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User talk:Mathieugp

AfD note
The article List of wineries in Quebec has been proposed for deletion and included in the AfD discussion Articles for deletion/List of wineries and vineyards in Maine. AgneCheese/Wine 06:05, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

De
I find the use of "de" to be confusing. In your draft of Battle of the Plains of Abraham, it is "Vaudreuil" and "Montcalm" when used in isolation, which are both preceded by "de" in their full names. Yet, you also have "de Levis" and "de Ramezay". I've generally avoided using "de" in the articles I edit, since it seems superfluous. Is there any consistent reasoning in favor (or against) use of the article in any given situation?

A related issue comes up in Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. How (in your opinion, of course) should he normally be referred to in short: Dugua, de Mons, or Mons? (I chose door #1 in Samuel de Champlain. This is consistent with references to Montcalm, who is not usually identified by his title, Saint-Verain, but inconsistent with Levis, who is.)

My brain hurts. :)  Magic ♪piano 16:36, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

That book
I do not have access to either copy of that book, sorry.  Magic ♪piano 02:10, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Left-wing nationalism
He says "'left-wing nationalism', as I had termed it" in Sweden: social democracy in practice (1989), Henry Milner, p. vii. As far as I can tell he is the only person to have written about the concept or to have defined the term. I added the source and altered the lead. If you have any other sources that define the term it would be helpful. The Four Deuces (talk) 15:11, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Pierre du Calvet
While pulling on a thread of information on Christophe Pélissier (businessman), I ran into this Canadian Archive Report, containing a (to me, at least) some background leading up to the arrest of Pierre du Calvet. Among facts of interest to me, he apparently served for a time in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment (presumably in the first half of 1776).

PS got the live Le Vent du Nord CD from their Memoires et Racines show from a few years ago; good stuff!  Magic ♪piano 22:46, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Pierre du Calvet had a nephew named... Pierre du Calvet. This is believed by Pierre Tousignant and Madeleine Dionne-Tousignant (who wrote his bio. article in the DCB) to be the confusion at the origin of his arrest:

 * "An alternative hypothesis seems reasonable. Du Calvet was accommodating in his home a nephew who bore his name, and for whom he had sought a lieutenancy in 1770. By the time of the American invasion this second Pierre Du Calvet would have had the training required by a soldier. It was probably he who joined the Canadian volunteers under Hazen".

 * Memoires et Racines : can you believe I never once attended this festival? I am one of those Montrealers who just never leave the Island of Montreal. It's a shame. Not owning a car has disadvantages... ;-) -- Mathieugp (talk) 00:01, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmm, interesting. It's been a while since I read du Calvet's DCB entry.  (I've been to Memoires et Racines just once for a day, 4-5 years ago; had a great time.  There must be buses to Joliette...)  Magic ♪piano 03:56, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

A translation check?
I just created Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches, and am somewhat uncertain (due mainly to mon français execrable) about some of the later details of his life. If you could look at this article to verify I've not mistranslated the source I used, particularly whether or not he had an active role in the Battle of Savenay (he was fairly old at the time). If Google Books won't show it to you, the weblinks in the French WP article seem to have similar content. (One uncertaintly is on his date of death, which appears to not be known with precision. I did find one source, an english translation of a noblewoman's journal, that specifically said he died in early 1794.)  Merci!  Magic ♪piano 15:05, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Judging from this source and that other one, p. 314-315, which both say essentially the same thing, he volunteered for the Vendée army when he was liberated from prison, sought no command (and did not obtain one). His name appears in the list of participants to a war council held in Fougères, which suggests he was some sort of a military adviser. He only assisted to the Battle of Savenay ("Il assistait à la bataille de Savenay") and died shortly after. -- Mathieugp (talk) 16:26, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, that makes sense. Thanks again.  Magic ♪piano 18:10, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Gov1840.png
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File source problem with File:Gov1848.png
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Portal:New France
Mathieu, I added the Portal:New France to the Portal:Quebec and Portal:Canada. I didn't remove one to substitute the new one. I merely changed the code to {{portal box}. I'm not too happy with the placement in the "see also" section. If you like, contact User talk:Moxy. He is a portal master! Argolin (talk) 01:48, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Hey, I forgot to ask. Was there something else I was to do for you?  The thread on my page is a bit of a mess.  Argolin (talk) 00:34, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

You're invited!
Hello, Mathieugp,

You are invited meet with your fellow Wikipedians by attending the Montréal meetup scheduled on Sunday, June 27, 2010; between 1500 - 1700 to be held at the Comité Social Centre Sud (CSCS), located at 1710 Beaudry, in Montréal. You can sign up at the meetup page.

The meetup is happening in concurrence with RoCoCo 2010, a free, bilingual, weekend unconference including many people involved with Wikis both within the Wikipedia/Wikimedia Community and abroad. You do not need to attend the conference to sign up for the Wikimeetup, but you are certainly welcome! Bastique ☎ call me!

(PS: Please share this with those you know who might not be on the delivery list, i.e. Users in Montreal/Quebec) Delivered by SoxBot (talk) 00:47, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Thomas Paine
Hi. Since there's no mention of him in our article on the Girondin constitutional project, do you have a source to support the contention that Paine participated in it? I've removed your addition until it can be sourced. Thanks. Beyond My Ken (talk) 02:52, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The article Girondin constitutional project does mention Payne (old spelling of Paine). My source is at the very bottom of this page:

 * - "Plan de Constitution présenté à la Convention nationale les 15 et 16 février 1793, l'an II de la République (Constitution girondine)", in Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques de Jean-Pierre Maury

 * However, searching for the keywords in the phrase "Thomas Paine draft constitution 1793", Google Books finds several sources more appropriate to an English-language article.

 * -- Mathieugp (talk) 06:50, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks. Beyond My Ken (talk) 07:00, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

A research query
Bonjour mon ami! I recently wrote up some pieces of Hudson's Bay Company military history, and ran into mention of this battle. In most histories where it is mentioned it is sketchily detailed, but Lanctot's A History of Canada: From the Royal Regime to the Treaty of Utrecht, 1663-1713 appears (through the snippets Google Books shows me) to have some useful background (particularly Governor Vaudreuil's role). Is this book (or the French version) something you have (or can get) access to? The English version seems to describe the event and its background on p. 159. Merci!  Magic ♪piano 12:28, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I can surely find it at the Grande Bibliothèque. I was planning to go Friday, so I can transcribe p. 159 for you then. Deal? -- Mathieugp (talk) 16:35, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'll buy you a second beer if I ever get back to Montreal.  Magic ♪piano 16:54, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Just a thank you.
I wold just like to go out of my way to specifically thank you for the excellent diagram []. I was writing a paper on this very topic last night and I found that this chart cleared up more about Aristotle's position that any other sourse did. Thanks again. 198.162.110.34 (talk) 19:31, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks! As the saying goes: "a picture is worth a thousand words." And it is especially true when the words are translated from an old language! ;-) I am very happy if my diagram helped you and other students. :-) -- Mathieugp (talk) 14:59, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

Bonjour Mathieu!
Comment va tu? Je vois que tu n'a pas contribué depuis le 28 novembre. Nous avons tous besoin d'une pause de temps à autre. Je te remercie pour ton portal;Franco-Americans. J'ai essayé de le mettre sur toutes les villes et villages avec une majorité de Franco-Américains, mais à ma grande déception, ils ont été toutes enlevé. Sur le côté francophone, ça va beaucoup mieux sur le site Portail:Franco-Américains. J'ai aidé à Jean Gagnon, et nous avons maintenant 84 entrés. Le côté anglophone est difficile. Ils sont très rigides et pointigneux. J'ai été élevé à Lewiston, Maine, et ce n'est pas facile d'être Franco-Américains, même si la ville est majoritairement Franco. Je préfère vivre au Québec que la bas! Bien à toi--Chnou (talk) 18:55, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * PS:Ou a tu pris * Bélisle, Alexandre (1856). Histoire de la presse franco-américaine, Worcester: Ateliers typographiques de L'Opinion Publique, 553 p.(online) sur le site Early Franco-American newspapers? J'ai trouvé ça intéressant!  Merci!--Chnou (talk) 19:03, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Je suis tombé là-dessus au hasard de mes recherches relatives au réseau nord-américain des sociétés nationales québécoises. Voir User:Mathieugp/drafts#Institutions et Utilisateur:Mathieugp/Brouillons#Institutions. -- Mathieugp (talk) 21:24, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Legislative-and-executive-powers-in-canada.png
Thank you for uploading File:Legislative-and-executive-powers-in-canada.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Louis-Joseph Papineau
Allo Mathieu dernierement sur Wiki j'ai ajouté de l'information sur Louis Joseph Papineau dans la section Childohood and Education, in Exile. J'ai meme ajouté une nouvelle section que tu n'arrete pas d'enlever pourrais-tu m'expliquer pourquoi tu penses que cette information n'est pas valable? J'ai des preuves que cette information est valabe car elle a été écrite par un historien qui s'appelle Fernand Ouellet et je suis sur que tu c'est c'est qui car il a écrit plusieur chose sur l'histoire du Québec et meme plus. Arrange l'information si tu crois que l'information est mal écrite et si tu penses que l'information n'Est pass assez bonne envoi moi un message. Thank you for reading this message and I hope to get an answer from you soon.

Steven

'Character/personality(Fernand Ouellet's descrition of Louis Joseph Papineau)Papineau was not like most quebecers were at the time, he often according to historian Fernand Ouellet ,who wrote ``Louis Joseph Papineau a divided Soul`` written in 1972, felt obligated to serve his country as a citizen, even though, sometimes it required few sacrifices in which this involvement in the 1837 rebellions can be used as an example. Papineau also believed in the freedom of religion and encouraged the government to control education in ``Canada` in which got the church to oppose him mainly Bishop of Montreal Ignace Bourget.

Fernand Ouellet's bibliography of Louis Joseph Papineau also states that ``he was easily dominated by strong feeling and was sensitive and that unstable given to high enthusiasms but also due to doubts and hesitations````[6]. He is also described as being deeply wounded by incidents, ambitious, rebellious and aware of the dangers of his own impulsiveness. Papineau also according to the document written by Fernand Ouellet was easily affected emotionally by the public's opinion.Bold text'Italic text''

 * Did you have a chance to read what I wrote you at Talk:Louis-Joseph Papineau? -- Mathieugp (talk) 04:55, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Autopatrolled
Hello, this is just to let you know that I have granted you the "autopatrolled" permission. This won't affect your editing, it just automatically marks any page you create as patrolled, benefiting new page patrollers. Please remember:
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 * If you have any questions about the permission, don't hesitate to ask. Otherwise, happy editing! Acalamari 18:47, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

Help with reference to Félix Award
Mathieu, can you possibly help me with a translation of the ADISQ website ? I am looking for award citations I can use from the ADISQ website for the Félix Award. I tried looking for récompense at their site. If it's not too much a problem, can you site Anik Jean? He needs a entry on this wiki. I was going to copy the French wiki but there are no citations. Feel free to edit the citation named  at User:Argolin/Sources. Argolin (talk) 07:08, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Mathieu, please disregard my request for help. I guess you don't spend too much time on the english wikipedia?  I am in no way a fan of google; but the translator google rocks (more than the supposed yahoo Babel fish).  The google site will omit words it cannot fit into its grammar algorithim.  However, the yahoo site will often provide unintelligible jibberish.  I'll ask another bi-lingual editor for help in the future.  Thank you anyway.  If you would like to colaborate on articles between the French and English wikis, post a note on my talk page.  Argolin (talk) 08:00, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry for being slow to reply to you. Indeed I do not spend much time on English (or even French) Wikipedia these days.
 * In 2008, Anik Jean won the Félix for Album de l'année - Rock and Chanson populaire de l'année (for the song Oh mon chéri (Le ciel saigne le martyre)). Here is a link to a page you can cite: -- Mathieugp (talk) 11:30, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Outline of Quebec
I noticed you are a participant of the WikiProject Quebec.

The Outline of Quebec was created a few days ago and is under vigorous development. It fills a gap in Wikipedia's set of outlines. It is the 3rd outline to date about a Canadian province/territory.

 * Wikipedia Contents
 * Outlines
 * Outline of geography
 * Outline of North America
 * Outline of Canada
 * Outline of Alberta
 * Outline of British Columbia
 * Outline of Manitoba
 * Outline of New Brunswick
 * Outline of Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Outline of Nova Scotia
 * Outline of Ontario
 * Outline of Quebec
 * Outline of Prince Edward Island
 * Outline of Saskatchewan
 * Outline of the Northwest Territories
 * Outline of Nunavut
 * Outline of Yukon

Outlines form one of the subsystems of Wikipedia's contents navigation system. For more information on outlines, see Outlines and WikiProject Outlines.

The goals for the Outline of Quebec is to complete it to as high a standard of quality as possible, and to make it even better than the Outline of Saskatchewan and the Outline of British Columbia.

Once the Outline of Quebec is completed, it will provide an important example to others creating outlines for the remaining provinces and territories of Canada.

Please take a look at the outline to see if you can notice (and fill in) any missing topics. Pictures would also be nice (the rarer and the more interesting, the better).

Thank you.

Sincerely, The Transhumanist 10:27, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

MfD nomination of WikiProject Franco-Americans
WikiProject Franco-Americans, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Franco-Americans and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of WikiProject Franco-Americans during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. JJ98 (Talk / Contributions)  20:04, 25 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I wanted to answer your question here rather that the MFD. There are several ways you can drum up editors for the project. The first is to just go and ask others that have edited the articles already in the scope of the project. Another is to just start tagging articles in the scope of the project. People will start seeing it and start helping. Another possibility would be for a larger project (United States, France, etc) to support the project. If you want to do this I could add it to the list of Projects supported by WikiProject United States. This would have several benefits including being visible to a lot of people. --Kumioko (talk) 01:25, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you Kumioko for taking the time to reply me. Hopefully you are right about people joining if I resume tagging articles! It would be great if the WikiProject United States supported the WikiProject Franco-Americans. However, I worry that if you add this one, it will be difficult to not also add all projects about minorities in the United States, and the consequence of that will be that the boys and girls maintaining WikiProject United States will be overwhelmed! But I could be wrong. If I am wrong, then please by all means add it. Otherwise, maybe listing it under Related projects->Society would be a good start for the project's visibility? Thanks for your help! Merci beaucoup! :-) -- Mathieugp (talk) 22:43, 28 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think adding the project will be overwhelming. Most of the folks in the project work on niche things anyway and few work on the overarching project issues. Most of the maintenance tasks are automated by bot (with more pending) so once the articles are added its just a matter of tagging them. I think we could also add it under Society as well. There's no harm in duplication and there is no harm in a WikiProject being supported by multiples. I'll look into that once I resolve some discussions currently going on and a couple of other projects that just got added. --Kumioko (talk) 13:24, 30 June 2011 (UTC)
 * You mentioned that there are potentially thousands more articles that could be supported by WikiProject Frano-Americans that are currently not tagged. Would you be willing to work up a list of Categories or a list of articles that we could use to do a tagging run with a bot? --Kumioko (talk) 18:55, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I can try... For categories, I can think of these: Category:American people of French descent, Category:Cajun, Category:Louisiana Creole, Category:People of Colonial French Louisiana, Category:Colonial United States (French), Category:Acadiana. For articles that are not classified into these categories, I will try to make a list over the next couple weeks... -- Mathieugp (talk) 23:53, 4 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Im going to see about getting a bot to add those to the project. --Kumioko (talk) 00:47, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

September 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 02:21, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Ethan Allen
Réjean Jetté celui sans adresse dans le bottin de Montréal cherche un parrain réf:magicpiano j'écris ceci de la bibliothèque Mercier, svp allez voir ma page merci 142.243.254.224 (talk) 19:13, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Bonjour M. Jetté,

 * Si je comprends bien, vous voulez téléverser des photographies du Parc de La Capture-D'Éthan-Allen dans Wikipédia. La façon de procéder pour téléverser des images est décrite à l'adresse suivante :

 * http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard

 * -- Mathieugp (talk) 21:06, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Bonjour Mathieugp merci de me répondre

j'en suis à mes touts débuts ,je me demande si ça serait bien, est-ce que les gens qui ont construit les pages sur Ethan Allen trouveraient l'idée bonne , j'ai peur de faire des désastres , j'irais plutôt pour mettre les photos sur ma page ( de présentation ou de discussion , c'est encore nouveau pour moi ) et de solliciter les avis des constructeurs , je pourrais peut-être seulement leur transmettre les photos ? merci pour le lien je vais voir ça

le début de notre conversation se voulait une invitation à me téléphoner sans donner mon numéro de téléphone en clair, histoire de savoir comment se joue "la game"

je crois que c'est le moment d'écrire 4 tildes ?? 12h26 HNE  R. J. 142.243.254.224 (talk) 17:26, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

en cliquant sur le lien je me fais répondre "Not logged in" J'en suis vraiement à mes premiers pas :-( avec le peu que je comprend, je crois qu'il faudrait que je fasse quelque chose pour avoir accès à plus d'une langue , j'ai oublié les termes exacts pour le décrire :-( ça fait beaucoup des choses à écrire :-( 12h40 HAE   R. J. 142.243.254.224 (talk) 17:39, 15 November 2011 (UTC) pis j'ai pas encore trouvé la façon de faire un "élégant" ou normal "log out" 12h50 HAE  R. J. 142.243.254.224 (talk) 17:49, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:WikiProject Franco-Americans
Template:WikiProject Franco-Americans has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 00:30, 6 December 2011 (UTC)

December 2011 Newsletter for WikiProject United States
--Kumioko (talk) 03:36, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

January 2012 Newsletter for WikiProject United States and supported projects
--Kumi-Taskbot (talk) 19:34, 16 January 2012 (UTC)

File:Legislative-and-executive-powers-in-canadian-provinces.png listed for deletion
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Nomination of List of wineries in Quebec for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of wineries in Quebec is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of wineries in Quebec until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Merger discussion for Majorat
An article that you have been involved in editing, Majorat, has been proposed for merging with another article. If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. MiguelMadeira (talk) 11:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC) --MiguelMadeira (talk) 11:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Cinema of Quebec
User:Mathieugp/drafts/Cinema of Quebec, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Mathieugp/drafts/Cinema of Quebec and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Cinema of Quebec during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 08:56, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Delisle-Richler controversy
User:Mathieugp/drafts/Delisle-Richler controversy, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Mathieugp/drafts/Delisle-Richler controversy and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Delisle-Richler controversy during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 09:01, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Franco Americans
User:Mathieugp/drafts/Franco Americans, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Mathieugp/drafts/Franco Americans and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:Mathieugp/drafts/Franco Americans during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 09:02, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

May 2016
Hello, and thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia. This is just a note to let you know that I've moved the draft that you were working on to Draft:Battle of the Plains of Abraham, from its old location at User:Mathieugp/drafts/Battle of the Plains of Abraham. This has been done because the Draft namespace is the preferred location for Articles for Creation submissions. Please feel free to continue to work on it there. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to ask me on my talk page. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 01:26, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Hello, Mathieugp. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Battle of the Plains of Abraham".

In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the  or  code.

If your submission has already been deleted by the time you get there, and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. TopCipher (talk) 20:37, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Portal:Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean
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RIN logo
Allo mathieugp... any idea on who did the original logo (I mean, the original original, in the '60s (as seen here: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Logo_rassemblement_pour_independance_nationale.svg) ? --207.236.123.50 (talk) 02:00, 3 February 2021 (UTC)alainr345

I need a native translation of a sentence, into French

 * 1) The sentence is: "Welcome to the first stage, of the fourth international program of MAL's method, the internatinal training course of MAL, 2021"
 * 2) By "program" I mean, like in: "governmental program", or "educational program", and the like.
 * 3) By "stage" I mean: phase/part/step (Actually the "program" consists of a few stages).
 * 4) I know to use GoogleTranslate, but I need a native translation.
 * 5) Additionally, I would like to know how to pronounce the whole translated sentence (including "2021"), so please add also the transcription in IPA (or in Latin letters, as close to the original pronunciation as possible - if you are not familiar with IPA). Please mark also the stress, e.g. by adding an apostrophe before the stressed syllable (or by typing the stressed vowel in a capital letter).

185.24.76.187 (talk) 15:00, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mathieugp


text:
Arnulf I, Count of Flanders

Arnulf I (c. 893/899 – 27 March 964), called "the Great", was the first Count of Flanders.

Life
Arnulf was the son of margrave Baldwin II of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex, daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England, and through his father, a descendant of Charlemagne. Presumably Arnulf was named either after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty, or King Arnulf of Carinthia, whom his father supported.

At the death of their father in 918, Arnulf became Count of Flanders while his brother Adeloft or Adelolf succeeded to the County of Boulogne. However, in 933 Adeloft died, and Arnulf took the countship of Boulogne for himself, but later conveyed it to his nephew, Arnulf II. Arnulf titled himself count by the Grace of God.

Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south, taking all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. He exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. Arnulf also made Bruges the center of his administration, contributing to the rise of the town as a major trading hub.

In his southern expansion Arnulf inevitably had conflict with the Normans, who were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Viking threat was receding during the later years of Arnulf's life, and he turned his attentions to the reform of the Flemish government. When Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, fled into exile, Arnulf received him with honour and lodged him in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, near Ghent.

Count Arnulf died on 27 March 964, allegedly murdered by Heluin in revenge for the murder of William Longsword.

He was buried in the Saint-Peter's Abbey in Ghent.

Family
The name of Arnulf's first wife is unknown but he had at least one daughter by her:

 * Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai.

In 934 he married Adele of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois. Their children were:

 * Hildegard, born c. 934, died 990; she married Dirk II, Count of Holland. It is uncertain whether she is his daughter by his first or second wife.
 * Liutgard, born in 935, died in 962; married Wichmann IV, Count of Hamaland.
 * Egbert, died 953.
 * Baldwin III of Flanders (c. 940 – 962), married Matilda of Saxony († 1008), daughter of Hermann Billung.
 * Elftrude; married Siegfried, Count of Guînes.

Succession
Arnulf made his eldest son and heir Baldwin III of Flanders co-ruler in 958, but Baldwin died untimely in 962, so Arnulf was succeeded by Baldwin's infant son, Arnulf II of Flanders.

Additional references

 * Folcwine
 * Lambert of Ardres
 * Platts, Beryl. The Scottish Hazard: Flemish Nobility and their Impact on Scotland, 1985

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arnulf I, Count of Flanders


text:
Turán graph

{{infobox graph | name = Turán graph | image = | image_caption = The Turán graph T(13,4) | namesake = Pál Turán | vertices = $$n$$ | edges = ~$$\left(1- \frac{1}{r}\right)\frac{n^2}{2}$$ | radius = $$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\infty & r = 1\\ 2 & r \le n/2\\ 1 & \text{otherwise}\end{array}\right.$$ | diameter = $$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\infty & r = 1\\ 1 & r = n\\ 2 & \text{otherwise}\end{array}\right.$$ | girth = $$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\infty & r = 1 \vee (n \le 3 \wedge r \le 2)\\ 4 & r = 2\\ 3 & \text{otherwise}\end{array}\right.$$ | chromatic_number = $$r$$ | chromatic_index = | notation = $$T(n,r)$$ }} The Turán graph, denoted by $$T(n,r)$$, is a complete multipartite graph; it is formed by partitioning a set of $$n$$ vertices into $$r$$ subsets, with sizes as equal as possible, and then connecting two vertices by an edge if and only if they belong to different subsets. Where $$q$$ and $$s$$ are the quotient and remainder of dividing $$n$$ by $$r$$ (so $$n = qr + s$$), the graph is of the form $$K_{q+1, q+1, \ldots, q, q}$$, and the number of edges is
 * $$ \left(1 - \frac{1}{r}\right)\frac{n^2 - s^2}{2} + {s \choose 2}$$.

For $$r\le7$$, this edge count can be more succinctly stated as $$\left\lfloor\left(1-\frac1r\right)\frac{n^2}2\right\rfloor$$. The graph has $$s$$ subsets of size $$q+ 1 $$, and $$r - s$$ subsets of size $$q$$; each vertex has degree $$n-q-1$$ or $$n-q$$. It is a regular graph if $$n$$ is divisible by $$r$$ (i.e. when $$s=0$$).

Turán's theorem
Turán graphs are named after Pál Turán, who used them to prove Turán's theorem, an important result in extremal graph theory.

By the pigeonhole principle, every set of r + 1 vertices in the Turán graph includes two vertices in the same partition subset; therefore, the Turán graph does not contain a clique of size r + 1. According to Turán's theorem, the Turán graph has the maximum possible number of edges among all (r + 1)-clique-free graphs with n vertices. show that the Turán graph is also the only (r + 1)-clique-free graph of order n in which every subset of αn vertices spans at least $$\frac{r\,{-}\,1}{3r}(2\alpha -1)n^2$$ edges, if α is sufficiently close to 1. The Erdős–Stone theorem extends Turán's theorem by bounding the number of edges in a graph that does not have a fixed Turán graph as a subgraph. Via this theorem, similar bounds in extremal graph theory can be proven for any excluded subgraph, depending on the chromatic number of the subgraph.

Special cases
Several choices of the parameter r in a Turán graph lead to notable graphs that have been independently studied.

The Turán graph T(2n,n) can be formed by removing a perfect matching from a complete graph K2n. As showed, this graph has boxicity exactly n; it is sometimes known as the Roberts graph. This graph is also the 1-skeleton of an n-dimensional cross-polytope; for instance, the graph T(6,3) = K2,2,2 is the octahedral graph, the graph of the regular octahedron. If n couples go to a party, and each person shakes hands with every person except his or her partner, then this graph describes the set of handshakes that take place; for this reason, it is also called the cocktail party graph.

The Turán graph T(n,2) is a complete bipartite graph and, when n is even, a Moore graph. When r is a divisor of n, the Turán graph is symmetric and strongly regular, although some authors consider Turán graphs to be a trivial case of strong regularity and therefore exclude them from the definition of a strongly regular graph.

The class of Turán graphs can have exponentially many maximal cliques, meaning this class does not have few cliques. For example, the Turán graph $$T(n,\lceil n/3\rceil)$$ has 3a2b maximal cliques, where 3a + 2b = n and b ≤ 2; each maximal clique is formed by choosing one vertex from each partition subset. This is the largest number of maximal cliques possible among all n-vertex graphs regardless of the number of edges in the graph; these graphs are sometimes called Moon–Moser graphs.

Other properties
Every Turán graph is a cograph; that is, it can be formed from individual vertices by a sequence of disjoint union and complement operations. Specifically, such a sequence can begin by forming each of the independent sets of the Turán graph as a disjoint union of isolated vertices. Then, the overall graph is the complement of the disjoint union of the complements of these independent sets.

show that the Turán graphs are chromatically unique: no other graphs have the same chromatic polynomials. Nikiforov (2005) uses Turán graphs to supply a lower bound for the sum of the kth eigenvalues of a graph and its complement.

develop an efficient algorithm for finding clusters of orthologous groups of genes in genome data, by representing the data as a graph and searching for large Turán subgraphs.

Turán graphs also have some interesting properties related to geometric graph theory. give a lower bound of Ω((rn)3/4) on the volume of any three-dimensional grid embedding of the Turán graph. conjectures that the maximum sum of squared distances, among n points with unit diameter in Rd, is attained for a configuration formed by embedding a Turán graph onto the vertices of a regular simplex.

An n-vertex graph G is a subgraph of a Turán graph T(n,r) if and only if G admits an equitable coloring with r colors. The partition of the Turán graph into independent sets corresponds to the partition of G into color classes. In particular, the Turán graph is the unique maximal n-vertex graph with an r-color equitable coloring.

title: Turán graph


text:
Jann Wenner

Jann Simon Wenner (born January 7, 1946) is an American businessman who is a co-founder of the popular culture magazine Rolling Stone, and former owner of Men's Journal magazine. He participated in the Free Speech Movement while attending the University of California, Berkeley. Wenner, with his mentor Ralph J. Gleason, founded Rolling Stone in 1967.

Later in his career, Wenner co-founded the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and founded other publications. As a publisher and media figure, he has faced controversy regarding Hall of Fame eligibility favoritism, the breakdown of his relationship with gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson, and criticism that his magazine's reviews were biased.

Early life and education
Wenner was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area, the son of Sim and Edward Wenner. He grew up in a secular Jewish family.

His parents divorced in 1958, and he and his sisters, Kate and Merlyn, were sent to boarding schools. He completed his secondary education at the Chadwick School in 1963, and went on to attend the University of California, Berkeley. Before dropping out of Berkeley in 1966, Wenner was active in the Free Speech Movement and produced the column "Something's Happening" in the student-run newspaper, The Daily Californian.

Career
With the help of his mentor, San Francisco Chronicle jazz critic Ralph J. Gleason, Wenner landed a job at Ramparts, a high-circulation muckraker, where Gleason was a contributing editor and Wenner worked on the magazine's spinoff newspaper.

Rolling Stone
In 1967, Wenner and Gleason founded Rolling Stone magazine in San Francisco. To get the magazine started, Wenner borrowed US$7,500 from family members and from the family of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Wenner played an integral role in popularizing writers such as Hunter S. Thompson, Ben Fong-Torres, Paul Nelson, Greil Marcus, Dave Marsh, Grover Lewis, Timothy Crouse, Timothy Ferris, Joe Klein, Cameron Crowe, Joe Eszterhas, and P.J. O'Rourke. He also discovered photographer Annie Leibovitz when she was a 21-year-old San Francisco Art Institute student. Many of Wenner's proteges, such as Crowe, credit him with giving them their biggest breaks. Tom Wolfe recognized Wenner's influence in ensuring that his first novel, The Bonfire of the Vanities, was completed: "I was absolutely frozen with fright about getting it done and I decided to serialize it and the only editor crazy enough to do that was Jann."

In 1977, Rolling Stone shifted its base of operations from San Francisco to New York City. The magazine's circulation dipped briefly in the late 1970s and early 1980s as Rolling Stone responded slowly in covering the emergence of punk rock and again in the 1990s, when it lost ground to Spin and Blender in coverage of hip hop. Wenner hired former FHM editor Ed Needham, who was then replaced by Will Dana, to turn his flagship magazine around, and by 2006, Rolling Stone's circulation was at an all-time high of 1.5 million copies sold every two weeks. In May 2006, Rolling Stone published its 1000th edition with a holographic, 3-D cover modeled on The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover.

Wenner has been involved in the conducting and writing of many of the magazine's Rolling Stone Interviews. His interview subjects have included Bill Clinton, Al Gore, John Kerry, and Barack Obama for the magazine during their election campaigns and in November 2005 had an interview with U2 rock star Bono, which focused on music and politics. Wenner's interview with Bono received a National Magazine Award nomination.

Rolling Stone and Wenner are chronicled in three books, Gone Crazy and Back Again by Robert Sam Anson, Rolling Stone: The Uncensored History by Robert Draper, and Sticky Fingers:The Life and Times of Jann Wenner and Rolling Stone Magazine by Joe Hagan. Robin Green's memoir The Only Girl covers the time she worked at Rolling Stone.

Wenner founded the magazine Outside in 1977; where William Randolph Hearst III and Jack Ford both worked before Wenner sold it a year later. He also briefly managed the magazine Look and, in 1993, started the magazine Family Life. In 1985, he bought a share in Us Weekly, followed by a joint purchase of the magazine with The Walt Disney Company the following year. The magazine made the transition from a monthly to a weekly in 2000. In August 2006, Wenner bought out Disney's share to consolidate 100% ownership.

From 2004 to 2006, Wenner contributed approximately US$63,000 to Democratic candidates and liberal organizations.

In September 2016, Advertising Age reported that Wenner was in the process of selling a 49% stake in Rolling Stone to Singaporean company BandLab Technologies. The new investor would have no direct involvement in the editorial content of the magazine. In October 2016, Wenner started publishing Glixel, a video games-based website.

In September 2017, Wenner Media announced that the remaining 51% of Rolling Stone was up for sale. That share was bought by Penske Media Corporation, who later acquired the remaining stake from BandLab.

In 2022, Little, Brown and Company published Wenner's memoir, Like a Rolling Stone.

Hunter S. Thompson
Hunter S. Thompson was to provide Rolling Stone coverage for the 1976 presidential campaign that would appear in a book published by the magazine. Reportedly, as Thompson was waiting for a $75,000 advance check to arrive, he learned that Wenner had canceled the assignment without telling him.

Wenner then asked Thompson to travel to Vietnam to report on what turned out to be the final moments of the Vietnam War. Thompson accepted and arrived with the country in chaos, just as the United States was preparing to evacuate and other journalists were scrambling to find transportation out of the region. Thompson's story about the fall of Saigon would not be published in Rolling Stone until ten years later. Thompson contributed far less frequently to the publication in later years.

Hootie and the Blowfish review
In 1996, Wenner fired rock critic Jim DeRogatis after DeRogatis delivered a negative review for an album by the then-popular band Hootie and the Blowfish. Wenner pulled DeRogatis' review from the magazine. Asked by the New York Observer if Wenner was a fan of Hootie and the Blowfish, DeRogatis responded that Wenner "is a fan of any band that sells eight million records." Wenner fired DeRogatis the next day.

Sticky Fingers
In June 2017, Wenner cut ties with Joe Hagan, the biographer he commissioned to write his biography, Sticky Fingers, calling the book Hagan produced "deeply flawed and tawdry, rather than substantial". Hagan had been working closely with Wenner on the book since 2013, and Sticky Fingers was released in October 2017.

New York Times interview
In September 2023, Wenner was interviewed by David Marchese of the New York Times' about his book The Masters: Conversations with Dylan, Lennon, Jagger, Townshend, Garcia, Bono, and Springsteen and its basis of "seven white guys." Wenner was asked about the book's introduction in which he claimed that black and female artists were "not in his zeitgeist." In response, Wenner said of female artists that 'none of them were as articulate enough on this intellectual level," to be included in his list of masterful musicians. Of black artists Marvin Gaye and Curtis Mayfield, he said "they just didn’t articulate at that level". In response, he was removed from the board of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation the day after the interview was published. His comments were widely criticized. He issued an apology statement through his publisher, Little, Brown and Company, on September 18, 2023.

Personal life
In the summer of 1967, after Rolling Stone was founded, Wenner and Jane Schindelheim were married in a small Jewish ceremony. Wenner and his wife separated in 1995, though Jane Wenner still remains a vice president of Wenner Media. She and Wenner have three sons. One of them, Edward Augustus (Gus), was made head of Wenner Media's digital operations in 2014.

Since 1995, Wenner's domestic partner has been Matt Nye, a fashion designer. Wenner and Nye have three children born via surrogate mothers.

Awards and honors

 * 2010: Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement in Magazine Publishing
 * 2014: Lennon-Ono Grant for Peace

Select Rolling Stone Interview bibliography

 * Bob Dylan, May 3, 2007
 * Bono, November 3, 2005
 * John Kerry, November 11, 2004
 * Al Gore, November 9, 2000
 * Mick Jagger, December 14, 1995
 * Bill Clinton, December 9, 1993
 * Jerry Garcia, January 20, 1972
 * John Lennon, January 21, 1971
 * Bob Dylan, November 29, 1969
 * Pete Townshend, September 28, 1968

title: Jann Wenner


text:
Talk:Viscount Stansgate

The title was not destroyed and will reappear when Tony Benn dies, presumably being inherited by his son Hilary Benn.

 * Is there some reason why Stephen Benn, as eldest son, wouldn't inherit the title? --rbrwr

 * no, my mistake Morwen 21:20, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In my defence, a letter to a recent New Statesman by a lawyer or somesuch made exactly the same mistake. ;) Morwen 23:48, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If Stephen Benn predeceases his father he will not inherit the title - I presume it will pass to Stephen's eldest son if he has one. Timrollpickering 15:59, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * ... and, indeed, if not, to Hillary Benn and his children (though I imagine that he too would disclaim the title, as he's got a seemingly bright future ahead of him in government), and then to Joshua Benn and his offspring, and finally to Melissa Benn and her postdecessors, after which the title would become extinct, probably.
 * James F. (talk) 21:11, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * He would have has no need to disclaim the title anymore, due to the reform of the House of Lords. Morwen 21:23, Jan 9, 2004 (UTC)

Remainder
I love the way someone's put in a link to explain the Second World War, but didn't think it necessary to explain in remainder to the baronetcy of blah blah blah. What the ^&%!@ @$£ does it mean? C0pernicus (talk) 23:03, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

A second disclaim ?
Is it possible that the future 3rd Viscount will disclaim the peerage, like his father ? Thanks to Lords reform he dont`t need it for a future in politics, but maybe he wish to do it on ideological reasons ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.242.236.114 (talk) 05:22, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Many things are possible but they would be speculation.Garlicplanting (talk) 11:04, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

What does in remainder mean?
"As a descendant of the first Benn Baronet of The Old Knoll"

What does this mean, as he's not heir apparent nor the heir apparent's heir, according to the other wiki page.

Ganpati23 (talk) 18:53, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viscount Stansgate


text:
Ly

LY or ly may refer to:

Government and politics

 * Libya (ISO 3166-1 country code LY)
 * Lý dynasty, a Vietnamese dynasty
 * Labour Youth of Ireland
 * Legislative Yuan, the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

Science and technology

 * .ly, the Top-level domain for Libya
 * .ly, the default filetype extension of the GNU LilyPond sheet music format
 * Light-year, the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum
 * Langley (unit), a unit of energy distribution over a given area

Other uses

 * Lý (Vietnamese surname), a Vietnamese surname
 * Ly the Fairy, a character from Rayman 2: The Great Escape
 * -ly, an adjectival and adverbial suffix in English
 * Hungarian ly, or elipszilon, a digraph in the Hungarian alphabet
 * El Al (IATA airline designator LY)
 * LY Corporation - Japanese company former Z Holdings

title: Ly


text:
Kw

kw, kW or KW may refer to:

Businesses

 * Kamera-Werkstätten, a German camera manufacturer
 * Keller Williams Realty, an American real estate company
 * Kenworth, an American truck manufacturer
 * Kompania Węglowa, a Polish coal mining company
 * KW – Das Heizkraftwerk, a former nightclub in Munich, Germany
 * KW automotive, a German automobile parts and suspension manufacturer

Computing

 * .kw, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Kuwait
 * Keyword (Internet search)
 * Kiloword, a memory size increment

Places

 * Key West, Florida, United States
 * KW postcode area, covering Kirkwall and Orkney, United Kingdom
 * Kitchener–Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
 * Kuwait (ISO 3166-1 country code KW)

Other uses

 * Cornish language (ISO 639-1 code)
 * Kilowatt (kW), a unit of power
 * KW (album), 1998 album by Keith Washington
 * Kw (digraph), in the Latin alphabet
 * Kwangwoon University, in Seoul, South Korea
 * Kw, the self-ionization constant of water; see self-ionization of water
 * K.W., a character in the 2009 film Where the Wild Things Are
 * KW, a short code for the National Herbarium of Ukraine

title: Kw


text:
Turán's theorem

In graph theory, Turán's theorem bounds the number of edges that can be included in an undirected graph that does not have a complete subgraph of a given size. It is one of the central results of extremal graph theory, an area studying the largest or smallest graphs with given properties, and is a special case of the forbidden subgraph problem on the maximum number of edges in a graph that does not have a given subgraph.

An example of an $$n$$-vertex graph that does not contain any $$(r+1)$$-vertex clique $$K_{r+1}$$ may be formed by partitioning the set of $$n$$ vertices into $$r$$ parts of equal or nearly equal size, and connecting two vertices by an edge whenever they belong to two different parts. The resulting graph is the Turán graph $$T(n,r)$$. Turán's theorem states that the Turán graph has the largest number of edges among all $K_{r+1}$-free $n$-vertex graphs.

Turán's theorem, and the Turán graphs giving its extreme case, were first described and studied by Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán in 1941. The special case of the theorem for triangle-free graphs is known as Mantel's theorem; it was stated in 1907 by Willem Mantel, a Dutch mathematician.

Statement
Turán's theorem states that every graph $$G$$ with $$n$$ vertices that does not contain $$K_{r+1}$$ as a subgraph has at most as many edges as the Turán graph $$T(n,r)$$. For a fixed value of $$r$$, this graph has$$\left(1-\frac{1}{r}+o(1)\right) \frac{n^2}{2}$$edges, using little-o notation. Intuitively, this means that as $$n$$ gets larger, the fraction of edges included in $$T(n,r)$$ gets closer and closer to $$1-\frac{1}{r}$$. Many of the following proofs only give the upper bound of $$\left(1-\frac{1}{r}\right)\frac{n^2}{2}$$.

Proofs
list five different proofs of Turán's theorem. Many of the proofs involve reducing to the case where the graph is a complete multipartite graph, and showing that the number of edges is maximized when there are $$r$$ parts of size as close as possible to equal.

Induction
This was Turán's original proof. Take a $$K_{r+1}$$-free graph on $$n$$ vertices with the maximal number of edges. Find a $$K_r$$ (which exists by maximality), and partition the vertices into the set $$A$$ of the $$r$$ vertices in the $$K_r$$ and the set $$B$$ of the $$n-r$$ other vertices.

Now, one can bound edges above as follows:

 * There are exactly $$\binom{r}{2}$$ edges within $$A$$.
 * There are at most $$(r-1)|B|=(r-1)(n-r)$$ edges between $$A$$ and $$B$$, since no vertex in $$B$$ can connect to all of $$A$$.
 * The number of edges within $$B$$ is at most the number of edges of $$T(n-r,r)$$ by the inductive hypothesis.

Adding these bounds gives the result.

Maximal Degree Vertex
This proof is due to Paul Erdős. Take the vertex $$v$$ of largest degree. Consider the set $$A$$ of vertices not adjacent to $$v$$ and the set $$B$$ of vertices adjacent to $$v$$.

Now, delete all edges within $$A$$ and draw all edges between $$A$$ and $$B$$. This increases the number of edges by our maximality assumption and keeps the graph $$K_{r+1}$$-free. Now, $$B$$ is $$K_r$$-free, so the same argument can be repeated on $$B$$.

Repeating this argument eventually produces a graph in the same form as a Turán graph, which is a collection of independent sets, with edges between each two vertices from different independent sets. A simple calculation shows that the number of edges of this graph is maximized when all independent set sizes are as close to equal as possible.

Complete Multipartite Optimization
This proof, as well as the Zykov Symmetrization proof, involve reducing to the case where the graph is a complete multipartite graph, and showing that the number of edges is maximized when there are $$r$$ independent sets of size as close as possible to equal. This step can be done as follows:

Let $$S_1, S_2, \ldots, S_r$$ be the independent sets of the multipartite graph. Since two vertices have an edge between them if and only if they are not in the same independent set, the number of edges is

$$\sum_{i \neq j} \left|S_i\right|\left|S_j\right|=\frac{1}{2}\left(n^2-\sum_{i} \left|S_i\right|^2\right),$$

where the left hand side follows from direct counting, and the right hand side follows from complementary counting. To show the $$\left(1-\frac{1}{r}\right)\frac{n^2}{2}$$ bound, applying the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality to the $\sum\limits_i\left|S_i\right|^2$ term on the right hand side suffices, since $\sum\limits_i\left|S_i\right|=n$.

To prove the Turán Graph is optimal, one can argue that no two $$S_i$$ differ by more than one in size. In particular, supposing that we have $$\left|S_i\right| \geq \left|S_j\right|+2$$ for some $$i \neq j$$, moving one vertex from $$S_j$$ to $$S_i$$ (and adjusting edges accordingly) would increase the value of the sum. This can be seen by examining the changes to either side of the above expression for the number of edges, or by noting that the degree of the moved vertex increases.

Lagrangian
This proof is due to. They begin by considering a $$K_{r+1}$$ free graph with vertices labelled $$1,2,\ldots,n$$, and considering maximizing the function$$f(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)=\sum_{i,j\ \text{adjacent}} x_ix_j$$over all nonnegative $$x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$$ with sum $$1$$. This function is known as the Lagrangian of the graph and its edges.

The idea behind their proof is that if $$x_i,x_j$$ are both nonzero while $$i,j$$ are not adjacent in the graph, the function$$f(x_1,\ldots,x_i-t,\ldots,x_j+t,\ldots,x_n)$$is linear in $$t$$. Hence, one can either replace $$(x_i,x_j)$$ with either $$(x_i+x_j,0)$$ or $$(0,x_i+x_j)$$ without decreasing the value of the function. Hence, there is a point with at most $$r$$ nonzero variables where the function is maximized.

Now, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality gives that the maximal value is at most $$\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\frac{1}{r}\right)$$. Plugging in $$x_i=\frac{1}{n}$$ for all $$i$$ gives that the maximal value is at least $$\frac{|E|}{n^2}$$, giving the desired bound.

Probabilistic Method
The key claim in this proof was independently found by Caro and Wei. This proof is due to Noga Alon and Joel Spencer, from their book The Probabilistic Method. The proof shows that every graph with degrees $$d_1,d_2,\ldots,d_n$$ has an independent set of size at least$$S=\frac{1}{d_1+1}+\frac{1}{d_2+1}+\cdots+\frac{1}{d_n+1}.$$The proof attempts to find such an independent set as follows:
 * Consider a random permutation of the vertices of a $$K_{r+1}$$-free graph
 * Select every vertex that is adjacent to none of the vertices before it.

A vertex of degree $$d$$ is included in this with probability $$\frac{1}{d+1}$$, so this process gives an average of $$S$$ vertices in the chosen set. Applying this fact to the complement graph and bounding the size of the chosen set using the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality proves Turán's theorem. See for more.

Zykov Symmetrization
Aigner and Ziegler call the final one of their five proofs "the most beautiful of them all". Its origins are unclear, but the approach is often referred to as Zykov Symmetrization as it was used in Zykov's proof of a generalization of Turán's Theorem. This proof goes by taking a $$K_{r+1}$$-free graph, and applying steps to make it more similar to the Turán Graph while increasing edge count.

In particular, given a $$K_{r+1}$$-free graph, the following steps are applied:

$$ non-adjacent but $$u,w$$ adjacent, then replace both $$u$$ and $$w $$ with copies of $$v $$.
 * If $$u,v$$ are non-adjacent vertices and $$u$$ has a higher degree than $$v$$, replace $$v$$ with a copy of $$u$$. Repeat this until all non-adjacent vertices have the same degree.
 * If $$u,v,w$$ are vertices with $$u,v$$ and $$v,w

All of these steps keep the graph $$K_{r+1}$$ free while increasing the number of edges.

Now, non-adjacency forms an equivalence relation. The equivalence classes give that any maximal graph the same form as a Turán graph. As in the maximal degree vertex proof, a simple calculation shows that the number of edges is maximized when all independent set sizes are as close to equal as possible.

Mantel's theorem
The special case of Turán's theorem for $$r=2$$ is Mantel's theorem: The maximum number of edges in an $$n$$-vertex triangle-free graph is $$\lfloor n^2/4 \rfloor.$$ In other words, one must delete nearly half of the edges in $$K_n$$ to obtain a triangle-free graph.

A strengthened form of Mantel's theorem states that any Hamiltonian graph with at least $$n^2/4$$ edges must either be the complete bipartite graph $$K_{n/2,n/2}$$ or it must be pancyclic: not only does it contain a triangle, it must also contain cycles of all other possible lengths up to the number of vertices in the graph.

Another strengthening of Mantel's theorem states that the edges of every $$n$$-vertex graph may be covered by at most $$\lfloor n^2/4 \rfloor$$ cliques which are either edges or triangles. As a corollary, the graph's intersection number (the minimum number of cliques needed to cover all its edges) is at most $$\lfloor n^2/4 \rfloor$$.

Other Forbidden Subgraphs
Turán's theorem shows that the largest number of edges in a $$K_{r+1}$$-free graph is $$\left(1-\frac{1}{r}+o(1)\right) \frac{n^2}{2}$$. The Erdős–Stone theorem finds the number of edges up to a $$o(n^2)$$ error in all other graphs:"(Erdős–Stone) Suppose $H$ is a graph with chromatic number $\chi(H)$. The largest possible number of edges in a graph where $H$ does not appear as a subgraph is$\left(1-\frac{1}{\chi(H)-1}+o(1)\right) \frac{n^2}{2}$where the $o(1)$ constant only depends on $H$."One can see that the Turán graph $$T(n,\chi(H)-1)$$ cannot contain any copies of $$H$$, so the Turán graph establishes the lower bound. As a $$K_{r+1}$$ has chromatic number $$r+1$$, Turán's theorem is the special case in which $$H$$ is a $$K_{r+1}$$.

The general question of how many edges can be included in a graph without a copy of some $$H$$ is the forbidden subgraph problem.

Maximizing Other Quantities
Another natural extension of Turán's theorem is the following question: if a graph has no $$K_{r+1}$$s, how many copies of $$K_{a}$$ can it have? Turán's theorem is the case where $$a=2$$. Zykov's Theorem answers this question:"(Zykov's Theorem) The graph on $n$ vertices with no $K_{r+1}$s and the largest possible number of $K_{a}$s is the Turán graph $T(n,r)$"This was first shown by Zykov (1949) using Zykov Symmetrization. Since the Turán Graph contains $$r$$ parts with size around $$\frac{n}{r}$$, the number of $$K_{a}$$s in $$T(n,r)$$ is around $$\binom{r}{a}\left(\frac{n}{r}\right)^a$$.

A paper by Alon and Shikhelman in 2016 gives the following generalization, which is similar to the Erdos-Stone generalization of Turán's theorem: (Alon-Shikhelman, 2016) Let $$H$$ be a graph with chromatic number $$\chi(H)>a$$. The largest possible number of $$K_{a}$$s in a graph with no copy of $$H$$ is

$$(1+o(1))\binom{\chi(H)-1}{a}\left(\frac{n}{\chi(H)-1}\right)^a.$$ As in Erdős–Stone, the Turán graph $$T(n,\chi(H)-1)$$ attains the desired number of copies of $$K_{a}$$.

Edge-Clique region
Turan's theorem states that if a graph has edge homomorphism density strictly above $$1-\frac{1}{r-1}$$, it has a nonzero number of $$K_r$$s. One could ask the far more general question: if you are given the edge density of a graph, what can you say about the density of $$K_r$$s?

An issue with answering this question is that for a given density, there may be some bound not attained by any graph, but approached by some infinite sequence of graphs. To deal with this, weighted graphs or graphons are often considered. In particular, graphons contain the limit of any infinite sequence of graphs.

For a given edge density $$d$$, the construction for the largest $$K_r$$ density is as follows:"Take a number of vertices $N$ approaching infinity. Pick a set of $\sqrt{d}N$ of the vertices, and connect two vertices if and only if they are in the chosen set."This gives a $$K_r$$ density of $$d^{k/2}.$$ The construction for the smallest $$K_r$$ density is as follows:"Take a number of vertices approaching infinity. Let $t$ be the integer such that $1-\frac{1}{t-1} < d \leq 1-\frac{1}{t}$. Take a $t$-partite graph where all parts but the unique smallest part have the same size, and sizes of the parts are chosen such that the total edge density is $d$."For $$d\leq 1-\frac{1}{r-1}$$, this gives a graph that is $$(r-1)$$-partite and hence gives no $$K_r$$s.

The lower bound was proven by Razborov (2008) for the case of triangles, and was later generalized to all cliques by Reiher (2016). The upper bound is a consequence of the Kruskal–Katona theorem.

title: Turán's theorem


text:
Livernois–Fenkell riot

The Livernois–Fenkell riot was a racially motivated riot in the summer of 1975 on Livernois Avenue at Chalfonte Avenue, just south of Fenkell Avenue, in Detroit, Michigan.

The trouble began when Andrew Chinarian, the 39-year-old owner of Bolton's Bar, observed three black youths tampering with his car in the parking lot. He fired a pistol or rifle, fatally wounding 18-year-old Obie Wynn. According to some accounts, Wynn was fleeing; according to others, he was approaching Chinarian with what the latter thought was a weapon, it later emerged that Wynn was holding a screwdriver. He died from a gunshot wound to the back of the head. Crowds gathered and random acts of vandalism, assault, looting and racial fighting along Livernois and Fenkell avenues ensued. Bottles and rocks were thrown at passing cars.

The second man killed was Marian Pyszko, a 54-year-old dishwasher and a Nazi concentration camp survivor who had emigrated from Poland in 1958. As he drove home from the bakery/candy factory where he worked, he was pulled from his car by a group of black youths and beaten to death with a piece of concrete. Ronald Bell Jordan, Raymond Peoples, and Dennis Lindsay were all charged with first-degree murder.

Police were ordered to not use deadly force, so no shots were fired. A crowd of 700 was dispersed by morning. Angry crowds reappeared and violence resumed the following night – a car became a battering ram and a mob ransacked Bolton's Bar.

Detroit mayor Coleman Young defused the disturbance by appearing in person (along with several clergymen) and ordering every black policeman in the city to police the riot.

The damage to property in the Livernois-Fenkell area amounted to tens of thousands of dollars. Fifty-three people were arrested, and ten injuries were recorded (including one firefighter and one police officer).

CBS News reported an unverified claim that the bar served white patrons only, and noted the 25% unemployment rate as an aggravating factor.

title: Livernois–Fenkell riot


text:
Gq (disambiguation)

GQ is an American monthly men's magazine.

GQ, Gq or gq may also refer to:

Arts and media

 * GQ (actor) (Gregory J. Qaiyum), American actor
 * GQ (band), a 1970s American disco group
 * GQ Australia, the Australian edition of the American magazine
 * GQ (Indian edition), the Indian edition of the American magazine
 * The German Quarterly, an American journal of German studies
 * GQ, an American barbershop music group also known as Girls Quartet

Science and mathematics

 * Gq alpha subunit, a class of proteins
 * Generalized quadrangle, a type of incidence structure in mathematics
 * Generalized quantifier, a type of expression in linguistic semantics

Other

 * Equatorial Guinea (ISO 3166 code)
 * .gq, the country code top-level domain for Equatorial Guinea
 * GQ, ICAO code prefix for airports in Mauritania
 * Genderqueer, a gender identity other than man or woman
 * General quarters, a call to battle stations aboard a naval warship
 * Golden Quadrilateral, a highway network in India

title: Gq (disambiguation)


text:
Gy

GY, Gy, or gy may refer to:

Units of measurement

 * Gray (unit) (Gy), SI unit of absorbed radiation
 * Giga-year, 1,000,000,000 years (non-SI)
 * Galactic year, the time it takes for the Solar System to orbit the Galactic Center

People

 * Pierre Gy (1924–2015), French chemist and statistician
 * Garin de Gy, 14th century Catholic Master of the Order of Preachers

Places

 * Gy, Switzerland, a village in the Geneva canton
 * Guyana (ISO country code: GY)
 * .gy, the country code top level domain (ccTLD) for Guyana
 * GY postcode area for Guernsey, Alderney and Sark
 * Gy, Haute-Saône, a commune in the Haute-Saône département of France
 * Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
 * Grimsby, United Kingdom

Transport

 * GY, a Mazda automotive piston engine
 * Gabon Airlines (IATA code: GY)
 * Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines's IATA code

Other uses

 * Hungarian gy, an alphabetic digraph
 * gy, a digraph in the Tibetan pinyin transliteration system
 * GenCorp (GY NYSE symbol)
 * Green Youth (disambiguation), one of two Green party youth wings
 * Grapevine yellows, a plant disease
 * Gy, the on-line charging interface in the GPRS core network

title: Gy


text:
Arnulf II, Count of Flanders

Arnulf II (960 or 961 – 30 March 987) was Count of Flanders from 965 until his death.

Life
He was the son of Baldwin III of Flanders and Mathilde Billung of Saxony, daughter of Herman, Duke of Saxony. His father Baldwin III died in 962, when Arnulf was just an infant, whilst Arnulf's grandfather, Arnulf I, was still alive. When Arnulf I died three years later (965), the regency was held by his kinsman Baldwin Balso, who died in 973.

By the time Arnulf attained his majority in 976, Flanders had lost some of the southern territory acquired by Arnulf I. The latter had given some parts of Picardy to King Lothar of France to help assure his grandson's succession, and gave Boulogne as a fief to another relative. Then early in Arnulf's minority Lothar had taken Ponthieu and given it to Hugh Capet, and the first counts of Guînes had established themselves. Arnulf died on 30 March 987 at age 26. Shortly after Arnulf's death his widow married King Robert II of France.

Family
In 976, he married Rozala of Italy, daughter of Berengar II of Italy, and had two children:
 * Baldwin IV (980–1035), who succeeded his father. He married twice and fathered Baldwin V.
 * Mathilde, who died before 995.

title: Arnulf II, Count of Flanders


text:
FS

FS, fS or fs may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * FS (musician) (real name Fred Sargolini), American dubstep producer and DJ from New York
 * FS Catalogue, a numbered list of all compositions by Carl Nielsen
 * FS Film, a Finnish film distributor
 * Flight simulator, a professional simulator of planes
 * Flight simulation video game, a video game version of simulators
 * Microsoft Flight Simulator, an amateur flight simulator series
 * Microsoft Flight Simulator X (FSX), the 2006 edition
 * Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 video game) (FS), the 2020 edition
 * Fox Sports (United States), the sports programming division of Fox Corporation
 * Fox Sports 1 (FS1)
 * Fox Sports 2 (FS2)

Businesses and organizations

 * Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, a business school in Frankfurt, Germany
 * FS Services, an agricultural supply cooperative, now Growmark
 * Full Sail University, a university in Florida, US
 * Future Shop, a defunct Canadian consumer electronics retailer
 * Fortune Systems, a defunct American computer manufacturer
 * Farmers' and Settlers' Association of New South Wales (F & S), Australia

Transportation

 * Ferrocarril de Sóller, a railway on Majorca
 * Ferrovie dello Stato, Italian state railways
 * Trenitalia, its subsidiary for operating passenger rail transport
 * First ScotRail, a British rail train operator
 * ItAli Airlines (former IATA code: FS), a former Italian airline (2003-2011)
 * Flyr (airline) (former IATA code: FS), a former Norwegian airline (2020-2023)

Science and technology

 * Feldspar, a group of silicate minerals
 * Fin-stabilized projectile, such as the APFSDS or HEAT-FS
 * Flank speed, a ship's true maximum speed
 * Frameshift mutation, a genetic mutation
 * Fujita scale (F-Scale), or Fujita-Pearson scale, a scale for rating tornado intensity
 * Full scale, in electronics and signal processing, the maximum amplitude a system can present
 * Marine flooding surface, a sharp contact between deep-water and shallow-water facies in sequence stratigraphy
 * Sampling rate (symbol $$f_s$$), in communications theory
 * Fourier series, a mathematical tool used for analyzing periodic functions

Computing

 * FS register, in X86fs computer architecture
 * File Separator, a character in the C0 and C1 control codes
 * File server, a form of disk storage
 * File system, in computer science and database theory
 * Flipnote Studio, a DSi animation software
 * Forward secrecy, a property of cryptographic systems
 * Fullscreen, a picture format in 4:3 aspect ratio, as opposed to widescreen
 * IBM Future Systems project a failed IBM project to develop a computer line to replace System/360
 * Feature structure, a set of attribute–value pairs

Medicine

 * Felty's syndrome, autoimmune disease, with rheumatoid arthritis, enlargement of the spleen and too few neutrophils in the blood
 * Fibrin sealant, a type of surgical tissue adhesive used during surgery to control bleeding
 * Flight Surgeon, a physician who is responsible for the medical evaluation, certification and treatment of aviation personnel
 * Fractional shortening, of the heart
 * Formularium Slovenicum, Slovenian addendum to the European Pharmacopoeia

Physics

 * Femtosecond (fs), an SI unit of time
 * Siemens (unit) Femtosiemens, an SI unit of electric conductance
 * Fine structure, in atomic physics

Military

 * Freight and supply ship (FS), a US Army classification for a type of cargo ship
 * Fire support, artillery or close air support for combat operations
 * Flight Sergeant, a non-commissioned officer in some air forces
 * Flight Surgeon, physician primarily responsible for the medical evaluation, certification and treatment of aviation personnel
 * French Ship (FS), a NATO prefix for ships of the French Navy

Sport

 * Free safety, one variation of the defensive back position in American football
 * Free skating, the second part of a figure skating competition
 * Formula Student, a student engineering competition held annually in the UK

Other uses

 * Federal Standard 595, a United States federal standard defining color shades
 * Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)
 * For Sale (disambiguation)
 * Foundation Stage, term used for early childhood education in the UK
 * Franco's Spain, Spain under the leadership of Francisco Franco
 * French Southern Territories (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code); excludes the Terre Adélie portion of Antarctica
 * Full service (disambiguation)

title: FS


text:
Noumena (band)

Noumena is a Finnish melodic death metal band. The band's name comes from the word noumenon, a philosophical term used by Immanuel Kant. The band consists of five members: vocalist Antti Haapanen, guitarists Tuukka Tuomela and Ville Lamminaho, bass guitarist Hannu Savolainen and drummer Ilkka Unnbom, a lineup they have maintained since their formation. Session member is female vocalist Suvi Uura. Hanna Leinonen and Tuomas Tuominen appear as guest vocalists on Absence and Anatomy of Life.

History
Noumena was founded in Ähtäri, Finland in the spring of 1998. In 1999, after two demo tapes and several concerts, the band was given a record deal with a Singaporean record label. Their debut album was recorded later that year at Astia Studio; however, the record label went bankrupt before the album was released. It was not until late 2001 that an Australian label, Catharsis Records, agreed to release the album, given the title Pride/Fall.

The following years were unproductive, until, in January 2004, Noumena released a four-track promo. This was moderately successful and led to a deal with Spinefarm Records. The band spent the next October and November making their second album, Absence, which was released April 13, 2005. On November 1, 2006 they released Anatomy of Life through Spikefarm Records. The album received praise from Metal Maniacs for being, "...another confident step in turning Noumena into Finland’s biggest new export.” Earlier the same year they released the EP "Triumph and Loss" which was only made available online. Currently they have created their own label (Haunted Zoo Production) under which they have launched their last three albums, Death Walks With Me, Myrrys and Anima.

Music
The roots of Noumena's music are found in the Scandinavian death metal tradition and 1980s heavy metal. Their lyrics often deal with loss, sadness, and darkness. The band has stated on their official page that they try to keep their music "Fresh, Experimental, and Versatile" (sic)."

Albums

 * Pride/Fall (2002)
 * Absence (2005)
 * Anatomy of Life (2006)
 * Death Walks With Me (2013)
 * Myrrys (2017)
 * Anima (2020)

EPs

 * Triumph and Loss (2006) (digital release only)

Demos and promos

 * Aeons (1998)
 * For the Fragile One (1999)
 * Promo 2000
 * Sala
 * The Tempter (2004)
 * Sleep (2009)

title: Noumena (band)


text:
BJ

BJ or B. J. may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * BJ Services Company, an oil and gas equipment and services company that is now a subsidiary of Baker Hughes
 * BJ's Restaurant & Brewery, an American restaurant chain
 * BJ's Wholesale Club, an American membership-only warehouse club chain
 * B. J. Medical College, Pune, India
 * Ben & Jerry's, an ice cream company
 * Bergslagernas Järnvägar, a private railroad company of Sweden
 * Toronto Blue Jays, a professional baseball team
 * Booster Juice, a Canadian chain of juice and smoothie bars
 * Nouvelair (IATA airline code)

People

 * B. J. (given name), people with the given name
 * Boris Johnson (born 1964), former British prime minister
 * Billy Joel, American singer-songwriter and pianist
 * Brandon Johnson, 57th Mayor of Chicago

Fictional characters

 * B.J., a dinosaur character from the children's television program Barney & Friends
 * BJ Birdie, former mascot for the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team
 * B. J. Hunnicutt, a fictional doctor on the TV show M*A*S*H
 * B. J. Jones, a character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital
 * BJ Smith, a character in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
 * B.J. Walker, a character on the American soap opera Santa Barbara
 * William "B.J." Blazkowicz, the protagonist of the video game series Wolfenstein
 * Billy Joe "B. J." McKay, the protagonist of the TV show B. J. and the Bear

Places

 * Beijing, China (Guobiao abbreviation BJ)
 * Benin, WMO and ISO 2-letter country code
 * .bj, domain name ccTLD for Benin
 * Burton Joyce, a village in Nottinghamshire

Sport and competition

 * Back Judge, an official in American football
 * Beitar Jerusalem F.C., an Israeli football club
 * Bj league, a Japanese professional basketball league
 * Blackjack, a casino card game

Other uses

 * Bachelor of Journalism, an academic degree
 * Broadcast jockey, the Korean term for a streamer
 * Beijing (locomotive)
 * Biochemical Journal
 * Blow job, sexual slang for fellatio
 * Ball joint, a part found in automobile suspension
 * Bubble Jet, a Canon Inc. printer trademark

title: BJ


text:
Rabbula

Rabbula (Rabula) was a bishop of Edessa from 411 to August 435 AD, noteworthy for his opposition to the views of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Nestorius. However, his successor Ibas, who was in charge of the school of Edessa, reversed the official stance of that bishopric. Rabbula is not to be confused with the otherwise unknown scribe of the 6th century Rabbula Gospels. Venerated as a Saint by Eastern Orthodox Church (feast December 20) and Syriac Orthodox Church (feast December 17/19, August 8, and Third Wednesday after The Easter.

Early life
He was a native of Qinnasrin, ancient Chalcis ad Bellum, a town some few miles south of Aleppo and the seat of a bishopric. His father was a pagan priest, and though his mother was a devoted Christian he remained a pagan until some time after his marriage. During a journey to his country estates he was converted to Christianity partly through coming in contact with a case of miraculous healing and partly through the teaching and influence of Eusebius, bishop of Kenneschrin, and Acacius, bishop of Aleppo.

Christian asceticism
With all the energy of his fiery nature he threw himself into the practice of Christian asceticism, sold all his possessions, and separated from his wife and kinspeople. He resided for some time in a monastery, and then passed to a life of greater hardship as a solitary hermit. On the death of Diogenes, bishop of Edessa, in the year 411-412 Rabbula was chosen his successor, and at once accepted the position offered him, without any of the customary show of reluctance.

As a bishop Rabbula was marked by extraordinary energy, by the continued asceticism of his personal life, by his magnificent provision for all the poor and suffering in his diocese, by his care for discipline among the clergy and monks who were under his authority, and by the fierce determination with which he combated all heresies and especially the growing school of the followers of Nestorius. On one occasion he visited Constantinople and there preached before Theodosius II (who was then favorable to Nestorius) and a great congregation a sermon in denunciation of Nestorian doctrine, of which a portion survives in the Syriac version. Rabbula became a friend of Cyril of Alexandria, with whom he corresponded, and whose treatise De recta fide he translated into Syriac. After a 24-year career as bishop, he died in August 435, and was succeeded by Ibas.

It has been argued by some scholars that this positive picture of Rabbula is not altogether accurate. According to the Life of Rabbula, immediately before becoming bishop of Edessa, Rabbula, in consort with another monk, Eusebius, the future bishop of Tella, went to Baalbek (Heliopolis) in Lebanon (Phoenicia Libanensis), one of the last areas with pagans in order to seek martyrdom by provoking the pagans. Rather than being killed, he was severely beaten. The Life of Rabbula claims that Rabbula was preserved from death on account of his destiny to hold the episcopate.

Writings
The literary legacy of Rabbula is small in bulk. Perhaps his primary importance to the historian of Syriac literature lies in the zeal with which he strove to replace the Diatessaron or Gospel Harmony of Tatian with the four canonical Gospels, ordering that a copy of the latter should be placed in every church. The version survives in a British Museum manuscript. According to Overbeck he himself produced a version (or revision) of the New Testament in Syriac, known as the Peshitta. Rabbula's involvement may have been, a first step in the direction of the Philoxenian version. FC Burkitt went further and advanced the hypothesis that Rabbula, at least as regards the Gospels, actively helped in the translation of the current Peshitta text, using the Greek text as read in Antioch about 400. However, since then Arthur Vööbus has furnished evidence that the Peshitta predated Rabbula.

Recent research has revealed that the text of the "Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe", the Gospel text prepared by Rabulla, is indeed the text of the Old Syriac Curetonian Palimpset rather than the Peshitta. Burkitt and Lewis suggested as much by calling the Curetonian Version the "Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe". As the Peshitta predated Rabbula, this suggests Rabbula had no knowledge of the Gospel text of the Peshitta and prepared his own translation into Syriac from the Greek.

Veneration
Although one can't see the Rabbula's name in the actual liturgic calendars of Catholic or Orthodox Churches, there is a feast of Saint Rabbula of Edessa (†436) under December 20 in the Greek Mineas from IX-XII centuries at the Saint Catherine's Monastery of the Mount Sinai. Syriac Orthodox Church celebrates his memory at December 17/19, August 8, and Third Wednesday after The Easter.

title: Rabbula


text:
By

By or BY may refer to:

Places

 * By, Doubs, France, a commune
 * By, Norway, a village

Codes

 * Belarus ISO country code
 * .by, country-code top-level domain for Belarus
 * Burundi, obsolete FIPS Pub 10-4 and NATO digram country codes
 * TUI Airways IATA airline code, formerly Thomson Airways, Thomsonfly and Britannia Airways

Other uses

 * John By (1779–1836), British military engineer famous for his work in Canada
 * CC BY, a Creative Commons attribution license
 * Budget year, a synonym for fiscal year

title: By


text:
Ak

Ak may refer to:

People

 * Aytaç Ak, Turkish footballer
 * DJ Akademiks, American Twitch streamer
 * Orhan Ak, Turkish footballer

Places

 * Ak, Buin Zahra, a village in Buin Zahra County, Qazvin Province, Iran
 * Ak, Qazvin, a village in Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran
 * Ak, Takestan, a village in Takestan County, Qazvin Province, Iran
 * Ak Rural District, in Takestan County, Qazvin Province, Iran

Other uses

 * Ak language, a Sepik language spoken in Papua New Guinea
 * Ak, the Master Woodsman of the World in L. Frank Baum's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
 * Ak, the nickname for bassist Steve Jay, of the ethno-funk duo Ak & Zuie

title: Ak