies and Hawaii in the late 1800s for pest control. Since then, it has thrived on prey unequipped to deal with its speed, nearly leading to the local extinction of a variety of species.

In some cases, introduced animals may unintentionally promote the cause of rewilding. For example, escaped horses and donkeys that have gone feral in the Americas may play ecological roles similar to those of the equids that became extinct there at the end of the Pleistocene.

The exotic pet trade has also been a large source of introduced species. The species favored as pets have more general habitat requirements and larger distributions. Therefore, as these pets escape or are released, unintentionally or intentionally, they are more likely to survive and establish non-native populations in the wild. Among the popular exotic pets that have become alien or invasive species are parrots, frogs, terrapins, and iguanas.

Most commonly introduced species
Some species, such as the Western honey bee, brown rat, house sparrow, ring-necked pheasant, and European starling, have been introduced very widely. In addition there are some agricultural and pet species that frequently become feral; these include rabbits, dogs, ducks, snakes, goats, fish, pigs, and cats. Many water fleas such as Daphnia, Bosmina and Bythotrephes have introduced around the world, causing dramatic changes in native freshwater ecosystems.

Genetics
When a new species is introduced, the species could potentially breed with members of native species, producing hybrids. The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect, a negative effect, to having devastating effects on native species. Potential negative effects include hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease. This was seen in the Atlantic Salmon population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival. Potential positive effects include adding to the genetic diversity of the population which can increase the adaptation ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population. This was seen in the introduction of guppies in Trinidad to encourage population growth and introduce new alleles into the population. The results of this introduction included increased levels of heterozygosity and a larger population size. Wide-spread introductions of non-native iguanas are causing devastating effects on native Iguana populations in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles, as hybrids appear to have higher fitness than native iguanas, leading to competitive outcompetition and replacement. Numerous populations have already become extinct and hybridization continues to reduce the number of native iguanas on multiple islands.

In plants, introduced species have been observed to undergo rapid evolutionary change to adapt to their new environments, with changes in plant height, size, leaf shape, dispersal ability, reproductive output, vegetative reproduction ability, level of dependence on the mycorrhizal network, and level of phenotype plasticity appearing on timescales of decades to centuries.

On a planetary body
It has been hypothesized that invasive species of microbial life could contaminate a planetary body after the former is introduced by a space probe or spacecraft, either deliberately or unintentionally. It has also been hypothesized that the origin of life on earth is due to introductions of life from other planets billions of years ago, possibly by a sentient race. Projects have been proposed to introduce life to other lifeless but habitable planets in other star systems some time in the future. In preparation for this, projects have been proposed to see if anything is still alive from any of the feces left behind during the six Moon landings from 1969 to 1972.

title: Introduced species


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George Preston Marshall

George Preston Marshall (October 11, 1896 – August 9, 1969) was an American football executive who owned the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He founded the franchise as the Boston Braves in 1932 based on the remnants of the Newark Tornadoes, a defunct franchise which was sold back to the league in 1930. Marshall renamed the team "Redskins" in 1933 and relocated them to Washington, D.C. in 1937. He owned the team until his death in 1969.

In 1963, he became one of the first 17 inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, along with Redskin great Sammy Baugh. Marshall, a supporter of racial segregation, was the last NFL owner to integrate African Americans onto a roster, only doing so in 1962 under pressure from the federal government, which threatened to block the use of D.C. Stadium, which they owned, unless he did.

Early life and education
Marshall was born in Grafton, West Virginia, where his parents, Thomas Hildebrand ("Hill") Marshall and Blanche Preston Marshall, owned the local newspaper. When he was a teenager, his family moved to Washington D.C., after his father bought a laundry business there. He briefly attended Randolph–Macon College in Ashland, Virginia before dropping out at age 18.

Career
Marshall initially pursued acting, and was an extra for a local theater but this pursuit was interrupted in 1918 when he was drafted into World War I, although he was not deployed abroad. He was discharged from the U.S. Army the same year, in December 1918. Following his father's death in 1919, he took over the two-store laundry business. In 1926, he financed the Washington Palace Five basketball team. The team folded in 1928.

In 1932, he and three other partners were awarded an NFL franchise for Boston. The team was known as the Boston Braves, as it played on the same field as baseball's Boston Braves. After the team incurred a $46,000 loss in its first season, Marshall's partners sold their interests to him.

In 1933, he moved the team from Braves Field to Fenway Park, which the team shared with the Boston Red Sox. He hired coach "Lone Star" William Henry Dietz, who claimed to be part Sioux and changed the team name from the Braves to the Redskins. Marshall said that he chose the name so that the team could keep its Native American logos.

In 1936, the team won the Eastern division and hosted the 1936 NFL Championship Game, which Marshall moved from Boston to the Polo Grounds in New York City. After a lack of support by fans despite winning the division title, he moved the team to Washington, D.C. for the 1937 season.

At the time, college football was more popular than the NFL. Marshall saw the NFL as not just a sport but as a form of entertainment and incorporated elements of college football, including gala halftime shows, a marching band, and a fight song, "Hail to the Redskins".

To increase scoring, Marshall and George Halas, owner of the Chicago Bears, successfully suggested allowing a forward pass to be thrown from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage, rather than at a minimum of five yards behind the line. He also suggested moving the goal posts from the end line to the goal line, where they were in Canadian football, to encourage the kicking of field goals. This change remained in place for about four decades until NFL goal posts were returned to the end line in the mid-1970s as part of an effort to lessen the influence on the game of kicking specialists.

Marshall also pushed to standardize the schedule so that each team played the same number of games, the teams were split into divisions with the winners meeting in a championship game, and game gate receipts were split between the home team and the visitor using by either a 60–40 split or a guaranteed amount of money, whichever was larger.

During the 1937 season, Marshall rented a train and brought 10,000 fans to New York City to watch the team play the New York Giants.

In 1946, he sold the laundromat business, which by then had grown to 57 locations.

In the 1950s, Marshall was the first NFL owner to embrace television. He initiated the first network appearances for any NFL team and built a television network to broadcast Redskins games across the Southern United States.

In 1960, Marshall opposed the addition of the Dallas Cowboys to the NFL, ending his team's stature as the only team south of the Mason–Dixon line. He only agreed to the addition after a rival acquired the rights to the fight song from the writer of the music and threatened to prohibit the team from playing it at games.

In November 1960, Marshall sold 25% of the team to Jack Kent Cooke for $350,000. Marshall was extremely frugal and did not let the team spend money on travel expenses and salaries. He once berated Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney for driving up salaries by signing then University of Colorado's Byron White for $15,800, then the highest contract in football in the late 1930s. One sportswriter referred to Marshall as "the last of the small-time spenders."

Allegations of racism
As a result of a gentlemen's agreement promoted by Marshall, NFL teams did not sign black players until 1946, when two teams broke the agreement. Marshall refused to do so, claiming that integrating the team would cause the team to lose fans in the Southern United States and his team was at the time the southernmost team in the NFL. He said that "We'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites."

His refusal to integrate was routinely mocked by Shirley Povich, a columnist for The Washington Post, who called him "one of pro football’s greatest innovators, and its leading bigot." Marshall unsuccessfully sued Povich for $200,000 after a critical article.

Marshall downplayed the issue of integration, saying "I am surprised that with the world on the brink of another war they are worried about whether or not a Negro is going to play for the Redskins" and doubted that "the government had the right to tell the showman how to cast the play." Marshall had a long-running feud with Redskins shareholder Harry Wismer, who favored integration.

In 1961, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall and Attorney General of the United States Robert F. Kennedy issued an ultimatum: unless Marshall signed a black player, the government would revoke the Redskins' 30-year lease on D.C. Stadium (later known as RFK Memorial Stadium). Udall and Kennedy were well within their rights to take this action, since D. C. Stadium had been funded by government money and was located on federal land. As well, the Constitution vests Congress, and ipso facto the federal government, with ultimate authority over the capital.

Marshall selected Ernie Davis, Syracuse University's All-American running back, as his top draft choice in the 1962 NFL draft. However, Davis refused to play for the team and was traded to the Cleveland Browns for All-Pro Bobby Mitchell, who became the first black player to play for the Redskins. Marshall became an enthusiastic supporter of Mitchell. The Redskins only had three winning seasons in the 23 years between the 1946 integration of the NFL and Marshall's death in 1969. On a television show, Oscar Levant asked Marshall if he was anti-Semitic, to which he responded: "Oh no, I love Jews, especially when they're customers."

Personal life
His obituary in The Washington Post stated: "Marshall considered it a lost opportunity were he not the center of attention". He feared flying and never learned to drive.

In 1920, Marshall married Elizabeth Morton, a former Ziegfeld Follies girl. They had two children, separated in 1928 and divorced in 1935. His mistress in the 1920s and 1930s was silent screen actress and Ziegfeld Follies dancer Louise Brooks. She gave him the nickname "Wet Wash" because he owned a laundry chain. He was married to film actress-author Corinne Griffith from 1936 to 1957. She referred to him in print as "The Marshall without a plan."

The George Preston Marshall Foundation serves the interests of children in the Washington metropolitan area. Marshall added a caveat that no money from the foundation would ever go toward "any purpose which supports the principle of racial integration in any form"; however, this requirement was thrown out by the courts.

Death
In August 1962, he underwent surgery to correct a hernia. Later, he suffered a cerebral thrombosis.

In 1963, soon after his induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Marshall suffered a debilitating stroke that left him legally incompetent to manage his affairs. Three conservators were assigned to manage the football team: C. Leo DeOrsey, who owned 13% of the team and Edward Bennett Williams and Milton W. King, who each owned 5% of the team. In 1965, he appointed Marshall to run the team.

In August 1969, Marshall died in his sleep at his home in Georgetown from hemiphlagia and a heart condition, compounded by diabetes and arteriosclerosis. His funeral was held at the Washington National Cathedral with a huge crowd in attendance. Marshall is buried at the family plot in Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney, West Virginia.

title: George Preston Marshall


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User talk:Darac

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 16:13, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Black Shuck
I noticed you created a page on Black Shuck the other day. I've just had a quick read through, and there is a sentence in the first paragraph that just doesn't make sense to me. Perhaps you could have a read through and comment on this:

 * "It is said that anyone who looks into those eyes within the year."

I suspect that you'd intended to write something else in the middle of that sentence, but get distracted and forgot after coming back to the article.

--Darkhorse 16:06, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)

 * Well, I guess the edit by Derek Ross clarifies things now. --Darkhorse 20:45, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)

 * Yes. Obviously I meant "...those eyes dies...". I really ought to proof-read a bit closer before submitting. --Darac Marjal 22:09, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hello. The City of York is a city. York is a place, that may not even be a town anymore. Morwen 09:13, Mar 9, 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Darac


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Joshua Bell

Joshua David Bell (born December 9, 1967) is an American violinist and conductor. He is currently music director of the Academy of St Martin in the Fields.

Early life and education
Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, to Shirley Bell, a therapist, and Alan P. Bell, a psychologist and professor at Indiana University (IU), and former Kinsey researcher. His father is of Scottish descent and his mother is Jewish (her father was born in Mandatory Palestine and her mother was from Minsk).

Bell began playing the violin at age four after his mother discovered that he had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his nine dresser drawers to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got a scaled-to-size violin for him when he was five and started giving him lessons. Bell took to the instrument but had an otherwise normal Indiana childhood, playing video games and excelling at sports, especially tennis and bowling. He placed in a national tennis tournament at age ten.

Bell's first violin teacher was Donna Bricht, widow of Indiana University music faculty member Walter Bricht. His second was Mimi Zweig, and his third the violinist and pedagog Josef Gingold, who accepted Bell as a student after his parents assured him that they were not interested in pushing their son to be a star but simply wanted him to have the best teacher for his abilities. By age 12, Bell was serious about the instrument, thanks in large part to Gingold's inspiration.

At age 14, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Riccardo Muti. He studied violin at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music and graduated from Bloomington High School North in 1984. In 1989 Bell received an Artist Diploma in violin performance from Indiana University. IU also honored him with a Distinguished Alumni Service Award two years after his graduation. He has been named an "Indiana Living Legend" and received the Indiana Governor's Arts Award.

Career
Bell made his Carnegie Hall debut in 1985, at age 17, with the St. Louis Symphony. In 1990, at age 22, he went on the American Russian Young Artists Orchestra's first tour of Russia. He has since performed with many of the world's major orchestras and conductors. As well as the standard concerto repertoire, he has performed new works. Nicholas Maw's violin concerto is dedicated to Bell, who premiered it in 1993 and won a Grammy Award for his recording. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack to the film The Red Violin and was featured in Ladies in Lavender. He also appeared in the movie Music of the Heart, with other violinists.

Bell's instrument is the Gibson ex Huberman, a Stradivarius made in 1713 during what is known as Stradivari's "Golden Era". The violin was stolen twice from its previous owner, Bronisław Huberman; the final time, the thief confessed to the act on his deathbed. Bell had played the violin; its owner at the time, violinist Norbert Brainin, jokingly told him that it could be his for $4 million. On August 3, 2001, Bell was in London to perform at The Proms; before the concert he was approached by J & A Beare. He learned that the violin was in London and about to be sold to a German industrialist to become part of a collection. Bell played the violin at the Proms that same evening. He later sold his previous violin, the Tom Taylor Stradivarius, for a little more than $2 million and bought the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the $4 million asking price. The 2013 documentary The Return of the Violin tells the story of the instrument's theft, return, and subsequent acquisition by Bell. Bell's first recording with the Gibson ex Huberman was Romance of the Violin for Sony Classical Records in 2003.

Bell served as artistic partner for the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra from 2004 until 2007, and as a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London. He also serves on the artists' selection committee for the Kennedy Center Honors and is an adjunct associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bell won the Avery Fisher Prize on April 10, 2007, at Lincoln Center in New York City. The prize is given once every few years to classical instrumentalists for outstanding achievement. On May 3, 2007, Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music announced that Bell had joined the faculty as a senior lecturer.

In 2008, Bell received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Bell collaborated with Hans Zimmer by providing violin solos for the soundtrack of the 2009 film Angels & Demons, based on Dan Brown's 2000 novel of the same name.

In May 2011, the Academy of St Martin in the Fields (ASMF) named Bell its music director. He has recorded commercially with the ASMF for the Sony Classical label. In July 2017, the ASMF announced a three-year extension of his contract, through 2020. Bell and the orchestra won the 2017 Helpmann Award for Best Individual Classical Music Performance. In April 2024, the ASMF announced an additional extension of Bell's contract as its music director through August 2028.

In 2013, Bell accompanied Scarlett Johansson in the song "Before My Time". Written by J. Ralph for the documentary Chasing Ice, it received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Bell played himself in three episodes of Mozart in the Jungle in 2014, 2015, and 2016. In 2016, he had a cameo in the penultimate musical episode of Royal Pains. He also appeared as himself in episode 8 ("Quacktice Makes Perfect") of the 2017 Netflix original series Julie's Greenroom.

Washington Post experiment
In an experiment initiated by The Washington Post columnist Gene Weingarten, Bell donned a baseball cap and played as an incognito busker at the Metro subway station L'Enfant Plaza in Washington, D.C., on January 12, 2007. The experiment was videotaped on hidden camera; of the 1,097 people who passed by, seven stopped to listen to him, and one recognized him. For his nearly 45-minute performance, Bell collected $32.17 from 27 passersby (excluding $20 from the one who recognized him). Three days earlier, he earned considerably more playing the same repertoire at a concert. Weingarten won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for his article on the experiment. The Washington Post posted the video on YouTube and a feature-length documentary, Find Your Way: A Busker's Documentary, chronicled Bell's experience. A somewhat inaccurate retelling of the story went viral.

Personal life
Bell has three sisters. He and his former partner, Lisa Matricardi, have three sons: Josef (born 2007), and twins Benjamin and Samuel (born 2010). On October 5, 2019, Bell married opera singer Larisa Martinez at their home in Mount Kisco, New York. They also live in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan.

Soundtrack albums

 * Chasing Ice Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2012
 * The Flowers of War Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2012: Joshua Bell, solo violin
 * Angels & Demons Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2009
 * Defiance Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2008
 * Ladies in Lavender Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2005: Joshua Bell, solo violin
 * Iris Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, 2001: Joshua Bell, solo violin
 * The Red Violin, 1998: Joshua Bell, solo violin

title: Joshua Bell


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Talk:Ohio River

Lead
One significant portion of the Ohio River is man-made, the McAlpine Locks and Dam (formerly the Louisville and Portland Canal) bypassing the Falls of the Ohio (which we don't mention in the lead, either). Sbalfour (talk) 00:03, 3 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Fixed. However, even more significant is that the Ohio is no longer a free flowing natural river - it is divided into essentially 51 pools or reservoirs by 51 locks and dams for navigability. That's pretty significant, and it's not even mentioned in the article. Sbalfour (talk) 15:03, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

History
3 of 5 paragraphs and 64% of the text in the lead is history, and this is supposed to be a natural resource article. The largest paragraph is on prehistoric history, which probably doesn't need to be in the lead. We have 6 or 7 level 2 sections to summarize, and that ostensibly gives us our paragraphing. There's nothing on ecology or geology in the lead, for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sbalfour (talk • contribs) 23:34, 2 March 2019 (UTC)

I've deleted a paragraph of prehistoric history copy-pasted from the text; the lead is supposed to be a *SUMMARY*. The history portion is now 2 out of 5 paragraphs and 45% of the text, still too much by a factor of more than 2. And there's nothing about geology or ecology in the lead. I also think it's worth mentioning the Allegheny and Monongahela headwaters, as well as the major tributaries including the Cumberland in Kentucky and iconic Wabash in Indiana. The statement that the river was the boundary of the northwest territory doesn't appear in the text; the lead isn't supposed to be new information. Sbalfour (talk) 16:14, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Geography
The lead is worded suspiciously like a website I found. Normaly the lead sentence takes the form, “a foo is a bar, baz, quux”. I don’t know where Cairo, Il is. Geographically, I have to look up Pittsburgh to see exactly where it is. A foreign reader might not know either city. Not an auspicious start. That it is a tributary of the Mississipi is important but secondary to knowing where it is. How about this:"The Ohio River is a 981-mile long river in the midwestern United States that flows southwesterly from western Pennsylvania south of Lake Erie to its mouth on the Mississippi River at the southern tip Illinois. It is the second largest river by discharge volume in the United States and a principal east (left) tributary of the north-south flowing Mississippi River that divides the eastern from western United States." I recognize that the Mississippi River is not the same as the continental divide of the Appalachians or Rockies. Yet in lore as well as in practice, the ‘Ole Miss’ separates the east from the west on account of the impediment to passage.Sbalfour (talk) 04:25, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

Drainage basin
The second paragraph says "...and its drainage basin includes parts of 15 states", and it's uncited (the end citation supports the drinking water clause only). I'm a scholar, so I get to nitpick. That's the largest number I encounter in web searches, which vary from 11 to 14 states, usually. And usually, those counts exclude the drainage basin of the Tennessee River which is rather confounding. I count 10 states rather obviously, excluding the Tennessee's basin: (north of the river) Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York; (south of the River) Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina. Then we come to Maryland: I was dubious, because Maryland is mostly east of the Appalachians. So I checked. The Youghiogheny River, a tributary of the Monongahela River, one of the headwaters forming the Forks of the Ohio, drains the western wedge of Maryland nestled in the bosom of West Virginia windward of Appalachia. So that makes the 11th state. In a separate enumeration, the drainage basin of the Tennessee River adds the following states: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia. Of those 3 states, the only state the Tennessee River does not actually flow through or form part of the border, is Georgia. However, the Hiwassee River, a tributary of the Tennessee River, as well as a few of its tributaries in the southeastern corner of Tennessee, flows out of Georgia into Tennessee. So clearly, parts of Georgia are in the Tennessee River drainage basin. I say the drainage basin of the Ohio River is therefore 14 states, s'il vous plaît. Sbalfour (talk) 16:02, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

Hmmm... the Eastern Continental Divide (ECD) passes through Jones Gap State Park on the northwest segment of the border of South Carolina. There is a sign there, the one and only sign in the state, demarcating the ECD. The French Broad River, which at the junction with the Holston River forms the Tennessee River, has headwaters located near the town Rosman, North Carolina 12 miles to the west but still only a few miles from the ECD. There, south of town, the East Fork and Middle Fork join other tributaries to form the river. The hydrography of those two creeks is local. But the East fork rises a few miles to the southeast, flows west a few miles then north. But its headwaters still don't appear to cross the SC border. Another tributary of the French Broad, the Little River, is further east and flows north from headwaters near the Blue Ridge escarpment. Jones Gap is located where U.S. 276 crosses the NC/SC border. In that vicinity are Clear Creek and Walker Creek and an unnamed tributary thereof, both tributaries of the Little River. Around there must be where that square mile in SC is drained by the Little River. The drainage basin might just be a slough, or a bunch of mountain streams. On the east side of the ECD at Jones Gap, the Middle Saluda River rises, flows through the park then south, ultimately draining into the Atlantic Ocean. One or the other of the former French Broad tributaries may drain the park west of the ECD, in which case the 15th state in the drainage basin of the Ohio River is established. But considering the slender chain of evidence here, it needs a citation by USGS, the SCDNR, or a professionally published hydrologic survey. Stay tuned. Sbalfour (talk) 17:54, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Amidst staying tuned someone made an edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio_River&diff=933397700&oldid=931322015 which removed South Carolina from the list in the Drainage basin section. This leaves it inconsistent with the preceding text ("The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions") and the number in the lead section. I don't have any idea what to do in this case (revert the edit? edit the numbers to match?) so I'll just leave it here.  — ⟨✆∣µzdzisław∣⚒⟩ 08:50, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

"Ohio Valley"
I came to this page looking for a definition of the "Ohio Valley" as mentioned in several other pages (ex: 1974 Super Outbreak). The closest definition I could find was this. 71.222.229.94 (talk) 21:48, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

Discovery, redux
The subsection “European discovery” passively stipulates 5 expeditions to the Ohio. It beggars the question, what of them? Some of the claims are credible, others are incredulous. Scholarship would demand that we make some distinction between them. It’s not because we don’t know - in most cases the later historians have resolved the ambiguity and conflicts for us. We should cite them, and the evidence they present.

The judgment of history is the following: the claims of La Salle and Woods are incredulous; those of Arthur and Viele are indisputable. There is ambiguity about the extent of the post-Kanawha Falls leg of the Batts and Fallom expedition - they may have proceeded northward, up the Kanawha possibly to its mouth on the Ohio, or westward, crossing the Guyandotte River and possibly reaching the Big Sandy basin adjacent to KY. So it may be said the attributed Ohio claim is specious, and historians have not elucidated the matter.

For the sake of completeness, Marquette and Jolliet record passing the mouth of the Ohio on the Mississippi in July of 1673, but the record of their landings does not place them on its shore; a la, sighting is not equated with discovery.

The lone paragraph constituting the section is worth more than one blanket sentence per putative claim. Maybe several paragraphs summarizing the authorities for each, so that some judgment about the answer to “Who discovered the Ohio River?” can be formed, while still maintaining the encyclopedia’s NPOV dictum.

We been thru a round of this - see the Discovery discussion above. It appears we’ve elided all controversy by eliding all exposition. Some part of that discussion could reasonably be text in the article, esp. the Lasalle-Margry-Parkman thread. It’s ok to document controversy and ambiguity, as long we don’t opine. I’m more bluntly discriminating here than I/we would be in the article. Sbalfour (talk) 16:59, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

"Major" tributaries
The section Major tributaries of the river, in order from the head to the mouth of the Ohio, include: lists 35 bullet items, including 3 streams we don't even have wiki articles for, and numerous creeks. It appears that we attempted to list anything bigger than a ditch. The other tributary sections above limit themselves to 10 bullet items, which seems more discrete. I'd propose cutting anything we don't have an article for, and anything that's a "creek". Maybe, we should only list things that appear in one of the tributaries-by-category lists above. We could also shorten the section title to something like Major tributaries, in order, from the forks. This might be the place to identify whether an item is a left or right tributary. Sbalfour (talk) 18:21, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ohio River