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Bandar-e Anzali

Bandar-e Anzali is a city in the Central District of Bandar-e Anzali County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 109,687 in 32,424 households. The following census in 2011 counted 116,664 people in 38,128 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 118,564 people in 41,053 households.

Anzali is one of the most important cities in Iran in terms of tourism, economics, and athletics. Bandar-e Anzali is the biggest Gilaki speaking city in the world after Rasht, the capital of Gilan province. The city was home to the first and biggest port on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. Bandar-e Anzali consists of an island called Mianposhteh and the surrounding lands. Tourist attractions include a clock tower called Manareh, the long harbour promenade, and the water-logged delta and beach along the Sefid Rud.

History
Anzali is an old city in ancient Iran, first settled by the Cadusii. Owing to their pleasant relationship with Cyrus the Great, King of Anshan (Persia), and their military cooperation in Cyrus's founding of the Achaemenian Empire, the Cadusii adopted the name Anshan-e Pars (Ανσνάν in Greek), meaning "the Anshans of Persia".

This word in Middle Persian is Anzalag; a variant Persian form is Anzalazh. Anzali Gulf was a safe harbour for trade ships and fishing boats. It was renamed to Pahlavi in 1935.

In 1919, with the collapse of General Anton Denikin's White Russian army, eighteen of his ships sought refuge in Anzali. On 18 May 1920, a Soviet flotilla of thirteen ships launched a surprise attack on Anzali, capturing the British garrison and the eighteen White Russian ships. This allowed for the establishment of the short-lived Persian Socialist Republic and the Persian Communist Party. Soviet authorities denied responsibility for the attack, blaming the local Russian naval commander for attacking under his own authority.

Its wonderful lagoon, Customs and City Hall edifice (Shahrdari), Mian Poshte Palace, and Motamedi Edifice are its tourist attractions. Anzali was the site of the Caspian University of Naval Science until 1980, when it was moved to Nowshahr. Naser-al-din Shah's Shams-ol-Emareh tower (not to be confused with the Tehran building of the same name) was built by Moayer al Mamalek. The famous Sangi Bath was destroyed by people and natural factors.

The Sangi Bath was noted for its marvelous durable system of basins with heated water. Some groups think that Motamedi Edifice had been changed; it is now its police office. This Ghajar Structure built in two floors with the help of Mirza Abd-ol-Vahab.

Geography
The Anzali Lagoon divides the Anzali Port in two parts. The city is connected by two bridges to the Beheshti Island. There is a caviar processing factory in Bandar-e Anzali, some old ruins from 19th century and the popular Shanbeh Bazaar. Tourbebar is a village about 40 kilometers from Bandar-e Anzali, near the Anzali Lagoon.

Climate
Bandar-e Anzali has a humid subtropical climate, with (Cfa) designation under the Köppen climate classification and (Cf) designation under the Trewartha climate classification. The weather is hot and humid in summers and cool, damp and rainy in winters. It has the most humid climate of any city in Iran, similar in its heavy autumn and early winter rainfall, persistent high humidity and low sunshine to the Sea of Japan coast of Japan, though it receives much less summer rainfall than that region. The warm and humid weather has allowed this region to grow crops such as rice and tea that require very large amounts of moisture, especially with the extra water draining from the Elburz Mountains.

Demographics
Historically Anzalis were mostly involved in the fish trade. Rice farming and agriculture are the other traditional jobs in Anzali, and are practiced in the villages surrounding the city.

The majority of Anzalis are adherents of Shia Islam, although there is a sizeable Armenian Christian minority.

The people of Anzali speak Gilaki as their mother language and Persian as the national language. Specific Anzali Accent of Western Gilaki language is the main language of Anzali.

Language
Linguistic composition of the city.

Caviar
Bandar-e Anzali is a center of caviar production. The preparation and marketing of which is a state monopoly, handled through the Iranian Fishing Company under the control of the Finance Ministry. The public is not admitted to the immense refrigerated hangars where tons of sturgeons, some as large as 3 meters long and weighing 100 kilograms, are stored after the removal of the caviar, usually equivalent to about one tenth of their weight.

Sports
The most popular sport in Anzali is football, and the city is known as a football hub in Iran. Malavan, one of the most famous teams in Iran, is the main team of the city, and they currently play in the second tier Persian Gulf League. Current and former national team players such as Sirous Ghayeghran, Saeid Ezatolahi, Mohammad Mayeli Kohan, Jalal Hosseini, Maziar Zare, Mohammad Gholami, Jalal Rafkhaei, and Sosha Makani are from Anzali.

title: Bandar-e Anzali


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Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie; 10 March 1776 – 19 July 1810) was Queen of Prussia as the wife of King Frederick William III. The couple's happy, though short-lived, marriage produced nine children, including the future monarchs Frederick William IV of Prussia and William I, German Emperor.

Her legacy became cemented after her extraordinary 1807 meeting with French Emperor Napoleon I at Tilsit – she met with him to plead unsuccessfully for favorable terms after Prussia's disastrous losses in the War of the Fourth Coalition. She was already well loved by her subjects, but her meeting with Napoleon led Louise to become revered as "the soul of national virtue". Her early death at the age of thirty-four "preserved her youth in the memory of posterity", and caused Napoleon to reportedly remark that the king "has lost his best minister". The Order of Louise was founded by her grieving husband four years later as a female counterpart to the Iron Cross. In the 1920s, conservative German women founded the Queen Louise League.

Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1776–1793)
Duchess Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ("Louise" in English) was born on 10 March 1776 in a one-storey villa, just outside the capital in Hanover. She was the fourth daughter and sixth child of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and his wife Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her father Charles was a brother of Queen Charlotte and her mother Frederike was a granddaughter of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her maternal grandmother, Princess Maria Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, and her paternal first-cousin Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom served as sponsors at her baptism; her second given name came from Princess Augusta Sophia.

At the time of her birth, Louise's father was not yet the ruler of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (he would not succeed his brother as duke until 1794), and consequently she was not born in a court, but rather in a less formal home. Charles was field marshal of the household brigade in Hanover, and soon after Louise's birth he was made Governor-General of that territory by his brother-in-law George III, Elector of Hanover (husband of his sister, Queen Charlotte). The family subsequently moved to Leineschloss, the residence of Hanoverian kings, though during the summer they usually lived at Herrenhausen.

Louise was particularly close to her sister Frederica, who was two years younger, as well as with their only brother George. Louise and her siblings were under the care of their governess Fräulein von Wolzogen, a friend of their mother's. When Louise was only six years old, her mother died in childbirth, leaving a permanent mark on the young duchess; she would often give away pocket change to other children who experienced similar losses, stating "she is like me, she has no mother". After Duchess Friederike's death, the family left Leineschloss for Herrenhausen, sometimes called a "miniature Versailles". Duke Charles remarried two years later to his first wife's younger sister Charlotte, producing a son, Charles. Louise and her aunt and new stepmother became close until Charlotte's early death the year after their marriage, also from childbirth complications. The twice widowed and grieving duke went to Darmstadt, where he gave the children into the care of his mother-in-law and Louise's grandmother, the widowed Princess Maria Louise.

Education
Marie Louise preferred to raise her grandchildren simply, and they made their own clothes. A new governess from Switzerland, Madame Gelieux, was appointed, giving the children lessons in French; as was common for royal and aristocratic children of the time, Louise became fluent and literate in the language, while neglecting her own native German. She received religious instruction from a clergyman of the Lutheran Church. Complementary to her lessons was an emphasis on charitable acts, and Louise would often accompany her governess when visiting the houses of the poor and needy. Louise was encouraged to give out as much as was in her means, although she often got into trouble with her grandmother for donating too much for charity. From the age of ten until her marriage at 17, Louise spent most of her time in the presence of her grandmother and governess, both well-educated and refined. When only nine years old, Louise was present when the poet Friedrich Schiller read from the first act of "Don Carlos" for the entertainment of the assembled court, thus sparking her love for German as a literary language, especially works of Schiller. Louise loved history and poetry, and not only enjoyed reading Schiller, but also came to like the works of Goethe, Paul, Herder and Shakespeare, as well as ancient Greek tragedies.

In 1793, Marie Louise took the two youngest duchesses with her to Frankfurt, where she paid her respects to her nephew King Frederick William II of Prussia. Louise had grown up into a beautiful young woman, possessing "an exquisite complexion" and "large blue eyes," and was naturally graceful. Louise's uncle, the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, hoped to strengthen ties between his house and Prussia. Consequently, on one evening carefully planned by the duke, seventeen-year-old Louise met the king's son and heir, Crown Prince Frederick William. The crown prince was twenty-three, serious-minded, and religious. She made such a charming impression on Frederick William that he immediately made his choice, desiring to marry her. Frederica caught the eye of his younger brother Prince Louis Charles, and the two families began planning a double betrothal, celebrating a month later, on 24 April 1793 in Darmstadt. Frederick and Louise were subsequently married on 24 December that same year, with Louis and Frederica marrying two days later.

Crown Princess of Prussia (1793–1797)

In the events leading up to her marriage, Louise's arrival in Berlin, the Prussian capital, caused quite a sensation, and she was greeted with a grand reception by the city's joyful citizens. When she broke protocol and stopped to pick up and kiss a child, Prussian writer Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué remarked that "The arrival of the angelic Princess spreads over these days a noble splendor. All hearts go out to meet her, and her grace and goodness leaves no one unblessed." Another wrote "The more perfectly one becomes acquainted with the Princess the more one is captivated by the inner nobility, and the angelic goodness of her heart."

Louise's father-in-law King Frederick William II gave the couple Charlottenburg Palace, but the crown prince and his new wife preferred to live at Paretz Palace, just outside Potsdam, where Louise kept herself busy with household affairs. Paretz was far from the bustle of court, as the couple were most content in the "rural retirement" of a country life. The marriage was happy, and Louise was well-beloved by the king, who called her "the princess of princesses" and gave her Oranienburg Palace. The crown princess saw it as her duty to support her husband in all his pursuits, and the couple enjoyed singing together and reading from Shakespeare and Goethe. Louise soon became pregnant, giving birth to a stillborn girl on 1 October 1794 at the age of eighteen. Nine healthy children would follow in quick succession, though two died in childhood: Crown Prince Frederick William (1795), Prince William (1797), Princess Charlotte (1798), Princess Frederica (1799), Prince Charles (1801), Princess Alexandrine (1803), Prince Ferdinand (1804), Princess Louise (1808), and Prince Albert (1809). The couple also used the Crown Prince's Palace in the capital.

Louise's charitable giving continued throughout her life, and on one occasion, while attending a harvest festival, she purchased presents and distributed them to local children. On her first birthday after her marriage in Berlin, when King Frederick William II asked his daughter-in-law what she desired for a present, Louise replied she wanted a handful of money to let the city's people share her joy; he smilingly gave her a large quantity for the task.

Queen consort of Prussia (1797–1810)

On 16 November 1797, her husband succeeded to the throne of Prussia as King Frederick William III after the death of his father. Louise wrote to her grandmother, "I am now queen, and what rejoices me most is the hope that now I need no longer count my benefactions so carefully." The couple had to abandon their solitude at Paretz and begin living under the restraints of a royal court. They began a tour of the country's eastern provinces for two purposes: the king wanted to acquaint himself with their new subjects, and despite the unusualness of a consort accompanying the king further than the capital, Frederick William wanted to introduce the queen as well to their people. Louise was received everywhere with festivities. For the first time in Prussian history, the queen emerged as a celebrated public personality in her own right, as she occupied a much more prominent role than her predecessors. Louise's presence on her husband's eastern journey was a break from the traditional role of the consort – importantly however the queen's power and enduring legacy did not stem from holding a separate court and policy than her husband's, but rather the opposite: she subordinated her formidable intelligence and skill for her husband's sole advantage. She also became a fashion icon, for instance starting a trend by wearing a neckerchief to keep from getting ill.

After her husband's accession, Louise developed many ties to senior ministers and became a powerful figure within the government as she began to command universal respect and affection. The queen went out of her way to stay informed about political developments at court, and from the very beginning of his reign the new king consulted Louise on matters of state. Frederick William was hesitant and cautious, and hated war, stating in 1798, "I abhor war and... know of nothing greater on earth than the preservation of peace and tranquility as the only system suited to the happiness of human kind". In keeping with the later foreign policy of his father's, Frederick William favored neutrality during the early years of the conflict with the revolutionary French First Republic, which evolved into the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15); he refused the various pressures to pick a side in the War of the Second Coalition. Louise supported this view, warning that if Prussia were to side with the coalition powers of Austria, Great Britain, and Russia, it would lead to dependence on the latter power for military support. She foresaw that because Prussia was by far the weakest of the great powers, and it would not have been able to ensure it benefited from the results of such an alliance. French aggression caused the king to eventually consider entering the wars, but his indecision prevented him from choosing a side, either France or the coalition powers. He consulted the many differing opinions of Queen Louise and his ministers, and was eventually compelled into an alliance with Napoleon, who was recently victorious from the Battle of Austerlitz (1805).

Baron vom Stein, a member of the bureaucracy, having abhorred the country's former neutrality, sought to reform the organization of the government from favor-based cronyism into a responsible ministerial government. He prepared a document for the king detailing in strong language what administrative reforms were needed, such as establishing clearer lines of responsibility among ministers; this work however never reached Frederick William, as Stein passed it first to General Ernst von Rüchel, who in turn passed it onto the queen in the spring of 1806. Though Louise agreed with its contents, she thought it "too violent and passionate" for the king, and consequently helped suppress it.

War with France
Among the king's advisers, members of his family, such as the queen (an open advocate of war) and Prince Louis Ferdinand, led the militaristic faction in favor of war against France; those against neutrality but in favor of reform were led by Baron vom Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg. Knowing the temperament of the king, Hardenberg appealed directly to the queen for desired reform – wisely as it turned out, as Frederick William viewed the demands to remove his trusted advisers in the Kabinett as a "mutiny" similar to the Fronde.

Though Prussia had not fought in a war since 1795, its military leaders confidently expected that they could win against Napoleon's troops. After a small incident concerning an anti-French pamphlet occurred, King Frederick William was finally pressured by his wife and family to break off his uneasy peace and enter the war against the French emperor. The Prussian Army began mobilizing, culminating in the October 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, which was a disaster for Prussia, as the ability of its armed forces to continue the war were effectively wiped out. The king and queen had accompanied their troops into battle at Jena (with Louise apparently dressed "like an Amazon"), but had to flee from French troops.

Napoleon himself occupied Berlin, causing the king, queen and the rest of the royal family to flee, despite Louise's illness, in the dead of winter to Memel in the easternmost part of the kingdom. On the journey there, there was no food or clean water, and the king and queen were forced to share the same sleeping arrangements in "one of the wretched barns they call houses", according to one witness traveling with them.

After various events took place, Napoleon demanded, from a highly superior position, peace terms in what was to be called the Peace of Tilsit (1807). In the midst of these negotiations, the emperor agreed to keep half of Prussia intact. The men were joined by Queen Louise; Frederick William had sent for his wife, then pregnant with her daughter Princess Louise, to beg for a better settlement for Prussia, with Louise advising her husband, "For God's sake no shameful peace...[Prussia] should at least not go down without honor." As the king felt that her presence might put Napoleon in a "more relaxed mood"; Louise reluctantly agreed to meet the emperor at Tilsit, but only to save Prussia. Napoleon had previously attempted to destroy her reputation by questioning Louise's marital fidelity, but the queen met him anyway, attempting to use her beauty and charm to flatter him into more favorable terms. Formerly Louise had regularly referred to him as "the Monster", but nevertheless made a request for a private interview with the emperor, whereon she threw herself at his feet; though he was impressed by her grace and determination, Napoleon refused to make any concessions, writing back to his wife Empress Joséphine that Louise "is really charming and full of coquettishness toward me. But don't be jealous...it would cost me too dearly to play the gallant." Napoleon's attempts to destroy Louise's reputation failed however, and they only made her more beloved in Prussia. Queen Louise's efforts to protect her adopted country from French aggression secured for her the admiration of future generations.

Remaining years
Harsh restrictions were imposed on Prussia, such as a massive indemnity of one hundred and twenty million francs and the quartering of troops. At the time, one hundred and twenty million francs was equivalent to the entire yearly budget of Prussia. As the perceived symbol of Prussia's former grandeur and pride, the French occupation of Prussia had a particularly devastating effect upon Louise, as the queen endured personal insults – Napoleon himself gave her a backhanded compliment when he called her "the only real man in Prussia". The queen recognized that her adopted country depended on her for moral strength, and as a consequence Louise regained her old sense of optimism, often taking time to prepare their eldest son for his future role as king. In the following few years Louise supported the reforming efforts of government carried out by Stein and Hardenberg, as well as those of Gerhard von Scharnhorst and August Neidhardt von Gneisenau, to reorganize the army. After the disaster at Tilsit, Louise was instrumental in Stein's reappointment (the king had previously dismissed him), telling Frederick William "[Stein] is my last hope. A great heart, an encompassing mind, perhaps he knows remedies that are hidden to us."

By 1808 it was still considered unsafe to return to Berlin, and the royal family consequently spent the summer near Königsberg; Louise believed that the hard trials of her children's early lives would be good for them: "If they had been reared in luxury and prosperity they might think that so it must always be." In the winter of 1808, Tsar Alexander I invited the king and queen to St. Petersburg, where she was treated to sumptuously decorated rooms; "Nothing dazzles me anymore", she exclaimed on her return to Germany. Near the birth of her youngest child Princess Louise in 1809, Louise wrote to her father, "Gladly...the calamities which have befallen us have not forced their way into our wedded and home life, rather have strengthened the same, and made it even more precious to us." Louise was sick for much of that year, but returned with the king to Berlin near the end of it after an absence of three years; the queen arrived in a carriage accompanied by her two daughters Charlotte and Alexandrine and younger son Charles, and was greeted by her father at Charlottenburg Palace – the residence was ransacked however, as Napoleon and his commanders had stripped its rooms of paintings, statues, manuscripts, and antiquities. Returning to a much different Prussia than she left, a preacher observed that "our dear queen is far from joyful, but her seriousness has a quiet serenity... her eyes have lost their former sparkle, and one sees that they have wept much, and still weep".

On 19 July 1810, while visiting her father in Strelitz, the queen died in her husband's arms from an unidentified illness. Lieutenant-General Baron Marcellin Marbot, in his memoirs, records that the queen in later life always wore a thick wrapping around her neck. It was to conceal a botched operation for goitre, which left an open sore, which eventually killed her. The queen's subjects attributed the French occupation as the cause of her early death. "Our saint is in heaven", exclaimed Prussian general Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. Louise's untimely death left her husband alone during a period of great difficulty, as the Napoleonic Wars and need for reform continued. Louise was buried in the garden of Charlottenburg Palace, where a mausoleum, containing a fine recumbent statue by Christian Daniel Rauch, was built over her grave. Frederick William did not remarry until 1824, when he entered into a morganatic marriage with his mistress Auguste von Harrach, explaining "Womanly companionship and sympathy have become necessary to me, therefore I must marry again." After his death on 7 June 1840, Frederick William was buried by her side.

Legacy

Queen Louise was revered by her subjects as the "soul of national virtue", and some historians have written that Louise was "Prussian nationalism personified." According to Christopher Clark, Louise was "a female celebrity who in the mind of the public combined virtue, modesty, and sovereign grace with kindness and sex appeal, and whose early death in 1810 at the age of only thirty-four preserved her youth in the memory of posterity." Her reputation as a loving and loyal supporter of her husband became crucial to her enduring legacy; the cult that eventually surrounded Louise became associated with the "ideal" feminine attributes: prettiness, sweet nature, maternal kindness, and wifely virtue.

On the anniversary of her birth, in 1814, the widowed King Frederick William instituted the Order of Louise (Luisenorden) as a complementary decoration for the Iron Cross. Its purpose was to be given to those women who had made a significant contribution to the war effort against Napoleon, though it was subsequently awarded to future members of the House of Hohenzollern unrelated to the French emperor, such as her granddaughter-in-law, Empress Victoria of Germany, and her great-granddaughter, Queen Sophia of Greece. In 1880 a statue of Queen Louise was erected in the Tiergarten in Berlin.

Louise inspired the establishment of a conservative women's organization known as Königin-Luise-Bund, often shortened to Luisenbund ("Queen Louise League") in which her person achieved an almost cult-like status. The group's main purpose was to promote patriotic feelings among German women, and it emphasized the family and German morality. The Königin-Luise-Bund was active during the time of the Weimar Republic and the first years of Nazi Germany. Despite having actively supported the National Socialist movement since its early stages all through their accession to power in 1933, the Queen Louise League was nonetheless disbanded by the Nazis in 1934, as they viewed it as a hostile organization.

Popular culture
The character of Queen Louise was the popular subject of countless films released in German cinema. These included Der Film von der Königin Luise (1913), Die elf schillschen Offiziere (1926), and Vivat – Königin Luise im Fichtelgebirge (2005), Luise – Königin der Herzen (2010 documentary). She was played by Mady Christians in the 1927 silent film Queen Louise, by Henny Porten in Louise, Queen of Prussia (1931) and by Ruth Leuwerik in the 1957 film Queen Louise.

She was also briefly portrayed in an extremely reverential manner in the 1945 propaganda film Kolberg. The 1951 film The African Queen involves a British covert mission to sink the Königin Luise ("Queen Louise"), a German warship patrolling Lake Victoria at the start of World War I.

Louise became the subject of a series of novels by 19th century German historical fiction writer Luise Mühlbach, which included Louisa of Prussia and her Times and Napoleon and the Queen of Prussia.

Issue
By Frederick William III of Prussia (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840); married on 24 December 1793.

In German

 * Günter de Bruyn: Preußens Luise. Vom Entstehen und Vergehen einer Legende. Siedler, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-88680-718-5 (with bibliography and index of illustrations)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz


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Talk:Arthur Currie

Starship Troopers
Was Camp Arthur Currie, from the novel Starship Troopers, named after him? iansmcl
 * Unless someone has a direct citation or something from R.A. Heinlein to the contrary, I'd suggest that it probably was. If I recall correctly, Camp Currie was in Canada, and he would have been available (being militarily notable prior to the 1950s) for use. A quick Google search indicates that there's at least some agreement amongst Heinlein fans that Camp Currie was named for Arthur Currie and was in Canada. My vote, for what it's worth, is that there's a connection.--Foxhound 15:15, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

This article is in regards to a Canadian so Canadian spelling should be used; defence.User:pants7

C in C of BEF?
It needs to be mentioned, somewhere in this article (i don't know where it would fit) that Lloyd George had decided that, if the war went past 1918, then Currie would replace Douglas Haig as commander of all British forces in France (And I do have sources to back that up, by the way, including Burton). Cam 17:03, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It has to be said that Lloyd-George was a tremendous intriguer and what he wanted isn't necessarily what he'd get. He also loathed Haig. L-G was exceedingly unpopular with British senior officers as he'd attempted to place Britain's military permanently under French Command in December 1916/January 1917. On the other hand, (and this comes as a surprise to most people) Haig was popular with the other generals (he listened to them and acted on their advice) as well as with the common soldiery. Furthermore, there were other more heavyweight candidates: Monash of Australia immediately springs to mind as does General Plumer. Roger 20:11, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a fair point. You're right about John Monash, he was an amazing commander.  However, I think that Currie's spectacular victories at Passchendaele and Amiens possibly put him in a very good light with British politicians.  Also, L-G had threatened to sack Haig if he wasn't able to break through at Passchendaele.  Currie (in a manner of speaking) saved his career as commander of British forces in France, by winning the Battle of Passchendaele.  As I said, it's a fair point.

Cam 16:05, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You should certainly add it as it's well documented and, if nothing else, demonstrates the political shenanigans that went on all the time in the background. (Whether it would have actually happened or not, is an entirely different matter. None of the Dominion generals had much experience of liaising with the French and, later, the Americans, and Haig was good at schmoozing.) Incidentally, don't overlook General Plumer. He might look like a walrus but he was right out of the same mould as Currie and Monash (methodical, left nothing to chance, and it's not his fault he was a Brit :))). and, on top of which, he was like everyone's favourite uncle. The British generals who were Currie's main rivals were, I suppose, Allenby, Russell (the NZ commander), perhaps Birdwood (Australia) and Byng. There's also Maj-Gen Sir Ivor Maxse (who saw eye to eye with Currie on almost everything) but he upset Haig and was put in charge of training (where he did an exceptional job). Nothing about him on Wikipedia, I see, but worth a biography at some stage. Roger 17:02, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

I've never come across this before, despite having read tons about WW1 over the years from the British, US and Australian perpective - all are equally guilty of the we-were-the-best-and-it-was-us-who-won-the-war syndrome. I've heard the claim made of Monash, and it usually gets dismissed as precisely the sort of silly thing Lloyd George would claim years after the event, and being commander-in-chief of one bloc of forces in a coalition war is, besides being a jump of two rungs (three if you include the Army Groups between which the BEF forces were split by 1918), a very different skillset from commanding a corps at the front line. Roger's comments above are well-informed and pretty accurate. Anyway, have changed the wording to "claimed" as at least a degree of scepticism is called for.Paulturtle (talk) 08:54, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Did some digging on this in my library last night - Robin Neillands ("The Great War Generals") - who praises Currie and Monash very highly, subject to the caveats that unlike other corps commanders they had the advantage of commanding a coherent force instead of having divisions constantly shuffled in and out, and that by definition we don't know how either of them would have performed commanding an army, let alone the entire BEF - mentions this in passing only to dismiss it as a "myth ... without foundation except in Lloyd George's memoirs". In Monash's case the stories grew in the telling, into a claim that he would have been given Foch's job as generalissimo.Paulturtle (talk) 10:40, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking the time to research this. Would it be possible to add a footnote of the Neillands quote to the paragraph in question? Guinness323 (talk) 14:47, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Have now done so - apologies that it took me nearly a year ...Paulturtle (talk) 15:55, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Creeping barrage
Most sources have the Somme as the first use of the creeping barrage. There may well have been innovation at Vimy Ridge but I don't think it was the first creeping barrage. Cyclopaedic 22:37, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Currie did not introduce the creeping barrage at Vimy and I'm pretty sure it was first used even before the Somme. What Currie was good at was taking innovations and making them better and to work to his advantage, like the creeping barrage for instance. The Corps artillery was the envy of the British Armies, partly because it had more fire power than it’s British counterpart, partly because Currie was an artillery man who did every thing he could to supplement it and partly because of one officer of the artillery who was a scientist by profession who pursued ways to improve on counter battery work and everything involving artillery to the point where by the hundred days fire plans were moving barrages forward, backward, sideways, changing speeds, box formations and able to do it better than others. Brocky44 03:51, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Strictly speaking what was used on 1 July 1916 was a "lifting barrage" (bombard line X, pause, bombard line Y, pause, bombard line Z etc). A "creeping barrage" usually meant leapfrogging lines (A shells W and B shells X, then B shells X and A shells Y, then A shells Y and B shells Z etc etc) to give the defenders less respite. As the war went on co-ordination got better, besides figuring out the right mix of HE and gas for the initial shock bombardment and shrapnel for the creeping barrage. Not that I wish to denigrate Currie or the Canadians, but it would be interesting to compare a British text on artillery tactics (will dig one out if time allows) as virtually everyone "invented" the new tactics at much the same time - the Australians called them "the Monash Method" - in the same way as history buffs in Britain, Australia and Canada all remember Amiens as a victory for their respective nationality... Paulturtle (talk) 14:16, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * This article makes no claim that the Canadian Corps invented the creeping barrage. It only points out that in Currie's lecture of 20 January 1917 to the Canadian general staff, Currie made the point that, as events of the previous summer and fall had proven, tactics using a creeping (or lifting) barrage had to be improved for its full offensive value to be realized.Guinness323 (talk) 17:50, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Actually I was referring to the comments above that the Canadian Corps Artillery was "the envy of the British Armies" etc which may or may not be true but I'd need to see a bit more evidence before being persuaded. As for the article, there isn't anything massively wrong with it, but it is still possible to give a somewhat misleading impression by not telling the entire truth, namely that the British Army was producing tactical training notes saying similar things and that people like Birch, Harington, Uniacke, Maxse were working on similar state-of-the-art techniques, not to mention the likes of Petain, Bruchmuller, von Mudra, von Hutier etc etc. It comes back to my comments above - British, Australian and US accounts are all in my experience a bit guilty of excessive emphasis on their own players' skills and role in the team, and it's not surprising that Canadian accounts suffer from a similar fault. Paulturtle (talk) 01:14, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Other Battles
"When the German 1918 spring offensive was stalled, Currie took the Canadian Corps 100 miles south, in total secrecy, to the French town of Amiens, where his troops halted the German offensive in the Battle of Amiens and began the drive to Germany (known as the Canada's Hundred Days)."

This needs to be changed. His troops didn’t halt the German offensive in the Battle of Amiens. Very few Canadian troops took part in holding back the German assault. 100 miles? And they were moved back to the north before they began the drive to Germany.

"At the Battle of the Canal du Nord in September of 1918, Currie flatly refused to carry out Haig's orders to attack across a canal and into a fortified German trench. With the support of General Byng, Currie had bridges quickly assembled, and crossed the canal at night, surprising the Germans with an attack in the morning. This proved the effectiveness of Canadian engineers. Currie believed in the specialisation of troops and formally organised battalions of combat engineers to move with the troops."

Currie did not refuse Haig’s order to attack across a canal. Firstly, Currie planned his own battles not Haig. What Haig did was to point Commanders in the right direction. Normally Haig would give his orders to the Army Commander, in this case Horne of the First Army, and Horne would decide how the operation would be carried out and by what Corps and Divisions. Haig skipped a level in the chain of Command and gave the order directly to Currie in the presence of Horne. “The C in C indicated to the Corps Commander yesterday that the Corps, reinforced if necessary by other British Divisions, has the task of driving South of the Scarpe to break the Quent-Drocourt Line and reach the line of the Canal Du Nord…” Because of the Canadian Corps being an elite formation under one of the most effective Commanders Haig was explicit in how they would be used and for Currie to be given a freer hand in leading the First Armies Operations to the extent that the two Commanders roles would be reversed and, although Commanding Currie, Horne would be left to carry out his subordinates operational plans. Which meant that the First Armys’ job was to support the Canadian Corps (Hence “Canada’s Hundred Days”) where normally a British Army operations would be supported by the Corps under their command. Monash was also afforded this unique position.

The night attack happened a month before Canal Du Nord where the British GHQ objected to Currie’s plan and protested to no avail and called in Haig who was also against the night attack on the strongpoint. It was a valuable position in the system of German defenses. One of Currie’s General’s words for GHQ was “All we want from General Headquarters is a headline in the Daily Mail reading “The Canadians in Monchy before breakfast”” In a letter to his wife Haig wrote that the Canadian victory coupled with the gains to the south by the British Third and Fourth Armies was the greatest victory which a British Army ever achieved.

It was Currie’s plan at the Canal Du Nord, not a night attack, to run his Divisions as well as the immediately following British Divisions through a narrow dry part of the Canal that was known to the enemy. This time it was Horne who objected and consulted Haig who was again leary but gave into Currie’s plan. Horne asked Byng to look at the dangerous plan. Byng told Currie “Do you realize you are attempting one of the most difficult operations of the war? If anybody can do it, the Canadians can, but if you fail it means home for you.” The bridges that were quickly built were for the guns and their resupply. British Corps also all had their own engineers. The Canadians Corps had almost three times as many and had 4 specialist bridging units as well. Brocky44 08:29, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Spelling of surname
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article on Currie, states that his parents used the spelling Curry, and he only changed the spelling at the time he first joined the militia. This probably ought to be mentioned, if there are no contradictory sources. David Underdown (talk) 18:06, 16 December 2008 (UTC)
 * If you have a citable source (url, book citation, etc.), then a notation about this in his early life would probably be worthwhile. However, realize that a hundred years ago, it was not rare for children born in Canada to change the spelling of their surname for various reasons--simplification from their parents' "Old World" spelling, desire to break away from the old culture in a new country, etc. Slightly changed surnames is a bugaboo of geneologists e.g. is the person on this birth certificate spelled one way the same person on this marriage certificate? So it is not an uncommon thing. I don't have a strong opinion one way or the other.Guinness323 (talk) 18:54, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

The History of Adelaide Township, for one, indicates that the original family name was Corrigan and that Currie's grandfather changed the name when he came to Canada and switched his religious affiliation from Roman Catholic to Methodist. Whether the name change was a reaction to the anti-Irish sentiments prevalent at the time, or for some other reason, is not known. The Gaelic pronunciation of Corrigan comes out sounding like Curry-gan. I have read various explanations for Currie spelling the name without the y, some say to Anglicize it or to make it Scottish rather than English. He did comment in a newstory in The London Free Press in August 1919 that one would have to search a long time in his family tree to find any Scot. Having said that, however, he did form the 50th Gordon Highlanders in Victoria in 1913 and there is very impressive portrait published in the same London Free Press of Currie in full highland regalia.Tinhut (talk) 09:50, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Uncited Claim of Embezzlement
It seems rather slanderous that there's a claim in the "Businessman and Gentleman Soldier" section that "[f]acing personal bankruptcy and a disgraced retirement from the militia, Currie diverted $10,833.34 from regimental funds into his personal accounts to pay off his debts" without any sources or corroboration whatsoever. 24.85.245.154 (talk) 01:46, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This is a well-known fact, see Berton, Pierre "Vimy", McLelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1986, p. 106: "To be blunt, Currie was an embezzler. He had diverted eleven thousand dollars of the regiment's funds, intended to pay for uniforms, to cover his own personal debt..."; and "Welcome to Flanders Fields", MClelland & Stewart, Toronto, 1988, pp.49-50:" Currie had defrauded his militia unit out of $10,883.34, government money that was supposed to be spent on the purchase of new uniforms..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guinness323 (talk • contribs) 03:14, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Added above citations to article. Sorry, forgot to sign my last comment Guinness323 (talk) 03:36, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Extra Tribute
There was a Sir Arthur Currie elementary school in Montreal on Rosedale avenue at least as late as 1981 (when I attended it). It seems to have since changed its name to "Les Enfants du Monde" and become a French-speaking school in the years since. If I get more details, I'll add them. 24.202.251.225 (talk) 04:12, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into this. Guinness323 (talk) 13:37, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

Embezzlement
In an effort to resolve the current edit war ("divert" versus "took" or "withdrew"): As outlined in detail in the two sources referenced, (Canadian historian Pierre Berton's Vimy, and Canadian military historian Daniel G. Dancocks' Welcome to Flanders) Currie was given a government cheque to be deposited into regimental accounts in order to purchase regimental uniforms and equipment. Instead, he deposited the cheque into his personal account, and used the money to pay off his personal debts. He could not withdraw the money from regimental funds, because the money did not originate in the regimental account. Therefore, "diverted" is the correct word for his actions. Guinness323 (talk) 15:48, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I should also point out that "diverted" is the word used by historian Pierre Berton in his book Vimy (p.106: "He had diverted $11,000 of the regiment's funds, intended to pay for uniforms, to cover his own personal debts.") Guinness323 (talk) 17:24, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Berton viewed Currie, as stated on the same page, as an embezzler. Tim Cook, in his 2004 Canadian Historical Review paper, says Currie "stole" the regimental funds. Cook further clarifies that even until reaching the rank of M.Gen, Currie did not attempt to repay the debts. Dancocks takes equally strong language, saying Currie "defrauded his militia regiment". All view it more seriously than a simple diversion. Currie took public funds to cover personal debts during a time of war, an incredible serious offense. The seriousness of the actions is not currently conveyed in the passage. Rather it reads as a large explanatory excuse. Currie ended up in his situation by using debt financing for property speculation, not because of new regimental uniforms and mess bills. The actions of Coy are almost entirely irrelevant because Currie was still going to take regimental funds, it just so happened to be public regimental funds for uniforms instead of those (not) deposited by Coy. Either way it was regimental funds that did not belong to him... in any way. Weasel terms such as "accounting sleight-of-hand" are equally inappropriate.--Labattblueboy (talk) 06:30, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * And similarly we describe it as embezzlement later int eh article. We now describe exactly what he did, and how, and what a reputable hisorian gives as his motivation.  Yes it was undoubtedly "conduct unbecoming2 and he was damned lucky not to be cashiered, but it's very ahrd for us at this remove to be certain of exactly what his intentions were at the time he misused the funds.  David Underdown (talk) 10:32, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The use of the word "diverted" is to indicate that he did not withdraw funds from the regiment but instead did not deposit government funds to the regiment that were supposed to flow through him. You weaken your case by quoting Tim Cook, who is at best a feeble historian. His book At the Sharp End is about the dullest history of Canadian involvement in WWI written to date--this despite the fact that he has the entire Canadian war archives to work from. Cook ignores the obvious reason Currie did not repay the money right away: he was flat broke (which is why he used regimental funds in the first place). Note that he finally had to borrow money from two subordinate officers to pay the debt, which must have been highly embarrassing. If there had been another way to pay off the debt, one imagines Currie would have done it. Guinness323 (talk) 16:01, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Flag of allegiance
I would suggest it be Canadian, rather than UK, because of this individuals clear association with Canada and the association with Canada is clearly denoted in any related military articles involving Currie.--Labattblueboy (talk) 18:43, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

Answer: Thank you. - The allegiance that I corrected it to was the 'British Empire', not the UK. The "Allegiance" category in this section applies to Currie's military career, which his WW1 service was the centerpiece of. That conflict was a clash between the British Empire & the German Empire, not Canada vs Germany. Canada declared war on the German Empire in 1914 as a integral part of the British Empire which was threatened as a whole, not as an independent country in isolation. Currie in 1914 would have regarded himself as defending the British Empire, not Canada in isolation, which was under no individual threat from Germany in the least.

I understand the enthusiasm for Canadian patriotism, but it doesn't really make historical sense to use allegiance to Canada in this context, & it's a mistake to take contemporary sentiments & backdate them onto the past like this, where sentiment was different in these matters.

It would make sense to put military allegiance to the British Empire with that symbol for Currie's martial career, & the Canuck Red Ensign (great flag, which should be re-introduced today imo, by the way) next to his nationality or birthplace, but putting military allegiance to Canada in the context of WW1 doesn't make contemporary historical sense?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Bardrick (talk • contribs) 20:19, 26 December 2013

 * It's a rather longstanding approach for not only WWI period articles relating to Canada but all Commonwealth nations. Previous discussion (Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history/Archive_120) and WP:MILMOS are two factors that come immediately to mind. We are referring to an individual who was born, died and completed their entire military service under Canada. If you'd like to further examine the status of the dominions as it related to this issue I would suggest a broader approach as I suspect the military history folks involved in Canada, Australian, New Zealand and South Africa are the most like to have strong opinions on the subject.--Labattblueboy (talk) 20:59, 26 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I see you insist on making the change. I'm referring the issue to the MILHIST talk page. See Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Military_history for the discussion.--Labattblueboy (talk) 22:07, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Will and  please note that you're both close to breaching WP:3RR. Better to maintain this discussion than revert each other so much over something so pitiful as a flag icon. If you can't come to agreement, why not take a third option and remove it altogether, with just a text entry in that field. Also Bardrick, please sign your talkpage posts properly with 4 tildes, thanks.  Ma ®© usBr iti sh  {chat} 22:44, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * The military history folks from Australia do have a lot to say on this matter. Although not fully independent, Canada was recognised as an independent country, and not just a self-governing colony, hence the dominion status. It had its own army, and had already rejected the notion of any obligation to collective imperial defence at the 1907 Imperial Conference. It issued its own declaration of war on Germany. Canada set its own terms, conditions and limits on its participation. It makes no sense to write about Canada "in isolation" when Canada was never going to be in isolation, even without the British Empire. There was heated argument before the war between those who saw Canada's primary obligation as being to the Empire and those who saw it as being to Canada. Currie was firmly in the latter camp. He never considered his allegiance as being other than to Canada. That Canada "was under no individual threat from Germany in the least" is certainly arguable, but was not the popular consensus at the time, and is still being debated by the historians. Expect more to come over the next few years as the anniversaries of the Great War roll around. So it definitely does make contemporary historical sense. It was what Currie would have wanted. Hawkeye7 (talk) 00:10, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * While I don't doubt your reasoning, and while I know you're trying to help defuse the situation, I'll note that WP:INFOBOXFLAG has a very good reason as to why what you're tying to suggest would be impermissible POV. When we start getting into self-identification versus contemporary classification versus historical classification, that should certainly rule out any possibility of having a flag in the Infobox.   Cdtew  (talk) 01:14, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Per my comment at the WikProject talk page discussion above, I've removed the flag entirely. While MILMOS is a helpful suggestion, WP:INFOBOXFLAG trumps as a part of the actual MOS. Per that rule, Infoboxflags should not be used when they (a) do not convey additional information not already conveyed by the text, and (b) when they are likely to lead to confusion. Regardless of which flag is included, it would fail both (a) and (b). I know this isn't my subject-matter area, but the MILHIST areas in which I edit benefit greatly from this line of thinking.  Cdtew  (talk) 01:09, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * ignoring the flag topic for a brief moment, can we agree that the allegiance field should be the associated dominion and not "British Empire".Labattblueboy (talk) 17:19, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, we are agreed on that. I was only referring to the country of allegiance, not the flag. I do not agree that WP:INFOBOXFLAG is in contradiction to WP:MILMOS, as it provides an entire hook under In some military history contexts. I do think that WP:INFOBOXFLAG's insistence on the historical flags lands us, in the case of Canada, with a flag few people recognise. However, we are agreed that the allegiance field should be the associated dominion and not "British Empire" Hawkeye7 (talk) 20:29, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Hawkeye, Canada did not actually issue a separate declaration of war in 1914. You are thinking of 1939. In 1914 Canada was automatically at war as a constituent component of the British Empire.

First Canadian General?
What about William Fenwick Williams? He was born in Nova Scotia and commanded the BNA garrison, also served as first LG of Nova Scotia in the Dominion of Canada so he was involved in post-Confederation Canada too.
 * Although he served as lieutenant-governor after Confederation, William Fenwick Willams was a general before Confederation, when Nova Scotia was a British colony.Guinness323 (talk) 13:37, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Arthur Currie


text:
List of political parties in Albania

Albania has a multi-party system with two major political parties and few smaller ones that are electorally successful. According to official data from the Central Election Commission, there were a total of 124 political parties listed in the party registry for the year 2014. Only 54 of these parties participated in the 2015 local elections.

Parties represented in the Parliament of Albania
This is a list of political parties with representation in the Albanian parliament following the general parliamentary elections of 2021.

Political parties in Albania (1921–present)
This is a list of noted political parties that have participated in Albania's elections from 1921 to present day.

title: List of political parties in Albania


text:
Engineering and Research Corporation

Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) was started by Henry Berliner in 1930. Berliner was the son of Emile Berliner, who had patented numerous inventions relating to sound and acoustics, and pioneer of helicopter development with the experimental Berliner Helicopter.

The younger Berliner founded ERCO to produce tools for the manufacture of metal aircraft and propellers. He founded the company in a shed at 2014 5th Street NW Washington D.C. Berliner met Fred Weick, an aeronautical engineer, who worked with National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in cowlings and propellers on a 1926 while developing the propellers for the USS Akron. Weick also worked on an experimental aircraft that incorporated the up-to-date safety features.

In 1935, the company moved to 6100 Sligo Blvd.

In 1936, Weick left NACA to work for ERCO on his "safety airplane". In 1937, Berliner purchased 50 acres of land in Riverdale, Maryland near the College Park Airport and built the large ERCO factory and airstrip. One of ERCO's most significant achievements was the development of the Ercoupe aircraft.

The first experimental model of the Ercoupe was test-flown at College Park airport in 1937. It had a single tail (unlike the eventual production Ercoupes, with their characteristic twin tails) and was known as the "Jeep". In late 1938, ERCO searched unsuccessfully for a suitable engine for its new airplane. ERCO hired Harold Morehouse, former engineer in charge of small engine design at Continental Motors, to design a new engine. He came up with the inverted, in-line I-L 116, which provided good pilot visibility and enhanced aircraft streamlining. ERCO installed the I-L 116 in the prototype Ercoupe Model 310 in 1939. The engine performed well, but ERCO discontinued it when Continental introduced the A-65 engine in 1940, which generated comparable horsepower at half the cost. Construction of the production prototype was completed in 1939, and certification by the CAA was completed in 1940. The first Ercoupe, serial No. 1, was owned by George Brinckerhoff, the operator of the College Park Airport, and flown there. It now is at the National Air and Space Museum.

During World War II, the ERCO factory made several products under contract with the U.S. government, including gun turrets. ERCO earned an "E" award for excellence in meeting manufacturing goals in its war contracts.

In 1947, Berliner decided to leave the aviation industry and sold the drawings, tools, parts, materials and distribution rights for the Ercoupe to Sanders Aviation, although the small aircraft market had fallen into decline.

In all, ERCO and Sanders Aviation sold just over 5,000 Ercoupes.

In 1948, ERCO started producing aircraft simulators, becoming its main line of business. In November 1954, ERCO became part of ACF.

title: Engineering and Research Corporation


text:
Civil Force

Civil Force is a district-based pro-Beijing political party in Hong Kong. Since 2014, the Civil Force has entered an alliance with the New People's Party of Regina Ip. Headed by chairman Pun Kwok-shan, it had its stronghold in the Sha Tin and Sai Kung Districts and had once the majority of seats in the Sha Tin District Council until its total defeat in 2019.

History
It was established in 1993 by a former member of United Democrats of Hong Kong, Lau Kong-wah and 8 other Sha Tin District Board members.

Lau was defeated by Emily Lau in both the 1991 LegCo elections and the 1995 LegCo elections. In 1996, Lau secured a seat in the Provisional Legislative Council. He was elected into LegCo in since 1998 LegCo elections in the New Territories East geographical constituency, after he joined the pro-Beijing Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB).

In 2003, due to the pro-government stance of DAB especially on the issue of implementing Article 23 of the Basic Law, the popularity of Lau, being a member of the DAB, was affected, and the Civil Force performed not as well in the 2003 District Council elections. Campaigns of some of the members emphasise more on the banner of Civil Force and their local contributions, and did not mention the convenor's connection with the DAB. Lau himself lost the seat in the Kam To constituency for the Sha Tin District Council despite his long service in the district. The Civil Force retained 14 seats in the Sha Tin District Council, and 3 seats in the Sai Kung District Council.

In the 2012 Legislative Council election, Lau Kong-wah lost in the District Council (Second) functional constituency election while the newly joined member Scarlett Pong failed to win a seat in the New Territories East constituency. Civil Force had not been represented in the Legislative Council for the first time. It returned to the legislature with one seat when LegCo member Lam Tai-fai joined the Civil Force on 1 January 2013.

The Civil Force formed a political alliance with the New People's Party (NPP), headed by Regina Ip, in February 2014. Civil Force leader Pun Kwok-shan was appointed Vice-Chairman of the New People's Party, while members of either parties can acquire membership of the other party. The alliance fielded 23 candidates to contest the 2015 District Council elections and won 11 seats. Some Civil Force district councilors withdrew from NPP to avoid the political impact.

Eunice Yung won a seat for Civil Force and NPP in the 2016 Legislative Council election in New Territories East.

In 2019, amidst the ongoing social movement against the extradition bill, the pro-Beijing camp suffered unprecedented defeat in the District Council elections. The NPP-Civil Force alliance fielded 28 candidates but did not win any seats. As a result, Civil Force was eliminated from all the district councils for the first time since its establishment.

title: Civil Force


text:
History of Seattle (1940–present)

WWII and the Boeing era: 1945–1970
From World War II until 1970, Seattle underwent what amounted to a long, sustained economic boom, although not without occasional reverses. Boeing was hiring, the economy was booming, and while there had been no successful regional planning, the city had not yet grown quite large enough.

The Boeing airplane company grew out of the fortune of William "Bill" Boeing's boat company and his fascination with airplanes and flying. In 1917, before American entry into World War I, Boeing employed only 28 people, but when the war orders started coming in, Boeing grew to "an enterprising firm with the one customer airplane builders had in those days, the federal government. Employing about four thousand people, with sales just under ten million dollars a year, it was a good if unspectacular business for Seattle." The company struggled through the period between the wars, and "began to build dressers, counters and furniture for a corset company and a confectioner's shop, as well as flat-bottomed boats called sea sleds." However, when World War II started, the government suddenly desired tens of thousands of planes a year, and Boeing was positioned to provide them. Working under fixed-fee contracts, Boeing churned out airplanes and became by far the largest employer in Seattle.

However, Boeing spawned few local spin-off industries; only 5% of the subcontracted work was in the Puget Sound. Boeing was, by intention, a place where engineers designed the planes and line workers assembled parts that were imported from all over the world. Ostensibly, this would reduce the dependency of Seattle's economy on the fortunes of the airline business. The problem was that Seattle was still dependent on the airline business, without enjoying any of the spin-off industries that might have diversified the economy. When the war ended, "the military canceled its bomber orders; Boeing factories shut down and 70,000 people lost their jobs," and initially it appeared that Seattle had little to show for the wartime Boeing boom. While the war was on, almost all production went either towards Boeing factories or Boeing planes. After the war, the crash ensured that no one would have much money for new local development.

This period of stagnation soon ended with the rise of the jet airplane and Boeing's reincarnation as the world's leading producer of commercial passenger planes. With the Boeing 707-120, Seattle became Boeing's company town; "in 1947 Boeing employed about one out of every five of King County's manufacturing workers, in 1957 about every other one." As Boeing boomed, so did Seattle. From 1940 to 1950, the population increased 99,289 or 27% from 368,302 to 467,591. From 1950 to 1960, the population increased 89,496 or 20% to 557,087. All of those people had to live somewhere, and the Fifties saw a huge housing boom. Population density all over Seattle exploded as people filled the boundaries of settlement in the city and began to move north. Most of the development was in single-family houses, since land was plentiful.

At the same time, the freeways were being built to compensate for all this new growth. The community of Mercer Island, the "Eastside" (east of Lake Washington) communities of Bryn Mawr, Newport, Bellevue, Clyde Hill, Hunts Point, Medina, Juanita, and the northern suburbs of Kenmore, Lake Forest Park, and Lake Hills all came into being during the Boeing boom. Interstate 5 (I-5) cut the city in half on a north–south axis, while I-90 crossed east–west, connecting with Mercer Island via the floating Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge. SR 520 skirted the north end of Montlake just south of the Montlake Cut, and paralleled I-90 with its own floating bridge. I-5 neatly cut off Downtown Seattle from Capitol Hill, First Hill, and even from part of the historic downtown, including the Tony Sorrento Hotel, which was left stranded on the "wrong" side of the freeway. I-90 was perhaps less disruptive (unless, of course, you were living in its path), since it is partly routed through a tunnel and skirts a more-or-less unbuildable edge of Beacon Hill, avoiding slicing the city into north and south halves. Freeway Park was eventually built over I-5 in 1976, restoring something of a link between Downtown and First Hill, but was not heavily enough used to provide much mitigation. The R.H. Thompson Expressway, planned to connect SR 520 with I-90 and SR 167 via the Central District, and the Bay Freeway, connecting I-5 with the Seattle Center via Mercer Street, were canceled by citizen referendums as part of nationwide freeway revolts.

With all this postwar growth came growing pollution of the lakes and rivers that provided much of the beauty that had been Seattle's appeal to its recent immigrants. Also, the sprawl constantly demanded more roads, since the ones already built had terrible traffic. (Naturally, new roads simply led to new development and were soon as snarled as those they were intended to relieve.) A group of Seattle natives, anxious to preserve the city in which they grew up, came together to institute the Metropolitan Problems Committee, or METRO, intended to manage and plan the metropolitan area. The driving force behind this movement was Jim Ellis, who headed the committee and repeatedly brought the planning issue before the voters and city governments. The logic was that a regional transit system would require a regional political body; the same held for regional sewage and pollution control or regional growth planning. The original, comprehensive METRO regional plan was defeated in a vote by suburbanites who seemed to view the problem not as one of pollution, transit, sprawl, or lack of planning: in what some Seattleites referred to as the "Pave the Lake" strategy, they just wanted more bridges across Lake Washington.

METRO came back, scaled down to a sewage treatment and transport organization, and prevailed with an overwhelming majority in Seattle and a decent showing in the suburbs. METRO, despite repeated attempts by Jim Ellis, never did manage to get authority for planning, and to this day there is no single body responsible for planning the Seattle metropolitan area and its transportation systems. (METRO was eventually merged into the King County government.) Seattle and King County have, at times, seemed better at coming up with money for stadiums and other large public works than for broader projects.

During this period, Seattle's downtown was in decline (as were many other downtowns across the nation, for much the same reason): people shopped in the suburbs, not in the city. The market for goods in the city's center was drying up. Seattle's solution was to host the Century 21 Exposition, the 1962 World's Fair. The area directly north of downtown was slumping very badly—some of it to the point of being known as the "Warren Avenue slum" —and the city owned a lot of property almost adjacent to that "slum". The fair, given a futuristic science theme, was designed to leave behind a civic center, now known as Seattle Center, containing arts buildings, a food court, museums, and the like and serving also as a fairground. The United States Science Pavilion (now the Pacific Science Center) was one of the central attractions. Boeing performed one of its few altruistic public actions: they "created and installed in the United States Science Pavilion a space age Spacearium, a permanent addition to the center and one of the most attractive features of the fair."

In conjunction with the fair, a demonstration monorail line was constructed, running from the center of downtown to the fair, a distance of 0.9 miles; it was constructed at no cost to the city and was paid for out of ticket sales, and then turned over to the city for $600,000. (See Seattle Center Monorail). It is currently the only monorail in the United States to turn a profit. It is now almost exclusively a tourist attraction, as the distance covered is too small to be of much practical use unless you are living in a hotel downtown and visiting the Seattle Center. The World's Fair also granted Seattle the landmark Space Needle, also a continuing tourist attraction. Seattle also acquired an Opera House, a Coliseum, and a refurbished Arena (all of which have since been replaced or significantly remodeled), and a great location for future carnivals and fairs. Today, Seattle Center is host to the Bite of Seattle, Bumbershoot, a music and art festival that draws crowds in the hundreds of thousands every Labor Day Weekend, Northwest Folklife Festival on Memorial Day Weekend, a comparably large folk music and folk culture festival, which somehow manages to stay in the black despite being free to all comers, and PrideFest, a finali of the much larger event Seattle Gay Pride Parade like many other cities every year in late June in honor of the 1969 Stonewall Riots proudly flying the pride flag atop the Space Needle for the first time in 2010. The Pacific Science Center continues to draw crowds, along with a small amusement park that operates all summer – *Needs updating, amusement park removed years ago as part of the Experience Music Project (now Mo-Pop, Musium of Pop Culture) construction on the site. The World's Fair arguably reenergized the downtown of Seattle, and was generally a smashing success, even finishing with a profit.

After the war, the University of Washington also took a step forward, finally fulfilling the promise of its name. Charles Odegaard, as president of the University, used his office to press for the creation of community colleges and other four-year colleges in Washington, so that the University of Washington could concentrate on research. By the time Odegaard retired, the UW was second only to MIT in the size of its federal grants, and the number of students attending had swelled. Because the University of Washington campus is open, its impact on the University District as well as the rest of the city was quite significant; "In remaining a largely commuter school, the university has diminished its ability to withdraw as a community in itself and has maintained thereby its ability to the larger and more amorphous community."

Counterculture

Starting in the late 1950s, Seattle was one of the centers of the emergence of the American counterculture and culture of protest. Before grunge there were beats, fringies (a local Seattle term), hippies, and batcavers. Opened in 1967, one counterculture haven in Seattle was the Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse located near the University of Washington. At the University itself, Parrington Lawn became known as "Hippie Hill", due in part to UW President Charles Odegaard's "outstandingly tolerant attitude toward the hippie element on and near his jurisdiction's campus, as well as his ongoing refusal to allow Seattle city police onto UW property."

The Seattle counterculture played a role in early urban environmentalism. In the early 1970s, the Northwest Tilth Association promoted alternative modes of production and consumption of food, laying the foundation for an organic food economy in the Pacific Northwest region.

Political emergence of non-white minorities
Despite Seattle being one of the "whitest" major cities in the United States, it has had an African-American mayor (Norm Rice), at least four African-American city council members, and at least half a dozen Asian-American city council members including Wing Luke, the first Asian American elected to public office in Washington (in 1962). It has also been the political base for figures such as former King County Executives Gary Locke—who went on to be the first Chinese-American governor of a U.S. state—and Ron Sims, an African American who went on to become the Deputy Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. After World War II, many African-Americans moved into the Central District. This neighborhood began to gentrify in the 1990s and today, the city's African American population is more focused on the South End of the city.

Boeing bust: 1970–1985
Due to changing external demand and the cancellation of the SST program, "the Boeing workforce was cut from 80,400 to 37,200 between early 1970 and October 1971". After 1973, Seattle was in good company for its recession, since the rest of the country was also experiencing the energy crisis. However, Seattle was hit harder than most cities due to its over-reliance on Boeing as an employer, and had the worst post-Depression unemployment for any major US city, nearly 12%. As with most periods of downturn, there was not much private investment or construction. However, despite the crushing unemployment and the infamous billboard saying "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights," the outflux of people was "never more than 15% of those laid off," and was promptly countered by new arrivals taking advantage of the now-underpriced housing stock.

Quite likely, Seattle evaded the fate of Detroit through being a port city with a large number of highly educated, skilled workers. Seattle industry did slightly better than the national average during the rest of the 1970s; nonetheless the boom decades of the 1950s and 1960s had been brought to a decisive end.

The Pike Place Market, arguably Seattle's most significant tourist attraction, gained its modern form in the aftermath of the Boeing crash. The market had been founded in 1907 with a great deal of early success, but, like most public markets in America, had suffered a decline as corporations took over food distribution. The deportation of the Japanese from Seattle during World War II hit the market particularly hard, since 80% of its "wet stall" vendors had been ethnically Japanese. The city council wanted to make a "Pike Place Plaza" by demolishing the mostly derelict market and replacing it with "a new hotel, a 32-story apartment building, four 28-story office buildings, a hockey arena, and a 4,000-car parking garage." A "Keep the Market" initiative, led by architect Victor Steinbrueck, was passed in 1971, pushing for adaptive reuse. A promotional committee was created, historical district status attained, and vendors were convinced to move in and sell wares. The project was wildly successful, and today the Pike Place Market pulls nine million visitors each year.

A similar story occurred with Pioneer Square. An old neighborhood, largely built after the Great Seattle Fire, it had fallen into derelict status after the war. However, with a reenergized downtown, businesses started to look for buildings that could be acquired cheaply. When offices moved into renovated buildings, suddenly there was a market for facilities to service them, leading to a "flood of other restaurants, galleries, boutiques." Seattle was definitely recovering from the blow dealt by the Boeing recession, refilling areas that had threatened to become slums.

Silicon Forest: 1985–present
Bill Gates and Paul Allen, founders of Microsoft Corporation, attended the Lakeside School, a private middle and high school in Haller Lake, at the northern Seattle city limits. This turned out to have rather dramatic consequences for the entire Seattle area. Microsoft's first product, Microsoft BASIC, came out in 1976. The company was incorporated in New Mexico the same year. By 1978 sales exceeded one million dollars a year. In 1979, Microsoft moved its offices back to Redmond from Albuquerque, New Mexico—they had gone to New Mexico to be near a client who no longer dominated their business, Gates and Allen wanted to go back where they were from, and it was easier to entice quality programmers to the Seattle area than the deserts of New Mexico. By 1985, sales were over $140 million, by 1990, $1.18 billion, and by 1995, Microsoft was the world's most profitable corporation, Allen and Gates were billionaires, and literally thousands of their past and present employees were millionaires. Microsoft had grown from a two-man operation to a company with 11,000 employees in 1992 and 48,030 (about half of them in the Seattle area) in 2001.

Microsoft spawned a host of other companies in the Seattle area: millionaire employees often left to found their own companies, and Allen, after his own departure from Microsoft, became a major investor in new companies. Seattle-area companies that owe their origins at least indirectly to Microsoft include RealNetworks, Attachmate, InfoSpace, and a host of others. Quite unlike Boeing, Microsoft has served as a catalyst for the creation of a whole realm of industry. Microsoft has also taken a much more active hand than Boeing in public works in the area, donating software to many schools (including the University of Washington).

During this era, Seattle has also experienced quite good growth in the biotechnology and coffee sectors, and Seattle-based Nordstrom became a national brand.

Paul Allen, whose fortune was made through Microsoft though he has long since ceased to be an active participant in the company, has been a major force in Seattle politics. He attempted a voter initiative to build the Seattle Commons, a huge park in South Lake Union and the Cascade District, and even offered to put up his own money to endow a security force for the park, but it was defeated at the polls. (Allen is now the leader of the movement to redevelop this same area as a biotech center.) He did get a football stadium for the Seattle Seahawks through a successful statewide ballot initiative, and founded the Experience Music Project (originally intended as a Jimi Hendrix museum) on the grounds of Seattle Center.

One other piece of urban design in this era is the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, completed in 1988 and expanded in 2003, which bridges the freeway and adjoins Freeway Park, connecting First Hill to downtown. Arguably, the convention center has helped fuel further downtown growth and has (at least to some extent) reconnected both sides of the freeway. Paralleling the Microsoft and Internet boom, Downtown Seattle underwent a revival; at the height of the boom, downtown office space was described as "Number four or five on the national hit parade [of real estate prices], and climbing." After an increase in vacancy to double-digit levels in the Internet Bust, occupancy began to return. The return of the downtown retail district appears to be a more lasting phenomenon, although at the expense of having a retail district dominated by national chain stores, many of them gathered in mall complexes. The growth of the tech industry such as Amazon and its expansion to the downtown area also resulted in a record level construction boom following the Great Recession, with a total of 68 major projects underway from Sodo to South Lake Union at the end of 2016, the most since 2005. Much of the development was residential which comprise up to 2/3 of all projects, most of which were centered at South Lake Union. As a result, twice as many apartments in Seattle opened in 2017 than any other year in the city's history. The pace of development is expected to increase slightly until 2019.

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Seattle's bid for the world stage by hosting the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 did not play out as planned. Instead, the city became the site of the first great street confrontation between the anti-globalization movement and the World Trade Organization on November 30, 1999. While many of those in the streets, and most of those in the suites, were from out of town or even out of country, much of the groundwork of Seattle hosting both the event and the protests against it can be attributed to local forces.

Music
Seattle has long had a rich musical heritage, as many of rock's top names since the '60s have hailed from the area. In the mid-20th century the thriving jazz scene in the city's Skid Road and Central Districts launched the careers of musicians including Ray Charles and Quincy Jones. Both Jones and, later, Jimi Hendrix attended Garfield High School, and in the '60s, such garage rock/proto punk bands as the Sonics and the Wailers emerged, and in the '70s, Heart. The '80s saw such Seattle heavy metal acts as Queensrÿche and Metal Church gain popularity, while Seattle native Duff McKagan went on to massive success with Guns N' Roses after relocating to Los Angeles. But it was perhaps the early '90s grunge movement for which Seattle is best known from a musical perspective. During this time such acts as Mother Love Bone, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Temple of the Dog, Alice in Chains, and Mudhoney scored massive worldwide hits, and turned the musical tide from glam metal to a style that borrowed equally from garage rockers (the Sonics), punk (the Stooges), and '70s heavy metal (Black Sabbath).

Environmental sustainability
In 1971, Weldon Robison along with Ron Ralph established a community based non-profit glass recycling effort in the Eastlake Community of Seattle. It was simply called "The Glass Barrel" and was registered and incorporated as a non-profit enterprise with the City of Seattle. Three sites were established on Fairview Ave East and one above the houseboats on Portage Bay. Glass was separated in three colors and deposited in three separate oil drums.

Seattle was voted the United States' most "green" city by the NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), which gave the following reasons for the designation (among others):

 * 1) Seattle mayor Greg Nickels founded the United States Conference of Mayors' Climate Agreement in 2005.  Since then over 900 cities have signed on.  The charter of the Agreement is to reduce the environmental impact of U.S. cities on the environment and meet the Kyoto environmental protocols, sidestepping the Bush administration's refusal to sign on.
 * 2) Over 90% of the city's electric demand is fed by hydroelectric power.
 * 3) Comprehensive recycling and sustainable resource use practices.
 * 4) The most successful car- and van-pool program in the country.
 * 5) Expansion of the city's light rail system.

The city's populace is also environmentally conscious, stemming from the natural beauty and landscape surrounding the area. Land use policies and natural geography have led to an increase in property value as the aforementioned boom in population with the arrival of Microsoft, new business for Boeing, and the foundation of Starbucks as a global corporation, has put a strain on availability of single family home property.

title: History of Seattle (1940–present)


text:
History of Seattle 1900–1940

History of Seattle, Washington 1900–1940: Seattle experienced rapid growth and transformation in the early 20th century, establishing itself as a leader in the Pacific Northwest. The Klondike Gold Rush led to massive immigration, diversifying the city's ethnic mix with arrivals of Japanese, Filipinos, Europeans, and European-Americans. The city expanded geographically through annexations and ambitious regrade projects, most notably the Denny Regrade which leveled more than 120 feet of Denny Hill. Major infrastructure projects shaped the city, including the construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and the development of an extensive park system designed by the Olmsted Brothers. The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909 celebrated the city's rise, while the completion of Smith Tower in 1914 gave Seattle the tallest building west of the Mississippi River.

The interwar period brought significant challenges to Seattle. World War I initially boomed the economy, particularly in shipbuilding and lumber, but the city faced a sharp downturn when the war ended. The Seattle General Strike of 1919 marked a period of labor unrest, and the city was hit hard by the Great Depression. Despite economic difficulties, Seattle developed as an arts center during this time. The Frye Art Museum and Henry Art Gallery were established, and artists like Mark Tobey and Morris Graves gained national recognition. The Prohibition era saw a thriving speakeasy scene, and by mid-century, Seattle's Jackson Street jazz scene would launch the careers of musicians including Ray Charles and Quincy Jones. Despite the challenges, the city maintained its character, with affordable housing and extensive parks making it an attractive place to live for those who remained employed.

Leader of the Northwest: 1900 to 1915
The gold rush (see History of Seattle before 1900) led to massive immigration, with major arrivals of Japanese, Filipinos, immigrant Europeans, and European-Americans from back east. The arrival of Greeks and Sephardic Jews broadened the city's ethnic mix.

Many of Seattle's neighborhoods got their start around this time. At first, the city grew mainly along the water to the north and south of downtown to avoid steep grades. However, the new rich soon developed the land on First Hill that overlooks downtown "because it was close to downtown without being a part of it, and because it occupied a commanding position."

Downtown Seattle was bustling with activity; as quickly as previous inhabitants moved out to newly created neighborhoods, new immigrants came in to take their place in the city core. There was an enormous apartment boom in the years after 1905. A 1905 city directory lists only 19 apartment buildings. The 1911 directory has twelve columns of such listings.

The last great manhunt of the Wild West was the search for Harry Tracy in Seattle in 1902.

In 1908, the Great White Fleet visited Seattle and the US West Coast, "to demonstrate to the world America's naval prowess.

Construction on the Smith Tower was completed in 1914. It was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River from its completion in 1914 until the Space Needle overtook it in 1962. It remained the tallest office building west of the Mississippi River until the Humble Building (now Exxon Building) was built in 1963.

Following the vision of city engineer R.H. Thomson, who had already played a key role in the development of municipal utilities, a massive effort was made to level the extreme hills that rose south and north of the bustling city. From 1900 to 1914 the Denny Regrade to the north and the Jackson Regrade to the south leveled more than 120 ft of Denny Hill and parts of First and Beacon Hills. The Denny Regrade continued in spurts until 1930. Dirt from the Jackson Regrade filled in the swampy tidelands that are now occupied by the SoDo neighborhood as well as Safeco Field and Qwest Field. A seawall containing dirt from the Denny Regrade created the current waterfront. More dirt from the Denny Regrade went to build the industrial Harbor Island at the mouth of the Duwamish River, south of Downtown.

The Denny Regrade wasn't the only radical reshaping of Seattle's topography in this period. The 1911–1917 construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal included two major "cuts" (the Montlake Cut and the Fremont Cut, four bascule bridges, and the Government Locks (now Hiram M. Chittenden Locks). The level of Lake Washington dropped; the Black River, which formerly ran out of the south end of the lake, dried up completely, and Seward Island became the Seward Peninsula, now the site of Seward Park.

After the obvious geographical expansion from downtown, "other neighborhoods… [came]… into existence… [as]… the result of streetcar lines moving north and east from downtown and providing opportunities for settling that were obviously attractive to all but the poorest." Several lines, running to most of central Seattle's modern neighborhoods, created the communities of Capitol Hill, Queen Anne, Madrona, Madison Park, and Leschi. All of the expansion was happening without zoning, leading to "different land uses and economic classes everywhere [being] mixed."

Seattle also grew by annexation in this period, annexing areas including the previously separately incorporated Columbia City, Ballard, South Park, and West Seattle in 1907 and Georgetown in 1910.

At the same time as the city was expanding dramatically, the city planners began to put in parks. "Four million dollars worth of bonds were sold between 1905 and 1912 to develop the parks and build the boulevards designed by the Olmsteds to connect them." Almost all of Seattle's large parks were constructed during this period: Woodland Park (which includes the Woodland Park Zoo), Volunteer Park, Green Lake, Washington Park (now the site of the University of Washington Arboretum), Ravenna Park, Leschi Park, Seward Park. The Olmsted plan for boulevards was carried out nearly in full. The form of the plan was "a winding parkway of about 20 mi which would link most of the existing and planned parks and greenbelts within the city limits." Then, as now, no main park or particular area of Seattle that stood out above the rest. Much of the ambiance of Seattle derives from the fact that whole of the city (with the notable exception of the industrial area in the center of the city, south of downtown, and extending to South Park and Boeing Field; and to a lesser extent, downtown itself) is filled with small parks, hills, and lakes.

Where there had so recently been wilderness, increasingly there was the reality of a major city. The Seattle Symphony was founded in 1903, and while few, if any, other comparably important arts institutions were established, the story was different in more popular entertainments. Vaudeville impresarios Alexander Pantages, John Considine, and John Cort (the last also involved in legitimate theater) were all based in Seattle in this era.

Seattle trumpeted and celebrated its rise with the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, but the city's rapid growth had led to much questioning of the social order. Not only the labor left, but also progressives calling for "good government" challenged the hegemony of the captains of industry. Rail baron James J. Hill, addressing Seattle business leaders in 1909, noted and regretted the change. "Where," he asked, "are the man who used to match your mountains…?"

World War I and the Bogue Plan: 1914–1920
In 1910, Seattle voters approved a referendum to create a development plan for the whole city. However, the result, known as the Bogue plan, was never to be implemented.

Virgil Bogue had worked for Olmsted and was intimately familiar with the land in Seattle. The Bogue plan had at its heart a grand civic center in Belltown and the Denny Regrade connected to the rest of the city by a rapid transit rail system, with a huge expansion of the park system, crowned by the total conversion of 4000 acre Mercer Island into parkland. Striking in Bogue's plan is his grasp of the consequences of growth; he foresaw that the city's residents would eventually number in the millions and that such a grand park or efficient transit system could put in place early in the development at much lower cost.

However, the Bogue plan was defeated by an alliance of fiscal conservatives who opposed such a grandiose plan on general principles and populists who argued that the plan would mainly benefit the rich: for example, the proposed massive Mercer Island park could, at that time, only be reached by boat. The Bogue plan sat on the shelf, never to be used. Ultimately, a few of the sites proposed for public parks were developed as such; more became private golf courses and such. The rail system was never built, and Mercer Island is now an upper middle class suburb, connected to the city by an Interstate Highway floating bridge.

At the same time as the government stopped investing for the future, private enterprise also began to stiffen. The war hid this, because it "boomed and expanded Seattle's economy phenomenally, but in false ways." The growth in the size of the economy was unprecedented, increasing nearly tenfold. However, it was almost all in wartime shipbuilding and lumber, and there was very little growth in new industries.

Seattle between the Wars
When the war ended, so did Seattle's prosperity. Economic output crashed as the government stopped buying boats, and there were no new industries to pick up the slack. Seattle stopped being a place of explosive growth and opportunity. Western Washington was a center of radical labor agitation. Most dramatically, a general strike occurred in 1919. The Industrial Workers of the World played a prominent role in the strike. After surviving the general strike, Seattle mayor Ole Hanson became a prominent figure in the First Red Scare, and made an unsuccessful attempt to ride that backlash to the White House in an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the presidential election of 1920.

Things picked up in the late 1920s, but then came the Great Depression. Times were rough all over the country, but Seattle was hit particularly hard because the manufacturing industries had been crowded out by the war. For example, Seattle issued 2,538 permits for housing construction in 1930, but only 361 in 1932.

Seattle saw some of the country's harshest labor strife of the Depression. During the Maritime Strike of 1934, striking longshoremen faced off with police and strikebreakers in a series of daily skirmishes that became known as "The Battle of Smith Cove". As a result of the violence of the strike, Seattle lost much of its maritime traffic to the Port of Los Angeles. This was followed by the temporary ascendancy of the New Order of Cincinnatus, a "conservative and moralistic reform group" that challenged both the Democratic and Republican parties, and was widely accused of "fascist" or "proto-fascist" tendencies.

Despite this, and despite enormous police corruption, Roger Sale argues that the Seattle between the wars was a pretty nice place to live, especially to grow up in. The city was still full of single-family wood houses and parks from the Olmstead development, but because of the crash they were affordable—at least to those who still had jobs. Seattle between the wars, writes Sale "is what suburbs try to be, but never achieve because they cannot stand things so jammed together, all for a family whose income could be well under two thousand dollars a year." Seattle settled down into a kind of stasis between the wars, as growth subsided while those who lived in the city stayed.

Although no longer the economic powerhouse it had been around the start of the 20th century, it was in the 1920s that Seattle first began seriously to be an arts center. The Frye and Henry families put on public display the collections that would become the core of the Frye Art Museum and Henry Art Gallery, respectively. Nellie Cornish had established the Cornish School (now Cornish College of the Arts) in 1914. Australian painter Ambrose Patterson arrived in 1919; over the next few decades Mark Tobey, Morris Graves, Kenneth Callahan, Guy Irving Anderson, and Paul Horiuchi would establish themselves as nationally and internationally known artists. Bandleader Vic Meyers and others kept the speakeasies jumping through the Prohibition era, and by mid-century the thriving jazz scene in the city's Skid Road district would launch the careers of musicians including Ray Charles and Quincy Jones.

title: History of Seattle 1900–1940


text:
Colic

Colic or cholic is a form of pain that starts and stops abruptly. It occurs due to muscular contractions of a hollow tube (small and large intestine, gall bladder, ureter, etc.) in an attempt to relieve an obstruction by forcing content out. It may be accompanied by sweating and vomiting. Types include:
 * Baby colic, a condition, usually in infants, characterized by incessant crying
 * Biliary colic, blockage by a gallstone of the common bile duct or cystic duct
 * Devon colic or painter's colic, a condition caused by lead poisoning
 * Horse colic, a potentially fatal condition experienced by horses, caused by intestinal displacement or blockage
 * Renal colic, a pain in the flank, characteristic of kidney stones

The term is.

title: Colic