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Elisha Collier

Elisha Haydon Collier (1788–1856) of Boston, Massachusetts, invented a flintlock revolver around 1814. His weapon is one of the earliest true revolvers, after the 1739's revolver of Iaumandreu from Manresa and 1702's of Rovira from Ripoll, exhibited in the Armouries of the Tower of London, in contrast to the earlier pepperboxes which were multi-barreled guns. Collier's revolver was not self rotating but it was self-priming: a compartment automatically released gunpowder into the pan when the hammer was cocked.

Gunmaking
It was patented in 1818, produced from 1819 by John Evans & Son of London, and purchased by European officers in the presidency armies. Over 10,000 of value (approximately 160 long guns) in pound sterling was supposedly to be made and contracted for India according to Elisha H. Collier's testimony in the 1851 Colt vs. Massachusetts Arms Company patent infringement trial of 1851 (J. Harrison – The Gun Collector Number 35 Feb 1951, pp. 553–555.) but further on in testimony was diminished by Mr. Collier suggesting that this number was only anticipated. It is known that there are but approximately 225 Collier pistols and long guns were made between 1819 and 1824, according to known serial numbers between the three types. A single barrel allowed greater accuracy and a faster reload time while reducing unnecessary weight. However, its flintlock action was a serious drawback: flints were unreliable and had to be changed frequently, while inferior quality powder risked a misfire.

Samuel Colt saw weapons of this type while serving as a cabin boy aboard the brig Corvo in 1832. Following his return from the Far East he was inspired to create his own caplock revolver: the Colt Paterson.

In addition to handguns, Collier produced revolving shotguns and carbines in the 1820s. Only 150 of these now rare guns were made.

Other activities
In the 1830s, Collier invented a new boiler for steam ships. He wrote a book on the subject, which was published in 1836. In 1839 Collier designed a machine for mass-producing nails for the Globe Dock Factory, Rotherhithe, Surrey.

Later life
Collier lived in England from 1818 until 1850, when he returned to Boston, Massachusetts. By this time Colt's cheaper mass-produced revolvers had supplanted his earlier, hand made designs. Collier is listed as having lived at 88 Eliot Street in an 1850 census, where he died on January 23, 1856.

title: Elisha Collier


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Talk:Hiiumaa

Question
When did the teutonic knights ever act on behalf of the hansa? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.188.117.13 (talk • contribs) 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Anon
An anonymous contributor wrote:

Note: Dagö is on of Estonian favourite rock-bands, featuring sharp words of song texts, rocking sounds and charismatic presence of lead singer Lauri Saatpalu.

 * This is valid, though a bit POV, and yields material for a stub. The text is related to this article, as Dagö is the Swedish name of Hiiumaa. Andres 16:50, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

WW 2
The article says Hiiumaa was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1941. Is there any source for that. I am quite sure it was only occupied. Does anyone have information and/or reliable sources? 188.192.188.239 (talk) 10:45, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hiiumaa


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Functor category

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a functor category $$D^C$$ is a category where the objects are the functors $$F: C \to D$$ and the morphisms are natural transformations $$\eta: F \to G$$ between the functors (here, $$G: C \to D$$ is another object in the category). Functor categories are of interest for two main reasons:
 * many commonly occurring categories are (disguised) functor categories, so any statement proved for general functor categories is widely applicable;
 * every category embeds in a functor category (via the Yoneda embedding); the functor category often has nicer properties than the original category, allowing certain operations that were not available in the original setting.

Definition
Suppose $$C$$ is a small category (i.e. the objects and morphisms form a set rather than a proper class) and $$D$$ is an arbitrary category. The category of functors from $$C$$ to $$D$$, written as Fun($$C$$, $$D$$), Funct($$C$$,$$D$$), $$[C,D]$$, or $$D ^C$$, has as objects the covariant functors from $$C$$ to $$D$$, and as morphisms the natural transformations between such functors. Note that natural transformations can be composed: if $$\mu (X) : F(X) \to G(X)$$ is a natural transformation from the functor $$F : C \to D$$ to the functor $$G : C \to D$$, and $$\eta(X) : G(X) \to H(X)$$ is a natural transformation from the functor $$G$$ to the functor $$H$$, then the composition $$\eta(X)\mu(X) : F(X) \to H(X)$$ defines a natural transformation from $$F$$ to $$H$$. With this composition of natural transformations (known as vertical composition, see natural transformation), $$D^C$$ satisfies the axioms of a category.

In a completely analogous way, one can also consider the category of all contravariant functors from $$C$$ to $$D$$; we write this as Funct($$C^\text{op},D$$).

If $$C$$ and $$D$$ are both preadditive categories (i.e. their morphism sets are abelian groups and the composition of morphisms is bilinear), then we can consider the category of all additive functors from $$C$$ to $$D$$, denoted by Add($$C$$,$$D$$).

Examples

 * If $$I$$ is a small discrete category (i.e. its only morphisms are the identity morphisms), then a functor from $$I$$ to $$C$$ essentially consists of a family of objects of $$C$$, indexed by $$I$$; the functor category $$C ^I$$ can be identified with the corresponding product category: its elements are families of objects in $$C$$ and its morphisms are families of morphisms in $$C$$.

 * An arrow category $$\mathcal{C}^\rightarrow$$ (whose objects are the morphisms of $$\mathcal{C}$$, and whose morphisms are commuting squares in $$\mathcal{C}$$) is just $$\mathcal{C}^\mathbf{2}$$, where 2 is the category with two objects and their identity morphisms as well as an arrow from one object to the other (but not another arrow back the other way).
 * A directed graph consists of a set of arrows and a set of vertices, and two functions from the arrow set to the vertex set, specifying each arrow's start and end vertex. The category of all directed graphs is thus nothing but the functor category $$\textbf{Set}^C$$, where $$C$$ is the category with two objects connected by two parallel morphisms (source and target), and Set denotes the category of sets.
 * Any group $$G$$ can be considered as a one-object category in which every morphism is invertible. The category of all $G$-sets is the same as the functor category Set$G$. Natural transformations are $G$-maps.
 * Similar to the previous example, the category of K-linear representations of the group $$G$$ is the same as the functor category VectK$G$ (where VectK denotes the category of all vector spaces over the field K).
 * Any ring $$R$$ can be considered as a one-object preadditive category; the category of left modules over $$R$$ is the same as the additive functor category Add($$R$$,$$\textbf{Ab}$$) (where $$\textbf{Ab}$$ denotes the category of abelian groups), and the category of right $$R$$-modules is Add($$R^\text{op}$$,$$\textbf{Ab}$$). Because of this example, for any preadditive category $$C$$, the category Add($$C$$,$$\textbf{Ab}$$) is sometimes called the "category of left modules over $$C$$" and Add($$C^\text{op}$$,$$\textbf{Ab}$$) is the "category of right modules over $$C$$".
 * The category of presheaves on a topological space $$X$$ is a functor category: we turn the topological space into a category $$C$$ having the open sets in $$X$$ as objects and a single morphism from $$U$$ to $$V$$ if and only if $$U$$ is contained in $$V$$. The category of presheaves of sets (abelian groups, rings) on $$X$$ is then the same as the category of contravariant functors from $$C$$ to $$\textbf{Set}$$ (or $$\textbf{Ab}$$ or $$\textbf{Ring}$$). Because of this example, the category Funct($$C^\text{op}$$, $$\textbf{Set}$$) is sometimes called the "category of presheaves of sets on $$C$$" even for general categories $$C$$ not arising from a topological space. To define sheaves on a general category $$C$$, one needs more structure: a Grothendieck topology on $$C$$. (Some authors refer to categories that are equivalent to $$\textbf{Set}^C$$ as presheaf categories. )

Facts
Most constructions that can be carried out in $$D$$ can also be carried out in $$D^C$$ by performing them "componentwise", separately for each object in $$C$$. For instance, if any two objects $$X$$ and $$Y$$ in $$D$$ have a product $$X\times Y$$, then any two functors $$F$$ and $$G$$ in $$D^C$$ have a product $$F\times G$$, defined by $$(F \times G)(c) = F(c)\times G(c)$$ for every object $$c$$ in $$C$$. Similarly, if $$\eta_c : F(c) \to G(c)$$ is a natural transformation and each $$\eta_c$$ has a kernel $$K_c$$ in the category $$D$$, then the kernel of $$\eta$$ in the functor category $$D^C$$ is the functor $$K$$ with $$K(c) = K_c$$ for every object $$c$$ in $$C$$.

As a consequence we have the general rule of thumb that the functor category $$D^C$$ shares most of the "nice" properties of $$D$$:
 * if $$D$$ is complete (or cocomplete), then so is $$D^C$$;
 * if $$D$$ is an abelian category, then so is $$D^C$$;

We also have:
 * if $$C$$ is any small category, then the category $$\textbf{Set}^C$$ of presheaves is a topos.

So from the above examples, we can conclude right away that the categories of directed graphs, $$G$$-sets and presheaves on a topological space are all complete and cocomplete topoi, and that the categories of representations of $$G$$, modules over the ring $$R$$, and presheaves of abelian groups on a topological space $$X$$ are all abelian, complete and cocomplete.

The embedding of the category $$C$$ in a functor category that was mentioned earlier uses the Yoneda lemma as its main tool. For every object $$X$$ of $$C$$, let $$\text{Hom}(-,X)$$ be the contravariant representable functor from $$C$$ to $$\textbf{Set}$$. The Yoneda lemma states that the assignment
 * $$X \mapsto \operatorname{Hom}(-,X)$$

is a full embedding of the category $$C$$ into the category Funct($$C^\text{op}$$,$$\textbf{Set}$$). So $$C$$ naturally sits inside a topos.

The same can be carried out for any preadditive category $$C$$: Yoneda then yields a full embedding of $$C$$ into the functor category Add($$C^\text{op}$$,$$\textbf{Ab}$$). So $$C$$ naturally sits inside an abelian category.

The intuition mentioned above (that constructions that can be carried out in $$D$$ can be "lifted" to $$D^C$$) can be made precise in several ways; the most succinct formulation uses the language of adjoint functors. Every functor $$F : D \to E$$ induces a functor $$F^C : D^C \to E^C$$ (by composition with $$F$$). If $$F$$ and $$G$$ is a pair of adjoint functors, then $$F^C$$ and $$G^C$$ is also a pair of adjoint functors.

The functor category $$D^C$$ has all the formal properties of an exponential object; in particular the functors from $$E \times C \to D$$ stand in a natural one-to-one correspondence with the functors from $$E$$ to $$D^C$$. The category $$\textbf{Cat}$$ of all small categories with functors as morphisms is therefore a cartesian closed category.

title: Functor category


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Negative (photography)

In photography, a negative is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest. This reversed order occurs because the extremely light-sensitive chemicals a camera film must use to capture an image quickly enough for ordinary picture-taking are darkened, rather than bleached, by exposure to light and subsequent photographic processing.

In the case of color negatives, the colors are also reversed into their respective complementary colors. Typical color negatives have an overall dull orange tint due to an automatic color-masking feature that ultimately results in improved color reproduction.

Negatives are normally used to make positive prints on photographic paper by projecting the negative onto the paper with a photographic enlarger or making a contact print. The paper is also darkened in proportion to its exposure to light, so a second reversal results which restores light and dark to their normal order.

Negatives were once commonly made on a thin sheet of glass rather than a plastic film, and some of the earliest negatives were made on paper.

Transparent positive prints can be made by printing a negative onto special positive film, as is done to make traditional motion picture film prints for use in theaters. Some films used in cameras are designed to be developed by reversal processing, which produces the final positive, instead of a negative, on the original film. Positives on film or glass are known as transparencies or diapositives, and if mounted in small frames designed for use in a slide projector or magnifying viewer they are commonly called slides.

Negative image
A positive image is a normal image. A negative image is a total inversion, in which light areas appear dark and vice versa. A negative color image is additionally color-reversed, with red areas appearing cyan, greens appearing magenta, and blues appearing yellow, and vice versa.

Under a phenomenon known as the ‘negative picture illusion’, a negative image can be briefly experienced by the human visual system where an afterimage persists subsequent to a prolonged gaze.

Film negatives usually have less contrast, but a wider dynamic range, than the final printed positive images. The contrast typically increases when they are printed onto photographic paper. When negative film images are brought into the digital realm, their contrast may be adjusted at the time of scanning or, more usually, during subsequent post-processing.

Negative film

Film for cameras that use the 35 mm still format is sold as a long strip of emulsion-coated and perforated plastic spooled in a light-tight cassette. Before each exposure, a mechanism inside the camera is used to pull an unexposed area of the strip out of the cassette and into position behind the camera lens. When all exposures have been made the strip is rewound into the cassette. After the film is chemically developed, the strip shows a series of small negative images. It is usually then cut into sections for easier handling. Medium format cameras use 120 film, which yields a strip of negatives 60 mm wide, and large format cameras capture each image on a single sheet of film which may be as large as 20 x 25 cm (8 x 10 inches) or even larger. Each of these photographed images may be referred to as a negative and an entire strip or set of images may be collectively referred to as "the negatives". They are the master images, from which all positive prints will derive, so they are handled and stored with special care.

Many photographic processes create negative images: the chemicals involved react when exposed to light, so that during development they produce deposits of microscopic dark silver particles or colored dyes in proportion to the amount of exposure. However, when a negative image is created from a negative image (just like multiplying two negative numbers in mathematics) a positive image results. This makes most chemical-based photography a two-step process, which uses negative film and ordinary processing. Special films and development processes have been devised so that positive images can be created directly on the film; these are called positive, or slide, or (perhaps confusingly) reversal films and reversal processing.

Despite the market's evolution away from film, there is still a desire and market for products which allow fine art photographers to produce negatives from digital images for their use in alternative processes such as cyanotypes, gum bichromate, platinum prints, and many others. Such negative images, however, can have less permanence and less accuracy in reproduction than their digital counterparts.

Negative images and digital processing
A negative image can allow a different perception of an everyday scene perhaps highlighting spatial relationships and details that are less obvious in the positive image. For example, the photographer Andrew Prokos has produced an award-winning series of photographs under the “inverted” banner. The advent of digital image processing has expanded the possibilities. In a physical photograph the colour and luminance can only be inverted in tandem, but digital processing allows each to be inverted separately. If the hue of an image is rotated by 180 degrees, then the colour of the image is inverted but not its luminance. The negative of such an image has the luminance inverted but not the colour. Whereas a physical image can be either ‘inverted’ or ‘not inverted’, a digital image can exhibit a partial degree of colour inversion in so far as the hue can be altered by plus or minus some number of degrees which is greater than zero degrees but less than 180 degrees.

title: Negative (photography)


text: User talk:216.190.22.158

title: User talk:216.190.22.158


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Morera's theorem

In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, Morera's theorem, named after Giacinto Morera, gives an important criterion for proving that a function is holomorphic.

Morera's theorem states that a continuous, complex-valued function f defined on an open set D in the complex plane that satisfies $$\oint_\gamma f(z)\,dz = 0$$ for every closed piecewise C1 curve $$\gamma$$ in D must be holomorphic on D.

The assumption of Morera's theorem is equivalent to f locally having an antiderivative on D.

The converse of the theorem is not true in general. A holomorphic function need not possess an antiderivative on its domain, unless one imposes additional assumptions. The converse does hold e.g. if the domain is simply connected; this is Cauchy's integral theorem, stating that the line integral of a holomorphic function along a closed curve is zero.

The standard counterexample is the function $f(z) = 1/z$, which is holomorphic on C − {0}. On any simply connected neighborhood U in C − {0}, 1/z has an antiderivative defined by $L(z) = ln(r) + iθ$, where $z = re^{iθ}$. Because of the ambiguity of θ up to the addition of any integer multiple of 2$\pi$, any continuous choice of θ on U will suffice to define an antiderivative of 1/z on U. (It is the fact that θ cannot be defined continuously on a simple closed curve containing the origin in its interior that is the root of why 1/z has no antiderivative on its entire domain C − {0}.) And because the derivative of an additive constant is 0, any constant may be added to the antiderivative and the result will still be an antiderivative of 1/z.

In a certain sense, the 1/z counterexample is universal: For every analytic function that has no antiderivative on its domain, the reason for this is that 1/z itself does not have an antiderivative on C − {0}.

Proof

There is a relatively elementary proof of the theorem. One constructs an anti-derivative for f explicitly.

Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that D is connected. Fix a point z0 in D, and for any $$z\in D$$, let $$\gamma: [0,1]\to D$$ be a piecewise C1 curve such that $$\gamma(0)=z_0$$ and $$\gamma(1)=z$$. Then define the function F to be $$F(z) = \int_\gamma f(\zeta)\,d\zeta.$$

To see that the function is well-defined, suppose $$\tau: [0,1]\to D$$ is another piecewise C1 curve such that $$\tau(0)=z_0$$ and $$\tau(1)=z$$. The curve $$\gamma \tau^{-1}$$ (i.e. the curve combining $$\gamma$$ with $$\tau$$ in reverse) is a closed piecewise C1 curve in D. Then, $$\int_{\gamma} f(\zeta)\,d\zeta + \int_{\tau^{-1}} f(\zeta) \, d\zeta =\oint_{\gamma \tau^{-1}} f(\zeta)\,d\zeta = 0.$$

And it follows that $$\int_\gamma f(\zeta)\,d\zeta = \int_\tau f(\zeta)\,d\zeta.$$

Then using the continuity of f to estimate difference quotients, we get that F′(z) = f(z). Had we chosen a different z0 in D, F would change by a constant: namely, the result of integrating f along any piecewise regular curve between the new z0 and the old, and this does not change the derivative.

Since f is the derivative of the holomorphic function F, it is holomorphic. The fact that derivatives of holomorphic functions are holomorphic can be proved by using the fact that holomorphic functions are analytic, i.e. can be represented by a convergent power series, and the fact that power series may be differentiated term by term. This completes the proof.

Applications
Morera's theorem is a standard tool in complex analysis. It is used in almost any argument that involves a non-algebraic construction of a holomorphic function.

Uniform limits
For example, suppose that f1, f2, ... is a sequence of holomorphic functions, converging uniformly to a continuous function f on an open disc. By Cauchy's theorem, we know that $$\oint_C f_n(z)\,dz = 0$$ for every n, along any closed curve C in the disc. Then the uniform convergence implies that $$\oint_C f(z)\,dz = \oint_C \lim_{n\to \infty} f_n(z)\,dz =\lim_{n\to \infty} \oint_C f_n(z)\,dz = 0 $$ for every closed curve C, and therefore by Morera's theorem f must be holomorphic. This fact can be used to show that, for any open set $Ω ⊆ C$, the set $A(Ω)$ of all bounded, analytic functions $u : Ω → C$ is a Banach space with respect to the supremum norm.

Infinite sums and integrals
Morera's theorem can also be used in conjunction with Fubini's theorem and the Weierstrass M-test to show the analyticity of functions defined by sums or integrals, such as the Riemann zeta function $$\zeta(s) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s}$$ or the Gamma function $$\Gamma(\alpha) = \int_0^\infty x^{\alpha-1} e^{-x}\,dx.$$

Specifically one shows that $$ \oint_C \Gamma(\alpha)\,d\alpha = 0 $$ for a suitable closed curve C, by writing $$ \oint_C \Gamma(\alpha)\,d\alpha = \oint_C \int_0^\infty x^{\alpha-1} e^{-x} \, dx \,d\alpha $$ and then using Fubini's theorem to justify changing the order of integration, getting $$ \int_0^\infty \oint_C x^{\alpha-1} e^{-x} \,d\alpha \,dx = \int_0^\infty e^{-x} \oint_C x^{\alpha-1} \, d\alpha \,dx. $$

Then one uses the analyticity of $α ↦ x^{α−1}$ to conclude that $$ \oint_C x^{\alpha-1} \, d\alpha = 0, $$ and hence the double integral above is 0. Similarly, in the case of the zeta function, the M-test justifies interchanging the integral along the closed curve and the sum.

Weakening of hypotheses
The hypotheses of Morera's theorem can be weakened considerably. In particular, it suffices for the integral $$\oint_{\partial T} f(z)\, dz$$ to be zero for every closed (solid) triangle T contained in the region D. This in fact characterizes holomorphy, i.e. f is holomorphic on D if and only if the above conditions hold. It also implies the following generalisation of the aforementioned fact about uniform limits of holomorphic functions: if f1, f2, ... is a sequence of holomorphic functions defined on an open set $Ω ⊆ C$ that converges to a function f uniformly on compact subsets of Ω, then f is holomorphic.

title: Morera's theorem


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User talk:Jesus Saves!

PLease stop editing biblical quotatons, changing them from plain English New International Version to older, less accessible King James Version. Thank you. Andy Mabbett 17:04, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I also ask why are you changing bible quotations? - Mark Ryan 17:39, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The modern bibles are full of errors and use corrupt manuscripts. It's also well known that many modern translations subsequent to the KJV were made in part to generate money. In order to generate a copyright these modern versions add or remove considerably from God's preserved words in the King James Bible. There's actually a percentage that must be met. Have you ever counted how many new bibles there are now? Every time you turn around someone has decided we need a new improved bible... doesn't that seem odd?

 * You're absolutely right. The KJV is based largely on Tyndales's translation, which is one of the most reliable for all time.
 * All the major bibles since this have been largely his work - both the KJV and the ASV. From a copyright perspective too, using the KJV is by the far the most sensible option. 80.255
 * But the KJV uses "Lucifer" for a word meaning "morning star". --User:Ashibaka
 * The King James is more accurate in their translation of Isaiah 14:12, and the new versions openly attack the deity of Christ by changing Lucifer into morning star, so that Jesus is the one being cast into the sides of the pit for being like God, when the object of the following verses was supposed to be Lucifer. Jesus is that "Morning star" as explained in Revelation 22:16 in both new and KJV. I see no point in using a bible that openly attacks Christ for that and other reasons and am KJV only. Just my 2 cents... Thebestofall007 (talk) 07:37, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

translations

 * Biblical translation really is a mess; they're all translations of copies of lost versions, and monks and bishops and scribes and others have all had chances to introduce political bents or alterations everywhere, so there are lots of sects and arguments disagreeing over what to trust. The only way to avoid translation distrust by the sectarians would be to keep all biblical quotations entirely out of wiki, which might be a good idea, but might leave some gaps in certain topics.

 * God's preserved words are most likely not a mess. Every word of God is pure: he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him. Also, The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.

I think my point is now demonstrated. You think they aren't a mess, whereas the poster above thinks they "are full of errors and use corrupt manuscripts". I suggest there is no easy middle ground between your sectarian viewpoint and that person's, and the safest course would be to just avoid the bible entirely.

 * It's probably better to leave any Bible verses alone, or possible to ADD a variation if translation differences have given rise to various interpretations.

 * Of course, if there's a faction which has CREATED an entirely new translation just to support their own theology, then this presents a different problem. But easily solved: just say church A's theology is X, supported by this verse (and quote it) - while church B's theology is, etc. --Uncle Ed 19:29, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It's clearly important when quoting any biblical passage to consider the range of translations, and quote them in the context of their range of interpretations and surrounding verses. This isn't something that only wikipedia deals with, biblical scholars cope with this all the time. 209.102.127.88 19:31, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Right. And switching what's there, with some other translation, doesn't help. I happen to prefer RSV, but I'm not going to go around the 'pedia changing New World or King James to RSV, just because it's my fave. I say, leave it the way it was. Or ADD a second translation and COMMENT on the difference. (I've reverted a couple of done-with-no-reason swaps that JS did.) --Uncle Ed 19:36, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Precisely - some verses are largely the same between translations, however, where there is controversy it is custmoary to quote from a range of different versions, or at least to note that there is controvesy surrounding interpretation. It's poor form to use one or the other in the knowledge that there are other interpretations which might give different meaning.209.102.127.88 19:44, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * And were there isn't cointroversy, the plain English version is to be preferred. Andy Mabbett 20:28, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * No; the version that is used should be the most widely recognised one; this is almost always the KJV. People will recognise and understand this version most readily; using inferior "modernized" versions will do nothing but lower the tone of this encyclopaedia. 80.225.26.1

These changes are continuing; see Asexuality, Trinity, plus very PoV changes to King James Version of the Bible. Andy Mabbett 10:22, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The text I just removed, by reversion, from King James Version of the Bible. appears to also be a copyright violation . Andy Mabbett 10:49, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why do you remove Christian regarding the non-Jewish population of Europe at the time of the Holocaust? The term describes their religious affliation, not by necessity their behavior OneVoice 13:15, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Regarding Christianity and anti-Semitism is there a particular section that indicates why the word Christian should not be applied to the non-Jewish population of Europe at the time of the Holocaust? OneVoice 13:17, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Please see the article talk page. Most leading nazis were not Christians -- they were germanic pagan. Also, the complex connections between Christian (mostly catholic) religious intolerance and Nazi antisemitism should be discussed elsewhere.

 * I may be quite misinformed, but I thought that Hitler actually ran the Lutheran church. I have also read that Martin Luther's "Jews and Their Lies" was the backdrop for the Nazi persecution knows as the Crystalnaucht (sp?) -- perhaps that was a sensationalist allegation...

I guess you know what you are doing, but if you intend to change all the quotations from the Bible to the KJV, feel free but do not complain if people get angry. Pfortuny 22:06, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Please do not, for reasons already stated. Andy Mabbett 10:22, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Maybe it should be like the colour/color thing, let's not change British spelling to American or vice versa. Whichever spelling or "Bible verse" is CURRENTLY in the article, leave it alone. Do not change make a project of changing all Bible verses to KJV or anything else. There is no copyright problem, fair use allows us to quote from copyrighted translations. --Uncle Ed 15:29, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have to inform you that, sooner or later, the community will ask you to change names out of respect. The same thing happened before to User:Jesus is Lord!. I would encourage you to avoid the fight and change your name now: I can help you find the instructions for doing so. I am in fact a Christian, and I'm not encouraging you because I personally find your name offensive: I just know that these arguments end up making Christians look divisive and argumentative. It's best to avoid them. Supporting and contributing to dubious articles on demon possession will only increase your chances of being challenged. Let me know if I can help. Jwrosenzweig 16:37, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I was thinking the same thing just this morning, and would encourage you to take Jwrosenzweig good counsel. If you have any questions please feel free to ask me on User_talk:Bcorr or I'm sure you could also go to User_talk:Jwrosenzweig. Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 16:50, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)

- Are you a pastor? Im a converted Christian, a Baptist, but I dont go to church cause Sunday church service bores me. Antonio Baby Baby! Martin

Your user name is POV by endorsing a specific religion and may be inflammatory -- please change it.
I suggest you read Username. The primary purpose of user names is to identify and distinguish contributors.

The current name you are using is less of an identifier and more of a religious prostletizing tool. Wikipedia is not intended to be a pulpit to endorse any one belief system.

Thank you.

Davodd 11:10, Dec 27, 2003 (UTC)

My username is not offensive. It appears that someone else have very similar user names... There is User:CrucifiedChrist and a user named Jesus (User:Ihcoyc) in Greek. They have not, to my knowledge, been told to change their user names. When you apply your anti-religious bias you could at least do so uniformly. Is making an affirmation about Jesus worse than claiming to be Jesus (as User:CrucifiedChrist and User:Ihcoyc do)? I would say certainly not! Jesus Saves! 12:51, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You say your username is not offensive. How can you posiisbly know that? Andy Mabbett 16:35, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * JS, I would point out to you two things regarding your above statement. CrucifiedChrist has edited here once since February 2003: if their name appeared here more frequently, someone would likely ask them to change.  I would.  User:Ihcoyc, first of all, is not recognizable to most users as a religious name.  Likewise, the usernames User:LionOfJudah or User:RoseOfSharon would almost certainly not draw fire here because most users would not see them as an offensive statement of religious faith.  I encourage you to stop fighting this and to abide by the community standards...many of us here are Christians and have written much about our faith without attempting to force others to see our faith every time our username appears. Jwrosenzweig 21:35, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Dear User! I'm not sure your name correctly identifies you. People usually make their names so that others call them and by referring to it, so religious concepts can hardly be considered as names. You can look at Username for tips about choosing your username. User:Ilya 194.85.64.47 13:15, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

P.S. I leaved the same message on User talk:CrucifiedChrist. I thank you for notifying everybody about that case, if you consider this as something worth thanking. As for Ihcoyc I could never imagine that this means Jesus (by the way, a standard Greek name, not necessarily connected with Christianity), so let's leave it to somebody else. 194.85.64.47 13:15, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This user name is in violation of No offensive usernames. RickK 18:49, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Howcome 'Jesus Saves' is considered offensive, yet no-one has picked up on 'Jesus Blows Goats' who recently added a whole bunch of pages to vfd quercus robur

By the look of this, that name was created to make a point about "JesusSaves!" as a user name, and it's already been changed to an unoffensive alternative anyway -- sannse 21:16, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually no, I think censoring names is a slippery slope, and would be better avoided. I think names such as "Jesus_Saves!" or "Jesus_Sucks" or "Jesus_Rules" or "Jesus_Rapes" or whatever are all means of expression. But, the *#($*&) policy already exists (which I hadn't known), saying to not use inflammatory names :( Pagan 21:21, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Please change your name to something less controversial. Wikipedia policy is to avoid controversial names that may cause controversy, offence or give the impression that you are promoting an agenda. People should be able to judge you on your contributions, and any name (where supportive of religion, etc or mocking of it) which undermines your perceived neutrality risks damaging both you and wikipedia. For example, it hardly helps wikipedia if people looking at an edit history of an article on religion find its major contributions are from someone called User:Jesus Saves!. They immediately presume the article is biased, either from someone pushing a religious agenda or from someone whose name is being ironic and who is actually anti-religion. That may be totally unfair and your edits may be 100% neutral and of high quality, but their credibility risk being undermined by your username. The same is true of political names, for example User:Saddam, User:UpDeV or User:GWBush would cause problems because no matter how innocent their edits would be, people would presume in the first, a pro-Saddam Hussein bias, in the second a Fianna Fáil bias on Irish entries, and in the case of the third a biased view (either for or against) George W. Bush.

The policy on usernames is not nitpicking. Thousands of people have contributed to wikipedia and it is important that no one person's actions in selecting a username risks compromising the project's neutrality. That is why we ask people to avoid names that might indicate a personal bias in areas, even if in reality they have not a bias, just a badly picked username that can create the wrong impression. User:Pagan's nickname is a classic example of a stupid nickname that reeks of presumed bias. Don't forget also that when a hardcopy version of wikipedia is printed, they will be required to list some of its authors or their nicknames. Controversial nicknames simply will not get used which means that your hard work may not get recognised in the printed version, all because of a perceived POV name.

Wikipedia's rules empower the forced renaming of usernames that are seen as controversial, biased, offensive or pushing an agenda. We need also to remember that there are many people on wikipedia who have many different views, and so it is important to avoid names that many cause offence to others, eg, pro-Palestinian or pro-Israeli, pro- or anti-American, pro- or anti- religious belief, etc. Just as we don't allow names that mock Jesus, Allah, Buddha, etc out of respect for religious believers, so we expect religious believers to avoid names that may seem provocatively pro- a specific set of beliefs that others conscienciously cannot accept. So please change your name to something more neutral, maybe User:JS for example. Otherwise there is every likelihood that you will be renamed anyhow. There is no point making an issue of your name. It is your edits that should matter. The wrong name is simply an unnecessary distraction to everyone and risks undermining the credibility of your contributions. :-) ''FearÉIREANN 23:39, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I second everything FeirEIRANN said. Please change your name to something more neutral, don't make it a huge thing. It's not worth it. -Puffy jacket 23:45, 27 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Do you have any preference for an alternative name? -- Tim Starling 13:40, Jan 1, 2004 (UTC)

Please be more careful with your edits to pages like Born again. It is one thing to inform someone of what a Christian concept means....it is another to preach to them. Your edits have been increasingly aimed at preaching and are less and less simply informational. Much of this has to do with tone: rather than announcing something as though it is true, explain who thinks it is true and why. I hope you will not be offended by my saying this. As a Christian here at Wikipedia, it is important to me that all those of my faith behave appropriately: I feel that (whether or not this is true) in some way the behavior of all Christians reflects on me a because of my identification with Christ. Therefore, I would love it if you could become a positive contributor here to help display a good witness for our faith. You will not convert people by preaching to them here: you will only enrage them and turn them more against Christianity. In fact, you will endanger the continued existence of good informative articles about Christianity here if you persist long enough: after a while, an agnostic would likely just want to delete the articles and end the controversy. I know what it is like to have a real and powerful faith and want to share it: please remember that the place for sharing it is not in our articles. Leave a note on my talk page or email me if you want to discuss this. I hope you will take a less agressive stance soon, and wish you the best regardless, Jwrosenzweig 23:36, 2 Jan 2004 (UTC)

====

"21:18, 9 Jan 2004 Ed Poor deleted "User:Jesus Blows Goats" (content was patently offensive, developers please change username)"

If Jesus Blows Goats is offensive and got deleted, why isn't Jesus Saves offensive and why doesn't it get deleted? Not only is the name offensive, but the page content is clearly propaganda.

 * Ed didn't know what was going on. JBG voluntarily changed his name on December 27, see Changing username. The redirect was left in place so that it wouldn't break signatures, and so that people wouldn't be confused. If you want Jesus Saves to change his/her name, I suggest you ask an administrator to block it. -- Tim Starling 01:07, Jan 14, 2004 (UTC)

After reading the above I can only say, "What a load of hype!".

Objecting to inappropriate changes to article content I can understand, but objecting about using the name "Jesus Saves" so vehemently seems beyond comprehension.

Surely connecting a verb to someone that's been dead for almost two thousand years can be little more than a joke, the time interval being far too long for even "Rots" to seem appropriate. I feel that Ms Saves has the right to retain such an absurd title if she feels the need. Tell 12:43, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I am a lapsed Catholic. I fail to see why this user's name should cause offense. If you are offended, get over it. This is not a government-run website. There is no separation of church and state here, as there is no state. While you can criticize the user's edits, it is unfair to criticize the name. In fact, you are attacking the person's right to hold whatever beliefs he or she wishes. Brooklyn Nellie 06:28, Mar 6, 2004 (UTC)

Sanctification copyvio?
Comparing to http://www.theknowledgeofhisword.org/page13.html, the posted material appears to be a copyright violation. Can you clear this up? Mkmcconn 21:49, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Justification article
Hi,

I noticed that you appeared in the edit history of the justification (theology) article. I recently made major changes to the article in an effort to move it to NPOV. If you have any suggestions for improvement (style, content, whatever), please leave a comment on the talk page for that article. The goal is to get the article to the point that the POV and cleanup templates can be removed.

Thanks, --jrcagle 20:21, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jesus Saves!


text:
User talk:Bah~enwiki

I don't know what this is for.

For people to leave you messages - like this. Secretlondon 17:06, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bah. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bah~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:26, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:51, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bah~enwiki


text:
Simon Lake

Simon Lake (September 4, 1866 – June 23, 1945) was a Quaker American mechanical engineer and naval architect who obtained over two hundred patents for advances in naval design and competed with John Philip Holland to build the first submarines for the United States Navy.

Biography
Born in Pleasantville, New Jersey on September 4, 1866. He studied at the Clinton Liberal Institute in Fort Plain, New York. Lake joined his father's foundry business after attending public schools in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Lake had a strong interest in undersea travel.

He built his first submarine, Argonaut Junior, in 1894 in response to an 1893 request from the US Navy for a submarine torpedo boat. In 1898 he followed up with the 36 ft Argonaut 1, which he sailed from Norfolk, Virginia for 1000 mi to Sandy Hook, New Jersey (which is actually 250 mi north of Norfolk), arriving in November 1898. As a result of lessons learned on that journey, he rebuilt it into the 60 ft Argonaut 2.

Neither Argonaut nor Lake's following submarine, Protector, built in 1901, were accepted by the Navy. Protector was the first submarine to have diving planes mounted forward of the conning tower and a flat keel. Four diving planes allowed Protector to maintain depth without changing ballast tank levels, and to dive level without a down-angle. Level diving was a feature of several subsequent Lake designs, notably the first three US G-class submarines. Protector also had a lock-out chamber for divers to leave the submarine. Lake, lacking Holland's financial backing, was unable to continue building submarines in the United States. He sold Protector to Imperial Russia in 1904 as the Osetr and spent the next seven years in Europe designing submarines for the Austro-Hungarian Navy, Germany's Kaiserliche Marine, and the Imperial Russian Navy (Osetr- and Kaiman-class submarines).

He lived in Milford, Connecticut from 1907 until his death in 1945. In 1912, he founded the Lake Torpedo Boat Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut, which built 26 submarines for the United States Navy during and after World War I. Lake's first submarine for the U.S. Navy, USS G-1 (SS-19½), set a depth record of 256 ft in November 1912.

In 1922 the United States and other countries signed treaties limiting the size of their navies. This led to financial difficulties which forced the Lake Torpedo Boat Company to close in the mid-1920s. Following the company's closure, Lake continued designing maritime salvage systems including obtaining permission to partially salvage the Lusitania off the south Irish coast and then later a failed attempt to salvage gold from HMS Hussar (1763), a British frigate that sank in 1780 in New York City's East River with his submarine, the Explorer. Lake redesigned the former USS O-12 (SS-73) as the Arctic exploration submarine Nautilus, used by Sir Hubert Wilkins in a 1931 expedition. He also advised the United States Navy on submarine technology and maritime salvage during World War II. Lake was a member, Freemason of Monmouth Lodge No. 172 in Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. He later affiliated with Ansantawae Lodge No. 89 in Milford, Connecticut.

He died on June 23, 1945.

Legacy
By his death, Lake had witnessed the submarine's arrival as a front-line weapon in the US Navy.

The US Navy built a class of two submarine tenders named in his honor, the Simon Lake class; USS Simon Lake (AS-33) was in service between 1964 and 1999.

In 1989 Simon Lake was inducted into the Toms River (New Jersey) Schools' Hall of Fame.

A Milford, Connecticut grammar school named in his honor closed in June 2010. Lake's Bay in West Atlantic City, New Jersey is where he tested prototypes.

An Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey street, Simon Lake Drive, at the marina was named in his honor.

title: Simon Lake


text:
Gene Kranz

Eugene Francis Kranz (born August 17, 1933) is an American aerospace engineer who served as NASA's second Chief Flight Director, directing missions of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs, including the first lunar landing mission, Apollo 11. He directed the successful efforts by the Mission Control team to save the crew of Apollo 13, and was portrayed in the 1995 film of the same name by actor Ed Harris. He characteristically wore a close-cut flattop hairstyle and the dapper "mission" vests (waistcoats) of different styles and materials made by his wife, Marta Kranz, for his Flight Director missions.

He coined the phrase "tough and competent", which became known as the "Kranz Dictum". Kranz has been the subject of movies, documentary films, and books and periodical articles. Kranz is a recipient of a Presidential Medal of Freedom. In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Kranz was ranked as the #2 most popular space hero.

Early years
Kranz was born August 17, 1933, in Toledo, Ohio, and attended Central Catholic High School. He grew up on a farm that overlooked the Willys-Overland Jeep production plant. His father, Leo Peter Kranz, was the son of German immigrants, and served as an Army medic during World War I. His father died in 1940, when Eugene was only seven years old. Kranz has two older sisters, Louise and Helen.

Kranz was interested in space at a young age; in high school he wrote a thesis on the topic of a single-stage (SSTO) rocket to the Moon. The thesis was titled The Design and Possibilities of the Interplanetary Rocket. Following his high school graduation in 1951, Kranz went to college. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Saint Louis University's Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology in 1954. He received his commission as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force Reserve, completing pilot training at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas in 1955. Shortly after receiving his wings, Kranz married Marta Cadena, a daughter of Mexican immigrants who fled from Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Kranz was sent to South Korea to fly the F-86 Sabre aircraft for patrol operations around the Korean DMZ.

After finishing his tour in Korea, Kranz left the Air Force and went to work for McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, where he assisted with the research and testing of new Surface-to-Air (SAM) and Air-to-Ground missiles for the U.S. Air Force at its Research Center at Holloman Air Force Base. He was discharged from the Air Force Reserve as a Captain in 1972.

NASA career
After completing the research tests at Holloman Air Force Base, Kranz left McDonnell Aircraft and joined the NASA Space Task Group, then at its Langley Research Center in Virginia. Upon joining NASA, he was assigned, by flight director Christopher C. Kraft, as a Mission Control procedures officer for the uncrewed Mercury-Redstone 1 (MR-1) test (dubbed in Kranz's autobiography as the "Four-Inch Flight", due to its failure to launch).

As Procedures Officer, Kranz was put in charge of integrating Mercury Control with the Launch Control Team at Cape Canaveral, Florida, writing the "Go/NoGo" procedures that allowed missions to continue as planned or be aborted, along with serving as a sort of switchboard operator between the control center at Cape Canaveral and the agency's fourteen tracking stations and two tracking ships (via Teletype) located across the globe. Kranz performed this role for all crewed and uncrewed Mercury flights, including the MR-3 and MA-6 flights, which put the first Americans into space and orbit respectively.

After MA-6, he was promoted to Assistant Flight Director for the MA-7 flight of Scott Carpenter in May 1962. MA-7 was his first mission as assistant flight director (AFD); he was under Kraft (the flight director of MA-7). Kranz and Kraft were not the sole reason that MA-7 was saved, as that would be attributed to the whole efforts of Mission Control, but they played a major role.

Kranz continued in this role for the remaining two Mercury flights and the first three Gemini flights. With the upcoming Gemini flights, he was promoted to the Flight Director level and served his first shift, the so-called "operations shift," for the Gemini 4 mission in 1965, the first U.S. EVA and four-day flight. After Gemini, he served as a Flight Director on odd-numbered Apollo missions, including Apollos 5, 7 and 9, including the first (and only) successful uncrewed test of the Lunar Module (Apollo 5). He was serving as Flight Director for Apollo 11 when the Lunar Module Eagle landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969.

Kranz was chosen to be one of the first flight directors to fly crewed Apollo missions. Kranz worked with the contractor, McDonnell-Douglas on the Mercury and Gemini project, but for Apollo there was a new contractor, Rockwell. Kranz describes Rockwell as new and unfamiliar with the space industry, as they were known for their aeronautical significance at the time. Kranz was assigned as a division chief for Apollo; his tasks included mission preparation, mission design, the writing of the procedures, and the development of the handbooks. Kranz explains that the Apollo program was different from other programs in that time was a major factor. Other missions were allotted ample amount of time: Apollo was not given this luxury. The book by NASA, What Made Apollo a Success?, has a section about flight control written by Kranz and James Otis Covington. It gives more detail of the Flight Control Division of the Apollo program. Kranz explains that the Mission Control logo is an interesting one; he associates it with commitment, teamwork, discipline, morale, tough, competent, risk, and sacrifice.

Apollo 13
Kranz is perhaps best known for his role as lead flight director (nicknamed "White Flight") during NASA's Apollo 13 crewed Moon landing mission. Kranz's team was on duty when part of the Apollo 13 Service Module exploded and they dealt with the initial hours of the unfolding accident. His "White Team", dubbed the "Tiger Team" by the press, set the constraints for the consumption of spacecraft consumables (oxygen, electricity, and water) and controlled the three course-correction burns during the trans-Earth trajectory, as well as the power-up procedures that allowed the astronauts to land safely back on Earth in the command module. He and his team were recommended by NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine in communications with Richard Nixon to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom for their roles.

Later career
Kranz continued as a Flight Director through Apollo 17, when he worked his last shift as a flight director overseeing the mission liftoff, and then was promoted to Deputy Director of NASA Mission Operations in 1974, becoming Director in 1983. He was in Mission Control during the January 28, 1986, loss of Space Shuttle Challenger on the STS-51-L launch. He retired from NASA in 1994 after the successful STS-61 flight that repaired the optically flawed Hubble Space Telescope in 1993.

After retirement
In 2000, Kranz published his autobiography titled Failure Is Not An Option (ISBN 978-1-4391-4881-5), borrowing from the line used in the 1995 Apollo 13 film by actor Ed Harris. The History Channel later used it to adapt a documentary about Mission Control in 2004.

Starting in 2017, Kranz helped kickstart and direct the restoration of the Mission Control Room in the Johnson Space Center to the appearance and function of its 1969 use during the Apollo 11 mission. The five million dollar project was intended to be completed for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, and for his efforts Kranz was recognized by Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner and October 23, 2018, was declared "Gene Kranz Day". During the 2018 To the Moon and Beyond luncheon hosted by Space Center Houston, The Gene Kranz Scholarship was started, geared towards funding young students to take part in activities and training for careers in STEM. Ohio State Legislature introduced House Bill 358 to designate August 17 "Gene Kranz Day" in fall of 2019. As of June 2020 the bill has passed the state house and awaits the state senate.

Post-retirement Kranz became a flight engineer on a restored Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, flying at air shows throughout the United States for six years. Kranz continues to give motivational speeches and talks about his experiences with the space programs.

Personal life
Kranz, a Catholic, has six children with his wife, Marta: Carmen (born 1958), Lucy (1959), Joan Frances (1961), Mark (1963), Brigid (1964), and Jean Marie (1966). In a NASA article, Lessons from My Father, Kranz’s youngest daughter Jeannie mentioned that her dad was a very “engaged” father and likened him to the character Ward Cleaver in the television show Leave it to Beaver.

In popular culture
Kranz has appeared as a character in several dramatizations of the Apollo program. The first portrayal was in the 1974 TV movie Houston, We've Got a Problem, where he is played by Ed Nelson. He is played by Ed Harris in the 1995 film Apollo 13, who received an Oscar nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role. Matt Frewer portrays him in the 1996 TV movie Apollo 11. He is portrayed by Dan Butler in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. In a 2016 episode of the NBC series Timeless titled "Space Race", he is portrayed by John Brotherton. In the 2019 Apple TV+ series For All Mankind he is played by Eric Ladin and given the alternate history context of the series, his character is depicted with elements that are partially fictional.

In the videogame Kerbal Space Program, the character for Mission Control is named "Gene Kerman", referencing Kranz and wearing a vest reminiscent of his signature apparel.

Kranz has also been featured in several documentaries using NASA film archives, including the 2004 History Channel production Failure Is Not an Option and its 2005 follow-up Beyond the Moon: Failure Is Not an Option 2, recurring History Channel broadcasts based on the 1979 book The Right Stuff, the 2008 Discovery Channel production When We Left Earth, and the 2017 David Fairhead documentary "Mission Control: The Unsung Heroes of Apollo".

Archive audio clips including Kranz's name and voice are included in the track "Go!" on the 2015 Public Service Broadcasting album The Race for Space, a track inspired by the Apollo 11 Moon landing.

The Eugene Kranz Junior High School, located in Dickinson, Texas, is named after him.

In 2020, Toledo Express Airport was renamed officially to the Eugene F. Kranz Toledo Express Airport.

"Failure is not an option"
Kranz has become associated with the phrase "failure is not an option." It was uttered by actor Ed Harris, playing Kranz, in the 1995 film Apollo 13. Kranz then used it as the title of his 2000 autobiography. Later it became the title of a 2004 television documentary about NASA, as well as of that documentary's sequel, Beyond the Moon: Failure Is Not an Option 2. Kranz travels all over the world giving a motivational lecture titled "Failure Is Not an Option," including the historic Apollo 13 flight control room.

"Failure is not an option" was in fact coined by Bill Broyles, one of the screenwriters of Apollo 13, based on a similar statement made not by Kranz, but another member of the Apollo 13 mission control crew, FDO Flight Controller Jerry Bostick. According to Bostick: "As far as the expression 'Failure is not an option,' you are correct that Kranz never used that term. In preparation for the movie, the script writers, Al Reinart and Bill Broyles, came down to Clear Lake to interview me on 'What are the people in Mission Control really like?' One of their questions was 'Weren't there times when everybody, or at least a few people, just panicked?' My answer was 'No, when bad things happened, we just calmly laid out all the options, and failure was not one of them. We never panicked, and we never gave up on finding a solution.' I immediately sensed that Bill Broyles wanted to leave and assumed that he was bored with the interview. Only months later did I learn that when they got in their car to leave, he started screaming, 'That's it! That's the tag line for the whole movie, Failure is not an option. Now we just have to figure out who to have say it.' Of course, they gave it to the Kranz character, and the rest is history."

Teams, "the human factor" and "the right stuff"
Each Flight Director took a different color as a designator; the first three Flight Directors chose red, white, and blue, and each was identified as "_____ Flight" (a tradition that continues to this day). Thus, Kranz was White Flight and was the leader of the "White Team", one of the flight control teams whose shift at Mission Control contributed to saving the Apollo 13 astronauts. Though Apollo 13 did not achieve its main objective, to Kranz its astronauts' rescue is an example of the "human factor" born out of the 1960s space race. According to Kranz, this factor is what is largely responsible for helping put the United States on the Moon in only a decade. The blend of young intelligent minds working day in and day out by sheer willpower yielded "the right stuff."

Kranz had this to say about the "human factor": "They were people who were energized by a mission. And these teams were capable of moving right on and doing anything America asked them to do in space." According to him, a few organized examples of this factor included Grumman, who developed the Apollo Lunar Module, North American Aviation, and the Lockheed Corporation. After the excitement of the 1960s, these companies dissolved in corporate mergers, such as happened when Lockheed became Lockheed Martin. Another example of the "human factor" was the ingenuity and hard work by teams that developed the emergency plans and sequences as new problems arose during the Apollo 13 mission.

"The Kranz Dictum"
Kranz called a meeting of his branch and flight control team on the Monday morning following the Apollo 1 disaster that killed Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. Kranz made the following address to the gathering (The Kranz Dictum), in which his expression of values and admonishments for future spaceflight are his legacy to NASA: "Spaceflight will never tolerate carelessness, incapacity, and neglect. Somewhere, somehow, we screwed up. It could have been in design, build, or test. Whatever it was, we should have caught it. We were too gung ho about the schedule and we locked out all of the problems we saw each day in our work. Every element of the program was in trouble and so were we. The simulators were not working, Mission Control was behind in virtually every area, and the flight and test procedures changed daily. Nothing we did had any shelf life. Not one of us stood up and said, 'Dammit, stop!' I don't know what Thompson's committee will find as the cause, but I know what I find. We are the cause! We were not ready! We did not do our job. We were rolling the dice, hoping that things would come together by launch day, when in our hearts we knew it would take a miracle. We were pushing the schedule and betting that the Cape would slip before we did.

From this day forward, Flight Control will be known by two words: 'Tough' and 'Competent'. Tough means we are forever accountable for what we do or what we fail to do. We will never again compromise our responsibilities. Every time we walk into Mission Control we will know what we stand for. Competent means we will never take anything for granted. We will never be found short in our knowledge and in our skills. Mission Control will be perfect. When you leave this meeting today you will go to your office and the first thing you will do there is to write 'Tough and Competent' on your blackboards. It will never be erased. Each day when you enter the room these words will remind you of the price paid by Grissom, White, and Chaffee. These words are the price of admission to the ranks of Mission Control."

After the Space Shuttle Columbia accident in 2003, NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe quoted this speech in a discussion about what changes should be made in response to the disaster. Referring to the words "tough and competent," he said, "These words are the price of admission to the ranks of NASA and we should adopt it that way."

Views on the space program after the Moon landing
Kranz said that much of the "human factor" dried up after the Moon landings, particularly because the United States viewed the Moon landings as a short-term goal to beat the Soviet Union – and not much more. When asked in spring 2000 if NASA is still the same place today as it was in the years of the space race, he replied: "No. In many ways we have the young people, we have the talent, we have the imagination, we have the technology. But I don't believe we have the leadership and the willingness to accept risk, to achieve great goals. I believe we need a long-term national commitment to explore the universe. And I believe this is an essential investment in the future of our nation – and our beautiful, but environmentally challenged planet."

In his book Failure Is Not an Option, he also expressed disappointment that support for space exploration dried up after the Apollo program. Writing about his vision for renewing the space program he said: "Revitalize NASA. Lacking a clear goal the team that placed an American on the Moon, NASA, has become just another federal bureaucracy beset by competing agendas and unable to establish discipline within its structure. Although NASA has an amazing array of technology and the most talented workforce in history, it lacks top-level vision. It began its retreat from the inherent risks of space exploration after the Challenger accident. During the last decade its retreat has turned into a rout. The NASA Administrator is appointed by the President and to a great degree represents the current President's views on space. If space is put on the national agenda for the coming national election [2000], a newly elected President will have the opportunity to select new top-level NASA leadership that is committed and willing to take the steps to rebuild the space agency and get America's space program moving again."

Honors

 * Toledo Express Airport named after him
 * American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics: Lawrence Sperry Award, 1967
 * Saint Louis University: Alumni Merit Award, 1968; Founders Award, 1993; Honorary Doctor of Science, 2015
 * NASA Exceptional Service Medal, 1969 and 1970
 * Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1970
 * Downtown Jaycees of Washington D.C. Arthur S. Fleming Award – one of ten outstanding young men in government service in 1970
 * NASA Distinguished Service Medal, 1970, 1982, and 1988
 * NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, 1973 and 1993
 * NASA SES Meritorious Executive, 1980, 1985 and 1992
 * American Astronautical Society: AAS Fellow, 1982; Spaceflight Award, 1987
 * Robert R. Gilruth Award, 1988, North Galveston County Jaycees
 * The National Space Club; Astronautics Engineer of the Year Award, 1992
 * Theodore Von Karman Lectureship, 1994
 * Recipient of the 1995 History of Aviation Award for the "Safe return of the Apollo 13 Crew," Hawthorne, California
 * Honorary Doctor of Engineering Degree from the Milwaukee School of Engineering, 1996
 * Louis Bauer Lecturer, Aerospace Medical Association, 2000
 * Selected for "2004 and 2006 Gathering of Eagles" honoring Aerospace and Aviation Pioneers at the Air Force Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 * John Glenn Lecture, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 2005
 * Lloyd Nolen, Lifetime Achievement in Aviation Award, 2005
 * Wright Brothers Lecture – Wright Patterson AFB, 2006
 * NASA Ambassador of Exploration, 2006
 * Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's National Space Trophy, 2007
 * Air Force ROTC Distinguished Alumni Award, 2014
 * National Aviation Hall of Fame, 2015
 * Honorary Doctorate of Science from Saint Louis University, 2015
 * Great American Award, The All-American Boys Chorus, 2015
 * Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Medal of Honor, 2017
 * Vice Admiral Donald D. Engen, U.S. Navy (Ret.), Flight Jacket Night Lecture, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum – National Air and Space Society, November 8, 2018
 * Awarded the 2021 Michael Collins Trophy for Lifetime Achievement from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum

title: Gene Kranz


text:
Talk:Gene Kranz

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): TheLoyalist1, Krjwvq.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Added detail regarding his life post-retirement.
Added a section listing events and impact kranz has made since his retirement. Krjwvq (talk) 08:55, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

Added more detail of his career
In the career section, adding a sentence or two on MA-7 and added a new source. TheLoyalist1 (talk) 04:41, 10 April 2021 (UTC) I plan to add more about his involvement with MA-7.TheLoyalist1 (talk) 05:06, 10 April 2021 (UTC) I added few more lines concerning Apollo and his early life. I also added a new source and picture TheLoyalist1 (talk) 12:29, 15 April 2021 (UTC) added photo with caption "President Nixon visits the Manned Spaceflight Center to award the Presidential Medal of Freedom to the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team" under Apollo 13 section TheLoyalist1 (talk) 12:48, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Added Detail and fixed citation
Under 'Apollo 13', adding on to highlight the specific recognition given by superiors, as well as adding citation. Krjwvq (talk) 17:42, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

Lackland AFB or Laughlin AFB?
In 'Early years,' the article states "Krants [completed] pilot training at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas in 1955." Lackland AFB is where enlisted basic training takes place. But as an officer, it's more likely nearby Laughlin AFB where Kranz would've received undergraduate pilot training in 1955, not Lackland. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.7.30 (talk) 03:20, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Seems more likely that he had pilot training at nearby Randolph AFB, which is across town from Lackland. It’s a long-term pilot training venue. Maybe someone could contact Kranz and clear this up? Maurice Fox (talk) 00:56, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Survival of Apollo 13
Gene Kranz was important to the survival of Apollo 13 crew. Failure Is Not an Option: Mission Control from Mercury to Apollo 13 and Beyond I also feel that the article does not go in depth.TheLoyalist1 (talk) 17:19, 5 March 2021 (UTC) Minor edit to sectionTheLoyalist1 (talk) 17:34, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

 * This is really a new discussion about a new topic; we place these at the bottom of the talk page.
 * You are probably unfamiliar with Wikipedia's MOS:SUMMARY style. His importance to the survival of Apollo 13 is summarized here in Kranz's biography, where there is no reason to go in depth. The WP:Hatnote directs the reader to the Apollo 13 article, where the details are given. JustinTime55 (talk) 17:43, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gene Kranz


text:
Talk:Fermi problem

Fermi Category
Is it worthwhile to list links to any such problems that already have wikipedia articles? I figure the Drake equation is one, but I dunno if there are any others famous enough to get their own articles. -- Finlay McWalter 17:18, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Details
Hi guys

I remember reading that Fermi estimated the yield of a nuclear explosion by dropping some pieces of paper from his hand (Fermi himself presumably some safe distance from ground zero). I did some order-of-magnitude analyses of this and came up with some not-quite-to-within-an-order-of-magnitude answers.

Anyone out there got more detailed info on this experiment? How far did his pieces of paper travel?

2 & 1/2 Meters acording to this. -> http://www.trinityremembered.com/documents/Fermi.html

Piano
Hi: for the record, the Yellow Pages gives 31 piano-tuning businesses in Chicago, and 4 per business is a reasonable estimate. Nice check. Also, Stein's example as linked isn't at all related to Fermi problems... maybe it's another Stein and another example? -[User:acthomas], 13 Feb 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.247.243.189 (talk) 22:32, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

As a piano tuner, I can say that estimate is way too high. With 31 Businesses listed, most are owner, operators, rarely do they work with 4 others. There are way more pianos in any city than all the tuners can handle. I often find myself working 12 hour days tuning 6 or more in a day. You forget schools, churches and universities all have 2 to 150 pianos. Nice deduction, but not true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.51.213.95 (talk) 04:04, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, the number one unspoken assumption in that calculation is that the market alone determines how many piano tuners there will be. It starts from the number of pianos and works backwards. Reality doesn't work quite like that; there are other factors like whether the profession is attracting enough people or not. The hand of the market may be invisible, but it's not instrumental. (Another obvious omission: people who get their pianos tuned but not regularly. Ask a dentist how many of his patients get regular checkups and how many wait for the pain to remind them.) ~ CZeke (talk) 05:05, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Still, correct well within a factor 10, which is the purpose. None of the assumptions are correct, but all of them are close enough, which is the point. I agree though, that the market assumption should be clearly stated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.16.41.5 (talk) 00:10, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

 * there are 3miilion in Chicaog not 9 million! Juror1 (talk) 23:32, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

Uh, no.
A famous example of a Fermi-problem-like estimate is the Drake equation, which seeks to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the galaxy.

I have to dispute this. The Drake equation contains seven terms, only two of which are even possible to intelligently guess about. The other five are utterly impossible to evaluate, approximate, or scry with magic, but could be known only through omniscience. That means that it is not a Fermi-like problem, but rather a meaningless-like problem.--70.131.115.43 (talk) 22:18, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Why do you assume a Fermi problem is always deducable like you claim? Plus, the Drake equation is closely linked to the Fermi paradox, so there's a context link too. Ingolfson (talk) 09:57, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Issues with the Piano tuning
Did anyone ever follow up whether he was anywhere close? Also, the example would be tailor-made for showing the fallacies of solving the problem that way (i.e. it does not take into account piano tuners from outside of the Chicago area travelling in to work). Of course for either of those additions, refs would be needed, so we can't simply add something (damned rules! ;-) Ingolfson (talk) 09:56, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Read the preceding sections on this page. As of Nov 2010 there are 35 piano tuning companies listed in the yellow pages for Chicago.  As the expert above testified, they typically work alone - so there may well be only 35 piano tuners in the city.  However, Fermi made this estimate in the 1950's when pianos were a lot more common in households than they are today - which probably goes a long way towards explaining the difference.

 * But the whole point of the Fermi problem is not that this is a technique for getting the right answer. The whole idea is that it teaches you to put appropriate error bars on your estimates.  In the article, we use the estimate that piano tuners can tune 4 pianos per day - our "expert" says, no, it's more like six.  That estimate for the time taken to tune a piano should probably have a +/- 25% error bar on it - 90 minutes to two and a half hours.  Similarly the population estimate, the number of people per household, the percentage of households with pianos...all of the these estimates should have error bars.  When you multiply out those error estimates - you should (hopefully) come up with an answer that says (maybe) "between 20 and 200" - and not some exact prediction like "135".  Had we done that, I'm pretty sure that the correct answer would lie within the error range.  Worse still, the equation omits places like schools and concert halls where there may be dozens of pianos - and that might severely skew the results.

 * A much better example is in the Drake equation article - where we point out that "a Fermi problem which involves the multiplication of several estimated factors, and such calculations (e.g. the number of piano tuners in Chicago) will probably  be more accurate than might be first supposed (assuming that there is no consistent bias in the estimated factors). This is because if there is no consistent bias, then there will probably (with a binomial distribution) be some factors that are estimated too high and other factors that are estimated too low, and such errors will partially cancel each other out.".  In that article, we point out that when you pick the most optimistic answers, you wind up with 20,000 alien races in our galaxy that are trying to communicate with us...and with the most pessimistic numbers 0.00065 races. SteveBaker (talk) 13:38, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Sourcing for number of piano tuners
I notice related topics have been discussed before here, but sourcing The actual number of piano tuners in Chicago is about 290.[3] using a Wolfram Alpha answer is somewhat dubious. NotYourFathersOldsmobile (talk) 08:03, 2 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Physicists and engineers: Does anyone actually call these Fermi problems?
Hi all, question as in title. I believe the correct title of this page is Order—of—magnitude approximation, as that is what it is called, in my experience. Even if some people do call them Fermi problems, order of magnitude approximation or a synonym is manifestly more common, as it will be mentioned at least as many times as Fermi problem. Sometimes an older professor will talk about Fermi, but it is rarely called a Fermi problem. I heard this term used in a popular article and had to look it up right away (the article tried to use the term to predict the outcome of the presidential election... apparently the literature available to lay persons is not adequate to explain the concept). Thanks! Footlessmouse (talk) 20:11, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Fermi contest
The Science Olympiad has a Fermi event, and scioly.org is a reference. Can some add the reference? Jaymaron (talk) 21:25, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fermi problem


text:
John Thomas (harpist)

John Thomas (1 March 1826 – 19 March 1913) was a Welsh composer and harpist. The bardic name Pencerdd Gwalia (Chief of the Welsh minstrels) was conferred on him at the 1861 Aberdare Eisteddfod.

Life
He was born in Bridgend on Saint David's Day, son of a tailor, also named John Thomas, a clarinetist in the amateur town band. He was the eldest of seven children, four of whom also played the harp, most notably his brother Thomas Thomas. John Thomas started off by playing the triple harp, which had three sets of strings and was very difficult to play. At the age of 14, through the influence of Ada Lovelace, (Lord Byron's daughter), he was admitted to the Royal Academy of Music in London. His teachers there included Cipriani Potter for composition and John Balsir Chatterton for harp.

He taught at the Royal College of Music, where he eventually became professor, and at the Guildhall School of Music. One of his pupils at the Royal College was Gwendolen Mason.

He wrote many pieces for the harp that are popular today and are used in the exam syllabus. He also wrote an opera, a symphony, two harp concertos, overtures, chamber music, and two cantatas – Llewellyn (1863) and The Bride of Neath Valley (1866). He played one of his own harp concertos at a Philharmonic concert in 1852.

In 1861, he was briefly engaged to the Belgian soprano Désirée Artôt. He eventually married twice, both times to former students. His first wife, Alice Ann Keate, died in 1880, two years after their marriage; he married Joan Francis Denny in 1885.

In 1872, he was appointed harpist to Queen Victoria.

Publications

 * 1862 Welsh Melodies, with Welsh and English Poetry, vols. 1 & 2, by John Jones (Talhaiarn) & Thomas Oliphant. Author: John Thomas.
 * 1870 Welsh Melodies, with Welsh and English Poetry, vol. 3, by John Jones (Talhaiarn) & Thomas Oliphant. Author: John Thomas.
 * 1874 Welsh Melodies, with Welsh and English Poetry, vol. 4, by John Jones (Talhaiarn) & Thomas Oliphant. Author: John Thomas.

Selected recordings

 * John Thomas. Harp Music: Scenes of Childhood; Grand Duet; Cambria. Lipman Harp Duo (Naxos, 2007).
 * John Thomas. Welsh Music for Voice and Harps: Hela'r sgyfarnog; Gogerddan; La primola; Cambria; Ymadawiad y brenin; Serch hudol; Hob a derry dando; Souvenir du nord; Dadl dau; Bedd Gelert; Thou art the star; L'Adieu. Rachel Ann Morgan, Edward Witsenburg (Globe Classics, 2012).
 * John Thomas. Complete Duos for Harp and Piano, vol. 1: Souvenir du nord; Dyddiau Mebyd (Scenes of Childhood); Cambria; Dewch i'r Frwydyr (Come to Battle); Grand Duet in E flat minor; arrangements of Adelaide, Op. 46 (Beethoven); Themes from Carmen (Bizet); Gigue from Water Music (Suite No. 3 in G major by Handel). Duo Praxedis: Praxedis Hug-Rütti (harp); Praxedis Geneviève Hug (piano) (Toccata Classics, 2020).

title: John Thomas (harpist)


text:
Azərbaycan marşı

"Azərbaycan marşı" is the national anthem of Azerbaijan. The music was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, and the lyrics were written by poet Ahmad Javad or cultural figure and politician Jamo bey Hajinski. The government officially adopted the anthem in 1920, with the passage of the decree, "On the State Hymn of the Republic of Azerbaijan". In 1992, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan's government officially restored "Azərbaycan Marşı" as the national anthem.

The Azerbaijan government has also officially declared the national anthem to be "the sacred symbol of the Azerbaijan state, its independence and unity."

Since 2006, a fragment of the lyrics is depicted on the obverse of the 5 manat banknote. In 2011, to mark the 20th anniversary of independence, a stamp featuring the lyrics was issued.

History
In 1919, during the formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the new government announced it was accepting submissions from the public for a national anthem, coat of arms and state seal. A prize of 15,000 rubles would be awarded to the citizen who submitted the winning anthem.

Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov wrote two marches. In 1919, this work received the first award announced by the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The second march was the "March of Azerbaijan." According to Turkish musicologist Etem Üngör, "In those years, when Azerbaijan had not yet lost its independence, the march was chanted by military schools before lessons."

In 1922, the "Azərbaycan marşı" was replaced by the Soviet communist anthem "The Internationale". In 1944, during World War II, the new Soviet national anthem replaced "The Internationale" and an additional anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was installed.

In 1989, following several years of changes brought by perestroika, composer Aydin Azimov arranged a modern recording of the anthem by a full symphony and chorus. That fall, "Azərbaycan marşı" was broadcast on television and radios in Azerbaijan, 70 years after it was introduced.

Post-Soviet restoration
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in spring 1992, the leaders of the independent Azerbaijani government proposed that the original anthem should be restored as the anthem of Azerbaijan. The Milli Mejlis (National Assembly) signed it into law on 27 May 1992.

Current official
Even though the "Azərbaycan marşı" was originally composed in A minor, the anthem is usually performed in G minor. Other versions also exist, such as those used in the Olympics, in D minor.

Regulations
Regulations for the performance of the national anthem are set forth in the law signed by President Heydar Aliyev in 1996. While a performance of the anthem may include only music, only words, or a combination of both, the anthem must be performed using the official music and words prescribed by law. Once a performance has been recorded, it may be used for any purpose, such as in a radio or television broadcast.

Musical adaptations
In 2012, Philip Sheppard with the London Philharmonic Orchestra recorded the anthem for the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

title: Azərbaycan marşı


text:
Talk:John Thomas (harpist)

Untitled
Thanks to User:Camembert for this info on the harpist, I've just moved it from the John Thomas article. Lou I 17:22, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

John Ap. Thomas [sic]
As I understand it anyway, "Ap" is Welsh for "son of". It is not an abbreviation and so does not require a period (full stop).

His surname would be "Ap Thomas", rather than having "Ap." as an abbreviated middle name.

So is "Ap." the style he really used? Varlaam (talk) 16:58, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

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Symphonies and operas
User:Itsnotallgray has added the following as a reference in the article. Such comments belong on the talk page, so I am moving this here. Verbcatcher (talk) 01:43, 5 July 2019 (UTC)
 * According to the Dictionary of Welsh Biography, he wrote, inter alia, "symphonies" and "operas" but a search for both has so far been unsuccessful. If the attribution to him of one opera and one symphony is to remain in this article, it would be helpful for the holding institution(s) and shelfmark(s) to be noted. Certainly, there appears to be nothing relevant in print.

 * The Dictionary of Welsh Biography article is here. The relevant sentence there is:
 * He composed a harp concerto, symphonies, overtures, quartettes, operas, and songs, besides variations on Welsh airs for the harp.
 * The comment about an unsuccessful search is not in the DWB article. I agree that more information would be useful, including the names of the operas, but this is not obligatory providing that we give sources for that we say. The DWB article cites several sources, and details of the compositions are presumably in one of these sources. Verbcatcher (talk) 02:00, 5 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Thomas (harpist)


text:
John Thomas (American general)

John Thomas (1724 – 2 June 1776) was an American doctor and soldier from Massachusetts who became a major general in the Continental Army. He was a leader during the siege of Boston. Thomas briefly commanded the withdrawal from Canada after the unsuccessful invasion by the Continental Army. He died from smallpox during the retreat.

Thomas was born in Marshfield, Massachusetts. As a young man he studied medicine with Doctor Tufts in Medford before beginning his own practice in Kingston. He was married to Hannah Thomas with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

Colonial wars
During King George's War in 1746 he was appointed surgeon to a regiment bound for Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia. Liking military service, in 1747 he traded his post as surgeon for that of a lieutenant. In 1755 he served as surgeon in General William Shirley's regiment.

By the time of the French and Indian War he had risen to colonel in the militia or provincial ranks. He served in Nova Scotia again in 1759. In 1760, General Jeffery Amherst put him at the head of a division during the attack and capture of Montreal. After the war he returned to his practice at Kingston. He was married to Hannah Thomas with whom he had a daughter and two sons.

American War of Independence
In the period leading up to open war, Thomas recruited a regiment of volunteers (2nd Massachusetts Regiment) in Plymouth County and served as their colonel. In February 1775 the state assembly named him a brigadier general. He led his troops to the siege in Boston, and in June, the Congress appointed him a brigadier in the Continental Army.

Thomas briefly resigned, disappointed that while four major generals were named, he was not on the list. Congress was then trying to name no more than one major general from each state, and Artemas Ward was given preference. When George Washington and Charles Lee both implored him to remain, he returned to service. The Congress resolved that he would be given precedence over all other brigadiers in the army.

On the night of March 4, 1776, he led his division to fortify the Dorchester Heights, overlooking the south harbor at Boston, by using cannon that Henry Knox had brought from Fort Ticonderoga. From that position, he threatened the British fleet and the British were forced to withdraw, evacuating Boston on March 17. Thomas was finally named a major general.

After General Richard Montgomery was killed, Thomas was assigned to command in Canada and take charge of the Canadian invasion. He joined the army besieging Quebec on May 1, but found a disaster. The forces here numbered less than 1,000. Besides its walls, the city had more defenders than that. Over 300 of his men were already overdue for discharge from their enlistment, and smallpox was raging through the force.

He immediately sent the sick men to Trois-Rivières and began a withdrawal with the rest. Thomas died of smallpox on June 2, 1776, during the retreat up the Richelieu River near Chambly. By June 18, the Continental Army had abandoned Canada.

Legacy

 * namesake of Thomaston, Maine

title: John Thomas (American general)