text:
Interstate 505

Interstate 505 (I-505) is a north–south auxiliary Interstate Highway in the Sacramento Valley in Northern California. It is a spur auxiliary route of I-5 that runs from near Dunnigan south to I-80 in Vacaville. I-505 is primarily a rural Interstate, but travels through Vacaville and the city of Winters. The highway is the primary route connecting the San Francisco Bay Area and the northern Sacramento Valley, bypassing Sacramento and its attendant city traffic. Thus, it is a major route for travelers heading directly from the San Francisco Bay Area to the Shasta Cascade and the Pacific Northwest.

Power lines connecting Path 15 to Path 66 follow the highway for a while, until one heads northeast and the other northwest.

Route description
The southern terminus of I-505 is at I-80 next to the Nut Tree Airport in the Nut Tree area in Vacaville. From there, it travels north about 10 mi through rural areas near the western edge of the Sacramento Valley before reaching Winters. I-505 then skirts the eastern city limits of Winters, intersecting with State Route 128—the only exit in Winters. After leaving that city, the Interstate then proceeds north through rural areas again for about 20 mi until it reaches its northern terminus with I-5 near Dunnigan.

For its entire length, I-505 is a four-lane freeway (two lanes in each direction) with a maximum speed limit of 70 mi/h, which is typical for rural Interstates in California.

I-505 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.

History
What is now I-505 was originally conceived as part of a loop Interstate with a directional suffix, I-5W. However, I-5W and most of the other Interstates around the country with directional suffixes were eventually renumbered or eliminated, except I-35E and I-35W in Texas and Minnesota. I-69 segments I-69W, I-69C, and I-69E in southern Texas have since been designated as well along with proposed suffixed segments for future extensions of I-14 and I-27 to follow. The former route of I-5W now corresponds to I-580 from I-5 south of Tracy to Oakland, I-80 from Oakland to Vacaville, and I-505 from Vacaville to I-5 near Dunnigan.

The northernmost section of I-505, between SR 16 in Madison and I-5 near Dunnigan, opened in August 1977.

title: Interstate 505


text:
User talk:What most surprised me was the arrogance of the administration

Hey "What most surprised me..." :) (Which administration is this? ;) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Here's some stuff you can do, if you want: Community portal/Opentask

Keep contributing :) Dysprosia 11:51, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Are you an Iain M Banks fan, perchance? --GCU Colour of Love, The

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
John a Kent and John a Cumber

John a Kent and John a Cumber is a sixteenth-century English play by Anthony Munday. The precise dating of the play is unknown, although a holographic transcript (dated 1590 in another hand) exists and there is some evidence that it was being performed on stage as early as 1587. The play is sometimes identified with The Wise Man of Westchester.

The precise dating of the play is important for two reasons: this play may be the earliest surviving original work of Munday, and, secondly because of the parallels that exist between this play and Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. Arguably the title (and the character names therein) might alternatively be taken to imply, and modernize as, John o' Kent and John a' Cumber (Cumberland having been a Scottish possession up to the twelfth century), in which case the geography of the play would also embrace those two counties. The text gives no firm indication that the two Johns do indeed come from these places, and John a Kent was also the name of a fifteenth-century Welsh bard.

title: John a Kent and John a Cumber


text:
Talk:Rank-into-rank

Is λ or κ the rank-into-rank cardinal?
Regarding the current page contents, would it be safe to say that a cardinal λ is (a) rank-into-rank iff it satisfies one of the four axioms? (which?) -- Schnee 11:54, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Since I think that large cardinal properties which involve elementary embeddings belong to their critical points, I would call κ a rank-into-rank cardinal iff it is the critical point of any of the elementary embeddings mentioned in the definitions of I3, I2, I1, or I0. λ is larger than κ, but it is not as strong a limit, in fact, it has cofinality ω. JRSpriggs 05:58, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Elementary Embedding Of Vλ For Non-Inaccessible λ?
The article mentions elementary embeddings of Vλ but also says that λ cannot be inaccessible (assuming choice). But an elementary embedding is an isomorphism between models, so if λ isn't inaccessible, what exactly is Vλ being considered as a model of? -- 10:39, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A model of the theory of itself. Models are not required to be models "of" something given in advance. JRSpriggs (talk) 21:37, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps my previous answer was not sufficiently responsive. Vλ satisfies ZFC except for instances of the axiom of replacement where the image would have rank λ. In I2, M like V is a model of ZFC. Vλ+1 satisfies ZFC except for instances of replacement, pairing, or powerset where one of the given sets has rank λ. In I0, L(Vλ+1) satisfies ZF (without choice). I hope that helps. JRSpriggs (talk) 09:21, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

Is I0 inconsistent?
According to the article on Kunen's inconsistency theorem, one of its consequences says "If j is an elementary embedding of the universe V into an inner model M, and λ is the smallest fixed point of j above the critical point κ of j, then M does not contain the set j "λ (the image of j restricted to λ).". However according to this article, rank-into-rank axiom I0 says "There is a nontrivial elementary embedding of L(Vλ+1) into itself with the critical point below λ.". Now, j "λ is a subset of λ and thus an element of Vλ+1. If we apply Kunen's result to the submodel V'  = M'  = L(Vλ+1), does this not result in a contradiction since M'  contains the forbidden element? JRSpriggs (talk) 21:37, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I see now that I was forgetting that L(Vλ+1) may not satisfy the axiom of choice. JRSpriggs (talk) 18:21, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

I1 and $$\mathrm{HOD}$$
The article asserts `Axiom I1 implies that $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ (equivalently, $$H(\lambda^+)$$) does not satisfy "V=HOD"'. What is "V=HOD" supposed to mean here? The most obvious, which is the usual one in the ZF context, is "every set is definable from ordinal parameters". But with this interpretation, $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ can never satisfy "V=HOD", for any infinite $$\lambda$$, just because there are only $$\lambda$$-many ordinal parameters available, and $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ has cardinality strictly bigger than $$\lambda^{<\omega}$$. On the other hand, $$H(\lambda^+)$$ _can_ satisfy "V=HOD" in this sense. So this needs to be clarified.

 * See Ordinal definable set for the meaning of V=HOD.
 * Your argument "because there are only λ-many ordinal parameters available, and Vλ + 1 has cardinality strictly bigger than λ< ω." cannot be carried out inside Vλ + 1. JRSpriggs (talk) 05:18, 1 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Regarding the meaning of "V=HOD", I believe the discussion in the article Ordinal definable set assumes we are working in a model of ZF, but $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ doesn't model ZF.
 * It doesn't matter whether the argument can be carried out inside $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ or not. The point is that if for every $$x\in V_{\lambda+1}$$, there is an ordinal $$\eta\leq\lambda$$ such that $$x$$ is definable over $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ from the parameter $$\eta$$, then we get a surjection $$\pi:\omega\times(\lambda+1)\to V_{\lambda+1}$$ (set $$\pi(\varphi,\eta)=$$ the unique $$x\in V_{\lambda+1}$$ such that $$V_{\lambda+1}$$ satisfies $$\varphi(\eta,x)$$, if there is such a unique $$x$$, and $$\pi(\varphi,\eta)=\emptyset$$ otherwise). (Remark: This function is not definable over $$V_{\lambda+1}$$, since $$\varphi$$ has arbitrary complexity, but it is definable in $$V$$, which is all that matters.) But in $$V$$, there can be no such surjection for the usual reasons. So this interpretation of "V=HOD" is not tenable. But this is the most obvious interpretation. So the article should indicate how "V=HOD" is supposed to be interpreted. --Bezian (talk) 22:38, 2 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rank-into-rank


text:
Lasso

A lasso or lazo ( or ), also called in Mexico reata and la reata, and in the United States riata or lariat (from Mexican Spanish, lasso for roping cattle), is a loop of rope designed as a restraint to be thrown around a target and tightened when pulled. It is a well-known tool of the Mexican and South American cowboys, then adopted, from the Mexicans, by the cowboys of the United States. The word is also a verb; to lasso is to throw the loop of rope around something.

Overview
A lasso is made from stiff rope so that the noose stays open when the lasso is thrown. It also allows the cowboy to easily open up the noose from horseback to release the cattle because the rope is stiff enough to be pushed a little. A high quality lasso is weighted for better handling. The lariat has a small reinforced loop at one end, called a honda or hondo, through which the rope passes to form a loop. The honda can be formed by a honda knot (or another loop knot), an eye splice, a seizing, rawhide, or a metal ring. The other end is sometimes tied simply in a small, tight, overhand knot to prevent fraying. Most modern lariats are made of stiff nylon or polyester rope, usually about 5/16 or 3/8 in (8 or 9.5 mm) diameter and in lengths of 28, 30, or 35 ft (8.5, 9 or 11 m) for arena-style roping and anywhere from 45 to 70 ft for Californio-style roping. The reata is made of braided (or less commonly, twisted) rawhide and is made in lengths from 50 ft to over 100 ft. Mexican maguey (agave) and cotton ropes are also used in the longer lengths.

The lasso is used today in rodeos as part of the competitive events, such as calf roping and team roping. It is also still used on working ranches to capture cattle or other livestock when necessary. After catching the cattle, the lasso can be tied or wrapped (dallied) around the horn, a typical feature on the front of a western saddle. With the lasso around the horn, the cowboy can use his horse analogously to a tow truck with a winch.

Part of the historical culture of both the vaqueros of Mexico and the cowboys of the Western United States is a related skill now called "trick roping", a performance of assorted lasso spinning tricks. The Hollywood film star Will Rogers was a well-known practitioner of trick roping and the natural horsemanship practitioner Buck Brannaman also got his start as a trick roper when he was a child.

Etymology
The word lasso seems to have begun to be used as an English word in the early nineteenth century. It may have originated from the Castilian word lazo, which is first attested in the thirteenth century in the sense 'noose, snare', and derives in turn from classical Latin laqueus ('noose, snare, trap, bond, tie').

The rope or lasso used to restrain cattle is also called a Reata or La Reata in Mexico, which was Anglicized to “Lariat” or “Riata” in the United States. In Spain, the word reata has four distinct definitions, different from the Mexican definition: 1) the rope that ties one horse or mule to another to make them go in a straight line; 2) the leading mule of three that draw a cart; 3) a rope used for binding masts and spars (woolding); and 4) figuratively, it means the submission to the opinion of others.

Other names are used in various countries where the Lasso is used. In Argentina, Chile and Venezuela is simply called “El Lazo” or “El Lazo Criollo”. In Colombia the equipment is called “Rejo”, in Costa Rica “Coyunda”, in Ecuador “Beta”, and Peru “Guasca”. Meanwhile in Colombia, the term Reata or Riata means: hardened, firm, rigid, severe; it also refers to a belt for pants.

History

Lassos are not only part of North American culture; relief carvings at the ancient Egyptian temple of Pharaoh Seti I at Abydos, built c.1280 BC, show the pharaoh holding a lasso, then holding onto a bull roped around the horns. Huns are recorded as using lassos in battle to ensnare opponents prepared to defend themselves in hand-to-hand combat around AD 370. They were also used by Tatars and are still used by the Sami people and Finns in reindeer herding. In Mongolia, a variant of the lasso called an uurga (уурга) is used, consisting of a rope loop at the end of a long pole.

Lassos are also mentioned in the Greek Histories of Herodotus; seventh book. Polymnia 7.85 records: "The wandering tribe known by the name of Sagartians – a people Persian in language, and in dress half Persian, half Pactyan, who furnished the army as many as eight thousand horse. It is not the wont of this people to carry arms, either of bronze or steel, except only a dirk; but they use lassos made of thongs plaited together, and trust to these whenever they go to the wars. Now the manner in which they fight is the following: when they meet their enemy, straightway they discharge their lassos, which end in a noose; then, whatever the noose encircles, be it man or be it horse, they drag towards them; and the foe, entangled in the toils, is forthwith slain. Such is the manner in which this people fight; and now their horsemen were drawn up with the Persians".

Lasso is mentioned by some sources as one of the pieces of equipment of the Aswaran, the cavalry force of the Sasanian Empire.

On the American continent, the method of roping cattle developed in Mexico as a way of managing and controlling individual animals (lassoing). The tool that was used was called a lariat. Furthermore, in order for this tool to be more productive, the Spanish war saddle evolved into the working saddle of the 19th century. Although a simple tool, many decades if not a century had to pass for this system to be perfected in Mexico. Before the lasso or lariat were successfully implemented in the Mexican style of work, the use of a hocking knife (crescent-shaped blade on a pole that was used to cut the ligaments in a cow's hocks) was used to stop and control the cattle. The hocking knife was similar to the Spanish spear (lanza) that was used to manipulate cattle as well as for combat.

title: Lasso


text:
Operation Bulldog Mammoth

Operation Bulldog Mammoth was a brigade-sized cordon and search of an Abu Ghurayb apartment complex, northwest of Baghdad on 4 December 2003 during the American-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. The operation lasted about five-and-a-half hours and involved approximately 1,450 soldiers.

This unusual brigade-sized cordon and search was led by the US Army's 1st Armored Div., 3rd Brigade Combat Team and was supported by the US Army's 82nd Airborne Division, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, more than 300 Iraqi Civil Defense Corps personnel and an Estonian army platoon.

Additionally, the operation was also supported by two companies from the 709th Military Police Battalion, which provided an outer cordon, and four AH-64 Apache helicopters, which provided air support.

The cordon and search went through 2,400 apartments, 53 additional buildings and seized: more than 220 AK-47 assault rifles, along with a number of machine guns, pistols and other rifles; five rocket propelled grenades and 15 RPG sights; 10 grenades; 12 mortar sights; various electrical components associated with improvised explosive devise construction; Russian-made night vision devices; protective masks; 24 plates of body armor and a U.S.-made vest; Saddam Hussein paraphernalia; and 16 cases of U.S. military meals, ready to eat.

Additionally, the soldiers detained 40 personnel, including three on a by-name "black" list of suspects who were caught in the outer cordon while trying to escape the area.

Although intelligence reports narrowed in on the particular apartment complex as a haven for anti-coalition forces, no shots were fired during this operation. Preceded by Operation Bayonet Lightning, followed by Operation Clear Area.

title: Operation Bulldog Mammoth


text:
Talk:Communist Party of Turkey (historical)

= Comments =

Move
We always have the page under an English name, with the original name in the first sentence. Hence I moved it.

Secretlondon 12:01, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

Shift material to other articles
This page ought to be restricted to the original TKP, with wikilinks to the current groups claiming the name. Material on TIP, SIP and the current post-SIP TKP ought to be shifted to separate articles. --Soman 05:13, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Page content, recent edits

 * its incorrect to state that there would only be one TKP in Turkey today(Iscinin sesi and Ürün challenging that).
 * Secondly, when there are several groups having the same name, the original one usually gets the main article name. Compare Communist Party of Germany and Communist Party of Germany (1990)
 * Thirdly, the text inserted is not encyclopediatic (for example it uses "we" at several points). --Soman 15:14, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

your article is not encylopedic because you have to indicate the TKP groups in different articles(if you believe so).You cant indicate there are many TKPs in the title of "Communst Party of Turkey". It is better to say different groups in different pages. And i dont see any other TKPs in Turkey. Have you seen? if u see many others... then i had established one TKP yesterday. you have to inform it here also... it is funny isnt it? so, don't do that such meaningless things...
 * I've physically met members of all three groups currently claiming the name of TKP. Only one has the legal registered name TKP, though. But even if there was only one group currently claiming the name, it still doesn't change the fact that the party is organizationally separate from the original TKP founded in 1920. One can debate over which article should be were, but I still consider that the original TKP is more relevant to have at this name, than the current group. --Soman 15:31, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

then put here my TKP also: the TKP(cccp_1917), this is a new fraction!! and where you ve talked? in Turkey or in Europa or Germany... and how many people have u been talked till?

 * Bring out a journal, organise a youth wing and set-up a website, and you'll qualify as a political party. The argument of location is rather strange. I suppose you are aware that many Turkish left groups are active in exile, not by free choice but because they were forced out of their country by state repression. The fact that this particular faction was given the legal recognition to the name TKP by the same regime shouldn't be a honour in eyes of communists. Lastly, I misread the "we" thing ('we're' and 'were' look similar at times). --Soman 15:45, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

bringing out journal, and setting-up web-site are not criteria for the leninist. It is not honour to be recognized as TKP by state, but it is honour that to be recoginzed as TKP by Turkish people and working class. And the TKP destroyed the ban on komünist name in Turkey. The party did it with hard struggle of many many years, not with only bring out journal or set a web-site or struggling outside of country like Germany.

 * Well, in short wikipedia isn't really structured by Leninist criteria. The text inserted is taken directly from the party website. That constitutes a copy-vio, and even if the webmaster of www.tkp.org.tr agreed to have it published here it is highly unsuitable to copy-paste presentations from political parties directly into wiki-articles. --Soman 16:03, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

and wikipedia isnt really structured by revisionist criteria. Your text has parts from http://www.urundergisi.com/english.urundergisi

 * 'Your text'? Is it the slogan under the picture? I didn't add that one. Anyway, it should be removed. --Soman 16:22, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Mustafa Suphi
Ataturk had no reason to kill him. M. Suphi and his comrades were killed by the Ottoman Emperor's order.

This is not true. The latest sultan had no relationship with Mustafa Suphi. He was killed by nationalist militia in Lazistan. Who later attached themselves with Mustafa Kemal.

15'ler
Suphi was killed by the order of Atatürk. The history can not be changed... 88.226.196.75 14:29, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I also have that impression. Just provide a source that can be used as reference. --Soman 15:09, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

History can be rewritten, if it was written wrong in the first place.

Expert
There are obviously different interpretations on who was behind the killing of Süphi. Someone with more indebt knowledge about the issue should rewrite the passage, and include some sources. --Soman 07:25, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I am no expert on the issue; but it is very likely that Atatürk was at least indirectly involved in Suphi's death. Let's not forget that he established an offical TKP in Ankara for diplomatic reasons and had some rebellions to deal with (as well as occupying foreign forces and the Ottoman army itself). However the personality cult surrounding Atatürk makes it unlikely for many Turkish people to accept even the possibility. See the above unsigned comments? This is also reflected in the sources. We have credible accounts arguing both ways.

By the way I collected all related comments under a single subtitle for the ease of following the discussion. Best regards. Evren Güldoğan (talk) 01:41, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Logo of CPT
This logo isn't the logo of Communist Party of Turkey founded in 1920. This logo is Communist Party of Turkey 1920 founded in 2012. We must change this logo first. Beyaz Deriili (talk) 20:31, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Socialism
— Assignment last updated by Stinky Gremlin (talk) 21:50, 28 November 2022 (UTC)


text:
Probation

Probation in criminal law is a period of supervision over an offender, ordered by the court often in lieu of incarceration.

In some jurisdictions, the term probation applies only to community sentences (alternatives to incarceration), such as suspended sentences. In others, probation also includes supervision of those conditionally released from prison on parole.

An offender on probation is ordered to follow certain conditions set forth by the court, often under the supervision of a probation officer. During the period of probation, an offender faces the threat of being incarcerated if found breaking the rules set by the court or probation officer.

Offenders are ordinarily required to maintain law-abiding behavior, and may be ordered to refrain from possession of firearms, remain employed, participate in an educational program, abide by a curfew, live at a directed place, obey the orders of the probation officer, or not leave the jurisdiction. The probationer might be ordered as well to refrain from contact with the victims (such as a former partner in a domestic violence case), with potential victims of similar crimes (such as minors, if the instant offense involves child sexual abuse), or with known criminals, particularly co-defendants. Additionally, offenders can be subject to refrain from the use or possession of alcohol and other drugs and may be ordered to submit to alcohol/drug tests or participate in alcohol/drug psychological treatment. Offenders on probation might be fitted with an electronic tag (or monitor), which signals their movement to officials. Some courts permit defendants of limited means to perform community service in order to pay off their probation fines.

History
The concept of probation, from the Latin, probatio, "testing", has historical roots in the practice of judicial reprieve. In English common law, prior to the advent of democratic rule, the courts could temporarily suspend the execution of a sentence to allow a criminal defendant to appeal to the monarch for a pardon.

United States
Probation first developed in the United States when John Augustus, a Boston cobbler, persuaded a judge in the Boston Police Court in 1841 to give him custody of a convicted offender, a "drunkard", for a brief period and to help the man to appear rehabilitated by the time of sentencing.

Even earlier, the practice of suspending a sentence was used as early as 1830 in Boston, Massachusetts, and became widespread in U.S. courts, although there was no statutory provision for such a practice. At first, judges, most notably Peter Oxenbridge Thatcher of Boston, used "release on recognizance" or bail and simply refrained from taking any further action. In 1878, the mayor of Boston hired a former police officer, the ironically named "Captain Savage", to become what many recognize as the first official probation officer. By the mid-19th century, however, many Federal Courts were using a judicial reprieve to suspend sentences and this posed a legal question. In 1916, the United States Supreme Court, in Ex parte United States Petitioner Mandamus Judge Killets (also known as the Killets Case), held that Federal Judge Killets was without power to suspend a sentence indefinitely. This decision led to the passing of the National Probation Act of 1925, thereby, allowing courts to suspend the imposition of incarceration and place an offender on probation.

Massachusetts developed the first statewide probation system in 1878, and by 1920, 21 other states had followed suit. With the passage of the National Probation Act on March 5, 1925, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, the U.S. Federal Probation Service was established. At the state level, pursuant to the Crime Control and Consent Act of 1936, a group of states entered into an agreement wherein they would supervise probationers and parolees who resided in each other's jurisdictions on each other's behalf. Known as the Interstate Compact For the Supervision of Parolees and Probationers, this agreement was originally signed by 25 states in 1937. By 1951, all the states in the United States of America had a working probation system and ratified the Interstate Compact Agreement. In 1959, the new states of Alaska and Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the territories of the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa ratified the act as well.

Probation in child support in the United States
When child support nonpayment was criminalized in the early 20th century, probation was the primary punishment levied on nonsupporters. Those in favor of criminalizing nonsupport wanted a penalty that "would maximize deterrence, preserve the family (at least in a financial sense), and lighten the burden on charities and the state to support women and children." When New York authorized probation as a punishment in 1901, the New York City magistrates cited four benefits to probation as opposed to incarceration: "(1) 'Punishment without disgrace, and effective without producing embitterment, resentment or demoralization,' (2) judicial discretion to make the punishment fit the crime, (3) '[p]unishment that is borne solely by the guilty and displacing a system that frequently involved the innocent and helpless,' and (4) punishment attended by increased revenue to the City and by a saving in expense.'" The existence of probation officers in child support cases made it so the state was involved in family life in previously unprecedented ways. Probation officers would often attempt to reconcile separated couples, encourage husbands to drink less alcohol, and teach wives housekeeping skills. Employing probation in nonsupport cases also led to more revenue captured by nonsupporting spouses. The National Probation Association (NPA) was instrumental in the creation of designated family courts in the United States as well, which subsequently assumed jurisdiction of nonsupport cases.

Arming and increased authority
In the United States, most probation agencies have armed probation officers. In 39 states, territories and federal probation, such arming is either mandated or optional. Arming is allowed in an increasing number of jurisdictions.

Probation officers are commonly peace officers who possess limited police powers and in some instances, are employed via the court system and take on a more bureaucratic, social worker role.

Intensive
Home detention, GPS monitoring and computer management are highly intrusive forms of probation in which the offender is very closely monitored. It is common for violent criminals, higher-ranking gang members, habitual offenders, and sex offenders to be supervised at this level. Some jurisdictions require offenders under such supervision to waive their constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment regarding search and seizure, and such probationers may be subject to unannounced home or workplace visits, surveillance, and the use of electronic monitoring or satellite tracking. Under terms of this kind of probation, an offender may not change their living address and must stay at the address that is known to probation. GPS monitoring and home detention are common in juvenile cases, even if the underlying delinquency is minor. Some types of supervision may entail installing some form of monitoring software or conducting computer searches to ascertain what an offender is doing online. Cybercrime specialist in corrections, Art Bowker, noted: "This is an area more and more community corrections officers are going to have to get up to speed on, learning how to enforce conditions that restrict and/or monitor cyber offenders' computer and internet use." Bowker, also observed that "The use of social media is taking off in the field of community corrections".

Standard
Offenders under standard supervision are generally required to report to an officer, most commonly between biweekly and quarterly, and are subject to any other conditions as may have been ordered, such as alcohol/drug treatment, community service, and so on.

Unsupervised
Some probation does not involve direct supervision by an officer or probation department. The probationer is expected to complete any conditions of the order with no involvement of a probation officer, and perhaps within a period shorter than that of the sentence itself. For example, given one year of unsupervised probation, a probationer might be required to have completed community service and paid court costs or fines within the first six months. For the remaining six months, the probationer may be required merely to refrain from unlawful behavior. Probationers are allowed to go to their workplaces, educational institutions, or places of worship. Such probationers may be asked to meet with an officer at the onset or near the end of the probationary period, or not at all. If terms are not completed, an officer may file a petition to revoke probation.

Informal
Informal probation may occur with deferred adjudication, without the defendant's having been convicted of a criminal offense, or may occur following a guilty plea pending the completion of terms set forth in a plea agreement. As with other forms of probation, terms may include drug testing or waiver of Fourth Amendment rights for the duration of the term of probation. At the end of the informal period, the case is typically dismissed. This is usually offered as part of a plea bargain or pre-trial diversion.

Shock
Some programs give a sentencing judge the power to reconsider an original jail sentence. The judge may recall the inmate from jail and put him or her on probation within the community instead. The courts have a theory that a short term in jail may "shock" a criminal into changing their behavior. Shock probation can be used only between a specific period of 30–120 days after the original sentence, and is not available in all states.

Grant of probation
Community corrections officials are key personnel in helping decide whether a criminal is granted probation. They determine whether the offender is a serious risk to the public and recommend to the court what action to take. Correction officials first go through an investigation process during the pretrial period. They assess the offender's background and history to determine whether the offender can be released safely back into the community. The officers then write a report on the offender. The courts use the report to determine whether the offender shall be put on probation instead of going to jail. After the offender is found guilty, the probation officer puts together a pre-sentence investigation report (PSI). Courts base their sentencing on it. Finally, courts make their decisions as to whether to imprison the convict or to assign him or her probation. If a court decides to grant a person probation, they must then determine how to impose the sentence based on the seriousness of the crime, recidivism, the circumstances of the convict, and the recommendations from the corrections officials.

Violation
A probation officer may imprison a probationer and petition the court to find that the probationer committed a violation of probation. The court will request that the defendant appear at a show cause hearing at which the prosecutor must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed a probation violation. If the defendant pleads guilty to a probation violation, or is found guilty of a probation violation after the hearing, the officer or prosecutor may request that additional conditions of probation are imposed, the duration is extended or that a period of incarceration is ordered, possibly followed by a return to probation. No law specifies when probation violation proceedings must be commenced, although probation violation proceedings are nearly certain to occur following the defendant's conviction of a subsequent offense or failure to report to the probation officer as ordered.

If a violation is found, the severity of the penalties may depend upon the facts of the original offense, the facts of the violation, and the probationer's criminal history. For example, if an offender is on probation for a gang-related offense, subsequent "association with known criminals" may be viewed as a more serious violation than if the person were on probation for driving a car with a suspended license; the reverse may be true if the initial offense were for driving under the influence. Similarly, penalties for violation may be greater if a subsequent offense is of greater severity (such as a felony, following a misdemeanor), or if the original offense and subsequent offense are of the same type (such as a battery following an assault, or retail theft following retail theft).

Failing a drug test
Court-ordered drug and alcohol testing may be included as a standard or special condition of probation.

A failed drug test while on probation may be reported by the probation officer to the court and may result in probation violation proceedings. At the hearing a judge will determine if the violation warrants revocation of probation, incarceration, additional probation time, or other sanctions.

Revocation
When a probation violation is extremely severe, or after multiple lesser violations, a probation revocation hearing could be scheduled. A judge at the hearing will consider reports from the probation officer, and if probation is revoked, the probationer will often be incarcerated in jail or prison. However, the term of incarceration might be reduced from the original potential sentence for the alleged crime(s). It is possible that an innocent defendant would choose to accept a deferred sentence rather than incur the risk of going to trial. In such a case, a probation revocation can result in conviction of the original criminal charges and a permanent record of conviction.

Early release
Judges across may have the power to alter and amend the probation terms, conditions and period. Such powers are commonly held by judges in the United States. Pursuant to the authority of a court, it may be possible for a defendant to apply for early discharge from probation after a certain proportion of the probation period has been completed. For example, in the U.S. state of Georgia an offender may apply for early termination from felony probation after serving at least three years of the sentence.

In the U.S., when deciding whether to grant early discharge a judge will typically consider factors such as whether the probationer has complied with all the terms of probation, paid all fines, fees, court costs and restitution and would experience a hardship if the probation period continued.

title: Probation


text: User talk:81.214.3.176

title: User talk:81.214.3.176


text:
User talk:Phanly

Welcome
Hi Phanly :) (Another Aussie, perchance? From Manly? ;) I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Here's some stuff you can do, if you want:

Have fun! Keep contributing :) Dysprosia 12:06, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Coriolanus effect
I believe you wanted to write about the Coriolis effect, which has nothing to do with Coriolanus. If this is a very common misspelling, you might want to change your article Coriolanus effect into a redirect, otherwise it should probably be deleted (or be turned into an article related to some effect connected to Coriolanus). Kusma 17:36, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Looks like you need another one
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

some comments

 * And check very carefully why some recent edits have been reverted. Also stub tags go at the bottom of an article not the top!  SatuSuro 23:49, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Also - when you create an article - it is well worth looking to see if there is any related/similar article already existing - theasurus thinking - think of synonyms - maybe there is an article with related issues already exsiting
 * The sandbox is a very good place to do things - half filled articles with headings only attract negative attention - better to have half finished articles in sandbox than in jeaopardy on wiki....

 * Talk with someone - isolated article creation and editing can be a trap - find an article about a related subject - find an editor who has done a lot on it - go to their talk - and talk about possible issues... it can help

cheers SatuSuro 23:59, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

attempt at reply (more specific)
Wikpedia is not very good at specific guidelines - as there are some projects that really should be given with a large handbook and a training course in my honest opinion.

 * (1) Australian subjects, topics and ventures into things australian - should nominally (but not necessarily) be conditionally broached on the Australian Project noticeboard (ok I know nothing is anywhere to tell you that :) )

 * (2) Before putting up a range of articles - you should
 * (a) be rigorous about checking for the existence of other existing articles with close title or subject coverage, specially with synonyms
 * (b) be rigorous about whether adding information to an existing article or editing - it is much better than starting a new article which is only a clutch of headings

 * (3) Religiously conscientiously use the sandbox if you do not have an article that has a category, a reference, and a beginning and an end - half constructed articles cause many checking editors grief

 * (4) Read and re-read very carefully WP:NOT and WP:POV as some editors who have reviewed your work are under the impresssion you have an agenda - you cannot do that on wikipedia - if you feel you dont have one - dosnt matter some feel you have - so thats something to deal with

not reviewed by any process (unless someone has started that already - I havent been on my watchlist this am yet) that all australian editors are able to see and discuss - It would be very very wise not to start any more articles as you have until there is a sign that somehwere some part of the australian project is starting to resolve the chaos
 * (5) ''Conservation, Environment and all the possible combinations of the two are an incredible mess on the Australian wiki project - with terminology, scope and variations in articles and categories not systematised, or more importantly

listed at the new article list on the australian project page of that name -  I would argue that most of your new stubs articles do not meet the standard for that list - because of the issues that I have already made...
 * (6) Another most important issue which is the most invisible but which can be an insurance for the project, yourself as editor, and the integrity of wikipedia - is that if you do create a stub/article - that can stand perusal - it needs to be

So what to do? Go back have a look at what has happened to most of your articles and start attempts and see what has happened to them - learn from it but DO NOT react - more harm comes to those who fight changes on wikipedia - WP:OWN is worth reading on that.

Maybe have a very close look at the australian portal, and the project - and try to get a sense of what its all about - and try to work on existing articles rather than starting up parallel universes - best to leave that sort of thing to the science fiction writers and physicists to deal with that one...

This is given in good faith, and it also expected to be received as such - If there is something you dont like - tell me - be honest - but keep it within bounds of WP:Civility and WP:Wikiquette - cheers  SatuSuro 23:32, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Cripes - you say you were in Macquarie Harbour - hope that was not literally and safely and not near the mouth of the king river! SatuSuro 08:54, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
I appreciate that - youve found the page and put that there - just wait for a few days - some might be monday-friday types as well - but thats the place. I do hope you get a reasonable response there! cheers ! SatuSuro 14:14, 23 February 2007 (UTC) ::There are some issues I'd be prepared to outline off-wiki - you are most welcome to email me at my talk page and I can explain SatuSuro 14:23, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well worth having a look in my sandbox 2 how i am growing the csnf article - because of my background - refs are far more important than anything - keeps the V, N and heaps of other issues at bay when it surfaces. SatuSuro 01:32, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Effects of global warming on Australia
An editor has nominated Effects of global warming on Australia, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not"). Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. Jayden54Bot 21:54, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Great Barrier Reef - Thanks
Thanks heaps for dipping into the literature for climate change and the GBR - the thought of the literature kind of terrifies me. Does the section on climate change in the GBR article read well? I wrote some of it from my old high school notes. -Malkinann 00:09, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight nomination for Energy policy article
I have nominated an article you started for collaboration at Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight. I am not sure if the article is correctly named. I am not necessarily comfortable with the organisation although I appreciate there is considerable merit in discussing at the Sate and federal levels and that ethe States have different views. However, I think it is a great start. Regards--Golden Wattle talk 20:31, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

A new task force that could use your help
Hi Phanly, Given your interests and edits, I wanted to draw your attention to a new task force that I've set up with various editors. We're basically committed to making sure that the environmental records of major corporations and politicians are accurately and readably represented. Please take a look and consider joining! Benzocane 01:13, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Australia newsletter
WikiProject Australia publishes a newsletter informing Australian Wikipedians of ongoing events and happenings within the community and the project. This month's newsletter has been published. If you wish to unsubscribe from these messages, or prefer to have the newsletter delivered in full to your talk page, see our subscription page. This notice delivered by BrownBot (talk), at 21:57, 11 December 2007 (UTC).

WikiProject Australia newsletter
WikiProject Australia publishes a newsletter informing Australian Wikipedians of ongoing events and happenings within the community and the project. This month's newsletter has been published. If you wish to unsubscribe from these messages, or prefer to have the newsletter delivered in full to your talk page, see our subscription page. This notice delivered by BrownBot (talk), at 22:07, 3 January 2008 (UTC).

Anvil Hill Coal Mine
Another editor has added the  template to the article Anvil Hill Coal Mine, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 10:59, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Good News
Hi Phanly: have you seen this one? Pampa Wind Project -- Johnfos (talk) 05:38, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Johnfos dinghy (talk) 05:18, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Australian Mafia
The see also is looking like dogs breakfast - am moving most to the talk page - cheers SatuSuro 03:24, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Heheh - I never knew one personally when i lived in sydney many moons ago - so obscure media refs are not my expertise - bob bottom was big in those days though - if I get around to it I''l check out some info - cheers SatuSuro 01:48, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Greenhouse Mafia
Thank you for the very diplomatic comments. I noticed your User:Phanly/Sandbox page on clean coal, you might also like the article on the Greenhouse Mafia. GG (talk) 01:43, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Socking
Please see User talk:Schneehasi and Requests for checkuser/Case/Phanly and note that this account has been blocked for eight days, being the original seven day block on User:Scheehasi for spamming and disruptive editing, less "time served" (about two days), plus three days for disruptive editing and socking. Sarah 06:50, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I acknowledge collaborating with the two real people who established those accounts and providing them with a template for what I believe was a justifiable edit for pages about coal fired power stations in Australia and I accept the block on that basis (meatpuppeting), even though if the edit is valid I don't really see why it matters who makes it. Scheehasi and Mungbo are real people and not sock puppets. Neither Sarah nor Gnangarra have ever responded to the requests for a clarification as to why a proposed reference to CARMA which made clear it is an estimate of GHG emissions is not an acceptable edit for a page about coal fired power stations. Similarly neither Sarah nor Gnangarra ever responded as to why referenced sentences about the IPCC suggested reductions in Greenhouse gas emissions and the Australian government policy referenced to an Australian government web sites are unacceptable edits for a page about a coal fired power station. dinghy (talk) 07:16, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kogan_Creek_Power_Station,_Queensland

A similar edit to that intended there will also be relevant to each other articles on coal fired power stations in Australia As CARMA is the best available and a reliable source for an estimate using the specific page on their web site which deals with the specific power station as a reference under Wikipedia guidlines is not link spamming but compliance with the requirement for references dinghy (talk) 20:51, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Phanly you were blocked for creating and operating the sockpuppets which where then used to spam CARMA into Power station articles. I recommend that you find some other articles to work, also under the circumstances of recent events sign comment with your user name not something else. Gnangarra 01:32, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I have explained what was done and apologised. I have signed with Dinghy since my very early edits. I don't see how that is different to Gnangarra. The other people were real people - I did not use any aliases, but acknowledge I now understand about meatpuppets. I believe that like other editors I have a right to edit where I choose provided I act in general accordance with the guidelines. Given the Scientific opinion on climate change there is lots of work to do in Wikipedia to ensure articles reflect the scientific consensus. It is not a POV to make edits where the article does not have relevant scientific information from sources such as the IPCC, Governments or other relevant (reliable) sources, so that the article does have such info. It is also not a POV to make edits to ensure that such info is treated in accordance with it's importance within the article and nearly every major government has acknowledged the critical importance of climate change - List of Kyoto Protocol signatories. For the importance that the new leader of the western world places on it see dinghy (talk) 06:55, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

CARMA
Hi, I saw that you have added text to a number of power station-related articles, only to see it reverted or criticised. The reason why people are doing this is likely to be because the words immediately come across as campaigning. I'll quote the ever-eloquent Raul654: "An article is neutral if, after reading it, you cannot tell where the author's sympathies lie." Anyone reading this text or this text is almost certain to think "the author of this section wants to close all coal-fired power stations".

The commentary on the IPCC and global or national CO2 reduction targets is not relevant here, though it is elsewhere in Wikipedia. It's not appropriate to add essentially this same text to all coal-fired station articles.

You might have better success if you confined this edit to something like "The CARMA database estimates that the station emits 4.33 million tonnes of greenhouse gases annually."[ref]

Hope this is helpful. Regards, — BillC talk 21:12, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Bill

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard for discussion where Itsmejudith (talk concluded after additional information was received that CARMA is a reliable source for estimates of emissions of Australian coal fired power stations. dinghy (talk) 13:32, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Australia newsletter,December 2008
The December 2008 issue of the WikiProject Australia newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. This message was delivered by TinucherianBot (talk) 07:40, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
Phanly, the text you reinserted is a word for word copy right violation of the source I have removed it for the article. The second part was orgiinal research we don't make comments about issues or potential obstacles to political debates. Gnangarra 00:59, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * See your user page for reply - I fixed them and put them back in reworded and referenced. dinghy (talk) 15:04, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

coal future
You added "(At 5% growth per annum compound this means the resource runs out in year +45, 2051.) " to the article. Do you realise how ridiculous it is ? That implies that in 45 years time we'll be using 9 times as much coal as we do now. Does that seem likely to you? Greglocock (talk) 01:49, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

compound growth impact on resource life
Hi Greg, Thanks for contacting me: If you use Excel you can replicate what I did by building the table yourself. I have offset the years by one so the year number matches the compounding number, so I start with year 0 not year 1. 155 years at current usage = 155 units at start of year 0 with none used yet 1 unit used in year 0 (total used = 1) leaving 154 at end year 0/start of year 1 In year 1 starting with 154 and using (1* (1+.05))^1 = 1.05 used in year 1 (total used now 1 + 1.05 = 2.05)leaving 152.95 at the start of year 2 but 154/1.05 = 146.66666667 years of supply left at the increased usage for year 2 (see below). In year 2 starting with 151.8475 and using 1* (1+.05)^2 = 1.1025 (total used now 1 + 1.05 + 1.1025 = 3.1525) leaving 151.8475 at start of year 3 but 151.8475/1.157625 = 131.1715797 years of supply left at the increased usage for year 3 (see below).

In year 10 starting with 142.4221075 and using 1* (1+.05)^10 = 1.628894627 (total used now 1 + 1.05 + 1.1025 + 1.157625 + 1.21550625 + 1.276281563 + 1.340095641 + 1.407100423 + 1.477455444 + 1.551328216 + 1.628894627  = 14.20678716) leaving 140.7932128  at start of year 11 but 142.4221075 /1.628894627 = 87.43481937  years of supply left at the increased usage for year 11.

In year 20 starting with 121.9340459 and using 1*(1+.05)^20 = 2.653297705  (total now used = 35.71925181) leaving 119.2807482 at start of year 21 but 121.9340459/2.653297705 = 45.9556595 years of supply left at the increased usage for year 21.

and so it goes - it is the magic of compound interest/growth.

If you check using Excel and find any gross error, please let me know dinghy (talk) 07:31, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not arguing with the maths, that took 5 seconds. If you don't understand why the conclusion, that society will fund a %5 expansion of coal mining the year before it runs out, is ridiculous, then you are impervious to irony. Which you seem to be. Greglocock (talk) 10:40, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Peak oil
Hi, just wanted to let you know I reverted your addition to Peak oil because there was no reference given. There has been a lot of back and forth in the past over references in that article, and a section with no citation is not a good idea. Also, it seems that there are too many factors at play to make a blanket statement about the effects of the export land model on a specific country without a lot of background and economic model simulations. NJGW (talk) 01:33, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I went to reply on your user talk page but it loks like you have upset someone. Are the internal references to the relevant wikipedia pages not sufficient? Is Wikipedia not a reliable source? If I gave a page reference to EB on line version would that not be sufficient? I will give it some further thought. Cheers dinghy (talk) 11:07, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Not too sure why you are on my watchlist. No, WP is not considered an RS, as that could be self referential. Inconvenient I know. (Oh, and I've unwathed this page).Greglocock (talk) 23:36, 18 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry about the delay in replying. Greglocock is correct that you can't use Wikipedia as a reference.  Check out WP:RS for the guidelines on what can be used.  Also, I didn't see information at export model which said the same thing you wrote, but if I'm missing it you can bring over the same sources (as long as they are verified to say the same thing).  Be sure you're careful not to put any original synthesis in any of your edits.  Let me know if you have any other questions.

 * BTW, don't worry about my talk page... it's just some kid that can't play nice with others. If you see something like that anywhere on Wikipedia feel free to check the history and revert the vandals.  NJGW (talk) 00:31, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

water security
had a quick look - will try to get back to you sometime about it- cheers SatuSuro 13:58, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices
A tag has been placed on Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. Ironholds (talk) 12:52, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Total Environment Centre
A tag has been placed on Total Environment Centre requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. Ironholds (talk) 12:55, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices
A tag has been placed on Australian Network of Environmental Defenders Offices requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the article or have a copy emailed to you. Ironholds (talk) 04:08, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

warming
Thanks. Good to see the statement not taking up too much space on the ice sheet page now.

I deleted the warming section from west antarctic ice sheet page. It may be appropriate to add back in a specific comment on the warming of the west antarctic ice sheet with the improved references.

One thing it is important to stress is that except for on the peninsula this warming is weak and as there is little surface melt (the ice sheet is still very cold) it does not have much of an effect on the west antarctic ice sheet at present. There are other factors that are causing increased ice loss from the west antarctic ice sheet which may be related to changes in climate (but not necessarily, and certainly not directly, atmospheric warming) so I think it is important to emphasise these and not confuse this message too much. I will add some more on this when I get the time Polargeo (talk) 11:59, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I have inserted at the bottom of the page only the conclusion that there is warming and used your improved reference and noted that the peninisula is where it is strongest.

Rhodes remediation
Hi J Barr, I see you have done a lot of work on suburbs of Sydney which is great, but I think you are having some difficulties either understanding or describing the scope and location of the remediation at Rhodes.

By way of background, I spent 5 years of my life working on this issue including a parliamentary commission of inquiry and 2 planning commissions of inquiry, a contested FOI application and numerous other meetings including up to a short meeting with the Minister and Head of the EPA ass well as a number with local Councillors, MP, MLA, Shadow Minister for Planning

Virtually all the western side of the line has been or will be subject to some form of remediation (with the exception of the area bounded by Walker, Mary, Marquet and Osgathorpe). Most of the sediment within 20 metres of the seawall opposite the length of the shopping centre were remediated for lead, most of the sediments within 50 metres of the seawall from the northern end of the Peninsula to 100 metres south of the play equipment at the park opposite Mary Street are/have been remediated for dioxins to a depth of 0.5 m. While the Commercial area has been remediated to reduce pollutants from Berger Paints and CSR/Orica chemicals, so have all the former Union Carbide and Allied Feeds sites and part of the Statewide site in Marquet St cnr Osgathorpe St. If you are interested I would be happy to take you on a tour one Saturday or Sunday and show you around.

cheers Paul dinghy (talk) 06:51, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Paul,
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and the articles should be encyclopedic. I can see a good reason to include the remediation information but it shouldn't dominate the article. There are standard formats with these articles and the best way to compile the information is uder the standard headings like History, Population, Politics, Commercial Areas, Transport etc. Therefore the Rhodes article should not have a separate Remediation heading because no other suburb article does eithe. I'm trying to find the best place for your remediation info and think it should either fall under History or Commercial Area.
 * Cheers, J Bar.J Bar (talk) 01:39, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi J, Read your message. Thanks. Templates are great and I agree the Wikipedia is supposed to be Encylopaedic. But blind adherence is not a WP rule and this suburb is extremely different to other suburbs. One third of a whole suburb required remediation because of contamination. One quarter of the Bay on one side of the Peninsula required remediation because of the contamination. The contamination required total commercial fin fishing bans in the whole of Sydney Harbour. What other suburb of any city in Australia has that history? It deserves a separate heading because it dominates the redevelopment of a third of the suburb. It is important enough in this suburb to justify its own heading. The fact that it is not a heading in a template does not mean that it should not have it's own heading. To downplay the importance would be contrary to WP being Encyclopaedic!!! Remember, it's WP:BEBOLD not WP:ObeyTemplate The offer of a tour of the UCAL contaminated remediation area is still open if you are interested! Cheers Paul dinghy (talk) 07:26, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Paul, I understand the importance of the information and especially how important it is to you because of your personal involvement. I've had similar discussions about the importance of certain subjects in these suburb articles with other editors who have also had some involvement in the subject matter. There have been some enthusiastic editors who want to include information about crimes, notable current & former residents or tunnels & bunkers in the articles and sometimes these subjects have dominated the article. I'm not against including the information but I think it would look better if it was part of the History or Commercial Areas or Residential Areas sections. It's fine if Remediation is that important to that suburb that it requires a separate heading but I feel it shouldn't dominate the article and want to make sure that we have a balance in all articles. It might help if other sections of the article were expanded to bring it up to teh standard of some of the better articles on Sydney Suburbs like Summer Hill, New South Wales and Hunters Hill, New South Wales. Thanks for the offer of the tour. Cheers. J Bar (talk) 22:22, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi J, As you've seen I thought about it and put remediation under History as you suggested. As to balance, with Wikipedia and multi editor articles, people write the sections they know about. Hopefully some indigenous person with a good oral history of the area can add in something about the 40,000 years before the last 250, but there's no reason to wait until we can cover that 99.375% of the history before we write what we can about the 0.625% we know about. As others contribute in other areas of knowledge about Rhodes the article will get more extensive and balanced, but until then, why ignore or downplay such a major part of the suburb's history and its impact? Have a good Easter. Cheers Paul dinghy (talk) 07:25, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * That's great that you included the information in History. I think that's the most appropriate section for it too. hopefully some other editors will expand the other sections. You have a good Easter too. Cheers. J Bar (talk) 02:44, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Climate Warming Affects Antarctic Ice Sheet
The quote "slight rise in atmospheric concentrations of CO2" is a journalist comment. I would stick to following the scientist's quoted comments. However, even these deviate a long way from anything that either of the scientific papers which they refer to state. The paper in Nature (March 19th) actually states, almost as a discussion afterthought, 'More well-dated sediment cores, and future experiments using ice-sheet models are planned to assess more fully the different influences of orbital forcing on surface ablation (The sun's effect on ice sheet surface melting-my translation) versus ocean induced melt at elevated atmospheric CO2 levels.' In other words we can't really say what anthopogenic increases (or any increases) in CO2 will do yet.

Also, just for general info, I've just come out of a three hour meeting at the British Antarctic Survey where these two papers were put up as discussion papers (not by me, I'm just off paternity leave) and they were effectively torn to shreds, nobody agrees that the core site is a good site for assessing West Antarctic ice sheet stability (as it is closer to the East Antarctic Ice Sheet) and the basic way they have interpreted the cycles using their sediment core is highly questionable anyway. The companion paper which is a modelling paper uses a 40 km resolution, which cannot capture ice stream dynamics, the main way the ice is lost to the ocean. Another interesting thing about the paper is that it is looking at the early Pliocene (5 million to 3 million years ago) so how relevant to the present it is would be a little uncertain.

Obviously I'm okay with you adding the scientist's findings from the news article. Even better than that go to the actual papers (The abstract/summaries should be online) and use the info directly from them. But from what I've looked at I don't think this is a huge CO2 story, that is just the spin used to sell the science. I won't revert any of your additions but if I have time I will check through and edit if necessary. Polargeo (talk) 16:13, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

A study on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies
Hi. I have emailed you to ask whether you would agree to participate in a short survey on how to cover scientific uncertainties/controversies in articles pertaining to global warming and climate change. If interested, please email me Encyclopaedia21 (talk) 18:26, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

GHGe unit conversions from CARMA data
Hi Phanly, I just added some comments on the Yallourn Power Station talk page on what I believe was info that you added at some point. Would appreciate your thoughts. Regards, lakolako (talk) 09:12, 13 October 2009 (UTC)lakolako

Talk:Scientific opinion on climate change
Thank you for your contributions to the encyclopedia! In case you are not already aware, an article to which you have recently contributed is on article probation. -- TS 17:35, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Daryl Guppy
I have nominated Daryl Guppy, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Daryl Guppy. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Ridernyc (talk) 17:51, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for notifying me. I have put my case for Keep on the page to which you linked. Cheers dinghy (talk) 01:18, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Renewable energy task force
Please see Portal talk:Renewable energy... Johnfos (talk) 19:44, 18 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I will have a look. dinghy (talk) 03:39, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

Olympic triangle category

 * I have reverted your edit as this article is very specific and not appropriate for the top level category. (If it was then several hundred other sailing related articles would also need to be elevated!!) Boatman (talk) 20:16, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nowhere Man (Green novel)

The article Nowhere Man (Green novel) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * fails WP:Notability (books): I can't find any WP:RS reviews or claims of awards for this recently-published book. Tons of google-hits, but all appear to be selfpublished (publisher and business affiliates), blog/twitter, or vendors

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DMacks (talk) 14:17, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Have provided lots of reviews - see article talk page. dinghy (talk) 11:44, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Sydney edit-a-thon invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a classical music edit-a-thon Saturday week (13 October) in Sydney. The theme will be Music of France, to coincide with the ABC Classic FM countdown between 8-14 October. If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online during the countdown. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/October 2012. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 09:36, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Sydney)

Sydney edit-a-thon invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a disability edit-a-thon Saturday week (10 November) in Sydney. If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online before, during and after the meetup. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/November 2012. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 15:17, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Sydney)

Sydney meetup invitation: January 2013
Hi there! You are cordially invited to attend a meetup being held on Thursday 10 January 2013. Details an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/January 2013. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 09:56, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Sydney)

RfC:Infobox Road proposal
WP:AURD (Australian Roads), is inviting comment on a proposal to convert Australian road articles to. Please come and discuss. The vote will be after concerns have been looked into.

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian Roads/RfC:Infobox Road proposal

You are being notified as a member on the list of WP:AUS

Nbound (talk) 05:39, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

RfC:Infobox Road proposal
WP:AURD (Australian Roads), is inviting comment on a proposal to convert Australian road articles to. Please come and discuss. The vote will be after concerns have been looked into.

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian Roads/RfC:Infobox Road proposal

You are being notified as a member on the list of WP:AUS

Nbound (talk) 05:40, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

RfC:Infobox Road proposal
WP:AURD (Australian Roads), is inviting comment on a proposal to convert Australian road articles to. Please come and discuss. The vote will be after concerns have been looked into.

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian Roads/RfC:Infobox Road proposal

You are being notified as a member on the list of WP:AUS

Nbound (talk) 05:43, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nowhere Man (Green novel)

The article Nowhere Man (Green novel) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * there is no indication that this meets the notability standard of WP:Notability (books).

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. JohnCD (talk) 09:47, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The Page has now taken the form of a redirect. I have nominated it for redirect discussion at Redirects for discussion -Mayuresh K 13:07, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Sydney September 2013 edit-a-thon invite
Hi there! You are cordially invited to an edit-a-thon this Saturday (21 September) in Sydney at the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW), where you can collaborate with other Wikipedians throughout the day. Andy Carr, a senior librarian at SLNSW will also be helping out. The theme of the edit-a-thon is paralympics sports, but you are free to come along to meet other wiki contributors, and edit other topics.

If you are unable to attend in person, we will also be collaborating online. Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Sydney/September 2013. Hope you can make it! John Vandenberg 09:39, 19 September 2013 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Wikipedians in Sydney)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Nowhere Man (Green novel) listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Nowhere Man (Green novel). Since you had some involvement with the Nowhere Man (Green novel) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Mayuresh K 13:05, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Total Environment Centre for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Total Environment Centre is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Total Environment Centre until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Boleyn (talk) 12:57, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phanly


text:
Fugitive

A fugitive or runaway is a person who is fleeing from custody, whether it be from jail, a government arrest, government or non-government questioning, vigilante violence, or outraged private individuals. A fugitive from justice, also known as a wanted person, can be a person who is either convicted or accused of a crime and hiding from law enforcement in the state or taking refuge in a different country in order to avoid arrest.

A fugitive from justice alternatively has been defined as a person formally charged with a crime or a convicted criminal whose punishment has not yet been determined or fully served who is currently beyond the custody or control of the national or sub-national government or international criminal tribunal with an interest in their arrest. This latter definition adopts the perspective of the pursuing government or tribunal, recognizing that the charged (versus escaped) individual does not necessarily realize that they are officially a wanted person (e.g., due to a case of mistaken identity or reliance on a sealed indictment), and therefore may not be fleeing, hiding, or taking refuge to avoid arrest. The fugitive from justice is ‘international’ (versus ‘domestic’) if wanted by law enforcement authorities across a national border. Interpol is the international organization with no legal authority to directly pursue or detain fugitives of any kind. Europol is the European authority for the pursuit of fugitives who are on the run within Europe, and coordinates their search, while national authorities in the probable country of their stay coordinate their arrest. In the United States, the U.S. Marshals Service is the primary law enforcement agency that tracks down federal fugitives, though the Federal Bureau of Investigation also tracks fugitives.

As a verbal metaphor and psychological concept, one might also be described as a "fugitive from oneself". The literary sense of "fugitive" includes the meaning of simply "fleeing". In many jurisdictions, a fugitive who flees custody while a trial is underway loses the right to appeal any convictions or sentences imposed on him, since the act of fleeing is deemed to flout the court's authority. In 2003, convicted rapist Andrew Luster had his appeals denied on the basis that he spent six months as a fugitive (he was convicted in absentia).

Terminology
While a person is being sought for potential arrest, the person may be described variously as being "at large" or as a "person of interest" to law enforcement. The latter term is frequently used in an "All-points bulletin" issued to other law enforcement persons or agencies. A person who has jumped bail after arraignment in court may be hunted or pursued by his bail bondsman, and a bounty may be "on his head." The act of fleeing from the jurisdiction of a court is described colloquially as "fleeing justice" or "running from the Law." A "wanted poster" may be issued, especially by the FBI, culminating in the "FBI's Most Wanted List" of fugitives.

"On the lam" or "on the run" often refers to fugitives. Mencken's The American Language and The Thesaurus of American Slang proclaim that lam, lamister, and "on the lam"—all referring to a hasty departure—were common in thieves' slang before the turn of the 20th century. Mencken quotes a newspaper report on the origin of 'lam' which actually traces it indirectly back to Shakespeare's time.

"Its origin should be obvious to anyone who runs over several colloquial phrases for leavetaking, such as 'beat it' and 'hit the trail'. The allusion in 'lam' is to 'beat,' and 'beat it' is Old English, meaning 'to leave.' During the period of George Ade's 'Fables in Slang' (1900), cabaret society delight in talking slang, and 'lam' was current. Like many other terms, it went under in the flood of new usages of those days, but was preserved in criminal slang. A quarter of a century later it reappeared."

Mencken also quotes a story from the New York Herald Tribune newspaper in 1938 which reported that "one of the oldest police officers in New York said that he had heard 'on the lam' thirty years ago."

Detection methods
Various methods can be used to find fugitives. Phone taps and pen registers can be used on relatives. Credit card and cell phone activities and electronic transfer of money can also be traced. Wanted posters and rewards can also be used. Jail records are also sometimes used; for instance, after the U.S. Government determined that Timothy McVeigh had perpetrated the Oklahoma City Bombing, he was found in a local jail.

Other methods include using anonymous tips from members of the public who may have seen sight of the fugitive; CCTV and other modes of technology; news broadcasting of public awareness (depending on the severity of the crime the fugitive has committed), and co-operation with local law enforcement teams.

title: Fugitive


text: User talk:81.182.44.186

title: User talk:81.182.44.186


text:
Luminol

Luminol (C8H7N3O2) is a chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. Luminol is a white-to-pale-yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in most polar organic solvents, but insoluble in water.

Forensic investigators use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes, as it reacts with the iron in hemoglobin. Biologists use it in cellular assays to detect copper, iron, cyanides, as well as specific proteins via western blotting.

When luminol is sprayed evenly across an area, trace amounts of an activating oxidant make the luminol emit a blue glow that can be seen in a darkened room. The glow only lasts about 30 seconds, but can be documented photographically. The glow is stronger in areas receiving more spray; the intensity of the glow does not indicate the amount of blood or other activator present.

Synthesis
Luminol is synthesized in a two-step process, beginning with 3-nitrophthalic acid. First, hydrazine (N2H4) is heated with the 3-nitrophthalic acid in a high-boiling solvent such as triethylene glycol and glycerol. An acyl substitution condensation reaction occurs, with loss of water, forming 3-nitrophthalhydrazide. Reduction of the nitro group to an amino group with sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), via a transient hydroxylamine intermediate, produces luminol.

The compound was first synthesized in Germany in 1902, See:
 * Aloys Josef Schmitz, "Ueber das Hydrazid der Trimesinsäure und der Hemimellithsäure" (On the hydrazide of trimesic acid [1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid] and of hemimellitic acid [1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid]), Inaugural Dissertation,  Heidelberg University, 1902; pp. 17, 39–43.  Schmitz calls luminol "1-amino-2,3-phtalsäurehydrazid".
 * Note: Gill states that luminol was prepared as early as 1853.  See:  Steven K. Gill (1983) "New developments in chemiluminescence research," Aldrichimica Acta 16 (3) : 59–61; has footnote 2 on p. 60.  Available at:  Aldrichimica Acta .  However, the sources Gill cites don't mention the preparation of luminol before 1902.  Gill probably confused luminol with lophine (2,4,5-triphenyl-1H -imidazole), which the sources he cites do mention. Lophine is also chemiluminescent, and was first prepared in 1844 by Auguste Laurent. (See:  Auguste Laurent (1844) "Sur un nouvel alcali organique, la lophine" (On a new organic alkali, lophine), Revue scientifique et industrielle, 18: 272–278.)  The chemiluminescence of lophine was first observed by:  Radziszewski, Bronisław L. (1877) "Untersuchungen über Hydrobenzamid, Amarin und Lophin"  (Investigations of hydrobenzamide, amarine, and lophine), Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 10 : 70–75.  In 1853, Ludwig Teichmann developed a test for blood, but it did not rely on chemiluminescence.  See:  L Teichmann (1853) "Ueber die Krystallisation der organischen Bestandtheile des Bluts" (On the crystallization of the organic components of blood), Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, new series, 3 : 375–388. but was not named "luminol" until 1934.

Chemiluminescence
To exhibit its luminescence, the luminol must be activated with an oxidant. Usually, a solution containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxide ions in water is the activator. In the presence of a catalyst such as an iron or periodate compound, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form oxygen and water:

 * 2 H2O2 → + 2 H2O
 * H2O2 + KIO4 → KIO3 + O2 + H2O

Laboratory settings often use potassium ferricyanide or potassium periodate for the catalyst. In the forensic detection of blood, the catalyst is the iron present in hemoglobin. Enzymes in a variety of biological systems may also catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

The exact mechanism of luminol chemiluminescence is a complex multi-step reaction, especially in aqueous conditions. A recent theoretical investigation has been able to elucidate the reaction cascade as shown below. Luminol is first deprotonated in basic conditions, then oxidized to the anionic radical. Which in turn has two paths available to give the key intermediate α-hydroxy- peroxide. After cyclization to the endoperoxide, the mono-anion will undergo decomposition without luminescence, if the pH is too low (< 8.2) for a second deprotonation. The endoperoxide dianion, however can give the retro-Diels-Alder product: 1,2-dioxane-3,6-dione dianion. And after chemiexcitation by two single-electron-transfers (SET) gives 3-aminophthalate dianion in its first singlet excited-state (S1). This highly instable molecule relaxes to the ground state, thereby emitting light of around 425 nm wavelength (purple-blue), the so-called chemiluminescence.

History
In 1928, German chemist H. O. Albrecht found that blood, among other substances, enhanced the luminescence of luminol in an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. In 1936, Karl Gleu and Karl Pfannstiel confirmed this enhancement in the presence of haematin, a component of blood. In 1937, German forensic scientist Walter Specht made extensive studies of luminol's application to the detection of blood at crime scenes. In 1939, San Francisco pathologists Frederick Proescher and A. M. Moody made three important observations about luminol:
 * 1) although the test is presumptive, large areas of suspected material can be examined rapidly;
 * 2) dried and decomposed blood gave a stronger and more lasting reaction than fresh blood; and
 * 3) if the luminescence disappears, it may be reproduced by the application of a fresh luminol-hydrogen peroxide solution; dried bloodstains may thus be made luminescent repeatedly.

Theory
Crime scene investigators use luminol to find traces of blood, even if someone has cleaned or removed it. The investigator sprays a solution of luminol and the oxidant. The iron in blood catalyses the luminescence. The amount of catalyst necessary to cause the reaction is very small relative to the amount of luminol, allowing detection of even trace amounts of blood. The blue glow lasts for about 30 seconds per application. Detecting the glow requires a fairly dark room. Any glow detected may be documented by a long-exposure photograph.

Drawbacks
Luminol's use in a crime scene investigation is somewhat hampered by the fact that it reacts to iron- and copper-containing compounds, bleaches, horseradish, fecal matter, or cigarette smoke residue. Application of luminol to a piece of evidence may prevent other tests from being performed on it; however DNA has been successfully extracted from samples exposed to luminol.

Related molecules
C8H7N3O2 – MW: 177.16 λabs (in 0.1 N NaOH) λmax 1 : 347 nm & λmax 2 : 300 nm; EC (at λmax 1): 7650 L/mol × cm λabs / λem (MeOH): 355/413 nm C8H6N3O2Na – MW: 199.12 C8H6N3O2Na – MW: 217.16 C8H7N3O2 · HCl MW: 213.62 C8H7N3O2 – MW: 117.16 (Xi) C8H7N3O2 – MW: 195.15
 * Luminol: 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4 ; 3-amino-phthalhydrazide ; 1,4-phthalazinedione, 5-amino-2,3-dihydro ; CAS: [521-31-3]
 * Luminol, sodium salt: sodium 3-amino-phthalhydrazide; CAS: [20666-12-0]
 * Luminol hemihydrate: a hydrate of sodium 3-amino-phthalhydrazide; CAS: [206658-90-4]
 * Luminol hydrochloride: 3-amino-phthalhydrazide hydrochloride; CAS: [74165-64-3]
 * Isoluminol: 4-aminophthalhydrazide; CAS: [3682-14-1]
 * Isoluminol monohydrate: 4-aminophthalhydrazide monohydrate
 * Isoluminol ABEI: 4-aminophthalhydrazide monohydrate; CAS: [66612-29-1]

title: Luminol