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Nathaniel Bliss

Nathaniel Bliss (28 November 1700 – 2 September 1764) was an English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Britain's fourth Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764.

Bliss studied at Oxford University and later became the Savilian Professor of Geometry. He made important meridian observations of a comet and a solar eclipse visible from Greenwich, and many of his observations proved useful in solving the longitude problem, and were bought by the Board of Longitude after his death.

Life
Nathaniel Bliss was born in the Cotswolds village of Bisley in Gloucestershire. His father, also named Nathaniel Bliss, was a clothier. Bliss studied at Pembroke College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1720 and M.A. in 1723, and married shortly afterwards.

In 1736, Bliss became rector of St Ebbe's Church in Oxford. Supported by, among others; the 2nd Earl of Macclesfield (George Parker), Savilian Professor of Astronomy James Bradley and by William Jones, Bliss succeeded Edmond Halley as Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University in February 1742 – being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May the same year. As Savilian Professor he lectured courses in arithmetic, algebra, plane and spherical geometry, the use of logarithms and surveying instruments.

In 1762 he succeeded Bradley to become the fourth Astronomer Royal, but held the post for only two years before his unexpected death. He died in Oxford, but was buried close to Edmond Halley in St Margaret's churchyard in Lee in south-east London. As men of independent means, the first four Astronomers Royal including Bliss, were paid only a minimal salary. This situation changed when Nevil Maskelyne succeeded Bliss as Astronomer Royal upon his death – Maskelyne commanded a salary of £350 per annum, permitting him to make the post his main occupation. In 2000 the International Astronomical Union named a crater on the Moon after Bliss, in commemoration of his position as Astronomer Royal.

Observations
George Parker, the Earl of Macclesfield, had established an observatory at Shirburn Castle in Oxfordshire. Working for and with the Earl of Macclesfield, Bliss made meridian observations of a comet approaching the Sun in 1744 at Shirburn Castle and at Greenwich. Bliss worked alongside James Bradley at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich and in June 1761, owing to the poor health of Bradley, he undertook the observations for the transit of Venus.

His assistant at the Royal Observatory was Charles Green, and upon his death, Green continued Bliss' work until the appointment of the next Astronomer Royal. In April 1764 Bliss made observations of an annular (solar) eclipse visible from Greenwich. Many of the observations made by Bliss were considered potentially useful for solving the longitude problem, important for cartography and ocean navigation, and were therefore bought by the Board of Longitude from his widow Elizabeth Bliss (née Hillman). His Greenwich observations were not published until 1805 when they were included as a supplement in an edition by Thomas Hornsby on the observations of Bradley.

title: Nathaniel Bliss


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Isamaaliit

Isamaalit may refer to:
 * the Patriotic League, a political movement in Estonia in the mid-1930s
 * the Pro Patria Union, a modern-day political party in Estonia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isamaaliit


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Fo Tan

Fo Tan is an area of Sha Tin District, New Territories, Hong Kong. It was developed as a light industrial area, but this activity has declined markedly in recent years. There are residential areas to the east, alongside the MTR line, and in the foothills to the west.

Etymology
Fo Tan is located around a river, the Fo Tan Nullah. Historically, a beach was revealed when the water receded. The area thus became known as "river beach". In Hakka, this was pronounced "Fo Tan". It was later mistakenly called "Fire Beach" due to similarities in pronunciation. This has further changed into "Fire Charcoal" which is in current use, again due to similarities in pronunciation.

Location
North East South West To the south is Sha Tin New Town, with the small community of Wo Che in between. To the north is Kau To and the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK). Nearby to the east is Sha Tin Racecourse while across the Shing Mun River is City One Shatin.

Artistic community
Since 2001, as most industrial businesses have closed and moved to mainland China, more than 70 units in the utilitarian industrial blocks have reopened as artists' studios, creating a vibrant if well hidden local arts scene. Every January, a festival, Fotanian - Open Studio Programme, sees many of the studios open to the public. Guided walks lead visitors to these normally private working studios, which encompass a wide range of media and styles such as ceramic and floral design. Fo Tan was chosen for artist spaces because the ceilings of the buildings are high and because it is in the middle of the New Territories.

Public housing estates

 * Chun Yeung Estate
 * Sui Wo Court

Private housing estates
Private housing estates in Fo Tan include:
 * Royal Ascot
 * Jubilee Garden
 * Scenery Garden
 * Shatin 33
 * The Grandville
 * The Palazzo

Villages
There are originally 24 Hakka villages. Villages in Fo Tan include:
 * Fo Tan Village
 * Lok Lo Ha
 * Pat Tsz Wo
 * Wo Liu Hang

Economy
A.S. Watson Group has its head office in the Watson House in Fo Tan.

Education
Fo Tan is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 91. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money); no government schools are in this net.

Schools in Fo Tan:
 * Sha Tin College
 * Sha Tin Junior School
 * Jockey Club Ti-I College
 * Hong Kong Sports Institute
 * Chinese University

Transportation

 * Fo Tan station on the East Rail line
 * Buses and minibuses
 * taxis

title: Fo Tan


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Talk:List of municipalities of Estonia

As to now, the links are not correct. Most active links go to places not in Estonia. Besides, the names of municipalities coincide with names of villages and towns. Andres 11:25, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I don't know if the links have been fixed, but this list appears to be in no order -- not alphabetized, not organized according to region, etc. Anyone here know enough about Estonia to understand the scheme, and should we change it? Jwrosenzweig 22:24, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I arranged the names. They are listed according to counties according to the Estonian alphabet. I disambiguated Saku, Pala (by creating a stub) and Orava. There remain others to be disambiguated. I decided not to write separate articles about the municipalities but to merge them with the artickes about their centres. Andres 09:33, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Now I disambiguated all names. Andres 21:54, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I think the municipalities should be named "Emmaste Municipality" etc. See. This is the way vald is translated in Estonia. Commune is strange for Estonia. Andres 08:07, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Standardization of the lists of municipalities
There is a discussion about an eventual standardization of all the lists of municipalities. Please join here and express your opinions.--Húsönd 19:48, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of municipalities of Estonia


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Wood thrush

The wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) is a North American passerine bird in the family Turdidae and is the only species placed in the genus Hylocichla. It is closely related to other thrushes such as the American robin and is widely distributed across North America, wintering in Central America and southern Mexico. The wood thrush is the official bird of the District of Columbia.

The wood thrush is a medium-sized thrush, with brown upper parts with mottled brown and white underparts. The male and female are similar in appearance. The song of the male is often cited as being the most beautiful in North America.

The wood thrush is an omnivore, and feeds preferentially on soil invertebrates and larvae, but will also eat fruits. In the summer, it feeds on insects continuously in order to meet daily metabolic needs. It is solitary, but sometimes forms mixed-species flocks. The wood thrush defends a territory that ranges in size from 800 to 28000 m2. The wood thrush is monogamous, and its breeding season begins in the spring; about 50% of all mated pairs are able to raise two broods, ranging in size from two to four chicks.

Taxonomy
The wood thrush was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus mustelinus. Gmelin based his account on the "Tawny thrush" that had been described in 1785 by the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant in his book Arctic Zoology. Pennant specified its type locality as the New York (state) region. The wood thrush is now the only species placed in the genus Hylocichla that was introduced in 1864 by the American naturalist S.F. Baird. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The generic name is a translation of its common name, derived from the Greek words $ύλη$ (hyle, "woodland") and $κιχλη$ (cichle, "thrush" or "fieldfare"). The species name comes from the Latin mustela "weasel".

This thrush is closely related to the other typical American thrushes of the genus Catharus, and is sometimes merged into that genus. It has been considered close to the long-distance migrant species of that genus, as opposed to the generally resident nightingale-thrushes, but that appears to be an error. The wood thrush also appears to be fairly closely related to the large Turdus thrushes, such as the American robin. "Wood thrush" is the official common name given to the species by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).

Description
The adult wood thrush is 18 to 21.5 cm long, with a wingspan of 30 to 40 cm and a body mass of 48 to 72 g. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 9.6 to 11.6 cm, the bill is 1.6 to 2 cm and the tarsus is 2.8 to 3.3 cm. It is distinctly larger than the Catharus thrushes with which the species is often sympatric but slightly smaller than the common American robin. The longest known lifespan for a wood thrush in the wild is 8 years, 11 months. The crown, nape, and upper back are cinnamon-brown, while the back wings, and tail are a slightly duller brown. The breast and belly are white with large dark brown spots on the breast, sides, and flanks. It has white eye rings and pink legs. Other brownish thrushes have finer spotting on the breast. The juvenile looks similar to adults, but has additional spots on the back, neck, and wing coverts. The male and female are similar in size and plumage.

Vocalization
The wood thrush has been reported to have one of the most beautiful songs of North American birds. American naturalist Henry David Thoreau wrote:

"Whenever a man hears it he is young, and Nature is in her spring; wherever he hears it, it is a new world and a free country, and the gates of Heaven are not shut against him."

While the female is not known to sing, the male has a unique song that has three parts. The first subsong component is often inaudible unless the listener is close, and consists of two to six short, low-pitched notes such as bup, bup, bup. The middle part is a loud phrase often written ee-oh-lay, and the third part is a ventriloquial, trill-like phrase of non-harmonic pairs of notes given rapidly and simultaneously.

The male is able to sing two notes at once, which gives its song an ethereal, flute-like quality. Each individual bird has its own repertoire based on combinations of variations of the three parts. Songs are often repeated in order. The bup, bup, bup phrase is also sometimes used as a call, which is louder and at a greater frequency when the bird is agitated. The wood thrush also use a tut, tut to signal agitation. The nocturnal flight call is an emphatic buzzing heeh.

Distribution and habitat
The wood thrush's breeding range extends from Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia in southern Canada to northern Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the Missouri River and the eastern Great Plains. It migrates to southern Mexico through to Panama in Central America in the winter, mostly in the lowlands along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. It generally arrives on the U.S. Gulf Coast during the first week of April. Fall migration usually begins in mid-August and continues through mid-September. Migration takes place at night, allowing them to find their direction from the stars and orient themselves by detecting the Earth's magnetic field.

The wood thrush prefers deciduous and mixed forests for breeding. It prefers late-successional, upland mesic forests with a moderately-dense shrub layer. It favors areas with running water, moist ground, and high understorey cover. The breeding habitat generally includes trees taller than 16 m, a fairly open forest floor, moist soil, and leaf litter, with substrate moisture more important than either canopy cover or access to running water. The wood thrush can breed in habitat patches as small as 0.4 ha, but it runs the risk of higher predation and nest parasitism. The wood thrush's breeding range has expanded northward, displacing the veery and hermit thrush in some locations. In recent times, as a result of fragmentation of forests, it has been increasingly exposed to nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, as well as loss of habitat in the winter range.

Conservation status
The wood thrush has become a symbol of the decline of Neotropical songbirds of eastern North America, having declined by approximately 50% since 1966. Along with many other species, this thrush faces threats both to its North American breeding grounds and Central American wintering grounds. Forest fragmentation in North American forests has resulted in both increased nest predation and increased cowbird parasitism, significantly reducing their reproductive success. A study by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology was the first large-scale analysis that linked acid rain to this thrush's decline. Continued destruction of primary forest in Central America eliminated preferred wood thrush wintering habitats, likely forcing the birds to choose secondary habitats where mortality rates are higher. In spite of this, the wood thrush is considered to be Least Concern.

Vagrancy
The wood thrush has been recorded twice as a vagrant in Europe, in Iceland at Kvísker in Öræfi East Skaftafellssýsla by Björnsson Hálfdán on 23 October 1967 and on Wingletang Down, St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, England on 7 October 1987.

Behavior
The wood thrush is primarily solitary, but occasionally forms mixed-species flocks in the winter. Its breeding territory ranges from 800 to 8000 m2 in size, and are used for nesting, gathering nest materials, and foraging. Some wood thrushes also defend a feeding territory in the winter. Territorial interactions are usually settled without physical contact, but in high-intensity encounters or nest defense, physical interactions with the feet or bill have been observed. Defense behaviors in response to nest predators include wing flicks, tail flicks, and raising the crest, sometimes escalating to dives and strikes.

This species has also been observed displaying a behavior known as "anting." Anting occurs when a bird picks up a single ant or group of ants and rubs them on its feathers. The purpose of this behavior is unknown, but it is thought that the birds may be able to acquire defensive secretions from the ants possibly used for some medicinal purposes, or that it simply supplements the birds' own preen oil.

Diet
Soil invertebrates and larvae make up most of the wood thrush's omnivorous diet, but it will also eat fruits in the late summer, fall, and late winter. It occasionally feeds on arboreal insects, snails, and small salamanders. The young are fed insects and some fruit. After breeding and before migration, the wood thrush will switch from insects to fruits with high lipid levels. In the summer, low fruit consumption and lipid reserves require the bird to feed on insects continuously in order to meet its metabolic needs.

The wood thrush forages mainly on the forest floor, flipping leaves over with its bills to reveal insects. It can be observed hopping around in leaf litter and on semi-bare ground under the forest canopy. Fruits are swallowed whole.

Predation
Eggs and chicks are vulnerable to chipmunks, raccoons, blue jays, American crows, black rat snakes, brown-headed cowbirds, common grackles, southern flying squirrels, gray squirrels, least weasels, white-footed mice, domestic cats, great horned owls, and sharp-shinned hawks. Adults are primarily taken by hawks and owls.

Reproduction
Wood thrushes are monogamous. Breeding pairs form in mid-April to early-May, and usually last throughout the breeding season. Most thrushes find a new mate each year, and mate guarding and extra-pair copulations have not been observed in this species.

Some male wood thrushes arrive at the breeding grounds several days before the earliest females while other males arrive at the same time as the females, establishing territories ranging in size from 0.08 to 0.8 hectares (one-fifth of an acre to two acres). The female typically leads silent circular flights 1 - 1.8 m from the ground, with the male chasing. Six or more flights generally take place in succession. The pairs will perch together and feed each other in between flights. The male begins to sing at dawn and dusk a few days after arriving at breeding grounds. Early in the breeding season, the male sings from high perches in the tallest trees, but as the season progresses, it sings somewhat shorter and less elaborate songs from lower perches. Each day's singing begins and is most intense just before sunrise. The male may sing throughout the day but especially at dusk. The song season is usually over by the end of July.

Typically, the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest. However, there has been some indication that the male is able to influence the selection of the nest site by perching nearby and singing. Usually, though, the female chooses whether or not to accept or reject the nest site suggested by the male. The nest is usually sited in a dense patch of vegetation in a tree or shrub that provides concealment and shade. It is usually made of dead grasses, stems, and leaves, and lined with mud, and placed in a fork at a horizontal branch. The nest is not reused. Usually, two broods are attempted, although three to four separate nests may be built before a pair succeeds. Two to four pale blue eggs are laid at the rate of one per day. The eggs are incubated by the female only for 11 to 14 days, with the average being 13 days. Like all passerines, the chicks are altricial at hatching, mostly naked with closed eyes. The female broods the chicks during the first four days after hatching. Both parents feed the nestlings and remove fecal sacs from the nest. The chicks fledge 12–15 days after hatching, but the parents continue to feed them until they become independent and leave the parents' territory at 21–31 days old.

The young wood thrush is able to begin breeding the next summer. Most females lay their first eggs in mid-May, but older females may begin laying sooner. Pairs usually attempt to rear a second brood no later than late July, with the last of the young fledging around mid-August. About half of all wood thrush pairs successfully raise two broods.

title: Wood thrush


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Burmeister's porpoise

Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) is a species of porpoise endemic to the coast of South America. It was first described by Hermann Burmeister, for whom the species is named, in 1865.

Population and distribution
While Burmeister's porpoise seems to be relatively common in its range, little work has been done to survey the species. The total population is at least in the tens of thousands. Its range appears to be continuous in coastal waters from northern Peru in the Pacific Ocean round Tierra del Fuego and up to southern Brazil in the Atlantic Ocean. Burmeister's porpoises frequent inshore bays, channels, and fjords, but individuals have been spotted as far as 50 km from the shore and in the freshwater Valdivia River in southern Chile. Though normally found in continental shelf waters, they have been found as deep as 1000 m

Description
Most photographs of Burmeister's porpoises are taken of dead specimens and show the animal to be coloured black. This phenomenon gave rise to the earlier common name, black porpoise. However live individuals are typically a dark grey color. They turn black in just a few minutes after death. The underside varies in colour but is usually a lighter grey. Burmeister's are about 150 cm long when fully mature and weigh 50 - 75 kg. The maximum recorded weight is that of a female at 105 kg. They have a shallow indentation at their blowhole set just in front of the eyes. The shape and placement of the dorsal fin is unusual for a cetacean—it is triangular rather than curved and points backwards more than upwards. It is located about three quarters of the way along the back—further back than any other dolphin or porpoise. These features are sufficient to distinguish the porpoise from the similar-sized Chilean dolphin which is found in the porpoise's Pacific range.

Behaviour
Burmeister's porpoise is difficult to observe. It appears to be shy, shows little of its body when surfacing and will move quickly away from approaching boats. They are typically seen alone or in pairs with occasional larger groups. One report from Chile saw a group of 70 in number. The porpoise feeds on various pelagic fish such as anchovies, hake and mackerel.

Conservation
Like all porpoises, Burmeister's is vulnerable to accidental capture in fishing nets. This is common in Uruguay, Peru and Chile. The annual estimated catch is largest in Peru, at 2000 individuals. In Peruvian waters, Burmeister's porpoise caught as bycatch are primarily used for human consumption. Until the late 1990s, Burmeister's were also harpooned deliberately for food and for use as crab bait.

In severe El Nino events, the ecosystem of the Humboldt current is disrupted. Anchovies either perish or leave the area, and it appears that many porpoises and other marine mammals, including the Burmeister's porpoise,  must find other food sources or starve as a result. In 1997, during an El Nino event, Burmeister's porpoises were found stranded on Peruvian beaches.

The IUCN lists the animal as Near Threatened in its Red List of Threatened Species. The long-term prognosis for the species is unknown.

Burmeister's porpoise is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

title: Burmeister's porpoise


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Mina Loy

Mina Loy (born Mina Gertrude Löwy; 27 December 1882 – 25 September 1966) was a British-born artist, writer, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, designer of lamps, and bohemian. She was one of the last of the first-generation modernists to achieve posthumous recognition. Her poetry was admired by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Basil Bunting, Gertrude Stein, Francis Picabia, and Yvor Winters, among others. As stated by Nicholas Fox Weber in the New York Times, "This brave soul had the courage and wit to be original. Mina Loy may never be more than a vaguely familiar name, a passing satellite, but at least she sparkled from an orbit of her own choosing."

Early life and education
Loy was born in Hampstead, London. She was the daughter of a Hungarian Jewish tailor, Sigmund Felix Lowy, who had moved to London to evade persistent antisemitism in Budapest, and a Christian, English mother, Julia Bryan. Loy reflected on their relationship, and the production of her identity, in great detail in her mock-epic Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose (1923–1925). The marriage of Lowy and Bryan was fraught. Unknown to Loy, as biographer Carolyn Burke records, her mother married her father under the pressure of disgrace as she was already seven months pregnant with the child that would be Mina; this situation was mirrored later in Loy's life when she rushed into a marriage with Stephen Haweis after becoming pregnant out of wedlock. Lowy and Bryan had three daughters in total, with Mina being the oldest.

As recorded extensively in both her poetry and writing, from Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose to late prose pieces, Loy describes her mother as overbearingly Evangelical Victorian. As Burke records: "Like most Evangelicals, for whom the imagination was a source of sin, Julia distrusted her child's ability to invent." In reference to her mother, Loy recalled that she was troubled by the fact of "the very author of my being, being author of my fear." Loy found it hard to identify with her mother, who not only punished her continually for her "sinfulness," but also espoused fervent support of the British Empire, rampant antisemitism (which included her husband), and nationalistic jingoism.

Loy's formal art education began late in 1897 at St. John's Wood School where she remained for about two years. In retrospect, Loy called it "the worst art school in London" and "a haven of disappointment". Loy's father pushed for her to go to the art school in the hope that it would make her more marriageable. Around this time, Loy became fascinated with both Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti, and after much convincing was able to persuade her father to purchase her Dante's Complete Works and reproductions of his paintings as well as a red Moroccan leather-bound version of Christina's poems. She also became passionate about the Pre-Raphaelites, starting first with the work of William Morris before then turning to Edward Burne-Jones (her favourite work of which, at the time, was Love Among the Ruins). Loy had to be careful as to how she expressed herself due to her mother's control. For example, Loy described that when her mother found a drawing she had done of the naked Andromeda bound to a rock her mother, scandalised and disgusted, tore up the work and called her daughter "a vicious slut".

Studying in Germany and Paris
In 1900 Loy attended the Munich Künstlerinnenverein, or the Society of Female Artists' School, which was connected with the fine art school of Munich University, it was there that she claimed she learned draughtsmanship.

Upon returning to the stifling environment of her family home in London, after the relative freedom she found in Munich, Loy suffered from "headaches, respiratory problems, and generalized weakness" which was then diagnosed as neurasthenia – "a catch-all term for a variety of psychosomatic complaints suffered by artistic or intellectual women and a few sensitive men" during that time period.

Around the age of eighteen, Loy convinced her parents to allow her to continue her education in Paris with a chaperone – a woman called Mrs. Knight. After much persuasion, she was allowed to move to Montparnasse, which in 1902 had not yet been urbanised, and attend the Académie Colarossi as an art student. Unlike the segregated classes at the Munich Künstlerinnenverein, these art classes were mixed. It was here, through an English friend of a similar social standing named Madeline Boles, that Loy first came into contact with the English painter Stephen Haweis who Loy later described as enacting the "parasitic drawing-out of one's vitality to recharge, as it were, his own deficient battery of life." According to Burke's biography, Haweis was unpopular with his fellow students, being considered a "poseur," and Boles in particular took him under her wing. Haweis, whose father was the well-known Reverend Hugh Reginald Haweis and his mother Mary Eliza Haweis, a writer who wrote, amongst other things, Chaucer for Children: A Golden Key, was an aesthete of sorts and "despite being very short[,] he managed to condescend to his listeners from a height." He began to exert himself over Loy, recognising her beauty and desirability, and played the role of the misunderstood eccentric which led Loy to feel guilty for disliking him and distrusting him as he borrowed more and more money from her without paying her back. Later she would reflect that Haweis loomed over her and she became, in Loy's own words, "as sullenly involved as with my mother's sadistic hysterics." One night he convinced her to stay over and, in what she would later describe as a state of hypnosis, she was seduced by him. Waking up next morning in his bed, semi-naked, Loy was horrified and repulsed.

A few months after this, she realised that she was pregnant, something which terrified her as it bound her, as she later described, even closer to "the being on earth whom she would have least chosen." Being only twenty-one, she faced a difficult situation and, fearing rejection from her family and disinheritance, which would leave her penniless, she sought her parents' approval to marry Haweis, which they agreed to due to his respectable social status as the son of a preacher. Reflecting on this in later life, and how her upbringing influenced her in the decisions she made, Loy remarked that "If anyone I disliked insisted upon my doing anything I was averse to I would automatically comply, so systematically had they obfuscated my instinct of self-preservation."

Paris, 1903–1906
Relocating to Paris, Haweis and Loy married there, in the 14th Arrondissement, on 13 December 1903 – Loy was twenty-one, and four months pregnant. Initially they agreed that it would be just a marriage of convenience, but Stephen became quickly more possessive and demanding. Instead of taking her husband's name, after their marriage she changed her last name from "Lowy" to "Loy." Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy (1996) biographer Carolyn Burke notes that "[t]he anagrammatic shifts of Lowy into Loy and later Lloyd symbolize her attempts to resolve personal crises and chooses to refer to Loy as Mina – the name that stayed fixed as her surname varied."

Starting in 1903 until 1904, after meeting the Englishman Henry Coles, Haweis began selling photographies d'art, or fine art photography pieces, influenced by Art Nouveau style. The most notable commission of this time was the photographing of the recent works of Auguste Rodin which came about after Haweis met with Rodin himself. At that time, Loy was Haweis's favourite subject to photograph; this is something which Loy never commented on. As Haweis gained more contacts and work, Loy became increasingly isolated and heavily pregnant.

Loy's first child, Oda, was born on 27 May 1903. The labour was hard, as recalled in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in The Trend 8:1, October 1914). The opening details:

I am the centre Of a circle of pain Exceeding its boundaries in every direction The business of the bland sun Has no affair with me In my congested cosmos of agony From which there is no escape [...]

Whilst Loy was in labour through the night, Haweis was absent with his mistress. Loy records this in "Parturition" thus:

The irresponsibility of the male Leaves woman her superior Inferiority. He is running upstairs

Two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss. A day or so after Oda's death Loy reportedly painted a (now lost) tempera painting The Wooden Mother in which she depicted two mothers with their children, one being a "foolish-looking mother holding her baby, whose small fingers are raised in an impotent blessing over the other anguished mother who, on her knees, curses them both with great, upraised, clenched fists, and her own baby sprawling dead with little arms and legs outstretched lifeless."

Loy decided to enter the Salon d'Automne under the name "Mina Loy" (having dropped the "w" in Lowy) in 1905. That autumn she exhibited six watercolours and the following spring she exhibited two watercolours at the Salon des Beaux-Art of 1906. After the latter exhibition, Loy was written of favourably in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts:"Mlle Mina Loy who, in her uncommon watercolours where Guys, Rops and Beardsley are combined shows us ambiguous ephebes whose nudity is caressed by ladies dressed in furbelows of 1855."After this positive reception Loy was asked to become a sociétaire of the drawing category, which meant that her work could be exhibited without having to pass through a selection committee. This was a "vote of confidence" which, as biographer Burke recognises, "was an exceptional mark of recognition for an unknown Englishwoman of twenty-three".

By 1906 Loy and Haweis had agreed to live separately. During this period of separation Loy was treated by a French doctor named Henry Joël le Savoureux for neurasthenia, which had worsened with the death of Oda and living with Haweis, and the pair embarked on an affair which would end with her becoming pregnant. This made Haweis jealous and precipitated their move to Florence, where there were fewer people who knew them.

Florence, 1906–1916
At first, Loy and Haweis moved into a villino located in Arcetri, finding themselves in a large expatriate community. In the Spring of 1907 Haweis found a studio on the Costa San Giorgio in Oltrarno.

On 20 July 1907, Loy gave birth to Joella Sinara. A few months before Joella's first birthday Loy was pregnant again, this time with the child of Haweis, and she was to give birth to a son named John Stephen Giles Musgrove Haweis on 1 February 1909.

Joella was late learning to walk, which was later diagnosed as a type of infantile paralysis which caused her muscles to atrophy. Dreading that Joella's condition might be like the meningitis that killed Oda, Loy sought medical and spiritual support. This was one of her earliest, critical encounters with Christian Science as she sought out a practitioner, who prescribed a treatment and told Loy to feed Joella beef broth and donkey's milk. After this succeeded in improving Joella's health, Loy began to attend church regularly.

Around 1909, with the financial support of Loy's father, Loy and Haweis moved into a three-storey home on the Costa San Giorgio. The family had a nurse, Giulia, who helped raise the children and would later spend years being the children's sole support, and her sister Estere, who was the family cook. Once the children were toddlers, Loy spent increasingly less time with them and they were often cared for in the cooler climate of the mountains and Forte de Marmi in the summers. Burke speculates that this may have been a reaction to the overbearing intrusion of her own mother which led her to withdraw.

Loy frequented the social gatherings held by socialite Mabel Dodge Luhan at the Villa Curonia and it was here that she met Gertrude Stein, her brother Leo Stein, and Alice B. Toklas. Loy was drawn to Gertrude and even got the opportunity to dine with her, Dodge, and Andre Gide. Gertrude would later recall that Loy, as well as Haweis, were amongst the few at that time who expressed serious interest in her work (she had not yet been widely recognised for her literary achievement). However, Gertrude recalls an incident where Haweis begged her to add two commas in exchange for a painting, which she did, but then later removed them; contrarily, Gertrude noted that "Mina Loy equally interested was able to understand without the commas. She has always been able to understand."

In daughter Joella (née Sinara) Bayer's memoir, now part of the Mina Loy Estate, she reflected on her parents, saying: "My mother, tall, willowy, extraordinarily beautiful, very talented, undisciplined, a free spirit, with the beginning of too strong an ego; my father, short, dark, a mediocre painter, bad tempered, with charming social manners and endless conversation about the importance of his family."According to Gillian Hanscombe and Virginia L. Smyers:"During their ten years in Florence, both Mina and Haweis took lovers and developed their separate lives. In 1913 and 1914, though she was coping with motherhood, a soured marriage, lovers, and her own artistic aspirations, Mina found time to notice and take part in the emerging Italian Futurist movement, led by Filippo Marinetti, whom Loy had a brief affair with, and to read Stein's manuscript: The Making of Americans. Loy even showed some of her own art at the first Free Futurist International Exhibition in Rome. She became, also, at this time, a lifelong convert to Christian Science."In winter 1913, at Caffe Giubbe Rosse (an informal meeting place of those involved in Giovanni Papini's Lacerba) Loy's lodger friend and fellow artist, the American Frances Simpson Stevens, met Florentine artists Carlo Carrà and Ardengo Soffici, who, with Papini, had joined forces with Marinetti's Futurists earlier that year. They soon began visiting Stevens on the Costa San Giorgio and through this connection Stevens and Loy met many other Italian artists. Soffici would later invite Loy and Stevens to exhibit their work in the First Free Futurist International Exhibition, to be held in Rome at the Sprovieri Gallery – Loy was the only artist representing Britain and Stevens the only North American.

From 1914 until her departure for America in 1916, Loy was involved in a complicated love triangle between Papini and Marinetti – which she was to write about extensively in her poetry.

Feminist Manifesto (c. 1914)
In 1914, while living in an expatriate community in Florence, Italy, Loy wrote her Feminist Manifesto. A galvanising polemic against the subordinate position of women in society, the short text remained unpublished in Loy's lifetime.

New York, 1916
Disillusioned with the macho and destructive elements in Futurism, as well as craving independence and participation in a modernist art community, Loy left her children, and moved to New York in winter 1916. Before arriving in New York Loy had already created a stir – most notably with the 1915 publication of her Love Songs in the first edition of Others. She became a key figure in the group that formed around Others magazine, which also included Man Ray, William Carlos Williams, Marcel Duchamp, and Marianne Moore. Loy soon became a well-known member of the Greenwich Village bohemian circuit. Frances Stevens, who had stayed with Loy previously in Florence, helped Loy get a small apartment on West Fifty-seventh Street. Within days of being in New York Stevens took Loy to an evening gathering at Walter and Louise Arensberg's 33 West Sixty-seventh Street duplex apartment.

As Loy's biographer Carolyn Burke describes: "'On any given evening the Arensbergs’ guests might include Duchamp’s friends from Paris: the painters Albert Gleizes; his wife, Juliette Roche; Jean and Yvonne Crotti; and Francis Picabia, as well as his wife, Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia; the composer Edgard Varèse; and the novelist and diplomat Henri-Pierre Roché. The new figures in American art and letters were also represented: at various times the salon attracted the artists Man Ray, Beatrice Wood, Charles Sheeler, Katherine Dreier, Charles Demuth, Clara Tice, and Frances Stevens, as well as poets Wallace Stevens, Alfred Kreymborg, William Carlos Williams, writers Allen and Louise Norton and Bob Brown, and art critic Henry McBride. And then there was the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven – artist’s model, poet, and ultra-eccentric.'"Early in 1917, Loy starred alongside William Carlos Williams, as wife and husband, in Alfred Kreymborg's one act play Lima Beans produced by the Provincetown Players.

Loy contributed a (since lost) painting entitled Making Lampshades to the first exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists (formed in December 1916) at the Grand Central Palace New York which opened on 10 April 1917. With Walter Arensberg acting as the director and Marcel Duchamp as the head of the hanging committee, the show broke new ground in America as they ran with the slogan 'No jury, no prizes' as well as flouting tradition by displaying art works alphabetically, with no regard to reputation, and allowing anyone to enter for the price of $6.

In 1917 she met the "poet-boxer" Arthur Cravan, a nephew of Oscar Wilde's wife, Constance Lloyd. Cravan fled to Mexico to avoid the draft; when Loy's divorce was final she followed him, and they married in Mexico City in 1918. Here they lived in poverty and years later, Loy would write of their destitution.

When she found out that she was pregnant, she travelled on a hospital ship to Buenos Aires, "where she intended to wait for Cravan, but Cravan never appeared, nor was he ever seen again". Reportedly, "Cravan disappeared while testing a boat he planned to escape in. He was presumed drowned, but reported sightings continued to haunt Loy for the rest of her life." Cravan was lost at sea without trace; although some mistakenly claim that his body was found later in the desert (post-mortem, his life acquired even more epic proportions and dozens of stories proliferated). The tale of Cravan's disappearance is strongly anecdotal, as recounted by Loy's biographer, Carolyn Burke. Their daughter, Fabienne, was born in April 1919 in England.

In a chapter of her largely unpublished memoir entitled Colossus, Loy writes about her relationship with Cravan, who was introduced to her as "the prizefighter who writes poetry." Irene Gammel argues that their relationship was "located at the heart of avant-garde activities [which included boxing and poetry]." Loy draws on the language of boxing throughout her memoir to define the terms of her relationship with Cravan.

Return to Europe and New York
After Cravan's death/disappearance, Loy travelled back to England, where she gave birth to her daughter, Fabienne. Loy would return to Florence and her other children. However, in 1916 she moved to New York, arriving on 15 October on the ship Duca D 'Aosta, which set sail from the port of Naples. While in New York, she worked in a lamp-shade studio, as well as acting in the Provincetown Theater. Here she returned to her old Greenwich Village life, engaging in theatre or mixing with her fellow writers. During this period, some of Loy's poems ended up in small magazines such as Little Review and Dial. She would mingle and develop friendships with the likes of Ezra Pound, Dadaist Tristan Tzara, and Jane Heap. Loy contributed writing to Marcel Duchamp's two editions of the journal The Blind Man.

Appearing to be somewhat mystified by the new kinds of poetry being produced by Loy and her ilk, Pound remarked in a March 1918 piece for Little Review, "In the verse of Marianne Moore I detect traces of emotion; in that of Mina Loy I detect no emotion whatsoever", seeing them both as demonstrating logopoeia, the writing of poetry without caring for its music or imagism. Instead, in their poetry, they performed "a dance of the intelligence among words and ideas and modification of ideas and characters." Pound concludes, "The point of my praise, for I intend this as praise...is that without any pretences and without clamours about nationality, these girls have written a distinctly national product, they have written something which would not have come out of any other country, and (while I have before now seen a great deal of rubbish by both of them) they are, as selected by Mr. Kreymborg, interesting and readable (by me...)."

Loy travelled back to Florence, then New York, then back to Florence, "provoked by the news that Haweis had moved with Giles to the Caribbean". She brought her daughters to Berlin to enrol her daughter in dance school, but left them once more because she was drawn back to Paris by the art and literature scene.

In 1923, she returned to Paris. Her first volume of poetry, Lunar Baedecker, a collection of thirty-one poems, was published this year and was mistakenly printed with the spelling error "Baedecker" rather than the intended "Baedeker".

Lamp-designing
In 1936, Loy returned to New York and lived for a time with her daughter in Manhattan. She moved to the Bowery, where she found inspiration for poems and found object assemblage art in the destitute people she encountered. On 15 April 1946, she became a naturalised citizen of the United States under the name "Gertrude Mina Lloyd", resident at 302 East 66 Street in New York City. Her second and last book, Lunar Baedeker & Time Tables, appeared in 1958. In 1953, Loy moved to Aspen, Colorado, where her daughters were already living; Joella, who had been married to the art dealer of Surrealism in New York, Julien Levy, next married the Bauhaus artist and typographer Herbert Bayer. She exhibited her found object art constructions in New York in 1951 and at the Bodley Gallery in 1959 in a show entitled 'Constructions' but she did not personally attend it.

Publishing
Loy is described as a "brilliant literary enigma" by Rachel Potter and Suzanne Hobson who outline a chronological map of her geographical and literary shifts. Loy's poetry was published in several magazines before being published in book form. The magazines that she was featured in include Camera Work, Trend, Rogue, Little Review, and Dial. Loy had two volumes of her poetry published in her lifetime: The Lunar Baedeker (1923) and The Lunar Baedeker & Time-tables (1958). The Lunar Baedeker included her most famous work, "Love Songs", in a shortened version. It also included four poems included in Others in 1915, but their sexual explicitness had provoked a violent reaction, which made it difficult to publish the rest. Posthumously, two updated volumes of her poetry were released, The Last Lunar Baedeker (Highlands, NC, Jargon Society, 1982) and The Lost Lunar Baedeker (New York, Farrar Straus Girous, 1996 and Manchester, Carcanet, 1997), both edited by Roger L. Conover. The 1997 edition unaccountably omits Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose, a sequence of 21 poems, part semi-autobiographical, part social satire, arguably Loy's most accomplished work -- which, as a result of this omission, remains out of print. Songs to Joannes is in both editions.

Her only novel, Insel, was published posthumously in 1991. It is about the relationship between a German artist, Insel, and an art dealer, Mrs. Jones. Some critics have suggested that the novel is based on Loy's relationship with Richard Oelze. However, Sandeep Parmar has said that it is actually about Loy's relationship with her creative self.

Children
Loy had four children; her children by Haweis were Oda Janet Haweis (1903–1904), Joella Synara Haweis Levy Bayer (1907–2004) and John Giles Stephen Musgrove Haweis (1909–1923). Her only child with Cravan was Jemima Fabienne Cravan Benedict (1919–1997). Both Oda and John Giles died prematurely—Oda at the age of one year and John Giles at fourteen.

Oda's birth took place on 27 May 1903, the labour of which is intimately related in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in The Trend 8:1, October 1914). One year later, two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss.

Giles, whose father Stephen Haweis picked him up from Florence in Loy's absence and took Giles without her consent to the Caribbean, died of a rare cancerous growth at the age of fourteen having never been reunited with his mother. According to Loy biographer Burke, the loss of Giles, following as it did upon the disappearance or death of Cravan, precipitated struggles with her mental health. As a result, Loy’s daughter Joella often had to care for her and prevent her from self-harming.

Death
She continued to write and work on her assemblages until her death at the age of 83, on 25 September 1966 from pneumonia in Aspen, Colorado. Loy is buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery.

Legacy
Loy's name may have been an inspiration for the stage name of actress Myrna Loy (born Myrna Williams); the idea apparently came from screenwriter Peter Ruric, also known as crime novelist Paul Cain.

Recently in Argentina Camila Evia has translated and prepared an edition that includes the Feminist Manifesto and many poems by Mina Loy, making her legacy known in depth throughout Latin America.

Poetry books

 * Lunar Baedeker (Paris: Contact Publishing Co.,1923)
 * Lunar Baedeker and Time-Tables (Highlands, N.C.: Jonathan Williams Publisher [Jargon 23], 1958)
 * The Last Lunar Baedeker, Roger Conover ed. (Highlands: Jargon Society [Jargon 53], 1982)
 * The Lost Lunar Baedeker, Roger Conover ed. (Carcanet: Manchester, 1997)

Published prose

 * Insel, Elizabeth Arnold ed. (Black Sparrow Press, 1991)
 * Stories and Essays, Sara Crangle ed. (Dalkey Press Archive [British Literature Series], 2011)

Critical exhibitions

 * Salon d'Automne (Paris, 1905) – six watercolours
 * Salon des Beaux Arts (Paris, 1906) – two watercolours
 * First Free Futurist International Exhibition (Rome, 1914)
 * The New York Society of Independent Artists (Inaugural exhibition, 1917)
 * Constructions at Bodley Gallery, New York (April 14 – 25th 1959; her only solo show until 2023)
 * Mina Loy: Strangeness is Inevitable at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine (April 6, 2023 - September 17, 2023; the first monographic presentation of the art of Mina Loy)

title: Mina Loy


text:
84 Avenue Foch

84 Avenue Foch (Avenue Foch vierundachtzig) was the Parisian headquarters of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the counter-intelligence branch of the SS during the German occupation of Paris in World War II.

Avenue Foch is a wide residential boulevard in the 16th arrondissement that connects the Arc de Triomphe with the Porte Dauphine on the border with the Bois de Boulogne. During the German occupation of Northern France, the buildings at numbers 82 and 86, either side of 84, were also commandeered by the German occupation forces.

Counter-espionage activities
Number 84 was used for the interrogation of allied SOE agents captured in France. Prisoners were regularly brought to the building from Fresnes prison on the outskirts of the city.

The second floor was used by the SD's wireless unit known as Section IV. It was under the control of Dr. Josef Goetz. The SD used captured allied wireless sets to transmit bogus coded messages in attempts to flush out resistance groups. The operation was colloquially known as Funkspiel (the 'radio game').

The third floor was used by SS-Standartenführer Helmut Knochen, who was appointed as senior commander of security in Paris in 1940. In 1942, Knochen's jurisdiction stretched from northern France to Belgium. He was involved in the deportation of French Jews to concentration camps.

The fourth floor was used by SS-Sturmbannführer Josef Kieffer, the commander of number 84, as an office and private quarters. His assistants, SS officer's Ernst Misselwitz and Heinrich Meiners, also had an office on this floor.

On the fifth (top) floor contained a guardroom, an interpreter's office, and cells for prisoners under interrogation.

A senior interrogator at number 84 was Ernest Vogt, a Swiss-German civilian who since 1940 had been attached to the SD as a civil auxiliary in the capacity of translator and interpreter.

title: 84 Avenue Foch


text:
List of professional sports leagues

This is a list of professional sports leagues.

A sports league is a professional body that governs the competition of its teams. They make the rules for competition and behavior and disciplines its members as necessary. This is done through a structure that varies by league. Some are made up of a board of governors that have a commissioner or president, while others are single entity organizations where the league owns the franchises and therefore does not have a board of governors.

This list attempts to show those sports leagues for which all players and teams are paid to play. In other words, these players can be considered to play their chosen sport as their profession. Some leagues do not pay well enough to allow players to use them as their primary or only source of income, but because the players are paid, it is still considered professional, or semi-professional. As such, some leagues listed here may not be fully professional.

Auto racing

 * All Star Circuit of Champions
 * American Hot Rod Association
 * Arena Racing USA
 * Asian Le Mans Series
 * British Touring Car Championship (United Kingdom)
 * British GT Championship (United Kingdom)
 * Copa Truck
 * Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (German Touring Car Masters)
 * D1 Grand Prix
 * European Le Mans Series
 * Extreme E
 * Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)
 * Formula One
 * Formula 2
 * Formula 3
 * Formula D
 * Formula E
 * Fórmula Truck
 * GT World Challenge Endurance Cup
 * GT World Challenge Europe
 * IMSA SportsCar Championship
 * International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)
 * IndyCar Series (United States)
 * Indy NXT Series (United States)
 * Lucas Oil Off-Road Racing
 * NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) (United States)
 * National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)
 * Stock Car Pro Series (Brazil)
 * Super DIRTcar Series
 * Super Formula Championship (Japan)
 * Super Formula Lights (Japan)
 * Super GT / Japan Automobile Federation
 * Superstar Racing Experience (SRX)
 * TC 2000 Championship
 * FIA TCR World Tour
 * Top Race V6
 * Turismo Carretera
 * Supercars Championship (Australia)
 * Super2 Series (Australia)
 * FIA World Endurance Championship
 * World of Outlaws (WoO)
 * World Rally Championship (WRC)
 * World Rallycross Championship (WorldRX)
 * World Touring Car Cup

Badminton

 * National Badminton League

 * Premier Badminton League

 * Indonesian League (badminton)
 * Europe Cup (badminton)

Bandy
🇫🇮
 * Bandyliiga
 * Suomi-sarja

 * Russian Bandy Super League
 * Russian Bandy Supreme League

 * Elitserien
 * Allsvenskan
 * International
 * Bandy World Cup
 * Bandy World Cup Women

Americas
🇺🇸, 🇨🇦, 🇨🇺, 🇻🇪, and 🇦🇷
 * Major League Baseball:
 * American League
 * National League
 * Minor League Baseball:
 * Triple-A:
 * International League
 * Pacific Coast League
 * Double-A:
 * Eastern League
 * Southern League
 * Texas League
 * High-A:
 * Midwest League
 * Northwest League
 * South Atlantic League
 * Single-A:
 * California League
 * Carolina League
 * Florida State League
 * Rookie:
 * Arizona Complex League
 * Florida Complex League
 * Dominican Summer League
 * Off-season leagues:
 * Arizona Fall League
 * Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente
 * Cuban National Series
 * Dominican Summer League
 * Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
 * Independent baseball leagues:
 * MLB Partner Leagues:
 * American Association
 * Atlantic League
 * Frontier League
 * Pioneer League
 * Other leagues:
 * Empire Professional Baseball League
 * Pecos League
 * United Shore Professional Baseball League

🇲🇽
 * Mexican League
 * Mexican Pacific League
 * Liga Invernal Veracruzana
 * Mexican Academy League

🇦🇷
 * Argentine Baseball League

Asia-Pacific
🇯🇵
 * Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB)
 * Major Leagues:
 * Central League
 * Pacific League
 * Minor Leagues:
 * Eastern League
 * Western League
 * Administered by BFJ:
 * Intercity baseball tournament (officially amateur but contains professional teams)
 * Industrial Baseball League (officially amateur but contains professional teams)
 * All Japan Club Baseball Championship (officially amateur but contains professional teams)
 * Independent:
 * Baseball Challenge League
 * Japan Women's Baseball League
 * Kansai Independent Baseball League - 2nd Generation
 * Shikoku Island League Plus

🇰🇷
 * Major League:
 * KBO League
 * Minor League:
 * KBO Futures League

 * China National Baseball League

🇹🇼 Taiwan
 * Major League:
 * Chinese Professional Baseball League
 * Minor League:
 * Chinese Professional Baseball League, Division 2
 * Independent League:
 * Popcorn League

🇵🇭
 * Philippine Baseball League

Europe

 * European Champions Cup - first-tier continental cup
 * European Confederation Cup - second-tier continental cup
 * European Federation Cup - third-tier continental cup

🇮🇹
 * Italian Baseball League

 * Irish Baseball League

 * Honkbal Hoofdklasse
 * Honkbal Overgangsklasse
 * Honkbal Rookie League

🇨🇿
 * Czech Baseball Extraliga (officially semi-professional but contains several professional teams)
 * Ceskomoravská

🇫🇷
 * Division Élite (officially semi-professional but contains several professional teams)

🇩🇪
 * Baseball-Bundesliga (officially semi-professional but contains several professional teams)

🇪🇸
 * División de Honor de Béisbol (officially semi-professional but contains several professional teams)

🇸🇪
 * Elitserien (baseball)

🇵🇱
 * Ekstraliga Baseball (semi-professional)

 * Portuguese Atlantic Baseball League (semi-professional)

🇹🇷
 * Turkish Baseball League (semi-professional)

Americas
🇦🇷
 * Liga Argentina de Béisbol

🇨🇴
 * Liga Colombiana de Béisbol Profesional

🇨🇼
 * Liga Aqualectra

🇩🇴
 * Liga de Béisbol Profesional de la República Dominicana

🇲🇽
 * Liga Invernal Veracruzana
 * Liga Mexicana del Pacífico

 * La Liga Nicaragüense de Beisbol Profesional

🇵🇦
 * Probeis

 * Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente

🇺🇸
 * Arizona Fall League

🇻🇪
 * Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional
 * Liga Paralela de Béisbol en Venezuela

Asia-Pacific
🇦🇺, 🇳🇿 and 🇰🇷
 * Australian Baseball League
 * Greater Brisbane League

🇯🇵, 🇰🇷 and 🇹🇼
 * Asia Winter Baseball League
 * Miyazaki Phoenix League

Bowling

 * Professional Bowlers Association

Boxing
Major promotions
 * 🇺🇸 Top Rank Boxing
 * 🇺🇸 Golden Boy Promotions
 * 🇺🇸 Don King Promotions
 * 🇺🇸 DiBella Entertainment
 * 🇩🇪 Sauerland Events
 * 🇬🇧 Matchroom Boxing
 * 🇺🇸 Premier Boxing Champions
 * 🇦🇺 No Limit Boxing
 * 🇬🇧 Queensberry Promotions
 * 🇦🇺 D&L Events (formerly Duco Events)
 * 🇬🇧 Boxxer

Major sanctioning bodies

 * World Boxing Association (WBA)
 * World Boxing Council (WBC)
 * International Boxing Federation (IBF)
 * World Boxing Organization (WBO)
 * The Ring magazine (unofficial sanctioning body)

🇮🇳
 * Super Boxing League
 * STAR Boxing Panch

Bull riding

 * Professional Bull Riders

Chess

 * Professional Chess Association of the Philippines

Cricket

 * International
 * Euro T20 Slam
 * East Africa Premier League
 * World Cricket League Africa Region

Africa
🇿🇦
 * Momentum One Day Cup
 * CSA T20 Challenge
 * CSA Provincial Competitions
 * Mzansi Super League
 * SA20
 * Sunfoil Series

 * Logan Cup
 * Pro50 Championship
 * Stanbic Bank 20 Series

North America
🇨🇦 Canada 🇺🇸 United States West Indies
 * Global T20 Canada
 * Major League Cricket
 * Minor League Cricket
 * Caribbean Premier League
 * Women's Caribbean Premier League
 * Professional Cricket League
 * Regional Super50

Asia
🇦🇫
 * Shpageeza Cricket League

 * Bangladesh Premier League
 * National Cricket League
 * Bangladesh Cricket League
 * Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League

🇵🇰
 * Indian Premier League
 * Ranji Trophy
 * Duleep Trophy
 * Deodhar Trophy
 * Irani Cup
 * Karnataka Premier League
 * Tamil Nadu Premier League
 * Vijay Hazare Trophy
 * T20 Mumbai League
 * Pakistan Super League
 * Quaid-e-Azam Trophy
 * Pakistan Cup
 * Kashmir Premier League
 * Pakistan Women's T20 League
 * Pakistan Champions Cricket League
 * Pakistan Junior League

🇳🇵 Nepal
 * Sri Lanka Premier League
 * Premier Limited Overs Tournament
 * Premier Trophy
 * Everest Premier League
 * Dhangadhi Premier League
 * Pokhara Premier League

Europe

 * County Championship
 * Royal London One-Day Cup
 * T20 Blast
 * Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy
 * Charlotte Edwards Cup
 * The Hundred (cricket)

 * Murgitroyd Twenty20
 * Regional Pro Series

 * Dutch Twenty20 Cup

 * Inter-Provincial Trophy

Oceania

 * Sheffield Shield
 * Marsh One-Day Cup
 * Women's National Cricket League
 * Big Bash League
 * Women's Big Bash League

 * Plunket Shield
 * The Ford Trophy
 * Men's Super Smash
 * Women's Super Smash
 * State League

Curling

 * World Curling Tour

Cycling

 * National Bicycle League (BMX)
 * American Bicycle Association (BMX)

 * International Cycling League
 * Pro Cycle Cycling

 * Coppa Italia di ciclismo (the Italian Road Cycling Cup)
 * International
 * UCI World Tour

Competitive eating

 * Major League Eating

Football: Futsal

 * International
 * UEFA Futsal Champions League
 * Asian Premier Futsal Championship
 * AFC Futsal Club Championship
 * Copa Libertadores de Futsal
 * CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship
 * Intercontinental Futsal Cup

 * Austrian Futsal Liga

🇦🇷
 * Argentine División de Honor de Futsal

 * Belarusian Futsal Premier League

 * Liga Nacional de Futsal

 * Premier Futsal League of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Czech Futsal First League

 * Chinese Futsal League

 * Futsal-Regionalliga Süd
 * Futsal-Bayernliga

 * Championnat de France de Futsal

🇮🇳 India
 * Futsal Club Championship

🇮🇩
 * Indonesia Pro Futsal League

🇮🇱
 * Israeli Futsal League

 * Iranian Futsal Super League

 * Serie A1

 * Latvian Futsal Premier League

 * Malaysia Premier Futsal League
 * Malaysia Premier Futsal League (Women)

 * Myanmar Futsal League

🇰🇬
 * Kyrgyzstan Futsal League

 * F.League

🇰🇷
 * FK-League

 * Serbian Prva Futsal Liga

 * Ekstraklasa (futsal)

 * Liga Portuguesa de Futsal

 * Primera División de Futsal

 * Swedish Futsal League

 * Swiss Futsal Championship

 * Russian Futsal Super League
 * Russian Women's Futsal Super League

🇹🇭
 * Futsal Thai League

🇹🇷
 * Turkish Futsal League

🇺🇿
 * Uzbekistan Futsal League

🇺🇸
 * Professional Futsal League
 * Major League Futsal

 * National Futsal Series
 * National Futsal League
 * Scottish Futsal League

🇻🇳
 * Vietnam Futsal League

🇺🇦
 * Extra-Liga

Football: Beach soccer
🇺🇦
 * Ukrainian Beach Soccer Premier League
 * International
 * Euro Winners Cup
 * Women's Euro Winners Cup
 * Copa Libertadores de Beach Soccer

Football: Indoor soccer

 * Major Arena Soccer League
 * Major Arena Soccer League 2
 * Premier Arena Soccer League
 * Western Indoor Soccer League
 * Arena Soccer League

Asia

 * Asian Australian Football Championships

Europe

 * Euro Cup (AFL)
 * AFL Europe Championship

Oceania
🇦🇺
 * Australian Football League
 * AFL Women's
 * South Australian National Football League
 * Victorian Football League
 * West Australian Football League

International

 * Australian Football International Cup

Football: Gridiron football
Includes American and Canadian Football and their variants.

Americas

 * National Football League
 * United Football League
 * Gridiron Developmental Football League
 * Rivals Professional Football League
 * Empire Football League (semi-professional)
 * New England Football League (semi-professional)
 * Pacific Northwest Football League (semi-professional)
 * Women's Football Alliance
 * Legends Football League
 * A7FL
 * United States Women's Football League
 * Indoor:
 * Arena Football League
 * Indoor Football League
 * National Arena League
 * American Indoor Football
 * American Arena League
 * Great Lakes Arena Football
 * Champions Indoor Football
 * American West Football Conference
 * Flag football
 * American Flag Football League

 * Superliga Nacional de Futebol Americano

 * Canadian Football League
 * Western Women's Canadian Football League
 * Maritime Women's Football League

 * Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional
 * Fútbol Americano de México

Europe

 * European League of Football

 * Austrian Football League

 * Belgian Football League

 * Croatian League of American Football

 * Czech League of American Football (semi-professional)

 * National Ligaen

 * Vaahteraliiga

 * Ligue Élite de Football Américain

 * German Football League and German Football League 2

 * Hungarian American Football League

 * American Football Ireland

 * Israel Football League

 * Italian Football League

 * Premier League

 * Polish American Football League (semi-professional)
 * Liga Futbolu Amerykańskiego (semi-professional)

 * Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Americano

 * Russian American Football Championship
 * Eastern European Super League

 * Slovak Football League

 * Slovenian Football League

 * Liga Nacional de Fútbol Americano

 * Superserien (semi-professional)

 * Nationalliga A

 * Türkiye Korumalı Futbol Ligi

 * BAFA National Leagues

Asia

 * Chinese National Football League
 * China Arena Football League

🇮🇳 India
 * Elite Football League of India

 * X-League

Oceania

 * Australian Gridiron League

Americas

 * 🇨🇦🇺🇸 North American Rugby League

Europe

 * 🇫🇷 Super League
 * RFL Championship
 * RFL League 1
 * RFL Women's Super League
 * 🇫🇷 Elite One Championship
 * 🇫🇷 Elite Two Championship

Oceania

 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 National Rugby League
 * 🇦🇺 🇳🇿 Canterbury Cup NSW
 * 🇦🇺 🇵🇬 Queensland Cup
 * 🇦🇺 NSW Challenge Cup
 * 🇦🇺 Ron Massey Cup (semi-professional)
 * 🇦🇺 Group 7 Rugby League (semi-professional)
 * 🇳🇿 NZ National Competition
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea National Rugby League (semi-professional)
 * 🇦🇺🇳🇿 NRL Women's Premiership
 * 🇦🇺 QRL Women's Premiership

Football: Rugby union
Intercontinental
 * 🇮🇹🏴 United Rugby Championship

Africa
 * Currie Cup Premier Division
 * 🇰🇪🇳🇦 Currie Cup First Division
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya Cup (semi-professional)
 * Top 20 (semi-professional)

Americas
 * 🇨🇦🇺🇸 Major League Rugby
 * 🇦🇷🇧🇷🇨🇱🇨🇴 Súper Liga Americana de Rugby

Asia-Pacific
 * 🇦🇺🇳🇿 Super Rugby Pacific
 * 🇳🇿 NPC
 * Japan Rugby League One - Division 1
 * Japan Rugby League One - Division 2
 * Japan Rugby League One - Division 3 (semi-professional)
 * Sri Lanka Rugby Championship (semi-professional)
 * Sri Lanka Rugby Championship (semi-professional)

Europe
 * 🏴 Premiership Rugby
 * 🏴 Premiership Rugby Shield
 * 🏴 🇯🇪 RFU Championship
 * 🏴 National League 1 (semi-professional)
 * 🏴 Premier 15s (semi-professional)
 * 🇫🇷 National Rugby League (France) - Top 14
 * 🇫🇷 National Rugby League (France) - Rugby Pro D2
 * 🇫🇷 - Championnat Fédéral Nationale (semi-professional)
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Rugby Championship
 * 🇷🇴 CEC Bank SuperLiga
 * 🇮🇹 Top12 (semi-professional)
 * Extraliga ragby (semi-professional)
 * All-Ireland League (rugby union) (semi-professional)
 * 🇵🇱 Ekstraliga (rugby) (semi-professional)
 * Super 6 (semi-professional)
 * 🇪🇸 División de Honor de Rugby (semi-professional)
 * 🏴 Welsh Premier Division (semi-professional)
 * Didi 10 (semi-professional)
 * 🇷🇺 🇮🇱 🇪🇸  🇧🇪Rugby Europe Super Cup (semi-professional)
 * 🇫🇷 🏴 🏴  🇮🇹 European Rugby Champions Cup
 * 🇫🇷 🏴 🏴  🇮🇹  European Rugby Challenge Cup

Pro clubs in an amateur league
 * 🇩🇪 Heidelberger RK

Fencing

 * American Fencing League

Asia

 * 🇮🇳: Hockey India League
 * Malaysia Hockey League
 * 🇵🇰: Pakistan Hockey League

Europe

 * 🇪🇺 Europe: Euro Hockey League
 * 🇪🇺 Europe: Women's Euro Hockey League
 * Men's Hoofdklasse Hockey
 * 🇩🇪: Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey)
 * 🇧🇪: Men's Belgian Hockey League

Australia

 * 🇦🇺: Hockey One

Top-level tours

 * PGA Tour (United States)
 * PGA European Tour
 * Japan Golf Tour
 * Asian Tour (Asia outside Japan)
 * PGA Tour of Australasia (Australia and New Zealand)
 * Sunshine Tour (southern Africa, mainly South Africa)
 * OneAsia Tour (joint venture between the Japan, Australasia, China, and Korean tours)
 * Professional Golf Tour of India
 * LIV Golf

Senior tours

 * PGA Tour Champions (United States)
 * European Senior Tour

Developmental tours

 * Korn Ferry Tour (second-tier US tour, operated by the PGA Tour)
 * Challenge Tour (second-tier European tour)
 * Japan Challenge Tour (second-tier Japanese tour)
 * PGA Tour Canada (feeds to the Web.com Tour)
 * PGA Tour China (feeds to the Web.com Tour)
 * PGA Tour Latinoamérica (feeds to the Web.com Tour)
 * Satellite Tours, four third-level tours recognised by the European Tour:
 * Alps Tour (jointly sanctioned by the golf associations of Austria, France, Italy, Morocco and Switzerland)
 * Pro Golf Tour (based in Germany)
 * Nordic Golf League (operating in the Nordic countries)
 * Swedish Golf Tour (men's version is a Swedish tour included in the Nordic League competition)
 * PGA EuroPro Tour (based in the UK)
 * Gateway Tour (third-tier US tour)
 * Fuzion Minor League Golf Tour (low cost fourth-tier US tour)
 * Swing Thought Tour (third-tier US tour)

Top-level tours

 * LPGA (Ladies Professional Golf Association; United States)
 * LPGA of Japan Tour
 * Ladies European Tour
 * LPGA of Korea Tour (South Korea)
 * Ladies Asian Golf Tour (Asia outside Japan and Korea)
 * ALPG Tour (Australia)

Senior tours

 * Legends Tour (United States)

Developmental tours

 * Epson Tour (second-tier US tour, operated by the LPGA)
 * Ladies European Tour Access Series, LETAS, the official feeder tour to the Ladies European Tour, has been formed to give players not part of a major tour an opportunity to compete and progress on to the Ladies European Tour.
 * Step Up Tour (second-tier Japanese tour, operated by the LPGA of Japan)
 * Swedish Golf Tour (women's version is a second-tier tour in Sweden, feeding to the Ladies European Tour)

Handball
🇧🇪
 * 🇦🇴 Angola Men's Handball League
 * 🇦🇴 Angola Women's Handball League
 * 🇦🇺 Handball League Australia
 * 🇦🇹 Handball Liga Austria
 * Algerian Handball Championship
 * Algerian Women's Handball Championship
 * 🇧🇾 Belarusian Men's Handball Championship
 * 🇧🇾 Belarusian Women's Handball Championship
 * 🇧🇪 Belgian First Division (men's handball)
 * 🇧🇪 Belgian First Division (women's handball)
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgarian GHR A
 * Czech Handball Extraliga
 * 🇭🇷 Croatian Premier Handball League
 * 🇭🇷 Croatian First League (women's handball)
 * Danish Men's Handball League
 * Danish Women's Handball League
 * 🇫🇮 Finnish Handball League
 * 🇭🇺 Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men's handball)
 * 🇭🇺 Nemzeti Bajnokság I (women's handball)
 * 🇮🇳 Indian Premier Handball League
 * Premier Handball League
 * Serbian Handball Super League
 * Serbian Super League of Handball for Women
 * 🇸🇰 Slovenská hadzanárska extraliga
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenian First League (men's handball)
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenian First League (women's handball)
 * 🇸🇪 Handbollsligan
 * 🇸🇪 Svensk handbollselit
 * 🇮🇸 Úrvalsdeild karla (handball)
 * 🇮🇸 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (handball)
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Handball League
 * 🇨🇭 SPAR Premium League
 * 🇩🇪 Handball-Bundesliga
 * 🇩🇪 2. Handball-Bundesliga
 * 🇩🇪 DHB-Pokal
 * 🇩🇪 Handball-Bundesliga (women)
 * Greek Men's Handball Championship
 * Greek Women's Handball Championship
 * 🇮🇹 Serie A (men's handball)
 * 🇮🇹 Serie A1 (women's handball)
 * 🇮🇱 Ligat Ha'Al (handball)
 * 🇫🇷 Championnat de France de handball
 * 🇫🇷 Championnat de France de handball féminin
 * 🇪🇸 Liga ASOBAL
 * 🇪🇸 División de Plata de Balonmano
 * 🇪🇸 División de Honor Femenina de Balonmano
 * Campeonato Nacional de Andebol Masculino Andebol 1
 * 1ª Divisão de Andebol Feminino
 * 🇯🇵 Japan Handball League
 * 🇰🇷 Handball Korea League
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegrin First League of Men's Handball
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegrin First League of Women's Handball
 * Macedonian Handball Super League
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Superliga (men's handball)
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Women's Superliga (women's handball)
 * Liga Națională (men's handball)
 * Divizia A1 (men's volleyball)
 * Liga Națională (women's handball)
 * Divizia A (women's handball)
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Handball Super League
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Women's Handball Super League
 * Liga Națională (men's handball)
 * Liga Națională (women's handball)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisian Handball League
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisian Women's Handball League
 * 🇹🇷 Turkish Handball Super League
 * 🇹🇷 Turkish Women's Handball Super League
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian Men's Handball Super League
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian Women's Handball Super League
 * Baltic Handball League
 * BENE-League Handball
 * SEHA League (Southeast Europe)
 * Women Handball International League
 * Asian Club League Handball Championship
 * Asian Women's Club League Handball Championship
 * African Women's Handball Champions League
 * African Handball Cup Winners' Cup
 * EHF European League
 * EHF European Cup
 * Women's EHF European Cup
 * North American and Caribbean Senior Club Championship
 * South and Central American Men's Club Handball Championship
 * South and Central American Women's Club Handball Championship
 * Oceania Handball Champions Cup
 * Oceania Women's Handball Champions Cup
 * IHF Super Globe
 * IHF Women's Super Globe

North America
and
 * National Hockey League (major)
 * American Hockey League (high minor)
 * ECHL (mid-minor)
 * Professional Women's Hockey League (women's major)

only
 * Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (low minor)
 * Big 6 Hockey League (low minor)

only
 * SPHL (low minor)
 * Federal Prospects Hockey League (low minor)

 * Liga Mexicana Élite de Hockey (semi-professional)

Asia
🇯🇵, 🇰🇷, and 🇷🇺
 * Asia League Ice Hockey

🇰🇿
 * Kazakhstan Hockey Championship

 * Mongolia Hockey League

🇹🇼
 * Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey League

🇨🇳
 * Hong Kong Ice Hockey League

🇮🇱
 * Israeli League (ice hockey)

Europe

 * Champions Hockey League
 * European Women's Hockey League
 * IIHF Continental Cup
 * IIHF European Women's Champions Cup

🇦🇹, 🇭🇷, 🇸🇰, 🇭🇺, 🇨🇿, and
 * ICE Hockey League
 * Austrian National League

🇦🇹, 🇮🇹, and 🇸🇮
 * Alps Hockey League

🇪🇪 🇱🇹
 * Baltic Hockey League

🇧🇪,
 * BeNe League

🇧🇾
 * Belarusian Extraleague

🇧🇬
 * Bulgarian Hockey League

 * Celtic League Cup

🇨🇿
 * Czech Extraliga
 * 1st Czech Republic Hockey League
 * 2nd Czech Republic Hockey League

🇭🇷
 * Croatian Ice Hockey League

🇷🇸
 * Serbian Hockey League

🇩🇰
 * Metal Ligaen
 * Danish Division 1

 * Ligue Magnus
 * FFHG Division 1

🇫🇮
 * Liiga
 * Mestis
 * Suomi-sarja
 * 2. Divisioona
 * 3. Divisioona
 * Naisten Liiga
 * Naisten Mestis

 * Deutsche Eishockey Liga
 * DEL2
 * Oberliga

🇦🇹, 🇭🇺 and
 * Erste Liga (ice hockey)

 * Latvian Hockey Higher League

🇱🇹
 * Lithuania Hockey League

🇪🇪
 * Meistriliiga

and
 * Eredivisie

🇳🇴
 * GET-ligaen
 * Norwegian First Division (ice hockey)
 * Norwegian Second Division (ice hockey)

🇮🇹
 * Italian Hockey League - Serie A
 * Italian Hockey League - Serie B
 * Italian Hockey League - Serie C

 * Polska Hokej Liga

 * Romanian Hockey League

, 🇧🇾, 🇨🇳, 🇫🇮, 🇰🇿,, and 🇸🇰
 * Kontinental Hockey League (major)

only
 * Russian Major League (high minor)
 * Russian Hockey League (low minor)
 * Russian Women's Hockey League

🇸🇰, 🇭🇺
 * Slovak Extraliga
 * Slovak 1.Liga
 * Slovak 2. Liga

 * Slovenian Ice Hockey League

🇨🇭
 * National League
 * Swiss League
 * MySports League
 * Swiss 1. Liga
 * Swiss 2. Liga

 * Swedish Hockey League
 * HockeyAllsvenskan
 * Hockeyettan
 * Hockeytvåan
 * Swedish Women's Hockey League
 * Damettan
 * Damtvåan

🇹🇷
 * Turkish Ice Hockey Super League
 * Turkish Ice Hockey First League
 * Turkish Women's Ice Hockey League

🇺🇦
 * Ukrainian Hockey League

🇬🇧 (,, 🏴, and )
 * Elite Ice Hockey League
 * English Premier Ice Hockey League
 * National Ice Hockey League
 * Scottish National League
 * Northern League (ice hockey, 2005–)

Oceania

 * Australian Ice Hockey League (semi-pro)
 * East Coast Super League

 * New Zealand Ice Hockey League (amateur)

Indoor hockey

 * Men's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup
 * Women's EuroHockey Indoor Club Cup

Inline hockey

 * Major League Roller Hockey (United States)
 * Professional Inline Hockey Association (United States)
 * Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division (Portugal)
 * Roller Hockey Premier League (UK)

Roller hockey (quad)/Rink hockey
🇪🇸 Spain
 * OK Liga
 * Rink Hockey Euroleague
 * World Skate Europe Cup
 * Continental Cup (rink hockey)
 * Rink Hockey European Female League
 * Roller Hockey Intercontinental Cup
 * Roller Hockey Women's Intercontinental Cup

Kabaddi
International Tournaments
 * Kabaddi World Cup
 * Kabaddi Masters Series
 * World Kabaddi League (🇮🇳 India, 🇺🇸 United States, 🇵🇰 Pakistan, 🇬🇧 United Kingdom, 🇨🇦 Canada, 🇰🇷 South Korea, 🇦🇺 Australia, 🇮🇷 Iran,🇳🇵 Nepal, 🇧🇹 Bhutan, 🇷🇺 Russia, 🇲🇻 Maldives, 🇰🇵 North Korea, 🇳🇿 New Zealand, 🇵🇭 Philippines, 🇪🇸 Spain, 🇬🇾 Guyana, 🇨🇱 Chile, 🇰🇭 Cambodia, 🇮🇩 Indonesia, 🇲🇾 Malaysia, 🇮🇱 Israel, 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka, 🇨🇳 China, 🇦🇷 Argentina, 🇰🇪 Kenya, 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia, 🇯🇵 Japan, UAE, 🇴🇲 Oman, 🇾🇪 Yemen, 🇪🇬 Egypt, 🇯🇴 Jordan, 🇯🇲 Jamaica, 🇯🇪 Jersey, 🇨🇺 Cuba, 🇭🇹 Haiti, 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic, 🇵🇷 Puerto Rico, 🇹🇼 Taiwan, 🇵🇦 Panama, 🇹🇭 Thailand,  Vietnam and  Laos

Kabaddi Leagues

 * Pro Kabaddi League (🇮🇳)
 * Women's Kabaddi Challenge(🇮🇳)
 * Uttar Pradesh Kabaddi League (🇮🇳)
 * Super Kabaddi League (🇵🇰) - Pakistan's first Kabaddi League. Season 01 took place in April–May 2018 and was hailed as a success.

Kho kho

 * Ultimate Kho Kho (🇮🇳)

Kickboxing

 * 🇬🇧: Glory
 * 🇯🇵: K-1
 * 🇱🇹: King of Kings
 * 🇨🇳: Kunlun Fight
 * 🇨🇳: Wu Lin Feng

Korfball

 * Korfball Europa Cup
 * Korfball Europa Shield

Box / Indoor lacrosse
and
 * NLL – National Lacrosse League (United States and Canada) [major]
 * WLA – Western Lacrosse Association (Canada) [high minor]
 * MSL – Major Series Lacrosse (Canada) [high minor]
 * ALL – Arena Lacrosse League (Canada) [high minor]

Field lacrosse

 * PLL – Premier Lacrosse League (United States) [major]
 * Merged with the competing Major League Lacrosse in December 2020, with the merged league operating as the PLL.
 * ALL - American Lacrosse League (United States) [low minor/club]
 * UWLX - United Women's Lacrosse League (United States)
 * WPLL - Women's Professional Lacrosse League (United States)
 * AUL - Athletes Unlimited Lacrosse
 * Europe
 * Ken Galluccio Cup

Mixed martial arts

 * : Ultimate Fighting Championship (Premier American/International Organization)
 * : Bellator MMA (Second Tier American Organization)
 * : Professional Fighters League (Second Tier American Organization)
 * : Legacy Fighting Alliance (Minor American Organization)
 * : King of the Cage (Minor American Organization)
 * : Shark Fights (Minor American Organization)
 * : Titan Fighting Championships (Minor American Organization)
 * : Tachi Palace Fights (Minor American Organization)
 * : Invicta Fighting Championships (Minor American Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Rizin FF (Premier Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Shooto (Second Tier Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Pancrase (Second Tier Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: DEEP (Minor Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: ZST (Minor Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: RisingOn (Minor Japanese Organization)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: GLEAT (Minor Japanese Organization)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Absolute Championship Akhmat (Premier Russian-based Organization)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Fight Nights Global (Premier Russian-based Organization)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: M-1 Global (Second Tier Russian-based Organization)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: LUX Fight League (Premier Mexican Organization)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: Ultimate Warrior Challenge Mexico (Premier Mexican Organization)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: Budo Sento Championship (Second Tier Mexican Organization)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Jungle Fight (Premier Brazilian Organization)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Shooto Brasil (Second Tier Brazilian Organization)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: ROAD Fighting Championship (Premier Korean Organization)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: TOP Fighting Championship (Second Tier Korean Organization)
 * Singapore: ONE Championship (Premier Singaporean Organization)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (Premier Polish-based Organization)
 * United Kingdom: Cage Warriors (Premier British Organization)
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: Maximum Fighting Championship (Premier Canadian Organization)
 * Netherlands: United Glory (Premier Dutch Organization)
 * China: Kunlun Fight (Premier Chinese Organization)
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Legend Fighting Championship (Premier Hong Konger Organization)
 * Philippines: Universal Reality Combat Championship (Premier Filipino Organization)
 * Lithuania: MMA Bushido (Lithuanian Organization)
 * 🇮🇳 India: Super Fight League

Motorcycle racing

 * Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM)
 * Grand Prix motorcycle racing (MotoGP)
 * Superbike World Championship (WorldSBK)
 * Endurance World Championship (EWC)
 * Motocross World Championship (MXGP)
 * World Supercross Championship (WSX)
 * Enduro World Championship (Enduro GP)
 * Trial World Championship (Trial GP)
 * Supermoto World Championship (S1GP)
 * Speedway World Championship (Speedway GP)
 * AMA MotoAmerica Superbike Championship (United States)
 * AMA Supercross Championship (United States)
 * AMA Pro Motocross Championship (United States)
 * AMA Flat Track Championship (United States)
 * Asia Road Racing Championship
 * Australian Superbike Championship (Australia)
 * Australian Pro Motocross Championship (Australia)
 * Australian Supercross Championship (Australia)
 * British Superbike Championship (United Kingdom)
 * British Motocross Championship (United Kingdom)
 * Isle of Man TT

Netball

 * 🇦🇺 – Suncorp Super Netball
 * 🇦🇺 – Australian Netball League (Semi-Professional)
 * 🇳🇿 – ANZ Premiership
 * 🇬🇧 – Netball Superleague
 * 🇸🇬 – Netball Super League (Singapore)

Pesäpallo
🇫🇮:
 * Superpesis

Shooting
🇩🇪
 * Bundesliga (shooting)

Speedway

 * Danish Speedway League
 * Speedway Ekstraliga
 * Elitserien
 * Allsvenskan
 * Elite League
 * Premier League
 * National League
 * Elite League
 * Premier League
 * National League
 * National League

Professional wrestling

 * United States
 * WWE (also known as World Wrestling Entertainment)
 * All Elite Wrestling
 * Ring of Honor – shares ownership with All Elite Wrestling, but remains a separate legal entity
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (formerly Impact! Wrestling and Global Force Wrestling)
 * Game Changer Wrestling
 * Major League Wrestling
 * Japan
 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * Dragon Gate
 * DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * Pro Wrestling Noah
 * World Wonder Ring Stardom
 * Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling
 * Mexico
 * Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
 * Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 * Australia
 * Oceania Pro Wrestling
 * World Series Wrestling

Racquetball

 * International Racquetball Tour
 * Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour

Roll Ball
🇮🇳 🇺🇸
 * Maha Roll Ball League
 * Roll Ball One

🇪🇺
 * Pro Roll Ball One
 * Roll Ball League

Snooker

 * World Snooker Tour

Softball
🇬🇧 🇯🇵
 * Women's Professional Fastpitch
 * Athletes Unlimited Softball
 * National Softball League
 * ESF men's EC club championships
 * ESF men's CWC club championships
 * ESF Co-Ed Slowpitch European Super Cup
 * Japan Diamond Softball League

Table tennis

 * 🇨🇳 China Table Tennis Super League
 * 🇩🇪 Bundesliga (table tennis)
 * 🇮🇳 Ultimate Table Tennis
 * 🇯🇵 T.League
 * 🇪🇬 Egyptian Table Tennis League
 * European Champions League (table tennis)

Tennis

 * Association of Tennis Professionals
 * International Tennis Federation
 * Lawn Tennis Association
 * Tennis Australia
 * United States Tennis Association
 * Women's Tennis Association
 * World TeamTennis

Asia
🇮🇳
 * International Premier Tennis League (India, Japan, UAE, Singapore)
 * Champions Tennis League

Track and field

 * Diamond League

Ultimate

 * American Ultimate Disc League
 * Premier Ultimate League

Video gaming/Electronic sports

 * Call of Duty League
 * Evolution Championship Series
 * Major League Gaming
 * NBA 2K League
 * ESL Pro League

 * ESL Turkey Premiership
 * League of Legends Championship League

Asia
🇨🇳 🇮🇳 India 🇰🇷 🇹🇼/🇭🇰/🇲🇴
 * League of Legends Pro League (top level)
 * ESL India Premiership
 * Bangalore eSports League
 * UCypher (defunct)
 * Ongamenet Starleague
 * Global StarCraft II League
 * League of Legends Champions Korea (top level)
 * League of Legends Master Series (top level)

🇯🇵
 * League of Legends Japan League

 * MPL Philippines
 * PBA ESports Bakbakan
 * The Nationals

Southeast Asia
 * Garena Premier League (second level)

Multiple regions

 * Halo Championship Series (United States, Europe, and Latin America)
 * The International (Dota 2) (North America, Western Europe, China, Southeast Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe)
 * League of Legends Championship Series (top-tier, Europe, and North America)
 * Overwatch League (North America, Europe, and Asia)
 * Rocket League Championship Series (Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America)

Volleyball

 * 🇦🇴 Angola Volleyball League
 * 🇦🇺 Australian Volleyball League
 * 🇦🇺 Australian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇦🇷 Liga Argentina de Voleibol – Serie A1
 * 🇦🇷 Liga Femenina de Voleibol Argentino
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgarian Volleyball League
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgarian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇺🇸 Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) (beach volleyball)
 * 🇺🇸 Athletes Unlimited Volleyball (AUV)
 * 🇺🇸 Volleyball League of America (VLA)
 * 🇺🇸 National Volleyball Association (NVA)
 * 🇺🇸 National Volleyball League (NVL)
 * 🇺🇸 Pro Volleyball Federation (PVF)
 * English National Volleyball League
 * English Women's National Volleyball League
 * 🇨🇦 Canadian Volleyball League (CVL)
 * 🇨🇦 National Beach Volleyball League (NBVL)
 * 🇦🇹 Austrian Volleyball Bundesliga ·
 * 🇦🇹 Austrian Women's Volley League
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium Men's Volleyball League (Euro Millions Volley League)
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium Women's Volleyball League (Liga A)
 * Czech Men's Volleyball Extraliga
 * Czech Women's Volleyball Extraliga
 * 🇨🇳 Chinese Volleyball Super League (CVL) (both men and women)
 * 🇭🇷 Croatian 1A Volleyball League
 * Danish Volleyball League
 * Danish Women's Volleyball League
 * Dutch Volleyball League·
 * Dutch Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇩🇪 Volleyball Bundesliga der Männer
 * 🇩🇪 Volleyball-Bundesliga der Frauen
 * 🇭🇺 Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men's volleyball)
 * 🇭🇺 Nemzeti Bajnokság I (women's volleyball)
 * Enterprise Volleyball League (TVL) (both men and women)
 * A1 Ethniki Volleyball (men)
 * A1 Ethniki Women's Volleyball
 * 🇮🇱 Israeli Men's Volleyball League
 * 🇮🇱 Israeli Women's Volleyball League
 * Proliga (Indonesia)
 * Indonesian men's Proliga
 * Indonesian women's Proliga
 * 🇮🇳 Prime Volleyball League
 * 🇮🇷 Iranian Volleyball Super League (men)
 * 🇮🇹 Lega Pallavolo Serie A (men)
 * 🇮🇹 Lega Pallavolo Serie A Femminile (women)
 * Male Superior Volleyball League (men)
 * Female Superior Volleyball League (women)
 * 🇵🇭 Spikers' Turf (men)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippine Super Liga (women)
 * 🇵🇭 Premier Volleyball League (women)
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic Volleyball League (both men and women)
 * 🇯🇵 V.League (both men and women)
 * 🇯🇵 V.Challenge League (both men and women)
 * 🇰🇷 V-League (both men and women)
 * 🇹🇭 Men's Volleyball Thailand League (men)
 * 🇹🇭 Men's Volleyball Pro Challenge
 * 🇹🇭 Women's Volleyball Thailand League
 * 🇹🇭 Women's Volleyball Pro Challenge
 * 🇹🇭 Volleyball Thai-Denmark Super League
 * Pro A (men)
 * French Women's Volleyball League
 * Romanian Volleyball League
 * Romanian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Volleyball Super League (men)
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Women's Volleyball Super League
 * 🇧🇷 Brazilian Men's Volleyball Superliga
 * 🇧🇷 Brazilian Women's Volleyball Superliga
 * 🇵🇱 PlusLiga (men)
 * 🇵🇱 TAURON Liga (women)
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakian Men's Volleyball League
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenian Volleyball League
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenian Women's Volleyball League
 * Superliga de Voleibol Masculina
 * Superliga Femenina de Voleibol
 * Portuguese Volleyball First Division
 * First Division Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegrin Volleyball League
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegrin women's volley league
 * 🇷🇴 Divizia A1 (men's volleyball)
 * 🇷🇴 Divizia A1 (women's volleyball)
 * Volleyball Vietnam League
 * Volleyball League of Serbia
 * Serbian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇸🇪 Elitserien (men's volleyball)
 * 🇸🇪 Elitserien (women's volleyball)
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Volleyball League·
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇳🇴 Norwegian Volleyball League
 * 🇳🇴 Norwegian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇫🇮 Finland Volleyball League
 * 🇫🇮 Finnish Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisian Women's Volleyball League
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisian Men's Volleyball League
 * 🇹🇷 Turkish Men's Volleyball League
 * 🇹🇷 Turkish Women's Volleyball League
 * UK Beach Tour
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian Men's Volleyball Super League
 * 🇺🇦 Ukrainian Women's Volleyball Super League
 * FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League
 * FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League
 * FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour
 * Asian Men's Club Volleyball Championship
 * Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship
 * CEV Champions League
 * CEV Women's Champions League
 * CEV Cup
 * Women's CEV Cup
 * CEV Challenge Cup
 * CEV Women's Challenge Cup
 * Baltic Men Volleyball League
 * Baltic Women's Volleyball League
 * MEVZA League
 * NEVZA Clubs Championship
 * African Clubs Championship (volleyball)
 * Women's African Clubs Championship (volleyball)
 * Arab Clubs Championship (volleyball)
 * Women's Arab volleyball clubs championship

Water polo

 * 🇦🇺 Australian National Water Polo League
 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina Water Polo League
 * 🇧🇷 Liga Nacional (water polo)
 * Croatian First League of Water Polo
 * 🇫🇷 Championnat de France (water polo)
 * 🇫🇷 Championnat de France (women's water polo)
 * 🇩🇪 Deutsche Wasserball-Liga
 * A1 Ethniki Water Polo
 * A1 Ethniki Women's Water Polo
 * 🇭🇺 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
 * 🇭🇺 Országos Bajnokság I (women's water polo)
 * 🇮🇹 Serie A1 (water polo)
 * 🇮🇹 Serie A2 (men's water polo)
 * 🇮🇹 Serie B (men's water polo)
 * 🇮🇹 Serie A1 (women's water polo)
 * 🇲🇹 Maltese Water Polo Premier League
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegrin First League of Water Polo
 * Dutch Men's Water Polo Championship
 * Dutch Women's Water Polo Championship
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Championship in Water polo
 * Portuguese Water Polo League
 * 🇷🇴 Romanian Superliga (water polo)
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Water Polo Championship
 * 🇷🇺 Russian Women's Water Polo Championship
 * 🇷🇸 Serbian Water Polo League A
 * Slovenian First League of Water Polo
 * 🇪🇸 División de Honor de Waterpolo
 * 🇪🇸 División de Honor Femenina de Waterpolo
 * 🇸🇪 Elitserien (water polo)
 * 🇹🇷 Türkiye Sutopu 1. Ligi
 * 🇬🇧 British Water Polo League
 * Regional Water Polo League (Adriatic Water Polo League)
 * Nordic Water Polo League
 * Asian Water Polo Clubs Championships
 * LEN Champions League
 * LEN Euro Cup
 * LEN Super Cup
 * FINA Water Polo World League
 * World Club Water Polo Challenge
 * LEN Euro League Women
 * Women's LEN Trophy

title: List of professional sports leagues