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Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz

General Alfred Candidus Ferdinand, Prince of Windischgrätz (Alfred Candidus Ferdinand Fürst zu Windischgrätz; 11 May 1787 – 21 March 1862), a member of an old Austro-Bohemian House of Windischgrätz, was a Field Marshal in the Austrian army. He is most noted for his service during the Napoleonic Wars and for his role in suppressing the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire.

Early life and ancestry
Originally from Styria, the Windischgrätz dynasty had received Inkolat rights of nobility by the Bohemian Crown in 1574.

Alfred was born in Brussels, then capital of the Austrian Netherlands, the son of Count Joseph Nicholas of Windischgrätz (1744–1802) and his second wife, Duchess Maria Leopoldine Franziska of Arenberg (1751-1812).

With the help of his mother's rich dowry, the family took its residence at Tachau (Tachov), the lordship having been purchased by Alfred's father in 1781.

Napoleon
He started service in the Habsburg imperial army in 1804. As an Austrian army officer he distinguished himself throughout the wars fought by the Habsburg Monarchy in the 19th century.

Windisch-Grätz participated in every war against Napoleon and fought with distinction at the Battle of Leipzig and in the campaign of 1814. In 1833, he was named Field Marshal-Lieutenant (German: Feldmarschall-leutnant).

Bohemia
In 1840, Prince Windischgrätz was appointed as military commander of the city of Prague. Eight years later, during the initial uprisings of the Vienna revolution he was temporarily granted military control of the army surrounding the city, and favoured subduing the revolting citizenry by force. However, facing hostility from government ministers within city who favoured compromise, he was compelled to retire and return to his position in Prague, the incident causing him to be viewed in an unpopular light by the Austrian population at large and garnering a lot of negative press amongst the population of Prague.

Nevertheless the events of Vienna left a firm impression on the Prince, who witnessed first hand the consequences of being ill prepared for a popular insurrection and made moves to take the necessary precautions within the city he was governing. Over the following month of April he proceeded to beef up the military presence within Prague, increasing the number of soldiers and fortifying strategic positions throughout the city. This only further angered the population of Prague who viewed his precautions with hostility and suspicion. The city, being in a state of increase excitement due to the revolutionary chaos across the European continent during 1848.

On the 7th of June, a large group amassed to petition for the Princes dismissal. 3 days later an even larger meeting consisting of many students and citizens gathered to demand the withdrawal of soldiers from their strategic positions and a request for 2000 muskets and 80,000 cartridges, and a single battery for personal use by the cities population. A deputation of students were sent to wait on Windischgrätz for his response, put he refused to grant the petition. In compliance with deputation and the wishes of the civil governor of the city Count Thun however, he did removed an artillery battery from Joseph's Barracks within the city to the Hradshin, which the population felt particularly threatened by.

By now however, civil disturbances within the city were only increasing and by the 12th of June the discontent was reaching a boiling point. Citizens were insulting soldiers in the streets and fights between the military and armed revolutionaries were breaking out all over the city as the population built up barricades. An attempt by Archduke Ferdinand to pacify the situation failed as, appearing in the streets with several other city officials urging the population to put down their weapons, the city mayor Prince Lubkowitz was shot at and his aid Lieutenant Gustaker had a horse killed under him. The city was now in full revolt against imperial authority.

At this time in the evening Windischgrätz's wife was killed within her own house, dying by a shot discharged from the upper windows of the hotel named "The Golden Angel", which was immediately opposite to the quarters of the general commandant. A few moments after this event, Windischgrätz descended from his office into the streets and addressed the large crowd of citizens:

''"Gentlemen, if the object of this vile serenade is to insult me as an individual, because I belong to the aristocracy, then you should go before my own hotel, where, unmolested, you may gratify your desire; but if, in making the demonstration before this building, you design to cast contempt upon the military commander of the city, I warn you that I shall punish such an attempt by every means in my power. Notwithstanding my wife lies now behind me in her blood, I conjure you in all kindness to depart, and not compel me to use against you all the force and power at my command." ''

Once he was finished his speech several members of the crowd rushed up and seized him, hurrying him to the nearest lamppost where a cord was prepared to hang him. He was quickly saved by the intervention of his soldiers and he then declared martial law throughout Bohemia.

Hungary
Appointed to the chief command against the Hungarian revolutionaries under Lajos Kossuth, he gained some early successes and reoccupied Buda and Pest (January 1849), but by his slowness in pursuit he allowed the enemy to rally in superior numbers and to prevent an effective concentration of the Austrian forces.

In April 1849 he was relieved of his command and thereafter rarely appeared again in public life.

Personal life
On 15 June 1817 he married his cousin, Princess Eleonore of Schwarzenberg (1796-1848), who was shot dead during 1848 Revolution. She was daughter of Prince Josef Johann of Schwarzenberg and his wife, Duchess Pauline of Arenberg (1774-1810). They had seven children, five sons and two daughters.

Quotes
(In reference to rebellious constitutionalists) "They do not want to hear about the Grace of God? They will hear the grace of the cannon."

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations: • Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1806

•  Russian Empire:

• * Knight of St. Vladimir, 3rd Class, 10 December 1813

• * Knight of St. George, 4th Class, 25 February 1814

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1833; in Diamonds

• * Knight of St. Andrew, in Diamonds, 1848; with Swords, 1855

•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion

•  Austrian Empire:

• * Knight of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1814; Grand Cross, 1850

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1830

• * Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1848

•  Kingdom of Hanover:

• * Grand Cross of the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, 1846

• * Knight of St. George, 1849

•  Kingdom of Sardinia: Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1848

•  Duchy of Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, 1849

•  Holy See: Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great

•  Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 1 June 1856

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle

• * Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class

•  Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Stephen Pope and Martyr

title: Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz


text:
User talk:Wikikiwi

I might as well forget about WHAT?? Do I know you? Alter Ego 13:38, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Stills from the movie
Hi Wikikiwi, Usually it's other people asking me where I got the images from, whether there is a copyright infringement involved or whatever. This time I seem to be the fastest to ask. Mind you, I personally think it's perfectly okay to use them; I'd just be interested to find out about your source. All the best, KF 14:34, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Under what circumstances would posting those images be a breach of law? Wikikiwi

 * I don't know. Well, never mind. No one else seems to complain about the images. --KF 16:39, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

What is fake about Otto Hermann Kahn? Maximus Rex 13:45, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Hello. If tutti frutti is written with a lower-case f in the article, then the same should be true of the title. Gratuitous capitals are not generally used in Wikipedia article titles. (I moved it.) Michael Hardy 01:00, 4 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Interesting pages
I moved your "Interesting pages" article into your user namespace and of course also fixed the link, as you created it in the main namespace by accident. If you want to use personal subpages these are named like this: User Wikikiwi/Sandbox - you forgot the "User" before it. andy 22:49, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Tertium comparationis
Regarding your note to me, I think the examples are a little wordy and complicated for what is a pretty simple concept. As for what is left: I would prefer replacing the Donne poem with a shorter example (or removing it entirely), or at least making the text of the tertium comparationis of the Donne poem sound nicer (I'm not satisfied with my attempt). I removed the "Fighting for peace is like fucking for virginity" example because a) there were already enough examples b) the tertium comparationis originally stated ("futility") wasn't quite correct, and c) wikipedia policy as discussed in Should Wikipedia Use Profanity seems to be to avoid profanity unless needed. Any one of those and I would have kept the example, but in light of all three, I decided it was easier to remove.   Do you agree?  Nuffle 11:46, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems I don't agree with you. When I came across the tertium comparationis page (by chance--I think it was a "random page") I was fascinated by what I thought was a perfect page. There aren't too many of those in Wikipedia. So obviously I hate anyone who starts tampering with it. But of course you can go ahead, I've still got the old version. And really, there's a whole article on the f-word, so let's not be hypocrites. As it happens, I seem to be defending "pornography" here as I just added the Tutti frutti screenshot--again. I can't see anything terrible about that either. Wikikiwi 22:06, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Dexter&Cheryl.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:09, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Favorite Songs
My survey has changed. I am now continuing my mission for the best songs, but now I am accepting all genres. I'm giving you a chance to revote for your top ten favorite songs of any genres (not just classic rock which is still the best). I've made a executive decision to keep the existing survey results and just add on to that with the new entries. My feeling for doing this is because classic rock is the most influential genre in music currently so it should be expressed more in the survey. Thank you for contributing in the past, and hopefully in the future. ROCK ON. RENTASTRAWBERRY  FOR LET?   röck  03:31, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

P.J. Sparxx image
I see you restored the DVD boxcover of P.J. Sparxx to her article. Unfortunately, that's not a fair use of the image. See WikiProject Porn stars for more information. Tabercil 18:39, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time
(replying here too, just in case you're not watchlisting my talk page. -- nae'blis 15:12, 5 September 2006 (UTC))

Hi, the more I surf around here, mainly on the literature pages, the stranger it gets. Just now, reading through Crime fiction, I found a link to The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time and realised through the edit history or whatever it is called that you have deleted the list becuase, as you say, it is a copyvio.

Is the list of works written by one author (say, Shakespeare) also a copyvio?
 * Nope; what happened was I edited out the full list, which was compiled by the publisher, the Crime Writers' Association. A bare list of crime novels by Raymond Chandler could not be copyrighted, as it contains only "facts" (like a list of the biggest cities in the world, or whatever). IF this list was compiled by public vote and the reports simply tallied with no editorial decisions, then maybe we could include the full list, but it's probably not necessary, when including 3 or 4 examples would make a better narrative for the article, rather than just a list. The "book that was not a book" on the list, for example, is very interesting and could/should be added back in.

I can't imagine that the two books mentioned in The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time have only two to three pages each (which contain those lists).
 * Not sure what you're saying here. I didn't do any editing of the rest of the article, so if it doesn't make sense now selected information can be added back in. My concern that day was clearing out several "Top 100" pages so I was a little quick with the edit; see Rolling Stone's "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" for a good example of how this can be done more seamlessly.

My questions:

1. Were these lists written by one author (whose copyright would be violated if we published them in Wikipedia)?
 * That's a good question. The article seems to indicate that it was collected by the CWA from its members, and doesn't say if there was editorializing beyond counting the votes. They would own the copyright, I expect, if anyone did, on said list.

2. In the two Crime Companions, is there an article on each of the novels? If so, all we would publish is a table of contents. And I've come across several in Wikipedia.
 * Unfortunately I haven't read them, so you'd be better off asking on the article's talk page (or perhaps better yet, Talk:Crime Writers' Association.

Wikikiwi 15:18, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Good luck, and thanks for asking me to clarify. This is not my area of expertise, but copyright violations are a Big DealTM. -- nae'blis 15:12, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

New Project
Wooyi 04:04, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Waiter!.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Waiter!.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 10:10, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Dexter&Cheryl.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Dexter&Cheryl.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:02, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Wikikiwi


text:
Radley Metzger

Radley Metzger (also known as Radley Henry Metzger, Radley H. Metzger and by the pseudonyms, "Jake Barnes", "Erich Farina" and "Henry Paris")  (January 21, 1929 – March 31, 2017) was an American pioneering filmmaker and film distributor, most noted for popular artistic, adult-oriented films,  including Thérèse and Isabelle (1968), Camille 2000 (1969), The Lickerish Quartet (1970), Score (1974), The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1974), The Image (1975), The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Barbara Broadcast (1977). According to one film reviewer, Metzger's films, including those made during the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), are noted for their "lavish design, witty screenplays, and a penchant for the unusual camera angle". Another reviewer noted that his films were "highly artistic — and often cerebral ... and often featured gorgeous cinematography". Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.

Early life
Radley Henry Metzger was born on January 21, 1929, on the Grand Concourse in The Bronx, New York City, and was the second son of Jewish parents, Julius and Anne. He claimed he found relief from his allergies in movie theaters, especially at the Audubon Ballroom theatre, while growing up. Later, Metzger received a B.A. in Dramatic Arts from City College of New York, where he studied with filmmakers Hans Richter and Leo Seltzer. He also studied acting privately with director Harold Clurman. During the Korean War, Metzger served in the U. S. Air Force with the 1350th Photographic Group, which interrupted his graduate studies at Columbia University. His older brother, now deceased, had become a physician. Metzger later married and had a daughter.

Career
Early in his career, in the 1950s, Metzger worked primarily as a film editor and was a member of Local 771 of the IATSE. He was employed in editing trailers for Janus Films, a major distributor of foreign art films, especially those of Michelangelo Antonioni, Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut. In 1953, Metzger was credited as assistant director to William Kyriakis on the film Guerilla Girl. In 1956, he worked on the dubbing of And God Created Woman starring Brigitte Bardot. His directorial film debut, Dark Odyssey (1961) (co-directed with Kyriakis), was a drama concerning the experiences of a Greek immigrant arriving in New York. The film was favorably reviewed by The New York Times and others. In 1959, he edited the film The Gangster Story starring Walter Matthau and, in 1960, Metzger was a presenter for the Japanese film The Warped Ones.

Later, in 1961, along with film distributor Ava Leighton, Metzger founded Audubon Films. The company was named after the Audubon Ballroom theatre, one of his favorite movie theaters while growing up. The newly founded distribution company specialized in importing international features, some of which were marketed into the gradually expanding adult erotic film genre. Metzger's skills as an editor were employed in re-cutting and augmenting many of the features Audubon handled, including The Twilight Girls (FR,1957) and, their first runaway success, Mac Ahlberg I, a Woman (DN/SW,1965). Metzger's second directorial effort, The Dirty Girls (shot in 1963 and released in 1965), marked his emergence as a major auteur in the adult erotic film genre. His subsequent films were often shot in Europe and adapted from novels or other literary sources, including Carmen (by Prosper Mérimée), La Dame aux Camélias (by Alexandre Dumas), L'image (by Catherine Robbe-Grillet), Naked Came the Stranger (by Penelope Ashe), Pygmalion (by George Bernard Shaw), Six Characters in Search of an Author (by Luigi Pirandello), The Cat and the Canary (by John Willard), and Thérèse et Isabelle (by Violette Leduc). He cites John Farrow, Claude Lelouch, Michael Powell, Alain Resnais and Orson Welles as influencing his work. Metzger worked with the French film director Jean Renoir, as well as the American actor Hal Linden. Andy Warhol, who helped begin the Golden Age of Porn with his 1969 film Blue Movie, was a fan of Metzger's film work and commented that Metzger's 1970 film, The Lickerish Quartet, was “an outrageously kinky masterpiece”. In 1972, Metzger directed the film Score, based on an erotic off-Broadway play that included Sylvester Stallone. Films directed by Metzger included musical scores composed by Georges Auric, Stelvio Cipriani, Georges Delerue, and Piero Piccioni. Metzger's signature film style of his "elegant erotica" had developed into being "a Euro-centric combination of stylish decadence, wealth and the aristocratic".

Under the pseudonym "Henry Paris," Metzger also directed several explicit adult erotic features during the mid- to late-1970s. These films were released during the Golden Age of Porn (inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol Blue Movie) in the United States, at a time of "porno chic", in which adult erotic films were just beginning to be widely released, publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope) and taken seriously by film critics (like Roger Ebert). Metzger's films are typified by high production values, especially The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1975) and The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976), and are generally critically celebrated. Some historians assess The Opening of Misty Beethoven, based on the play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw (and its derivative, My Fair Lady), as attaining a mainstream level in storyline and sets and is considered, by award-winning author Toni Bentley, the "crown jewel" of the Golden Age of Porn.

When I was coming of age, eroticism was always in films, but eroticism was punished. The promiscuous girl never got the leading man, the woman who sold her charms, always had a bad fate. The “good girl” always achieved ends the bad girl never did. As a reaction to that, I tried to do the opposite. You could have a free attitude and behave in a free way and not be punished. A parallel to that is that it could also be light. It didn’t have to be tragedy. You could look at [sex] in a fun way. That was a personal thing, to work against the clichés in cinema when I was growing up.

Some of the adult erotic "Henry Paris" films, including Score (1974), have also been presented in softcore versions. Many of Metzger's films, including Score (1974), The Image (1975), The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) and Barbara Broadcast (1977), as well as his earlier softcore films, Camille 2000 (1969) and The Lickerish Quartet (1970), have been released in Blu-ray versions.

With his 1978 feature The Cat and the Canary, Metzger distinguished himself as one of the few adult film auteurs to direct a dramatic feature outside of the adult erotic film genre. The film starred Honor Blackman, Edward Fox, Dame Wendy Hiller and Carol Lynley.

Later life
In the 1990s, as a result of the passing of his long-time partner, Ava Leighton, due to cancer, Metzger produced several videos on alternative health care, including one on cancer treatment and a five-part video series on homeopathy with Dr. Andrew Weil. According to Metzger: "I felt that in the 1990s, people needed more information on an intelligent approach to health and disease — that they needed to know about alleviating guilt. That was my emphasis."

Later in life, Metzger considered several "Henry Paris"-like film projects, including one titled Solarium, another one based on the book The Surrender by Toni Bentley, and a third one based on his own original script, using Shakespearean dialogue, tentatively titled The Heat of the Midnight Sun. However, all of these film projects were ultimately left unfinished.

According to film reviewer Adam Schartoff of Filmmaker Magazine in April 2017, Metzger was a "truly unique and exquisitely talented director", his films had "strong visuals and narratives ... whimsical, funny, intelligent and always ambitious stories", his treatment of female characters were "way beyond his time". Schartoff and a producing partner, Judith Mizrachy, considered making a documentary overview about Metzger and his films, but the project currently is unfinished.

Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.

Death
Metzger died of undisclosed causes in New York City on Friday, March 31, 2017, at the age of 88.

Awards (selected)
In 1977, Metzger's film The Opening of Misty Beethoven was the recipient of the first Adult Film Association of America awards for Best Direction (as Henry Paris), Best Film, and Best Actor (Jamie Gillis)  and, as well, won the X-Caliber award for Best Direction (as Henry Paris).

In 2001, Metzger's film work was the subject of a retrospective in Boston, Massachusetts.

In 2002, Metzger's film The Opening of Misty Beethoven won Best Classic Release on DVD by the Adult Film Association of America.

In 2010, Metzger was also the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oldenburg International Film Festival, where he served as a judge in 2011.

In 2011, Metzger's film work was the subject of a retrospective at the UCLA Film and Television Archive.

In 2014, Metzger's film work was the subject of a retrospective at the Film Society of Lincoln Center.

Partial filmography (director)

 * Dark Odyssey (1961)
 * La baie du désir (1964) (a.k.a. The Erotic Touch) (uncredited)
 * Dictionary of Sex (1964)
 * The Dirty Girls (1965)
 * The Alley Cats (1966)
 * Carmen, Baby (1967)
 * Thérèse and Isabelle (1968)
 * Camille 2000 (1969)
 * The Lickerish Quartet (1970)
 * Little Mother (1973) (a.k.a. Mother)
 * Score (1974)
 * The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1974) (as Henry Paris)
 * Naked Came the Stranger (1975) (as Henry Paris)
 * The Image (1975) (a.k.a. L'image; The Punishment of Anne)
 * The Opening of Misty Beethoven (1976) (as Henry Paris)
 * Barbara Broadcast (1977) (as Henry Paris)
 * Maraschino Cherry (1978) (as Henry Paris)
 * The Cat and the Canary (1978)
 * The Tale of Tiffany Lust (1979) (a.k.a. Body Lust) (uncredited)
 * The World of Henry Paris (1981) (as Henry Paris)
 * Aphrodesia's Diary (1983) (uncredited)
 * The Princess and the Call Girl (1984)
 * The Sins of Ilsa (1985) (unreleased)

title: Radley Metzger


text:
Albion Woodbury Small

Albion Woodbury Small (May 11, 1854 – March 24, 1926) founded the first independent department of sociology in the United States at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, in 1892. He was influential in the establishment of sociology as a valid field of academic study.

Biography
Albion Woodbury Small was born in Buckfield, Maine, to parents Reverend Albion Keith Parris Small and Thankful Lincoln Woodbury. His ancestors settled in Maine in 1632. He lived in Bangor, Maine, and then Portland, Maine, where he attended public schools in both places.

He attended Colby University, now known as Colby College, from 1872 until he graduated in 1876. He studied theology from 1876 to 1879 at the Andover Newton Theological School. From 1879 to 1881 he studied at the University of Leipzig and the University of Berlin in Germany history, social economics and politics. While in Germany, he married Valeria von Massow in June 1881, with whom he had one child.

In the fall of 1881, he became chair of history and political economy at Colby College.

From 1888 to 1889 he studied history at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and was promoted in 1889 with a PhD thesis (The Beginnings of American Nationality) at the same time continuing to teach at Colby College. From 1889 to 1892 he was the 10th president of Colby.

In 1892 he founded the first department of sociology at the University of Chicago. He chaired this department for over 30 years. In 1894 he, along with George E. Vincent, published the first textbook in sociology: An introduction to the study of society. In 1895 he established the American Journal of Sociology. From 1905 to 1925 he served as Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature at the University of Chicago.

Albion Woodbury Small was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Xi chapter).

Influence on sociology
Albion Small can be attributed with many "firsts" in the field of sociology. In 1892, he helped to create a department of social science at the University of Chicago, which was the first-ever sociology department in the United States. Then, in 1894, along with colleague George E. Vincent, he wrote the first sociology textbook titled An Introduction to the Study of Society. Lastly, he founded the first Sociology Journal in the United States in 1895, the American Journal of Sociology.

Works

 * An Introduction to the Study of Society (1894)
 * General Sociology (1905)
 * Adam Smith and Modern Sociology (1907)
 * The Cameralists (1909)
 * The Meaning of the Social Sciences (1910)
 * Between Eras: From Capitalism to Democracy (1913)

title: Albion Woodbury Small


text:
Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)

The British Merchant Navy is the collective name given to British civilian ships and their associated crews, including officers and ratings. In the UK, it is simply referred to as the Merchant Navy or MN. Merchant Navy vessels fly the Red Ensign and the ships and crew are regulated by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), a specialist agency of the UK Department of Transport. British merchant ships are registered under the UK or Red Ensign group ship registries. British Merchant Navy deck officers and ratings are certificated and trained according to STCW Convention and the syllabus of the Merchant Navy Training Board in maritime colleges and other training institutes around the UK.

King George V bestowed the title of "Merchant Navy" on the British merchant shipping fleets following their service in the First World War; a number of other nations have since adopted the title. Previously it had been known as the Mercantile Marine or Merchant Service, although the term "Merchant Navy" was already informally used from the 19th century.

The British Merchant Navy was historically one of the largest ship registries and source of crew in the world, with 33% of global tonnage registered in 1939. However, since the mid 20th century, the number of shipowners, ships, officers and crew have declined dramatically as a result of globalisation and the rise of flags of convenience. As of 2023, the British Merchant Navy numbered 1,054 ships.

History
The Merchant Navy has been in existence for a significant period in English and British history, owing its growth to trade and imperial expansion. It can be dated back to the 17th century, when an attempt was made to register all seafarers as a source of labour for the Royal Navy in times of conflict. That registration of merchant seafarers failed, and it was not successfully implemented until 1835. The merchant fleet grew over successive years to become the world's foremost merchant fleet, benefiting considerably from trade with British possessions in India and the Far East. The lucrative trades in sugar, contraband opium to China, spices, and tea (carried by ships such as the Cutty Sark) helped to entrench this dominance in the 19th century.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, maritime education expanded to train merchant navy officers. For example, in 1855 Leith Nautical College provided training for seafarers in Scotland. Other maritime colleges developed in this period included the South Tyneside Marine and Technical College, founded 1861 (now the South Tyneside College) and the Southampton School of Navigation, 1902 (now the Warsash Maritime School).

In the First and Second World Wars, the merchant service suffered heavy losses from German U-boat attacks. A policy of unrestricted warfare meant that merchant seafarers were at risk of attack from enemy ships. The tonnage lost to U-boats in the First World War was around 7,759,090 tons, and around 14,661 merchant seafarers were killed. In honour of the sacrifice made by merchant seafarers in the First World War, George V granted the title "Merchant Navy" to the companies.

In 1928 George V gave Edward, Prince of Wales the title of "Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets"; which he retained after his accession to the throne in January 1936 and relinquished only at his abdication that December. Since Edward VIII, the title has been held by the sovereigns George VI and Elizabeth II. When the United Kingdom and the British Empire entered the Second World War in September 1939, George VI issued this message:

"In these anxious days, I would like to express to all Officers and Men and in the British Merchant Navy and the British Fishing Fleets my confidence in their unfailing determination to play their vital part in defence. To each one I would say: Yours is a task no less essential to my people's experience than that allotted to the Navy, Army and Air Force. Upon you, the Nation depends for much of its foodstuffs and raw materials and for the transport of its troops overseas. You have a long and glorious history, and I am proud to bear the title 'Master of the Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets'. I know that you will carry out your duties with resolution and with fortitude, and that high chivalrous traditions of your calling are safe in your hands. God keep you and prosper you in your great task."

During the Second World War, German U-boats sank nearly 14.7 million tons of Allied shipping, which amounted to 2,828 ships (around two-thirds of the total allied tonnage lost). The United Kingdom alone suffered the loss of 11.7 million tons, which was 54% of the total Merchant Navy fleet at the outbreak of the Second World War. 32,000 merchant seafarers were killed aboard convoy vessels in the war, but along with the Royal Navy, the convoys successfully imported enough supplies to allow an Allied victory.

Between 1941 and 1949, the SR Merchant Navy class steam locomotives were built in the UK. Each locomotive of the class was named after British shipping lines from the Second World War, principally those operating out of Southampton.

In honour of the sacrifices made in both World Wars, representatives of the Merchant Navy lay wreaths of remembrance alongside the armed forces in the annual Remembrance Day service on 11 November. Following many years of lobbying to bring about official recognition of the sacrifices made by merchant seafarers in the two world wars and since, Merchant Navy Day became an official day of remembrance on 3 September 2000.

The merchant navy was also called upon to serve during the Falklands War and provided forty vessels, including transports, tankers and other vessels, with a total of 500,000 grt. The merchant ship SS Atlantic Conveyor, being used to ferry Harrier fighters and other aircraft to the South Atlantic, was lost during the conflict after being struck by an air-launched Exocet missile. The ship's captain, Ian North, and 11 other crew members died in the attack which constituted the first loss of a British merchant navy ship to an armed attack since the Second World War.

Historically a person wishing to become a captain, or master prior to about 1969, had three choices: to attend one of the three elite naval schools from the age of 12, the fixed-base HMS Conway and HMS Worcester or Pangbourne Nautical College, which would automatically lead to an apprenticeship as a seagoing cadet officer; apply to one of several training programmes elsewhere; or go to sea immediately by applying directly to a merchant shipping company at about age 17. Then there would be three years (with prior training or four years without) of seagoing experience aboard ship, in work-clothes and as mates with the deck crew, under the direction of the bo'sun cleaning bilges, chipping paint, polishing brass, cement washing freshwater tanks, and holystoning teak decks, and studying navigation and seamanship on the bridge in uniform, under the direction of an officer, before taking exams to become a second mate.

Historically, the composition of the crew on UK ships was diverse. This was a characteristic of the extant of the shipping companies trade, the extent of the British Empire and the availability of crew in different ports. One ship might have a largely all British crew, while another might have a crew composed of many Indians, Chinese or African sailors. Crews from outside Britain were usually drawn from areas in which the ship traded, so Far East trading ships had either Singapore or Hong Kong crews, banana boats had West Indian crews, ships trading to West Africa and Southern Africa had African crews and ships trading to the Indian Ocean (including East Africa) had crews from the Indian subcontinent. Crews made up of recruits from Britain itself were commonly used on ships trading across the North Atlantic, to South America and to Australia and New Zealand.

Fleet
Despite maintaining its dominant position for many decades, the decline of the British Empire, the rise of the use of the flag of convenience, and foreign competition led to the decline of the merchant fleet. For example, in 1939 the Merchant Navy was the largest in the world with 33% of total tonnage. By 2012, the Merchant Navy – while still remaining one of the largest in the world – held only 3% of total tonnage.

In 2010 the Merchant Navy consisted of 504 UK registered ships of or over. In addition, UK merchant marine interests possessed a further 308 ships registered in other countries and 271 foreign-owned ships were registered in the UK.

In 2012 British merchant marine interests consisted of 1,504 ships of or over. This included ships either directly UK-owned, parent-owned or managed by a British company. This amounted to: or alternatively. This is according to the annual maritime shipping statistics provided by the British Government and the Department for Transport. In the last decade, ship numbers have continued to decline. In 2023, the British Ship Register had reduced to 1,054 ships.

Officers and ratings
As a signatory to the STCW Convention UK ships are commanded by deck officers and engineering officers. Officers undergo 3 years of training, known as a cadetship at one of the approved maritime colleges in the United Kingdom. These include Warsash Maritime Academy, South Tyneside College, Fleetwood, Plymouth University and City of Glasgow College. Cadets usually have a choice of two academic routes: Foundation Degree or Higher National Diploma. Successful completion of this results in a qualification in marine operations or marine engineering. Generally the costs of a cadetship will be met by sponsorship from a UK shipping company. During the three years of training, cadets also go to sea, for a period of a year or more, usually spread across the cadetship. This affords a practical education, that along with the academic time in college prepares a candidate for a separate and final oral exam. This oral exam is carried out with a master mariner at an office of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Successful completion of the oral exam will result in the award of a certificate of competency. This is the international qualification, issued by the UK government which allows an officer to work in their qualified capacity on board a ship. Certificates are issued for different ranks and as such an officer will usually return to complete a subsequent series of studies until they reach the highest qualification.

The first UK deck officer certificates of competency were issued in 1845, conducted then, as now, by a final oral exam with a master mariner. The training regime for officers is set out in the official syllabus of the Merchant Navy Training Board. This training still encompasses all of the traditional trades such as celestial navigation, ship stability, general cargo and seamanship, but now includes training in business, legislation, law, and computerisation for deck officers and marine engineering principles, workshop technology, steam propulsion, motor (diesel) propulsion, auxiliaries, mechanics, thermodynamics, engineering drawing, ship construction, marine electrics as well as practical workshop training for engineering officers.

Traditionally and still now, the ships ratings are supervised by the bosun, as overseen by a responsible deck officer, usually the chief mate. A ship may also have different sub-departments, such as the galley, radio department or hospitality services, overseen by a chief cook, radio officer or chief steward. Many of these roles have now changed, as ships crews have become smaller in commercial shipping. On most ships the radio department has disappeared, along with the radio officer (colloquially known as 'sparks') replaced by changes in technology and the requirement under the STCW Convention for deck officers to hold individual certification in the GMDSS system. Electro-technical officers (ETO) also serve aboard some ships and are trained to fix and maintain the more complex systems.

In 2023, the UK Merchant Navy had 10,930 certificated officers, 10,180 ratings, 1,450 merchant navy cadets and 1,540 other officers.

Charities
Merchant navy related charities are active in the UK. The Merchant Navy Welfare Board administers the MN fund for charitable support. Other charities include the Shipwrecked' Mariners Society, the Seafarer's Charity, the Scottish Nautical Welfare Society and the Scottish Shipping Benevolent Association.

Ensigns
Ensigns are displayed at the stern of the vessel or displayed on the gaff, on a yardarm. Red Ensigns can be defaced, those can only be flown with a warrant on board the vessel. Bermuda (historically part of British North America, but left out of the Confederation of Canada) flies the red ensign also as a territorial flag on land, as did other British North American colonies that still do so as Provinces of modern Canada, including Ontario (other British Overseas Territories that fly a nautical ensign as the territorial flag on land use the Blue Ensign which in Bermuda is only flown from civil government vessels such as ferry boats).

House flags
House flags are personal and designed by a company. A house flag is displayed on a port halyard of a Yardarm.

Notable people

A number of notable Merchant Navy personnel include:
 * Fred Blackburn: England footballer.
 * Chris Braithwaite (c. 1885–1944): seafarers' organiser and Pan-Africanist.
 * Joseph Conrad: joined the Merchant Navy in 1874, rising through the ranks of Second Mate and First Mate, to Master in 1886. Left in order to write professionally, becoming one of the 20th century's greatest novelists.
 * James Cook: FRS. (1728–1779) British explorer.
 * Lionel 'Buster' Crabb: Naval frogman, cadet at HMS Conway 1923-1925.
 * Victoria Drummond: MBE, (1894–1978) Britain's first woman ship's engineer.
 * Ian Duncan-Smith Politician. Cadet at HMS Conway 1968-1972.
 * Gerry Fitt: founder of the Social Democratic and Labour Party in Northern Ireland
 * Air Marshal Sir Peter Horsley: Deputy Commander in Chief of RAF Strike Command 1973–75. He started work as a deck boy in 1939 aboard TSS Cyclops.
 * Charles Howard GC FRS FRSE (1906–1941), Earl of Suffolk and of Berkshire. Apprentice officer on the windjammer Mount Stewart; bomb disposal expert in World War II.
 * Gareth Hunt: actor, notably in The New Avengers, and Upstairs, Downstairs
 * Violet Jessop: stewardess who survived the RMS Titanic sinking, and author of autobiography about sailing.
 * Frank Laskier: WWII Merchant Navy steward who became a public icon for recruitment efforts.
 * Freddie Lennon: Merchant Navy steward whose son John later founded the musical group the Beatles.
 * Kevin McClory: Irishman who spent 14 days in a lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies Never Say Never Again and Thunderball.
 * John Masefield: served in Merchant Navy in 1890s: Cadet at HMS Conway 1891-1894. later Poet Laureate.
 * Henry Nelson, 7th Earl Nelson
 * Peter de Neumann: GM. "The Man From Timbuctoo", The "de Neumann Way" named for him.
 * Alun Owen: later wrote the screenplay for A Hard Day's Night.
 * Frederick Daniel Parslow: VC. Merchant Navy recipient of the Victoria Cross.
 * Arthur Phillip: joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded the city of Sydney, Australia as the First Governor of New South Wales, which then included the eastern half of the Australia we know today, plus New Zealand.
 * John Prescott: Merchant Navy steward who became Deputy Prime Minister in 1997 under Tony Blair.
 * Ken Russell: directed films such as Tommy, Altered States, and The Lair of the White Worm.
 * Archibald Bisset Smith: VC. Merchant Navy Victoria Cross recipient.
 * Captain Matthew Webb: (19 January 1848 – 24 July 1883) Cadet at HMS Conway 1860-1862 was the first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids.

Medals and awards

Members of the UK Merchant Navy have been awarded the Victoria Cross, George Cross, George Medal, Distinguished Service Order, and Distinguished Service Cross for their actions while serving in the Merchant Navy. Canadian Philip Bent, ex-British Merchant Navy, joined the British Army at the outbreak of World War I and won the Victoria Cross. Members of the Merchant Navy who served in either World War also received relevant campaign medals.

In the Second World War many Merchant Navy members received the King's Commendation for Brave Conduct. Lloyd's of London awarded the Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea to 541 Merchant Navy personnel for their bravery in 1939–45. Many Royal Humane Society medals and awards have been conferred on Merchant Navy seafarers for acts of humanity in both war and peacetime.

In September 2016 the UK Government introduced the Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service. The medal is awarded:

"to those who are serving or have served in the Merchant Navy and fishing fleets of the UK, Isle of Man or Channel Islands for exemplary service and devotion to duty, rewarding those who have set an outstanding example to others."

It is the first state award for meritorious service in the history of the Merchant Navy. Recipients must be nominated by someone other than themselves, with at least two written letters of support and are normally required to have completed 20 years service in the Merchant Navy (although in exceptional circumstances it may be less).

British shipping companies
The British Merchant Navy consists of various private shipping companies. Over the decades many companies have come and gone, merged, changed their name or changed owners. British Shipping is represented nationally and globally by the UK Chamber of Shipping, headquartered in London. British shipping registrars belong to the Red Ensign Group.

Below is a list of some of the British shipping companies, past and present:

 * Aberdeen Line
 * Alexander Shipping Co.
 * American and Indian Line; Bucknall Steamship Lines
 * Anchor-Donaldson
 * Anchor Line
 * Australind Steam Navigation Company
 * Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company (Shell Tankers), now Royal Dutch Shell
 * Atlantic Steam Navigation Company
 * Bank Line
 * Ben Line
 * Bibby Line
 * Blue Anchor Line
 * Blue Funnel Line (Alfred Holt)
 * Blue Star Line
 * Booth Steamship Company
 * Bolton Steam Shipping Co. Ltd.
 * Bowker and King
 * British and African Steam Navigation Company
 * British and Burmese Steam Navigation Company
 * British India Steam Navigation Company
 * BP
 * British Tanker Company
 * Thos & Jno Brocklebank Ltd
 * Bullard, King and Company, including Natal Direct Line
 * Burns and Laird Lines
 * Byron Marine Ltd
 * Cairns, Noble and Company
 * Caledonian MacBrayne, formerly Caledonian Steam Packet Company and David MacBrayne
 * Carisbrooke Shipping
 * P & A Campbell
 * The China Navigation Company
 * Clan Line
 * Clyde Shipping Company
 * Coast Lines
 * William Cory and Son
 * Counties Ship Management
 * Crescent Shipping
 * Cunard Line
 * Currie Line – Leith
 * Denholm Line Steamers
 * Donaldson Line
 * Donaldson Atlantic Line
 * Dundee, Perth and London Shipping Company
 * Eagle Oil and Shipping Company
 * Elder Dempster Lines, including Glen Line and Shire Line
 * Ellerman Lines, including many companies taken over
 * Evan Thomas Radcliffe
 * F T Everard & Sons Ltd
 * Federal Steam Navigation Company
 * Fisher, Renwick Manchester – London Steamers
 * Fletcher Shipping Ltd.
 * Furness Withy
 * Fyffes Line
 * GATX-Oswego Steam Navigation Company
 * General Steam Navigation Company
 * Global Marine Systems, previously Cable & Wireless Marine and British Telecom Marine
 * Harrison Line (T&J Harrison)
 * Harrison Clyde Ltd Woodside Crescent Glasgow
 * Head Line Ulster Steamship Co. Ltd. – Belfast
 * P Henderson and Company
 * JP Henry and MacGregor – Leith
 * Houlder Brothers and Company (Houlder Line)
 * RP Houston and Company (Houston Line)
 * Indo-China Steam Navigation Company Ltd.
 * Isle of Man Steam Packet Company
 * Isles of Scilly Steamship Company
 * Lamport and Holt
 * Leyland Line
 * London & Overseas Freighters
 * Loch Line
 * Manchester Liners
 * Mississippi and Dominion Steamship Company (Dominion Line)
 * North of Scotland and Orkney and Shetland Steam Navigation Company
 * North Star Shipping
 * Ocean Steam Navigation Company (White Star Line)
 * Orient Steam Navigation Company (Anderson, Green and Company)
 * Palm Line
 * Pacific Steam Navigation Company
 * Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O)
 * Port Line, formerly the Commonwealth and Dominion Line
 * Prince Line
 * Reardon Smith
 * Red Funnel Line
 * Ropner Shipping Company
 * Royal Mail Steam Packet Company
 * Wightlink,Previously Sealink its immediate predecessors the Great Western Railway, LMS, LNER, Southern Railway and many of their antecedents
 * Scottish Ship Management
 * Scottish Shire Line
 * Shaw, Savill & Albion Line
 * Shell International Shipping Services
 * Silver Line
 * Stag Line
 * Star Line
 * Stephenson Clarke Shipping
 * Townsend Brothers Ferries, later Townsend Thoresen
 * Tyne-Tees Steam Shipping Company
 * Union-Castle Line
 * United Africa Company
 * United Baltic Corporation
 * Wandsworth and District Gas Company
 * Andrew Weir and Company
 * Wilson Line
 * Yeoward Line

Historical

 * Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London
 * Tramp Steamers and Liberty Gallery

Educational and professional

 * Maritime and Coastguard Agency UK
 * The Merchant Navy Training Board
 * Nautilus International
 * The Nautical Institute
 * Merchant Navy Colleges
 * UK Chamber of Shipping

title: Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)


text:
Kenny Anthony

Kenny Davis Anthony (born 8 January 1951 ) is a Saint Lucian politician who was Prime Minister of Saint Lucia from 1997 to 2006 and again from 2011 to 2016. As leader of the Saint Lucia Labour Party, he was Leader of the Opposition from 2006 to 2011 and returned to office as Prime Minister on 30 November 2011 following the 2011 election. He left office after the SLP's defeat in the 2016 election and announced his resignation as party leader.

Political career
Anthony is a graduate of the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill and the University of Birmingham. In the Labour government that led the country from 1979 to 1982, Anthony was Special Advisor to the Ministry of Education and Culture from August 1979 to December 1980, then Minister of Education from December 1980 to March 1981. He was a member of the secretariat of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) from March 1995 until he was elected leader of the Labour Party.

He became Prime Minister on 24 May 1997, a day after the SLP won parliamentary elections. While Prime Minister, he was also the Minister of Finance and Broadcasting.

During his leadership and his party's reign, Anthony led St. Lucia to record development in tourism, infrastructure and general economic development. However, imbalances in the economic development, disenfranchisement and raising crime levels are challenges his administration had difficulty to tackle. Since he regained power in 2011 there has been an increase in the number of impoverish persons on the island. Together with much economic development came steady increases in violent crime at a rate higher than many neighbouring islands and that caused many to draw comparisons with Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.

Kenny D. Anthony is an Honorary Member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

General election defeat
In the general elections held on 11 December 2006, the SLP suffered a surprise defeat by 11 seats to 6 at the hands of the John Compton-led UWP. While the SLP lost the election by 5 seats, the popular vote margin was in fact very slim, just over 2000 votes.

Anthony himself won a handsome victory in his constituency, Vieux Fort South, winning by 627 votes, only a few less than in the SLP's landslide election victory. Anthony remained head of the party and assumed the role of Leader of the Opposition.

An interesting twist to the 2006 elections saga is that many feel that St. Lucians went to the polls not to elect a new government but to ensure that there would be a tougher opposition as against the 16–1 majority that the SLP had previously enjoyed. In a fate of irony, voters perhaps over-compensated for the frequent poll reports and political pundits' predictions that the SLP would again win a third term with a 14–3 majority. Many feel that, had Anthony himself not latched on to those poll results, he might have been better able to convince his own supporters that they were not yet in the clear and to turn out to vote in larger numbers.

Further, the reaction of many voters to the crossing over of former UWP leader Vaughan Lewis to the SLP was not positive. Lewis was a staunch opponent of the Labour government and the former Prime Minister who had lost the elections to the SLP - albeit after being handed the post only one year before the fateful loss. Anthony and Lewis have both stated publicly that all the "bad blood" between them was now "water under the bridge".

In late July 2007, Anthony said that Compton's illness, caused by a series of strokes, and his inability to perform his duties - Stephenson King was named acting Prime Minister - meant that a new election should be held. Anthony was head of the Commonwealth of Nations observer mission in the August 2007 election in Sierra Leone. He gave the election a positive appraisal.

In March 2008, Anthony visited Cuba where he voiced his appreciation for its support of Saint Lucia. He toured Havana and Cienfuegos Province, and met with senior officials including First Vice President José Ramón Machado Ventura.

Anthony was returned to Prime Ministership on 30 November 2011 following the Saint Lucia Labour Party electoral win at the 2011 elections, winning 11 out of the 17 seats in Parliament.

Following the general elections on 6 June 2016 in which the SLP lost by 11 seats to six, Anthony announced that he would step down as party leader. He was re-elected in his constituency of Vieux Fort South and said that he would remain in Parliament.

title: Kenny Anthony


text:
Talk:Rum

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kuljit.s.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Barbados production levels
There have been recent attempts to list Barbados as a (if not "the") major world-wide producer of rum ( and ). In 2010, Barbados exported ~US$28.5 million worth of rum. While Barbados clearly has some well known rum distilleries, when you compare the island's level of production to J. Wray and Nephew Ltd. (€145 million during first 9 months of 2013.) or House of Angostura (TT$275.7 million in after tax profit for 2013) it is clear that Barbados is a relatively small player even before we look into major distilling corporations such as Bacardi or Beam Suntory. Given that Barbado's annual level of rum exports is roughly 10% that of just one Jamaican distiller, attempts to list the island separate from the rest of the Caribbean (not to mention as the first place on the list) is just not justified by the amount of rum produced on the island. --Allen3 talk 03:48, 30 December 2014 (UTC) It is, however, justified by the quality and unique character of Barbados rum. Every rum aficionado knows Richard Seale and the Four Square distillery, because he is known to supply honest, unadulterated, pure rum (unlike said Baccardi or Suntory who care mostly only about profits). Barbados rum, just like Jamaican or Demerara rum simply represent a well-established and known styles you cannot omit while trying to explain the different. If volumes were the only thing that mattered, nobody would seek these brands and pay the extra money to procure them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kamamura (talk • contribs) 02:05, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

The role played by the Canaries in the world rum industry
The role played by the Canaries in the world rum industry. I think this might help. Komitsuki (talk) 13:43, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Scottish rum?
I notice that the introduction to this page states that rum is made in Scotland. If that's true, I'd like this to be sourced, if it is a malicious or mistaken edit, it's time for this to be corrected. Svartalf (talk) 14:43, 22 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Frankly, that list of "Rum is also produced in" countries is a horrible thing to have in an intro paragraph. A short list of two or three is one thing, a list of NINETEEN countries is nigh-unreadable. - BrainiacBlink (talk) 00:02, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

removal of indian RS
why have you removed my sourced information from this article without any perticular reason stated?, please give a valid reason, regards. 175.137.72.188 (talk) 19:28, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hello 175.137.72.188, see my talk-page. Regards --Serols (talk) 19:36, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * hi,, is this version acceptable to you, regards. 175.137.72.188 (talk) 06:59, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * hi, please discuss if this version is okay or not, please dont remove my RS without discussion. 175.137.72.188 (talk) 10:26, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * hi, please discuss if this version is okay or not, please dont remove my RS without discussion. 175.137.72.188 (talk) 10:26, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.137.72.188 (talk • contribs)

 * Problem: I have WP:revdeled a bunch of contributions in the article and on this page because they contained a link to a pirated work. Just because something is on Archive.org and just because someone slaps a Creative Commons label doesn't mean that they actually have the right to do so.  The work is still under copyright by Oxford University Press, so the Archive link is technically illegal. Ian.thomson (talk) 14:34, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * i can understand where this is going, regards. 175.137.72.188 (talk) 14:37, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for the pings. I'm basically happy with the way I've been able to rephrase it, omitting those parts over which there was uncertainty. I'll leave it as a point for discussion whether an "according to" is needed here as we have only a single source and the translation of the word "rum" almost 1000 years prior to its first attestation in English seems tentative. Samsara 15:57, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

 * We can't read too much into the translation. On the one hand, "rum" might have been the handiest term the translator had for a liquor. On the other hand, if the translator were familiar with the Indian drink, then rum might have been what the translator felt the drink most resembled. The problem, of course is we're reading into the translation, and synthesis is to be avoided—and might be a sign we need an "according to" clause. —C.Fred (talk) 17:50, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * hi,, can you please consider that on page 60, the author also mentions a direct reference to a german translation of Vagbhata's work before considering to add according to, because for cypress account, we have to rely on the author for the the word 'rum', and there is no mention of the reference itself, neither description of the drink, but in this case, the direct book of Vagbhata has been cited, secondly, the drink Shidhu is also described as a fermented and distilled drink made form sugarcane juice, which again has also been cited directly from the texts, which seems to meet the criteria of rum., i do understand that rum word obviously has later origins, but the author is indeed using a direct quotation from a german translation of a sanskrit work, shouldn't give more credibility to the word 'Rum' used here, regards.

Rum etymology from 'saccharum'?
Saccharum (New Latin) is the genus of tall perennial plants (specifically sugarcane), which is used to produced "rum". Savvyjack23 (talk) 04:32, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Ok I can see it was discussed in removed and reversal changes (here) and ultimately an unexplained removed from the article (here). The known argument(s) were:

 * "Sugar itself was never used to make rum, and "it was not until the eighteenth century that Linnaeus gave sugarcane the scientific name of Saccharum officinarum" according to Ian Williams (source: Rum, A Social and Sociable History, Ian Williams, 2005)" --

 * "Besides being sourced, the removal is based on 2 faulty premises: firstly, "saccharum" is not just the scientific name, but the actual Latin word for sugar; secondly, no one said its explicitly made from sugar." --

 * Will investigate further. Savvyjack23 (talk) 05:20, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

"Association with piracy"
"The beverage has famous associations with the Royal Navy (where it was mixed with water or beer to make grog) and piracy (where it was consumed as bumbo)." I call BS. "Piracy" is a name for a type of crime, not a mythical cultural group of men who wear eye patches and silk sashes and go a-swashbuckling o'er the Seven Seas. A pirate is any vessel that steals another vessel or the cargo by force on the high seas. Most people guilty of piracy were indistinguishable from any other vessel, and most of them only turned to piracy in moments of opportunity when nobody was looking. They were just normal merchant ships the rest of the time. The most common type of pirate, today and historically, is small boats that sally out to raid offshore vessels, typically in Africa and Asia. Do they drink rum by choice and wear peg legs? Rum may be associated with a specific TYPE of pirate (i.e. European pirates based in the Caribbean or privateer crews on the Spanish Main), but not "piracy" in general, except as the modern mythological swashbuckling, black-sailed, eye-patched "pirate" out of POTC. So rum is associated with what people PERCEIVE to have been piracy. If many regular pirates drank a lot of rum, it is not surprising as it was an almost universal drink among seafaring men in that era. Since pirates were just merchant crews and man-o-war seamen who were shipping with a captain who didn't mind a little unauthorized privateering, it would be astonishing if the drank anything ELSE. And of course most high-seas "pirating" exploits were actually born from privateers working the Spanish gold ships. In any case, there was no group of people called "pirates" who dressed and acted a certain way, and drank "bumbo" as a group.

64.223.166.179 (talk) 21:41, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

'American countries'
Not a widely used or readily understood formulation. If we mean South, Central and North America, the usual phrase would be "the Americas." – Sca (talk) 15:13, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

A rum do
In Etymology, we might sneak in mention of the old British English phrase "a rum do", meaning a poorly executed or distasteful event or situation. – Sca (talk) 15:22, 17 November 2020 (UTC)
 * PS: And then there's the song. – Sca (talk) 15:48, 17 November 2020 (UTC)

No rum on Swedish ship Wasa
It is stated that a bottle of rum was found on Swedish naval ship Wasa that sank in Stockholm in 1628. We now know that this is wrong. It turns out the sprit was made from distilled wine. https://spiritsnews.se/vasa-1628-story/ BlueMilkMaking (talk) 08:30, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

Reference/Citation Cleanup
I have just completed a phase of cleanup for existing references/citations. There is obviously more to do, but alas, I am done for now. —¿philoserf? (talk) 23:54, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Jamaican rum/Rum, adequacy?
we have some links to Jamaican rum (Jamaican Rum). Is it clearly identifiable concept? Estopedist1 (talk) 08:00, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Regional spelling choice
This article has an inconsistent mix of "color", "colour", "mechanised", "utilized", "flavor", and "flavour" (MOS:CONSISTENT). Choosing a national English variety is a bit tricky, since rum is made around the world and has a very international history, so MOS:TIES doesn't provide clear guidance. However, the Caribbean plays a large role in the historical and present-day rum industry, and Jamaica is the world's largest rum producer, so I'll suggest Jamaican English as a starting proposal, but I'm not emotionally invested in any particular outcome.-Ich (talk) 12:59, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Appleton rum pictured is not a product of Barbados.This is strictly a Jamaican product so give that country the credit. Thanks
That Rum pictured is Jamaican rum so why is Barbados getting the credit. 71.46.236.251 (talk) 19:00, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

Tanduay
Is it necessary to advertise a brand in the first ever paragraph? 94.142.70.23 (talk) 11:14, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rum


text:
User talk:Wael Ellithy

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

Cite
What's your source for this edit? — Nightst a  llion  (?) 14:03, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * To answer your question regarding SDG: the source was from ISO 4217 Amendment 136 issued 2007-02-23. Wael Ellithy 23:22, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
 * And where can I find that? Thanks for the info, but we need a citeable source. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:03, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I am subscribed to the ISO 4217 email Amendment-Notifications. This, like other ISO publications, are not free. Wael Ellithy 14:02, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * And when will this information be publically announced? — Nightst a  llion  (?) 14:04, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Not sure if/when any ISO 4217 Amendments will be published. However, usually after few weeks some official page will be updated, mainly http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/popstds/currencycodeslist.html
 * As of this writing (2007-02-25), the above link claims that it was last modifed on 2006-11-21. Wael Ellithy 14:13, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks; we can't update the articles, though, until it's publically announced. When this happens, feel free to do so. :) — Nightst a  llion  (?) 14:31, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Wael Ellithy