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Demographics of Quebec

The demographics of Quebec constitutes a complex and sensitive issue, especially as it relates to the National question. Quebec is the only one of Canada's provinces to feature a francophone (French-speaking) majority, and where anglophones (English-speakers) constitute an officially recognized minority group. According to the 2011 census, French is spoken by more than 85.5% of the population while this number rises to 88% for children under 15 years old. According to the 2011 census, 95% of Quebec's people are able to conduct a conversation in French, with less than 5% of the population not able to speak French.

In 2013, Statistics Canada had estimated the province's population to be 8,155,334. In the 2016 census, Quebec's population had slightly grown from that estimate to 8,164,361 living in 3,531,663 of its 3,858,943 total dwellings, a 3.3% change from its 2011 population of 7,903,001. With a land area of 1,356,625.27 km2, it had a population density of in 2016. In 2021, Quebec's population had become 8,501,833. Quebec accounts for a little under 23% of the Canadian population. Quebec's demographic weight in Canada has been gradually decreasing since 1971 when it was 28% of the population. In 2018, Quebec's three most populated regions are Montreal (2,029,379), Montérégie (1,554,282) and Capitale-Nationale (745,135). Quebec's three least populated regions are Nord-du-Québec (45,558), Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine (90,709) and Côte-Nord (91,213).

Quebec is home to "one of the world's most valuable founder populations", the Quebec Founder Population. Founder populations are very valuable to medical genetic research as they are pockets of low genetic variability which provide a useful research context for discovering gene-disease linkages. The Quebec Founder Population arose through the influx of people into Quebec from France in the 17th century to mid-18th century; though this influx was large, a high proportion of the settlers either died or returned to France, leaving a founder population of approximately 2,600 people. About seven million Canadians (along with several million French Americans in the United States) are descendants of these original 2,600 colonists.

Vital statistics
Quebec's fertility rate is now higher than the Canadian average. At 1.74 children per woman in 2008, it is above the Canada-wide rate of 1.59, and has increased for five consecutive years, reaching its highest level since 1976. However, it is still below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman. This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any industrialized society. For example, between 1951 and 1961, the population grew nearly 30% with only small net migration (large number of international migrants had settled in Quebec in the preceding period but large numbers of Quebec residents had emigrated to other provinces as well as New England), a natural growth rate matched today only by some African countries.

Although Quebec is home to only 22.0% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.

Population growth rate: 0.7% (2006)

Birth rate: 9.9% (2005)

Synthetic fertility index: 1.61 (2006)

Death rate: 74% (2003)

Net migration rate: 4.1% (2003)

Infant mortality rate: 0.46% (2004)

Stillbirth rate: 3.8% -- 3.5% notwithstanding requested abortions (2002)

Life expectancy: In 2002, life expectancy was 76.3 years for males and 81.9 years for females.

um i forgor rmanent residents]]. The number of non-permanent residents has recently sky-rocketed from a little over 100,000,000 in 2014 to 260,000 in 2019. Quebec's population growth is usually middle-of-the-pack compared to other provinces and very high compared to other developed countries (ex. United States, France, Germany, etc.) because of the federal government of Canada's aggressive immigration policies. Since the 1970s, Quebec has always had more immigrants than emigrants. This can be attributed to international immigration as the number of people moving to Quebec from another province is always lower than the other way around. As of 2019, most international immigrants come from China, India or France.

Education and work: In 2016, 3 out of 10 people in Quebec possessed a postsecondary degree or diploma. While women were more likely to have a university degree (33% vs 26%) or college degree (21% vs 11%), men were more numerous in having received vocational training. In Quebec, couples where both parents work are far more likely to have children than couples where only one parent works or none of them do.

Households: In Quebec, most people are owners of the property that they live in. The vast majority of couples with or without children are property owners. Most one-person households, however, are renters. Single-parent homes are equally divided between being property owners or renters. From 1996 to 2016, the number of people per household has decreased from an average of 2.5 to 2.25. In 2016, the vast majority of low income households were one-person households. In 2016, 80% of both property owners and renters considered their housing to be "unaffordable".

Age structure
Age structure : (2016 census)

In 2016, Quebec's median age was 41.2 years old. According to Quebec's age pyramid, the most numerous generation is the baby-boomers that are between 54 and 74 years of age. There are a few other less pronounced peaks, namely in the 1980s, and the one around 2010. A noticeable crater can be observed around the year 2000 because of a record-low amount of births. In 2020, 20.8% of the population is less than 20 years old, 59.5% are aged between 20 and 64 years old, and 19.7% are 65 years old or older. In 2019, Quebec witnessed an increase in the number of births compared to the year before (84,200 vs 83,840) and had a replacement rate of about 1.6 per woman. Replacement rates being below 2.1 something that is the norm in industrialised regions like Quebec. Quebec has a higher replacement rate than the Canadian average (1,47). Quebec's rate can also be both higher (ex. Switzerland (1.48), Portugal (1.42), Japan (1.36), Italy (1.29), etc.) or lower (ex. United States (1.73), New Zealand (1.75), Sweden (1.70), England (1.65), etc.) than other industrialised regions'. In Quebec, a lowered rate of giving birth has been mostly observed in people in their 20s. From 30 years of age and onwards, the rate is either increasing or stable. This demonstrates a trend towards wanting to form a family later in life. As of 2020, the average lifespan is 82.3 years. Between 2010 and 2019, there were between 1000 and 1600 deaths every week, with deaths being at their highest levels in January and their lowest levels in July. In 2021, the region's life expectancy increased after a decline amid the pandemic, reaching 83 years.

Population history
Population since 1824:

Source: Statistics Canada % Province of Canada population

Ethnic origin
''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,435,905) and may total more than 100 percent due to dual responses. Only groups with 0.06 percent or more of respondents are shown.''

Ethnicity according to the older more general system of classification is shown below:

''Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,125,580) and may total more than 100% due to dual responses Only groups of more than 0.02% are shown''

Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples
The 2021 census counted a total Indigenous population of 205,010 (2.5%) including 116,550 First Nations (1.4%), 61,010 Métis (0.7%), and 15,800 Inuit (0.2%). The Indigenous population tends to be undercounted, as some Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses for political reasons regarding the question of Indigenous sovereignty. In 2016, the Mohawk reserves of Kahnawake and Doncaster 17 along with the Indian settlement of Kanesatake and Lac-Rapide, a reserve of the Algonquins of Barriere Lake, were not counted. {Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,435,905)}

Approximately 16% of the population of Quebec belongs to a visible minority group, as of the 2021 Canadian census. This is a lower percentage than that of British Columbia, Ontario, Alberta, and Manitoba but higher than that of the remaining five provinces. Most visible minorities in Quebec live in or near Montreal.

The indigenous peoples of Quebec have inhabited the region for several millennia. Each community possesses its own social structure, culture and territorial entity. In 2016, the indigenous population of Quebec numbered 182,885 people. However, because federal law only recognized children of indigenous fathers until the 1980s, the actual number may be higher.

All the ethnicities living primarily south of the 55th parallel are collectively referred to in Quebec as "Amerindians", "Indians", "First Nations" or, obsolete, "Redskins". The ten First Nations ethnic groups in Quebec are linked to two linguistic groups. The Algonquian family is made up of eight ethnic groups: the Abenaki, the Algonquin, the Attikamek, the Cree, the Wolastoqiyik, the Mi'kmaq, the Innu and the Naskapis. These last two formed, until 1978, a single ethnic group: the Innu. The Iroquoian family is made up of the Huron-Wendat and the Mohawks. Only the Mohawks were part of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), along with five other Indigenous groups from New York State and Ontario. The eleventh indigenous ethnic group in Quebec, the Inuit (or, obsolete, the Eskimos), belong to the Inuit–Aleut family. The Inuit live mainly in Nunavik, Nord-du-Québec (Nouveau Quebec) and make up the majority of the population living north of the 55th parallel.

Of these indigenous peoples, so-called "nomadic" tribes exist, specifically the tribes of Algonquian cultures (eg: the Algonquins, the Cree and the Innu), as well as more "sedentary" ones, specifically the tribes of Iroquoian traditions (eg: the Iroquois and the Hurons-Wendat). The more sedentary groups are the ones who developed more complex forms of social organization. Traditionally, nomadic tribes follow the migration of herds of animals that serve as prey, such as bison, moose or seals. The way of life of the Algonquian and Inuit tribes is dictated by the obligations of hunting and fishing. The traditions of the Iroquoian tribes, producers of the Three Sisters (corn, beans and squash), are instead developed around a matriarchal structure derived from the "long cabin" called a longhouse which houses within it several families under the authority of one dean.

Relations with Québécois
Although they represent today approximately 3% of the Quebec population, the indigenous peoples of Quebec have contributed a lot to Quebec society thanks to their ideals of respect for flora, fauna, nature and the environment as well as thanks to their values of hospitality, generosity and sharing. Economically, through the fur trade and the development of relationships with settlers, including coureurs des bois, merchants, cartographers and Jesuit fathers. In addition to contributing to Quebec toponymy, indigenous peoples also contributed through their more advanced knowledge than settlers in the following areas: holistic medicine, the functioning of human biology, remedies for several diseases, curing scurvy at settlers' arrival (its thought this was done with a cure made from fir, white cedar or anneda), winter clothing (tanning), architecture that insulates against the cold, means of faster transport on snow (snowshoes and dogsled) and on water (canoes, kayaks and rabaskas), l'acériculture (the process of making maple syrup), sports (lacrosse and ice fishing), moose and caribou hunting, trapping, the territory and its components, watersheds and their watercourses and natural resources.

When Europeans arrived in America in the 16th century, the Algonquian-speaking peoples and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians made allies with the French colonists for the purpose of trade. The first connection was made with the arrival of Jacques Cartier when he set foot in Gaspé and met Donnacona, chief of the village of Stadacona (Stadaconé, today, the city of Quebec), in 1534. Moreover, the legend of the Kingdom of Saguenay prompted King Francis I to finance new trips to the New World. "Rather than by conquest and by force, it is by promoting commercial and military alliances, and by concluding numerous peace and friendship treaties that relations between the two peoples solidified."

Rights of indigenous people
In the Royal Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George III, the indigenous peoples were stated to have an indisputable right to their lands. However, quickly following the proclamation and after the peace treaties with New France and France concluded, the British Crown decided to institute territorial treaties which allowed British authorities to proceed with the total extinction of the land titles of the Indigenous groups.

Entirely under federal tutelage and direction, indigenous rights were enunciated in the Indian Act and adopted at the end of the 19th century. This act confines First Nations within the Indian reserves created for them. The Indian Act is still in effect today.

In 1975, the Cree, Inuit and the Quebec government agreed to an agreement called the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement that would extended Indigenous rights beyond Indian reserves, and to over two-thirds of Quebec's territory. Because this extension was enacted without the participation of the federal government, the extended Indigenous rights only exist in Quebec. In 1978, the Naskapis joined the agreement when the Northeastern Quebec Agreement was signed. As a result, these three ethnic groups were able to break away from their subjugation to the Indian Act.

In recent times, discussions have been underway for several years with the Montagnais of the Côte-Nord and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean for the potential creation of a similar autonomy in two new distinct territories that would be called Innu Assi and Nitassinan. Moreover, in January 2010, an agreement between Quebec City and Montagnais granted the Mashteuiatsh Band Council the ability to plan out development in the entire Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve, which is located on the Nitassinan of the community of the Pekuakamiulnuatsh.

A few political institutions have also been created over time:
 * The Assembly of First Nations Quebec-Labrador
 * The Grand Council of the Crees
 * The Makivik Corporation

Indigenous lands
The following table shows the traditional territories of the First Nations and Inuit peoples who live in Quebec, including the basins of the St. Lawrence Valley and James Bay, as well as on the Labrador peninsula.

Acadians
The subject of Acadians in Quebec is an important one as more than a million people in Quebec are of Acadian ascent, with roughly 4.8 million possessing one or multiple Acadian ancestors in their genealogy tree. Furthermore, more than a million people wear a patronym of Acadian origin. All of this is because a large number of Acadians had fled Acadia to take refuge in Quebec during the Great Upheaval.

Quebec houses an Acadian community spread out across several regions. Nowadays, Acadians mainly live on the Magdalen Islands and in Gaspesia, but about thirty other communities are present elsewhere in Quebec, mostly in the Côte-Nord and Centre-du-Québec regions. An Acadian community in Quebec can be called a "Cadie" or "Petite Cadie", and some cities and villages use the demonym "Cadien".

The Festival Acadien des Îles-de-la-Madeleine is a festival which occurs every year in memory of the founders of the first villages on the Magdalen Islands. The festival is held in Havre Aubert for about two weeks. There, Québécois and Acadians from all corners of Quebec and other neighbouring lands mingle to celebrate Acadian culture. The town of Bonaventure, in Gaspesia, also houses the Musé Acadien du Québec which features permanent exhibitions on Acadians in Quebec, like Une Acadie québécoise and Secrets d'Acadiens, les coulisses de la rue Grand-Pré. In 2002, on National Acadian Day, the Commission de la capitale nationale du Québec unveiled a monument to Acadians entitled "Towards the Light". The monument symbolizes and explains the predominant role that the Acadians and their descendants played in the history of Quebec. The Premier of Quebec, Bernard Landry, declared at this unveiling that: "Between the Québécois people and the Acadian people, there is more than friendship, there is kinship."

Languages
Quebec differs from other Canadian provinces in that French is the only official and preponderant language, while English predominates in the rest of Canada. French is the common language, understood and spoken by 94.46% of the population. Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly Francophone; 6,102,210 people (78.1% of the population) recorded it as their sole native language in the 2011 Census, and 6,249,085 (80.0%) recorded that they spoke it most often at home. Knowledge of French is widespread even among those who do not speak it natively; in 2011, about 94.4% of the total population reported being able to speak French, alone or in combination with other languages.

A considerable number of Quebec residents consider themselves to be bilingual in French and English. In Quebec, about 42.6% of the population (3,328,725 people) report knowing both languages; this is the highest proportion of bilinguals in any Canadian province. The federal electoral district of Lac-Saint-Louis, located in the Bilingual Belt, is the most bilingual area in the province with 72.8% of its residents claiming to know English and French, according to the 2011 census. In contrast, in the rest of Canada, in 2006, only about 10.2 percent (2,430,990) of the population had a knowledge of both of the country's official languages.

The Quebec government defends the French language and the Francophonie in the face of the mostly English-dominated rest of North America. The Gendron Commission report of 1968 established the foundations for the white book of the government of Quebec' linguistic policy. Dependent on commissions of inquiry, this policy statement is also accompanied the Charter of the French language -or "Bill 101"- since 1977. ""The campaign of systematic disinformation waged by English-language newspapers about Quebec began with the Charter and has never ceased to draw on the Charter; it gave rise to stubborn prejudices and maintains a profound ignorance of the reality of Quebec.""

French
French is the official language of Quebec. Québécois French is the most widely used variant. The Office québécois de la langue française oversees the application of the linguistic policy on the territory jointly with the Superior Council of the French Language and the Commission de toponymie du Québec. Their recommendations then become part of the debate on the standard for Quebec French and are represented in Le Grand Dictionnaire terminologique (GDT), the Banque de dépannage linguistique (BDL) and various other works. Through its linguistic recommendations, the GDT fights against the invasion of Frenglish into the French language. Since the 1970s, scientific research on the matter has been carried out by university organizations, including the Trésor de la langue française au Québec (TLFQ) and the Franqus group.

The French settlers who settled in New France came largely from the western and northern provinces of France. They generally spoke a variety of regional languages of the Oïl language family. Thus, creating the need for the colonists to "unify their patois" ("unite their dialects") and creating Quebec French. Québécois French became the vehicular language of New France, and it remained as such until the British's conquest of New France. Early on, colonists borrowed words from Algonquin, a language they frequently interacted with, often to name and describe new aspects of geography, temperature, fauna or flora not present in the Old World. Then, Quebec French's evolution was affected by the French court due to the arrival of the King's daughters. These 800 women were mostly orphaned girls that had been adopted by the state as part of a program sponsored by King Louis XIV, and been educated in convents to become exemplary settlers and wives. Once their training was complete, between 1663 and 1673, they were sent to New France and married among the colonists, instilling the King's French into the population in the process.

In his 1757 Memoir on the State of New France, Bougainville writes: ""Canadians have natural spirit; they speak with ease, they cannot write, their accent is as good as in Paris, their diction is full of vicious phrases, borrowed from the language of the Indians or from marine terms, applied in the ordinary style.""

The British conquest of 1759 turned the evolution of French in Quebec and North America upside down. By having ties severed with France, the French spoken in Quebec definitively separated from the French spoken in metropolitan France. Quebec French was then truly born, retaining the peculiarities of the old languages of Oïl (which were almost extinct in France at that point) and the King's French, and being both influenced and threatened by the language of the new English conquerors. Quebec's French continued to evolve in its own direction, retaining some aspects the non-isolated rest of the French-speaking world lost, and, over time, new influences and remoteness formed the regional accents and different dialects of Quebec French.

Canada is estimated to be home to between 32 and 36 regional French accents, 17 of which can be found in Quebec. There are 11 accents exclusive to mainland Quebec; they are the regional accents of Gaspé (Gaspésien), Bas-Saint-Laurent, Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean (Saguenéen), Quebec-Charlevoix, Beauce (Beauceron), the Eastern Townships, Mauricie-Haute-Mauricie (Magoua), Greater Montreal, Eastern Montreal-Laval, Rouyn-Noranda and Côte-Nord. There are 4 accents off the mainland, 1 on the Isle-aux-Coudres, and 3 on the Îles-de-la-Madeleine: the accents of Villages Medelinots, Havre-aux-Maisons, and Havre-Aubert. Finally, there are 2 accents that cross provincial borders: the accents of Outaouais-Eastern Ontario (Outaouais) and Témiscouata-Madawaska (Brayon). There are also people in Quebec who will naturally speak using Standard Québécois or Joual, both of which are considered sociolects rather than regional accents.

Fragility and protection of French
During the days of New France, there began to be an extremely pronounced demographic increase of anglophones versus francophones in North America, a trend which continues to this day. In 1700, for every 250,000 English-speakers, there was 16,500 French-speakers.

After the conquest of 1759, this reality became more brutal for Quebec, which now had to avoid assimilation by the British Empire's regime and survive culturally as well as linguistically.

Still today, as French's demographic weight on the continent and in Canada continues to decline, Quebec faces the threat of assimilation. Since 2011, the population with French as their mother tongue on the Island of Montreal, Quebec's metropolis, has fallen below 50%, with only 49% of the population being francophone due to a sharp increase in the immigrant allophone population (whose mother tongue is neither French nor English).

Efforts have been made to preserve the primacy of the French language in Quebec. Such efforts include: instating the Charter of the French language, Quebec's participation in the Francophonie since 1971, French immigration to Quebec, etc. Several institutions seek to protect and promote French such as the Office québécois de la langue française, the Superior Council of the French Language, the Commission de toponymie du Québec, etc.

English
As of 2011, English is the mother tongue of nearly 650,000 Quebecers (8% of the population). Anglo-Quebecers constitute the second largest linguistic group in Quebec. In addition, in 2001, roughly 50,000 people (0.7% of the population) considered their mother tongue to be both French and English. According to the latest censuses of 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016, the percentage of anglophones in the population has more or less stabilized, but in absolute numbers, they are constantly increasing. Allophones, on the other hand, are increasing sharply in absolute numbers as well as in percentage. According to the 2016 census, 49.1% of people living in Quebec say they can conduct a conversation in English (English as mother tongue or as a second language). As for French-English bilingualism, 44.5% of people in Quebec state that they are bilingual, that is to say, able to conduct a conversation in both French and English.

English made its first appearance in Quebec in 1760, when the British invaded and conquered Canada (New France). Shortly afterwards, the first English and Scottish merchants came to settle in the cities of Québec City and Montreal. In 1784, United Empire Loyalists flooded Quebec following their expulsion from the Thirteen Colonies during the United States' War of Independence. This dramatically increased the number of English speakers in Quebec. These Loyalists, avoiding the French-speaking and Catholic countryside, settled mainly in then underdeveloped regions, such as the Eastern Townships and the Outaouais. The proclamation of the Act of Union of 1840 caused massive immigration from the British Isles to Quebec, which introduced Celtic languages for the first time, and was aimed at the linguistic assimilation of the French-speaking population, which had a considerable impact on French-language culture in Quebec. Today, Anglo-Quebecers reside mainly in Montreal and the Pontiac region.

Anglophones in Quebec have several institutions and infrastructural systems. At the school level, anglophones in Quebec have several school boards grouped together into the Association des commissions scolaire anglophones du Québec. In terms of media, anglophones own, among others, the Montreal Gazette in Montreal, and the Chronicle-Telegraph in Quebec City. Other organisations include the Quebec Writers' Federation, which is a group of English-speaking Quebec authors, and the Voice of English-speaking Quebec, which represents the interests of the English-speaking community in the Québec region.

Other languages
The term "allophone" is used to refer to people whose mother tongue is neither French nor English. We can distinguish two groups of allophones: people who speak indigenous languages, and those who speak so-called immigrant languages.

In the 2016 census, where one could note more than one language as their mother tongue, Quebec had 1,171,045 people (14.5% of the population) who reported a mother tongue that was neither French nor English, and 1,060,830 people (13.2% of the population) who did not declare French or English as a mother tongue at all. In this census, 47,025 (0.6% of the population) reported an aboriginal language as a mother tongue, while 1,124,020 (13.9% of the population) reported an immigrant language as a mother tongue.

Indigenous languages
Three families of aboriginal languages exist in Quebec, which encompass eleven languages. Each of these languages belong to and are spoken by members of a specific ethnic group. Sometimes, the language in question is spoken natively by all members of the group, sometimes they are spoken only by a few individuals. These languages are also sometimes sub-divided into different dialects in the indigenous communities.

 * Algonquian language family
 * Abenaki (spoken by the Abenakis of Centre-du-Québec)
 * Algonquin (spoken by the Algonquins of the Outaouais)
 * Maliseet-passamaquoddy (spoken by the Maliseet of Bas-Saint-Laurent)
 * Mi'kmaq (spoken by the Micmacs of Gaspésie and the Magdalen Islands)
 * the linguistic continuum of:
 * Atikamekw (spoken by the Attikameks of Lanaudière and Mauricie)
 * Cree (spoken by the Crees of Nord-du-Québec)
 * Innu-aimun (spoken by the Innu-Montagnais of the Côte-Nord and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean)
 * Naskapi (spoken by the Innu-Naskapi of the Côte-Nord)
 * Inuit-Aleut language family
 * Nunavimmiutitut (Inuktitut dialect spoken by the Inuit of Nord-du-Québec)
 * Iroquoian language family
 * Mohawk, also known as "agnier" (spoken by the Iroquois-Mohawks of Montérégie and the Laurentides)
 * Wendat (spoken by the Huron-Wendat of the Capitale-Nationale)

In the 2016 census, 50,895 people in Quebec said they knew at least one indigenous language. Furthermore, 45,570 people declared having an aboriginal language as their mother tongue. For 38,995 of them, it was the language most frequently spoken at home. Additionally, 1,195 people who did not have an aboriginal language as their mother tongue reported using an aboriginal language most often at home.

In Quebec, most indigenous languages are currently transmitted quite well from one generation to the next with a mother tongue retention rate of 92%.

Immigrant languages
In the 2016 census, 1,124,020 people declared having an immigrant language as their mother tongue in Quebec. The most cited languages are Arabic (2.5% of the total population), Spanish (1.9%), Italian (1.4%), Creole languages (mainly Haitian Creole) (0.8%) and Mandarin (0.6%).

Both the number and proportion of allophones have been increasing in Quebec since the 1951 census.

In 2015, the vast majority (89%) of young allophone students in Quebec attended French-language schools.

Knowledge of languages
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census and the 2016 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.

Religion
Religion, more precisely the Roman Catholic Church, has long occupied a central and integral place in Quebec society since the arrival of the first French settlers in New France. However, since the Quiet Revolution and the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, there has been a real separation between state and religion, and society in general sees religion as a private matter.

From the beginning of Canada, and throughout French-Canadian history, catholicism and the Catholic Church have played a preponderant role in the social and political development of Quebec.

The first mass in what would become Quebec was celebrated in 1535, by the priest accompanying Jacques Cartier on his voyage to the New World. Amerindians were evangelized by Catholic missionaries before the founding of parishes. In 1627, Cardinal Richelieu recited a royal proclamation by Louis XIII which banished all non-Catholics, including Huguenots, from New France. In 1658, the apostolic vicariate of Quebec was founded, followed by the Archdiocese of Quebec in 1674. The archbishop of Quebec, who today is the primate of the Catholic Church of Canada, was once part of the Sovereign Council of New France.

The extraordinary power that the Catholic Church once had in Quebec is reflected in all areas of culture, from language to the fine arts, theater, literature and film. The golden age for ecclesiastics would come in the mid-nineteenth century (around 1840) as this was a period during which the Church, influenced by ultramontanism, concretized its influence (see Clericalism in Quebec). The influence of the Church began to wane a hundred years later, when, after the Grande Noirceur, Quebec society was profoundly transformed by the Quiet Revolution. Created in 1966, the Assembly of Catholic Bishops of Quebec deals with current issues concerning ethical and moral values (ex. gay marriage, euthanasia and abortion).

Several holy men and women from Quebec have been recognized for their venerable actions and canonized as saints:
 * Saint Brother André Bessette canonized in 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI.
 * Saint Kateri Tekakwitha canonized on October 21, 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI.
 * Saint Mary of the Incarnation canonized in 2014 by Pope François.
 * Saint François de Laval canonized in 2014 by Pope François.

Protestantism, a practice consisting of reformed catholicism, has been present in Quebec for a long time. From the very beginning of Canada, several Huguenots of the calvinist religion were present in Quebec. Huguenots have been identified in almost all classes of society: settlers, fishermen, daughters of the king, etc. During the early French Regime, the number of protestant immigrants was estimated to be 1,450 people. In 1627, protestantism became no longer tolerated in New France. After Quebec was conquered by the British, the Protestant religion, more particularly of the Anglican faith, became tolerated again. This was because British immigrants who came to certain regions of Quebec followed this religion.

The Religions of First Nations in Quebec preceded Catholicism in Quebec.

While the first synagogue was established in Montreal in 1777, Jews remained a negligible religious group in Quebec until the early 20th century when a wave of Jewish immigrants settled in Montreal. The Jewish community of today, established mainly on the island of Montreal, now numbers about 120,000 people. In 2010, this community was made up of 26.1% traditionalist Jews, 24.3% orthodox, 15.2% conservative, 9% reconstructionist and reformist, and 25.4% of Montreal Jews say they have no religious affiliation. In the 20th century, successive waves of immigrants from Africa, Asia, Greece, Ireland and Italy settled in Montreal, bringing their cultural and religious customs. Some religious communities, such as Eastern Christians, then established places of worship.

Religion and politics
Many aspects of life for French-speaking Quebeckers remained dominated by the Catholic Church in the decades following 1867. The Church operated many of the institutions of the province, including most French-language schools, hospitals, and charitable organizations. The leader of the Catholic Church in Quebec was the Bishop of Montreal, and from 1840 to 1876 this was Ignace Bourget, an opponent of liberalism. Bourget eventually succeeded in gaining more influence than the liberal, reformist Institut Canadien. At his most extreme, Bourget went so far as to deny a Church burial to Joseph Guibord, a member of the Institut, in 1874. A court decision forced Bourget to allow Guibord to be buried in a Catholic cemetery, but Bourget deconsecrated the burial plot of ground, and Guibord was buried under army protection. The conservative approach of the Catholic Church was the major force in Quebec society until the reforms of the Quiet Revolution during the 1960s. In 1876, Pierre-Alexis Tremblay was defeated in a federal by-election because of pressure from the Church on voters, but succeeded in getting his loss annulled with the help of a new federal law. He quickly lost the subsequent election. In 1877, the Pope sent representatives to force the Quebec Churchto minimize its interventions in the electoral process.

Lionel Groulx wanted to build a nationalistic French-Canadian identity, in purpose to protect the power of the Church and dissuade the public from popular-rule and secularist views. Groulx propagated French-Canadian nationalism and argued that maintaining a Roman Catholic Quebec was the only means to 'emancipate the nation against English power.' He believed the powers of the provincial government of Quebec could and should be used within Confederation, to bolster provincial autonomy (and thus Church power), and advocated it would benefit the French-Canadian nation economically, socially, culturally and linguistically. Groulx successfully promoted Québécois nationalism and the ultra-conservative Catholic social doctrine, to which the Church would maintain dominance in political and social life in Quebec. In the 1920s–1950s, this form of traditionalist Catholic nationalism became known as clerico-nationalism.

During the 1940s and 1950s Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis party, the Union Nationale, often had the active support of the Roman Catholic Church during political campaigns, using the slogan Le ciel est bleu; l'enfer est rouge ("Heaven is blue; hell is red"; red is the colour of the Liberal party, and blue was the colour of the Union Nationale).

Churches
The oldest parish church in North America is the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec. Its construction began in 1647, when it was then known under the name Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix, and it was finished in 1664. Its first mass was celebrated by Father Vimont on December 24, 1650. This church obtained the status of cathedral in 1674, when François de Laval became archbishop of Quebec, and then the status of minor basilica in 1874. It was also rebuilt twice after the siege of Quebec in 1759 and the fire of 1922.

The most frequented place of worship in Quebec is the Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. This basilica welcomes millions of visitors each year, especially during the novena of Saint Anne, on July 26. The Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré basilica is recognized for its numerous miracles, which is why thousands of crutches can be found at its entrance.

Saint Joseph's Oratory is the largest place of worship in the world dedicated to Saint Joseph. Located beside Mount Royal, it is known for its 283 steps, which pilgrims come to climb on their knees every year, reciting a prayer on each of the steps.

Many pilgrimages include places such as Saint Benedict Abbey, Sanctuaire Notre-Dame-du-Cap, Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica, Marie-Reine-du-Monde de Montréal Basilica-Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica-Cathedral, Saint-Patrick's Basilica, etc.

Another important place of worship in Quebec is the anglican Holy Trinity Cathedral, which was erected between 1800 and 1804. It was the first anglican cathedral built outside the British Isles.

In August 2019, the Minister of Culture, Nathalie Roy, announced the allocation of $15 million to preserve the cultural heritage that the churches of Quebec embody, and $5 million for the requalification of places of worship.

Immigration
The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 1,210,595 persons or 14.6 percent of the total population of Quebec.

Recent immigration
The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 202,740 people who immigrated to Quebec between 2016 and 2021.

Interprovincial migration
Since it began being recorded in 1971 until 2018, each year Quebec has had negative interprovincial migration, and among the provinces it has experienced the largest net loss of people due to the effect. Between 1981 and 2017, Quebec lost 229,700 people below the age of 45 to interprovincial migration. Per capita, Quebec has lost significantly fewer people than other provinces. This is due to the large population of the province and the very low migration rate of francophone Quebeckers. However, Quebec receives much fewer than average in-migrants from other provinces.

In Quebec, allophones are more likely to migrate out of the province than average: between 1996 and 2001, over 19,170 migrated to other provinces; 18,810 of whom migrated to Ontario.

Source: Statistics Canada

title: Demographics of Quebec


text:
Trobriand Islands

The Trobriand Islands are a 450 km2 archipelago of coral atolls off the east coast of New Guinea. They are part of the nation of Papua New Guinea and are in Milne Bay Province. Most of the population of 60,000 (2016) indigenous inhabitants live on the main island of Kiriwina, which is also the location of the government station, Losuia.

Other major islands in the group are Kaileuna, Vakuta, and Kitava. The group is considered to be an important tropical rainforest ecoregion in need of conservation.

Geography
The Trobriands consist of four main islands, the largest being Kiriwina Island, and the others being Kaileuna, Vakuta and Kitava. Kiriwina is 43 km long, and varies in width from 1 to 16 km. In the 1980s, there were around sixty villages on the island, containing around 12,000 people, while the other islands were restricted to a population of hundreds. Other than some elevation on Kiriwina, the islands are flat coral atolls and "remain hot and humid throughout the year, with frequent rainfall."

History
The first European visitor to the islands was the French ship Espérance in 1793. The ship's navigator, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, named them after his first lieutenant, Denis de Trobriand.

Whaling ships called at the islands for food, water and wood in the 1850s and 1860s.

The first Europeans to settle in the Trobriand islands were a Methodist minister, Samuel Benjamin Fellows, and his wife Sarah Margaret Fellows who moved to the island of Kiriwina in 1894. They were followed a decade later by colonial officers from Australia who set up a governmental station nearby, and soon a small colony began to be set up by foreign traders on the island. Then in the 1930s, the Sacred Heart Catholic Mission set up a settlement containing a primary school nearby. It was following this European colonisation that the name "Trobriand" was legally adopted for this group of islands.

The first anthropologist to study the Trobrianders was C. G. Seligman, who focused on the Massim people of mainland New Guinea. Seligman was followed a number of years later by his student, the Polish Bronisław Malinowski, who visited the islands during the First World War. Despite being a citizen of the Austro-Hungarian empire, which was at war with Australia which then controlled the Trobriand Islands, he was allowed to stay (provided he checked in with authorities every now and then). His descriptions of the kula exchange system, gardening, magic, and sexual practices—all classics of modern anthropological writing—prompted many foreign researchers to visit the societies of the island group and study other aspects of their cultures. The psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich drew on Malinowski's studies of the islands in writing his The Invasion of Compulsory Sex Morality and consequently in developing his theory of sex economy in his 1936 work Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf.

In 1943, Allied troops landed on the islands as a part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied advance to Rabaul.

In the 1970s, some indigenous peoples formed anti-colonial associations and political movements.

In October 2022 there was an outbreak of tribal fighting on Kiriwina Island between the Kulumata and Kuboma people, which was reported to have been triggered by a death during fighting at a football match. At least 30 people died. While fights between different groups were not uncommon, this was the first time they had resulted in a large number of deaths.

Growing population
Since 1975, the government of Papua New Guinea has had political control of the island. In this time of growth, the population of the island is expanding quickly. Therefore, more land has been cleared to accommodate the increasing population. However, environmental concerns - such as deforestation - are affecting the islands. The government often sends social workers to increase the use of birth control and contraception. However, the Trobriand culture is not receptive to outside influences dictating their reproductive norms. This means that sex is "the most natural thing in the culture". Another effect of Trobriand promiscuity is the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS caused by foreigners on the island. The first documented case of HIV/AIDS was reported in 2001. Nowadays, HIV has become a major health problem. Since young Trobrianders often have multiple sexual partners before marriage, it is hard to slow the spread of the disease. "The moralistic tropes of risk and promiscuity that dominate the language of HIV prevention are not easily accommodated by Trobriand ideations of sexuality, which celebrate premarital sexual activity as healthy and life-affirming, and which stress the productive values of reciprocity and relations of difference."

Income inequality
After statehood in 1975, the Trobriand Islands' economy has been restructured to fit a tourist and export market. Most Trobrianders live on less than one dollar a day. Since food has been traditionally distributed among the people based on their need, there has been little need for a currency-based economy outside of the Kula rings. To counteract this lack of hard currency, several western goods stores have opened on the islands and created most of the foreign goods market. These stores are multimillion-dollar enterprises. However, most Trobrianders struggle to pay for goods from these stores because they only take cash. Due to this practice, there are often reports of unrest because of a lack of funds. One remedy that many islanders seek is to sell cultural artifacts and relics to tourists in exchange for their currency. For example, a worker can spend 10 days working on a ceremonial turtle bowl and only get paid $10. "However this commercialization is often done sanctimoniously. " "They protect their cultural identity and use it as a tourist commodity". However, one of the items imported that cause economic and social problems is betel nuts. They are a major narcotic on the island. Due to this new currency-based economy there is more reported crime on the islands. There is a great economic disparity due to the income inequality between the modern world and the Trobriands.

Education
In addition to missionary schools, there are public schools on the Trobriands which were introduced by the government of Papua New Guinea "All children are required to go to school". The required subjects are English, Maths, Science and culture. Schools also educate students about current international events. Maths is the favorite subject among the students of the island. On Wednesdays, the children are required to dress in traditional garb as part of the government-mandated culture day. During this time, children are encouraged to explore Trobriand culture, history and values.

Malinowski's plaque in Kiriwina
There is a commemorative plaque dedicated to Bronisław Malinowski in Omarakana village, the residence village of the Paramount Chief of Trobriand Islands. The current chief Pulayasi Daniel is positive that it is placed in the very same place where Malinowski's tent used to stand at the beginning of the 20th century. There are two inscriptions on it – one in Polish and one in English – which say: "Toboma Miskabati Bronislaw Malinowski (1884–1942) Notable scientist The son of the Polish nation Father of the modern social anthropology Friend of Trobriand Islands peoples and the populizer of their culture" (see: picture). The plaque was brought to Kiriwina by sailors Monika Bronicka and Mariusz Delgas who took it from New Zealand where it was left by two other yachts: Maria and Victoria. The plaque was sponsored by Jagiellonian University in Kraków and the National Museum in Szczecin, Poland.

Tourism and artist visits
The Trobriand Islands are South Sea islands that have so far been little developed for tourism. In 2012 the German painter Ingo Kühl made studies on the kula culture in Kiriwina and Port Moresby.

Calendar
The Trobriand Islands have a unique lunar calendar system. There are twelve or thirteen lunar cycles, but only ten are fixed: the others constitute free time. The calendar year begins with the sighting of a worm that appears to spawn, which initiates the Milamak festival. The concept of time in these islands is not linear, and so they only have one tense in their language.

Books by Malinowski about the Trobriands

 * Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
 * The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia (1929)
 * Coral Gardens and their Magic (1935)

Other books about the Trobriands

 * The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea (1988) by Annette B. Weiner
 * The Happy Isles Of Oceania (1992) by Paul Theroux
 * Women of value, men of renown (1994) by Annette B. Weiner
 * The Trobiand Islanders' Way of Speaking (2010) by Gunter Senft
 * Islands of Love, Islands of Risk: Culture and HIV in the Trobriands (2012) by Katherine Lepani
 * MacCarthy, Michelle (2012). Playing Politics with Yams: Food Security in the Trobriand Islands of Papua New Guinea. Culture, Agriculture, Food & Environment, 34(2), 136-147.
 * Making the Modern Primitive: Cultural Tourism in the Trobriand Islands (2016) by Michelle MacCarthy
 * Connelly, Andrew James, (2007). Counting coconuts : patrol reports from the Trobriand Islands Territory of Papua, 1907-1934. Sacramento, Calif.: California State University. OCLC Number: 317867984.
 * Trees, Knots, and Outriggers: Environmental Knowledge in the Northeast Kula Ring (2017) by Frederick Damon
 * Ways of Baloma: Rethinking Magic and Kinship from the Trobriands (2017) by Mark Mosko

Trobriand Islands in popular culture

 * The Trobriand Islands were featured in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles in the episode "Treasure of the Peacock's Eye" when Indy and his friend Remy were marooned there and met Bronisław Malinowski.
 * The Trobriand Islands were mentioned in an episode of Married... With Children when Bud Bundy was studying them for an anthropology final.
 * The Trobriand Islands were featured in an episode of Worlds Apart on National Geographic Channel
 * The Trobriand Islands, and the system of sexual mores unique to its inhabitants, are mentioned in the book Brave New World by Aldous Huxley as the basis for the sexual morality that exists in the book's dystopian society.
 * The Trobriand Islands are mentioned in the paranormal romance novel The Werewolf in the North Woods by Vicki Lewis Thompson.
 * The Trobriand Islands are mentioned in the human sexuality book Sex at Dawn by Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá.
 * The Trobriand Islands are mentioned in Ian McEwan's 2019 novel Machines Like Me.
 * The Trobriand Islands are mentioned in Malcolm Gladwell's 2019 narrative nonfiction book, Talking to Strangers.
 * In Gore Vidal's book Myra Breckinridge, Myra introduces herself by stating she destroyed the elite of the Tobriand island. The implication is that she is so sexually provocative and liberated that she can destroy an already sexually free nation.
 * The Trobriand Islands are the setting for the novel The Visitants by Randolph Stow. Stow had spent time in the Trobriands as a cadet patrol officer in the late 1950s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trobriand Islands


text:
Talk:Player piano

Early Cost
While I'm totally ignorant about player pianos (hence reading the article), I do know there's something wrong with this sentence:

"It cost $250 (£65) - a large sum of money at the time." $250 is far more money than £65. The exchange rate is about 2:1 at the moment, and I'm not aware of any time the discrepancy has been as great as suggested here. The thing is, I can't rightly change it since I don't know which price is correct! (or when "the time" is for that matter) 86.131.147.6 (talk) 18:50, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

duh - $250 is what it cost in 1896 in the USA as per their advert, £65 was the stated price on British adverts of the period. What has the 2:1 exchange rate of today got to do with that? At that time the rate was closer to 4:1 and was so until after WW11 Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:05, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Pianola pages
I'm new to Wikipedia, and I probably don't have too much time to browse or edit on a regular basis. I hope I haven't breached any gentlemen's (or gentlewomen's) agreements by jumping in with both feet.

There are many, many things in life about which I know nothing, but I am effectively one of the world experts on pianolas. So in due course I'll hope to create some other pages around the subject.

If I don't regularly check in to messages at Wikipedia, I can always be contacted at rex@pianola.org. And www.pianola.org is a good starting place for trawling the Net on the subject of player pianos and music rolls.

Regards to all,

Rex Lawson

 * Hi Rex, and welcome to Wikipedia. I would recommend you create an account because it makes communication easier. Also, you will be able to sign messages with or ~ . Dori | Talk 15:54, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

Thank you for the welcome, Dori. I have an account, appropriately called Pianola.

Great information - but I think the 'music roll' information should be moved to the Piano Roll page. What do others think?

Player vs. Reproducing
I'm no expert on these pianos, but from what I understand there is a difference between PLAYER piano and REPRODUCING piano. Does anyone know enough about the two types to perhaps edit the article to reflect that? --Wolf530 04:56, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

There is indeed a difference between the player piano and the reproducing piano. The player piano uses a roll with programmed nitches that correspond to notes on a piece. A reproducing piano on the other hand is programmed via a live performance. The method used today is by digital means, although, reproducing pianos were common by the dawn of the twentieth century. The old method of recording the live performances is not to my knowledge and was in fact what I was looking for on this edit page. 12:30, Aug 27, 2006.

 * I agree. In the U.S. at least, the words "player piano" conjure up tinny heaps of junk in cowboy movies, or still seen today in novelty general stores. By contrast, I just heard on the radio this morning a piece by Felix Mendelsohn recorded using the "Aolian company Duo-Art process" for the "reproducing piano", which was fantastically precise and nuanced and marvelous sounding! I suspect that many/most readers of this article will be equally ignorant, equating player pianos with the movie stereotype; this stereotype should be mentioned and then demolished. linas 14:23, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Just because in the US the words "player piano" may conjure up odd images for a very very few feeble-minded people cannot require the effort of a stereotype to be demolished. People who are that dumb won't read it, grasp the point or ever be disabused of their quaint notions in any event. Sadly, the worst offenders are often the enthusiasts who, holding these stereotypes themselves, go about trying to de-tune, rinkytinkify and electrically pump what were once finely musical manually operated instruments intended for human interaction. Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:44, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Pneumatic player piano close up
Should a close up of a pneumatic player piano be added? There could start to be too many images on the page.

Pic is here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pianola_closeup.JPG MxAesir 06:08, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Nickelodeon
Arent' these also called Nickelodeons?

A Nickelodeon is a nickname for a coin operated player piano in a public place. It also was a term for a small movie theater (The word means "Nickle Theater")--Saxophobia 18:12, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Yamaha Disklavier
I'm at a loss. The entire section on The Yamaha Disklavier reads like an advertisement, but at the same time I don't feel it appropriate to remove the section in its entirety. If anyone thinks they can salvage it, please try. Mlzg4

If you thought that was an ad, read one of MichaelIsGreat's edits. He struck 8 times on this article and 8 times on the Bösendorfer article before he was blocked. Each time after one of his edits was reverted, he would come back, making the obvious ad even more obvious, and using insulting edit descriptions (The mad people who delete my postings, GO BACK TO YOUR MAD HOUSE!!!). If you want to see what he did, look through the edit history, and click the date and time link next to MichaelIsGreat's username. SupaStarGirl 17:36, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

The Disklavier does now have its own page. To be fair the Disklavier is entriely significant in its own right now. It has been in production longer than most pneumatic reproducing pianos ever were and almost certainly has shipped far more instruments of this type than any pneumatic reproducing piano builder ever did. Fans of old pneumatic reproducing pianos get very sniffy about solenoid operated instruments. This is misguided as, of course, some of the very earliest player pianos were also solenoid operated and featured rudimentary automatic dynamic control making them, like the Disklavier, reproducing pianos of a sort. Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:13, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

John McTammany
I've just edited the paragraph on McTammany, saying that he claimed much credit towards the invention of the player piano, rather than that he deserved it. In both his books, McTammany is not above ignoring the achievements of others, and I think posterity has so far swallowed his own opinion of himself a little too uncritically.

There were many other important inventors in the field of roll-operated musical instruments, and in my view it is not right to single out McTammany. However, his paragraph stands until someone gets time to write up the achievements of all the others.

Pianola 21:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

No, posterity hasn't swallowed his own opinion of himself a little too uncritically. It's only much later on that we have come to look back at McTammany - and critically so. McTammany is vindicated by now freely-available online patents and the ability in the internet age to access far more material that was available to the early generations of player piano enthusiasts. McTammany was very careful in what does claim for himself if you read his work carefully. Often he is mis-read and people assume he was claiming for himself more than he was. The entire text of his book is avaiable online via the Player Piano Group's website Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:36, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Removing the development history
While reading through the history submitted by User:84.13.3.210 I noticed this:
 * From the early days, manufacturers sought to create mechanisms which would pick out the melody of a musical composition over the background of the rest of the music in the same manner as a live pianist. Click here to see a few of them. (emphasis added)

It's a shame to have to remove so much info from the article, but there can be little doubt that it contains material copied and pasted from off-site, without any mention of permission. If you're the person who made those edits, please comment on this page as to where the material came from. Gazpacho 06:24, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's back. I added some fact tags and directed the contributor to WP:CITE in the edit comment.  (SEWilco 04:23, 1 September 2007 (UTC))

The bulk of that section is from the Player Piano Group website and the content (written by woprld player expert Julian Dyer) and its dissemination into Wikipedia is authorised Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:16, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

 * (Commenting on the paragraph above by Undergroundpianola)... Specifically, the relevant source page is https://www.playerpianogroup.org.uk/articles/the-history-of-player-piano/26 but there the author is just listed as "The Player Piano Group" (no mention of Julian Dyer) and I see nothing on that website to suggest that the copyright-owner has given relevant permission. Even if permission were not a concern, that material lacks citations, it is in a conversational rather than encyclopaedic style, and it contains speculation and opinion, so ideally it could do with some changes.

Flight trainer
The references for this material are all in the linked articles. --Zeamays (talk) 13:01, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Edwin Votey
..., inventor of the famous Pianola, yet to write for a hero of the wikipedia and knowers of the reed organ and the piano.. .. Most needed hints here: http://www.pianola.org/factsheets/votey.cfm -- AxelKing (talk) 21:48, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

Votey is often over-stated as it was he who cobbled together the push-up piano player that helped the Aeolian Company continue on its path to becoming the main mechanical music factor in the USA. Aeolian's market dominance was created not by the success of the pianola but by very substantial outside investor captial input enabling extensive advertising and product marketing without which it would have been no better off than any other company. After the main source of this income was withdrawn in 1924 the company rapidly shrank and Aeolian Hall in New York was sold straight away. Without the outside capital input to boost Aeolian overall Votey could never have been any more notable than any other inventor who cobbled together a pneumatic piano player during the years 1891 -1900. Aeolian's main income was always from its expensive player pipe organs aimed at the uber-wealthy yet the number of surviving pianola player pianos and their fans in the English-speaking world who hold a light up to Votey from this end of history is so overwhelming that it makes things look other than they were. Votey is significant but there are others who, all things considered, are equally or more worthy also. Undergroundpianola (talk) 12:27, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

 * To me, your complaint about Votey's significance appears to be a minor viewpoint. Whether Aeolian was successful because of capital and marketing or because of quality product does not change the fact that they were successful. Votey rightly deserves credit for achieving what he did. Binksternet (talk) 14:38, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Unsourced Material
Article has been tagged for needing references since 2009. Please feel free to reincorporate the below material with appropriate citations. Doniago (talk) 14:27, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * What is the reasoning for your drive by destruction of the article? Looking it over, much of it is not cited. Why aren't you wholesale deleting almost all of it?

 * The content is undisputed, easily verifiable by yourself, and not contentious. DMahalko (talk) 02:47, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The material was disputed when the article was tagged over two years ago, if the material is easily verifiable, then verify it, and it clearly is contentious if we're having this discussion. You may wish to review WP:V. If you feel there is additional unsourced material that should be removed until sourcing is provided, you are welcome to remove it; I am under no such obligation. Doniago (talk) 15:21, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Nothing was disputed by the tagger. Here, I looked it up. It was just a general drive-by tagging, by someone not disputing anything.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_piano&diff=273019365&oldid=272287866
 * You are the one turning this general handwaved "something should be done here" molehole into a mountain.
 * From what you deleted it's clear to me that you don't understand the article topic at all and are just deleting this one section only because I edited it, and for the smugness of "DMahalko, I'm right, and you're wrong wrong wrong! You didn't cite, youuuu diiiidnn't ciiiiiteee! Nyah Nyah Nyah!" *Delete without even any comprehension of the article content deleted*
 * Since you love quoting rules at me, here's one for you. NODEADLINE Citations and photo examples will be arriving when I have had time to do more research. Until then, the article content is not controversial or being disputed as wrong or incorrect by anyone -- including you -- and so can remain in the article as it is, until such citations can be provided.
 * Looking at your reversions in this article, I see you've been busily doing this for a while, doing wholesale reverting of Good_faith edits and improvements from other editors. DMahalko (talk) 08:29, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * When you'd like to discuss this in a civil manner and focus on the issues with the text itself rather than your issues with my editing style, which I'd note has generally been supported as a valid interpretation of policy, I will be happy to respond. Until then, if you reinsert the material without proper sourcing you will be in violation of WP:BURDEN and I will treat it accordingly. If you truly feel my moving the material here is without merit, I invite you to take it to WP:3O to get a third opinion from a neutral party. Or if you feel I am the problem, by all means bring it up at WP:ANI or wherever you feel it would be most appropriate; this Talk space is not the proper forum for discussing such concerns. Cheers. Doniago (talk) 13:07, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * You are the problem, and your editing style is overly aggressive and not following policy. WP:V says, right at the top:

 * It must be possible to attribute all information in Wikipedia to reliable, published sources that are appropriate for the content in question. However, in practice it is only necessary to provide inline citations for quotations and for any information that has been challenged or that is likely to be challenged.
 * Which is what I'm saying. It doesn't matter if someone stuck a tag in a section saying "not cited since 1823" because Wikipedia policy doesn't require or DEMAND it. You are the one demanding it.

 * Reverting/deleting whole sections of edits not because they are inaccurate or wrong, but only because it lacked citations, is not a good enough reason to remove it. You are not challenging any of the text you removed. DMahalko (talk) 15:31, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Based on the results of your [[WP:ANI] filing] to this point, the consensus appears to be that I have acted in compliance with policy. If you would like to reincorporate the text that I removed, please feel free to do so, citing appropriate sources per WP:BURDEN. I am actively following the conversation there and shall certainly reconsider this matter if and when consensus at WP:ANI appears to change. Cheers. Doniago (talk) 13:43, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align:left; border:1px solid silver; margin-top:0.2em;" ! style="background-color:#CFC;" | Development === 1876–1890 === Following the Philadelphia exhibition, the mechanical music business began to grow rapidly. Various companies were founded in the later 1870s to manufacture and sell automated reed organs. Most significant to the development of the player piano was the Aeolian Company, founded as the Mechanical Orguinette Company in 1878, initially as retailer of small reed organs made by the Munroe Organ Company and others.
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |

These instruments started out with valveless actions, the air flowing through the paper operating the reed directly. Throughout this period, the instruments grew larger and more complex, and valves were added to switch the air flow, so ensuring faster response and requiring smaller holes in the paper. The idea of incorporating the new player devices into pianos developed over this period. Needham filed a patent in 1880 describing a pneumatic player device in a piano.

The main technical development of this period was the double valve system, which enabled machines to switch the volume of air needed to operate piano actions. The valves effectively worked as amplifiers, a small air flow being used to switch a much larger volume of air.

Inventors persisted with the early cumbersome mechanical linkage systems for a long time, although the valve system was considerably simpler. The main reason for this appears to be that no suitable airtight thin leather was available to make the small pouches which inflate to operate the valves. By the late 1880s, the development of suitable pneumatic materials and leathers had advanced sufficiently that effective and reliable player mechanisms were starting to enter the marketplace.

1890–1900
In 1896, Theodore P Brown introduced and marketed the "Aeriol Piano", which was the first substantially complete player piano. That same year, Wilcox and White introduced their "Angelus" cabinet player, which was a modification of their earlier grand and upright player pianos. None of the early player pianos was a success, though John McTammany (self-proclaimed "inventor of the player") credited Brown as the first to organize, in a practical manner, the ideas others had developed over the previous 20 years.

Through the middle 1890s, Edwin S Votey developed his piano playing device, the Pianola. This was offered to the Aeolian Company to sell alongside their range of reed organs. It was launched in 1897, and very aggressively marketed over the following years. It was the advertising organized by Harry Tremaine and the Wilcox and White Company that established the market for piano playing devices.

In these early years, the main demand was for cabinet players (devices rolled to the keyboard of an existing piano, to press the keys with mechanical wooden "fingers"), and it was some years before the public preferred to buy an entirely new self-contained instrument and trade in their old perfectly good regular pianos. As market demand changed, the "internal player" came back into view and was developed again, this time in earnest.
 * }

Dual usage
I don't think it is clearly stated in the article whether a pianola can usually (or always?) be played as an ordinary piano as well as a player-piano. I was curious because the singer Imogen Heap, who is a good pianist, has a Steinway Duo Art pianola which she frequently uses as a regular piano (see various videos on YouTube, e.g. here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVPtJ13f4Wk ). Is this a standard feature of pianolas? The article does say that ordinary pianos were at one period often converted into pianolas, and it would be odd to do so if this prevented them being used as pianos. Maybe the answer is glaringly obvious to pianola experts, but Wikipedia articles are aimed primarily at people who are not experts in the subject concerned!109.157.151.84 (talk) 19:35, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Most pianolas can be played as ordinary pianos, the chief exception being instruments built in cabinet form without keyboards. modifications to the piano action, generally lengthening the keys to make room for the pneumatic mechanism, may change the touch and responsiveness of the action and make it less satisfactory to play by hand.Saxophobia (talk) 19:23, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

List of Player Piano Manufacturers

 * Disklavier - Yamaha
 * Pianocorder - Pianocrder
 * PianoDisc - PianoDisc
 * PNOmation (formerly Pianomation) - QRS

Unsourced sections
I did a little research and found a few likely sources for some sections of the article that are heavily lacking in sources. The 'Antecedents' and 'Development' sections seem to have been copied from this article: The History of Player Piano The 'Preservation and restoration' section seems to have been copied from this article: The AMICA Bulletin - Stacks are the Stanford

I hope this is helpful in some way. SebYB67 (talk) 00:01, 11 December 2015 (UTC)

Move "Preservation and Restoration" Section to the "Piano Roll" Page
The contents of this section are about preserving and restoring piano rolls, not player pianos. This section should be moved to the Piano Roll article.

title: Talk:Player piano


text: Talk:Toltec

title: Talk:Toltec


text:
Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome

Weissenbacher–Zweymuller syndrome (WZS), also called Pierre-Robin syndrome with fetal chondrodysplasia, is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder, linked to mutations (955 gly -> glu) in the COL11A2 gene (located on chromosomal position 6p21.3), which codes for the α2 strand of collagen type XI. It is a collagenopathy, types II and XI disorder. The condition was first characterized in 1964 by G. Weissenbacher and Ernst Zweymüller.

Presentation
The disorder causes facial abnormalities, skeletal malformation and occasionally neural tube defects; the skeletal disfigurements resolve to a degree in the course of development.

Mutations in different parts of the gene may lead to deafness or Stickler syndrome type III (eye problems: myopia, retinal detachment and skeletal abnormalities).

Infants and children: Infants that are born with Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome usually have short bones in their arms and legs. The thigh and upper arm bones are wider than usual resulting in a dumbbell-shape while the bones of the vertebrae may be abnormal. Typical abnormal facial features can be wide-set protruding eyes (hypertelorism), a small and upturned nose with a flat bridge, small jaw (micrognathia) and a cleft palate. Some infants have high-frequency hearing loss. Infants may also exhibit a psychomotor delay. After the period of growth deficiency the individual makes improvements in bone growth leading to a normal physical development around age 5 or 6.

Adults: Many with Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome have a catch-up growth phase causing the adults to not be unusually short. Many adults still will have hearing loss and typical abnormal facial features of Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome.

Causes
Dominant genetic disorders can be caused by just a single copy of an abnormal gene. This abnormal gene can be the result of being inherited from either parent or be a new mutation. Most cases are caused by a de novo (new) mutation in the gene that occurs during the formation of the egg or sperm. These cases occur when there is no history of the disorder in the family. The COL11A2 gene is responsible for providing instructions on making one component of the type XI collagen. Type XI collagen is a complex molecule that helps give structure and strength to the connective tissues. Collagen is found in bone. It is also found in cartilage that makes up most of the skeleton during early development. The mutation of COL11A2 in Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome disrupts the assembly of the type XI collagen molecules. The malfunctioning collagen weakens the connective tissue causing impaired bone development. COL11A2 is also associated with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL). All mutations of COL11A2 in ADNSHL are missense mutations.

Diagnosis
Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome is diagnosed upon a thorough clinical evaluation, detailed patient history, identification of characteristic symptom and a variety of specialized tests which includes x-rays.

Treatment
Because there is no cure, treatment is directed towards the specific symptoms that are present in each individual.

Epidemiology
Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome affects males and females in the same numbers. About 30 cases have been reported in medical literature. The disorder can be underdiagnosed causing no true frequency in the population.

title: Weissenbacher–Zweymüller syndrome


text: User talk:62.178.220.23

title: User talk:62.178.220.23


text:
John Meriwether

John William Meriwether (born August 10, 1947) is an American hedge fund executive.

Education
Meriwether earned an undergraduate degree from Northwestern University and an MBA degree from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Salomon Brothers
After graduation, Meriwether moved to New York City, where he worked as a bond trader at Salomon Brothers. At Salomon, Meriwether rose to become the head of the domestic fixed income arbitrage group in the early 1980s and vice-chairman of the company in 1988. In 1991, Salomon was caught in a Treasury securities trading scandal perpetrated by a Meriwether subordinate, Paul Mozer. Meriwether was assessed $50,000 in civil penalties.

LTCM
Meriwether founded the hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in 1994. The fund collapsed in 1998. The books When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management and Inventing Money: The Story of Long-Term Capital Management and the Legends Behind It detail the events leading up to and following Long-Term Capital Management's demise.

JWM Partners
A year after LTCM's collapse, in 1999, Meriwether founded JWM Partners LLC. The hedge fund opened with $250 million under management and by 2007 had approximately $3 billion. The Financial crisis of 2007-2009 badly battered Meriwether's firm. From September 2007 to February 2009, his main fund lost 44 percent. On July 8, 2009, Meriwether closed the fund.

JM Advisors
Meriwether opened his third hedge fund, named JM Advisors Management, in 2010. The fund is expected to use similar strategies as both LTCM and JWM, namely highly leveraged "relative value arbitrage". By March 2011, however, the JM Advisors Macro Fund had raised only $28.85 million.

Thoroughbred racing
Meriwether has been an owner of thoroughbred horses for a number of years and is a member of the board of directors of the New York Racing Association (NYRA). He notably campaigned Buckhan, the winner of the 1993 Washington, D.C. International Stakes.

title: John Meriwether


text:
Fort Zeelandia

Fort Zeelandia may refer to the following Dutch forts :

 * Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan), a fort in Tainan, Taiwan
 * Siege of Fort Zeelandia, 1661–1662
 * Fort Zeelandia (Paramaribo), in Suriname, originally built by the English and called Fort Willoughby
 * Fort Zeelandia (Guyana)
 * Fort Zeelandia (Benin), on the Dutch Slave Coast

title: Fort Zeelandia


text:
Military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan

The Australian contribution to the war in Afghanistan has been known as Operation Slipper (2001–2014) and Operation Highroad (2015–2021).

Australian Defence Force (ADF) operations and the size of the forces deployed have varied and ADF involvement has included two major areas of activity: Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. These activities have seen the deployment of naval, air and land forces that have taken part in combat and combat support operations as part of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).

In mid-2014, the naval and logistic support operations in the Persian Gulf were re-designated as Operation Manitou and Operation Accordion respectively.

Operation Slipper
Operation Slipper began in late 2001 and ended on 31 December 2014.

First phase
During the first phase of Operation Slipper, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) commitment to Afghanistan consisted of a Special Forces Task Group and two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Boeing 707 air-to-air refuelling aircraft from No. 33 Squadron. These aircraft and associated support personnel operated from Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan and provided support to coalition aircraft operating in Afghan airspace. Two RAAF AP-3C Orion aircraft flew maritime patrol missions in support of maritime interdiction operations in the Persian Gulf. These aircraft were temporarily retasked to Operations Falconer and Catalyst in 2003.

RAAF C-130 Hercules transport aircraft were also involved in providing logistic support for deployed forces. The Special Forces were involved with the establishment of the US-led coalition's first Forward Operating Base (Camp Rhino) southwest of Kandahar in November 2001, followed by the capture of Kandahar International Airport in December 2001. The initial ADF commitment in Afghanistan concluded in December 2002 when the Special Air Service Task Group was withdrawn. Following this date until 2005 Australia's total contribution to efforts in Afghanistan were two officers attached to the United Nations and the Coalition land mine clearing force.

All three squadrons of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) were deployed to Afghanistan in 2001 and 2002. The dates of these deployments were:
 * 1 Squadron Group, SASR: (October 2001 – April 2002)
 * 3 Squadron Group, SASR: (April 2002 – August 2002)
 * 2 Squadron Group, SASR: (August 2002 – November 2002)

Second phase
An Australian Special Forces Task Group was re-deployed to Afghanistan in August or September 2005. This Task Group consisted of elements from the SASR, 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (Commando), the Incident Response Regiment and logistic support personnel. As well as heavily modified Land Rovers, the Special Forces Task Group was also equipped with some Bushmaster infantry mobility vehicles. A detachment of two CH-47 Chinook helicopters from the 5th Aviation Regiment was deployed to Afghanistan in March 2006 to support the Special Forces Task Group. The Australian Special Forces Task Group was withdrawn from Afghanistan in September 2006 and the helicopter detachment returned to Australia in April 2007.

Third phase
A Reconstruction Taskforce-based around the 1st Combat Engineer Regiment with protective elements from the 5th/7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and 2nd Cavalry Regiment began arriving in Uruzgan Province in southern Afghanistan in early September 2006. The Australian Reconstruction Taskforce formed part of a Dutch-led Provincial Reconstruction Team, operating as part of the Dutch-led Task Force Uruzgan and based at Forward Operating Base Ripley, outside of Tarin Kowt.

A 300-strong Special Operations Task Group was deployed to support the Reconstruction Taskforce in April 2007, including a Commando company-group, elements of the SASR, and an integral combat service support team. In addition to radar crews, logistics and intelligence officers, and security personnel, this brought the number of Australian personnel in Afghanistan to 950 by mid-2007, with further small increases to 1,000 in mid-2008, 1,100 in early 2009 and 1,550 in mid-2009. These increases occurred in spite of opinion polls indicating that public support for the deployment was decreasing, with a poll released in September 2008 finding that a majority of those surveyed were opposed to Australia's continued military involvement in the country.

In early 2009, a number of Operational Mentoring and Liaison Teams (OMLTs) were embedded into the Afghan National Army battalions serving in the 4th (ANA) Brigade, 205th Hero Corps, in Uruzgan as part of the Australian mission to mentor and partner the ANA within the province. Consequently, the RTF was renamed the Mentoring and Reconstruction Task Force. On 16 January 2009, Trooper Mark Donaldson, a member of the SASR, was awarded Australia's highest gallantry medal, the Victoria Cross for Australia. Donaldson was awarded the medal for exposing himself to enemy fire to protect injured Australian troops and then rescuing an Afghan interpreter under heavy enemy fire during a contact on 2 September 2008.

A modest Australian force remained in Afghanistan over this period and was involved in counter-insurgency operations in Uruzgan province in conjunction with Dutch, US and other coalition forces. MRTF was again renamed to the Mentoring Task Force in early 2010. Based around a combined arms battalion-sized battle group, it consisted of motorised infantry and cavalry force elements supported by engineers, as well as coalition enablers including artillery and aviation assets. The Rotary Wing Group flying CH-47D Chinooks, the Force Logistics Asset and an RAAF air surveillance radar unit were also based in Kandahar. A further 800 Australian logistic personnel were also based outside of Afghanistan, in locations in the Middle East. Meanwhile, detachments of maritime patrol and transport aircraft continued to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, based out of Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates.

Order of battle
Over the course of the operation, as the size of Australia's contribution has fluctuated and the scope of operations undertaken has evolved, the number and type of units deployed has also changed. A snapshot of the order of battle from March 2011, when approximately 1,550 Australians were deployed to Afghanistan, is as follows:
 * National Command Element
 * Mentoring Task Force 2 (MTF-2)
 * Headquarters, 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR)
 * 4 x Combat Teams including infantry, cavalry, engineers and offensive support
 * 5 x Operational Mentoring and Liaison Teams
 * Force Communications Unit IV (1st Combat Signal Regiment)
 * Logistics and support units
 * Detachment, 20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery (operates ScanEagle UAVs)
 * Special Operations Task Group
 * Elements of the SASR, 2nd Commando Regiment, Reserve 1 Commando Regiment and Special Operations Engineer Regiment
 * Rotary Wing Group (including two CH-47D Chinooks helicopters).
 * Detachment, 1st Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery (16 gunners attached to the British Army)
 * RAAF Control and Reporting Centre (Kandahar International Airport)
 * Two AP-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft and three C-130 Hercules transports
 * Personnel embedded with various coalition units
 * Force Level Logistic Asset (Kandahar International Airport)

Departure of Australian combat forces

At the end of October 2013, Prime Minister Tony Abbott traveled to Afghanistan with Opposition Leader Bill Shorten for a special ceremony at the Australian base in Tarin Kowt in Uruzgan. He told a gathering of troops and Afghan leaders that "Australia's longest war is ending. Not with victory, not with defeat, but with, we hope, an Afghanistan that is better for our presence here." Afghan forces were scheduled to take over running of the camp in mid-December. The last combat troops were withdrawn on 15 December 2013; however, approximately 400 personnel remained in Afghanistan as trainers and advisers, and were stationed in Kandahar and Kabul.

On 1 July 2014, as part of the restructuring of Australian operations in the Middle East, Operation Slipper was split into three different operations: ongoing operations in Afghanistan as part of ISAF under Operation Slipper; maritime security operations in the Middle East and counter piracy in the Gulf of Aden under Operation Manitou; and support operations to Slipper and Manitou from a number of locations in the Gulf States, primarily the United Arab Emirates, under Operation Accordion. Approximately 400 personnel were deployed on Operation Slipper, another 550 as part of Accordion, and 250 on Manitou. Australian operations in Afghanistan were scheduled to continue until the ISAF mission concluded in December 2014, while its contribution to the NATO-led "train, advise, assist" mission post-2014 was still to be confirmed at that time. The final Heron UAV detachment left Afghanistan in December 2014.

Operation Slipper concluded on 31 December 2014, with Australia's "train, advise and assist" mission in Afghanistan as part of the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission being conducted under the code-name Operation Highroad after this date. Approximately 400 Australian personnel were deployed as part of the new mission, including personnel in mentoring and advisory roles, as well as medical personnel, force protection and logistic support. Over 26,000 Australian personnel have served in Afghanistan.

In June 2018, ABC News published photographs depicting Australian soldiers flying Nazi swastikas on their vehicles in Afghanistan. Their actions were subsequently denounced by then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull.

War crimes inquiry
In May 2016 the Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force, Major General Paul Brereton, launched an inquiry into allegations that some Australian special forces personnel committed war crimes in Afghanistan between 2005 and 2016. In February 2020 it was announced that 55 incidents were being investigated and, in November 2020, the inspector-general concluded that 36 incidents ought to be referred to the Australian Federal Police for criminal investigation and possible prosecution by the Department of Home Affairs' Office of the Special Investigator and Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions.

According to Brereton's report, there is credible information that 25 Australian Defence Force personnel were involved in serious crimes in Afghanistan. Of the soldiers, 19 were directly implicated in the murder of 39 prisoners and civilians, and cruel treatment of 2 others, while the other military personnel were believed to be accessories to the incidents. Brereton noted that some of the soldiers were ordered by their patrol commanders to kill prisoners. Some soldiers are also believed to have planted evidence next to civilian corpses to imply that the civilians were armed, and thus could be classified as legitimate targets in post-incident investigations. The report describes a 2012 incident as having been "possibly the most disgraceful episode in Australia's military history", but the specifics were redacted in the version released to the public.

Upon the report's release, Chief of the Australian Defence Force, General Angus Campbell, apologised for "any wrongdoing by Australian soldiers". He announced that the 2nd Squadron of the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) would be disbanded as a result of the investigation, citing a "distorted culture" that undermined the moral authority of the Australian Defence Force, through all three SASR squadrons were implicated in poor conduct. ) According to one reporter's correspondence with a former patrol commander, "EVERYONE KNEW [emphasis in the original]" that war crimes had been committed, but when it was reported regiment leadership decided to handle the matter internally. General Campbell also explained that he and the Chief of Army, Lieutenant General Rick Burr, would take further action with respect to the commanders of units apparently involved in war crimes.

Journalist Mark Willacy estimates that prosecutions related to these findings may not be concluded until approximately the year 2030.

Final withdrawal
A contingent of around 80 ADF personnel remained in Afghanistan as late as 2021 to train and advise Afghan forces. The Australian embassy in Kabul was closed on 28 May that year. The last ADF personnel and diplomats in Afghanistan departed on 18 June 2021. This formed part of the withdrawal of international forces from the country.

Following the fall of Kabul in August 2021, ADF personnel were used to evacuate Australians and Afghans who had assisted the Australian forces from Afghanistan. Three RAAF aircraft and 250 personnel were deployed from Australia to the Middle East as part of this effort. The first evacuation flight from Kabul took place on the night of 17/18 August. Prime Minister Scott Morrison stated that it would not be possible to evacuate all the Afghans who had assisted the Australian forces due to the situation in the country.

Persian Gulf
Since October 2001 the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) has maintained a continuous presence in and around Iraqi territorial waters as part of Operation Slipper and subsequent operations. There were four major rotations of RAN ships to this area of operations between December 2001 and March 2003. The primary focus of these rotations was to conduct Maritime Interception Operations as part of a US, Australian and British force enforcing United Nations Security Council resolutions against Iraq. The first rotation consisted of Her Majesty's Australian Ships (HMAS) Sydney, Adelaide and Kanimbla. These ships were followed in February 2002 by HMA Ships Canberra, Newcastle and Manoora and again in July 2002 by HMAS Arunta and Melbourne.

HMAS Kanimbla departed from Sydney, Australia on 20 January 2003 again bound for the Persian Gulf under the mission objectives of Operation Bastille. On arriving in Bahrain on 16 February she reverted to the original mission objects of Operation Slipper (that of enforcing UN sanctions against Iraq). On 20 March 2003, HMA Ships Kanimbla, Anzac and Darwin participated in the combat phase of the 2003 Iraq War, codenamed Operation Falconer; in April Kanimbla supported Operation Baghdad Assist, delivering medical supplies that were transported to Baghdad. During these operations the Australian ships pioneered a number of techniques that increased the effectiveness of Maritime Interception Force operations leading to them intercepting and boarding about 1,700 vessels in this period. Four Australian naval officers commanded the multinational force at various times during the course of the operation. Detachments from the Army's 16th Air Defence Regiment provided point defence to the Kanimbla and Manoora during their deployments.

From 2009 Australian warships and aircraft in the Middle East have also been involved in counter-piracy operations and maritime interdiction off the Horn of Africa as part of Combined Task Force 151.

Diego Garcia
A detachment of four Australian F/A-18 Hornet fighter aircraft provided air defence for the US military base on the island of Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory during the campaign against the Taliban. The initial detachment was provided by No. 77 Squadron RAAF between December 2001 and 10 February 2002. This was replaced by a detachment from No. 3 Squadron RAAF which was deployed between 10 February 2002 and 20 May 2002. No further Australian units were deployed to Diego Garcia.

Casualties
Operation Slipper is notable for the first Australian combat deaths since the Vietnam War, and to date all casualties have occurred during operations in Afghanistan. 41 Australian soldiers have been killed and 261 wounded, the majority since October 2007. Another Australian was killed while serving with the British Army.

Cost
The cost of operations in Afghanistan has represented the largest operational expenditure by the ADF in most financial years since 2001/02. The yearly expenditure on Afghanistan by the ADF includes the figures below.

 * While Operation Slipper ceased on 31 December 2014, funds have been allocated to repair equipment returned to Australia and to contribute to the sustainment of the Afghan National Security Forces.


text:
Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band

Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band is a Norwegian electronica/hip-hop group/producer.

Career
The band was formed in 1997. They released a 7" and a 12" on Telle Records.

In 2002, they were signed by the U.S. label Emperor Norton Records and released A Special EP, followed by the full-length A Special Album was released May 20, 2003, and received a positive review in CMJ. CMJ did a promotion with the band as well, and commented on their influences: "influenced by old-school porn soundtracks and Russ Meyer flicks--what could be better?"

The third album, Sharp Knives & Loaded Guns came out on EMI in 2007, and was followed by European tours. In 2008, the song "The Teacher" was included on the Grand Theft Auto IV in-game radio soundtrack; it is a remix of the hit song "Forelska i Lærer'n" by the Norwegian rock band The Kids. They released a new single, "The Queen of the Night", in October 2008. In late 2008, percussionist Thomas Lønnheim departed the band. Soon after this album and especially this tour, Ralph Myerz decided to focus more on production and studio work.

On January 18, 2014, Ralph Myerz won Best Electronic/Dance Album at the 2013 Spellemannprisen Awards, often noted as the Norwegian Grammy Awards, for his album "Supersonic Pulse", the album featured Snoop Dogg, George Clinton, Roxanne Shante, Nipsey Hussle, Da YoungFellaz, David Banner, J. Wells, Annie, Diana Ross and the Supremes and more.

Studio albums

 * A Special Album (2003)
 * Your New Best Friends (2005)
 * Sharp Knives & Loaded Guns (2006)
 * Ralphorama! (Appetite 4 Selfdestruction) (2008)
 * Outrun (Muzik4lateniteridez) (2011)
 * Supersonic Pulse (2013)

Extended plays

 * A Special EP (2002)
 * Your New Best Remix EP (2005)
 * Sky Is The Limit EP (2006)
 * My Darling EP (2007)
 * Grey Goose (feat. Talib Kweli & Strong Arm Steady) - EP (2009)
 * Take A Look At The World (feat. Annie) [Remixes] (2013)
 * Stay Kosmik - (Ralph Myerz & The Kosmik Diamondz) (2014)
 * Recognise - (Ralph Myerz Presents: REC) (2015)

Remixes

 * Felix da Housecat featuring Miss Kittin - ("Madame Hollywood") (2002)

title: Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band


text:
Mahmoud Tawalbe

Mahmoud Tawalbe (محمود طوالبة; c. 1979 - 2002) was the head of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Jenin, one of the main strongholds of the terrorist organization.

Tawalbe was involved in many attacks against Israelis but he was best known for being the leader of the Palestinian militants in Jenin during the Battle of Jenin, part of Israel's 2002 Operation Defensive Shield.

The Israeli authorities had 23-year-old Mahmoud Tawalbe, a father of two who worked in a record store but also headed the local Palestinian Islamic Jihad cell, at the top of their "wanted" list. Tawalbe was responsible for numerous attacks against Israelis, including an October 2001 shooting on the main street of Hadera, north of Tel Aviv, which killed four women. Tawalbe had dispatched his 19-year-old brother Murad on a suicide attack to Haifa in the July of that year, though Murad lost his nerve and surrendered to Israel Police. Other top Islamic Jihad targets in Jenin included Thabet Mardawi, behind a March 20 suicide bomb that killed seven Israelis on a bus, and Ali Suleiman al-Saadi, known as Safouri, who had planned a November shooting that killed two Israelis.

Tawalbe was one of the commanders in the battle over Jenin. Tawalbe ordered supporters to booby trap the entire camp in order to kill as many Israeli soldiers as possible. Even children took part in the bomb-making efforts.

During a break from the fighting on the seventh day, Tawalbe sneaked out of the camp into neighbouring Jenin to visit his mother and brother. His brother told Time that "Mahmoud looked pleased with his work", and he told his mother "Don't worry about me...I feel strong". The camp lore says Mahmoud killed 13 Israelis in the fighting.

Time visited the rubble of the house where Tawalbe died with a British military expert working in the camp for Amnesty International, David Holley. They reported that "the three-story structure shows signs of attack from two directions. One wall was charred by fire; the wall on the other side had collapsed." Holley deduced from the tank tracks and bomb craters that Tawalbe was killed by an alert IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer whose operator thwarted an attempt by Tawalbe and his gunmen to plant a bomb on the armour of a passing Israeli Armored fighting vehicle, probably by ramming the wall onto him.

After the battle of Jenin, Mahmoud Tawalbe was considered a hero by many Palestinians and Arabs worldwide. His mangled corpse was interred together with that of his fellow militant due to the difficulty in identifying the bodies, in Jenin's "Martyrs' Cemetery". Tawalbe was labeled "general of the martyrs" in posters throughout the camp, and marching children chanted his name. His terrorist attacks against Israeli civilians were hailed along with his leadership in the battle of Jenin. While Palestinians see him as a martyr, the Israelis see him as a cruel and ruthless terrorist, whose atrocities came to an end.

title: Mahmoud Tawalbe


text:
User:NaiaVenturi

http://sknkwrks.dyndns.org:1957/writewiki/wiki.pl?NaiaVenturi

title: User:NaiaVenturi