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Columbia Center

The Columbia Center, formerly named the Bank of America Tower and Columbia Seafirst Center, is a skyscraper in downtown Seattle, Washington, United States. The 76-story structure is the tallest building in the state of Washington, reaching a height of 933 ft. At the time of its completion, the Columbia Center was the tallest structure on the West Coast;, it is the fourth-tallest, behind buildings in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

The Columbia Center, developed by Martin Selig and designed by Chester L. Lindsey Architects, began construction in 1982 and was completed in 1985. The building is primarily leased for class-A office spaces by various companies, with the lower floors including retail space and the upper floors featuring a public observatory and private club lounge. The tower has the highest public viewing area west of the Mississippi River. It occupies most of the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth Avenues and Cherry and Columbia Streets.

Design
Columbia Center was designed by Washington architect Chester L. Lindsey. The base of the building is clad in Rosa Purino Carnelian granite. The building's structure is composed of three geometric concave facades with two setbacks, causing the building to appear like three towers standing side by side.

Ground level elevation on the Fifth Avenue side of the building is higher than on the Fourth Avenue side; the part of Cherry Street it faces was identified as one of the steepest streets in the Central Business District with a slope of 17.1%. The tower was originally designed to be about 306.5 m, but federal regulations by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) would not allow it to be that tall so close to the nearby Sea-Tac Airport. Although city land use regulations at the time were intended to limit skyscrapers to about 50 stories, the developer, Martin Selig, obtained the necessary permits for a 76-story skyscraper due to a part of the law that allowed bonus height for providing retail space with street access. Because three separate stories could access the street on the sloped site, the developers were allowed a bonus for each of the three stories they set aside for retail, which was reportedly an unintended loophole in the law. There is an observation deck on the 73rd floor which offers views of Seattle and environs. The top two floors of the building (75th and 76th) are occupied by the private Columbia Tower Club, which houses a restaurant, bar, library, and meeting rooms. An underground concourse connects the building to the nearby Seattle Municipal Tower and Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza.

The tower, originally proposed as Columbia Center, opened under the name Columbia Seafirst Center after its largest tenant and financier, Seafirst Bank, and then changed to the Bank of America Tower, when Seafirst, which had been owned by Bank of America since 1983, was fully integrated into Bank of America. That name gave it the nickname "BOAT" (Bank of America Tower). In November 2005, the building's name was changed back to Columbia Center after the bank reduced its presence in the building. Bank of America still maintains office space within the building, but has since closed the bank branch at the base of the tower.

Development and construction

Martin Selig, a local real estate developer who had recently opened the Fourth and Blanchard Building, announced plans for a 75-story office building at 4th Avenue and Columbia Street in October 1980. The $120 million project, named the "Columbia Center", would be funded by the Seafirst Mortgage Company and constructed by Howard S. Wright. Selig borrowed $205 million in 1981 to develop the property. The Columbia Seafirst Center, as it came to be known, was constructed by Howard S. Wright starting in 1982 with a 120 ft deep excavation hole that required 225000 cuyd of dirt and soil to be removed. This was one of the largest foundations for a building in Seattle along with concrete footings extending 134 ft below street level. While the structural steel of the building was built at a rate of 2 floors per week, the building itself was completed on January 12, 1985, and opened on March 2 of that same year. U.S. Steel Corporation was contracted to provide 16,000 ST of steel for construction. It was approximately 50% taller than the previous tallest skyscraper in Seattle, the 630 ft Seattle First National Bank Building (now Safeco Plaza) that opened in 1969.

Financial issues and height controversy
Selig continued to own and manage the building until 1989 when financial problems forced him to sell it to Seafirst Corporation for $354 million. Management was taken over by the Tishman West Company of Los Angeles.

Controversy regarding the skyscraper's size contributed to the passage of a 1989 law called the Citizen's Alternative Plan (CAP) that enforced more stringent restrictions on the size of buildings in Downtown Seattle. In 1990, after rejecting earlier plans for 300 ft antennas, Seattle and the FAA granted permission to erect two 192 ft antennas on top of Columbia Center, which were expected to be used for broadcasting radio and television throughout the region. Though the FAA was originally worried about the tower's height encroaching the airspace, they deemed the addition of the antennas not problematic. The antennas were not built before the permits expired in 1994, however.

Ownership changes
EQ Office bought Columbia Center from Seafirst in 1998 for $404 million. The New York State Common Retirement Fund bought a 49.9% stake in the building and then several years later sold its share back to EQ Office. In 2007, Columbia Center was sold by EQ Office to Boston-based Beacon Capital Partners for $621 million; Beacon later defaulted on a loan in 2010, the height of the Great Recession, at a time when vacancies reached 40%. On August 7, 2015, Hong Kong-based Gaw Capital Partners purchased the building for $711 million.

Renovations
On July 1, 2013, the Columbia Center's observation deck, known as the Sky View, was remodeled from 270 degrees to a 360-degree viewing area. The observation deck underwent further renovations in 2018, adding two express elevators and a new lounge. The 4th Avenue entrance was also renovated.

September 11 attacks
On June 16, 2004, the 9/11 Commission reported that the original plan for the September 11 attacks called for the hijacking of 10 planes, to be crashed into targets including the "tallest buildings in California and Washington state," which would have been the Columbia Center and the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles, respectively. However, the attacks occurred in Washington, D.C.; New York City; and Shanksville, Pennsylvania instead.

Events
Columbia Center plays host to the largest on-air firefighter competition in the world, the LLS Firefighter Stairclimb. About 2,000 firefighters from around the world yearly make the trek up 69 floors and 1,311 steps in full structural turnout gear while on air. This event benefits the Washington/Alaska chapter of the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.

Big Climb is the sister event to the LLS Firefighter Stairclimb. About 6,000 participants race and climb to the top of Columbia Center, raising more than $3 million for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. This event is open to the public and anyone 8 years of age or older can participate.

title: Columbia Center


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Highland (disambiguation)

Highland is a broad term for areas of higher elevation, such as a mountain range or mountainous plateau.

Highland, Highlands, or The Highlands, may also refer to:

Africa

 * Highlands, Johannesburg, South Africa
 * Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe
 * Ethiopian Highlands, a mass of mountains
 * Northern Highlands, Madagascar
 * Western High Plateau, or Western Highlands, or Cameroon Highlands

Brazil

 * Brazilian Highlands, a geographical region

Canada

 * Highlands, British Columbia, a municipality
 * Highlands, Edmonton, a residential neighbourhood
 * Highlands, Newfoundland and Labrador, a settlement

United States

 * Highland, Arkansas
 * Highland, California
 * Highland, California, a former name of Highland Springs, Lake County, California
 * Highland, Denver, Colorado
 * Highland City, Florida
 * Highlands County, Florida
 * Highland, Illinois
 * Highland, Lake County, Indiana
 * Highland, Indiana (disambiguation), the name of several places
 * Highland, Iowa
 * Highland, Kansas
 * Highlands, Lexington, Kentucky
 * The Highlands, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Highland, Maryland
 * Highlands, Holyoke, Massachusetts
 * The Highlands (Massachusetts), a mountain
 * Highland, Minnesota (disambiguation), the name of several places
 * Highland, Missouri
 * Highlands, New Jersey
 * Highlands Air Force Station
 * New York–New Jersey Highlands, a geological formation
 * Highland, Sullivan County, New York
 * Highland, Ulster County, New York
 * Highlands, New York
 * Highlands, North Carolina
 * Highland, Ohio
 * Highland County, Ohio
 * The Laurel Highlands, Pennsylvania
 * Highlands, Texas
 * Highland, Utah
 * Highland, Virginia
 * Highland County, Virginia
 * Highland, Washington
 * The Highlands (Seattle), Washington, a gated community
 * Highland, West Virginia (disambiguation), the name of several places
 * Highland, Wisconsin (disambiguation), the name of several places

Asia

 * Central Highlands (India)
 * Thai highlands

Europe

 * Dukagjin Highlands, Albania
 * Armenian highlands, a geographical region
 * Highlands of Iceland, a geographical area
 * Scottish Highlands, a historic region of Scotland
 * Highland (council area)
 * Highland (ward), in Perth and Kinross, Scotland

Australia

 * Southern Highlands (New South Wales), usually referred as the Southern Tablelands in New South Wales
 * Central Highlands (region), Victoria
 * Highlands, Victoria, rural town in Victoria, in the Shire of Mitchell
 * Central Highlands (Tasmania)
 * Tasmanian Central Highlands, a bioregion
 * Central Highlands Council

Papua New Guinea

 * Highlands Region

Arts and entertainment

 * Highland (album), by One More Time, 1992
 * "Highland" (song)
 * Highlands (album), by White Heart, 1993
 * "Highlands" (song), by Bob Dylan, 1997
 * Highland (band), a German dance/hip hop group
 * Highland (Irish), an Irish musical form
 * Highland, the fictional town that is the setting of Beavis and Butt-Head
 * Highlands (TV series), a 2008 Scottish TV series

Buildings

 * Highland (St. Francisville, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Louisiana
 * Highland (James Monroe house), Virginia, U.S.
 * The Highland, a historic building in Massachusetts, U.S.
 * Highlands (Smithfield, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
 * Highlands, Wahroonga, Australia
 * The Highlands (Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania), U.S., a historic building
 * The Highlands (Wheeling, West Virginia), U.S., a retail complex
 * Thomas I. Stoner House, or The Highlands, a historic house in Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.

Education

 * Highland Community College (disambiguation)
 * Highland High School (disambiguation)
 * Highland Middle School (disambiguation)
 * Highland School (disambiguation)
 * Highlands Christian College, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
 * Highlands Elementary School (disambiguation)
 * The Highland School, in Ellenboro, West Virginia
 * The Highlands School, in Irving, Texas
 * The Highlands School, Reading, England

Other uses

 * Highland (automobile), an 1890s Australian car
 * Highland (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Highland cattle, a breed of cattle
 * Highland pony, a breed of horse
 * Highland Radio, an Irish radio station
 * Highland Records, a record label
 * Highland Superstores, a defunct American consumer electronics and home appliance chain
 * SS Highland, a cargo ship 1963–69
 * Highlands Hospital, a former hospital in north London

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Highland (disambiguation)


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Highland Heights

Highland Heights may refer to several places in the United States of America:

 * Highland Heights, Kentucky
 * Highland Heights, Ohio
 * Highland Heights, Memphis, Tennessee
 * Highland Heights, Virginia

title: Highland Heights


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Edward K. Gaylord

Edward King Gaylord (March 5, 1873 – May 30, 1974), often referred to as E.K. Gaylord, was the owner and publisher of The Daily Oklahoman newspaper (now The Oklahoman), as well as a radio and television entrepreneur. A native of Kansas and educated in Colorado, he worked on several publications before moving to Oklahoma and buying an interest in The Daily Oklahoman. He built the publication into a statewide newspaper and took over its parent company, the Oklahoma Publishing Company (OPUBCO), in 1918.

After his death in 1974, Gaylord's family continued to run the newspaper until OPUBCO was sold to The Anschutz Corporation in 2011.

Early life and career
Born on a farm near Muscotah in Atchison County, in eastern Kansas, Gaylord attended Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado. His older brother, Lewis, talked him into buying the Colorado Springs Telegraph and later got him to work as the business manager of the St. Joseph Dispatch in Missouri.

Oklahoma
Gaylord came to Oklahoma City in December 1902 and bought an interest in The Daily Oklahoman, which had been founded in 1889. He became the paper's business manager in January 1903. Gaylord married Inez Kinney of New York City in 1914. In 1918, he became president of OPUBCO, the newspaper's parent company.

He built The Daily Oklahoman into a statewide newspaper, took part in the statehood movement, and was responsible for building a small experimental radio operation into the state's first major radio station, WKY. He also established the state's first television station, WKY-TV.

Gaylord died of a heart attack at his Oklahoma City home on May 30, 1974.

Gaylord family
His son, Edward Gaylord, inherited controlling interest but not complete ownership of The Daily Oklahoman and other family assets worth $50 million in 1974. Educated in business at Stanford University, Edward L. increased the family fortune by a factor of forty, to $2 billion at his death in 2003. The younger Gaylord purchased the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee. He also created the cable television channels The Nashville Network (TNN) and Country Music Television (CMT).

The Daily Oklahoman newspaper, renamed The Oklahoman in 2003, remained owned by the Gaylord family until the sale to Anschutz. Although a respected newspaper during E.K. Gaylord's tenure, it became unabashedly partisan after Edward L. became its publisher; in Oklahoma some critics would satirize the paper as "The Daily Disappointment," and the Columbia Journalism Review dubbed it "The Worst Newspaper in America" in 1999.

From Edward L.'s death until the 2011 sale, the newspaper was led by his daughter Christy Gaylord Everest. She led a major visual modernizing of the newspaper and was assisted in its operation by her sister, Louise Gaylord Bennett.

The Gaylord family have frequently provided selected philanthropic contributions, including major support to the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, and have given the University of Oklahoma contributions totaling over $50 million, resulting in a large proportion of the buildings on campus being named after one family member or another. They provided seed money for the university's Gaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, which then constructed a new facility thanks in a large part to Gaylord donations.

title: Edward K. Gaylord


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Talk:Bramalea, Ontario

I'm going to merge this with Brampton, Ontario, unless presented with reasonable reason why not to before Monday. It's irrelevant to have an article about a suburb. Although people do say they're from Bramalea, its certainly shouldn't have its own article until Brampton reaches a much higher length. -- user:zanimum

Lead image choice
A community is more than a single building. The drone photo shows a portion of the south end of the development, including residential detached, residential high rise, commercial, religious, and civic buildings, as well as both Norton Place Park and Chinguacousy Park. -- Zanimum (talk) 14:59, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bramalea, Ontario


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Hillsdale

Hillsdale may refer to:

Places
In Australia:
 * Hillsdale, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney

In Canada:
 * Hillsdale, Ontario, a village about 90 minutes north of Toronto
 * Rural Municipality of Hillsdale No. 440, a rural municipality in Saskatchewan

In the United States:
 * Hillsdale, Illinois
 * Hillsdale, Indiana, a village in Vermillion County
 * Hillsdale, Vanderburgh County, Indiana
 * Hillsdale, Michigan
 * Hillsdale Township, Michigan
 * Hillsdale, Missouri
 * Hillsdale, New Jersey in Bergen County
 * Hillsdale, Monmouth County, New Jersey
 * Hillsdale, New York
 * Hillsdale, North Carolina
 * Hillsdale, Oklahoma
 * Hillsdale, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood
 * Hillsdale, Pennsylvania
 * Hillsdale, Tennessee
 * Hillsdale, Utah
 * Hillsdale, West Virginia
 * Hillsdale, Wisconsin
 * Hillsdale, Wyoming

Rail stations

 * Hillsdale (NJT station), a railroad station in the New Jersey borough, along the Pascack Valley Line
 * Hillsdale (Caltrain station), a railroad station in San Mateo, California
 * Hillsdale (NYCRR station), a former railroad station in the New York town of the same name

Other topics

 * Hillsdale (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Hillsdale College in Hillsdale, Michigan
 * Hillsdale Academy, operated by Hillsdale College
 * Hillsdale Free Will Baptist College, Moore, Oklahoma
 * Hillsdale High School (disambiguation), several
 * Hillsdale Lake, Kansas
 * Hillsdale Shopping Center, California
 * Seven Hills School (Cincinnati, Ohio), which includes the Hillsdale campus

title: Hillsdale


text:
Holton

Holton may refer to:

Places
In Canada:
 * Holton Creek (Pépeshquasati River), a river in Quebec

In the United Kingdom:
 * Holton, Oxfordshire
 * Holton, Somerset
 * Holton, Suffolk (also known as Holton St. Peter to distinguish it from Holton St. Mary)
 * Holton, Vale of Glamorgan
 * Holton-le-Clay, Lincolnshire and its two former stations:
 * Holton Village railway station
 * Holton Le Clay railway station
 * Holton le Moor, Lincolnshire
 * Holton Le Moor railway station

In the United States:
 * Holton, California, Los Angeles County
 * Holton, California, former name of Holtville, California, Imperial County
 * Holton, Indiana
 * Holton, Kansas
 * Holton Spring, a 1st magnitude spring in Hamilton County, Florida
 * Holton Township, Michigan
 * Holton, Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Holton (surname)

title: Holton


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Æthelthryth

Æthelthryth (or Æðelþryð or Æþelðryþe; c. 636 – 23 June 679 AD) was an East Anglian princess, a Fenland and Northumbrian queen and Abbess of Ely. She is an Anglo-Saxon saint, and is also known as Etheldreda or Audrey, especially in religious contexts. She was a daughter of Anna, King of East Anglia, and her siblings were Wendreda and Seaxburh of Ely, both of whom eventually retired from secular life and founded abbeys.

Life
Æthelthryth was probably born in Exning, near Newmarket in Suffolk. She was one of the four saintly daughters of Anna of East Anglia, including Wendreda and Seaxburh of Ely, all of whom eventually retired from secular life and founded abbeys.

Æthelthryth made an early first marriage in around 652 to Tondberct, chief or prince of the South Gyrwe. She managed to persuade her husband to respect her vow of perpetual virginity that she had made prior to their marriage. Upon his death in 655, she retired to the Isle of Ely, which she had received from Tondberct as a morning gift.

Æthelthryth was subsequently remarried for political reasons in 660, this time to Ecgfrith of Northumbria, who was fourteen or fifteen at the time. Shortly after his accession to the throne in 670, Æthelthryth wished to become a nun. This step possibly led to Ecgfrith's long quarrel with Wilfrid, bishop of York, who was her spiritual counsellor. One account relates that while Ecgfrith initially agreed Æthelthryth should continue to remain a virgin, about 672 he appealed to Wilfrid for the enforcement of his marital rights as against Etheldreda's religious vocation. The bishop succeeded at first in persuading the king to consent that Etheldreda should live for some time in peace as a sister of the Coldingham nunnery, founded by his aunt, Æbbe of Coldingham. Eventually, in light of the danger of being forcibly carried off by the king, Æthelthryth then fled back to the Isle of Ely with two nuns as companions. They managed to evade capture, thanks in part to the rising of the tide.

Another version of the legend related that she halted on the journey at 'Stow' and sheltered under a miraculously growing ash tree which came from her staff planted in the ground. Stow came to be known as 'St Etheldred's Stow', when a church was built to commemorate this event. It is more likely that this 'Stow' actually refers to another fair, near Threekingham. Ecgfrith later married Eormenburg and expelled Wilfrid from his kingdom in 678. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelthryth founded Ely Abbey,a double monastery at Ely in 673, which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870.

Death and burial

According to Bede, Æthelfryth died of a neck tumour, which she interpreted as sent by God in his goodness to relieve her of guilt for her vanity in having worn heavy necklaces in her youth. Bede states that after her death, her bones were disinterred by her sister and successor, Seaxburh and that her uncorrupted body was later buried in a white, marble coffin. In 695, Seaxburh translated the remains of her sister Æthelthryth, who had been dead for sixteen years, from a common grave to the new church at Ely. The Liber Eliensis describes these events in detail. When her grave was opened, Æthelthryth's body was discovered to be uncorrupted and her coffin and clothes proved to possess miraculous powers. A sarcophagus made of white marble was taken from the Roman ruins at Grantchester, which was found to be the right fit for Æthelthryth. Seaxburh supervised the preparation of her sister's body, which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied. She apparently oversaw the translation of her sister's remains without the supervision of her bishop, using her knowledge of procedures gained from her family's links with the Faremoutiers Abbey as a basis for the ceremony.

After Seaxburh, Æthelthryth's niece and her great-niece, both of whom were royal princesses, succeeded her as abbess of Ely.

Legacy

Etheldreda is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 17 October according to Book of Common Prayer tradition, and alternatively 23 June in the Common Worship calendar of Saints.

St Etheldreda's Church in Ely Place in Holborn is dedicated to the saint. It was originally part of the London palace of the bishops of Ely. After the English Reformation, part was briefly used by a Spanish ambassador for Roman Catholic worship. The chapel was purchased by the Catholic Church in 1874 and is one of the oldest churches in England to be in current use by the Catholic Church.

St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield is 13th century and was originally Anglo-Saxon. It was named for St Etheldreda because it was adjacent to a palace of the Bishops of Ely who held her as their patron saint.

St Etheldreda's is a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely, Cambridgeshire. It is part of the Diocese of East Anglia within the Province of Westminster. The church contains the shrine and relics of Æthelthryth, including her hand.

St Etheldreda's Church in White Notley, Essex, is a Church of England parish church, of Anglo-Saxon construction, built on the site of a Roman temple, with a large quantity of Roman brick in its fabric. The church has a small Mediaeval English stained-glass window, depicting St Etheldreda, which is set in a stone frame made from a very early Insular Christian Roman Chi Rho grave marker.

The church of St Etheldreda Histon was demolished, it is commemorated in a stained glass window.

The common version of Æthelthryth's name was St Audrey, which is the origin of the word tawdry, which derived from the fact that her admirers bought modestly concealing lace goods at an annual fair held in her name in Ely. By the 17th century, this lacework had become seen as old-fashioned, vain, or cheap and of poor quality, at a time when the Puritans of eastern England disdained ornamental dress.

Hagiography
There are a number of accounts of Æthelthryth's life in Latin, Old English, Old French, and Middle English. According to Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, "more medieval vernacular lives [about Æthelthryth] were composed in England than any other native female saint". Æthelthryth appears in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Ælfric's Lives of Saints, Goscelin of Saint-Bertin's Lives of Female Saints, the Liber Eliensis, Marie de France's La vie seinte Audree, the South English Legendary, and a Middle English life in BL Cotton Faustina B.iii, among others. A modern fictional account has been written by Moyra Caldecott.

title: Æthelthryth


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Talk:X-ray crystallography

Kudos to site editors, and Comment on one section
Bravi, all contributing editors here, a very nicely done article! I rarely am so impressed by our science articles; this one is very well done. Thank you all.

I would like to suggest, only, that the section "Early organic and small biological molecules" have two small matters receive attention. First, the string of references for fatty acid structures needs to be checked, and even if all fully relevant, the list of citations here seems a bit more than necessary (relative to other target molecules). Can a secondary (review) source not be found to replace, that cites this list (given the relevant WPs encouraging secondary over primary sources)? Perhaps winnowing it to the review, and the first, best, or most pedagogically helpful citation as a second ref. is the way to go.

Second, can we find a couple newer citations, to describe, to cap off the section? The pre-eminence of structural chemistry in advancing organometallic chemistry suggests adding one further sentence and review citation on structural chemistry in OM, maybe with a molecule name and picture. There, look at Arny Rheingold (http://www-chem.ucsd.edu/faculty/profiles/rheingold_arnold_l.html), who was for many years a go-to guy to get inorganic and OM structures performed, which will bring you into that literature. Maybe an Accounts article on one family of OM compounds, like carbenes (leading readers to metathesis, etc.), where structure was key to reactivity? Or perhaps chiral Lewis acid complexes important in synthesis? Then, for a second, what most momentous/small molecule structure has been solved of late? Perhaps a complex natural product whose structure was clarified/corrected by X-ray? Something to bring this close to, if not to, the new millennium.

Best wishes. These suggestions are only to make a small part more current. By the way, not a crystallographer or OM chemist, an organic/medicinal chemist that uses structure data Cheers. Leprof 7272 (talk) 00:21, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi @Leprof 7272, cross-read your comment. Why not doing it...? Comment was from 2013, did you review the article in mean-time? Article looks impressive, so? KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 20:21, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:57, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Laue oscillations
Hi folks, it would be great if some content could be added on Laue oscillations in this article. I am a student pursuing a Master's in Materials Physics, and when I was studying XRD and XRR, I noticed that Laue oscillations quite commonly manifest in data when performing XRD experiments, however there is no content about it in this article. What do yall think? - Blue.painting (talk) 18:07, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi @Blue.painting, Ok, I Wikipedian think, why not go ahead and add it if missing? Your comment is from 2019, did you graduate in meantime? Just find some articles across Elsevier etc. and references it, no objections but think what exactly you want to say in an encyclopedic way for a general audience. I studied sciences. What you "noticed" is different from a scientific fact, please consider it. KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 20:25, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

Increased computational ability
There is no discussion of anything somewhat recent. Like every science, increased computational ability has allowed for techniques that could't be used earlier. I am pretty sure that is true here, too. Gah4 (talk) 18:02, 2 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi @Gah4, how recent please? There are citations from 2019 sources... and there is X-ray crystallography; What specifically do you want to read or say or ask or answer? Could you research it, insert it if available. "increasing computational ability" is a thing since 1980 tbh. All machines become "better" in that sense, including the processing, analysis power, etc. So, which techniques couldn't be used earlier, "artificial intelligence" (dude,...), but go ahead if you have any papers and cite/reference them if it is meaningful in encyclopedic-level, not "we try-out research AI"-level? KR 17387349L8764 (talk) 20:30, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I suspect that there was a reason to write two years ago, but now I don't remember what it was. Gah4 (talk) 09:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I suspect that there was a reason to write two years ago, but now I don't remember what it was. Gah4 (talk) 09:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I suspect that there was a reason to write two years ago, but now I don't remember what it was. Gah4 (talk) 09:18, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Kudos!
Kudos, everyone editing this article! Am a scientific person. I didn't review it (just surfing), but first glance says "I can see it [quality]". 17387349L8764 (talk) 20:19, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

History and kinematical diffraction
Sorry for mentioning here two quite unrelated points. First the section "X-ray diffraction". This section could probably use a bit more references, where the best one is probably the book "50 years of X-ray diffraction" by Ewald, which is freely available and already listed under "Further reading". Specifically, you will find that the historicity of the conversation in the English Garden in Munich, which is presented as fact here, is not so certain. Further, von Laue was nobilized (received the "von" to his name) only in 1913, just in time for being Nobelized in 1914 -- he did his most important work as a commoner, and specifically the author list of Ref. 22 is incorrect (he wasn't "von" then). Friedrich and Knipping were not technicians, but experimental physicists, the former a post-doc in 1912, the latter a PhD student.

The second, unrelated, point: shouldn't there be somewhere be made a point that essentially all of this article is in the framework of kinematical diffraction? Seattle Jörg (talk) 12:25, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems that Wikipedia doesn't have a good description of kinematic vs. dynamic diffraction. One (non-WP) reference explains that kinematic is the reflect once approximation. If the strength of reflection off any plane is small enough, as I believe it is for X-rays, then the second order (double reflection) will be much smaller. Enough smaller to ignore. Also, at X-ray frequencies the index of refraction is close enough to 1.00 to not need consideration. Gah4 (talk) 23:05, 7 April 2022 (UTC)
 * That's exactly what I found at this point, therefore I started the article on Kinematical diffraction. It could already serve as a link target here, but of course it is still far from being a satisfactory encyclopedic description. I do not have the opportunity to do this now, but if you have, I obviously would be happy if you invested time there. Or is there some topical list (in this case solid-state physics would be appropriate) where articles needing fleshing out can be entered, so that motivated editors can find them? Seattle Jörg (talk) 08:11, 8 April 2022 (UTC)
 * That's exactly what I found at this point, therefore I started the article on Kinematical diffraction. It could already serve as a link target here, but of course it is still far from being a satisfactory encyclopedic description. I do not have the opportunity to do this now, but if you have, I obviously would be happy if you invested time there. Or is there some topical list (in this case solid-state physics would be appropriate) where articles needing fleshing out can be entered, so that motivated editors can find them? Seattle Jörg (talk) 08:11, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

General chemistry 1
Well summary not about x-ray utilizations in state of matter web and cubic crystalline structure 41.79.122.226 (talk) 12:44, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Too long
This article would benefit from following summary style, including automatic excerpting of secondary articles via template:excerpt. fgnievinski (talk) 04:54, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Too long, too chaotic
I think the GA reassessment was generous:
 * It is way too long.

It seems that people have tacked things on without enough attention to the larger picture. Ldm1954 (talk) 15:49, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The order of sections needs revision. For instance put all the scattering theory parts together, currently there is duplication.
 * Put all relevant history parts together
 * Remove unverified parts which are not central. For instance there is a paragraph on catalysts without citations. While xrd is used, it is not so key.
 * Masses of citations needed. Remember, every statement needs validation.
 * There is a lot of loose language which should be tightened.

Technical Limit
I removed a paragraph that cited an error made 32 years ago, due to technical limits in the software and hardware, which no longer exist. These limits were overcome before Wikipedia was initiated. No where else does this article cite papers that were wrong due to limits in the technology at the time the work was done. Nick Beeson (talk) 20:07, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * While obviously science is self-correcting (we hope) and we don't use our own editorial interest to highlight old mistakes, this specific mistake has itself been covered as a highlight of what happened and why. Therefore I think it is quite WP:DUE to mention it. See for example 10.1002/anie.200460864. DMacks (talk) 03:17, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
 * For clarity, we're talking about Special:Diff/1181882695 (and the later Special:Diff/1188605822) here. I am not quite able do anything useful right now, but I do feel like talking about some problems is useful. I don't immediately recall anything recent about small-ish molecules like in the 32-year-old case, but it does remind me of a previously-unknown post-translation modification being missed despite visible density (10.1038/s41589-021-00966-5).
 * ...whether a mention like this is good for GA assessment purposes (length) is beyond the current capabilities of my head. Artoria2e5 🌉 11:22, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * For a GA reassment what is needed first is references (sources), as way too much has none. Can you help? Ldm1954 (talk) 17:16, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

Reorganization?
I am going to try some reorganizing next week. Phase one will be to move the 1916-20 section up to the history, and merge the duplicates of xrd discovery. The scattering sections need merging (next plausible target) so they are one, coherent section. Ldm1954 (talk) 16:37, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Just some suggestions you probably already considered:
 * Top level seems out of order:
 * History, Contributions, Sources, Methods, Analysis, or
 * History, Sources, Methods, Analysis, Contributions.
 * Resection:
 * Analysis: Data analysis, diffraction theory, scattering.
 * History: plus Nobels
 * Debulking, these should be short summaries with Main links
 * Electron and Neutron
 * Other Xray techniques
 * Crystallization
 * Missing: some simple description of an X-Ray source.
 * Good luck! Johnjbarton (talk) 16:05, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I tend to prefer history first, as such a section will outline the state of the science prior to and leading up to the current technology. BD2412  T 14:14, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree, which is why I left it that way. Switching order later is trivial. Critical IMHO, references are needed, even the history has unverified statements. Ldm1954 (talk) 14:20, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * To DMacks, Nick Beeson, Artoria2e5, BD2412, Cirosantilli2, Dekonradifier, Kdliss, Michael7604
 * Since you have all done some recent edits I thought I would ping you with a request. I have gone over this page doing some (badly needed) reorganization, as there were many pieces which had just been tacked on. Some of these were also not really that critical. I think it is in decent starting shape, but it still has massive issues to recover close to WP:GA status. The most obvious is major sections without references. Biological crystallography is not my area, so can I request that some of you add. Please also do some condensing of those sections as appropriate. (Some sections might be better elsewhere, please add info on this to the talk page.)
 * I want to get it into better shape before pinging people in IUCr for some additional edits. Ldm1954 (talk) 13:39, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Wow, that's awesome. If more university professors were into open knowledge like that, university would be in a much better place! Cirosantilli2 (talk) 15:30, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

X-ray crystallography is based on Thomson scattering.
The last sentence of Thomson scattering links this page with an unreferenced claim: "X-ray crystallography is based on Thomson scattering.". Maybe someone here has a reference handy that could be added? Even better would be another sentence explaining why. Johnjbarton (talk) 18:06, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

Section on Women in x-ray crystallography moved from Crystallography
The section on came originally from Crystallography. It seems more appropriate here, although parts (e.g. international tables) could be in both. Ldm1954 (talk) 19:27, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Split x-ray diffraction and crystallography
The two are not the same, and there are many areas of XRD where the focus is not on detailed determination of atomic positions. Examples are powder diffraction where comparison is made to known samples, SAXS and many more. There are many areas/pages where it is relevant to say "use XRD" but wrong to say use "X-ray crystallography". I am posting here for comment before doing it. Ldm1954 (talk) 07:35, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for posting the question. It might be better then to change the name of the article to X-Ray Diffraction, and then X-ray crystallography becomes a major heading within it.  It's just misnamed. Martino3 (talk) 04:24, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The current article has stacks on structure determination, which is I argue is "X-ray crystallography" so should stay there. Then XRD can be cleaner Bragg/Kinematical with a bit on dynamical, SXRD and perhaps small angle and soft/white diffraction etc. Plenty there that is not crystallography. Yes? Ldm1954 (talk) 04:30, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps approaching this from the reverse direction would help clarify the possibilities: reorg this article to more clearly identify the XRD content. In other words, the current article looks like x-ray crystallography with some muddiness from XRD, but if the XRD part were clearer then it would look like two articles that should be split. Johnjbarton (talk) 15:03, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We have an existing powder diffraction article that seems quite detailed and includes X-ray as well as other types of radiation, and a few other diffraction-related articles. I like Johnjbarton's idea of keeping this X-ray crystallography article on its named topic and working on moving content not strictly on that topic to other articles (maybe even new ones). Maybe a start would be X-ray diffraction as a WP:SUMMARYSTYLE parent of powder diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray scattering techniques (which itself is a parent of SAXS, WAXS, etc.), etc. That could help us find better homes for content here that is not on this article's narrowed topic. DMacks (talk) 15:42, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * For DMacks mainly, X-ray scattering is (and should remain) the overall summary as it includes both elastic and inelastic. X-ray crystallography is all about solving, PXRD is different (and I know ICDD want to rewrite that page). Small steps to clean a massive area.
 * As a very rough guide, see User:Ldm1954/Sandbox/XRD for what would be removed from this article and form the core of an XRD page. Very rough Ldm1954 (talk) 03:35, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I am reviving X-ray diffraction (as stated on the crystallography page as well as here and a couple of other places for discussion some time ago), moving selected material from X-ray crystallography, where contributors can be found. More work is needed, this is just the first pass. Ldm1954 (talk) 07:59, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I suspect that they are used, often enough, synonymously, even if technically they should not be. For one, it is still crystallography on amorphous, or non-crystalline solids. Someone once claimed that crystallography is the best path to a Nobel prize, based on statistics of prize winners. On the other hand, it might be that this one is long enough for two articles. It is crystallography if done by a crystallographer, even if not done on crystals. Gah4 (talk) 11:42, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, as a professional crystallography I need to point out that this is not right. X-ray diffraction is diffraction using X-rays, similar to electron diffraction. X-ray crystallography is crystallography using X-rays, comparable to electron crystallography. Diffraction is an elastic process with photons, matter waves etc. Crystallography is about determining atomic positions, it is not about mineral crystals despite the name.
 * N.B., yes, there have been many nobels in X-ray crystallography, and relatively few (von Laue, the Braggs) for X-ray diffraction,see the list in the article. Ldm1954 (talk) 12:02, 1 May 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, but what do you do with X-ray diffraction other than X-ray crystallography? One of the more amazing things to me, is that the lattice constant of silicon is known to 10 significant digits. Maybe you don't count measuring that as crystallography, though. Gah4 (talk) 19:58, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Many other uses beyond crystallography, for instance phase identification by comparison, determination of the composition of mixtures, thermal expansion, disorder, phase transitions, texture, orientation, epitaxy..the list is long and there is much more than I have listed. Ldm1954 (talk) 05:48, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, but what do you do with X-ray diffraction other than X-ray crystallography? One of the more amazing things to me, is that the lattice constant of silicon is known to 10 significant digits. Maybe you don't count measuring that as crystallography, though. Gah4 (talk) 19:58, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Many other uses beyond crystallography, for instance phase identification by comparison, determination of the composition of mixtures, thermal expansion, disorder, phase transitions, texture, orientation, epitaxy..the list is long and there is much more than I have listed. Ldm1954 (talk) 05:48, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Many other uses beyond crystallography, for instance phase identification by comparison, determination of the composition of mixtures, thermal expansion, disorder, phase transitions, texture, orientation, epitaxy..the list is long and there is much more than I have listed. Ldm1954 (talk) 05:48, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:X-ray crystallography


text:
Lithotomy position

The lithotomy position is a common position for surgical procedures and medical examinations involving the pelvis and lower abdomen, as well as a common position for childbirth in Western nations. The lithotomy position involves the positioning of an individual's feet above or at the same level as the hips (often in stirrups), with the perineum positioned at the edge of an examination table. References to the position have been found in some of the oldest known medical documents including versions of the Hippocratic oath (see lithotomy); the position is named after the ancient surgical procedure for removing kidney stones and bladder stones via the perineum. The position is perhaps most recognizable as the 'often used' position for childbirth: the patient is laid on the back with knees bent, positioned above the hips, and spread apart through the use of stirrups.

The position is frequently used and has many obvious benefits from the doctor's perspective. Most notably the position provides good visual and physical access to the perineal region. The position is used for procedures ranging from simple pelvic exams to surgeries and procedures including those involving reproductive organs, urology, and gastrointestinal systems. New observations and scientific findings, combined with a greater sensitivity to patient needs have raised awareness of the physical and psychological risks the position may pose for prolonged surgical procedures, pelvic examinations, and, most notably, childbirth.

Use for prolonged surgical procedures
Some studies have found a significant relationship between prolonged surgical procedures with the patient in the lithotomy position and a circulatory complication known as compartment syndrome. Nerve injury by pressure is also possible, the femoral or peroneal nerve are at risk.

Use for childbirth
A Cochrane Review found that the lithotomy position may not be the ideal position for childbirth, noting that while it makes care easier for physicians by placing the patient in an easily accessible position, it is often harder on the patient as use of the lithotomy position can narrow the birth canal by up to a third. In lieu of the lithotomy position, the Cochrane Review recommended women make informed choices about birthing positions and find the position that is most comfortable for them.

Use for pelvic examinations
Patients have reported feeling a loss of control and increased sense of vulnerability when examined in the lithotomy position because they cannot see the area being examined. Other, equally effective positions have been suggested for examinations of conscious patients.

title: Lithotomy position


text:
Talk:Columbia Center

Untitled
I am requesting that the next person who reads this page to please submit a good picture of the Columbia Seafirst Center (unless their is already one their by the time you read this). I would submit one myself, except my computer freezes up each time I try to upload a picture. MattSal 21:06, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

No longer Bank of America Tower, now Columbia Center
See. Seems like a move is in order. (Thanks, McFnord) - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 06:36, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll do it -Lukobe 19:17, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Height: 967 vs 937 feet
Most sources agree with the given 967 feet, but Emporis consistently says the building is 927 feet tall. Any info on the discrepancy? -- Scarequotes 20:42, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It says the structure is 937 feet and it has a separate listing for the height of the tip, so I'm assuming the extra 30 feet is lightning rod? -- 12.116.162.162 19:04, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

It's built on a hill. It depends on which side of the building you measure it from. This is why people in Seattle say it's the tallest building on the West Coast, but people from California say it's the second. Hollielol (talk) 02:13, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think that accounts for the discrepancy because, according to Emporis, the height is measured from the "tall side" (the lower ground elevation at 4th Ave). The "short side" (the higher elevation at 5th Ave) is only 882.5 ft. —Mrwojo (talk) 16:28, 13 June 2012 (UTC)

"Darth Vader Building" nickname
I have heard the Columbia Center referred to as the "Darth Vader Building" by 2 separate groups of people, and one person learned the name while working there. Any opinions on whether this nickname is common enough to merit a mention? -- Dmbaguley 15:43, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It was quite common back in the day but I don't hear it too much these days. --Lukobe 22:38, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe the Darth Vader Building is the one in Belltown (north of downtown Seattle) that was designed by the same architect. It's also clad in dark glass and has the trapezoidal shape of darth vader's helmet.  Joshua Crowgey 20:23, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've provided an image of that building. Same developer (Martin Selig); not sure if it was the same architect. - Jmabel | Talk 21:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

"Twelfth tallest"
"…twelfth tallest building in the United States": List of tallest buildings in the United States suggests otherwise. And, in any case, such a claim should have an "as of", since it is always subject to change when a taller building is built (or, for that matter, destroyed). - Jmabel | Talk 21:01, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Online Communities
— Assignment last updated by Alesliemir (talk) 01:21, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Columbia Center


text:
User talk:Square1ace

Manchester Middle:

...is so cool. I'm probably the only one in the whole school that knows this sight exists. If anyone ever sees this, I'm givin a shout-out to Laura (my girlfriend), Erin B, Jillian, Matt H, Erin S, alex l, and, what the heck- alex m.

So cuz of yal (and some others), my life is goin smooth. Hope somebody eventually sees this. Otherwise, i'll be so pissed. anyway, i'm a big latin fan, so if anyone knows the answer to any of these questions let me know- I'm at square4master@comcast.net

He was the guardian of the winds which he often released or penned up at the request of the deities. A:Aeacus        B:Aeetes           C:Aegeus             D:Aeolus

Acrisius was accidently killed by a discus thrown by this grandson. A:Heracles      B:Jason            C:Perseus            D:Theseus

Tyler Hostetler
Tyler Hostetler has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this person might not be notable enough for an article. Please review Notability (people) for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" template, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but if an editor is still not satisfied that it meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. NickelShoe (Talk) 15:46, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Square1ace


text:
John Keiller MacKay

Lieutenant-Colonel John Keiller MacKay (July 11, 1888 – June 12, 1970) was a Canadian soldier, lawyer and jurist. MacKay served as the 19th lieutenant governor of Ontario from 1957 to 1963.

Early life and education
John Keiller MacKay was born on July 11, 1888, in the village of Plainfield in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, the son of John Duncan and Bessie (Murray) MacKay. He was educated at the Pictou Academy, the Royal Military College (1909), Saint Francis Xavier University (BA 1912) and Dalhousie University (LL.B. 1922).

Military
During World War I, he served in, and later commanded, 6th Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery (Non-Permanent Active Militia in the Canadian Army). He achieved the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was mentioned in dispatches three times and wounded twice. MacKay won the Distinguished Service Order in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme and in 1918 was seriously wounded at Arras. He left the military after the war but was involved in the formation of the Royal Canadian Legion in 1925 and was its first National Vice-Chairman. He was a freemason and was initiated in 1925 to Ionic Lodge, #25 G.R.C.

Law and politics
Known as J. Keiller MacKay, he was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1922 and the Ontario bar in 1923. He was a senior partner in the law firm of MacKay, Matheson & Martin in Toronto, and he became a specialist in criminal law. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1933. He was appointed to Ontario's High Court of Justice (now the Ontario Superior Court of Justice) in 1935.

As a judge on the High Court, MacKay wrote the judgment in Re Drummond Wren, a landmark 1945 decision overturning an anti-Semitic restrictive covenant in Toronto. A local labour organization, the Workers' Education Association (WEA), had purchased a property on O'Connor Drive, east of Broadview Avenue in Toronto, for the purpose of building a model "workingman's home", offered as a potential solution to the city's shortage of affordable housing. After buying the property, the WEA discovered there was a restrictive covenant on the deed preventing the land from being sold to "Jews or persons of objectionable nationality". The WEA and the Canadian Jewish Congress launched a court action to strike down the restriction and in his decision, issued on October 31, 1945, Mackay declared the covenant illegal and "injurious to the public good". Five years later, in March 1950, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario unanimously adopted legislation banning restrictive covenants, with Ontario Premier Leslie Frost declaring "There is no place in Ontario's way of life for restrictive covenants".

MacKay was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1950 and remained on the court until 1957, when he was named the lieutenant governor of Ontario. He served as lieutenant governor until 1963, and he opened the lieutenant governor's New Year's Levee to the general public for the first time.

In 1964, he was a founder of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, serving as honorary president.

In 1967, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was also a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St. John and was responsible for bringing the Order of Saint Lazarus to Canada in 1962.

Personal life
He was married to Katherine "Kay" Jean MacLeod and had three sons. He died in Toronto on June 12, 1970, and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto (section Q-154).

title: John Keiller MacKay


text:
Harmony (disambiguation)

Harmony, in music, is the use of simultaneous pitches (tones, notes), or chords.

Harmony or harmonious may also refer to:

Computing

 * Apache Harmony, a Java programming language Open source implementation
 * ECMAScript Harmony, codename for the sixth edition of the scripting language
 * Harmony (operating system), an experimental computer operating system developed at the National Research Council of Canada
 * Harmony (software), a music visualizer program
 * Harmony (toolkit), a never-completed Qt-like software widget toolkit
 * HarmonyOS, also known as Hongmeng OS, an IoT, computing and mobile operating system developed by Huawei
 * Harmony search, an evolutionary algorithm used in optimization problems
 * Harmony technology, developed by RealNetworks; see
 * Logitech Harmony, a series of universal remote controls made by Logitech
 * Project Harmony (licensing), a Canonical initiative about contributor agreements for Open Source software
 * Toon Boom Harmony, a Toon Boom Animation application

Fictional characters

 * "Harmony" (Glee), in the television series Glee
 * Harmony Hamilton or Yolanda Hamilton, in the television seriesThe Young and the Restless
 * Harmony Kendall, in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
 * Harmony O'Neill (character), in the television series Shortland Street
 * Harmony Parker, in the novel The Queen's Nose by Dick King-Smith
 * Harmony, in the television series Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi
 * Harmony, in the film Toy Story 4
 * Harmony, the shopkeeper of Hotlantis in Splatoon 3

Film and television

 * Harmony (2010 film), a South Korean film
 * Harmony (2015 film), a Japanese anime film based on the novel by Project Itoh
 * Harmony (2018 film), an Australian fantasy thriller film
 * "Harmony" (Haven), a television episode
 * "Harmony" (Stargate Atlantis), a television episode
 * Harmony, the fictional setting for the soap opera Passions

Literature

 * Harmony (Schenker), a 1906 book on music theory by Heinrich Schenker
 * Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World, a 2010 book by Charles, Prince of Wales, with Tony Juniper and Ian Skelly
 * Harmony, a 2010 novel by Project Itoh

Groups

 * Harmony (Dutch band), a 1970s pop band
 * Harmony (Swedish band), a Christian metal band

Albums

 * Harmony (Anne Murray album) or the title song, 1987
 * Harmony (Bill Frisell album), 2019
 * Harmony (Cacophony album), 2018
 * Harmony (Don Williams album), 1976
 * Harmony (Gordon Lightfoot album) or the title song, 2004
 * Harmony (Josh Groban album), 2020
 * Harmony (Londonbeat album) or the title song, 1992
 * Harmony (Never Shout Never album) or the title song, 2010
 * Harmony (The Priests album), 2009
 * Harmony (Sa Dingding album), 2010
 * Harmony (Serena Ryder album), 2012
 * Harmony (Three Dog Night album), 1971
 * Harmony (The Wake album), 1982
 * Harmony, a 1996 EP by Papa Lips
 * Harmony, by John Conlee, or the title song (see below), 1986

Songs

 * "Harmony" (Beni Arashiro song), 2004
 * "Harmony" (Elton John song), 1974
 * "Harmony" (John Conlee song), 1986
 * "Harmony" (Suzi Lane song), 1979
 * "Harmony", by Artie Kaplan, 1972
 * "Harmony", by the Avalanches from Wildflower, 2016
 * "Harmony", by Blonde Redhead from La Mia Vita Violenta, 1995
 * "Harmony", by Clinic from Walking with Thee, 2002
 * "Harmony", by Happy Mondays from Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches, 1990
 * "Harmony", by Kylie Minogue, a B-side of "In Your Eyes", 2002
 * "Harmony", by Shouta Aoi, 2019
 * "Harmony", by Sly & the Family Stone from Life, 1968
 * "Harmony", by Starflyer 59 from Americana, 1997
 * "Harmony", written by Barry Manilow and Bruce Sussman for their musical of the same name and recorded on the 2004 album Scores, 2004
 * "Harmony", written by Michael Lloyd, from the Kidsongs video A Day with the Animals

Organizations and companies

 * Harmony (LGBT religious organization), an organization supporting LGBTQ+ members of Community of Christ
 * Harmony Airways, based in Vancouver, Canada
 * Harmony Books, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, itself part of publisher Penguin Random House
 * Harmony Company, an American stringed instrument manufacturer
 * Harmony Public Schools, a charter-school management organization in Texas, US
 * Harmony Records, a budget reissue subsidiary of Columbia Records active in the 1920s and 1930s
 * Harmony Society, pietist, communal, German-American religious group that existed from around 1805 to 1905

People

 * Harmony Hammond (born 1944), American artist, activist, curator, and writer
 * Harmony Ikande (born 1990), Nigerian footballer
 * Harmony James, Australian singer-songwriter
 * Harmony Korine (born 1973), American film director and screenwriter
 * Harmony Samuels (born 1980), English record producer, musician, and songwriter
 * Harmony Santana, American actress
 * Harmony Tan (born 1997), French tennis player

Antarctica

 * Harmony Point, South Shetland Islands

Canada

 * Harmony, Alberta
 * Harmony, Nova Scotia
 * Harmony, Perth County, Ontario
 * Harmony, Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties, Ontario

United States

 * Harmony, Arkansas
 * Harmony, California
 * Harmony, Florida
 * Harmony, Jefferson County, Illinois
 * Harmony, McHenry County, Illinois
 * Harmony, Indiana
 * Harmony, Maine
 * Harmony, Maryland
 * Harmony, Minnesota
 * Harmony, Monmouth County, New Jersey
 * Harmony, Ocean County, New Jersey
 * Harmony, Salem County, New Jersey
 * Harmony (CDP), New Jersey, a census-designated place
 * Harmony, New York
 * Harmony, North Carolina
 * Harmony, Ohio
 * Harmony, Oklahoma
 * Harmony, Pennsylvania
 * Harmony Historic District, Harmonists' first settlement in America
 * Harmony, Rhode Island
 * Harmony, Texas
 * Harmony, West Virginia
 * Harmony, Marinette County, Wisconsin
 * Harmony, Price County, Wisconsin
 * Harmony, Rock County, Wisconsin
 * Harmony, Vernon County, Wisconsin
 * Harmony, Wyoming

Politics

 * Social Democratic Party "Harmony", a Latvian political party
 * National Harmony Party, a former Latvian political party dissolved in 2010 to create the former
 * Harmony Centre, a former Latvian political alliance
 * Socialist Harmonious Society, Chinese socio-economic vision in 2000s

Ships

 * Harmony (1794 ship), an American-built merchant ship
 * Harmony (HBC vessel), a Hudson's Bay Company vessel 1926–1927

Other uses

 * Consonant harmony, in linguistics
 * Vowel harmony, in linguistics
 * The Game of Harmony, a 1990 video game published by Accolade
 * Harmonious (Epcot), a nighttime show at Epcot
 * Harmony (given name)
 * Harmony (ISS module), a segment of the International Space Station
 * Logical harmony, a property of rules of inference within a system of logic

title: Harmony (disambiguation)


text:
Lake Natron

Lake Natron is a salt or alkaline lake located in north Ngorongoro District of Arusha Region in Tanzania at the border with Kenya. It is in the Gregory Rift, which is the eastern branch of the East African Rift. The lake is within the Lake Natron Basin, a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance. It is the only regular breeding area for Africa's lesser flamingoes, although this habitat is not protected and is under threat from planned development projects.

Properties
This lake is fed principally by the Southern Ewaso Ng'iro River, which rises in central Kenya, and by mineral-rich hot springs. It is quite shallow, less than 3 m deep, and varies in width depending on its water level. The lake is a maximum of 57 km long and 22 km wide. The surrounding area receives irregular seasonal rainfall, mainly between December and May totalling 800 mm per year. Temperatures at the lake are frequently above 40 °C.

High levels of evaporation have left behind natron (sodium carbonate decahydrate) and trona (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). The alkalinity of the lake can reach a pH of greater than 12. The surrounding bedrock is composed of alkaline, sodium-dominated trachyte lavas that were laid down during the Pleistocene period. The lavas have significant amounts of carbonate but very low calcium and magnesium levels. This has allowed the lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine.

The chemical properties of the water are known to calcify the bodies of any living thing that died in the lake, turning them to stone before they decompose.

Flora
The colour of the lake is characteristic of those where very high evaporation rates occur. As water evaporates during the dry season, salinity levels increase to the point that salt-loving microorganisms begin to thrive. Such halophile organisms include some cyanobacteria that make their own food with photosynthesis as plants do. The red accessory photosynthesizing pigment in the cyanobacteria produces the deep reds of the open water of the lake and the orange colours of the shallow parts of the lake. The alkali salt crust on the surface of the lake is also often coloured red or pink by the salt-loving microorganisms that live there. Salt marshes and freshwater wetlands around the edges of the lake do support a variety of plants.

Fauna
Most animals find the lake's high temperature (up to 60 C) and its high and variable salt content inhospitable. Nonetheless, Lake Natron is home to some endemic algae, invertebrates, and birds. In the slightly less salty water around its margins, some fish can also survive.

The lake is the only regular breeding area in East Africa for the 2.5 million lesser flamingoes, whose status of "near threatened" results from their dependence on this one location. When salinity increases, so do cyanobacteria, and the lake can also support more nests. These flamingoes, the single large flock in East Africa, gather along nearby saline lakes to feed on Spirulina (a blue-green algae with red pigments). Lake Natron is a safe breeding location because its caustic environment is a barrier against predators trying to reach their nests on seasonally forming evaporite islands. Greater flamingoes also breed on the mud flats.

The lake has inspired the nature documentary The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos by Disneynature, for its close relationship with the Lesser flamingoes as their only regular breeding area.

Two endemic fish species, the alkaline tilapias Alcolapia latilabris and A. ndalalani, also thrive in the waters at the edges of the hot spring inlets. A. alcalica is also present in the lake, but is not endemic.

Threats and preservation
The area around the salt lake is not inhabited but there is some herding and some seasonal cultivation. Threats to the salinity balance from increased siltation influxes will come from more projected logging in Natron watersheds and a planned hydroelectric power plant on the Ewaso Nyiro across the border in Kenya. Although development plans include constructions of a dike at the north end of the lake to contain the freshwater, the threat of dilution to this breeding ground may still be serious. There is no formal protection.

A new threat to Lake Natron is the proposed development of a soda ash plant on its shores. The plant would pump water from the lake and extract the sodium carbonate to convert to washing powder for export. Accompanying the plant would be housing for over 1000 workers, and a coal-fired power station to provide energy for the plant complex. In addition, there is a possibility the developers may introduce a hybrid brine shrimp to increase the efficiency of extraction.

According to Chris Magin, the RSPB's international officer for Africa, "The chance of the lesser flamingoes continuing to breed in the face of such mayhem are next to zero. This development will leave lesser flamingoes in East Africa facing extinction". Seventy-five percent of the world's lesser flamingoes are born on Lake Natron. Currently a group of more than fifty East African conservation and environmental institutions are running a worldwide campaign to stop the planned construction of the soda ash factory by Tata Chemicals Ltd of Mumbai, India and National Development Corporation of Tanzania. The group working under the umbrella name Lake Natron Consultative Group is being co-ordinated by Ken Mwathe, Conservation Programme Manager at BirdLife International's Africa Secretariat.

As per communication in June 2008, Tata Chemicals shall not proceed with the Natron Project and further re-examination of this project will be subject to the Ramsar Wetlands plan, which is currently under preparation.

Because of its unique biodiversity, Tanzania named the Lake Natron Basin to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance on 4 July 2001. The lake is also the World Wildlife Fund East African halophytics ecoregion.

Visiting the area
There are a number of campgrounds near the lake, which is also the base for climbing Ol Doinyo Lengai. Lake Natron has immense tourist attraction potentials that are important for ecotourism development. However, lack of a general management plan, inadequate funding at the operational level, lack of mechanisms to secure a fair distribution of ecotourism benefits, and poorly developed tourism infrastructural facilities to support diverse segments of tourists were identified as the main challenges associated with the management of ecotourism in the area. The lake can also be accessed from Shompole Conservancy Kenya.

title: Lake Natron


text:
Louis Orville Breithaupt

Louis Orville Breithaupt (28 October 1890 – 12 December 1960) served as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Canada, from 1952 to 1957.

Life and career
Born in Berlin (later Kitchener), Ontario, the son of Emma Alvarine (Devitt) and Louis Jacob Breithaupt, he was educated at the University of Toronto. He became head of his family's leather business, Breithaupt Leather Company, in Kitchener. He was a Kitchener alderman for four years, and in 1923 became the youngest mayor in the city's history. He was a Liberal Member of Parliament from 1940 to 1952.

Breithaupt was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario in 1952 and served until 1957.

In 1953, he was awarded an honorary LL.D from McMaster University.

Breithaupt was active in many service organizations, such as the YMCA and Rotary Club. In 1959, he became Chancellor of Victoria University. Breithaupt died in Toronto in 1960 at the age of 70. He was buried along with the rest of his family at Kitchener's Mount Hope Cemetery.

title: Louis Orville Breithaupt


text:
Ray Lawson

Frank Ray Lawson (August 30, 1886 – April 4, 1980), was the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Canada, from 1946 to 1952.

Born in London, Ontario, he was the son of Francis Edgar ("Frank") Lawson, a former newspaper reporter, and Lorena Hodgins, a former teacher. He studied at London Collegiate and attended Woodstock College in 1902, but left after less than a year, eager to begin a business career. At age 17, he began working as a clerk in a London dry goods business, and later worked as a traveling salesman for a wholesale jeweler, before becoming a traveling salesman for Lawson & Jones Limited, the printing firm co-founded by his father. In 1909 he married Helen Newton and they later had five children.

In 1911, following the sudden death of his father, Lawson returned to London and assumed his father's position with Lawson & Jones. In 1913, he borrowed heavily to purchase the shares held by the Jones family and, at the age of 26, became the company's president, director and major shareholder. In addition to printing druggists' labels and calendars, in 1916 Lawson & Jones entered into a profitable arrangement to manufacture cigarette packaging for Imperial Tobacco. By 1920, Lawson had retired the debt he incurred and throughout the depression the company grew by acquiring and consolidating other printing concerns.

When war broke out in 1939, Lawson went to work for C.D. Howe, Canadian Federal Minister of Munitions and Supply, as a "dollar-a-year-man", and was appointed president of Federal Aircraft Limited, a crown corporation established in Montreal to manufacture the Avro Anson trainer for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. He was named an Officer of the Order of the British empire in 1942.

During his career, Lawson was a senior executive or director of 20 Canadian companies, including: president, Lawson & Jones Ltd., president, Canadian Containers; president, Midland Securities, Ltd.; vice-president and director, The Royal Bank of Canada; director, Traders Finance Corporation Limited; director, London & Western Trust Co. Ltd.; vice-president and director, Canada Trust Company Ltd.; director, Huron & Erie Loan and Savings Company; director, Northern Life Assurance Co. of Canada; director, Toronto General Insurance; director, Great Lakes Paper. Eight universities conferred honorary degrees on him.

Ray Lawson was Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1946 to 1952. He was later Canadian Consul-General in New York City from 1953 to 1955. From 1948 to 1956, he was the Chancellor of University of King's College, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

In 1947, Lawson purchased the Oakville lakeshore estate, “Ballymena” that was previously owned by William Fletcher Eaton, to have a suitable residence close to Toronto and for use in his capacity as Lieutenant Governor. It became his permanent home.

Lawson was an active philanthropist most of his life, having sponsored the building of a library at the University of Western Ontario as early as 1933, and over the years creating various scholarships, trusts and contributing to charitable societies. In 1956, he established the Lawson Foundation, with assets of $2,000,000. The Foundation has since donated over $50 million to charities across Canada and in 2005 had an endowment of over $90 million.

Ray Lawson died in 1980 and was buried at Woodland Cemetery, London, Ontario.

His descendants currently reside all over the world, including Australia, Japan and South Africa. They continue to participate in and volunteer with the Lawson Foundation.

Has a street and public elementary school named after him in Brampton, ON and a street in Montreal, QC (Anjou borough).

title: Ray Lawson


text:
Vector Markup Language

Vector Markup Language (VML) is an obsolete XML-based file format for two-dimensional vector graphics. It was specified in Part 4 of the Office Open XML standards ISO/IEC 29500 and ECMA-376. According to the specification, VML is a deprecated format included in Office Open XML for legacy reasons only.

VML was used extensively in MS Office 2007 Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents. In 2012, with the release of Internet Explorer 10, VML became obsolete and is no longer supported by Internet Explorer standard mode. It is a legacy feature that is available in Internet Explorer 10 only when the browser is set to run in modes that emulate the functionality of previous versions of Internet Explorer 6, 7, 8, and 9.

History
VML was submitted to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1998 by Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Microsoft, and Vision. Around the same time other competing W3C submissions were received in the area of web vector graphics, such as Precision Graphics Markup Language (PGML) from Adobe Systems, Sun Microsystems, and others. As a result of these submissions, a new W3C working group was created, which produced Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). SVG became a W3C Recommendation in 2001 as a language for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. VML has been largely deprecated in favor of other formats, such as SVG. SVG is not compatible with VML.

Development of the format ceased in 1998. VML is implemented in Internet Explorer from version 5 to version 9 and in Microsoft Office 2000. VML is no longer available in Internet Explorer 10. Microsoft expects web sites to transition to SVG. Version 2 of the Google Maps JavaScript API used to use VML for vector paths on Internet Explorer 5.5+, but has been officially deprecated in favour of version 3, which does not.

Syntax
Below is a VML instance as produced by Microsoft Excel 2010:

Note that, by specifying a root element named "xml", VML contravenes the XML Recommendation of the W3C, which states that names beginning 'x' 'm' 'l' are "reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this specification".

VML, when embedded within HTML markup, is read and processed by Microsoft Internet Explorer (but not other browsers); for example, the following example displays a solid blue oval:

Implementations
VML is used by most Microsoft Office applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Visio, within HTML files created using the ' ' option (plain HTML or MHT). Such files retain complete vector information, and can be reopened for editing using other Microsoft applications, such as Microsoft PowerPoint. VML was natively supported by Microsoft's Internet Explorer up to version 9 inline within HTML, using an undefined version of SGML namespaces. Support for VML was dropped in Internet Explorer 10 and subsequent versions.

Support for "ink annotations" in Office Open XML files was added to LibreOffice during the 3.7 development cycle.

VML is not natively supported by most web browsers. Web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari or Google Chrome support Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) instead of VML.

Microsoft Outlook HTML email rendering
Though VML is deprecated as a standard in Internet Explorer, it is most commonly used in relation to the development of HTML emails rendered in Microsoft Outlook 2007, 2010, and 2013. The use of background-images in email campaigns requires the use of VML to be displayed in Outlook because Outlook does not support the CSS or HTML attributes for background-images. However using VML for content rather than its intended purpose as an image format comes with a number of accessibility issues.

Full width table cell background images
library(ggplot2)

couleurs <- c('Rouge', 'Bleu', 'Vert', 'Jaune') frequences_relatives <- c(0.20, 0.40, 0.30, 0.10) donnees <- data.frame(couleurs, frequences_relatives)
 * 1) Données

ggplot(donnees, aes(x = "", y = frequences_relatives, fill = couleurs)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity", width = 1) + coord_polar("y", start = 0) + theme_void + labs(title = "Préférences de Couleurs") + scale_fill_manual(values = c("red", "blue", "green", "yellow"))
 * 1) Tracé du diagramme en camembert

title: Vector Markup Language


text:
Columbia Journalism Review

The Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) is a biannual magazine for professional journalists that has been published by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism since 1961. Its original purpose was "to assess the performance of journalism in all its forms, to call attention to its shortcomings and strengths, and to help define—or redefine—standards of honest, responsible service." Its contents include news and media industry trends, analysis, professional ethics, and stories behind news.

In October 2015, it was announced that the publishing frequency of the print magazine was being reduced from six to two issues per year in order to focus on digital operations.

Organization board
The current chairman is Stephen J. Adler, previously editor-in-chief at Reuters from 2011 to 2021.

The previous chairman of the magazine was Victor Navasky, a professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and former editor and publisher of the politically progressive The Nation. According to Executive Editor Michael Hoyt, Navasky's role is "99% financial" and "he doesn't push anything editorially." Hoyt also has stated that Navasky has "learned how to get a small magazine of ideas into the black, and he's trying to come up with some strategies for us."

Finances
CJR is a nonprofit entity and relies on fundraising to fund its operations. In August 2007, Mike Hoyt, the executive editor of CJR since 2003, said the magazine's income in 2007 would exceed expenses by about $50,000, with estimates of a $40,000 surplus in 2008. Hoyt attributed the surpluses to a mix of some staff cuts, such as not replacing three editors who left, and fundraising increases. Donations to the CJR in the past three years have included about $1.25 million from a group of news veterans headed by former Philadelphia Inquirer executive editor Gene Roberts.

As of mid-2007, the CJR had an eight-person staff, an annual budget of $2.3 million, and a paper circulation of approximately 19,000, including 6,000 student subscriptions. Subscriptions to an Internet newsletter entitled The Media Today have begun, but as of 2017, enrollment numbers are not available and do not contribute to these circulation figures.

Editor
In 2016, Kyle Pope, who had served as the editor in chief of The New York Observer, was announced as the new editor and publisher of CJR, replacing Elizabeth Spayd, when she was announced as the sixth public editor of The New York Times.

On 24 July 2017, in Washington, D.C., Pope addressed the House Judiciary Committee bipartisan Forum on Press Freedoms regarding concerns that the actions of Donald Trump during his campaign for and following election as President of the United States undermine the constitutional freedom of the press.

title: Columbia Journalism Review


text:
Talk:North Haven, Connecticut

(Mostly harmless, and now irrelevant draft for the accompanying article)
'' I'm about to turn off the rendering of what was obviously a bot-created skeleton that would have been intended, and likely was used, to pull together markup for an early draft of the accompanying article on the town. If i were experienced in setting up automatic archiving of talk pages i would either do so -- or, more likely, be bored to tears by the process. Since it's still here, we've proven, in a decade and a half of editing and consulting one another, its relative harmlessness. Almost nothing disappears completely from the on-line edition, and my lazy approach to cleaning up after it, without disappearing it, is putting it out of sight by adding markup that any editor worthy of claiming to be one can switch back into visibility to their own eyes until their curiosity is satisfied.''

Anytown is a town located in New Haven County, Connecticut.

As of the 2000 census, ... <!--

the town had a total population of 56,913.

== Geography == According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 86.3 km² (33.3 mi²). 84.9 km² (32.8 mi²) of it is land and 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.62% water.

== Demographics == As of the census of 2000, there are 56,913 people, 22,408 households, and 14,027 families residing in the town. The population density is 670.4/km² (1,736.1/mi²). There are 23,464 housing units at an average density of 276.4/km² (715.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 77.30% White, 15.53% African American, 0.13% Native American, 3.53% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.61% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. 4.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 22,408 households out of which 26.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% are married couples living together, 11.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% are non-families. 31.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.98.

In the town the population is spread out with 20.8% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 80.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town is $52,351, and the median income for a family is $65,301. Males have a median income of $45,909 versus $35,941 for females. The per capita income for the town is $26,039. 7.8% of the population and 4.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.4% are under the age of 18 and 7.8% are 65 or older.

http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?ds_name=D&geo_id=06000US0900954870&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U_DP1&_lang=en

DP-1. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 4 (SF 4) - Sample Data Geographic Area: North Haven town, New Haven County, Connecticut

NOTE: Data based on a sample. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions see http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/datanotes/expsf4.htm.

Subject Number

Percent

Total population 23,035 100.0 SEX AND AGE Male 11,159 48.4 Female 11,876 51.6 Under 5 years 1,268 5.5 5 to 9 years 1,393 6.0 10 to 14 years 1,638 7.1 15 to 19 years 1,315 5.7 20 to 24 years 935 4.1 25 to 34 years 2,370 10.3 35 to 44 years 3,858 16.7 45 to 54 years 3,508 15.2 55 to 59 years 1,384 6.0 60 to 64 years 1,087 4.7 65 to 74 years 2,111 9.2 75 to 84 years 1,666 7.2 85 years and over 502 2.2 Median age (years) 42.0 (X) 18 years and over 17,882 77.6 Male 8,414 36.5 Female 9,468 41.1 21 years and over 17,240 74.8 62 years and over 4,942 21.5 65 years and over 4,279 18.6 Male 1,787 7.8 Female 2,492 10.8 RELATIONSHIP Population 23,035 100.0 In households 22,820 99.1 Householder 8,620 37.4 Spouse 5,705 24.8 Child 6,896 29.9 Own child under 18 years 4,921 21.4 Other relatives 1,057 4.6 Under 18 years 158 0.7 Nonrelatives 542 2.4 Unmarried partner 305 1.3 In group quarters 215 0.9 Institutionalized population 119 0.5 Noninstitutionalized population 96 0.4 HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE Households 8,620 100.0 Family households (families) 6,512 75.5 With own children under 18 years 2,745 31.8 Married-couple family 5,632 65.3 With own children under 18 years 2,444 28.4 Female householder, no husband present 597 6.9 With own children under 18 years 197 2.3 Nonfamily households 2,108 24.5 Householder living alone 1,806 21.0 Householder 65 years and over 916 10.6 Households with individuals under 18 years 2,869 33.3 Households with individuals 65 years and over 4,102 47.6 Average household size 2.65 (X) Average family size 3.10 (X) HOUSING TENURE Occupied housing units 8,597 100.0 Owner-occupied housing units 7,438 86.5 Renter-occupied housing units 1,159 13.5 Average household size of owner-occupied unit 2.76 (X) Average household size of renter-occupied unit 1.95 (X)

Subject Number

Percent

(X) Not applicable. When an ancestry group is selected, the data in this table refer to the ancestry of the person or householder. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 4, Matrices PCT1, PCT3, PCT4, PCT8, PCT9, PCT10, PCT11, PCT12, PCT14, PCT15, PCT23, PCT26, HCT2, and HCT7. -->

-- Jerzy•t 04:30, 04:34, 04:47, & 05:43, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Streets
Why would you list all the streets?????????

Who needs to know this???????!!!!!

 * With the tools at hand, i can not determine neither (the presumbly single editor) who added the "Streets" heading and those 2 urgently inquiring lines, nor when they did so.  --Jerzy•t 05:18 & 07:25, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Haven, Connecticut


text:
John Strathearn Hendrie

Sir John Strathearn Hendrie (August 15, 1857 – July 17, 1923) was the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 1914 to 1919.

John Hendrie was born in 1857 in Hamilton, Canada West and was educated at Upper Canada College. He became a railway contractor and promoted the Hamilton Bridge Works. In 1885 he married Lena Henderson. He was Mayor of Hamilton, Ontario from 1901 to 1902. He was then Member of Provincial Parliament from 1902 to 1914, where he held the positions of Minister without Portfolio and Hydro-Electric Commissioner. He joined the Hamilton Field Artillery in 1883 and later commanded the 2nd Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery (of the Canadian Militia) until 1909. Hendrie was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario in 1914 and served until 1919. Much of his time in Office was spent helping the War Effort and hosting soldiers, seamen and dignitaries. He is the only Ontario viceroy to live at two Government Houses, including Chorley Park. He was knighted in 1915, and died in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1923.

title: John Strathearn Hendrie


text:
John Morison Gibson

Sir John Morison Gibson (January 1, 1842 – June 3, 1929) was a Canadian politician and the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.

Biography
John Morison Gibson, the son of Scottish immigrants, was born in 1842, in Toronto. He grew up on a farm in Caledonia, Ontario, went to Hamilton Central School, in Hamilton, and went on to be educated at the University of Toronto, as a lawyer. In 1860 he joined the university company of the 2nd Battalion Volunteer Militia of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and was a Wimbledon marksman in 1874. He became a company director and developed a keen interest in music and art. On his return to Hamilton in 1864, he enlisted in the 13th Battalion as an ensign. In 1866, he was a lieutenant in the 13th Battalion, and fought at the Battle of Ridgeway, defending against the Fenian raids. He rose through the ranks of the 13th Battalion and was Commanding Officer from 1886 to 1895 (see regimental history Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)). He was a Member of the Legislature from 1879 to 1905 and held the posts of Provincial Secretary, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Attorney General of Ontario. Gibson was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario in 1908, and was knighted in 1912. During his mandate, the new Government House in Chorley Park (now demolished) was completed. Gibson served as Lieutenant Governor until 1914. He was one of Hamilton's "5 Johns", who, in 1896, formed the Dominion Power and Transmission Company, that brought hydroelectric power, for the first time, to Hamilton, from their plant, at DeCew Falls. John Dickenson was another of the 5 Johns.

"One big reason" for almost 75% increase in the population of Hamilton between 1901 and 1912, boasted Sir John Morison Gibson of Dominion Power and Transmission Company, was "Cheap Electric Power Furnished By Us." This simplistic explanation for the development of Hamilton in the early twentieth century leaves much unexamined, but one conclusion cannot be disputed. In the perception of the Hamilton public, a view certainly fostered by Gibson and his fellow hydroelectric promoters, Hamilton was no longer regarded the Birmingham or the Pittsburgh of Canada Hamilton was now, as the title of a 1906 promotional booklet on the city proudly proclaimed, "The Electric City."

After receiving a grant from Andrew Carnegie of New York the city of Hamilton built a brand new Library on the south side of Main Street West, across the street from the old Library. It was officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor Sir John Morison Gibson on May 5, 1913. He was active in many charities, especially the Red Cross and child welfare. He died in Hamilton, Ontario in 1929.

Tribute
The Gibson neighbourhood in Hamilton is named after him. it is bounded by Barton Street East (north), Main Street East (south), Wentworth Street (west) and Sherman Avenue (east). Landmarks in this neighbourhood include Cathedral High School, Budget Motor Inn, Barton Library, Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board, Powell Park and Woodland Park. Gibson Avenue, found in this neighbourhood, is also named after him.

title: John Morison Gibson


text:
Jaú National Park

The Jaú National Park (Parque Nacional do Jaú) is a national park located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is one of the largest forest reserves in South America, and part of a World Heritage Site.

Location
The name "Jaú" comes from that of one of the largest fish in Brazil, the gilded catfish or jau (Zungaro zungaro), after which the main river of the park is named. The park is in the Amazon biome in the Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests ecoregion. It covers an area of 2367333 ha. It was created by decree 85.200 of 24 September 1980. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. It covers parts of the municipalities of Barcelos, Codajás and Novo Airão in the state of Amazonas.

The park is one of the largest protected areas in Brazil. It is about 220 km northwest of Manaus and contains the entire Jaú River basin between the Unini River to the north and the Carabinani River to the south. All three rivers flow east to enter the right bank of the Rio Negro. The eastern part of the park adjoins the Rio Unini Extractive Reserve to the north, which runs along the opposite bank of the Unini River. The park is bounded to the northwest by the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve. To the east, near the Rio Negro, the park adjoins the Rio Negro State Park North Section to the south.

Environment
The park's terrain is representative of the Negro-Solimões interfluvial plateau. It has two main areas: the Trombetas/Negro plateau and the lower western Amazon plateau. The higher area has hills with flat tops at 150 to 200 m cut by valleys, while the lower area has altitudes of about 100 m. There are large areas of seasonally flooded land with poor drainage, and some permanent lakes. Average annual rainfall is over 2500 mm, and the wettest months occur in March and September, when maximum short wave solar radiation is being received and so maximum convectional rainfall occurs. Temperatures range from 22 to 32 C with an average of 26 C.

Vegetation types are dense rainforest (77%), open rainforest (14%), transition from rainforest to campinarana (7%) and campinarana (2%). Botanists have catalogued about 400 plant species, several of which are restricted to certain environments such as the uplands and the flooded areas. 263 species of fish have been recorded, some new to science.

Conservation
The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park). The objective is to preserve an Amazonian black water ecosystem for environmental education, interaction with local communities, sustainable tourism and the research. The park is designed as a mega-reserve and world heritage site for present and future generations. Protected species in the park include the margay (Leopardus wiedii), jaguar (Panthera onca), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis).

Jaú National Park was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site  in 2000. It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor, established in 2002. In 2003 the property was expanded by the addition of the Anavilhanas National Park, Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve and Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve to form the Central Amazon Conservation Complex, a larger World Heritage Site. The park became part of the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic, created in 2010. The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program.

Another reason why the Jaú park is conserved is that of the group of people that call themselves the "okampha" (Oh//camp//ah). The Okampa originated in the park long before it had even been discovered, having been living there for almost two centuries. They are a very secluded people who never show themselves to tourists or even other native groups that live there. Very few people have had the opportunity to actually see an okamphian.

title: Jaú National Park