text:
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU; ; Исламское движение Узбекистана) was a militant Islamist group formed in 1998 by Islamic ideologue Tahir Yuldashev and former Soviet paratrooper Juma Namangani; both ethnic Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley. Its original objective was to overthrow President Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan and create an Islamic state under Sharia; however, in subsequent years, it reinvented itself as an ally of Al-Qaeda. The group also maintained relations with Afghan Taliban in 1990s. However, later on, relations between the Afghan Taliban and the IMU started declining.

Operating out of bases in Tajikistan and Taliban-controlled areas of northern Afghanistan, the IMU launched a series of raids into southern Kyrgyzstan in the years 1999 and 2000. The IMU suffered heavy casualties in 2001–2002 during the American-led invasion of Afghanistan. Namangani was killed, while Yuldeshev and many of the IMU's remaining fighters escaped with remnants of the Taliban to Waziristan, in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. The IMU then focused on fighting the Pakistan Forces in the Tribal Areas, and NATO and Afghan forces in northern Afghanistan.

In mid-2015, its leadership publicly pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and announced that the IMU was part of the group's regional branch. In 2016, it was reported that a new faction of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan emerged after the group became part of ISIL. The new faction retained the group's name and was independent of ISIL. It has also indicated that it is loyal to al-Qaeda and the Taliban and shared their views against ISIL.

Background
During the Soviet era, Islam in Central Asia was officially suppressed – mosques were closed, and all contact with the wider Muslim world was severed. This isolation ended with the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989), when thousands of conscripts from Soviet Central Asia were sent to fight the Afghan mujahedin. Many of these conscripts returned home impressed by the Islamic zeal of their opponents, and newly aware of the religious, cultural and linguistic characteristics they shared with their neighbours in the South; and which distinguished them from their rulers in Moscow.

Adolat (1991–1992)
One such soldier sent to fight in Afghanistan was the Uzbek paratrooper Juma Namangani (born 1969). Following the war, Khojayev returned to his hometown of Namangan in Uzbekistan's Fergana Valley radicalized by his experiences, and became associated with a local Islamic ideologue, Tohir Yuldashev (born 1967). In the period of initial instability that followed Uzbekistan's sudden independence in 1991, Yuldeshev and Khojayev (now adopting the nom de guerre Juma Namangani) established a radical Salafi Islamist group in Namangan which they called Adolat (Justice).

Adolat assumed civil authority in Namangan and quickly established a degree of order and security through the imposition of Sharia Law, which was ruthlessly enforced by Adolat's vigilante cadres. Initially tolerated by the newly installed President Karimov, Adolat became increasingly assertive, culminating in a demand that Karimov impose Sharia throughout Uzbekistan. However, by 1992 Karimov had successfully cemented his authority in Tashkent, and was strong enough to outlaw Adolat and re-establish central control over the Fergana Valley region – traditionally one of the most Islamic regions in Central Asia.

Tajik civil war (1992–1997)
Evading arrest, Yuldashev and Namagani fled to Tajikistan, where civil war was raging following a bloody but successful coup led by Emomali Rahmonov earlier in 1992. The civil war pitted Rahmonov's neo-communist forces against a loose coalition of democrats and Islamists known as the United Tajik Opposition (UTO). The UTO was led by the widely popular and highly respected Islamist Said Abdullah Nuri, whose Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) advocated a moderate and democratic brand of Islamism.

Namangani's combat experience in Afghanistan saw him entrusted by the IRPT with the command of active units in the field, based out of the remote, mountainous Tavildara Valley region. He enjoyed considerable success in this role. Meanwhile, Yuldashev left Tajikistan on a tour of Afghanistan, Turkey and the Middle East, during which time he developed contacts with numerous Islamist groups. From 1995 to 1998 Yuldashev was based in Peshawar in Pakistan, where he established relations with Osama bin Laden and the Afghan Arabs based there at the time.

IMU formation (1998)
In 1997 Rahmonov and Nuri signed a peace agreement which saw Rahmonov agree to sharing power with the IRPT. Disillusioned with the political concessions made by the Tajik Islamists, Yuldeshev and Namangani formed the IMU in 1998 with the aim of creating a militant Islamic opposition to Karimov in Uzbekistan. The IMU began moving towards the Afghan Taliban and away from their former and more moderate IRPT allies, who were in turn partially backing the ethnic-Tajik Ahmad Shah Massoud and his Northern Alliance against the Taliban.

Nevertheless, Namangani maintained his base in Tajikistan's Tavildara Valley, and was able to recruit large numbers of disaffected youth from the Fergana Valley, where economic hardship and religious persecution were continuing under Karimov's authoritarian rule.

Initial operations in Central Asia
In 1999 a series of explosions in the capital Tashkent were orchestrated in an unsuccessful attempt on Karimov's life. Karimov placed the blame on the Islamists and the IMU in particular; however this attribution remains disputed, and it is possible the assassination attempt was the work of rival political and regional elites. Irrespective of who was responsible, the result was an escalation in Karimov's suppression of Islam, particularly in the traditionally observant Fergana Valley – a move which only increased the number of those fleeing Uzbekistan to join up with Namangani and the IMU in the Tavildara Valley.

Later that year the IMU conducted its first verifiable operations, with an incursion into the Batken region of southern Kyrgyzstan, a region populated mainly by ethnic Uzbeks that is between Tavildara in Tajikistan and the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan. Insurgents seized the Mayor of Osh (the regional capital) and successfully extorted a ransom from the ill-prepared Kyrgyz government in Bishkek, as well as a helicopter to transport them to Afghanistan. Further incursions into Batken followed, with one raid resulted in a number of Japanese geologists kidnapped. Although denied by Japan, their subsequent release was reported to have followed the payment of a significant ransom.

These raids had a major impact in Central Asia, and resulted in considerable international pressure on Tajikistan, not least from Karimov, to expel the IMU from its base in the Tavildara Valley. The IRPT persuaded their former ally Namangani to abandon Tavildara in late 1999. Controversially, Namangani and his fighters were then flown from Tajikistan to northern Afghanistan in Russian military helicopters, a move which enraged Karimov who claimed the Russians were aiding the IMU in an attempt to undermine Uzbekistan.

Expansion into Taliban-ruled Afghanistan
In Afghanistan Yuldeshev was able to exploit the contacts he had made on his earlier travels to negotiate freedom of operation from the Taliban, in return for providing them with assistance in their battle with Massoud's Northern Alliance. The IMU established offices and training camps, and began expanding their recruitment of disaffected Uzbeks.

It is estimated in 2000 that the IMU was approximately 2000 strong, and in the spring they contributed around 600 fighters to the Taliban's offensive against Massoud, participating in the successful siege of Taloqan, where they fought alongside Bin Laden's 055 Brigade. The IMU also provided the Taliban with a useful degree of deniability, under pressure from China to expel Uighur militants the Taliban simply sent them north to the IMU's camps.

By the summer of 2000 Western and CIS intelligence sources claim the IMU were equipped with more advanced weaponry such as sniper rifles and night-vision goggles, and had been supplied with a pair of heavy transport helicopters by Bin Laden. Namangani led IMU fighters back to the Tavildara Valley in Tajikistan, and from there launched multipronged attacks into Batken in Kyrgyzstan, and also into northern Uzbekistan, close to Tashkent.

In August 2000 the IMU also kidnapped four U.S. mountain-climbers (Tommy Caldwell, Beth Rodden, Jason "Singer" Smith, and John Dickey) in the Kara-Su Valley of Kyrgyzstan, holding them hostage until they escaped on 12 August. In response, the United States classified the IMU as a Foreign Terrorist Organization.

Once again the raids were followed by a strategic retreat to Tavildara, and once again international pressure on the Tajik government saw Namangani agree to him and his men being flown by the Russians back to Afghanistan, where they arrived in January 2001.

By 2001 the connections between the IMU and the Taliban had become more overt, with media reports of Namangani had been appointed Deputy Defence Minister in the Taliban government, which the Taliban did not deny. In the spring the IMU again supplied the Taliban with 600 fighters for a renewed campaign against Massoud, while in Batken in Kyrgyzstan a number of sleepers armed the previous year executed a series of attacks.

Uzbek government maintained contacts with Afghan Talibans during the final months of Taliban rule over Afghanistan. The contacts were aimed at convincing Talibans to hand over militants belonging to Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.

Overthrow of Taliban rule
Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the American-led invasion of Afghanistan, the IMU was largely destroyed while fighting alongside the Taliban, with Namangani being killed in November 2001 by a U.S. airstrike in northern Afghanistan. In March 2002, Yuldashev and many IMU members are believed to have fought against Coalition forces during Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan's Shahi Kot Valley, suffering heavy casualties before retreating to the Tribal Areas of Pakistan.

Members of the IMU began settling down in the region, with some starting families and becoming involved in local business. The group developed close ties with members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda who had also taken refuge in the region, often serving as bodyguards for senior commanders. Tensions grew with some locals however, with the Uzbeks accused by local Taliban leader Maulvi Nazir of disrespecting local customs, killing tribesmen, and involving themselves in local feuds. In early 2007, fighting broke out between Nazir's fighters and the Uzbeks, which resulted in hundreds of casualties on both sides and the expulsion of the IMU from much of South Waziristan.

Many of the retreating IMU members were sheltered by the local militant commander Baitullah Mehsud, and when Mehsud turned against the Pakistani state and formed the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) in 2007, the IMU cooperated closely with him. The alliance between the two groups continued after Hakimullah Mehsud succeeded Baitullah as TTP leader in 2009, the IMU and the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan carried out joint attacks on the Pakistani State and eventually formed a combined unit called Ansar al-Aseer, with the goal of freeing militant Islamist prisoners held in Pakistani prisons. Close ties were also formed with the militant Haqqani Network following the August 2009 killing of Yuldashev in a US drone strike, as the IMU's new leadership relocated the group to the Haqqani strongholds of Mir Ali and Miranshah in North Waziristan.

Return to Afghanistan and later events
The IMU became increasingly active in Afghanistan and was regularly cited as a terrorist threat by governments within and outside of the region. IMU fighters first started to become active in Afghanistan in 2007, fighting in the Taliban insurgency against Afghan and ISAF troops. From 2010 the IMU began to expand its presence into northern Afghanistan, particularly in ethnic Uzbek areas in and around Takhar Province. IMU commanders in northern Afghanistan integrated into the Taliban's shadow government, exercising governance in areas where the Afghan government's presence was weak.

Haji Seyit Dawud, director of the Afghan media-resources center in Kabul, claimed that the move to Afghanistan was natural as Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan was much more likely to find support in Afghanistan than in Pakistan. In Pakistan they were declared as foreign terrorist and Pakistan Army was killing them.

In June 2014, the Pakistan Armed Forces began a major military campaign against militant groups in North Waziristan, in the wake of the IMU and TTP's attack on Jinnah International Airport. There were media reports in the following months that many IMU fighters and their families fled these military operations and moved to Afghanistan.

After a period of declining relations between Afghan Talibans and Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), the group pledged its allegiance Islamic State (IS).

IMU leader Usman Ghazi declared the group's support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in September 2014, however it continued to cooperate closely with the Taliban in Afghanistan, according to Afghan government sources. In March 2015, a group of IMU militants in northern Afghanistan, led by Sadulla Urgenji, released a video in which they stated they no longer view the Taliban's Mullah Omar as leader and pledged allegiance to ISIL's Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. This was followed by another video in July 2015, in which Sheikh Muhammad Ali, identified as the IMU's spiritual leader, swears allegiance to ISIL. In August 2015, a video was released by the group in which its leader, Usman Ghazi, leads IMU fighters in taking an oath of allegiance to ISIL and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Ghazi also stated that the group should now be considered as fighters for ISIL's Afghanistan branch, Wilayat Khorasan. Following the pledge of allegiance, the Taliban launched an offensive against the IMU and forces loyal to dissident Taliban commander Mansoor Dadullah in Zabul Province, inflicting heavy casualties and effectively wiping out the group's presence in the province.

In June 2016, a new faction of the IMU announced itself, denouncing ISIL and expressing its loyalty to the Taliban and al Qaeda.

Membership
While IMU was originally an ethnic Uzbek movement, its recruitment base expanded to include Central Asians (Afghans, Tajiks, Uyghurs and Turkmens) and as well as Arabs, Chechens and Westerners.

Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan received Uyghur recruits from the diaspora in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The movement's goal is the takeover of Xinjiang and Central Asia. Uyghurs, Chechens, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs and other ethnic groups flocked to serve under IMU leader Juma Namangani, who died in November 2001.

A number of the IMU's senior leaders and ideologues have been non-Uzbeks, including its Kyrgyz former military commander, Abbas Mansur, and its Mufti (religious authority), Abu Zar al-Burmi, a Pakistani national of Burmese Rohingya descent. In 2011, of the 87 "martyrs" that the IMU listed on its website, only four were Uzbeks from Uzbekistan, while 64 were from Afghanistan, 10 from Tajikistan, six from Kyrgyzstan, and one each from Tatarstan, Germany and Pakistan.

One of the mouthpieces of IMU was Abu Dher al Barmi. He was IMU's mufti, joining and then leaving ISIL in a video called (Muftiy Abu Zar Azzom Davla jamoatidan bezor buldi) (المفتي ابو ذر عزام يتبرأ من تأييد تنظيم الدولة).

Afghan troops liquidated Ammar Sahib. Usman Ghazi, Abu Usman Adil, Tahir Yuldashev, and Juma Namangani were among the commanders of the IMU.

Leadership
On 30 September 2009, a man claiming to be a bodyguard of Tahir Yuldashev reported that Yuldashev had been killed in a US missile airstrike that occurred shortly after the death of Pakistan Taliban chief Baitullah Mehsud. The next day, Pakistan and US officials confirmed this report. Almost a year later, the IMU website confirmed that Yuldashev had been killed on 27 August 2009 by a US Predator drone strike in South Waziristan, and described him as a Shaheed, or martyr.

On 17 August 2010, the IMU announced that Yuldashev's long-serving deputy, Abu Usman Adil, had been appointed the group's new leader. In his first statement, Adil called on his followers to wage jihad in the southern portion of Kyrgyzstan, in the wake of ethnic violence against the Uzbek minority. Adil was killed in an April 2012 US drone strike in Pakistan. In August 2012 the group announced that Adil's deputy, Usman Ghazi, was their new leader.

Funding
The IMU is alleged by the magazine Eurasia Critic to be involved in organized criminal activities such as controlling and facilitating drug smuggling. The IMU is alleged by the United States of America to receive funding from the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.

Media
The IMU's media arm is known as Jundallah Studio. It produces high-quality videos, publishes audio and written statements, and has released newsletters in Uzbek, Russian, Persian, Arabic, German, Burmese, Urdu and Pashto. The group also ran an Uzbek-language website called Furqon, which is no longer accessible.

Claimed and alleged attacks
The Government of Uzbekistan accused the IMU of being involved in the 2004 Tashkent bombings, which left 33 militants, 10 policemen, and four civilian dead; however, an IMU splinter group called the Islamic Jihad Union later claimed responsibility.

The Tajik government announced that it was seeking 23 suspected IMU members who Tajik authorities say attacked supporters of Tajik President Imomali Rakhmonov on 28 September 2006, wounding two people.

In 2008, a number of men were arrested in eastern France, the Netherlands and Germany, for allegedly raising funds for the IMU between 2003 and 2008. Nine out of the ten men were convicted on 8 January 2013 in a Paris court.

The IMU and Taliban were blamed for the 28 May 2011 bombing in Taloqan, Afghanistan, that killed a top Afghan National Police commander, General Mohammed Daud Daud, and wounded the governor of Takhar Province and a German general.

An IMU suicide bomber was responsible for the December 2011 attack on the funeral of an Afghan government official in Takhar, killing 19 people, including Alhaj Mutalib Baig, an ethnic Uzbek Member of Parliament and former Tahkar Chief of Police.

IMU attacks on Pakistan
In April 2012, an estimated 150 IMU and TTP fighters launched a successful attack on Bannu Prison in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, freeing nearly 400 prisoners, including Adnan Rashid, who was convicted of involvement in a 2003 assassination attempt against then-Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf.

The BBC reported that members of the IMU took part in the 15 December 2012 Peshawar airport attack, resulting in the deaths of 4 civilians and all 5 attackers.

In June 2014, the IMU claimed responsibility for an attack on Pakistan's Jinnah International Airport. At least 39 people were killed in the attack, including all 10 attackers.

A video released by the IMU in April 2015 showed members of the group beheading a Hazara man, one of 31 people kidnapped from a bus in Afghanistan in February 2015. The men threatened to kill more hostages unless their comrades are released from Afghan jails.

Analysis
In September 2002, an aide to Wakil Ahmad Muttawakil, the Foreign Minister of the Taliban, claimed he had been sent prior to 9/11 to warn the U.S. government of an impending attack and to persuade them to take military action against Al Qaeda's presence in Afghanistan. The aide claimed advance knowledge of the attack came from Yuldashev, which if true would indicate a high degree of cooperation between Al-Qaeda and the IMU.

In his book Terror and Consent, Philip Bobbitt noted that Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood, a scientist of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, had met Osama bin Laden in Kabul in August 2001. Mahmood is said to have disclosed that bin Laden "insisted that he already had sufficient fissile material to build a [nuclear] bomb, having obtained it from former Soviet stockpiles through the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan."

In 2003, A. Elizabeth Jones, the U.S. assistant secretary of state for Europe and Eurasia, testified on the threat of terrorism in Central Asia before the U.S. House of Representatives' subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, arguing that the greatest threats were the IMU, and Hizb ut-Tahrir. Jones said that despite the death of Namangani, the "IMU is still active in the region -- particularly in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan -- and it represents a serious threat to the region and therefore to our interests."

Mahmadsaid Juraqulov, head of the anti-organized crime department in the Interior Ministry of Tajikistan, told reporters in Dushanbe on 16 October 2006 that the "Islamic Movement of Turkestan is the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan," and that Uzbek secret services manufactured the change in name. Juraqulov also said that the IMT was not a major security threat to Tajikistan or Kyrgyzstan. "Everyone knows that it is in Uzbekistan that [the IMU] wants to create problems. For them, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are just regrouping bases they're trying to reach."

Some analysts have asserted that rather than the image of a unified IMU under Namangani and Yuldeshev, it has always been an organization consisting of two poles: the radical, spiritual (Yuldeshev) and militant, criminal (Namangani).

Designation as a terrorist organization
Countries and organizations below have officially listed the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan as a terrorist organization.

title: Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan


text:
Tohir Yoʻldosh

Tohir Yo'ldosh (Yunusov Umid), born Tohir Abdulhalilovich Yuldashev  (Тахир Абдулхалилович Юлдашев (Yunusov Umid)), (2 October 1967 – 1 October 2009) was an Uzbek Islamist militant who cofounded the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), an Islamist organization active in Central Asia, with Juma Namangani in August 1998. According to the Defense Intelligence Agency he was a key leader opposing US forces during Operation Anaconda. The United Nations considers the IMU an Islamic terrorist organization.

When Namangan, the IMU's military leader and cofounder, was killed in an airstrike in Afghanistan in 2001, Yo'ldosh (Yunusov Umid) took over the IMU's day-to-day operations as well.

According to the BBC, Yo'ldosh (Yunusov Umid) learned Al-Qaeda was planning to use hijacked airliners to attack the United States on 11 September 2001, prior to the attacks. The BBC reported that Yo'ldosh then informed the Taliban Foreign Minister, Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil, who sent an envoy to warn the USA of al Qaeda's attack plans prior to 11 September 2001.

A video message from Tohir Yo'ldosh was reportedly distributed throughout the Uzbek areas of Central Asia in early 2007. In the video Tohir was reported to have said:

"'Today, our primary goal is to emancipate Iraq and Afghanistan from the American occupation.'"

After Baitullah Mehsud was reported to have been killed by missiles fired from an American Predator drone the Asia Times reported that Yo'ldosh had been Baitullah's ideological mentor, that Tohir had put 2,500 experienced fighters at his disposal, and that Baitullah lived with the Uzbek, who became his biggest ideological inspiration.

On 30 September 2009, a man, who claimed to be Yo'ldosh's bodyguard, reported to the Pakistan newspaper The News International that Yo'ldosh was killed in a US Predator drone airstrike shortly after Mehsud's death. Pakistan and US officials afterwards confirmed Yo'ldosh was killed in an airstrike on 27 August 2009. Yuldashev reportedly lost a leg and arm in the drone missile strike on 27 August 2009 and was rushed to a private hospital in Zhob district of Balochistan where he died on 1 October. His death was formally announced by the IMU on 16 August 2010.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tohir Yoʻldosh


text:
Ole Bull

Ole Bornemann Bull (5 February 1810 – 17 August 1880) was a Norwegian virtuoso violinist and composer. According to Robert Schumann, he was on a level with Niccolò Paganini for the speed and clarity of his playing.

Background
Bull was born in Bergen, Norway. He was the eldest of ten children of Johan Storm Bull (1787–1838) and Anna Dorothea Borse Geelmuyden (1789–1875). His brother, Georg Andreas Bull became a noted Norwegian architect. He was also the uncle of Edvard Hagerup Bull, Norwegian judge and politician.

His father wished for him to become a minister, but he desired a musical career. At the age of four or five, he could play all of the songs he had heard his mother play on the violin. At age nine, he played first violin in the orchestra of Bergen's theatre and was a soloist with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra. At eighteen, he was sent to the University of Christiania, but failed his examinations. He joined the Musical Lyceum, a musical society, and after its director Waldemar Thrane was taken ill, Bull became the director of Musical Lyceum and the Theater Orchestra in 1828. He also became friends with Henrik Wergeland, who later wrote a biography of Bull.

Career
After living for a while in Germany, where he pretended to study law, he went to Paris but fared badly for a year or two. In 1832 in Paris he shared rooms with the Moravian violin virtuoso Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst. He was eventually successful in becoming a high-level virtuoso, giving thousands of concerts. In England alone these included 274 in 1837, during which visit he also travelled to some of the more remote parts of Britain. Catherine Darwin told her brother about a Shrewsbury concert when "the best performer was Ole Bull on the Violin, who I think very superior to Paganini". Bull became very famous and made a huge fortune. He is believed to have composed more than 70 works, but only about 10 are known today. Best known is Sæterjentens søndag (The dairymaid's Sunday).

Bull was caught up in a rising tide of Norwegian romantic nationalism, and acclaimed the idea of Norway as a sovereign state, separate from Sweden—which became a reality in 1905. In 1850, he co-founded the first theater in which actors spoke Norwegian rather than Danish, namely Det Norske Theater in Bergen—which later became Den Nationale Scene.

In the summer of 1858, Bull met the 15-year-old Edvard Grieg. Bull was a friend of the Grieg family, since Ole Bull's brother was married to the sister of Grieg's mother. Bull noticed Edvard's talent and persuaded his parents to send him to further develop his talents at the Leipzig Conservatory. During the 1860s and 1870s Bull went on several tours across the U.S., often accompanied by soprano Varian Hoffman, baritone Ignatz Pollak, and pianist Edward Hoffman. He was concertmaster at the National Peace Jubilee (June 15–19, 1869) which featured an orchestra of 525 players

Robert Schumann once wrote that Bull was among "the greatest of all," and that he was on a level with Niccolò Paganini for the speed and clarity of his playing. Bull was also a friend of Franz Liszt and played with him on several occasions.

Instruments
Bull also was a clever luthier, after studies in Paris with Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume. He collected many beautiful violins and violas of Amati, Gasparo da Salò, Guarneri, Stradivari and others. He was the owner of one of the finest violins of the world, made by Gasparo da Salò around 1574 for Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria. The violin, a gift of his widow to Bull's birthplace, is now in the Bergen Vestlandske Kustindustrimuseum. Bull often performed with Guarneri del Gesù violins during his career.

Ole Bull Colony
Bull visited the United States several times and was met with great success. In 1852, he obtained a large tract of land in Pennsylvania and founded a colony he called New Norway, but that is commonly referred to as Ole Bull Colony. On 24 May 1852, he formally purchased 11144 acre for $10,388. The land consisted of four communities: New Bergen, now known as Carter Camp; Oleona, named after him and his mother, six miles (10 km) south of New Bergen; New Norway, one mile south of New Bergen; and Valhalla in the Kettle Creek area.

Bull called the highest point in Valhalla, Nordjenskald, which became the location of his unfinished castle. He soon gave up on this venture, as there was scarcely any land to till, and went back to giving concerts.

Today the site is the location of the Ole Bull State Park, 132-acre (53 ha) state park in Stewardson Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania. Norwegian citizens paid for the construction of a monument on site to honor Ole Bull. The statue was placed in the park on the 150th anniversary of New Norway in 2002.

Family life
In 1836, Bull married Alexandrine Félicie Villeminot. They had six children, only two of whom survived him. Alexandrine died in 1862. Their children were: In 1868 Bull met Sara Chapman Thorp (1850–1911), the daughter of a prosperous lumber merchant from Eau Claire, Wisconsin. On a return visit in 1870, despite their age difference (he was 60, she was 20), Bull began a courtship, and the couple was secretly married in Norway in June 1870, with a formal wedding in Madison later that year. They had one daughter, Olea (1871–1913). In 1871, he bought a summer home on a rise in West Lebanon, Maine which he named Ironwell. Sara traveled with Bull for the remainder of his career, sometimes accompanying him on the piano. In 1883 she published a memoir of Bull's life.
 * Ole Storm Felix Bull (1837–39)
 * Alexander Ole Felix Etienne Bull (1839–1914)
 * Thorvald Bull (1841–62)
 * Eleonore Felicie Bull (1843–1923)
 * Ernst Bornemann Bull (1844; lived only 5 months )
 * Lucie Edvardine Bull (1846–68)

Later years
Ole Bull bought the island of Lysøen in Os, south of Bergen, in 1872. He hired architect Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe (1833–1901) to design a residence on the island. Bull died from cancer in his home on Lysøen on 17 August 1880. He had held his last concert in Chicago the same year, despite his illness. A testament to his fame was his funeral procession, perhaps the most spectacular in Norway's history. The ship transporting his body was guided by 15 steamers and a large number of smaller vessels.

Legacy

 * Ole Bull's villa on the island of Lysøen was donated to the Association of Norwegian Ancient Monuments Conservation. Museet Lysøen consists of violinist Ole Bull's Villa, an old farm from the 17th century.
 * Oleona in Potter County is situated in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania at the intersection of Routes 44 and 144 (Ole Bull Road).
 * Ole Bull State Park in the Susquehannock State Forest is on the original site chosen for Bull's colony. The unfinished Ole Bull Castle is maintained by the park and can be visited by hikers. A monument to honor Ole Bull was placed in the park on the 150th anniversary of New Norway in 2002.
 * Mammoth Cave in Kentucky has a room called Ole Bull's Concert Hall where he once gave performances.
 * Loring Park in Minneapolis, Minnesota is the site of a bronze statue memorializing Ole Bull.
 * Ole Bull Cottage, originally purchased to be a school for music by Ole Bull and his wife, is at Green Acre Baháʼí School in Eliot, Maine. Erected in 1896, the Ole Bull Cottage currently serves as the school library building.
 * Ole Bull Academy (Ole Bull Akademiet) in Voss, Norway is a music education institution founded in 1977.
 * Ole Bull Scene is a stage for cabaret, music and theater at the Ole Bull Plass in Bergen, Norway.
 * Ole Bull - Gasparo da Salò violin, a wonderful decorated masterpiece of the famous Italian maker that the virtuoso used for 40 years of world tours. Now is in the Vestlandske Kunstindustrimuseum in Bergen.
 * In 1992, the Guarneri del Gesù "Ole Bull" violin of 1744, one of Bull's favorite violins and believed to be the last work of Guarneri del Gesù, was acquired for collection at the Chimei Museum in Taiwan.
 * In 2006, director Aslak Aarhus released a motion picture titled Ole Bull—The Titan, the story of Bull's exploits and the impact it had on his French wife and children, who remained neglected in Bergen.
 * In 2010 the Norwegian record label 2L released world premiere recordings of Ole Bull's violin concertos and his Spanish fantasy La Verbena de San Juan and a previously unknown version for violin and strings of A Sæterbesøg. The performers on the disc are Annar Follesø, violin, and the Norwegian Radio Orchestra conducted by Ole Kristian Ruud.
 * The violin played by Ole Bull in concert in Wilmington, DE c.1847 is in the Sanderson Museum in Chadds Ford, PA. www.sandersonmuseum.org. A sworn affidavit of provenance states:  After Bazel Graves of West Chester, PA. purchased it from Bull in 1847, it was inherited by Graves' stepson Jefferson Shaner in 1855. Shaner subsequently sold it to Christian Carmack Sanderson in 1922 for $125. The violin is a copy of a Stainer  model and was recently restored to concert condition in 2015 by luthier Teal Wintsch in Wilmington, DE.
 * Around the turn of the 20th century, a commercial signature line of Ole Bull violins was manufactured in Germany.
 * The Wisconsin Historical Society owns a posthumous, full-length portrait of Ole Bull with violin painted by James Reeve Stuart (1834–1915).
 * The subject of Chapter 24 of the Life of Rasmus Anderson is his encounter with Ole Bull.

title: Ole Bull


text:
User:TEG24601

TEG24601 (Known in Life as Thomas Gill, Tom Gill, TEG, Thom or Tommy) is mostly caucation, citizen of the United States, human male, age 30. He currently resides on Whidbey Island, and serves on the Planning Advisory Board of Langley, Washington

title: User:TEG24601


text:
EVR

EVR may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Evercore (NYSE: EVR), an American independent investment banking advisory firm
 * Evraz (LSE: EVR), a steel and mining company headquartered in England

Media

 * Eighties Vinyl Records, an English record label
 * Equal Vision Records, an American record label
 * East Village Radio, an American Internet radio station

Technology

 * Electronic Video Recording, a video format developed by CBS Laboratories in the late 1960s
 * Enhanced Video Renderer, part of the Microsoft Media Foundation multimedia framework

Transport

 * Everett Station, an Amtrak station in Everett, Washington

Railways

 * Ecclesbourne Valley Railway, a heritage railway in Derbyshire, England
 * Eden Valley Railway, a closed railway in Cumbria, England
 * Eden Valley Railway (heritage railway), a heritage railway in Cumbria, England
 * Eesti Raudtee, the national railway-company of Estonia
 * Elan Valley Railway, a defunct railway in Mid Wales
 * Ely Valley Railway, a defunct railway in South Wales
 * Esk Valley Railway (Scotland), defunct

People

 * Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (1879–1973), Indian Dravidian social activist

Other uses

 * Eco-costs value ratio

title: EVR


text:
Talk:C. Rajagopalachari

some sources for later life

 *

 * http://books.google.co.in/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA81&dq=swatantra+party+1971&hl=en&ei=zGAQTLydE4LBrAex0PH7BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=swatantra%20party%201971&f=false

 * http://books.google.co.in/books?id=rz2646IZCqcC&pg=RA1-PA104&dq=swatantra+party+1971&hl=en&ei=k2EQTIjIGce0rAfe4vTGBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=swatantra%20party%201971&f=false

 * http://books.google.co.in/books?id=9dDH9q7nVQ8C&pg=PA132&dq=swatantra+party+1971&hl=en&ei=k2EQTIjIGce0rAfe4vTGBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=swatantra%20party%201971&f=false

- The Enforcer Office of the secret service 03:52, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Comments
Chance: Yeah! But just as Mahatma is not POV for Gandhi...so is 'chose to become" for Rajaji. - Kaysov

 * Kaysov, I think there is a subtle difference. Mahatma is not POV because of its usage. But, the phrase "chose to become" in a democracy is slightly demeaning, not only on the people, but on Rajaji himself. No offense meant. chance 08:13, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * Chance, you are more than right. I anyway had no plans to put that back. Kaysov 03:43, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

Move from Rajaji to C. Rajagopalachari?
Would it be possible to move this article to C. Rajagopalachari or Chakravarti Rajagopalachari? A redirect will remain at Rajaji. My concern is with using an honorific or nickname to refer to politicians – must we use "Netaji" instead of "Subhas Chandra Bose", "Mahatma" instead of "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi", and "Panditji" instead of "Jawaharlal Nehru"? I'll double-check, but I think this is contrary to the Wikipedia naming policy. QuartierLatin1968 15:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I would concur, based on my limited knowledge. john k 15:20, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It would be nice if the honorific titles are appended to the full name like Subhas Chandra Bose (Netaji) or Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) as this is the way they are addressed in India with their respective honorific titles, And FYI netaji and mahatma are not nicknames they are honorable titles vested on them.

Ganesh

 * Last paragraph of the article requires re-wording and a little modification, as Mahatma Gandhi has predeceased Rajaji.--Bhadani 16:04, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Anyone have more information?
This has been updated .I fully agree with you one has to give true with his positive and negative points his 4 years as CM of Madras State was amongst the worst when he introduced Hindi in 1937 and later Kula Kalvi Thittam (Hereditary Education Policy which was opposed and later removed by kamaraj and became a non elected member and chief minister through a constitutional impropriety which was not liked by Nehru.good job soman keep it up.

Please avoid personal attacks

To the Gentleman or Lady 80.195.10.170. In the Pre computer era which is just about 20 years in India  and in most countries in the world.All Governments orders/documents are not available on the internet dating back before that era have not been updated online worldwide.This perhaps includes Kula Kalvi Thittam  or the legislation of the Madras Government in 1950's .This includes almost all legislation.Further no encyclopedia posts articles only with Government policy documents which if made mandotary for all pages it will decades to collect  and cost  millions of dollars to get all documents from over 200 countries while it is possible to get government links for recent events in the internet era it may not possible for all events in the pre Computer  era.As per Wikipedia policy citations are enough not Governement documents as they are difficult to get particularly old ones.Please do not remove contents as historical facts cannot be hidden by removing them.You c.an make edits which are positive with citations not negative ie removing content..Tametiger talk

Can any one add more on Rajaji stint as Chief Minister of Madras state?. His relationship with Kamaraj, EVR, AnnaDurai?. His infamous plan to have school and work?
 * Its interesting that whilst the editors of this article goes to length of describing CRs intellect and personal brilliance, it does hardly mention a word on the disputes inside the Congress, how CR was opposed by most Tamil congress leaders, etc. --Soman 07:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Actually. Rajaji is my great grand uncle. My grand father, who is his nephew, will help me a lot in providing information about this great leader. User:thelivinglegend —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 12:46, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Revert
I've reverted the last edits since; --Soman 11:58, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The article already has a zealous touch to it. It does not pay attention to the role played by CR in Indian politics, but rather wishes to focus on his personal greatness.
 * Several statements needs to be backed up (like 'He was respected not only by Indians but by every one'). Claiming that x individuals 'revered him greatly' is at this point often unfounded. If anyone can find proof of in autobiographies that Kennedy or Khrustchev admired CR, then that should be added first as a reference.
 * Why leave out the INDC? Is it not relevant to mention that CR leave a different party before it was merged into the Swatantra Party.
 * The speculation fo CR being proposed as president needs backing up.
 * As to the Swatantra Party, wasn't that rather a unification of anti-Congress elements (like the GP in Odisha, etc.)?

wasnt he the one to start caste-politics
wasnt he an untouchable who started the caste politics in india. (based on anti brahaminical movements).nids 07:52, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Of course not! Rajaji was a Brahmin, not a Dalit.

 * Rajaji is no way related to Anti-Brahmin movements. One may probably call him a target, perhaps. He did do quite a bit for Dalit upliftment, like temple-entry, etc., but he is not related to the Anti-Brahmin movement- The Enforcer Office of the secret service 16:55, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Rajaji and Andhra
Rajaji remained aloff from the Andhra issue.Potti Sriramulu was allowed to fast and die in Mylapore in Madras in the centre of the city.There are questions as to why Potti Sriramulu was not arrested or force fed as the case should be even when he fasted for over 50 days. He deputed two of his cabinet colleagues, Sankara Reddy and Dr Nagana Gouda to appear before the Mishra Commission regarding Bellary and it was Nehru who opposed and rejected the demand for not including Madras(chennai)into Andhra.

Revert Nehru and Rajaji
Mr Bharatveer You have contributed a lot keep it up .Thanks a lot as a Wikipedia user. .Nothing personal mate just keen to know why your removed it?Is it against policy was I wrong ?Please tell me would be glad to know? Please Do not remove content with proper citations. I hope you did it without considering WP policy and is a oversight.Please remove content with citations.Further Madras Presidency was called Madras State after independence and not Tamil Nadu.Hence used Madras State.

Nehru was furious and wrote to Rajaji that that "the one thing we must avoid giving is the impression that we stick to office and we want to keep others out at all costs.the links are below. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050303/asp/opinion/story_4445928.asp http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/04/stories/05041306.htm

Notes section
The last 2 references are to the life of E.V.Ramaswamy naicker. Who put it here? They should be removed. They should be put in the page for EVR.

 * Of course, they are from Dravidar Kazhagam sites. But they are definitely related to Rajaji as they are about protests against imposition of Hindi and the Kula Kalvi Thittam- The Enforcer Office of the secret service 16:51, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Rajaji's Birth District
When Rajaji was born, his native place Thorapalli was in Salem district. Then Salem district was bifurcated into Salem and Dharmapuri. So Thorapalli was in Dharmapuri District. Then Dharmapuri district was bifurcated into Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri. So now Thorapalli is in Krishnagiri District.

Familial Relations
I believe Rajaji's daughter Lakshmi Rajagopalachari married Devdas Gandhi, the Mahatma's son. Can anyone confirm this? -Etoile (talk) 03:03, 20 October 2008 (UTC) Briniyavan 07:09, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, correct. It shall be included in a new section"Family"- The Enforcer Office of the secret service 16:49, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Indian independence movement
Hi, I have posted comments to the Peer Review of this article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review#C._Rajagopalachari

To help with copyediting to improve this section, the sentences below would benefit from some prose explaining what they are about - without some context it's hard for someone not already familiar with Indian history to understand.

(i) Need citation (and explanation of significance of each person, I've tried to do the latter but someone more knowledgable can do a better job) Rajaji was a close friend of V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. He was also highly admired by Annie Besant and C. Vijayaraghavachariar.

(ii) Need an explanation of what this is about. When the Indian National Congress split in 1923, Rajaji was a member of the Civil Disobedience Enquiry Committee. He supported the old guard and opposed the council entry programme of the Swarajists.

(iii) Need an explanation of what this is about. It was during this time, that E. V. Ramasamy functioned as a Congress member under Rajaji's leadership.

Jomeara421 (talk) 02:30, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Madras Presidency section
Again, arising from Peer Review, some questions about this section.

(i)	Would be useful to add a sentence or two on 'prohibition' explaining reasons for its enactment, etc. "Rajaji also introduced prohibition ..." etc

(ii) This needs some explanation. Specifically, what is the 'Wardha schem'? Rajaji's opponents also assigned casteist motives to the implementation of the Gandhi's Wardha scheme in the educational institutions in the Presidency by the Congress Government.

(iii) Does the second sentence refer to the first??? They seem disconnected. What law is being referred to?? In 1940, Congress ministers resigned protesting the declaration of war on Germany without their consent, and the Governor took over the reins of the administration. The unpopular law was eventually repealed by the Governor of Madras on February 21, 1940.

Thanks. John. Jomeara421 (talk)

Second World War - section copyediting queries
Comments/queries from Peer Review copyediting of this section:

1. In the sentence that begins "Rajaji was arrested…" "Defence of India Rules" Is there a link or explanation for what this means? There is an article on Defence of India Act 1915 but this was around World War one apparently.

2. This sentence needs clarification. What is it about? "However, at a later stage, Rajaji differed in opinion over opposition to British war effort."

3. What are the 'certain' differences? Needs clarification. "He resigned from the party and the assembly following differences over certain resolutions passed by …"

4. "Constitutional tangle" in the following sentence is obscure, and needs clarification. "In 1944, he proposed a solution to the Indian Constitutional tangle…"

Thanks. John Jomeara421 (talk) 01:19, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Governor of West Bengal - copyediting queries
More queries arising from Peer Review copyediting:

1.	This sentence needs clarification concerning what the 'criticism' was about. " "Rajaji was disliked by Bengalis largely for his criticism of Subhash Chandra Bose during the 1938 Tripuri Congress session."

2.	Need to clarify reason for 'opposition' " Rajaji was also strongly opposed to proposals to include areas from Bihar and Odisha in the province of West Bengal."

3. What is the 'important newspaper'??? "To one such proposal by the editor of an important newspaper, …"

4. This sentence seems like a stray – it looks out of place. Is there some other significance to it, or can it be moved somewhere else? " Rajaji was highly regarded and respected by Chief Minister Prafulla Chandra Ghosh and the state cabinet."

Union Home Ministry - Copyediting queries
Query resulting from Peer Review copyediting.

1. This sentence needs a citation. "He had also expressed concern over the demands made about establishing new states on a linguistic basis, saying that it would generate differences amongst the people."

Madras State section - copyediting questions
Queries arising from Peer Review copyediting:

1. This sentence is nearly incomprehensible. I have tried to reorganize it, but the facts are obscure, and assistance from someone who knows more about the events is needed to make sure that the edited version is factually correct.
 * But Governor Sri Prakasa nominated Rajaji to the Legislative Council without the advice of the council of ministers and the selection of a nominated member as Chief Minister and further majority was obtained by luring opposition Members of the Legislative Assembly to join the party and Nehru was furious and wrote to Rajaji that" the one thing we must avoid giving is the impression that we stick to office and we want to keep others out at all costs"

2. A citation is needed to support this sentence. "Rajaji refused to contest a by-election and remained a non elected member."

3. A citation is needed to support this sentence. P.C. Alexander, a former Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra governor, has described these events as a serious constitutional impropriety.

4. The topic discussed in this sentence needs clarification. "Rajaji removed controls on foodgrains, and…"

Thanks. John. Jomeara421 (talk) 03:30, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Swatantra Party section
Copyediting from Peer Review

NB:Trimmed Section title

1. Needs a supporting citation. The quote that begins "Encouraging competition…."

2. Needs a citation. "Beginning in the early 1960s ….."

Jomeara421 (talk) 00:32, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

1967 elections
Copyediting from Peer Review.

Not a single citation in this section.

Jomeara421 (talk) 01:17, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Contributions to literature and music
Copyediting from Peer Review

1. The Wikipedia entry for Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan says this organization was founded in 1938 by someone else – verification needed. "In 1958, he established the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan."

Jomeara421 (talk) 02:05, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Criticism Section
Copyediting from the Peer Review process:

NB: Both the "Legacy" and "Criticism" section could be greatly improved with some stronger analysis.

1. This statement (and others in this section) needs support: "Despite the fact that Rajaji was considered to be one of the most able statesmen in the national arena, his provincial and then, state administrations are believed to have fared badly."

2. This concept needs clarification and citation support: "C. R. Formula"

3. Almost every sentence in this section needs citations to support the claims that are being made.

4. The concept of "Dravidian movement" is introduced here, without being discussed previously in the article – surely it should be discussed somewhere else, not in a concluding section.

Overall this section needs attention from an unbiased editor knowledgeable about the subject.

Jomeara421 (talk) 02:43, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Photo
The photo of him is very poor. Perhaps a better photo can be obtained? --DThomsen8 (talk) 23:43, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Image of Rajaji???
This image that w [[Saivites. Besides, Rajaji never sports any religious symbols or caste marks in any of his photographs. Also, Rajaji used coloured glasses for his spectacles unlike the person in the photograph who appears to use plain ones. The owners of iloveindia.com might have confused some else's photo for Rajaji. - The Enforcer Office of the secret service 02:17, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

I guess the person in the photograph must be Kalki Sadasivam in his old age though I'm not sure.- The Enforcer Office of the secret service 02:38, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

ashram in Salem
cheranmadevi school incidence and ashram in Salem may be included. -- Car Tick  18:52, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Council entry??
The section "Indian Independence Movement" makes reference to a debate about "council entry". This term means nothing to a lay reader from outside India and requires explanation in the article. Can anyone help? hamiltonstone (talk) 23:08, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I have rewritten it to explain what "council entry" meant. I am not sure if it makes sense to someone not familiar with the intra-party Congress politics. Can you check and see if this is ok. If it is still not clear, i will add a more descriptive footnote.--Sodabottle (talk) 04:13, 11 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a slightly cumbersome wording, but it is precise, and now i clearly understand what it was about. That is better. Much appreciated. hamiltonstone (talk) 04:42, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on C. Rajagopalachari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100124032426/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in:80/old_version/awa10320.htm to http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10320.htm#tamil

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:04, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:38, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on C. Rajagopalachari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF to http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083126/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm to http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:49, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on C. Rajagopalachari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150034/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12280V01.htm to http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12280V01.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110927150114/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12281301.htm to http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/28/12281301.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf to http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:59, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on C. Rajagopalachari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055217/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html to http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971108/31250413.html
 * Added tag to http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2692&acc=high
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100125063554/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicnew/thamizhsongs/2004/song17.asp to http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicnew/thamizhsongs/2004/song17.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:09, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

Head of state.
Governor-general is NOT head of state. --Yomal Sidoroff-Biarmskii (talk) 19:38, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

Better picture?
The current picture for C. Rajagopalachari seems grainy and does not even show his face in a front view. All we get is a side view, which doesn't help the professionalism of this entry. I advocate that there should be a better picture instead of the current one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SourinSP (talk • contribs) 18:22, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:21, 13 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Rajagopalachari portrait in Central Hall of Parliament.jpg.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:17, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Rajagopalachari portrait in Central Hall of Parliament.jpg

To be addressed formally as Chakravarti
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari's surname is Chakravarti and thus the article should address him as so, rather than Rajagopalachari. Just like how Xi Jinping is addressed as Xi. Appu (talk) 06:01, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Chakravarti is his first name and Rajagopalachari is his surname. Perhaps you are confusing it with the surname Chakraborty. By that logic, why isn't Narendra Modi not addressed as Narendra. -  SUN EYE 1  17:33, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I am confusing with none.
 * His name is Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
 * His father name is Chakravarti Venkataryan
 * His mother name is Chakravarti Singaramma
 * His siblings names are Chakravarti Narasimhachari and Chakravarti Srinivasa
 * What makes you think that Rajagopalachari is his surname? Appu (talk) 07:03, 9 October 2021 (UTC)
 * The cited source in page 14 does not say his mother's name while on page 3 and all over the book it mentions his birth year and only refer his mother as "Singaramma" and his siblings without the Chakravarthi name. Rajagopalachari is the subject's WP:COMMONNAME and must by addressed as such, Eminem is addressed as eminem although his real name is completely different. -  SUN EYE 1  09:27, 9 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I couldn't find "Chakravarti" in the name of his siblings in any other sources and looks like it was a Vandalism from 2017 - Special:diff/806216705 -  SUN EYE 1  10:35, 9 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, the WP:COMMONNAME clause only deals with titles of the articles, it presribes nothing about how the subject should be addressed in the article. Everything else looks convincing. Thank you for your time. Appu (talk) 12:36, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:C. Rajagopalachari


text:
Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton, (8 November 1831 – 24 November 1891) was an English statesman, Conservative politician and poet who used the pseudonym Owen Meredith. During his tenure as Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. He served as British Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891.

His tenure as Viceroy was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs, especially for his handling of the Great Famine of 1876–78 and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. His policies were alleged to be informed by his Social Darwinism. His son Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton, who was born in India, later served as Governor of Bengal and briefly as acting Viceroy. The senior earl was also the father-in-law of the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, who designed New Delhi.

Lytton was a protégé of Benjamin Disraeli in domestic affairs, and of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, who was his predecessor as Ambassador to France, in foreign affairs. His tenure as Ambassador to Paris was successful, and Lytton was afforded the rare tribute – especially for an Englishman – of a French state funeral in Paris.

Childhood and education

Lytton was the son of the novelists Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton and Rosina Doyle Wheeler (who was the daughter of the early women's rights advocate Anna Wheeler). His uncle was Sir Henry Bulwer. His childhood was spoiled by the altercations of his parents, who separated acrimoniously when he was a boy. However, Lytton received the patronage of John Forster – an influential friend of Leigh Hunt, Charles Lamb, Walter Savage Landor, and Charles Dickens – who was generally considered to be the first professional biographer of 19th century England.

Lytton's mother, who lost access to her children, satirised his father in her 1839 novel Cheveley, or the Man of Honour. His father subsequently had his mother placed under restraint, as a consequence of an assertion of her insanity, which provoked public outcry and her liberation a few weeks later. His mother chronicled this episode in her memoirs.

After being taught at home for a while, he was educated in schools in Twickenham and Brighton and thence Harrow, and at the University of Bonn.

Diplomatic career
Lytton entered the Diplomatic Service in 1849, when aged 18, when he was appointed as attaché to his uncle, Sir Henry Bulwer, who was Minister at Washington, DC. It was at this time he met Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. He began his salaried diplomatic career in 1852 as an attaché to Florence, and subsequently served in Paris, in 1854, and in The Hague, in 1856. In 1858, he served in St Petersburg, Constantinople, and Vienna. In 1860, he was appointed British Consul General at Belgrade.

In 1862, Lytton was promoted to Second Secretary in Vienna, but his success in Belgrade made Lord Russell appoint him, in 1863, as Secretary of the Legation at Copenhagen, during his tenure as which he twice acted as Chargé d'Affaires in the Schleswig-Holstein conflict. In 1864, Lytton was transferred to the Greek court to advise the young Danish Prince. In 1865, he served in Lisbon, where he concluded a major commercial treaty with Portugal, and subsequently in Madrid. He subsequently became Secretary to the Embassy at Vienna and, in 1872, to Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons, who was Ambassador to Paris. By 1874, Lytton was appointed British Minister Plenipotentiary at Lisbon where he remained until being appointed Governor General and Viceroy of India in 1876.

Viceroy of India (1876–1880)

"Midway on his journey [to India] he met, by prearrangement, in Egypt, the Prince of Wales, then returning from his tour through India. Immediately on his arrival in Calcutta he was sworn in as Governor General and Viceroy, and on 1 January 1877, surrounded by all the Princes of Hindustan, he presided at a spectacular ceremony on the plains of Delhi, which marked the Proclamation of her Majesty, Queen Victoria, as Empress of India. After this the Queen conferred upon him the honor of the Grand Cross of the civil division of the Order of the Bath. In 1879 an attempt was made to assassinate Lord Lytton, but he escaped uninjured. The principal event of his viceroyalty was the Afghan war. (The New York Times, 1891)"

After turning down an appointment as governor of Madras, Lytton was appointed Viceroy of India in 1875 and served from 1876 to 1880. His tenure was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs. In 1877, Lord Lytton convened a durbar (imperial assembly) in Delhi that was attended by around 84,000 people, including Indian princes and noblemen. In 1878, he implemented the Vernacular Press Act, which enabled the Viceroy to confiscate the press and paper of any Indian Vernacular newspaper that published content that the Government deemed to be "seditious", in response to which there was a public protest in Calcutta that was led by the Indian Association and Surendranath Banerjee.

Lytton's son-in-law, Sir Edwin Lutyens, planned and designed New Delhi.

Indian famine
Lord Lytton began serving Viceroy of India in 1876. The rains had been failing in parts of the Madras Presidency since 1875, and the colonial administration's poor response to the famine has been held by some as having contributed to the overall death toll of between 6.1 million and 10.3 million.

Lord Lytton, as Viceroy of India, was responsible for the diversion of funds from the Great Famine of 1876-78 towards the lavish Delhi Durbar in 1877. Lytton's decision to allocate resources towards the grand ceremony, which was perceived as a display of British power and wealth, further exacerbated the famine's severity, ultimately leading to substantial human suffering and loss of life.

Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1878–1880
Britain was deeply concerned throughout the 1870s about Russian attempts to increase its influence in Afghanistan, which provided a Central Asian buffer state between the Russian Empire and British India. Lytton had been given express instructions to recover the friendship of the Amir of Afghanistan, Sher Ali Khan, who was perceived at this point to have sided with Russia against Britain, and made every effort to do so for eighteen months. In September 1878, Lytton sent General Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain as an emissary to Afghanistan, but he was refused entry. Considering himself left with no real alternative, in November 1878, Lytton ordered an invasion which sparked the Second Anglo-Afghan War. The British won virtually all the major battles of this war, and in the final settlement, the Treaty of Gandamak, saw a government installed under a new amir which was both by personality and law receptive to British demands; however, the human and material costs of the conflict provoked extensive controversy, particularly among the nascent Indian press, which questioned why Lytton spent so much money prosecuting the conflict with Afghanistan instead of focusing on famine relief. This, along with the massacre of British diplomat Sir Louis Cavagnari and his staff by mutinying Afghan soldiers, contributed to the defeat of Disraeli's Conservative government by Gladstone's Liberals in 1880.

The war was seen at the time as an ignominious but barely acceptable end to the "Great Game", closing a long chapter of conflict with the Russian Empire without even a proxy engagement. The pyrrhic victory of British arms in India was a quiet embarrassment which played a small but critical role in the nascent scramble for Africa; in this way, Lytton and his war helped shape the contours of the 20th century in dramatic and unexpected ways. Lytton resigned at the same time as the Conservative government. He was the last Viceroy of India to govern an open frontier.

Commemoration
A permanent exhibition in Knebworth House, Hertfordshire, is dedicated to his diplomatic service in India. There is a monument dedicated in his name at Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India, domestically called Delhi Gate.

Domestic politics
In 1880, Lytton resigned his Viceroyalty at the same time that Benjamin Disraeli resigned the premiership. Lytton was created Earl of Lytton, in the County of Derby, and Viscount Knebworth, of Knebworth in the County of Hertford. On 10 January 1881, Lytton made his maiden speech in the House of Lords, in which he censured in Gladstone's devolutionist Afghan policy. In the summer session of 1881, Lytton joined others in opposing Gladstone's second Irish Land Bill. As soon as the summer session was over, he undertook "a solitary ramble about the country". He visited Oxford for the first time, went for a trip on the Thames, and then revisited the hydropathic establishment at Malvern, where he had been with his father as a boy". He saw this as an antidote to the otherwise indulgent lifestyle that came with his career, and used his sojourn there to undertake a critique of a new volume of poetry by his friend Wilfrid Blunt.

Ambassador to Paris: 1887–1891
Lytton was Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891. During the second half of the 1880s, before his appointment as Ambassador in 1887, Lytton served as Secretary to the Ambassador to Paris, Lord Lyons. He succeeded Lyons, as Ambassador, subsequent to the resignation of Lyons in 1887. Lytton had previously expressed an interest in the post and enjoyed himself "once more back in his old profession".

Lord Lytton died in Paris on 24 November 1891, where he was given the rare honour of a state funeral. His body was then brought back for interment in the private family mausoleum in Knebworth Park.

There is also a memorial to him in St Paul's Cathedral, London.

Writings as "Owen Meredith"
When Lytton was twenty-five years old, he published in London a volume of poems under the name of Owen Meredith. He went on to publish several other volumes under the same name. The most popular is Lucile, a story in verse published in 1860. His poetry was extremely popular and critically commended in his own day. He was a great experimenter with form. His best work is beautiful, and much of it is of a melancholy nature, as this short extract from a poem called "A Soul's Loss" shows, where the poet bids farewell to a lover who has betrayed him:

Lytton underesteemed his poetic ability: in his Chronicles and Characters (1868), the poor response to which distressed him, Lytton states, 'Talk not of genius baffled. Genius is master of man./Genius does what it must, and Talent does what it can'. However, Lytton's poetic ability was highly esteemed by other literary personalities of the day, and Oscar Wilde dedicated his play Lady Windermere's Fan to him.

Lytton's publications included:
 * Clytemnestra, The Earl's Return, The Artist and Other Poems (1855)
 * The Wanderer (1859), a Byron-esque lyric of Continental adventures that was popular on its release
 * Lucile (1860). Lytton was accused of plagiarizing George Sand's novel Lavinia for the story.
 * Serbski Pesme (1861). Plagiarized from a French translation of Serbian poems.
 * The Ring of Ainasis (1863)
 * Fables in Song (1874)
 * Speeches of Edward Lord Lytton with some of his Political Writings, Hitherto unpublished, and a Prefactory Memoir by His Son (1874)
 * The Life Letters and Literary Remains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton (1883)
 * Glenaveril (1885)
 * After Paradise, or Legends of Exile (1887)
 * King Poppy: A Story Without End (partially composed in early 1870s: only first published in 1892), an allegorical romance in blank verse that was Lytton's favourite of his verse romances

Based on the French translation, in 1868 he published a drama titled Orval, or the Fool of Time which has been inspired by Krasiński's The Undivine Comedy to the point it has been discussed in scholarly literature as an example of a "rough translation", paraphrase or even plagiarism.

Marriage and children
On 4 October 1864 Lytton married Edith Villiers. She was the daughter of Edward Ernest Villiers (1806–1843) and Elizabeth Charlotte Liddell and the granddaughter of George Villiers.

They had at least seven children:
 * Edward Rowland John Bulwer-Lytton (1865–1871)
 * Lady Elizabeth Edith "Betty" Bulwer-Lytton (1867–1942). Married Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour, brother of Prime Minister Arthur Balfour.
 * Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton (1869–1923)
 * Hon. Henry Meredith Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1872–1874)
 * Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964). Married Edwin Lutyens. Associate of Krishnamurti
 * Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton (1876–1947)
 * Neville Bulwer-Lytton, 3rd Earl of Lytton (1879–1951)


text:
IMU

IMU may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Inertial measurement unit, a device that measures acceleration and rotation, used for example to maneuver modern vehicles including motorcycles, missiles, air- and spacecraft

Businesses and organizations

 * I Measure U, a New Zealand company that develops inertial measurement units
 * Indiana Memorial Union, on the Indiana University Bloomington campus
 * International Mathematical Union
 * Irish Medical Union, since renamed the Irish Medical Organisation
 * Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Afghan Militant group
 * Italian Mathematical Union

Education

 * Indian Maritime University, a public university in India
 * Inner Mongolia University, a public university in China
 * International Medical University, a private university in Malaysia
 * Istanbul Medipol University, a private university in Turkey

Other uses

 * Initial markup, in business
 * Intensive Management Unit, a type of prison in the United States, usually practicing solitary confinement
 * Interurban Multiple Units, used by Queensland Rail

title: IMU


text:
Islamic Movement of Central Asia

The Islamic Movement of Central Asia (IMCA) is an Islamist organization affiliated with Al Qaeda, headed by Tohir Yo‘ldosh, that has operated in Central Asia since its formation on 16 September 2002. Its objective is to create a pan-Central Asian Islamist theocracy.

IMCA members include Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek, Chechen, and Uyghur militants.

Kyrgyz Defense Minister Esen Topoyev said there were several hundred Islamic militants and terrorist bases in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, and 1,500 terrorists in Paktia Province, as recently as September 2002.

Yo‘ldosh is also the leader of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the Uzbek division of the IMCA.

title: Islamic Movement of Central Asia


text:
John Kempe

John William Rolfe Kempe (29 October 1917 – 10 May 2010) was headmaster of Gordonstoun School from 1968 to 1978, during the period that the Princes Andrew and Edward arrived at the school. He was a noted mountaineer and a member of the Alpine Club.

Early life
He was born in Nairobi, the son of an officer in the Colonial Service. His father died of fever when he was four and Kempe was brought up in Norfolk by his mother. He was educated at Stowe School and Clare College, Cambridge, where he read economics and mathematics.

At Cambridge he joined the University Air Squadron and in 1937 was commissioned in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. In 1941, he was posted to No. 602 Squadron RAF, which was initially stationed at RAF Drem near Haddington. During the Battle of Britain, the squadron was relocated to Sussex where Kempe flew Spitfires. In May 1942, he was promoted to squadron leader and the following year was mentioned in despatches. From 1944 he flew, principally Mosquitos, in North Africa and acted as a convoy escort on the Malta run. Before being demobilised in 1946, he was again mentioned in despatches.

Teaching career
After three years as a Mathematics teacher at Gordonstoun School he was offered the post of headmaster at a new school in Hyderabad, India, being set up along English public school lines (Hyderabad Public School). He remained there until 1955, when he was appointed headmaster of Corby Grammar School in Northamptonshire, where he remained until 1967. The following year he took up the post of headmaster of Gordonstoun where he remained until his retirement in 1978.

Public roles
Kempe was a member of the Mount Everest Foundation committee (1956–62), chairman of the Round Square International Service Committee (1979–87). He was also vice-chairman of the European Atlantic Movement Committee (1982–1992; vice-president thereafter), and trustee of the University of Cambridge Kurt Hahn Trust from 1986 to 1989. He was appointed CVO in the 1980 New Year Honours.

Publications
A Family History of the Kempes (1991)

Family
In 1957 he married Barbara Huxtable; they had two sons and a daughter.

title: John Kempe


text:
Alexandre Cabanel

Alexandre Cabanel (28 September 1823 – 23 January 1889) was a French painter. He painted historical, classical and religious subjects in the academic style. He was also well known as a portrait painter. According to Diccionario Enciclopedico Salvat, Cabanel is the best representative of L'art pompier, and was Napoleon III's preferred painter.

Biography
Cabanel was the son of a modest carpenter, and he began his apprenticeship at the Montpellier School of Fine Arts in the class of Charles Matet, curator of the Musée Fabre. Equipped with a scholarship, he moved to Paris in 1839.

Cabanel entered the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris at the age of seventeen, in 1840, where he studied with François-Édouard Picot.

After two failures, with the paintings Cincinnatus receiving the ambassadors of Rome, in 1843, and Christ in the Garden of Olives, in 1844, he won the Prix de Rome scholarship, in 1845 at the age of 22. He would be a resident of the Villa Medici until 1850.

Cabanel was both a history painter and a genre painter, and he evolved over the years towards romantic themes, like Albaydé (1848), inspired by Les Orientales, by Victor Hugo (1829).

He received the insignia of knight of the Legion of Honor, in 1855.

He gained more recognition with The Birth of Venus, exhibited at the Salon of 1863, and which was immediately purchased by Napoleon III for his personal collection. The acclaimed painting entered the Luxembourg Museum, in 1881, and is now held at the Musée d'Orsay, in Paris. He signed a contract with the Goupil house for the marketing of engraved reproductions of this painting. There is a smaller replica, painted in 1875 for a banker, John Wolf, now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. It was offered to the museum by Wolf in 1893. The classical composition embodies ideals of Academic art: a mythological subject, graceful modeling, silky brushwork, and perfected forms. This style was perennially popular with collectors, even as when it was challenged by artists seeking a more realistic approach, such as Gustave Courbet. He was also criticized by writers and critics like Émile Zola and Joris-Karl Huysmans, who were more open to the modern artistic tendencies.

Cabanel was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in the 10th chair, in 1863. He was appointed professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in 1864, where he taught until his death. He was in the same year promoted to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honor.

Between 1868 and 1888, he was a member of the Salon jury seventeen times: "He was elected regularly to the Salon jury and his pupils could be counted by the hundred at the Salons. Through them, Cabanel did more than any other artist of his generation to form the character of the belle époque French painting". His refusal together with William-Adolphe Bouguereau to allow the impressionist painter Édouard Manet, and other painters, to exhibit their work in the Salon of 1863 led to the establishment of the Salon des Refusés by the French government. Cabanel won the Great Medal of Honour at the Salons of 1865, 1867, and 1878.

However, he intervened in 1881 during the presentation of Pertuiset, Le chasseur de lions, by Manet, and defended it by saying: "Gentlemen, there is not one among us who is capable of doing a head like that in the open air!"

At the Universal Exhibition of 1867, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the First Class of the Order of Merit of Saint Michael of Bavaria, following his Paradise Lost, commissioned for the Maximilianeum, in Munich, by Ludwig II of Bavaria.

He was promoted to the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honor in 1884, and was elected associate of the Royal Academy of Belgium on 6 January 1887.

He died on 24 January 1889, in his hotel at 14 rue Alfred de Vigny, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. His funeral took place in Paris, on 26 January 1889, in the Saint-Philippe du Roule church, then his body was transported to Montpellier, where it was buried in the Saint-Lazare on 28 January 1889. A monument was erected to him in 1892 by the architect Jean Camille Formigé, decorated with a marble bust by Paul Dubois and a sculpture, Regret, by Antonin Mercié.

Pupils
His pupils included:
 * Rodolfo Amoedo
 * Joseph Aubert
 * Henry Bacon
 * George Randolph Barse
 * Alexandre Jean-Baptiste Brun
 * Jean-Eugène Buland
 * Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant
 * Vlaho Bukovac
 * Gaston Bussière
 * Louis Capdevielle
 * Eugène Carrière
 * Eugène Chigot
 * Jacqueline Comerre-Paton
 * Fernand Cormon
 * Pierre Auguste Cot
 * Kenyon Cox
 * Édouard Debat-Ponsan
 * Louis Deschamps (painter)
 * Émile Friant
 * François Guiguet
 * Jules Bastien-Lepage
 * François Flameng
 * Charles Fouqueray
 * Frank Fowler
 * Henri Gervex
 * Charles Lucien Léandre
 * Max Leenhardt
 * Henri Le Sidaner
 * Aristide Maillol
 * João Marques de Oliveira
 * Jan Monchablon
 * Georges Moreau de Tours
 * Henri Pinta
 * Henri Regnault
 * Iakovos Rizos
 * Louis Royer
 * Jean-Jacques Scherrer
 * António Silva Porto
 * Edward Stott
 * Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
 * Solomon Joseph Solomon
 * Paul Tavernier
 * José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior
 * Étienne Terrus
 * Adolphe Willette
 * José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior
 * Étienne Terrus
 * Adolphe Willette

Selected works

 * The Fallen Angel (L'ange déchu, 1847), Musée Fabre, Montpellier
 * Aglaé and Boniface (Aglaé et Boniface, 1857), The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio USA
 * The Birth of Venus (La naissance de Vénus, 1863), Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Napoleon III (1865), Musée national du château de Compiègne, Écouen, France
 * The Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta (La mort de Francesca de Rimini et de Paolo Malatesta, 1870), Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Portrait de la comtesse de Keller (1873), Musée d'Orsay, Paris
 * Thamar (1875)
 * Phèdre (1880), Musée Fabre, Montpellier
 * Ruth glanant dans les champs de Booz (1886), Musée Garinet, Châlons-en-Champagne
 * Portrait de Mary Victoria Leiter (1887), Kedleston Hall, England,
 * Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners (Cléopâtre essayant des poisons sur des condamnés à mort, 1887), Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp

title: Alexandre Cabanel