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Herbert W. Kalmbach

Herbert Warren Kalmbach (October 19, 1921 – September 15, 2017) was an American attorney and banker. He served as the personal attorney to United States President Richard Nixon (1968–1973). He became embroiled in the Watergate scandal due to his fundraising activities in the early 1970s, some of which supported undercover operatives directed by senior White House figures under Nixon. Kalmbach was convicted and served 191 days in jail for his part in the scandal, and lost his license to practice law for a time, although he was later reinstated.

Education, early career
Kalmbach was born on October 19, 1921, in Port Huron, Michigan. He earned both his undergraduate and law degrees at the University of Southern California, and was admitted to the bar in 1952. He was a real estate lawyer and founding partner of Kalmbach, DeMarco, Knapp & Chillingworth.

Meets Nixon, political fundraiser
Kalmbach was introduced to Richard Nixon, then vice-president, by H. R. Haldeman in the 1950s. He raised money for Richard Nixon's candidacy in the 1960 United States presidential election and again in the 1968 United States presidential election.

Banker, becomes Nixon's attorney
Kalmbach declined Nixon's offer to appoint him Under Secretary of Commerce, choosing instead to remain in California and build up his law practice, becoming the former Vice President's private lawyer. His law firm prospered during this period; it employed two lawyers in 1968, 14 in 1970, and 24 by 1973. The presidential connection drew United Airlines, Dart Industries, Marriott Corporation, and MCA Inc. as clients. During this period Kalmbach founded the Bank of Newport, in Newport Beach, California. The firm performed routine legal chores for the President.

It was a shrewd choice. Kalmbach's solid but unspectacular career as a real estate lawyer was quickly touched with gold. Suddenly major clients from all over the nation were eager to sign up with the attorney who represented the President: United Air Lines, Dart Industries Inc., the Marriott Corp., MCA Inc. (the dominant producer of prime-time TV shows). National companies traditionally seek out lawyers who have friends and clients in high places in Washington, and Kalmbach's were very high indeed.

Arranges private polling
Kalmbach was involved in a secret Nixon polling operation hidden from all but his closest senior advisors. Nixon used the poll results to shape policy and campaign strategy and manipulate popular opinion. On December 21, 1971, Kalmbach set up a Delaware shell corporation with private funding, to hide Administration sponsorship of polls.

Joins 1972 re-election campaign
Kalmbach was also the Deputy Finance Chairman for the Committee to Re-elect the President. In this capacity he was eventually implicated in a fund-raising scandal involving re-election campaign contributions by Associated Milk Producers, Inc. (AMPI) and two other major dairy-farm cooperatives in connection with Nixon's support of an increase in price supports for milk in 1971. Testimony by AMPI general manager George L. Mehrens in 1973 identified Kalmbach as a major solicitor of these contributions. Articles on Charles Colson 's involvement in the AMPI scandal indicated that $2 million in contributions had been expected, but that the actual donations were nearer to $400,000, of which some $197,500 had been given by AMPI.

Manages finances for undercover operations
Kalmbach handled a secret $500,000 fund to finance the sabotage and espionage operations of Donald Segretti.

Convicted, imprisoned
Kalmbach was associate finance chairman of the 1968 Nixon for President campaign and was an unofficial fund-raiser for the Committee for the Re-election of the President, controlling several secret funds. Kalmbach served six months in jail and was fined $10,000 for operating an illegal campaign committee and for offering an ambassadorship in return for political support. He also handled a secret $500,000 fund to finance sabotage and espionage operations in the salary of Donald H. Segretti, a lawyer, whose job it was to discredit the Democrats. including $30,000 to $40,000 in 1972 alone for spying on Democrats. Segretti was paid from re-election funds gathered before the April 7, 1972, cutoff point after which a new law required full disclosure of contributors; Kalmbach told investigators in early 1973 that he had destroyed the contribution records prior to the April 7 date, violating the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, which required the records be maintained for two years and which expired only as of the new law's going into effect. Kalmbach claimed in a later FBI interview that he had not known who was supervising Segretti nor what activities he was being paid to perform. Kalmbach also raised $220,000 in "hush money" to pay off the Watergate burglars. He claimed that he was told the money was for lawyer's fees; a claim he accepted because he felt the burglars wrongly believed that they were acting on authority.

But it was his raising of $3.9 million for a secret Republican congressional campaign committee and promising an ambassador a better post in exchange for $100,000 that led to his conviction and imprisonment for 191 days and a $10,000 fine. Kalmbach pleaded guilty on February 25, 1974, on one count of violation of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act and on one count of promising federal employment as a reward for political activity and support of a candidate. He was sentenced to serve 6 to 18 months in prison for the first count and 6 months in prison on the second count. He executed both sentences concurrently and was released from prison on January 5, 1975. Kalmbach lost his license to practice law, although he was reinstated in 1977.

Later life
Although he retired in the late 1980s, he remained of counsel to Baker Hostetler. He died on September 15, 2017, in Newport Beach, California.

title: Herbert W. Kalmbach


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Gorzów Voivodeship

Gorzów Voivodeship (województwo gorzowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland between 1975 and 1998 when it was superseded by Lubusz Voivodeship. Its capital city was Gorzów Wielkopolski.

Major cities and towns (population in 1998)

 * Gorzów Wielkopolski – 126 019
 * Międzyrzecz – 20 155
 * Słubice – 17 637
 * Kostrzyn nad Odrą – 17 500
 * Choszczno – 16 053
 * Barlinek – 15 134
 * Dębno – 14 405
 * Myślibórz – 12 676
 * Międzychód – 11 224
 * Drezdenko – 10 600
 * Skwierzyna – 10 477
 * Strzelce Krajeńskie – 10 299
 * Sulęcin – 10 071

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gorzów Voivodeship


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Kyōbashi, Tokyo

Kyōbashi (京橋) is a neighborhood east of Tokyo Station in Chūō, Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the city's oldest commercial districts, although it has since been eclipsed by Ginza to the south and Nihonbashi to the north. Kyobashi, together with Nihonbashi and Kanda, is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.

History
Its name comes from the bridge that once spanned the Kyōbashi Canal. The south side of the canal was called Takegashi (竹河岸 Bamboo Quay) because it was bamboo wholesalers' area.

The Kyōbashi, or Capital Bridge, linked the Ginza and the Kyōbashi neighborhood. According to the sign erected at the site by the Chuo-ku Board of Education, together with Nihonbashi, it was one of the famous bridges of Edo. When the canal was filled in 1959, the bridge was removed. Today, a pillar stands to mark the site of the old bridge.

Kyobashi was also a ward of Tokyo City, encompassing 16 neighborhoods, including Ginza, Tsukiji, and Tsukishima, in addition to Kyobashi itself. In 1947, when the 35 wards of Tokyo were reorganized into 23, it was merged with Nihonbashi to form the modern Chuo ward.

Transportation
Kyōbashi and Takarachō stations provide subway service.

Corporate tenants
Meidi-Ya, an upscale grocery store chain, has its headquarters in this area.

Education
Public elementary and junior high schools are operated by Chuo City Board of Education. The zoned schools are Joto Elementary School (中央区立城東小学校) and Ginza Junior High School (中央区立銀座中学校)

Notable people
Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, the "father of the modern Japanese short-story", was born here.

title: Kyōbashi, Tokyo


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Clark Kerr

Clark Kerr (May 17, 1911 – December 1, 2003) was an American economist and academic administrator. He was the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley, and twelfth president of the University of California.

Early life and education
Kerr was born in Stony Creek, Pennsylvania, to Samuel William and Caroline (Clark) Kerr. He was raised on rural farms outside of Reading, Pennsylvania, first in the Stony Creek area and then in the Oley Valley after age 10. Even after Kerr became one of the most prominent academic administrators of his generation, he always regarded himself as a "Pennsylvania farm boy" and expressed frustration with intellectuals who showed condescension towards agriculture.

Kerr earned his A.B. from Swarthmore College in 1932, an M.A. from Stanford University in 1933, and a Ph.D. in economics from UC Berkeley in 1939. In 1945, he became an associate professor of industrial relations and was the founding director of the UC Berkeley Institute of Industrial Relations.

UC Berkeley
In 1949, soon after the beginning of the McCarthy era, the Regents of the University of California adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath to be signed by all University of California employees. Kerr signed the oath, but fought against the firing of those who refused to sign. Kerr gained respect from his stance and was named University of California, Berkeley's first chancellor when that position was created in 1952. As chancellor, Kerr oversaw the construction of 12 high-rise dormitories. In September 1953, then U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him to the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations.

University of California president
In October 1957, Kerr was the Board of Regents' unanimous choice to lead the entire university system. Raymond B. Allen had been widely expected to succeed Robert Gordon Sproul as systemwide president, but Allen's tenure as UCLA's first chancellor was marred by athletics scandals, poor campus planning, and the perception among the southern regents that he had not put up enough resistance—especially in comparison to Kerr—to Sproul's stubborn refusal to delegate anything to the campus chancellors. Therefore, when Sproul finally announced his retirement in 1957, Allen was passed over in favor of Kerr. With a clear mandate for change, Kerr led UC's rapid transformation into a true public university system through a series of proposals adopted unanimously by the regents from 1957 to 1960. Kerr's reforms included delegating to the chancellors the full range of powers, privileges, and responsibilities which Sproul had previously denied them.

Kerr's term as UC president saw the opening of campuses in San Diego, Irvine, and Santa Cruz to accommodate the influx of baby boomers. Faced with a dramatic increase of students entering college, Kerr helped establish the now much-copied California system of having the handful of University of California campuses act as 'top tier' research institutions, the more numerous California State University campuses handle the bulk of undergraduate students and the very numerous California Community College campuses provide vocational and transfer-oriented college programs to the remainder. A Mother Jones article mentioned that Kerr's achievements in this field earned him international acclaim.

In 1959, Kerr along with Chancellor Glenn T. Seaborg helped found the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory.

Student protests
On March 22, 1961, at the invitation of SLATE, Frank Wilkinson gave a speech at the Berkeley campus, and in response to the ensuing controversy, Kerr defended the importance of freedom of speech: "The University is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas." His remarks were widely quoted, and Regent Thomas M. Storke arranged to have them engraved on a bell at Storke Tower at the Santa Barbara campus.

Controversy exploded in 1964 when Berkeley students led the Free Speech Movement in protest of regulations limiting political activities on campus, including Civil Rights advocacy and protests against the Vietnam War. It culminated in hundreds of arrested students at a sit-in. Kerr's initial decision was to not expel University of California students that participated in sit-ins off campus. That decision evolved into reluctance to expel students who later protested on campus, in a series of escalating events on the Berkeley campus in late 1964. Kerr was criticized both by students, for not agreeing to their demands, and by conservative UC Regent Edwin Pauley and others, for responding too leniently to the student unrest.

Blacklisting
In late 1964, president Lyndon Johnson picked Kerr to become Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. He later withdrew the nomination after the FBI background check on Kerr included damaging information the agency knew to be false. Almost 40 years later, in 2002, the FBI released documents used to blacklist Kerr as part of a government campaign to suppress subversive viewpoints at the university. This information had been classified by the FBI and was released only after a fifteen-year legal battle that the FBI repeatedly appealed up to the Supreme Court, but agreed to settle before the Supreme Court decided on hearing the matter.

Edwin Pauley approached John McCone, a Berkeley alum and associate, at the CIA for assistance. McCone in turn met with FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. Hoover agreed to supply Pauley with confidential FBI information on "ultra-liberal" regents, faculty members, and students, and to assist in removing Kerr. Pauley received dozens of briefings from the FBI to this end. The FBI assisted Pauley and Ronald Reagan in painting Kerr as a dangerous "liberal".

Dismissal
During his successful campaign in the 1966 California gubernatorial election, Reagan repeatedly promised to "clean up the mess at Berkeley." In 1987, Lyn Nofziger revealed to Kerr that Reagan actually did not know much about UC at the beginning of his campaign, but had tacked right in order to prevail in the Republican primary against George Christopher, and started focusing on the "student revolt at Berkeley" after a poll determined that it was a priority of Republican voters. As a newly elected governor, Reagan appointed several more regents who, together with himself (in his capacity as an ex officio regent) aligned with existing members of the Board of Regents to form a majority (14 to 8) to vote for Kerr's dismissal on January 20, 1967. Kerr knew what was coming and did not actively fight it in the sense of actively lobbying individual regents. But as a matter of principle (because he felt the Board of Regents should have stood up for the university's institutional autonomy from the rest of the state government), Kerr chose to not make it easy for Reagan by not resigning, even though he knew he would bear the lifelong stigma of being dismissed.

Shortly thereafter, Kerr's old friend Storke insisted that Kerr should be allowed to participate, as previously scheduled, in the dedication of a building on the Santa Barbara campus in Storke's honor. At the dedication ceremony Kerr stated that he had left the presidency of the university just as he had entered it: "fired with enthusiasm".

Kerr's second memoir, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967 Volume Two: Political Turmoil details what he refers to as his greatest blunders in dealing with the Free Speech Movement that ultimately led to his firing.

Later career
Following his dismissal, Kerr served on the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education until 1973 and was chairman of the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education from 1974 to 1979.

Kerr also served as chair of the 1984 USPS National Agreement Arbitration Panel, after which he joined the USPS panel of national contract arbitrators.

Personal life
Kerr was married to Catherine "Kay" Spaulding on Christmas Day, 1934. Kay along with friends founded the Save San Francisco Bay Association in 1961, which became Save the Bay. The couple had three children; Clark E., Jr., Alexander, and Caroline Gage. He died on December 1, 2003, in El Cerrito, California, following complications from a fall.

Legacy and honors
There are Kerr Halls on the Davis, Santa Barbara, and Santa Cruz campuses. At UC Berkeley the Clark Kerr Campus is a 50-acre student residence complex.

The Clark Kerr Award is named in his honor. Since 1968, it has been awarded annually by the UC Berkeley Academic Senate to recognize an individual who has made an extraordinary and distinguished contribution to the advancement of higher education. Kerr himself was the first recipient of the award.

Another important part of Kerr's legacy was his wit—after writing a serious book, The Uses of the University, Kerr surprised an audience with this riposte—"The three purposes of the University?—To provide sex for the students, sports for the alumni, and parking for the faculty."

title: Clark Kerr


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Jelenia Góra Voivodeship

Jelenia Góra Voivodeship (województwo jeleniogórskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Jelenia Gora.

Major cities and towns (population in 1995)

 * Jelenia Góra (93,500)
 * Bolesławiec (44,400)
 * Zgorzelec (36,800)
 * Lubań (24,400)
 * Kamienna Góra (23,600)

title: Jelenia Góra Voivodeship


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Quanah Parker

Quanah Parker (Kwana, lit. 'smell, odor'; c. 1845 – February 23, 1911) was a war leader of the Kwahadi ("Antelope") band of the Comanche Nation. He was likely born into the Nokoni ("Wanderers") band of Tabby-nocca and grew up among the Kwahadis, the son of Kwahadi Comanche chief Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, an Anglo-American who had been abducted as an eight-year-old child during the Fort Parker massacre in 1836 and assimilated into the Nokoni tribe. Following the apprehension of several Kiowa chiefs in 1871, Quanah Parker emerged as a dominant figure in the Red River War, clashing repeatedly with Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. With European-Americans hunting American bison, the Comanches' primary sustenance, into near extinction, Quanah Parker eventually surrendered and peaceably led the Kwahadi to the reservation at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Quanah Parker was never elected chief by his people but was appointed by the federal government as principal chief of the entire Comanche Nation. He became a primary emissary of southwest indigenous Americans to the United States legislature. In civilian life, he gained wealth as a rancher, settling near Cache, Oklahoma. Though he encouraged Christianization of Comanche people, he also advocated the syncretic Native American Church alternative, and fought for the legal use of peyote in the movement's religious practices. He was elected deputy sheriff of Lawton in 1902. After his death in 1911, the leadership title of Chief was replaced with chairman; Quanah Parker is thereby described as the "Last Chief of the Comanche", a term also applied to Horseback.

He is buried at Chief's Knoll on Fort Sill. Many cities and highway systems in southwest Oklahoma and north Texas, once southern Comancheria, bear reference to his name.

Early life
Quanah Parker's mother, Cynthia Ann Parker (born c. 1827), was a member of the large Parker frontier family that settled in east Texas in the 1830s. She was captured in 1836 (c. age eight) by Comanches during the raid of Fort Parker near present-day Groesbeck, Texas. Given the Comanche name Nadua (Foundling), she was adopted into the Nokoni band of Comanches, as foster daughter of Tabby-nocca. Assimilated into the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker married the Kwahadi warrior chief Peta Nocona, also known as Puhtocnocony, Noconie, Tah-con-ne-ah-pe-ah, or Nocona ("Lone Wanderer").

Quanah Parker's paternal grandfather was the Kwahadi chief Iron Jacket (Puhihwikwasu'u), a warrior of the earlier Comanche-American Wars, famous among his people for wearing a Spanish coat of mail.

Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona's first child was Quanah Parker, born in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. In a letter to rancher Charles Goodnight, Quanah Parker writes, "From the best information I have, I was born about 1850 on Elk Creek just below the Wichita Mountains." Alternative sources cite his birthplace as Laguna Sabinas/Cedar Lake in Gaines County, Texas.

Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona also had another son, Pecos (Pecan), and a daughter, Topsana (Prairie Flower). In December 1860, Cynthia Ann Parker and Topsana were captured during the Pease River Massacre. American forces were led by Sgt. John Spangler, who commanded Company H of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry, and Texas Rangers under Sul Ross would claim that at the end of the battle, he wounded Peta Nocona, who was thereafter killed by Spangler's Mexican servant but this was disputed by eyewitnesses among the Texas Rangers and by Quanah Parker. It was believed that Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos were the only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger Charles Goodnight but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. Some, including Quanah Parker himself, claim this story is false and that he, his brother, and his father Peta Nocona were not at the battle, that they were at the larger camp miles away, and that Peta Nocona died years later of illness caused by wounds from battles with Apache.

Cynthia Ann Parker, along with her infant daughter Topsana, were taken by the Texas Rangers against her will to Cynthia Ann Parker's brother's home. After 24 years with the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker refused re-assimilation. Topsana died of an illness in 1863. Cynthia Ann Parker died by suicide through voluntary starvation in March 1871.

In the Comanche language, kwana means "an odor" or "a smell". Comanche warriors often took on more active, masculine names in maturity, but Quanah Parker retained the name his mother gave him, initially in tribute to her after her recapture.

Career
After Peta Nocona's death (c. 1864), being now Parra-o-coom ("Bull Bear") the head chief of the Kwahadi people, Horseback, the head chief of the Nokoni people, took young Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos under his wing. After Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket, Horseback taught them the ways of the Comanche warrior, and Quanah Parker grew to considerable standing as a warrior. He left and rejoined the Kwahadi band with warriors from another band. Quanah Parker surrendered to Mackenzie and was taken to Fort Sill, Indian Territory where he led the Comanches successfully for a number of years on the reservation. Quanah Parker was never elected principal chief of the Comanche by the tribe. The U.S. government appointed him principal chief of the entire nation once the people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections.

In October 1867, when Quanah Parker was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Horseback made a statement about Quanah Parker's refusal to sign the treaty. In the early 1870s, the Plains Indians were losing the battle for their land with the United States government. Following the capture of the Kiowa chiefs Sitting Bear, Big Tree, and Satanta, the last two paroled in 1873 after two years thanks to the firm and stubborn behaviour of Guipago, the Kiowa, Comanche, and Southern Cheyenne tribes joined forces in several battles. Colonel Ranald Mackenzie led U.S. Army forces in rounding up or killing the remaining Indians who had not settled on reservations.

In 1873, Isatai'i, a Comanche claiming to be a medicine man, called for all the Comanche bands to gather together for a Sun Dance, even though that ritual was Kiowa, and was not a Comanche practice. The bands gathered in May on the Red River, near present-day Texola, Oklahoma. At that gathering, Isatai'i and Quanah Parker recruited warriors for raids into Texas to avenge slain relatives. Other Comanche chiefs, notably Isa-Rosa ("White Wolf") and Tabananika ("Sound of the Sunrise") of the Yamparika, and Big Red Meat of the Nokoni band, identified the buffalo hide merchants as the real threat to their way of life. They suggested that if Quanah Parker were to attack anybody, he should attack the merchants. A war party of around 250 warriors, composed mainly of Comanches and Cheyennes, who were impressed by Isatai'i's claim of protective medicine to protect them from their enemies' bullets, headed into Texas towards the trading post of Adobe Walls. The raid should have been a slaughter, but the saloonkeeper had heard about the coming raid and kept his customers from going to bed by offering free drinks. Around 4 am, the raiders drove down into the valley. Quanah Parker and his band were unable to penetrate the two-foot thick sod walls and were repelled by the hide merchants' long-range .50 caliber Sharps rifles. As they retreated, Quanah Parker's horse was shot out from under him at five hundred yards. He hid behind a buffalo carcass, and was hit by a bullet that ricocheted off a powder horn around his neck and lodged between his shoulder blade and his neck. The wound was not serious, and Quanah Parker was rescued and brought back out of the range of the buffalo guns. The attack on Adobe Walls caused a reversal of policy in Washington. It led to the Red River War, which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. On September 28, 1874, Mackenzie and his Tonkawa scouts razed the Comanche village at Palo Duro Canyon and killed nearly 1,500 Comanche horses, the main form of the Comanche wealth and power.

On the reservation

With their food source depleted, and under constant pressure from the army, the Kwahadi Comanche finally surrendered in 1875. With Colonel Mackenzie and Indian Agent James M. Hayworth, Parker helped settle the Comanche on the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in southwestern Indian Territory.

Quanah Parker's home in Cache, Oklahoma was called the Star House.

Parker went on hunting trips with President Theodore Roosevelt, who often visited him. Nevertheless, he rejected both monogamy and traditional Protestant Christianity in favor of the Native American Church Movement, of which he was a founder.

Samuel Burk Burnett
The story of the unique friendship that grew between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family is addressed in the exhibition of cultural artifacts that were given to the Burnett family from the Parker family. The presentation of a cultural relic as significant as Quanah Parker's war lance was not done lightly. It is a clear indication of the high esteem to which the Burnett family was regarded by the Parkers. The correspondence between Quanah Parker and Samuel Burk Burnett, Sr. (1849–1922) and his son Thomas Loyd Burnett (1871–1938), expressed mutual admiration and respect. The historical record mentions little of Quanah Parker until his presence in the attack on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874. Fragmented information exists indicating Quanah Parker had interactions with the Apache at about this time.

This association may have related to his taking up the Native American Church, or peyote religion. Quanah Parker was said to have taken an Apache wife, but their union was short-lived. The Apache dress, bag and staff in the exhibit may be a remnant of this time in Quanah Parker's early adult life. With the buffalo nearly exterminated and having suffered heavy loss of horses and lodges at the hands of the US military, Quanah Parker was one of the leaders to bring the Kwahadi (Antelope) band of Comanches into Fort Sill during late May and early June 1875. This brought an end to their nomadic life on the southern plains and the beginning of an adjustment to more sedentary life. Burk Burnett began moving cattle from South Texas in 1874 to near present-day Wichita Falls, Texas. There he established his ranch headquarters in 1881. Changing weather patterns and severe drought caused grasslands to wither and die in Texas. Burnett and other ranchers met with Comanche and Kiowa tribes to lease land on their reservation—nearly 1 e6acre just north of the Red River in Oklahoma.

Quanah Parker, like many of his contemporaries, was originally opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. Quanah Parker changed his position and forged close relationships with a number of Texas cattlemen, such as Charles Goodnight and the Burnett family. As early as 1880, Quanah Parker was working with these new associates in building his own herds. In 1884, due largely to Quanah Parker's efforts, the tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. It is during this period that the bonds between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family grew strong.

Burnett ran 10,000 cattle until the end of the lease in 1902. The cattle baron had a strong feeling for Native American rights, and his respect for them was genuine. Where other cattle kings fought natives and the harsh land to build empires, Burnett learned Comanche ways, passing both the love of the land and his friendship with the natives to his family. As a sign of their regard for Burnett, the Comanches gave him a name in their own language: Mas-sa-suta, meaning "Big Boss". Quanah Parker earned the respect of US governmental leaders as he adapted to the white man's life and became a prosperous rancher in Oklahoma. His spacious, two-story Star House had a bedroom for each of his seven wives and their children. He had his own private quarters, which were rather plain. Beside his bed were photographs of his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and younger sister Topʉsana. Quanah Parker extended hospitality to many influential people, both Native American and European American. Among the latter were the Texas surveyor W. D. Twichell and the cattleman Charles Goodnight.

During the next 27 years Quanah Parker and the Burnetts shared many experiences. Burnett helped by contributing money for the construction of Star House, Quanah Parker's large frame home. Burnett asked for (and received) Quanah Parker's participation in a parade with a large group of warriors at the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show and other public events. The "Parade" lance depicted in the exhibit was usually carried by Quanah Parker at such public gatherings. Burnett assisted Quanah Parker in buying the granite headstones used to mark the graves of his mother and sister. After years of searching, Quanah Parker had their remains moved from Texas and reinterred in 1910 in Oklahoma on the Comanche reservation at Fort Sill.

According to his daughter "Wanada" Page Parker, her father helped celebrate President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inauguration by appearing in the parade. In April 1905, Roosevelt visited Quanah Parker at the Star House. President Roosevelt and Quanah Parker went wolf hunting together with Burnett near Frederick, Oklahoma. During the occasion, the two discussed serious business. Quanah Parker wanted the tribe to retain ownership of 400000 acre that the government planned to sell off to homesteaders, an argument he eventually lost. Quanah Parker asked for help combating unemployment among his people and later received a letter from the President stating his own concern about the issue. The wolf hunt was believed to be one of the reasons that Roosevelt created the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge.

Marriage and family

Quanah Parker took two wives in 1872 according to Baldwin Parker, one of Quanah Parker's sons. His first wife was Ta-ho-yea (or Tohayea), the daughter of Mescalero Apache chief Old Wolf. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since the 1860s and had got her for five mules. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, Ta-ho-yea asked to return home, citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language. Quanah Parker sent her back to her people. Quanah Parker's other wife in 1872 was Wec-Keah or Weakeah, daughter of Penateka Comanche subchief Yellow Bear (sometimes Old Bear). Although first espoused to another warrior, she and Quanah Parker eloped, and took several other warriors with them. Yellow Bear pursued the band and eventually Quanah Parker made peace with him. The two bands united, forming the largest force of Comanche Indians.

Over the years, Quanah Parker married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. A photograph, c. 1890, by William B. Ellis of Quanah Parker and two of his wives identified them as Topay and Chonie. Quanah Parker had eight wives and twenty-five children (some of whom were adopted).

After moving to the reservation, Quanah Parker got in touch with his white relatives from his mother's family. He stayed for a few weeks with them, where he studied English and Western culture, and learned white farming techniques.

Founder of the Native American Church Movement
Quanah Parker is credited as one of the first important leaders of the Native American Church movement. Quanah Parker adopted the peyote religion after having been gored in southern Texas by a bull. Parker was visiting his uncle, John Parker, in Texas where he was attacked, giving him severe wounds. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican curandera was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him. Thereafter, Quanah Parker became involved with peyote, which contains hordenine, mescaline or phenylethylamine alkaloids, and tyramine which act as natural antibiotics when taken in a combined form. Clinical studies indicate that peyocactin, a water-soluble crystalline substance separated from an ethanol extract of the plant, proved an effective antibiotic against 18 strains of penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, several other bacteria, and a fungus.

Quanah Parker taught that the sacred peyote medicine was the sacrament given to the Indian peoples and was to be used with water when taking communion in a traditional Native American Church medicine ceremony. Quanah Parker was a proponent of the "half-moon" style of the peyote ceremony. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of Caddo influences introduced by John Wilson, a Caddo-Delaware religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as Parker during the early days of the Native American Church movement.

Quanah Parker's most famous teaching regarding the spirituality of the Native American Church:

"The White Man goes into his church house and talks about Jesus, but the Indian goes into his tipi and talks to Jesus."

The modern reservation era in Native American history began with the adoption of the Native American Church and Christianity by nearly every Native American tribe and culture within the United States and Canada as a result of Quanah Parker and Wilson's efforts. The peyote religion and the Native American Church were never the traditional religious practice of North American Indian cultures. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of the time being east and west of the Mississippi River, Quanah Parker's leadership, and influences from Native Americans of Mexico and other southern tribes. They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times. He advocated only using mind-altering substances for ritual purposes.

Performing
Quanah Parker acted in several silent films, including The Bank Robbery (1908).

Death
At the age of 66, Quanah Parker died on February 23, 1911, at Star House. In 1911, Quanah Parker's body was interred at Post Oak Mission Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma. In 1957, his remains were moved to Fort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, along with his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and sister Topsannah ("Prairie Flower"). The inscription on his tombstone reads:

Biographer Bill Neeley wrote: "Not only did Quanah pass within the span of a single lifetime from a Stone Age warrior to a statesman in the age of the Industrial Revolution, but he never lost a battle to the white man and he also accepted the challenge and responsibility of leading the whole Comanche tribe on the difficult road toward their new existence."

Criticism
Although praised by many in his tribe as a preserver of their culture, Quanah Parker also had Comanche critics. Some claimed that he "sold out to the white man" by adapting and becoming a rancher. He dressed and lived in what some viewed as a more European-American than Comanche style. Critic Paul Chaat Smith called "Quanah Parker: sellout or patriot?" the "basic Comanche political question".

Quanah Parker did adopt some European-American ways, but he always wore his hair long and in braids. He also refused to follow U.S. marriage laws and had up to eight wives at one time.

Family reunion
The Quanah Parker Society, based in Cache, Oklahoma, holds an annual family reunion and powwow. Events usually include a pilgrimage to sacred sites in Quanah, Texas; tour of his "Star Home" in Cache; dinner; memorial service at Fort Sill Post Cemetery; gourd dance, pow-wow, and worship services. This event is open to the public.

Memorials and honors
"May the Great Spirit smile on your little town, May the rain fall in season, and in the warmth of the sunshine after the rain, May the earth yield bountifully, May peace and contentment be with you and your children forever."
 * In 1970, the Star House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * The Quanah Parker Trail, a public art project begun in 2010 by the Texas Plains Trail Region, commemorates sites of Comanche history in the Plains and Panhandle of Texas, the central region of Comancheria.
 * Quanah, Texas, county seat of Hardeman County. The Quanah Parker Inn is located on U.S. Highway 287. At the founding of Quanah, Parker made this blessing:
 * Nocona, Texas, is named after Quanah Parker's father, Comanche chief Peta Nocona.
 * 1962, Parker Hall, a residence hall at Oklahoma State University.
 * Parker Hall, a residence hall at Southwestern Oklahoma State University.
 * The Quanah Parker Trailway portion of Highway 62 in southern Oklahoma.
 * Quanah Parker Lake and Quanah Creek, both in the Wichita Mountains, are named in his honor.
 * Quanah Parker Trail, a small residential street on the northeast side of Norman, Oklahoma.
 * In Fort Worth, along the banks of the Trinity River, is Quanah Parker Park.
 * The Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway, which originated in Texas in 1902 and was merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1981.
 * Quanah Parker Elementary School in Midland, Texas
 * 2007, State of Texas historical marker erected in the name of Quanah Parker near the Fort Worth Stockyards Historic District recognizing his endeavors as a cattleman and Oklahoma rancher.
 * In 2019, the asteroid (260366) Quanah = 2004 US3, discovered on October 28, 2004, by J. Dellinger at Needville, was named in his honor.

In popular culture

 * In the 1956 film Comanche, directed by George Sherman, Quanah Parker is played by Kent Smith.
 * In the 1961 film Two Rode Together, Quanah Parker is portrayed by Henry Brandon.
 * Chapter XIV of Poul Anderson's novel The Boat of a Million Years portrays Parker in a fictional incident in 1872 concerning the imminent massacre of a settler family by Comanches. Parker is portrayed in a sympathetic light.
 * The 2008 miniseries Comanche Moon featured Quanah Parker as a minor character, played by Eddie Spears.
 * Richard Angarola (1920–2008) was cast as Quanah Parker in the 1959 episode "Tribal Justice" of the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Parker, before he becomes Comanche chief, must clear his name for causing the death of a fellow tribesman.
 * In the 2021 Paramount+ TV series 1883, Martin Sensmeier plays Sam, a skilled Comanche warrior loyal to Quanah Parker, who later takes Elsa as his wife.
 * In the 2024 LP Le Loup et la Guitare from the french guitarist, there's a special tribute to Quanah Parker.
 * In TEXAS! OUTDOOR MUSICAL, an outdoor drama performed in the Palo Duro Canyon State Park since 1966, Quanah Parker is a character currently depicted by his descendant Benny Tahmahkera.

title: Quanah Parker


text:
Talk:Madame Tussauds

Cluttered citations
The citations for the list of wax figures goes off the edge of my phone screen. Could it be resolved like this?

Alduin2000 (talk) 21:57, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Maybe, yes. But had you considered that these so-called citations don't really support much, or in some cases any, article content? See my thread "List of the wax figures" above. Sorry to drone on about this, but nobody seems to care very much. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:01, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

I see what you mean, perhaps the list as is could be moved to it's own list page and a smaller list of notable figures that are more easily kept control of and verified left here. What do you think? Alduin2000 (talk) 16:06, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I think that's a perfectly reasonable proposal. Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:08, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and done it. I've transferred tables from other pages for now but obviously there is no separate London page and other notable figures may be missing as of now. Alduin2000 (talk) 17:06, 9 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Many thanks, Alduin2000, I think that's a vast improvement. The sourcing for that main list can now be considered separately. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:26, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

Singapore Branch
Why Catriona Gray is not included on the list of wax figure in Singapore column? Rogeliomnl24 (talk) 01:30, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * What's your source? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:32, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Hong Kong Branch column
Please remove Catriona Gray there, instead put in Singapore Branch column, thanks! Rogeliomnl24 (talk) 01:38, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * What's your source? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 14:12, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Madame_Tussauds, let's delete this.
Hello, any watchers around?

I suggest we delete this part of the article. As the article states, there's no reasonable criteria. Odds are that anyone who has a waxfigure also has a WP-article. This is just WP:FANCRUFT, and can be handled with one or more categories instead. This info belongs on org websites.

Also... A separate column for Marvel? Please no. Not that I don't like Marvel. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:34, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Added some Tussauds at Marvel: Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:38, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

Or just replace it with "Main article: List of wax figures displayed at Madame Tussauds museums" Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:39, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree 100%. I've been suggesting this for the past six years. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:57, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * If there's no opposition in the next 15 minutes we'll do it. ;-) Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:33, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What about 30 mins? Ha. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:02, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The link to the Main makes sense to me. Thanks for flagging this @Gråbergs Gråa Sång Star   Mississippi  00:31, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

It's been 24h and participants are unanimous. I'm doing it. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 21:10, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I just realized that Madame Tussauds and Donald Trump probably meets WP:GNG, . Oy... Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:50, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

Talk:Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
Your view is welcome. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 09:46, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madame Tussauds


text:
Talk:Real life

Origins of the expression "in real life"
The very earliest mention of "in real life" (in connection to the Internet) that I've seen was in the output of the Unix "finger" command, cited in RFC 1194 (section 4.2 on page 10, 11/1990). "In real life" jokes were common in Unix circles in the early 90s, I wouldn't be surprised if it had spread to the Internet at large from there (since they share common roots). It was probably re-discovered independently of course, but I think the article should mention this possible source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.218.15.151 (talk) 17:54, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Get a life, William Shatner
Did William Shatner *really* invent that phrase? My mind is boggled.

 * The article says he popularised it on SNL, not that he invented it. Even so, I think it's quite an old phrase really.  If anyone can find any instances of its earlier use, that would be a useful addition to this article. -PaulHammond 13:15, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

I had no idea such a thing existed as "not on the Internet". — User:ACupOfCoffee @  01:03, 14 February 2006 (UTC) ;)

 * I have a hard time believing that there is such a thing as a "real life". ;) --Muna (talk) 02:05, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Confusing the Real and the Virtual
I've had to remind myself, several times, that the pillows in Morrowind cannot be given to my brother-in-law IRL for a Christmas present. Now THAT'S verisimilitude. --BlueNight 02:59, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Haha try having to remind yourself that you're not Bella Swan and that Edward Cullen doesn't loves you on youtube when you're role-playing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.177.208.27 (talk) 03:35, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Verifiability capacitation?
Being new to the land of the wiki, I am still unaccustomed to this... place.

However, it seems as if the existence of the Real Life is unverifiable. This fact, to my knowledge, is in somethingorother to the Wikipethos. Can something be done? Gulanzon (talk) 23:23, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Merging
This merge was unclear from the beginning, and proposed in October 2006 and as such, not relevant any more. Cena rium  Talk 16:13, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment - Nominator left no explanation.
 * Disagree. "Real life" as a concept will always need some kind of contextualisation.  Some sort of explanation.  Making it a simple disambiguation page is counterproductive.  The Real life article should be fixed, not added to a list of albums. - BalthCat 06:17, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree - Conceptually “real world” is a place (tangible), whereas “real life” is a non-tangible, personal concept. Confounding the two betrays a subjective, egocentric (not meant as insulting, but as purely conceptually descriptive) view of the two concepts. Something can exist in the real world (the CN Tower) and in the virtual world (in Second Life, in a CAD program, etc) having nothing to do with someone's real life. Msanford (talk) 21:24, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagree "real life" would be able to mean situations with peoples lives (often drama).
 * Comment - "real world" is used to describe events much less personal. ("real world" events, events outside of training, situations, and sanarieos) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.122.167.32 (talk) 17:28, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge. Merge Real world with Real life as the lead sections of both are saying that they are the same thing, and if there is any difference that is best discussed and explained just the once in the one article. SilkTork  *SilkyTalk 23:02, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge I am inclined to agree with the merge proposal as these are two sides of the same coin. Abtract (talk) 23:05, 26 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Merge I agree with the last two votes. --Ben Sawyer(t-c-e) 21:40, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Disagree Real world is a disambiguation page. Inappropriate merge.  Enigma  message 17:01, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Move and Redirect - not Merge No information will be lost this way, and the new Real Life page will just be a disambiguation. makes more sense.  '''Miekec (talk) 17:51, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Suggested move to Real life (reality)
Per discussions in the June 2008 AFD linked above, I'd like to open discussion here in regard to the suggestion to move this article to Real life (reality) and make Real life a redirect to Real life (disambiguation) (which would, of course, list Real life (reality) among its entries. I don't believe this article justifies the topic as the primary meaning of the phrase, significantly more likely to be searched-for by users than any other topic known as "Real life." Propaniac (talk) 18:14, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

agreed - This is just a clean up and the article will remain. Why this was not considered as part of the concensus, I have no idea... Lets make it happen. --Pmedema (talk) 17:24, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and moved it. The whole AFD discussion was kind of a mess, but five days seems long enough to wait for any objection to be raised here. Propaniac (talk) 18:13, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Ya... I was a bit miffed when I got reverted when I was trying to be BOLD because it was just a clean up and not removal of the article... so the comment about it not being consensus was not thought out.  "Make it happen cappen"!!--Pmedema (talk) 12:59, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the problem was it was done during an AFD discussion where consensus was not yet clear. – xeno cidic ( talk ) 13:07, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Copy-editing
I did some preliminary copy-editing on the article, but it could definitely use some help by someone better than I am at re-writing. Specifically, the abbreviations and some of the terminology mentioned in various places might be non-notable. Also, the religious connotations section seems very prosaic to me, which I tried to clean up a little bit, but it could definitely use more work. —RobinHood70 (talk • contribs) 19:56, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Page Move
I notice this page has recently been moved, but I'm a little concerned about the move, as it no longer has parentheses after it to help disambiguate it from other uses of the term, and perhaps more importantly, there's now a Real life and a Real Life page, which I think is generally considered bad practice on Wikipedia (though I was unable to find a specific mention of it in a quick browse of various policies). —RobinHood70 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Agree- The move to Real life (reality) which was being discussed in preceding headings seemed much more understandable. 173.17.246.165 (talk) 03:13, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Psychology
(Add?) In opposition to a "fake life" created through one's Denial - Commandur (talk) 01:43, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Not the terminology, but the actual concept
Is there an article about, not the terminology, but the actual concept? E.g., where it would be appropriate to say, "Some students believe that real life/meatspace/whatever is more suitable for meetings because it is easier to read presentation screens behind the teacher and to communicate with the teacher and the rest of the class." Tisane  talk/stalk 22:48, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 21:39, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Real life → In real life — Or move Real life to Real life (terminology) or Real life (internet culture), and leave the Canadian TV series where it is. Real life should redirect to Reality, which denotes the primary meaning of the phrase "real life"; this article is just about the expression as used in internet culture. City  of  Destruction  23:31, 16 August 2010 (UTC) City  of  Destruction  23:31, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

 * In Real Life → In Real Life (TV series)

 * Oppose. The current situation seems correct to me.  I think this is the primary meaning.  Powers T 00:05, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Support for In Real Life → In Real Life (TV series). I and many have never heard of this TV series before. I do not see why some TV series or book should hijack the dominant-meaning position of an everyday word or expression which had a proper meaning long before. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:58, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It's hardly a hijack. In real life redirects here, as it should.  Getting to In Real Life requires the user to explicitly type it in title case, which is a strong indication they're looking for the TV series.  Powers T 01:20, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose all moves per Powers. Capitalization differentiates the TV series, and I believe the current page to be the primary topic for "real life". --Cyber cobra (talk) 05:11, 29 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Delete this article (again)
I want to delete this article. Even with a few paltry references, I don't feel that this article is about a real topic. It is a cloaked WP:BITR article (a coatrack). There seems to be no Verifiability of the principles mentioned in the article to distinguish its subject from any semantically similar concept, such as reality or life or vitality or existence or existential or the purpose of life. Why is there no real death? This article is a denigration of the English language to the point in which it contrives distinctions, nay, it carves imaginary channels into the human mind in which fiction and reality must flow separately. This makes the article's subject a distinct point of view (WP:POV), viz. the view that a person's life and a person's virtual reality are separable. My point of view is that life and virtual reality are inseparable and that adding the adjective "real" is redundant and preposterous. And I mean this beyond the implication that "real life" is a neologism, because I feel it is a complete literary and logical fallacy to prepend the word "real" to "life" and come up with a topic necessary for an encyclopedia. It is a concept didactic for semanticists and thus for a good dictionary. (See WP:DICTIONARY.) Also, this term is clearly anecdotal for an idiom appearing in certain slang (Computerease? Gamerology?) and jargon found in science fiction. See WP:NOT. I propose that we really get rid of the real life article. I like to saw logs! (talk) 07:00, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Then delete it, or at least put it through the relevant community process for deleting it. Try WP:AFD. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:24, 27 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Here is a novel idea how about actually helping to build the article, instead of deleting other editors hard work?
 * I know actually building an article is harder than destroying it. It is really easy to criticize other editors contributions as you do, it is much harder to look at a bad article and improve it.
 * My guess is if you spent half your time writing an encyclopedia instead of learning acronyms, you would have several featured article awards. Igottheconch (talk) 07:53, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Ugh First sentence is terrible
First sentence is terrible:
 * generally denotes a broader notion of reality than what would be assumed in the current context (although this may vary depending on its usage).

I replaced it with something like this:
 * actual human life, as lived by real people, esp contrasted with the lives of fictional or fantasy characters

Will cite this. Igottheconch (talk) 07:53, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Template:Busy
Template:Busy, which is used on hundreds of user pages, links to this article. If this article is put up for deletion, a notice should be placed on that templates talk page, notifying editors of its deletion. Whether the editors who use Template:Busy should be notified is debatable. Igottheconch (talk) 07:58, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Strange looking segment
I found a strange segment on the "Society" part of this article. It didn't look like anything more than someone playing about with the page so I went and removed it. Going to post what it said just to be sure.
 * (obvious vandalism quoted here, removed by Wlgrin; see below)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.147.140.228 (talk) 02:48, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Thank you for attempting to repair the vandalised article. Since it was obvious vandalism, and because Wikipedia maintains a full revision history of the page, there was no need to reproduce it on this discussion page (a few search engines index those too), so I have removed the full quotation from your comment above. I have also restored the article to its original (pre-vandalism) state, since the vandal had done more than just adding the crude non-sense which you later deleted. When discovering vandalism, it is beneficial to review all the changes made by the vandal using diff, the comparison tool on the revision history of the page. Finally, I have restored the automatic signature placed for your comment above by SineBot, which you had then deleted. Please, remember to sign and date your posts in discussion pages (not in articles) by typing four tildes ( ~ ) at the end. Also, keep in mind that, even if it does not appear on the page, your IP address remains visible in the revision history. If you would prefer your IP address not to be recorded and obtain increased privacy (along with other convenient features), you are naturally welcome to create a user account. Wlgrin 04:40, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Usage of rl online
I was pondering usage of rl online based on personal experience and it occurs to me that its precise meaning is not exactly "not on the Internet." For example, suppose I wrote a story about a guy who e-mailed Jimbo Wales and put it on fanfiction.net. Someone could read it and legitimately comment, "I've e-mailed Jimbo Wales in real life!" More generally, it seems like "real life" is used to distinguish actual literal occurrences of an action from actions taken in one of the "virtual worlds" created by the Internet - even if it's just the very simple virtual world of an imaginary face-to-face meeting between two people. I'm not sure how best to capture this distinction, or where to find sources about it, but just thought I'd comment. Dcoetzee 00:15, 19 July 2012 (UTC)

Movies, films, video, TV
I think this has more recent history than just the internet, I have seen movies/TV juxtaposed to "in real life" unrelated to the internet. Even now when watching a movie I compare how different and unrealistic it is to "real life." B137 (talk) 16:42, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Merge with Reality?
This article seems like it would be better as a section or two of "Reality". Thoughts?  Deus vult (aliquid)!  Crusadestudent (talk) 23:17, 25 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Nah, I don't see that the merge is needed. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 05:45, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * This article is about the term "real life" used to distinguish on the Internet. Not really related at all to reality. <font color="#008000">Lizard (talk) 07:30, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

 * You might want to check out Reality, then. There's already a subsection there, and IMO there isn't enough material to sustain a full, separate article on "real life".   Deus vult (aliquid)!   Crusadestudent (talk) 19:41, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

This is a very weid article
What does this article do on wikipedia? It's not a real encyclopedia topic, and it's even not very documented about psychology. It's very light in the psychological/philosophical domain, very light! I don't know how it could be useful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:99A4:7151:5B27:A5F4 (talk) 10:28, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Indeed, as far as current content goes! The page is organized as a series of sections dealing each with a different sense, that would belong together on a Dab page as mere links to separate articles that would all be embarrassingly short stubs if they had been properly broken out. I'm giving it a small share of mind (cf. market share) that may grow into a brief decomposition-into-pathetic-stubs project before a small hoard? horde ? of colleagues with more sincere interests in the quite distinct topics flesh them out.   There may be a brief Genealogy of [a concept] article feasible,* and i'm gonna see if a week or two permits me time to play with a stub for it; i think such a concept something like -- aha! -- WP:Broad-concept article, is a guideline or at least an essay that may aid me or a colleague who reads this.
 * It would rough out how the various targets of its companion Dab, and of some non-contenders for the Dab page, can be considered to express a common metaphor and/or very fuzzy-edged common concept (which may leave it hard to pick out an unambiguous name encompassing it).

 * --Jerzy•t 15:08, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * It's a very popularly used expression, I don't see why it shouldn't be on Wikipedia. People are always wanting to find out more about random things, so don't do something like nominate it for deletion, though I don't expect you will. | ComplainingCamel (talk) 17:46, 17 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Real life


text:
Katowice Voivodeship

Katowice Voivodeship (województwo katowickie) can refer to one of two political entities in Poland:

Katowice Voivodeship (1), initially "Silesian-Dabrowa Voivodeship" (województwo śląsko-dąbrowskie), was a unit of administrative division and local government in the years 1946–1975. It was superseded by Katowice Voivodeship (2), Częstochowa Voivodeship, Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship, and Opole Voivodeship. Its capital city was Katowice.

Katowice Voivodeship (2) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Silesian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Katowice.

Major cities and towns: (population in 1995)

 * Katowice (354,200);
 * Sosnowiec (249,000);
 * Bytom (227,600);
 * Gliwice (214,000);
 * Zabrze (201,600);
 * Ruda Śląska (166,300);
 * Rybnik (144,300);
 * Tychy (133,900);
 * Dąbrowa Górnicza (130,900);
 * Chorzów (125,800);
 * Jastrzębie-Zdrój (103,500);
 * Jaworzno (98,500);
 * Mysłowice (80,000);
 * Siemianowice Śląskie (78,100);
 * Wodzisław Śląski (68,600);
 * Tarnowskie Góry (67,200);
 * Piekary Śląskie (67,200);
 * Żory (66,300);
 * Racibórz (65,100);
 * Będzin (63,100);
 * Świętochłowice (59,600);
 * Zawiercie (56,300);
 * Knurów (44,200);
 * Chrzanów (42,100);
 * Olkusz (40,500);
 * Mikołów (38,900);
 * Czeladź (36,600);
 * Czechowice-Dziedzice (35,600);
 * Pszczyna (34,600);
 * Czerwionka-Leszczyny (30,100);
 * Rydułtowy (24,100);
 * Łaziska Górne (23,000);
 * Bieruń (22,100);
 * Pyskowice (21,900);
 * Trzebinia (20,000);
 * Brzeszcze (12,441).

title: Katowice Voivodeship


text:
Victor (Alex Lifeson album)

Victor is a solo album by Rush guitarist Alex Lifeson under the pseudonym "Victor", released in January 1996 on Anthem Records. The album was recorded at Lerxst Sound (Lifeson's home studio) from October 1994 through July 1995.

The album reached number 99 on the Billboard 200 in 1996 and received a 1997 Juno Award nomination for Best New Group.

Track listing

 * 1) "Don't Care" (Alex Lifeson) – 4:04
 * 2) "Promise" (Lifeson, Bill Bell) – 5:44
 * 3) "Start Today" (Lifeson) – 3:48
 * 4) "Mr. X" (Instrumental) (Lifeson) – 2:21
 * 5) "At the End" (Lifeson, Adrian Zivojinovich) – 6:07
 * 6) "Sending Out a Warning" (Lifeson, Bell) – 4:11
 * 7) "Shut Up Shuttin’ Up" (Lifeson, Bell, Charlene, Esther) – 4:02
 * 8) "Strip and Go Naked" (Instrumental) (Lifeson, Bell) – 3:57
 * 9) "The Big Dance" (Lifeson, Zivojinovich) – 4:14
 * 10) "Victor" (Lifeson, W. H. Auden) – 6:25
 * 11) "I Am the Spirit" (Lifeson, Bell)– 5:31

"Victor" is based on the poem by W. H. Auden.

Personnel

 * Alex Lifeson – spoken vocals (5, 7, 10), guitars, keyboards, bass, mandola, programming, production
 * Les Claypool – bass (9)
 * Peter Cardinali – bass
 * Bill Bell – guitar
 * Adrian Zivojinovich - programming
 * Dalbello – lead vocals (3)
 * Edwin – lead vocals (1, 2, 6, 9, 11)
 * Blake Manning – drums
 * Colleen Allen – horn

Lifeson's wife Charlene is one of the two women in the track 7 dialogue; the other woman is simply listed as "Esther".

title: Victor (Alex Lifeson album)