text:
Iris recognition

Iris recognition is an automated method of biometric identification that uses mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance. The discriminating powers of all biometric technologies depend on the amount of entropy they are able to encode and use in matching. Iris recognition is exceptional in this regard, enabling the avoidance of "collisions" (False Matches) even in cross-comparisons across massive populations. Its major limitation is that image acquisition from distances greater than a meter or two, or without cooperation, can be very difficult. However, the technology is in development and iris recognition can be accomplished from even up to 10 meters away or in a live camera feed.

Retinal scanning is a different, ocular-based biometric technology that uses the unique patterns on a person's retina blood vessels and is often confused with iris recognition. Iris recognition uses video camera technology with subtle near infrared illumination to acquire images of the detail-rich, intricate structures of the iris which are visible externally. Digital templates encoded from these patterns by mathematical and statistical algorithms allow the identification of an individual or someone pretending to be that individual. Databases of enrolled templates are searched by matcher engines at speeds measured in the millions of templates per second per (single-core) CPU, and with remarkably low false match rates.

At least 1.5 billion people around the world (including 1.29 billion citizens of India, in the UIDAI / Aadhaar programme as updated on 30 November) have been enrolled in iris recognition systems for national ID, e-government services, benefits distribution, security, and convenience purposes such as passport-free automated border-crossings. A key advantage of iris recognition, besides its speed of matching and its extreme resistance to false matches, is the stability of the iris as an internal and protected, yet externally visible organ of the eye.

In 2023, Pakistan's National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA) has launched IRIS for citizen registration/ Civic Management during registration at its offices for the National ID Card. After its initial stage, the eye-recognition verification access will be available for LEAs, banking sectors, etc.

History
Although John Daugman developed and in the 1990s patented the first actual algorithms to perform iris recognition, published the first papers about it and gave the first live demonstrations, the concept behind this invention has a much longer history and today it benefits from many other active scientific contributors. In a 1953 clinical textbook, F.H. Adler wrote: "In fact, the markings of the iris are so distinctive that it has been proposed to use photographs as a means of identification, instead of fingerprints." Adler referred to comments by the British ophthalmologist J.H. Doggart, who in 1949 had written that: "Just as every human being has different fingerprints, so does the minute architecture of the iris exhibit variations in every subject examined. [Its features] represent a series of variable factors whose conceivable permutations and combinations are almost infinite." Later in the 1980s, two American ophthalmologists, L. Flom and Aran Safir managed to patent Adler's and Doggart's conjecture that the iris could serve as a human identifier, but they had no actual algorithm or implementation to perform it and so their patent remained conjecture. The roots of this conjecture stretch back even further: in 1892 the Frenchman A. Bertillon had documented nuances in "Tableau de l'iris humain". Divination of all sorts of things based on iris patterns goes back to ancient Egypt, to Chaldea in Babylonia, and to ancient Greece, as documented in stone inscriptions, painted ceramic artefacts, and the writings of Hippocrates. (Iris divination persists today, as "iridology.")

The core theoretical idea in Daugman's algorithms is that the failure of a test of statistical independence can be a very strong basis for pattern recognition, if there is sufficiently high entropy (enough degrees-of-freedom of random variation) among samples from different classes. In 1994 he patented this basis for iris recognition and its underlying computer vision algorithms for image processing, feature extraction, and matching, and published them in a paper. These algorithms became widely licensed through a series of companies: IriScan (a start-up founded by Flom, Safir, and Daugman), Iridian, Sarnoff, Sensar, LG-Iris, Panasonic, Oki, BI2, IrisGuard, Unisys, Sagem, Enschede, Securimetrics and L-1, now owned by French company Morpho.

With various improvements over the years, these algorithms remain today the basis of all significant public deployments of iris recognition, and they are consistently top performers in NIST tests (implementations submitted by L-1, MorphoTrust and Morpho, for whom Daugman serves as Chief Scientist for Iris Recognition). But research on many aspects of this technology and on alternative methods has exploded, and today there is a rapidly growing academic literature on optics, photonics, sensors, biology, genetics, ergonomics, interfaces, decision theory, coding, compression, protocol, security, mathematical and hardware aspects of this technology.

Most flagship deployments of these algorithms have been at airports, in lieu of passport presentation, and for security screening using watch-lists. In the early years of this century, major deployments began at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport and at ten UK airport terminals allowing frequent travellers to present their iris instead of their passport, in a programme called IRIS: Iris Recognition Immigration System.  Similar systems exist along the US / Canada border, and many others. In the United Arab Emirates, all 32 air, land, and seaports deploy these algorithms to screen all persons entering the UAE requiring a visa. Because a large watch-list compiled among GCC States is exhaustively searched each time, the number of iris cross-comparisons climbed to 62 trillion in 10 years. The Government of India has enrolled the iris codes (as well as fingerprints) of more than 1.2 billion citizens in the UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India) programme for national ID and fraud prevention in entitlements distribution. In a different type of application, iris is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by ICAO for use in e-passports (the other two are fingerprint and face recognition).

Visible vs near infrared imaging
Iris melanin, also known as chromophore, mainly consists of two distinct heterogeneous macromolecules, called eumelanin (brown–black) and pheomelanin (yellow–reddish), whose absorbance at longer wavelengths in the NIR spectrum is negligible. At shorter wavelengths within the VW spectrum, however, these chromophores are excited and can yield rich patterns. Hosseini, et al. provide a comparison between these two imaging modalities. An alternative feature extraction method to encode VW iris images was also introduced, which may offer an alternative approach for multi-modal biometric systems.

Operating principle

First the system has to localize the inner and outer boundaries of the iris (pupil and limbus) in an image of an eye. Further subroutines detect and exclude eyelids, eyelashes, and specular reflections that often occlude parts of the iris. The set of pixels containing only the iris, normalized by a rubber-sheet model to compensate for pupil dilation or constriction, is then analyzed to extract a bit pattern encoding the information needed to compare two iris images.

In the case of Daugman's algorithms, a Gabor wavelet transform is used. The result is a set of complex numbers that carry local amplitude and phase information about the iris pattern. In Daugman's algorithms, most amplitude information is discarded, and the 2048 bits representing an iris pattern consist of phase information (complex sign bits of the Gabor wavelet projections). Discarding the amplitude information ensures that the template remains largely unaffected by changes in illumination or camera gain, and contributes to the long-term usability of the biometric template.

For identification (one-to-many template matching) or verification (one-to-one template matching), a template created by imaging an iris is compared to stored templates in a database. If the Hamming distance is below the decision threshold, a positive identification has effectively been made because of the statistical extreme improbability that two different persons could agree by chance ("collide") in so many bits, given the high entropy of iris templates.

Advantages
The iris of the eye has been described as the ideal part of the human body for biometric identification for several reasons:

It is an internal organ that is well protected against damage and wear by a highly transparent and sensitive membrane (the cornea). This distinguishes it from fingerprints, which can be difficult to recognize after years of certain types of manual labor. The iris is mostly flat, and its geometric configuration is only controlled by two complementary muscles (the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae) that control the diameter of the pupil. This makes the iris shape far more predictable than, for instance, that of the face.

The iris has a fine texture that—like fingerprints—is determined randomly during embryonic gestation. Like the fingerprint, it is very hard (if not impossible) to prove that the iris is unique. However, there are so many factors that go into the formation of these textures (the iris and fingerprint) that the chance of false matches for either is extremely low. Even genetically identical individuals (and the left and right eyes of the same individual) have completely independent iris textures. An iris scan is similar to taking a photograph and can be performed from about 10 cm to a few meters away. There is no need for the person being identified to touch any equipment that has recently been touched by a stranger, thereby eliminating an objection that has been raised in some cultures against fingerprint scanners, where a finger has to touch a surface, or retinal scanning, where the eye must be brought very close to an eyepiece (like looking into a microscope).

The commercially deployed iris-recognition algorithm, John Daugman's IrisCode, has an unprecedented false match rate (better than 10−11 if a Hamming distance threshold of 0.26 is used, meaning that up to 26% of the bits in two IrisCodes are allowed to disagree due to imaging noise, reflections, etc., while still declaring them to be a match). While there are some medical and surgical procedures that can affect the colour and overall shape of the iris, the fine texture remains remarkably stable over many decades. Some iris identifications have succeeded over a period of about 30 years.

Iris recognition works with clear contact lenses, eyeglasses, and non-mirrored sunglasses. The early Sensar technology worked by first finding the face, then the eyes, and then took the Iris images. This was all done using infrared lighting. It is possible to identify someone uniquely in a dark room while they were wearing sunglasses.

Mathematically, iris recognition based upon the original Daugman patents or other similar or related patents define the strongest biometric in the world. Iris recognition will uniquely identify anyone, and easily discerns between identical twins. If a human can verify the process by which the iris images are obtained (at a customs station, entering or even walking by an embassy, as a desktop 2nd factor for authentication, etc.) or through the use of live eye detection (which varies lighting to trigger slight dilation of the pupil and variations across a quick scan which may take several image snapshots) then the integrity of the identification are extremely high.

Shortcomings
Many commercial iris scanners can be easily fooled by a high quality image of an iris or face in place of the real thing. The scanners are often tough to adjust and can become bothersome for multiple people of different heights to use in succession. The accuracy of scanners can be affected by changes in lighting. Iris scanners are significantly more expensive than some other forms of biometrics, as well as password and proximity card security systems.

Iris recognition is very difficult to perform at a distance larger than a few meters and if the person to be identified is not cooperating by holding the head still and looking into the camera. However, several academic institutions and biometric vendors are developing products that claim to be able to identify subjects at distances of up to 10 meters ("Standoff Iris" or "Iris at a Distance" as well as Princeton Identity's "Iris on the Move" for persons walking at speeds up to 1 meter/sec).

As with other photographic biometric technologies, iris recognition is susceptible to poor image quality, with associated failure to enroll rates. As with other identification infrastructure (national residents databases, ID cards, etc.), civil rights activists have voiced concerns that iris-recognition technology might help governments to track individuals beyond their will. Researchers have tricked iris scanners using images generated from digital codes of stored irises. Criminals could exploit this flaw to steal the identities of others.

The first study on surgical patients involved modern cataract surgery and showed that it can change iris texture in such a way that iris pattern recognition is no longer feasible or the probability of falsely rejected subjects is increased.

Security considerations
As with most other biometric identification technology, an important consideration is live-tissue verification. The reliability of any biometric identification depends on ensuring that the signal acquired and compared has actually been recorded from a live body part of the person to be identified and is not a manufactured template. Besides a person's physical characteristics, which includes the eyes, one's voice and handwriting too, are not protected by the Fourth Amendment even though they are all constantly exposed. Many commercially available iris-recognition systems are easily fooled by presenting a high-quality photograph of a face instead of a real face, which makes such devices unsuitable for unsupervised applications, such as door access-control systems. However, this is not the case with all iris recognition algorithms. The problem of live-tissue verification is less of a concern in supervised applications (e.g., immigration control), where a human operator supervises the process of taking the picture.

Methods that have been suggested to provide some defence against the use of fake eyes and irises include changing ambient lighting during the identification (switching on a bright lamp), such that the pupillary reflex can be verified and the iris image be recorded at several different pupil diameters; analysing the 2D spatial frequency spectrum of the iris image for the peaks caused by the printer dither patterns found on commercially available fake-iris contact lenses; analysing the temporal frequency spectrum of the image for the peaks caused by computer displays.

Other methods include using spectral analysis instead of merely monochromatic cameras to distinguish iris tissue from other material; observing the characteristic natural movement of an eyeball (measuring nystagmus, tracking eye while text is read, etc.); testing for retinal retroreflection (red-eye effect) or for reflections from the eye's four optical surfaces (front and back of both cornea and lens) to verify their presence, position and shape. Another proposed method is to use 3D imaging (e.g., stereo cameras) to verify the position and shape of the iris relative to other eye features.

A 2004 report by the German Federal Office for Information Security noted that none of the iris-recognition systems commercially available at the time implemented any live-tissue verification technology. Like any pattern-recognition technology, live-tissue verifiers will have their own false-reject probability and will therefore further reduce the overall probability that a legitimate user is accepted by the sensor.

Deployed applications

 * United Arab Emirates IrisGuard's Homeland Security Border Control has been operating an expellee tracking system in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) since 2003, when the UAE launched a national border-crossing security initiative. Today, all of the UAE's land, air and sea ports of entry are equipped with systems. All foreign nationals who need a visit visa to enter the UAE are now processed through iris cameras installed at all primary and auxiliary immigration inspection points. To date, the system has apprehended over 330,000 persons re-entering the UAE with either another name or nationality (which needs a visa), or even fraudulent travel documents.
 * Bank United - Texas. In 1999 Bank United became the first bank in the world to deploy iris recognition ATMs. These ATMs were manufactured by Diebold using Sensar iris recognition technology. The pilots deployed by Bank United received national television coverage. Coverage and interviews of Sensar executives and Bank United executives included Good Morning America, USA Today, and many other national television shows.

 * Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan - 2009, IrisGuard deployed one of the world's first operational iris-enabled automated teller machine at Cairo Amman Bank, where bank customers can seamlessly withdraw cash from ATM's without a bank card or pin but simply by presenting their eye to the iris recognition camera on the ATM. Since June 2012, IrisGuard is also providing financial inclusion to UNHCR registered Syrian refugees in Jordan on ATM's.  The system is designed to facilitate cash-supported interventions that help deliver financial assistance to refugees with speed and dignity while lowering overhead costs and boosting accountability.
 * Aadhaar began operation in 2011 in India, whose government is enrolling the iris patterns (and other biometrics) of more than one billion residents for the Aadhaar scheme for entitlements distribution, run by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). This programme at its peak was enrolling about one million persons every day, across 36,000 stations operated by 83 agencies.  By October 2015, the number of persons enrolled exceeded 926 million, with each new enrollee being compared to all existing ones for de-duplication checks (hence 926 trillion, i.e. 926 million-million, iris cross-comparisons per day).  Its purpose is to issue residents a biometrically provable unique entitlement number (Aadhaar) by which benefits may be claimed, and social inclusion enhanced; thus the slogan of UIDAI is: "To give the poor an identity." Iris technology providers must be granted a STQC (Standardisation Testing and Quality Certification) certificate in order to supply iris scanners for the project. By far, there are providers such as: IriTech Inc. (dual iris scanner IriMagic 100BK), Cogent (CIS-202), Iris ID (icam TD 100), Iris Guard (IG-AD-100), etc.
 * Police forces across America planned to start using BI2 Technologies' mobile MORIS (Mobile Offender Recognition and Information System) in 2012. The New York City Police Department was the first, with a system installed in Manhattan in the fall of 2010.
 * Iris recognition technology has been implemented by BioID Technologies SA in Pakistan for UNHCR repatriation project to control aid distribution for Afghan refugees. Refugees are repatriated by UNHCR in cooperation with Government of Pakistan, and they are paid for their travel. To make sure people do not get paid more than once, their irises are scanned, and the system will detect the refugees on next attempt. The database has more than 1.3 million iris code templates and around 4000 registrations per day. The one-to-many iris comparison takes place within 1.5 seconds against 1.3 million iris codes.
 * In early 2013, United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) also installed a new biometrics identity management system (BIMS) by IriTech Inc. for the refugees in the Malawi Camp. During the pilot program, which lasted four weeks, more than 17,000 people enrolled their iris biometric data and had their identities verified. After the successful pilot in Malawi, Thailand was recently chosen to be the first site of the global roll-out. After 5 months, in June 2015, UNHCR has completed its registration for nearly 110,000 Myanmar refugees in Thailand's border camps with the help of the new system.
 * At Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Netherlands, iris recognition has permitted expedited, passport-free border security passing since 2001 through the Privium program.
 * Canadian Air Transport Security Authority's Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) program is the world's first dual-biometric program deployed around major Canadian airports for staff and aircrews to access the restricted areas using separate channels from passengers.
 * In a number of Canadian airports, as part of the NEXUS program that facilitates entry into the US and Canada for pre-approved, low-risk travellers.
 * In several Canadian airports, as part of the CANPASS Air program that facilitates entry into Canada for pre-approved, low-risk air travelers.
 * UK's Iris Recognition Immigration System, which started operating in 2004 but which was closed to new registrations in 2011 and which has been phased out in 2012 and 2013.
 * Used in 2002 to verify the recognition of the "Afghan Girl" (Sharbat Gula) by National Geographic photographer Steve McCurry.
 * Since at least 2011, Google uses iris scanners to control access to their datacentres.
 * In 2010, Leon, Mexico, deployed iris scanners in public spaces, that can identify up to fifty people at once.
 * On May 10, 2011, Hoyos Group demonstrated a device called EyeLock using iris-recognition as an alternative to passwords to log people into password-protected Web sites and applications, like Facebook or eBay.
 * Princeton Identity has been developing an "Iris on the Move" system and set of products, primarily for U.S. Government clients, capable of identifying 30 people per minute. Most recently, they have specialized in a product where drivers can be identified without needing to leave their vehicle.
 * M2SYS Technology has deployed their RightPatient biometric patient identification system using iris recognition at 11 Novant Health hospitals in the Charlotte and Winston-Salem markets. The RightPatient iris biometric patient identification system is designed to capture both the face and the iris pattern of patients and uniquely link them to their electronic medical record.
 * In March 2015, India's Andhra Pradesh state has launched an iris-based identity management solution developed by IriTech for enhancing pension distribution system. The Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu demonstrated IriShield USB MK2120U device during a launching event of Andhra Pradesh state's iris scanning facility for pension distribution. "The state's decision to use iris technology as a primary method to issue Aadhaar verified DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) will address concerns of total inclusiveness of its residence as well as providing a more accurate and a hygiene solution," says Binod E. Mathai, Director of Biometronic Technology.
 * On May 28, 2015, Fujitsu released ARROWS NX F-04G the first smartphone with an iris scanner.
 * On mid 2015, the Kenya Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in order to provide an accurate attendance tracking for all students in classes (roll-call) or school buses (getting on/off tracking) has implemented iris biometric system. The solution includes IriTech's IriShield camera connecting to a low cost Android phone or tablet via USB cable. Iris matching is done on-board of IriShield whose internal gallery can hold up to 500 identities (expandable to 5,000 identities) which is more than enough for most of the schools. The local matching capability is a particular advantage in the school-bus scenario because it does not require wireless/3G communication between the biometric terminal in the bus and a back-end server.
 * At the end of 2015, Microsoft launched two Lumia phones (Lumia 950 and Lumia 950 XL) featuring iris scanning as a way to authenticate the user.
 * In August 2016, Samsung released their first smartphone with iris recognition technology, the Galaxy Note 7, using a front-facing camera and infrared illumination. This technology was provided as an option to unlock the smartphone, and to authenticate the users for different features such as Knox security framework, and to restore the Samsung account password.
 * May 1, 2017, the first iris-enabled humanitarian blockchain system in the world was deployed in Azraq Refugee camp in Jordan by IrisGuard. More than 10,000 Syrian refugees use only their eyes without any token to pay for their food on WFP Building Blocks (a Private Ethereum Blockchain on AWS) to redeem their assistance. The project expanded to 100,000 refugees in January 2018.
 * March 2018, World Food Program (WFP) started to implement iris recognition in its food distribution system for the first time in Uganda. The country is hosting approximately 1.4 million refugees and asylum-seekers. It is one of the countries with the highest number of refugees in the world. IriTech's iris scanner BK 2121U is being used to deliver the right food to the right refugees, making sure that they get the food assistance they are entitled to. WFP plans to scale up the system to 180 food distribution sites across Uganda by the end of the year.
 * Sept 2019, ZainCash started to deploy iris recognition to perform cash distribution for refugees and IDPs for the first time using IrisGuard EyePay mobile phone in Kurdistan, Iraq using ZainCash mobile wallet. The world first mobile iris deployment is carried out with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) IrisGuard and Zain Iraq.
 * In June 2023, Apple introduced the Vision Pro mixed reality headset with a biometric security authentication technology called Optic ID. According to Apple, Optic ID analyzes a user’s iris through LED light exposure and then compares it with an enrolled Optic ID stored on the device’s Secure Enclave. The system can, reportedly, differentiate between the irises of identical twins.

Iris recognition in television and movies

 * I Origins (2014), a Hollywood film by writer-director Mike Cahill and winner of the Alfred Sloan Award for best exposition of technology (2014 Sundance Film Festival), uses iris recognition for its core plot. Culminating in India with the UIDAI project to encode and enroll the iris patterns of one billion or more Indian residents by the end of 2015, the film is described as a "science fiction love story incorporating spiritualism and reincarnation", seeking to reconcile science with religious spirit-world beliefs.
 * Steven Spielberg's 2002 science fiction film Minority Report depicts a society in which what appears to be a form of iris recognition has become daily practice. The principal character undergoes an eye transplant in order to change his identity but continues to use his original eyes to gain access to restricted locations.
 * In The Island (2005), a clone character played by Ewan McGregor uses his eye to gain access through a security door in the home of his DNA donor.
 * The Simpsons Movie (2007) features a scene that illustrates the difficulty of image acquisition in iris recognition.
 * The TV series Numb3rs, features a scene where a robber gets into the CalSci facility by cracking the code assigned to a specific iris.
 * NCIS uses an iris scanner in the garage, where forensic vehicle investigations are carried out and evidence is stored. There is another scanner at the entrance to MTAC. The sequence of Leroy Jethro Gibbs being verified is shown in the title sequence. The imagery for this sequence has been "enhanced" using special effects. Iris recognition systems do not use the laser like beams shown in the sequence and the light that they do use is near-infrared and nearly invisible.
 * The 2010 film Red includes a scene where Bruce Willis' character uses a contact lens to pass an iris scan and gain access to CIA headquarters.
 * The film "Angels and Demons" and also the book featured an iris scanner as the method by which the protagonist broke into CERN and stole one of the antimatter storage modules.
 * The film "Demolition Man" also had a scene where an eyeball on a stick was used to break into a weapons storage facility.

title: Iris recognition


text:
Clearfield Township

Clearfield Township is the name of some townships in the United States:

 * Clearfield Township, North Dakota
 * Clearfield Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania
 * Clearfield Township, Cambria County, Pennsylvania

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clearfield Township


text:
Marvel Girl

Marvel Girl is an alias used by at least three fictional Marvel Comics superheroines:

 * Jean Grey, best known as a founding member of the X-Men
 * Valeria Richards, daughter of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman (of the Fantastic Four)
 * Rachel Summers, a.k.a. Phoenix, member of the X-Men, Excalibur, and Starjammers; alternate timeline daughter of Cyclops (Scott Summers) and Jean Grey

title: Marvel Girl


text:
Talk:Apollo 1

DYK nomination
Template:Did you know nominations/Apollo 1

Something wrong with the hatch pictures
These two pictures should show the same hatch (AS-204 = Apollo 1) but they don't. The first one doesn't even have windows, the rectangular "window" is just an opening. Whatever the first picture shows, it's not an actual hatch. Perhaps it's part of an early mockup, or a temporary hatch to protect the interior during some kind of ground transport? I don't know.

The source given is NASA, but the link https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4205/images/c226a.jpg doesn't tell us anything. I recommend to remove this picture. --93.104.182.100 (talk) 11:22, 12 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's probably an early mockup. I see no reason to remove it. It should be properly identified. JustinTime55 (talk) 12:50, 12 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The picture is from page 226 of Chariots for Apollo: History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (PDF and HTML). The caption just reads "The command module's two-hatch system" but does not specify what exactly is depicted. At least, from the NASA number S66-57577 we can assume that it was taken in 1966. --Asdert (talk) 18:42, 12 May 2020 (UTC) Other view of the same thingy is S66-57580 and it is clearly labeled "MOCK UP ONLY". Apollo 207? Wouldn't that have been a block II? --Asdert (talk) 19:07, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

Individual memorials
Several of the items listed in the Civic and other memorials sections are to one of the individual astronauts, and not to the crew as a whole or to the mission. I propose to move these entries to the articles on the respective astronauts, i.e. to Gus Grissom, Ed White (astronaut) and Roger B. Chaffee.

The entries I propose to move are:

 * Grissom:

 * There are Grissom or Virgil I. Grissom middle schools in Mishawaka, Indiana,[81] Sterling Heights, Michigan,[82] and Tinley Park, Illinois.[83]
 * School #7 in Rochester, New York, is also known as the Virgil I. Grissom School.[87]

 * White:

 * Ed White II Elementary e-STEM (Elementary-Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) Magnet school in El Lago, Texas, near the Johnson Space Center.[80] White lived in El Lago (next door to Neil Armstrong).

 * Chaffee:
 * The Roger B. Chaffee Planetarium is located at the Grand Rapids Public Museum.[91]
 * Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard in Wyoming, Michigan, the largest suburb of Grand Rapids, Michigan, which is today an industrial park, but exists on the site of the former Grand Rapids Airport. A large portion of the north-south runway is used today as the roadway of the Roger B. Chaffee Memorial Boulevard.[92]
 * Roger B. Chaffee Scholarship Fund in Grand Rapids, Michigan, each year in memory of Chaffee honors one student who intends to pursue a career in engineering or the sciences[93]

Any objections? TJRC (talk) 02:45, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

Did I miss 'Grissom AFB'? I didn't see it in the article.
The former 'Bunker Hill AFB' was renamed for him. 166.205.107.78 (talk) 01:53, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

 * It's a memorial to Grissom, not to Apollo 1, so it's covered in Gus_Grissom. TJRC (talk) 02:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Correction: Apollo 1 capsule was in Houston Texas at the Johnson Space Center on February 6, 1967
Marty Croney worked there and took me and Stan Skaret on a tour and showed us the charred capsule ‘that had just arrived’! 73.83.234.103 (talk) 21:41, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I assume you're contesting the "Destroyed January 27, 1967" claim? If so, do you have reliable sources to support your claim? Personal knowledge is not verifiable to our readers or editors and therefore not acceptable, even if you're an Expert. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 22:22, 21 June 2022 (UTC) do not change this article or talk
 * please remember to celebretate the birthdays of the 3 astrounuat and the  day they lost there lives. 70.124.19.92 (talk) 18:08, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Of course, it's well-known that the ruined capsule still existed after the fire and underwent painstaking analysis. The photographs of it in this article were taken on January 28. In the context of the infobox, "Destroyed January 27, 1967" clearly means rendered incapable of spaceflight or of supporting the lives of the astronauts aboard at the time. Gildir (talk) 06:30, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

Pressure
From what I have read elsewhere, the internal oxygen pressure was 5 PSI, which was much lower than the 14.7 PSI outside. So why does this article describe it as high pressure? Also the plug door would be easier, not harder, to open outward, but rather was hard to open because of the closure method (fasteners and the like).

As an aside, all three lives could have been saved if they had equipped the launch tower with a flushing hose having an explosive head to penetrate the skin wherever it was placed in order to blow in cooling and smothering N2 and suck out the O2 along with any combustion products in a matter of seconds. But then they thought “what could possibly go wrong?” — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.41.92.239 (talk) 06:50, 27 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Hope you don't mind, I pasted your comment here at the bottom of the page to keep things in order. Sourced info in the article states that "After the hatches were sealed, the air in the cabin was replaced with pure oxygen at 16.7 psi (115 kPa), 2 psi (14 kPa) higher than atmospheric pressure", and that "The heat of the fire fed by pure oxygen caused the pressure to rise to 29 psi (200 kPa)". The plug door was sealed by high pressure, so extreme high pressure (as present in the fire) would render it utterly incapable of opening. Also having a hose attached would have been impossible, since the idea was - you know - going to space, where there aren't any hoses. I'd suggest giving the article and its sources a thorough read-though, I believe it would answer a lot of questions you might have. NekoKatsun (nyaa) 19:59, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apollo 1


text:
Clearfield Township, Griggs County, North Dakota

Clearfield Township is a township in Griggs County, North Dakota, United States.

History
The exact date that Clearfield Township was incorporated is unknown. Pleasant View Township was designated by Congress on February 9, 1888. The township board met on February 23, 1893 and discussed the possibility of dividing Pleasant View into two Townships - Clearfield and Kingsley. There is no record of any action being taken. However, on July 9, 1894, it seemed to have been separated and Clearfield Township was in existence.

Demographics
Its population during the 2010 census was 44.

Location within Griggs County
Clearfield Township is located in Township 146 Range 60 west of the Fifth principal meridian.


text:
Talk:USS New York (ACR-2)

Copyvio?
This article is an almost verbatim copy of this page. Tualha 17:23, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Both texts come from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, which is PD. Stan 21:06, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks.
 * Tualha 21:56, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

Diving info
I removed this text from the entry, as it is unsourced and questionable. I couldn't find anything indicating three people had died and the information about the dive site is questionable. Bangabandhu (talk) 20:16, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Basic Divers – Lower than average visibility (due to proximity to the Olongapo river mouth) and deeper water makes this site more suitable for divers who have gained experience beyond entry-level training. The top of the wreck lies in 17-22m depth, covered in soft and whip corals with many reef fish. Lying slightly deeper (~59 ft deep)divers can examine the uppermost barrel of an 8 in primary gun. The 361 ft length gives plenty of area to observe as corals, sponges and fish life that have had over 60 years to convert it into home. Scorpionfish are common around this wreck and divers are reminded that these fish are dangerous to touch.

Experienced Wreck Divers – More advanced divers can explore the propeller, conning tower and deck areas. There are some areas of relatively easy penetration, with open-spaces and sufficient height to stay clear of major silt deposits. These include the following. The mess deck (2nd deck down) has an interesting penetration 197 ft with portholes above allowing light, but no exit. The boiler room can be explored within recreation diving limits. Due to the nature of the wreck, with low light/viz and the risk of silt disturbance; redundant gas supplies and guideline deployment training are recommended for penetrations.

Three divers have died exploring inside Rochester - which indicates significant hazards and the need for advanced technical wreck training. Divers with appropriate decompression and advanced/technical wreck penetration training can access the engine room, machinery spaces and lower decks. These are in excellent condition, with huge pipes, machinery and valve wheels. Spaces can be extremely confined, with many restrictions and high risk of silt-out. Penetration is generally made on twin tanks, whilst deploying a constant guideline to the exit. Both engine room entrances are posted with notices warning of the dangers to the untrained. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bangabandhu (talk • contribs) 20:16, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Panzerkreuzer USS NEW YORK picture
I am unsure of the coding necessary to explain that the portion of the picture titled "Panzerkreuzer USS NEW YORK" dealing with the main article, is actually "C" of the diagram pictured ("Querschnitt des Panzerkreuzers", et al... a cross-section of the hull of the USS NEW YORK). The rest of the diagram has other ships, including and especially an Indiana class battleship, which - to my eye - is far more noticeable than the relevant cross-section is. Thus, someone more knowledgeable in modern wiki coding might be able to call attention to the relevance than I can. Thanks.

Angelsy1 (talk) 16:19, 4 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Angelsy1: 👍 2605:A000:1418:8F:4C8D:33A3:5C25:AD21 (talk) 19:14, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS New York (ACR-2)


text:
Talk:George Alexander Parks

Civil Engineer Experience
This is a suggestion for additional material:

According to the Parks Monument near Fairbanks, George Parks also was a civil engineer that worked for the territory's transportaton department. Apparently he was prominent in getting roads built in the state.

216.67.41.174 15:02, 30 May 2006 (UTC)Al Sparks, Fairbanks

title: Talk:George Alexander Parks


text:
Active and passive transformation

Geometric transformations can be distinguished into two types: active or alibi transformations which change the physical position of a set of points relative to a fixed frame of reference or coordinate system (alibi meaning "being somewhere else at the same time"); and passive or alias transformations which leave points fixed but change the frame of reference or coordinate system relative to which they are described (alias meaning "going under a different name"). By transformation, mathematicians usually refer to active transformations, while physicists and engineers could mean either.

For instance, active transformations are useful to describe successive positions of a rigid body. On the other hand, passive transformations may be useful in human motion analysis to observe the motion of the tibia relative to the femur, that is, its motion relative to a (local) coordinate system which moves together with the femur, rather than a (global) coordinate system which is fixed to the floor.

In three-dimensional Euclidean space, any proper rigid transformation, whether active or passive, can be represented as a screw displacement, the composition of a translation along an axis and a rotation about that axis.

The terms active transformation and passive transformation were first introduced in 1957 by Valentine Bargmann for describing Lorentz transformations in special relativity.

Example
As an example, let the vector $$\mathbf{v}=(v_1,v_2) \in \R^2$$, be a vector in the plane. A rotation of the vector through an angle θ in counterclockwise direction is given by the rotation matrix: $$R= \begin{pmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta\\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{pmatrix}, $$ which can be viewed either as an active transformation or a passive transformation (where the above matrix will be inverted), as described below.

Spatial transformations in the Euclidean space R3
In general a spatial transformation $$T\colon\R^3\to \R^3$$ may consist of a translation and a linear transformation. In the following, the translation will be omitted, and the linear transformation will be represented by a 3×3 matrix $$T$$.

Active transformation
As an active transformation, $$T$$ transforms the initial vector $$\mathbf{v}=(v_x,v_y,v_z)$$ into a new vector $$\mathbf{v}'=(v'_x,v'_y,v'_z)=T\mathbf{v}=T(v_x,v_y,v_z)$$.

If one views $$\{\mathbf{e}'_x=T(1,0,0),\ \mathbf{e}'_y=T(0,1,0),\ \mathbf{e}'_z=T(0,0,1)\}$$ as a new basis, then the coordinates of the new vector $$\mathbf{v}'=v_x\mathbf{e}'_x+v_y\mathbf{e}'_y+v_z\mathbf{e}'_z$$ in the new basis are the same as those of $$\mathbf{v}=v_x\mathbf{e}_x+v_y\mathbf{e}_y+v_z\mathbf{e}_z$$ in the original basis. Note that active transformations make sense even as a linear transformation into a different vector space. It makes sense to write the new vector in the unprimed basis (as above) only when the transformation is from the space into itself.

Passive transformation
On the other hand, when one views $$T$$ as a passive transformation, the initial vector $$\mathbf{v}=(v_x,v_y,v_z)$$ is left unchanged, while the coordinate system and its basis vectors are transformed in the opposite direction, that is, with the inverse transformation $$T^{-1}$$. This gives a new coordinate system XYZ with basis vectors: $$\mathbf{e}_X = T^{-1}(1,0,0),\ \mathbf{e}_Y = T^{-1}(0,1,0),\ \mathbf{e}_Z = T^{-1}(0,0,1)$$

The new coordinates $$(v_X,v_Y,v_Z)$$ of $$\mathbf{v}$$ with respect to the new coordinate system XYZ are given by: $$\mathbf{v} = (v_x,v_y,v_z) = v_X\mathbf{e}_X+v_Y\mathbf{e}_Y+v_Z\mathbf{e}_Z = T^{-1}(v_X,v_Y,v_Z).$$

From this equation one sees that the new coordinates are given by $$(v_X,v_Y,v_Z) = T(v_x,v_y,v_z).$$

As a passive transformation $$T$$ transforms the old coordinates into the new ones.

Note the equivalence between the two kinds of transformations: the coordinates of the new point in the active transformation and the new coordinates of the point in the passive transformation are the same, namely $$(v_X,v_Y,v_Z)=(v'_x,v'_y,v'_z).$$

In abstract vector spaces
The distinction between active and passive transformations can be seen mathematically by considering abstract vector spaces.

Fix a finite-dimensional vector space $$V$$ over a field $$K$$ (thought of as $$\mathbb{R}$$ or $$\mathbb{C}$$), and a basis $$\mathcal{B} = \{e_i\}_{1 \leq i \leq n}$$ of $$V$$. This basis provides an isomorphism $$C: K^n \rightarrow V$$ via the component map $(v_i)_{1 \leq i \leq n} = (v_1, \cdots, v_n) \mapsto \sum_i v_i e_i$.

An active transformation is then an endomorphism on $$V$$, that is, a linear map from $$V$$ to itself. Taking such a transformation $$\tau \in \text{End}(V)$$, a vector $$v \in V$$ transforms as $$v \mapsto \tau v$$. The components of $$\tau$$ with respect to the basis $$\mathcal{B}$$ are defined via the equation $\tau e_i = \sum_j\tau_{ji}e_j$. Then, the components of $$v$$ transform as $$v_i \mapsto \tau_{ij}v_j$$.

A passive transformation is instead an endomorphism on $$K^n$$. This is applied to the components: $$v_i \mapsto T_{ij}v_j =: v'_i$$. Provided that $$T$$ is invertible, the new basis $$\mathcal{B}' = \{e'_i\}$$ is determined by asking that $$v_ie_i = v'_i e'_i$$, from which the expression $$e'_i = (T^{-1})_{ji}e_j$$ can be derived.

Although the spaces $$\text{End}(V)$$ and $$\text{End}({K^n})$$ are isomorphic, they are not canonically isomorphic. Nevertheless a choice of basis $$\mathcal{B}$$ allows construction of an isomorphism.

As left- and right-actions
Often one restricts to the case where the maps are invertible, so that active transformations are the general linear group $$\text{GL}(V)$$ of transformations while passive transformations are the group $$\text{GL}(n, K)$$.

The transformations can then be understood as acting on the space of bases for $$V$$. An active transformation $$\tau \in \text{GL}(V)$$ sends the basis $$\{e_i\} \mapsto \{\tau e_i\}$$. Meanwhile a passive transformation $$T \in \text{GL}(n, K)$$ sends the basis $\{e_i\} \mapsto \left\{\sum_{j}(T^{-1})_{ji}e_j\right\}$.

The inverse in the passive transformation ensures the components transform identically under $$\tau$$ and $$T$$. This then gives a sharp distinction between active and passive transformations: active transformations act from the left on bases, while the passive transformations act from the right, due to the inverse.

This observation is made more natural by viewing bases $$\mathcal{B}$$ as a choice of isomorphism $$\Phi_{\mathcal{B}}: V \rightarrow K^n$$. The space of bases is equivalently the space of such isomorphisms, denoted $$\text{Iso}(V, K^n)$$. Active transformations, identified with $$\text{GL}(V)$$, act on $$\text{Iso}(V, K^n)$$ from the left by composition, while passive transformations, identified with $$\text{GL}(n, K)$$ acts on $$\text{Iso}(V, K^n)$$ from the right by pre-composition.

This turns the space of bases into a left $$\text{GL}(V)$$-torsor and a right $$\text{GL}(n, K)$$-torsor.

From a physical perspective, active transformations can be characterized as transformations of physical space, while passive transformations are characterized as redundancies in the description of physical space. This plays an important role in mathematical gauge theory, where gauge transformations are described mathematically by transition maps which act from the right on fibers.

title: Active and passive transformation


text:
Out (magazine)

Out is an American LGBTQ news, fashion, entertainment, and lifestyle magazine, with the highest circulation of any LGBTQ monthly publication in the United States. It presents itself in an editorial manner similar to Details, Esquire, and GQ. Out was owned by Robert Hardman of Boston, its original investor, until 2000, when he sold it to LPI Media, which was later acquired by PlanetOut Inc. In 2008, PlanetOut Inc. sold LPI Media to Regent Entertainment Media, Inc., a division of Here Media, which also owns Here TV. In 2017, Here Media sold its magazine operations to a group led by Oreva Capital, who renamed the parent company Pride Media. On June 9, 2022, Pride Media was acquired by Equal Entertainment LLC known as equalpride putting the famous magazine back under queer ownership.

The Out100 is their annual list of the most "impactful and influential LGBTQ+ people".

History
Out was founded by Michael Goff in 1992 as editor in chief and president. The executive editor was Sarah Pettit (since deceased). In 1996, owner Robert Hardman fired Goff and hired Henry E. (Hank) Scott, a former New York Times Co. executive, as president of Out Publishing Inc., with the charge to rescue the financially troubled magazine company. When Scott joined Out, the company had annual revenues of less than $4 million and expenses of $7 million. Scott changed Out LGBT focus, arguing that gay men and lesbians had little in common other than political and legal issues. He fired Pettit and hired James Collard, editor of Attitude, a gay magazine published in the UK, to refocus Out on an affluent and style-conscious gay male audience. Audited circulation grew by 67 percent to over 130,000 and the household income of the average Out reader, as measured by MRI, grew from $70,000 a year to $90,000 a year. With the help of Lou Fabrizio, a senior advertising executive whom Scott hired from The New York Times, Out began attracting major fashion advertisers and brands such as Saturn, which previously had not advertised in gay publications. Three years after Scott took control of Out, it had tripled its revenue and become the largest-circulation gay magazine in US history. Those changes positioned the publication for a sale by Hardman to LPI Media in 2000.

In 2001 the circulation was 100,000. Judy Wieder, who was the first female editor in chief of The Advocate, became the first female editorial director of Out. By 2006, when the magazine was acquired by PlanetOut, Out circulation had reached 130,000. Out attracted international attention when it published its debut Power Issue in May 2007, with a cover that featured two models wearing masks of journalist Anderson Cooper and actor Jodie Foster above the cover line, "The Glass Closet". Some lesbians have criticized Out for primarily focusing on gay men. A writer for the website AfterEllen noted that in 2008, no lesbians were featured on the magazine's cover, and that only 22% of the persons featured in the Out100 were lesbians.

In 2008, Out, along with its sister publication The Advocate, was purchased by Here Media Inc. Since acquiring the brand, Here Media has expanded the magazine's web presence, OUT.com, and added a mobile application.

On April 18, 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company, Grand Editorial, would oversee the editorial content of Out as a contractor for Here Media. Out editor-in-chief Aaron Hicklin founded Grand. Although the in-house editorial department was eliminated, Hicklin said that he would hire most of the editorial staff back as contracted freelancers.

In 2013, Here Media and Out hosted the 19th annual OUT100 event in New York City at Terminal 5. The annual event celebrates the compelling people who have had a hand in moving forward LGBT rights. Out introduced a Reader's Choice Award in 2013 in addition to its editorially curated list of the top 100 honorees.

In 2017, Here Media sold its magazine operations to a group led by Oreva Capital, who renamed the parent company Pride Media.

On August 2, 2018, Hicklin announced that he would be stepping down after 12 years as editor-in-chief. R. Kurt Osenlund, the magazine's managing editor since March 2014, assumed the role of executive editor and acting editor-in-chief for one issue.

On August 23, 2018, Phillip Picardi was announced as the next editor-in-chief. Despite editorial changes, the parent company and magazine were still rife with financial issues and frequent complaints from freelancers and contract employees. Picardi left Out in December 2019, announcing his abrupt departure via Twitter.

In December 2018, Raquel Willis was appointed as executive editor, becoming the first trans woman to take on a leadership position at the publication. While at Out, Willis won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Article for "The Trans Obituaries Project".

In September 2020, David Artavia was appointed as the magazine's new editor-in-chief. On January 17, 2020 Diane Anderson-Minshall was named CEO of Pride Media and later that year became the editorial director of OUT.

On June 9, 2022, after OUT acquisition, Mark Berryhill was named CEO of equalpride. Joe Lovejoy is CFO and Mike Kelley is President of Global Growth and Development. Diane Anderson-Minshall is now the Global Chief Content Creator.

Non-payment controversy
In February 2019, Women's Wear Daily reported that more than forty contributors wrote an open letter to Pride Media and Oreva Capital, its operating entity, as well as its former editorial management partners Grand Editorial and McCarthy LLC, demanding payment for past work. They filed a nonpayment grievance via the National Writers Union. "The National Writers Union is now representing 25 freelance contributors to Out magazine, who are owed more than $40,000 for work that was contracted, produced and published," the union said in a statement. The New York Times detailed the nonpayment issues and that the total owed was in excess of $100,000. The New York Post reported Pride Media owed more than $100,000 in unpaid ad commissions to PinkNews, a London-based digital publisher catering to the global LGBT audience.

Other controversies
In 2018, it was reported that Adam Levin, the owner of Oreva Capital, the parent company of Pride Media, had a history of donating to Republican politicians who have publicly taken anti-LGBTQ stances, including Devin Nunes, Dean Heller, Josh Mandel, and Dana Rohrabacher. Rohrabacher has said that gay people should be denied the right to buy a home and has consistently opposed legal advancements for the LGBTQ community.

In 2020, OpenSecrets showed additional donations of $2,800 each to Thom Tillis and Steve Daines. Both senators received a zero on the Human Rights Campaign's congressional scorecard for not supporting legislation such as the Equality Act and have voted to confirm anti-LGBTQ judges and cabinet members. The Charlotte Observer 's editorial board wrote an article in 2019 called "Thom Tillis is no friend of the LGBTQ community".

Out100
Since its beginning, Out offered an annual list, the Out100, documenting a hundred "influential, inspirational" LGBTQ personalities and celebrities and "founded to celebrate and honor some of the most influential LGBTQIA figures." In conjunction with the listings is the annual Out100 Awards honoring a handful of that year's celebrities with: Ingenue of the Year, Reader's Choice, Artist of the Year, and Entertainer of the Year. In 2019, editor Phillip Picardi said the Out100 was the magazine's "greatest and most well-known tradition".

Notable contributors
{| width="100%"
 * valign="top" width="40%"|

Writers

 * Bret Easton Ellis
 * Josh Kilmer-Purcell
 * Dale Peck
 * Dan Savage
 * Nathan Lee
 * T Cooper
 * Mark Simpson
 * Tim Murphy
 * Edmund White
 * Jesse Archer
 * Bob Smith
 * Dustin Lance Black
 * Kimberly Drew
 * Jenna Wortham
 * Ericka Hart
 * Chani Nicholas
 * Adam Eli
 * Diane Anderson-Minshall
 * Mey Rude
 * Tracy Gilchrist
 * valign="top"|

Photographers

 * Francois Rousseau
 * Roger Erickson
 * Ben Watts
 * Matthias Vriens
 * Cass Bird
 * Patrick McMullan
 * Joe Opedisano
 * Terry Richardson
 * Xevi Muntane
 * Pierre et Gilles
 * Walter Pfeiffer
 * Nicholas Wagner
 * Mike Ruiz
 * }

Celebrities on the cover

 * Graham Ackerman (August 2005)
 * Adele (June/July 2011)
 * Christina Aguilera (June/July 2010)
 * Jason Alexander (April 1997)
 * Pedro Almodóvar (May 1994)
 * Jennifer Aniston (April 1998)
 * David Arquette (October 1996)
 * Billie Joe Armstrong (April 2010)
 * Penn Badgley (March 2008)
 * Jamie Bamber (August 2006)
 * Javier Bardem (February 2001 and April 2009)
 * Roseanne Barr (February 1996)
 * John Barrowman (October 2007)
 * Bryan Batt (December 2007)
 * Nate Berkus (December 2005, August 2007 and December 2010/January 2011)
 * Sandra Bernhard (September 1994 and November 1998)
 * Beyoncé (May 2014)
 * Dustin Lance Black (October 2011)
 * Matt Bomer (June/July 2014)
 * Justin Vivian Bond (May 2011)
 * David Bowie (April 2013)
 * Bill Brochtrup (November 2001)
 * Thom Browne (December 2007)
 * David Burtka (January/February 2012)
 * Charles Busch (October 2003)
 * Christian Campbell (July 1999)
 * Carlson Twins (May 2001)
 * Chris Carmack (February 2005)
 * Cher (May 2002)
 * Margaret Cho (June 2002)
 * Glenn Close (February 1995)
 * Ben Cohen (August 2011)
 * Sacha Baron Cohen (August 2009)
 * Chris Colfer (December 2009 and January 2010)
 * Chace Crawford (March 2008)
 * Darren Criss (March 2011)
 * Billy Crudup (October 2004)
 * Benedict Cumberbatch (November 2014)
 * Alan Cumming (November 1999)
 * Julie Cypher (June 1996)
 * Lee Daniels (December 2013)
 * Angela Davis (February 1998)
 * Ellen DeGeneres (May 1997 and February 2004)
 * Lea DeLaria (March 1998)
 * Portia de Rossi (May 2013)
 * Marlene Dietrich (March 1997)
 * Beth Ditto (May 2009)
 * Stephen Dorff (April 1996)
 * Jamie Dornan (November 2006)
 * Clea DuVall (July 2000)
 * Melissa Etheridge (June 1996 and August 2002)
 * Rupert Everett (Fall 1992)
 * Jack Falahee (March 2015)
 * Jesse Tyler Ferguson (May 2010 and December 2011)
 * America Ferrera (April 2007)
 * Harvey Fierstein (October 1994)
 * Tom Ford (December 2004, November 2007 and February 2011)
 * James Franco (October 2008)
 * Dolce & Gabbana (September 2000)
 * Lady Gaga (September 2009)
 * Rudy Galindo (August 1996)
 * Sandy Gallin (November 1994)
 * David Gandy (February 2015)
 * Robert Gant (April 2004)
 * Jean Paul Gaultier (March 2002 and April 2012)
 * Boy George (December 2012/January 2013)
 * Thomas Gibson (August 2000)
 * Newt Gingrich (March 1995)
 * Joseph Gordon-Levitt (October 2013)
 * Kathy Griffin (December 2011)
 * Jonathan Groff (February 2014 and December 2017/January 2018)
 * Jake Gyllenhaal (October 2005)
 * Alyson Hannigan (August 2001)
 * Kit Harington (June 2015)
 * Gale Harold (December 2000)
 * Woody Harrelson (February 1997)
 * Neil Patrick Harris (September 2008, January/February 2012 and April 2014)
 * Randy Harrison (December 2000)
 * Debbie Harry (June 1999)
 * Anne Hathaway (December 2006)
 * Sophie B. Hawkins (May 1995)
 * Anne Heche (June 1998)
 * Chris Hemsworth (May 2012)
 * Paris Hilton (June 2006)
 * Nicholas Hoult (November 2009)
 * Whitney Houston (May 2000)
 * Jennifer Hudson (December 2007)
 * Josh Hutcherson (November 2013)
 * Devonté Hynes (March 2014)
 * Iman (December 2006)
 * Max Irons (April 2015)
 * Michael Irvin (August 2011)
 * Cheyenne Jackson (December 2008/January 2009 and November 2010)
 * Marc Jacobs (July 2003 and September 2007)
 * Mick Jagger (November 1997)
 * Rob James-Collier (February 2013)
 * Dwayne Johnson (March 2005)
 * Philip Johnson (May 1996)
 * Bill T. Jones (December 2007)
 * Jack Kerouac (August 1998)
 * Chris Kluwe (November 2012)
 * Johnny Knoxville (September 2006)
 * Norman Korpi (July 2001)
 * Michael Kors (December 2006)
 * Larry Kramer (December 2011)
 * Ricki Lake (June 1995)
 * Adam Lambert (December 2009/January 2010 and August 2015)
 * Nathan Lane (March 1996 and April 2001)
 * k.d. lang (December 1995/January 1996 and August 1997)
 * Cyndi Lauper (December 2009/January 2010)
 * John Leguizamo (September 1995)
 * Logan Lerman (September 2012)
 * Jared Leto (September 2004)
 * Adam Levine (September 2011)
 * Freddie Ljungberg (August 2004)
 * Greg Louganis (April 1995)
 * Matt Lucas (October 2008)
 * Jane Lynch (December 2012/January 2013)
 * Natasha Lyonne (July 2000)
 * Eric Mabius (April 2007)
 * Rachel Maddow (December 2010)
 * Madonna (April 2006)
 * Joe Manganiello (March 2012)
 * James Marsden (September 2013)
 * Rob Marshall (December 2009/January 2010)
 * Jesse L. Martin (September 2005)
 * Ricky Martin (December 2010/January 2011)
 * James McAvoy (September 2014)
 * Eric McCormack (November 2000)
 * Ryan McGinley (October 2011)
 * Ewan McGregor (April 2003 and March 2010)
 * Ian McKellen (September 1993 and October 1998)
 * Shane Meier (October 2001)
 * Christopher Meloni (June 2000)
 * Mika (July 2007)
 * Nicki Minaj (October 2010)
 * Ezra Miller (September 2012)
 * Wentworth Miller (December 2013)
 * Liza Minnelli (August 1994)
 * Kylie Minogue (August 2010)
 * Jerry Mitchell (October 2000)
 * John Cameron Mitchell (December 2006)
 * Shay Mitchell (June 2013)
 * Julianne Moore (December 1998, December 2010 and October 2015)
 * Megan Mullally (January 2003)
 * Ryan Murphy (May 2013)
 * Martina Navratilova (December 1994/January 1995)
 * Me'shell Ndegeocello (July 1996)
 * Sharon Needles (December 2012/January 2013)
 * Bebe Neuwirth (June 1997)
 * Barack Obama (December 2015)
 * Todd Oldham (May 1999 and November 2004)
 * Elliot Page (December 2014 and October 2015)
 * Peter Paige (June 2002)
 * Mary-Louise Parker (December 2007)
 * Jim Parsons (December 2013)
 * Dolly Parton (July 1997)
 * Guy Pearce (February 2007)
 * Andreja Pejic (December 2011)
 * Katy Perry (December 2008/January 2009)
 * Pet Shop Boys (January 2000 and June/July 2009)
 * Joaquin Phoenix (March 1999)
 * Chris Pine (June/July 2013)
 * John Paul Pitoc (July 1999)
 * Parker Posey (February 1999)
 * Ben Price (July 2006)
 * Jason Priestley (October 2003)
 * James Purefoy (January 2007)
 * Zachary Quinto (October 2012 and December 2014)
 * Daniel Radcliffe (September 2010 and March 2013)
 * Andrew Rannells (December 2012/January 2013)
 * Eddie Redmayne (September 2015)
 * Keanu Reeves (July/August 1995)
 * Danny Roberts (July 2001)
 * Robbie Rogers (August 2013)
 * Olivier Rousteing (May 2015)
 * Paul Rudd (April 1998)
 * RuPaul (December 1993/January 1994)
 * Antonio Sabato Jr. (September 1996)
 * Mathew St. Patrick (March 2003)
 * Michael Sam (August 2014)
 * Andy Samberg (March 2009)
 * Marcus Schenkenberg (January 2004)
 * Chloë Sevigny (August 2012)
 * Jake Shears (April 2005 and October 2006)
 * Johnny Simmons (September 2012)
 * Troye Sivan (May 2016)
 * Alexander Skarsgård (November 2011)
 * Kerr Smith (March 2001)
 * Sam Smith (December 2014)
 * Wesley Snipes (September 1995)
 * Sam Sparro (December 2008/January 2009)
 * Britney Spears (April 2011)
 * Michael Stipe (November 1995)
 * Sharon Stone (December 2005)
 * Hilary Swank (October 1999)
 * Patrick Swayze (September 1995)
 * Tilda Swinton (April 2008)
 * Wanda Sykes (December 2009/January 2010)
 * Channing Tatum (February 2002 and June/July 2012)
 * Lili Taylor (August 1999)
 * Uma Thurman (November 1993)
 * Michael Urie (April 2007)
 * James Van Der Beek (September 2002)
 * Gus Van Sant (December 2008/January 2009)
 * Donatella Versace (October 2009)
 * Gianni Versace (September 1997)
 * Mark Wahlberg (October 1997)
 * Rufus Wainwright (January 1999 and December 2006)
 * David Walliams (October 2008)
 * Alexander Wang (October 2011)
 * John Waters (November 2002)
 * Johnny Weir (December 2010/January 2011)
 * Pete Wentz (August 2008)
 * Ed Westwick (March 2008)
 * Samira Wiley (December 2014)
 * Robin Williams (March 1996)
 * Kevin Zegers (January 2006)
 * Renée Zellweger (February 2003)
 * Lil Nas X (August 2021)

title: Out (magazine)


text:
Talk:Missouri Compromise

Fouled up date
First sentence: "In the 197678878800s the nation hit a huge westward expansion..." It seems this date has been fouled up. Is someone able to correct it? 68.224.107.200 (talk) 09:51, 25 April 2012 (UTC) Amy 4/25/12

rough article
There are actually a few problems with the writing of this article - particularly in the first few paragraphs. It's a really rough read as far as the grammar & how the info is presented. Unfortunately when I see something written as awkwardly as that it always makes me question whether there are any errors in the facts as well. If I knew more about the subject I'd try to help w/ it, but I wouldn't want to unknowingly adjust something in some way that adversely affected the facts of the article. 68.224.107.200 (talk) 10:19, 25 April 2012 (UTC) Amy 4/25/12

 * This resulted from edits on April 24 apparently by over-enthusiastic students not too well informed about Wikipedia; I reverted to the article version as opf April 23... AnonMoos (talk) 14:11, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * agreed. it's really bad and is based on a one-page oneline "source" --the kids did not spend much tine reading up on the subject. Rjensen (talk) 16:42, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Reverted or not, it is still VERY rough, to wit:
 * ""This deliberately ambiguous provision is sometimes known as the Second Missouri Compromise. most negros dissapoved the pass saying it was under the line a reporter later reported fom a egro named Aj " if its under it under and let it be and sae tom robinson" ""

(Are we to assume that the way it is written, it just needs (sic) prefixed to the text? Or what???)

The article's topic is quite important to the understanding of this period in the history of America. As such, it should be accorded some advanced priority in accomplishing an accurate final version. 68.111.65.233 (talk) 17:27, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

 * This article is a frequent vandalism magnet; it's OK as of right now. You could ask for article "semi-protection" status at Requests for protection... AnonMoos (talk) 22:45, 19 October 2012 (UTC)

Agreed that this still reads very poorly. Not going to change any facts, just tightening up grammar and punctuation in the first paragraph Felosele (talk) 20:26, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

Major re-edit for MoCo lede
The Missouri Compromise spanned two Congressional sessions (15th & 16th), and the controversy encompassed more than a few issues. I've tried to touch on this matters in the lede.

Historian Sean Wilentz emphasizes the role of the Jeffersonian Republicans, North and South, during the debates, rather than the disbanded Federalists. I've relied on his historical understanding of the events; his themes comport with the other sources in the Ref list, for the most part. 36hourblock (talk) 19:30, 5 December 2016 (UTC)

Captions? WTF?
The captions are all very long, as a recent editor has noted. We should trim them significantly. If the content is that important it belongs in the article body. DMorpheus2 (talk) 21:29, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Missouri Compromise. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/ to http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:19, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Consistent ref formats
This is a good article, its only flaw being inconsistent reference styles. I put Bibliography and Further Reading into Citation format. Some inline references have long quotations from the source; might those long quotations belong in the text of the article? Some sources in Further Reading are cited in the article. In my not-perfect experience, that should be moved into the Bibliography. Further Reading is just that: sources not used in the writing of the article. With the lists in Citation format, and many inline references done as short refs (author last name, year, page #), this could use the Harvnb referencing format, so that a short ref links to the full citation in th Bibliography. A few short refs do link, but using a system unfamiliar to me. That is one of the inconsistencies in the references. I have learned not to add Harvnb or one of its close Wikipedia format cousins unless the editors of the article agree to the change. Prairieplant (talk) 01:46, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Confusing Terminology: "Republicans"
Several references to "Jeffersonian Republicans" or simply "Republicans", as such are grossly misleading, conflating two different unrelated political parties into a single term. What's intended here must be "Democratic-Republicans", Jefferson's party which is obviously not the same as the (current) Republican Party which didn't exist until 1854. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.34.131.212 (talk) 16:02, 2 September 2019 (UTC)

Mason-Dixon Line?
Just curious that the Mason-Dixon line article mentions the fact the term came into regular use around the Missouri Compromise, yet this article has zero mention of it. Also the mention of 36°30' doesn't link to anything. Shouldn't this be included here somewhere?? --gobears87 (talk) 16:39, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Removal of first paragraph - Kaminokuni
. Hi there - why are you removing the first paragraph? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BobEret (talk • contribs) 17:49, 28 May 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:23, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * James Monroe 02.jpg

Mason-Dixon Line: Citable Source Sought
Hi. I frequently edit the article on the Mason-Dixon Line, in which it is stated that the use of the term as we now know it goes back to the debate in Congress over the Missouri Compromise. If you google it, you'll find many websites that state this as fact. For example, the website for the town of Rising Sun, Maryland says: "In popular usage, especially since the Missouri compromise of 1820 (apparently the first official usage of the term "Mason's and Dixon's Line"), the Mason-Dixon Line symbolizes a cultural boundary between the Northern United States and the Southern United States." But, our article has no citation for the line being explicitly named during the congressional debate on the compromise. If any of you who edit this article have access to authoritative books on the subject, could you please look for the term, and give me the citation so I can use it in that article, or tell me that there is no reference to Mason & Dixon's Line in the reported debates? Paulmlieberman (talk) 13:27, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Missouri Compromise