text:
User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects6p

This page is part of Daniel Quinlan's Redirect Project. -

Done: U, X, Y, Z, V, Wa-Wh

To Do: Wi-Wz

The following items couldn't be resolved:

 * Wei_Shuo - Wei_Shou Have researched and found nothing. Might be same, might be different!

Un-Uz
ALL DONE!
 * University_of_California,_Berkeley - University_of_California_Berkeley, University_of_California_-_Berkeley
 * University_of_California,_San_Diego - University_of_California_San_Diego
 * University_of_Cambridge - Unviersity_of_Cambridge (typo fixed)
 * University_of_Geneva - University_of_Genoa, University_of_Genebra
 * University_of_Graz - University_of_Guam
 * University_of_Halle - University_of_Hull
 * University_of_Kansas - University_of_Kana
 * University_of_Kent - University_of_Kana
 * University_of_Leiden - University_of_Leuven
 * University_of_Leipzig - University_of_Lepzig fixed link
 * University_of_Malaya - University_of_Malta
 * University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst - University_of_Massachusetts,_Amherst
 * University_of_Massachusetts_Boston - University_of_Massachusetts,_Boston
 * University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell - University_of_Massachusetts,_Lowell
 * University_of_Missouri,_St._Louis - University_of_Missouri_St._Louis
 * University_of_Oslo - University_of_Ohio
 * University_of_Paris - University_of_Patras, University_of_Parma, University_of_Pavia, University_of_Pisa
 * University_of_Tartu - University_of_Turku
 * University_of_Technology,_Sydney - University_of_Technology_Sydney
 * University_of_Toronto - University_of_Trento
 * University_of_Vienna - University_of_Vilna
 * University_of_Wales,_Bangor - University_of_Wales_Bangor
 * University_of_Wisconsin,_Stout - University_of_Wisconsin_Stout
 * University_of_Wittenberg - University_of_Wittenburg
 * Unmanned_space_mission - Unmanned_space_mision
 * Ununbium - Ununbiium
 * Ununtrium - Ununtriium
 * Upolu - Upolo
 * Upton - Uptown
 * Urania - Urana, Uranian
 * Uranium - Uranius (historian/bishop)
 * Uranus - Uranius (see above)
 * Urban - Urbane
 * Urbana - Urbane
 * Ureter - Ureterp
 * Uri_Avnery - Uri_Avneri
 * Uri_Geller - Uri_Gellar (typo in the Talk:Michael Jackson -page)
 * Uriah - Urial
 * Use_Your_Illusion_I - Use_Your_Illusion_II
 * Usenet - Usener
 * Usury - Usuri
 * Utah_State_University - Ural_State_University
 * Utility - Utilité (User:Anthere's list of french words)
 * Uzbek - Uzbeq

V
ALL DONE!
 * VM_(Operating_system) - V_(operating_system)
 * V_Corps - VI_Corps
 * V_engine - V8_engine
 * Vaals - Vaala
 * Valens - Valeins
 * Valerian (disambiguation page) - Valeria (supermodel/ficticious character), Valeriana (Plant/medicinal substance)
 * Valerie_Perrine - Valerie_Perinne (fixed)
 * Valerius - Valeris (star trek)
 * Valery_Bykovsky - Valery_Bykovski
 * Valle - Vallea
 * Valley - Vallay, Vallea
 * Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing - Valérie_Giscard_d'Estaing fixed link
 * Vampire - Vampira
 * Van_Halen - Van_Haven
 * Van_Halen_II - Van_Halen_III
 * Van_der_Waals_force - Van_der_Waals'_force
 * Vanaheim - Vanaheimr (only linked to this page, although +r is probably closer to the original Norse pronounciation than the first anclisized one)
 * Vancouver_Island - Vancuver_Island fixed link
 * Vanda - Vandy
 * Vandalism - Vandalism. (typo in the talk page)
 * Vandread - Vandred
 * Vanir - Vanis
 * Vapor - Vapou fixed link
 * Var_River - Vah_River
 * Varda - Vardak
 * Vardar - Vardak
 * Varia - Variac, Varik, Varin
 * Varig - Varik, Varin
 * Vasoconstrictor - Vasoconstriction
 * Vasodilator - Vascodilator
 * Vass,_North_Carolina - Vale,_North_Carolina
 * Vassal - Vassar
 * Vassiliy_Jirov - Vasiliy_Jirov
 * Vatea - Vatel
 * Vecchio - Vecchi
 * Veere - Veerle, Veers, Veery
 * Vegan - Vegas
 * Velar_consonant - Velar_consontant (fixed)
 * Vendée - Vendee
 * Veneti - Venetz
 * Veneto - Venetz
 * Venezuela - Venezula fixed link
 * Venice_Biennale - Venice_Biennial
 * Ventricular_system - Ventricular_sytem (only this page)
 * Ventrue - Ventrum
 * Venturi - Venture
 * Venus - Venue
 * Verbeia - Verbena
 * Verden - Verdon, Verdin
 * Verdi - Verdin, Verdix
 * Verdun - Verdon, Verdin
 * Vere_Gordon_Childe - Vera_Gordon_Childe fixed link
 * Vergina - Verginia
 * Veria - Verio
 * Verlan - Verla
 * Vernon - Vernot
 * Verona,_New_Jersey - Vernon,_New_Jersey
 * Verran - Verrin
 * Verse - Verso
 * Vertigo_(movie) - Vertigo_(movie (Fixed typo in _1958 in Film_)
 * Verve_Records - Verve_Recors (fixed)
 * Vessel - Vessem
 * Vesta - Vestia
 * Vestby - Vestry
 * Vianen - Vianne, Viane
 * Viasa (airline) - Viasat (satellite)
 * Vibrissa - Vibrissae (fixed)
 * Victor - Victory
 * Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy - Victor_Emanuel_II_of_Italy (typo fixed)
 * Victor_Jara - Víctor_Jara
 * Victoria,_British_Columbia - Victoria,_British_Columbia
 * Victoria - Victorio
 * Victoria_Cross - Victoria_Crosse (writer), Victoria_Crosses
 * Victoria_Harbor - Victoria_harbour, Victoria_Harbour
 * Videl - Videm, Videle
 * Video - Videm
 * Videoconferencing - Video-conferencing
 * Videodisc - Videodisk (fixed)
 * Videotex - Videotel (connected, but...)
 * Vignoles - Vignolles, Vignols
 * Villa - Ville, Villy, Villaz
 * Villach - Villaco
 * Villain - Villadin
 * Villanelle - Villanella
 * Vinaya - Vinay
 * Vincent_van_Gogh - Vincent_van_Gough (Typo fixed)
 * Vincente_Guerrero - Vicente_Guerrero
 * Vindex - Vindey
 * Vineta - Vinets
 * Violet - Violes (only this page)
 * Violin_Concerto_in_A_minor_(Bach) - Violin_Concerto_in_A_major_(Bach)
 * Virgil_Thomson - Virgil_Thompson
 * Virgin - Virginy
 * Virginia_Capes - Virginia_Capers, Viriginia_Capes (only this page)
 * Virginia_Military_Institute - Virginia_Military_Institut (only this page)
 * Virial_theorem - Virial_theorom (astronomy)
 * Virtus - Virtues
 * Visage - Visace
 * Viscera - Visceral
 * Viscount - Viscounti
 * Vishnu - Vishu
 * Visible_Human_Project - Visible_Human_Projct (Only links to this page, typo apparently fixed)
 * Vision - Visio (program)
 * Vitali_Sevastyanov - Viatli_Sevastyanov (fixed)
 * Vitalism - Vitalis
 * Viterbo - Viterbe
 * Vitoria - Vittoria
 * Viva_Villa - Viva_Villa!
 * Viva_Zapata! - Viva_Zapata
 * Vladikavkaz - Vladikavkas
 * Vocal_cord - Vocal_chord
 * Voivod - Voivoid
 * Volapük - Volap?k
 * Volsci - Volscia
 * Voltaire - Voltaire,
 * Volume - Volumen
 * Volute - Volupte
 * Voyager - Voyage
 * Vratislav_I - Vratislav_II

Wa - Wh
ALL DONE!
 * Wader - Wadern
 * Wake_Island - Wadke_Island (apparently not)
 * Wake_Up - Wake_Up!
 * Walden,_New_York - Walton,_New_York
 * Waldo_Semon - Waldo_Selmon
 * Wales,_Massachusetts - Ware,_Massachusetts
 * Wales - Walem
 * Wallace_Harrison - Wallace_Hardison
 * Wallace_and_Gromit - Wallace_and_Grommit (typo in a talk page)
 * Wallace_v._Jaffree - Wallace_v._Jaffee
 * Wallachia - Wallacia
 * Wally_Pipp - Willy_Pipp
 * Walrus - Walras (on talk page)
 * Walter_Cronkite - Walter_Cronkike (Appparent typo on upload log)
 * Walter_Schellenberg - Walther_Schellenberg (probably original spelling, Walter_Schellenberger
 * Walther_Rathenau - Walter_Rathenau (fix links)
 * Waltz - Waltze
 * Walzenhausen - Waltenhausen
 * Wang_Mang - Wang_Ming
 * Wannamaker - Wanamaker (typo in talk page)
 * War_of_the_Ring - War_of_the_Rif
 * Warabi - Warai
 * Ward_County,_Texas - Waard_County,_Texas typo fixed
 * Wardell_Gray - Wardell_Grey
 * Warez - Warea, Waren
 * Wario - Warin
 * Warner_Bros. - Warner_Bros
 * Warning: (music record) - Warning
 * Warrant - Warranty
 * Warsaw - Warsav
 * Washington,_DC - Washington,_D.C
 * Washington,_New_York - Waddington,_New_York
 * Washingtonian - Washingtonia
 * Washoe - Washo
 * Waste_management - Water_management
 * Watcher - Watchet
 * Water_polo - Water_pool
 * Watertown - Waterton
 * Watson,_New_York - Walton,_New_York, Wilson,_New_York
 * Watto - Watton, Watts
 * Waunakee,_Wisconsin - Wausaukee,_Wisconsin
 * Wayne - Wayno
 * Wayne_Gretzky - Wayne_Gretszky
 * Wayne_Rainey - Wayne_Raney
 * Weather_gauge - Weather_gage
 * Weathermen - Weatherman
 * Weber-Fechner_Law - Weber-Fechner's_Law (olny this page)
 * Webster's_Third_New_International_Dictionary - Webster'_Third_New_International_Dictionary (only this page)
 * Weddell_Sea (sea) - Weddell_Seal (animal)
 * Wedding - Weddin
 * Weezer - Weeze
 * Wehrmacht - Wehrmacth (only typo fixed)
 * Wei_Shuo - Wei_Shou Have researched and found nothing. Might be same, might be different!
 * Weimar_Republic - Weimer_Republic (only typo fixed)
 * Welder - Welden
 * Wellen - Welle
 * Wellington_College - Wilmington_College
 * Wells - Welle, Wello
 * Wellsburg,_New_York - Wellsburg,_New_Yorl (typo fixed)
 * Wends - Wendy
 * Wendy's_Restaurant - Wendy's_restaurants
 * Wentzville,_Missouri - Wentzville,_Missoui
 * Werra - Werre
 * Weser - Wesel
 * Wessex - Wessem
 * West_Africa - West_African (airline)
 * West_Caldwell,_New_Jersey - Weest_Caldwell,_New_Jersey (links only to this page)
 * West_Ham (British football) - West_Han (China)
 * Westerkerk - Westerkirk
 * Western_Europe - Western_European
 * Westeros - Westerns
 * Westerveld - Westervelde
 * Westminster_Confession_of_Faith - Wesminster_Confession_of_Faith (only this page)
 * Westminster_tube_station - Westmister_tube_station (typo fixed)
 * Weston,_Georgia - Winston,_Georgia
 * Weston,_Wisconsin - Wilton,_Wisconsin
 * Weston - Westow, Westin
 * Westrogothia - Westrogotia link to Westrogotia seems to have disappeared
 * Westwood - Westwoud
 * Weta_Workshop - Wet_Workshop
 * Wetterhorn - Wetterhoun
 * Wettin - Wetting
 * Whale - Whaley
 * What's_Happening!! - What's_Happening!
 * What's_Opera,_Doc? - Whats_Opera,_Doc
 * What_Makes_Sammy_Run? - What_Makes_Sammy_Run
 * Whatu - What?
 * Wheatfield,_New_York - Westfield,_New_York
 * Wheatland,_Pennsylvania - Westland,_Pennsylvania
 * Whippet - Whipped (only this page)
 * Whiskey - Whiskery, Whisker
 * Whistler,_British_Columbia - Whister,_British_Columbia (only this page)
 * Whitby,_Ontario - Whitney,_Ontario
 * White_House - White_Horse
 * White_bass - White_brass
 * Whitley_Strieber - Whitley_Streiber (fixed links)
 * Whitney - Whitneya
 * Whitney_Houston - Withney_Houston (links only to this page), Witney_Houston
 * Whitton,_North_Lincolnshire - Wootton,_North_Lincolnshire
 * Who's_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf? - Whose_Afraid_of_Virginia_Woolf
 * Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire? - Who_Wants_to_be_a_Millionare
 * Wholesaler - Wholesale
 * Whoopee! - Whoopee
 * Whore_of_Babylon - Whores_of_Babylon
 * Why_Can't_We_Be_Friends - Why_Can't_We_Be_Friends?

Wi-Wz

 * Wichita,_Kansas - Witchita,_Kansas fixed
 * Wigtown - Wigton
 * Wilber_Sweatman - Wilbur_Sweatman
 * Wild_River - Wind_River
 * Wild_and_Wooly - Wild_and_Woolly
 * Wilfredo_Vazquez - Wilfredo_Vasquez fixed
 * Wilfrid - Wilfried
 * Wilhelm_II_of_Germany - Willhelm_II_of_Germany
 * Wilhelm_Marr - Wilhelm_Marx
 * Wilhelmus_van_Nassouwe - Wilhelmus_van_Nassauwe
 * Wilko_Johnson - Wilco_Johnson fixed
 * Will_Smith - Wil_Smith fixed
 * Willem_Dafoe - Willem_Defoe (only this page)
 * Willemstad - Wilemstad fixed link
 * Willet (bird) - Willen (village), Willer (commune)
 * William_Adams - William_Addams, William_Adamson
 * William_Allain - William_Allan
 * William_Allen - William_Allan
 * William_Anders - William_Anderson
 * William_Barnes - William_Barnett
 * William_Beall - William_Beals
 * William_Bell - William_Bill
 * William_Bennett - William_Beckett
 * William_Blake - William_Bloke
 * William_Bloye - William_Bloke
 * William_Bowyer - William_Bowdern
 * William_Brown - William_Browne
 * William_Burnet - William_Burnett
 * William_Chambers - William_Chalmers
 * William_Clark - William_Clarke
 * William_Courtenay - William_Courten
 * William_Cowper - William_Cooper
 * William_Coxe - William_Cox
 * William_Farren - William_Farrer
 * William_Gallacher - William_Gallagher
 * William_Gibson - William_Gibbons
 * William_Godwin - William_Goodwin
 * William_H._Seward - William_H._Stewart
 * William_Hague - Wulliam_Hague (only this page)
 * William_Harrison - William_Harris
 * William_Harvey - William_Harney
 * William_Henry_Waddington - William_Henry_Washington
 * William_Hone - William_Hoge
 * William_Hooper - William_Hooker, William_Hopper
 * William_Howarth - William_Howard
 * William_Hurt - William_Hart, William_Hutt
 * William_I - William_IX
 * William_Jerome - Wiliam_Jerome (fixed)
 * William_Johnson - William_Johnston
 * William_King - William_Kong
 * William_Laud - William_Land
 * William_Marshal - William_Marshall
 * William_Morris - William_Morrison
 * William_Paterson - William_Patterson
 * William_Perry - William_Parry, William_Peery, William_Percy
 * William_Price - William_Prince
 * William_R._Bennett - William_R._Burnett
 * William_Ramsay - William_Ramsey
 * William_Shield - William_Shiels
 * William_Shirley - William_Shelley, William_Shipley
 * William_Smith - William_Smithe
 * William_Stamps_Farish_II - William_Stamps_Farish_III
 * William_Stamps_Farish_IV - William_Stamps_Farish_III
 * William_Stanley - William_Stanbery, William_Starley, William_Staveley, William_Standley
 * William_Strang - William_Strong
 * William_Strunk_Jr. - William_Strunk,_Jr.
 * William_Templeton - William_Templeman
 * William_Thomson - William_Thompson
 * William_Wake - William_Ware, William_Wade
 * William_Walton - William_Walron
 * William_Whitelaw - William_Whiteway
 * William_Wycherley - William_Wycherly
 * William_of_Malmesbury - William_of_Malmsbury
 * Williamston - Williamson
 * Willie_D - Willie_D.
 * Willington - Willingdon
 * Willisburg,_Kentucky - Wellsburg,_Kentucky
 * Willy_Messerschmitt - Willy_Messerschmidt
 * Wilson,_Wisconsin - Wilton,_Wisconsin
 * Wilton,_New_York - Walton,_New_York, Wilson,_New_York
 * Wilton - Wilten
 * Wimbledon - Wimbleton
 * Windex - Winde, Winden
 * Windmill - Windmil (only typo fixed)
 * Winds - Winde
 * Windsor,_North_Carolina - Windom,_North_Carolina
 * Windsor,_Pennsylvania - Windom,_Pennsylvania
 * Winona_Ryder - Wynona_Ryder (link fixed)
 * Winsor_McCay - Windsor_McCay
 * Winston_Churchill - Winston_Churchil (typo in a talk page)
 * Wintel - Wintex
 * Winter - Wintex
 * Winton,_North_Carolina - Windom,_North_Carolina
 * Wislawa_Szymborska - WisÅ?awa_Szymborska (Only in this page)
 * Witiges - Witigis
 * Witten - Wittem, Witte
 * Wittenberg - Wittenberge (not sure)
 * Wizard - Wizzard
 * Wizards_of_the_Coast - Wizard's_of_the_Coast (only this page)
 * Wladyslaw_Sikorski - Wladyslaw_Siskorski (typo fixed)
 * Wolfgang_Pauli - Wolfgang_Paul, Wolfgang_Pauly
 * Wolfgang_Schüssel - Wolfgang_Schuessel
 * Wolfsburg - Wolfsberg
 * Women's_suffrage - Women's_sufferage (fix typo)
 * Woodbridge,_Virginia - Woodridge,_Virginia
 * Woodrow_Wilson - Woodrow_Wilson's (<apparently already fixed)
 * Woody - Woods
 * Woody_Herman - Woddy_Herman (only this page)
 * Woolen - Wooler
 * Woolworth's - Woolworth?s (links only to this page), Woolworths
 * Worcester,_Massachusetts - Worcester,_Massachussets (only this page)
 * Worcester_County,_Maryland - Worchester_County,_Maryland (typo fixed)
 * Word_processing - Wood_processing
 * Words - Wordo
 * Workers'_Party_of_Marxist_Unification - Worker's_Party_of_Marxist_Unification (only this page)
 * Working_class - Working_classes (link fixed)
 * Worksop (placename) - Workshop
 * World_Class_Wreckin'_Cru - World_Class_Wrecking_Cru, World_Class_Wreckin_Cru
 * World_Food_Program - World_Food_Programme
 * World_Trade_Center - World_Trade_Centre
 * World_War_II - Warld_War_II (only typo fixed)
 * World_of_Darkness - Worlds_of_Darkness (only this page)
 * Wroclaw - Wroclav
 * Wuppertal - Wupperthal
 * Wushu - Wushu. (only typo fixed)

X
ALL DONE!
 * Xalan - Xalam
 * Xanth - Xanthe, Xanthi
 * Xenophobe - Xenophoby (typo in a talk page)
 * Xtermo - Xterm
 * Xu_Wei - Xue_Wei

Y
ALL DONE!
 * Yagyu_Munenori - Yagyuu_Munenori
 * Yahya_Ayash - Yahya_Ayyash
 * Yakutsk (place name) - Yakuts (ethnic group)
 * Yamamoto_Gonnohyoe - Yamamoto_Gonnohoe
 * Yamamoto_Isoroku - Yamamoto_Isoruku (link fixed)
 * Yanai - Yanam
 * Yankee_Doodle_Dandy - Yankee_Doodle_Daffy
 * Yanomami - Yanomama (possible, but not sure)
 * Yaqui - Yaqut, Yaquq
 * Yaroslavl - Yaroslav, Yaroslavl'
 * Yehud - Yehuda
 * Yeomen_of_the_Guard - Yeoman_of_the_Guard (link fixed)
 * Yo_La_Tengo - Y_La_Tengo
 * Yogurt - Yogure
 * Yom_Kippur - Yom_Kipur (not sure)

 * York_(disambiguation) - York_(disambiguation_) (Link to deletion log archive)
 * Yorketown,_New_Jersey - Yorktown,_New_Jersey
 * Yoshida_Shoin - Yoshida_Shouin
 * Young - Younge
 * Young_Communist_League - Young_Communists'_League
 * Yu-Gi-Oh - Yu-Gi-Oh!
 * Yuanfen - Yuanfeng
 * Yugoslavia - Yugoslawia (typo in a talk page)
 * Yunnanozooan - Yunnanozoon
 * Yuri_Artyukhin - Yuri_Artyuhin
 * Yvoir - Yvoire

Z
ALL DONE!
 * Zacharias - Zachariah
 * Zacheus - Zaccheus
 * Zakir_Hussain (tabla player) - Zakir_Husain (politician)
 * Zal_Yanovsky - Zal_Yanofsky
 * Zambia (Africa) - Zambiya (South America)
 * Zapotec - Zapoteca (botany)
 * Zarzuela - Zarzuella
 * Zeboim - Zeboiim
 * Zenaga - Zenata, Zenana
 * Zenith - Zenit
 * Zephyr - Zephir
 * Zeppole - Zeppolle
 * Zetec - Zetel, Zetea
 * Zhang - Zhane
 * Zhang_Heng - Zhang_Hong
 * Zhuyin - Zhuyi
 * Zingem - Zingel
 * Zinnia - Zinna
 * Zipper - Zippor
 * Zähringen - Zähringer
 * Zénobe_Gramme - Zenobe_Gramme
 * École_Normale_Supérieure - École_Normale_Superieure

title: User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects6p


text:
Gallery of sovereign state flags

This gallery of sovereign state flags shows the national or state flags of sovereign states that appear on the list of sovereign states. For flags of other entities, please see gallery of flags of dependent territories. Each flag is depicted as if the flagpole is positioned on the left of the flag, except for those of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia which are depicted with the hoist to the right.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gallery of sovereign state flags


text:
Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat

Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat, or simply Sagwa, is a children's animated television series based on the children's book of the same name by Amy Tan which aired on PBS Kids, co-produced by Canada-based animation studio CinéGroupe and Sesame Street creator Sesame Workshop.

In the series, which is set c. 1895–1912, after the cinematograph was patented and during the late Qing dynasty, Sagwa has fun in her day-to-day life while learning and teaching valuable life lessons. The show is notable for its setting and messages about family obligations and loyalty. The show is also intentionally cross-cultural, with the theme song in both English and Chinese.

The series was developed and produced for television by executive producers George Daugherty and Michel Lemire, and producers David Ka Lik Wong and Leon G. Arcand.

The series aired from September 3, 2001, to October 5, 2002, running for one season and 40 episodes.

The series won the Silver Plaque at the Chicago International Film Festival for Children's Film in 2001, as well as winning an Outstanding Individual in Animation award for background artist Valery Mihalkov at the 29th Daytime Emmy Awards and a "TV Series - Family/Children" award at WorldFest Houston in 2002.

Synopsis
Sagwa resides in a palace of a magistrate in China in what is assumed to be modern-day Fujian province (possibly during the late Qing dynasty, as shown by the characters' clothes), as part of a royal family of cats who have the ability to write with their tails. She and her siblings, along with various other cats and Fu-Fu the bat, have adventures that are usually accompanied by moral lessons, as is typical with most children's shows. However, one aspect of the show which sets it apart is its display of various elements of Chinese culture.

Miao family

 * Sagwa Miao (傻瓜 shǎguā, "silly melon") (voiced by Holly Gauthier-Frankel) is the middle of the Miao family, as well as the titular protagonist of the series. Kind, curious, quick thinking, creative and often bossy. She was originally pure white in color but gained her current Siamese cat markings after falling into an inkpot. Sagwa is very talented in calligraphy and is said by her parents to have the best artistic skills in the Miao family. She has a golden-yellow and salmon-red Miao Family collar on her neck. While her name literally means "silly melon", it translates to an affectionate way of calling someone a fool.
 * Dongwa Miao (冬瓜 dōngguā, winter melon) (voiced by Oliver Grainger) is the eldest child of the Miao family. Intelligent, competitive and sometimes stubborn, Dongwa is independent and often prefers the company of the Alley Cats or solitary martial-arts practice to playing with his sisters. He is the only male child of this entire family and is also caring of his sisters despite the typical sibling squabbles that occur between them. He is cream-colored and has the traditional Siamese markings and has a purple Miao Family collar on his neck.
 * Sheegwa Miao (西瓜 xīguā, watermelon) (voiced by Jesse Vinet) is the youngest child of the Miao family. Curious, friendly, cheerful and full of energy, Sheegwa is also very optimistic and ascribes good intentions to almost every creature she meets. She is pure white in color, except for a pink tinge on her cheeks, and has a folded right ear. She also has a pink Miao Family collar (with a purple flower symbol on it) on her neck.
 * Baba Wim Bao Miao (爸爸寶寶 bàba bǎobǎo, "father darling") (voiced by Arthur Holden) is the father of the Miao family. He is very strict with his children, and in matters of hard work and duty, but also has a softer, playful side as well. Baba also fancies himself a devotee of Chinese Opera, although he has Beat deafness. He and Mama are the official calligraphers of the Foolish Magistrate. Baba, like Dongwa, is cream-colored and has typical Siamese facial markings. When Angwan took care of him, she called him Bu-Gu, "Cuckoo Bird". He is also voiced by Bruce Dinsmore in a flashback where he's shown as a younger version of himself.
 * Mama Shao Faing Miao (媽媽小風 māma xiǎo fēng, "mother small wind") (voiced by Ellen David) is the mother of the Miao family. Like Baba, she is also a loving but strict parent, but is usually more lenient and gentle than Baba. She and Sagwa have similar coloring and markings.
 * Nai-Nai Miao (奶奶 nǎinai, paternal grandmother) (voiced by Sonja Ball) is the grandmother of the Miao family. Grey in color, she is old-fashioned, patient and full of wisdom. She often tells the kittens stories, and the family treats her as a respected ancestor.
 * Yeh-Yeh Miao (爺爺 yéyé, paternal grandfather) (voiced by Neil Shee) is the grandfather of the Miao family. Like Nai-Nai, he is wise and patient. He is a good storyteller, and the kittens treat him with great love and respect.
 * Uncle Miao (voiced by Neil Shee) is the paternal uncle of Sagwa and Baba's brother. He's very much into ancient local history.
 * Mae-Mae Miao is an aunt of Sagwa and Baba's in-law. She and her husband adopt a dog named Cha-Siu. That dog then became a cousin to the Miao kittens.
 * Cha-Siu Miao (叉烧 chāshāo, cousin) (voiced by Daniel Brochu) is the adopted child of Uncle Miao and Aunt Chi-Chi, and a cousin of Sagwa, Dongwa and Sheegwa. He is a puppy dog and is different than the rest of the family. Sagwa and Sheegwa are happy to meet him for the first time and immediately bond with him. However, Dongwa isn't sure about him at first because he's a dog and different than everyone else. After the Sleeve Dogs make fun of him for being a dog and not being able to do anything, Dongwa later comforts him and they bond together.
 * Chi-Chi Miao (voiced by Susan Glover) is another aunt of Sagwa and Mama's sister. She is an acrobat and teaches Sagwa and Sheegwa the art of acrobatics.
 * Uncle Catfish (voiced by Richard Newman) is a mysterious Uncle to the Miao kittens who could also be a first cousin to Yeh-Yeh. He is half cat and half fish who lives in the water. Sagwa visited him once and he told her a tale of his great-grandmother. She was a cat who fell in the water to meet a fish and that made him who he is today.

Humans

 * Shoo-Jee-Deh-Shan-Taiyeh Suen, the Foolish Magistrate is the ruler of the province, Shoo-Jee-Deh-Shan-Taiyeh (湑稽的縣太爺 xū jī de xiàn tàiyé, "county high master of strain spirit ground-bowing") (voiced by Hiro Kanagawa) is a large and rather absent-minded man. He occasionally makes rules without reason, or makes ill-conceived decisions under pressure from his wife, Tai-Tai, but for the most part he is portrayed as a just and reasonable ruler. He is very fond of his cats, both for their calligraphy skills and for their ability to keep away mice and rats, of which he is deathly afraid of. In one of the episodes, when he says "No rules, no race.", his phrase turns into a musical drumbeat song as a result of being chanted by him.
 * Tai-Tai Suen (太太 tàitài, "wife") (voiced by Khaira Ledeyo) is the Foolish Magistrate's wife. She is a very irritable, status-conscious woman who needs to prove her superiority to the "common" people of the village; however, she has flashes of kindness and reasonableness, in which she sees the consequences of her actions and apologizes to those she has wronged. She is very attached to the Sleeve Dogs who live in her robe, and values the cats only when they can bring praise to the family. She has a niece called Angwan
 * The Three Daughters Ba-Do (白豆 bái dòu, "white bean") (voiced by Kathy Tsoi, Leanne Adachi and Rosa Lee, respectively) is the Magistrate's oldest daughter, who wears pink. Of the three daughters, Ba-Do is the protagonist. Luk-Do (绿豆 lǜ dòu, "green bean") is the Magistrate's middle daughter, and usually wears yellow. She is the more athletic of her sisters. Huang-Do (黄豆 huáng dòu, "yellow bean") is the Magistrate's youngest daughter, who is shorter than her sisters and usually wears blue. She is the more sensitive of her sisters. The three girls argue a great deal, but they are generally loving sisters who support each other.
 * Chef Cook (voiced by Raugi Yu) not only prepares meals, but he also attends to medical care and other emergencies around the palace. He is a good friend of the Reader. Of the humans,seems to have the closest relationship with the Miao cats.
 * Seeyeh Suen is the Advising Reader of the Rules Seeyeh (師爺 shīyé, "division master") (voiced by Russell Yuen) is the Magistrate's brother who is in charge of reading his rules to the villagers; informally, he and the Cook often serve as advisors to the Magistrate as well. He also served as a tutor to the three daughters, and in one episode is discovered to be a talented poet as well. The reader is often the victim of mishaps caused by others in the palace.
 * Jun (voiced by Annette Bening) is the new tutor to the three daughters who appears in the final episodes. She wears purple clothing and is shown to be from another village.
 * Sir Richard (voiced by Simon Peacock) is a clumsy English archaeologist who goes to the palace for tasks. He has brought Sagwa as his good luck kitten into caves and a hot air balloon to help find artifacts. They found the old poetry scrolls from the magistrate's ancestor, and an ancient fossil in a balloon as they were always up for adventure.

Best friends / allies

 * Fu-Fu (福蝠 fú fú, literally "lucky bat") (voiced by Rick Jones) is Sagwa's best friend and a sidekick. A cave-dwelling bat who wears round glasses, he is an extremely clumsy bat who often crashes into trees and other objects. He acts as Sagwa's conscience, warning her against taking unneeded risks, and then rescues Sagwa from the consequences of her adventures.
 * The Mice (all voiced by Jaclyn Linetsky) are a large group of other mice live unseen behind the Palace walls. They are close friends of the three kittens and do no harm to the Palace nor its inhabitants. However, the Foolish Magistrate and his family are very afraid of mice in general, so their presence must remain hidden.
 * Tung (voiced by Thor Bishopric) is a cricket that belonged to the magistrate that lived in a cage in his study. He sang a song that annoyed everyone but the magistrate who loved him. Tai Tai snuck behind his back to get rid of him and everyone else thought he died. With the help of Sagwa, he found his way back into the palace. He sang but everyone thought he was a different cricket.
 * Hai-Yo (voiced by Thor Bishopric) is a bluebird. Dongwa who hurt his wing in the alley. Dongwa tried to help him out and hide him in the clubhouse from the alleycats. He tried to get rid of him to impress his friends but was looking for him in the end to see if he's alright. They made up in the end. This bird loves flying and looking for worms in the alley. He also made a cameo appearance in "Sagwa's Lucky Bat" as he accidentally ran into FuFu while flying.
 * Ping Wing (voiced by Sonja Ball), a pigeon kept by the magistrate in an episode. Sagwa and FuFu fought on who would get more attention for her. She hated the fighting between them and she only wanted to talk to them, if everyone made up. She's also skilled at flying while making music.

Other

 * The Alley Cats are a group of cats who live in the streets and alleys outside the palace grounds. They include "bullies" such as Wing Wing (voiced by Michael Yarmush), Jet Jet (voiced by Mitchell Rothpan), and Lik Lik (voiced by Terrence Scammell) who tease the Miao kittens because of their "goody-goody" ways and privileged lives. Others, however, are friends to their siblings Sagwa, Dongwa, and (to a lesser extent), Sheegwa, such as two female alley cats named "Hun-Hun" (voiced by Kathy Tsoi) and "Ling" (voiced by Kamiko Taka in her only mainstream appearance) and three male ones named "Wong Ton" (voiced by Ian James Corlett), Shao-Pao (voiced by Jesse Camacho) (from the birds, bees and silkworms' episode), and "Fam" (voiced by Kyle Fairlie).
 * The Sleeve Dogs Ping (voiced by Dean Hagopian), Pong (voiced by Michel Perron), and Pang (voiced by Sonja Ball) are three small Pekingese dog triplets who live in the sleeves of Tai-Tai's robe. They antagonize the cats and boast of their superior status, but invariably their taunting and plots cause them to appear ridiculous and get into trouble in the end.
 * Gunji (voiced by Ricky Mabe) is a large red cat that is owned by Tai Tai's aunt. She has a rooster pillow for her but when she was chasing Sagwa, Sagwas paw got stuck in the thread wrecking it. Gungi was blamed at first, but Sagwa told the truth of the accident then everyone knew what happened. In the end, Gungi apologized for being mean and Sagwa was rewarded by her parents.
 * Fi-Fu (voiced by Dean Hagopian) and Fo-Fu (voiced by Michel Perron) are two bullies in a pack of bats that antagonized FuFu and made fun of his confidence before had to leave a full moon flight, and whom Sagwa once blamed as her kidnappers when making up a story about how she got a bad haircut.
 * The Rat (voiced by Michael O' Reilly) is a hungry brown rodent who always breaks into the palace to steal food. He led onto the kittens' making deals with them before they realized they were tricked. He was always chased by other cats to leave the palace.
 * Oogway (voiced by Howard Ryshpan) is an elderly tortoise. He guided Sagwa in the garden and showed her the beauty of it. He did sleep a lot, and got a rose thorn out of Sagwa's foot. He also made cameo appearances in "The Favorite", and "Lord of the Flies".
 * Bei-Hu (voiced by Eleanor Noble) is a tribal cat with larger ears who are owned by traveling entertainers. Him and his family do things much different than other cats, as they catch and eat locusts as a hobby. He also pretty smart as he taught Sagwa how to travel home quick and what's East and West.

Many of the names of the characters derive from the Chinese language. Their spellings are romanizations (though not always Wade–Giles, but possibly dialects also), and differ from the standardized Pinyin system.

Additional voices
Additional voices were done by Leanne Adachi, Terrence Scammell, Simon Peacock, Howard Ryshpan, Carrie Finlay, Jonathan Koensgen, Chris Phillips, Dean Hagopian, Len Carlson, Mitchell Rothpan, Kyle Fairlie, Ricky Mabe, Michael Yarmush, Justin Bradley, Jaclyn Linetsky, Daniel Brochu, Walter Massey, Marc Donato, Olivia Garratt, Martin Watier, Andrew Rannells, Richard M. Dumont, Peter Linz, Tyler Bunch, Steven Crowder, Lisa Jai, Liz MacRae, Tyrone Savage, Catherine Disher, Kathy Tsoi, Brigid Tierney, Melissa Pirrera, Mark Camacho, Jesse Camacho, Bruce Dinsmore, Thor Bishopric, Pauline Little, Michel Perron, Peter Shinkoda, Linda Wang, Karen Lee, Kameron Louangxay, Kamiko Taka, Rosa Yee, Amy Chow, Michael O'Reilly, A.J. Henderson, Susan Glover, Jane Woods, Eleanor Noble, Derek Lowe and John Stocker.

Canada
From 2002 to 2003, CinéGroupe Star released six volumes of the series in Canada. The VHS versions were released in both separate English and French versions, while the DVD counterparts featured both languages.

United States
In 2003, PBS Home Video and Warner Home Video brought each compilation of individual episodes to VHS and DVD.

On VHS, there were eight volumes with each containing three episodes. On DVD, there were four volumes which each contain six episodes each. Each DVD combined episodes from each pair of the VHS tapes. A pair of VHS titles (Best Friends and Family Fun) were renamed for the Feline and Friends and Family DVD. There was also a 6 volume DVD box set, with each disc consisting of 5-6 episodes. Every disc comprises episodes based on themes and were divided in half for those select sections of segments.

In 2006, Paramount Home Entertainment brought sixteen episodes from the show were released on one disc as part of the PBS Kids pack anthology set, with the two other discs containing episodes from Zoboomafoo and George Shrinks.

VHS
July 30, 2002
 * Cat Nights, Flights and Delights – "Firefly Nights", "Fu-Fu's Full Moon Flight", "Shei-Hu's Secret"
 * Feline Frenzy – "Explorer's Club", "Treasure Hunters", "Sick Day"

January 28, 2003
 * Cat Tales – "How Sagwa Got Her Colors", "Fur Cut", "Stinky Tofu"
 * Feline Festivities – "The New Year's Clean-Up", "Ba-Do and the Lantern Festival", "By the Light of the Moon"

April 1, 2003
 * Best Friends – "Sagwa's Lucky Bat", "Cat and Mouse", "Dongwa's Best Friend"
 * Family Fun – "Royal Cats", " The Cat and the Wind", "Ciao, Meow!"

July 29, 2003
 * Kitty Concerto – "Alley Night Opera", "Comic Opera", "Tung, the Singing Cricket"
 * Sagwa's Petting Zoo – "The Birds, the Bees and the Silkworms", "Panda-monium", "Sagwa, Fu-Fu, and the Whistling Pigeon"

DVD
January 28, 2003
 * Sagwa's Storybook World (combines Cat Nights, Flights and Delights and Feline Frenzy)
 * Cat Tales and Celebrations (combines Cat Tales and Feline Festivities)

July 29, 2003
 * Great Purr-formances (combines Kitty Concerto and Sagwa's Petting Zoo)
 * Feline Friends and Family (combines Sagwa's Feline Friends (a.k.a. Best Friends) and Sagwa's Family Tree (a.k.a. Family Fun)

Online streaming
In 2018, TFO's MiniMation YouTube channel began uploading episodes from the French version. The series was also briefly on Google Play.

title: Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat


text:
Chalumeau

The chalumeau (plural chalumeaux) is a single-reed woodwind instrument of the late baroque and early classical eras. The chalumeau is a folk instrument that is the predecessor to the modern-day clarinet. It has a cylindrical bore with eight tone holes (seven in front and one in back for the thumb) and a broad mouthpiece with a single heteroglot reed (i.e. separate, not a continuous part of the instrument's body) made of cane. Similar to the clarinet, the chalumeau overblows a twelfth.

History
The word chalumeau first begins to appear in writing during the 1630s, but may have been in use as early as the twelfth century. Several French dictionaries in the sixteenth century use the word to refer to various types of simple, idioglot reed-pipes all with tone holes. The heteroglot style reed (detached from the reed-plant's sidewall) was later adopted in the seventeenth and into the eighteenth centuries. These single-pipe instruments probably evolved from earlier multiple-pipe instruments through the abandonment of the drone tube. (See Similar instruments, below. The etymology is discussed in detail at Shawm.)

The use of the chalumeau originated in France and later spread to Germany by the late seventeenth century. By 1700, the chalumeau was an established instrument on the European musical scene. Around this time, well-known Nuremberg instrument maker Johann Christoph (J.C.) Denner made improvements to the chalumeau, eventually developing it into the Baroque clarinet. The chalumeau is distinguished by two keys (thought to be added by Denner), which cover tone holes drilled diametrically to each other. The position of these tone holes prohibits the instrument from overblowing, limiting its range to only twelve notes. In order to counteract the limited range, multiple sizes of chalumeau were produced ranging from bass to soprano.

Over a period of about 20 years, the clarinet became distinguishable from the chalumeau due to a number of structural improvements. The first and most important development was the displacement of the rear key up towards the mouthpiece. Denner also reduced the size of the hole and inserted a small tube to facilitate overblowing, greatly increasing the range of the instrument to nearly three octaves. The instrument was also lengthened to increase accuracy of tuning, the recorder-like foot joint of the chalumeau was replaced by a bell similar to the oboe, and a key on the lower joint was eventually added to sound a b’. This new instrument eventually became the Baroque clarinet and specialized in the higher clarino register, as opposed to the lower chalumeau register. In its early development, the clarinet could not be tuned across the range of the instrument, so the chalumeau was still used for music in the lower range. Later developments in the key work allowed better intonation throughout the range of the clarinet, and the chalumeau register on the clarinet eventually rendered the chalumeau itself superfluous. The limited range and modest strength of sound compared with the clarinet made the chalumeau increasingly impractical. By 1800, the chalumeau had disappeared from the repertoire entirely and the clarinet was well-established on the European musical scene.

These improvements are attributed to J.C. Denner, but may have also been an invention of his son Jacob Denner who was trained by his father. Another son, Johann David, helped with the business but is not recorded as an instrument builder. The Denners were the only instrument builders to produce both chalumeaux and clarinets.

Music for the chalumeau

Composers initially favored the chalumeau, but the clarinet soon overtook it in repertoire and ubiquity. Estienne Roger in Amsterdam published a set of duets for two chalumeaux in 1706 (prior to the first duets for clarinet). And in 1716, the same publisher released six volumes of duets for chalumeaux. In the first decades of the eighteenth century, the chalumeau was especially popular in the Habsburg court, as evidenced by chalumeau parts in over forty operas and oratorios, and the Denners had many orders for chalumeaux from royalty all over Europe. Composers Fux, the Bononcini brothers, Zelenka, de Rossi, Vivaldi, Telemann and Hasse wrote for the chalumeau but chalumeau parts were not common in the second half of the century. Graupner wrote extensively for all sizes of chalumeaux and featured the instrument, often in groups of two or three, in numerous Ouverture-Suites, Concertos, Church Cantatas and Trio Sonatas. During the brief revival of chalumeau after 1760, Florian Gassmann included a chalumeau part in two pieces, and chalumeau parts were included in several ballets in the 1770s. But later renditions of these pieces transposed the chalumeau parts to clarinet or flute. The chalumeau was often included in music dictionaries until the early nineteenth century.

Timbre and tone
The chalumeau sounds much lower than one might expect, due to the acoustical nature of a cylindrical stopped pipe. It has an intimate, cantabile-like quality – as opposed to the trumpet-like sound of the Baroque clarinet – and is very similar to the sound of speaking.

Historical and modern chalumeaux

About ten original chalumeaux are extant, but modern craftsmen produce replicas based on these original instruments. Of the original instruments, most are made of boxwood and all feature two keys placed opposite each other to be played by the thumb and first finger of the left hand. The mouthpieces of these instruments usually have the reed placed on top so that it vibrates against the upper lip when played. The surviving chalumeaux were made between the beginning of the eighteenth century and about 1760 by five known instrument makers including J.C. Denner, W. Kress, Liebau, Klenig, and Muller. Of these instruments, there is one soprano and one bass chalumeau, several tenor and alto chalumeaux, and one rare chalumeau d’amour. The chalumeau d’amour has a bulbous bell like its rare contemporary the clarinette d’amour and the modern-day English horn.

Present day makers of replica chalumeaux include Peter van der Poel, Andreas Schöni, R. Tutz, François Masson, and Guntram Wolf. Other makers, including Tupian, Hahl, and Kunath, produce modern adaptations of the chalumeau.

Similar instruments
Similar single-reed folk instruments with single, cylindrical tubes are found in many Arabic and European cultures throughout history. Examples include the albogue, alboka,  diplica,  hornpipe, pibgorn, and sipsi.

In England, by 1698 a similar instrument was known as the mock trumpet. The mock trumpet predated the chalumeau and may be one of the primary predecessors of both the chalumeau and clarinet.

A similar instrument called the xaphoon (also called "Maui bamboo sax" or "pocket sax") was developed by Hawaiian craftsman Brian Wittman. A similar instrument called the venova was created and sold by Yamaha Corporation in 2017.

title: Chalumeau


text:
Talk:Andreas Papandreou

Tendentious Phrases and Wording
This entire entry is peppered with all sorts of ideologically-slanted phrases and biased conclusions. Anyone who has read objective history about Papandreou's administration knows that a lot of what is written here is "hero worship." Someone more objective needs to review, add, and edit this entry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.216.154.2 (talk) 17:06, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

unfounded claims
someone wrote that businessmen withdrew their investments from greece, but he didn't cite any sources. I deleted that comment. Also, if you don't know english, don't write in the english wiki. the phrase "grafo istoria" shouldn't be translated as "write history", but as "make history".

In memoriam
For an interesting obituary on AGP, go www.parrisia.com 85.73.39.52 15:35, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Tone and citations
This article is in a complete mess. On top of being completely uncited the Political career section reads like a polemic against Papandreou. Terms like Fief, velvet coup d'etat, Peronist etc smack of POV gone wild. If citations are not provided for using these exact terms they will be removed. In addition the style needs major overhaul, example: He rewrote high school history textbooks to positions supporting the Communist positions on Greek Civil War Aside from being completely uncited did he actually write the textbooks? Many other examples have been omitted. Major cleanup is needed, as this section is out of control. Dr.K. 16:16, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree. Cleaned up some. Please examine and comment. Thanks in advance. -The Gnome (talk) 09:53, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your help. I checked and tagged some more points. We can either find citations for these or remove them in a month or so. Dr.K. (talk) 05:45, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Photograph : from Switzerland or Greece?
I'm afraid the photo showing Papandreou holding a piece of paper while speaking to an audience is from the declaration of "Pasok's Principles", which took place in Greece, in the 3rd of September, 1974 - and not in Switzerland, as currently stated. I will change the legend accordingly and provide source. -The Gnome (talk) 09:53, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Recent drastic changes without inline citations
I have reverted the recent changes due to complete lack of citations. Please discuss changes here before adding any new big edits to the article. Thanks. Dr.K. (talk) 17:37, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Read the article re: from American to Greek
Tasoskessaris, I appreciate your concern, happily that was not my intention. But if you read the article on the University of Michigan site - it is an academic, peer reviewed article - you might say it is pro-Papandreou. The article also says that, "He undertook to achieve a political feat of major proportions.". Also, from a Greek diaspora point of view, there is nothing unusual or derogatory about going to Greece 'reverting' back to Greek. The article states, "The national rebirth that Papandreou called for was coincident with his own rebirth as a Greek." That strikes a poignant cord with diaspora Greeks. In this spirit I hope we will re-introduce the extract and can adjust it to dispel any 'anti' interpretations it may sugjected to. Politis (talk) 18:05, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Hi Politis. I have doubts about the paper being academic. Its tone is far from academic. It sounds more like an informal reflection on Papandreou and not like a rigorous academic study at all. Talking about Papandreou's body language etc., in my opinion, is an extraordinary claim which requires additional, academic, sources, to be verified. Terms like "rebirth" are not academic, but rather reminiscent of tabloid-type pulp fiction. No citations or references to other academic works are present in the paper. Statements such as:"The transformation had an interesting somatic manifestation. Andreas?[sic] gait changed, his wife Margaret noticed, and became characteristically Greek." are competely unsubstantiated without any support from external references. How did the author know that Margaret noticed? What were his qualifications to observe the change in Papandreou's gait? What exactly is a "Characteristically Greek gait"? Short answer: Greek stereotype-promoting nonsense. As far as the citation being peer reviewed I would like to see proof of that. Dr.K. logos 18:38, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

The University of Michigan has a very reputable Modern Greek Studies department with the Kavafi Chair. The people teaching there, such as Artemi Leontis, are of international repute. In this respect, I doubt they would post a tabloid-style article for a bit of fun, they are a reputable department that, in a way, has put its stamp on a description of Papandreou. From a Greek diaspora logic, it seems a very sound and perceptive extract - you know, food for thought. It might be interesting to approach them. Anyway, I appreciate your academic argument, there is not much of it in Wikipedia. Politis (talk) 18:58, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that the paper makes some interesting points about Papandreou. Thank you for sharing that. Also thank you for your kind words. It was a pleasure meeting you again. Take care. Tasos (Dr.K. logos )

 * In any case, the material expresses opinions. You can quote opinions, if they are notable, but you can't just copy them on the pretext that they are expressed in a reliable source (even if it is one), to present them as Wikipedia's own statement. Plus, of course, you can't just copy them verbatim as you did; that's plagiarism. Fut.Perf. ☼ 19:13, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Plagiarism: "a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work". In this particular case, the edit had a direct link to the institution that carried it and the author who wrote it; ergo, this does not classify as plagiarism. Easy. Perhaps quotation marks would have helped. Otherwise, not interested in agenda-driven comments. Finally, there is logic in Tasoskessaris argument and I will not re-introduce the quote. Politis (talk) 09:27, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Recent large uncited additions
Over the past day or so two attempts have been made, diff1,      diff2 to add large, unsourced chunks of text into the article. In addition many of the claims such as "soundly defeated" are also POV and WP:OR because they are completely uncited and unattributed. They were reverted. Comments, opinions from other editors are welcome. Thank you. Dr.K. λogosπraxis 21:35, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

3rd wife
Why is there no mention under "private life" of his 3rd wife, Dimitra Liani, and a link to her Wikipedia page? https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Liani — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.95.181.134 (talk) 16:41, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Image reversed
The main photo has the image reversed, like in a mirror. This needs to be changed ASAP. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:48, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Recognition of Greek Resistance against the Axis
It would be naive to believe what Papandreou was the first to recognize the Greek Resistance against the Axis occupation. The Greek State obviously recognized Greek Resistance right after the war. What Papandreou recognized was the communist resistance groups which were previously considered by the Greek State that they were not fighting for Greece but for communism, instigating a civil war soon after the Germans left Greece and Greek rule was reinstated. Take a look at the article Greek Civil War.

I made the appropriate correction. Citation pending :) Nxavar (talk) 07:24, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I restored the correction and incorporated a discussion on the issue of the Recoginion of the Greek Resistance against the Axis Occupation into the main body (section Political career -> The "Change"), including the necessary citations. Nxavar (talk) 14:19, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Change importance for University of California and Greece WikiProjects
I changed importance for University of California to mid (student that became prime minister) and importance for Greek Politics to top (prime minister for many years, founder of a party that provided 3 prime ministers in a period of more than 30 years). Nxavar (talk) 09:15, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:07, 27 August 2019 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Andreas Papandreou


text:
Sandwich tern

The Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis) is a tern in the family Laridae. It is very closely related to the lesser crested tern (T. bengalensis), Chinese crested tern (T. bernsteini), Cabot's tern (T. acuflavidus), and elegant tern (T. elegans) and has been known to interbreed with both elegant and lesser crested. It breeds in the Palearctic from Europe to the Caspian Sea and winters in South Africa, India, and Sri Lanka.

The Sandwich tern is a medium-large tern with grey upperparts, white underparts, a yellow-tipped black bill, and a shaggy black crest which becomes less extensive in winter with a white crown. Young birds bear grey and brown scalloped plumage on their backs and wings. It is a vocal bird. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one to three eggs.

Like all Thalasseus terns, the Sandwich tern feeds by plunge diving for fish, usually in marine environments, and the offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

Taxonomy
The terns are small to medium-sized seabirds, gull-like in appearance, but usually with a more delicate, lighter build and shorter, weaker legs. They have long, pointed wings, which gives them a fast buoyant flight, and often a deeply forked tail. Most species are grey above and white below, and have a black cap which is reduced or flecked with white in the winter.

The Sandwich tern was originally described by ornithologist John Latham in 1787 as Sterna sandvicensis, but was moved to its current genus Thalasseus (Boie, 1822) following mitochondrial DNA studies which confirmed that the three types of head pattern (white crown, black cap, and black cap with a white blaze on the forehead) found among the terns corresponded to distinct clades. The current genus name is derived from Greek Thalassa, "sea", and sandvicensis, which, like the English name, refers to Sandwich, Kent, Latham's type locality.

This bird has no subspecies. Two former subspecies are now treated as a separate species, Cabot's tern (T. acuflavidus); this breeds on the Atlantic coasts of North America, northern and eastern South America, and has wandered to Western Europe.

Description
This is a medium-large tern, 36 - 41 cm long with an 95 - 105 cm wingspan, which is unlikely to be confused within most of its range. The weight ranges from 200-300 g.

The Sandwich tern's thin, sharp bill is black with a yellow tip. Its short legs are black. Its upper wings are pale grey and its underparts white, and this tern looks very pale in flight, although the primary flight feathers darken during the summer. In winter, the adult Sandwich tern's forehead becomes extensively white. Juvenile Sandwich terns have dark tips to their tails, an all-blackish bill (lacking the yellow tip, but sometimes yellowish at the base) and a scaly appearance on their back and wings, like juvenile roseate terns but with less black on the crown.

The lesser crested tern and elegant tern differ in having all-orange bills; lesser crested also differs in having a grey rump and marginally stouter bill, and elegant in having a slightly longer, more slender bill. The Chinese crested tern is more similar to the Sandwich tern, but has a reversal of the bill colour, yellow with a black tip; it does not overlap in range with the Sandwich tern so confusion is unlikely. Cabot's tern is the most similar, sharing the black bill with a yellow tip, but differs in the bill being obviously stouter, and also differs in moult timing, losing its black forehead earlier in the summer. Its juveniles also lack the scaly pattern of Sandwich tern, being a plainer grey (though this can be confused with first-winter plumage of Sandwich tern).

The Sandwich tern is a vocal bird; its call is a characteristic loud grating kear-ik or kerr ink.

Behaviour
This species breeds in very dense colonies on coasts and islands, and exceptionally inland on suitable large freshwater lakes close to the coast. It nests in a ground scrape and lays one to three eggs. Unlike some of the smaller white terns, it is not very aggressive toward potential predators, relying on the sheer density of the nests—often only 20 - 30 cm apart and nesting close to other more aggressive species such as Arctic terns and black-headed gulls to avoid predation.

Like all Thalasseus terns, the Sandwich tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by Arctic terns. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

Status
The Sandwich tern has an extensive global range estimated at 100000 –. It has a population estimated at 460,000–500,000 individuals. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.

The Sandwich tern is among the taxa to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Parties to the agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation actions, which are describes in a detailed action plan. This plan should address key issues such as species and habitat conservation, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation.

title: Sandwich tern


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Madurodam

Madurodam is a miniature park and tourist attraction in the Scheveningen district of The Hague in the Netherlands. It is home to a range of 1:25 scale model replicas of famous Dutch landmarks, historical cities and large developments. The park was opened in 1952 and has since been visited by tens of millions of visitors. The entirety of net proceeds from the park go towards various charities in the Netherlands.

Name

Madurodam was named after George Maduro, a Dutch law student from Curaçao who fought the Nazi occupation forces, first as a lieutenant in the army and later as a member of the Dutch resistance, and who died at Dachau concentration camp in 1945. In 1946, Maduro was posthumously awarded the Medal of Knight Fourth class of the Military Order of William, the highest and oldest military decoration in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the valor he had demonstrated in the Battle of the Netherlands against German troops.

Idea for the park

Mrs B. Boon-van der Starp was a member of a foundation for the Dutch Students Sanatorium. In this sanatorium students with tuberculosis could obtain treatment, and could also study. Financial support was needed to pay for their convalescent care. Mrs Boon-van der Starp heard about Bekonscot, a miniature park in Beaconsfield, England. This park generated large profits, a large part of which was donated to a hospital in London each year.

After a meeting with Mrs Boon-van der Starp, George Maduro's parents donated the funds needed for the Madurodam project, as a memorial to their son. S.J. Bouma was appointed architect of Madurodam, and visited Bekonscot because Mrs Boon-van der Starp wanted the new park to be similar. After his visit he created a plan for Madurodam and came up with a theme: Het stadje met de glimlach ("The little city with the smile").

Mayor and city council
On 2 July 1952, the then teenage Princess Beatrix was appointed mayor of Madurodam, and was given a tour of her town. When Beatrix became Queen, she relinquished this title. After her resignation a new tradition arose: the city council would annually select a mayor from their midst. All members of the youth council are The Hague students. Every year schools from The Hague can nominate students to take part in the youth council.

The youth council members are also members of the disbursement committee at Madurodam. The disbursement committee manages charities – Madurodam has its own fund which provides financial support to institutions that organize activities for young people.

Renovations
In 2011, research showing declining public interest prompted the park management to invest in a large-scale renovation, at a cost of €8 million, in time for the park's 60th anniversary in 2012. For this purpose the park was closed to the public between November 2011 and April 2012.

The park is now divided into three themes: water, as a friend and an enemy; historical cities; and The Netherlands as an inspiration for the world. Each theme offers different activities – from light shows to mixing music. Small coin slots trigger bridges, factories or an oil tanker on fire. While aesthetic improvements have been made, the informative aspect has also been improved. Small television stands show brief video footage or in-depth information. Visitors receive chipped cards upon entry, which can be used to trigger these.

On 7 April 2012, Madurodam opened its doors to the public again. The official opening was on 21 April 2012 with then-Queen Beatrix.

Modelling
Every object in Madurodam has been built at a scale of 1:25. When the management decides that a specific miniature is to be made for Madurodam, the builders first research all aspects of the actual building. They research the shape, color and all other properties of that object, by analysing many pictures. After this they start making the models. A computer measures everything and sends all information to a machine that makes the physical model. The model goes to the painting room, where it gets the final look. In this painting room restorations also take place. Because most of the miniatures are outdoors, they need regular paint retouches.

Realism
Madurodam strives to show a realistic view of The Netherlands in a scaled-down environment. Everything, including flora and street decoration, is modeled to scale. Producing scaled-down trees is time-consuming. Also there are a lot of little people around the buildings. This shows the real life of the Dutch people. These "residents" also change with the weather. In the winter they wear jackets and warm clothes and in the summer they wear T-shirts. The "residents" of Madurodam have become more and more multicultural, and include some who appear to have come from other countries (immigrants), reflecting real life in The Netherlands.

Fantasitron
Fantasitron is a 3D selfie photo booth where patrons can have 3D models of themselves created by software from pictures taken in the photo booth. A third-party printing company such as Shapeways prints and ships manufactured models to patrons.

Buildings and structures
Although Madurodam is mainly a miniature city, a collection of Dutch landmarks is also found amidst the landscapes. They include:
 * Rijksmuseum
 * Binnenhof (where the government is located)
 * Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, The Netherlands' main international airport
 * Port of Rotterdam, world's third-largest port
 * Dom Tower of Utrecht
 * Traditional Dutch canal houses
 * Tulip fields
 * Windmills
 * Skyline of the city of Rotterdam, like the Erasmus bridge, Euromast, central train station, cubes houses and Unilever HQ buildings.

The Dutch court
Unlike the rest of the park, the Hof van Nederland (Dutch court) is not built as a miniature: it is life-sized. In 4 minutes the attraction explains the beginning of the Netherlands in 1572. The attraction is inspired by the Hof van Nederland in Dordrecht and was opened on 19 July 2015.

Inspiration
The park was the inspiration for Storybook Land, an attraction opened at Disneyland in 1956 and at Disneyland Paris in 1994. Additionally, it was a visit to Madurodam that inspired Fernando de Ercilla Ayestarán to promote construction of the Catalunya en Miniatura project, one of the largest miniature parks in the world, opened in Catalonia, Spain, in 1983.

title: Madurodam


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Honey badger

The honey badger (Mellivora capensis), also known as the ratel ( or ), is a mammal widely distributed in Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Because of its wide range and occurrence in a variety of habitats, it is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

It is the only living species in the genus Mellivora and in the mustelid subfamily Mellivorinae. Despite its name, the honey badger does not closely resemble other badger species; instead, it bears more anatomical similarities to weasels. It is primarily a carnivorous species and has few natural predators because of its thick skin, strength and ferocious defensive abilities.

Taxonomy
Viverra capensis was the scientific name used by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1777 who described a honey badger skin from the Cape of Good Hope. Mellivorae was proposed as name for the genus by Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr in 1780. Mellivorina was proposed as a tribe name by John Edward Gray in 1865.

The honey badger is the only species of the genus Mellivora. Although in the 1860s it was assigned to the badger subfamily, the Melinae, it is now generally agreed that it bears few similarities to the Melinae. It is much more closely related to the marten subfamily, Guloninae, and furthermore is assigned its own subfamily, Mellivorinae. Differences between Mellivorinae and Guloninae include differences in their dentition formulae. Though not in the same subfamily as the wolverines, which are a genus of large-sized and atypical Guloninae, the honey badger can be regarded as another, analogous, form of outsized weasel or polecat.

Evolution
The species first appeared during the middle Pliocene in Asia. A number of extinct relatives are known dating back at least 7 million years to the Late Miocene. These include Mellivora benfieldi from South Africa and Italy, Promellivora from Pakistan, and Howellictis from Chad. More distant relatives include Eomellivora, which evolved into several different species in both the Old and New World, and the giant, long-legged Ekorus from Kenya.

Subspecies
In the 19th and 20th centuries, 16 zoological specimens of the honey badger were described and proposed as subspecies. , 12 subspecies are recognised as valid taxa. Points taken into consideration in assigning different subspecies include size and the extent of whiteness or greyness on the back.

Description
The honey badger has a fairly long body, but is distinctly thick-set and broad across the back. Its skin is remarkably loose, and allows the animal to turn and twist freely within it. The skin around the neck is 6 mm thick, an adaptation to fighting conspecifics. The head is small and flat, with a short muzzle. The eyes are small, and the ears are little more than ridges on the skin, another possible adaptation to avoiding damage while fighting.

The honey badger has short and sturdy legs, with five toes on each foot. The feet are armed with very strong claws, which are short on the hind legs and remarkably long on the forelimbs. It is a partially plantigrade animal whose soles are thickly padded and naked up to the wrists. The tail is short and is covered in long hairs, save for below the base.

The honey badger is the largest terrestrial mustelid in Africa. Adults measure 23 to 28 cm in shoulder height and 55 – in body length, with the tail adding another 12 - 30 cm. Females are smaller than males. In Africa, males weigh 9 to 16 kg while females weigh 5 to 10 kg on average. The mean weight of adult honey badgers from different areas has been reported at anywhere between 6.4 to 12 kg, with a median of roughly 9 kg, per various studies. This positions it as the third largest known badger, after the European badger and hog badger, and fourth largest extant terrestrial mustelid after additionally the wolverine. However, the average weight of three wild females from Iraq was reported as 18 kg, about the typical weight of male wolverines or male European badgers in late autumn, indicating that they can attain much larger than typical sizes in favorable conditions. However, an adult female and two males in India were relatively small weighing 6.4 kg and a median of 8.4 kg. Skull length is 13.9 – in males and 13 cm for females.

There are two pairs of mammae. The honey badger possesses an anal pouch which, unusual among mustelids, is eversible, a trait shared with hyenas and mongooses. The smell of the pouch is reportedly "suffocating", and may assist in calming bees when raiding beehives.

The skull greatly resembles a larger version of that of a marbled polecat. The dental formula is:. The teeth often display signs of irregular development, with some teeth being exceptionally small, set at unusual angles or absent altogether. Honey badgers of the subspecies signata have a second lower molar on the left side of their jaws, but not the right. Although it feeds predominantly on soft foods, the honey badger's cheek teeth are often extensively worn. The canine teeth are exceptionally short for carnivores. The papillae of the tongue are sharp and pointed, which assists in processing tough foods.

The winter fur is long, being 40 - 50 mm long on the lower back, and consists of sparse, coarse, bristle-like hairs, with minimal underfur. Hairs are even sparser on the flanks, belly and groin. The summer fur is shorter (being only 15 mm long on the back) and even sparser, with the belly being half bare. The sides of the head and lower body are pure black. A large white band covers the upper body, from the top of the head to the base of the tail. Honey badgers of the cottoni subspecies are unique in being completely black.

Distribution and habitat

The honey badger ranges through most of sub-Saharan Africa, from the Western Cape, South Africa, to southern Morocco and southwestern Algeria and outside Africa through Arabia, Iran, and Western Asia to Turkmenistan and the Indian Peninsula. It is known to range from sea level to as much as 2600 m in the Moroccan High Atlas and 4000 m in Ethiopia's Bale Mountains.

Behaviour and ecology

The honey badger is mostly solitary, but has also been sighted in Africa to hunt in pairs during the breeding season in May. It also uses old burrows of aardvark, warthog and termite mounds. It is a skilled digger, able to dig tunnels into hard ground in 10 minutes. These burrows usually have only one entry, are usually only 1 - 3 m long with a nesting chamber that is not lined with any bedding.

The honey badger is famous for its strength, ferocity and toughness. It is known to savagely and fearlessly attack almost any other species when escape is impossible, reportedly even repelling much larger predators such as lion and hyena. Bee stings, porcupine quills, and animal bites rarely penetrate their skin. If horses, cattle, or Cape buffalos intrude upon a honey badger's burrow, it will attack them. In the Cape Province it is a potential prey species of the African leopard and African rock pythons.

Diet

The honey badger has the least specialised diet of the weasel family next to the wolverine. It accesses a large part of its food by digging it out of burrows. It often raids beehives in search of both bee larvae and honey. It also feeds on insects, frogs, tortoises, turtles, lizards, rodents, snakes, birds and eggs. It also eats berries, roots and bulbs. When foraging for vegetables, it lifts stones or tears bark from trees. Some individuals have even been observed to chase away lion cubs from kills. It devours all parts of its prey, including skin, hair, feathers, flesh and bones, holding its food down with its forepaws. It feeds on a wide range of animals and seems to subsist primarily on small vertebrates. Honey badgers studied in Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park preyed largely on geckos and skinks (47.9% of prey species), gerbils and mice (39.7% of prey). The bulk of its prey comprised species weighing more than 100 g such as cobras, young African rock python and South African springhare. In the Kalahari, honey badgers were also observed to attack domestic sheep and goats, as well as kill and eat black mambas. A honey badger was suspected to have broken up the shells of tent tortoises in the Nama Karoo. In India, honey badgers are said to dig up buried human corpses.

Despite popular belief, there is no evidence that honeyguides guide the honey badger.

Reproduction
Little is known of the honey badger's breeding habits. Its gestation period is thought to last six months, usually resulting in two cubs, which are born blind. Its lifespan in the wild is unknown, though captive individuals have been known to live for approximately 24 years. The voice of the honey badger is a hoarse "khrya-ya-ya-ya" sound. When mating, males emit loud grunting sounds. Cubs vocalise through plaintive whines. When confronting dogs, honey badgers scream like bear cubs.

Relationships with humans
Honey badgers often become serious poultry predators. Because of their strength and persistence, they are difficult to deter. They are known to rip thick planks from hen-houses or burrow underneath stone foundations. Surplus killing is common during these events, with one incident resulting in the death of 17 Muscovy ducks and 36 chickens.

Because of the toughness and looseness of their skin, honey badgers are very difficult to hunt with dogs. Their skin is hard to penetrate, and its looseness allows them to twist and turn on their attackers when held. The only safe grip on a honey badger is on the back of the neck.

During the British occupation of Basra in 2007, rumours of "man-eating badgers" emerged from the local population, including allegations that these beasts were released by the British troops, something that the British categorically denied. A British army spokesperson said that the badgers were "native to the region but rare in Iraq" and "are usually only dangerous to humans if provoked".

The honey badger has also been reported to dig up human corpses in India. In Kenya, the honey badger is a major reservoir of rabies and is suspected to be a significant contributor to the sylvatic cycle of the disease.

title: Honey badger


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Les Liaisons dangereuses

Les Liaisons dangereuses (English: Dangerous Liaisons) is a French epistolary novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, first published in four volumes by Durand Neveu from March 23, 1782.

It is the story of the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont, two amoral lovers-turned-rivals who amuse themselves by ruining others and who ultimately destroy each other.

It has been seen as depicting the corruption and depravity of the French nobility shortly before the French Revolution, and thereby attacking the Ancien Régime despite having been written nearly a decade prior to those events. The author aspired to "write a work which departed from the ordinary, which made a noise, and which would remain on earth after his death".

As an epistolary novel, the book is composed of letters written by the various characters to each other. In particular, the letters between Valmont and the Marquise make up the majority of the plot, along with those of Cécile de Volanges and Madame de Tourvel.

It has been adapted multiple times, including the successful 1985 play and subsequent award-winning 1988 film adaptation.

Plot summary
The Marquise de Merteuil is determined to corrupt the young Cécile de Volanges, whose mother has only recently brought her out of a convent to be married—to Merteuil's previous lover, who has discarded her rudely. At the same time the notorious Vicomte de Valmont is determined to seduce the virtuous, married, and therefore inaccessible Madame de Tourvel, who is staying with his aunt while her husband is away on a court case. Cécile falls in love with the Chevalier Danceny (her young music tutor), and Merteuil and Valmont pretend to help the secret lovers in order to gain their trust and manipulate them later to benefit their own schemes.

Merteuil first suggests that the Vicomte should seduce Cécile in order to enact her revenge on Cécile's future husband but Valmont refuses, finding the challenge too easy and preferring to devote himself to seducing Madame de Tourvel. He is however interested in resuming their affair. Merteuil promises Valmont that if he seduces Madame de Tourvel and provides her with written proof of seduction, she will spend the night with him. At first Valmont is able to convince Tourvel that he has turned over a new leaf, but he does not find it as easy as his many other conquests. During the course of his pursuit, Valmont discovers that Cécile's mother has written to Madame de Tourvel warning her about him. He avenges himself by seducing Cécile as Merteuil had suggested. Meanwhile, Merteuil takes Danceny as her lover.

By the time Valmont has succeeded in seducing Madame de Tourvel, he seems to have fallen in love with her. Jealous, Merteuil tricks him into deserting Madame de Tourvel—and reneges on her promise of spending the night with him. In retaliation, Valmont reveals that he prompted Danceny to reunite with Cécile, leaving Merteuil abandoned yet again. Merteuil declares war on Valmont and reveals to Danceny that Valmont has seduced Cécile.

Danceny and Valmont duel, and Valmont is fatally wounded. Before he dies, he gives Danceny the letters proving Merteuil's own involvement. These letters are sufficient to ruin her reputation so she flees to the countryside, after she contracts smallpox. Her face is left permanently scarred and she is rendered blind in one eye, so she loses her greatest asset: her beauty. Desperate with guilt and grief, Madame de Tourvel succumbs to a fever and dies, while Cécile returns to the convent, dishonoured.

Literary significance and criticism
Les Liaisons dangereuses is celebrated for its exploration of seduction, revenge and malice, presented in the form of fictional letters collected and published by a fictional author. The book was viewed as scandalous at the time of its publication, though the real intentions of the author remain unknown. It has been suggested that Laclos's intention was the same as that of his fictional author in the novel; to write a morality tale about the French nobility of the Ancien Régime. The theory has been questioned on several grounds; Laclos enjoyed the patronage of France's most senior aristocrat—Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. All the characters in the story are aristocrats, including the virtuous ones like Madame de Tourvel and Madame de Rosemonde and many royalist and conservative figures enjoyed the book, including Queen Marie Antoinette, which suggests that—despite its scandalous reputation—it was not viewed as a political work until the French Revolution made it appear as such, with the benefit of hindsight.

Wayland Young notes that most critics have viewed the work as "... a sort of celebration, or at least a neutral statement, of libertinism... pernicious and damnable... Almost everyone who has written about it has noted how perfunctory are the wages of sin...'"

He argues that "... the mere analysis of libertinism… carried out by a novelist with such a prodigious command of his medium... was enough to condemn it and play a large part in its destruction."

In a well-known essay on Les Liaisons dangereuses, which has often been used as a preface to French editions of the novel, André Malraux argues that, despite its debt to the libertine tradition, Les Liaisons dangereuses is more significant as the introduction of a new kind of character in French fiction. Malraux writes that the Marquise de Merteuil and the Vicomte de Valmont are creations "without precedent"; they are "the first [in European literature] whose acts are determined by an ideology".

Les Liaisons dangereuses is a literary counter-thesis to the epistolary novel as exemplified by Richardson's Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. Whereas Richardson uses the technique of letters to provide the reader with a feeling of knowing the protagonist's true and intimate thoughts, Laclos' use of this literary device is the opposite: by presenting the reader with grossly conflicting views from the same writer when addressing different recipients, it is left to the reader to reconcile story, intentions and characters behind the letters. The use of duplicitous characters with one virtuous face can be viewed as a complex criticism of the immensely popular naïve moral epistolary novel.

Adaptations
The novel has been adapted into various media, under many different names.

Stage

 * German playwright Heiner Müller adapted the story in 1981, entitling it Quartet.
 * Christopher Hampton's 1985 adaptation, Les liaisons dangereuses, opened in London's West End and in 1987 crossed over to Broadway with Alan Rickman originating the role of the Vicomte de Valmont, Lindsay Duncan as Marquise de Merteuil, and Juliet Stevenson as Madame de Tourvel. In 2012 the Sydney Theatre Company staged Hampton's adaptation with Hugo Weaving as the Vicomte, and Pamela Rabe as the Marquise.
 * In 2012, John Malkovich directed a version of the play with Paris' Théâtre de l'Atelier.
 * Las Relaciones Peligrosas, a musical adaptation penned by Marcelo Caballero (book and lyrics) and Steban Ghorghor (music), had a world premiere in 2012 at El Cubo Theatre, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 * In 2015, Josie Rourke directed a revival of the Christopher Hampton version at the Donmar Warehouse in London with Dominic West as the Vicomte and Janet McTeer as the Marquise. The production was broadcast on National Theatre Live and later ran at the Booth Theatre on Broadway with Liev Schreiber replacing West.

Opera

 * The Dangerous Liaisons (1994), by the American composer Conrad Susa, commissioned by the San Francisco Opera. The opera was also aired on television in 1994 under the direction of Gary Halvorson and starring Frederica von Stade, Thomas Hampson, and Renée Fleming
 * Les liaisons dangereuses (1996) by Belgian composer Piet Swerts
 * Quartett (2011), by Italian composer Luca Francesconi, commissioned by La Scala

Ballet

 * David Nixon, currently artistic director of Northern Ballet Theatre in Leeds, choreographed a ballet version of Dangerous Liaisons, with music by Vivaldi. It was first performed as part of a mixed program entitled "David Nixon's Liaisons" at the Hebbel Theatre, Berlin in 1990. He subsequently reworked it for BalletMet, with the premier taking place in the Ohio Theatre on May 2, 1996.
 * In 2003, English National Ballet commissioned choreographer Michael Corder and composer Julian Philips to create a new full-length ballet based on Les Liaisons Dangereuses. The project was cancelled before it came to the stage, and the full score has yet to be premiered. Julian Philips later adapted a section of the ballet as his chamber orchestral work Divertissement (2004).
 * In 2008, the Alberta Ballet performed a ballet version of Dangerous Liaisons.
 * In 2014, the Czech National Theatre Ballet produced Valmont, choreographer Libor Vaculík's adaptation of Dangerous Liaisons, featuring music by Schubert and Latvian composer Pēteris Vasks.
 * In 2019, Queensland Ballet premiered their new production of Dangerous Liaisons, choreographed by Liam Scarlett and featuring music by Camille Saint-Saëns.

Film

 * Les Liaisons dangereuses (1959), directed by Roger Vadim and starring Jeanne Moreau, Gérard Philipe and Annette Vadim. In this version, Vadim updated the story to a late-1950s French bourgeois milieu.
 * Une femme fidèle (1976). A loose retelling also directed by Roger Vadim and set in 1870.
 * Dangerous Liaisons (1988), directed by Stephen Frears and starring Glenn Close, John Malkovich, Michelle Pfeiffer and Uma Thurman (based on Hampton's play). This version uses 18th-century costumes and dazzling shots of the Île-de-France region around Paris. It was nominated for multiple Academy Awards including Best Picture.
 * Valmont (1989), directed by Miloš Forman and starring Annette Bening, Colin Firth and Meg Tilly.
 * Cruel Intentions (1999), directed by Roger Kumble and starring Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe, Selma Blair and Reese Witherspoon, relocates the story to modern-day New York and is set amongst upper-class high school teens. This film spawned both a prequel in 2001 and a sequel in 2004.
 * Untold Scandal (2003), directed by E J-yong and starring Lee Mi-sook, Jeon Do-yeon and Bae Yong-joon, transposes the setting to 18th-century Korea.
 * Dangerous Liaisons (2012), directed by Hur Jin-ho and starring Zhang Ziyi, Jang Dong-gun and Cecilia Cheung, is set in 1930s China.
 * Dangerous Liaisons (2022), directed by Rachel Suissa and starring Simon Rérolle, Paola Locatelli and Ella Pellegrini, is set in Biarritz.

Books

 * A Factory of Cunning (2005), a fictionalized sequel by Philippa Stockley. It tells how the Marquise de Merteuil faked her death of smallpox and escaped to England with a new identity.
 * Dangerous Tweets (2013), the entire novel adapted into tweets (one tweet per letter) in English as an iBook.
 * Unforgivable Love (2017), a novel by Sophfronia Scott and a retelling of the story set in 1940s Harlem with an African-American cast of characters.
 * Where The Vile Things Are (November 2021), a novel by Marcus James, is a humorous modernization of the 1782 novel, each letter faithfully adapted in emails, DMs, and hand-written letters. The novel deals with homophobia, misogyny, privilege and fake "wokeness", and the rise of the alt-right during the 2016 presidential elections.

Television

 * Les Liaisons dangereuses (1980), a French television film directed by Claude Barma, starring Claude Degliame, Jean-Pierre Bouvier and Maïa Simon.
 * Nebezpečné známosti (1980), a Slovak television film by Czechoslovak Television, directed by Miloslav Luther, starring Juraj Kukura, Emília Vášáryová, Jana Nagyová, Soňa Valentová.
 * Perro amor (1998), a Colombian television series starring Danna García and Julián Arango.
 * Les Liaisons dangereuses (2003), a French television miniseries directed by Josée Dayan and starring Catherine Deneuve, Rupert Everett, Leelee Sobieski and Nastassja Kinski, which relocates the story to the 1960s.
 * Ligações Perigosas (2016), a Brazilian television miniseries starring Patrícia Pillar, Selton Mello and Marjorie Estiano. It sets the story in the 1920s and includes many aspects not previous presented in other adaptions.
 * Tempted (2018), a South Korean television series starring Woo Do-hwan, Joy, Moon Ga-young and Kim Min-jae. It sets the story in the 2010s and is said to be a loose remake.
 * Dangerous Liaisons (2022), an American television series.

Radio

 * An eight-part adaptation of the novel was broadcast as BBC Radio 4's "Woman's Hour Drama" (20–30 July 1992). It starred Juliet Stevenson, Samuel West, Melinda Walker, Diana Rigg, and Roger Allam.
 * A two-part presentation of Christopher Hampton's play by BBC World Service in 1998. It starred Ciarán Hinds (Vicomte de Valmont), Lindsay Duncan (Marquise de Merteuil), and Emma Fielding (Mme. de Tourvel). It won the Grand Award for Best Entertainment Program at the New York Radio Festival.
 * Les Liaisons Dangereuses: an Audible Original is a 2016 radio play starring the cast of that year's London Stage production.

title: Les Liaisons dangereuses


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Kiss Me Kate (TV series)

Kiss Me Kate is a British sitcom that ran from 1998 until 2000. It followed the everyday life of a counsellor, Kate (Caroline Quentin), who not only must manage her clients' problems, but also must help her neighbours and unsuccessful business partner, Douglas, played by Chris Langham. Amanda Holden played Mel, the receptionist. Darren Boyd played the sweet, but intellectually challenged, Craig, the travel agent downstairs.

During the series, both Craig and Douglas fall for Kate. Mel and Craig become romantically involved, but Douglas continues to be in love with Kate. Kate then falls for Douglas's brother, Iain Cameron, a successful cardiac surgeon.

It was written by Chris Langham and John Morton, who had collaborated on People Like Us.

Main

 * Caroline Quentin, Kate Salinger
 * Chris Langham, Douglas Fielding/Cameron
 * Amanda Holden, Mel
 * Darren Boyd, Craig Chapman

Recurring

 * Cliff Parisi, Tony (Series 1 and 2 only)
 * Mark Heap, Peter (Series 1 only)
 * Holly Atkins, Alex (Series 2 only)
 * Elizabeth Renihan, Jo (Series 3 only)
 * Bill Nighy, Douglas' brother, Iain Cameron

Filming locations
Filming took place at the now closed Carlton Television Studios in Nottingham in front of a live studio audience. At the beginning of each series the crew spent four days filming all exterior scenes at various locations in and around Nottingham.

The main building that housed the office and Kate's flat is situated on East Circus Street, Nottingham, directly opposite the Nottingham Playhouse.

The building used in the third series as the exterior of "Cafe Coffee" is in reality a casino located at the junction of St. Peters Gate and Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham.

The building used as the location of Iain's flat is situated on Broadway in the Lace Market area of Nottingham.

Other locations used throughout the series include the University of Nottingham, the Peacock Inn at Redmile, Leicestershire and Nottingham's Victoria Embankment.

title: Kiss Me Kate (TV series)