text:
Bela Palanka

Bela Palanka (Serbian Cyrillic: Бела Паланка, ) is a town and municipality located in the Pirot District of southeastern Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the population of the town is 8,143, and the population of the municipality is 12,126. In ancient times, the town was known as Remesiana in Dacia Mediterranea. The name Bela Palanka means 'white town'.

Ancient Bela Palanka
The town was originally settled by the Dacians and was known under the ancient name of Aiadava or Aeadaba. Thracians inhabited the area until their assimilation into contemporary ethnic groups in the area.

After the Romans conquered Moesia in 75 BC, the new castrum (imperial domain with estates) and municipium was known initially as Ulpianorum and then Remesiana (Moesi) and stood along the Via Militaris between Naissus and Serdica.

Emperor Justinian had following strongholds in the district of Remesiana:

The patron saint of Romania, Nicetas of Remesiana, was a 4th-century bishop at Remesiana. Peter the Hermit was defeated by the Byzantines in the north and regrouped at an evacuated Bela Palanka, gathering the harvest before heading to Constantinople.

Excavations include well-preserved castrum dating to 4th century and a hoard of 260 coins minted during the rule of Constantine I, Theodosius I, Tiberius Claudius Nero. During the 1096 People's Crusade the town, left abandoned by its inhabitants, was briefly occupied by the pilgrims led by Peter the Hermit, Walter of Breteuil and Rainald of Breis.

Ottoman Empire
During the centuries of Ottoman control, Bela Palanka was the site of a major caravanserai (or han) along the Tsarigrad Road. Ottoman authorities ordered the first such caravanserai be built in the settlement (then named Izvor) from wood in 1598-99, during the Long Turkish War, largely due to persistent attacks on travelers by hajduks. This structure deteriorated after a few decades and was replaced by a larger and more durable caravanserai made of stone, commissioned by the local governor, Musa Pasha. This han differed from others in the region because of its large size and because it had separate large rooms for harems of dignitaries. The interior of the han was painted by an artist brought from Buda. To honor its patron, the name of the settlement was then changed to Musa-paša Palanka, from which the town's current name was derived.

Modern Serbia
From 1929 to 1941, Bela Palanka was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Geography
Bela Palanka is a small town in the southeast of the country and is surrounded by countryside and mountains such as Golaš. The town is accessible from the nearby city of Niš by the Niš Express buses that run from Niš to Pirot, Babušnica, Dimitrovgrad, and Sofia.

Climate
Bela Palanka has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), that's very close to a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Settlements
Aside from the town of Bela Palanka, the municipality consists of the following villages:

Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has 12,126 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality:

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

title: Bela Palanka


text:
Talk:Adrian Năstase

Translation
This is a tough one to translate; I could use some help. Here are the known open issues:

 * "Ideea politică a Schimbării" - This goes beyond my ability to deal with a highly inflected language. "The idea of political change"? "Changing the idea of politics?" I can't tell.

 * "The political idea of change".
 * OK - JM

 * "Reglementari" in International Law. I assume "reglementari" here means "settlements" as in "settling out of court." If that's right, we still need to come up with the right English-language word, because "Settlements in International Law" sounds like it would have to do with something like Israeli settlements on the West Bank.

 * reglementare = regulation, so it's "Regulations in International Law"
 * OK - JM

 * "Adunării Internaţionale a Parlamentarilor de limbă franceză". I believe I'm pretty much on the mark with "International Assembly of Francophone Parliamentarians" but I'm sure it has an official French-language name and a semi-official one in English.

 * "International Assembly of the Francophone Members of Parliament"
 * "Members of Parliament" is the same as "Parliamentarians". I looked around the web a little and sites seem about 50-50 on "...Francophone Parliamentarians" and "...Francophone MPs", so I stuck with what I had. - JM

 * "Raportor al Comisiei parlamentare pentru probleme juridice şi drepturile omului în problema activităţii ilegale desfăşurate de sectele religioase" - Is the "Raportor" of a commission the Secretary? Or something else?

 * "A raporta" means "To make a report", so it should be "reporter", someone that reports facts.
 * I"ve gone with "Recording Secretary". - JM

 * Also, does "desfăşurate" refer to activities in general or specifically to proselytizing? Or specifically to something else entirely? And this could really use a context. What was going on that there would be such a commission?

 * desfasurate = (most likely) "that took place"
 * so the tranlation I gave is on the mark. This could still really use a context. What was going on that there would be such a commission? -JM
 * I finally posted this on the Reference Desk and got an answer:

 * (Copied from Ref. Desk:) "The only commission about sects which I can link Adrian Nastase to seems to be a European Parliament one (rather than, say, a Romanian one). I think that must be the one that the article refers to. Its report is available here, and seems to indicate (section II A) that it was prompted just by general concern, rather than specific problems. I don't know whether that's of any use to you, but it's all I can seem to find. -- Vardion 09:35, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)"

 * I will edit the article accordingly -- Jmabel 08:02, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * "Biroului Permanent" ==> "Permanent Bureau"? Or something else? I'm trying to tie it to some concept I know.

 * I think so.
 * I'll leave it for now; does someone know more? - JM

 * (continuing previous bullet point) "Biroului Permanent" is obviously not "Standing Committee" if there is only one of them. And while "asigura legătura Biroului Permanent cu..." is certainly literally "Assured linkage of the Permanent Bureau to (or, more literally, 'with')", it doesn't seem to mean anything clear. What exactly did he do?

 * no idea here.
 * Leaving it for now. Anyone else know? - JM

 * "Biroul permanent" is "Standing Bureau" -- check this page, the left side menu lists "Biroul permanent" in Romanian and "Standing Bureau" in English (use the top-right dropdown to switch the language). Regarding "asigura legatura cu", I think that's more along the lines of "organise the relationships with", at least that's what they say at point h here. --Gutza 14:29, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * & it would be nice if someone could clarify PDSR vs. PSD. Is the latter a successor party of the former, or is there a different relation?

 * PDSR was the old name of the current PSD. Bogdan 10:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * OK - JM

As I said, this was a tough one. Any help will be appreciated. -- Jmabel 01:06, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Bogdan 10:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Bogdan, that was very helpful. Jmabel 19:05, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Given that "Raportor al Comisiei parlamentare..." for one item (the cult thing) turned out to be Council of Europe, not Romanian parliament, is it possible that some of the following are also Council of Europe? -- Jmabel 08:07, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Member of parliamentary commission on problems of law and human rights
 * Member of parliamentary commission on rules of procedure
 * Member of parliamentary sub-commission commission on human rights

Title
Should we add ? Or is he well enough known in the English-speaking world by this slightly wrong spelling that the title should be "Adrian Nastase"? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:25, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * All Romanian names are usually written without diacritics in English-speaking world, but that doesn't mean that is the correct way. The same way it is rather common to write "Francois Mitterrand" instead of "François Mitterrand". However, Romanian diacriticals are even less used because unlike the French diacritical characters, the Romanian ones cannot be found in ASCII. Bogdan | Talk 17:53, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * So do you think we should take the "wrongtitle" mark off of all of these, such as lautari and Stefan cel Mare? -- Jmabel | Talk 20:16, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

References on the articles mentioned

 * "Human rights - a retrograde concept" - Concepţii şi controverse în domeniul drepturilor omului, în viitorul social. revista Academiei Ştefan Gheorghiu, jan-feb 1983, pg. 45-50, reprinted by Academia Caţavencu, on 16 November, 2004 in its "Scînteia" supplement. Catavencu link

Bogdan | Talk 18:46, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * interview in the "Komsomolskaya Pravda" of 25 November, 1989, as quoted by Evenimentul Zilei, EvZ link

I've put these properly into the article -- Jmabel | Talk 07:20, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Allegations of homosexuality
The tone in which the section "Allegations of homosexuality" is written seems to me to give undue credence to the allegations. Corneliu Vadim Tudor claiming he has evidence of something but hasn't actually shown it does not strike me as a reason to believe it: he is not exactly famous for his honesty or his ethics. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:20, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

A text is currently circulating on the Internet, allegedly a statement made to the Miliţie (Police) by a writer and history professor. In it, professor Suciu testifies his own homosexuality and names other alleged homosexuals, Năstase among them. I've added a mention to it in the article, with the appropriate remark.
 * Subsemnatul Suciu Ioan Dumitru, fiul lui Dumitru si Ofelia, nascut la 3 august 1917, de profesie scriitor - membru al Fondului Literar al Soc. Scriitorilor Români, domiciliat in Bucuresti, Str. Pompiliu Manoliu, nr. 13, sect. 3, declar urmatoarele: in anul 1973, luna februarie, am fost arestat, iar in luna iunie am fost condamnat pentru inversiune sexuala la 2 ani si 4 luni, eliberindu-ma pe data de 9 ianuarie 1975. In prezent, fac formele pentru pensionare medicala, fiind bolnav de diabet zaharat, epidimita, TBC si inceput de boala lui Parkinson. In limita sanatatii si posibilitatii am de gind - de comun acord cu conducerea Institutului - sa-mi public cele 3 carti ce trebuiau sa apara in 1973-1974 si sa-mi continui activitatea stiintifica prin colaborari la revistele de specialitate, cu studii, recenzii si articole istorice. Fiind intrebat despre relatiile mele anterioare, si anume: Radu Ionescu, Adrian Nastase, Negoitescu, Sorin Titel, Ion Dinescu, Alexandru Demetriad, precizez ca stiu despre ei ca sint pederasti, cu exceptia lui Sorin Titel, despre care nu am auzit niciodata ca ar practica aceasta boala. Aceasta imi este declaratia pe care o dau si o semnez. I.D. Suciu 21.II.1975"

IulianU 01:34, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nu il simpatizez pe Adrian Nastase dar articolul asta este scris ca si cum ar fi bagat la puscarie. Si apoi chestia cu homosexualitatea nu e in regula: 1. daca este, este problema lui si 2. felul cum este formulat textul lasa impresia ca homosexualitatea ar fi o chestie inspaimantatoare, ceea ce pentru un cititor de prin alte parti ridica niste semne de intrebare

I'm sorry, but I still find the section regarding homosexuality to be incredibly offensive. While Nastase clearly has many faults, so what if he's gay or bisexual? And quite honestly, if he were open about it he could never be elected to office in modern-day Romania. The bombonel comment is akin to using the word faggot or fairy in English.

I don't buy the argument that there is a controversy here in that Nastase attacked Basescu on the issue of gay rights and marriage. Basescu himself retreated on his comments made on MTV in support of gay marriage, and one year after DA led government there are still no plans for domestic partnership. I imagine there will be a lot of additions to this article in coming days following the indictment on the Zambachian property. As these things are added, I urge that the homosexuality section be deleted. Or if others agree, I will remove this myself. MisterMan 22:00, 07 Feb 2006 (UTC)

 * It's still in there. I don't think it should be. - Jmabel | Talk 03:54, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Hatchet job?
It seems to me that the article is turning into a bit of a hatchet job. It's not just what's been added, it's what's been removed, to wit:

 * married with two children.
 * I added it.
 * President of parliamentary group "Friends of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" 1992-1996.
 * I thought that's not really that important. The Romanian Parliament appears to have lots of these 'friends' groups (each having about 7-17 members, that don't appear to be doing anything :)
 * 1996 - Founding member of International Assembly of Francophone Parliamentarians
 * I looked on the internet, but I found that "The AIPLF (International Association of Francophone Parliamentarians) was founded in 1967." Strange.
 * 1996 - Member of the Romanian parliamentary delegation to the gathering of parliamentarians of the Council of Europe
 * This wasn't removed. See the article.
 * Recording Secretary of Council of Europe commission on judicial problems and human rights with reference to illegal activities by religious sects
 * re-added
 * 1996 - Vice-president of Chamber of Deputies, member of Standing Bureau.
 * This wasn't removed.
 * Organized the relationships of the Standing Bureau with the following permanent commissions: Judicial Commission, Commission on Discipline and (Parliamentary) Immunity, Commission for Foreign Politics, Commission for Culture, Art, and Mass Media
 * I am not really sure what it means.

These next three are a bit problematic, because we never properly worked out whether these relate to the Romanian parliament or to an organization of European parliamentarians. I'd be inclined not to restore these unless we can get better citations.
 * Member of parliamentary commission on problems of law and human rights
 * Member of parliamentary commission on rules of procedure
 * Member of parliamentary sub-commission on human rights

 * I think it could be the Romanian parliament.

It's as if there is an effort to drop everything that shows him in a human light or displays his actual involvement in parliamentary politics in any respect other than just the fact that he rose to the top of his party. Especially, if we are going to take a (well-deserved) shot at his writings on human rights in the Communist era, we should show his generally positive post-'89 involvement in this area. I'm not a fan, but we should be evenhanded.

I'm inclined to restore all of this material in one or another form, unless someone can give a good argument in the next 24 hours why it should not be restored. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:29, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, Bogdan, you seem to have restored the most substantive parts of this. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:57, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

POV by choice of material?
Do you really think that it is neutral to talk in 30% of the article about corruption allegations and make the contest look like they are actualy 50%?

 * Yes. For example, look at Silvio Berlusconi, it has more than 50% about his shady deals, trials, allegations, etc. When there is a controversy, we use the NPOV and have to give every side an oppinion. If you want to improve anything on his activity which is not well-covered, you may.

 * OK, so you are saying that because there is an article were allegations are 50% of the article it is legitimate do so here too? I think I don't follow your logic. You know, there are articles that talk 70% about academic achivements of some person. Should we de the same here? I don't thing so. Maybe it helps if I rephrase the question. I think that an article about a person should accurately reflect one's personality. Do you think that corruption is such an important trait of AN? If so, then why? ("There are lots of allegations", doesn't qualify as an answer; I would prefer facts: see below.)

For one thing they are "allegations", not facts; and I think wikipedia should _concentrate_ on facts.

 * How can you distinguish between a fact and an allegation ?

 * Simple, use a dictionary. Let's see what MW has to say. Alleging = "to assert without proof or before proving". Allegation = "an assertion unsupported and by implication regarded as unsupportable". Fact = "an actual occurrence; a thing done". If the difference is still not clear I'll be glad to explain.

 * The "Allegations" part is only based on facts.

 * That is the negation of a tautology. See the definitions again.

And on the other hand some of them seem to mentioned just because they are "fun". For example the homosexuality allegation reads like: "Ever since 1990 there are rumors that he is homosexual... But those were started by a guy not to be trusted".

 * A rumour can be true or not true. However, these allegations are pretty well-known in Romania and deserve mentioning.

One simple thing to do would be to remove the headlines under "Allegations...". A second-level headline for a three lines paragraph surely looks excesive to anyone neutral (say, someone who knows nothing about AN before reading the article): and this happens not once but several times in a raw.

 * Headlines are used when we are talking about a different subject and here they are used according to the Manual of Style of Wikipedia.

 * A text has a hierarchical structure (phrases, paragraphs, subsections, sections...) What you say is roughly valid at each level (just replace "subject" by "idea"). That doesn't mean that it is sane to start a new paragraph after each phrase, put a sub-heading before each paragraph or put a heading before each sub-heading. It is just bad style. Oh, and about the Manual of Style, here is a quote: "Avoid overuse of sub-headings". If this article doesn't overuse them I don't know what does.

You should note that, in contrast, articles about other romanian politicians (most notably Traian Basescu) contain _no_ information about corruption allegation... although they do exist. -- rgrig

 * I'll improve that one too. However, I'll do Ion Iliescu first (you know, KGB-connections and calling the miners to do a mineriad :-) Bogdan | Talk 21:02, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Nice, you are laughing when thinking about mineriads. That gives your POV a lot of credibility.

And something else. The only important thing said about the prime-minister period is that economy has grown. I do not find this to be particularily informative since it implies a correlation (between him being prime-minister and economy evolution) that is not supported in any way. Much better would be to give a list of actual things he done (i.e. law A, law B, etc..) and, if deemed important, things he hadn't done.

 * Nastase's site has little information on his government's achievements. However here's in brief what could be said:
 * negotiations with the EU
 * regional development programs ((EU pre-aderation: Phare
 * the government had no coherent agricultural policy -- however, no government since 1989 had one.
 * in 2004, the National Bank (whose leadership was replaced with PSD members, such as Florin Georgescu) failed to intervine in the appreciation of the leu, which affected strongly Romanian exports. Bogdan | Talk

 * I'm not sure what exactly you call "little information". Five minutes of browsing revealed at least 10 documents with sizes of about 500 pages. However a nice synthesis of what happened in the last year can be found in the beginning of the anual report of the european commision. Here are just a few ideas (much more specific than those listed above: "negotiations".. what's that? you mean they talked? how interesting.. WHAT did they talked about?):

 * major reorganization of the justition system was started
 * By "justition" do you mean "judicial"? or something else? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:50, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * the statute of the public functionary was revised
 * progress on freedom of information and legislative transparency
 * the anti-corruption legal framework is now relatively well developed; it is not well applied
 * important progress in respecting human rights
 * there are initiatives for police modernization, improving life-quality for persons with handicaps, reduction of social exclusion, improving social dialog
 * eforts are needed to improve freedom of speech!
 * This is vague, could you expand? Is this an issue of freedom of speech or of the press? From everything I here, the latter is more of an issue than the former. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:50, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * A lot of other relevant details are available if you read on. For example you can find evaluations of the economy. As I said there are other documents that give a lot of other details on what exactly was done. Given that a 5 minutes google search and 10 minutes of reading& browsing the documents revealed a LOT of information (of which the above is only a small excrept) I find the reason you provided for not giving facts (i.e. "his site has little information") to be ridiculuous.

 * We're getting nowhere by arguing. If you want, you may edit article yourself and if you dispute any affirmation already written, I'm ready to back it up. Bogdan | Talk 19:24, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To further clarify my opinion about facts I'd like to add that information about the content of articles published by him before 1989 is very appropriate for the content of the article (although it looks that the choice of presented articles is biased too).
 * "Human rights" were his speciality, even after 1989 (but with a reversed perspective)

I hope someone who specializes in politics / sociology would take time to improve the current mess (that means, not me and... no, writing software for organizing mp3s doesn't qualify). --Radu

Visa restrictions

 * Under the four years of his term all visa restrictions with the European western countries have been lifted.

Not true. For example, Romanians still need visa to enter UK, which is a European western countries. Bogdan | Talk 23:20, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Poverty
I see Bogdan disagrees with one of the recently anonymously added statements; I suggest he make the minor edit needed to correct it, since it is close to accurate.

On a similar note, as I distributed these sentences to appropriate paragraphs and cut some pure POV, I was wondering enough about the following to bring it here instead for discussion:

 * "the number of Romanians that live below the poverty line dropped by an estimated 4 million"

Whose numbers? If this is something authoritative, it certainly merits mention, that would be about 17% of the population. There was no citation, so I was wondering if this might be pulled out of thin air. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:30, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * The numbers are probably not far off. Poverty is generally in rural areas, especially of Moldova, Oltenia and Baragan. The difference is that after the visa changes it was much easier to get to work in the EU, so many of the poor people left to work in the EU (working at some low wages for the EU standard, but high on the Romanian standard) and brought money in the country. Bogdan | Talk

 * So do you think we should put it back in the article? If the number in poverty has gone down, it really would be quite an achievement, because this article from Ioana Dan, an economist at Babeş-Bolyai University shows the number below the poverty line consistently increasing from 1989 to 1999. It could be, because the World Bank shows 28.9% below the poverty line in 2002, the latest I can readily find. If that is comparable to Ioana Dan's 41.20 in 1999, it's quite a drop. And it probably is, since she cites the World Bank. I'd still like to have a source for the specific claim of 4 million during his term of office, but on what we've got it seems plausible. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:24, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * The source is, probably, Adiran Nastase's electoral speeches which can hardly be called a 'turstworthy' source. --Gcbirzan 07:15, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Certainly not a trustworthy source. Still, more recent World Bank numbers (at least through 2003) should be available, even if not yet on line, and we should be able to find and cite those along with his claims reported accurately as claims. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:52, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

Wage growth
The reference: -  quoted from a Mercer Human Resource Consulting company report. Bogdan | Talk 23:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

PSD transcripts

 * but several party members, including Foreign Minister and PM candidate Mircea Geoana, said that some parts seem to be genuine.

According to this newspaper article, Geoană admitted that the transcripts were genuine, period; not that "parts of it seem to be genuine". A link to a statement of Mr. Geoana on this matter would be welcome. IulianU 01:34, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

POV again
I've copy-edited the recent additions by User:195.7.0.159. For the most part, I haven't addressed POV, beyond inserting the word "alleged" in one place where it seemed clearly called for. Someone else may want to take a look at these edits, which were clearly by someone hostile to Nastase, and lacked any citations, but did seem to me reasonably close to what I believe to be the truth. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:37, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * I am sorry for being POV (Personally, I am Pro-Basescu, I admit it - I am a student in Political Science, but I admit I can't help myself on this matter). But I can give sources for the two statements. Highway construction right can be easily checked with Evenimentul Zilei, Academia Catavencu, o even the ex-pro-Nastase Jurnalul National magazine,or even with Bechtel. Check this out Evenimentul Zilei, December 16th 2003. It states "Bors Brasov Highway Is Being Built By Bechtel - Public Contract Evaluated at $ 2.5 billion granted without auction". On the other hand, with the subjugation of the media, you are free to check the following sources : US Ambassador's Speech to The Students of The Political Science Departament of The University Of Bucharest, pointing out this problem (I still have a copy of the speech transcript, you might find it on the net), or the media scandal at Evenimentul Zilei regarding its anti-PSD line, in October 2004. You can also check Antena 1's news scripts before and after its alliance with PSD.
 * Yes, I'm generally familiar with what's been going on with the Romanian press: hunger strikes, protests and all. As I said, what you wrote was "reasonably close to what I believe to be the truth": I'm not questioning your basic facts, just the tone. By the way, it is really a lot easier if you indicate your sources in the article when you add material (see Cite sources). It is so much harder to identify and add them later. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:33, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * On poverty in Romania as this is disputed. I will only point out the two very different means used to assert poverty in Romania. The first of them, used by the National Institute for Statistics, was introduced in 2001? and consider the poverty line about half the minimum monthly wage / person (they use a more complicated formula). As minimum wage is considered 2.800.000 lei (96$), the poverty line considered by using this system is 1.400.000 lei/month or 48$. The second system uses what we refer to as "Cosul Minim de Consum Lunar", that is the minimum requirements for decent living per month (it is considered underestimated anyway, both in terms of products and services), that is set to around 3.000.000 lei/person/month (I have no up-to-date info. on this - I may be rong). This usually result in very big differences between the results. A fellow student has made a poverty assessment for Romania using US and EU-member-country standards, and the results where staggering (if we would use Norwegian standards we would skyrocket to 75%). For poverty in Romania, consider the minimum wage is 2.800.000 lei, average wage is 7.800.000 lei before taxes and about 6.000.000 after taxes, a US$ is 29.000 lei, a kilo of meat 180.000 lei (a kilo is about 2 pounds for those who still use Imperial measurement systems), a kilo of potatoes 15.000 lei and my electricity bill was for November 600.000 lei. Thank you, yours truly, xanthar also known as 195.7.0.159 (I forgot to login). I am not shure how the World Bank calculates poverty levels.
 * I'd tend to want to use the World Bank numbers on this when possible because they are comparable across countries; any official national numbers are also useful. In either case, though, citation is important, because these are such easy things for someone to make up out of thin air. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:35, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

Hunting
I've erased "surpassing the number allowed by Romanian law." While the carnage was immoral in many respects, it took place on a private domain, owned and maintained by Ion Ţiriac. Private hunting domains do not fall under official regulations. It was immoral, but not illegal.

I also added the facts about Ion Ţiriac because I think it broadens the perspective. Năstase is not alone in what he does...

Highways
Can anyone explain what this change is about? In any case, we cannot start by mentioning only one highway and then at the end of the paragraph refer to "both highways". This needs to be sorted out. - Jmabel | Talk 18:44, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

WP:BLP
There appears to be quite a bit of unsourced derogatory information in this article, which violates Wikipedia's rules for biographies of living persons. I'll give at least a few days for someone to get this in order, but after that I intend to remove material that goes against policy. - Jmabel | Talk 06:30, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Psd.jpg
Image:Psd.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:14, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

No Evidence Of Nastase's Suicide Attempt
There is NO evidence that Nastase's suicide attempt took place. In the Austrian, Swiss and German Press ( print and online) the rising doubts regarding this attempt are very well documented and recherched:

Krone - Die Presse   - NZZ NeueZürcherZeitung  - Welt  - Spiegel Online  and many more sources ....

Quote Spiegel Online: "Um der Haft zu entgehen, inszenierte Nastase einen theatralischen Selbstmordversuch, was ihm jedoch nur einige Tage Aufschub verschaffte - inzwischen sitzt er im Gefängnis." ''To escape the arrest, Nastase staged a theatrical suicide attempt, which gave him only a few days' delay - now he is in prison' -Elysander (talk) 22:31, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Comment: I'm new to this kind of discussion, so excuse me if I'm off topic. What do you mean that there is no evidence? As far as I know, the Romanian press covered this for days and they even showed the man on a stretcher with bandages and all. Is this discussion here implying it was a farce? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.52.148.35 (talk) 20:52, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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title: Talk:Adrian Năstase


text:
Remesiana

Remesiana (Byzantine Greek: Ρεμεσιανισία) was an ancient Roman city and former bishopric, which remains an Eastern Orthodox and also a Latin Catholic titular see, located around and under the modern city of Bela Palanka in Serbia.

Remesiana was declared an Archaeological Sites of Great Importance in 1987, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.

History
Remesiana was built after the Roman conquest of Moesia, in the area of the town Aiadava. It was on the route of ancient Via Militaris road between Naissus and Serdica in Dacia Mediterranea.

Districts
Byzantine Emperor Justinian had the following strongholds in the district of Remesiana : Brittura, Subaras, Lamponiana, Stronges, Dalmatas, Primiana, Phrerraria, Topera, Tomes, Cuas, Tzertzenutzas, Stens, Aeadaba, Destreba, Pretzouries, Cumudeba, Deurias, Lutzolo, Rhepordenes, Spelonca, Scumbro, Briparo, Tulcoburgo, Longiana, Lupophantana, Dardapara, Burdomina, Grinciapana, Graecus and Drasimarca.

Localities

 * Briparo

Site of the Assembly
Austrian historian Karl Patsch's opinion that the provincial assembly of Moesia Superior sat at Remesiana, based upon the fact that some inscriptions were discovered, "inaugurated between 202 and 209 by Ulpiana in honour of Septimius Severus and Julia Augusta," is not correct.

One can see in a recently discovered inscription of identical content that these inscriptions were inaugurated in 202. However, that year Septimius Severus returned from the east to Rome and probably passed through Remesiana and on that occasion the inscriptions were inaugurated.

Ecclesiastical History
Remesiana was import enough in the Late Roman province of Dacia Mediterranea to become (circa 300 AD) one of the suffragans of its capital's Metropolitan, the Archdiocese of Serdica, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. It was suppressed circa 500 AD.

Only two residential Suffragan Bishops of Remesiana are historically documented :
 * Saint Nicetas of Remesiana (fl. ca. 335–414), friend of Paulinus of Nola, and to whom Gennadio di Marsiglia dedicated a brief biographical note in De Viris Illustribus, patron saint of Romania, canonized by both Catholic and Orthodox churches
 * Diogenianus, participant at the Second Council of Ephesus in 449.

Titular see
Remesiana is an Eastern Orthodox titular see, within the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Remesiana is also a Roman Catholic titular see since circa 1890, when the diocese as nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric of Remesiana (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Remesianen(sis) (Latin adjective).

It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
 * Joseph-Marie Leray, Sacred Heart Missionaries (M.S.C.) (born France) (1897.07.27 – death 1929.10.17) as first Apostolic Vicar of Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) (1897.07.27 – 1927) and emeritate
 * Federico Melendro Gutiérrez (梅耿光), Jesuits (S.J.) (born Spain) (1930.02.14 – 1946.04.11) as only Apostolic Vicar of Anqing 安慶 (China) (1930.02.14 – 1946.04.11); later promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Anqing 安慶 (1946.04.11 – death 1978.10.25)
 * Francisco Javier Ochoa Ullate (陳明理), Augustinian Recollects (O.A.R.) (born Spain) (1947.12.11 – 1976.09.06) as emeritate; formerly only Apostolic Prefect of Guide 歸德 (China) (1929.01.08 – 1937.05.18), (see) promoted only Apostolic Vicar of Guide 歸德 (1937.05.18 – 1946.04.11) and Titular Bishop of Chusira (1937.05.18 – 1946.04.11), again (see) promoted first Bishop of Shangqiu 商邱 (China) (1946.04.11 – retired 1947.12.11)
 * Jacques Louis Marie Joseph Fihey (1977.05.31 – 1989.04.22) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Marseille (France) (1977.05.31 – 1983.02.12); later Bishop of the Military Vicariate of the French Armed Forces (1983.02.12 – 1986.07.21), restyled Bishop of the Military Ordinariate of the French Armed Forces (1986.07.21 – 1989.04.22), finally Bishop of Coutances (France) (1989.04.22 – retired 2006.10.02), died 2017
 * Sylvester Donovan Ryan (1990.02.17 – 1992.01.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Los Angeles (California, USA) (1990.02.17 – 1992.01.28); later Bishop of Monterey (USA) (1992.01.28 – retired 2006.12.19)
 * Nicola De Angelis, Sons of the Immaculate Conception (C.F.I.C.) (born Italy) (1992.04.27 – 2002.12.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto (Ontario, Canada) (1992.04.27 – 2002.12.28); later Bishop of Peterborough (Canada) (2002.12.28 – retired 2014.04.08)
 * Francis Ronald Reiss (2003.07.07 – ...) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Detroit (USA) (2003.07.07 – 2015.11.11) and on emeritate.

Sources and external links

 * GCatholic - former & titular bishopric
 * Bibliography
 * Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 417
 * Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, Illyricum Sacrum, vol. VIII, Venice 1817, pp. 77–84
 * Michel Le Quien, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 305-306
 * Michel Le Quien, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 305-306

title: Remesiana


text:
Kansas City Monarchs (American Association)

The Kansas City Monarchs are a professional baseball team based in Kansas City, Kansas. Formerly known as the Kansas City T-Bones, they are members of the American Association of Professional Baseball; which, in 2020, became designated as a Major League Baseball partner league. They have played their home games at Legends Field (formerly CommunityAmerica Ballpark) since 2003, when the team began as a member of the Northern League. In 2011, the team joined the modern American Association. In 2018, the T-Bones won their first-ever American Association championship by defeating the St. Paul Saints. While named the T-Bones, the team's mascot was named Sizzle. On January 21, 2021, the team announced a partnership with the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum and a rebranding to the Kansas City Monarchs, one of the founding teams of that league.

The Monarchs defeated the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks in the 2021 American Association championship, claiming the franchise's third title. They then added a fourth championship in 2023, defeating the Chicago Dogs.

History
The team was founded in 1993 as the Duluth–Superior Dukes (representing Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin), a charter member of the Northern League. The Dukes were mostly unsuccessful in their history, but won the Northern League championship in 1997, though league records do not reflect such continuity.

Northern League (2003–2010)
The T-Bones broke ground on the park now known as Legends Field on September 4, 2002, and played their first home game on June 6, 2003, just over nine months later. In their inaugural season, the team finished 43–46, but enjoyed a banner season from Eddie Pearson, who led the league in batting average (.362), RBIs (78), and hits (124) and was named 2003 Northern League Most Valuable Player.

The T-Bones finished the 2004 regular season with a 48–48 record. However, the T-Bones won the second-half South Division title and faced the Schaumburg Flyers in the first round of the playoffs. The T-Bones lost the best-of-five series 3–2. For the year, T-Bones player Eddie Pearson received the Most Valuable Player Award, Rick Muntean received Co-Executive of the Year, and the team received Organization of the Year. Several league records were set by T-Bones players: Jonathan Krysa set records for innings pitched ($165 1/3$), total batters faced, and games started (24); Rick Prieto set new records for walks (78) and runs (97) while tying the league record for triples (10); and Eddie Pearson set the intentional walks record with 17.

The T-Bones accumulated a 45–49 record in 2005. They finished second in the first half with a record of 27–19, just missing the playoff berth, but never contended in the second half due to the loss of several key players.

In 2006, Jonathan Krysa, a failed 26th round Houston Astros draft pick who lasted only a couple seasons in the minor leagues, was named Northern League Pitcher of the Year with a record of 13–5 and a 3.74 ERA. The T-Bones finished third in both halves of the season. They led the second-half race until the final week, when a disastrous season-ending road trip ended their hopes. On October 16, the T-Bones announced the firing of manager, "Dirty" Al Gallagher, who had been the team's first and only manager. He was replaced by Andy McCauley.

During the 2006 campaign, the team hosted the Northern League All-Star Game on July 18 in front of 5,975 fans. Eight T-Bones were selected to the East Division squad, which won the game 7–6, scoring two runs in the bottom of the ninth. Kansas City closer Byron Embry earned the win and T-Bones infielder Chad Sosebee drove in the winning run. The highlight of the night, though, was the appearance of 94-year-old Buck O'Neil, a former Kansas City Monarchs star who took one at-bat for each side, drawing walks each time. He became the oldest person to ever appear in a professional baseball game.

The team hired former Schaumburg manager Andy McCauley to replace Gallagher in 2007. They began the season with only two players carried over from the previous year, and released them by mid-season for a complete turnover of its 22-man roster. The T-Bones finished deep in last place in the Southern Division in the first half, but moved into the lead during the second half and held that lead until a late-season collapse left them in second-place finish. The team's overall 44–52 record was one game worse than the previous season's franchise record. Despite their finish, the organization was named Northern League Organization of the Year.

In 2008, the Northern League contracted to six teams, and a single-division full season schedule was used. The T-Bones finished only marginally better (46–50) than the two previous seasons, but nonetheless qualified as the fourth team in the playoffs. They swept the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks in the best-of-five semifinal round of the playoffs and then defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats three games to one to win the Northern League championship.

The T-Bones matched their previous season's record (46–50) and finish (fourth in a six-team league) in 2009, but could not advance past the first round, losing that series 3–2 to Gary. Shortly after the end of the season, the team announced that hitting coach Tim Doherty had been promoted to manager for the following season, replacing Andy McCauley.

The Northern League expanded to eight teams again for 2010, but maintained the same playoff format, allowing the top four finishers into the postseason. The T-Bones enjoyed their most successful season under new manager Tim Doherty, winning 58 games and setting a new league record with 162 home runs, exceeding the previous high by more than 30%. They led through much of the year, but faded in the stretch to finish in second place, three games behind Fargo-Moorhead. T-Bones second baseman Jason Blackwood led the Northern League in home runs (31), RBI (86), runs scored (82), hits (141), total bases (271), and slugging percentage (.636) while finishing third in batting average (.331), and was named 2010 Northern League Player of the Year. The team beat the Joliet Jackhammers three games to two in the first round of the playoffs, but were swept in three games by Fargo-Moorhead in the finals. The T-Bones were named Northern League Organization of the Year for the second time in four seasons, and CommunityAmerica Ballpark was named "Northern League Playing Surface of the Year" for the second-straight season.

American Association (2011–present)
On October 13, 2010, the T-Bones left the Northern League, along with the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks, Gary SouthShore RailCats, and the Winnipeg Goldeyes to join the American Association (AA) for the 2011 season. The team fell out of the race early and finished fifth (last) in their division, though their 48–52 record was better than any third-place finisher in the other two divisions. Outfielder Ray Sadler was the offensive leader, hitting .315 with 22 HR (second in the AA) and a league-leading 100 RBI. Outfielder Keanon Simon led the team with a .332 average and tied for the league lead with 16 triples, while catcher Kala Kaaihue tied Sadler with 22 homeruns. Kris Johnson finished third in the AA with a 3.23 ERA.

The T-Bones, in their second year in the American Association, finished second in their division with a 51–49 record, but did not qualify for the 2012 playoffs. This was the first season for the T-Bones under Kenny Hook. The 2013 T-Bones finished in third in their division with a 40–60 record, posting the worst record in franchise history. After the season, manager Kenny Hook's contract was not renewed. In 2014, Kansas City's record improved to 48–52 under first-year manager John Massarelli, finishing third in the Central Division. The 2015 T-Bones were left in a distant second place with a 49–50 record, $26 1/2$ games behind Sioux City. In a tight 2016 Central Division that saw the top three teams finish two games apart, the T-Bones were the lone team left out of the division race, finishing in last place with a 42–58 record. Despite this, second baseman Brett Wiley was named a postseason American Association All-Star. John Massarelli did not return as manager after this season.

Before the 2017 season, the T-Bones hired longtime Can-Am League manager Joe Calfapietra. The move paid immediate dividends as the T-Bones posted their best season since moving to the AA, finishing 57–43, tying the Gary SouthShore RailCats and Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks for the American Association wild card slot. The RailCats, however earned the playoff spot on a tiebreaker. Closer Cody Winiarski was named American Association Reliever of the Year.

In 2018, the T-Bones posted their best season in franchise history, going 62–37. They finished $8 1/2$ games behind Sioux City, but ended $1 1/2$ games ahead of Wichita, securing their first playoff berth since moving to the American Association. They ousted Sioux City in five games, moving on to face St. Paul in the American Association finals, where the T-Bones prevailed in four games for their first AA crown and second league title in franchise history. Pitcher Tommy Collier led the league with 12 wins and 140 strikeouts, while Todd Cunningham was named an American Association Postseason All-Star. Joe Calfapietra earned the Manager of the Year Award.

After trailing by ten games in late July 2019, the T-Bones rallied to capture their first division title, winning the South Division with a 58–42 record, one game ahead of both Sioux City and the Cleburne Railroaders. In the playoffs, Sioux City eliminated Kansas City in four games.

Following years of sliding attendance and mounting debt, the Unified Government of Wyandotte County/Kansas City, Kansas evicted the T-Bones from T-Bones Stadium on October 14, 2019, for failure to pay nearly US$700,000 of rent and utility payments. Days later, the Unified Government approved a stadium lease with an organization trying to purchase the T-Bones. The purchase was completed, and the new five-year lease has three five-year options.

In 2020, the league announced that the T-Bones were not selected as one of six teams to participate in a condensed season as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. They went on hiatus for the season, with plans to return in 2021. The T-Bones partnered with the Unified Government and the Kansas City Royals, the Major League Baseball franchise across the river in neighboring Kansas City, Missouri, to host a group of Royals players and coaches at T-Bones Stadium as the club's "alternate training site" for summer training.

Kansas City won the 2021 American Association championship, going a perfect 6-0 in the postseason and sweeping the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks in the best-of-five Finals. The season was highlighted by posting a league-best and franchise-record 69 wins, as well as setting AA records with 149 homers and 664 runs scored. Infielder Ryan Grotjohn and Outfielder Gabriel Guerrero both earned postseason All-Star nods, Joe Calfapietra earned the Manager of the Year nod, and Guerrero was Finals MVP.

The 2022 campaign saw the American Association shuffle divisional alignments from North-South to East-West. Nonetheless, the Monarchs earned a third straight division title with a league-best 65-35 record to take the West crown, only to succumb in the semifinals to eventual champion Fargo-Moorhead. Starting pitcher Matt Hall earned AA Starting Pitcher of the Year honors after posting a league-record 1.10 ERA while the club shattered their own year-old league records by scoring 696 runs and blasting 165 home runs, while also setting league records in slugging percentage (.505), walks (478), grand slams (8), and total bases (1,767).

In 2023, the Monarchs once more took the West with a league-best 59-40 record before going 7-2 through the playoffs, dispatching the Chicago Dogs in four games to win the best-of-five Miles Wolff Cup series, matching the league record set by the Winnipeg Goldeyes with their third American Association title. Catcher Chris Herrmann earned Postseason All-Star honors and was named American Association Player of the Year after slashing .355/.439/.617 with 23 home runs and a league-high 88 RBI. Jan Hernandez took homer Finals MVP honors.

Playoffs

 * 2004 season: Lost to Schaumburg 3–1 in semifinals.
 * 2008 season: Defeated Fargo-Moorhead 3–0 in semifinals; defeated Gary SouthShore 3–2 to win championship.
 * 2009 season: Lost to Gary SouthShore 3–2 in semifinals.
 * 2010 season: Defeated Joliet 3–2 in semifinals; lost to Fargo-Moorhead 3–0 in championship.
 * 2018 season: Defeated Sioux City 3–2 in semifinals; defeated St. Paul 3–1 in championship.
 * 2019 season: Lost to Sioux City 3–1 in semifinals.
 * 2021 season: Defeated Sioux City 3–0 in semifinals; defeated Fargo-Moorhead 3–0 to win championship.
 * 2023 season: Defeated Sioux Falls 2-0 in Division Series; defeated Sioux City 2-1 in Championship Series; defeated Chicago 3-1 to win championship.

Notable alumni

 * Wayne Rosenthal (1993)
 * Dana Williams (1993)
 * Tom Gilles (1994)
 * Jeff Grotewold (1994)
 * Greg O'Halloran (1995)
 * Bob Zupcic (1995)
 * Pat Ahearne (1996)
 * Darren Reed (1996)
 * Greg Briley (1996–1997)
 * Jerald Clark (1997)
 * Rich Scheid (1997)
 * Randy Tomlin (1997)
 * Ozzie Canseco (1998)
 * Pat Howell (1999)
 * Sean Mulligan (1999)
 * Larry See (1999)
 * Terry Pearson (2000)
 * Jim Rushford (2000)
 * Brent Bowers (2001)
 * Greg Jelks (2001)
 * Derrick Gibson (2002)
 * Terry Jones (2002)
 * Wascar Serrano (2003)
 * Les Norman (2005)
 * David Segui (2005)
 * Donaldo Méndez (2007)
 * Calvin Pickering (2007)
 * Travis Schlichting (2007)
 * Rick DeHart (2007–2008)
 * Bo Hart (2008)
 * Kevin Mahar (2008)
 * Ken Harvey (2008–2009)
 * Damian Rolls (2009)
 * Luis Terrero (2009)
 * Willie Wilson (2009)
 * Justin James (2009–2010)
 * Francis Beltrán (2010)
 * Dewon Brazelton (2010)
 * Erik Hamren (2010)
 * Matt Perisho (2010)
 * Rico Washington (2010–2011)
 * Kris Johnson (2011)
 * Prentice Redman (2011)
 * Enrique Cruz (2012)
 * Steve Kent (2012)
 * Brandon Jones (2012–2013)
 * Joey Gathright (2013)
 * Ray Sadler (2010–2014)
 * Daniel Barone (2014)
 * Danny Richar (2014)
 * Fernando Hernández (2015)
 * Tyson Gillies (2016)
 * Mike Kickham (2016)
 * Josh Tols (2016)
 * Cedric Hunter (2017)
 * Scott Carroll (2017–2018)
 * Zach Walters (2017–2018)
 * Jayson Aquino (2018)
 * Barrett Astin (2018)
 * Todd Cunningham (2018)
 * Johnny Davis (2018)
 * Taylor Featherston (2018)
 * Adrián Nieto (2018)
 * Colin Walsh (2018)
 * Ryan Brett (2018–2019)
 * Chris Colabello (2019)
 * Randall Delgado (2019)
 * TJ House (2019)
 * Daniel Nava (2019)
 * Shawn O'Malley (2019)
 * Henry Owens (2019)
 * Eduardo Paredes (2019)
 * Daniel Robertson (2019)
 * Brian Ellington (2019, 2021)
 * Casey Gillaspie (2019, 2021)
 * Eric Stout (2019, 2021)
 * Darnell Sweeney (2019, 2021–2022)
 * Zack Weiss (2021)
 * Johnny Field (2021)
 * Nick Franklin (2021)
 * Dean Deetz (2021)
 * Justin Shafer (2021)
 * Keyvius Sampson (2021)
 * Paulo Orlando (2021)
 * Gabriel Guerrero (2021–2022)
 * Jacob Lindgren (2021–2022)
 * Matt Hall (2021–2022)
 * Jon Harris (2022)
 * Akeem Bostick (2022)
 * Pete Kozma (2022)
 * Lewis Thorpe (2022)
 * Mallex Smith (2022)
 * Cam Hill (2022)
 * Jacob Robson (2022–2023)
 * Carlos Sanabria (2023)
 * Patrick Weigel (2023)
 * Brandon Finnegan (2023)
 * Chris Herrmann (2023)
 * Keon Broxton (2023)
 * Johneshwy Fargas (2023)
 * Odúbel Herrera (2023)
 * Brian O'Grady (2023)
 * Aaron Whitefield (2023)
 * Bubby Rossman (2023)
 * Zac Grotz (2023)
 * Ashton Goudeau (2023–2024)
 * Blake Rutherford (2024)
 * Tucker Bradley (2024)
 * Travis Swaggerty (2024–present)
 * Yefry Ramírez (2024)
 * Trent Giambrone (2024–present)
 * A. J. Alexy (2024–present)
 * Damon Jones (2024–present)
 * Chavez Young (2024–present)


text:
Cost of Living (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

"Cost of Living" is the 120th episode of the American science fiction television show Star Trek: The Next Generation. The 20th episode of the fifth season. It was broadcast in syndication on April 20, 1992. The episode won two Emmy awards.

Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, as undetectable parasites devour the ship, Lwaxana Troi takes Worf's son Alexander Rozhenko under her wing encouraging him to adopt her carefree ways en route to meeting a man she's blindly agreed to marry.

The episode won two Primetime Emmy Awards, one for Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and another for Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series.

Plot
Lwaxana Troi arrives on the Enterprise, announcing that she will be holding her wedding there with a man that shares many interests with her, as judged by a computerized matchmaking system. Captain Jean-Luc Picard, initially wary of Lwaxana's plans, is relieved that all she wants from him is to give her away as the bride. Deanna Troi talks to her mother Lwaxana about the marriage, and while she is happy that she is marrying again, she is surprised and disappointed that she will not follow the Betazoid custom of being a naked bride at the wedding. Lwaxana informs her that such customs offend the groom and his people. Deanna criticizes her for abandoning her own custom given the rank that she holds.

Meanwhile, Worf is having difficulties in getting his son Alexander to complete his obligations such as homework and chores. Deanna offers the idea of creating a contract that would allow Alexander to have time to play after completing his tasks. While this initially seems to be acceptable to Alexander, Lwaxana arrives and downplays the idea. Lwaxana makes friends with Alexander, taking him to a holodeck simulation of the Parallax colony despite Worf's orders. Lwaxana encourages Alexander to be a free spirit, but Deanna believes that Lwaxana's message is confusing Alexander.

Eventually, Campio, Lwaxana's husband-to-be, arrives at the Enterprise, and Lwaxana finds that he is not as perfect a fit for her as the computer match suggested, being more strict and demanding than she was led to believe. She evades Campio by taking Alexander to the holodeck. There, Alexander reiterates some of the advice she had previously given him. Taking it to heart, Lwaxana arrives at the wedding naked as per Betazoid custom, and Campio, offended, leaves her at the altar. Lwaxana winks at Alexander, who smiles in turn.

During these events, the Enterprise becomes infected with an undetectable parasite that feeds off nitrium, a component used in most of the starship's materials. Though initial system failures are attributed to normal wear, they become concerned when warp and life support systems begin to fail. The crew is able to identify the parasite, and as life systems fail and cause the crew to pass out due to lack of air. Data, who is able to function without oxygen, navigates the starship to a nearby asteroid field rich in nitrium and coerces the parasite to move there. Ship systems are quickly restored to normal before the wedding.

Afterwards Lwaxana relaxes in the Holodeck simulated Parallax colony mudbaths along with Deanna, Alexander, and Worf. Lwaxana admits she made a mistake with Campio and thanks Alexander for helping her out. Meanwhile, a confused and annoyed Worf asks, "You're just supposed to sit here?"

Reception
In 2011, The A.V. Club gave this episode a "C" lamenting "Alexander is still insanely annoying" and was unhappy with many other elements in the episode offering a tour de force of complaints. Keith DeCandido of Tor.com rated it 4 out of 10.

This episode was noted in 2018 by TheGamer, for including "sad acrobats, hairy dudes in mud baths and mute dancers" and a floating clown-head on the holodeck, ranking it as the 21st creepiest scene in all Star Trek.

Awards
The episode won two Primetime Emmy Awards, one for Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and another for Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series.


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User:Chrisjj/sandpit

Chris's Sandpit This is just an area where I can try things out without spoiling other pages in the process. There is nothing here of value to anyone else.

Chris Jefferies 01:24, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Chrisjj/sandpit


text:
Arranger (banking)

In investment banking, an arranger is a provider of funds in the syndication of a debt. They are entitled to syndicate the loan or bond issue, and may be referred to as the "lead underwriter". This is because this entity bears the risk of being able to sell the underlying securities/debt or the cost of holding it on its books until such time in the future that they may be sold. They do not necessarily acquire all the debt - this may be split into various parts and sold to a variety of Arrangers.

Prior to the syndication of a loan and at the point where the loan documentation is signed, the title of "Bookrunner" is allocated to the bank that commits to provide the loan. This may be shared amongst several investors depending on the size of the deal. The "Arranger" is the entity (or entities) that subsequently agrees and negotiates the project financing structure. They will not necessarily be the same entity, although they often are.

Upon final signing of the full syndicate, the Bookrunner title may be forfeited to another lender. If amendments are made to the loan, the banks that committed to the original loan may retain their involvement in the deal as "Mandated Arrangers". The Bookrunner title is then assigned to the banks comprising the new lender group.

A bank may also be referred to as a "lead arranger", implying that they are more senior in the hierarchy of Arrangers involved in the deal.

For a coordinated series of bilaterals the Mandated Arranger title is allocated to the coordinators.

title: Arranger (banking)


text:
Talk:Hellfire Club

John Wilkes
Why is John Wilkes not listed as a member? His article seems fairly certain. What was Wilkes' prank that wound up the club (see John Wilkes)? Cutler 11:42, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * The anecdote was that Wilkes put mock horns on an orang utang, while folks were doing a mock black mass, and as the article recounts someone fell for it.'-- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 11:10, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

Paul Whitehead
I clicked on Paul Whitehead's Wikipedia link and was directed to an artist who created album covers for the rock band Genesis. This is humanly impossible, as this entry lists a man of the same name as a founder of the Hellfire Club. This should be corrected.

 * Then start an article on the 18th-Century Whitehead and create a disambiguation page, or remove the link, if need be. This kind of stuff happens all the time with names, especially such common ones. Fearwig 01:10, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

DAB
Should this page become a disambiguation and split into its components? -- UtherSRG 01:29, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Maybe move the section about the comic-book Hellfire Club to its own page, but leave the rest here? —Paul A 01:39, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I support a dab page Cutler 10:10, Jan 20, 2005 (UTC)

Accuracy
I don't particularly like that the article cites mainly non-informational sources of the same name while making some claims that would surely be controversial if enough interest were involved. What sources cited pseudo-Satanic rites, orgies, et cetera? I mean, it doesn't sound altogether outside Wilkes's sense of humor, but it's exactly the kind of thing his opponents would be muttering about him for a laugh. The top source actually cites secondaries, but it debunks most of the controversy as myth. Why does the article reference it as established fact?Fearwig 01:05, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Other uses
An "other uses" list and a disambiguation page? Truly, Sir Francis, with these Hellfire clubs you are spoiling us! I will attempt to sort this out. Totnesmartin 10:59, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Mere Existence
The problem with this topic is that there is no evidence whatever, not anywhere, that the "Hellfire Club" as discussed in the article actually had any existence. With the exception of a mention by Horace Walpole and a short paragraph in Chrysal there are no sources to cite... My own opinion is that the "club" as such did not exist - perhaps there was once or twice a rumbistious gathering or two, which other people referred to as a Hellfire Club but...

It's a bit like the "Bloomsbury Group" - they categorically didn't think of themselves as a group, but others did - whose word do we take? and how do you tell the story of something that, at least in the eyes of the supposed participants, did not exist?

There are some amusing and interesting speculations, and a lot to be said about the people supposed to have been concerned in it, however. The line one has to walk is between saying "it didn't exist" and cutting out what cannot be sourced, and saying "this is supposition" and then trying to recite at least a digest of the received wisdom. Ho hum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cypherpress (talk • contribs) 17:10, March 31, 2007

What absolute rubbish, Cypherpress. Of course the Hellfire Club existed, and of course there is proof it did. Not only is there plenty of documentary evidence, but the direct "descendents" of the Club, the Phoenix Common Room at Brasenose, still own several artefacts that belonged to the Club (silverware etc). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.202.67.1 (talk) 11:52, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The request for sources really just means that the authors from whose books all of the claims and assertions upon which the current article is built could, and should, be mentioned. For instance, I'm currently reading av book by Estonian conspiracy researcher Jüri Lina called Architects of Deception from 2004. It may not be considered solid and reliable by Wikipedia standards, however, it would be a place to start instead of having no such references. Then better sources could be listed as they surfaced. __meco 17:51, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * well, I've cited the two contemporary references that I know of to Hellfire activities. I don't particularly want to cite modern references whose conclusions are wrong, misguided or fanciful - citation gives them an authority they don't have. I realise some of the problems this poses, so I'm going to go and have a look at how the wiki on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion deals with this area to find out how to proceed. --Cypherpress 17:32, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm very new to the wikipedia editing process, but I just thought I'd mention the book *The Hellfire Club* by Daniel P. Mannix. The book doesn't appear to be scholarly in that it doesn't cite sources (if I remember correctly), but as Meco was suggesting, it might be a good place to start. I just wanted to ask on the talk page before actually doing anything (you guys are more experienced than I), but would it be alright if I revised the article with information from Mannix's book, given its "unscholarliness"? Paswas n 23:58, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

'The widely celebrated 'Hell-Fire Club' was founded by the first Earl of Rosse, Colonel Jack St Leger, and a humorous painter named Worsdale in about 1735, meeting in the Eagle Tavern in Cork Hill[Dublin][...]The amusements of the Hellfire Club...no doubt resembled the activities of the similar groups in England; no doubt the stories of black masses and so forth have some basis in fact[..]it is less certain that the Club had any connection with [Speaker]Conolly's shooting-lodge on Montpelier Hill at the foot of the Dublin Mountains, which is now universally known as the 'Hell-Fire Club'. It is of course, possible that the Club may at times have exchanged the confined of a city tavern for the larger and more intoxicating air of a romantic hill-top...' -Dublin 1660-1860 The Shaping of a City, Maurice Craig —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.78.46.215 (talk) 16:25, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

What this means?
"The suspense of Olivier Assayas film Demonlover (2002) partly regards The Hellfire Club both as a critical element and as a metaphorical border between reality and virtual world. " Axamoto 14:57, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

So what is it?
I came to this article hoping to learn a bit more, but there doesn't seem to be anything written about what the Hellfire Club actually was.MightyAtom 11:09, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Marvel's Hellfire Club
Should there be a mention of the Hellfire Club from X-Men somewhere since it's loosely based on the original club, or is the disambiguation page enough? Ichliebezuko (talk) 16:56, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Typically things on the disambiguation page aren't also mentioned in the article. Will in China (talk) 16:58, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Okay, thanks for clearing that up for me. :) Ichliebezuko (talk) 16:01, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography now has a "theme" article on the "Franciscans" and membership in the Medmenham friars is mentioned in biographies of several supposed participants. See James Sambrook, "Franciscans (act. c. 1750-c.1776), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn., Oxford University Press, May 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/71306 and (for example) R. D. E. Eagles, ‘Potter, Thomas (1718?–1759)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22619, accessed 7 Nov 2008]76.115.64.167 (talk) 08:30, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Confusing timeline
The article mixes the chronology of two different clubs in such a way that is confusing. "Founders and members" introduces Wharton's club and Dashwood's club but fails to make clear that Wharton's was some 30 years before Dashwood. That section mentions the year 1758, (Wharton was over 20 years dead by then), but the next section jumps back to Wharton's, then to Dashwood's whereupon the subsequent section jumps back to 1721 then back to Wharton's and 1762! Could someone with access to the sources make the chronology clearer? Maybe keep sections for each club separate? 84user (talk) 12:37, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree this article seems to be about two different entities (Wharton's Club and Dashwood's Club) mixed confusingly together. They should certainly be seperated out, possibly into seperate articles. Mutt (talk) 23:03, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Over a year later, I've divided the content into a section for each club. -84user (talk) 00:24, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

How do you join
I just wanted some one to tell me how one joins satanism without first paying money but an offer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.199.17.44 (talk) 05:06, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Exectutive Intelligence Review
This is not a reputable source, it's a kook publication affiliated with the Lyndon LaRouche organizations.

68.48.189.164 (talk) 08:10, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Added entry to references in Literature
Added an entry for Fatal Voyage by Kathy Reichs. Pretty minor change, I only mention it because it doesn't have an existing page and I'm not sure how to cite it or even if I need to. It concerns a (fictional) modern-day Hellfire Club that practices human sacrifice, and actually gives quite a bit of history about the real one as well.

Didiercollard (talk) 06:59, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Baboon
No mention of the baboon incident? That should be prominently discussed. Drutt (talk) 23:49, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Needs fixing
"At the time of the "London's gentlemen's club", And Monching was the @nd founder of this club as known. where there was a meeting place" - no idea what that should say, but it isn't that! 81.158.1.138 (talk) 23:57, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
This may or may not be appropriate to the discussion, but Lindsay Anderson's O Lucky Man! includes a vaguely salacious and debauched scene which perfectly fits the description of a modern day version of the club. The club in the film, however, is never given a name.--Giobruno (talk) 11:44, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Lando the Rando
Dude is vandalizing with NFTbro BS 2601:541:4304:1700:7054:46C8:3002:C9C (talk) 00:47, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hellfire Club


text:
Sebastian Shaw (actor)

Sebastian Lewis Shaw (29 May 1905 – 23 December 1994) was an English actor, theatre director, novelist, playwright and poet. During his 65-year career, he appeared in dozens of stage performances and more than 40 film and television productions.

Shaw was born and brought up in Holt, Norfolk, and made his acting debut at age eight at a London theatre. He studied acting at Gresham's School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Although he worked primarily on the London stage, he made his Broadway debut in 1929, when he played one of the two murderers in Rope's End. He appeared in his first film, Caste, in 1930 and quickly began to create a name for himself in films. He described himself as a "rotten actor" as a youth and said his success was primarily due to his good looks. He claimed to mature as a performer only after returning from service in the Royal Air Force during World War II.

Shaw was particularly known for his performances in productions of Shakespeare plays which were considered daring and ahead of their time. In 1966, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he remained for a decade and delivered some of his most acclaimed performances. He also wrote several poems and a novel, The Christening, in 1975. In 1983, he appeared in the third installment of the original Star Wars Trilogy, Return of the Jedi, as the redeemed Anakin Skywalker, as well as Skywalker's ghost in the original 1983 theatrical release of the film.

Early life
Shaw was one of three children born to Geoffrey Shaw, the music master at Gresham's School, a Norfolk independent boarding school, where Shaw began his education. His uncle, Martin Shaw, was a composer of church music, and his family's love of music heavily influenced Shaw's career path.

Early career
Shaw made his acting debut at age eight on the London stage as one of the juvenile band in The Cockyolly Bird at the Royal Court Theatre in Chelsea on New Year's Day of 1914. During his time at Gresham's, he also played Petruchio in The Taming of the Shrew, his first of many performances from the works of William Shakespeare; schoolmate W. H. Auden, who would go on to become a highly regarded poet, portrayed Katherina in the play opposite him. After Gresham's, Shaw planned to become a painter and spent two years at the Slade School of Fine Art before switching his interests to acting; regarding the change, his father informed him, "I wondered when you would come to your senses." He earned a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in Bloomsbury, London. Actor Charles Laughton enrolled in the academy at the same time as Shaw, who later said his first impression of Laughton was "a poor fat boy". Although Shaw and his fellow students initially felt pity for Laughton, they were quickly impressed with his talent.

Shaw appeared in regional theatres in Bristol, Liverpool and Hull. In 1925, he performed in London as the Archangel in The Sign of the Sun, and played first Lewis Dodd and then the Major in separate productions of The Constant Nymph. He received instruction in verse speaking under famed theatre director William Bridges-Adams in the Stratford Festival Company at Stratford-upon-Avon, where he played some of his early Shakespeare roles, including Romeo in Romeo and Juliet, Ferdinand in The Tempest and Prince Hal in Henry IV in 1926. He was criticised for the audacity he displayed in the latter role. When Prince Hal takes on his kingship and rejects the self-indulgent character Falstaff, convention of the day called for Prince Hal to change from a jovial drinking partner to an arrogant snob, but Shaw saw the view as simple-minded and contradictory toward Shakespeare's script. Instead, he displayed inward regrets about leaving Falstaff and accepting the new responsibilities. The interpretation was criticised at the time but, years later, became the standard approach to the character.

Shaw made his Broadway debut in 1929, when he played the murderer Wyndham Brandon in Patrick Hamilton's stage thriller, Rope's End. In 1929, he married Margaret Delamere and lived with her in Albany, an apartment complex off Piccadilly in Westminster. The two would eventually have a daughter together named Drusilla (born 1932). He returned to the works of William Shakespeare in 1931, playing Claudio in Measure for Measure at London's Fortune Playhouse. In 1932 he once again played Romeo at the Embassy Theatre. Other works around this period included productions of Ivor Novello's Sunshine Sisters in 1933, Double Door alongside actress Sybil Thorndike in 1934, J.M. Barrie's A Kiss for Cinderella in 1937, and Robert Morley's Goodness, How Sad in 1938.

The first film Shaw appeared in was Caste in 1930. He soon began to make a name for himself in films such as Brewster's Millions in 1935, Men Are Not Gods in 1936 and Farewell Again in 1937. He was making about £300 a week during this stage of his career, a significant sum higher than the salary of the British Prime Minister of the time. He brought what the Daily Telegraph described as a "smooth villainy" to the role of Frank Sutton in The Squeaker in 1937, while in 1939 he played the hero Cdr. David Blacklock alongside Conrad Veidt and Valerie Hobson in The Spy in Black, Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's first collaboration. Shaw described himself as a film buff and called Academy Award-winning actor Spencer Tracy his "great god of all screen actors"; he was so impressed by Tracy's technique that he claimed to become depressed while watching his films because Tracy made acting look simple, while Shaw claimed to find it so difficult to master himself.

Second World War and post-war career
When the Second World War broke out, Shaw took a break from acting and joined the Royal Air Force. On 25 April 1941 he was commissioned as an Acting-Pilot Officer on probation in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch and over the next three months was speedily promoted to Pilot Officer on probation, Flying Officer and Flight Lieutenant. According to his obituary in the Guardian, Shaw saw little action in the service and was told the only chance he would have to fly would be as a rear gunner. Some of his fellow airmen hounded Shaw for autographs, while others mocked his posh accent, to which he retaliated with an excellent and unflattering imitation of their less refined speech. He continued to hold a Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve commission after the war until he resigned his commission on 10 February 1954; he was permitted to retain his rank.

Immediately upon returning to London after the war, Shaw lost his Albany flat and his acting contract, and essentially had to restart his acting career. Although he had made twenty films before the war and had already begun to develop a reputation as a strong leading man, in later years he would describe himself as "a rotten actor" in the 1930s who landed roles based mainly on his good looks. He used the phrase "a piece of cinema beefcake" to describe himself as an actor during that period. He felt that after his return home from military service, he learned to act properly and began to mature as a performer. Shaw's Royal Air Force experience was put to good use when he played a pilot in Journey Together, the 1946 RAF training film in which actor Edward G. Robinson coached actor Richard Attenborough in the rudiments of flying.

In 1945, Shaw returned to the Embassy Theatre to direct Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Gambler. Significant theatre roles that decade included Hercules in The Thracian Horses at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith in 1946, Mr. Hern-Lawrence in Florida Scott-Maxwell's experimental I Said to Myself at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate in 1947, Sir James Kirkham in His Excellency at Prince's Theatre in 1950, and Filmer Jesson, MP, in Arthur Wing Pinero's His House in Order at New Theatre in 1951. In 1956, he played the title role in the first British production of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's Everyman. That same year, he wrote the lyrics to his father's ballad-opera, All at Sea, which played at the Royal College of Music. In 1957, he played Lucifer in Brother Lucifer in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, and a sinister Venetian agent in Jonathan Griffin's The Hidden King in Edinburgh.

As Shaw grew older, his reputation as a dramatic actor grew stronger, and he became known for a sharp intelligence and dignified style. Although his good looks diminished, reviewers felt that he used his florid and weatherbeaten face well in evoking grandeur and self-assuredness in such roles as generals, priests and his familiar Shakespearean parts. In 1956, his wife Margaret Delamere died; she was survived by their daughter Drusilla. Shaw began a romantic relationship in the mid-1950s with Joan Ingpen, the well-known classical music and opera talent agent who had previously represented him. The two were romantically involved, to the point that she took his surname, until Shaw's death. During the 1980s, however, Shaw also had a brief relationship with Harriet Ravenscroft, the mother of the disc jockey John Peel, whom he met while performing at Ludlow Castle at Ludlow. He split his time between Ingpen and Ravenscroft on a four-day rotating basis to which both women consented. Although Peel got along with Shaw and said he made his mother happy, he said he did not feel comfortable with the arrangement. He felt it disrupted his mother's friendships and prospects for a more stable relationship.

In 1965, British theatre director William Gaskill was named artistic director of the Royal Court Theatre, where he hoped to re-establish a repertoire. He approached Shaw, who had made his acting début at the Royal Court Theatre as a youth, and Shaw agreed to return. There he delivered several performances over the next year, including General Conrad von Hotzendorf in John Osborne's A Patriot for Me; various roles in Ann Jellicoe's Shelley; Sir Francis Harker in N.F. Simpson's The Cresta Run and Pte Atterclife in John Arden's Serjeant Musgrave's Dance.

Royal Shakespeare Company
In 1966, Shaw joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he spent the next decade of his career and eventually became an associate artist. He mostly appeared in Shakespeare plays, including the title role in Cymbeline, Edmund of Langley in Richard II, the King in All's Well That Ends Well, Ulysses in Troilus and Cressida, and Leonato in Much Ado About Nothing. The Times described his performance in the title role of Cymbeline as "awe-inspiring", and The Independent described his performance as Polonius in Hamlet as "unrivalled in his complacency and sense of circumstance". The Telegraph described his performance of Gloucester in King Lear as "doleful" and his performance of Duncan in Macbeth as "decent". Many of the company's Shakespearean productions at the time were considered interpretive and modern, which drew criticism from some traditionalists, but Shaw defended the experimental nature of the shows and rejected the notion that plays should be restricted to preconceived interpretations.

During his time with the company, he also demonstrated what the Daily Telegraph called a "crusty charm" as Sir Oblong Fitz Oblong in Robert Bolt's children's play The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew. He was also noted as possessing a gift for dry comedy during this period of his acting career, exemplified by his roles in Maxim Gorky's plays Enemies and Summerfolk. He demonstrated a particular knack for Russian comedy in Jonathan Miller's productions of the Anton Chekhov plays Three Sisters and Ivanov.

In 1978, Shaw earned acclaim for his performance as a judge in the stage debut of Whose Life Is It Anyway? at the Mermaid Theatre. The production won Laurence Olivier Awards for Best Play and Best Actor (Tom Conti). Although 73 years old, Shaw did not let his age slow down his career. During the run of this production a mugger tried to steal his money, but Shaw chased him down, tackled him and recovered his property. Later that year, he was painted in the nude by his nephew, Brian Ocean. During his later years, Shaw suffered a physical disability that made him tremble, which had a negative impact on his television roles, particularly when handling cups or trays of drinks. One of his later television appearances was in The Old Curiosity Shop, a 1979 mini-series based on the novel by Charles Dickens. Around this time, he also voiced the part of Squire Beltham in a radio production of The Adventures of Harry Richmond, which the Daily Telegraph said was "remembered with affection". He lent his voice to several radio performances, both Shakespearean and modern, including protagonist John Tanner in the five-hour Man and Superman by George Bernard Shaw.

Writing career
Shaw wrote Take a Life, his first play, in 1961. He directed a production of the show at London's Mermaid Theatre, where he also played the lead role of the Detective. That same year he played two lead roles in George Bernard Shaw plays at the Dublin Theatre Festival: Mrs. Warren's Profession and Candida. Around this time, he also wrote an outline for a television comedy series about four girls sharing a flat, inspired by his real-life daughter, who was in her early twenties and living in a flat with other girls her age. The series was submitted to the Granada Television company, which expressed interest in the show and said it was one of two under consideration for television. The company ultimately chose the other show, the long-running British soap opera Coronation Street.

Shaw agreed to take certain roles only on the condition that he have complete freedom to rewrite his dialogue. When he appeared in It Happened Here, a 1966 World War II film, he wrote many of his own lines, which the filmmakers later said "gave his dialogue an individual slant which enhanced his performance". He also helped in other aspects of the filmmaking, including casting; he introduced the filmmakers to Fiona Leland, who would be cast as the wife of Shaw's character in It Happened Here. He wrote other plays, including The Ship's Bell, The Cliff Walk, The Glass Maze and Cul de Sac. He also wrote Poems, a collection of his personal poetry, which saw a limited print of 300 editions by publisher Exeter University.

Shaw wrote The Christening, his only novel, in 1975. It centres around Miles Madgwick, who believes that he is bisexual but is too timid to find out through physical intercourse, so he instead describes his most intimate thoughts in his diary. He then meets a married woman named Alice and her son, Rodney; he comes to identify with Rodney's childhood innocence, and in Alice sees a symbol both of his mother and a heterosexual lover. Alice starts to tire of her husband and grow fonder of Madgwick, who experiences mixed emotions in his continued interactions with her and Rodney. One night, Rodney stays overnight at Madgwick's house and, when he takes the boy home in a taxicab, the driver observes their strange behaviour and accuses Madgwick of being a pederast. When Alice asks Madgwick to become the godfather to her new child, the driver threatens to expose Madgwick, creating a conflict between losing his first feelings of intimacy with others or facing humiliation and ridicule at the driver's exposure.

A description in the book cover flap reads, "In this tender, sensitive and blackly comic novel, Sebastian Shaw, the distinguished Shakespearean actor, explores areas of sexual and emotional encounter that are rarely seen and, unfortunately, too rarely understood." Shaw originally planned to call the novel The Godfather, but later said he was glad he did not due to the popularity of Mario Puzo's book of that name. He was said to have been working on another novel shortly after The Christening was completed, but no others were ever published.

Shaw's memoirs were published posthumously in 2016.

Return of the Jedi

In 1982, Shaw was chosen for the brief but significant role of redeemed, unmasked and dying Anakin Skywalker in Return of the Jedi, the third and final film in the original Star Wars trilogy. As in the previous films, David Prowse and Bob Anderson played the costumed scenes, while James Earl Jones and Ben Burtt provided the voice and breaths of Darth Vader. Shaw was cast in a single scene with Mark Hamill, during the moment aboard the second Death Star when Luke Skywalker (Hamill) unmasks his dying father. Since this scene was the unequivocal emotional climax of the film, the casting crew sought an experienced actor for the role. Contrary to popular belief, Shaw was familiar with the previous two Star Wars films and enjoyed them particularly for the visual effects, which he described in an interview with science-fiction film magazine Starlog as "brilliant techniques which, in many ways, were revolutionary, something quite new."

When Shaw arrived at the set for filming, he ran into his friend Ian McDiarmid, the actor playing Emperor Palpatine. When McDiarmid asked him what he was doing there, Shaw responded, "I don't know, dear boy, I think it's something to do with science-fiction." His presence during the filming was kept secret from all but the minimum cast and crew, and Shaw was contractually obliged not to discuss any film secrets with anyone, even his family. The unmasking scene, directed by Richard Marquand, was filmed in one day and required only a few takes, with no alteration from the original dialogue.

When the film was re-released on DVD in 2004, a few changes were made: the unmasking scene with Hamill remained mostly the same, but Shaw's eyebrows were digitally removed to maintain continuity with the injuries Darth Vader suffers at the end of Revenge of the Sith. His naturally brown eyes were also colored blue to match those of Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.

Star Wars creator George Lucas personally directed Shaw for his appearance in the final scene of the film, in which he is a Force ghost of Anakin. Shaw's image in this scene was replaced with that of Christensen in the 2004 DVD release. This last attempt to tie the prequel and original trilogies together proved to be among the most controversial changes in the Star Wars re-releases.

Although Shaw's unmasking scene lasted only two minutes and seven seconds and included just 24 words of dialogue spoken by Shaw, he received more fan mail and autograph requests from Return of the Jedi than he had for any role in the rest of his career. He later reflected that he very much enjoyed his experience filming for Return of the Jedi and expressed particular surprise that an action figure was made of him from the film.

Later career
Shaw remained active in his later years; along with fellow Royal Shakespeare Company actors Ian Richardson, John Nettles, Martin Best and Ann Firbank, he engaged in discussions and workshops with acting teachers and students in the early 1980s. Although appearances in films became far less common in his later career, he received much acclaim for his performance as the Cold War spy Sharp in Clare Peploe's High Season at the New York Film Festival in 1987; The San Diego Union-Tribune said Shaw played the role with "endearing, sweet gravity". One of his last performances was in the Christmas season of 1988 and 1989, when he played the wizard in a stage production of The Wizard of Oz at the Barbican Centre. The Times said audiences were "delighted to recognise his honeyed threats from behind the great carapace that disguised the Wizard of Oz". Shaw became an honorary life-member at the Garrick Club, which included such past members as writers Charles Dickens, J.M. Barrie, Kingsley Amis and A.A. Milne; artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais; and composer Edward Elgar.

Death
Shaw died of natural causes on 23 December 1994 at the age of 89 in Brighton, Sussex, England. A memorial service was held on 15 February 1995 at St Paul's, Covent Garden, commonly known as the Actors' Church due to its long association with the theatre community. Actors Ian Richardson and Ben Kingsley read works by William Shakespeare, stage actress Estelle Kohler read How Do I Love Thee? by Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, actress Sheila Allen read Life by Welsh poet George Herbert and actor Kenneth Branagh read from the works of Canon Henry Scott Holland. One of Shaw's own poems, Gemini, was also read by Alan Ravenscroft. Baritone Stephen Varcoe sang Wie bist du meine Königin by Johannes Brahms, accompanied by Graham Johnson on the piano, and guitarist Martin Best performed and sang his composition of Ariel's Songs from The Tempest. Shaw was survived by his partner Joan Ingpen, daughter Drusilla MacLeod (ex-wife of John MacLeod of MacLeod), sisters Susan Bonner-Morgan and Penelope Harness, and sister-in-law Olga Young. His other long term companion Harriet Ravenscroft pre-deceased him.

title: Sebastian Shaw (actor)