text:
1872 in the United States

Events from the year 1872 in the United States.

Federal government

 * President: Ulysses S. Grant (R-Illinois)
 * Vice President: Schuyler Colfax (R-Indiana)
 * Chief Justice: Salmon P. Chase (Ohio)
 * Speaker of the House of Representatives: James G. Blaine (R-Maine)
 * Congress: 42nd

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! Governors and lieutenant governors

Governors
• Governor of Alabama: Robert B. Lindsay (Democratic) (until November 17), David P. Lewis (Republican) (starting November 17)

• Governor of Arkansas: Ozra Amander Hadley (Republican)

• Governor of California: Newton Booth (Republican)

• Governor of Connecticut: Marshall Jewell (Republican)

• Governor of Delaware: James Ponder (Democratic)

• Governor of Florida: Harrison Reed (Republican)

• Governor of Georgia: Benjamin Conley (Republican) (until January 12), James M. Smith (Democratic) (starting January 12)

• Governor of Illinois: John M. Palmer (Republican)

• Governor of Indiana: Conrad Baker (Republican)

• Governor of Iowa: Samuel Merrill (Republican) (until January 11), Cyrus C. Carpenter (Republican) (starting January 11)

• Governor of Kansas: James M. Harvey (Republican)

• Governor of Kentucky: Preston H. Leslie (Democratic)

• Governor of Louisiana: Henry C. Warmoth (Republican) (until December 29), P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) (starting December 29)

• Governor of Maine: Sidney Perham (Republican)

• Governor of Maryland: Oden Bowie (Democratic) (until January 10), William Pinkney Whyte (Democratic) (starting January 10)

• Governor of Massachusetts: William Claflin (Republican) (until January 4), William B. Washburn (Republican) (starting January 4)

• Governor of Michigan: Henry P. Baldwin (Republican)

• Governor of Minnesota: Horace Austin (Republican)

• Governor of Mississippi: Ridgley C. Powers (Republican)

• Governor of Missouri: B. Gratz Brown (Liberal Republican)

• Governor of Nebraska:William H. James (Republican)

• Governor of Nevada: Lewis R. Bradley (Democratic)

• Governor of New Hampshire: James A. Weston (Democratic) (until June 6), Ezekiel A. Straw (Republican) (starting June 6)

• Governor of New Jersey: Theodore Fitz Randolph (Democratic) (until January 16), Joel Parker (Democratic) (starting January 16)

• Governor of New York: John Thompson Hoffman (Democratic) (until end of December 31)

• Governor of North Carolina: Tod Robinson Caldwell (Republican)

• Governor of Ohio: Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) (until January 8), Edward F. Noyes (Republican) (starting January 8)

• Governor of Oregon: La Fayette Grover (Democratic)

• Governor of Pennsylvania: John W. Geary (Republican)

• Governor of Rhode Island: Seth Padelford (Republican)

• Governor of South Carolina: Robert Kingston Scott (Republican) (until December 7), Franklin I. Moses, Jr. (Republican) (starting December 7)

• Governor of Tennessee: John C. Brown (Democratic)

• Governor of Texas: Edmund J. Davis (Republican)

• Governor of Vermont: John W. Stewart (Republican) (until October 3), Julius Converse (Republican) (starting October 3)

• Governor of Virginia: Gilbert Carlton Walker (Democratic)

• Governor of West Virginia: John J. Jacob (Democratic)/(Independent)

• Governor of Wisconsin: Lucius Fairchild (Republican) (until January 1), Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) (starting January 1)

Lieutenant governors
• Lieutenant Governor of Alabama: Edward H. Moren (Democratic) (until November 17), Alexander McKinstry (Republican) (starting November 17)

• Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas: vacant

• Lieutenant Governor of California: William Holden (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Romualdo Pacheco (Republican) (starting month and day unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut: Julius Hotchkiss (Democratic) (until month and day unknown), Morris Tyler (Republican) (starting month and day unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Florida: vacant (until month and day unknown), Samuel T. Day (Republican) (starting month and day unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Illinois: John Dougherty (Republican)

• Lieutenant Governor of Indiana: William Cumback (Republican)

• Lieutenant Governor of Iowa: Madison Miner Walden (Republican) (until month and day unknown), Henry C. Bulis (Republican) (starting month and day unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Kansas: Peter Percival Elder (Republican)

• Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky: John G. Carlisle (Democratic)

• Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana: Oscar J. Dunn (Republican) (until November 22), P. B. S. Pinchback (Republican) (starting November 22)

• Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts: Joseph Tucker (political party unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Michigan: Morgan Bates (Republican)

• Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota: William H. Yale (political party unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi: Alexander K. Davis (Republican)

• Lieutenant Governor of Missouri: Joseph J. Gravely (Liberal Republican) (until April 28), vacant (starting April 28)

• Lieutenant Governor of Nevada: James S. Slingerland (political party unknown) (until January 2), Frank Denver (political party unknown) (starting January 2)

• Lieutenant Governor of New York: Allen C. Beach (Democratic) (until end of December 31)

• Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina: vacant

• Lieutenant Governor of Ohio: John C. Lee (Republican) (until January 8), Jacob Mueller (Republican) (starting January 8)

• Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island: Pardon Stevens (political party unknown) (until month and day unknown), Charles Cutler (political party unknown) (starting month and day unknown)

• Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina: Alonzo J. Ransier (Republican) (until December 7), Richard Howell Gleaves (Republican) (starting December 7)

• Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee: John C. Vaughn (Democratic)

• Lieutenant Governor of Texas: vacant

• Lieutenant Governor of Vermont: George N. Dale (Republican) (until October 3), Russell S. Taft (Republican) (starting October 3)

• Lieutenant Governor of Virginia: John Lawrence Marye, Jr. (Conservative)

• Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin: Thaddeus C. Pound (Republican) (until January 1), Milton H. Pettit (Republican) (starting January 1)
 * }

Events

 * January 2 – Brigham Young is arrested for allegedly being an accessory to murder.
 * January 3 – First patent list issued by the U.S. Patent Office.
 * February 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, parades for the first time in New Orleans for Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia.
 * February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City.
 * March – One of the first Personal Liberty League formed in the United States in response to the threat posed to the liquor industry by the growing political strength of the temperance movement.
 * March 1 – Yellowstone National Park is established as the world's first national park.
 * March 5 – George Westinghouse patents the air brake for railroads.
 * March 26 – The 7.4–7.9 Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Twenty-seven people are killed and fifty-six injured.
 * May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States.
 * May 22 – Reconstruction: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.
 * June 4 – Two men lead investors to land near the Wyoming-Colorado border claiming to have found diamonds there, starting a diamond craze in the western U.S. (which is later revealed as a fraud).
 * August – Aaron Montgomery Ward issues the first Montgomery Ward mail order catalogue from Chicago.
 * September 4 – The New York Sun breaks the story on the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal
 * September 26 – The first Shriners Temple (called Mecca) is established in New York City.
 * October 1 – The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session (the university is later renamed Virginia Tech).
 * October 2 – Morgan State University founded.
 * November – Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley in the U.S. presidential election
 * November 2 – Spiritualist, suffragette, and Free Love advocate Victoria Woodhull publishes shocking allegations in Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly claiming in "The Beecher-Tilton Scandal Case" article that Henry Ward Beecher had committed adultery with Theodore Tilton's wife. The subsequent trials and hearings, "drove Reconstruction off the front pages for two and a half years" and became "the most sensational 'he said, she said' in American history", in the words of Walter A. McDougall.
 * November 5 – Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she is served an arrest warrant and in the subsequent trial is fined $100 - which she never pays).
 * November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York, bound for Genoa.
 * November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street. The two-day event destroys about 65 acres (260,000 m2) of city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and causes US$60 million in damage.
 * November 28 – Geologist Clarence King uncovers the diamond hoax in Wyoming in The New York Times.
 * November 29 – Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.
 * December 4 – The crewless American-owned ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic.
 * December 9 – P. B. S. Pinchback takes office as Governor of Louisiana, the first African American governor of a U.S. state.
 * William Lawrence, a dairyman of Chester (village), New York, creates the first American cream cheese.
 * First known publication of spiritual "The Gospel Train", by Fisk Jubilee Singers.

Ongoing

 * Reconstruction era (1865–1877)
 * Gilded Age (1869–c. 1896)
 * The Wheeler Survey of the southwestern U.S., 1872–1879

Births

 * January 4 – Albert Tyler, pole vaulter and educator (died 1945)
 * January 20 – Julia Morgan, California architect (died 1957)
 * January 31 – Zane Grey, Western novelist (died 1939)
 * February 1 – Jerome F. Donovan, politician (died 1949)
 * February 9 – Charles Klauder, university architect (died 1938)
 * March 3 – Willie Keeler, baseball player (died 1923)
 * March 6 – Ben Harney, ragtime pianist and songwriter (died 1938)
 * March 14 – William Emerson Brock, U.S. Senator from Tennessee from 1929 to 1931 (died 1950)
 * March 15 – Harry Holman, character film actor (died 1947)
 * April 5 – Samuel Cate Prescott, food scientist and microbiologist (died 1962)
 * April 23 – Nathan Philemon Bryan, U.S. Senator from Florida from 1911 to 1917 (died 1935)
 * April 29 – Harry Payne Whitney, businessman and horse breeder (died 1930)
 * May 16 – John O'Connell, baseball player (died 1908)
 * May 21 – Henry E. Warren, inventor (died 1957)
 * May 26 – Zachary Taylor Davis, Chicago architect (died 1946)
 * May 31 – Charles Greeley Abbot, astrophysicist (died 1973)
 * June 13 – Thomas N. Heffron, film director (died 1951)
 * June 27 – Paul Laurence Dunbar, African American poet, novelist, playwright and publisher (died 1906)
 * July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929, 29th vice president of the United States from 1921 to 1923 (died 1933)
 * July 8 – John H. Bankhead II, U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1931 to 1946 (died 1946)
 * August 2 – George E. Stewart, U.S. Army officer, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1946)
 * August 4 – Ruth Ward Kahn, lecturer and writer (unknown year of death)
 * August 10 – William Manuel Johnson, African American dixieland jazz double-bassist (died 1972)
 * August 15 – Rubin Goldmark, composer (died 1936)
 * August 26:
 * Joseph Taylor Robinson, U.S. Senator from Arkansas from 1913 to 1937 (died 1937)
 * James J. Couzens, U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1922 to 1936 (died 1936)
 * August 31 – Edith Rockefeller McCormick, socialite, daughter of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller (d. 1932)
 * September 8 – James William McCarthy, judge (died 1939)
 * September 20 – Walter E. Scott, "Death Valley Scotty", confidence trickster (died 1954)
 * September 28 – Charles F. Watkins, physician (died 1936)
 * October 10 – Arthur Talmage Abernethy, journalist, scholar, theologian and poet, 1st North Carolina Poet Laureate from 1948 to 1953 (died 1956)
 * October 11 – Harlan F. Stone, 12th Chief Justice of the United States from 1941 (died 1946)
 * October 15 – Edith Wilson, wife of Woodrow Wilson, First Lady of the United States, (died 1961)
 * November 2 – John N. Heiskell, U.S. Senator from Arkansas in 1913 (died 1972)
 * November 7 – Leonora Speyer, née von Stosch, classical violinist and poet (died 1956)
 * November 11 – Maude Adams, stage actress (died 1953)
 * December 9 – Thomas W. Hardwick, U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1914 to 1919 (died 1944)
 * December 17 – Walter Loving, African American military bandleader (killed 1945 in the Philippines)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Arnold Naudain, U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1830 to 1836 (born 1790)
 * January 7 – James Fisk, financier (born 1835)
 * January 9 – Henry Halleck, general (born 1815)
 * January 21 – Thomas Bragg, U.S. Senator from North Carolina from 1859 to 1861, 2nd Confederate States Attorney General (born 1810)
 * January 25 – Richard S. Ewell, Confederate general (born 1817)
 * February 7 – James W. Grimes, U.S. Senator from Iowa from 1859 to 1869 (born 1816)
 * March or April – Mercator Cooper, sea captain (born 1803)
 * March 31 – Samuel Henry Dickson, poet, physician, writer and educator (born 1798)
 * April 2 – Samuel Morse, inventor of the Morse code (born 1791)
 * April 9 – Erastus Corning, businessman and politician (born 1794)
 * April 10 – John Mix Stanley, painter (born 1814)
 * May 17 – Eduard Sobolewski, violinist, composer and conductor (born 1804 or 1808 in Poland)
 * August – Asa Whitney, merchant and promoter of the first transcontinental railroad (born 1791)
 * August 11 – Lowell Mason, organist and composer (born 1792)
 * September 18 – Augustus Seymour Porter, U.S. Senator from Michigan from 1840 to 1845 (born 1798)
 * September 22 – Garrett Davis, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1861 to 1872 (born 1801)
 * October 10 – William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869 (born 1801)
 * November 5 – Thomas Sully, portrait painter (born 1783 in Great Britain)
 * November 6 – George Meade, Civil War general (born 1815)
 * November 16 – William Gilham, military writer (born 1818)
 * November 29 – Horace Greeley, newspaper editor and presidential candidate (born 1811)
 * December 23 – George Catlin, painter specializing in portraits of Native Americans (born 1796)
 * Henry Howard Brownell, poet and historian (born 1820)

title: 1872 in the United States


text:
Lampedusa

Lampedusa (, , ; Lampidusa ; Lampeduża) is the largest island of the Italian Pelagie Islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

The comune of Lampedusa e Linosa is part of the Sicilian province of Agrigento which also includes the smaller islands of Linosa and Lampione. It is the southernmost part of Italy and Italy's southernmost island. Tunisia, which is 113 km away, is the closest landfall to the islands. Sicily is farther at 205 km, while Malta is 176 km east of Lampedusa.

Lampedusa has an area of 20.2 km2 and a population of about 6,000 people. Its main industries are fishing, agriculture, and tourism. A ferry service links the island with Porto Empedocle, near Agrigento, Sicily. There are also year-round flights from Lampedusa Airport to Palermo and Catania on the Sicilian mainland. In the summer, there are additional services to Rome and Milan, besides many other seasonal links with the Italian mainland.

In 2013, Spiaggia dei Conigli ("Rabbit Beach"), located in the southern part of the island, was voted the world's best beach by travel site TripAdvisor.

Since the early 2000s, the island has become a primary European entry point for migrants, mainly coming from Libya and Tunisia.

In 2021, the island received the Jan Karski Eagle Award, as the first and only time that the award was given out three times in a year.

Etymology
The name Lampedusa derives from the ancient Greek name of the island, Λοπαδούσσα or Λαπαδούσσα (Lopadoússa/Lapadoússa). It has been suggested that the name derives from the word λέπας (lépas), which means 'rock', due to the rocky landscape of the island; another story is that this word was also used by the Greeks for a kind of oyster and the island was called that, due to the abundance of this kind of oyster. Other scholars believe that the name derives from λαμπάς (lampás), which means 'torch', because of the lights which were placed on the island for sailors.

Prior to 1800
Historically, Lampedusa was a landing place and a maritime base for the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans. The Romans established a plant for the production of the prized fish sauce known as garum. In 812 (or 813), directed by the Aghlabids, the island was sacked by Saracens during the Arab–Byzantine wars.

By the end of the medieval period, the island became a dependency of the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1553, Barbary pirates from North Africa under the command of the Ottoman Empire raided Lampedusa, and carried off 1,000 captives into slavery. As a result of pirate attacks, the island became uninhabited. In 1565, Don García de Toledo made a brief stop at Lampedusa while leading a relief force to break the Great Siege of Malta. In subsequent centuries, the Hospitaller fleet which was based in Malta sometimes used Lampedusa's harbour as a shelter from bad weather or from corsairs.

In 1667, the island was given to Ferdinand Tomasi of Palermo, who acquired the title of Prince of Lampedusa from King Charles II of Spain. Tomasi was the ancestor of the writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. A century after acquiring the island, the Tomasi family began a program of resettlement.

In the late 18th century, the Order of St. John maintained a small establishment on Lampedusa, which included a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This was manned by a priest and six Maltese men, who often traded with pirates. A structure known as marabuto, probably a mausoleum commemorating a member of the Marabouts, also existed on the island at this time, and it was visited by many Muslim devotees.

19th century

On 25 June 1800, Prince Giulio Maria Tomasi leased Lampedusa in perpetual emphyteusis to Salvatore Gatt, a Maltese merchant, on the condition that the latter would build two coastal watchtowers at Cala della Galere and Cala della Madonna. Gatt settled the island with some Maltese workers, and he imported livestock and began cultivating the land. The old castle was reconstructed, and a windmill was also built. Gatt hoisted the British flag for protection. On 27 June 1804, the prince conceded the island to Giuseppe Bugeja, another Maltese, although Gatt remained in control of the island.

At the time, the British were considering taking over Lampedusa, possibly as an alternative to Malta, which had just become a British protectorate. In 1803, the Royal Navy dropped the idea since the island's small harbour was not comparable to Malta's larger and well-fortified Grand Harbour. However, reports stated that the island could be useful in supplying Malta, especially with the threat of Sicily falling to the French.

In 1810, Gatt leased the island to Alexander Fernandez of the Army Commissariat in the Mediterranean, who established a farm with cattle and sheep, and employed 28 workers to turn the island's surface into pasturage. A small detachment of 26 men of the 14th Regiment were sent to the island in 1811 to support Fernandez, who was planning to build a fort on the island. By 1813, the island had a population of almost 200 Maltese workers.

A royal commission stated in an 1812 report that there would be considerable difficulties in turning the island (together with Linosa and Pantelleria) into a supply base for Malta. The commission found Fernandez's situation to be very strange, and the treasury demanded an explanation of his conduct. In November 1813, the sloop HMS Partridge was infected with yellow fever, and was sent to Lampedusa until convalescence. This caused most of the population to flee back to Malta, leaving only 50 to 60 people on the island. The Governor of Malta, Sir Thomas Maitland, visited Lampedusa and found that Fernandez was running a business venture, so on 15 September 1814 he announced the withdrawal of British troops stationed on the island. The same notice also stated that "it is not the intention of [the British] Government to have any further concern or connection with [Lampedusa]". At this point, Greek privateers deposited provisions and took refuge at Lampedusa while being pursued by Tunisian vessels.

Fernandez had left for Gibraltar in 1813, but he continued to make claims on his title in Lampedusa. The British Government refused to compensate him in 1818, and Sicilian courts deprived him of his title soon afterwards. The Gatt family retook possession of the island, but what happened in subsequent years is unclear. Salvatore Gatt is believed to have died or disappeared sometime between 1813 and 1821, and the island was taken over by Fortunato Frendo, who had murdered Giacoma Gatt, Salvatore's wife. An official expedition was sent to the island from Naples in 1828, and the island was found to be inhabited by members of the Frendo, Gatt, and Molinos families along with a few workers.

A Neapolitan warship visited the island in 1841 as a show of force, but nothing changed until 11 September 1843, when two warships arrived and landed 400 soldiers on the island. They substituted the British flags on the island with Neapolitan flags. A royal decree was read out proclaiming the island as part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A few of the Maltese settlers remained on the island, while others returned to Malta or went to Tunisia.

In the 1840s, the Tomasi family formally sold the island to the Kingdom of Naples. In 1861, the island became part of the Kingdom of Italy, but the new Italian government limited its activities there to building a penal colony.

20th century
During the Second World War, the island was Axis territory, held by a small Italian garrison. Despite its proximity to Allied-held Malta and North Africa, the island did not see any military engagements until June 1943 when, as a precursor to the Allied invasion of Sicily, the island was secured without resistance in Operation Corkscrew by the Royal Navy destroyer HMS Lookout and ninety-five men of the 2nd Battalion the Coldstream Guards. White flags had been sighted in the port, and when Lieutenant Corbett of Lookout approached the port in a motor launch, he was told that the island's garrison wished to surrender. Mussolini had given the garrison his permission to surrender because it lacked any water. The Governor's formal surrender was accepted in the island's underground command-post by a combined Army/Navy delegation sometime before 9:00 pm on 12 June 1943. During this process, the governor handed his sword to the Coldstream company commander, Major Bill Harris.

A second unofficial claim has also been made regarding the capitulation of the island, when earlier that same day elements of the garrison had also attempted to surrender in unusual circumstances when Sergeant Sydney Cohen, the pilot of a Royal Air Force Fairey Swordfish aircraft landed having run low on fuel and suffering problems with his compass. Cohen's exploits were commemorated in a Yiddish play The King of Lampedusa that ran for six months.

The first telephone connection with Sicily was installed only in the 1960s. In the same decade an electric power station was built.

In 1972, part of the western side of the island became a United States Coast Guard LORAN-C transmitter station. In 1979, Lt. Kay Hartzell took command of the Coast Guard base, becoming "the first female commanding officer of an isolated duty station".

The 1980s, and especially 1985–1986, saw an increase in tensions and the area around the island was the scene of multiple attacks. On April 15, 1986, Libya fired two Scuds at the Lampedusa navigation station, in retaliation for the American bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi, and the alleged death of Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter. However, the missiles passed over the island, landed in the sea, and caused no damage.

On 4 January 1989, U.S. Navy aircraft from the carrier USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan fighters approximately 200 km from the island.

The NATO base was decommissioned in 1994 and transferred to Italian military control.

21st century and North African immigration
Since the early 2000s, Lampedusa, the European territory closest to Libya, has become a prime transit point for migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia wanting to enter Europe. In 2004 the Libyan and Italian governments reached a secret agreement that obliged Libya to accept African immigrants deported from Italian territories. This resulted in the mass repatriation of many people from Lampedusa to Libya between 2004 and 2005, a move criticised by the European Parliament.

By 2006, many African immigrants were paying people smugglers in Libya to help get them to Lampedusa by boat. On arrival, most were then transferred by the Italian government to reception centres in mainland Italy. Many were then released because their deportation orders were not enforced.

In 2009, the overcrowded conditions at the island's temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting. A fire that started during an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.

In 2011, many more immigrants moved to Lampedusa during the rebellions in Tunisia and Libya. By May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island from Tunisia and Libya. By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived. Most were young males in their 20s and 30s. The situation has caused division within the EU, the French government regarding most of the arrivals as economic migrants rather than refugees in fear of persecution.

In July 2013, Pope Francis visited the island on his first official visit outside of Rome. He prayed for migrants, living and dead, and denounced their traffickers. In October 2013, the 2013 Lampedusa disaster occurred; a boat carrying over 500 migrants, mostly from Eritrea and Somalia, sank off the coast of Lampedusa with the deaths of at least 300 people.

From January to April 2015, about 1,600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa, making it the deadliest migrant route in the world.

The 2017 Oscar-nominated Italian documentary film Fire at Sea documented a part of this migrant crisis and was filmed entirely on the island in 2014 and 2015. The film also won the Golden Bear at the 66th Berlin Film Festival.

In September 2023, over 120 boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than the total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours. Some of the migrants were relocated to Germany. According to the Irish Examiner, the majority of the September 2023 migrants arrived from Tunisia and were "young men or unaccompanied minors." Reasons for migration varied, but the Irish Examiner listed a worsening of the "socioeconomic situation in Tunisia" and fleeing danger or persecution.

Geography
Lampedusa is both the southernmost point and the southernmost island of Italy. Politically and administratively, Lampedusa is part of Italy, but geologically it is part of Africa since the sea between the two is no deeper than 120 m. Lampedusa is a semi-arid island, dominated by a garrigue landscape, with maquis shrubland in the west. It has no sources of water other than irregular rainfall. Overall the island has two slopes, from west to east, and from north to south of the island. The south-western side is dominated by deep gorges, while the southeastern part is dominated by shallow valleys and sandy beaches. The entire northern coast is dominated by cliffs: gently sloping cliffs on the east coast, and vertical sheer cliffs on the west coast.

Geology
Lampedusa geologically is part of the "Pelagian Province" (USGS definition), a structural member of the African continent, lying on a structural high called the Lampedusa Plateau. Lampedusa essentially is a tilted block of limestone, the highest point being on the NW coast and the lowest on the SE coast, the island being soft limestone, of a white to creamy-yellow. This area lies on a seismically active part of central Mediterranean, the Sicily Channel Rift Zone. From a structural point of view, Lampedusa belongs to the Pelagian Block, a foreland at the northern edge of the African plate, and is inside the Sicily Channel.

Climate
Lampedusa has a subtropical semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) characterized by very warm, almost rainless and humid summers, very mild and frost-free winters, a powerful seasonal lag and a small diurnal temperature range. The constant sea breezes moderate the daytime summer temperatures. Lampedusa (along with coastal Pantelleria, Kasos, Karpathos, Kastellorizo and coastal Malta) is one of the very few areas along the Mediterranean Sea coast, which have never recorded frost.

Wildlife
The fauna and flora of Lampedusa are similar to those of North Africa, with a few pelagic endemic species. The Isola dei Conigli (literally "Rabbit Island"), close to the south coast of Lampedusa, is one of the last remaining egg-laying sites in Italy for the loggerhead sea turtle, which is endangered throughout the Mediterranean. The beach and the neighbouring island are part of a nature reserve: here the singer-songwriter Domenico Modugno spent his vacations, and died in 1994. Next to Parise Cape is a small beach accessible only by sea, through a low grotto. Other species living along the island's coast include mantas and smaller cetaceans such as dolphins and Risso's dolphins. Waters nearby Lampedusa are the only area in the Mediterranean with sightings of pregnant great white sharks and newly born individuals. Recent studies revealed that the waters of Lampedusa are a wintering feeding ground for the Mediterranean group of fin whales. Humpback whale, a species formerly considered as a vagrant species in the Mediterranean basin, has been seen around the island in recent years.

Along with Linosa, Lampedusa once was a stronghold for endangered Mediterranean monk seals until the 1950s, and they are likely to be currently extirpated from the island. However, monk seals were sighted along Lampedusa in 2020.

In popular culture

 * Lampedusa was the filming location for the music video of Mango's single "Mediterraneo", from the album Come l'acqua (1992).
 * The movie Respiro (2002), written and directed by Emanuele Crialese and starring Valeria Golino, was filmed entirely on Lampedusa.
 * The book The Pharaoh's Secret (2015) by adventure fiction author Clive Cussler features Lampedusa as the scene of a mysterious deathly mist, which puts the island's entire population into a deathlike coma.
 * Think of Lampedusa is collection of poems by Ivorian Josué Guébo, inspired by the 2013 shipwreck and winning the Tchicaya U Tam'si Prize.
 * The 2015 Austrian documentary Lampedusa im Winter, directed by Jakob Brossmann was filmed on the island.
 * The 2016 book Tears of Salt: A Doctor's Story by Pietro Bartolo and Lidia Tilitta recounts life on the island and the migrant crisis from the perspective of a local doctor.
 * The 2017 Oscar-nominated Italian documentary, Fire at Sea, was filmed entirely on the island between 2014 and 2015.
 * Lampedusa is the title of the 2019 novelised biography of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa by Canadian novelist Steven Price.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lampedusa


text:
Open and closed maps

In mathematics, more specifically in topology, an open map is a function between two topological spaces that maps open sets to open sets. That is, a function $$f : X \to Y$$ is open if for any open set $$U$$ in $$X,$$ the image $$f(U)$$ is open in $$Y.$$ Likewise, a closed map is a function that maps closed sets to closed sets. A map may be open, closed, both, or neither; in particular, an open map need not be closed and vice versa.

Open and closed maps are not necessarily continuous. Further, continuity is independent of openness and closedness in the general case and a continuous function may have one, both, or neither property; this fact remains true even if one restricts oneself to metric spaces. Although their definitions seem more natural, open and closed maps are much less important than continuous maps. Recall that, by definition, a function $$f : X \to Y$$ is continuous if the preimage of every open set of $$Y$$ is open in $$X.$$ (Equivalently, if the preimage of every closed set of $$Y$$ is closed in $$X$$).

Early study of open maps was pioneered by Simion Stoilow and Gordon Thomas Whyburn.

Definitions and characterizations
If $$S$$ is a subset of a topological space then let $$\overline{S}$$ and $$\operatorname{Cl} S$$ (resp. $$\operatorname{Int} S$$) denote the closure (resp. interior) of $$S$$ in that space. Let $$f : X \to Y$$ be a function between topological spaces. If $$S$$ is any set then $$f(S) := \left\{ f(s) ~:~ s \in S \cap \operatorname{domain} f \right\}$$ is called the image of $$S$$ under $$f.$$

Competing definitions
There are two different competing, but closely related, definitions of "" that are widely used, where both of these definitions can be summarized as: "it is a map that sends open sets to open sets." The following terminology is sometimes used to distinguish between the two definitions.

A map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called a
 * "" if whenever $$U$$ is an open subset of the domain $$X$$ then $$f(U)$$ is an open subset of $$f$$'s codomain $$Y.$$
 * "" if whenever $$U$$ is an open subset of the domain $$X$$ then $$f(U)$$ is an open subset of $$f$$'s image $$\operatorname{Im} f := f(X),$$ where as usual, this set is endowed with the subspace topology induced on it by $$f$$'s codomain $$Y.$$

Every strongly open map is a relatively open map. However, these definitions are not equivalent in general.

 * Warning: Many authors define "open map" to mean " open map" (for example, The Encyclopedia of Mathematics) while others define "open map" to mean " open map". In general, these definitions are equivalent so it is thus advisable to always check what definition of "open map" an author is using.

A surjective map is relatively open if and only if it is strongly open; so for this important special case the definitions are equivalent. More generally, a map $$f : X \to Y$$ is relatively open if and only if the surjection $$f : X \to f(X)$$ is a strongly open map.

Because $$X$$ is always an open subset of $$X,$$ the image $$f(X) = \operatorname{Im} f$$ of a strongly open map $$f : X \to Y$$ must be an open subset of its codomain $$Y.$$ In fact, a relatively open map is a strongly open map if and only if its image is an open subset of its codomain. In summary,

 * A map is strongly open if and only if it is relatively open and its image is an open subset of its codomain.

By using this characterization, it is often straightforward to apply results involving one of these two definitions of "open map" to a situation involving the other definition.

The discussion above will also apply to closed maps if each instance of the word "open" is replaced with the word "closed".

Open maps
A map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called an ' or a ' if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

 Definition: $$f : X \to Y$$ maps open subsets of its domain to open subsets of its codomain; that is, for any open subset $$U$$ of $$X$$, $$f(U)$$ is an open subset of $$Y.$$ $$f : X \to Y$$ is a relatively open map and its image $$\operatorname{Im} f := f(X)$$ is an open subset of its codomain $$Y.$$ For every $$x \in X$$ and every neighborhood $$N$$ of $$x$$ (however small), $$f(N)$$ is a neighborhood of $$f(x)$$. We can replace the first or both instances of the word "neighborhood" with "open neighborhood" in this condition and the result will still be an equivalent condition: $$f\left( \operatorname{Int}_X A \right) \subseteq \operatorname{Int}_Y ( f(A) )$$ for all subsets $$A$$ of $$X,$$ where $$\operatorname{Int}$$ denotes the topological interior of the set. Whenever $$C$$ is a closed subset of $$X$$ then the set $$\left\{ y \in Y ~:~ f^{-1}(y) \subseteq C \right\}$$ is a closed subset of $$Y.$$
 * For every $$x \in X$$ and every open neighborhood $$N$$ of $$x$$, $$f(N)$$ is a neighborhood of $$f(x)$$.
 * For every $$x \in X$$ and every open neighborhood $$N$$ of $$x$$, $$f(N)$$ is an open neighborhood of $$f(x)$$.
 * This is a consequence of the identity $$f(X \setminus R) = Y \setminus \left\{ y \in Y : f^{-1}(y) \subseteq R \right\},$$ which holds for all subsets $$R \subseteq X.$$

If $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a basis for $$X$$ then the following can be appended to this list:

 * 1) $$f$$ maps basic open sets to open sets in its codomain (that is, for any basic open set $$B \in \mathcal{B},$$ $$f(B)$$ is an open subset of $$Y$$).

Closed maps
A map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called a  if whenever $$C$$ is a closed subset of the domain $$X$$ then $$f(C)$$ is a closed subset of $$f$$'s image $$\operatorname{Im} f := f(X),$$ where as usual, this set is endowed with the subspace topology induced on it by $$f$$'s codomain $$Y.$$

A map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called a ' or a ' if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

 Definition: $$f : X \to Y$$ maps closed subsets of its domain to closed subsets of its codomain; that is, for any closed subset $$C$$ of $$X,$$ $$f(C)$$ is a closed subset of $$Y.$$ $$f : X \to Y$$ is a relatively closed map and its image $$\operatorname{Im} f := f(X)$$ is a closed subset of its codomain $$Y.$$

$$\overline{f(A)} \subseteq f\left(\overline{A}\right)$$ for every subset $$A \subseteq X.$$

$$\overline{f(C)} \subseteq f(C)$$ for every closed subset $$C \subseteq X.$$

$$\overline{f(C)} = f(C)$$ for every closed subset $$C \subseteq X.$$

Whenever $$U$$ is an open subset of $$X$$ then the set $$\left\{y \in Y ~:~ f^{-1}(y) \subseteq U\right\}$$ is an open subset of $$Y.$$

If $$x_{\bull}$$ is a net in $$X$$ and $$y \in Y$$ is a point such that $$f\left(x_{\bull}\right) \to y$$ in $$Y,$$ then $$x_{\bull}$$ converges in $$X$$ to the set $$f^{-1}(y).$$

 * The convergence $$x_{\bull} \to f^{-1}(y)$$ means that every open subset of $$X$$ that contains $$f^{-1}(y)$$ will contain $$x_j$$ for all sufficiently large indices $$j.$$

A surjective map is strongly closed if and only if it is relatively closed. So for this important special case, the two definitions are equivalent. By definition, the map $$f : X \to Y$$ is a relatively closed map if and only if the surjection $$f : X \to \operatorname{Im} f$$ is a strongly closed map.

If in the open set definition of "continuous map" (which is the statement: "every preimage of an open set is open"), both instances of the word "open" are replaced with "closed" then the statement of results ("every preimage of a closed set is closed") is to continuity. This does not happen with the definition of "open map" (which is: "every image of an open set is open") since the statement that results ("every image of a closed set is closed") is the definition of "closed map", which is in general equivalent to openness. There exist open maps that are not closed and there also exist closed maps that are not open. This difference between open/closed maps and continuous maps is ultimately due to the fact that for any set $$S,$$ only $$f(X \setminus S) \supseteq f(X) \setminus f(S)$$ is guaranteed in general, whereas for preimages, equality $$f^{-1}(Y \setminus S) = f^{-1}(Y) \setminus f^{-1}(S)$$ always holds.

Examples
The function $$f : \R \to \R$$ defined by $$f(x) = x^2$$ is continuous, closed, and relatively open, but not (strongly) open. This is because if $$U = (a, b)$$ is any open interval in $$f$$'s domain $$\R$$ that does contain $$0$$ then $$f(U) = (\min \{ a^2, b^2 \}, \max \{ a^2, b^2 \}),$$ where this open interval is an open subset of both $$\R$$ and $$\operatorname{Im} f := f(\R) = [0, \infty).$$ However, if $$U = (a, b)$$ is any open interval in $$\R$$ that contains $$0$$ then $$f(U) = [0, \max \{ a^2, b^2 \}),$$ which is not an open subset of $$f$$'s codomain $$\R$$ but  an open subset of $$\operatorname{Im} f = [0, \infty).$$ Because the set of all open intervals in $$\R$$ is a basis for the Euclidean topology on $$\R,$$ this shows that $$f : \R \to \R$$ is relatively open but not (strongly) open.

If $$Y$$ has the discrete topology (that is, all subsets are open and closed) then every function $$f : X \to Y$$ is both open and closed (but not necessarily continuous). For example, the floor function from $\R$ to $\Z$ is open and closed, but not continuous. This example shows that the image of a connected space under an open or closed map need not be connected.

Whenever we have a product of topological spaces $X=\prod X_i,$ the natural projections $$p_i : X \to  X_i$$ are open  (as well as continuous). Since the projections of fiber bundles and covering maps are locally natural projections of products, these are also open maps. Projections need not be closed however. Consider for instance the projection $$p_1 : \R^2 \to \R$$ on the first component; then the set $$A = \{(x, 1/x) : x \neq 0\}$$ is closed in $$\R^2,$$ but $$p_1(A) = \R \setminus \{0\}$$ is not closed in $$\R.$$ However, for a compact space $$Y,$$ the projection $$X \times Y \to X$$ is closed. This is essentially the tube lemma.

To every point on the unit circle we can associate the angle of the positive $$x$$-axis with the ray connecting the point with the origin. This function from the unit circle to the half-open interval [0,2π) is bijective, open, and closed, but not continuous. It shows that the image of a compact space under an open or closed map need not be compact. Also note that if we consider this as a function from the unit circle to the real numbers, then it is neither open nor closed. Specifying the codomain is essential.

Sufficient conditions
Every homeomorphism is open, closed, and continuous. In fact, a bijective continuous map is a homeomorphism if and only if it is open, or equivalently, if and only if it is closed.

The composition of two (strongly) open maps is an open map and the composition of two (strongly) closed maps is a closed map. However, the composition of two relatively open maps need not be relatively open and similarly, the composition of two relatively closed maps need not be relatively closed. If $$f : X \to Y$$ is strongly open (respectively, strongly closed) and $$g : Y \to Z$$ is relatively open (respectively, relatively closed) then $$g \circ f : X \to Z$$ is relatively open (respectively, relatively closed).

Let $$f : X \to Y$$ be a map. Given any subset $$T \subseteq Y,$$ if $$f : X \to Y$$ is a relatively open (respectively, relatively closed, strongly open, strongly closed, continuous, surjective) map then the same is true of its restriction $$f\big\vert_{f^{-1}(T)} ~:~ f^{-1}(T) \to T$$ to the $f$-saturated subset $$f^{-1}(T).$$

The categorical sum of two open maps is open, or of two closed maps is closed. The categorical product of two open maps is open, however, the categorical product of two closed maps need not be closed.

A bijective map is open if and only if it is closed. The inverse of a bijective continuous map is a bijective open/closed map (and vice versa). A surjective open map is not necessarily a closed map, and likewise, a surjective closed map is not necessarily an open map. All local homeomorphisms, including all coordinate charts on manifolds and all covering maps, are open maps.

$$

A variant of the closed map lemma states that if a continuous function between locally compact Hausdorff spaces is proper then it is also closed.

In complex analysis, the identically named open mapping theorem states that every non-constant holomorphic function defined on a connected open subset of the complex plane is an open map.

The invariance of domain theorem states that a continuous and locally injective function between two $$n$$-dimensional topological manifolds must be open.

$$

In functional analysis, the open mapping theorem states that every surjective continuous linear operator between Banach spaces is an open map. This theorem has been generalized to topological vector spaces beyond just Banach spaces.

A surjective map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called an ' if for every $$y \in Y$$ there exists some $$x \in f^{-1}(y)$$ such that $$x$$ is a ' for $$f,$$ which by definition means that for every open neighborhood $$U$$ of $$x,$$ $$f(U)$$ is a neighborhood of $$f(x)$$ in $$Y$$ (note that the neighborhood $$f(U)$$ is not required to be an neighborhood). Every surjective open map is an almost open map but in general, the converse is not necessarily true. If a surjection $$f : (X, \tau) \to (Y, \sigma)$$ is an almost open map then it will be an open map if it satisfies the following condition (a condition that does depend in any way on $$Y$$'s topology $$\sigma$$):
 * whenever $$m, n \in X$$ belong to the same fiber of $$f$$ (that is, $$f(m) = f(n)$$) then for every neighborhood $$U \in \tau$$ of $$m,$$ there exists some neighborhood $$V \in \tau$$ of $$n$$ such that $$F(V) \subseteq F(U).$$

If the map is continuous then the above condition is also necessary for the map to be open. That is, if $$f : X \to Y$$ is a continuous surjection then it is an open map if and only if it is almost open and it satisfies the above condition.

Open or closed maps that are continuous
If $$f : X \to Y$$ is a continuous map that is also open closed then:
 * if $$f$$ is a surjection then it is a quotient map and even a hereditarily quotient map,
 * A surjective map $$f : X \to Y$$ is called if for every subset $$T \subseteq Y,$$ the restriction $$f\big\vert_{f^{-1}(T)} ~:~ f^{-1}(T) \to T$$ is a quotient map.
 * if $$f$$ is an injection then it is a topological embedding.
 * if $$f$$ is a bijection then it is a homeomorphism.

In the first two cases, being open or closed is merely a sufficient condition for the conclusion that follows. In the third case, it is necessary as well.

Open continuous maps
If $$f : X \to Y$$ is a continuous (strongly) open map, $$A \subseteq X,$$ and $$S \subseteq Y,$$ then:

$$f^{-1}\left(\operatorname{Bd}_Y S\right) = \operatorname{Bd}_X \left(f^{-1}(S)\right)$$ where $$\operatorname{Bd}$$ denotes the boundary of a set.

$$f^{-1}\left(\overline{S}\right) = \overline{f^{-1}(S)}$$ where $$\overline{S}$$ denote the closure of a set.

If $$\overline{A} = \overline{\operatorname{Int}_X A},$$ where $$\operatorname{Int} $$ denotes the interior of a set, then $$\overline{\operatorname{Int}_Y f(A)} = \overline{f(A)} = \overline{f\left(\operatorname{Int}_X A\right)} = \overline{f \left(\overline{\operatorname{Int}_X A}\right)}$$ where this set $$\overline{f(A)}$$ is also necessarily a regular closed set (in $$Y$$). In particular, if $$A$$ is a regular closed set then so is $$\overline{f(A)}.$$ And if $$A$$ is a regular open set then so is $$Y \setminus \overline{f(X \setminus A)}.$$

If the continuous open map $$f : X \to Y$$ is also surjective then $$\operatorname{Int}_X f^{-1}(S) = f^{-1}\left(\operatorname{Int}_Y S\right)$$ and moreover, $$S$$ is a regular open (resp. a regular closed) subset of $$Y$$ if and only if $$f^{-1}(S)$$ is a regular open (resp. a regular closed) subset of $$X.$$

If a net $$y_{\bull} = \left(y_i\right)_{i \in I}$$ converges in $$Y$$ to a point $$y \in Y$$ and if the continuous open map $$f : X \to Y$$ is surjective, then for any $$x \in f^{-1}(y)$$ there exists a net $$x_{\bull} = \left(x_a\right)_{a \in A}$$ in $$X$$ (indexed by some directed set $$A$$) such that $$x_{\bull} \to x$$ in $$X$$ and $$f\left(x_{\bull}\right) := \left(f\left(x_a\right)\right)_{a \in A}$$ is a subnet of $$y_{\bull}.$$ Moreover, the indexing set $$A$$ may be taken to be $$A := I \times \mathcal{N}_x$$ with the product order where $$\mathcal{N}_x$$ is any neighbourhood basis of $$x$$ directed by $$\,\supseteq.\,$$

title: Open and closed maps


text:
Talk:1872 in the United States

Untitled
By creating this article I just realized that there is actaully no need for seperate 'year in U.S.' articles. Most of the year articles are almost all about the United States already. - SimonP 07:25, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * All the more reason to create them! By moving lots of the stuff off them that is only relevant to the US, you would enable the usual year pages to become more global in their outlook. :) Oh, but how about "United States" instead of "U.S.", for consistency with the name given to the United States article? It probably doesn't matter either way. It's just a suggestion... -- Oliver P. 09:51, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:1872 in the United States


text:
Vanity of Duluoz

Vanity of Duluoz: An Adventurous Education, 1935–46 is a 1968 semi-autobiographical novel by Jack Kerouac. The book describes the adventures of Kerouac's alter ego, Jack Duluoz, covering the period of his life between 1935 and 1946. The book includes reminiscences of the author's high school experiences in Lowell, Massachusetts, his education at Columbia University, and his subsequent naval service during World War II. It culminates with the beginnings of the beat movement. It was Kerouac's last work published during his life. The tone of the book has been noted for its stark contrast to On the Road.

Background
When Kerouac wrote Vanity of Duluoz in 1967 he had already been disenchanted and suffered alcoholism for several years, and his literary output had decreased. Typical of his memoir-style writing (but using a more structured grammar style he'd abandoned after his first novel The Town and the City), the book delves into his past in Lowell and New York, and narrates his various travels and other living situations. It revolves around the time of the pre-WWII and war years and his time in college and the merchant marines, and concludes with his life in the early renaissance of the Beat Generation. However, due to Kerouac's rambling style the book is frequently laced with comments on his contemporary world, his mid-life musings, and jabberwocky-like wordplay, and through certain portions of the book, he addresses the narration to "wifey".

Towards the end of the book, in Book 13, Kerouac identifies the meaning of his vanity with the words of King Solomon found in Ecclesiastes: "There is nothing new under the sun;" "All is vanity."

Character Key
Kerouac often based his fictional characters on friends and family.

""Because of the objections of my early publishers I was not allowed to use the same personae names in each work.""

title: Vanity of Duluoz


text:
User talk:Black mage90

Hi. If you continue your acts of vandalism on Benedict Arnold, you will be blocked from accessing wikipedia. Please read the official guidelines that can be found via the Main page before continuing to edit. --snoyes 07:35, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Black mage90


text:
Talk:List of governors of Alabama

List display
What's with the weird font on the list? Or is that just my browser? john 07:37, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

'Pears to be your browser. What are you using? -- Rob C (Alarob) 02:36, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Numbering errors
The numbering of Governors on this list, are inconsistant with the numberings at Ala Govenor bios (example: George Wallace, Bob Riley etc). GoodDay 23:42, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Have no fear, I've corrected the relating Ala Governor bio's to match this list. GoodDay 15:03, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Automatic addition of "class=FA"
A bot has added class=FA to the WikiProject banners on this page, as it's listed as a featured lists. If you see a mistake, please revert, and leave a note on the bot's talk page. Thanks, BOT Giggabot (talk) 03:25, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 5 one external links on List of Governors of Alabama. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100531011826/http://www.nga.org:80/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD to http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100531011802/http://www.nga.org:80/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=7c0b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD to http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=7c0b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090219111851/http://www.nga.org:80/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b8e08e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD to http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=b8e08e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090911064811/http://www.nga.org:80/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=d93b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD to http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=d93b224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100531011826/http://www.nga.org:80/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD to http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=ab1a8e0adaad2010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:51, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

screen real-estate
There are some formatting-changes being attempted, which have the admirable goal of getting the official portraits into the 'pedia. However, the downside is that the pictures are pretty big, not just in bytes to be downloaded, but in the screen-real-estate that is required to hold them.

Here is the page as of August, with selected pictures shown to the right of the table:
 * three screens of info for governors #1 thru #53, plus several pictures to the right of the table , and several paragraphs above the table.
 * roughly one screen-fulls per century of data: can see history from 1907 thru 2011 on a single screen-full.

Here is the upgrade as of September, with the majority of the governor-rows having a picture embedded *into* their row of the table:
 * eight screens of info for governors #1 thru #53, with pictures now embedded one-pic-per-cell into every row of the table , and several paragraphs above the table.
 * roughly three screen-fulls per century of data: can see history from 1904 thru 1931, 1935 thru 1968 , and 1971 thru 2011 on a single screen-full (each).

I think there is something to be said for avoiding excess whitespace: it allows the readership to better understand the history of the position. In particular, on 4" screens that some smartphones offer, a compact layout is a Good Thing. Even on a relatively-very-large desktop display, the change to the table-structure is significant:  around three times the textual-data is visible, if we don't have large portraits in every row of the table.

I don't have a firm stance on the best way forward here; it is possible to somewhat mitigate the excess-whitespace-problem, simply by reducing the image-size of the portraits, but of course, that makes the images less compelling. Is there some way that we can have a tiny thumbnail-image of the portrait, say 50pixels high, and when the readership hovers their mouse (or taps their finger) on the image-thumbnail, they see a zoomed-in-version of the picture, without leaving the page, and without obscuring the textual data in the list? If so, that might solve two problems, getting rid of excess whitespace, and permitting all 53+ governor portraits to be included without forcing large download-sizes. Ping User:Golbez and User:Spartan7W, who are working on these layout changes methinks. 75.108.94.227 (talk) 22:53, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

 * When reading the article on a mobile device, the portraits are shrunk anyway, so I don't think we need to worry about phones... as for the rest of your request, that would be a major change to Wikipedia far beyond the scope of the editors on this page. I could go either way, swapping portraits out for a gallery of interesting ones, as it used to be, but the trend does appear to be towards including portraits in the table when possible. Finally, you say you want thumbnails 50px high... these are generally twice that, and I can't imagine them being useful at 1/4 the size (halving both height and width). --Golbez (talk) 05:28, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Golbez, here is a modified version of the table in mainspace, using current Alabama guv Bentley (mainspace is at 75px but I think 50px is quite useful ... on my screensize and screenrez albeit). I've also swiped one of the CCBYSA4-licensed pics of a presidential candidate, which has been 'zoomed in' by cropping the original photo.  If we used https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:CropTool or equivalent on Bentley.jpg to create Bentley2.jpg, his features would be considerably clearer at 50px.  There is some value in using the 'full' official portraits as seen in the governor's mansion, but it takes a LOT of whitespace to do it thataway.

 * Now, this table-style still requires the readership to click (or tap) the picture-thumbnail, to see the larger size. There have been some attempts to get javascript-popups in 2009 at WP:POPUPS and more recently at User:Zocky/Picture_Popups, but nothing suitable for mainspace, and per the WP:Deviations ... gotta love how using javascript to improve wikipedia makes one officially a ' deviant  deviationist ' in the eyes of the MOS folks ... seems unlikely that we'll ever get such things, either.  Anyways, be that as it may, I don't think 50px is too tiny.  Can you test if it looks bad on the devices you have available, please?  75.108.94.227 (talk) 17:44, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Just to point out, these are widths. Above you suggested 50px high, which would indicate an even smaller width than 50 for portraits. --Golbez (talk) 18:10, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks... I was actually using a WP:Gallery_tag at first, and I believe those are height-controlled. But pretty sure you are correct that the pics in the normal wiki-table are width-controlled, which is different.  Using the sample table about, and duplicated the rows therein a bunch of times (previewed but not saved to avoid cluttering up this thread), here is the amount of user-visible data at any one time, on my particular PC config, for the various available picture-widths:
 * at 75px: I can see 08 governor-rows, per screenfull of info
 * at 50px: I can see 12 governor-rows, per screenfull of info
 * at 25px: I can see 22 governor-rows, per screenfull of info
 * at 17px: I can see 30 governor-rows, per screenfull of info (which would also be the case for a table with no pics, aka the gallery-of-selected-pics to the righthand side)
 * So numerically, using pics-in-the-gallery-to-the-right (or size 17px-and-lower) means we display 3.8 times as much reader-visible information, on the non-mobile devices at least. Dropping down to 50px is an improvement, since there is only 2.6 times as much info visible to the readership, in that case, versus gallery-to-the-right-layout.  If we could go all the way to 25px, the difference between that and the gallery-to-the-side style is around 1.4 times the info, which is within striking distance.  But I don't think the pictures at such small sizes add much value.  And going all the way to 17px, there is effectively no loss of whitespace, but these are mini-icon-sizes, and may not be acceptable aesthetically.  Anyways, I think there is a balance between using big beautiful pics, and providing reasonably-dense and readability-oriented textual info, and 75px is "too big".  Any thoughts on what a good compromise is, or perhaps, on what an alternative arrangement of the info might offer?
 * p.s. I came here after talkstalking the usertalk conversation between User:Golbez and User:Spartan7W, because Spartan7W and myself are trying to work out some table-layouts for the 2016 presidential candidate pages.  This table of Alabama governors is the "option#H" layout-style, which I cordially dislike because it requires so much whitespace -- though I do like that it can be WP:sortable.  The previous style of the page, with the gallery to the side, was close to the "option#E" layout-style.  The RfC in question is still open, although is not very active now, it's almost done; I won't link to it in case anybody would interpret that as non-neutral canvassing, since I've expressed a clear opinion and so has Golbez.  :-)  &nbps; &nbps; Anyways, at the risk of a technical foul, figured I would mention where my sudden interest in the page-layout of the governor-list-pages stems from. 75.108.94.227 (talk) 18:22, 17 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm willing to try 50 wide. And you don't need to justify your activity here. :) But where is this RfC you speak of? I couldn't find it. --Golbez (talk) 18:40, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

I think 50px is far too small. 75px seems like the smallest size which is sufficiently expanded to see in reasonable detail the individual, without needing to click on that governor's main article. Additionally, it depends on the list and nature of the list. For Alabama, there are many governors, many lacking an available (or existant) portrait. For more defined lists, like California, larger files are better.  Spartan7W  §   00:58, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Acting governors
What's the best way to handle these? It seems weird to have them lumped in after the governors they were acting for, like Beasley. One could propose that it should read Wallace from Jan 18 1971 to June 5 1972, Beasley from June 5 1972 to July 7 1972, and Wallace from July 7 1972 to January 15 1979. But on the other hand, Wallace was still governor during the time that Beasley was acting, so it seems incorrect to have a gap there. Any ideas? --Golbez (talk) 06:28, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Hugh McVay is said in this article to have been the shortest-serving governor of Alabama not to have been acting governor, but his own article says that he was "acting governor of Alabama from July 17, 1837 to November 30, 1837..." so which is really true? 2600:1004:B16F:EB9:24FD:EAC4:CD4:8F47 (talk) 23:37, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * hm I'm guessing it's coming from the source, which specifically notes "acting" governors but doesn't do that for McVay, probably because he ascended to the office before there were strict rules for it. --Golbez (talk) 03:58, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of Governors of Alabama. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060923081542/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeofAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140415051342/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1819/1819.html to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1819/1819.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:18, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on List of Governors of Alabama. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080923085111/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1875/1875.html to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1875/1875.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080923085152/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1868/1868.html to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1868/1868.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080923085141/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1865/1865.html to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1865/1865.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080920084219/http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1861/1861.html to http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1861/1861.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:10, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

To do
Outstanding questions: --Golbez (talk) 16:41, 3 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Did Bagby succeed McVay on November 22 or November 30? State has been emailed.
 * State says "According to my research, McVay was appointed interim governor after C. C. Clay resigned to take a seat in Congress. I also found one article from the Voice of Sumter (Livingston, AL) dated November 28, 1837 that states “Inauguration – On Tuesday 21st instant, A. P. Bagby Governor elect of this state, was installed into office at 12 M (noon).”".
 * I would really like to know why O'Neal succeeded Comer on November 17, based on the court ruling, but none of the other governors are considered to have been the next day.
 * Why did Applegate take office as Lt Gov on August 13, and not July 14?

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of Governors of New York which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:29, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:54, 4 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Governor Kay Ivey.jpg

Post-1907: Midnight term ends/begins
Alright, what's this 'midnight' thing about & why (if it's accurate) hasn't it been added to the post-1907 governors & lieutenant governors bio articles? GoodDay (talk) 07:05, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Because no one's added it. As for if it's accurate, I only have the sources linked to go on. --Golbez (talk) 15:03, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Acting governors
Is there a meaningful distinction between an "acting" who replaced a deceased or resigned governor, and one who properly "succeeded" to the office? Like, I know they can be differing concepts, but are they so close as to be irrelevant in most cases? In the few cases where it matters (like where the president of the senate loses their senate seat while acting as governor, but I don't think that happens in Alabama) we could go into more detail, but I noticed that Kallenbach says they didn't care about the distinction, so I'm wondering if we should. It starts to feel like synthesis when I'm interpreting a constitution. --Golbez (talk) 21:12, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of governors of Alabama


text:
Wiremu Kīngi

Wiremu Kīngi Te Rangitāke (c. 1795 – 13 January 1882), Māori Chief of the Te Āti Awa Tribe, was leader of the Māori forces in the First Taranaki War.

He was born in 1795-1800 in Manukorihi pa, near Waitara. He was one of the 3 sons of Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga and Te Kehu. He and his father Te Rere-tā-whangawhanga were involved in the major disturbances and migrations caused by the Musket Wars. They were probably involved in the sieges of Pukerangiora and Otaka in 1832. They also probably fought alongside Te Rauparaha during his tribe's journey from Kawhia to Waikanae in 1822. He returned in 1824, and led the tribe to settle in Waikanae in 1834. However, he is mainly associated with Waitara in Northern Taranaki.

In 1839 Colonel William Wakefield toured the area and persuaded the Māori chiefs to sign various deeds that transferred ownership of most of the tribal land to the New Zealand Company. The transaction was to cause a great deal of trouble and eventually was a factor that led  to war.

Te Āti Awa initially accepted the changes brought about by the arrival of Pākehā (European settlers) and their new government. In May 1840 their chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi and in 1843–1844 they built a large and beautiful church for the missionaries. On 31 January 1842 the whole of Northern Taranaki from Cape Egmont northwards to the Tongaporutu River was purchased by the crown from Kati Te Wherowhero, who later became the first Maori king. The deed was printed in both English and Maori. The price paid was 150 pounds, 2 horses, 2 saddles, 2 bridles and 100 blankets. The land sold to the government included all the land around Waitara which was under the mana of Te Wherowhero. However, disenchantment began when the Land Commissioner, William Spain, awarded the New Plymouth settlers 200 km² of tribal land around New Plymouth. Wiremu Kīngi wrote to Governor Robert FitzRoy making it clear that they would not yield their tribal lands, particularly around Waitara. Their case was weakened in the minds of settlers because the bulk of the tribe were then living around Waikanae about 250 km to the south since 1822-23. However, despite opposition from the Government, they returned to Taranaki 25 years later, in 1848 and settled around Waitara. Grey recognised that Te Atiawa's Wiremu Kīngi had been a valued ally in the 1846 war in Wellington where he had sided with the government forces. Grey was reluctant to take action against someone who had shown his loyalty to the crown.

Over the next 11 years the government and settlers made numerous attempts to acquire more of the tribal land, but were restricted to about 20 km² around New Plymouth. Wiremu Kīngi remained firm in his refusal to part with any of the tribal land. Gradually relations between the two peoples deteriorated. However, despite his concern with retaining land Kīngi did not support the largely Waikato centred King movement.

In 1859 a minor tribal chief, Teira, who was feuding with Kīngi, made an offer of some land directly to Governor Thomas Gore Browne. The government accepted the offer despite warnings from many influential missionaries such as Octavius Hadfield and a previous Chief Justice, William Martin, that the purchase was illegal.

The stakes grew as Kīngi refused to budge. Prominent settlers called for him to be surrounded, deported and, if he fired one shot, hanged. The Government pressed ahead and sent in surveyors, declaring that once the survey was complete, the land would be occupied by the military to prevent any Māori occupation. They were blocked by the Te Atiawa people, so the army was sent in. The first shots of the First Taranaki War were fired on 17 March 1860. The war lasted a year and decided nothing except that the Māori were better tacticians than the Pākehā. There followed an uneasy truce when the government agreed to re-examine the question and, three years later, Governor George Grey renounced the purchase.

After the war Kīngi withdrew inland beyond the areas influenced by the Pākehā with the people of Ngati Maru at Manutangihia, in the upper reaches of the Waitara River. In 1863 Kīngi went to the Waikato to take part in this campaign. He was at Rangiriri Pa after the defeat at Meremere by General Cameron. Like many of the leaders he found a reason to leave Rangiriri as the British army, supported by militia and kupapa (loyal) Maori closed in. When the British gunboats appeared Wiremu Kīngi left After 12 years he returned to New Plymouth to make his peace with the Pākehā government and later retired to Parihaka where he lived with the prophet Te Whiti o Rongomai for several years. His last years were spent at Kaingaru near Waitara where he died on 13 January 1882.

In 2004, the New Plymouth District Council resolved to sell 146 ha of land at Waitara to the Crown on condition that it was used in settlement of Te Atiawa claims under the Treaty of Waitangi. Leaseholders mounted unsuccessful legal opposition in 2008 and 2011.

His great grandson was Jack McLeod who played nine matches for the New Zealand rugby league team and represented Taranaki, Auckland, Auckland Māori and New Zealand Māori. McLeod's mother was Ada Rahunga McLeod (nee Peters), who was Kingi's granddaughter from his second wife (Haupani Mere Peters).

title: Wiremu Kīngi


text:
Talk:November 19

Untitled
Removed:
 * 1993 - Sonic CD is released for the Sega CD in North America.
 * 2006 - The Nintendo Wii is released in many countries for the first time including The United States of America, Japan, and Brazil.

Trivial. --mav 07:40, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Moved:
 * 2002 - The United States Senate passes the Homeland Security Bill, 90-9.

The day it was signed into law (November 25) is much more important. --mav 07:40, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

My addition of International Men's Day was removed and called "vandalism." I'm confused by this; what are the guidelines for including a holiday on the list? --128.32.183.116 01:00, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * When I clicked on International Men's Day it was in the process of being speedy deleted. Now that tag is not on the page for whatever reason.  Seeing as how the page was being deleted, it seemed it was vandalism, so I deleted the entry.  If it's a legitimate entry, I apologize and by all means, please put it up again. Dismas 01:21, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

St. Hilda's Day
As the entry for St. Hilda's Day indicates that it's held on either Nov. 17th (Catholic) or 18th (Anglican), I'm removing the reference from this page. Perhaps it should be added to the appropriate days?

Videogames
I don't see why we shouldn't add on for the Wii release. Anyone got a good reason? --Nintendorules.exe

 * Well, there's the fact that we're not the ad agency for Nintendo or any other product looking for recognition for a commercial product launch. --CalendarWatcher 02:07, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Good point. I SWEAR I'M NOT A NINTENDO AD AGENCY. --Nintendorules.exe

 * And neither is Wikipedia. --CalendarWatcher 03:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't get it! To a lot of people the Wii release is a big thing! I'm (one of) the guy(s) that added it and it got deleted. I also notice that Nov. 17 says the same thing regarding PS3! These are big things to a lot of people!!

 * Do not worry I just added it again they ont be able to get rid of it this time. --Super Mario Bro

 * While I agree that individual games should not be listed in this format, the launch of a console is somewhat noteworthy. As the Wii is something of a phenomenon, in that it reaches out to non-gamers, something that has been noted by numerous non-gaming sources (I'll track down citations), that qualifies as noteworthy.  But, I'll defer to the masses, whichever way it's decided.
 * McDoobAU93 20:28, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Although today the Wii seems to be a phenomenon a few years from now it will not be a milestone. The only thing that might be said to make the Wii stand out, a motion sensing controller was available for games on the Sega Dreamcast, such as Sega Marine Fishing. The Wii is just another console.  -- Drappel 23:15, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It is another console, but its noteworthiness comes not just from its control scheme (which, you are correct, has been done in limited cases before) but from how Nintendo has bucked numerous trends in gaming and established its own course, that of going after non-gamers and emphasizing fun over graphics. Even Dreamcast is noteworthy in that it was the last console Sega manufactured.  Again, I'll defer to the majority, but considering some of the other entries on this site, a few bytes to mention the Wii here (or, to be fair, the other console launches of note) shouldn't damage the article irreparably.  I know this discussion thread is starting to smack of fanboy-ism, unfortunately.
 * McDoobAU93 07:27, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

"Malice at the Palace"
Someone added in a listing for the now-famous brawl between Ron Artest and Ben Wallace in Auburn Hills, Michigan, in 2004. I went ahead and removed it as non-noteworthy, but I did want to bring it up before the editing community to see if maybe this particular event, because it spilled into the stands and may well have been fully triggered by a fan, would indeed be noteworthy. Opinions?

--McDoobAU93 15:36, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

What is noteworthy?
A recent edit, presumed to be in good faith, removed some events that, in my opinion, are still noteworthy and should be on the list. The particular events, and why I believe they are:

 * 1954--Sammy Davis Jr. loses an eye in a traffic accident (this is a significant event in a noteworthy person's life)
 * 1955--First issue of National Review (a prominent and noteworthy magazine starts its life)
 * 1990--Milli Vanilli loses Grammy (major recording scandal comes to a head)
 * 1999--John Carpenter first to win $1m on "Millionaire" (first person to win the top prize on any version of the show)

Granted, these are my own opinions on the matter. To that end, I have two questions to present. First: why are these events not noteworthy? Second: What should constitute "noteworthy" here? I think there are some issues that are of lesser note that could be removed, but none of those were stricken in this particular edit. If there is a really good template or litmus test to follow, please point me to it. Thanks. --McDoobAU93 05:58, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * None of these events are globally notable or would remain so for the next 50 years. First, Sammy Davis' injury was not a turning point in his life nor did it make him better, more famous, more notable, etc. He was not known for having one eye.  As far as the rest of the world is concerned it is newsworthy but not noteworthy.  As far as the National Review:  The first issue is not in itself notable.  It did not change the world on that day.  No magazines are notable just because they were founded.  The Milli Vanilli entry is arguable only because AFAIK it is the only example of a Grammy being lost.  It still didn't change the world.  Likewise with the Millionaire thing.  Check out this for some ideas on what is generally accepted as notable enough for Wikicalendar articles.  I generally remove the items that jump out at me in a quick review and agree that there are always other items that need to be removed. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 17:54, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

November 19
Hello. I see you removed theRandy Pausch Day from the November 19 article. (He's the computer professor with terminal cancer who has been giving very popular and inspirational speeches). I was wondering what level of importance was required for an observation to qualify for the list. Thanks!--Shizzy9989 (talk) 03:17, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * This observance is not a recurring observance. By that I mean that it only was observed on November 19, 2007.  In order for observances to be listed, they must recur on the same date each year.  Also, this is only an observance in Pittsburgh, PA.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 04:04, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, that makes sense to me. Thanks!--Shizzy9989 (talk) 15:53, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

About hl
Should I add for 1998, "half-life came out and the half-life series started." because I thought video game releases were listed?35.141.133.26 (talk) 19:04, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 19


text:
Hokkaido Railway Company

The Hokkaido Railway Company (北海道旅客鉄道株式会社) is one of the constituent companies of the Japan Railways Group (JR Group), and is often referred to using its official abbreviation of JR Hokkaido (JR北海道). It operates intercity and local rail services in Hokkaido, Japan. The company introduced Kitaca, a smart card ticketing system, in autumn 2008.

At the time of its privatization in 1987, JR Hokkaido operated 21 railway lines totalling 3176.6 km of narrow-gauge track, as well as a ferry service to Aomori. Since then, that figure has dwindled to just below 2500 km, as unprofitable lines have been shut down or spun off (in the case of the Hokkaidō Chihoku Kōgen Railway). The ferry service has also been replaced by the Seikan Tunnel.

On 19 November 2016, JR Hokkaido's president announced plans to further rationalize its network by the withdrawal of services from up to 1,237 km, or about 50% of the current network, including closure of the remaining section of the Rumoi Main Line (the Rumoi - Mashike section closed on 4 December 2016), the Shin-Yubari - Yubari section of the Sekisho Line (closed on 1 April 2019), the non-electrified section of the Sassho Line (closed 17 April 2020) and the Nemuro Line between Furano and Shintoku. Other lines including the Sekihoku Main Line, Senmo Main Line, the Nayoro - Wakkanai section of the Soya Line and Kushiro - Nemuro section of the Nemuro Line are proposed for conversion to Third Sector operation, but if local governments are not agreeable, such sections will also face closure. JR Hokkaido closed 25 stations from March 2021 to March 2022 due to a decrease in passengers. JR Hokkaido's headquarters are in Chūō-ku, Sapporo.

History

 * 1 April 1987: Upon the privatization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR), the Hokkaido Railway Company was formed
 * 25 October 2008: Kitaca contactless smart card introduced in Sapporo area
 * 26 March 2016: First Hokkaido Shinkansen service between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto launched.

Headquarters and branch offices

 * Headquarters: 1-1-15 Kita-11-jō-Nishi, Chūō-ku, Sapporo
 * Branch offices:
 * Asahikawa branch office: 6-4152-2 Miyashita-dōri, Asahikawa
 * Hakodate branch office: 12-5 Wakamatsu-chō, Hakodate
 * Kushiro branch office: 5-14 Kita-ōdōri, Kushiro

Shinkansen

 * Hokkaido Shinkansen:
 * Shin-Aomori - Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto 148.9 km

Trunk lines

 * Chitose Line:
 * Shiroishi - Numanohata 60.2 km
 * Minami-Chitose - New Chitose Airport 2.6 km
 * Hakodate Main Line
 * Hakodate - Ōnuma-Kōen - Otaru - Sapporo - Asahikawa 423.1 km
 * Nanae - Oshima-Sawara - Mori 35.3 km
 * Muroran Main Line
 * Oshamanbe - Higashi-Muroran - Oiwake - Iwamizawa 211.0 km
 * Higashi-Muroran - Muroran 7.0 km
 * Nemuro Main Line
 * Takikawa - Obihiro - Nemuro 443.8 km
 * Sekishō Line
 * Minami-Chitose - Shintoku 132.4 km

Other lines

 * Furano Line
 * Furano - Asahikawa 54.8 km
 * Hidaka Main Line
 * Tomakomai - Mukawa 30.5 km
 * Sekihoku Main Line
 * Shin-Asahikawa - Kitami - Abashiri 234.0 km
 * Rumoi Main Line
 * Ishikari-Numata - Fukagawa 14.4 km
 * Sasshō Line
 * Sōen - Hokkaidō-Iryōdaigaku 28.9 km
 * Senmō Main Line
 * Higashi-Kushiro - Abashiri 166.2 km
 * Sōya Main Line
 * Asahikawa - Nayoro - Wakkanai 259.4 km

Under construction

 * Hokkaido Shinkansen
 * Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto - Sapporo 211.3 km scheduled to open in 2031

Former lines
These lines were closed under the ownership of JR Hokkaido since 1987.
 * Chihoku Line
 * Ikeda - Kitami 140.0 km (87.0 mi) transferred to Hokkaidō Chihoku Kōgen Railway Company on June 4, 1989, then closed on April 21, 2006
 * Esashi Line
 * Goryōkaku - Kikonai 37.8 km (23.5 mi) transferred to South Hokkaido Railway Company on March 26, 2016.
 * Kikonai - Esashi 42.1 km (26.2 mi) closed on May 12, 2014.
 * Hakodate Main Line branch
 * Sunagawa - Kami-Sunagawa 7.3 km (4.5 mi) closed on May 16, 1994.
 * Horonai Line
 * Iwamizawa - Ikushumbetsu 18.1 km (11.2 mi) and Mikasa - Horonai 2.7 km (1.7 mi) closed on July 13, 1987.
 * Matsumae Line
 * Kikonai - Matsumae 50.8 km (31.6 mi) closed on February 1, 1988.
 * Nayoro Main Line
 * Nayoro - Engaru 138.1 (85.8 mi) and Naka-Yūbetsu - Yūbetsu 4.9 km (3.0 mi) closed on May 1, 1989.
 * Rumoi Main Line
 * Rumoi - Mashike 16.7 km (10.4 mi) closed on December 4, 2016.
 * Rumoi - Ishikari-Numata 35.7km (22.2 mi) closed on 1 April 2023.
 * Shibetsu Line
 * Shibecha - Nemuro-Shibetsu 69.4 km (43.1 mi) and Naka-Shibetsu - Attoko 47.5 km (29.5 mi) closed on April 30, 1989.
 * Shinmei Line
 * Fukagawa - Nayoro 121.8 km (75.7 mi) closed on September 4, 1995.
 * Tempoku Line
 * Otoineppu - Minami-Wakkanai 148.9 km (92.5 mi) closed on May 1, 1989.
 * Utashinai Line
 * Sunagawa - Utashinai 14.5 km (9.0 mi) closed on April 25, 1988.
 * Sekishō Line
 * Yūbari - Shin-Yūbari 16.1 km (10.0 mi) closed on March 31, 2019.
 * Sasshō Line
 * Hokkaidō-Iryōdaigaku - Shin-Totsukawa 47.6 km (29.6 mi) closed on April 17, 2020.

The company also operated the Seikan Ferry until 1988.

Former JNR lines closed before JR Hokkaido formation
These lines have been closed by JNR in Hokkaido before 1 April 1987.
 * Aioi Line
 * Bihoro - Kitami-Aioi 36.8 km (22.9 mi) closed on April 1, 1985
 * Bikō Line
 * Bifuka - Niupu 21.2 km (13.2 mi) closed on September 17, 1985
 * Haboro Line
 * Rumoi - Horonobe 141.1 km (87.7 mi) closed on March 30, 1987
 * Hiroo Line
 * Obihiro - Hiroo 84.0 km (52.2 mi) closed on February 2, 1987
 * Iburi Line
 * Kutchan - Datemombetsu 83.0 km (51.6 mi) and Kyōgoku - Wakikata 7.5 km (4.7 mi) closed on November 11, 1986
 * Iwanai Line
 * Kozawa - Iwanai 14.9 km (9.3 mi) closed on September 1, 1985
 * Kōhin'hoku Line
 * Hama-Tombetsu - Kitami-Esashi 30.4 km (18.9 mi) closed on July 1, 1985
 * Kōhin'nan Line
 * Ōmu - Okoppe 19.9 km (12.4 mi) closed on July 15, 1985
 * Konpoku Line
 * Shiretoko-Shari - Koshikawa 12.8 km (8.0 mi) closed on December 1, 1970
 * Manji Line
 * Shibun - Manji-Tanzan 23.8 km (14.8 mi) closed on April 1, 1985
 * Setana Line
 * Kunnui - Setana 48.4 km (30.1 mi) closed on March 16, 1987
 * Shihoro Line
 * Obihiro - Tokachi-Mitsumata 78.3 km (48.7 mi) closed on March 23, 1987
 * Shiranuka Line
 * Shiranuka - Hokushin 33.1 km (20.6 mi) closed on October 23, 1983
 * Shokotsu Line
 * Shokotsu - Kitami-Takinoue 34.3 km (21.3 mi) closed on April 1, 1985
 * Temiya Line
 * Minami-Otaru - Temiya 2.8 km (1.7 mi) closed on November 5, 1985
 * Tomiuchi Line
 * Mukawa - Hidakachō 82.5 km (51.3 mi) closed on November 1, 1986
 * Yūmō Line
 * Naka-Yūbetsu - Abashiri 121.8 km (75.7 mi) closed on March 20, 1987
 * Sasshō Line
 * Shin-Totsukawa - Ishikari-Numata 34.9 km (21.7 mi) closed on June 19, 1972

title: Hokkaido Railway Company


text:
Shikoku Railway Company

The Shikoku Railway Company (四国旅客鉄道株式会社), commonly known as JR Shikoku (JR四国), is the smallest of the seven constituent companies of the Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It operates 855.2 km of intercity and local rail services in the four prefectures on the island of Shikoku in Japan. The company has its headquarters in Takamatsu, Kagawa.

Lines
In 1988 JR Shikoku, unlike other JR companies, discontinued the classification of its rail lines as either main, secondary, or branch lines. Prior to the change, the Dosan, Kōtoku, Tokushima, and Yosan Lines had all been main lines.

Each line is color-coded and labeled with a letter, in conjunction with which a number is assigned to each station on the line. For example, Naruto Station on the Naruto Line (labeled N) is numbered N10. Although this method is now widely used by rail companies, especially metro systems in Japan, JR Shikoku was the first JR company to adopt it.

Train services
JR Shikoku provides intercity transportation with its limited express services, connecting major cities on the island of Shikoku with Okayama on Honshū. The company also operates local trains.

title: Shikoku Railway Company


text:
Kyushu Railway Company

The Kyushu Railway Company (九州旅客鉄道株式会社), also referred to as JR Kyushu (JR九州), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It operates intercity rail services within Kyushu, Japan and the JR Kyushu Jet Ferry Beetle hydrofoil service across the Tsushima Strait between Fukuoka and Busan, South Korea. It also operates hotels, restaurants, and drugstores across its service region. JR Kyushu's headquarters are in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka.

History
When Japanese National Railways was divided in 1987, Kyushu Railway Company inherited its assets and operations on the island of Kyushu along with losses of around 28.8 billion yen, exacerbated by a growing highway network in Kyushu and many lightly used rural lines. After privatization, JR Kyushu diversified its business into new ventures such as fish and mushroom farming and car sales. Two of its more successful side ventures were the Beetle ferry, started in 1991, and the Train d'or bakery chain, started in 1992. JR Kyushu also built up its premium rail services through the development of the Kyushu Shinkansen high-speed rail line and the Seven Stars in Kyushu luxury excursion train.

The company introduced SUGOCA, a smart card ticketing system, from 1 March 2009.

JR Kyushu executed its initial public offering in October 2016. Non-railway operations account for roughly 60% of the company's sales and most of its profits.

Shinkansen line

 * Shinkansen jrk.svgu Shinkansen (Kagoshima Route)
 * Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen

Main lines

 * JRK number JA.svg JRK number JB.svghima Main Line
 * JRK number JH.svgaki Main Line
 * JRK number JF.svgō Main Line
 * JRK number JE.svg JRK number JC.svg JRK number JG.svghō Main Line: Divided to three segments with different nicknames, namely Haruda Line, Hukuhoku Yutaka Line, and Wakamatsu Line.
 * Kyūdai Main Line: Nicknamed Yufu Kōgen Line
 * Hōhi Main Line: Nicknamed Aso Kōgen Line

Other lines

 * JRK number JK.svghi Line
 * JRK number JC.svg JRK number JA.svgoku Yutaka Line: A nickname for the route formed by portions of Kagoshima Main Line, Chikuhō Main Line, and the whole part of Sasaguri Line.
 * JRK number JJ.svgōji Line
 * JRK number JI.svgikosan Line
 * JRK number JE.svgi Line
 * Hisatsu Line
 * Karatsu Line
 * Kitto Line
 * Misumi Line
 * Miyazaki Kūkō Line
 * Nichinan Line
 * Ōmura Line
 * Sasaguri Line
 * Sasebo Line
 * Ibusuki Makurazaki Line

Limited express and tourist train services

 * Ariake (Hakata - Kumamoto)
 * Aru Ressha (Ōita - Hita April to June)(Sasebo - Nagasaki July to September)
 * Aso Boy (Kumamoto - Miyaji)
 * A-Train (Kumamoto - Misumi)
 * Hayato no Kaze (Kagoshima-Chūō - Yoshimatsu)
 * Huis Ten Bosch (Hakata - Huis Ten Bosch)
 * Ibusuki no Tamatebako (Kagoshima-Chūō - Ibusuki)
 * Isaburo & Shinpei (Hitoyoshi - Yoshimatsu)
 * Kaiō (Hakata - Nōgata)
 * Kasasagi (Hakata - Hizen-Kashima)
 * Kawasemi Yamasemi (Kumamoto - Hitoyoshi)
 * Kirameki (Mojikō - Hakata)
 * Kirishima (Miyazaki - Kagoshima-Chūō)
 * Kumagawa (Kumamoto - Hitoyoshi)
 * Midori (Hakata - Sasebo)
 * Nichirin/Nichirin Seagaia (Kokura - Miyazaki Kūkō)
 * Relay Kamome (Hakata - Takeo-Onsen)
 * Seven Stars in Kyushu (Circular tours of Kyushu)
 * SL Hitoyoshi (Kumamoto - Hitoyoshi/Kumamoto - Tosu)
 * Sonic (Hakata - Ōita)
 * Trans-Kyushu Limited Express (Hitoyoshi - Ōita)
 * Umisachi-Yamasachi (Miyazaki - Nangō)
 * Yufu / Yufu DX/Yufuin-no-mori (Hakata - Ōita)

title: Kyushu Railway Company


text:
Japan Freight Railway Company

Japan Freight Railway Company (日本貨物鉄道株式会社), or JR Freight (JR貨物), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It provides transportation of cargo nationwide throughout Japan. Its headquarters are in Shibuya, Tokyo near Shinjuku Station.

The Japan Railways Group was founded on 1 April 1987, when Japanese National Railways (JNR) was privatized. Japanese National Railways was divided into six regional passenger rail companies and a single freight railway company, Japan Freight Railway Company.

The company has only about 50 km of track of its own, and therefore operates on track owned by the six JR passenger railways as well as other companies which provide rail transport in Japan.

Economics
In 2017, only about 5% of all freight in Japan is carried by rail but nearly all of that, 99%, is carried by JR Freight. Trucks carry about 50% and ships about 44%. JR Freight has seen its share of the freight market gradually decrease since 1993. In the 2010s JR Freight has been carrying more freight because of the decrease in the number of available truck drivers due to age as well as government policy to reduce carbon dioxide. JR Freight has run a deficit for many years.

Lines
While major part of the operation of JR Freight is on the tracks owned and maintained by other JR companies, JR Freight owns the railway lines (as Category-1 railway business) as follows:

Rolling stock
, JR Freight owns and operates the following rolling stock, with most of the newer motive stock being exclusively built by Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions:

Diesel locomotives

 * JNR Class DE10 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives
 * JNR Class DE11 B-C diesel-hydraulic locomotives
 * JR Freight Class DB500 B diesel-hydraulic locomotive
 * JR Freight Class DD200 Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class DF200 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class HD300 Bo-Bo, hybrid diesel-battery locomotives

Electric locomotives

 * JNR Class EF64 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class EF65 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class EF66 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class EF67 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class ED76 Bo-2-Bo AC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class EF81 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EF210 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EH200 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EF510 Bo-Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EH500 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC/DC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EH800 Bo-Bo+Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives

Electric multiple units

 * M250 series freight EMU

Former rolling stock

 * JNR Class ED62 Bo-1-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class ED75 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class ED79 Bo-Bo AC electric locomotives
 * JR Freight Class EF200 Bo-Bo-Bo DC electric locomotives
 * JNR Class DD51 B-2-B diesel-hydraulic locomotives

title: Japan Freight Railway Company


text:
Aida Fariscal

Aida D. Fariscal (born c. 1940?) is a former police officer and watch commander in the Manila Police Department in the Philippines. She is now a retired grandmother living on pension in a one bedroom apartment. Her name is largely unknown outside of the Philippines.

Fariscal spent seventeen years as a homemaker before enrolling in the police department in 1977. The widow of a slain police officer, she rose through the ranks of the Manila Police Department, and in 1983 won an award for arresting three murder suspects on Mindoro Island.

Antiterrorism
On the night of January 6, 1995, she was suspicious about a small fire that went out unassisted at the Doña Josefa Apartments; her suspicions were augmented by a wave of bombings that hit Metro Manila, and Philippine Airlines Flight 434. This led her to uncover a terrorist plot made by alleged Al Qaida agents named Operation Bojinka. She came to the apartment with a partner, looked around, and left after a telephone rang. She had to ask 11 judges to find one that would grant her a search warrant. She, along with a group of investigators and police then uncovered evidence, before arresting a suspect who called himself Ahmed Saeed. She refused to let go of the suspect, who turned out to be Abdul Hakim Murad, after he offered her 110,740 Philippine pesos ($2,000 U.S. dollars).

Her decision to investigate the fire possibly saved thousands of lives, including possibly that of Pope John Paul II. She received a monetary award of the equivalent of 33,222 pesos ($700) and a trip to Taiwan from the government. She also won a laminated award from the CIA for her action. The certificate reads, "Awarded to Senior Inspector Aida D. Fariscal, in recognition of your personal outstanding efforts and co-operation." After she foiled the plot, the Philippine police assigned her two bodyguards for five years. The bodyguard service ended shortly before September 11, 2001.

In popular culture
She is depicted in the 2006 docudrama The Path to 9/11, although by a much younger actress. An actress portrays her in the Mayday (Air Emergency, Air Crash Investigation) episode "Bomb on Board."

title: Aida Fariscal