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Saint Seiya

Saint Seiya, also known as Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac or simply Knights of the Zodiac (translated from the French title Les Chevaliers du Zodiaque), is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada. It was serialized in Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1985 to 1990, with its chapters collected in 28  volumes. The story follows five mystical warriors called the Saints who fight wearing sacred sets of armor named "Cloths", the designs of which derive from the various constellations the characters have adopted as their destined guardian symbols. The Saints have sworn to defend the reincarnation of the Olympian goddess Athena (in her fictional depiction specific to the series) in her battle against other gods who want to dominate Earth.

In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Viz Media. Since 2006, Kurumada has been publishing a sequel manga titled Saint Seiya: Next Dimension. Several spin-off manga by different authors have also been created. The manga was adapted by Toei Animation into a 114-episode anime television series which was broadcast on TV Asahi from 1986 to 1989. Saint Seiya was later continued with three original video animations released from 2002 to 2008. Four animated feature films premiered in Japanese theaters from 1987 to 1989, with a fifth in 2004 and a sixth in 2014. A live-action film adaptation premiered in April 2023.

The Saint Seiya manga had over 50 million copies in circulation as of 2022, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time. Both the original manga and the anime adaptation were successful internationally across Asia, Europe, and Latin America.

Plot
The story focuses on an orphan named Seiya who was forced to go to the Sanctuary in Greece to obtain one of the "Cloths", the Bronze Cloth of the Pegasus constellation, a protective armor worn by the Greek goddess Athena's 88 warriors known as "Saints". Upon awakening his "Cosmo", Seiya acquires the ability to unleash the true power of a Saint through what is variously described as the "burning", "explosion", or "big bang" of his "Cosmo" (alluding to the Big Bang of the universe). He then quickly becomes the Pegasus Saint and returns to Japan to find his older sister.

Because his sister disappeared the same day Seiya went to the Sanctuary, Saori Kido, the adopted granddaughter of Mitsumasa Kido (the person who sent all the orphans to train) makes a deal with him to go to fight in a tournament called the Galaxian Wars. In this tournament, all the orphans who survived and became Bronze Saints must fight to win the most powerful Cloth: The Sagittarius Gold Cloth. If Seiya goes to compete there and wins, Saori would start a search to find Seiya's sister. The tournament is interrupted by the vengeful Phoenix Bronze Saint, Ikki, who wishes to eliminate the people who forced him to undergo his especially harsh training. He steals parts from the Sagittarius Cloth and eventually fights against the remaining Bronze Saints: Seiya, Shun (Ikki's brother), Shiryū, and Hyōga.

Upon Ikki's defeat, the Bronze Saints are attacked by the Silver Saints sent by the Sanctuary's corrupt Pope to eliminate them. When they prevail, the Bronze Saints learn that Saori is Athena's reincarnation and that the Pope once tried to kill her as a baby. The previous Sagittarius Gold Saint Aiolos saved Saori but was mortally wounded shortly after escaping and gave Saori to her adopted grandfather. Deciding to join forces with Saori, the Bronze Saints go to the Sanctuary to defeat the Pope, but upon their arrival, Saori is severely wounded by a gold arrow from a Silver Saint and will die at the end of the day. Believing the Pope may be able to heal her, the Bronze Saints go to find him. To do so, they must go through 12 temples, each one guarded by one Gold Saint (the most powerful Saints of Athena). Some of these Gold Saints are friendly, but others are just as corrupt as the Pope and take a sick pleasure in fighting the Bronze Saints. Following several battles, Seiya gets to the Pope's temple and learns that he is actually the Gold Saint Gemini Saga, who suffers from a split personality: one good and one evil. His evil side took over completely and had killed the real Pope to obtain more power. With help from his friends' Cosmos, Seiya is able to knock out Saga and use the shield from Athena's statue to heal Saori just in time. Shortly afterwards, Saga, his good side having regained control, commits suicide as a self-punishment.

In the second story arc, the Greek god Poseidon reincarnates within the body of Julian Solo, the heir to a rich and powerful family, and plots to flood the Earth. Saori goes to his Temple, where Julian offers her to reduce the flooding by absorbing the water inside the Oceans' Central Pillar. Following Saori, Seiya, Hyōga, Shun and Shiryū go to Poseidon's underwater Temple and are confronted by his underlings, the Marines. As Seiya, Hyōga, and Shiryū make their way to Julian, Ikki learns that the mastermind behind this conflict is Saga's twin brother, Gemini Kanon, who is manipulating Poseidon. During the final battle, Poseidon's spirit awakes within Julian and manages to defeat his opponents. Saved by the Saints from the Pillar, Saori seals Poseidon's soul within her amphora.

The third and last arc follows how Hades, the Underworld god, is freed from his seal and revives the deceased Gold Saints and the Pope Aries Shion, and alongside some of his 108 Specters, sends them to the Sanctuary to kill Athena. The remaining Gold Saints serving Athena are able to subdue the enemies, but Saori then commits suicide. This act is instead meant to directly send her to the Underworld to face Hades, and the Bronze Saints follow her. Shion reveals that the revived Gold Saints' true intentions were of giving Saori her own Cloth so she could fight alongside her knights, and gives it to Seiya's group before dying once again. In the Underworld, as the Saints fight Hades' Specters, Shun is possessed by Hades. Saori reaches Hades and expels his soul from Shun's body. Hades then takes Saori to Elysium, and the five Bronze Saints follow them. In the final fight against Hades and his two subordinates, the gods Hypnos and Thanatos, the Saints gain the all-powerful God Cloths and use them to aid Saori in defeating Hades. However, Seiya also sacrifices himself by receiving one of Hades' attacks, and the Saints return to Earth with his body.

Production
At first, Kurumada planned to create a wrestling-themed manga as he enjoys writing individual sports rather than collective sports. He was initially inspired by The Karate Kid (1984) to conceive a story about a young karateka named Seiya found by a karate master and his female assistant; however, his publishing department did not approve the idea. Since he thought simple sports like judo or karate would not be interesting enough, he added aspects from Greek mythology and constellations to make it innovative. However, the basic concept of Saint Seiya was to be a nekketsu manga with a "fashion" touch added by the Saint Cloths. After the quick cancellation of his previous work, Otoko Zaka, in 1984, this "fashion sense" was something Kurumada thought would be an aspect that would attract fans, making it different from his previous manga with simple high school uniforms. Although they look like European medieval armors, Kurumada said his main inspiration for the Cloths was Hajime Sorayama's 1983 illustration book Sexy Robot. Besides from fashion, the Cloths were created because Kurumada wanted characters to throw explosive sparks and the armors was a way to give them some protection. Initially, he could not decide what type of armor it would be, considering even Buddhist ; based on the Greek motif, he designed the actual Saint Cloths.

When Kurumada was in the process of creating Saint Seiya, he gave Seiya the name Rin at first, since Kurumada was going to title his manga "Ginga no Rin" (Rin of the Galaxy). However, as Kurumada continued developing his manga, he decided to change the name to Seiya, which was more fitting. First he spelled the name with the kanji that meant "Holy Arrow", to relate it to Seiya's condition as a Saint, but later decided to use the kanji that meant "Star Arrow", to emphasize the constellation and mythological motif. Finally, he changed his manga title as well, to Saint Seiya, once he fully developed the concept of the Saints. Also, Kurumada stated that one of the first ideas he conceived for Saint Seiya was the Pegasus Meteor Fist. Since his manga was going to use the constellations as a very important and ever-present theme, he wanted his protagonist to have a special move that would be like a shower of meteors.

When Kurumada designed Seiya's likeness, he was inspired by his character Ryūji Takane, the protagonist of his hit manga Ring ni Kakero, which he created 9 years before Seiya. Most protagonists of Kurumada's works bear a resemblance to Ryūji, as Kurumada subscribes to the revered Osamu Tezuka's Star System (a stable cast of characters) technique. The same process is done with almost all the other characters from the series. After creating Seiya as a nekketsu character, he decided to give different personality traits to each of other main characters: Shiryū is the "righteous and serious"; Hyoga is "posed and classy"; Shun is the "lovable boy"; and Ikki is the lone wolf.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Masami Kurumada, Saint Seiya debuted in Shueisha's manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump on December 3, 1985. It finished in the magazine's 49th issue of 1990 (with cover date November 19), and the last chapter was published in the first issue of V Jump (released as an extra edition of Weekly Shōnen Jump, with cover date December 12, 1990). Shueisha collected its 110 individual chapters in 28 volumes, released from September 10, 1986, to April 10, 1991. Shueisha has also released the series in other editions; 15 volumes, from November 20, 1995, to January 20, 1997; 15  volumes, from January 18 to August 10, 2001; 22  volumes, from December 2, 2005, to October 4, 2006. Akita Shoten is releasing the series in a edition since June 8, 2021. As of June 8, 2023, nine volumes have been released.

In North America, the series was licensed for English release by Viz Media in 2003. Under the title Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac, Viz Media released its 28 volumes from January 21, 2004, to February 2, 2010.

Kurumada published in Akita Shoten's Champion Red a series of special in-depth chapters of events from the manga; Saint Seiya: Episode Zero, from December 19, 2017, to February 19, 2018. Saint Seiya Origin, from December 19, 2018, to January 19, 2019; and Saint Seiya: Destiny, on December 19, 2018. The three chapters of Episode Zero were included in the first volume of the series' shinsōban edition.

Other series
A spin-off series by Megumu Okada, titled Saint Seiya Episode.G, was serialized in Akita Shoten's Champion Red from December 19, 2002, to June 19, 2013.

Kurumada started a sequel to Saint Seiya, titled Saint Seiya: Next Dimension, in 2006. A prologue chapter was published in Akita Shoten's Weekly Shōnen Champion on April 27, 2006, and the series officially debuted in the magazine on August 23 of the same year. The collected volumes are published in full color.

A second spin-off series by Shiori Teshirogi, titled Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas, was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Champion from August 24, 2006, to April 7, 2013.

A third spin-off series by Chimaki Kuori Saint Seiya: Saintia Shō, was serialized in Champion Red from August 19, 2013, to July 19, 2021.

A fourth spin-off series by Kenji Saito and Shinshu Ueda, titled Saint Seiya: Dark Wing (・冥王異伝　ダークウィング), started in Champion Red on December 19, 2020. Its first volume was released on June 18, 2021.

A fifth spin-off manga series by Tsunakan Suda, titled Saint Seiya: Rerise of Poseidon (・海皇再起), started serialization in Champion Red on September 16, 2022.

Overview

 * TV and OVA series

 * Animated movies

Release
An anime adaptation of Saint Seiya was first proposed in June 1986 three months before the first manga volume was published. After Toei Animation started a partnership with TV Asahi, they looked for sponsors. Bandai got interested in selling the Saint Cloths as merchandise so it began development. Masayoshi Kawata, producer of TV Asahi, thought Saint Seiya was the perfect fit for the "hero show" they were looking for. By July, scriptwriter Takao Koyama had written the first episode scheduled to be broadcast in October. Since an episode adapts several chapters the anime goes faster than the manga, which led the TV series staff to create some original stories to fill the gap. The anime adaptation was broadcast on TV Asahi from October 11, 1986, to April 1, 1989. It was directed first by Kōzō Morishita (episodes 1–73) and then by Kazuhito Kikuchi (episodes 74–114). The character designers and aestheticists were Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno, and Seiji Yokoyama composed the soundtracks. Following Kurumada's storylines from the manga closely, the chief scriptwriters were Takao Koyama (1–73) and Yoshiyuki Suga (74–114). The series has three main parts: Sanctuary (episodes 1–73), Asgard, an anime original story arc (episodes 74–99), and Poseidon (episodes 100–114). The series was cancelled and left unfinished in 1989, leaving one arc of the manga not animated, until finally being adapted into a series of OVAs in 2002. The series one-hundred fourteen episodes was re-released in Japan on two Blu-ray box sets on June 20 and September 24, 2014. The series was re-broadcast on TV Asahi in 2015.

After Japan, Saint Seiya was first broadcast in France in 1988 on TF1's Club Dorothée (programming block), under the title Les Chevaliers du Zodiaque (which inspired the title in other language versions), and the series became quickly popular. The series was broadcast throughout Asia, Europe and Latin America, where it was a success as well. In North America, the series was first licensed by DIC Entertainment, under the title Knights of the Zodiac, in 2003. The DIC version was edited for broadcast, cutting overly violent scenes, coloring the red blood to blue, adding in previously non-existent digital scene transitions, rewriting the scripts, renaming several characters and replacing the music themes and the original soundtrack. This version premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on August 30, 2003, and in Canada on YTV on September 5 of the same year. Unlike other territories, Saint Seiya did not succeed in North America, and DIC only dubbed forty episodes. ADV Films licensed the home video rights to the series. They released the DIC-edited version and an uncut version of the show with English subtitles, which also included a new dub (with a different voice cast than the one used by DIC). ADV Films released the first twenty-eight episodes of the edited version on seven (of the planned twelve) DVDs from January 27 to October 25, 2004, and released only sixty episodes of the uncut version on twelve DVDs from October 21, 2003, May 31, 2005. A box-set collection was released on January 13, 2009. New Video released the first seventy-three episodes on a subtitle-only DVD set, titled Saint Seiya: Sanctuary Classic Complete Collection, on April 15, 2014. On October 15, 2019, Netflix began streaming a third English dub, featuring the cast from Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya; the first fifteen episodes premiered first and episodes 16–41 were added some days later; episodes 42 to 73 were added in January 2020; and episodes 74 to 114 were added in April 2020, in effect making the Netflix dub the only complete English dub of the entire original series. The series was removed from the platform in December 2021. Crunchyroll added the series in April 2023.

A spin-off television series, Saint Seiya Omega, was broadcast for ninety-seven episodes on TV Asahi from April 1, 2012, to March 30, 2014.

Novels
On November 9, 1988, Weekly Shōnen Jump released a Jump Gold Selection Anime Special 2, written by Takao Koyama, with illustrations by the series' animation character designers Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno. This special is just a detailed flashback to Gemini Saga's assassination attempt on the newborn Athena.

There is also a series of two light novels by Tatsuya Hamazaki with the name of Saint Seiya: Gigantomachia, which were published by Jump J-Books. The first novel was released in Japan on August 23, 2002, while the second was released on December 16, 2002.

Films
Four animated feature films were shown in Japanese theaters from 1987 to 1989. A fifth animated film came out in Japanese theaters in 2004, Heaven Chapter - Overture (天界編 序奏), which was supposed to follow the regular chronology right after the end of the manga (which finished being adapted on August 1, 2008) as a prologue to a new chapter. Toei Animation first announced that this new chapter would be a new animated series, but later Kurumada stated that he wanted the film to be part of a trilogy. Tōru Furuya revealed Kurumada's wishes for the series during a press conference. After Pegasus Seiya eventually defeats Zeus, he is to go on and face Chronos, the God of Time. Toru was not allowed to say anything more. With the serialization of Saint Seiya: Next Dimension, Kurumada removed Overture from the canon of the Saint Seiya universe, although some elements that appeared in it remain in the continuity.

Despite the first movie being released in 1987, none of the movies received an official English release in North America until it was announced by Discotek in 2012 that they had acquired the home video rights to the first four movies and intended to release them across two DVDs, each containing two movies. The DVDs contain Japanese audio with English subtitles.

In 2003, the French magazine AnimeLand published an interview with Masami Kurumada where the author revealed that a company in Hollywood had approached him some years prior with a fifteen-minute pilot of a live-action movie of Saint Seiya. The project was abandoned as Kurumada did not feel the essence of the series had been preserved. In a later interview published in 2005 the reporter was allowed to see the video and commented on how the names of the main characters were changed and noted that one of them, Andromeda Shun had been changed from male to female.

On June 21, 2014, Legend of Sanctuary was released. Animated in CGI, Legend of Sanctuary is based on the classic 1986 series. It was produced by Toei to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the franchise.

In 2017, a collaboration between Toei Animation and Hong Kong-based production company A Really Good Film Company was announced. In the press conference, plans for a live-action Saint Seiya movie were detailed, and Polish director Tomasz Bagiński was announced as being in charge of filming, based on the classic 1986 series, which was supposed to take place in Summer 2019. The official title for the movie is Saint Seiya: The Beginning (聖闘士星矢 The Beginning) and Saint Seiya: Knights of the Zodiac in English. A live-action adaptation starred Mackenyu as Seiya, Madison Iseman as Sienna, Sean Bean as Alman Kido, Diego Tinoco as Nero, Famke Janssen as Vander Guraad, Nick Stahl as Cassios and Mark Dacascos as Mylock. The film premiered in Japan on April 28, 2023. Sony Pictures distributed the film outside Japan, except in China and the Middle East.

Original video animations
These are a series of original video animations (OVAs) that cover the last arc of the manga, which was not previously adapted into anime. The first 13 episodes were broadcast on Animax (a Japanese pay-per-view channel) from November 9, 2002, to April 12, 2003, and then released on DVD during the year 2003. These 13 episodes were named Hades — Chapter Sanctuary (冥王ハーデス十二宮編) and adapt volumes 19 to 22 of the manga. This OVA series was directed by Shigeyasu Yamauchi, still with animation character designs by Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno, while the scripts were adapted from the manga this time by Michiko Yokote, and the soundtrack was entirely taken from Yokoyama's work on the previous TV series.

Two years after the first part of the Hades saga, Chapter Sanctuary, a second part was produced in 2005. This second chapter was named Hades — Chapter Inferno (冥王ハーデス冥界編 前章) and consists of six episodes, adapting volumes 23 to 25 of the manga. However, most of the original voice actors did not reprise their roles, aside from Hideyuki Tanaka as the narrator. Hirotaka Suzuoki, the original voice actor of Dragon Shiryū, died on August 6, 2006, due to lung cancer.

On the same Animax channel, Toei Animation released the first two OVAs on December 17, 2005, followed by the next two on January 21, 2006. The last pair were released on February 18, 2006. Shortly after their TV broadcasting, which lasted for 2 months, the episodes were released on DVD in 2006. This short OVA series was directed by Tomoharu Katsumata, but the other staff remained the same. Toei Animation officially announced the news on its website on July 18, 2006. Then, Hades — Chapter Inferno - Part 2 (冥王ハーデス冥界編 後章), which contains 6 episodes in total, was released, adapting volumes 25 to 26 of the manga.

On June 28, Masami Kurumada announced on his personal blog that production on the Hades — Chapter Elysion (冥王ハーデス エリシオン編) OVAs had begun. It was thought that the release was to be in mid-December 2007, as of the last two years with the performance of the two Inferno chapters (Zenshō and Kōshō), but no preview or released images were available as of the end of October. In November 2007, Toei Animation announced that the official release of the Elysion Chapter would be in March 2008 and not December 2007 as originally planned The Elysion OVAs were released in March (episodes #26 and #27), May (#28 and #29), and August (#30 and #31), and adapted the final two volumes of the manga, 27 and 28.

An original net animation (ONA) series titled Saint Seiya: Soul of Gold began streaming in 2015. Another ONA series, Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya, premiered on Netflix, with six episodes, on July 19, 2019. Another six episodes premiered on January 23, 2020. The second season premiered on Crunchyroll on July 31, 2022.

Musicals
In August 1991, a musical, sponsored by Bandai, was performed at the Aoyama theater in Tokyo, Japan. The story retells the Sanctuary and Poseidon chapters. The cast included members of SMAP as the five Bronze Saints and Poseidon. The characters Aries Mu, Leo Aiolia, and Scorpio Milo were portrayed by members of another band, Tokio.

As of May 2011, Masami Kurumada announced in his website that a new Saint Seiya musical was in the works. Debuting in late 2011, the stage play was titled Saint Seiya Super Musical, and presented a live-action adaptation of the first Saint Seiya film, Evil Goddess Eris.

Video games
Several video games have been released based on the series.

Discography
Seiji Yokoyama was the main composer for the Saint Seiya original anime series 1986/90. A selection is listed below:
 * Saint Seiya Original Soundtrack I–VIII (spanning 8 CDs)
 * Saint Seiya – 1996 Song Collection
 * Saint Seiya – 1997 Shonenki
 * Saint Seiya – Best Collection
 * Saint Seiya – Chikyūgi (Single Album)
 * Saint Seiya – Galaxian Wars
 * Saint Seiya – Memorial Box (spanning 5 CDs)
 * Saint Seiya – Gold Collection (spanning 5 CDs)
 * Saint Seiya – Hits (spanning 3 CDs)
 * Saint Seiya – King of the Underworld
 * Saint Seiya – Piano Fantasia
 * Saint Seiya – Tenkai Hen Josō Overture
 * Saint Seiya – Song Selection (commemorative CD for the 30th anniversary of the original series of Saint Seiya eighties)

Other media
In the early 1990s, Renaissance-Atlantic Entertainment planned to produce an American animated version of the series titled Guardians of the Cosmos. Only a pilot was made, and the intro was revealed at the end of YouTuber Ray Mona's documentary on the subject titled The Secret Stories of Saint Seiya in December 2022. The full pilot was showcased in the follow-up documentary The Secret Stories of Saint Seiya Part 2 in April 2023.

Many different events took place to celebrate the manga's 30th anniversary. In June 2016, there was a convention in Akihabara (Tokyo) commemorating the historic series, with numerous commemorative gadgets on sale. A second exhibition was held in Hong Kong in September 2016. Saint Seiya 30 Shunen Keny Gashu, Seiiki - Sanctuary, an art book consisting of 130 pages illustrated by Masami Kurumada, was launched in Japan on October 21, 2016, by Takarajimash. A third exhibition was held in China (Hong Kong) in April 2018.

Reception
The Saint Seiya manga has sold over 25 million copies in Japan as of 2007. It had over 35 million copies in circulation as of 2017, and over 50 million copies in circulation as of 2022. The anime series won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize in 1987. In Animage's 2001 "Top-100 Anime" ranking, Saint Seiya was 53rd. In 2006, TV Asahi conducted a nationwide survey for the one hundred most popular animated television series, where Saint Seiya came in 25th place. In NHK's "Best 100 Anime" online poll ranking, celebrating a century of Japanese Animation, Saint Seiya came in 123rd place.

The series was considered one of the biggest phenomena of the 1980s. It would become the inspiration for future series, including several Gundam series such as Mobile Suit Gundam Wing and Mobile Fighter G Gundam, Legend of Heavenly Sphere Shurato, Ronin Warriors, Wild Knights Gulkeeva, and Kurumada's later work B't X. In The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy praises the series' complex plot and felt that animation designers' Shingo Araki and Michi Himeno had worked "magic" with both the anime series and the films. They also praised the grand soundtrack and director Shigeyasu Yamauchi's ability to stretch out the tension and chose the perfect places to stop an episode to keep audiences waiting for the next one. Clements and McCarthy did, however, find the series disturbing in that its main emotional impact comes from the audience seeing "older boys and men fighting brave but naive teenagers" and through victories earning more weapons. Jason Thompson describes the series as being "almost pure battle".

Yaoi dōjinshi based on Saint Seiya popularized the term "yaoi" in 1987. Saint Seiya was particularly popular as a subject in yaoi as it had a large cast which was predominantly male. This allowed "an incredible number" of pairings, although Andromeda Shun was one of the more popular characters to create yaoi for.

Tite Kubo, the author of the manga series Bleach, named Saint Seiya as one of his biggest inspirations for the designs of the different types of weapons that his characters use in the story as well as the battle scenes.

Saint Seiya: Soul of Gold (2015) drew a 50 million viewership worldwide by September 2015.

title: Saint Seiya


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American Bible Society

American Bible Society is a U.S.-based Christian nonprofit headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As the American member organization of United Bible Societies, it supports global Bible translation, production, distribution, literacy, engagement, ministry, and advocacy efforts. American Bible Society publishes and distributes interconfessional translations of the Christian Bible and provides study aids and other tools to help people engage with it. Founded on May 11, 1816, in New York City, it is best known for its Good News Translation of the Bible, written in the contemporary vernacular. American Bible Society also publishes the Contemporary English Version.

American Bible Society is a member of the United Bible Societies, Forum of Bible Agencies International, Every Tribe Every Nation and not affiliated with any single denomination. With Trinitarian Christian faith that adheres to the Nicene Creed, American Bible Society does not consider Latter-day Saints or Jehovah's Witnesses to be Christians.

American Bible Society's headquarters relocated from 1865 Broadway in New York City to Philadelphia in August 2015.

19th century
American Bible Society was founded in 1816 by prominent American Protestants. The first President was Elias Boudinot, who had been President of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, was named president in 1821, and a number of illustrious individuals like Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen and Edwin Francis Hyde, a former president of the Philharmonic Society of New York, headed up the organization over the years. Francis Scott Key, the writer of the United States' national anthem, was a Vice President of the organization from 1817 until his death in 1843. American Bible Society's first headquarters were on Nassau Street in Lower Manhattan.

American Bible Society used the King James Bible, and, starting in 1858, appointed committees to prevent textual corruption. The American Bible Society provided the first Bibles in hotels and the first pocket Bibles for soldiers during the American Civil War. The first translation by the American Bible Society was in 1818 into Lenape of Delaware, a Native American language. By the 1830s, American Bible Society sold several English Bibles and Testaments, including a pocket version. The organization owned stereotype plates that allowed it to print Scripture in French, Spanish, and German. It also carried Bibles from other printers in various languages, including Gaelic, Welsh, Dutch, Mohawk, Hawaiian, and Seneca.

American Bible Society began its outreach to the blind in 1835. The organization was a supporter of Samuel Gridley Howe, who developed a raised-letter printing system called “Boston” or “Howe” type. A Bible using Howe’s type was heavily funded and sold by American Bible Society in the first half of the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, the organization was printing the entire Bible in the New York Point System.

In an incident well publicized at the time, the ABS refused a donation offered in 1834 by the American Anti-Slavery Society. The purpose was to subsidize the distribution of Bibles to American slaves, about one-sixth of the population, as abolitionists believed that knowledge of the Bible hastened the end of slavery. (That the Bible supported slavery was maintained by a number of Southern clergymen.) While it sent Bibles to Liberia for the former slaves there, the ABS left domestic distribution in the hands of its state auxiliaries, who refused to distribute Bibles directly to slaves. The Society was widely seen as insufficiently committed to the abolition of slavery, to the point that the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society "decided to throw most of its support behind the American Missionary Society, an organization that it believed was making a 'systematic effort' to get Bibles and tracts to slaves."

In 1852, while Theodore Frelinghuysen was President of American Bible Society, the Bible House was built, occupying the whole of the block bounded by Third and Fourth Avenues, Astor Place, and Ninth Street in New York City. Suffragist and economist Virginia Penny offered an employment office for women in the Bible House, and she gave lectures on the many different types of jobs for women in New York City. By 1920, it was one of the oldest office buildings in the city.

The American Bible Society's mission is to make the Bible available to all people and to that end, during the 19th century, four canvasses of the United States for this purpose were undertaken. These canvasses took place in 1829, 1856, 1866, and in 1882. During the fourth canvass, in 1882, more than 6.3 million families were visited, and 473,806 families were supplied with Bibles; in addition nearly 300,000 individuals received Bibles. American Bible Society sold 437,000 Scriptures and portions in 1898 in China.

20th century
By 1912, American Bible Society issued Bibles for use in the United States in 83 languages besides English. Foreign circulation was rising steadily, increasing from 250,000 copies in 1876 to over 2 million copies in 1915. Although American Bible Society continues to publish and print Bibles with partner printing presses, it ceased printing Bibles on printing presses owned by the organization itself in 1922. American Bible Society celebrated a century of service to China in 1934. Vice President John R. Mott recalled that in 1833 American Bible Society sent $3,000 to Elijah Coleman Bridgman, first U.S. Protestant missionary to China, to print scriptures in Chinese. As of 1934 American Bible Society had spent $2,897,383 distributing nearly 70 million volumes of Scripture in China.

In 1998, American Bible Society paid about $1.6 million to Sony Music Entertainment in order to distribute several Christian children's series, including Angel Wings and Kingsley's Meadow. In 1999, the organization launched its first major Internet ministry, ForMinistry.com, a free church web-builder. Operations ceased in 2013 after 14 years of serving over 180,000 churches and ministries.

21st century
In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, American Bible Society distributed more than one million Scriptures and offered downloadable portions free of charge to those affected by the tragedy. Staff members also volunteered at Ground Zero distributing Scripture Portions to rescue workers. It has also maintained its commitment to the military, including producing a pocket-sized military Bible, developed jointly with the aid of Catholic and Protestant chaplains from all branches of the armed forces. Since 1817, it has distributed almost 60 million free Bible resources to America's armed forces. It also provides Scriptures to victims of natural disasters.

Following the tsunami in 2004, American Bible Society worked in cooperation with the United Bible Societies and partner Bible Societies in Thailand, Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka to provide a host of Bible resources to people in the affected regions. In 2005, it sent nearly a million Bibles and Scripture portions to those who survived the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. American Bible Society formed a partnership with Habitat for Humanity to give a free Bible to each of its new homeowners in the United States.

In 2007, American Bible Society partnered with The Salvation Army to promote literacy with its program Mission: Literacy.

In 2008, American Bible Society published its first polyglot Bible and presented a specially bound copy to Pope Benedict XVI. The text was printed in five languages: Hebrew, Greek, Latin, English and Spanish.

In 2010, American Bible Society launched an annual, nationwide study to survey trends in the U.S. regarding spirituality and Scripture engagement called State of the Bible. American Bible Society launched a new Bible Search tool, an ad-free web engine that searches across ten translations of the Bible and targets the "Bible curious" and Protestant, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox believers. Also in 2010, American Bible Society launched the Bible-based Trauma Healing ministry in a war zone in East Africa.

In 2013, American Bible Society and United Bible Societies launched the Digital Bible Library, a repository that houses digital copies of Bible translations and makes the texts available for repurposing across any media platform. Doug Birdsall was also appointed in 2013 as President and CEO.

In 2014, American Bible Society contracted with ICANN to operate the .BIBLE TLD Registry. The availability of .BIBLE domain names will accelerate global online Bible engagement. The first site to launch was American.Bible in September 2015 In 2014, Roy Peterson succeeded Doug Birdsall, having previously served as President of the Seed Company and Wycliffe Bible Translators.

In 2015, American Bible Society announced that it had sold 1865 Broadway to AvalonBay Communities for US$300 million and was moving to a new location in Philadelphia, leasing 100,000 square feet at 401 Market Street.

In December, 2017, American Bible Society introduced the Affirmation of Biblical Community, an employee policy which requires staff to align around a core set of Christian beliefs and practices. The organization came under criticism as excluding individuals who are homosexual, stating they had to agree that marriage was between one man and one woman, or unwed heterosexuals living together, stating they had to agree not to have sex until they were married. The organization lost 20 percent of its workforce in 2018. Leadership of the organization claims the 20 percent attrition in 2018 was consistent with annual totals, but could not show that the organization suffered a 20% loss in staff in 2017, prior to the new Affirmation policy.

On October 28, 2019, American Bible Society announced the retirement of President Roy Peterson. He had held the role since 2014. Robert Briggs was announced as the Interim President and CEO. On June 23, 2020, Robert L. Briggs was appointed by the Board of Directors as permanent President and CEO.

In 2022, after two years on the job, President Robert Briggs left American Bible Society. Jeff Brown, former board chairman stepped in as interim president. Brown was then replaced in September of 2022 by another former board member, David Viehman. Paul Cleckner joined as Interim CEO in 2023, having previously held the role of interim CEO of Women’s Hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In January of 2024, Dr. Jennifer Holloran was introduced as the new president and CEO of American Bible Society. Dr. Holloran had previously served for 22 years in various leadership roles at Wycliffe Bible Translators USA, most recently as chief operating officer.

Faith and Liberty Discovery Center
The Faith and Liberty Discovery Center is a museum that opened on Independence Mall in the summer of 2021. It says it "explores the relationship between faith and liberty in America from its founding to today, by illuminating the influence of the Bible on individuals in key historical and personal moments."

The project was originally slated to begin construction in Spring of 2017. The Center was completed and opened in 2021.

American Bible Society leadership described the FLDC as “...an exciting experience for people of all faiths and backgrounds,"

In 2019, American Bible Society paid to relocate White Water, a 40-foot-long, 16-foot high masterpiece of geometric stainless steel sculpture of 1978 by Robinson Fredenthal, from 401 Market Street to the Woodmere Art Museum. The piece was commissioned for its location at 401 Market Street by the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority's Percent for Art Program, which mandated a certain percentage of construction costs for a development involving city-owned property to go toward public art. The Faith and Liberty Discovery Center includes a 4-story-high sculpture called the Beacon. The surfaces is said to represent the three documents essential to the founding of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and the Bible.

In March of 2024 the American Bible Society announced it would be closing the center.

Museum of Biblical Art
The Museum of Biblical Art, was an independent but affiliated organization and was housed in American Bible Society's building at 1865 Broadway, in New York. It has since closed.

Rare Scripture Collection

American Bible Society has a Scripture collection over 45,000 volume holdings, one of the largest collection of Bibles in the world including a number of interesting and valuable editions of ancient and historic Bibles dating back as far as the Gutenberg edition, of which American Bible Society has several pages under protection. The collection contains editions of scripture in every language, from many countries and regions and spanning nearly six centuries and is the second largest collection of religious books, with the Vatican's being the largest.

title: American Bible Society


text:
Talk:November 17

Removed

 * 1985 - Phrack magazine started.

Trivial. Underground ezine. Nuff said. --mav 07:59, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I've removed: I haven't been able to find a source for this, and it does seem implausible unless a suitably odd definition of "Internet" is used (the first international connection of Usenet (to Canada) was a good seven years earlier, and the term was in use back then... If anyone does know what event it refers to and wants to add it back, feel free; possibly also add to History of the Internet? Shimgray 21:41, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * 1988 - Netherlands becomes the second country to get connected to the Internet.
 * I think Norway was the second country to get connected. Emuzesto 11:18, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems unlikely somehow; I suspect however it's defined, it's likely to end up having been Canada. Don't suppose you know the basis of the Norwegian claim, do you? Shimgray 11:35, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Removed:
 * 1911 - Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc. was founded on the campus of Howard University.

Is there any real need to mention the creation of Fraternities? Its hardly important and most people haven't heard of them. I have, however left in the entry on America's oldest continuous social fraternity - as that at least deserves a mention, being the oldest and all, but the other humdred or so throughout the year seem pretty pointless.

 * 2000 - One of the things of it says "SIT" and when you click it takes you to an disam page...cant you narrow that down...i for one have no idea what a "SIT" is so how are others who don't know, suppose to know? ChopAtwa 09:46, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * 2006  - Michael Richards' racial rant to African American hecklers at the Laugh Factory was on this day.

Incidents like this are usually forgotten by most people before the next one happens. Is an incident that is so inherently forgettable notable enough for this page? -- Dethme0w 06:18, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * 2003   - Unkillable Everquest monster The Sleeper (Kerafyrm) was finally slain.

If it was slain, it was never unkillable. If video game releases are not allowed here, then why should what amounts to a high score be? -- Dethme0w 06:18, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Kim Duk-koo
I’m moving the line about the death of Kim Duk-koo from The 17th of November, to the 18th: as that’s when his entry actually says he dies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Duk-koo

Cuddy2977 (talk) 21:04, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 17


text:
Talk:Piast (disambiguation)

Untitled
this page should be probably merges with Piast dynasty -- CC 07:58, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Actually, this page should probably be about the founder of the Piast dynasty. Appleseed 04:34, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Given the number of links refering here (most of which refer to the dynasty rather than the legendary guy), I think it should be a redirect. I'm moving it to proper disambiguation page and fixing the redirect. Alternatively we could use some bot to correct all the links to Piast to Piast, but there's no way we could make that last for long as people will add links to Piast every once in a while anyway. Halibutt 09:09, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piast (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Northern Ireland Assembly

list of MLAs
I am think of loading the list of MLA's just as I did for Holyrood and Cardiff Bay. Should I wait until after Nov. 26th???

hoshie 08:02, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It might be a thought to also include on the table a column with the state of the parties immediately prior to the 2003 elections - there were several defections and to some extent the 2003 elections merely ratified these (although the individual in question did not necessarily get re-elected themselves). Timrollpickering 13:36, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Logo
I note that the logo has a very long "alt" attribute, which is bad in terms of accessibility for the visually impaired. I assume the wikimedia system just uses the caption as the alt tag - is there any way around this, short of just changing the caption to "Logo of the Northern Ireland Assembly"? Apologies if I'm asking a very obvious question. --Ryano 21:25, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Another point is that shade of Purple\Blue is the actual colour of the Flax plant flower, it was chosen because it has no other political meaning, unlike green, orange, red, blue. : Keith :: 16:28, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

It's also the colour of the seats in the Assembly Chamber.

History
Under history should there be some brief mention of the Prior plan and 'rolling devolution'. I am just learning about NI politics but it seems as if something called a 'Northern Ireland Assembly' existed in some sense from October 1982 to May 1986. see and  Is this correct and deserving of a sentence under Sunningdale? I could not find anything on wiki. Sjjb 20:55, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

What is the correct name of the UK's Olympic team?
Is the UK's Olympic team "Great Britain" or "Great Britain and Northern Ireland"?

see Cfd discussion: Categories_for_deletion --Mais oui! 22:31, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Great Britain and Northern Ireland" it is normally shortened to Great Britain when being talked about, but when the name is written in full on television\Internet graphics it is always Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its something to do with the UK's 3 Letter ISO code which is GBR, and the two letter is GB, unlike our TLD which is unlike most countries different, .uk. - Keith Greer  [[Image:Flag of Northern Ireland2.svg|30px]] 12:48, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Two minutes' silence
Why does it appear that the (NI/Transitional) Assembly meetings always start with two minutes' silence?  Is it for attunement, like Green party meetings? – Kaihsu 22:14, 10 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Looks like it is in the standing orders in lieu of prayers.   – Kaihsu 22:18, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Suspension?
Was suspension lifted on 26 March or not? This BBC article says, "An order signed by the NI secretary restarted devolution at midnight." Does this mean that suspension was lifted on 26 March, and then reapplied on the 27th after Paisley and Adams' announcement? --Kwekubo 14:55, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

info
https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/the-threats/terrorism/threat-levels.html

176.26.61.167 (talk) 14:00, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Composition
I've been updating the Composition: Opposition section. I suggest that the information about which parties have been in opposition and how many seats they have held would be better presented in a section detailing the change in all parties' seat counts and executive/opposition status since 1998, as presented in the Institute for Government post about the official opposition. I haven't learn how to create tables or graphics yet, so at this stage just pitching the idea in case anyone wants to take it up before I get there. samillar94 (talk) 15:51, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. samillar94 (talk) 21:10, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Party nomination vs co-option
Noting these references re Assembly and council casual vacancies:
 * The Northern Ireland Assembly (Elections) (Amendment) Order 2009
 * The Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962 (Amendment) Order 2010 --  sam  (talk) 09:11, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Info box party colours
Can anyone fix the info box so the party colours and spread graphic match. Currently not all the colours in the seat distribution match they key colours. Some are slightly off and some very off, I.e a grey in the distribution but not in the key. Canterbury Tail talk 02:15, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah just noticed that someone recently changed the image to one that wasn't representative of the key. I've reverted the image back. If anyone wants to change the image to the newer style of image, please be sure to update the key colours at the same time. Having them in two different sets of colours doesn't work. Canterbury Tail talk 14:15, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks Canterbury Tail. For a long time the page had the rainbow-shaped graphic typical of UK diagrams (like the one you undid but with the right colours):
 * [[File:NIAssembly2017.svg]]
 * E.g. Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.
 * It was recently changed to this:
 * Northern_Ireland_Assembly_-_Layout_Chart.svg
 * I prefer the first one myself. To me, the advantage of seeing the seating arrangement doesn't make up for losing simplicity and consistency with other articles. Any other input anyone?  sam 💬 22:25, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Personally I'm fine with the standard rainbow sweep, it's pretty normal for political parliament articles. Canterbury Tail talk 15:48, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

Opposition?
Under the Assembly Political Groups, GPNI, TUV, PBP, and two independent unionists are listed under "Opposition", with a link to the Northern Ireland Assembly Opposition page. While there is no denying that all those listed are in opposition, none are capable of forming an official opposition, which is what is linked to. Would it be appropriate to list them as Non-Official Opposition or to keep them listed as Opposition, but instead link to the Parliamentary opposition page? Many thanks. Caden Ó Cearrúláin (talk) 14:41, 11 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I support that - FLYING CHRYSALIS  💬 14:46, 11 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Forgive me for asking for clarification; would you prefer these parties to be listed as Non-Official Opposition or for the link to instead lead to the page on Parliamentary opposition? Thanks. Caden Ó Cearrúláin (talk) 14:57, 11 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, missed this - the way it is now is grand I think. Meanwhile, the new divisions in the diagram don't match the primary divisions in the list, but I'm not that worried as it's quite interesting. FLYING CHRYSALIS  💬 14:09, 2 February 2020 (UTC)

Material deleted from lead
Two paragraphs were deleted, does anyone think they should be restored (with an update on the restoration of the Assembly included obviously)? FDW777 (talk) 20:37, 12 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, they should, but just not to the lead. Three years without a government should not be whitewashed over. Please go ahead, be bold. --Red King (talk) 15:21, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Founding date
In line with the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Parliament, I am trying to put a specific date for the foundation of the 1998 NI Assembly, and I am getting two numbers from: http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/about-the-assembly/general-information/history-of-the-assembly/ Would the date the assembly is elected which is stated as 25 of June 1998 be the official founding date? Or would it be the first sitting? Which was 1 July 1998? B. M. L. Peters (talk) 17:46, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Irish Language
Should we still have the Irish name if it is unofficial and not used in english sources? A Tree In A Box (talk) 12:09, 8 July 2021 (UTC)
 * We should only have an Irish name if it is officially used and officially published. Not a translation somewhere else by someone else. That being said, it appears that this translation is from an official NI Assembly source. I would like something stronger than a kids education site though. Canterbury Tail <i style="color: Blue;">talk</i> 13:40, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

People Before Profit
The political stance of a party (whether it be Unionist, Nationalist, or anything else) is irrelevant when it comes to designation within the assembly, see Desgination. On the first day the Assembly meets after an election, MLAs sign the Register and designate themselves as ‘nationalist’ or ‘unionist’. . . MLAs who do not wish to designate as ‘nationalist’ or ‘unionist’ are considered to be ‘others’. The Alliance Party, Green Party and People before Profit Alliance do not designate as unionists or nationalists. FDW777 (talk) 12:46, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

Maskey still Speaker?
Is he still the Speaker even though he didn’t run for re-election and is no longer a member of the assembly? Kaihsu (talk) 13:03, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

I see he is acting in a caretaker capacity. Kaihsu (talk) 14:02, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Membership change list consolidated in a single article?
Both the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Senedd have articles (here and here) giving changes among members elected on the lists i.e not through by-elections (there are separate articles about those). Currently, in each NI Assembly term article there's a list of co-opted members: I think it would be a good idea to have this information consolidated in a single article as the other devolved legislatures do. 217.155.59.206 (talk) 10:47, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northern Ireland Assembly


text:
Legio II Parthica

Legio II Parthica ("Parthian-conquering Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 197 by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the beginning of the 5th century. The legion's symbol was a centaur.

Parthian campaign and Castra Albana (197–4th century)
Together with its twin legions I Parthica and III Parthica, the Second Parthian legion was levied for the attack on the eastern frontier. The campaign was a success and Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital was taken and sacked. After this war, II Parthica returned to Italia in 198 and was stationed near Rome, in Castra Albana (Albano Laziale) – it was the first legion stationed in Italia for several centuries. Since it was not garrisoning a Roman province, it functioned both as a reserve that could be used in afflicted parts of the Empire, as well as a security element against possible internal rebellions. Emperors in the 3rd century were very likely to have problems with usurpers, and Severus, by stationing the II Parthica near the capital, was aware of it.

Nevertheless, the legion served in the Severan campaign in Britain of 208–211 and afterwards, under Caracalla against the Germanic tribe of the Alamanni in 213. Next, the legion was again sent to Parthia and their commander Macrinus was responsible for Caracalla's murder in that region in 217. In the following year, however, the II Parthica, stationed in Apamea (Syria), abandoned Macrinus and sided with Elagabalus; the Second supported Elagabalus' rise to purple, defeating Macrinus in the Battle of Antioch. The new emperor awarded the legion with the cognomina Pia Fidelis Felix Aeterna (forever faithful, loyal and pious).

Under Severus Alexander and Maximinus
In 231, the legion fought under Alexander Severus against the Sassanid Empire, and returned with the emperor to the German provinces. The legion was at Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), when Alexander was assassinated in 235. In the following fight for the power, the II Parthica sided with Maximinus Thrax. In 238, the Roman senate declared Maximinus persona non grata and nominated Gordian III as emperor. Maximinus then marched on Rome to fight for his rights, taking the II Parthica, among other legions, with him to be stationed again at Castra Albana. What happened next is a good example of the political power of the legions in the 3rd century. The II Parthica weighed the chances of its commander and, concluding that supporting him was not a good move, they killed Maximinus before he could harass the senate. As a reward, they were pardoned for supporting a public enemy and allowed to return to their base and families in the Alban Hills.

Whittling away
In the next decades they were used as reinforcements in several provinces within the empire and continued to be used as pawns in the constant battles for the imperial throne of the 3rd century. Emperor Gallienus (253-268) awarded the legion with the titles V Fidelis V Pia and VI Fidelis VI Pia (respectively, "Five" and "Six times loyal and faithful").

Where the legion was based when it received these titles from Gallienus is uncertain. Other things being equal one would have thought that Valerian, father and co-regent with Gallienus, would have wanted to take it to the east with him in the late 250s and that it would have been involved in his defeat and capture by King Sapor of the Persians at Edessa in 260. Since it continued as a functioning unit and avoided the subsequent pitfalls of over-identification with the rebellion of the Macrianii and Palmyra's bid for autonomy under Zenobia, and given the honorific title appearing on coins of Gallienus, it is probable that it was under the command of Gallienus, not his father. However unlikely, it is possible that it would have returned to Europe as part of the army of the Macrianii and was forgiven by Gallienus after the latter were defeated. Besides an inscription from Macedonia giving thanks to the god Jupiter for the safety and well-being, "pro salute et incolumitate," of Gallienus, and an inscription from Rome dating to AD 242 giving thanks to the legion's "Genius Gordiana and to Fortuna" for keeping safe emperor Gordian and his spouse, there is little known regarding its fortunes in this period.

Under Constantine I
The II Parthica was in Italy at the end of the third century, but was almost certainly disbanded by Constantine I the Great after his victory at the Milvian bridge in 312, as we know that this emperor disbanded the imperial guard as a punishment for its support of the usurper Maxentius, and it is likely that this also meant the end of II Parthica.

In Mesopotamia
In the next century, a legion with the same name was garrisoned, together with II Armeniaca and II Flavia Virtutis, at the Roman fortified city of Bezabde (modern Cizre) on the Tigris and from the beginning of the 4th century II Parthica had abandoned Italy.

In 360, the Sassanid King Shapur II attacked and conquered Bezabde.

According to Notitia Dignitatum, II Parthica was in Cepha, Turkey, around 400, under the command of the Dux Mesopotamiae.

title: Legio II Parthica


text:
User:Espen/ESFUFinnmark

Elektronisk Strategisk Forretningsutvikling - Finnmark

Du fant den!

Skriv navnene deres, med link, under her. Lag deres egen brukerside (se Torsteins eller Gunnars som eksempler, eller Maury_Markowitz eller Minesweeper som eksempler på noen som virkelig har tatt av...), gå deretter inn og skriv eller rediger minst en artikkel et eller annet sted i Wikipedia, og lag en link til den på deres egen side.:

 * Espen
 * Torstein
 * Gunnar
 * Jan
 * Svein
 * Kåre
 * Mia Saariniemi
 * Trond Rognlid

title: User:Espen/ESFUFinnmark


text:
Legio XVII

Legio XVII ("Seventeenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was founded by Augustus around 41 BC. The legion was destroyed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (September 9, 9). The legion's symbol and cognomen are unknown.

This legion was probably created to deal with Sextus Pompey, the last opponent of the second triumvirate, garrisoned in Sicily and threatening Rome's grain supply.

Following the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium (31 BC), the legion was stationed in Gaul. In the end of the 1st century BC, the Seventeenth was sent to the Germania provinces in the Rhine and was stationed in Castra Vetera (Xanten). In AD 5, the provinces were pacified and Publius Quinctilius Varus was assigned governor and commander of the Germania army.

On September 9, Arminius, leader of the Cheruscan allies, reported a rebellion in the Rhine area. Without suspecting the information received, Varus took his three legions, the XVII along with XVIII and XIX, and headed west. On 9 September, near modern Osnabrück, the Cheruscii led by Arminius ambushed the governor's army. All three legions were destroyed in what is known as the battle of the Teutoburg Forest and their eagle standards lost. The eagle standards were recovered by the Romans in later years.

After its destruction, the Romans never used this legion number again.

title: Legio XVII


text:
Kujō Yoritsugu

Kujō Yoritsugu (九条 頼嗣), also known as Fujiwara no Yoritsugu (藤原 頼嗣), was the fifth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan. His father was the 4th Kamakura shōgun, Kujō Yoritsune.

The Kujō family was one of the five branches of the historically powerful Fujiwara clan of courtiers.

Family

 * Father: Kujō Yoritsune
 * Mother: Omiya no Kata
 * Wife: Hiwadahime (1230–1247)

Events of Yoritsugu shogunate

 * 1244 (Kangen 2): In the spring of this year, a number of extraordinary phenomena in the skies over Kamakura troubled Yoritsugu's father Yoritsune deeply.
 * 1244 (Kangen 2, 4th month): Yoritsugu had his coming-of-age ceremonies at age 6. In the same month, his father asked Emperor Go-Saga for permission to give up his responsibilities as shōgun in favor of Yoritsugu.
 * 1245 (Kangen 3, 7th month): Yoritsune shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest.
 * 1246 (Kangen 4, 7th month): Yoritsugu married the sister of Hōjō Tsunetoki. He was seven and she was sixteen.
 * September 1, 1256 (Kōgen 1, 11th day of the 8th month): Yoritsugu's father dies at the age of 38.
 * October 14, 1256 (Kōgen 1, 24th day of the 9th month): Yoritsugu dies at the age of 16.

Eras of Yoritsugu's shogunate
The years in which Yoritsugu was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 * Kangen            (1243–1247)
 * Hōji         (1247–1249)
 * Kenchō     (1249–1257)

title: Kujō Yoritsugu


text:
Something Wicked This Way Comes

Something Wicked This Way Comes may refer to:

Literature

 * "Something wicked this way comes", a line spoken by a witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (novel), a 1962 novel by Ray Bradbury

Film, television and theater

 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (film), a 1983 adaptation of Bradbury's novel
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (Joan of Arcadia), a 2005 television episode
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (Project Runway All Stars), a 2014 television episode
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (Ugly Betty), a 2007 television episode
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (stage show), a 2005–2006 touring show by Derren Brown
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes" (Supernatural), a 2006 television episode

Albums

 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (Cheyne album), 2004
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (The Herbaliser), 2002
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (Iced Earth album), 1998
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes, by Eibon la Furies, 2006
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes, by the Enid, 1983
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes, by Thunderstick, 2017
 * Something Wicked This Way Comes (Cold EP), 2000
 * Somethin' Wicked This Way Comes, an EP by Wolfpac, 1999

Songs

 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Barry Adamson from Oedipus Schmoedipus, 1996
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Doro from Doro, 1990
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Lordi from To Beast or Not to Beast, 2013
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Lucinda Williams from Down Where the Spirit Meets the Bone, 2014
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Redemption from Redemption, 2003
 * "Something Wicked (This Way Comes)", by Siouxsie & the Banshees, B-side of "The Killing Jar", 1988
 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", by Wednesday 13 from Calling All Corpses, 2011
 * "Sumthin' Wicked This Way Comes", by TLC from CrazySexyCool, 1994

Other uses

 * "Something Wicked This Way Comes", a 1997 promotional tagline for the second-generation Lexus GS car line

title: Something Wicked This Way Comes


text:
White-tailed lapwing

The white-tailed lapwing or white-tailed plover (Vanellus leucurus) is a wader in the lapwing genus. The genus name Vanellus is Medieval Latin for a lapwing and derives from vannus a winnowing fan. The specific leucurus is from Ancient Greek leukouros, "white-tailed".

This medium-sized lapwing is long-legged and fairly long-billed. It is the only lapwing likely to be seen in other than very shallow water, where it picks insects and other small prey mainly from the surface.

Adults are slim erect birds with a brown back and foreneck, paler face and grey breast. Its long yellow legs, pure white tail and distinctive brown, white and black wings make this species unmistakable. Young birds have a scaly back, and may show some brown in the tail.

The breeding season call is a peewit, similar to northern lapwing.

It breeds semi-colonially on inland marshes in Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and southern Russia. Four eggs are laid in a ground nest. The Iraqi and Iranian breeders are mainly residents, but Russian birds migrate south in winter to the Indian Subcontinent, the Middle East and north east Africa. It is a very rare vagrant in western Europe, the first example in Britain being found at Packington, Warwickshire on 12 July 1975.

In some parts of its distribution range the species faces threats related to habitat destruction and unintentional poaching.

The white-tailed lapwing is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

title: White-tailed lapwing


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North Sulawesi babirusa

The North Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) is a pig-like animal native to Sulawesi and some nearby islands (Lembeh, Buton and Muna) in Indonesia. It has two pairs of large tusks composed of enlarged canine teeth. The upper canines penetrate the top of the snout, curving back toward the forehead. The North Sulawesi babirusa is threatened from hunting and deforestation.

The common and scientific names are various transcriptions of its local name, which literally translated means "pig-deer" (from Indonesian babi, "pig" + rusa, "deer" – see also Javan rusa) in reference to the huge tusks of the male suggestive of a deer's antlers.

Classification
Together with the other members of the genus Babyrousa, the North Sulawesi babirusa has usually been considered a subspecies of a widespread Babyrousa babyrussa, but recent work suggests that there may be several species, differentiable on the basis of geography, body size, amount of body hair, and the shape of the upper canine tooth of the male. Following the split, the "true" Babyrousa babyrussa is restricted to Buru and the Sula Islands.

Most experts agree that babirusas are part of the pig family, and are one of the oldest living members of the family, representing a subfamily, Babyrousinae, that branched off from the warthog branch of the pig family (Subfamily Phacochoerini) during the Oligocene or early Miocene.

Appearance
The North Sulawesi babirusa has a head-and-body length of 85 - 110 cm and weighs up to 100 kg. It is virtually hairless (easily revealing its greyish skin), and the tail-tuft is also nearly hairless. In males, the relatively long and thick upper canines are strongly curved. They emerge through the roof of the snout, while the long lower canines emerge through the side of the mouth. The upper canines can grow backwards in a curve until they penetrate the skull of the male babirusa.

In females, the canines are far shorter and typically do not protrude. In comparison, the Buru babirusa has relatively long, thick body hair, a well-developed tail-tuft, and relatively short and slender upper canines in males, while the Togian babirusa is larger, has a relatively well-developed tail-tuft, and the upper canines of the male are "short, slender, rotated forwards, and always converge".

Habitat
Its habitat is the underbrush of tropical forests and canebrakes, and the shores of rivers and lakes. Its mostly-hairless, mottled-grey-and-brown hide provide it with a degree of camouflage. The North Sulawesi Babirusa is known for its two pairs of tusks; both its upper and its lower pairs of canine teeth are greatly enlarged, and curve up and back towards the head. The upper canines of the male are so curved and enlarged that they emerge through the flesh, by way of holes, to pass through the top of the snout.

This species is protected by Indonesian law but is threatened by illegal hunting.

Captivity
In captivity, the species is very inbred. The Bronx Zoo has an excellent breeding record for this animal, but it has also been bred at several other zoos such as St. Louis Zoo, Los Angeles Zoo, South Lakes Safari Zoo, Marwell Wildlife, Audubon Zoo and Chester Zoo.

In 2006, a male North Sulawesi Babirusa and a female domestic pig were accidentally allowed to interbreed in the Copenhagen Zoo. The offspring were five hybrid piglets, two of whom died from injuries received from their mother; the remaining three (two males and one female) were found to be infertile.

title: North Sulawesi babirusa


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Boxing in the 1960s

During the 1960s, boxing, like mostly everything else around the world, went through changing times. Notable was the emergence of a young boxer named Cassius Clay, who would, in his own words shock the world, declare himself against war, and change his name to Muhammad Ali. Among significant boxers in lower weights, were middleweights Emile Griffith, Nino Benvenuti and Dick Tiger, and lightweights Joe Brown, Carlos Ortiz and Ismael Laguna as also bantamweight Eder Jofre. The first world champions from Venezuela, Brazil and Thailand were crowned during the 1960s, and the WBA and WBC started competing against each other, after the WBA changed its name from the National Boxing Association in 1962 and a group split from the WBA in 1963 to form the WBC.

A new division was created in the Jr. Middleweights, where a high school teacher, Freddie Little, was crowned world champion. Fights were seen on color television for the first time, and one of the most famous tragedies, Benny Kid Paret's, was also shown live on TV.

1960

 * January 22 – In the first world title fight of the decade, Paul Pender defeats Sugar Ray Robinson by a fifteen-round split decision, taking the New York and Massachusetts version of the world Middleweight title, in Boston.
 * March 16, 1960– Filipino Gabriel Flash Elorde wrested the world junior lightweight championship by knocking out American defending titlist Harold Gomes in seven rounds ending the country's 20-year boxing championship drought and heralding his own seven-year reign in the division.
 * April 16 – Pone Kingpetch becomes Thailand's first world champion, beating Pascual Pérez by a fifteen-round split decision for the world's Flyweight title in Bangkok, Thailand.
 * April 20 – Gene Fullmer draws in fifteen rounds with Joey Giardello to retain the more widely recognized, National Boxing Association world Middleweight title, Bozeman.
 * June 20 – Floyd Patterson becomes the first Heavyweight in history to win the world Heavyweight title twice, knocking out his former conqueror, Ingemar Johansson in five rounds at New York City.
 * June 29 – Gene Fullmer retains the NBA world Middleweight title with a twelfth-round knockout of Carmen Basilio, at Salt Lake City.
 * September 22 – In a rematch for the world Flyweight title, Pone Kingpetch retains the crown by beating Pascual Perez by a knockout in round eight, Los Angeles.
 * November 18 – Eder Jofre becomes world champion for the first time, knocking out Eloy Sanchez in six rounds to claim the world Bantamweight title in Los Angeles.
 * December 3 – Gene Fullmer and Sugar Ray Robinson fight for the third time, and Fullmer retains the NBA's world Middleweight title with a fifteen-round draw, Los Angeles.

1961

 * January 14 - Paul Pender knocks out Terry Downes in the 7th round to retain the world middleweight title in Boston.
 * March 4 – Sugar Ray Robinson's last world title attempt, as he and Gene Fullmer close their rivalry with Fullmer retaining the National Boxing Association's world Middleweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision at Las Vegas.
 * March 13 – Floyd Patterson and Ingemar Johansson finish their trilogy of fights, with Patterson retaining the world Heavyweight title with a sixth-round knockout in Miami Beach.
 * April 1 – Emile Griffith becomes world champion for the first time, and begins his trilogy of fights with Benny Kid Paret, defeating the Cuban boxer by a thirteenth-round knockout to win the world's Welterweight title, Miami.
 * September 30 – In their second of three bouts, Benny Paret regains the world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round split decision win over Emile Griffith, Madison Square Garden, New York City.
 * October 21 – Duilio Loi retains his world Jr. Welterweight title with a fifteen-round draw against Eddie Perkins. Referee Nello Barrovecchio decides to entertain the fight goers by bending down, picking some coins that had been thrown by the fight fans into the ring, and then bowing to the fans during round eight of the bout, in Milan, Italy.
 * December 9 – NBA world Middleweight champion Gene Fullmer retains the crown with a tenth-round knockout of world Welterweight champion Benny Paret in Las Vegas.

1962

 * February 10 – Young Cassius Clay, fighting in his tenth professional bout, recovers from his first knockdown, a first-round fall, to beat Sonny Banks by knockout in round four, Madison Square Garden, New York City.
 * March 24 – One of boxing's most famous tragedies happens when Emile Griffith knocks out Benny Kid Paret in round twelve, to claim the world's Welterweight title. Paret is taken to the hospital, where he subsequently dies.
 * April 3 – Benny Paret dies.
 * April 21 – Carlos Ortiz becomes world Lightweight champion with a fifteen-round unanimous decision win over Joe Brown in Las Vegas.
 * July 13 – In his first fight since the Benny Paret tragedy, Emile Griffith retains the world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision of future world Jr. Middleweight champion Ralph Dupas in Las Vegas.
 * September 25 – Sonny Liston becomes world Heavyweight champion, knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round, at Chicago.
 * October 10 – Fighting Harada becomes world Flyweight champion, knocking out Pone Kingpetch in eleven rounds, Tokyo, Japan.
 * October 23 – Dick Tiger becomes world Middleweight champion, defeating Gene Fullmer by a fifteen-round unanimous decision in San Francisco.
 * November 15 – Muhammad Ali (then Cassius Clay) knocks out former world Light Heavyweight champion Archie Moore in five rounds at Los Angeles.
 * December 20 – Denny Moyer becomes the first world champion in history in the brand new Jr. Middleweight division, defeating Joey Giambra by a fifteen-round decision for the vacant title, Portland.

1963

 * February 23 – Dick Tiger retains his world Middleweight title with a fifteen-round draw (tie) against former world champion Gene Fullmer in their Las Vegas rematch.
 * March 13 – Cassius Clay defeats Doug Jones by a close (scores of 96–95, 96–95 and 99–92) but unanimous decision, Madison Square Garden, New York City.
 * March 21 – A world title double header in Los Angeles: Luis Rodriguez wins the world Welterweight title by defeating Emile Griffith with a fifteen-round decision. Then, the double header turns tragic when Sugar Ramos takes the world Featherweight title away from Davey Moore, who would later die of the injuries suffered in the bout.
 * March 25 – Davey Moore dies in Los Angeles. His death led to Pope John XXIII's describing of boxing as barbaric, and to Bob Dylan's song  Who Killed Davey Moore?.
 * June 1 – Willie Pastrano wins the world Light-Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Harold Johnson, Las Vegas.
 * June 8 – Emile Griffith recovers the world Welterweight title by defeating Luis Rodriguez with a fifteen-round decision in New York.
 * June 18 – Cassius Clay suffers a knockdown at the end of round four at the hands of Henry Cooper, and then, he rips off his glove in the corner before round five, making trainer Angelo Dundee go to the locker room to get a new glove, and giving him time to recover. Cooper succumbed to his tendency to cut and with blood streaming down his face, the referee was forced to stop the fight in round five, London.
 * July 22 – Sonny Liston again defeats Floyd Patterson by a knockout in the first round, this time retaining the world Heavyweight title, Las Vegas.
 * August 10 – Gene Fullmer's last fight, as he gets knocked out in eight rounds by world Middleweight champion Dick Tiger in Ibadan, Nigeria. To Fullmer's surprise, about 1,000 of Tiger's fans greet him outside the stadium after the fight, to applaud him and express admiration.
 * December 7 – Joey Giardello becomes world Middleweight champion with a fifteen-round decision win over Dick Tiger, Atlantic City.
 * December 20 – Rubin Carter produces one of Emile Griffith's two knockout defeats, scoring a technical knockout over the world Welterweight champion in round one of a non-title bout, Pittsburgh.

1964

 * February 15 – Carlos Ortiz retains the world lightweight title with a fourteenth-round knockout of world Jr. Lightweight champion Flash Elorde, Manila, Philippines.
 * February 25 – Cassius Clay, in his own words, shocks the world, with a seventh-round knockout of Sonny Liston to win the world's Heavyweight title, in Miami.
 * April 18 – Eddie Perkins retains the world Jr. Welterweight title over Bunny Grant, who was attempting to be Jamaica's first boxing world champion, with a fifteen-round decision, Kingston, Jamaica.
 * May 9 – Sugar Ramos retains the world Featherweight title with a controversial fifteen-round decision over Floyd Robertson, Accra, Ghana.
 * June 12 – Emile Griffith and Luis Rodriguez close their series of bouts, with Griffith retaining the world's Welterweight title with a fifteen-round decision.
 * September 26 – Vicente Saldivar wins the world Featherweight title, knocking out Sugar Ramos in round twelve at Mexico City, Mexico.
 * December 14 – Joey Giardello defeats Rubin Carter by a fifteen-round unanimous decision to retain the world Middleweight title, in Philadelphia. Giardello would later sue producers of The Hurricane for the way in which this fight was depicted in that film.

1965

 * January 18 - Carlos Hernandez defeats Eddie Perkins in a 15-round decision to win the world super-lightweight title in Caracas.
 * March 5 – Ernie Terrell becomes the WBA world Heavyweight champion, beating Eddie Machen by a fifteen-round decision, in Chicago.
 * March 30 – José Torres becomes the first Hispanic Light-Heavyweight champion in history, knocking out Willie Pastrano in nine rounds at New York City. Emile Griffith retains his world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Jose Stable as part of the same program.
 * April 10 – Ismael Laguna defeats Carlos Ortiz by a fifteen-round decision in Panama City, Panama, to win the world's Lightweight title.
 * May 18 – Fighting Harada defeats Eder Jofre in Nagoya, Japan to win the world Bantamweight title.
 * May 25 – Muhammad Ali retains his WBC world Heavyweight title in a rematch with Sonny Liston, by knockout in round one. What proved to be one of the most controversial fights in boxing history (because few were able to see the knockout punch, the fight therefore became known as the Phantom Punch Fight) was also the world title fight that attracted the smallest number of live spectators in boxing history, fought in Lewiston, before a crowd of 2,434 people.
 * September 7 – Vicente Saldivar retains his world Bantamweight title with a fifteen-round decision over former world champion Howard Winstone, London.
 * October 21 – Dick Tiger regains the world Middleweight title, defeating Joey Giardello by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, New York.
 * November 13 – Carlos Ortiz regains the world Lightweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over Ismael Laguna, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
 * November 22 – Muhammad Ali retains his world Heavyweight title with a twelfth-round knockout of former world champion Floyd Patterson, Las Vegas.
 * December 10 – After a ceremony to honor Sugar Ray Robinson for his retirement (featuring former Robinson rivals Carmen Basilio, Gene Fullmer, Carl Olson and Randy Turpin), Emile Griffith retains his world Welterweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Mexican-American Manuel Gonzalez, in the first fight ever to be shown in color on television.

1966

 * March 1 – Horacio Accavallo beats Katsuyoshi Takayama by a fifteen-round decision in Tokyo, Japan, to win the vacant WBA and vacant WBC world Flyweight title, making Salvatore Burruni (the champion who was stripped of the title by the WBA & WBC) be, as of 2004, boxing's last undisputed world champion in the Flyweight division.
 * March 29 – Muhammad Ali retains his WBC world Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision of George Chuvalo, Toronto, Canada.
 * April 25 – Emile Griffith retains his world Middleweight title with a fifteen-round decision against Dick Tiger, New York City.
 * May 21 – Muhammad Ali retains his world Heavyweight title with a sixth-round knockout win over a bloodied Henry Cooper, London.
 * June 1 – Fighting Harada repeats his earlier victory over Eder Jofre, retaining the world's Bantamweight title by a fifteen-round decision in Tokyo. Jofre subsequently announces his retirement; he would return in 1970.
 * June 14 – Salvatore Burruni's championship run at the Flyweights comes to a complete end when he loses his world belt (recognized by EBU & The Ring) by a decision in fifteen to Walter McGowan, Wembley, England.
 * July 13 – Emile Griffith defeats Joey Archer (the last man to beat Sugar Ray Robinson), by a fifteen-round decision to retain his world Middleweight title, New York.
 * October 22 – Carlos Ortiz beats Sugar Ramos by a knockout in five rounds to retain his world Lightweight title in Mexico City, Mexico, and a riot ensues. Many are hurt, including Ortiz's manager.
 * November 14 – In what many consider to be his best career performance, Muhammad Ali defeats Cleveland Williams by a knockout in three at the Astrodome, Houston, to retain his WBC world Heavyweight title.
 * November 22 – In a much anticipated rematch, Carlos Ortiz defeats world Jr. Lightweight champion Flash Elorde, once again, by knockout in round fourteen, to retain his world lightweight title, Madison Square Garden, New York.
 * December 16 – Dick Tiger conquers the world Light-Heavyweight title, beating José Torres by a fifteen-round unanimous decision at the Madison Square Garden, New York.

1967

 * January 23 – In a rematch of their 1966 title fight, Emile Griffith again retains the world's Middleweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Joey Archer, New York City.
 * February 5 – In another rematch of a 1966 world title fight, Dick Tiger retains his world Light-Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round split-decision over former world champion José Torres. Most of the public at the fight is dissatisfied with the decision and a large scale riot forms after the verdict is announced: chairs, bottles and other objects were thrown into the ring, at New York.
 * February 6 – Muhammad Ali unifies his WBC world Heavyweight title with the WBA one, defeating the WBA's world champion Ernie Terrell by a fifteen-round unanimous decision in Houston's Astrodome. Ali kept asking Terrell What's my name? throughout the contest (Terrell insisted on calling him Cassius Clay before the bout).
 * March 22 – Muhammad Ali retains his world Heavyweight title with a seventh-round knockout of Zora Folley in what would be his last fight in three years, at New York.
 * April 17 – Nino Benvenuti wins the world Middleweight title, defeating Emile Griffith by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, at New York.
 * April 30 – Asian-American former Marine Paul Fujii wins the world Jr. Welterweight title, knocking out Sandro Lopopolo in the second round, Tokyo, Japan.
 * June 15, 1967– Japanese Yoshiaki Numata ended Flash Elorde's seven-year reign as world junior lightweight champion by defeating the Filipino by split decision over 15 rounds in their title fight in Tokyo. Elorde with ten successful title defenses was the longest reigning champion in the history of the division.
 * July 1 – In a rematch of their scandalous Mexico City, Mexico fight, Carlos Ortiz once again knocks out Sugar Ramos, this time in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in round five, to retain the world Lightweight title.
 * August 18 – Carlos Ortiz retains his world Lightweight title in his rubber match with former world champion Ismael Laguna, by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, Shea Stadium, New York.
 * September 29 – Emile Griffith recovers the world Middleweight title, with a fifteen-round majority decision over Nino Benvenuti in their New York rematch.
 * December 14 – In the first world title fight in history between two Japanese fighters, Hiroshi Kobayashi, with only 11 knockout wins in fifty seven previous bouts, drops defending world Jr. Lightweight champion Yoshiaki Numata four times before knocking him out in twelve rounds to win the world title, Tokyo.

1968

 * February 26 – Australia's Lionel Rose beats world Bantamweight champion Fighting Harada by a fifteen-round unanimous decision to become boxing's first aborigine world champion in history, Tokyo, Japan.
 * March 4 – Nino Benvenuti recovers the world's Middleweight title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision over Emile Griffith in their rubber match, in the main event of a card that also featured Joe Frazier's knockout in eleven over Buster Mathis, Madison Square Garden, New York City.
 * April 27 – Jimmy Ellis wins the vacant WBA world Heavyweight championship, with a fifteen-round majority decision over Jerry Quarry, Oakland.
 * May 24 – Bob Foster wins the world Light-Heavyweight title knocking out Dick Tiger in four rounds, New York. It was the only time in Tiger's career (he had fought 77 times before this) that he was knocked out, New York.
 * June 25 – Carlos Cruz defeats Carlos Ortiz to win the world's Lightweight title by a fifteen-round unanimous decision, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 * September 14 – Jimmy Ellis retains the WBA world Heavyweight title with a fifteen-round decision over Floyd Patterson, who was attempting to become the first boxer to hold the world Heavyweight title three times, in Stockholm, Sweden.
 * December 6 – Lionel Rose retains his world Bantamweight title with a fifteen-round split decision over Chucho Castillo in Inglewood. The decision caused the ire of the pro-Castillo crowd, and a large scale riot ensued, fourteen people, including the one judge who scored the fight for Castillo, are hospitalized.
 * December 12 – future Hall of Fame member Nicolino Locche of Argentina wins the world's Jr. Welterweight championship, knocking out Asian-American Paul Fujii out in ten rounds, at Tokyo.

1969

 * January 23 – World Light Heavyweight champion Bob Foster recovers from a knockdown to knock out challenger Frank DePaula, all within the first round, at the Madison Square Garden, New York City.
 * February 18 – Mando Ramos wins the world Lightweight title, knocking out Carlos Cruz in eleven rounds, Los Angeles.
 * March 17 – High school teacher Freddie Little becomes the world's Jr. Middleweight champion, defeating Stanley Hayward for the vacant world title, Las Vegas.
 * April 18 – Cuban-Mexican José Nápoles becomes the world Welterweight champion, knocking out defending world champion Curtis Cokes in thirteen rounds, Inglewood.
 * June 23 – Future world Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier defeats Jerry Quarry by knockout in round eight, New York.
 * June 29 – José Nápoles retains his world Welterweight title with a tenth-round knockout of former world champion Curtis Cokes in their Mexico City, Mexico rematch.
 * July 28 – World Featherweight champion Johnny Famechon of Australia retains his world title with a controversial fifteen-round decision over Fighting Harada, Sydney.
 * August 22 – Rubén Olivares becomes world champion for the first time, knocking out world Bantamweight champion Lionel Rose in five rounds, Inglewood.
 * October 4 – In another bout filled with controversy, Nino Benvenuti retains his world Middleweight title with a seventh-round disqualification of American challenger Fraser Scott, Naples, Italy.
 * October 17 – World Welterweight champion José Nápoles retains his title with a fifteen-round unanimous decision win over Emile Griffith, Inglewood.
 * November 22 – Nino Benvenuti retains his world Middleweight title with an eleventh-round knockout of former world Welterweight champion Luis Rodriguez, Rome, Italy.

title: Boxing in the 1960s


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Sociable lapwing

The sociable lapwing (Vanellus gregarius), referred to as the sociable plover in the UK, is a wader in the plover family. It is a fully migratory bird, breeding in Kazakhstan and wintering in the Middle East, Indian Subcontinent, and Sudan. Historical literature referred to this bird as the Black-bellied lapwing.

Taxonomy
Along with other lapwings, it is placed in the genus Vanellus. The genus name is Medieval Latin for a lapwing and derives from vannus a winnowing fan. The specific gregarius is Latin for "sociable" from grex, gregis, "flock" referring to its tendency to be present alongside conspecifics and other closely related birds.

The sociable lapwing is one of many birds described by Pallas during his trip through the Russian landscape.

It is a monotypic species - no subspecies are recognised.

Description
This medium-sized lapwing has longish black legs and a short black bill. Non breeding individuals in winter have light brown wings with a striking head pattern. The sociable lapwing has a black crown and eyestripe, the latter being bordered above and below with white. The underside of the bird is white. Its long-ish black legs, white tail with a black terminal band and distinctive brown, white and grey wings make it almost unmistakable in flight.

The summer breeding plumage is much more vivid. The brown feathers become grey-ish and slightly glossy with the exception of the cheeks, which are ochre. The stripes across the eyes and the bird’s crown are stronger in colour, and the lower breast of the bird takes on a black plumage which fades to rich chestnut-coloured feathers as they near the vent.

Juveniles have a bordered back feathers giving them a “scaly” appearance and only traces of the head pattern.

This bird resembles the more abundant white-tailed lapwing, but has a striped crown and dark grey legs as opposed to the yellow legs and plain head of the white-tailed lapwing. It is between27 – in length. The call is a harsh kereck.

Distribution and habitat
Unlike other lapwings, that tend to gravitate towards wetter aquatic environments, the sociable lapwing prefers steppes, arid grasslands, as well as cultivated fields. It breeds in the steppes of Kazakhstan. Three to four eggs are laid in a ground nest. The sociable lapwing historically took two routes, a western and eastern route. On its western route, it passes over Central Asia and turkey to winter in Israel, Palestine and Lebanon, a few regions in Saudi Arabia, as well as Eastern Africa. On its eastern route, it winters in coastal Iran, the United Arab Emirates, and India.

In the case of two countries, however, the case is different. Qatar and Kuwait, the sociable lapwing was recorded historically as a vagrant, with the first sightings in the 80’s. As the nations industrialised, farms and parks were established throughout the countries. In particular, vagrants have visited the Rukaiya farm and Sulaibyia pivot fields in the early 2000’s have taken to repeatedly visiting or even wintering in the nations, giving rise to a third, Central migration route.

Once occupying a large range in Europe, the sociable lapwing has been practically wiped out from the continent. The remnants of the former Ukrainian population migrate to the Iberian peninsula, where up to five individuals may spend the winter. On their way, individuals have been observed in nearly every European country and the French Empire, often found alongside the Northern lapwing on its migratory and vagrancy trips. It feeds in a similar way, picking insects and other small prey mainly from grassland or arable land.

Status

The sociable lapwing’s population had always been difficult to quantify. It was estimated that the population has always been in decline, and especially following a major crash towards the end of the 20th century, leaving the current population at only 20-25% of its historical count.

The estimated population count was enhanced following decades long studies and, in October 2007, a superflock of approximately 3,200 sociable lapwings were discovered in Turkey, according to Guven Eken, director of the Turkish Nature Association. Additionally, 1500 sociable lapwings were found overwintering in Syria. The population is currently estimated to sit at 17 thousand individuals, and there was a reported increase in nests each year leading up to 2007, however it is difficult to determine whether this was an increase or simply more nests being found as a result of intensified fieldwork. The range of the sociable lapwing has heavily contracted as it has once existed from Ukraine to China.

The fieldwork undergone that led to the discoveries of thousands of sociable lapwings had led to the population being much larger than once feared, however it was also discovered adults have low survival rates, and the population is projected to decline at a similar or accelerated rate. The reasons for the crash of the population are largely unknown, but hunting along migratory flyways have been attributed as a notable threat at the very least.

title: Sociable lapwing