text:
Italy national football team

The Italy national football team (Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia) has represented Italy in men's international football since its first match in 1910. The national team is controlled by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC), the governing body for football in Italy, which is a co-founder and member of UEFA. Italy's home matches are played at various stadiums throughout Italy, and its primary training ground and technical headquarters, Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano, is located in Florence.

Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of football and the World Cup, having won four titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), appearing in two other finals (1970, 1994), and reaching also a third (1990) and a fourth (1978) place. Italy also won two European Championships (1968, 2020), and appeared in two other finals of the tournament (2000, 2012). Italy's team also finished as runners-up in the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions in 2022, and in third place at both the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013 and at the UEFA Nations League in 2021 and 2023.

The team is known as gli Azzurri (the Blues), because Savoy blue is the common colour of the national teams representing Italy, as it is the traditional paint of the royal House of Savoy, which reigned over the Kingdom of Italy. In 1938, Italy became the first team to defend its World Cup title, and due to the outbreak of World War II, retained the title for a further twelve years. Italy had also previously won two Central European International Cups (1927–30, 1933–35). Between its first two World Cup victories, Italy won the Olympic football tournament (1936). After the majority of the team was killed in a plane crash in 1949, Italy obtained poor results in the 1950s, even failing to qualify for the 1958 World Cup. Failure to qualify for the World Cup did not happen again until the consecutive editions of 2018 and 2022. However, the team was unbeaten from October 2018 to October 2021, and holds the world record for most consecutive matches without defeat (37).

Italy has notable rivalries with other footballing nations, such as Brazil, France, Germany and Spain. In the FIFA World Rankings, in force since August 1993, Italy has occupied first place several times, in November 1993 and during 2007 (February, April–June, September), with its worst placement in August 2018 in 21st place.

Origins and first two World Cup titles in 1934 and 1938
An early attempt to create an Italian national team occurred on 30 April 1899, when an Italian selection played a Swiss eleven, losing 0–2 in Torino. The team's first official match was held in Milan on 15 May 1910. Italy defeated France by a score of 6–2, with Italy's first goal scored by Pietro Lana. The Italian team played with a (2–3–5) system and consisted of: De Simoni; Varisco, Calì; Trerè, Fossati, Capello; Debernardi, Rizzi, Cevenini I, Lana, Boiocchi. The first captain of the team was Francesco Calì.

The first success in an official tournament came with the bronze medal in 1928 Summer Olympics, held in Amsterdam. After losing the semi-final against Uruguay, an 11–3 victory against Egypt secured third place in the competition. In the 1927–30 and 1933–35 Central European International Cup, Italy achieved first place out of five Central European teams, topping the group with 11 points in both editions of the tournament. Italy would also later win the gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics with a 2–1 victory in extra time in the gold medal match over Austria on 15 August 1936.

After declining to participate in the inaugural World Cup (1930, in Uruguay) the Italy national team won two consecutive editions of the tournament in 1934 and 1938, under the direction of coach Vittorio Pozzo and the performance of Giuseppe Meazza, who is considered one of the best Italian football players of all time by some. Italy hosted the 1934 World Cup, and played their first ever World Cup match in a 7–1 win over the United States in Rome. Italy defeated Czechoslovakia 2–1 in extra time in the final in Rome, with goals by Raimundo Orsi and Angelo Schiavio to achieve their first World Cup title. They achieved their second title in 1938 in a 4–2 defeat of Hungary, with two goals by Gino Colaussi and two goals by Silvio Piola in the World Cup that followed. It is rumored that before the 1938 finals fascist Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini sent a telegram to the team, saying "Vincere o morire!" (literally translated as "Win or die!"). However, no record remains of such a telegram, and World Cup player Pietro Rava said when interviewed: "No, no, no, that's not true. He sent a telegram wishing us well, but no never 'win or die'."

Reconstruction in the 1950s and 1960s
In 1949, 10 of the 11 players in the team's initial line-up were killed in a plane crash that affected Torino, winners of the previous five Serie A titles. Italy did not advance further than the first round of the 1950 World Cup, as they were weakened severely due to the air disaster. The team had travelled by boat rather than by plane, fearing another accident.

In the World Cup finals of 1954 and 1962, Italy failed to progress past the first round, and did not qualify for the 1958 World Cup due to a 2–1 defeat to Northern Ireland in the last match of the qualifying round. Italy did not take part in the first edition of the European Championship in 1960 (then known as the European Nations Cup), and was knocked out by the Soviet Union in the first round of the 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying.

Their participation in the 1966 World Cup was ended by a 0–1 defeat at the hands of North Korea. Despite being the tournament favourites, the Azzurri, whose 1966 squad included Gianni Rivera and Giacomo Bulgarelli, were eliminated in the first round by the semi-professional North Koreans. The Italian team was bitterly condemned upon their return home, while North Korean scorer Pak Doo-ik was celebrated as the David who killed Goliath. Upon Italy's return home, furious fans threw fruit and rotten tomatoes at their transport bus at the airport.

European champions and World Cup runners-up (1968–1974)
In 1968, Italy hosted the European Championship and won the tournament in its first participation, beating Yugoslavia in Rome and winning their first major competition since the 1938 World Cup. The final ended in a 1–1 draw after extra time, and the rules of the time required the match to be replayed a few days later. This was the only time the final of the European Championship or World Cup was replayed. On 10 June 1968, Italy won the replay 2–0 (with goals from Gigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi) to take the trophy.

In the 1970 World Cup, exploiting the performances of European champions' players like Giacinto Facchetti, Gianni Rivera and Gigi Riva and with a new centre-forward Roberto Boninsegna, the team were able to come back to a World Cup final match after 32 years. They reached this result after one of the most famous matches in football history—the "Game of the Century", the 1970 World Cup semifinal between Italy and West Germany that Italy won 4–3 in extra time, with five of the seven goals coming in extra time. They were later defeated by Brazil in the final 4–1.

After losing to Belgium in the quarter-finals to qualify for the 1972 European Championship, this generation's cycle ended at the 1974 World Cup, where the team was eliminated in the group stage after a 2–1 loss against Poland in the last match of the group.

Third World Cup title generation (1978–1986)
Under the initial guide of Fulvio Bernardini and later that of head coach Enzo Bearzot, a new generation of Italian players came to the international stage in the second half of the 1970s. At the 1978 World Cup, Italy was the only team in the tournament to beat the eventual champions and host team Argentina, and the Azzurri made it to the third-place final, where they were defeated by Brazil 2–1. In the second round group stage match against the Netherlands, which prevented Italy from reaching the final, Italian goalkeeper Dino Zoff was beaten by a long-distance shot from Arie Haan, and Zoff was criticized for the defeat. Italy hosted the 1980 European Championship, the first edition to be held between eight teams instead of four, automatically qualifying for the finals as hosts. After two draws with Spain and Belgium and a narrow 1–0 win over England, Italy were beaten by Czechoslovakia in the third-place match on penalties 9–8 after Fulvio Collovati missed his kick.

After a scandal in Serie A, where some National team players such as Paolo Rossi were prosecuted and suspended for match fixing and illegal betting, the Azzurri qualified for the second round of the 1982 World Cup after three uninspiring draws against Poland, Peru, and Cameroon. Having been loudly criticized, the Italian team decided on a press black-out from then on, with only coach Enzo Bearzot and captain Dino Zoff appointed to speak to the press. Italy's regrouped in the second round group, a group of death with Argentina and Brazil. In the opener, Italy prevailed 2–1 over Argentina, with Italy's goals, both left-footed strikes, were scored by Marco Tardelli and Antonio Cabrini. After Brazil defeated Argentina 3–1, Italy needed to win in order to advance to the semi-finals. Twice Italy went in the lead with Paolo Rossi's goals, and twice Brazil came back. When Falcão scored to make it 2–2, Brazil would have been through on goal difference, but in the 74th minute Rossi scored the winning goal, for a hat-trick, in a crowded penalty area to send Italy to the semifinals after one of the greatest games in World Cup history. Italy then progressed to the semi-final where they defeated Poland with two goals from Rossi.

In the final on 11 July 1982, Italy met West Germany in Madrid. The first half ended scoreless, after Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty awarded for a Hans-Peter Briegel foul on Bruno Conti. In the second half Paolo Rossi again scored the first goal, and while the Germans were pushing forward in search of an equaliser, Marco Tardelli and substitute Alessandro Altobelli finalised two contropiede counterattacks to make it 3–0. Paul Breitner scored home West Germany's consolation goal seven minutes from the end. Tardelli's screaming celebration after his goal was one of the defining images of Italy's 1982 World Cup triumph. Paolo Rossi won the Golden Boot with six goals as well as the Golden Ball Award for the best player of the tournament, and 40-year-old captain-goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup.

Subsequently, Italy failed to qualify for the 1984 European Championship, and then entered as reigning champions in the 1986 World Cup,  but were eliminated by reigning European Champions, France, in the round of 16.

Vicini years and World Cup runners-up with Sacchi (1986–1994)
In 1986, Azeglio Vicini was appointed as new head coach, replacing Bearzot. He granted a central role to players such as Walter Zenga and Gianluca Vialli, and conceded a chance to young players coming from the U21 team; Vialli scored goals that gave Italy a 1988 European Championship pass. He was also shown like Altobelli's possibly successor, having his same goal attitude. Both forwards stroke the target in Germany, where Soviet Union defeated the Azzurri in semi-finals.

Italy hosted the World Cup for the second time in 1990. The Italian attack featured talented forwards Salvatore Schillaci and a young Roberto Baggio. Italy played nearly all of their matches in Rome and did not concede a single goal in their first five matches; however, they lost the semi-final in Naples to defending champion Argentina. Argentinian player Maradona, who played for Napoli, made comments prior to the game pertaining to the North–South inequality in Italy and the Risorgimento, asking Neapolitans to root for Argentina in the game. Italy lost 4–3 on penalty kicks following a 1–1 draw after extra time. Schillaci's first-half opener was equalised in the second half by Claudio Caniggia's header for Argentina. Aldo Serena missed the final penalty kick with Roberto Donadoni also having his penalty saved by goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea. Italy went on to defeat England 2–1 in the third-place match in Bari, with Schillaci scoring the winning goal on a penalty to become the tournament's top scorer with six goals.

After failing to qualify for the 1992 European Championship, Vicini was replaced by former AC Milan coach Arrigo Sacchi, who brought a new style of play. In November 1993, FIFA ranked Italy first in the for the first time since the ranking system was introduced in December 1992.

At the 1994 World Cup in the United States, Italy lost the opening match against Ireland 0–1 at Giants Stadium in New York City. After a 1–0 win against Norway in New York and a 1–1 draw with Mexico at the RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C., Italy advanced from Group E based on goals scored among the four teams tied on points. During their round of 16 match at the Foxboro Stadium near Boston, Italy was down 0–1 late against Nigeria, but Baggio rescued Italy with an equaliser in the 88th minute and a penalty in extra time to take the win. Baggio scored another late goal against Spain at their quarter-final match in Boston to seal a 2–1 win and two goals against Bulgaria in their semi-final match in New York for another 2–1 win. In the final, which took place in Los Angeles's Rose Bowl stadium 2,700 miles (4,320 km) and three time zones away from the Northeastern United States where they had played all their previous matches, Italy, who had 24 hours less rest than Brazil, played 120 minutes of scoreless football, taking the match to a penalty shootout, the first time a World Cup final was settled in a penalty shootout. Italy lost the subsequent shootout 3–2 after Baggio, who had been playing with the aid of a pain-killer injection and a heavily bandaged hamstring, missed the final penalty kick of the match, shooting over the crossbar.

Euro 2000 runners-up (1996–2000)
After qualifying for Euro 1996 on level points with Croatia, Italy did not progress beyond the group stage at the final tournament. Having defeated Russia 2–1 but losing to the Czech Republic by the same score, Italy required a victory in their final group match to progress to the quarter-finals. Gianfranco Zola failed to convert a decisive penalty in a 0–0 draw against Germany, who eventually won the tournament.

Relegated to second place behind England in the qualification campaign for the 1998 World Cup, Italy booked a place at the final tournament after defeating Russia in a play-off, with Pierluigi Casiraghi scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 aggregate victory on 15 November 1997. After finishing first in their group and overcoming Norway in the second round, Italy faced a penalty shoot-out in the quarterfinals, for the third World Cup in a row. The Italian side, where Alessandro Del Piero and Baggio renewed the controversial staffetta (lit. 'relay') between Mazzola and Rivera from 1970, held the eventual World Champions and host team, France, to a 0–0 draw after extra time, but lost 4–3 in the shoot-out. With two goals scored in this tournament, Baggio remains the only Italian player to have scored in three different FIFA World Cup editions.

Two years later, at the Euro 2000, with four consecutive victories the team led by former captain Dino Zoff made it all the way to the semifinals, facing another penalty shoot-out but emerging victorious over the co-hosts, the Netherlands. Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo saved one penalty during the match and two in the shootout, while striker Francesco Totti scored his penalty with a cucchiaio (lit. 'spoon') chip. Italy finished the tournament as runners-up, losing the final 2–1 against France (to a golden goal in extra time) after conceding an equalising goal just 30 seconds before the expected end of injury time. After the defeat, coach Dino Zoff resigned in protest after being criticized by AC Milan club president and politician Silvio Berlusconi.

Trapattoni years (2000–2004)
Giovanni Trapattoni took charge of the team in July 2000 following the resignation of Dino Zoff. Playing in Group 8 of the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification process, Italy finished undefeated after facing Romania, Georgia, Hungary and Lithuania. In the final tournament, a 2–0 victory against Ecuador with a double from Christian Vieri was followed by a series of controversial matches. During the match against Croatia, English referee Graham Poll incorrectly disallowed two regular goals resulting in a 2–1 defeat to Italy. Despite two goals being ruled for offsides, a late headed goal from Alessandro Del Piero helped Italy to a 1–1 draw with Mexico, proving enough to advance to the knockout stages.

Co-host country South Korea eliminated Italy in the round of 16 by a score of 2–1. The match proved controversial with members of the Italian team, most notably striker Francesco Totti and coach Giovanni Trapattoni, suggesting a conspiracy to eliminate Italy from the competition. Trapattoni even obliquely accused FIFA of ordering the official to ensure a Korean victory so that one of the two host nations would remain in the tournament. The most contentious decisions by the game referee Byron Moreno were an early penalty awarded to South Korea (saved by Buffon), a golden goal by Damiano Tommasi incorrectly ruled offside, and the sending off of Totti after being presented with a second yellow card for an alleged dive in the penalty area. FIFA president Sepp Blatter stated that the linesmen had been a "disaster" and admitted that Italy suffered from bad offside calls during the group matches, but he denied conspiracy allegations. While questioning Totti's sending off by Moreno, Blatter refused to blame Italy's loss entirely on the referees, stating: "Italy's elimination is not only down to referees and linesmen who made human not premeditated errors. Italy made mistakes both in defense and in attack."

Trapattoni stayed on and guided the team at Euro 2004 in Portugal, where after draws against Denmark and Sweden along with a victory over Bulgaria in Group C, Italy were eliminated following a three-way five point tie based on the number of goals scored in matches among the tied teams. Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon and then Italian football federation president Franco Carraro accused the Swedish and Danish teams of fixing the result of their final match (2-2 was the result which consented both teams to advance). Despite calls, then-UEFA spokesperson Robert Faulkner said the organization would not investigate the result. After initially refusing to resign following Italy's elimination from the tournament, the Italian Football Federation replaced Trapattoni with Marcello Lippi.

2006 World Cup victory and later decline

With controversy plaguing the domestic league, Italy entered the 2006 World Cup as one of the eight seeded teams. Italy finished first in Group E with wins against Ghana and the Czech Republic and a draw with the United States. In the round of 16, Italy secured a 1–0 victory over Australia with Francesco Totti scoring a penalty. Italy overcame Ukraine, 3–0, after taking an early lead through Gianluca Zambrotta and additional goals coming from Luca Toni. In the semi-finals, Italy beat hosts Germany 2–0 with goals Fabio Grosso and Alessandro Del Piero in the last minutes of extra time.

On 9 July 2006, the Azzurri won their fourth World Cup title after defeating France in the final. French captain Zinedine Zidane opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the seventh minute before Marco Materazzi scored from a corner kick, twelve minutes later. The score remained level and during extra-time and Zidane was sent off for headbutting Materazzi. Italy went on to win the penalty shootout 5–3, with all Italian players scoring their kicks. The decisive penalty goal was scored by Grosso.

FIFA named seven Italian players — Gianluigi Buffon, Fabio Cannavaro, Gianluca Zambrotta, Andrea Pirlo, Gennaro Gattuso, Francesco Totti and Luca Toni — to the 23-man tournament All Star Team. Buffon also won the Lev Yashin Award, given to the best goalkeeper of the tournament; he conceded only two goals in the tournament's seven matches, the first an own goal by Zaccardo and the second from Zidane's penalty kick in the final, and remained unbeaten for 460 consecutive minutes. In honour of Italy winning a fourth World Cup, members of the squad were awarded the Italian Order of Merit of Cavaliere.

Marcello Lippi, who had announced his resignation three days after the World Cup triumph, was replaced by Roberto Donadoni. Italy qualified from their Euro 2008 qualifying group ahead of France. On 14 February 2007, Italy climbed to first in the FIFA World Rankings for the second time. At Euro 2008, the Azzurri lost 3–0 to the Netherlands in the opening match of the group stage. The following game against Romania ended 1–1 thanks to a penalty save from Gianluigi Buffon. Italy would win their final group game against France 2–0, a rematch of the 2006 World Cup final. The Azzurri were eliminated in the quarter-finals on penalties to eventual champions Spain. Within a week of the game, Roberto Donadoni's contract was terminated and Marcello Lippi was rehired as coach.

Italy qualified for their first ever FIFA Confederations Cup held in South Africa in June 2009 by virtue of winning the 2006 World Cup. They won their opening match of the tournament against the United States, but subsequent defeats to Egypt and Brazil meant that they finished third in the group on goals scored (points level with the USA and Egypt), and were eliminated.

At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, reigning champions Italy were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round, finishing last place in their group. After being held to 1–1 draws with Paraguay and New Zealand, they suffered a 3–2 loss to Slovakia. It was the first time Italy failed to win a single game at a World Cup tournament, and in doing so became only the third nation to be eliminated in the first round while being reigning World Cup champions.

Euro 2012 runners-up and fluctuating results (2010–2016)

Marcello Lippi stepped down after Italy's World Cup campaign and was replaced by Cesare Prandelli, although Lippi's successor had already been announced before the tournament.

At UEFA Euro 2012, Italy finished second in their group behind Spain, which earned them a quarter-final tie against England. After a mostly one-sided affair in which Italy failed to take their chances, they managed to beat England on penalties. In the semi-final against Germany, two first-half goals by Mario Balotelli saw the Italians through to the final. In the final, Italy fell to a 4–0 defeat to Spain.

During the 2013 Confederations Cup in Brazil, Italy reached the semi-finals, losing 7–6 on penalties to Spain. Italy did manage to beat Uruguay in the third place play-off. At the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Italy defeated England 2–1 in their first match before succumbing to underdogs Costa Rica 1–0 in the second group stage match. In Italy's last group match, they were knocked out by Uruguay 1–0, in a controversial match, where Italian player Claudio Marchisio was controversially sent off whilst Uruguay's Luis Suarez bit Italy's Giorgio Chiellini without any sanction. Shortly after this loss, coach Cesare Prandelli resigned.

Former Juventus manager Antonio Conte was selected to replace Prandelli. On 10 October 2015, Italy qualified for Euro 2016, courtesy of a 3–1 win over Azerbaijan; the result meant that Italy had gone 50 games unbeaten in European qualifiers. On 4 April 2016, it was announced that Antonio Conte would step down as Italy coach after Euro 2016 to become head coach of Chelsea. The 23-man squad was initially criticised by many fans and members of the media for its lack of quality, which saw notable absences, such as Andrea Pirlo and Sebastian Giovinco being controversially left out. Italy opened Euro 2016 with a 2–0 victory over Belgium and qualified thanks to a win against Sweden in the second match, which made their defeat 1–0 to Ireland in the final group stage match irrelevant for access to the round of 16. Italy subsequently defeated reigning European champions Spain 2–0 in the round of 16. However, Italy were defeated by reigning world champions Germany, in the quarter-finals on penalties, after a 1–1 draw.

Failure to qualify for 2018 World Cup
After Conte's planned departure following Euro 2016, Gian Piero Ventura took over as manager for the team. During qualification for the 2018 World Cup, Italy finished second in Group G, five points behind Spain. Italy would compete in the play-off round against Sweden, where they lost 1–0 on aggregate and therefore eliminated; the first time that Italy had failed to qualify for the World Cup since 1958. Following the match, veterans Andrea Barzagli, Daniele De Rossi and captain Gianluigi Buffon all declared their retirement from the national team. On 15 November 2017, Ventura was dismissed as head coach, and on 20 November 2017, Carlo Tavecchio resigned as president of the Italian Football Federation. Luigi Di Biagio was called as caretaker manager and led the team in subsequent friendlies in March 2018, including the last of Buffon's 176 appearances on 23 March in a friendly against Argentina.

Resurgence and second European title
On 14 May 2018, Roberto Mancini was announced as the new manager. On 16 August 2018, in the FIFA World Ranking that followed the 2018 World Cup, Italy dropped to their lowest ever ranking of 21st. On 18 November 2019, Italy finished the Euro 2020 qualifying with ten wins in all ten matches, becoming only the sixth national side to qualify for a European Championship with a perfect record. On 17 March 2020, UEFA confirmed that Euro 2020 would be postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

At the delayed Euro 2020, Italy finished top of Group A, ahead of Turkey, Switzerland, and Wales. Being one of the host nations, Italy played all three group games at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, and it became the first team in European Championship history to win each group stage match without conceding. In the round of 16, Italy defeated Austria 2–1 at Wembley Stadium after extra time. In the quarter-finals, Italy secured a 2–1 victory over Belgium, before beating Spain on penalties in the semi-finals.

In the final, on 11 July 2021, Italy won the European Championship defeating hosts England at Wembley Stadium on penalties after a 1–1 draw, for their second European title and their first since 1968. Goalkeeper Gianluigi Donnarumma also won the Player of the Tournament award, given to the best player of the tournament. On 16 July, all members of the European Championship-winning squad were awarded the Italian Order of Merit of Cavaliere.

Failure to qualify for 2022 World Cup
In October 2021, Italy participated in the UEFA Nations League Finals as hosts, and lost the semi-final against Spain, 2–1 at the San Siro. This match meant the end of the record 37 game unbeaten run and the first defeat for Italy in more than three years. Four days later, Italy won the third-place play-off, 2–1 against Belgium. On 15 November, Italy drew 0–0 with Northern Ireland in their final 2022 World Cup qualifying Group C match and finished in second place, two points behind Switzerland. On 24 March 2022, Italy lost 1–0 in the semi-final of the play-offs against North Macedonia which was their first ever world Cup qualifying defeat at home, therefore, failing to qualify for the World Cup for a second consecutive time. On 1 June, Italy took part in the CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions match, rebranded as the 2022 Finalissima, losing 3–0 against defending Copa América champion Argentina.

On 26 September 2022, Italy qualified for the 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals after beating Hungary 2–0 in Budapest. On 15 June 2023, Italy played the semi-final against Spain, losing 2–1. Three days later, Italy won the third-place final 3–2 against the Netherlands. Mancini's stay on Italy's bench ended two months later following his resignation, with Luciano Spalletti being chosen in his place.

Spalletti years (2023–present)
As of September 2023, Spalletti led the team in the last six games of Euro 2024 qualifying, and Italy managed to achieve direct qualification to the European Championship. Italy were eliminated from the tournament in the round of 16 following a 2–0 loss to Switzerland.

Rivalries

 * Italy vs. Brazil: matches between the nations are known as the World Derby (Portuguese: Clássico Mundial). The most successful football nations in the world, they have achieved nine World Cups between one another. Since their first match at the 1938 World Cup, they have played against each other a total of five times in the World Cup, most notably in the 1970 World Cup Final and the 1994 World Cup final in which Brazil won 4–1 and 3–2 on penalties after a goalless draw respectively.
 * Italy vs. France: matches between the two nations officially began on 15 May 1910, Italy's first recorded match ending in a 6–2 victory. Notable matches in the World Cup and the European Football Championship include the 2006 World Cup Final, when the Italians defeated the French 5–3 in the penalty shoot-out, after a 1–1 draw, and the 2000 European Championship, won by France with an extra-time golden goal by David Trezeguet.
 * Italy vs. Germany: matches between the two nations have cumulated in five matches in the World Cup, notably in the "Game of the Century", the 1970 World Cup semifinal between the two countries that Italy won 4–3 in extra time, with five of the seven goals coming in extra time. Germany has also won three European Championships while Italy has won it twice. The two countries have faced each other four times in the European championship, with three draws (one German penalty shoot-out victory) and one Italian victory. Germany had never defeated Italy in a major tournament match until their victory in the Euro 2016 quarterfinals, on penalties (though statistically considered a draw), with all Germany's other wins over Italy being in friendly competitions.
 * Italy vs. Spain: this is a less heated and less heartfelt rivalry for the Italians, especially when compared to those with Germany and France. Matches between Italy and Spain are known as the Mediterranean Derby (Spanish: Rivalidad futbolística Italia-España), named after the Mediterranean Sea that separates the two nations. Matches between them have been contested since 1920, and although they are not immediate geographical neighbours, their rivalry at international level is enhanced by the strong performances of their representative clubs in UEFA competitions. Since the quarterfinal match between them at Euro 2008, the rivalry has renewed, with its most notable match being the UEFA Euro 2012 final, which Spain won 4–0.

Kits and crest

The first shirt worn by the Italy national team, in its debut against France on 15 May 1910, was white. The choice of colour was due to the fact that a decision about the appearance of the kit had not yet been made, so it was decided not to have a colour, which was why white was chosen. After two games, for a friendly against Hungary in Milan on 6 January 1911, the white shirt was replaced by a blue jersey (specifically Savoy azure)—blue being the border colour of the royal House of Savoy crest used on the flag of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946); the shirt was accompanied by white shorts and black socks (which later became blue). The team later became known as gli Azzurri (the Blues).

In the 1930s, Italy wore a black kit, ordered by the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. The black kit debuted on 17 February 1935 in a friendly against France at the Stadio Nazionale PNF in Rome. A blue shirt, white shorts and black socks were worn at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin the following year. At the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France, the all-black kit was worn once in the match against France.

After World War II, the fascist regime fell and the monarchy was abolished in 1946. The same year saw the birth of the Italian Republic, and the blue-and-white kit was reinstated. The cross of the former Royal House of Savoy was removed from the flag of Italy, and consequently from the national team's badge, now consisting solely of the Tricolore. For the 1954 FIFA World Cup, the country's name in Italian, ITALIA, was placed above the tricolour shield, and for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, FIGC, the abbreviation of the Italian Football Federation, was incorporated into the badge.

In 1983, to celebrate the victory at the World Cup of the previous year, three gold stars replaced ITALIA above the tricolour, representing their three World Cup victories until that point. In 1984, a round emblem was launched, featuring the three stars, the inscriptions ITALIA and FIGC, and the tricolour.

The first known kit manufacturer was Adidas in 1974. From 2003 to 2022, the kit was made by Puma. Since the 2000s, an all-blue uniform including blue shorts has occasionally been used, particularity in international tournaments. After Italy's 2006 World Cup victory, a fourth star was added to the tricolour badge. In March 2022, after almost 20 years with Puma, it was announced that Adidas will be Italy's kit manufacturer from 2023 as part of a four-year deal.

Coaching staff
During the earliest days of Italian nation football, it was common for a Technical Commission to be appointed. The Commission took the role that a standard coach would currently play. Ever since 1967, the national team has been controlled only by the coach. For this reason, the coach of the Italy national team is still called Technical Commissioner (commissario tecnico) or CT. The use of this title has since then expanded into other team sports in Italy.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last twelve months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current squad
The following 26 players were called up for UEFA Euro 2024.

 * Information correct as of 29 June 2024, after the match against Switzerland.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up for the team within the last twelve months.

 * INJ Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE Preliminary squad

Previous squads

 * FIFA World Cup
 * 1934 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1938 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1950 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1954 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1962 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1966 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1970 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1974 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1978 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1982 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1986 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1990 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1994 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 1998 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 2002 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 2006 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 2010 FIFA World Cup squad
 * 2014 FIFA World Cup squad

 * UEFA European Championship
 * UEFA Euro 1968 squad
 * UEFA Euro 1980 squad
 * UEFA Euro 1988 squad
 * UEFA Euro 1996 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2000 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2004 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2008 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2012 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2016 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2020 squad
 * UEFA Euro 2024 squad

 * FIFA Confederations Cup
 * 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup squad
 * 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup squad
 * UEFA Nations League Finals
 * 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals squad
 * 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals squad
 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
 * 2022 CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions squad

Most capped players
As of 24 March 2024, the players with the most appearances for Italy are:

Players in bold are still active.

Top goalscorers

As of 24 March 2024, the players with the most goals for Italy are:

Players in bold are still active.

Captains
List of captaincy periods of the various captains throughout the years.

 * 1910: Francesco Calì
 * 1911–1914: Giuseppe Milano
 * 1914–1915: Virgilio Fossati
 * 1920–1925: Renzo De Vecchi
 * 1925–1927: Luigi Cevenini
 * 1927–1930: Adolfo Baloncieri
 * 1931–1934: Umberto Caligaris
 * 1934: Gianpiero Combi
 * 1935–1936: Luigi Allemandi
 * 1937–1939: Giuseppe Meazza
 * 1940–1947: Silvio Piola
 * 1947–1949: Valentino Mazzola
 * 1949–1950: Riccardo Carapellese
 * 1951–1952: Carlo Annovazzi
 * 1952–1960: Giampiero Boniperti
 * 1961–1962: Lorenzo Buffon
 * 1962–1963: Cesare Maldini
 * 1963–1966: Sandro Salvadore
 * 1966–1977: Giacinto Facchetti
 * 1977–1983: Dino Zoff
 * 1983–1985: Marco Tardelli
 * 1985–1986: Gaetano Scirea
 * 1986–1987: Antonio Cabrini
 * 1988–1991: Giuseppe Bergomi
 * 1991–1994: Franco Baresi
 * 1994–2002: Paolo Maldini
 * 2002–2010: Fabio Cannavaro
 * 2010–2018: Gianluigi Buffon
 * 2018–2022: Giorgio Chiellini
 * 2022–2023: Leonardo Bonucci
 * 2023: Ciro Immobile
 * 2024: Gianluigi Donnarumma

Manager records

 * Most manager appearances
 * Enzo Bearzot: 104

Team records

 * Largest victory
 * 9–0 vs. United States, 2 August 1948

 * Largest defeat
 * 1–7 vs. Hungary, 6 April 1924

Competitive record
Champions  Runners-up   Third place   Hosts

FIFA World Cup

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

UEFA European Championship

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

UEFA Nations League

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

FIFA Confederations Cup

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Other tournaments

 * *Denotes draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.

Head-to-head record
As of 29 June 2024, the complete official match record of the Italian national team comprises 879 matches: 468 wins, 239 draws and 172 losses. During these matches, the team scored 1,532 times and conceded 864 goals. Italy's highest winning margin is nine goals, which was achieved against the United States in 1948 (9–0). Their longest winning streak is 13 wins, and their unbeaten record is 37 consecutive official matches, a world record.

Honours

 * FIFA World Cup
 * Winners (4): 1934, 1938, 1982, 2006
 * Runners-up (2): 1970, 1994
 * Third place (1): 1990
 * UEFA European Championship
 * Winners (2): 1968, 2020
 * Runners-up (2): 2000, 2012
 * UEFA Nations League
 * Third place (2): 2020–21, 2022–23
 * FIFA Confederations Cup
 * Third place (1): 2013
 * CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions
 * Runners-up (1): 2022
 * Olympic football tournament
 * Gold Medal (1): 1936
 * Bronze Medal (1): 1928

Other titles
 * Central European International Cup
 * Winners (2): 1927–30, 1933–35
 * Runners-up (2): 1931–32, 1936–38

Awards

 * Laureus World Team of the Year
 * Winners (2): 2007, 2022

title: Italy national football team


text:
The Gavin Crawford Show

The Gavin Crawford Show is a Canadian sketch comedy series, which aired from June 19, 2000, to July 1, 2003, on The Comedy Network. Following the first season in 2000, production on The Gavin Crawford Show was temporarily interrupted by Crawford's participation in the short-lived American sketch comedy series Hype, but resumed when Crawford returned to Canada after Hype's cancellation, having two further seasons and producing 26 episodes altogether.

The show starred comedian Gavin Crawford, along with an ensemble cast of supporting performers including Tracy Dawson, Marypat Farrell, Cathy Gordon-Marsh, Jennifer Irwin, Griffin Malcolm, Doug Morency, Christen Nelson, Lisa Brooke and Panou. Many of its cast members had previously worked together as part of The Second City's Toronto cast in 1998.

In addition to Crawford, the show's writers included Kyle Tingley, Jennifer Whalen, Cathy Gordon and Alex Pugsley.

Characters included Ron and Ocean Breeze, a New Age folk music duo who expressed their marital disputes in song; Red Ronnie Rocker, an aspiring rock star; Hugey McBalls, a porn star and author of the self-help book Acting for the Adult Camera; nerdy teenager Mark Jackson; and male feminist motivational speaker Len Henderson.

Following its run, Crawford and his character Mark Jackson moved on to This Hour Has 22 Minutes in 2003. Crawford subsequently also developed Gavin Crawford's Wild West for CBC Television, although the series was not picked up and only its pilot aired as a one-off comedy special.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Gavin Crawford Show


text:
Paul Truong

Paul Truong (born June 2, 1965) is an American and Cambodian chess player, trainer, and organizer. He was born Trương Hoài Nhân in Saigon, South Vietnam. Truong holds the USCF title of National Master and the FIDE title of FIDE Master.

He is married to former Women's World Chess Champion Susan Polgár. He is also Polgár's business manager, and vice-president of the Susan Polgar Foundation. He organized and/or promoted most of the events in which Polgár has been involved since she relocated to the United States. In 2007, Truong become the director of marketing and PR of the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE) and coach and chief strategist of the Texas Tech University chess team, with Polgár as the executive director of SPICE and head coach. The SPICE Program relocated to Webster University in 2012. Truong has served as the coach and chief strategist of the Webster University chess team and director of marketing for the SPICE Program since then.

In 2004, Truong was the captain and business manager of the U.S. women's team for the 36th Chess Olympiad,[6] which won a silver medal.[7] While Truong served as coach and chief strategist, the Texas Tech University chess team was U.S. National Collegiate Champion in 2011 and 2012 and the Webster University team won in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The Webster University chess team also won (or tied for first) in the Pan American Intercollegiate Championships every year from 2012 to 2018.[8]

Truong played for the "Collins Kids" founded by John W. Collins. He was on the team that went to Iceland in 1980. He also played when the U.S. hosted Iceland in a return match in New York City in 1981. In 2001, he won the U.S. Open Blitz Championship in Framingham, Massachusetts, ahead of Hikaru Nakamura.

Early life
Truong's father, Tien, was a South Vietnamese official working at the U.S. embassy in Saigon during the Vietnam War. Truong learned the rules of chess along with his father at the age of five and played at the National Sports Center (CSS) in Saigon, a center for chess in the country. From an early age, he won the CSS's annual tournaments, which were informally recognized as the National Championships of South Vietnam. In all, he claims to have won the annual under-21 event four times, starting when he was five years old, and the annual adult event five times, starting when he was eight. Truong has been inactive as a competitive chess player since 1986.

Chess journalist and photographer
Truong is editor-in-chief of Chess Daily News & Information.

Truong has collaborated with Polgár on most of her books and videos, and he has co-authored with her numerous chess columns and articles. In 2003, Polgár and Truong won the Cramer Award for Best Chess Column and three Chess Journalist of America Awards for Best Magazine Column, Best Endgame Analysis Column, and Best Chess Promotion column. They also won the 2004 Chess Journalist of America Award for the best endgame column in Chess Horizons.

Following is a list of books that Truong has co-authored:
 * Alpha Teach Yourself Chess in 24 Hours by Susan Polgár, Paul Truong and Leslie Horvitz (2003); ISBN 0-02-864408-5
 * A World Champion's Guide to Chess by Susan Polgár and Paul Truong (2005); ISBN 0-8129-3653-1
 * Breaking Through: How the Polgar Sisters Changed the Game of Chess by Susan Polgár and Paul Truong (2005); ISBN 1-8574-4381-0
 * Chess Tactics for Champions by Susan Polgár and Paul Truong (2006); ISBN 0-8129-3671-X

Truong is a prolific photographer who has taken as many as 30,000 pictures per year at chess-related events in several countries. He posts his digital files in the public domain, usually on the day they are taken, for use free of charge by news outlets and blogs. Truong's photos have appeared on multiple book and magazine covers.

USCF election and resignation
In 2007, Truong ran for the USCF Executive Board and won, along with his wife, Susan. Sam Sloan, one of the defeated candidates, filed suit to overturn the election results. During the ensuing litigation, four members of the board asked Truong to step down from his position on the Board for "neglecting his fiduciary duties". The lawsuits eventually were all dismissed or settled, and Truong severed his affiliation with the USCF, with none of the parties admitting to any wrongdoing.

title: Paul Truong


text:
Zygmunt Janiszewski

Zygmunt Janiszewski (12 July 1888 – 3 January 1920) was a Polish mathematician.

Early life and education
He was born to mother Julia Szulc-Chojnicka and father, Czeslaw Janiszewski who was a graduate of the University of Warsaw and served as the director of the Société du Crédit Municipal in Warsaw.

Janiszewski left Poland to study mathematics in Zürich, Munich and Göttingen, where he was taught by some of the most prominent mathematicians of the time, such as Heinrich Burkhardt, David Hilbert, Hermann Minkowski and Ernst Zermelo. He then went to Paris and in 1911 received his doctorate in topology under the supervision of Henri Lebesgue. His thesis was titled Sur les continus irréductibles entre deux points (On the Irreducible Continuous Curves Between Two Points). In 1913, he published a seminal work in the field of topology of surface entitled On Cutting the Plane by Continua.

Career
Janiszewski taught at the University of Lwów and was professor at the University of Warsaw. At the outbreak of World War I he was a soldier in the Polish Legions of Józef Piłsudski, and took part in operations around Volyn. Along with other officers, he refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the Austrian government. He subsequently left the Legions and went into hiding under an assumed identity, Zygmunt Wicherkiewicz, in Boiska, near Zwoleń. From Boiska he moved on to Ewin, near Włoszczowa, where he directed a shelter for homeless children. In 1917 he published an article "O potrzebach matematyki w Polsce" ("On the Needs of Mathematics in Poland") in the journal Nauka Polska (Polish Learning), thus initiating the Polish School of Mathematics. He also founded the journal Fundamenta Mathematicae. Janiszewski proposed the journal's name in 1919, but the first issue was published only after his death in 1920.

Janiszewski devoted the family property that he had inherited from his father to charity and education. He also donated all the prize money that he received from mathematical awards and competitions to the education and development of young Polish students.

Death
Janiszewski was engaged to Janina Kelles-Krauz, daughter of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz. The wedding date had been set, but he died before they could marry. His life was cut short by the influenza pandemic of 1918–19, at Lwów, on 3 January 1920, at age 31. He willed his body for medical research, and his cranium for craniological study, desiring to be "useful after his death".

Samuel Dickstein wrote a commemorative address after Janiszewski's death, honoring his humility, kindness and dedication to his work:

"Enthusiasm and strong will characterized Janiszewski not only in his scientific work, but in his life generally. His active participation in the Legions, his refusal to take an oath which was incompatible with his patriotic conscience, his work in the field of education, when at a most difficult time he entered that field as an enlightened and wise worker, free of any prejudice and partiality and ardently keen only to propagate light and truth - these facts prove that in the heart of a mathematician seemingly detached from active life there glowed the purest emotions of affection and self-denial. If we also mention that, having very moderate needs himself, he dispensed all the means at his disposal to educate young talents, and that he bequeathed the property that he had inherited from his parents for educational purposes, and in particular for the education of outstanding individuals, then we may indeed exclaim from the bottom of our hearts that the memory of that life, devoted to the cause and interrupted so early, lives on in its results and deeds and will remain treasured and living for us, the witnesses of his work, and for generations to come."

While Janiszewski is best remembered for his many contributions to topological mathematics in the early 20th century, for the founding of Fundamenta Mathematicae, and for his enthusiasm for teaching young minds, his loyalty to his homeland during World War I perhaps gives the greatest insight into his psyche. The orphans' shelter that he set up during the war doubtless saved many lives and was perhaps his greatest contribution to the world.

On 3 January 2020, the 100th anniversary of his death, a researcher from Australia traveled to Lviv and met with the director of Lychakiv Cemetery. Restoration of the grave was arranged, and the stone was restored. Janiszewski is buried in field 58, plot 82 of Lychakiv Cemetery.

title: Zygmunt Janiszewski


text:
Qi (state)

Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization, was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong, before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; (r. undefined – undefined)1046–1015 BCE ), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386BCE. Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.

Foundation
During the Zhou conquest of Shang, Jiang Ziya, a native of Ju County served as the chief minister to King Wu, the same position he had held in service to King Wu's father. Following the Zhou victory, the lands comprising much of the Shandong peninsula and some nearby surrounds were established as the state of Qi, with Jiang charged with ruling and defending them. After King Wu's death, Ziya remained loyal to the Duke of Zhou's regency during the Three Guards' failed rebellion. The Shang prince Wu Geng had joined the revolt along with the Dongyi polities of Yan, Xu, and Pugu, located within the boundaries of Qi. These were suppressed by 1039BCE, but the Bamboo Annals suggest that the native people of Pugu continued to revolt for about another decade before being destroyed a second time c. 1026.

Transmitted documents from the Western Zhou period are scant, but it is known that King Yi of Zhou ((r. undefined – undefined)865–858 BCE) attacked Qi and boiled Duke Ai to death. During the time of King Xuan of Zhou ((r. undefined – undefined) 827–782), there was a local succession struggle. Throughout this period, many of the native Dongyi peoples were absorbed into the Zhou cultural sphere.

Spring and Autumn period

The succession crisis following the violent death of King You of Zhou led to a dramatic and unrecoverable loss of political and military authority in the Zhou royal court. Under this new geopolitical situation, Qi rose to prominence under Duke Huan of Qi ((r. undefined – undefined) 685–643BCE ). He and his minister Guan Zhong strengthened the state by consolidating power in the hands of the central government at the expense of the landed aristocracy, establishing a system of counties ruled directly by ministers of the state court. Qi annexed 35 neighboring polities – including Tan – and brought others into submission. Guan Zhong's administrative reforms also included state monopolies on salt and iron, and in general were characteristic of the later political philosophy of Legalism.

In 667BCE, the lords of Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng assembled in one of the first great interstate conferences, and Duke Huan was elected as their leader. Subsequently, King Hui of Zhou pronounced him Bà, the "hegemon-protector" sworn to protect the royal house of Zhou and uphold the authority of the Son of Heaven (the Zhou king). The first of five such hegemons, he earned a tribute from the other states, and had the honour of paying the royal court a larger tribute than anyone else. His calls to arms were as binding as the king's own. Using this authority, during the first eleven years of his hegemony, Duke Huan intervened in a power struggle in Lu; protected Yan from encroaching Western Rong nomads; drove off Northern Di nomads after their invasions of Wey and Xing, providing the people with provisions and protective garrison units; and led an alliance of eight states to conquer Cai and thereby block the northward expansion of Chu.

After Duke Huan's death, a war of succession between rival claimants greatly weakened Qi and ending its reign of hegemony. In 632BCE, Qi helped Jin defeat Chu at the Battle of Chengpu, only to be defeated by Jin itself at the Battle of An in 589. In 579, the four great powers of Qin, Jin, Chu, and Qi met to declare a truce and limit their military strength.

Warring States period - Tian Qi
Early in the period, Qi annexed a number of smaller states. Qi was one of the first states to patronize scholars. In 532BCE, the Tian clan destroyed several rival families and came to dominate the state. In 485, the Tian clan killed the heir to the house of Jiang and fought several rival clans. Four years later, the Tian chief killed a puppet ruler, most of his family, and a number of rival chiefs. He took control of most of the state and left the monarch with only the capital of Linzi and the area around Mount Tai. In 386, the house of Tian fully replaced the house of Jiang as rulers of Qi. The Warring States period ended with the Qin conquest of Qi, which was the last to fall, in 222. So ended Qi, and the era of Imperial China began.

Culture of Qi
Before Qin unified China, each state's customs, culture, dialects, and orthography had pronounced differences. According to the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu, composed in the fourth or fifth century BCE and included in the Classic of Documents, there were nine distinct cultural regions of China, which are described in detail. The work focuses on the travels of the titular sage, Yu the Great, throughout each of the regions.

Other texts also discussed these cultural variations. One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu, written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi, the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain of the environment in which they inhabited. Of Qi, he said:

"Although Qi's troops are numerous, their organization is unstable... The people of Qi are by nature unyielding and their country prosperous, but the ruler and officials are arrogant and care nothing for the people. The state's policies are not uniform and not strictly enforced. Salaries and wages are unfair and unevenly distributed, causing disharmony and disunity. Qi's army is arrayed with their heaviest hitters at the front while the rest follow behind, so that even when their forces appear mighty, they are in reality fragile. To defeat them, we should divide our army into three columns and have two attack the left and right flanks of Qi's army. Once their battle formations are thrown into disarray, the central column should be in position to attack and victory will follow."

While visiting Qi, Confucius was deeply impressed with perfection of performance of Shao music (韶) therein.

During the Warring States period, Qi was famous for Linzi's Jixia Academy, where renowned scholars of the era from all over China would visit. Modern scholarship understands the Jixia Academy not to be a physical institution, but an informal collaboration of sponsored scholars engaged in intellectual work. One impressive surviving achievement of the Jixia school of thought is the Yanzi Chunqiu.

Qi architecture
The state of Qi was known for having well organized cities that were nearly rectangular in shape, with roads that were neatly knit into a grid-like pattern. The palace was strategically positioned facing the south. To the left (eastwardly direction) of the palace resided the ancestral temple, to its right (westward) the temple of the gods, both one hundred paces away. This ensured that balance was achieved. In front of the palace was the court also one hundred paces away and to the back of the palace was the city. This type of layout influenced greatly the way cities were designed in subsequent generations.

Smaller estates known as chengyi (城邑) were abundant throughout Qi. They typically stretched 450 meters from south to north and 395 meters from east to west. The perimeter was usually surrounded by a wall with the living headquarters situated within and a nearly perfect square-shaped courtyard occupying the center.

The Great Wall of Qi (齊長城) is the oldest existing Great Wall in China. Construction of the wall started in 441 BCE to defend against attacks from the states of Jin and Yue. Construction ended during the Warring States period, with the wall enhancing Qi's defense against enemies states like Ju, Lu, and Chu. The wall stretches from Guangli village of today's Changqing District, Jinan, running across the mountain ridges of central Shandong Province to the Yellow Sea in the present-day city of Qingdao. Its total length has been estimated at 600 km. Most of the wall is still visible.

Qi in astronomy
Qi is represented by the star Chi Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism in the "Girl" lunar mansion in the "Black Turtle" symbol. Qi is also represented by the star 112 Herculis in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure.

Famous people
All dates are BCE
 * Guan Zhong (720–645), prime minister to Duke Huan of Qi and known for making the state of Qi one of the most power Hegemons at the time.
 * Yan Ying (578–500), prime minister to Duke Jing, known from Yanzi Chunqiu, to which he is sometimes attributed authorship.
 * Sun Tzu (544–496) Chinese steategist and writer, famously attributed authorship of The Art of War. May not have existed.
 * Sun Bin (?–316), military strategist known for Sun Bin's Art of War.
 * Chunyu Kun (386–310), official and master scholar at the Jixia Academy.
 * Mencius (372–289), official and one of the most renowned Confucian philosophers.
 * Xun Kuang (313–238), philosopher who joined the Jixia Academy when he was 50 years old, known for the Xunzi.

title: Qi (state)


text:
Visitor

A visitor, in English and Welsh law and history, is an overseer of an autonomous ecclesiastical or eleemosynary institution, often a charitable institution set up for the perpetual distribution of the founder's alms and bounty, who can intervene in the internal affairs of that institution. Those with such visitors are mainly cathedrals, chapels, schools, colleges, universities, and hospitals.

Many visitors hold their role ex officio, by serving as the British sovereign, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Lord President of the Council, the Lord Chief Justice, or the bishop of a particular diocese. Others can be appointed in various ways, depending on the constitution of the organization in question. Bishops are usually the visitors to their own cathedrals. The King usually delegates his visitatorial functions to the Lord Chancellor.

During the reform of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the 19th century, Parliament ordered visitations to the universities to make inquiries and to reform the university and college statutes.

There is a ceremonial element to the role, and the visitor may also be called upon to give advice where an institution expresses doubt as to its powers under its charter and statutes. However, the most important function of the visitor was within academic institutions, where the visitor had to determine disputes arising between the institution and its members.

The right of the visitor, and not the courts, to adjudge on alleged deviations from the statutes of academic colleges was affirmed in the case of Philips v. Bury, 1694, in which the House of Lords overruled a judgment of the Court of King's Bench.

The Higher Education Act 2004 transferred the jurisdiction of visitors over the grievances of students in English and Welsh universities to the Office of the Independent Adjudicator.

Outside England and Wales
The position has also existed in universities in other countries which have followed the English and Welsh model (there being no such office in Scotland), although in many countries the visitor's role in complaints has been transferred to other bodies.

Ireland
In Ireland, the Universities Act 1997 redefines the appointment, function and responsibility of a visitor. Where a university does not have a visitor, a visitor may be appointed by the government and must be either a current or retired judge of the High Court or a retired judge of the Supreme Court.

Fiji
In Fiji, the Court of Appeal in Muma v USP declared that in default of appointment, the country's president was the visitor of a university established by the Queen, since Fiji had subsequently become a republic.

Australia
The Governor of Victoria is the visitor to all Victorian universities, but has only ceremonial duties.

The Governor of New South Wales is the visitor to Macquarie University, Sydney Grammar School, and the University of Sydney pursuant to statute. The governor is also the visitor of the University of Wollongong by the University of Wollongong Act 1989. Only ceremonial duties can be exercised by the Governor of NSW in his or her role as visitor; this is mandated under the same act.

Canada
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, as a member of the Canadian royal family, served as the visitor to Upper Canada College from 1955 to his death in 2021. Priorly, Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, acted as the school's visitor between 1919 and 1936.

The governor general of Canada, as the King's representative, serves as the visitor to McGill University. Similarly, the lieutenant governor of Ontario serves as the visitor to the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, and the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador serves as the visitor to Memorial University of Newfoundland.

The Anglican Bishop of Montreal serves as the visitor to Bishop's University in Lennoxville, Quebec, and the Anglican Bishop of Huron serves as the visitor to Renison University College in Waterloo, Ontario.

India
In India, the President of India is the visitor to 126 central government institutes, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology.

United States
In the United States, the office of visitor, from its early use at some colleges and other institutions, evolved specifically into that of a trustee. Certain colleges and universities, particularly of an earlier, often colonial founding, are governed by boards of visitors, often chaired by a rector (rather than regents or trustees, etc.). Examples include the College of William and Mary and the University of Virginia.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the visitor in publicly funded tertiary institution is the most senior member of government. This is usually the president in federally-funded universities or the governor for state-funded universities.

In literature
In the Jill Paton Walsh continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey series of detective novels, The Late Scholar, Lord Peter (now the Duke of Denver) is the visitor of the fictional St Severin's College in Oxford, which is central to the plot.

title: Visitor


text:
Antoni Zygmund

Antoni Zygmund (December 26, 1900 – May 30, 1992) was a Polish mathematician. He worked mostly in the area of mathematical analysis, including especially harmonic analysis, and he is considered one of the greatest analysts of the 20th century. Zygmund was responsible for creating the Chicago school of mathematical analysis together with his doctoral student Alberto Calderón, for which he was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1986.

Biography
Born in Warsaw, Zygmund obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Warsaw (1923) and was a professor at Stefan Batory University at Wilno from 1930 to 1939, when World War II broke out and Poland was occupied. In 1940 he managed to emigrate to the United States, where he became a professor at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. In 1945–1947 he was a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1947, until his retirement, at the University of Chicago.

He was a member of several scientific societies. From 1930 until 1952 he was a member of the Warsaw Scientific Society (TNW), from 1946 of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU), from 1959 of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), and from 1961 of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. In 1986 he received the National Medal of Science.

In 1935 Zygmund published in Polish the original edition of what has become, in its English translation, the two-volume Trigonometric Series. It was described by Robert A. Fefferman as "one of the most influential books in the history of mathematical analysis" and "an extraordinarily comprehensive and masterful presentation of a ... vast field". Jean-Pierre Kahane called the book "The Bible" of a harmonic analyst. The theory of trigonometric series had remained the largest component of Zygmund's mathematical investigations.

His work has had a pervasive influence in many fields of mathematics, mostly in mathematical analysis, and particularly in harmonic analysis. Among the most significant were the results he obtained with Calderón on singular integral operators. George G. Lorentz called it Zygmund's crowning achievement, one that "stands somewhat apart from the rest of Zygmund's work".

Zygmund's students included Alberto Calderón, Paul Cohen, Nathan Fine, Józef Marcinkiewicz, Victor L. Shapiro, Guido Weiss, Elias M. Stein and Mischa Cotlar. He died in Chicago.

Family
Antoni Zygmund, who had three sisters, married Irena Parnowska, a mathematician, in 1925. Upon his death he was survived by four grandsons.

Mathematical objects named after Zygmund

 * Calderón–Zygmund lemma
 * Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund inequality
 * Paley–Zygmund inequality
 * Calderón–Zygmund kernel

Books

 * Trigonometric Series (Cambridge University Press 1959, 2002)
 * Intégrales singulières (Springer-Verlag, 1971)
 * Trigonometric Interpolation (University of Chicago, 1950)
 * Measure and Integral: An Introduction to Real Analysis, With Richard L. Wheeden (Marcel Dekker, 1977)
 * Analytic Functions, with Stanislaw Saks (Elsevier Science Ltd, 1971)

title: Antoni Zygmund


text:
Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna

Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna ("Ancient and Modern Sweden") is a collection of engravings collected by Erik Dahlbergh during the middle of the 17th century. Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna can be described as a grand vision of Sweden during its period as a great power. Dahlberg's direct source of inspiration was the topographical publications issued by the Swiss publisher Matthäus Merian. In 1661 Dahlberg was granted a royal privilege enabling him to realize his plans, which kept him occupied for a good decade, and a work that would not be printed until after his death. In its final state Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna comprised three volumes containing 353 plates.

title: Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna


text:
Karol Borsuk

Karol Borsuk (8 May 1905 – 24 January 1982) was a Polish mathematician. His main interest was topology, while he obtained significant results also in functional analysis.

Borsuk introduced the theory of absolute retracts (ARs) and absolute neighborhood retracts (ANRs), and the cohomotopy groups, later called Borsuk–Spanier cohomotopy groups. He also founded shape theory. He has constructed various beautiful examples of topological spaces, e.g. an acyclic, 3-dimensional continuum which admits a fixed point free homeomorphism onto itself; also 2-dimensional, contractible polyhedra which have no free edge. His topological and geometric conjectures and themes stimulated research for more than half a century; in particular, his open problems stimulated the infinite-dimensional topology.

Borsuk received his master's degree and doctorate from Warsaw University in 1927 and 1930, respectively; his PhD thesis advisor was Stefan Mazurkiewicz. He was a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences from 1952. Borsuk's students include: Samuel Eilenberg, Andrzej Kirkor, Jan Jaworowski, Andrzej Granas, Antoni Kosiński, Karol Sieklucki, Włodzimierz Holsztyński, Rafał Molski, Hanna Patkowska, Andrzej Jankowski, Włodzimierz Kuperberg, Stanisław Spież, Krystyna Kuperberg, Jerzy Dydak, Andrzej Trybulec, Marian Orłowski, Alfred Surzycki.

Works

 * Geometria analityczna w n wymiarach (1950) (translated to English as Multidimensional Analytic Geometry, Polish Scientific Publishers, 1969)
 * Podstawy geometrii (1955)
 * Foundations of Geometry (1960) with Wanda Szmielew, North Holland publisher
 * Theory of Retracts (1967), PWN, Warszawa.
 * Theory of Shape (1975)
 * Collected papers vol. I, (1983), PWN, Warszawa.

title: Karol Borsuk


text:
ITO

ITO may refer to:

 * Hilo International Airport, IATA airport code
 * Indium tin oxide, a transparent conductor
 * Information Technology Outsourcing
 * International Trade Organization
 * Inventory turnover, a measure of the number of times inventory is sold or used in a certain period of time
 * Involuntary Treatment Order, typically for psychiatric treatment
 * Initial token offering

title: ITO


text:
Hope College

Hope College is a private Christian liberal arts college in Holland, Michigan. It was originally opened in 1851 as the Pioneer School by Dutch immigrants four years after the community was first settled. The first freshman college class matriculated in 1862, and Hope received its state charter in 1866. Hope College is affiliated with the Reformed Church in America and retains a Christian atmosphere. Its 120 acre campus is adjacent to the downtown commercial district and has been shared with Western Theological Seminary since 1884. The Hope College campus is located near the eastern shores of Lake Michigan and is 2.5 hours away from two major cities, Chicago and Detroit.

History
Hope's motto is taken from Psalm 42:6: "Spera in Deo" ("Hope in God"). The college's emblem is an anchor. This is drawn from a speech by Albertus van Raalte, the leader of the community, on the occasion of the founding of the Pioneer School in 1851: "This is my anchor of hope for this people in the future," (an allusion to Hebrews 6:19). The primary-level Pioneer School was later expanded to secondary and college-level education as Hope College. Van Vleck Hall, which originally housed the Pioneer School, is the oldest building on campus (1858) and serves as a dormitory. It is the city's second-oldest building. The first college class matriculated in 1862, and Hope received its state charter in 1866. The college admitted its first female students in 1878.

2015 marked Hope College's 150th year of education. In honor of this, Hope held many events in 2015. The celebration began with the 150th commencement on May 3, 2015. The year held two grand openings, the Kruizenga Art Museum and the Jack H. Miller Center for Musical Arts, and the groundbreaking ceremony of the Jim and Martie Bultman Student Center. The college also sponsored the Presidential Colloquium lecture series, which featured an address by David Brooks on Christian education in the 21st century.

A marker designating the college as a Michigan Historic Site was erected in 2019 by the Michigan Historical Commission. The inscription reads:

In 1851, four years after settlers from the Netherlands founded Holland, the Pioneer School was established to meet some of the educational needs of the young colony. This school, the predecessor of Hope College, received direction and financial support from the General Synod of the Reformed Church in America. The school evolved into the Holland Academy, which in 1862 enrolled its first college class. On May 14, 1866, the institution was chartered as Hope College, and on July 17, 1866, the first class of eight students was graduated. The college’s name, seal, and motto are derived from a statement of the founder of Holland, Rev. Albertus C. Van Raalte, who said of the Pioneer School, “This is my Anchor of Hope for this people in the future.” In the decades that followed, a strong college of arts and sciences was developed which continues to serve the church and the community.

Presidents
The following people have presided over the college:

 * 1) Philip Phelps Jr. (1866–1878)
 * 2) Charles Scott (1878–1893)
 * 3) Gerrit J. Kollen (1893–1911, Hope College Class of 1868)
 * 4) Ame Vennema (1911–1918, Hope College Class of 1879)
 * 5) Edward D. Dimnent (1918–1931, Hope College Class of 1896)
 * 6) Wynand Wichers (1931–1945)
 * 7) Irwin J. Lubbers (1945–1963, Hope College Class of 1917)
 * 8) Calvin A. VanderWerf (1963–1970, Hope College Class of 1937)
 * 9) Gordon VanWylen (1972–1987)
 * 10) John H. Jacobson (1987–1999)
 * 11) James E. Bultman (1999–2013, Hope College Class of 1963)
 * 12) John C. Knapp (2013–2017)
 * 13) Dennis N. Voskuil (2017–2019, Interim)
 * 14) Matthew A. Scogin (2019–Present, Hope College Class of 2002)

Hope Forward
The college is in pursuit of implementing Hope Forward, a model to fully fund every student's tuition through gifts after graduation rather than paying tuition up front. The pillars of the Hope Forward model are community, generosity and access. In order to fully fund tuition and offer Hope Forward to every student, the college seeks to raise over $1 billion. In June 2023, Hope Forward caught the attention of author Malcolm Gladwell, who devoted an episode of his podcast Revisionist History to Hope Forward, titled “A Good Circle.”

Academics
The college offers 90+ majors, all of which lead to a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Science in engineering, or Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. It has a student population of about 3,200 with a student-to-faculty ratio of 11:1.

The college offers off-campus study programs in several cities, including Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., and Chicago, and overseas programs for the summer, semester, or an academic year. Among its international programs, a longstanding summer semester in Vienna is popular among students.

Hope maintains strong ties to the Reformed Church in America.

In addition, Hope College is a member of the Great Lakes College Association.

In the U.S. News & World Report ranking of schools by undergraduate research and creative projects, Hope College is ranked #27.

Courses offered at Hope are divided into five disciplines:

 * General Education: In General Education courses students encounter a diverse array of topics rooted in the liberal arts education. Regardless of their majors, students take courses in art, history, language, literature, math and sciences. They also participate in a First-Year Seminar course and a Senior Seminar course. These courses were developed to help transition students in and out of their college career.
 * Arts and Humanities: The Fine and Performing Arts degree at Hope College consists of four departments, which include Art and Art History, Dance, Music and Theatre. The Humanities division includes the departments of English, History, Modern and Classical Language, Philosophy and Religion.
 * Natural and Applied Sciences: The Natural and Applied Sciences programs include Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Neuroscience, Nursing and Physics.
 * Social Sciences: A Social Science degree consists of the departments of Communication, Economics and Business, Education, Kinesiology, Peace and Justice minor, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology/Social Work.
 * Pre-health programs: There are a wide variety of pre-health programs at the undergraduate level. They include Chiropractic Medicine, Dentistry, Genetic Counseling, Medicine, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Pharmacy, Physician Assistant, Physical Therapy, Podiatry, Public Health, Speech Language Pathology and Veterinary Medicine. Other pre-health professions include Nursing, Athletic Training, and Pre-clinical Psychology.

Hope's most popular majors, in terms of 2022 graduates, were:

 * Business
 * Psychology
 * Engineering
 * Nursing
 * Exercise Science
 * Communication
 * Biology
 * Education
 * Social Work
 * Political Science

Accreditation
Hope College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, with professional accreditation from the following:

 * Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
 * American Chemical Society
 * American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
 * Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
 * Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education
 * Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation
 * Council on Social Work Education
 * National Association of Schools of Art and Design
 * National Association of Schools of Dance
 * National Association of Schools of Music
 * National Association of Schools of Theatre

Hope is the first private, four-year, undergraduate liberal arts college in the country to achieve national accreditation in all four of the arts (Design, Dance, Music, and Theatre).

Housing
On-campus housing is provided in 11 residence halls, 24 apartment buildings, and 70+ houses (called "cottages") that the college owns near the campus. A small percentage of students—primarily juniors, seniors, and Holland, Michigan residents—live off-campus. All full-time students without commuter status are required to live in on-campus housing for three years.

Demographics
Most Hope students come from the greater Great Lakes region. In 2023 approximately 90% of the student body came from Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Approximately 79% of the student body is white; students from minority backgrounds account for about 16% of the student body. Approximately 3% of the student body is international.

Student organizations

The college offers 80 student-led clubs and organization such as Dance Marathon and Relay for Life, an FM radio station (WTHS), newspaper (The Anchor), literary magazine (Opus), and yearbook (Milestone), plus a variety of academic, musical, spiritual, literary, social and athletic clubs. About 10–12% of students belong to social fraternities and sororities, which are local to Hope rather than chapters of larger organizations, with the exception of one fraternity, Phi Sigma Kappa. Hope also houses the 6th oldest fraternity that is still in existence, Omicron Kappa Epsilon. The college holds Sunday evening worship services ("The Gathering") and Monday/Wednesday/Friday Chapel services on campus. Attendance at these events has been voluntary since 1970, yet students routinely fill Dimnent Memorial Chapel to its capacity of greater than 1,000 students at each service.

The Pull
"The Pull" is an annual tug-of-war between the freshman and sophomore classes at Hope College. It takes place across the Black River in Holland on the last Saturday of September every year (until 1993 it was held on a Friday). The Pull dates to 1898. Each team has 19 students on the rope as "pullers," and another 19 acting as guides and morale boosters, or "moralers" as well as one pull "anchor" on each team. The freshmen are coached by juniors, and the sophomores by seniors. This arrangement has led to the rivalry between even and odd year classes. Even year's colors are red and white, while Odd year's colors are maroon and gold. The competition is limited to three hours; it previously had no time limit. The winner is the team that takes the most rope.

IMAGES: A Reflection of Cultures
IMAGES: A Reflection of Cultures is an annual international showcase featuring an array of skits, dance, song and other clips of culture and language performed by students from around the world.

The Nykerk Cup Competition
The Nykerk Cup is a multifaceted competition between freshmen and sophomore women involving song, play, and oration. As in the Pull, freshmen are coached by juniors and sophomores by seniors, also contributing to the "Odd Year" and "Even Year" competitions. The Nykerk Cup takes place during Family Weekend in late fall. The tradition was begun in 1935 by John Nykerk. Men participate in the competition as "moralers" by supporting the participants while building sets and coordinating scene changes.

Winter Fantasia
One formal dance is offered by the college in February. Students may attend in large groups or with dates, and the college offers transportation to Grand Rapids, where it takes place.

Dance Marathon
The students of Hope College hold the annual Dance Marathon to raise money for the Helen Devos Children's Hospital in Grand Rapids. This event takes place in the spring semester. Students volunteer to be dancers or moralers for the event. Dancers stand on their feet and dance for 24 hours while moralers take shifts supporting the dancers. Children of the hospital often visit to show their thanks.

Christmas Vespers
Each December, Hope College hosts a musical Christmas service in Dimnent Chapel. The service has been held annually since 1941 and features over 200 students, staff and faculty. It includes music performed by the Chapel Choir, College Chorus, Orchestra, and small ensembles. There are four performances each year, all of which draw a crowd that fills the chapel. The event is regularly recorded and televised on PBS stations during the Christmas season.

Campus events
Hope routinely hosts well-known authors, speakers, scientists, and global leaders who present lectures on a wide variety of topics.

The Jack Ridl Visiting Writers Series sponsors prominent authors for free public readings. The series is named for poet and Hope College professor emeritus Jack Ridl, who founded the series in 1982.

Employment
For 18 consecutive years, Hope College has been listed among the "101 best and brightest companies to work for in West Michigan" survey of the Michigan Business and Professional Association.

Campus renovation
The college marked the completion of the "Greater Hope" campaign in October 2015 with the dedication of the Jack H. Miller Center for Musical Arts. In September 2015, the college dedicated the opening of Kruizenga Art Museum, designed by C Concept Design, and broke ground on construction of the Jim and Martie Bultman Student Center.

As of October 2015, the Jack H. Miller Center for Musical Arts and the Kruizenga Art Museum are open and in use by students and faculty. The Jim and Martie Bultman Student Center opened for the 2017–2018 school year.

Athletics
Hope College competes in the MIAA conference, and is a Division III member of the NCAA. It fields 20 men's and women's varsity teams. The college has constructed several new outdoor athletic venues in recent years—Jim Heeringa Athletic Center (2021) DeVos Fieldhouse (2005), Boeve Baseball Stadium (2008), Wolters Softball Stadium (2008), Van Andel Soccer Stadium (2009) and Heeringa-Vande Poel Tennis Stadium (2012). The college acquired Holland Municipal Stadium from the City of Holland and renamed it the Ray and Sue Smith in honor of a longtime coach and his wife. In 2006, the women's basketball team won the National Championship in its division, the second in school history, which has won three NCAA titles.

Hope has won the MIAA All-Sports/Commissioner's Cup Championship more than any other member school. Hope has won the honor a league-leading 34 times. In 2012–2013 Hope athletes and/or teams qualified for nine NCAA championships.

The school's athletic teams are called the Flying Dutchmen (men) and the Flying Dutch (women). The school colors are blue and orange (possibly chosen because the Dutch royal family is the House of Orange-Nassau). The college sponsors club ice hockey and rugby in addition to a popular intramural sports program.

National Championships:

 * 1990: Women's Basketball (NCAA Division III)
 * 2006: Women's Basketball (NCAA Division III)
 * 2014: Women's Volleyball (NCAA Division III)
 * 2022: Women's Basketball (NCAA Division III)

National Runners-up:

 * 1994: Women's Swimming and Diving (NCAA Division III)
 * 1995: Men's Swimming and Diving (NCAA Division III)
 * 1996: Men's Basketball (NCAA Division III)
 * 1998: Men's Basketball (NCAA Division III)
 * 2010: Women's Basketball (NCAA Division III)

Club Team National Championships:

 * 2018: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2021: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2022: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)

Club Team National Runners-up:

 * 2003: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2010: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2011: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2014: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)
 * 2023: Men's Ice Hockey (ACHA Division III)

The men's and women's basketball teams also take part in a notable rivalry, the Calvin–Hope rivalry.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni and staff of Hope College include:

Students

 * Betsy Aardsma, unsolved murder
 * Tom Andrews, American poet and critic.
 * Jeff Bates, co-founder of Slashdot
 * Kathy Beauregard, former director of athletics for Western Michigan University
 * James Bosman, New Hampshire politician.
 * Rychard Bouwens, associate professor at Leiden University
 * Dave Brat, former Representative Virginia's 7th congressional district (2014–2019); economics professor at Randolph–Macon College
 * Derek Brown, American saxophonist
 * Dick Bulterman, senior researcher at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
 * Daniel Allen Butler, American author and playwright
 * Sylvia T. Ceyer, Professor and Chair of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Robert Danhof, jurist
 * Martin De Haan, editor of Our Daily Bread devotional
 * Max DePree, writer; industrialist; former CEO of Herman Miller furniture
 * John R. Dethmers, Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
 * Walter DeVries, political consultant
 * Harvey A. DeWeerd, American historian on military affairs
 * Kevin DeYoung, author, pastor
 * Gerrit J. Diekema, politician and Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Jim Dressel, Air Force pilot, and a Michigan politician in the 1970s and early 1980s.
 * Amy Gaipa, actress
 * Patricia G. Gensel, American botanist and paleobotanist at UNC Chapel Hill.
 * Daniel Georges-Abeyie, criminologist and professor at Texas Southern University
 * Robert W. Haack, American banker who served as president of the New York Stock Exchange and chairman of the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
 * John Hendrickson, American businessman, the chairman, president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Perrigo
 * Emily Henry, New York Times bestselling American author
 * James G. Herman, American oncologist at the University of Pittsburgh
 * Gary M. Hieftje, analytical chemist at Indiana University
 * Mary C. Hill, American hydrologist at the University of Kansas
 * Pete Hoekstra, former U.S. Representative and Ambassador to the Netherlands (2018–2021)
 * Jim Kaat, 25-year Major League Baseball pitcher, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Class of 2022
 * Norman J. Kansfield, American minister who is a senior scholar in residence at Drew University
 * Seth Kaper-Dale, American Protestant pastor and activist.
 * Eugene Marion Klaaren, historian and professor of religion at Wesleyan University
 * Donald Kroodsma, author and ornithologist at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst
 * Tim Laman, American ornithologist, wildlife photojournalist and filmmaker.
 * Terri Lynn Land, former Michigan Secretary of State
 * Doc Lavan, 12-year Major League Baseball player
 * Arend Lubbers, president of Grand Valley State University from 1969 to 2001
 * Peter J. Maassen, current Justice of the Alaska Supreme Court
 * Rob "CmdrTaco" Malda, co-founder of Slashdot
 * Rev. Dr. Gregg A. Mast (B.A. 1974), clergyman, president of New Brunswick Theological Seminary (2006–2017)
 * Albert H. McGeehan, mayor of Holland, Michigan from 1993–2009.
 * Joe Miklosi, Colorado Representative from 2009 to 2013
 * Wendell Alverson Miles, federal judge
 * John Moolenaar, Representative, Michigan's 4th congressional district
 * Craig Morford, former United States Deputy Attorney General
 * James Muilenburg, pioneer in the field of rhetorical criticism of the Old Testament.
 * A. J. Muste, pacifist, labor, and Civil Rights Movement activist
 * Joey Muthengi, media personality and actress
 * Milton J. Nieuwsma, author, Emmy-winning filmwriter and producer
 * David A. Noebel, Christian writer
 * Saša Petricic, Canadian journalist
 * Thomas J. Plewes, retired lieutenant general in the United States Army
 * Clark V. Poling, military chaplain
 * Andy Ponstein, American professional stock car racing driver
 * Willis J. Potts, pediatric surgeon who devised early heart surgeries for children
 * Rachel Reenstra, host of Ms. Adventure on Animal Planet
 * D. J. Reyburn, Major League Baseball umpire
 * James Ronda, retired Western American historian.
 * Michael Schofield, former US college lacrosse player and current coach.
 * Matthew A. Scogin, 14th president of Hope College
 * Marilyn Scudder, medical missionary in Tanzania for 35 years.
 * Ron Schipper, American football coach and college athletics administrator.
 * Robert A. Schuller, televangelist, former preacher on The Hour of Power
 * Larry Siedentop, historian at Oxford
 * Bradley Slagh, Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives.
 * Richard Smalley, Nobel prize-winning chemist
 * Watson Spoelstra, American sportswriter
 * Morris Steggerda, early 20th century physical anthropologist
 * Lynne Stewart, American defense attorney
 * Sufjan Stevens, Academy Award Nominated musician, graduated Phi Beta Kappa
 * Eugene Sutton, Episcopal Bishop of Maryland
 * William Te Winkle, Wisconsin State Senator
 * Nancy Torresen, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine.
 * Harold Van Heuvelen, composer and musician
 * Eugene van Tamelen, biochemist at Stanford
 * Glenn Van Wieren, American former college basketball
 * Al Vanderbush, football coach and college athletics administrator.
 * Carol van Voorst, former US ambassador to Iceland (2006–2009)
 * Robert E. Van Voorst, American theologian and educator at Western Theological Seminary
 * Guy Vander Jagt, former U.S. Representative (1966–1993)
 * George F. Veenker, basketball coach at University of Michigan, football coach at U of M and Iowa State
 * Maurice Visscher, American cardiovascular physiologist at the University of Minnesota
 * John E. Visser, President of Emporia State University from 1967 to 1984
 * Glenn M. Wagner, pastor and author
 * Marianne Walck, Chief Research Officer at the Idaho National Laboratory
 * David E. White, retired rear admiral in the United States Navy.
 * Edward Wichers, US chemist and Associate Director of the National Bureau of Standards from 1958-62.
 * Brad Williams, designer and performer of hand puppets on Nickelodeon’s flagship show Pinwheel
 * G. I. Williamson, American Reformed theologian, pastor, and author
 * Gerrit Wolf, Industrial and organizational psychologist
 * Theodore O. Yntema, professor of business at the University of Chicago, chairman of Ford Motor Credit Company
 * Annette Ziegler, Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice
 * Kim Zimmer, four time winner, Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
 * Samuel Marinus Zwemer, scholar, missionary in Arabia

title: Hope College


text:
Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)

Samuel Dickstein (12 May 1851 – 28 September 1939) was a Polish mathematician of Jewish origin. He was one of the founders of the Jewish party Zjednoczenie ("the union"), which advocated the assimilation of Polish Jews.

He was born in Warsaw and was killed there by a German bomb at the beginning of World War II. All the members of his family were murdered during the Holocaust.

Work
Dickstein wrote many mathematical books and founded the journal Wiadomości Mathematyczne (Mathematical News), now published by the Polish Mathematical Society. He was a bridge between the times of Cauchy and Poincaré and those of the Lwów School of Mathematics. He was also thanked by Alexander Macfarlane for contributing to the Bibliography of Quaternions (1904) published by the Quaternion Society.

He was also one of the personalities, who contributed to the foundation of the Warsaw Public Library in 1907.

title: Samuel Dickstein (mathematician)