text:
Talk:Sniglet

Untitled
"Many sniglets are portmanteau" Stop linking to portmanteau, please. It's really gotten out of hand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.89.193.170 (talk) 03:27, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Should this be merged/redirected with neologism or word coinage? Martin 20:35, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I think it rates its own article, probably with a "see also" in word coinage, if not both. - Hephaestos 20:38, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Are all of the example sniglets authentic? I was a fan of NNtN in the 80's, and some of them just don't sound like Hall's style, particularly "Pinch-n-Roll" (a very old term), "Juicenuts" and "Runal". Unfortunately I don't have my Rich Hall books any more, so I can't check, but Googling these terms doesn't turn up anything specific to Hall. Darguz Parsilvan 20:42, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yea, those terms don't seem like authentic sniglets to me as well, and I was a fan of NNtN too back then... :) misternuvistor 08:29, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

In my opinion and I think history shows that most of these sniglets were awful and cheesily constructed. Like a bunch of failed one-line jokes. 24.168.151.153 06:42, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * One does wonder if any of them actually went into general usage (besides "sniglet" itself). Schizombie 00:01, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I deleted all the examples of portmanteaus, which are their own thing. That helped pare the list down. JDoorj a m    Talk 01:52, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Many sniglets were portmanteaus, though. I think I have all the books, and could add cites for all the words, if that would be helpful. Esquizombi 14:37, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What sort of citation style should I use to cite the sniglets to the books? Esquizombi 15:56, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, do you know anything about adding book covers? The cover of one of the books would be nice. Esquizombi 16:00, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Book covers are kosher; there's even a specific fair-use boilerplate for licensing them. JDoorj a m    Talk 16:04, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know how to do that, I suppose I'm going to have to learn? Esquizombi 20:25, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

"The Meaning of Liff" by Douglas Adams and John Lloyd, an entire book of sniglets, was published 1n 1984. I think this article overstates the influence of Hall in popularising sniglets. Adams was enormously popular around that time with Hitchhikers' series taking off. There were 2 other books of sniglets by the same authors in later years. I doubt any other writers have published as many widely-read sniglets. About the only sniglet I can remember gaining traction is bozone, which is have now heard a couple of times in everyday conversation. --Bilby5 (talk) 22:53, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Sniglet or sniglike?
I removed the word "Arping" which I did not find in the books and replaced it with ARG which was - and which matched the definition for Arping. Same with Snotch - actual sniglet for that definition was Sniffleridge. It's possible they were used on TV or in another Hall source, or they could be from similar sorts of books, or they could be completely made up altogether. Esquizombi 21:13, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

These are ones I removed that I couldn't source. They might be sniglets, but not sure: Esquizombi 02:40, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Blint: The furry stuff that gathers in a person's navel
 * Fardo: The empathetic feeling of embarrassment one experiences on behalf of someone else who is either too stupid or too ignorant to experience embarrassment for him or herself.
 * Prodivalent: Equally favourably disposed to both alternatives.
 * Toinker: That little plastic tab that keeps a phone plug or network plug from coming out of the socket
 * I like "Sniglike", if the word Sniglet is reserved for the words devised by Rich Hall, or from NNtN. But if it extends to other authors who've invented words to describe something that could do with one, here are a couple from Terry Pratchett's Discworld book, Equal Rites:-

I agree that "Sniglets" should deal strictly with the creations of Rich Hall and the submissions in his actual books. While he's not the one and only person who did this act of making up new words we don't have, it's silly to use his term to refer to other people's work. I'm going to break the description into a paragraph about Rich Hall (using the back-of-the-book details as reference), and leave the other stuff to a second paragraph for clarification.WillieBlues 10:03, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Squernt:The feeling upon finding that the previous occupant of the privy has used all the paper.
 * P'ch'zarni'chiwkov:The nasty sound of a sword being unsheathed right behind one at just the point when one thought one had disposed of one's enemies.62.6.139.11 11:17, 6 October 2006 (UTC)]]

So, just to be clear, examples of sniglikes are not permitted? Because keming (n. The result of improper kerning.) is beautiful, but I don't want to start an edit war over it.Proginoskes (talk) 15:00, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced examples
Anything in an article of this type that is not referenced is open to the accusation of OR. So contributors or would-be contributors: reference it or lose it. Kevin McE (talk) 17:56, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Powers source?
Who or what is "Powers 2008?" Шизомби (talk) 17:34, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Well spotted: I've deleted the unsourced contribution of an IP unregistered editor. Kevin McE (talk) 18:41, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Figures. Coincidentally, on King of the Hill last night, Dale explained away an inappropriate laugh as having been caused by remembering a funny sniglet! Шизомби (talk) 14:48, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Popular sniglets
The notation someone added on "perdiddle" being a regional variant of peddiddle (how can a Hall sniglet have a regional variant?) made me wonder (along with "spork" Hall 1984: 76) whether there are sniglets that predate Hall, or which while not predating Hall, went into common usage because of the Sniglets books. (I wondered about the latter above.)

On Amazon, I found "perdiddle" in Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume IV, P-Sk (Dictionary of American Regional English) by Joan Houston Hall (interesting coincidence) with the earliest reference being 1959. For "spork" see spork. So it would seem that there are at least some sniglets do predate Hall. This may be worth adding to the article in some way, if I can think how. These do still perhaps fit the definition of "any word that doesn't appear in the dictionary, but should" even if they don't fit the definition of "a word contained in one of the Sniglets books." Though in the case of "spork" it did appear in the Century Dictionary, as that article notes, before it appeared in Sniglets. Perhaps it did not appear in one of the popular dictionaries like Webster's or the OED. Шизомби (talk) 16:14, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Incidentally, has anyone noticed (to coin a word) snigia: the tendency of many sniglets to relate to the same trivial subjects (toasters, slices of wedding cake, garnish, pounding baseball mitts, etc.)? Isn't that an odd phenomenon? I suspect there might be a couple with the exact same meaning. Шизомби (talk) 17:51, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

"Examples" section needs to go
If the examples given are genuine examples of Rich Hall's work, then they violate WP:COPYVIO, and if not, they violate WP:NOR. Either way they have no place here, so I am removing the section. Rob T Firefly (talk) 10:29, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I doubt if you're right about the COPYVIO, although it had been an open question for me what the selection process for examples ought to be. I had added citations for most of the examples that were there, although people kept adding more (and perhaps making some up or taking them from from places other than Hall), when there's no reason to do so. Шизомби (talk) 22:16, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't Sniglets from Hall's books and TV appearances be copyrighted material? It seems to me they are owned by either Hall himself or whoever holds the rights to the books and videos.  This would seem to make copying that material verbatim into Wikipedia a major COPYVIO, and I cannot see an appropriate way of rewording definitions or anything to create a suitable example without either including the original copyrighted Sniglet, or making up a new one which would be original research. Rob T Firefly (talk) 05:03, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree making them up isn't appropriate. I still find your claim of COPYVIO strange.  Quotes appear on most WP pages. Шизомби (talk) 05:53, 3 July 2009 (UTC)
 * How can the originator claim that these "should be in the dictionary" and then object to their circulation? WHPratt (talk) 14:27, 29 September 2014 (UTC) ;)

I just wanted to point out that I know that at least one of the words in the examples list, Autoberg, is wrong, because my family adopted the actual term, Fenderberg, directly from NNtN and have used it for decades. I think this list is as spurious as everybody has suggested in the past. I'm whacking it, and somebody can revert it if they find a source.David A Spitzley (talk) 19:53, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

References - Pop Culture and whether to add.
I'm not a wiki editor, so please forgive me if I've done something wrong, and I'm not sure if this is a common enough reference to merit adding, but in the television series 'Black Monday' they frequently refences sniglets as a gag, since it's a white guy saying it around his black co-workers and it sounds like the derogatory term. Is this worth adding to the page, or is it too obscure a reference? 2.27.97.37 (talk) 00:29, 15 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sniglet


text:
Order of precedence in Northern Ireland

An unofficial order of precedence in Northern Ireland, according to Burke's Peerage, 106th Edition, this is not officially authorised by or published with authority (cum privilegio) from either Buckingham Palace (the Royal Household) or the College of Arms, or the Home Office, the Ministry of Justice or the Northern Ireland Office (NIO) of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, or the Northern Ireland Assembly, or the Northern Ireland Executive.

History
The first official "Scale of Local Precedence for Northern Ireland" was made by royal warrant of George V on 30 January 1923 transmitted James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, who was Governor of Northern Ireland. The Governor ranked next in the scale after the Sovereign. The 1923 scale replaced the order of precedence in Ireland consequent on the partition of Ireland and abolition of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, whose functions the Governor carried out in Northern Ireland. The 1923 scale was drawn up by Nevile Wilkinson, the Ulster King of Arms, who despite partition was based in Dublin and retained all-island jurisdiction until 1943. The scale was replaced on 2 July 1924, and modified subsequently, as for example in 1948 to include the minister and permanent secretary of the Ministry of Health and Local Government (created in 1944) and the Air Officer Commanding, Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 abolished many offices in the scale and added many new ones, but no updated scale was officially made.

Gentlemen

 * 1) The sovereign (HM The King)
 * 2) Male members of the royal family, as set out in Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
 * 3) Lord-lieutenants (see list here) (during term of office and within bounds of counties and cities)
 * 4) High sheriffs of counties (see list here) (during term of office and within bounds of counties)
 * 5) The Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic archbishops of Ireland, the Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland and the President Of the Methodist Church in Ireland, according to the seniority of their consecration or election
 * 6) *Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic) (HG the Most Rev Eamon Martin)
 * 7) *Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic) (HG the Most Rev. Dr Dermot Farrell)
 * 8) *Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland) (HG the Most Rev. Michael Jackson)
 * 9) *Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) (HG the Most Rev. John McDowell)
 * 10) *Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (Sam Mawhinney)
 * 11) The Lord Mayor of Belfast and the mayors of boroughs in Northern Ireland, but as in England the mayors take precedence next to the Royal Family if within their city halls' precincts.
 * 12) The Recorders of boroughs in Northern Ireland during civic functions in their boroughs
 * 13) High sheriffs of Belfast and Derry during civic functions in their boroughs
 * 14) The Lord High Steward (office only in existence for coronations)
 * 15) The Lord High Chancellor (office held by a woman)
 * 16) The Prime Minister (The Rt Hon. Keir Starmer, MP)
 * 17) Commonwealth Prime Ministers, while visiting the UK, in order of appointment
 * 18) The Lord High Treasurer (currently in commission)
 * 19) Speaker of the House of Commons (The Rt Hon. Sir Lindsay Hoyle, MP)
 * 20) The Lord Speaker (The Rt Hon. The Lord McFall of Alcluith)
 * 21) The President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (The Rt Hon. The Lord Reed of Allermuir)
 * 22) The Lord Privy Seal (office held by a woman)
 * 23) Ambassadors of foreign countries and High Commissioners of Commonwealth countries according to date of arrival
 * 24) The Lord Great Chamberlain (The Rt Hon. The Lord Carrington)
 * 25) The Lord High Constable (office only in existence coronations)
 * 26) The Earl Marshal (HG The Duke of Norfolk)
 * 27) The Lord High Admiral (HM The King)
 * 28) The Lord Steward (The Rt Hon. The Earl of Rosslyn)
 * 29) The Lord Chamberlain (The Rt Hon. The Lord Parker of Minsmere)
 * 30) The Master of the Horse (The Rt Hon. The Lord Ashton of Hyde)
 * 31) Dukes
 * 32) Earl of Ulster, only son of HRH The Duke of Gloucester
 * 33) Earl of St Andrews, elder son of HRH The Duke of Kent
 * 34) Ministers, envoys, and other very important visitors from foreign countries
 * 35) Marquesses
 * 36) Eldest sons of dukes
 * 37) Earls
 * 38) Younger sons of dukes of blood royal (Lord Nicholas Windsor, younger son of The Duke of Kent)
 * 39) Eldest sons of marquesses
 * 40) Younger sons of dukes
 * 41) Viscounts
 * 42) Eldest sons of earls
 * 43) Lord Frederick Windsor (only son of HRH Prince Michael of Kent)
 * 44) Younger sons of marquesses
 * 45) The Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic bishops, according to seniority of consecration
 * 46) Secretaries of State, if of the degree of a baron
 * 47) Barons and Lords of Parliament
 * 48) The Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland (held by a woman)
 * 49) Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
 * 50) Secretaries of State under the degree of baron
 * 51) * The Foreign Secretary (The Rt Hon. David Lammy, MP)
 * 52) * The Secretary of State for Defence (The Rt Hon. John Healey, MP)
 * 53) * The Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero (The Rt Hon. Ed Miliband, MP)
 * 54) * The Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology (The Rt Hon. Peter Kyle, MP)
 * 55) * The Secretary of State for Health and Social Care (The Rt Hon. Wes Streeting, MP)
 * 56) * The Secretary of State for Business and Trade (The Rt Hon. Jonathan Reynolds, MP)
 * 57) * The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (The Rt Hon. Steve Reed, MP)
 * 58) * The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland (The Rt Hon. Hilary Benn, MP)
 * 59) * The Secretary of State for Scotland (The Rt Hon. Ian Murray, MP)
 * 60) *The Secretaries of State for Justice; Levelling Up, Housing and Communities; Work and Pensions; Transport; Home; Culture, Media and Sport; Education and Wales are women
 * 61) Eldest sons of viscounts
 * 62) Younger sons of earls
 * 63) Eldest sons of barons
 * 64) Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 65) Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 66) Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 67) Privy Counsellors
 * 68) Lords Justices of Appeal of Northern Ireland
 * 69) Judges of the High Court of Northern Ireland
 * 70) Younger sons of viscounts
 * 71) Younger sons of barons
 * 72) Baronets
 * 73) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 74) Knights Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 75) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 76) Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 77) Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 78) Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 79) Knights Commanders of the Order of the Bath
 * 80) Knights Commanders of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 81) Knights Commanders of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 82) Knights Commanders of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 83) Knights Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 84) Knights Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 85) Knights Bachelor
 * 86) County Court Judges in Northern Ireland and Recorders of Boroughs
 * 87) Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 88) Companions of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 89) Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 90) Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 91) Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 92) Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 93) Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
 * 94) Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 95) Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 96) Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 97) Eldest sons of younger sons of peers
 * 98) Eldest sons of baronets
 * 99) Eldest sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 100) Eldest sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 101) Eldest sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick
 * 102) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 103) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India
 * 104) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 105) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
 * 106) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 107) Eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 108) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 109) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
 * 110) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 111) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
 * 112) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 113) Eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 114) Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 115) Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 116) Younger sons of baronets
 * 117) Younger sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 118) Younger sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 119) Younger sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick
 * 120) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 121) Younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India
 * 122) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 123) Younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
 * 124) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 125) Younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 126) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 127) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
 * 128) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 129) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
 * 130) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 131) Younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 132) The Head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service (Malcolm McKibbin)
 * 133) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Finance and Personnel (Stephen Peover)
 * 134) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Education (Paul Sweeney)
 * 135) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (Gerry Lavery)
 * 136) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of the Environment (Leo O'Reilly)
 * 137) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (David Sterling)
 * 138) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (Andrew McCormick)
 * 139) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Rosalie Flanagan)
 * 140) The Permanent Secretary to the Department for Employment and Learning (Alan Shannon)
 * 141) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Regional Development (David Orr)
 * 142) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Social Development (William Haire)
 * 143) The Clerk of the Northern Ireland Assembly (Arthur Moir)
 * 144) The Comptroller and Auditor General for Northern Ireland (Kieran Donnelly)
 * 145) The Examiner of Statutory Rules (Gordon Nabney)
 * 146) The Crown Solicitor for Northern Ireland (O. G. Paulin)
 * 147) King's Counsel of Northern Ireland
 * 148) The Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (Jon Boutcher)

Ladies

 * 1) Female members of the royal family, as set out in Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
 * 2) Lord High Chancellor (The Rt Hon. Shabana Mahmood, MP)
 * 3) Lord President of the Council (The Rt Hon. Lucy Powell, MP)
 * 4) Commonwealth Prime Ministers, while visiting the UK, in order of appointment
 * 5) Ambassadors of foreign countries and High Commissioners of Commonwealth countries according to date of arrival
 * 6) Duchesses
 * 7) Countess of Ulster, wife of Earl of Ulster
 * 8) Countess of St Andrews, wife of Earl of St Andrews
 * 9) Lady Davina Windsor, elder daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
 * 10) Lady Rose Gilman, younger daughter of the Duke of Gloucester
 * 11) Lady Helen Taylor, only daughter of the Duke of Kent
 * 12) Marchionesses
 * 13) Wives of duke's eldest sons
 * 14) Daughters of dukes not married to peers
 * 15) Countesses
 * 16) Lady Nicholas Windsor (wife of Lord Nicholas Windsor)
 * 17) Wives of marquesses' eldest sons
 * 18) Lady Gabriella Kingston
 * 19) Marquesses' daughters not married to peers
 * 20) Wives of dukes' younger sons
 * 21) Viscountesses
 * 22) Wives of eldest sons of earls
 * 23) Earls' daughters not married to peers
 * 24) Lady Frederick Windsor, wife of Lord Frederick Windsor
 * 25) Wives of marquesses' younger sons
 * 26) Treasurer of the Household
 * 27) Comptroller of the Household
 * 28) Secretaries of State, if of the degree of baroness (none)
 * 29) Baronesses, wives of Lords of Parliament, and female holders of Lordships of Parliament
 * 30) Secretaries of State below the degree of baroness
 * 31) * The Home Secretary (The Rt Hon. Yvette Cooper, MP)
 * 32) * The Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (The Rt Hon. Angela Rayner, MP)
 * 33) * The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (The Rt Hon. Liz Kendall, MP)
 * 34) * The Secretary of State for Education (The Rt Hon. Bridget Phillipson, MP)
 * 35) * The Secretary of State for Transport (The Rt Hon. Louise Haigh, MP)
 * 36) * The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport (The Rt Hon. Lisa Nandy, MP)
 * 37) * The Secretary of State for Wales (The Rt Hon. Jo Stevens, MP)
 * 38) Wives of viscounts' eldest sons
 * 39) Viscounts' daughters not married to peers
 * 40) Wives of younger sons of earls or of countesses in their own right
 * 41) Wives of eldest sons of barons or baronesses
 * 42) Daughters of barons or baronesses
 * 43) Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 44) The Rt Hon. The Baroness Manningham-Buller
 * 45) Lady Mary Fagan
 * 46) Lady Mary Peters
 * 47) The Rt Hon. The Baroness Amos
 * 48) The Rt Hon. The Baroness Ashton of Upholland
 * 49) Ladies of the Order of the Thistle
 * 50) The Rt Hon. Lady Elish Angiolini
 * 51) Wives of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter (all rank higher, except)
 * 52) June, Lady Hillary
 * 53) Jennifer, Lady Acland
 * 54) Dame Norma, Lady Major
 * 55) Cherie, Lady Blair
 * 56) Wives of Knights of the Order of the Thistle (all rank higher)
 * 57) Wives of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 58) Privy Counsellors
 * 59) Lords Justices of Appeal
 * 60) High Court Judges
 * 61) Wives of viscounts' younger sons
 * 62) Wives of younger sons of barons
 * 63) Wives of baronets
 * 64) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 65) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 66) Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 67) Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 68) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 69) Wives of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 70) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 71) Wives of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 72) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 73) Wives of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 74) Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 75) Dames Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 76) Dames Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 77) Dames Commandes of the Order of the British Empire
 * 78) County Court Judges in Northern Ireland and Recorders of Boroughs
 * 79) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 80) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 81) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 82) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 83) Wives of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 84) Wives of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 85) Wives of Knights Bachelor
 * 86) Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 87) Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 88) Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 89) Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 90) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Bath
 * 91) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 92) Wives of Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 93) Wives of Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 94) Wives of Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 95) Wives of Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
 * 96) Wives of Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
 * 97) Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 98) Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 99) Wives of Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 100) Wives of Officers of the Order of the British Empire
 * 101) Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 102) Wives of Companions of the Imperial Service Order
 * 103) Wives of the eldest sons of sons of peers
 * 104) Daughters of sons of peers
 * 105) Wives of the eldest sons of baronets
 * 106) Daughters of baronets
 * 107) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 108) Wives of eldest sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 109) Wives of eldest sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 110) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 111) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 112) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 113) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 114) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 115) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 116) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 117) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 118) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 119) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 120) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 121) Wives of eldest sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 122) Daughters of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 123) Daughters of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 124) Daughters of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 125) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 126) Daughters of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 127) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 128) Daughters of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 129) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 130) Daughters of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 131) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 132) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 133) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 134) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 135) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 136) Daughters of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 137) Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 138) Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 139) Wives of Members of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 140) Wives of Members of the Order of the British Empire
 * 141) Wives of younger sons of baronets
 * 142) Wives of younger sons of Knights Companion of the Order of the Garter
 * 143) Wives of younger sons of Knights of the Order of the Thistle
 * 144) Wives of younger sons of Knights of the Order of St Patrick (none, order dormant)
 * 145) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
 * 146) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 147) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 148) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
 * 149) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 150) Wives of younger sons of Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
 * 151) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * 152) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India (none, order dormant)
 * 153) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 154) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (none, order dormant)
 * 155) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
 * 156) Wives of younger sons of Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 * 157) The Permanent Secretary to the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure (Rosalie Flanagan)

Local precedence

 * 1) Lord Lieutenants:
 * 2) *The Lord Lieutenant of Antrim (David McCorkell)
 * 3) *The Lord Lieutenant of Armagh (The Rt Hon. The Earl of Caledon)
 * 4) *The Lord Lieutenant of Belfast (Fionnuala Jay-O'Boyle)
 * 5) *The Lord Lieutenant of Down (Gawn William Rowan Hamilton)
 * 6) *The Lord Lieutenant of Fermanagh (The Rt Hon. The Viscount Brookeborough)
 * 7) *The Lord Lieutenant of the City of Londonderry (Ian Crowe)
 * 8) *The Lord Lieutenant of County Londonderry (Alison Millar)
 * 9) *The Lord Lieutenant of Tyrone (Robert Lowry Scott)
 * 10) Lords Mayor:
 * 11) *The Lord Mayor of Belfast (Micky Murray)
 * 12) The (Elected) Mayor
 * 13) The Deputy Mayor
 * 14) Councillors
 * 15) Justices of the Peace
 * 16) The Town Clerk

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Order of precedence in Northern Ireland


text:
Talk:Layered Image File Format

Untitled

 * Apart from being an acronym, the name LIFF was chosen to honour Douglas Adams' The Meaning of Liff, which book was very popular with Openlab's developers.

Actually, DNA's book was named after a place called Liff, not the file format. Martin 20:38, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It doesn't say that the book was named a fter the format, it says that the format was named (partly) after the book. There can be no dispute about that, I was one of those developers.;-) GRAHAMUK 22:38, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, my apologies - I read the sentence completely backwards! Martin 01:37, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Layered Image File Format


text:
Talk:Skyline

Untitled
I have always found Seattle's skyline to be one of the best on the west coast. Included in region?

69.70.145.236: What is special about the montreal skyline? I am curious as to why user 69.70.145.236 keeps adding montreal pictures. I used Chicago because it is the city that gave birth to the skyscraper and contains 3 of the top 20 tallest buildings in the world (only Hong Kong can equal that). Hong Kong has one of the fastest growing skylines. I used Sao Paulo to demonstrate the city's density, Cairo to show the contrast of old and new, and Sydney and Frankfurt because they are their respective continents most noteworthy skylines. I don't feel montreal has any of these assets.

The pictures are too Western-oriented, neglecting the growing Asian skylines. I am changing it to one from each continent, to best compare trends and growth

You forgot the most beautiful skyline in the world: Hong Kong! Please post a picture.
 * I linked to the picture on the Hong Kong page, although it's not exactly a skyline...but it's good enough. Adam Bishop 20:44, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

How many more?
I changed the list to a table of images, what do people think? Should the images be split into another article? Here are some other cities we could add: [- PHOTOS REMOVED -].

Change
I believe Belo Horizonte can be better represented by these pics:

http://www.chicorulez.com.br/bhrulez/vistadarm.jpg http://www.chicorulez.com.br/bhrulez/bhrulez1.jpg

Doidimais Brasil July 9, 2005 00:35 (UTC)
 * There aren't any photos on the page anymore, so there is no need to dicuss which photos to have. If you want photos of Skylines see Category:Skylines on Wikimedia Commons. Edward 2005-07-09 07:01:48 (UTC)
 * Since this is an article about Skylines, we should have at least one or two photos on that page, in the right hand column or some such. Although, we'd have to nominate which one(s) of them of them to put there. -- BMIComp  (talk) 9 July 2005 07:21 (UTC)

Insanedrivers added a photo

Bias/Excessive/Unnecessary
'Best Skylines'? I believe this should be renamed to 'Most Impressive Skylines', in keeping with what the source is actually attempting to rank. Whoever gave the title 'Best Skylines' probably did so to suit their city. I also think that the amount of photos is excessive. Perhaps there should only be photos of the top five skylines. You can go to the individual page of a city to see a picture of its skyline. Likewise the list should be reduced from top twenty to, at most, top ten. Very few Wiki articles have lists that are so long unless it is making a useful contribution (eg. team lists, lists ranking only twenty of something, etc.). Top twenty seems arbitrary and has probably been chose to, again, suit somebody's favourite city.
 * I've taken on board these suggestions and made some changes. I reduced the list to top 10 and the photos to top 5. The page is now much neater and is more in line with Wiki standards. Ben Barone 7 July 2006 22:32 (EST)

This article
This article was made up entirely of original research, and what little sourcing there was did not nearly meet wikipedia's requirements for reliability and verifiability. Just because some website publishes lists of the "best" skylines by a variety of arbitrary reasons does not mean this information needs to make it into wikipedia. Furthermore, the list of skylines by region was indiscriminate. This article essentially needs a complete rewrite starting from a dictionary definition, which I have stubbed it to.- Dmz5 *Edits**Talk* 05:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The page ended up getting reverted, and I reverted again. Please do not just revert to the long but unsourced, unverifiable, list-filled, and POV version of the page.  If there are specific parts of the previous version you want restored, you can do so using the page history, but please add reliable sources.  Websites of unknown provenance that compile "best-of" lists are NOT reliable sources.- Dmz5  *Edits**Talk* 04:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Non-Skyline Pictures
Image:Bangkok_at_Night.jpg, Image:Ortigas_full_moon.jpg and Image:New-York-Jan2005.jpg aren't depicting skylines. These three are pictures taken from an elevated point of view, depicting buildings more from above than as a silhouette or "the artificial horizon that a city's overall structure creates". In Image:New-York-Jan2005.jpg, not even a single building is projecting into the sky above the city! Therefore, nice as the pictures are, they don't fit into this article's scope and I will remove them from the gallery. Gestumblindi 23:06, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Gallery deletion
I don't think it's appropriate for a single user to decide to delete a gallery, and to cite a failed AFD in defense of it. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 01:11, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Citing the failed AfD is very relevant. Just because an AfD failed doesn't mean that the discussion that took place there should be ignored. The consensus was there were too many pictures. The relevant views were - "Way too many pictures", "Ridiculously large galleries can be deleted to leave a short stub article", "needs massive cleanup", "take many pictures away", "toss the gallery", "Perhaps not the huge image gallery though", "the overload of pictures", "Article needs rewrite, clean up", "needs a rewrite". Also, note that there is already a link in the article to skyline images on Commons. Ha! (talk) 01:28, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It is also not appropriate for a single user to decide to add a gallery, Bugs. The result of the afd was pretty much "It does not need to be deleted, but it needs to be cleaned up". The gallery was the biggest problem, so I got rid of it. Don't add a gallery without a good reason. -- Plasma Twa  2  01:30, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Well, the fact was that the pictures exemplified an article that couldn't be exemplified otherwise.IFCM (talk) 00:51, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Article needs attention.
Its about skylines, and there is not mentioned anywhere about the ranking of Skylines ..... There should be the list of top 15 skylines from a reliable source(Emporis).

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 10:58, 20 July 2009 (UTC)
 * How do you rank a skyline? I'm sure there are too many different ways of doing so... Does everything need to be ranked? Not all Wikipedia articles are lists. -- timsdad  (talk) 12:06, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

There is a standard of measuring the skylines of cities you can find it in Emporis, and if anywhere it is neccessary to mention the list so it should be menitoned. When this article was created, it has a list but i dont why it has been omitted ? Well i am currently working on it. I know that there are alot of confusing sites which have there oen criteria of ranking skylines, e.g: Emporis ranks Dubai 11th, while i have seen on other source, which ranks Dubai 3rd, but i think it is not reliable source, so we can relie on Emporis. wht do you think ?

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 10:52, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I've had a look at the Emporis skyline ranking and I can understand how it's all done. However, if we were to create a section of this article, or a new article called something like List of skylines, for example, we would have to explain all about the ranking system. Not that it would be all that hard, I'm just trying to stress my point that not every bit of information out there needs to be transcluded to Wikipedia. I think our best option would be to link Emporis' skyline ranking in the "External links" section of this article. Which I can see now has already been done long ago. -- timsdad  (talk) 11:06, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

But i suggest to add a new section in this article, 'Worlds best skyline'.............. so here we can add the criteria about ranking..this should be done. i am not in favour of creating new article by the name of List of skylines, it will definately fails, because its is just a unnotable article...............

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 11:06, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agreed with timsdad  that Wikipedia should not be attempting to rank everything out there, especially something such as Skylines which is soo subjective. As an encyclopedic reference, Wikipedia can contain an article about "skylines", and make reference to other external sites which attempt things such as rating them. I do not believe including a ranking/ list in this article is helping to build its content. Feel free however to make mention of some of the great skylines if it helps explain a point. -MyFavco (talk) 03:30, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

yes we can mention some of the worlds best skylines, thats what i am saying.

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 09:10, 1 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I was under the impression from your very first comment that you were saying we needed a list of the skylines ranked. MyFavco worded fantastically exactly what I was trying to get across. The 'External links' section is the perfect place to add a link to a reliable skyline ranking page, such as Emporis's. Maybe a paragraph on some of the world's best skylines and opinions from experts is needed. What's not needed, however, is a full-on list. -- timsdad  (talk) 09:14, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

The pic
I think the Hong Kong pic works perfectly for the article. I would like to keep it for the following reasons: --Louiedog (talk) 17:47, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) NYC pic is outdated and grainy. Using it only draws attention to the twin towers.
 * 2) Hong Kong pic is more symbolic of modern emerging economies.
 * 3) Hong Kong has the world's greatest number of skyscrapers.
 * 4) The Hong Kong pic gives a very clear delineation of what a skyline is.

New picture
Wikipedia EN is a american website, and having hong kong's skyline instead of New York is kinda anti american. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beatlefan97 (talk • contribs) 17:51, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is a global website, and the best examples of some topics are not found in America. Take, for example, tourism or buses.--Louiedog (talk) 18:03, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

ya but that skyline is crappy and dumb, and NY's is more Pretty and a better example for skylines.Beatlefan97 (talk) 20:36, 16 September 2009 (UTC)beatlesfan97
 * You are still yet to provide a reason for why it is a "better example for skylines". Louiedog has provided multiple reasons for the Hong Kong image being the more suitable choice above, all of which I agree with. -- timsdad  (talk) 07:05, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

The NY Skyline shows more mordern life, it has a better look, and it if wikipedia has an encylopedia it would be better for the book. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beatlefan97 (talk • contribs) 02:57, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * How is the New York skyline more modern? If anything, it is less modern-looking than the Hong Kong skyline, in my opinion. However, this is besides the point. The purpose of the image is to accurately depict a skyline. I'm not saying the New York image doesn't do this, it's just that you have no valid reasons for it to replace the Hong Kong image. I fail to see how it "has a better look" and why it would be "better for the book" if Wikipedia were to be made into one. -- timsdad  (talk) 07:07, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

I have taken a photo of the, which I believe to be of more relevance and higher-quality than the Hong Kong photo. Since it is my own work I will not add it to the article myself, rather, I will leave it up to the wikipedians to decide what to do with it. Thanks, Bpapantonio (talk) 06:28, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Reasons the Denver Skyline photo is more appropriate:
 * The Hong Kong skyscrapers are backdropped against large hills, not the sky
 * You can actually see the sky in the Denver skyline photo
 * Image quality and resolution are far superior —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bpapantonio (talk • contribs) 06:37, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Too much depth for a silhouette, tons of non-skyline objects in the immediate foreground (having a body of water fixes this problem), and a duller, shorter, less impressive skyline with less definition, and minimal architectural diversity.--Louiedog (talk) 15:41, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Difference between cityscape and skyline
What is the difference between a cityscape and a skyline? I want to know. -- Extra999 (talk) 18:40, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Chicago skyline
What about Chicago's skyline? -- Extra999 (talk) 18:40, 5 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Its not impressive at all, Skylines of New york, Hong Kong and Dubai(With newly built Burj Khalifa) is more eye catching.Nabil rais2008 (talk) 16:10, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Show a pic and we'll compare it but I think Hong Kong is ideal. It's an impressive modern vibrant skyline, clearly defined by a body of water, shows emerging economies, and architectural diversity.--Louiedog (talk) 16:18, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

The skyline picture of dubai is hardly present in Wikipedia, so how we can compare, search on google and then compare it yourself, but in terms of clusters of skyscrapers hong kong is winner all the way but we cant say anything about future becuse dubai is growing very fast in terms of skyscapers and soon Dubai will beat hong kong, but surely it will take time to achieve such a feat.Nabil rais2008 (talk) 16:27, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Three points:
 * 1. If you want a different skyline picture, you can go through the work of making the case for it. I'm perfectly happy with leaving the Hong Kong pic.
 * 2. The ability to change the picture does depend on its availability to Wikipedia.
 * 3. What goes up here is a picture, not a skyline, which means which skyline is chosen is dependent on which picture is chosen. Some pictures are better than others.
 * --Louiedog (talk) 16:34, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

No there are several staggering images of skyline of Hong kong, in Wikipedia, if the ability to change the picture depends on its availibility to wikipedia then no doubt it goes all the way to Hong kong, there are alot of reasons for that, Hong kong's skyline is eye catching with hills on the backdrop and sea water with the lightining of skyscrapers, which can not be observed else where in the world, and also Hong kong's skyline is considered the worlds best skyline.So we even can not think to consider the skyline image other than Hong Kong

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 16:44, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * We can consider other images if you present them here and make the case for them. As of right now, we have a very nice picture that was freely available that nicely demonstrates the concept.  Others may prove better but I'm not aware of any that are.--Louiedog (talk) 17:09, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

What about these two skylines? --Extra999 (talk) 17:22, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Chicago's is relatively drab, grey rectangle after grey rectangle, plus you've got all this non-building stuff in the foreground. Houston's is partially blocked by trees and contains all of 12 buildings.--Louiedog (talk) 14:38, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Trees don't affect the Houston one so much and what is the problem if it contains 12 buildings. -- Extra999 (talk) 15:08, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

But the Honk Kong one should be replaced (a image of Honk Kong only, if you all want)? That picture is not very eye catching. --Extra999 (talk) 18:07, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Yes we should repalce the existing image with an eye catching skyline pic of hong kong as you said !

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 11:57, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

This image should replace the existing image, it clearly shows the true image of hong kong's skyline in a nutt shell, its an eye catching image and as well as Featured picture !

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 16:38, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Yes this picture is also very good but I have thought to put this one on. It will look good as it an excellent panorama. Nice?? -- Extra999 (talk) 07:42, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Best skylines in the world !!!
I am considering that this article should have some content regarding the "Worlds Best Skylines" by the heading of "Worlds best skylines" and the content should be as follows:
 * Worlds top 3 best skylines (from reliable source like Emporis, it has already a list of best skylines)
 * some content regarding the history of best skylines in past and what is expected in future (as Dubai seems to overtake hong kong (in respect of number of skyscrapers taller than 200 meters, only one skyscraper remains to be built to beat hong kong !)

Wht do you think and give more suggestions that what more we can add in this respect !

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 16:43, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Can you find any Dubai Skyline. As posted earlier we don't have much quality pictures of dubai. And the third city? -- Extra999 (talk) 07:48, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * No. We only need one picture for the article, otherwise it becomes a coatrack for every city's skyline.  We do not need any arbitrary rankings in this article anymore than physical attractiveness needs a list of the most beautiful people in the world according to some guy with a blog.--Louiedog (talk) 03:27, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Two pictures should be there of two best cities. If not, please replace with the above one - the panorama. -- Extra999 (talk) 16:18, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

There should be three pics, as 1:Hong Kong, 2:New York, 3:Dubai. As all these cities skylines are prominent, but the skyline pictures in wikicommons is limited in case of Dubai. While there are bundle of skyline pictures of hong kong and new york.And there are no updated images of skyline of dubai !!!

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 17:05, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Why three and not four, five, or a hundred? We only need the one pic to demonstrate the concept. Wikipedia is not emporis or skyscrapercity.com.--Louiedog (talk) 19:17, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Three are OK. Not more than it. -- Extra999 (talk) 21:26, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * We have numbers of images of Dubai. But almost none of them are a appropriate skyline and are mostly for a single building. So first, lets upgrade the Honk Kong one and add a New York skyline. After doing of these two, we will think of Dubai. Extra999 (talk) 22:49, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

I have made a skyline gallery. Please visit it. It has panorama for New York and Honk Kong (above). -- Extra999 (talk) 22:54, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Hong kong one is good but new york one lacks Empire state building which is currently the tallest building in new york, so we should upload the image which have Empire state building !

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 14:30, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

So, I am going to replace the Hong Kong one. Any douts?? Please post now. -- Extra999 (talk) 21:18, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Replacing with which new image ??? hong kong one ? i will suggest you to put hong kong's image.

Nabil rais2008 (talk) 15:13, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. I have done with Honk Kong only. --Extra999 (Contact me + contribs) 04:05, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

And how is this one?? Please see this also. --Extra999 (Contact me + contribs) 04:09, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Please
Someone please, add a note on the article about dubai's skyline. My computer is not letting it add. --Extra999 (Contact me + contribs) 12:11, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

New York
Can we please keep a picture of New York's skyline on this page? PLEASE! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.39.110.23 (talk • contribs)
 * Editor, please sign your posts with 4 tildas like so .  As to why we're using Hong Kong and not New York, the Hong Kong pic is a clearer demonstration of the subject matter. Also, New York is pretty cliche choice for the pic when so many examples that exist are more modern and exotic.  If you can make a good argument to switch to New York, we might change it, but there needs to be good reasoning.  We're definitely not going to have more than one pic in this article since that would be begging for a unending list of every city someone thinks deserves inclusion.  Every individual city article already has a skyline pic.--Louiedog (talk) 18:18, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
 * That's the poorest excuse I've heard in a while. To have a skyline article without a NYC skyline picture is laughable. I agree with 184.39.110.23 (talk • contribs). Both NYC and HK should be the featured skylines, as the world's two most prominent, far and away. Also, the Colosseum belongs in the historical section. Castncoot (talk) 14:58, 3 April 2015 (UTC)

Definition
Why should the article be limited to the skylines created by a city structure? Are there not others that might not have their place in the article? SovalValtos (talk) 01:48, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * A decision on whether skylines other than those of cities are to be included would help the direction and structure of the article. SovalValtos (talk) 19:52, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * There seems to be room for at least two definitions. See Whether it is best to keep them within one article I am not sure. Maybe Urban Skyline and Natural Skyline could make two articles?SovalValtos (talk) 22:25, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

This article is terrible
It's one of the lowest-quality Wikipedia articles I can remember reading. A few specific complaints: Unfortunately I'm not sure which WP:CLEANUPTAG(s) to put on this article, so if you can find one or two that suit it, please go ahead. – PointyOintment (talk · contribs) 23:31, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) The thing I came for, an explanation of what determines where a city's canonical skyline is viewed from, is absent. So is just about any other explanation of the concept, apart from a very basic but also excessively ostentatious definition.
 * 2) The article is too unencyclopedic overall. It reads like random sentences taken from a proper article about skylines. I think this could be solved mainly by expanding greatly on what's there, with attention paid to proper sourcing.
 * 3) The article consists mostly of images and galleries, and lacks text. I'm not saying they don't belong (especially in this article), but there needs to be a bunch of text alongside them. The text that is present consists almost entirely of one-sentence paragraphs, of which there are no more than two in any section.
 * 4) The section titles and organization are nonsensical. For example, the "subjective ranking" section describes objective ranking (though the decision of which objective criteria to use is subjective).

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Mess
This article is a big mess!!129.127.32.138 (talk) 02:15, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

Lead image
Some current disagreement about what lead image this article should have, with File:Taipei_Skyline_2021.jpg being replaced with File:City_of_London_skyline_from_London_City_Hall_-_Oct_2008_-_Aligned.jpg and now File:SingaporeCBD2.jpg in the past 24 hours. An IP attempted to lock down the latter by adding a "Do not change without prior, established consensus and discussions on talk" comment, but I can't see that this particular image of Singapore has been used or discussed in the past. It doesn't seem the best possible image, to me, as half of the photo is the dark surface some kind of lake, at night.

Commons has a lot of great photos at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Featured_pictures_of_skylines, with File:Skyline Frankfurt am Main 2015.jpg and File:Pudong_Shanghai_November_2017_panorama.jpg standing out for me. What would be a good pick? --Lord Belbury (talk) 17:47, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skyline


text:
British Ornithologists' Union

The British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) aims to encourage the study of birds (ornithology) around the world in order to understand their biology and aid their conservation. The BOU was founded in 1858 by Professor Alfred Newton, Henry Baker Tristram and other scientists. Its quarterly journal, Ibis, has been published continuously since 1859.

The Records Committee (BOURC) is a committee of the BOU established to maintain the British List, the official list of birds recorded in Great Britain.

BOU is headquartered in Peterborough and is a registered charity in England & Wales and Scotland.

Objectives and activities

 * Publishes Ibis as a leading international journal of ornithological science.
 * Organizes a program of meetings and conferences.
 * Awards grants and bursaries for ornithological research.
 * Encourages liaison between those actively engaged in ornithological research.
 * Provides a representative body of the scientific community able to provide ornithological information and advice to the government and other policy makers.
 * Maintains and publishes the official list of birds recorded in Britain – The British List.

Records committee
The British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee (BOURC) is the recognized national bird records committee for Britain. It maintains a list of birds in Britain. Its findings are published in Ibis, the house journal of its parent body, the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU). From time to time, BOURC re-reviews records that it has previously accepted to ensure they are acceptable in light of improved knowledge of the species in question.

The Committee does not assess records of birds from Ireland; that task is carried out by the Irish Rare Birds Committee, which publishes its decisions in Irish Birds. For many years, records of IRBC-assessed rarities were included in the BOURC's reports, but this ceased in 2002, at the request of IRBC.

BOURC is widely recognized as maintaining the most authoritative list of birds in Britain.

BOURC has a chairman, a secretary and a number of voting members. It previously had a taxonomic subcommittee set up to advise on taxonomic matters, but the disbanding of this subcommittee was announced on 6 November 2015; the BOU now contemplates relying entirely on one of the available global avian taxonomies with a view to adopting a single system for all its activities.

Committee and taxonomic reports
The Committee publishes an annual report in Ibis (the BOU's international journal of avian science). All reports can be accessed via the British List pages of the BOU website.

Previously, the Committee's Taxonomic Sub-committee also published regular reports, also in Ibis, and these too can be accessed via the British List pages of the BOU website.

The Druridge Bay curlew
Following a detailed review by the British Birds Rarities Committee into the controversial identification of a curlew seen at Druridge Bay in Northumberland in 1998, which came to the conclusion that it was, as had been believed by many observers, a first-summer slender-billed curlew, this identification was accepted by BOURC, leading to the addition of this species to the British List. A subsequent review of the record overturned the original decision Ibis 156 :236-242.

Awards and lectures
The following are awarded:
 * Godman-Salvin Medal
 * Union Medal (known as the "Janet Kear Union Medal" from 2019)
 * Alfred Newton Lecture

List of presidents

 * 1858-1867 : Henry Maurice Drummond-Hay (1814–1896)
 * 1867-1896 : Lord Lilford (1833–1896)
 * 1896-1913 : Frederick DuCane Godman (1834–1919)
 * 1913-1918 : Robert George Wardlaw Ramsay (1852–1921)
 * 1918-1921 : William Eagle Clarke (1853–1938)
 * 1921-1922 : Henry John Elwes (1846–1922)
 * 1923-1928 : Lord Walter Rothschild (1868–1937)
 * 1928-1933 : William Lutley Sclater (1863–1944)
 * 1933-1938 : Harry Witherby (1873–1943)
 * 1938-1943 : Sir Norman Boyd Kinnear (1882–1957)
 * 1943-1948 : Percy Roycroft Lowe (1870–1948)
 * 1948-1955 : Sir Arthur Landsborough Thomson (1890–1977)
 * 1955-1960 : William Homan Thorpe (1902–1986)
 * 1960-1965 : Reginald Ernest Moreau (1897–1970)
 * 1965-1970 : V C Wynne-Edwards (1906–1997)
 * 1970-1975 : Guy Mountfort (1905–2003)
 * 1975-1979 : Sir Hugh Elliott (1913–1989)
 * 1979-1983 : Stanley Cramp (1913–1987)
 * 1983-1987 : James F Monk (1915–2014)
 * 1987-1990 : David Snow
 * 1990-1994 : Janet Kear (1933–2004)
 * 1994-1999 : John Croxall
 * 1999-2003 : Ian Newton
 * 2003-2007 : Christopher Perrins
 * 2007-2011 : Alistair Dawson (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology)
 * 2011-2015 : Jenny Gill (University of East Anglia)
 * 2015-2019 : Keith Hamer (University of Leeds)
 * 2019-2023 : Juliet Vickery (RSPB/BTO)

Honorary life members
The following have been elected as honorary life members:

 * Peter Berthold (Germany)
 * Jacques Blondel (France)
 * Paul F. Donald (UK)
 * Urs N. Glutz von Blotzheim (Switzerland)
 * Andrew G. Gosler (UK)
 * Soekarja Somadikarta (Indonesia)
 * Staffan Ulfstrand (Sweden)

title: British Ornithologists' Union


text:
Anyon

In physics, an anyon is a type of quasiparticle so far observed only in two-dimensional systems. In three-dimensional systems, only two kinds of elementary particles are seen: fermions and bosons. Anyons have statistical properties intermediate between fermions and bosons. In general, the operation of exchanging two identical particles, although it may cause a global phase shift, cannot affect observables. Anyons are generally classified as abelian or non-abelian. Abelian anyons, detected by two experiments in 2020, play a major role in the fractional quantum Hall effect.

Introduction
The statistical mechanics of large many-body systems obeys laws described by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. Quantum statistics is more complicated because of the different behaviors of two different kinds of particles called fermions and bosons. In two-dimensional systems, however, there is a third type of particle, called an anyon.

"In the three-dimensional world we live in, there are only two types of particles: 'fermions', which repel each other, and 'bosons', which like to stick together. A commonly known fermion is the electron, which transports electricity; and a commonly known boson is the photon, which carries light. In the two-dimensional world, however, there is another type of particle, the anyon, which doesn't behave like either a fermion or a boson."

In a two-dimensional world, two identical anyons change their wavefunction when they swap places in ways that cannot happen in three-dimensional physics:

"...in two dimensions, exchanging identical particles twice is not equivalent to leaving them alone. The particles' wavefunction after swapping places twice may differ from the original one; particles with such unusual exchange statistics are known as anyons. By contrast, in three dimensions, exchanging particles twice cannot change their wavefunction, leaving us with only two possibilities: bosons, whose wavefunction remains the same even after a single exchange, and fermions, whose exchange only changes the sign of their wavefunction."

This process of exchanging identical particles, or of circling one particle around another, is referred to as "braiding". Braiding two anyons creates a historical record of the event, as their changed wave functions record the number of braids.

Microsoft has invested in research concerning anyons as a potential basis for topological quantum computing. They may be useful in quantum computing as a form of memory. Anyons circling each other ("braiding") would encode information in a more robust way than other potential quantum computing technologies. Most investment in quantum computing, however, is based on methods that do not use anyons.

History
"Like so many deep ideas in physics, the topological underpinnings of anyons can be traced back to Dirac."

In 1977, two theoretical physicists working at the University of Oslo, Jon Magne Leinaas and Jan Myrheim, showed that the traditional classification of particles as either fermions or bosons would not apply if they were restricted to move in only two dimensions. Hypothetical particles, being neither bosons nor fermions, would be expected to exhibit a diverse range of previously unexpected properties. In 1982, Frank Wilczek published two papers exploring the fractional statistics of quasiparticles in two dimensions, giving them the name "anyons" to indicate that the phase shift upon permutation can take any value.

Daniel Tsui and Horst Störmer discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1982. The mathematics developed by Wilczek proved to be useful to Bertrand Halperin at Harvard University in explaining aspects of it. Frank Wilczek, Dan Arovas, and Robert Schrieffer verified this statement in 1985 with an explicit calculation that predicted that particles existing in these systems are in fact anyons.

Abelian anyons
In quantum mechanics, and some classical stochastic systems, indistinguishable particles have the property that exchanging the states of particle $i$ with particle $j$ (symbolically $\psi_i\leftrightarrow\psi_j \text{ for } i \ne j$) does not lead to a measurably different many-body state.

In a quantum mechanical system, for example, a system with two indistinguishable particles, with particle 1 in state $\psi_1$ and particle 2 in state $\psi_2$, has state $\left| \psi_1\psi_2 \right\rangle$ in Dirac notation. Now suppose we exchange the states of the two particles, then the state of the system would be $\left| \psi_2\psi_1 \right\rangle$. These two states should not have a measurable difference, so they should be the same vector, up to a phase factor:
 * $$\left|\psi_1\psi_2\right\rangle = e^{i\theta}\left|\psi_2\psi_1\right\rangle.$$

Here, $e^{i\theta}$ is the phase factor. In space of three or more dimensions, the phase factor is $1$ or $-1$. Thus, elementary particles are either fermions, whose phase factor is $-1$, or bosons, whose phase factor is $1$. These two types have different statistical behaviour. Fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, while bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics. In particular, the phase factor is why fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: If two fermions are in the same state, then we have
 * $$\left|\psi\psi\right\rangle = -\left|\psi\psi\right\rangle.$$

The state vector must be zero, which means it is not normalizable, thus it is unphysical.

In two-dimensional systems, however, quasiparticles can be observed that obey statistics ranging continuously between Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics, as was first shown by Jon Magne Leinaas and Jan Myrheim of the University of Oslo in 1977. In the case of two particles this can be expressed as
 * $$\left|\psi_1\psi_2\right\rangle = e^{i\theta}\left|\psi_2\psi_1\right\rangle,$$

where $e^{i\theta}$ can be other values than just $-1$ or $1$. It is important to note that there is a slight abuse of notation in this shorthand expression, as in reality this wave function can be and usually is multi-valued. This expression actually means that when particle 1 and particle 2 are interchanged in a process where each of them makes a counterclockwise half-revolution about the other, the two-particle system returns to its original quantum wave function except multiplied by the complex unit-norm phase factor e$iθ$. Conversely, a clockwise half-revolution results in multiplying the wave function by e$−iθ$. Such a theory obviously only makes sense in two-dimensions, where clockwise and counterclockwise are clearly defined directions.

In the case θ = π we recover the Fermi–Dirac statistics (e$iπ$ = −1) and in the case θ = 0 (or θ = 2π) the Bose–Einstein statistics (e$2πi$ = 1). In between we have something different. Frank Wilczek in 1982 explored the behavior of such quasiparticles and coined the term "anyon" to describe them, because they can have any phase when particles are interchanged. Unlike bosons and fermions, anyons have the peculiar property that when they are interchanged twice in the same way (e.g. if anyon 1 and anyon 2 were revolved counterclockwise by half revolution about each other to switch places, and then they were revolved counterclockwise by half revolution about each other again to go back to their original places), the wave function is not necessarily the same but rather generally multiplied by some complex phase (by e$2iθ$ in this example).

We may also use θ = 2π s with particle spin quantum number s, with s being integer for bosons, half-integer for fermions, so that
 * $$e^{i\theta} = e^{2i \pi s} = (-1)^{2s},$$ or $$|\psi_1 \psi_2\rangle = (-1)^{2s} |\psi_2 \psi_1\rangle.$$

At an edge, fractional quantum Hall effect anyons are confined to move in one space dimension. Mathematical models of one-dimensional anyons provide a base of the commutation relations shown above.

In a three-dimensional position space, the fermion and boson statistics operators (−1 and +1 respectively) are just 1-dimensional representations of the permutation group (SN of N indistinguishable particles) acting on the space of wave functions. In the same way, in two-dimensional position space, the abelian anyonic statistics operators (e$iθ$) are just 1-dimensional representations of the braid group (BN of N indistinguishable particles) acting on the space of wave functions. Non-abelian anyonic statistics are higher-dimensional representations of the braid group. Anyonic statistics must not be confused with parastatistics, which describes statistics of particles whose wavefunctions are higher-dimensional representations of the permutation group.

Topological equivalence
The fact that the homotopy classes of paths (i.e. notion of equivalence on braids) are relevant hints at a more subtle insight. It arises from the Feynman path integral, in which all paths from an initial to final point in spacetime contribute with an appropriate phase factor. The Feynman path integral can be motivated from expanding the propagator using a method called time-slicing, in which time is discretized.

In non-homotopic paths, one cannot get from any point at one time slice to any other point at the next time slice. This means that we can consider homotopic equivalence class of paths to have different weighting factors.

So it can be seen that the topological notion of equivalence comes from a study of the Feynman path integral.

For a more transparent way of seeing that the homotopic notion of equivalence is the "right" one to use, see Aharonov–Bohm effect.

Experiment

In 2020, two teams of scientists (one in Paris, the other at Purdue) announced new experimental evidence for the existence of anyons. Both experiments were featured in Discover Magazine's 2020 annual "state of science" issue.

In April, 2020, researchers from the École normale supérieure (Paris) and the Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (C2N) reported results from a tiny "particle collider" for anyons. They detected properties that matched predictions by theory for anyons.

In July, 2020, scientists at Purdue University detected anyons using a different setup. The team's interferometer routes the electrons through a specific maze-like etched nanostructure made of gallium arsenide and aluminium gallium arsenide. "In the case of our anyons the phase generated by braiding was 2π/3", he said. "That's different than what's been seen in nature before."

As of 2023, this remains an active area of research; using a superconducting processor, Google Quantum AI reported on the first braiding of non-Abelian anyon-like particles in an arXiv article by Andersen et al. in October 2022, later published in Nature. In an arXiv article released in May 2023, Quantinuum reported on non-abelian braiding using a trapped-ion processor.

Non-abelian anyons
In 1988, Jürg Fröhlich showed that it was valid under the spin–statistics theorem for the particle exchange to be monoidal (non-abelian statistics). In particular, this can be achieved when the system exhibits some degeneracy, so that multiple distinct states of the system have the same configuration of particles. Then an exchange of particles can contribute not just a phase change, but can send the system into a different state with the same particle configuration. Particle exchange then corresponds to a linear transformation on this subspace of degenerate states. When there is no degeneracy, this subspace is one-dimensional and so all such linear transformations commute (because they are just multiplications by a phase factor). When there is degeneracy and this subspace has higher dimension, then these linear transformations need not commute (just as matrix multiplication does not).

Gregory Moore, Nicholas Read, and Xiao-Gang Wen pointed out that non-Abelian statistics can be realized in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). While at first non-abelian anyons were generally considered a mathematical curiosity, physicists began pushing toward their discovery when Alexei Kitaev showed that non-abelian anyons could be used to construct a topological quantum computer. As of 2012, no experiment has conclusively demonstrated the existence of non-abelian anyons although promising hints are emerging in the study of the ν = 5/2 FQHE state. Experimental evidence of non-abelian anyons, although not yet conclusive and currently contested, was presented in October, 2013. Recent works claim the creation of non-abelian topological order and anyons on a trapped-ion processor and demonstration of non-abelian braiding of graph vertices in a superconducting processor.

Fusion of anyons
In much the same way that two fermions (e.g. both of spin 1/2) can be looked at together as a composite boson (with total spin in a superposition of 0 and 1), two or more anyons together make up a composite anyon (possibly a boson or fermion). The composite anyon is said to be the result of the fusion of its components.

If $N$ identical abelian anyons each with individual statistics $\alpha$ (that is, the system picks up a phase $e^{i \alpha}$ when two individual anyons undergo adiabatic counterclockwise exchange) all fuse together, they together have statistics $N^2 \alpha$. This can be seen by noting that upon counterclockwise rotation of two composite anyons about each other, there are $N^2$ pairs of individual anyons (one in the first composite anyon, one in the second composite anyon) that each contribute a phase $e^{i \alpha}$. An analogous analysis applies to the fusion of non-identical abelian anyons. The statistics of the composite anyon is uniquely determined by the statistics of its components.

Non-abelian anyons have more complicated fusion relations. As a rule, in a system with non-abelian anyons, there is a composite particle whose statistics label is not uniquely determined by the statistics labels of its components, but rather exists as a quantum superposition (this is completely analogous to how two fermions known to have spin 1/2 are together in quantum superposition of total spin 1 and 0). If the overall statistics of the fusion of all of several anyons is known, there is still ambiguity in the fusion of some subsets of those anyons, and each possibility is a unique quantum state. These multiple states provide a Hilbert space on which quantum computation can be done.

Topological basis
In more than two dimensions, the spin–statistics theorem states that any multiparticle state of indistinguishable particles has to obey either Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac statistics. For any d > 2, the Lie groups SO( d ,1) (which generalizes the Lorentz group) and Poincaré( d ,1) have Z2 as their first homotopy group. Because the cyclic group Z2 is composed of two elements, only two possibilities remain. (The details are more involved than that, but this is the crucial point.)

The situation changes in two dimensions. Here the first homotopy group of SO(2,1), and also Poincaré(2,1), is Z (infinite cyclic). This means that Spin(2,1) is not the universal cover: it is not simply connected. In detail, there are projective representations of the special orthogonal group SO(2,1) which do not arise from linear representations of SO(2,1), or of its double cover, the spin group Spin(2,1). Anyons are evenly complementary representations of spin polarization by a charged particle.

This concept also applies to nonrelativistic systems. The relevant part here is that the spatial rotation group SO(2) has an infinite first homotopy group.

This fact is also related to the braid groups well known in knot theory. The relation can be understood when one considers the fact that in two dimensions the group of permutations of two particles is no longer the symmetric group S2 (with two elements) but rather the braid group B2 (with an infinite number of elements). The essential point is that one braid can wind around the other one, an operation that can be performed infinitely often, and clockwise as well as counterclockwise.

A very different approach to the stability-decoherence problem in quantum computing is to create a topological quantum computer with anyons, quasi-particles used as threads and relying on braid theory to form stable quantum logic gates.

Generalization to higher dimensions
Fractionalized excitations as point particles can be bosons, fermions or anyons in 2+1 spacetime dimensions. It is known that point particles can be only either bosons or fermions in 3+1 and higher spacetime dimensions. However, the loop- (or string-) or membrane-like excitations are extended objects that can have fractionalized statistics.

Current research shows that the loop- and string-like excitations exist for topological orders in the 3+1 dimensional spacetime, and their multi-loop/string-braiding statistics are the key signatures for identifying 3+1dimensional topological orders. The multi-loop/string-braiding statistics of 3+1dimensional topological orders can be captured by the link invariants of particular topological quantum field theories in 4 spacetime dimensions. Explained in a colloquial manner, the extended objects (loop, string, or membrane, etc.) can be potentially anyonic in 3+1 and higher spacetime dimensions in the long-range entangled systems.

title: Anyon


text:
Taiwanese language (disambiguation)

Taiwanese language is a name for Taiwanese Hokkien.

Taiwanese language may also refer to:
 * Formosan languages, languages of the indigenous and aboriginal peoples of Taiwan
 * Taiwanese Hakka, Hakka language in Taiwan
 * Taiwanese Mandarin, Standard Mandarin Chinese spoken in Taiwan
 * Modern Taiwanese Language (MTL) or Modern Literal Taiwanese (MLT), a Romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien
 * Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (TLPA), Romanization system for both Hakka and Hokkien

title: Taiwanese language (disambiguation)


text:
Göteborg Landvetter Airport

Göteborg Landvetter Airport is an international airport serving the Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg) region in Sweden. With just over 6.8 million passengers in 2018 it is Sweden's second-largest airport after Stockholm–Arlanda. Landvetter is also an important freight airport. During 2007, 60.1 thousand tonnes of air cargo passed through Landvetter, about 60% of the capacity of Arlanda.

The airport is named after Landvetter locality, which is in Härryda municipality. It is 11 NM east-southeast of Gothenburg and 40 km west of Borås. It is operated by Swedavia, the national airport company. Since the closure of Göteborg City Airport for commercial operations, it's the city's only commercial passenger airport.

History
The airport was opened by King Carl XVI Gustaf on 3 October 1977. Passenger services, previously at Torslanda Airport, west of Gothenburg, were moved to Landvetter in 1977. In 2001, some budget airlines began serving the former military base in Säve, which was renamed from Säve Flygplats to Gothenburg City Airport. That airport was closed down in winter 2014–2015 because of large reconstruction needs, meaning an increase of traffic on Landvetter of almost a million annual passengers. There has been a tendency that international air travel has increased, especially on tourists, while domestic has declined somewhat (mostly business travel).

In 2013, the international terminal was extended significantly with new shops, and in 2014 the domestic and international terminals were joined into a single terminal.

On 14 April 2015 ,Swedavia announced a 10-year long contract with DHL Express to build a new 7500 m2 large cargo terminal, replacing the old 1700 m2. The construction will begin in spring 2015 and is underway for one year. This was a step included in plans for Airport City. In 2018-2020 the terminal building will be enlarged, with three new air bridges. There are also plans to build a shortcut on the railway Gothenburg–Borås with a tunnel and a railway station under the airport. Construction start has previously been decided to 2016, later 2020, but is as of 2021 delayed.

There has been criticism on the choice of location of the airport, which is fairly foggy, located 150 meters above sea level and often affected by low clouds. The runway direction also often means fairly strong crosswinds which can cause landings to scare passengers. In 2015 an instrument landing system CATIIIb was installed which allows landing in fairly dense fog if corresponding system is fitted onboard aircraft. Many but not all aircraft have that (as of 2018).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most flights were cancelled. During April 2020, only the KLM route to Amsterdam was consistently operated daily. The passenger figures were 99.5% lower in April 2020 than in April 2019.

On 28 April 2023, Landvetter Airport achieved a major milestone when Scandinavian Airlines began its nonstop route to New York, connecting both cities three times weekly onboard the 157 seater A321 neo LR aircraft. Gothenburg previously was linked to New York more than 40 years ago in 1984 and since then lacked proper long haul services, apart from a few charter flights as e.g. to Thailand in winter. Unfortunately the route was cancelled in October 2023 since SAS was moving to Skyteam, however, there are currently plans to bring the route back, this time to John F. Kennedy International Airport.

Terminals
Landvetter Airport has traditionally had two terminals, domestic and international, but they have merged into one common terminal. In 2009 all baggage drop was moved to in the international terminal, since all baggage had to be screened with new regulations. In 2014 the two terminals joined into one with all baggage collected at the arrivals hall in the previous international terminal. The transfer area, which has several shops, cafés and a restaurant, is accessible for all passengers since that year.

There are eleven air bridges, at gates 12–17 and 19-23. Gates 10–11, 18A–H and 24A–E transport passengers to the aircraft via an airside bus transfer. Traditionally gates 10–15 used to be limited to domestic flights but nowadays 10–19 cater to all flights within the Schengen Area, which are treated as domestic flights. Gates 22–24 are located in the international transit area, used for flights outside the Schengen Area, and access is only possible after clearing immigration. Gate 20 and 21 are positionable so that, depending on upcoming flights, reaching them may (signed 20B-21B) or may not (signed 20A-21A) require clearing immigration. The freight terminal uses gate numbers below 10.

The airport has a VIP area, where travellers for a fee can go through a dedicated security check, wait in the VIP lounge and be transported by car to the aircraft, avoiding mix with non VIP paying passengers. The VIP area can also hold wedding ceremonies.

Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Göteborg:

Bus
The airport is served by several shuttle services offered by different private bus companies, such as Flygbussarna (most frequent), Vy bus4you and Flixbus (cheapest). Rides between the airport and the Nils Ericson Terminal, located next to the Central train station take about 30 minutes, while rides connecting with the Korsvägen hub are approximately 20 minutes long.

Västtrafik, Gothenburg's public transport agency, also operates the bus line 612 between the airport and the Landvetter village bus station, where further connections to both Gothenburg and Borås can be made.

Flixbus and bus4you also offer the shuttle services, albeit less frequently, between Borås and Jönköping central stations, about 40 and 1h45m away, respectively.

Road
The road distance to Gothenburg is 25 km and to Borås 40 km, both via the Riksväg 40 motorway. There are 7,300 parking spaces at the airport.

The airport is accessible on foot and bicycle too. There is a bike path most of the way from Gothenburg, through the villages Landvetter and Härryda. The forest and hiking trails reach up to the far side of P6 long-term parking area.

title: Göteborg Landvetter Airport


text:
Shaw Nature Reserve

Shaw Nature Reserve, formerly known as Shaw Arboretum, is a 2,400 acre private non-profit nature reserve located in Gray Summit, Missouri, that is operated as an extension of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

The first piece of land, 1,300 acre, was purchased in 1925 when pollution from coal smoke in St. Louis threatened the Garden's live plant collection, especially the orchid collection. The orchids were moved to what was then known as the Gray Summit Extension in 1926. The pollution in St. Louis decreased with the waning use of coal for heat, making it unnecessary to move the rest of the live plant collection. The Garden made five more land purchases between 1926 and 1977 amounting to the Nature Reserve's current size of 2,444 acre.

Shaw Nature Reserve has several historic homes, including the Joseph H. Bascom House, built in 1879 by Confederate Colonel Thomas Crews. The reserve also contains the Dana Brown Overnight Center, a collection of log and timber buildings from the 1850s that were moved from their original locations and reconstructed on site, and a Sod House built by reserve staff to represent the kind of lodgings that would have been used in the area's original prairies. The habitats restored at the reserve include a large tallgrass prairie, glades, woodlands, wetlands and a wetland blind from which herons can be observed. The Nature Reserve is also home to the Whitmire Wildflower Garden, a 3 acre Missouri native garden with over 500 native plant species, and a children's Nature Explore Classroom. Over 17 miles (27 km) of hiking trails run through the Nature Reserve, along with four miles of road. The longest trail in the park is the Rus Goddard River Trail, a 2.5 mile loop that descends to a gravel bar in the Meramec River. The trail is named after a volunteer who spent more than 20 years maintaining trails in the reserve.

Shaw Nature Reserve is open year-round, 7-days a week, but is closed on some major holidays. Regular hours are 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. with extended hours throughout spring, summer, and fall. Last-entry is 30-minutes before posted closing time. Daily admission is $5 for adults, free for Missouri Botanical Garden members and children 12 and younger.

title: Shaw Nature Reserve


text:
Transfer

Transfer may refer to:

Arts and media

 * Transfer (2010 film), a German science-fiction movie directed by Damir Lukacevic and starring Zana Marjanović
 * Transfer (1966 film), a short film
 * Transfer (journal), in management studies
 * "The Transfer" (Smash), a television episode
 * The Transfer, a novel by Silvano Ceccherini
 * "Transfer", a song by Five for Fighting from the 2010 album Slice

Finance

 * Transfer payment, a redistribution of income and wealth by means of the government making a payment
 * Balance transfer, transfer of the balance (either of money or credit) in an account to another account
 * Money transfer (disambiguation)
 * Wire transfer, an international expedited bank-to-bank funds transfer

Learning and psychology

 * Transfer (propaganda), a method of psychological manipulation
 * Knowledge transfer, within organizations
 * Language transfer, in which native-language grammar and pronunciation influence the learning and use of a second language
 * Transfer of learning, in education

Mathematics

 * Transfer function in mathematics
 * Transfer (group theory), a type of homomorphism
 * Transfer principle, in mathematics

Other sciences

 * Transfer (computing), movement of data between memory media
 * Transfer (patent), transfer of intellectual property rights
 * Call transfer, in telephony
 * Electron transfer, in chemistry
 * Heat transfer, in thermal engineering
 * Population transfer, movement of large groups of people
 * Transfer DNA, the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens
 * Fouling, transfer of unwanted material onto solid surfaces
 * Trace evidence, in forensic science

Sports and games

 * Transfer (association football)
 * Transfer, a type of bidding convention in contract bridge
 * Jacoby transfer
 * Texas transfer

Transportation

 * Transfer (public transit), a ticket that allows a passenger to use multiple conveyances in a single trip
 * Transfer (railway station), a railway station connecting two or more lines
 * Transfer (travel), local transportation as part of an itinerary

Other uses

 * Transfer, Pennsylvania
 * Internal hiring, a move to another job in another team in the same organization
 * Intra-company transfer
 * College transfer
 * Decal, a sticker
 * Iron-on transfer
 * The process of moving a human to or from a wheelchair or other assistive device

title: Transfer


text:
Talk:Transfer

Meanings
'1' General meaning:

To move an entity from one place to another.

'2' More obtuse description:

To move a state from one space-time coordinate to another.

This could include the transfer of knowledge, or the transfer of an emotion from one person (entity?) to another.

'3' As a noun:

(just think of transfer tickets)

ngày 22 thang 7 năm 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.20.189.84 (talk) 03:39, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transfer


text:
Civil Aviation Administration (Sweden)

The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration (Luftfartsverket) is a Swedish Government agency which regulated and oversaw all aspects of aviation in Sweden until 2005. The regulatory division was called Luftfartsstyrelsen (Civil Aviation Authority).

The Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) (Flygtrafiktjänsten) was established as Luftfartsverket (LFV). The agency had its head office in Norrköping.

In 2005 the regulatory division was separated to a new agency named Luftfartsstyrelsen, from 2009 part of Transportstyrelsen.

On 1 April 2010, the airport ownership and operation part of the Luftfartsverket was transferred to Swedish Airports (Swedavia AB), a newly formed fully state-owned company.

Air navigation services continue as a state enterprise under the name LFV.

title: Civil Aviation Administration (Sweden)


text:
Storage device

Storage device may refer to:

 * Box, or any of a variety of containers or receptacles...
 * Data storage device, a device for recording information, which could range from handwriting to video or acoustic recording, or to electromagnetic energy modulating magnetic tape and optical discs
 * Object storage device, computer storage device
 * Portable storage device, small hard drive or pen drive
 * Cloud storage service such as Google Drive, Dropbox and many more

title: Storage device