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Juan Carlos Ferrero

Juan Carlos Ferrero Donat (born 12 February 1980) is a Spanish former world No. 1 tennis player and current tennis coach. He won the men's singles title at the 2003 French Open, and in September of that year became the 21st player to hold the top ranking, which he held for eight weeks. He was runner-up at the 2002 French Open and 2003 US Open and won 16 ATP Tour titles, including four Masters events. He was nicknamed "Mosquito" for his speed and slender physical build. Ferrero retired from professional tennis following the 2012 Valencia Open. He has since been a tennis coach to two-time ATP Finals champion and Olympic gold medalist Alexander Zverev, and to US Open, French Open and Wimbledon champion and world No. 1 Carlos Alcaraz.

Personal life
Nicknamed Juanki, JC, and "El Mosquito", Ferrero began playing tennis at age seven with his father, Eduardo Ferrero Micó (1943–2022), who often traveled with him. He has two sisters, Ana and Laura, and admires the play of former No. 1 Jim Courier. Ferrero's inspiration has been his mother, Rosario, who died of cancer in 1996, when he was 16. In July 2007, he bought an old cottage in Bocairent, south of Valencia, and refurbished it into "Hotel Ferrero", which features 12 luxury suites. He used to be a joint owner of the Valencia Open tournament together with fellow tennis player David Ferrer. His fitness trainer was Miguel Maeso, and he was coached by Antonio Martínez Cascales (from 1989) and Salvador Navarro (from May 2008). He and his wife had their first child, a daughter, in September 2014. The couple married in July 2015. They have had two more children since.

Playing style and equipment
Although Ferrero was known as a good clay court player during his prime, he distinguished himself as an all-court and all-round player through his solid performance on hard- and grass-court tournaments. He said during an interview that he preferred playing on hard courts. Tennis experts agreed that Ferrero's clay-court game translated well to the hard court due to his aggressive style of playing. He also had one of the greatest forehands in the game and immense speed on the court. He was sponsored by Nike, Sergio Tacchini, and Lotto Sport Italia for his apparel on court. In 2010, he signed an endorsement deal with Joma He uses Lacoste (since 2012) for his clothes, Asics for shoes and Prince Sports for his racquets. He played with a Prince EXO3 Tour 100 Mid+ (16x18) racquet.

Early years
Born in Ontinyent, Ferrero came to prominence in 1998, making the final of the French Open Juniors, losing to Fernando González. He finished the year ranked as the No. 17 junior. He then made his professional debut in 1998 by reaching the finals of his first Futures tournament in Italy. He won two Futures events in Spain, and ended the year ranked No. 345.

1999
He made his first ATP main draw debut at the Grand Prix Hassan II as a qualifier, where he reached the semi-finals. He followed it up by winning a Challenger events in Naples. He then received a wildcard at the Open Seat Godó and reached the third round losing to Carlos Moyá. He reached back–to–back finals, marking his top 100 debut at no. 95. He then reached his fourth challenger final of the year at Graz losing Tomáš Zíb. He then played at the Generali Open, where he earned his first top 20 win in the second round against No. 15 Tommy Haas, before losing in the quarterfinals. He made his Grand Slam debut at the US Open in August, losing to ninth seeded Greg Rusedski in the first round. The following month, in just his fifth professional event, he won his first career title at the Majorca Open, which propelled him from No. 68 to 47. He ended the year at No. 43 and won the ATP Newcomer of the Year award.

2000
He began the year at the Heineken Open and made the quarterfinals. He made his Australian Open debut, making it to the third round, where he was defeated by Younes El Aynaoui in a tight five–setter, 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 4–6. Shortly after, he reached the finals at the Dubai Tennis Championships, losing to Nicolas Kiefer, en route earning his first top 10 win over then No. 9 Nicolás Lapentti in the second round. He backed it up with a semifinal showing at the Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic, falling to Australian Lleyton Hewitt. At the first Masters of the year, he lost his first matches at the Indian Wells Masters to Michael Chang 5–7, 4–6 and at the Ericsson Open to George Bastl. He then represented Davis Cup for the first time, winning both his matches.

At the European clay season, Ferrero made it to back–to–back quarterfinals at the Estoril Open and his first masters quarterfinals at the Monte Carlo Open, losing to Nicolás Lapentti and Gastón Gaudio respectively. He made it to his second final of the year at the Torneo Godó losing to Marat Safin. By doing so, Ferrero entered the top 20 for the first time at No. 18. At the final Masters series of the clay court swing, Ferrero didn't fare well, losing to lower ranked opponent. He made the third round of the Italian Open losing to Mariano Puerta and second round of the German Open losing to Andrei Pavel. However, he bounced back by reaching the semifinals of his first French Open after defeating No. 10 Àlex Corretja before losing to the eventual champion Gustavo Kuerten in five sets. He then chose not to compete at Wimbledon.

At the US Open, he reached the fourth round but lost convincingly to eventual champion Marat Safin. He then represented Spain at the Summer Olympics in Sydney, he reached the quarterfinals losing to France's Arnaud di Pasquale. He then suffered loses in his first match in his next four events, at the CA–TennisTrophy to Richard Krajicek 4–6, 4–6, the adidas Open de Toulouse to Magnus Gustafsson 2–6, 6–7(9–11), the Davidoff Swiss Indoors to Richard Krajicek 4–6, 3–6, and the Stuttgart Masters to Younes El Aynaoui 6–7(4–7), 4–6. The drought ended when he reached the semifinals of Paris Masters, losing to eventual champion Marat Safin, 2–6, 2–6. However, he lost at the first round of the Scania Stockholm Open to Adrian Voinea 7–6(7–5), 2–6, 3–6. He then led Spain win the Davis Cup against Australia with a 3–1 win, when Ferrero won both his matches against Patrick Rafter 6–7(4), 7–6(2), 6–2, 3–1 RET and Lleyton Hewitt 6–2, 7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–4, handing Spain their first Davis Cup title. Although he did not win any titles in 2000, his significant performances in major tournaments helped him end the year ranked No. 12.

2001
Ferrero started the year poorly, suffering three consecutive loses, beginning with a second round loss at the Australian Open to Australian Andrew Ilie 6–3, 2–6, 1–6, 6–1, 2–6, followed by loses at Davis Cup to Dutch Raemon Sluiter 7–6(7–5), 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 4–6 and the first round at the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament to Ivan Ljubičić 6–7(2–7), 4–6. He bounced back at the Dubai Tennis Championships defeating Marat Safin, 6–2, 3–1 RET in the final, after upsetting No. 5 Magnus Norman 6–2, 4–6, 6–4 in the quarterfinals. He suffered a first round loss at the Indian Wells Masters in three tie–break sets to Nicolás Massú and a fourth round loss to Gastón Gaudio 0–6, 6–3, 3–6 at the Ericsson Open.

He began the European clay season by winning the Estoril Open in an all–Spanish final, defeating Félix Mantilla, 7–6, 4–6, 6–3. This placed him at No. 9 in the world, his top 10 debut. Despite suffering an early exit at the second round of the Monte Carlo Masters to Galo Blanco 2–6, 6–7(3–7), he recovered by making it to three consecutive finals. Winning his first two at the Open SEAT Godó defeating Carlos Moyá, 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 3–6, 7–5 and his first Masters title at the Rome Masters defeating Gustavo Kuerten, 3–6, 6–1, 2–6, 6–4, 6–2, his first win over a No. 1-ranked opponent. He lost the third final at the Hamburg Masters losing to Albert Portas, 6–4, 2–6, 6–0, 6–7, 5–7(5–7). He then followed his success by reaching the semifinals after defeating Lleyton Hewitt 6–4, 6–2, 6–1 at the French Open for the second consecutive year, losing again to the No. 1 seed, defending champion, and eventual champion Gustavo Kuerten 4–6, 4–6, 3–6. In his first Wimbledon, he was able to reach the third round losing to Britain's Greg Rusedski 1–6, 4–6, 4–6.

Ferrero also reached the finals at the UBS Open, losing to Jiří Novák, 1–6, 7–6(7–5), 5–7. He followed it up with a quarterfinal showing at the Generali Open falling to Nicolás Lapentti 6–7(6–8), 2–6 and at the Canada Masters falling to Patrick Rafter 5–7, 6–4, 2–6. He then had a disappointing results in America, losing in the second round of the Cincinnati Masters to Hicham Arazi 7–6(7–1), 4–6, 4–6 and the third round of the US Open with his compatriot Tommy Robredo upsetting him in a tight five setter 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 4–6, 6–4, 6–7(1–7). He then helped his Davis Cup team get back to the world group by defeating Uzbekistan's Oleg Ogorodov 7–5, 6–2, 6–4. He then made the quarterfinals of the Salem Open losing to Rainer Schüttler 3–6, 6–7(6–8) and the Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon to Younes El Aynaoui 4–6, 4–6. However, he fell in his first matches at the Stuttgart Masters to Thomas Enqvist 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(4–7) and at the St. Petersburg Open to Rainer Schüttler 6–7(8–10), 4–6. At the final Masters event of the year the Paris Masters, he fell in the third round to Hicham Arazi 2–6, 6–4, 3–6. Ferrero qualified for the Tennis Masters Cup and advance to the semifinals defeating Gustavo Kuerten 7–6(7–3), 6–2 and Goran Ivanišević 7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–5), but losing to Yevgeny Kafelnikov 6–4, 1–6, 6–7(5–7) in the round robin stage. In the semifinals, he lost to eventual champion Lleyton Hewitt, 4–6, 3–6. He finished the year ranked No. 5.

2002
In 2002, Ferrero missed the Australian Open due to bursitis in his right knee. He started his year at the Milan Indoor, but was upset by eventual champion Davide Sanguinetti 6–3, 6–7(0–7), 4–6 in the second round. He then represented Spain in the first round Davis Cup tie against Morocco, he went to win one against Hicham Arazi 6–3, 6–1, 6–2 and lost one to Younes El Aynaoui 6–7(2–7), 0–6, 6–3, 6–0, 3–6. He made his first quarterfinal of the year at the Open 13, but was upset by No. 99 Cédric Pioline 7–6(3–7), 4–6, 5–7. At the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, he lost in his opening match against eventual champion Nicolas Escudé 7–5, 1–6, 0–6. As the defending champion at the Dubai Tennis Championships, he retired in his second-round match 1–2 down against Younes El Aynaoui with a pulled abductor. His form continued to dip with a couple of early exits: In the first round of the Pacific Life Open to Greg Rusedski, 4–6, 3–6, in the third round of the NASDAQ–100 Open to Adrian Voinea 6–7(6–8), 6–1, 2–6, and in the second round of the Estoril Open to David Nalbandian, 6–4, 4–6, 6–7(7–4).

He bounced back at the Monte Carlo Masters to reach the finals, where he earned his first top-10 wins of the year against Tommy Haas and Sébastien Grosjean, and he defeated Carlos Moyá in straight sets, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4, in the final to win the title. However, he was unable to keep his form, losing to Alberto Martín at the third round at Torneo Godó, losing to Ivan Ljubičić in the second round of Rome Masters, and the first round of the Hamburg Masters to Alberto Costa. These results made him fall out of the top 10 for the first time in a year. At the 2002 French Open, Ferrero reached his first Grand Slam final after upsetting No. 4 Andre Agassi 6–3, 5–7, 7–5, 6–3 and No. 2 Marat Safin 6–3, 6–2, 6–4. Despite being the strong favourite, he lost to compatriot Albert Costa, 1–6, 0–6, 6–4, 3–6. His foot was injured during the tournament, and he played through, taking some cortisone shots.

He fell early at the Wimbledon Championships to 98th-ranked American Jeff Morrison 3–6, 5–7, 6–7(5–7). He reached the finals at the Generali Open, losing to Àlex Corretja, 4–6, 1–6, 3–6. He made it to the semifinals in the Cincinnati Masters, losing to eventual champion Carlos Moyá, 3–6, 4–6. At the US Open he fell in the third round to Fernando González 4–6, 4–6, 4–6. He won his second title of the year in Hong Kong, avenging his loss to Carlos Moyá by beating him in the final, 6–3, 1–6, 7–6(7–4). He lost in the quarterfinal of the Madrid Masters to Andre Agassi 3–6, 2–6 and the semifinal of the Davidoff Swiss Indoors to Fernando González 4–6, 6–4, 1–6. He qualified to the Tennis Masters Cup; he advanced to the semifinals with wins over Andre Agassi 2–6, 7–6(8–6) and Jiří Novák 7–5, 6–3, but lost to Roger Federer 3–6, 4–6 in the round robin stage. He then advanced to the final by defeating compatriot Carlos Moyá, 6–7(6–8), 6–4, 6–4, but lost to No. 1 Lleyton Hewitt, 5–7, 5–7, 6–2, 6–2, 4–6. This result saw the Spaniard finish the year ranked No. 4.

2003
In 2003, Ferrero started the year by reaching the finals in the Adidas International, losing to Hyung-Taik Lee, 6–4, 6–7(6–8), 6–7(4–7). He went on to reach the quarter–finals of the Australian Open, losing to Wayne Ferreira, 6–7(4–7), 6–7(5–7), 1–6. He then competed for Spain at Davis Cup against Belgium and won both his matches against Christophe Rochus 6–3, 6–2, 7–5 and Kristof Vliegen 6–1, 6–4. He then competed at the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament but retired with a sprained ankle in the quarterfinals against Raemon Sluiter while leading 2–1 in the first set. At the next two Masters events of Pacific Life Open and NASDAQ–100 Open, he lost in the round of 32 to Brian Vahaly 4–6, 6–3, 3–6 and to Marcelo Ríos 3–6, 6–7(2–7). In the quarterfinals of Davis Cup against Croatia, he won his only match against Mario Ančić 6–4, 6–2, 7–6(7–1).

He won his first title of the year at the Monte Carlo Masters, which he defended by defeating Guillermo Coria, 6–2, 6–2. In his next four tournaments, he reached the semi–finals in Torneo Godó, losing to Marat Safin, 4–6, 3–6, and the semifinals at the 2003 Rome Masters retiring against Roger Federer, 4–6, 2–4 with a shoulder injury. He also won the Valencia Open, defeating Christophe Rochus, 6–2, 6–4, without losing a set. He then won his first and only Grand Slam at the 2003 French Open, defeating surprise finalist Martin Verkerk, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2, in the final. He reached the 4th round of Wimbledon losing to Sébastien Grosjean 2–6, 6–4, 6–7(2–7), 6–7(3–7). He reached back–to–back quarterfinals at the Generali Open losing to Mariano Zabaleta 1–6, 4–6 and at the Idea Prokom Open losing to Luis Horna 1–6, 6–7(1–7).

He fell early at the third round of the Canada Masters to Karol Kučera 3–6, 5–7 and at the second round of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters to Gastón Gaudio 7–6(7–3), 6–7(5–7), 4–6. At the 2003 US Open his good form at the Grand Slams continued, eliminating former world No. 1s and former US Open champions Lleyton Hewitt 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–5), 6–1 and Andre Agassi 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, before losing to Andy Roddick, 3–6, 6–7(2–7), 3–6, in the final. This result saw Ferrero take the No. 1 ranking from Agassi. He once again represented Davis Cup this time against Argentina, defeating Gastón Gaudio 6–4, 6–0, 6–0 but losing to Agustín Calleri 4–6, 5–7, 1–6. The year continued in Bangkok where he played for the first time as No. 1, losing to Taylor Dent in the final, 3–6, 6–7. He took his next title at the Madrid Masters, his first hard–court Masters title, by defeating Nicolás Massú, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3, in the final. He was presented with the Spanish "National Sportsman of the Year" award from King Juan Carlos. However, he went into a 6 match losing streak, In the third round of the BNP Paribas Masters to Jiří Novák 5–7, 5–7. At the Tennis Masters Cup, he lost all his three matches against David Nalbandian, Andre Agassi, and Roger Federer. Representing Spain in the Davis Cup final against Australia, he lost both his matches in 5 sets against Lleyton Hewitt 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 6–7(0–7), 2–6 and Mark Philippoussis 5–7, 3–6, 6–1, 6–2, 0–6. Ferrero ended the year ranked No. 3, behind Andy Roddick and Roger Federer.

2004
Injuries began to plague Ferrero throughout 2004, and his ranking and form dipped. Despite making the Australian Open semifinals early in the year, losing to Roger Federer 4–6, 1–6, 4–6, and the finals of ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, losing to Lleyton Hewitt, 7–6, 5–7, 4–6, chicken pox kept him out for the entire month of March. He came back at Davis Cup against Netherlands and won both his matches defeating Raemon Sluiter 6–2, 6–2, 6–4 and Martin Verkerk 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 4–6, 7–5, 6–1 and the semifinals of the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana losing to Fernando Verdasco 2–6, 1–6. After a first–round loss in Monte Carlo Masters to Alex Corretja 2–6, 3–6 in April, he required another month out for rest and recuperation. On 8 May, Ferrero fell during a practice session, injuring his ribs and his right wrist and went into the defence of his French Open crown under–prepared. He lost in the second round to Igor Andreev 4–6, 2–6, 3–6. At the Wimbledon Championships he reached the third round losing to Robby Ginepri 3–6, 4–6, 1–6. After Wimbledon, he failed to win back–to–back matches. He lost in the first rounds of Allianz Suisse Open Gstaad to Stefan Koubek 6–7(4–7), 4–6 and of Canada Masters retiring 2–3 down against Fabrice Santoro. He lost in the second round of Cincinnati Masters losing to Tommy Robredo 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 4–6, Summer Olympics losing to Mardy Fish 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 4–6, US Open to Stefan Koubek 6–7(2–7), 6–4, 7–6(8–6), 2–6, 3–6, China Open to Kevin Kim 4–6, 4–6, Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon to David Ferrer 6–3, 5–7, 3–6, and Madrid Masters to Luis Horna 3–6, 1–6. He ended the year at 31, finishing outside the world's top 30 for the first time in five years.

2005
In 2005, Ferrero looked to return to the top of the game. However, he began his year with a loss to Jan Hernych 7–6(7–1), 1–6, 3–6 at the Heineken Open. At the Australian Open due to being seeded 31st, he met 6th ranked Guillermo Coria and lost 3–6, 2–6, 1–6. With this loss his ranking went down to 64 for the first time since September 1999. His ranking continued to drop to as low as 98, with first round loss at the Open 13 to eventual champion Joachim Johansson 6–7(4–7), 3–6, and second round loses at the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament to Radek Štěpánek 4–6, 7–6(8–6), 3–6, the Dubai Tennis Championships to Roger Federer 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(6–8), and at the Pacific Life Open to Carlos Moya 3–6, 4–6. He made a decent run at the NASDAQ–100 Open reaching the fourth round, losing to David Ferrer 7–6(9–7), 3–6, 5–7. At the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana, he fell to Rafael Nadal 2–6, 1–6. He bounced back by reaching the semifinals of the Monte Carlo Masters losing to Guillermo Coria, 2–6, 5–7, and then the final of Torneo Godó upsetting Gastón Gaudio 6–4, 4–6, 6–3 and Nikolay Davydenko 7–6(7–1), 6–1, before losing to Rafael Nadal, 4–6, 4–6. This results pushed him back inside the top 50. He then reached the second round of the Estoril Open losing to Carlos Moyá 5–7, 7–6(7–4), 4–6. He ended the European clay season by reaching the third rounds of the Hamburg Masters losing to Nikolay Davydenko 6–3, 2–6, 1–6 and French Open to Marat Safin 6–7(5–7), 5–7, 6–1, 6–7(2–7).

At the grass season, he reached the quarterfinals of the Gerry Weber Open but lost to Tommy Haas 2–6, 5–7 and the fourth round of the Wimbledon Championships to Roger Federer 3–6, 4–6, 6–7(6–8). He then went back to clay and made it to back–to–back quarterfinals at the Swedish Open and ATP Vegeta Croatia Open losing to eventual champions Rafael Nadal 3–6, 3–6 and Guillermo Coria 3–6, 0–6. He did not fare well at the North American leg, losing in the third round of Rogers Cup to Dominik Hrbatý 4–6, 2–6, second round of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters to Andy Roddick 7–6(7–3), 6–7(5–7), 2–6, and the first round of the US Open losing to Arnaud Clément 5–7, 5–7, 1–6. He bounced back by reaching the semifinals of the China Open losing to Nadal 4–6, 4–6. At the Davis Cup Play–off against Italy, Ferrero lost his first match against Andreas Seppi 7–5, 6–3, 0–6, 3–6, 2–6, but won the decisive rubber against Daniele Bracciali 6–3, 6–0, 6–3 to put Spain back into the World Group. He then competed at the Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia but lost in the quarterfinal to Tomas Behrend 7–6(7–2), 6–7(4–7), 5–7. He reached his second final of the year at the BA–CA Tennis Trophy defeating David Nalbandian 7–6(7–5), 6–3 and Radek Štěpánek 7–6(7–3), 6–3, before losing to Ivan Ljubičić 6–2, 6–4, 7–6(9–7). However, he fell early in his last three events, at the Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid in the first round to Max Mirnyi 5–7, 6–7(2–7), at the Davidoff Swiss Indoors in the second round to José Acasuso 3–6, 7–6(9–7), 3–6, and at the BNP Paribas Masters in the third round to Tomáš Berdych 5–7, 7–6(9–7), 4–6. He ended 2005 ranked No. 17.

2006
In 2006, he once again lost his first match at the Medibank International losing to Chris Guccione 6–4, 3–6, 5–7. At the first slam of the year, the Australian Open, he reached the third round again this time to Nicolas Kiefer 3–6, 2–6, 7–5, 2–6. He reached his first semifinal of the year at the ATP Buenos Aires losing to compatriot Carlos Moyá 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 4–6. However. he fell in the first round of the Brasil Open to Flávio Saretta 4–6, 3–6. At the first two Masters event of the year, the Pacific Life Open and NASDAQ–100 Open, losing to Paradorn Srichaphan 2–6, 2–6 in the third round and Dmitry Tursunov 3–6, 6–7(0–7) in the second round, respectively.

He started his French Open preparation at the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana but fell to eventual champion Nicolás Almagro 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 4–6. At the Monte Carlo Masters, he reached the third round, but lost to friend David Ferrer 1–6, 7–6(7–5), 3–6. He reached his second quarterfinal of the year at the Torneo Godó losing once again to Nicolás Almagro 3–6, 3–6. At the next three events, he lost in the first round of Internazionali BNL d'Italia to Paul-Henri Mathieu 1–6, 3–6 and the third round of the Hamburg Masters to David Ferrer 2–6, 4–6 and of the French Open to Gastón Gaudio 5–7, 5–7, 6–7(7–9). In his Wimbledon preparation, he reached the quarterfinals of the Ordina Open losing to Florent Serra 3–6, 7–6(7–4), 3–6. At Wimbledon, despite leading 2 sets to love against Radek Štěpánek in the third round, he lost in a tight fifth set 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 2–6, 9–11.

At the Swedish Open reached the quarterfinals, losing to Jarkko Nieminen 6–7(5–7), 2–6. He then fell early at the first round of Croatia Open Umag to Albert Portas and second round of Rogers Cup to Fernando González 2–6, 1–6. He reached his lone final of the year at the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters, Ferrero notched his first top 10 win of 2006 with a 6–2, 6–4 win over US No. 1 and No. 5 player James Blake. A few days later, Ferrero defeated No. 2 Rafael Nadal, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–3), and subsequently No. 7 Tommy Robredo, 6–3, 6–4, to move into the final of an ATP Masters Series event for the first time since 2003. In the final, Ferrero lost to Andy Roddick, 3–6, 4–6. Ferrero ended the year with a five match losing streak, beginning with the second round of the US Open to Marc Gicquel 5–7, 3–6, 4–6. This was followed by loses in his first matches at the PTT Thailand Open to Mischa Zverev 6–4, 2–6, 4–6, at the Open de Moselle to Julien Benneteau 4–6, 6–1, 6–7(7–9), at the BA–CA–TennisTrophy to Jürgen Melzer 7–5, 6–7(5–7), 3–6, and at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Masters to Robin Söderling 3–6, 2–6. He ended the year ranked No. 23.

2007
In 2007, Ferrero had a bad start of the year with a first round loss at the Heineken Open to Nicolás Massú 4–6, 2–6 and a second round loss at the Australian Open to Danai Udomchoke in four sets 6–7(0–7), 5–7, 6–4, 1–6. Ferrero bounced back by reaching the final of the Brasil Open, where he lost to Guillermo Cañas, 6–7(4–7), 2–6. He was eliminated in the round robin stage of Copa Telmex and the semifinals of the Abierto Mexicano Telcel, where he lost to Carlos Moyá, 6–2, 2–6, 3–6. At the Pacific Life Open he reached the fourth round losing to Rafael Nadal 1–6, 1–6 but fell early in the Sony Ericsson Open to Guillermo Cañas in the second round 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 5–7. He also fell early Alberto Martín 4–6, 2–6 at the second round of the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana. But he bounced back reaching the semifinals of the Monte Carlo Masters, losing to Roger Federer, 3–6, 4–6. However, he fell in the second rounds of Torneo Godó to Pablo Andújar 1–2 ret and Internazionali BNL d'Italia to Potito Starace 2–6, 6–3, 2–6, and the third rounds of the Hamburg Masters to Roger Federer 2–6, 3–6 and of the French Open to Mikhail Youzhny 7–6(7–3), 6–7(3–7), 2–6, 2–6.

Despite losing in the first round of the Ordina Open to Carlos Berlocq 6–2, 3–6, 2–6, he was able to reach the quarterfinals of Wimbledon for the first time, defeating No. 9 James Blake 3–6, 6–3, 6–3, 7–6(7–4) in the third round, earning his first top 10 win of the year. He lost to No. 1 Federer 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 1–6, 3–6, this marks Ferrero reaching the quarterfinals or better of each slam. He back it up with another quarterfinal at the Mercedes Cup losing to Feliciano López 4–6, 6–3, 4–6, but was upset in the first round by Andreas Seppi at the Austrian Open 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 2–6 The Spaniard's US Open campaign was a disappointment, despite making it to the third round of the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters losing to American James Blake 1–6, 4–6 after defeating No. 6 Fernando González 6–2, 7–6(9–7), he lost in the first rounds of Rogers Cup to Lleyton Hewitt 6–7(5–7), 4–6 and US Open to Feliciano López 3–6, 4–6, 4–6. He bounced back by reaching the semifinals of the BA-CA-TennisTrophy losing to Stanislas Wawrinka 5–7, 1–6 and the third round of the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open losing to Novak Djokovic 3–6, 6–2, 4–6. His final match of the year was a first round loss to Marcos Baghdatis 4–6, 2–6 at the BNP Paribas Masters. He ended the year ranked No. 24.

2008
Ferrero started 2008 by reaching the final of the Heineken Open losing to Philipp Kohlschreiber 6–7(4–7), 5–7 and defeating David Nalbandian, 6–1, 6–2, 6–3 to advance to the fourth round of the Australian Open, where he lost to David Ferrer 5–7, 6–3, 4–6, 1–6. After the Australian Open, Ferrero suffered three consecutive losses to Nicolas Mahut 7–5, 4–6, 6–7(1–7) at the second round of the Open 13, at the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament to Teymuraz Gabashvili 5–7, 1–6 and to Andy Roddick at the Dubai Tennis Championships, 2–6, 4–6. He made a fourth–round appearance at the Pacific Life Open, where Nalbandian defeated him, 2–6, 2–6. At the Sony Ericsson Open, Ferrero lost to Tomáš Berdych 1–6, 3–6 in the third round. He lost to Marat Safin 3–6, 7–5, 4–6 at the Open de Tenis Comunidad Valenciana in the first round. At the Monte Carlo Masters and Internazionali BNL d'Italia, he reached the third round in both events, to Rafael Nadal 4–6, 1–6 and to Stanislas Wawrinka 4–6, 3–6. At the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, he stunned No. 2 Rafael Nadal 7–5, 6–1 in the second round ending Nadal's 17 successive match wins in Rome. He then competed in the French Openn, retiring in the first round due to a leg injury against Marcos Daniel after winning the first set, 7–6, 2–2 RET. In June he competed at Wimbledon, retiring in the second round against Mischa Zverev, 4–6, 4–6, 1–2 RET, due to a hamstring injury. He missed the next three months with a shoulder injury and returned with a quarterfinal appearance at the China Open, losing to eventual champion Andy Roddick 6–2, 3–6, 4–6. His next tournaments were at the Bank Austria–Tennis Trophy, a second–round loss to Jürgen Melzer 6–7(4–7), 3–6, and a quarterfinals appearance at the Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon6–7(5–7), 1–6, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. He ended the year ranked No. 55, his lowest year–end ranking since 1998.

2009
Ferrero started the year with early losses in the second round of the Heineken Open to Philipp Kohlschreiber 4–6, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), and the first rounds of the Brisbane International Florent Serra 3–6, 6–7(3–7), and the Australian Open to Fabrice Santoro 3–6, 2–6, 7–6(7–5), 2–6 which made him drop out of the top 100 at No. 101 for the first time in almost 10 years. He, however, reached the quarterfinals of the Brasil Open, losing to Thomaz Bellucci, 6–7(5–7), 6–1, 3–6, and of the Copa Telmex, retiring against David Nalbandian, 3–6, 0–3 with a right leg injury. In March, Ferrero captured his first singles title since 2003 by defeating fifth–seeded Florent Serra, 6–4, 7–5, in the final of the Grand Prix Hassan II in Casablanca, Morocco. He, however, followed up with early losses in rest of the clay–court season. He lost in first round of the Barcelona Open to Igor Kunitsyn 5–7, 6–7(3–7), failed to qualify for the Internazionali BNL d'Italia, and suffered second–round losses in the Estoril Open to Nikolay Davydenko 5–7, 2–6, Madrid Open to Fernando Verdasco 3–6, 2–6, and the 2009 French Open to Philipp Kohlschreiber 4–6, 6–2, 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 3–6.

Surprisingly, Ferrero's resurgence came on the grass courts, as he reached the semifinals of the Queen's Club Championships, losing to Andy Murray, 2–6, 4–6, and the quarterfinals at Wimbledon, defeating tenth seed Fernando González in the third round, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4, in a match lasting about 3 hours, and seventh seed Gilles Simon in the fourth round, 7–6(7–4), 6–3, 6–2, before losing to Andy Murray, 5–7, 3–6, 2–6. These performances saw him climb from No. 90 to No. 37 in a month. He then reached the finals of the Umag Open, losing to Nikolay Davydenko, 3–6, 0–6. At the Legg Mason Tennis Classic, Ferrero advanced to the third round, before losing to Tommy Haas, 5–7, 6–2, 1–6, after beating Tommy Robredo, 6–3, 6–2.

In August he competed at the Rogers Cup, where he needed to qualify for the main draw despite his high ranking. He defeated Lleyton Hewitt in the first round, 6––1, 6–4, ending Hewitt's three–match winning streak against him. He then defeated 13th seed Gaël Monfils, 6–3, 7–6(9–7). in the pair's first meeting, before losing to Andy Murray once again, 1–6, 3–6. He lost in the first round of the Cincinnati Masters to Marin Čilić, 3–6, 4–6. At the US Open, he defeated Fabrice Santoro in the first round in Santoro's last US Open match. In the second round against Philipp Petzschner, Ferrero mounted a remarkable comeback from two sets down for the third time in his career to win 1–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–4. He went on to defeat No. 9 seed, when Gilles Simon retired with a right knee injury while Ferrer was leading 1–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5), 1–0 ret, but lost in the fourth round to eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro 3–6, 3–6, 3–6. Ferrero climbed impressively into the top 20, having been ranked No. 115 just 5 months before. In his first tournament after the US Open at the China Open, he lost to Fernando Verdasco, 5–7, 4–6, in the second round, after defeating Nicolás Almagro, 7–5, 7–6(7–3). He competed in the Shanghai Masters, where he missed being seeded by one ranking position. He was crushed in the first round by 13th seed Radek Štěpánek, 6–3, 6–0, winning only 7 points in the second set. He also lost in the first round of the Stockholm Open to Marcos Baghdatis, 4–6, 2–6. He then competed in the Valencia Open but made an early exit to Pablo Cuevas in the first round in a three–set battle, 6–2, 6–7, 3–6, after serving for the set at 5–3 in the second set. He ended the year at No. 23, which was 32 spots higher than the previous year and won his first title in 6 years.

2010
Ferrero had a bad start to the 2010 season. Ferrero began the year at the Heineken Open, where he retired against Michael Lammer with an injury trailing 1–3 in the second round, after receiving a first round bye. At the Australian Open, he lost to Ivan Dodig, after being two sets to love up and seemingly cruising to victory. His mind slipped mid-match and he got crushed during the last three sets of the match, 6–2, 6–1, 4–6, 1–6, 1–6. Ferrero then competed in the Brasil Open as the No. 1 seed. He earned his first win of the season against Eduardo Schwank, 7–6, 6–3. In the following round he defeated Nicolás Massú, 6–2, 5–7, 6–2 (despite failing to serve out the match 5–4 in the second set), Carlos Berlocq, 6–3, 6–2, in the quarterfinals, and Ricardo Mello, 6–4, 6–2, in the semifinals. In the final, he crushed Łukasz Kubot, 6–1, 6–0, in 61 minutes, conceding one of his services games but in turn, breaking all of his opponent's service games. At the Copa Telmex, seeded No. 2, he won against top seed David Ferrer in the final, 5–7, 6–4, 6–3, after defeating Juan Mónaco in the semifinals, 6–2, 7–6. This was his second title in a row and extended his winning streak to 10. The tournament victory also raised his ranking to No. 16. At the Abierto Mexicano in Acapulco, he had comfortable victories over qualifier Diego Junqueira, 6–2, 6–3, and Igor Andreev, 6–4, 6–3. Carrying on his fiery form, he defeated defending champion Nicolás Almagro, 6–1, 5–7, 6–2, in the quarterfinals, not facing any break points in the first and third sets and being broken only once. He defeated Juan Mónaco in the semifinals, when the Argentinian retired with an abdominal strain after losing the first set 7–5. Ferrero faced David Ferrer in his third straight final and lost, 3–6, 6–3, 1–6. Both players admitted that Ferrero's fatigue played a major role in the final set. This ended his 14-match winning streak. Despite the loss, he rose to No. 14 in the world, the first time he was ranked that high since 11 October 2004, when he was ranked 13th.

He defeated Daniel Köllerer, 6–3, 6–0, in the second round of BNP Paribas Open, earning his first hard-court victory of the season, losing only eight points on serve. He then faced Juan Mónaco in the third round, their third meeting in a row, with Ferrero prevailing in the other two. He was upset, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 3–6, in a match that lasted over three hours. At the Sony Ericsson Open, he made the round of 16, losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, 2–6, 2–6, after defeating John Isner, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3, and Daniel Köllerer, 4–0 RET. At the Monte Carlo Masters, he defeated Marcel Granollers, 6–0, 6–3, and Benjamin Becker, 6–3, 6–4. After defeating the German, Ferrero upset Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, 6–1, 3–6, 7–5, earning his first victory over the Frenchman. He, however, lost to Rafael Nadal, 4–6, 2–6, in the quarterfinals. At the Barcelona Open, Ferrero was upset by Dutchman Thiemo de Bakker in the third round, due to not playing well in the tie-breaks, 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 6–7(4–7),. At the Rome Masters, his form worsened as he surprisingly slumped to a 0–6, 3–6 loss to qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the first round. Ferrero went into the French Open seeded 16th and tipped by some to make a good run in the tournament. He defeated Pablo Cuevas of Uruguay in the first round, 6–4, 6–3, 6–1. He then met fellow Spaniard Pere Riba in the second round, winning in four sets, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(13–15), 6–2, 6–2. However, he was upset in the third round by unseeded American Robby Ginepri. After coming back from a two-set deficit and being a break of serve up in the decider, Ferrero lost in the fifth set with a final score of 7–5, 6–3, 3–6, 2–6, 6–4. He may have been seen to have underachieved in the tournament but did improve on his previous year's performance and did therefore increase his ranking points.

At the Gerry Weber Open grass tournament his form continued to go down as he lost to lucky loser Dominik Meffert in the first round, 3–6, 5–7. His bad form continued, as he lost to Xavier Malisse in five sets in the first round of Wimbledon. He was now 9 wins–8 losses since his good run at the South American clay season. Next stop on his tour was the MercedesCup, losing to Albert Montañés for the first time in six meetings in the semifinals, 3–6, 6–7(6–8), despite having two set points in the second set tiebreak. At the German Open, Ferrero defeated Jan Hájek and Jarkko Nieminen, before being upset by Florian Mayer, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 3–6, for the first time in five meetings. At the Umag Open, Ferrero won his third title of the year, at first struggling against Pablo Cuevas, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4, but cruising through against Alexandr Dolgopolov, Andreas Seppi, and Potito Starace in the final. He then missed the Rogers Cup and Cincinnati Masters due to a knee injury. He returned at the US Open, where he defeated Martin Kližan and Ricardo Mello in straight sets, but lost to Jürgen Melzer 5–7, 3–6, 1–6 in the third round. He missed the rest of the season due to knee and wrist injuries for which he was operated in October.

2011–2012
In 2011, Ferrero withdrew from the Heineken Open and Australian Open. As the defending champion, he withdrew from the Brasil Open and Copa Claro. He also withdrew from the Abierto Mexicano, Indian Wells, Miami Masters, and Monte Carlo Masters as the recovery from his wrist and knee surgery took longer than expected. He made his return at the Barcelona Open, where he defeated Xavier Malisse, 6–4, 6–1, Mischa Zverev, 6–4, 7–5, and Simone Vagnozzi, 7–6(7–3), 4–6, 6–4, but lost in the quarterfinals to Nicolás Almagro, 3–6, 3–6. His next tournament was the Madrid Open, where he lost in the first round to Dutchman Thiemo de Bakker, 6–2, 5–7, 4–6, after which he indicated that the end of tennis career might be near. He missed the Rome Masters, French Open, and Wimbledon due to same injury. His ranking dropped to No. 85. He returned to competition at the MercedesCup in Stuttgart. There, he defeated Bastian Knittel, Mikhail Youzhny, Marcel Granollers, Federico Delbonis and in the final countryman Pablo Andújar, 6–4, 6–0, to capture the Stuttgart title. Right after this win he went to the German Open Hamburg, where he lost in the first round to Cedrik-Marcel Stebe, 3–6, 2–6. As the defending champion, he reached the semifinals of the Croatia Open losing to eventual champion Alexandr Dolgopolov 4–6, 4–6. At the Rogers Cup, he lost to Ernests Gulbis, 6–3, 1–6, 5–7 and at the Cincinnati Masters to Feliciano López 6–4, 3–6, 4–6 both in the first round.

Ferrero's next tournament was the US Open, where he defeated Pablo Andújar in the first round, 1–6, 7–5, 5–7, 6–1, 6–3. In the second round, he defeated Frenchman Gaël Monfils in an electrifying five-set match, 7–6(7–5), 5–7, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–4. His next opponent was Spain's Marcel Granollers, who retired in the second set; at the time of Granollers' retirement, Ferrero led the match 6–1, 4–3. In the fourth round, Ferrero lost to Janko Tipsarević, 5–7, 7–6(7–3), 5–7, 2–6. His next tournament was the 2011 China Open, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. He then played at the Shanghai Masters reaching the third round, falling to good friend David Ferrer 6–1, 5–7, 2–6 after having wasted three match points in the second set. His next tour stop was the Valencia Open, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Argentine player Juan Mónaco 3–6, 3–6. The final tournament of the year was the Paris Masters, where he lost in the first round to Frenchman Nicolas Mahut 2–6, 3–6.

Ferrero began his 2012 season with a 3–6, 2–6 loss to Frenchmen Benoît Paire in Sydney. His next tournament was the 2012 Australian Open, where he made an early exit in the first round to Serbian Viktor Troicki after a hard-fought five-set match, 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–7(3–7), 2–6 in which he failed to convert a match point in the fourth set. After the match, Ferrero was fined $1,500 by the organization of the Australian Open for "audible obscenities" during the match. Ferrero represented Spain in the Davis Cup vs. Kazakhstan defeating Mikhail Kukushkin in five sets in the first tie. He then played a disappointing Golden Swing in Latin America losing three times in his opening matches. At the Brasil Open he lost to Leonardo Mayer 6–7(6–8), 2–6 at the Copa Claro he lost to Kei Nishikori 5–7, 6–3, 2–6. For last, at the Abierto Mexicano Telcel to Stanislas Wawrinka 6–2, 3–6, 4–6. He then missed 3 months due to a wrist injury. Ferrero returned at the Mutua Madrid Open losing in the first round to qualifier Igor Andreev 4–6, 6–7(4–7),. His next tournament was the Internazionali BNL d'Italia. In the first round, Ferrero beat Kevin Anderson 6–4, 7–5; recording his 2nd win in the year. In the second round, he beat Frenchman and 13th seed Gaël Monfils 7–5, 6–3. However, in the third round, he fell to Roger Federer in 3 sets: 2–6, 7–5, 1–6. After Rome, Ferrero played at Open de Nice Côte d'Azur. In the first round, he beat Dutch Robin Haase after saving a match point 4–6, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(8–6). In the second round, he fell to Brazilian qualifying Thomaz Bellucci in straight sets 4–6, 3–6. In Roland Garros, his next tournament, Juan won the first match against the French Wildcard player Jonathan Dasnières de Veigy 6–1, 6–4, 6–3. In the second round, he lost to Marin Čilić 6–7(4–7), 2–6, 3–6. After this, Ferrero did not play at any tournament, preferring to go straight to Wimbledon, where he lost in the 1st round 3–6, 3–6, 1–6 to defending champion and No. 1-ranked Novak Djokovic. He then lost in the first round of the ATP Vegeta Croatia Open Umag. Ferrero announced on 12 September 2012, that he would officially retire from professional tennis after the Valencia Open 500 in October. He stated that "The Valencia Open 500 will be my last tournament, it's the best possible stage for me to retire. Because of injuries, I was not able to play a full season and it's been a complicated year as I could see I didn't have the same ambition after 14 years on the tour." His final match was in the first round of Valencia, losing to Nicolás Almagro 5–7, 3–6.

2017
In 2017 it was announced that Ferrero would make a return to the ATP World Tour, playing in the Barcelona doubles draw alongside Pablo Carreño Busta. However, this would be his only tournament, and they would lose in the first round.

Davis Cup
Ferrero made his Davis Cup debut for Spain in the quarterfinals match-up against Russia in 2000 and won both his matches against Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Marat Safin in straight sets. He played in the semifinals, this time against the American Vince Spadea, and won in three sets, 4–6, 6–1, 6–4. His impressive Davis Cup form continued when he defeated Australians Patrick Rafter and Lleyton Hewitt in Barcelona, enabling Spain to capture the Davis Cup for the first time. In 2001, Spain fell to the Netherlands, and Ferrero lost his first match against Raemon Sluiter, losing two tie-breakers and winning one. He made up for this loss, however, when Spain competed in the qualifying rounds for the Davis Cup World Group, by defeating Oleg Ogorodov of Uzbekistan in straight sets.

Ferrero continued to be a key Davis Cup player in subsequent years. In both 2003 and 2004, Ferrero contributed to Spain's successive progress to the Davis Cup final. In 2004, Spain won the Davis Cup for the second time. In 2009, Ferrero won the fifth and decisive rubber against Andreas Beck of Germany, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4, in the quarterfinals, putting Spain through to the semifinal. In the semifinal Ferrero won the second rubber against Israel, 6–4, 6–2, 6–0, putting Spain on track to win the Davis Cup for the second consecutive year, the first nation to do so since Sweden in 1998. As Nadal returned from injury to play the final for Spain, Ferrero was not selected to Spain's final team. He attended all the live rubbers to support his teammates during the first two days of the Davis Cup final as a reserve player. He was not included in the 2009 Davis Cup presentation ceremony and celebrations on the final day.

Coaching career
In July 2017, Ferrero started working as a tennis coach of then-world No. 11 Alexander Zverev. Their work ended in February 2018 due to rumoured differences between them.

In 2019, Ferrero began coaching 16-year-old Carlos Alcaraz, a fellow Spaniard. As of 9 June 2024, their partnership has produced fourteen tournament wins on the ATP Tour, including four major titles - the 2022 US Open, the Gentleman's singles title at the 2023 Wimbledon Championships and 2024 Wimbledon Championships and the Men's singles title at 2024 French Open at Roland Garros. Under Ferrero, Alcaraz has won five Masters 1000 titles - Miami & Madrid in 2022, Indian Wells & Madrid in 2023, and Indian Wells in 2024. As well as the aforementioned titles, Juan Carlos Ferrero also coached Carlos Alcaraz to become World Number 1 - the youngest player in the history of tennis to reach the summit of the official tennis rankings. Their main training base is at the Ferrero Tennis Academy in Alicante, southern Spain.

title: Juan Carlos Ferrero


text:
Coccolith

Coccoliths are individual plates or scales of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores (single-celled phytoplankton such as Emiliania huxleyi) and cover the cell surface arranged in the form of a spherical shell, called a coccosphere.

Overview
Coccolithophores are spherical cells about 5–100 micrometres across, enclosed by calcareous plates called coccoliths, which are about 2–25 micrometres across. Coccolithophores are an important group of about 200 marine phytoplankton species which cover themselves with a calcium carbonate shell called a "coccosphere". They are ecologically and biogeochemically important but the reason why they calcify remains elusive. One key function may be that the coccosphere offers protection against microzooplankton predation, which is one of the main causes of phytoplankton death in the ocean.

Coccolithophores have been an integral part of marine plankton communities since the Jurassic. Today, coccolithophores contribute ~1–10% to primary production in the surface ocean and ~50% to pelagic CaCO3 sediments. Their calcareous shell increases the sinking velocity of photosynthetically fixed into the deep ocean by ballasting organic matter. At the same time, the biogenic precipitation of calcium carbonate during coccolith formation reduces the total alkalinity of seawater and releases. Thus, coccolithophores play an important role in the marine carbon cycle by influencing the efficiency of the biological carbon pump and the oceanic uptake of atmospheric.

As of 2021, it is not known why coccolithophores calcify and how their ability to produce coccoliths is associated with their ecological success. The most plausible benefit of having a coccosphere seems to be a protection against predators or viruses. Viral infection is an important cause of phytoplankton death in the oceans, and it has recently been shown that calcification can influence the interaction between a coccolithophore and its virus. The major predators of marine phytoplankton are microzooplankton like ciliates and dinoflagellates. These are estimated to consume about two-thirds of the primary production in the ocean and microzooplankton can exert a strong grazing pressure on coccolithophore populations. Although calcification does not prevent predation, it has been argued that the coccosphere reduces the grazing efficiency by making it more difficult for the predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores. Heterotrophic protists are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and through chemical signals and may thus favor other prey that is available and not protected by coccoliths.

Formation and composition
Coccoliths are formed within the cell in vesicles derived from the golgi body. When the coccolith is complete these vesicles fuse with the cell wall and the coccolith is exocytosed and incorporated in the coccosphere. The coccoliths are either dispersed following death and breakup of the coccosphere, or are shed continually by some species. They sink through the water column to form an important part of the deep-sea sediments (depending on the water depth). Thomas Huxley was the first person to observe these forms in modern marine sediments and he gave them the name 'coccoliths' in a report published in 1858. Coccoliths are composed of calcium carbonate as the mineral calcite and are the main constituent of chalk deposits such as the white cliffs of Dover (deposited in Cretaceous times), in which they were first described by Henry Clifton Sorby in 1861.

Types
There are two main types of coccoliths, heterococcoliths and holococcoliths. Heterococcoliths are formed of a radial array of elaborately shaped crystal units. Holococcoliths are formed of minute (~0.1 micrometre) calcite rhombohedra, arranged in continuous arrays. The two coccolith types were originally thought to be produced by different families of coccolithophores. Now, however, it is known through a mix of observations on field samples and laboratory cultures, that the two coccolith types are produced by the same species but at different life cycle phases. Heterococcoliths are produced in the diploid life-cycle phase and holococcoliths in the haploid phase. Both in field samples and laboratory cultures, there is the possibility of observing a cell covered by a combination of heterococcoliths and holococcoliths. This indicates the transition from the diploid to the haploid phase of the species. Such combination of coccoliths has been observed in field samples, with many of them coming from the Mediterranean.

Shape
Coccoliths are also classified depending on shape. Common shapes include:

 * Calyptrolith – basket-shaped with openings near the base
 * Caneolith – disc- or bowl-shaped
 * Ceratolith – horseshoe or wishbone shaped
 * Cribrilith – disc-shaped, with numerous perforations in the central area
 * Cyrtolith – convex disc shaped, may with a projecting central process
 * Discolith – ellipsoidal with a raised rim, in some cases the high rim forms a vase or cup-like structure
 * Helicolith – a placolith with a spiral margin
 * Lopadolith – basket or cup-shaped with a high rim, opening distally
 * Pentalith – pentagonal shape composed of five four-sided crystals
 * Placolith – rim composed of two plates stacked on top of one another
 * Prismatolith – polygonal, may have perforations
 * Rhabdolith – a single plate with a club-shaped central process
 * Scapholith – rhombohedral, with parallel lines in center

Function
Although coccoliths are remarkably elaborate structures whose formation is a complex product of cellular processes, their function is unclear. Hypotheses include defence against grazing by zooplankton or infection by bacteria or viruses; maintenance of buoyancy; release of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis; to filter out harmful UV light; or in deep-dwelling species, to concentrate light for photosynthesis.

Fossil record
Because coccoliths are formed of low-Mg calcite, the most stable form of calcium carbonate, they are readily fossilised. They are found in sediments together with similar microfossils of uncertain affinities (nanoliths) from the Upper Triassic to recent. They are widely used as biostratigraphic markers and as paleoclimatic proxies. Coccoliths and related fossils are referred to as calcareous nanofossils or calcareous nannoplankton (nanoplankton).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coccolith


text:
Talk:John Barleycorn

[Untitled]
Burns version is not the original — we have versions of John Barleycorn from England and Scotland dating from the 16th and 17th centuries. I'll fix the entry shortly. —Ashley Y 18:43, Nov 29, 2003 (UTC)

Done. I'm also tempted to replace Burns version with an earlier one. —Ashley Y 19:14, Nov 29, 2003 (UTC)

Another relavant reference
The topic of John Barleycorn is also referred to several times in "The Big Book," Alcoholics Anonmyous, usually relating to the feeling of an alcoholics' having been drinking - how the feeling is, to the alcoholic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Garrettinphx (talk • contribs) on 07:48, February 13, 2006.

Name change?
There is also a novel called John Barleycorn by Jack London. Should we change the name of this page and create a disambiguation page or just add a note at the top? Stroika 14:17, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd add a custom disambiguation line. The Jack London novel takes its name from the folk tradition that this one is about.  Smerdis of Tlön 14:49, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Aaah that's what the tag is called. Ta. A preferable solution. Stroika 15:17, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

More variations than any other?
The claim that "there are more versions of this song than any other in the English language" seems a bold one to make without substantiation. Indeed there are numerous other possible contenders for this crown. Without too much thought I would suggest that the Gypsy Davy / Raggle-Taggle Gypsy / Seven Yellow Gypsies meme, and possibly even Barbara Allen could eclipse John Barleycorn in this respect, although I don't see how this could ever be authoritatively quantified. I have edited the text to soften this claim.

LaborLawTalk
This link was defective, pointing to a site that no longer worked. However, rather than being deleted the defectice link was allowed to remain, with a note attached. I have replaced this with a link to alternative versions of 16th/17th century verses which serve, I hope, the same purpose. abdullahazzam

Most notable recording?
The claim that the recording by Traffic is the most notable seems more opinion than encyclopedic. Is there a particular reason why this is the most notable recording? --Robminchin 05:29, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

John Barleycorn as a pagan rite?
Does someone want to rewrite (delete?) the second paragraph? It has no citation ans seems speculative at best. And it has errors: refering to corn, not barley and refering to bread not liquor. Or am I missing something?WBerta 15:48, 20 April 2007 (UTC) I quite agree, the song very specifically refers to the malting process in which enzymes convert starch to fermentable sugars, this is vital for brewing but pointless for baking. The song details the growing and harvesting of barley for brewing in great detail and seems to have little to with pagan rites except as yet another example of the cycle of life and death JDN

Most scholars and folklorists believe it is from a pagan rite, sadly a lot of websites say it is from Celtic which is misinformed speculation as the song obviously comes from the old pagan religion of the English and thus connected with the Wen (see Vanir). There is a trend to make the old English into a bunch of thieves who steal off the Celts. Bah!

I'll try to find citations for that paragraph when I have time, even though I don't really think we should bother seeing as it is such a widely held belief. DR. Martin Hesselius 16:45, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * widely held beliefs can still be wrong beliefs! ;) Totnesmartin 19:33, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

As long as the entry is balanced, it surely doesn't matter whether the beliefs are correct or not: they are indeed widespread. For a citation, try "Beowulf & Grendel: The Truth Behind England's Oldest Legend," by John Grigsby, which I think contains an analysis, but maybe someone else could comment. Although I'm not happy with the idea, he's following a long tradition within the folk revival. There were numerous articles in pagan magazines in the eighties and nineties, as well, I think as at least one in J. EFDSS and one in Folklore. It's relatively simple to turn out an article and get published in short order. In the interests of NPOV, I'd have to state that (a) from the earliest texts it's not really clear that the theme is explicit death and resurrection, rather than simply the crop cycle, but also that the Christian 'death and resurrection' themes cited in the paragraph can also be found in earlier near-east religions. But as ever, I'll leave other people some time to comment (?Fuzzypeg?) before I wade in, even though I know that's maybe not the point of a wiki. Ffetcher 08:34, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Performances
A couple of the paragraphs here:

"The song is frequently cited by devotees of Sir James George Frazer..." and "As shown above, the point of the tale told by the original versions is twofold:..."

surely either need modification to refer to particular performances, or to be moved to the main text. Ffetcher 08:38, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Traffic-John Barleycorn Must Die (album cover).jpg
Image:Traffic-John Barleycorn Must Die (album cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:49, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Traffic-John Barleycorn Must Die (album cover).jpg
Image:Traffic-John Barleycorn Must Die (album cover).jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:19, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Wir pflugen
I have once heard "John Barleycorn" sung to the tune better known in connection with We plough the fields, and scatter, with the refrain "Put your wine into glasses, put your cider into old tin cans/John Barleycorn in the light brown jug will prove the strongest man". This was at a muster of the King's Army, English Civil War Society, c. 1981, but I am in no position to vouch for its authenticity.Captain Pedant (talk) 22:31, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * the comment in the article about "A popular hymn, "We Plough the Fields and Scatter", is often sung at Harvest Festival to the same tune as John Barleycorn" made me smile but i doubt it's entirely accurate. 81.110.252.178 (talk) 18:51, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

John Barleycorn comparible to Osiris legend
found in the novel "pollen" by jeff noon. too lazy to transcribe what he writes there.

basically suggests that egyptian god osiris has pre-christian british isles equivalence in the figure of j barleycorn. this is non-academic (pollen is a work of fiction) but i think the point at least should be included in this page that j barleycorn is not so much a "food" god as he is a "trickster" god like loki or osiris.

attempted to be killed multiple times, failing that, cut into pieces, then returns literal wheat, food, etc. the subversion of the food itself, via fermentation, and drugs the mind as opposed to nourishing the body!
 * in the form of alchohol itself* or the "spirit" of the fermented drink, not the

the name "barleycorn" and the "farming song" etc likely a christian expurgiation of a powerful pagan diety. this is to be found in the aforementioned novel by jeff noon if you care to look. j barleycorn is portrayed therein as a pre-christian "satan" e.g. loki or osiris or hades etc. the post christian devil being of course purely malignant, the pagan version is instead clever, deceptive, rasputinesque, dangerous to men, and enjoying toying with men, yet not at all times hated by the "beloved" gods, or even by men, dependant on situation.

i hope this is useful. i think the importance of this character is highly underestimated since i with jeff noon feel that barleycorn might be a key vestige of an extremely important pagan diety on the ancient british pantheon -- information of most of which is tragically almost completely lost....

all that being said, i would be pleased with just a brief note hitting on the key points "trickster god, osiris similarity, connection to alchohol, probably changed by christians", and also in the external references or miscellany, a mention of the jeff noon novel "pollen". and if this is acedemically controversial, then introduce it as such but IMHO the osiris paralel is startling enough that what i'm saying here deserves the mention. (moreso than we need to hear about a chumbawamba song, lol)

peace. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Reetside (talk • contribs) 17:18, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Unsourced assertions and weasel wording.
There are various unsupported assertions concerning pagan origins for this 16th century song. The first appearance of the song is many centuries after Christianity replaced paganism in Britain, and such assertions need solid references to be credible. Eastcote (talk) 03:22, 21 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. bloodofox: (talk) 03:29, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

It sure sounds like a song about human sacrifice though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.252.183.253 (talk) 23:40, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Splendid, but that means nothing: I've written songs touching on pagan and folkloric themes, but that doesn't make those songs Ancient Pagan History.   Ravenswing   05:59, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

Original Research, Wordy, and Primary Sourced
ON a personal note I enjoyed this article; after tracing down a reference in "Billions" I changed a single word in the article to improve readability. In overview, this article is worthwhile but its original research and as such is wordy with limited or no support. In contrast this is what Britannica has to say;

John Barleycorn, fictional humorous personification of alcohol, first appearing about 1620. John Barleycorn was a figure in British and American folklore. British sources often refer to the character as Sir John Barleycorn, as in a 17th-century pamphlet, The Arraigning and Indicting of Sir John Barleycorn, Knight, and in a ballad found in The English Dancing Master (1651). The Scottish poet Robert Burns reworked folk material for his poem “John Barleycorn” (1787).

I think the above is more encyclopedic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.203.10.104 (talk) 21:47, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

Melody
The article is full of discussion of the lyric but I can't find any mention of the melody. Where did it come from? Is it as old as the lyric? Is there more than one melody? Anybody know? Nogoodbooks (talk) 06:55, 17 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Barleycorn


text:
Ferrero (surname)

Ferrero (Italian:, Spanish: ) is a surname of Italian (from Piedmont) and Spanish origin that means 'smith', a person who works with iron, in parallel with surnames like Ferraro, Ferrari and Smith.

Notable people with the surname Ferrero include:
 * Alexis Ferrero (born 1979), Argentine footballer;
 * Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (1804–1878), Italian general and statesman;
 * Benita Ferrero-Waldner (b. 1948), Austrian diplomat and politician;
 * Edward Ferrero (1831–1899), Union general famous for his role in the Battle of the Crater;
 * Enzo Ferrero (born 1953), Argentine footballer;
 * Facundo Ferrero (born 1995), Argentine footballer;
 * Francis Ferrero (born 1972), Argentine footballer;
 * Giovanni Ferrero (b. 1964), managing director of Ferrero SpA, son of Michele Ferrero;
 * Guglielmo Ferrero (1871–1942), Italian historian, journalist, and novelist;
 * Juan Ferrero (1918–1958), Spanish bodybuilder;
 * Juan Carlos Ferrero (b. 1980), Spanish tennis player;
 * Lorenzo Ferrero (b. 1951), Italian composer;
 * Martin Ferrero (b. 1947), American actor;
 * Michele Ferrero (1925–2015), Italian chocolate magnate;
 * Michele Ferrero (priest) (b. 1967), Italian Roman Catholic priest and author;
 * Pietro Ferrero (1898–1949), founder of Ferrero SpA, father of Michele Ferrero;
 * Pietro Ferrero Jr. (1963–2011), managing director of Ferrero SpA until his death, son of Michele Ferrero;
 * Ricardo Ferrero (1955–2015), Argentine footballer.

title: Ferrero (surname)


text:
Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)

The leader of the Official Opposition (chef de l'Opposition officielle), formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition.

Pierre Poilievre has been the leader of the Opposition since September 10, 2022, when he was elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, following the 2022 leadership election. He succeeded Candice Bergen, who had served as the party's interim leader from February 2, 2022. She had succeeded former permanent leader Erin O'Toole when the party declared non-confidence in his leadership.

Though the leader of the Opposition must be a member of the House of Commons, the office should not be confused with Opposition House leader, who is a frontbencher charged with managing the business of the Opposition in the House of Commons, and is formally titled Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. There is also a leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is usually of the same party as the leader of the Opposition in the house. If the leader of the opposition party is not a member of Parliament (MP), then a sitting MP acts as parliamentary leader and assumes the role of the leader of the Opposition until the party leader can obtain a seat.

The leader of the Opposition is entitled to the same levels of pay and protection as a Cabinet minister and is often made a member of the King's Privy Council, generally the only non-government member of the House of Commons afforded that privilege. The leader of the Opposition is entitled to reside at the official residence of Stornoway and ranks fourteenth on the Order of Precedence, after Cabinet ministers and before lieutenant governors of the provinces. In the House of Commons seating plan, the leader of the Opposition sits directly across from the prime minister.

The term leader of the opposition is used in the Parliament of Canada Act and the Standing Orders of the House of Commons, as is the term official opposition. The terms leader of the loyal opposition, his majesty's opposition, and loyal opposition are sometimes used, but, are not in either the act or the standing orders. The word loyal is used to communicate the party's loyalty to monarch of Canada—as the nonpartisan personification of the nation and the state's authority—even as its members oppose the governing party.

Two leaders of the Opposition have died in office: Wilfrid Laurier in 1919 and Jack Layton in 2011.

Leaders of the Official Opposition
{{legend||Liberal Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Liberal-Conservative Party, Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942), Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Bloc Québécois|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Reform Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Canadian Alliance|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Conservative Party of Canada|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||New Democratic Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet
The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet in Canada is composed of members of the main opposition party and is responsible for holding the Government to account and for developing and disseminating the party's policy positions. Members of the Official Opposition are generally referred to as opposition critics, but the term Shadow Minister (which is generally used in other Westminster systems) is also used.


text:
Stimorol

Stimorol is a brand of chewing gum originally produced by the Danish company Dandy. The privately owned company was founded by Holger Sørensen in 1915 in Vejle, Denmark as Vejle Caramel- og Tabletfabrik, later renamed Dansk Tyggegummifabrik A/S. It is one of the world's largest producers of chewing gum.

"Stimorol" is its primary brand of gum, which came onto the market in 1956. It was initially sold only in Scandinavia, but later became available in other countries throughout Europe, beginning with the Netherlands in 1959. In 1978, the company introduced a sugar-free gum, and by the 1990s it had various fruit and mint flavors.

In 2002, most of the company, including the well-known brands DANDY, STIMOROL, DIROL, and V6, were acquired by Cadbury-Schweppes, who rebranded it Trident. The remainder of the company was renamed Gumlink. Gumlink is owned by the Bagger-Sørensen family, who are the descendants of Holger Sørensen.

Stimorol is from 2023 owned by Italian-Dutch company Perfetti van Melle, headquartered in The Netherlands.

title: Stimorol


text:
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus

Rutilius Claudius Namatianus (fl. 5th century) was a Roman Imperial poet, best known for his Latin poem, De reditu suo, in elegiac metre, describing a coastal voyage from Rome to Gaul in 417. The poem was in two books; the exordium of the first and the greater part of the second have been lost. What remains consists of about seven hundred lines.

Whether Rutilius had converted to Christianity (the state church of the Roman Empire during his time) has been a matter of scholarly debate, but in the early 21st century, editors of his work concluded that he had not. Alan Cameron, a leading scholar of Late Antiquity, agrees that he "probably" remained unconverted from Rome's traditional religious practices, but that his hostility was not to Christianity as it was practiced by the vast majority of citizens of the Empire, but rather against the total renunciation of public life advocated by the ascetics.

Origins
Rutilius was a native of southern Gaul (Toulouse or perhaps Poitiers), and belonged, like Sidonius Apollinaris, to one of the great governing families of the Gallic provinces. His father, whom he calls Lachanius, had held high offices in Italy and at the imperial court, had been governor of Tuscia (Etruria and Umbria), vicar of Britain, then imperial treasurer (comes sacrarum largitionum), imperial recorder (quaestor), and governor of Rome (praefectus urbi) in 414. The voyage recorded in De reditu suo has been variously dated to 415, 416, or 417, but the publication in 1973 of a fragment of the missing portion of the poem, which contains a reference to the second consulship of Constantius III, confirms the date of 417, which had already been argued independently on other grounds by earlier scholars.

Career
Rutilius boasts his career to have been no less distinguished than his father's, and particularly indicates that he had been secretary of state (magister officiorum) and governor of the capital (praefectus urbi). His poem was written the tempestuous period between the death of Theodosius I (395), and the fall of the usurper Priscus Attalus. During this period he was witness to the career of Stilicho as de facto emperor of the West; the hosts of Radagaisus rolled back from Italy, only to sweep over Gaul and Spain; the defeats and triumphs of Alaric I; the three sieges and final sack of Rome; the dissipation of Heraclianus's vast armament; and the fall of seven pretenders to the Western throne.

Religious issues
It is clear that the sympathies of Rutilius were with those who, during this period, dissented from, and when they could, opposed the general tendencies of imperial policy. He himself indicates that he was intimately acquainted with the circle of the great orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, who scouted Stilicho's compact with the Goths, and who led the Roman senate to support the pretenders Eugenius and Attalus, in the hope of reinstating the gods whom Emperor Julian had failed to save.

While making few direct assertions about historical characters or events, Rutilius' poem compels some important conclusions about the politics and religion of the time. The attitude of the writer towards Paganism is remarkable: the whole poem is intensely Pagan, and is penetrated by the feeling that the world of literature and culture is, and must remain, pagan; that outside of Paganism lies a realm of barbarism. The poet wears an air of exalted superiority over the religious innovators of his day, and entertains a buoyant confidence that the future of the ancient gods of Rome will not belie their glorious past. He scorns invective and apology, and does not hesitate to reveal, with Claudian, a suppressed grief at the indignities put upon the old religion by the new. As a statesman, he is at pains to avoid offending those politic Christian senators over whom pride in their country had at least as great a power as attachment to their new religion. Only once or twice does Rutilius speak directly of Christianity, and then only to attack the monks, whom the secular authorities had hardly as yet recognized, and whom, indeed, only a short time before, a Christian emperor had conscripted by the thousands into the ranks of his army. Judaism could be assailed by Rutilius without wounding either pagans or Christians, but he clearly intimates that he hates it chiefly as the evil root from which the rank plant of Christianity had sprung. However the first Christian missionary in Ireland was a relative and personal friend of Rutilius, Palladius (bishop of Ireland).

Edward Gibbon writes that Honorius rigorously excluded all dissenters to the Catholic Church from holding any office in the state. But Rutilius paints a different picture of political life. His poem portrays a senate at Rome composed of past office-holders (the majority of whom were certainly still pagans), a Christian party whose Christianity was more political than religious, and a prevalent spirit of traditional Roman religious toleration. The atmosphere of the capital, perhaps even of all Italy, was still charged with paganism. The court was far in advance of the people, and the persecuting laws were in large part incapable of execution. Some ecclesiastical historians have fondly imagined that after the sack of Rome the bishop Innocent returned to a position of predominance, but no one who accepts Rutilius' observations can entertain this idea.

Perhaps the most interesting lines in the whole poem are those where Rutilius assails the memory of "dire Stilicho", as he names him. In Rutilius' view, Stilicho, fearing to suffer all that had caused himself to be feared, removed the defences of the Alps and Apennines that the provident gods had interposed between the barbarians and the Eternal City, and planted the cruel Goths, his skinclad minions, in the very sanctuary of the empire: "he plunged an armed foe in the naked vitals of the land, his craft being freer from risk than that of openly inflicted disaster ... May Nero rest from all the torments of the damned, that they may seize on Stilicho; for Nero smote his own mother, but Stilicho the mother of the world!"

This appears to be a uniquely authentic expression of the feelings of perhaps a majority of the Roman senate against Stilicho. He had merely imitated the policy of Theodosius with regard to the barbarians; but even that powerful emperor had met with a passive opposition from the old Roman families. Those who had seen Stilicho surrounded by his Goth bodyguards naturally looked on the Goths who assailed Rome as Stilicho's avengers. Historians of the later empire such as Paulus Orosius believed that Stilicho called in the Goths to increase his sway and was plotting to make his son emperor. Rutilius' poem, however, holds that it was merely to save himself from impending ruin. Although some Christian historians even asserted that Stilicho (a staunch Arian) intended to restore paganism, Rutilius depicts him as its most uncompromising foe, as evidenced by his destruction of the Sibylline books. This alone is sufficient, in the eyes of Rutilius, to account for the disasters that afterwards befell the city, just as Flavius Merobaudes, a generation or two later, traced the miseries of his own day to the overthrow of the ancient rites of Vesta. (For a sharply different view of Stilicho, see Claudian.)

Style
Rutilius handles the elegiac couplet with great metrical purity and freedom, and betrays many signs of long study in the elegiac poetry of the Augustan era. His poem's Latin is unusually clean for the times, and is generally classical, both in vocabulary and construction. Although lacking Claudian's genius, Rutilius also lacks his tendency toward gaudiness and exaggeration; the old-fashioned directness of Rutilius contrasts favorably with the labored complexity of Ausonius. More traditional, Rutilius might have better claim to be called "the last of the Roman poets" rather than Claudian or Merobaudes.

Rutilius begins his poem with an almost dithyrambic address to the goddess Roma, "whose glory has ever shone the brighter for disaster, and who will rise once more in her might and confound her barbarian foes". Next, he refers to the destruction of roads and property wrought by the Goths, to the state of the havens at the mouths of the Tiber, and the general decay of nearly all the old commercial ports on the coast. Rutilius even exaggerates the desolation of the once important city of Cosa in Etruria, whose walls have scarcely changed since his time. The port that served Pisa, almost alone of all those visited by Rutilius, is depicted as having retained its prosperity, with villagers celebrating the festival of Osiris.

History of De reditu suo and its editions
The majority of the existing manuscripts of Rutilius are descendants of a damaged and incomplete ancient manuscript found at the monastery of Bobbio by Giorgio Galbiato, the secretary of Georgius Merula, in 1493. This manuscript has not been seen since comte Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, a general in the service of the Austrian commander, Prince Eugene of Savoy, removed it from the monastery in 1706. The three best witnesses to the lost manuscript are a copy in Vienna (identified by the siglum V) made in 1501 by Jacopo Sannazaro, Filippo Bononi, and a third unknown copyist; a second copy in Rome (identified by the siglum R) made around 1530 by Ioannes Andreas Crucianus; and the editio princeps of the poem printed by Giovanni Battista Pio in Bologna in 1520). In 1970 Mirella Ferrari announced the discovery of a small fragment of the Bobbio manuscript, reused in the binding of a manuscript of Virgil now in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. The fragment, which had apparently been reused before the discovery of the damaged manuscript by Galbiato in 1493, was written in the 7th or 8th century; it preserves the ends of 39 lines from an otherwise lost portion of book 2.

The principal editions since have been those by Kaspar von Barth (1623), Pieter Burman (1731, in his edition of the minor Latin poets, where the poem also appears under the title Iter), Ernst Friedrich Wernsdorf (1778, part of a similar collection), August Wilhelm Zumpt (1840), and the critical edition by Lucian Müller (Leipzig, Teubner, 1870), and another by Jules Vessereau (1904); also an annotated edition by Charles Haines Keene, containing a translation by George Francis Savage-Armstrong (1906).

There is some variation of Namatianus' name in the manuscripts. Rutilius Claudius Namatianus comes from R, while V has Rutilius Claudius Numantianus. According to Keene Namatianus is used in Codex Theodosianus as the name "of a magister officiorum in 412 AD", probably to be identified with the author and therefore has the weight of evidence. Other variants date from a later time and have no authority: Numantinus, Munatianus. Müller and most editors write the poet's name as "Claudius Rutilius Namatianus", instead of Rutilius Claudius Namatianus; but if the identification of the poet's father with the Claudius mentioned in the Codex Theodosianus is correct, they are probably wrong.

The latest and fullest edition of Namatianus is by E. Doblhofer. Harold Isbell includes a translation in his anthology, The Last Poets of Imperial Rome.

Film
The Italian film The Voyage Home is based on Namatianus's work and premiered in 2004.

title: Rutilius Claudius Namatianus


text:
Talk:Public debt

"Implicit" debt
Should there perhapse be some mention of "implicit" debt in this article?

For example, while Canada is set to pass the US in terms of "explicit" debt soon (if it hasn't already), its "implicit" debt (which includes the projected future costs of things like pensions and healthcare) is still much higher.

I think the reason this is sometimes overlooked is because it's hard to make 1:1 comparisons like you can with simple "paper debt" outstanding (e.g. there are signifigant structure differences been the US and Canadian healthcare systems), but I'm pretty sure it's still an important issue.

Hopefully someone with some knowledge on the issue can enlighten us. -- stewacide 19:04, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The problem is it all depends on what "maturity", timeframe, or "net present value" you want to put on the social security claims, since it's not regular debt papers. Here's an article with some different calculations from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities:, and here's a graph from a 2002 The Economist article: , unfortunately I don't have the article from which it came, so I have no idea what assumptions it's based on. There's been some discussion about the US government going cash flow negative in ~2015 because of increasing "Government social benefits", which was 1.3 trillion during 2003. - Jerryseinfeld 14:27, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

List
I think we should have a comparison of various countries debts as percentages of the GDP, as, for example, in. It seems to be a good way of comparing things.. but it also seems governments can skew the numbers.. for example, i'm skeptical of this graph since it shows the UK having the least debt, and it's from a UK webpage.. it may be true, of course, but it would have to be verified somehow. 131.111.8.97 11:21, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * See List of public debt for a list of debt/GDP for all countries (Source CIA world fact book). Feel free to make a graph from it. Donar Reiskoffer 12:32, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Public?
Why is the "public debt" "government bonds"? It must be public debt and public bonds, or government debt and government bonds. It can't be a combination. - Jerryseinfeld 05:19, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There are many things with two names so that you have identified two names for what you think are the same thing I do not, in itself, find problematic. But the problem arises because some of these things you want to lump together here are not the same. The term "public bonds" I have never heard and the term "public debt" means more than "sovereign bonds". "Sovereign bonds" is a subset of "sovereign debt" and which is itself a subset of "government debt". "Government bonds" is a subset of "government debt". Paul Beardsell 08:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Short term government debt
General management of short term cash flow issues is done by mechanisms other than bonds and these require treatment in an article on government debt. Paul Beardsell 08:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rename?
"Public debt" has a serious potential for confusion. When one says "the public debt" then this does mean "the debt of the government, as does the term "government debt". But "public debt" does not mean "debt of the public" - the public pays for it but the debt is not collectable from the public.  To avoid confusion I suggest this article be renamed government debt.  Paul Beardsell 08:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Exactly, the article begins "public debt is money owed by government". It doesn't make any sense to call it public debt then. It should say "public debt is money owed by the public" then. I'll move it to government debt for now. - Jerryseinfeld 17:58, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public debt


text:
Talk:Hubert Gorbach

Untitled
Is Getzner (textile industry) in any way famous and/or important? --KF 19:06, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hubert Gorbach