text:
Medley relay

Medley relay may refer to:

 * Swimming
 * Medley swimming, mixed distance relay events

 * Track and field
 * Distance medley relay
 * Sprint medley relay
 * Swedish medley relay

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Medley relay


text:
Character actor

A character actor is an actor known for playing unusual, eccentric or interesting characters in supporting roles, rather than leading ones. The term is somewhat abstract and open to interpretation. While all actors play "characters", the term character actor is often applied to an actor who frequently plays a distinctive and important supporting role. In another sense, a character actor may also be one who specializes in minor roles.

A character actor may play a variety of characters in their career, often referred to as a "chameleon", or may be known for playing the same type of roles. Character actor roles are more substantial than bit parts or non-speaking extras. The term is used primarily to describe television and film actors, as opposed to theater actors. An early use of the term was in the 1883 edition of The Stage, which defined a character actor as "one who portrays individualities and eccentricities". Actors with a long career history of playing character roles may be difficult for audiences to recognize as being the same actor.

Overview

In contrast to leading actors, they are generally seen as less glamorous. While a leading actor often has the physical attractiveness considered necessary to play the love interest, a character actor typically does not. In fact, some character actors are known for their unusual looks. For example, Chicago character actor William Schutz's face was disfigured in a car accident when he was five years old, but his appearance after reconstructive surgery helped him to be distinctive to theater audiences. Generally, the names of character actors are not featured prominently in movie and television advertising on the marquee, since a character actor's name is not expected to attract film audiences. Some character actors have been described as instantly recognizable despite their names being little known. They are colloquially referred to as "that guy", or "that guy" actors, as in the 2014 documentary That Guy Dick Miller; with a prime example of a "that guy" actor being John Carroll Lynch.

Over the course of an acting career, an actor can sometimes shift between leading roles and supporting roles. Some leading actors, as they get older, find that access to leading roles is limited by their age. Sometimes character actors have developed careers based on specific talents needed in genre films, such as dancing, horsemanship, acrobatics, swimming ability, or boxing. Many up-and-coming actors find themselves typecast in character roles due to an early success with a particular part or in a certain genre, such that the actor becomes so strongly identified with a particular type of role that casting directors and theatrical agents steer the actor to similar roles. Some character actors are known as "chameleons", able to play roles that vary wildly, such as Gary Oldman and Christian Bale.

Many character actors tend to play the same type of role throughout their careers, such as Harvey Keitel as tough, determined characters; Christopher Lloyd as eccentrics; Claude Rains as sophisticated, sometimes morally ambiguous men; Abe Vigoda as aging criminals; Fairuza Balk as moody goth girls; Doug Jones as non-human creatures; and Forest Whitaker as composed characters with underlying volatility. Ed Lauter usually portrayed a menacing figure because of his "long, angular face", which was easily recognized in public, although audiences rarely knew his name. Character actors can play a variety of types, such as the femme fatale, gunslinger, sidekick, town drunk, villain, hooker with a heart of gold, and many others. Prolific character actors, such as Margo Martindale, are rarely out of work, and they often have long careers that span decades. They are often highly esteemed by fellow actors.

title: Character actor


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Maria of Montferrat

Maria of Montferrat (1192–1212) was the queen of Jerusalem from 1205 until her death. Her parents were Isabella I and her second husband, Conrad of Montferrat. Maria succeeded her mother under the regency of her half-uncle John of Ibelin. After him the kingdom was ruled on Maria's behalf by her husband, John of Brienne, whom she married in 1210. She died giving birth to her successor, Isabella II.

Childhood
Maria was born in 1192 in Tyre to Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Maria Komnene. Maria's father was Isabella's second husband, Marquis Conrad of Montferrat, and Maria was known as La Marquise after him. Conrad was assassinated on 28 April 1192. Isabella was pregnant at the time, but Maria may have been born before her father's death.

Within a week of Conrad's death, Isabella married Count Henry II of Champagne, who had had some misgivings because Isabella might be succeeded by Conrad's child. Henry wanted to be on good terms with Aimery of Cyprus. Maria, his stepdaughter, and Alice and Philippa, his daughters with Isabella, were therefore betrothed to Aimery's sons Guy, John, and Hugh, but Guy and John died young and only Alice's betrothal to Hugh materialized into a marriage. Henry fell from a window to his death on 10 September 1197. Maria's next stepfather was King Aimery. The surviving children of this marriage, Queen Isabella's final, were two daughters, Sibylla and Melisende, and so Maria remained her mother's heir presumptive.

Reign
Queen Isabella I died shortly after King Aimery in April 1205, two months after the death of their infant son. Five daughters survived Isabella and the eldest of them, 13-year-old Maria, succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem, while the crown of Cyprus passed to Maria's stepbrother Hugh I. John of Ibelin was made regent; he was the half-brother of Isabella, who may have nominated him on her deathbed, and held the Lordship of Beirut, the richest fief in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. John ruled peacefully on Maria's behalf for three years.

A search for a husband began in 1208. The plan to have the queen marry King Peter II of Aragon failed. King Philip II of France was visited by the bishop of Acre, Florent, and the lord of Caesarea, Aymar de Lairon, who asked him to find a capable candidate. The task proved difficult, and only in 1210 the king declared the search successful; an impoverished and aged knight, John of Brienne, had accepted. John arrived in Acre, the capital of the kingdom due to the fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1187, on 13 September 1210. The Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, Albert of Vercelli, pronounced Maria and John married the next day. Their coronation was held in the Cathedral of Tyre on 3 October.

Queen Maria died after giving birth to a daughter, Isabella II, in 1212. Though John had been a prudent king during their marriage, Maria's death cast doubt on his future role. Isabella inherited Maria's kingdom, while John continued to rule it on the infant's behalf. Maria's line became extinct in 1268 with the death of her great-grandson Conrad III, and the kingdom passed to the descendants of her sister Alice.

title: Maria of Montferrat


text:
Talk:Chinese input method

Zhi Bingyi
Based on this article, which Chinese input method should be credited to Zhi Bingyi? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 00:22, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Update
I really want to freshen up this article, are there any recent sources on the new methods mentioned in the maintenance banner that would be helpful? Vis à vis OCR, speech recognition, etc. Remsense  聊  03:40, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese input method


text:
Talk:Cuius regio, eius religio

Corrections
"neither the Reformed nor Radical churches (Anabaptists and Calvinists being the prime examples)" - these are out of order - the Calvinists were Reformed and the Anabaptists were Radical. I'm switching the order so they match.

Removed:
 * In Visigothic Spain, for instance, the Arianism of the rulers was expected to be enforced upon their subjects, as a matter of course.

The Visigoths were Arian but their Hispano-Roman subjects were Catholic. -- Error 04:28, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Indeed. And the Visigothic bishops and the public version of Christianity in Visigothic Spain was consequently Arian, was it not? That's what cuius regio eius religio entails.Wetman 04:35, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The ruling Visigoths had their custom law and the Arian church for themselves, while the Hispano-Romans kept the Roman law and the Catholic church. But all of them were subjects of the Arian Visigoth king (until the mass conversion with Recaredus (?). That is not what I understand under c.r.e.r. Or am I wrong? -- Error 04:51, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The point is that cuius regio is the principle under which the popular religion (even paganism, under Christian emperors) is suppressed. Even when the Arian Visigoths stopped exiling Catholic bishops, the repression continued, even at the highest social levels.This gives better Visigothic background than I could: " while there is no record of an actual persecution of the Spanish Catholics by the Arian rulers except for the brief period from 583 to 585 during the reign of Leovigild, there was constant friction between the Catholics and the Arians. Thus Amalaric (507-531) treated his queen, Clotilda, so cruelly because of her Catholic religion that he provoked a war with her brother, the Frankish ruler, Childibert I. Agila (549-5 54)" Isn't that the principle at work? ;) Wetman 05:41, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I understand that Clotilda was treated as a Visigoth since she married one. But since the Lex Romana Visigothorum (I skimmed your URL) respects the Catholic church and there were differences among kings, I think that the pre-conversion Visigoths are a bad example. But the mass conversion to Catholicism induced (forced?) by the king could be one. Are we actually discussing the meaning of the principle or the facts about the Visigoth rule (which I don't really master)? -- Error 01:29, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * We're probably unwise to extend the principle back in time, or away from the H.R.E. anyway. But the principle is not one of toleration but of sovreignty. The Prince decides. His suzerain cannot impose. That's what should come across in the entry. We agree on that, don't we? Wetman 16:00, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Still today
I read somewhere that today (or before WWII) you could find that the church tax maps still follow the old imperial fiefs. -- Error 02:02, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"State sovereignty, considered absolute and unquestioned until after World War I, was undeniably eroded in the later 20th century."

Uh, what? English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, anyone? Deleting this nonsense. --Cruci 23:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Last two paragraphs

 * There are two lines in the last two paragraphs that I think could use a little more context and or clarification. 1) "The disaffection of the population was a factor." I have heard that strife between Arians and Catholics was alive and well in Spain at this time, but could someone please elaborate on this statement? 2) "there was little loyalty to the emperor in Constantinople, partly because of recent controversies over the nature of Christ."  Please elaborate.  I know there are existing Wiki pages dealing with this issue, so a short sentence and an appropriate link should be all this needs for clarification.--Hraefen 15:59, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope, in 711 the Visigothic Kingdom was officially a Catholic kingdom, since the convertion of Reccared I in 587. But the strife still existed within the kingdom against king Roderick. --85.48.96.96 17:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Could we include pronunciation guides to this phrase?

By the way, I am glad this article was here. I was reading a document on-line that used this phrase but did not provide any background or translation. Thank you, Wikipedia community. - Bounton 03:35, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

British Context
This could do with being placed in a British context considering how relevant it is to both the Henrician Schism and later Glorious Revolution - the embodiment of, and rejection of, this phrase respectively. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.136.12 (talk) 12:41, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Odd sentence
The first sentence after the table of contents reads:

 * In the Protestant Reformation, the old testimony was granted new life.

What, perchance, does this sentence mean? I was going to delete it, but then it occurred to me that in some dialect of English it might perhaps make sense. I'm from America, and it doesn't make any sense in my language. (Unless "the old testimony" means "the true, original unblemished form of Christianity". If that's what it means, then I do understand the sentence.  But in that case, this sentence is POV and irrelevant to this article.)
 * no, it doesn't make sense in any dialect of English I'm familiar with. It is utter nonsense. Auntieruth55 (talk) 22:15, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

I was going to delete it, but it has been on this page since 7 Sept 2008, and many editors have revised the page since then, so the fact that this sentence has not been altered makes me think maybe that it does mean something to those editors. — Lawrence King ( talk ) 05:49, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Update: Looking at the revision history, I see that this sentence was altered twice yesterday, and the changes were reverted both times. Why not just delete this sentence instead of revising it? After all, this Wikipedia topic is presumably about the phrase "cuius regio, eius religio", not about all the times in history that rulers chose or affected the religions of their subjects. Unless someone can show that this phrase existed before the religious conflicts in the HRE in the 16th century, then the page should begin with them. — Lawrence King ( talk ) 05:59, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

While we're at it: What does the following paragraph mean?

 * Cuius regio, eius religio went against earlier Catholic teaching which held that the kings should faithfully obey to the pope. This papal obedience was thought to produce greater fruits and less political infighting and church divisions.

Leaving aside the grammatical errors ("obey to", and also "papal obedience", which would mean the pope obeying someone else), I don't understand what the author is trying to say. Moreover, I don't believe that Catholic teaching ever stated that non-Catholic kings should obey the pope, so what's the relevance here? — Lawrence King ( talk ) 06:05, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I do believe that Catholic teaching stated and, actually, still states that heathen kings should convert, get baptized and obey the Pope then (though the obedience, today, is more precised and, as to acting in office, "restricted" to moral precepts in so far as they afflict legislation, which then-again is quite a wide field still).--84.154.64.49 (talk) 16:25, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

meaning
The so-called translation or meaning isn't proper English. It needs to be longer and explicit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.140.57.113 (talk) 16:03, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

My edit of September 9, 2009
I changed the introduction sentence. The sentence "cuius regio eius religio" does historically not indicate that the king ' s religion is the country's religion. The king's religion was the country's religion throughout the Middle Ages while this sentence was not formulated. "Cuius regio eius religio" comes from the 16th century and in this sense never means the king (i. e. the Emperor and king), but the territorial princes. Although there was no general unanimity as to whether a layman could have any (undoubtedly limited) influence in religious questions, it was clear that if so, this would belong to the king alone. Therefore, Luther would quite willingly have attributed supreme religious authority to Emperor Charles V if, little problem, Emperor Charles had given Luther's opinions supreme authority. Emperor Charles, however, was quite content in staying Catholic (and this even if he can by some reason be called an enemy of the Pope as a secular power). And here Luther referred to some territorial princes he could convince - and territorial princes were not kings and had only an authority deduced from the king and it was exactly the attribution of this decision in religious matters to territorial princes that is meant by "cuius regio, eius religio". --84.154.64.49 (talk) 14:51, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, and it's a good start, but the entire article needs a serious rewrite. First, there is little sense here of the context out of which this principle emerged, and how it was a radical divergence from previous principles of religious unity. Second, there are a whole raft of problems associated with this article, the least of which lie in the first section.  That nonsense at the end about The visogoths is bogus. I wish the original editors would show me in some bona fide text where this principle was applied?  I'm tempted to delete that last sections, but, in the wiki-spirit, have not done so.  Auntieruth55 (talk) 21:55, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Verification and OR?
Questionable statement: "The principle was re-applied under the absolute monarchy of divine right of the French "sun king" Louis XIV, and in neighboring monarchies, and was used to restrain the rights of Protestants, although Protestants were themselves the originators of this political principle. Later on, dissatisfaction with "cuius regio" led to the general spread of pluralism across Europe."

Louis adopted this principle? Indeed? show me the money, please (show me the cite). Louis did what he thought necessary to secure his kingdom and his own place in the sun, and the jurists simply had to keep up. I'm not aware that Louis had anything remotely to do with such a principle.

Questionable paragraph re the Visigoths, Arians, Muslims, etc. As far as the Muslims were concerned, when they overran the Iberian peninsula, the Christians and the Jews were peoples of the book. They could continue to practice their specific religion. The pagans, on the other hand, were not peoples of the book, and were required to convert to Islam or be executed. This is not Cuius regio, eius religio.

Finally, this page starts with a mistranslation, and then proceeds, error upon error, to built an entirely confounding article. How can this help whoever stumbles across it looking for illumination!

I'm going to revisit this page in a week, and if there are no citations documenting these extraordinary statements, I'm going to delete the sections. Auntieruth55 (talk) 22:05, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I deleted the questionable sections: this principle has nothing to do with Visigoths and Muslims, for example.  It needs a major rewrite, which I don't have time to do right now. Perhaps someone will attempt this, and I'd be happy to review it if that is desired. I've added a couple of paragraphs from an article I wrote, but these are in another context, so it doesn't flow well.  Auntieruth55 (talk) 18:17, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Principle versus expression of it
This is my first attempt at contribution, so forgive mistakes in process. I notice an apparent contradiction here: the article says that the phrase cuius regio, eius religio "was was coined in 1582 by the legist Joachim Stephani", yet it was central to the treaty of Augsburg in 1555. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AeolusSpring (talk • contribs) 14:33, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Is it possible that "cuius regio, eius religio" was expressed differently in the wording of the Treaty, and that only later did Stephani craft the phrase by which we know it? The assertion that Stephani was the originator seems well-sourced, but I don't have that particular book at hand. Dhtwiki (talk) 22:09, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

I tried to fix a lot of problems but they got deleted from here

This thing is like a history book

title: Talk:Cuius regio, eius religio


text:
Talk:Medley swimming

I checked the FINA rules for medley swimming, and could not find anything about what distance each part of the individual medley has to be swum. Of course, I know it's 1/4th of the distance for each stroke, but the rules seem to be unclear about it. What if somebody swims 400m IM on the short lane, with 25m Butterfly, 25m Backstroke, 25m Breastsroke, and 325m freestyle? That should make him a lot faster! Anybody know the section in the Official FINA web page that has the details for this case? SourKraut 04:40, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * No I didn't see an explicit FINA rule on this issue. However, it could be argued that it is infered in SW 10.1 (must cover complete distance), which would be a thin justification.  I suppose it could also be implied by the swimming definition of "medley" (equal parts of all competitive strokes), but this too is vague.  The implementation of the rule by a number of organizations in the United States is quite clear on the matter (see USA-S 101.5 (regarding IM), USA-S 101.6.2 (regarding medley relay), USMS 101.6 (IM, identical to USA Swimming wording), USMS 101.7.2 (medley relay, identical to USA Swimming wording), NCAA Rule 2, Article 6.b (IM), NCAA Rule 2, Article 8.a (medley relay)).  I'd cite NFHS rules, but they require you to be a member to use their online rulebook (how annoying).  It's interesting that FINA is this vague on an important rule (its rules are vague to begin with, but this definitely drops the ball!).  –Pakman044 05:49, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The other thing now that I reexamine the FINA rules is SW 2.1.1 ("[The referee] ... shall decide all questions relating to the ... event or the competition, the final settlement of which is not otherwise covered by the rules.") (emphasis added). Thus the referee could decide under this basis that the definition of medley implies equal distances.  This would not be the best way the situation.  I wonder if someone will actually try this in competition run solely under FINA rules, and what the officials would do (for example, the backstroke flip turn was written into the rules when an official refused to disqualify a swimmer for conducting such a turn when the rules at the time prohibited any movement past vertical towards the stomach). –Pakman044 06:09, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * At the XI FINA World Masters Championships held at Stanford this weekend under FINA rules, one of the reasons for a disqualification in the 400IM was for "Not swum in right order - IM" (look for the 75-79 age group) (FINA rule SW 9.1). That being said, it is tough to say whether it was simply a DQ for swimming out of order, or if the swimmer forgot the distance.  Monday  has the other IM on the schedule, the 200IM. –Pakman044 19:14, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

What is point?
What is purpose for a medley swimming event? There are way too many swimming events at the Olympics by the way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Servetones234324 (talk • contribs) 21:21, 6 August 2012 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Rhetorical Practices from the Ancient World to Enlightenment
— Assignment last updated by Bennyyanggg (talk) 18:11, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Medley swimming


text:
Atlantic Coast Airlines

Atlantic Coast Airlines (ACA) was an airline based in the United States owned by Atlantic Coast Holdings, Inc. It operated as United Express for United Airlines and Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines. It was headquartered in the Dulles area of unincorporated Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. Previously it was headquartered in Reston, unincorporated Fairfax County. Before then, it was headquartered in Sterling, unincorporated Loudoun County.

History
The airline was established and started operations on December 15, 1989, and had been in a marketing agreement with United Airlines since its inception. In 1999 it established Atlantic Coast Jet to operate as a Delta Connection carrier, but this was later reintegrated.

Atlantic Coast Airlines operated United Express flights out of Dulles and O'Hare International Airport in Chicago with Jetstream 32, Jetstream 41, DeHavilland DHC-8, Embraer 120 Brasilia and Canadair regional jet aircraft. Their Delta Connection flights out of Logan International Airport in Boston, New York City's LaGuardia Airport, and Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Covington, Kentucky were operated with the Fairchild Dornier 328. During 2003 revenues were generated about 80% from United Express operations and 20% from Delta Connection.

United Airlines entered bankruptcy protection in December 2002. At that time United Airlines contracted a consulting firm, Bain, to renegotiate its regional partners contracts. Atlantic Coast Airlines employees and management went through a significant cost reduction program to remain competitive as a United Express carrier. Presented with overwhelming competition from other regional airlines Atlantic Coast Airlines and United Airlines were unable to negotiate a mutual agreement. At that time Atlantic Coast Airlines continued to honor its 10-year contract with United Airlines. Expecting that United would be unable to honor that contract, Atlantic Coast Airlines developed an alternate business plan.

After announcing plans to part with United Airlines, Atlantic Coast Airlines' significant cash position made it a prime target for a takeover attempt. Mesa Air Group launched an attempt at a hostile takeover in the summer of 2003, engaging in what some allege were significant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission violations. At the same time the employees of Atlantic Coast Airlines organized a grass roots effort to avert the takeover attempt. Within a few months the stock purchase plan was removed by Mesa.

On November 19, 2003, Atlantic Coast Airlines announced that it would become a low-cost carrier under the name of Independence Air. Its status as a United Express carrier ended on August 4, 2004, and its status as a Delta Connection carrier ended November 2, 2004. Operations as Independence Air began on June 16, 2004. On January 5, 2006, Independence Air ceased operations.

On March 10, 2006, Northwest Airlines purchased the DOT Operating Certificate of then-Independence Air with the intent to use that certificate to form a new regional subsidiary. The result was Compass Airlines, which began service using Embraer E175 jets in August 2007.

title: Atlantic Coast Airlines


text:
John of Ibelin

John of Ibelin may refer to:

 * John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut (1179–1236), constable of Jerusalem, regent of the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, opponent of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * John II of Beirut (died 1264), grandson of the "Old Lord of Beirut"
 * John of Arsuf (c. 1211–1258), constable of Jerusalem
 * John of Ibelin (jurist) (1215–1266), count of Jaffa and Ascalon, bailli of Cyprus, and author of the Assizes of the Haute Cour of Jerusalem
 * John of Ibelin (1277–1309), Lord of Arsuf, grandson of John of Arsuf

title: John of Ibelin


text:
User:CGd

Look, the wikipedians are going to keep putting the links to the orthodox bahai's back in.

They exist. It does no good to try to wipe their existance off the wikipedia. It just won't work.

I'm not HAPPY about that, but you, like me, need to accept it.

Rick Boatright co-moderator soc.religion.bahai

Lots of people like men. You have a problem with this? Adam 10:46, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User:CGd


text:
Joseph Wharton

Joseph Wharton (March 3, 1826 – January 11, 1909) was an American industrialist. He was involved in mining, manufacturing, and education. He founded the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, co-founded the Bethlehem Steel company, and was one of the founders of Swarthmore College.

Early life and education
Wharton was born in Philadelphia, on March 3, 1826, the fifth child of ten in a liberal Hicksite Quaker family. His parents, William Wharton and Deborah Fisher Wharton, were both from prominent early American immigrant families of Quaker descent. Both of Wharton's grandmothers were named Hannah and were from Newport, Rhode Island. Wharton's maternal grandfather, Samuel R. Fisher, ran a prosperous mercantile business and shipping packet line between Philadelphia and London, and his grandmother, Hannah Rodman, was a descendant of Thomas Cornell, the ancestor of Ezra Cornell, the co-founder of Cornell University.

Wharton's youth was spent in the family's house near Spruce and 4th streets in Center City Philadelphia and at Bellevue, a country mansion in present-day North Philadelphia. Wharton's father was a typical gentleman, and did not hold a regular job because he had several illnesses, but oversaw his estate, served on the Philadelphia School Board, and was active with his wife, Deborah, in the Hicksite ministry. The family often visited the nearby Schuylkill River, neighboring estates such as Deborah's grandfather Joshua Fisher's The Cliffs, and took weekend horse and carriage excursions to the countryside surrounding Philadelphia, sometimes attending the smaller Quaker Meetings.

As a boy, Wharton attended two Quaker boarding schools in the towns outside of Philadelphia and also several private schools in the city. Between the age of 14 and 16, Wharton was prepared for college by a private tutor. At age 16, however, he took the advice of his parents to mature and learn the life of a farmer, a common dream of city-born Hicksite Quakers at the time. For three years, he boarded with Joseph and Abigail Walton on their family farm near West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Wharton matured to a strong frame, 6 ft in stature, with a serious but cheerful outlook. He was accomplished in sports, including horseback riding, swimming, and rowing on the Schuylkill River. During the winter, Wharton returned to his parents' home in Philadelphia and studied languages such as French and German, which were useful for learning about science and technology. He also studied chemistry at the Philadelphia laboratory of Martin Hans Boyè. In their early years, Wharton and his brothers identified with inventors and builders Cyrus McCormick and Samuel F. B. Morse.

Career
When he was 19, Wharton apprenticed with an accountant for two years and became proficient in business methods and bookkeeping. At 21, he partnered with his older brother Rodman to start a business manufacturing white lead. Wharton's chemistry mentor, Martin Boye, had developed a method to refine cottonseed oil and the Wharton brothers tried but failed to develop a profitable method to extract it. In 1849 Wharton started a business manufacturing bricks using a patented machine which pressed dry clay into forms. There was substantial competition in the brick business, which was affected by cyclical business swings, and after several trips to sell bricks and the brick-making machines, Wharton found the prospects for making good profits were dim. However, from the endeavor he gained valuable experience. In 1853, Wharton joined the Pennsylvania and Lehigh Zinc Company near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, first managing the mining operation and later the zinc oxide works. Wharton proved himself by negotiating a new charter for the works, and in the difficult financial environment of 1857–1858 he took over control of the zinc works, managing it carefully so that it turned a profit. In 1860, Wharton, after some challenging negotiations with the directors of the company, developed for Lehigh Zinc the first plant to manufacture metallic zinc in America. Looking into the next business cycle, he leased the plant for four years and eventually made a robust profit from the sale of metallic zinc, used in making brass, which picked up in the Civil War years.

Nickel manufacturing
Hoping to profit from the use of nickel in coins, Wharton in 1863 sold his interest in zinc and started the manufacture of nickel at Camden, New Jersey, taking over a nickel mine and refining works at Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania. The Camden plant was located on the east side of 10th Street, adjacent to Cooper Creek, and had several large brick buildings and smokestacks. Wharton renamed the Camden plant the American Nickel Works, and his office there became his center of operations. However, the use of nickel in coinage was temporarily halted, and soon the Camden plant burned. Wharton rebuilt it in 1868 and made excellent profits from producing nickel because it became favored for coinage. Wharton won wide acclaim for his malleable nickel, the first in the world, and also for nickel magnets, and received the Gold Medal at the Paris Exposition of 1878.

His factory produced the only nickel in the U.S. and a significant fraction of the world supply. The surface deposits at the Gap mine were eventually depleted, and Wharton was obliged to purchase nickel ore from a mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. This experience was a challenge to Wharton, who learned about market economics and protection when foreign nickel manufacturers opposed his nickel purchasing and manufacture efforts. Wharton by then had learned the value of meeting personally with his managers and regularly inspecting the mines and manufacturing plants with them. He was successful because he worked hard to increase efficiency and profitability of the businesses he acquired, and energetically pursued markets for his products.

Wharton made a robust profit from his nickel business over its 40-year duration, but by 1900 its outlook was fading due to foreign competition. Wharton and a group of other United States and Canadian nickel enterprises formed the International Nickel Company (Inco) in 1902. He sold his American Nickel Works in Camden and the Gap mine for a share in the new company, and was named one of the dozen board members. By this time, the profitability of his business empire did not depend on the manufacture of nickel because he had already diversified into other profitable businesses.

Estate, water and New Jersey
In 1854, Philadelphia increased its tax base by expanding its borders to include the surrounding suburbs, and after the Civil War, its population swelled. By 1870 the Centennial Exposition was upcoming, and Philadelphia was rapidly changing. It was suffering from a water crisis because it required more water, but there was no appropriate method for water purification and the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers were heavily polluted. Philadelphia's typhoid fever rate was among the highest in the nation, and most well-to-do families drank bottled spring water.

The Wharton family's Bellevue Mansion estate in North Philadelphia, along with several others nearby that had been annexed into the city, were threatened with condemnation by the city for the construction of a new reservoir to hold potable water. Wharton started purchasing land in South Jersey in the 1870s, eventually acquiring 150 sqmi in the Pinelands, which contained an aquifer replenished by several rivers and lakes. The water from the Pinelands was relatively pure and he planned to export the water to Philadelphia. Wharton suggested that a city-controlled company could develop the necessary water mains and pump, funded by public purchase of stocks and bonds.

Opposition to the plan emerged in Philadelphia and in New Jersey, and eventually, a law was passed in New Jersey preventing the export of water. The Bellevue Mansion was taken by the city, but the planned reservoir was never constructed, because of local politics and also because by 1890 water could be purified by filtration, obviating the need for an extra reservoir. The estate was instead sold to developers for construction of new housing for the newly organized industry nearby in North Philadelphia.

Mining and railroads
Wharton traveled widely and became involved in many industrial enterprises such as mines, factories and railroads. He started several enterprises on South Jersey property, including a menhaden fish factory that produced oil and fertilizer, a modern forestry planting operation, and cranberry and sugar beet farms. Wharton also purchased land containing ore and an iron furnace in North Jersey at Port Oram, New Jersey, later renamed Wharton, New Jersey in Wharton's honor, which was located close to the Morris Canal and railroads.

He purchased a coal mine in Western Pennsylvania, constructing for the workers a town of 85 houses and stores along the railway. He also purchased coal land in West Virginia, iron and copper mines in Michigan, and gold mines in Arizona and Nevada. Wharton became involved in the Reading and Lehigh railroads and several others, arranging spur lines with the railroads to carry ore and finished metal products. He maintained an extensive business correspondence and in later life maintained this practice through his vacations. Wharton was a colleague of leaders such as inventors Ezra Cornell, Elias Howe and Thomas Edison, and entrepreneur Cornelius Vanderbilt. His management style evolved throughout the latter half of the 1800s, making use of new technology for communication, transportation, and production, so that he controlled many industries profitably on a larger scale than was previously possible.

Bethlehem Steel
Through the 1870s Wharton began to buy into Bethlehem Iron Company which produced pig iron and steel rails, gradually investing more of his own time and energy, but without involvement in the day-to-day operations. He became the largest shareholder with a position on the board of managers, and eventually purchased a controlling share of the company. In 1885, Wharton successfully bid a contract with the United States Navy for forged steel armor, and in 1886 he visited England (Whitworth Co.) and France (Schneider Co.) to research the designs for a plant to forge steel of higher quality. With these designs, Bethlehem Iron built the first plant to forge high-strength steel in the United States. The plant fabricated armor plates and guns for warships. Similar contracts gave the company, renamed the Bethlehem Steel Company, a consistent source of income, and Wharton made slow but steady profits. In 1901 he sold the company but continued to be the largest producer of pig iron in the country because of his extensive iron and coal mines and refining works.

Politics and distinguished guests
Over several decades, Wharton lobbied successfully in Washington, D.C. for tariff laws protecting U.S. manufacturing. He was a defender of large business and evolved into a staunch Republican. He successfully lobbied for the use of nickel in the U.S. coinage, but his lobbying for nickel tariffs was only partially successful, probably because he had a virtual monopoly on production in the U.S. In 1873 the world was in a very trying economic depression and many industrial firms went bankrupt.

Wharton became widely known as a leader of the Industrial League of manufacturing concerns, and the main lobbyist and President of the American Iron and Steel Institute. He was a personal friend and consultant with several presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and Benjamin Harrison. Wharton entertained distinguished internationally known guests, including biologists Thomas Huxley and Joseph Leidy, astronomer Samuel Langley, scientist Lord Kelvin, Senators James Blaine and Justin Morrill, industrialist Andrew Carnegie, and metallurgist Alfred Krupp. Wharton successfully lobbied for a bill in the Pennsylvania General Assembly supporting Limited Partnerships to allow more participation of capital in enterprises with risk.

Science
Wharton was a scientist interested in the natural world, and wrote scientific papers on a variety of topics including astronomy and metallurgy, presenting several to the American Philosophical Society. He has been elected to the Society in 1869. In the winter of 1883–1884 there was a period of several months when sunsets were extraordinarily red worldwide. Some imagined that the red color was from dust dispersed in the atmosphere worldwide by the volcano Krakatoa, which erupted. Others imagined that the reddish hue might come from iron and steel furnaces because they were known to create a reddish-brown dust. Wharton was curious, and one morning when a light snow was falling, collected some from a field near his house, melted and evaporated it, studying the remaining particles under a microscope, which he had on hand for metallurgy.

The particles looked like "irregular, flattish, blobby" glass particles. He visited a ship from Manila that arrived in port in Philadelphia, a course that took a few hundred miles from Krakatoa. It had been slowed by a huge amount of pumice floating in the ocean, evidently spewed out by Krakatoa. Wharton obtained some pumice from one of the ship's crew, compared it with the dust he had collected, and found almost identical particles.

In 1893, Wharton presented a paper about the dust to the 150th anniversary meeting of the American Philosophical Society. Wharton also wrote a paper about the use of the Doppler effect on the color of light emitted by binary stars to determine their distance from Earth, and made the analogy to a train whistle which changes tone as it passes. Wharton was one of the most accomplished metallurgists in the U.S. during his lifetime, and certainly the most widely known.

Swarthmore College
In 1864, Wharton along with his mother Deborah Fisher Wharton and a group of like-minded Hicksite Quakers from Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York City were the founders of Swarthmore College, a Hicksite Quaker college outside Philadelphia. Swarthmore filled an important need of a college where both men and women could receive a high-quality education in the tradition of Friends not dominated by religion.

Wharton gave generously, building a Friends Meeting on campus and also contributing to a science building. His mother Deborah served on the Swarthmore Board of Managers from 1862–1870, and Joseph served on the board from 1870–1909, and from 1883–1907 as its president. He was often on campus and gave many commencement addresses.

Wharton School
Wharton wrote extensively on economic matters, including protective tariffs and business cycles. In the last half of the 19th century, business education typically consisted mainly of training on the job or an apprenticeship. Wharton conceived of a school that would teach how to develop and run a business, and to anticipate and deal with the cycles of economic activity.

In 1881, Wharton donated $100,000 to the University of Pennsylvania to found a "School of Finance and Economy" for this purpose. He specified that the Wharton School faculty advocate economic protectionism, as he had when lobbying for American businesses in Washington. However, the school soon began to broaden its outlook to a global one and to teach other disciplines such as politics and the developing social sciences, and introduced the teaching of business management and finance as these disciplines gradually coalesced. The Wharton School was the first to include such a practical focus on business, finance, and management. During its first century through the present day, it was and is widely known as one of the most prominent schools of business in the world. In 2023, the Wharton School fell off of the Financial Times' 2023 MBA rankings for the first time since the ranking's inception.

Last years
Wharton was active to near the end of his life both physically and in business affairs. Until he was 72, he skated with guests on the pond at his Ontalauna estate near Philadelphia and would often go on walks with his family after dinner. Throughout his life he partook in physical exercise, total abstinence from tobacco, and restricted use of even mild alcoholic drinks. When he was nearly 80, he visited his Nevada silver mine by canoeing down the Colorado River and descending into the mine in a bucket, and when he was 81, he traveled to Germany with his grandson, Joseph Wharton Lippincott, to visit Kaiser Wilhelm II and had dinner on the kaiser's yacht. He continued to oversee his holdings in coke manufacture in Pennsylvania and iron in northern New Jersey.

He read widely in literature and was an accomplished poet. Many of his poems were inspired by trips abroad. He wrote "Stewardson's Yarn" after an 1873 visit to Europe, "The Royal Palm" and "The 'Sweet Reasonableness' of a Yankee Philistine in Cuba" after a visit to Cuba to inspect mines there, and "Mexico" after an 1889 visit to Mexico. A domestic journey to Nevada to see his gold mines there resulted in "The Buttes of the Canyon".

Personal life
Wharton married Anna Corbit Lovering, a fellow Quaker and the younger sister of his brother Charles' wife, in 1854 in a Quaker ceremony. After living with Anna's family for several months, the couple moved into a house belonging to his mother near 12th and Walnut streets in Center City Philadelphia, but Anna often continued to stay with her parents when Joseph was out of town. She preferred a life of comfort but did not wish to stifle Joseph's ambition. During this time, Wharton lived a spartan life, boarding at a hotel and managing the zinc works in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Anna cared for their first child Joanna at their home in Philadelphia. Although Joseph returned as often as possible and they communicated often by letter, they felt much stress during this period, and their marriage suffered.

Later, when Joseph was more secure in his job manufacturing zinc, Anna and Joanna came to live with him in Bethlehem, where they lived a happier life for two years, partaking in social events and exploring the local rivers and countryside. After Wharton sold his interest in zinc, they returned to Philadelphia. Although Wharton often traveled to oversee his properties or develop business connections, he never again lived apart from the family. He purchased a country estate several miles north of Philadelphia, called "Ontalauna", and bought a donkey for their three children, Joanna, Mary, and Anna, to ride on horseback expeditions. In the evenings, Wharton often studied or played history games with the children.

Death
In 1907, Wharton experienced a stroke. While he survived the stroke, it left him largely incapacitated. His health gradually worsened until his death in Philadelphia on January 11, 1909, at age 82.

He is buried in the family plot at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

Legacy
Wharton's daughter Joanna married noted Philadelphia publisher, J. Bertram Lippincott, in 1887 and named their eldest son Joseph Wharton Lippincott; Anna married Harrison S. Morris, who was associated with the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in 1896; but Mary never married.

In 1908, Wharton created Fisher Park, a 23 acre park in the Olney section of Philadelphia. On his deathbed, he donated the land to the City of Philadelphia as a "Christmas gift". After his death, the Wharton family continued to hold gatherings at the family mansion at Batsto, New Jersey, until the 1920s. In 1954, they sold Wharton's vast Pinelands properties in South Jersey to the state of New Jersey, which now form the core of Wharton State Forest.

In 1981, a Joseph Wharton 18-cent commemorative postal stamp was issued to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Wharton School.

In 2004, Wharton was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame.

The borough of Wharton, New Jersey, originally known as Port Oram, was renamed to honor Joseph Wharton.

Wharton is the great-great-great grandfather of former UCLA and Miami Dolphins quarterback Josh Rosen.

title: Joseph Wharton


text:
French Sign Language

French Sign Language (langue des signes française, LSF) is the sign language of the deaf in France and French-speaking parts of Switzerland. According to Ethnologue, it has 100,000 native signers.

French Sign Language is related and partially ancestral to Dutch Sign Language (NGT), Flemish Sign Language (VGT), Belgian-French Sign Language (LSFB), Irish Sign Language (ISL), American Sign Language (ASL), Quebec (also known as French Canadian) Sign Language (LSQ), Brazilian Sign Language (LSB or Libras) and Russian Sign Language (RSL).

History
French Sign Language is frequently, though mistakenly, attributed to the work of Charles Michel de l'Épée (l'abbé de l'Épée). In fact, he is said to have discovered the already existing language by total accident; having ducked into a nearby house to escape the rain, he fell upon a pair of deaf twin sisters and was struck by the richness and complexity of the language that they used to communicate among themselves and the deaf Parisian community. The abbé set himself to learning the language, now known as Old French Sign Language, and eventually he established a free school for the deaf. At this school, he developed a system he called "methodical signs", to teach his students how to read and write. The abbé was eventually able to make public demonstrations (1771–1774) of his system, demonstrations that attracted educators and celebrities from all over the continent and that popularised the idea that the deaf could be educated, especially by gesture.

The methodical signs he created were a mixture of sign language words he had learned with some grammatical terms he invented. The resulting combination, an artificial language, was over-complicated and completely unusable by his students. For example, where his system would elaborately construct the word "unintelligible" with a chain of five signs ("interior-understand-possible-adjective-not"), the deaf natural language would simply say "understand-impossible". LSF was not invented by the abbé, but his major contributions to the deaf community were to recognize that the deaf did not need oral language to be able to think, and to indirectly accelerate the natural growth of the language by virtue of putting so many deaf students under a single roof.

From this time French Sign Language flourished until the late 19th century when a schism developed between the manualist and oralist schools of thought. In 1880 the Milan International Congress of Teachers for the Deaf-Mute convened and decided that the oralist tradition would be preferred. In due time the use of sign language was treated as a barrier to learning to talk and thus forbidden from the classroom.

This situation remained unchanged in France until the late 1970s, when the deaf community began to militate for greater recognition of sign language and for a bilingual education system. In 1991 the National Assembly passed the Fabius law, officially authorising the use of LSF for the education of deaf children. A law was passed in 2005 fully recognising LSF as a language in its own right.

Alphabet
The French manual alphabet is used both to distinguish signs of LSF and to incorporate French words while signing.

title: French Sign Language


text:
User talk:William Trevor Blake

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title: User talk:William Trevor Blake


text:
Burford, Ontario

Burford is a rural community and is part of the County of Brant, in central southwestern Ontario. It has 1,058 residents (2021 Census ). It is located eight kilometres west of the City of Brantford along Highway 53, and seventy kilometres east of London, Ontario. It is approximately 100 km southwest of Toronto.

Administrative offices for the County of Brant are located in Burford, making it one of three service hubs for the county (the others being Paris and St. George). Amongst designated heritage properties in the area is the former Burford Armoury, built in 1906, which was important for military training in earlier days when Canada had an active militia force in each county (the role now served by the Canadian Forces Reserves).

Burford is home to the Burford Bulldogs, a junior hockey team that plays in the Provincial Junior Hockey League.

Burford has a local golf course, Burford Golf Links, which was founded in 1980. It has gone through a number of different owners and is now part of the GolfNorth group of golf courses.

Burford also hosts the Burford Fall Fair every year. The fair was established in 1858 and after being hosted in Harley as the World's Fair, was relocated to Burford, when the Burford fair grounds were purchased in 1893. Over the years the Burford fair has grown from a one-day fair in 1893 to its current three days, hosted every Thanksgiving weekend. The fair attracts tourists and visitors from the surrounding towns as well as larger county of Brant and beyond.

History
Burford, at one time known as Claremont, was the largest community in the former Burford Township (land area 71,122 acres (287.82 km2), population (1996) 5858), which included Cathcart, Harley, Princeton and other smaller communities. Burford Township was part of the County of Oxford before the formation of Brant County in 1851, and due to its location on the primary roadway leading into Oxford, built upon the ancient footpath leading from Burlington Bay through Brant's Ford to the Thames River known as the Detroit Trail, Burford was Oxford's gateway community. In the days before automobiles it served a great many travellers, but now is hardly noticed by motorists with distant destinations. Burford's 'downtown', the intersection of Maple Avenue and King Street (Highway 53), now includes only a stop light, several small businesses and a post office.

Early history
The community was founded by the family of Abraham Dayton, who was granted authority in 1793 to settle Burford Township with a religious congregation led by the Public Universal Friend, whom Governor Simcoe believed to be Quakers. According to Burford historian Robert Muir, "Wilkinson had drawn together a considerable body of free thinkers, undecided characters, and disgruntled members of other Christian bodies. These followers... were looked upon by the inhabitants who surrounded them, as a set of religious fanatics" who "decided at last, like the followers of Joseph Smith at a later date, to seek out a "New Canaan"" and appointed Dayton as their emissary to seek land in Upper Canada. "Abraham Dayton was an intelligent and estimable citizen, and his connection with the peculiar religious society, the infliction of whose presence Burford narrowly escaped, which first brought him to Burford, was doubtless brought about by force of circumstances and the nature of his local surroundings."

Dayton fell ill and became bedridden shortly after moving his family into Burford, so continuation of work to bring settlers into the township fell to his son-in-law, Benajah Mallory. Dayton died in 1797 and his family's control of the township was rescinded by the government the same year. Benajah Mallory inherited the land which had been claimed by Dayton (including 600 acres at the western end of what became Burford Village) and he remained the flamboyant, but disgruntled leader of the settlement, and was elected as the member in the provincial assembly in 1804 and again in 1808 for Oxford, Norfolk and Middlesex. As a politician he was aligned with opposition members led by Joseph Willcocks, and with Willcocks turned traitor half way through the War of 1812.

Duncombe rebellion
Shortly after the outbreak of the Rebellion of 1837 in Toronto, Burford Township was the centre of an abortive rebellion in the London District of Upper Canada led by Dr. Charles Duncombe. An American by birth, Duncombe made his home east of Burford Village in 1828 and by popular demand entered politics, being elected to the legislative assembly as member for Oxford County in 1830 and again in 1834. He was increasingly drawn to a leadership role for the Reform cause and by 1837 was as well known in the province as William Lyon Mackenzie. Duncombe was at his home in Burford when rumour arrived that Mackenzie had launched his Rebellion and his supporters had taken control of Toronto. "Carried away with the excitement of Mackenzie s reputed success, the people of South Dumfries, Oxford, Burford and Oakland urged Dr. Duncombe to lead a movement in support of the advance on the capital. Reluctantly, but willing to stake everything on the result of a strike for freedom, he consented, and appointed a rendezvous at the Village of Scotland" with the intention of marching through Oakland township, Brantford and Hamilton to support Mackenzie. Over 300 men had gathered in Oakland before the news arrived that Mackenzie had been defeated, and on learning this, Duncombe ordered those in Oakland to disband.

The antithesis of Duncombe and Mallory, Charles Strange Perley then came to the fore, as described in Beer & Company's History of the County of Brant (1883): "In this township, where fifty years ago political passions were so heated, it is pleasant to look back on the honourable career of some of the leading men who, though keen partisans, have closed their course amid the applause of both sides in the political arena. Such a man, on the Loyalist side, was Charles S. Perley, the well-known Colonel Perley of the last forty years of Burford's history. His burly figure, genial face, and brusque manner, the boisterous frankness of Squire Western masking the kindly nature of an Allworlhy, will long be remembered by the people of Bishopsgate and Burford Villages, among whom his life was spent... In 1837 Mr. Perley took an active part in raising a company, which he commanded with the rank of Captain, confirmed to him in 1838. He received and most hospitably entertained Colonel MacNab and those "Men of Gore," the Wentworth Militia, in their march against Duncombe's force at Scotland. Captain Perley accompanied the Loyalists when they occupied Scotland, where Duncombe's force being disbanded, they found no enemy on whom to exercise their valour. Then followed the "Tory Terror," which lasted till peremptory orders from England and the recall in disgrace of Sir Francis Bond Head gave it a sudden check. But in those days Captain Perley was quite ready and willing to hang a good many of those neighbours to whom for many years of his after life he showed such unfailing kindness... For his many services he was soon promoted to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel. But his life was thenceforward to be that of a man of peace, erecting mills clearing farms, introducing new agricultural improvements, and by action and counsel aiding in the development of the township in which he lived."

Railway development
The railway era dawned in the area in 1853 with the opening of the Great Western Railway between Hamilton and London, but it passed north of Burford, leaving the community languishing as horse-drawn traffic dwindled along its main roadway. A new boost of prosperity came when a rail line was opened from Brantford to Norwich and Tillsonburg in Oxford County in 1878, passing through Burford south of the fairgrounds. Initially the advantage was easier access to and from Brantford and Tillsonburg by rail for passengers, and Burford remained a quiet village, described in 1883 as "built up to a great degree by farmers who have realized enough to retire from business and take up their abode there. In summer time Burford Village is as pleasant a holiday resort as can be found in the Province, and the hotel provides most comfortable accommodation. There are no saloons or liquor stores; the village enjoys an Arcadian freedom from drunkenness and other offences against law and order." It was probably this which convinced British artist Robert Whale to make Burford his home when he brought his family to Canada. Eventually a milk processing factory and a canning factory located on the rail line at Burford, and freight traffic kept the line in operation for a century, but it was abandoned between Burford and Tillsonburg in 1987, and between Brantford and Burford in 2001. The tracks have since then been removed along the line, but the path of the railway right-of-way is still visible using Google Maps satellite view.

Recent history
Burford is now populated by Canadians of German, Dutch and British backgrounds. In 1999, Burford became part of the County of Brant, an amalgamation of several local municipalities including Brantford Township, the town of Paris, Oakland Township, Onondaga Township and South Dumfries Township. The current mayor of the County of Brant is David Bailey.

Historically, when tobacco was lucrative, the farms and families surrounding Burford were relatively prosperous. However, when smoking habits began to change in the 1980s, the economy slipped into decline. Currently, farmers are more likely to be growing ginseng for Asian markets than tobacco. Dairy, poultry, hog and fish farming persist and range from large scale commercial operations to subsistence type family farms. The community has lost population since the 1970s and is eager to attract new investment.

Education
Burford District High School was the only secondary institution for eighty years, opening in 1922 and closing in June 2002 due to low enrollment. The building was then revamped to become Burford District Elementary School and drew students from three elementary schools which were closed around the same time: Maple Avenue, Coronation and Harley-Northfield. The Maple Avenue School was also home to the Burford Islamic School or Darul Uloom Al Islamiah Burford, a private school with a Muslim based education. The building is now for sale after multiple incidents of defacement resulted in the closure of the school. Most high school age students now attend Paris District High School, Brantford Collegiate Institute or Assumption College and St. John's College Catholic schools.

title: Burford, Ontario


text:
2004 United States House of Representatives elections

The 2004 United States House of Representatives elections were held on November 2, 2004, to elect all 435 seats of the chamber. It coincided with the re-election of President George W. Bush as well as many Senate elections and gubernatorial elections. Prior to the election in the 108th Congress, Republicans held 227 seats, Democrats held 205, with two Republican vacancies and one independent. As a result of this election, the 109th Congress began composed of 232 Republicans, 201 Democrats, one independent (who caucuses with the Democrats), and one vacancy (Democrat Bob Matsui won reelection but died just two days before the beginning of the 109th Congress).

Democrats won open seats in Colorado, South Dakota, and New York while ousting incumbents in Georgia and Illinois. Republicans won an open seat in Kentucky while ousting an incumbent in Indiana. They gained five seats in Texas after a controversial mid-decade redistricting placed several rural Democratic incumbents into new districts. Two seats in Louisiana swapped party control.

As of 2024, this is the last election in which someone who was not from the Democratic or Republican Party was elected to the House (Independent Bernie Sanders). Republicans would not make consecutive net gains in the House (after gaining seats in the 2002 election) until 2020 and 2022. This was also the last election in which the Republicans made any gains in a presidential election year until 2020.

Federal
! rowspan= 2 colspan=2 | Parties ! colspan=4 | Seats ! colspan=3 | Popular vote ! 2002 ! 2004 ! Net change ! Strength ! Vote ! % ! Change ! Republican Party ! Democratic Party ! Libertarian Party ! Independent ! Green Party ! Constitution Party ! Reform Party ! Independence Party ! Others ! colspan=2 | Total ! 434 ! 435 ! 0 ! 100.0% ! 113,192,286 ! 100.0% ! –
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 229
 * 232
 * 3
 * 53.3%
 * 55,958,144
 * 49.4%
 * -0.6%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 205
 * 202
 * 3
 * 46.4%
 * 52,969,786
 * 46.8%
 * +1.6%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 1,056,844
 * 0.9%
 * -0.5%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 1,056,844
 * 0.9%
 * -0.5%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 1
 * 1
 * 0
 * 0.2%
 * 674,202
 * 0.6%
 * +0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 344,549
 * 0.3%
 * -0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 344,549
 * 0.3%
 * -0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 187,006
 * 0.2%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 187,006
 * 0.2%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 85,539
 * 0.1%
 * +0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 85,539
 * 0.1%
 * +0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 76,053
 * 0.1%
 * +0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 76,053
 * 0.1%
 * +0.1%
 * style="background-color:" |
 * style="background-color:" |
 * 1,840,163
 * 1.6%
 * -0.6%
 * 1,840,163
 * 1.6%
 * -0.6%
 * -0.6%
 * - style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
 * style="text-align:left" colspan=9 | Source: Election Statistics - Office of the Clerk

Retirements
In the November general elections, thirty incumbents did not seek re-election, either to retire or to seek other positions.

Democrats
Thirteen Democrats did not seek re-election.
 * 1) CA's 20th congressional district: Cal Dooley retired.
 * 2) FL's 20th congressional district: Peter Deutsch retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 3) GA's 4th congressional district: Denise Majette retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 4) IL's 3rd congressional district: Bill Lipinski retired.
 * 5) KY's 4th congressional district: Ken Lucas retired.
 * 6) LA's 7th congressional district: Chris John retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 7) MO's 3rd congressional district: Dick Gephardt retired to run for U.S. president.
 * 8) MO's 5th congressional district: Karen McCarthy retired.
 * 9) OK's 2nd congressional district: Brad Carson retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 10) PA's 13th congressional district: Joe Hoeffel retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 11) PR At-large: Aníbal Acevedo Vilá retired to run for Governor of Puerto Rico.
 * 12) TX's 8th congressional district: Jim Turner retired when redistricted from the 2nd district.
 * 13) WI's 4th congressional district: Jerry Kleczka retired.

Republicans
Seventeen Republicans did not seek re-election.
 * 1) CA's 3rd congressional district: Doug Ose retired.
 * 2) CO's 3rd congressional district: Scott McInnis retired.
 * 3) GA's 6th congressional district: Johnny Isakson retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 4) GA's 8th congressional district: Mac Collins retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 5) LA's 1st congressional district: David Vitter retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 6) LA's 3rd congressional district: Billy Tauzin retired.
 * 7) MI's 7th congressional district: Nick Smith retired.
 * 8) NY's 27th congressional district: Jack Quinn retired.
 * 9) NY's 29th congressional district: Amo Houghton retired.
 * 10) NC's 5th congressional district: Richard Burr retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 11) NC's 10th congressional district: Cass Ballenger retired.
 * 12) PA's 8th congressional district: James C. Greenwood retired.
 * 13) PA's 15th congressional district: Pat Toomey retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 14) SC's 4th congressional district: Jim DeMint retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 15) VA's 2nd congressional district: Ed Schrock retired.
 * 16) WA's 5th congressional district: George Nethercutt retired to run for U.S. Senator.
 * 17) WA's 8th congressional district: Jennifer Dunn retired.

Resignations
Two seats opened early due to resignations and were not filled until the November elections.

Democrats
No Democrats resigned.

Republicans
Two Republicans resigned.
 * 1) FL's 14th congressional district: Porter Goss resigned September 23, 2004 to become Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
 * 2) NE's 1st congressional district: Doug Bereuter resigned August 31, 2004 to become president of The Asia Foundation.

Democrats
Two Democrats lost renomination.
 * 1) TX's 9th congressional district: Chris Bell lost to Al Green, who won the general election.
 * 2) TX's 28th congressional district: Ciro Rodriguez lost to Henry Cuellar, who won the general election.

Republicans
No Republicans lost renomination. This was the first time this had occurred since 1984.

Democrats
Five Democrats lost re-election to Republicans.
 * 1) IN's 9th congressional district: Baron Hill lost to Mike Sodrel.
 * 2) TX's 1st congressional district: Max Sandlin lost to Louie Gohmert.
 * 3) TX's 2nd congressional district: Nick Lampson lost to Ted Poe.
 * 4) TX's 19th congressional district: Charles Stenholm lost a redistricting race to Randy Neugebauer.
 * 5) TX's 32nd congressional district: Martin Frost lost a redistricting race to Pete Sessions.

Republicans
Two Republicans lost re-election to Democrats.
 * 1) GA's 12th congressional district: Max Burns lost to John Barrow.
 * 2) IL's 8th congressional district: Phil Crane lost to Melissa Bean.

Democratic seats won by Republicans
Three Democratic seats were won by Republicans.
 * 1) KY's 4th congressional district: Won by Geoff Davis.
 * 2) LA's 7th congressional district: Won by Charles Boustany.
 * 3) PR At-large: Won by Luis Fortuño.

Republican seats won by Democrats
Three Republican seats were won by Democrats.
 * 1) CO's 3rd congressional district: Won by John Salazar.
 * 2) LA's 3rd congressional district: Won by Charlie Melancon.
 * 3) NY's 27th congressional district: Won by Brian Higgins.

Democratic seats held by Democrats
Democrats held nine of their open seats.
 * 1) CA's 20th congressional district: Won by Jim Costa.
 * 2) FL's 20th congressional district: Won by Debbie Wasserman Schultz.
 * 3) GA's 4th congressional district: Won by Cynthia McKinney.
 * 4) IL's 3rd congressional district: Won by Dan Lipinski.
 * 5) MO's 3rd congressional district: Won by Russ Carnahan.
 * 6) MO's 5th congressional district: Won by Emanuel Cleaver.
 * 7) OK's 2nd congressional district: Won by Dan Boren.
 * 8) PA's 13th congressional district: Won by Allyson Schwartz.
 * 9) WI's 4th congressional district: Won by Gwen Moore.

Republican seats held by Republicans
Republicans held sixteen of their open seats.
 * 1) CA's 3rd congressional district: Won by Dan Lungren.
 * 2) FL's 14th congressional district: Won by Connie Mack IV.
 * 3) GA's 6th congressional district: Won by Tom Price.
 * 4) GA's 8th congressional district: Won by Lynn Westmoreland.
 * 5) LA's 1st congressional district: Won by Bobby Jindal.
 * 6) MI's 7th congressional district: Won by Joe Schwarz.
 * 7) NE's 1st congressional district: Won by Jeff Fortenberry.
 * 8) NY's 29th congressional district: Won by Randy Kuhl.
 * 9) NC's 5th congressional district: Won by Virginia Foxx.
 * 10) NC's 10th congressional district: Won by Patrick McHenry.
 * 11) PA's 8th congressional district: Won by Mike Fitzpatrick.
 * 12) PA's 15th congressional district: Won by Charlie Dent.
 * 13) SC's 4th congressional district: Won by Bob Inglis.
 * 14) VA's 2nd congressional district: Won by Thelma Drake.
 * 15) WA's 5th congressional district: Won by Cathy McMorris.
 * 16) WA's 8th congressional district: Won by Dave Reichert.

Closest races
Twenty-three races were decided by 10% or lower.

Newly created seats
Of the thirty-two seats created in the 2003 Texas redistricting, three had no incumbent representative.

Democratic gain
No Democrats were elected in newly created seats.

Republican gain
Three Republicans were elected in newly created seats.
 * 1) TX's 10th congressional district: Won by Michael McCaul.
 * 2) TX's 11th congressional district: Won by Mike Conaway.
 * 3) TX's 24th congressional district: Won by Kenny Marchant.

Special elections
There were three special elections held in 2004, all of them separate from the November elections.

! KY's 6th congressional district
 * Ernie Fletcher
 * | Republican
 * nowrap | 1998
 * | Incumbent resigned December 8, 2003 to become Governor of Kentucky. New member elected February 17, 2004. Democratic gain. Winner was subsequently re-elected in November, see below.
 * nowrap |

✅ Ben Chandler (Democratic) 55.16%

Alice Forgy Kerr (Republican) 42.91%

Mark Gailey (Libertarian) 1.94%

! SD At-large
 * Bill Janklow
 * | Republican
 * nowrap | 2002
 * | Incumbent resigned January 20, 2004 when convicted of vehicular manslaughter. New member elected June 1, 2004. Democratic gain. Winner was subsequently re-elected in November, see below.
 * nowrap |

✅ Stephanie Herseth (Democratic) 50.59%

Larry Diedrich (Republican) 49.41%

! NC's 1st congressional district
 * Frank Ballance
 * | Democratic
 * nowrap | 2002
 * | Incumbent resigned June 11, 2004 due to health issues. New member elected July 20, 2004. Democratic hold. Winner was subsequently re-elected in November, see below.
 * nowrap |

✅ G. K. Butterfield (Democratic) 71.15%

Greg Dority (Republican) 34.83%

Thomas Eisenmenger (Libertarian) 1.76%

 * }

Louisiana

On December 4, 2004, a run-off election was held to determine the winner of the 3rd and 7th congressional districts. In the 3rd district, Charlie Melancon narrowly defeated Billy Tauzin III. In the 7th district, Charles Boustany defeated Willie Mount. Thus, both seats switched to the opposite party.

Minnesota

All incumbents were re-elected.

Washington

All seven incumbents who ran for re-election, none of whom faced viable challengers, were returned to Congress. None received less than 60% of the vote, and one received over 80%. In addition, the two seats vacated by retiring Republicans were both reclaimed by Republicans despite Democratic hopes to gain at least one seat in the vulnerable 8th district.


text:
Inkatha Freedom Party

The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP; IQembu leNkatha yeNkululeko) is a conservative political party in South Africa, which is a part of the current South African government of national unity together with the African National Congress (ANC). Although registered as a national party, it has had only minor electoral success outside its home province of KwaZulu-Natal. Mangosuthu Buthelezi, who served as chief minister of KwaZulu during the Apartheid period, founded the party in 1975 and led it until 2019. He was succeeded as party president in 2019 by Velenkosini Hlabisa.

During the first decade of the post-Apartheid period, the IFP received over 90% of its support from ethnic Zulus. Since then, the party has worked to increase its national support by promoting social and economic conservative policies. In the 2019 general election, the IFP came in fourth place nationally, winning 3.38% of the vote and 14 seats in the National Assembly.

Policies and ideology
Policy proposals of the IFP include: In 2018, the party issued an official statement, penned by MP, Narend Singh, stating that the time had come to discuss the possibility of reinstating the death penalty in South Africa.
 * Devolution of power to provincial governments
 * Making the head of state and head of government posts separate, with a ceremonial figurehead as head of state.
 * Mixed-member proportional representation for the National Assembly.
 * Liberalisation of trade
 * Lower income taxes.
 * More flexible labour laws
 * Autonomy for traditional African communities and their leaders
 * Allowing traditional authorities to exercise local government functions
 * Opposing the notion that tribalism is inherently regressive and antithetic to development and progress.

Ideologically, the party has been positioned on the right-wing of the spectrum, although on its platform the IFP places itself in the political centre ground, stating it rejects "both centralised socialism, as well as harsh anything goes liberalism." The party states that it bases its values on Ubuntu/Botho tribal values and supports a pluralist, shared future for South Africa in which all groups have equal rights. The party supports strong law & order policies, in particular calling for harsher penalties for people who commit violence against women and children. The IFP supports the Zulu monarchy and investing more powers and recognition of the constitutional monarch of the KwaZulu-Natal region.

Apartheid era
Mangosuthu Buthelezi, a former member of the ANC Youth League, founded the Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement (INCLM) on 21 March 1975. In 1994, the name was changed to Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP). Buthelezi used a structure rooted in Inkatha, meaning "crown" in Zulu, a 1920s cultural organisation for Zulus established by his uncle, Zulu king Solomon kaDinuzulu. The party was established in what is now KwaZulu-Natal, after which branches of the party quickly sprang up in the Transvaal, the Orange Free State and the Western Cape.

Because of Buthelezi's former position in the African National Congress, the two organisations were initially very close and each supported the other in the anti-apartheid struggle. However, by the early 1980s the Inkatha had come to be regarded as a thorn in the side of the ANC, which wielded much more political force through the United Democratic Front (UDF), than Inkatha and the Pan Africanist Congress. Although the Inkatha leadership initially favoured non-violence, there is clear evidence that during the time that negotiations were taking place in the early 1990s, Inkatha and ANC members were at war with each other, and Self-Protection Units (SPUs) and Self-Defence Units (SDUs) were formed, respectively, as their protection forces.

As a Homeland leader, the power of Buthelezi depended on the South African state and economy. With anti-apartheid leaders inside South Africa and abroad demanding sanctions, Buthelezi came to be regarded more and more as a government puppet, along with other Bantustan leaders. His tribal loyalties and focus on ethnic interests over national unity were also criticised as contributing to the divisive programme of Inkatha. This led to a virtual civil war between Zulu loyalist supporters and ANC members in KwaZulu-Natal. Although Inkatha was allied with the African National Congress in the struggle against apartheid, they took opposing views on sanctions placed by the international community on South Africa. In 1984, Buthelezi travelled to the USA and met personally with President Ronald Reagan and argued divestment was economically harming black South African workers.

Fearing erosion of his power, Buthelezi collaborated with the South African Defence Force, and received military training for Zulu militia from SADF special forces starting in the 1980s as part of Operation Marion. Inkatha members were involved in several massacres in the run-up to South Africa's first democratic elections, including the Trust Feed massacre on 3 December 1988, and the Boipatong massacre on 17 June 1992. In November 1993, the IFP signed a solidarity pact with the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, with the AWB providing the IFP with military training and agreeing that "Boer and Zulu would fight together for freedom and land should they be confronted by a common enemy".

During the phase of establishing a constitution for South Africa and prior to the first free elections in South African history, bloodshed frequently occurred between Inkatha and the ANC. Both Inkatha and the ANC attempted to campaign in each other's KwaZulu-Natal strongholds, and were met with resistance, sometimes violent, by members of the opposing party. Inkatha was also initially opposed to parts of the proposed South African constitution regarding the internal politics of KwaZulu, and, in particular, they campaigned for an autonomous and sovereign Zulu king (King Goodwill Zwelethini kaBhekuzulu), as head of state.

As a result, Inkatha initially refused to register its intention to participate in the 1994 election, a necessity in order to receive votes. However, once it became obvious that its efforts were not going to stop the election, the party was registered as the Inkatha Freedom Party at the eleventh hour. However, due to their opposition to the constitution, concessions were made. KwaZulu-Natal, and thus all the other provinces, were granted double ballots for provincial and national legislatures, greater provincial powers, the inclusion of 'KwaZulu' in the official name of the province (formerly 'Natal') and recognition of specific ethnic and tribal groups within the province.

On election day, the IFP displayed its political strength by taking the majority of the votes for KwaZulu-Natal.

Post-apartheid politics
After the dismantling of apartheid system in 1994, the IFP formed an uneasy coalition in the national government with their traditional political rival, the ANC. Despite these challenges, the coalition was to last until 2004, when the IFP joined the opposition benches.

The ANC/IFP rivalry, characterised by sporadic acts of political violence, has been firm since 1993. In 2004, while campaigning in Vulindlela, an IFP bastion in the Pietermaritzburg Midlands region, Thabo Mbeki was reportedly debarred by an IFP-affiliated traditional leader in Mafunze. Previously the stronghold of Moses Mabhida, this area has long been the site of heated clashes between the parties.

The IFP's manifesto seeks the resolution to a number of South African issues, especially the AIDS crisis, in addition to addressing "unemployment, crime, poverty and corruption and prevent the consolidation of a one-party state;" said "party" is implied to be the ANC.

Gavin Woods report
Gavin Woods, one of the party's most respected MPs, drew up a highly critical 11-page internal discussion document at the request of the parliamentary caucus after a discussion in October 2004. In it, he said that the IFP "has no discernible vision, mission or philosophical base, no clear national ambitions or direction, no articulated ideological basis and offers little in the way of current, vibrant original and relevant policies". Woods also warned the party that "it must treat Buthelezi as the leader of a political party and not the political party itself". Woods pinpointed 1987 as the year when the IFP started losing ground as a political force. Before 1987, Woods contends, the party had a strong, unambiguous national identity. He further criticised the IFP's inability to end the ANC's campaign of violence against it, and an "impotent" attitude towards the attacks conducted against it by the ANC.

At the first caucus discussion, Woods read out the 11-page paper in full and caucus members were generally positive about its frank nature. IFP president Mangosuthu Buthelezi was absent from that meeting but raised it at a meeting of the party's national council, which Woods did not attend. At a subsequent caucus meeting where both were present, Buthelezi read from a prepared statement attacking Woods. All the numbered copies were ordered to be "shredded" but some survived.

Electoral decline

After the 1994 elections, the IFP suffered a gradual decline in support. The party ceded control of the KwaZulu-Natal province to the ANC following the 2004 general election and its presence in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, its stronghold, started to become diminished. Party member Ziba Jiyane left the IFP to form the National Democratic Convention (Nadeco). Prominent IFP MP Gavin Woods and IFP ward councillors in KwaZulu-Natal joined his new party.

After the party's results in the 2009 general elections, party members began debating a change in leadership for the 2011 local government elections. Buthelezi had previously announced his retirement but rescinded it. Senior IFP politician Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi wanted Buthelezi to step down and had supporters advocating for her to take over the party's leadership. She later resigned from the party and formed a breakaway party, the National Freedom Party (NFP). The NFP obtained 2.4% of the national vote and 10.4% in KwaZulu-Natal in the 2011 municipal elections, mainly at the expense of the IFP.

In the 2014 general elections, the party achieved its lowest support levels since 1994. The party lost its status as the official opposition in the KwaZulu-Natal Legislature to the Democratic Alliance. Nationally, the party lost eight seats in the National Assembly. The NFP factor also contributed to the IFP's decline on the national and provincial level.

Buthelezi later said in 2019 that the reason the party had lost support, was because of ANC president Jacob Zuma being from the Zulu tribe. He insisted that the exodus voters leaving the IFP occurred on ethnic grounds.

Resurgence and succession
In the 2016 municipal elections, the party's support grew for the first time since 1994. The party had reclaimed support in Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The ANC and DA both suggested that the NFP not being able to participate in the election, contributed to the party's surge in support. The party managed to retain control of the Nkandla Local Municipality, the residence of former ANC president Jacob Zuma.

In October 2017, Buthelezi announced that he would step down as leader of the IFP at the party's National General Conference in 2019. The party's Extended National Council pledged its support to Velenkosini Hlabisa, mayor of the Big Five Hlabisa Local Municipality, to succeed Buthelezi as party leader. The party grew its support in the May 2019 general elections and won back the title of official opposition in KwaZulu-Natal. Hlabisa became the leader of the opposition in the legislature, as he was the party's premier candidate. Buthelezi confirmed his intention to stand down as leader. Hlabisa was elected president of the IFP at the party's 35th National General Conference in August 2019.

Return to power in KwaZulu-Natal Province
In 2024, the IFP, which was by now in a coalition agreement with the ANC, as well as the Democratic Alliance (DA) and National Freedom Party (NFP) parties would regain the position of Premier of KwaZulu-Natal for the first time since 2004 after its candidate Thami Ntuli was elected by the province's legislature. Ntuli's election as premier was seen as a setback for the influence of Jacob Zuma, who by now had defected from the ANC to lead the KwaZulu-Natal based uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) party. Ntuli defeated Zulu Nation deputy prime minister and MK party candidate Phathisizwe Chiliza with 41 votes to 39. He then took office and appointed his cabinet on 18 June 2024.

National Assembly elections
! Election ! Total votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! +/– ! Government ! 1994 ! 1999 ! 2004 ! 2009 ! 2014 ! 2019 !2024
 * 2,058,294
 * 10.54%
 * Government of National Unity
 * Government of National Unity
 * Government of National Unity
 * 1,371,477
 * 8.58%
 * 9
 * First Cabinet of Thabo Mbeki
 * First Cabinet of Thabo Mbeki
 * 1,088,664
 * 6.97%
 * 6
 * in opposition
 * in opposition
 * 804,260
 * 4.55%
 * 10
 * in opposition
 * in opposition
 * 441,854
 * 2.40%
 * 8
 * in opposition
 * in opposition
 * 588,839
 * 3.38%
 * 4
 * in opposition
 * in opposition
 * 618,207
 * 3.85%
 * 3
 * Government of National Unity
 * }
 * }

Provincial elections
! rowspan=2 | Election ! colspan=2 | Eastern Cape ! colspan=2 | Free State ! colspan=2 | Gauteng ! colspan=2 | Kwazulu-Natal ! colspan=2 | Limpopo ! colspan=2 | Mpumalanga ! colspan=2 | North-West ! colspan=2 | Northern Cape ! colspan=2 | Western Cape ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! 1994 ! 1999 ! 2004 ! 2009 ! 2014 ! 2019 ! 2024
 * 0.17% || 0/56
 * 0.51% || 0/30
 * 3.66% || 3/86
 * 50.32% || 41/81
 * 0.12% || 0/40
 * 1.52% || 0/30
 * 0.38% || 0/30
 * 0.42% || 0/30
 * 0.35% || 0/42
 * 0.33% || 0/63
 * 0.47% || 0/30
 * 3.51% || 3/73
 * 41.90% || 34/80
 * 0.34% || 0/49
 * 1.41% || 0/30
 * 0.52% || 0/33
 * 0.53% || 0/30
 * 0.18% || 0/42
 * 0.20% || 0/63
 * 0.35% || 0/30
 * 2.51% || 2/73
 * 36.82% || 30/80
 * N/A || N/A
 * 0.96% || 0/30
 * 0.25% || 0/33
 * 0.24% || 0/30
 * 0.14% || 0/42
 * 0.10% || 0/63
 * 0.22% || 0/30
 * 1.49% || 1/73
 * 22.40% || 18/80
 * 0.06% || 0/49
 * 0.50% || 0/30
 * 0.15% || 0/33
 * 0.19% || 0/30
 * 0.06% || 0/42
 * 0.06% || 0/63
 * 0.11% || 0/30
 * 0.78% || 1/73
 * 10.86% || 9/80
 * 0.08% || 0/49
 * 0.26% || 0/30
 * 0.14% || 0/33
 * 0.06% || 0/30
 * 0.05% || 0/42
 * 0.05% || 0/63
 * 0.08% || 0/30
 * 0.89% || 1/73
 * 16.34% || 13/80
 * 0.05% || 0/49
 * 0.31% || 0/30
 * 0.08% || 0/33
 * 0.03% || 0/42
 * 0.03% || 0/42
 * 0.07% || 0/73
 * 0.19% || 0/30
 * 0.87% || 1/80
 * 18.07% || 15/80
 * 0.06% || 0/64
 * 0.47% || 0/51
 * 0.15% || 0/38
 * 0.08% || 0/30
 * 0.04% || 0/42
 * }

KwaZulu-Natal provincial elections
! Election ! Total Votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! +/– ! Provincial Government ! 1994 ! 1999 ! 2004 ! 2009 ! 2014 ! 2019 ! 2024
 * 1,844,070
 * 50.32
 * Majority government
 * Majority government
 * Majority government
 * 1,241,522
 * 41.90
 * 7
 * IFP–DP–ACDP coalition government
 * IFP–DP–ACDP coalition government
 * 1,009,267
 * 36.82
 * 4
 * IFP–DA coalition government
 * IFP–DA coalition government
 * 780,027
 * 22.40
 * 12
 * official opposition
 * official opposition
 * 416,496
 * 10.86
 * 9
 * in opposition
 * in opposition
 * 588,046
 * 16.34
 * 4
 * official opposition
 * official opposition
 * 633,771
 * 18.07
 * 2
 * TBA
 * }
 * }

Municipal elections
! Election ! Votes ! % ! 1995–96 ! 2000 ! 2006 ! 2011 ! 2016 ! 2021
 * align="right" | 757,704
 * align="right" | 8.7%
 * align="right" |
 * align="right" | 9.1%
 * align="right" | 2,120,142
 * align="right" | 8.1%
 * align="right" | 954,021
 * align="right" | 3.6%
 * 1,823,382
 * 4.7%
 * align="right" | 1,916,170
 * align="right" | 6.3%
 * }

title: Inkatha Freedom Party