text:
Alan Coren

Alan Coren (27 June 1938 – 18 October 2007) was an English humourist, writer and satirist who was a regular panellist on the BBC radio quiz The News Quiz and a team captain on BBC television's Call My Bluff. Coren was also a journalist, and for almost a decade was the editor of Punch magazine.

Early life and education
Alan Coren was born into an Orthodox Jewish family in East Barnet, Hertfordshire, in 1938, the son of builder and plumber Samuel Coren and his wife Martha, a hairdresser. In the introduction to Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks: The Essential Alan Coren, Giles and Victoria Coren conclude that Samuel Coren was "an odd job man really" and had also apparently been a debt collector.

Coren was educated at Osidge Primary School and East Barnet Grammar School. Having gained a scholarship, he studied English at Wadham College, Oxford. He graduated from the University of Oxford with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1960: as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. Having won a Harkness Fellowship, he then studied for a doctorate in modern American literature at Yale University and the University of California, Berkeley. He did not complete his PhD.

Life and career
Coren considered an academic career but instead decided to become a writer and journalist. In his later life he distanced himself from his Jewish heritage, being 'slightly embarrassed'.

He began this career by selling articles to Punch and was later offered a full-time job there. At this time he also wrote for The New Yorker.

Magazine editorships
In 1966, he became Punch's literary editor, becoming deputy editor in 1969 and editor in 1977. He remained as editor until 1987 when the circulation began to decline.

During the week in which he took over the editorship, The Jewish Chronicle published a profile of him. His response was to rush around the office, waving a copy of the relevant edition, saying: "This is ridiculous – I haven't been Jewish for years!"

When Coren left Punch in 1987, he became editor of The Listener, continuing in that role until 1989.

Columns
From 1971 to 1978, Coren wrote a television review column for The Times.

From 1972 to 1976 he wrote a humorous column for the Daily Mail. He also wrote for The Observer, Tatler and The Times.

From 1984, Coren worked as a television critic for The Mail on Sunday until he moved as a humorous columnist to the Sunday Express, which he left in 1996. In 1989, he began to contribute a column in The Times, which continued for the rest of his life.

Broadcasting
Coren began his broadcasting career in 1977. He was invited to be one of the regular panellists on BBC Radio 4's new satirical quiz show, The News Quiz. He continued on The News Quiz until the year he died.

From 1996 to 2004 he was one of two team captains on the UK panel game Call My Bluff.

Scriptwriting
In 1978 he wrote The Losers, an unsuccessful sitcom about a wrestling promoter starring Leonard Rossiter and Alfred Molina.

Books
Coren published about twenty books during his life, many of which were collections of his newspaper columns, such as Golfing for Cats and The Cricklewood Diet.

From 1976 to 1983, he wrote the Arthur series of children's books.

One of his most successful books, The Collected Bulletins of Idi Amin (a collection of his Punch articles about Amin) was rejected for publication in the United States on the grounds of racial sensitivity. These Bulletins were later made into a comedy album, The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin with the actor John Bird. After the Tanzanian capture of Kampala in 1979 the American journalist Art Barrett discovered a copy of Coren's book on Idi Amin's bedside table.

Coren's other books include The Dog It Was That Died (1965), The Sanity Inspector (1974), All Except The Bastard (1978), The Lady from Stalingrad Mansions (1978), The Rhinestone as Big as the Ritz (1979), Tissues for Men (1981), Bumf (1984), Seems Like Old Times: a Year in the Life of Alan Coren (1989), More Like Old Times (1990), A Year in Cricklewood (1991), Toujours Cricklewood? (1993), Alan Coren's Sunday Best (1993), A Bit on the Side (1995), Alan Coren Omnibus (1996), The Cricklewood Dome (1998), The Cricklewood Tapestry (2002) and Waiting for Jeffrey (2002). Coren's final book, 69 For One, was published late in 2007.

Honours

In 1973, Coren became the Rector of the University of St Andrews, after John Cleese. He held the position until 1976.

Later years
In May 2006, Coren was bitten by an insect that gave him septicaemia, which led to his developing necrotising fasciitis.

Death
Coren died from lung cancer in 2007 at his home in north London. His body was buried at Hampstead Cemetery in north London. He was survived by his wife Anne (née Kasriel), a consultant at Moorfields Eye Hospital, whom he had married in 1963, and their two children, Giles and Victoria, who are both journalists. Coren's cousin Michael Coren, who emigrated to Canada to become a journalist, credited him with much help.

An anthology of his writings, called The Essential Alan Coren – Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks and edited by his children, was published on 2 October 2008.

Coren is commemorated by a short road named Alan Coren Close, Cricklewood, London NW2 6GL.

title: Alan Coren


text:
User talk:OneVoice

Notes to other Wikipedians
Hello, nice to met you.

Please add new material at the bottom, in the section labeled New Material. Feel free to add subsections there if you wish.

I delete material from this page from time to time. The material is not lost. Its kept in the page history. When a discussion concludes and is acted upon or some material no longer serves a purpose for me....well, then its just clutter and I remove it. Please dont be insulted if I remove your words....its not meant as an insult to you or a devaluation of your comments...rather there is comparatively little that anyone writes that merits retention for prolonged periods.

Proposed format for Peace Plan Articles
Hi, I think your proposed draft of the Saudi peace plan is a good model for other such articles, with a few reservations, which are explained on the talk page. No-One Jones (talk) 01:29, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Current Events
No problem. You're the one who deserves the thanks for posting a current news story. :) --Dante Alighieri 20:13, 8 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Soul Kitch
If you look at Soul Kitch's contributions [Special:Contributions&limit=500&offset=0&target=soul%2520kitch] you will see that he appears to be sock puppet/troll who simply appeared for a brief moment to cause mischief. His comments on Talk:Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 2004 were inane. If we have a vote, let's have a vote among real users. -- Viajero 11:15, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

On a somewhat related note, I've taken the liberty of moving the comment you left on User:Soul Kitch to User talk:Soul kitch. Note the real username has a lowercase 'k', so that user wouldn't see your comment where you left it. As I've moved the comment, I'll delete the User page (for the non existent Kapital K user). Don't ya just love case sensitivity? :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:21, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I also note that since I moved it, someone appears to have altered it. I don't know if that was you or if it was someone else, but you might like to check, as it may be that someone is trying to make it appear that you said things you didn't say. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 00:47, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Viajero is deleting all contributions by Soul kitch...
 * No, he's just moving them to his talk page because he feels they are not appropriate to the page he is posting them to.

I do not understand the seemingly personal animus that Viajero has against this person.
 * You should ask Viajero about that. I expect he thinks this person is not contributing to the discussion in good faith, and is therefore using the technique of returning their contributions to them. This is often done to prevent one user being disruptive. See, for example, the movement of The Fellowship of the Troll's text back to his page by Tim Starling and others.

is there some history here that I am not aware of? OneVoice 19:51, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Check the user's contributions. I know no more than that will tell you. Angela. 23:18, Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

Terrorism/ Violence against Israelis
Please refrain from engaging in the revert war over the redirect at Terrorism against Israelis. The matter is in discussion at the talk page of Violence against Israelis and that's the place to sort out what the article should be called. If you revert again prior to the matter being resolved by discussion I'll protect the page so resolution can happen through consensus rather than a revert war. Jamesday 16:35, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * And I see that User:Ed Poor protected it before I did. Jamesday 16:43, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The best I can say is that the way to resolve things is to use discussion and seek the assistance of others to discuss things on the talk page. There are plenty of disputed articles or peer review mechanisms to use so I suggest using them to obtain the assistance of parties you believe to be more neutral. I have views on using the word terrorism or not (and those vary depending on the case) but there's one near-certainty in this wiki: using edit and revert repeatedly is a way to make losing in any dispute more likely, because people react negatively to those things. Discussing reasonably is the more likely route to success. On the use of terrorism in the article title I think you won't be able to prevail because you'll face opposition from those who want the article to include attacks which are less obviously terrorist (are attacks on border posts terrorist? How many civilians killed were in the Israeli reserve forces and hence arguably military targets are two issues you'd have to deal with). IMO you'll have more success and the Wikipedia will be better if violent incidents of both sides are listed together, so people can see more of the picture and neither side is likely to argue so much. However, it's up to you to choose which course you want to take, even though I think I've outlined the one which is likely to be most productive and less frustrating for you... the facts are sufficent to do all required condemning, IMO. That's the route I took when I described IRA activities as "operations" and proceeded to list the casualties in the most notable of them. Few people react well to casualty lists which include children, regardless of what you label the act.:) Jamesday 20:59, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Amin al-Husseini
Yes, I'm very sorry that I haven't been able to get around to merging the two articles. I'll get around to it eventually, in the mean time you can always merge them youreslf. --Alex S 22:41, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

WP:AIC
I would like to formally invite you to join others at Wikiproject_Arab-Israeli_conflict to work with us toward resolving issues that have arisen and resulted in edit wars here at Wikipedia. Also, I would like to formally request that you agree, along with the rest of us, to refrain from editting each of the articles that are listed as currently under protection or subject to edit wars on that page till the issues regarding that particular article have been resolved and we have removed that article from the currently under protection or subject to edit wars list. OneVoice 15:48, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I truly appreciate your candor in your invitations to open dialogue. However I disagree with your pledge, and the premise that you (or anyone) is in some position to dictate terms without discussion. But I understand that you simply wanted to start discussion on the groundrules right away. I do have the same reservations as James, with the addition reservation that protected page policy cant be modified to suit one Wikiproject. It works the same in all cases quite well. We can be more formal about how we go about it, and that I will agree to, when we discuss it.-戴&#30505sv 22:11, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ive been busy. I hate to say it, but you may have a legitimate grievance - you should take it to the Mailing lists (the Wiken-l list). Also, you should continue to be patient, and to work on the important thing right now, (which I wish I could do now) which is the WP:AIC - organizing articles, that we can "collaborate" on 1. renaming (so many of them are poorly named) and 2. refactoring them - daunting perhaps. People have been wanting to do exactly this for a long time, and it requires a centralized place to work with. -戴&#30505sv 20:31, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Muhammed al-Dura
Everyone, parent or no, is saddened by seeing children gunned down, yes; but the sad truth is that his death became a source of yet more strife, with Palestinians holding him up as a martyr and both sides trying to blame the other for his death. Therefore I thought that his nationality was, unfortunately, a relevant fact. --No-One Jones 20:51, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Oberammergau
I removed the Oberammagau reference because it said "...anti-semitic in that it blames the Jews for the death of Jesus". The Gospels (best records we have on the subject) clearly record that the Jewish authorities had at least some part in Jesus' death. I have real trouble when a piece of work is accused of Anti-semitism just because it retells history. Now if the play overemphasises the part of the Jewish people, that's another matter, but it's not what you wrote. DJ Clayworth 22:50, 28 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Antimesitim in the accusion that Jews are the murderers of Jesus lies not in the question whether the some Jews took part in the crucifixion of Jesus by Pontius Pilatus but in the blaming of all Jews in all generations for that event. This is the religious antisemitism that states that all Jews, including those living 2000 years after the affair, are guilty and are the "murderers of God". MathKnight 21:26, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Multiple Accounts per User
Wikipedia doesn't have a policy against multiple-user accounts, as far as I know. Secretlondon 21:39, Feb 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * No, there is a policy against it. I forget where.
 * OV, I'd like you to work on the /boilerplate subpage for WP:AIC - and use that instead of the one youre using, which prejudices the invitiation with an unnecessary stipulation. Thanks. -戴&#30505sv 03:05, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Infiltration
I agree that Infiltration is not the right term to use. Its pejorative - and to say "its not necessarily pejorative" is like saying the words "f*** me" arent "necessarily" sexual harrassment --because that could be said in different contexts. In the context of pro-Israeli's characterization of Palestinian re-immigration to lands they had just been forceably evicted from --the term is unquestionably pejorative if not entirely racist. As for Viajero not apparently following protocol in protecting the page, I have to suggest you take it to the mailing list - or the mediation boards. I dont have time to deal with it. As this seems to continue, I will assume for the moment that others let it continue, due that you have lost some good will in the community - otherwise, you would have more power. The best way to make friends, is to be honest, sincere, forthright, knowlegeable, and eager to help others with consensus. If you have demonstrated hostility or deception towards your neighbors, it will bear ill for your case against Vj and Zero. If your cause is one which seeks to promote hostily toward fellow Wikipedians, then you will lose respect, and any complaints you make to the list will tend to be dishonored. Its a catch-22 - the only way out is to abandon rhetorical terms you may be used to, and give respect where it is due, namely to every human being you meet, until they do something (personally) to lose that. If you have a case against Viajero, and your personal capital is sound, then there will be little delay in admonishing Viajero for violating protocol, if he has done as you say. -S 20:18, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, first of all your claiming that the term "infiltration" refers only to a migration of vandals, while people coming in to try to reclaim their lands were something else. You dont say which are called what - or what are called who - and you give no reasonable way of distinguishing between the two.  You prove my point - that the term "Palestinian infiltration" was a very real term - but just a term, not a phenomenon - a term used to pejoratively describe the quite natural actions of human beings in attempt to reclaim stolen property. Once we accept the term of infiltration, no doubt we are supposed to forget your claim that there would be distinctions for who the term applies. If you want, add a subsection on vandalism and malfeasance (resistance, maybe) to the article. The one-sided view of history will always yield the kind of analysis that you gave.

 * Stevertigo, infiltration applies to both activities per the definition of the term, just as trespass in the example I provided on your talk page. I said we could have two pages one on infiltration for the purpose of immigration and  use immigration in the title of that page, and a second page with infiltration in the title. Infiltration is not "pejorative", just as trespass is not "pejorative".  It is a defined term. There are several uses of the term infiltration but all involve moving across a boundry with the immediate goal of not being detected.  Certain people and organization spend considerable  effort on learning how to do this well. It is a skill....just as shooting a rifle well is a skill....regardless of whether one is shooting targets, tin cans, animals or people.  It is a skill....this is value-neutral.

 * Secondly, you use the term "illegal" as if it had any merit. It has no merit when it comes from a state which legalized theft, and spoke openly of the "transfer" of Palestinians out of Palestine. If you knock it off with the attempt at using terms straight out of biased and one-sided propaganda, you might have a case. I have no interest in using such loaded terms, including "terrorism" which in reality means "violence against us" - our violence against them is "justified" and "defending country." Do you see that as the world gets smaller, these views grow more and more absurd?

 * "a state which legalized theft"....wow...that is pretty POV and as far as I am aware not very widely accepted POV. Illegal acts are those defined by the government as such....different governments define different acts as illegal.  The UN MAC, as far as I know, considered the movement of people across the armistice lines without authorization from the governments to be illegal and a violation of the armistice terms...I may be mistaken here, but I dont think that I am.

 * You say "terrorism" means "violence against us"????? September 11th was certainly violence against the people in the towers, the people in the planes and self-directed violence against the hijackers (can we use the term "hijackers"?).  It was terrorism.  If you disagree with this please let me know.

 * Finkelstein - an impeccable voice -- claims that Morris deserves some credit, but in fact gives a watered-down dolled-up view of history, in an attempt to moderate between the truth and the standard ethnocentric view. I see this kind of quasi-truthful history with regard to US issues as well. While I have no direct knowledge of Morris' writings, if he seems bound and tied to preserve rhetorical terminology that originally by any objective POV would be seen as a pejorative, I certainly might start with Finkelsteins logical and well-reasoned cautions in looking at Morris's work.  If I had time that is. --Respectfully, S 01:25, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Finkelstein (Norman, I assume) is human...therefore not impeccable. He is capable of error and perhaps even prone to error...just like all humans. If you disagree with this, then I dont know what to say and will remain silent...this is not an ultimatum rather that I dont know how to speak to a person that believes that any human (human, not divine, dodging all Christian issues here) is impeccable (without fault or error, not capable of sin ).

 * Perhaps I should pause and give you a chance to respond. OneVoice 19:22, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, noone is perfect, and indeed it's not useful to get into matters of taste. Certainly Morris is no slouch, and a valid source even if Finkelstein otherwise considers him "pretty much a thug." As for what is divine, we can perhaps agree that truth and truthfullness are divine, at least where humans can come close to it. (This is a good part of what "Christian" principles in fact mean, BTW, regardless of what the dogmatists say.)- S   00:42, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Allergic reactions
LOL - yes, and like rhythmic footsteps on a suspesion bridge, it becomes exponentially worse. Consider that its just as bad for the other "side" as well. The only thing to do is to cool off, and try to look at it from a new angle, albeit without capitulating if you have a valid point. I think thats what youve been doing. Things can get heated, certainly, as you know - its best to just keep your own stress and insulin levels within normal paramteters. You calm down, others calm down, WP becomes enjoyable - even in debates.

 * That would be nice ;)

You say "terrorism" means "violence against us"????? September 11th was certainly violence against the people in the towers, the people in the planes and self-directed violence against the hijackers (can we use the term "hijackers"?). It was terrorism. If you disagree with this please let me know.

Let me answer that this way: Shortly after 911, Bush called the victims "innocent civilians." Later, in pumping up his wartalk, he called them "the first soldiers to die in the War" against Terror." Now, correct me if I'm using English properly - but an "innocent civilian" and a "soldier" are two different things. If they were "soldiers", then 911 was a military attack, against a miltary target. If they were "innocent civilians" then that's what is called "terrorism." Unfortunately, that term, too is only a one-sided view. -  S   22:04, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Stevertigo...this response concerning "terrorism" doesn't answer the question...it seems to give the question a wide berth, one large enough to involve George W Bush. Come let's be frank with each other.  In my opinion the attack on the World Trade Center was terrorism against the people in the towers, the crew on the airplanes and the passengers with the exception of the perpetrators.  The perpetrators were terrorists. They also committed acts of self-directed violence.  I believe that this view is widely held. What do you say?  What is your opinion/understanding of the matter?

 * By the way what of infiltration? OneVoice 22:16, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I apologise for being so short. Let us agree that "terrorism" is a political term, usually applied to the violence of others. On the other hand, violence by "our side" is glorified, regardless of what it is. This is the point well-made in Bowling for Columbine. The world isnt quite as "good versus evil" as they want us to think, and in fact, to come right down to it —they dont want us to think at all. Perhaps better said: they don't think very much, and assume others should do the same. Your friend, - S   05:38, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Stevertigo, as I understand language, and I am neither a linguist nor a expert of any sort regarding language (a single philosophy of language class at University and some additional reading does not an expert make), terms are added to languages to express ideas, actions, items, (not an exhaustive list) that are distinct enough in their charactersitics from other ideas (etc.) that people need to be able to identify them without using long descriptive phrases...in a sense words are an agreed upon cipher. We talk about "male" and "female" when the distinction is important enough to the material at hand that using "human" does not answer.

 * I do not agree that "terrorism" is strictly a political term. Terrorism like many other terms are often used in politics to obscure or convince rather than to inform, such it seems is the nature of that beast. Nor do I agree that "our side" never engages in "terrorism".  There are a set of behaviors that are different enough that a distinct term was created to refer to them, and that term is "terrorism".  A "simple" ;) example.  Were I to shoot a person at the entrance to a bank using a rifle from a distance and not visible to the victim or others, say sitting in an unilluminated room far back from the window, that would be murder.  If I was to do the same act repeatedly, that would be serial murder.  If I was to do it while making monetary demands, it would be blackmail.  While making political demands, it would be terrorism.  This is in regard to naming the act.  The effect of several of these acts would be to terrorize the local population...sometimes there is an asymmetry between the name of the act and the name of the effect.  Your thoughts please.

 * Oh and lets not forget infiltration ;) OneVoice 14:07, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

OV, I agree with what Danny says below, and your response to it gives us (the community) two possibilities, 1: You're young, dont know what you are talking about, and ask that we all be patient with you while you pick up speed, or 2:Your just here to waste people's time. If its the first one, then that's pretty forgivable. If the second, I hope that someday you and people like you might come to realise how dishonorable a goal that is. But I prefer to think that it's the first one.

As for all your above points, (which I completely missed -- you used the typical newbie -interject- form for your responses... sign each entry, and initial -SV, each of the persons your chopping up, if you do that.) ...I will not repeat what's been better said elsewhere... Your Assignment: Check out Hegemony or Survival from your college library, and we can discuss some of the issues that you disagree with there point by point. Why? If you have factual disputes with the book, it may be a source for a project thesis, after all, Norm Finkelstein built a career out of debunking a pro-Israeli book, maybe you can come up with something against Chomsky. Nobody has - people accuse him of being anythng from "anti-Semitic" to "moralisic" but they always fail on the facts. The only remotely valid critique of him I've seen is "supporting Pol Pot" before the Cambodian Killing fields were known, and even this attack is flooded with fabrications, personal attacks, and moral-relativism ("in context of this situation..."). I eagerly await your critique of the first chapeter of H/S. :) - S   22:21, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

unprotected pages
Articles should be protected as briefly as possible. The items I de-protected had been protected for over a week. That should be enough time for people to cool off and come at the dispute with more perspective. If not, then the articles will be re-protected - but we have to give the articles a chance again. Other people might come along and want to help. They should not be prevented from editing. Kingturtle 03:07, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

You asked to know what it is about the Timeline of Anti-Semitism page that angers me. I will tell you. First of all, the study of anti-Semitism is my profession. I work in the Education Department of a museum devoted to teaching the Shoah. It is a field I know intimately, and I work with some of the leading authorities in the field of Jewish history on a day to day basis. I therefore resent what Salo Baron describes as a "lachrymous approach to Jewish history." You, Humus Sapiens, RK, and a handful of others are busy listing "facts" about how the goyim wanna kill us. You present a philosophy of Jewish life which is defined by persecution, and you actually distort historical events to do this. The result is an Us vs. Them mentality which informs all other contributions that you are making to the encyclopedia--the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a case in point. On a much broader, philosophical level, however, I think you are doing even more damage to the cause of fostering Jewish identity in that you are letting that identity be defined by the other, in this case supposed persecutors. In other words, you are not Jewish because of the rich heritage of the Jewish people (whether it is expressed Torah, ethics, culture, the arts, science, etc.), but seemingly because outsiders tell you that you are a Jew and you have externalized that, with all the negative connotations therein. If I may remind you, when Balaam said Am levadad yishkon he meant it as a curse. In brief, I reject the inherent insinuations of that article: "Be Jewish, because that way you can get the shit beaten out of you." Hardly a source of pride. More likely a source of paranoia. Oh, and it wouldn't hurt if you guys spent a little time reading up on the history. There's a lot more to it than a bunch of Aish HaTorah websites, which is a good thing, because frankly, the people that put them out are a bunch of am haratzim. Gut Shabbes. Danny 16:16, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

You need to go to the page and vote regarding the changes some are trying to make there.

Misc
Do you know exactly what "copyedits" mean? (it is usually written in a description of one edition of Wiki article) MathKnight 17:27, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Is anti-Semitism actually real?
Are Nazi's and the KKK really anti-Semitic, or is that just a Zionist/Jew claim? Once again we have someone making the outrageous claim that any use of the word "anti-Semitic" is a POV violation, and that the Nazis and KKK are not really anti-Semitic. For some time we have had trouble with articles on the Anti-Defamation League, Jew and Holocaust denial, with people repeatedly rewriting these articles to make proven instances of anti-Semitism out to be merely Jew accusations. Fortunately these edits have been fought back each time. But we again have a problem with someone damaging the Anti-Defamation League article. I thought that this might be of some interest. As far as I can tell, this is not about NPOV policy; this is about someone trying to whitewash Nazis, the KKK, people who spread the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, etc. This is about someone's agenda to whitewash anti-Semitism, and make it look like those silly Jews are just whining about things which probably aren't real. RK 02:56, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

Vote: Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis
See Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis. Thank you. IZAK 12:00, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Support
See Requests for comment/IZAK. Thank you. IZAK 03:18, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

israel's border wars
Hello. I deduce from your edits that you may be in possession of Morris's book. I am currently looking for an information about the creation of Unit 101 to check an hypothesis made by Benziman. According to that last one, Sharon provocated deliberately incident in 1952 (which seems to be a fact) but in order to convince (or force) Ben Gourion and Dayan to set up Unit 101. From what I know, he has been asked to set-up this unit and do not push for this. I asked Morris by email and he told me the information was in his book. I would be very grateful to you if you could indicate to me what Morris writes about these events in his book and in definitive what was the real involvment of Sharon in the *decision* (not the formation) to create the unit. Thanks a lot ! User:ChrisC

A page you started (False messiah) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating False messiah, OneVoice!

Wikipedia editor Alpha Monarch just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"I've reviewed this page, It has been so long time without a review."

To reply, leave a comment on Alpha Monarch's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia Wars and the Israel-Palestine conflict...please fill out my survey?
Hello :) I am writing my MA dissertation on Wikipedia Wars and the Israel-Palestine conflict, and I noticed that you have contributed to those pages. My dissertation will look at the process of collaborative knowledge production on the Israel-Palestine conflict, and the effect it has on bias in the articles. This will involve understanding the profiles and motivations of editors, contention/controversy and dispute resolution in the talk pages, and bias in the final article. For more information, you can check out my meta-wiki research page or my user page, where I will be posting my findings when I am done. I would greatly appreciate if you could take 5 minutes to fill out this quick survey before 8 August 2021.

Participation in this survey is entirely voluntary and anonymous. There are no foreseeable risks nor benefits to you associated with this project. Thanks so much,

Sarah Sanbar

Sarabnas I'm researching Wikipedia Questions? 16:12, 24 July 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:OneVoice


text:
2 Fast 2 Furious

2 Fast 2 Furious is a 2003 action film directed by John Singleton from a screenplay by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, based on a story by Brandt, Haas, and Gary Scott Thompson. It is the sequel to The Fast and the Furious (2001) and the second installment in the Fast & Furious franchise. The film stars Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner alongside Tyrese Gibson, Eva Mendes, Cole Hauser, Chris "Ludacris" Bridges, and James Remar. In the film, ex-LAPD officer Brian O'Conner and his ex-con friend Roman Pearce (Gibson) go transport a shipment of "dirty" money for shady Miami-based import-export dealer Carter Verone (Hauser) while secretly working with undercover agent Monica Fuentes (Mendes) to bring Verone down.

A second Fast & Furious film was planned after the box office success of its predecessor in 2001, and was confirmed with the returns of Walker and producer Neal H. Moritz. Vin Diesel and Rob Cohen, the co-star and director of the first film, were unable to return; Gibson and Singleton joined the cast in their absence in 2002. To canonically account for Diesel's departure, the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) was produced and released. Principal photography for 2 Fast 2 Furious commenced in September 2002 and lasted until that December, with filming locations including Miami and the surrounding areas in southern Florida.

2 Fast 2 Furious premiered at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles on June 3, 2003, and was released in the United States on June 6, by Universal Pictures. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics and grossed $236.4 million worldwide. A standalone sequel, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, was released in 2006. 2 Fast 2 Furious is the only main film in the Fast & Furious franchise without Vin Diesel in the role of Dominic Toretto. Paul Walker and Thom Barry were the only two cast members to have returned from the first film.

Plot
Ex-LAPD officer Brian O'Conner has escaped to Miami and is in hiding, after aiding wanted felon Dominic Toretto in LA escape from authorities, making a living by street racing in events organized by his friend, mechanic Tej Parker. Brian is arrested following a race, but his former boss, FBI Special Agent Bilkins and Customs Enforcement Agent Markham offers a deal to clear his record in exchange for going undercover to help arrest drug lord Carter Verone. Brian agrees on the condition he choose his partner, deciding on his estranged childhood friend Roman Pearce. Initially, Roman distrusts Brian for being a cop and not preventing his own prior arrest, but nonetheless agrees to the same record-clearing deal.

Back in Miami, Customs Agent Monica Fuentes, who is undercover working for Verone, gets them an audience. After a test in which Brian and Roman beat six other drivers to retrieve a package from Verone's car in an impound lot, they get a job to bring a package to Verone in the Florida Keys. During the test, Markham believes they are fleeing, and nearly compromises their cover by meeting them at the lot. To prevent Markham from undermining the next job, Brian and Roman acquire a 1969 Yenko Camaro SYC and 1970 Dodge Challenger R/T in a pink slip race from two of the drivers who lost Verone's test.

At a nightclub, Verone tortures corrupt MPD Detective Whitworth into giving the men a window to make their getaway. Verone then threatens Monica, whom he saw speaking affectionately to Brian earlier at the club. Brian and Roman revisit Tej and his crew, and they arrange a diversion during their drive to the Keys. One morning, Brian wakes up to find Monica in his house. She warns him that Verone intends to kill them once the drop is complete. Enrique and Roberto arrive, looking for her, and a confrontation ensues before Verone arrives to defuse the situation, with Monica escaping beforehand.

On the day of the job, Brian and Roman split the money between their cars and leave. Whitworth eventually sends in the Miami police department, and a chase ensues. The pair lead the police to a warehouse where a scramble organized by Tej causes chaos. Brian and Roman elude the police in the muscle cars, while Tej and Suki, another street racer, are detained driving the GPS-tagged vehicles to lead the cops away. As Brian approaches the airfield, Enrique orders him to detour to a marina. At the same time, Roman ejects Roberto from his car with an improvised ejector seat using nitrous oxide. At the airfield, Customs surround the plane but realize they have been duped. At the marina, Verone reveals he was aware he was under surveillance and gave Monica false information. Verone orders Brian killed, and Monica onto his private yacht, intending to use her as leverage. Before Enrique can kill Brian, Roman arrives, and the pair incapacitate him. Verone flees aboard the yacht, but is intercepted when Brian drives the Yenko off of a ramp and crashes into the deck. Brian, Roman, and Monica incapacitate and subdue Verone.

Their deal upheld, Markham clears Brian and Roman's record, and Roman hands over Verone's cash. Brian and Roman agree to stay in Miami, and they decide to open a garage together, funded by a cut of the cash they secretly kept for themselves.

Cast
• Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner: A former LAPD police officer who became a fugitive after letting Dominic Toretto escape in the previous film and has now settled in Miami. He drives a 1999 Nissan Skyline GTR R34 and a 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII.

• Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce: Brian's childhood friend who is on house arrest after serving time in prison, for which he still blames Brian. He drives a 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS.

• Eva Mendes as Monica Fuentes: A U.S. Customs agent working undercover as Carter Verone's aide and Brian's love interest.

• Cole Hauser as Carter Verone: A ruthless drug lord whose organization the Customs Service sent Monica and later Brian and Roman to infiltrate.

• Chris "Ludacris" Bridges as Tej Parker: A race host and a friend of Brian. He arranges high stakes street racing events.

• James Remar as Agent Markham: A U.S. customs agent in charge of the operation against Verone; Monica's superior.

• Devon Aoki as Suki: A friend of Brian, Tej, and Jimmy. She is the only named female racer in the movie, and her crew is made up entirely of women. She normally drives a hot pink custom Honda S2000.

• Thom Barry as Agent Bilkins: An FBI agent reprising his role from the first film. He acts as Brian's handler for his undercover operations.

• Edward Finlay as Agent Dunn: A U.S. Customs agent who is Markham's number two in the operation; replaced by Pearce as Brian's partner after demonstrating his ignorance of cars and racing.

• Mark Boone Junior as Detective Whitworth: A Miami detective who is forced by Verone to give Pearce and O'Conner a window to deliver his package.

• Mo Gallini as Enrique: Verone's bald henchman.

• Roberto Sanchez as Roberto: Verone's henchman and Enrique's partner.

• MC Jin as Jimmy: A mechanic who works for Tej and is a close friend of Brian.

• Amaury Nolasco as Orange Julius: A street racer who drives an orange Mazda RX-7.

• Michael Ealy as Slap Jack: A street racer who drives a gold Toyota Supra.

• John Cenatiempo as Korpi: A street racer who drives a 1969 Chevrolet Camaro Yenko S/C.

• Eric Etebari as Darden: Korpi's friend who drives a 1970 Dodge Challenger.

• Neal H. Moritz as a Police Officer: The film's producer, Moritz makes a cameo appearance as a police officer during a chase scene.

Development
Plans to make a sequel came about after the box office success of The Fast and the Furious, which grossed over $200 million worldwide. John Singleton had seen the first film and was awed by it, saying: "When I saw The Fast and the Furious, I was like, 'Damn, why didn't I think of that?' Growing up in South Central L.A., we had street races all the time." Singleton's rave reaction of the film as well as the culture of street racing in general influenced his decision to direct the sequel. The director also claimed that the concept of street racing could be something young audiences can relate to.

The screenplay was written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, along with Gary Scott Thompson (the co-writer from the first film). There were two film treatments submitted early on, one of which did not involve Vin Diesel's character in the event the actor would not return for the sequel. Singleton credited Top Gun as a major influence for the film, particularly with regard to the action sequences.

Pre-production
Vin Diesel was offered $25 million to return in the sequel as Dominic Toretto. However, he refused after reading the screenplay as he felt that its potential was inferior compared to that of its predecessor; rather, he chose to appear in The Chronicles of Riddick instead. According to Variety magazine in 2015 he was less taken with what the screenwriters had in mind for the film, "They didn't take a Francis Ford Coppola approach to it. They approached it like they did sequels in the '80s and '90s, when they would drum up a new story unrelated for the most part, and slap the same name on it." However, Diesel reflected on his decision in a July 2014 report from Uproxx, saying: "I would've said, 'Don't walk away from it just because the script sucked in 2 Fast 2 Furious because there's an obligation to the audience to fight, no matter what, to make that film as good as possible.' ... I might have had a little bit more patience or belief in the long-term of it."

Paul Walker, who had just finished Timeline at the time, reprised his role in the second picture as Brian O'Conner. Tyrese Gibson, then known mononymously as Tyrese, also became a part of the cast having previously acted in Singleton's Baby Boy, which was the singer's feature film acting debut; he portrayed Roman Pearce. Ja Rule, another prominent rap artist who appeared in The Fast and the Furious, was originally tapped for the role of Tej Parker. Ja Rule was offered $500,000 for the role, which was more than what he had been paid to appear in The Fast and the Furious, $15,000. According to Singleton, "Ja got too big for himself. He turned it down. He turned down a half a million dollars. ... He was acting like he was too big to be in the sequel. He wouldn't return calls." Ja Rule later stated in an interview in 2021 that he was already obligated to go on tour at the time and had to make the decision: to take the half a million dollars for the second Fast and Furious film or thirteen to fourteen million dollars on tour.

The director then hired Chris "Ludacris" Bridges as a substitute. Bridges would later rise to prominence for appearing in the film and star in later films such as Crash and Hustle & Flow. Additional cast also included Cole Hauser as key villain Carter Verone, who appeared in Singleton's Higher Learning; Eva Mendes as undercover agent Monica Fuentes; and Devon Aoki as Suki, the sole female driver in the film.

Filming
Principal photography began in the fall of 2002, and Matthew F. Leonetti served as the director of photography. Filming was done mostly in various parts of South Florida such as Miami Beach, Seven Mile Bridge, and Homestead Air Reserve Base. Hauser's character's mansion was shot in Coral Gables, in a house owned by Sylvester Stallone. At Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, 2 Fast 2 Furious was filmed on one side, while Bad Boys II was filmed on the other side at the same time.

A car enthusiast himself, Walker drove a Nissan Skyline GT-R model R34 borrowed from the film's Technical Advisor, Craig Lieberman, in the film's opening scenes. Aoki did not have a driver's license or any driving experience prior to the film's production, and took driving lessons during filming; she drove a pink 2001 Honda S2000 AP1 in the film. Gibson drove a convertible Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder, while Michael Ealy drove a Toyota Supra Turbo MkIV model JZA80 that had been used by Walker in The Fast and the Furious.

Music
The musical score was composed by David Arnold. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 2003 on Def Jam Recordings, the same record label that Ludacris was signed to.

Release
2 Fast 2 Furious premiered at the Universal Amphitheatre on June 3, 2003. The short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious was released before select screenings and on special edition home releases of the first film. It was then released to theaters in the United States on June 6, 2003.

Home media
2 Fast 2 Furious was released on DVD and VHS on September 30, 2003. It was later released on Blu-ray on March 24, 2009 and 4K Ultra-HD on October 2, 2018.

Video game
A mobile game was released in 2004 by Digital Bridges.

Box office
2 Fast 2 Furious earned $52.1 million in its U.S. opening in 3,408 theaters, ranking first for the weekend above Finding Nemo. The film went on to score the fourth-highest June opening weekend, behind Batman Forever, Scooby-Doo and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. This was also one of three consecutive Universal films of 2003 to make an opening weekend above $50 million, with the others being Bruce Almighty and Hulk. Furthermore, the film suprassed Shaft to have the highest opening weekend for a John Singleton film and XXX to have the biggest opening weekend for a Neal H. Moritz film respectively. During its second weekend, it fell behind Finding Nemo, making $19.1 million. Throughout its 133 days in release, the film reached a peak release of 3,418 theaters in the U.S. and earned $127.2 million in domestically. The film had the 15th largest US gross of 2003 and the 16th largest worldwide gross of 2003; combined with the international gross of $109.2 million, the film earned $236.4 million worldwide.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, 2 Fast 2 Furious has an approval rating of 36% based on 162 reviews and an average rating of 4.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Beautiful people and beautiful cars in a movie that won't tax the brain cells." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on scale of A+ to F.

Todd McCarthy of Variety magazine wrote: "While this John Singleton-directed sequel provides a breezy enough joyride, it lacks the unassuming freshness and appealing neighborhood feel of the economy-priced original." Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club wrote: "Singleton abandons the underground racing subculture that gave the first film its allure, relying instead on lazy thriller plotting that's only a bag of donuts and a freeze-frame away from the average TV cop show." USA Today's Mike Clark gave film 2 out of 4, and wrote "The movie is all about racing, and character be damned, though the still dazed-looking Walker and Tyrese finally get a little rapport going after a worn-out story's very rocky start." He concludes "Lack of pretension helps the viewer get over the fact that this is just another retread." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 and said, "It doesn't have a brain in its head, but it's made with skill and style and, boy, it is fast and furious." In 2018, Derek Lawrence of the Entertainment Weekly called it "the forgotten Fast and Furious gem" and praised the chemistry between Walker and Gibson and John Singleton's direction. In 2019, Bilge Eberi of Vulture also praised the movie especially Singleton's direction.

In 2014, John Singleton said:"'It was awesome. The heads of the studio at the time were just like, just make it fun, make it cool, make it this gen. I didn't do all that techno music that they did in the first movie. I used nothing but Southern Hip Hop which was like the rage at the time. I just funked it up, I made it more multi-ethnic. They kind of followed the paradigm that I set up. What we're going to do here is Paul [Walker]'s character—God bless his soul — Paul Walker is going to be edgy. He's going to be more like a bad boy. That was the film where he was the star. That was the movie where he was the star of the picture because we didn't have Vin [Diesel]. It was a real fun experience.'"

Sequel
After failing to secure the returns of Diesel, Walker, or any other member of the original cast, Universal ordered a standalone sequel, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift. Moritz returned and hired director Justin Lin, who would go on to direct several subsequent installments in the series.

title: 2 Fast 2 Furious


text:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology

The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology is an English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill Education. The most recent edition in print is the eleventh edition, copyright 2012 (ISBN 9780071778343), comprising twenty volumes. The encyclopedia covers the life sciences and physical sciences, as well as engineering and technology topics.

There is also a one-volume McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology based on the full set. The sixth edition was published in May 2009 in twenty volumes including the "Index" (ISBN 9780071613668).

Further "Concise" editions for Chemistry or Engineering are available today.

The references work has been mentioned and reviewed too.


text:
Gallery Black Swan

Gallery Black Swan, a now-defunct surrealist gallery in Chicago, was the site of the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition. It later became the site of Michael Jordan's Restaurant.

title: Gallery Black Swan


text:
Biophotonics

The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies, such as fiber optics, the way electrons do in electronics.

Biophotonics can also be described as the "development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, to the study of biological molecules, cells and tissue". One of the main benefits of using the optical techniques which make up biophotonics is that they preserve the integrity of the biological cells being examined.

Biophotonics has therefore become the established general term for all techniques that deal with the interaction between biological items and photons. This refers to emission, detection, absorption, reflection, modification, and creation of radiation from biomolecular, cells, tissues, organisms, and biomaterials. Areas of application are life science, medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Similar to the differentiation between "electric" and "electronics," a difference can be made between applications such as therapy and surgery, which use light mainly to transfer energy, and applications such as diagnostics, which use light to excite matter and to transfer information back to the operator. In most cases, the term biophotonics refers to the latter type of application.

Applications
Biophotonics is an interdisciplinary field involving the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and biological materials including: tissues, cells, sub-cellular structures, and molecules in living organisms.

Recent biophotonics research has created new applications for clinical diagnostics and therapies involving fluids, cells, and tissues. These advances are allowing scientists and physicians opportunities for superior, non-invasive diagnostics for vascular and blood flow, as well as tools for better examination of skin lesions. In addition to new diagnostic tools, the advancements in biophotonics research have provided new photothermal, photodynamic, and tissue therapies.

Raman and FT-IR based diagnostics
Raman and FTIR spectroscopy can be applied in many different ways towards improved diagnostics. For example:

 * 1) Identifying bacterial and fungal infections
 * 2) Tissue tumor assessment in: skin, liver, bones, bladder etc.
 * 3) Identifying antibiotic resistances

Dermatology
By observing the numerous and complex interactions between light and biological materials, the field of biophotonics presents a unique set of diagnostic techniques that medical practitioners can utilize. Biophotonic imaging provides the field of dermatology with the only non-invasive technique available for diagnosing skin cancers. Traditional diagnostic procedures for skin cancers involve visual assessment and biopsy, but a new laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy technique allow dermatologists to compare spectrographs of a patient's skin with spectrographs known to correspond with malignant tissue. This provides doctors with earlier diagnosis and treatment options.

"Among optical techniques, an emerging imaging technology based on laser scanning, the optical coherence tomography or OCT imaging is considered to be a useful tool to differentiate healthy from malignant skin tissue". The information is immediately accessible and eliminates the need for skin excision. This also eliminates the need for the skin samples to be processed in a lab which reduces labor costs and processing time.

Furthermore, these optical imaging technologies can be used during traditional surgical procedures to determine the boundaries of lesions to ensure that the entirety of the diseased tissue is removed. This is accomplished by exposing nanoparticles that have been dyed with a fluorescing substance to the acceptable light photons. Nanoparticles that are functionalized with fluorescent dyes and marker proteins will congregate in a chosen tissue type. When the particles are exposed to wavelengths of light that correspond to the fluorescent dye, the unhealthy tissue glows. This allows for the attending surgeon to quickly visually identify boundaries between healthy and unhealthy tissue, resulting in less time on the operating table and higher patient recovery. "Using dielectrophoretic microarray devices, nanoparticles and DNA biomarkers were rapidly isolated and concentrated onto specific microscopic locations where they were easily detected by epifluorescent microscopy".

Optical tweezers
Optical tweezers (or traps) are scientific tools employed to maneuver microscopic particles such as atoms, DNA, bacteria, viruses, and other types of nanoparticles. They use the light's momentum to exert small forces on a sample. This technique allows for the organizing and sorting of cells, the tracking of the movement of bacteria, and the changing of cell structure

Laser micro-scalpel
Laser micro-scalpels are a combination of fluorescence microscopy and a femtosecond laser "can penetrate up to 250 micrometers into tissue and target single cells in 3-D space." The technology, which was patented by researchers at the University of Texas at Austin, means that surgeons can excise diseased or damaged cells without disturbing or damaging healthy surrounding cells in delicate surgeries involving areas such as the eyes and vocal chords.

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM)
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is an imaging technology that utilizes both laser technology and ultrasound technology. This dual imaging modality is far superior at imaging deep tissue and vascular tissues than previous imaging technologies. The improvement in resolution provides higher quality images of deep tissues and vascular systems, allowing non-invasive differentiation of cancerous tissues vs healthy tissue by observing such things as "water content, oxygen saturation level, and hemoglobin concentration". Researchers have also been able to use PAM to diagnose endometriosis in rats.

Low level laser therapy (LLLT)
Although low-level laser therapy's (LLLT) efficacy is somewhat controversial, the technology can be used to treat wounds by repairing tissue and preventing tissue death. However, more recent studies indicate that LLLT is more useful for reducing inflammation and assuaging chronic joint pain. In addition, it is believed that LLLT could possibly prove to be useful in the treatment of severe brain injury or trauma, stroke, and degenerative neurological diseases.

Photodynamic therapy (PT)
Photodynamic therapy (PT) uses photosynthesizing chemicals and oxygen to induce a cellular reaction to light. It can be used to kill cancer cells, treat acne, and reduce scarring. PT can also kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The technology provides treatment with little to no long-term side effects, is less invasive than surgery and can be repeated more often than radiation. Treatment is limited, however, to surfaces and organs that can be exposed to light, which eliminates deep tissue cancer treatments.

Photothermal therapy
Photothermal therapy most commonly uses nanoparticles made of a noble metal to convert light into heat. The nanoparticles are engineered to absorb light in the 700-1000 nm range, where the human body is optically transparent. When the particles are hit by light they heat up, disrupting or destroying the surrounding cells via hyperthermia. Because the light used does not interact with tissue directly, photothermal therapy has few long term side effects and it can be used to treat cancers deep within the body.

FRET
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, also known as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET in both cases) is the term given to the process where two excited "fluorophores" pass energy one to the other non-radiatively (i.e., without exchanging a photon). By carefully selecting the excitation of these fluorophores and detecting the emission, FRET has become one of the most widely used techniques in the field of biophotonics, giving scientists the chance to investigate sub-cellular environments.

Biofluorescence
Biofluorescence describes the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light and the sub sequential emission of photons at a lower energy level (S_1 excited state relaxes to S_0 ground state) by intrinsically fluorescent proteins or by synthetic fluorescent molecules covalently attached to a biomarker of interest. Biomarkers are molecules indicative or disease or distress and are a typically monitored systemically in a living organism, or by using an ex vivo tissue sample for microscopy, or in vitro: in the blood, urine, sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, aqueous humor, or sputum. Stimulating light excites an electron, raising energy to an unstable level. This instability is unfavorable, so the energized electron is returned to a stable state almost as immediately as it becomes unstable. The time delay between excitation and re-emission that occurs when returning to the stable ground state causes the photon that is re-emitted to be a different color (i.e. it relaxes to a lower energy and thus the photon emitted is at a shorter wavelength, as governed by the Plank-Einstein relation$$ E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}$$) than the excitation light that was absorbed. This return to stability corresponds with the release of excess energy in the form of fluorescent light. This emission of light is only observable whilst the excitation light is still providing photons to the fluorescent molecule and is typically excited by blue or green light and emits purple, yellow, orange, green, cyan, or red. Biofluorescence is often confused with the following forms of biotic light: bioluminescence and biophosphorescence.

Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence differs from biofluorescence in that it is the natural production of light by chemical reactions within an organism, whereas biofluorescence and biophosphorescence are the absorption and reemission of light from the natural environment.

Biophosphorescence
Biophosphorescence is similar to biofluorescence in its requirement of light at specified wavelengths as a provider of excitation energy. The difference here lies in the relative stability of the energized electron. Unlike with biofluorescence, here the electron retains stability in the forbidden triplet state (unpaired spins), with a longer delay in emitting light resulting in the effect that it continues to “glow-in-the-dark” even long after the stimulating light source has been removed.

Biolasing
A biolaser is when laser light is generated by or from within a living cell. Imaging in biophotonics often relies on laser light, and integration with biological systems is seen as a promising route to enhancing sensing and imaging techniques. Biolasers, like any lasers, require three components: a gain medium, an optical feedback structure and a pump source. For the gain medium, a variety of naturally produced fluorescent proteins can be used in different laser structure. Enclosing an optical feedback structure in a cell has been demonstrated using cell vacuoles, as well as using fully enclosed laser systems such as dye doped polymer microspheres, or semiconductor nanodisks lasers.

Light sources
The predominantly used light sources are beam lights. LEDs and superluminescent diodes also play an important role. Typical wavelengths used in biophotonics are between 600 nm (Visible) and 3000 nm (near IR).

Lasers
Lasers play an increasingly important role in biophotonics. Their unique intrinsic properties like precise wavelength selection, widest wavelength coverage, highest focusability and thus best spectral resolution, strong power densities and broad spectrum of excitation periods make them the most universal light tool for a wide spectrum of applications. As a consequence a variety of different laser technologies from a broad number of suppliers can be found in the market today.

Gas lasers
Major gas lasers used for biophotonics applications, and their most important wavelengths, are:

- Argon Ion laser: 457.8 nm, 476.5 nm, 488.0 nm, 496.5 nm, 501.7 nm, 514.5 nm (multi-line operation possible)

- Krypton Ion laser: 350.7 nm, 356.4 nm, 476.2 nm, 482.5 nm, 520.6 nm, 530.9 nm, 568.2 nm, 647.1 nm, 676.4 nm, 752.5 nm, 799.3 nm

- Helium–neon laser: 632.8 nm (543.5 nm, 594.1 nm, 611.9 nm)

- HeCd lasers: 325 nm, 442 nm

Other commercial gas lasers like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, oxygen, xenon-ion, excimer or metal vapor lasers have no or only very minor importance in biophotonics. Major advantage of gas lasers in biophotonics is their fixed wavelength, their perfect beam quality and their low linewidth/high coherence. Argon ion lasers can also operate in multi-line mode. Major disadvantage are high power consumption, generation of mechanical noise due to fan cooling and limited laser powers. Key suppliers are Coherent, CVI/Melles Griot, JDSU, Lasos, LTB and Newport/Spectra Physics.

Diode lasers
The most commonly integrated laser diodes, which are used for diode lasers in biophotonics are based either on GaN or GaAs semiconductor material. GaN covers a wavelength spectrum from 375 to 488 nm (commercial products at 515 have been announced recently) whereas GaAs covers a wavelength spectrum starting from 635 nm.

Most commonly used wavelengths from diode lasers in biophotonics are: 375, 405, 445, 473, 488, 515, 640, 643, 660, 675, 785 nm.

Laser Diodes are available in 4 classes:

- Single edge emitter/broad stripe/broad area

- Surface emitter/VCSEL

- Edge emitter/Ridge waveguide

- Grating stabilized (FDB, DBR, ECDL)

For biophotonic applications, the most commonly used laser diodes are edge emitting/ridge waveguide diodes, which are single transverse mode and can be optimized to an almost perfect TEM00 beam quality. Due to the small size of the resonator, digital modulation can be very fast (up to 500 MHz). Coherence length is low (typically < 1 mm) and the typical linewidth is in the nm-range. Typical power levels are around 100 mW (depending on wavelength and supplier). Key suppliers are: Coherent, Melles Griot, Omicron, Toptica, JDSU, Newport, Oxxius, Power Technology. Grating stabilized diode lasers either have an lithographical incorporated grating (DFB, DBR) or an external grating (ECDL). As a result, the coherence length will raise into the range of several meters, whereas the linewidth will drop well below picometers (pm). Biophotonic applications, which make use of this characteristics are Raman spectroscopy (requires linewidth below cm-1) and spectroscopic gas sensing.

Solid-state lasers
Solid-state lasers are lasers based on solid-state gain media such as crystals or glasses doped with rare earth or transition metal ions, or semiconductor lasers. (Although semiconductor lasers are of course also solid-state devices, they are often not included in the term solid-state lasers.) Ion-doped solid-state lasers (also sometimes called doped insulator lasers) can be made in the form of bulk lasers, fiber lasers, or other types of waveguide lasers. Solid-state lasers may generate output powers between a few milliwatts and (in high-power versions) many kilowatts.

Ultrachrome lasers
Many advanced applications in biophotonics require individually selectable light at multiple wavelengths. As a consequence a series of new laser technologies has been introduced, which currently looks for precise wording.

The most commonly used terminology are supercontinuum lasers, which emit visible light over a wide spectrum simultaneously. This light is then filtered e.g. via acousto-optic modulators (AOM, AOTF) into 1 or up to 8 different wavelengths. Typical suppliers for this technology was NKT Photonics or Fianium. Recently NKT Photonics bought Fianium, remaining the major supplier of the supercontinuum technology on the market.

In another approach the supercontinuum is generated in the infrared and then converted at a single selectable wavelength into the visible regime. This approach does not require AOTF's and has a background-free spectral purity.

Since both concepts have major importance for biophotonics the umbrella term "ultrachrome lasers" is often used.

Swept sources
Swept sources are designed to continuously change ('sweep') emitted light frequency in time. They typically continuously circle through a pre-defined range of frequencies (e.g., 800 +/- 50 nm). Swept sources in the terahertz regime have been demonstrated. A typical application of swept sources in biophotonics is optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.

THz sources
Vibrational spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, 0.1–10 THz, is a fast emerging technique for fingerprinting biological molecules and species. For more than 20 years, theoretical studies predicted multiple resonances in absorption (or transmission) spectra of biological molecules in this range. THz radiation interacts with the low- frequency internal molecular vibrations by exciting these vibrations.

Single photon sources
Single photon sources are novel types of light sources distinct from coherent light sources (lasers) and thermal light sources (such as incandescent light bulbs and mercury-vapor lamps) that emit light as single particles or photons.

title: Biophotonics


text:
The Fast and the Furious (1954 film)

The Fast and the Furious is a 1954 American crime drama B movie starring John Ireland and Dorothy Malone, co-directed by Ireland and Edward Sampson.

It was the first film produced for the American Releasing Corporation, and the second feature produced by Roger Corman.

Plot
Charged with a murder he did not commit, truck driver Frank Webster (John Ireland) has broken out of jail. While on the run toward the Mexico–United States border, and the subject of radio news reports, he is cornered in a small Southern California coffee shop by a zealous citizen who is suspicious of the stranger. Frank manages to escape and, as he gets away, kidnaps a young woman named Connie (Dorothy Malone).

Frank drives off with Connie in her Jaguar sports car; she is a "lady racer". She soon proves a difficult hostage, trying to escape a few times, which leads him to treat her more roughly than they both would prefer. This mutual struggle soon leads the two to fall in love.

Frank enters into a cross-border sports car race under a pseudonym, with plans to escape into Mexico. Faber (Bruce Carlisle), one of Connie's friends, is wary of the new stranger driving her car and tries to learn more about Frank.

To keep Connie from reporting him Frank locks her into a shed and starts the race. Connie starts a fire which is seen by a friend and is rescued. She then reports Frank to the police. Frank crashes through a road block at the border and Faber races after him. On a tight corner Faber goes off the road and crashes into a tree. Frank stops to rescue him, and Connie catches up to them in a car she has borrowed. The movie closes with them embracing as Frank has agreed to turn himself in and face a trial.

Cast

 * John Ireland as Frank Webster
 * Dorothy Malone as Connie Adair
 * Bruce Carlisle as Faber
 * Iris Adrian as Wilma Belding
 * Marshall Bradford as Mr. Hillman
 * Snub Pollard as park caretaker

Production
The film was based on a story by Roger Corman, who had recently moved into producing with Monster from the Ocean Floor (1954) for his company Palo Alto Productions. Corman financed The Fast and the Furious himself with $60,000 he received from Robert Lippert for Monster from the Ocean Floor.

According to Corman, John Ireland only appeared in the film on the condition he could direct it: "John did a fine job directing on a nine-day shoot with a budget of $50,000," said Corman later. Corman also stated that Dorothy Malone "had left her agent and, having no work, accepted a part for next to nothing."

The film was shot in 10 days in April 1954 under the title Crashout, but a different 1955 film would take that title.

Corman says he "set up a little of the racing car business because I was interested in that, and I did some of the second unit stuff. But I didn't direct as such."

The deal that Corman set up included having the local Jaguar dealer donate his cars as well as having scenes take place at the Monterey race track. Most of the exteriors were shot around Malibu and Point Dume, California. Corman also subbed as a driver in the second of the Jaguar XK120 race cars.

After having to operate as a second unit cinematographer and director, Corman realized he wanted to direct himself: "It was after that film that I decided to become a director."

Distribution
After weighing offers from Columbia, Allied and Republic, Corman made a deal for The Fast and the Furious to be picked up for distribution by a new company, American Releasing Corporation (ARC), formed by Sam Arkoff and James H. Nicholson. Corman said "I realized that the trap for an independent producer was that you made a picture but waited a long time to get your money back. So you couldn't make many films. And what I wanted to do was to get an advance back immediately to make a series of films." Corman says he told ARC "I would give them the film if they would give me all of my money back immediately as an advance against distribution and I would do the same thing on three more films, so I could set myself up as a producer. They were happy to do that because The Fast and the Furious enabled them to start their company. It then meant that I would be able to be a steady supplier of films for them, and they could get their company rolling."

The formation of ARC, which later became American International Pictures (AIP), was announced in October 1954, with The Fast and the Furious as their first release. Corman's Palo Alto company planned to make three more features over the next twelve months, starting with Five Guns West in November.

Critical
Variety said "High-priced sportscar bombs furnish most of the action" saying "Racing footage is interesting but becomes repetitious and helps to string out the running time to an unnecessary 73 minutes, an unhandy length for supporting playdates." Film critic Leonard Maltin dismissed the film as labored by "uninspired romantic interludes and cops-on-the-chase sequences." CEA Film called the film "a modest second feature."

Box office
The film was popular but struggled to recoup money for ARC because it often played on the bottom of double bills, which meant it received a flat fee instead of a percentage. Alex Gordon confirmed that saying "it soon became obvious that single B-pictures like these first three [The Fast and the Furious, Five Guns West, Apache Woman] would not work out for the new company – they played the bottom of twin-bill programming at $25 per booking. AIP would have to own both pictures to obtain percentage bookings." This would prompt AIP to make movies as a package for release as a double bill.

However by August 1955 Corman claimed he had repaid his twelve main investors in the film.

Legacy
The film was successful enough to garner Corman a three movie deal.

Decades later, producer Neal H. Moritz and Universal Pictures licensed the film's title for 2001's The Fast and the Furious. Moritz said that he had difficulty choosing between proposed titles such as Racer X, Redline, Race Wars, and Street Wars, and was inspired by a documentary on AIP that included Corman's film. Moritz was able to trade the use of some stock footage to Corman for use of the title.

Corman recalled the story differently in a 2022 interview, stating that Moritz had been struggling to name his new film and had turned to his father, a former AIP executive. His father suggested reusing the effective title of the earlier Roger Corman film. Moritz negotiated the rights to use the title from Corman, although Corman retained the right to make numerical sequels in the future (such as The Fast and the Furious 2).

title: The Fast and the Furious (1954 film)


text:
Ilminster

Ilminster is a market town and civil parish in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England, with a population of 5,808. Bypassed in 1988, the town now lies just east of the junction of the A303 (London to Exeter) and the A358 (Taunton to Chard and Axminster). The parish includes the hamlet of Sea.

History
Ilminster is mentioned in documents dating from 725 and in a Charter granted to Muchelney Abbey (10 mi to the north) by Æthelred the Unready in 995. Ilminster is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as ‘Ileminstre’, meaning 'The church on the River Isle' from the Old English ysle and mynster. By this period Ilminster was a flourishing community and was granted the right to hold a weekly market, which it still does.

Ilminster was part of the hundred of Abdick and Bulstone.

In 1645 during the English Civil War Ilminster was the scene of a skirmish between parliamentary troops under Edward Massie and Royalist forces under Lord Goring, who fought for control of the bridges prior to the Battle of Langport.

The town contains the buildings of a sixteenth-century grammar school, the Ilminster Meeting House, which acts as the town's art gallery and concert hall. There is also a Gospel Hall.

Canal Way in the town refers to the long abandoned and never completed Chard Canal which connected the town to the River Parrett.

Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Ilminster, at parish (town) and unitary authority level: Ilminster Town Council and Somerset Council. The town council is based at the Old Magistrates Court on East Street in the town centre.

Ilminster was an ancient parish. When elected parish and district councils were created in 1894 it was given a parish council and included in the Chard Rural District. In 1899, Ilminster was elevated to become an urban district, removing it from the rural district. The urban district council built itself a headquarters at 4 North Street in 1935. The urban district was abolished in 1974, becoming part of the new district of South Somerset. A successor parish was created covering the former urban district, with its parish council taking the name Ilminster Town Council. The town council continued to be based at 4 North Street until 2022 when it moved to the former magistrates' court on East Street.

South Somerset was in turn abolished in 2023, with its functions passing to Somerset County Council, which re-branded itself as Somerset Council on becoming a unitary authority.

For parliamentary elections, Ilminster is part of the Yeovil constituency.

Geography
Ilminster is close to the River Isle and the A303 road.

Climate
Along with the rest of South West England, Ilminster has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 °C. Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures.

The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 °C. In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 °C or 2 °C are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, however convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine.

Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most of the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm. About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Church
Ilminster takes its name from the River Isle and its large church of St Mary, which is known as The Minster. The Hamstone building dates from the 15th century, but was refurbished in 1825 by William Burgess and the chancel restored in 1883. Further restoration took place in 1887-89 and 1902. Among the principal features are the Wadham tombs; those of Sir William Wadham and his mother, dated 1452 and Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham 1609 and 1618.

The tower rises two storeys above the nave. It has three bays, with a stair turret to the north-west corner. The bays are articulated by slender buttresses with crocketed finials above the castellated parapet. Each bay on both stages contains a tall two-light mullioned-and-transomed window with tracery. The lights to the top are filled with pierced stonework; those to the base are solid. The stair turret has string courses coinciding with those on the tower, and a spirelet with a weathervane. It contains a bell dating from 1732 made by Thomas Bilbie and another from 1790 made by William Bilbie of the Bilbie family. The church has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building.

Shopping
The town has a selection of shops including antique shops, home design, estate agents, hairdressers and several cafes and restaurants, many reminiscent of the style of earlier Edwardian and Victorian years, such as traditional Edwardian-style clothing and soft furnishings store, the Ilminster Emporium, Frame of Mind, an antiques and gifts shop and in the 15C Market Square, the Temperly store in the Phoenix Studios. A Tesco superstore is also located in the town centre.

In November the town celebrates the lighting of the Christmas lights with a Victorian evening. In earlier days celebrations were normally accompanied by the staff of local shops dressing in Victorian costume and serving rum and cakes and other refreshments ..participation by shops offering hospitality in these days is now much reduced although there is still a convivial atmosphere while visitors are enjoying their shopping.

Culture
Ilminster MidSummer Experience

Every year the three-day town festival, the Ilminster MidSummer Experience (IMEx), takes place on the second weekend in June. It is a community festival open free to all, organised by Experience Ilminster CIC, and includes many events and activities by local groups including the Ilminster Classic Vehicle Show, the Family Dog Show and the Ilminster Town Council Scarecrow Competition. A Food & Craft Street Market takes place on the Saturday in the town's main street together with a Suitcase Market in the Market House.

The Flag Festival forms a major part of the Ilminster Midsummer Experience. The town’s medieval road layout, which hugs closely to the 15th century Minster church, dramatically emphasises the effect of the more than 110 flags, flying from each of the town centre business premises, bringing vibrancy and colour to the town.

The Flag Festival grew out of an idea from one of the town’s artists from which a flag-maker was commissioned to work with children from Herne View Primary School (formerly Greenfylde School) to design the original 20 flags.

The 'Ilminster Literary Festival', launched in 2016, has become and established annual celebration which is usually held in early Summer.

Victorian Evening at the Christmas FestivaL..the festive Victorian Evening and switch-on of the Christmas Lights in November is part of the Ilminster Christmas Festival, organised by the Ilminster Chamber of Commerce.. The Evening includes the switching on of the Christmas Lights in Ilminster’s town centre, with shops and stalls staying open throughout the evening to offer goodwill and good cheer to all, with the staff of many shops dressed up as Victorians and offering mulled wine and eats.

The Ilminster Town Crier competition and Britain's Disabled Strongman events also take place every year, supported by Experience Ilminster CIC, with the Town Crier Event also hosting the Wessex Championship Cup covering six counties of the west of England.

The Warehouse Theatre puts on several stage performances every year and throughout the year and the Ilminster Arts Centre provides music, art exhibitions and arts and crafts events together with a crafts shop.

Dillington House, at the entrance to Ilminster from the east, is an arts venue with accommodation managed by Somerset County Council. It dates to the sixteenth century, was the home of Prime Minister Lord North and is rated Grade 2* by English Heritage.

Media
Television signals are received from either the Mendip or Stockland Hill TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Somerset on 95.5 FM, Heart West on 97.1 FM, Greatest Hits Radio South West (formerly The Breeze) on 106.6 FM and Radio Ninesprings, a community based station which broadcast to the town on 104.6 FM.

The town is served by the local newspapers, Chard and Ilminster News, Somerset County Gazette, Somerset Guardian and Standard and Somerset Live.

Rail
Ilminster railway station on the Chard Branch Line closed in 1962. There were also some sidings, to allow trains going in opposite directions to pass each other. The nearest running railway station is located at Crewkerne.

Buses & Coaches
There are multiple bus services that run through the town, including Buses of Somerset and an express service to London operated by Berrys Coaches.

Roads
Ilminster lies just east of the junction of the A303 (London to Exeter) and the A358 (Taunton to Chard and Axminster). The B3168 runs through the middle of the town. There have been concerns of the safety of roads in Ilminster, however schemes were announced by Somerset County Council in 2014 to make local roads safer for pedestrians and drivers.

Cycling
Ilminster is linked to Chard via the Chard to Ilminster Cycle Path. The path is part of the Wessex Way Cycle Route

Twinnings
Ilminster is twinned with Riec-sur-Belon in France.

Notable people
See also Category:People from Ilminster
 * John Baker was born in Ilminster before emigrating to Australia and becoming the Premier of South Australia.
 * Charles Moore, the geologist, was born in Ilminster.

title: Ilminster


text:
User talk:Pduenas

Welcome to Wikipedia Pduenas. I hope you like the place and choose to stay.

Some links that may be of use:
 * Welcome, newcomers
 * How to edit a page
 * Village pump - ask questions you may have here, or leave a message on my talk page

Thanks for your contribution to the music of California article. Please note that I had to do some rewording to make it fit in line with our NPOV policy. Let me know if you have any questions. If you would like to write about music-related articles, our music standards may be of interest to you. Tuf-Kat 21:26, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pduenas