text:
Jean-Claude Trichet

Jean-Claude Trichet (born 20 December 1942) is a French economist who was President of the European Central Bank from 2004 to 2011. Previous to his assumption of the presidency he was Governor of the Bank of France from 1993 to 2004.

After stepping down from the European Central Bank, Trichet has taken speaking arrangements across France and was on the board of directors of the Bank for International Settlements. He was asked to join the non-doctrinal think tank, Bruegel, to consult on economic policy. In 2008, Trichet ranked fifth on Newsweek's list of the world's most powerful along with economic triumvirs Ben Bernanke (fourth) and Masaaki Shirakawa (sixth).

Early life and education
Trichet was born in 1942 in Lyon, the son of a professor of Greek and Latin. He was educated at the École des Mines de Nancy, from which he graduated in 1964. He later earned a master's degree in economics from the University of Paris and then trained at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (best known as Sciences Po), finishing in 1966, and the École nationale d'administration (ENA) from 1969–1971, two French higher education institutions in the field of political science and state administration.

Career in the public sector
From 1987, Trichet was head of the Trésor public. In this capacity, he also chaired the Paris Club of creditor nations in the mid-1980s and was closely involved in debt problems that struck Latin America, Africa and the Middle East. He also became a member of Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty. Soon after taking office at Trésor, Trichet oversaw the change to an anti-inflationary franc fort (strong franc) policy, to pave the way for currency union with Germany. In 1993, he led Trésor’s move to grant the Bank of France independence to set its own interest rates.

In 1993, Trichet was appointed governor of Banque de France. Both as director of the French Treasury and then governor of the Banque de France, he was widely seen as one of the architects of the European monetary union.

By 1997, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin and President Jacques Chirac proposed Trichet as France’s candidate for the position as president of the European Central Bank; this way they opposed Wim Duisenberg, the candidate preferred by the majority of the Eurozone members. Under a compromise laid out by German Finance Minister Theo Waigel, Duisenberg would resign midway through his eight-year term to make way for Trichet. On 1 November 2003 he succeeded Wim Duisenberg.

During his time in office, Trichet oversaw the ECB’s response to the European debt crisis, including its Securities Markets Programme to stem the crisis in eurozone government bond markets. In 2011, ECB board member Jürgen Stark resigned in what was widely seen as a protest against this policy.

Career in the private sector
On 28 January 2012, the board of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company approved Trichet’s nomination to the Board, where he represented (with Dominique d’Hinnin of the Lagardère Group) the French state’s holding company SOGEADE.

Trichet succeeded Mario Monti as chairman of the European branch of the Trilateral Commission in 2012.

Trichet was a member of the Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was established by the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors for the period from 2017 to 2018. In early 2021, Trichet was appointed by the G20 to the High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers.

International organizations

 * European Central Bank, Chair of the Ethics Committee (2016–2019)
 * European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), Chair (2010–2011)

Corporate boards

 * PIMCO, Member of the Global Advisory Board (since 2015)

Non-profit organizations

 * Bretton Woods Committee, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2020)
 * Scope Foundation, Member of the Honorary Board (since 2020)
 * Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), Distinguished Fellow (since 2019)
 * Bruegel, Chairman of the Board (since 2012)
 * Bilderberg Group, Member of the Steering Committee
 * European Horizons, Advisor
 * Complexity Research Initiative for Systemic Instabilities (CRISIS), Member of the Advisory Board
 * Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt, Member of the Academic Advisory Board
 * Systemic Risk Council (SRC), Senior Advisor

Political positions
At the height of the euro crisis, Trichet publicly criticized President Nicolas Sarkozy and Chancellor Angela Merkel, who had agreed at a meeting in Deauville in 2010 that sovereign debt could be restructured in a bailout to make private investors pay their share; the plan was never implemented.

At the ceremony for the Charlemagne Prize in 2011, Trichet called for the creation of a central finance ministry to oversee spending by countries that use the euro.

On 5 August 2011 Trichet wrote, together with Mario Draghi, a letter to the Italian government to push for a series of economic measures that would soon be implemented in Italy.

In 2015, Trichet joined forces with two other former governors of the Bank of France – Michel Camdessus and Jacques de Larosière – in publicly supporting President François Hollande’s appointment of François Villeroy de Galhau to head the central bank.

In a 2019 article for the Financial Times, Trichet publicly hit back against some of his former colleagues at the European Central Bank – including Jürgen Stark and Otmar Issing, who both worked as ECB chief economist under Trichet’s presidency –, calling them "misguided" in their criticism of the loose monetary policy pursued by his successor as president Mario Draghi.

Crédit Lyonnais scandal
In January 2003, Trichet was put on trial with eight others charged with irregularities at Crédit Lyonnais, one of France's biggest banks. Trichet was in charge of the French treasury at that time. He was cleared in June 2003, which left the way clear for him to move to the ECB. A parliamentary inquiry found no wrong-doing by Trichet, other civil servants or the three finance ministers in office during the critical period.

2009 banking crisis
Within the European Central Bank, Trichet strongly resisted any contemplation of Greece defaulting on its debt. It was only in October 2011, with the end of his term imminent, that consensus was reached to allow a 50% cut in the value of Greek bonds.

Hypo Alpe Adria bailout
As part of a 2015 investigation launched by Austria’s parliament into defunct lender Hypo Alpe Adria, then opposition party NEOS named Trichet among 200 people it wanted to question. At the time of Austria purchasing Hypo Alpe Adria from BayernLB in late 2009, Trichet had lobbied for the deal.

Trichet has been criticised for the ECB's response to the Great Recession, which emphasised price stability over recovery and growth. He was also criticized when he refused to answer a question about a possible conflict of interests concerning his successor's involvement at Goldman Sachs before taking charge as head of the ECB.

Personal life
At age 22, Trichet married Aline Rybalka, a diplomat and translator whose parents immigrated to France from Ukraine. They have two sons: Pierre-Alexis Trichet (born 1971), a marketing strategy director at telecommunications company Orange SA; and Jean-Nicolas Trichet (born 1974), a musician and producer.

Honours and awards

 * 🇫🇷 France: Commander of the Legion of Honour
 * 🇫🇷 France: Officer of the National Order of Merit
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2011)
 * Hesse: Knight of the Hessian Order of Merit (2011)
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Vision for Europe Award, for his contributions toward greater European integration (2008)
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Collier de la Fondation du Mérite européen (6 March 2013)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (21 January 2011)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (2011).
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (6 May 2010)
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Honorary Doctor of the University of National and World Economy in Sofia (2009)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2018)

title: Jean-Claude Trichet


text:
Acid Eaters

Acid Eaters is the thirteenth studio album by the American punk rock band Ramones.

Released in 1993, towards the end of the Ramones' career, the album is the band's only album entirely composed of covers. Acid Eaters forms a musical tribute to the Ramones' favorite artists of the 1960s and highlights the influences the Ramones took from garage rock bands like the Seeds and the Amboy Dukes, as well as from popular bands such as the Beach Boys, the Who and the Rolling Stones (all of whom are covered on this album).

Background
Although Acid Eaters is specifically made of covers from the sixties, it was not the first time that the Ramones had played or recorded cover songs, with the band having released cover versions on most of their albums, almost all or them from the sixties, starting with a cover of Chris Montez's hit "Let's Dance" (written by and credited to Jim Lee) on their debut album. Other notable covers previously performed by the group include: the Rivieras' "California Sun" (originally recorded by Joe Jones); the Beach Boys' "Do You Wanna Dance?" (originally recorded by Bobby Freeman); the Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird"; the Searchers' "Needles and Pins" (written by Sonny Bono and Jack Nitzsche, originally recorded by Jackie DeShannon); the Ronettes' "Baby, I Love You"; the Music Explosion's "Little Bit O' Soul"; the Chambers Brothers' "Time Has Come Today"; Freddy Cannon's "Palisades Park"; and the Doors' "Take It as It Comes." Jan and Dean's "Surf City" had been performed live by the Ramones on one occasion on August 20, 1982, in New York City, but makes its studio debut here.

Production
In his 2012 autobiography Commando, Johnny Ramone called the album "hit-and-miss," stating that many of the songs "were done with studio work, arrangements, and tricks, which was really different for us", and that the band "experimented to mixed success." He added that "we were getting all kinds of suggestions from everybody, and it was getting to be a pain in the ass. I mean, 'She's Not There' by the Zombies?" Johnny awarded the album a "B−" grade. Bassist C.J. Ramone gave the album a "D" grade, saying that it was done strictly for the money.

The album features several guest singers on backing vocals, namely Pete Townshend on "Substitute," Sebastian Bach on "Out of Time" and Traci Lords on "Somebody to Love." According to Johnny Ramone, while he considered Townshend "one of the greats and one of my guitar heroes", Townshend was a half an hour late for his session, resulting in Johnny giving up and leaving the studio to watch a Yankee game.

According to C.J. Ramone, Acid Eaters was only going to be an EP before manager Gary Kurfirst promised a bigger advance as well as a bigger cut if they made it a full release.

Promotion
The band promoted the album on the animated Cartoon Network talk show Space Ghost Coast to Coast, in the first-season episode entitled "Bobcat".

Personnel
Ramones
 * Joey Ramone – lead vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5–7, 9–13)
 * Johnny Ramone – guitar
 * Marky Ramone – drums
 * C.J. Ramone – bass guitar, lead vocals (tracks 1, 4, 8)

Additional musicians
 * Joe McGinty – keyboards
 * Pete Townshend – backing vocals (track 2)
 * Sebastian Bach – backing vocals (track 3)
 * Traci Lords – backing vocals (track 5)

Technical
 * Scott Hackwith – producer, mixing
 * Gary Kurfirst – executive producer
 * Trent Slatton – engineer, mixing
 * Bryce Goggin – assistant engineer (Baby Monster)
 * Rojo – assistant engineer (Baby Monster)
 * Johnny Wydrycs – assistant engineer (Chung King)
 * Jack Hersca – assistant engineer (Chung King)
 * Diego Garrido – assistant engineer (Chung King)
 * Peter Beckerman – assistant engineer (Sound on Sound)
 * Scott Hull – mastering

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acid Eaters


text:
George Ord

George Ord, Jr. (March 4, 1781 – January 24, 1866) was an American zoologist who specialized in North American ornithology and mammalogy. Based in part on specimens collected by Lewis and Clark in the North American interior, Ord's article "Zoology of North America" (1815), which was published in the second American edition of William Guthrie's Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar (Johnson and Warner), has been recognized as the "first systematic zoology of America by an American".

Ord (1815) published the first scientific descriptions of Pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus), Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus), black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), Bonaparte's gull (Chroicocephalus philadelphia), ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis), Tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus), and Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus).

Ord is widely known for challenging the works of John James Audubon.

Early life
Ord was born and died at the same residence, 784 Front St., in Philadelphia. His mother was Swedish, and his father, Captain George Ord, Sr. (1741–1806), a celebrated naval captain during the American Revolution, was the proprietor of a rope-making business and served as Warden of the Port of Philadelphia. Ord joined the family business and continued it after his father's death.

American Ornithology
Ord met Alexander Wilson in the summer of 1811, and accompanied him on two collecting expeditions (each four weeks duration) to Cape May, New Jersey, during the spring migration seasons of May 1812 and May 1813. During the 1812 trip, Ord collected a bird that neither he nor Wilson could identify. Wilson illustrated Ord's specimen and named it "Cape May Warbler / Sylvia maritima" in volume 6 of American Ornithology (1812), writing:"'This new and beautiful little species was discovered in a maple swamp, in Cape May county, not far from the coast, by Mr. George Ord of this city, who accompanied me on a shooting excursion to that quarter in the month of May last. Through the zeal and activity of this gentleman I succeeded in procuring many rare and elegant birds among the sea islands and extensive salt marshes that border that part of the Atlantic ; and much interesting information relative to their nests, eggs, and particular habits. I have also at various times been favored with specimens of other birds from the same friend, for all which I return my grateful acknowledgments.'"The letter-press for volume 8 of American Ornithology (1814) was complete by August 1813, but Wilson's "great anxiety to conclude the work, condemned him to an excess of toil, which, inflexible as was his mind, his bodily frame was unable to bear." Wilson died of complications from dysentery on August 23, 1813; one week earlier, he named Ord an executor of his "last Will and testament". After Wilson's death, Ord completed the publishing and distribution, and compiled Wilson's unpublished writings for a final (9th) volume which contained an extended "Biographical sketch of Alexander Wilson".

Ord published a second edition of American Ornithology in 1824–25. The first 6 volumes were faithful reprints of the originals, confusingly so because they bear the dates of the first editions on their title pages (1808–12). In contrast, volumes 7–9 were revised and expanded by Ord and included a much larger version of his "Life of Wilson" (198 pp., versus 36 pages in the original 1814 version).

Academic life
In 1815, Ord was elected to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), where he would later serve as vice president from (1816–34) and president (1851–58). He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1817, and later served as secretary (1820–27), vice president (1832–35), councilor (1839), treasurer (1842–47), and librarian (1842–48).

In 1817, he joined the "first private, museum sponsored exploration in the United States", when he, Thomas Say, Titian Ramsay Peale and William Maclure went on a collecting expedition to Georgia and Florida, sponsored by the ANSP.

Ord, a supporter of scientific peer review, frequently served on ANSP publications committees, reviewing the work of his peers. He was a reviewer of three influential papers authored by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1824 and 1825, which included the original taxonomic descriptions of Wilson's Storm Petrel (Procellaria Wilsonii) in 1824, and Transvolcanic Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina), and Yellow-winged Cacique (Cassiculus melanicterus) in 1825. In 1829 he retired from the rope-making business to devote more time to science.

Ord authored peer-reviewed articles on a wide variety of topics including feather molt, the mating behavior of the Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), and the taxonomy of the Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). His publication about "An account of an American species of the genus Tantalus or Ibis" (1817) was the first account of the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) in the United States, as noted by Bonaparte in his quasi-continuation of Wilson's American Ornithology (1833):"'The credit of having added this beautiful species [Plegadis falcinellus] to the fauna of the United States is due to Mr. Ord, the well known friend and biographer of Wilson, who several years ago gave a good history and minute description of it in the Journal of the Academy of Philadelphia, under the name Tantalus mexicanus? His excellent memoir would have been sufficient to establish its identity with the species found so extensively in the old world, even if the specimen itself, carefully preserved in the Philadelphia Museum, did not place this beyond the possibility of doubt.'"Ord was a vocal opponent of John James Audubon.

He also wrote biographical memoirs of Charles Alexandre Lesueur, published in 1849, and Thomas Say, published in 1859, that have been valuable sources of information for modern scholars.

Death and Burial
Ord died on January 23, 1866, and is buried in a family plot at Gloria Dei Church cemetery.

Published works

 * Ord, G. 1817. Account of a North American quadruped, supposed to belong to the genus Ovis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(1), 8–12.
 * Ord, G. 1817. An account of an American species of the genus Tantalus or Ibis. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(4), 53–57. (BHL link)
 * Ord, G. 1818. Observations on two species of the genus Gracula of Latham. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(7), 253–260. (Read May 19, 1818) (BHL link)
 * Ord, G. 1818. An account of the Florida Jay of Bartram. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1(7), 345–347. (Read May 26, 1818) (BHL link)
 * Ord, G. 1828. Sketch of the life of Alexander Wilson, author of the American Ornithology. Harrison Hall, Philadelphia. (Google Books link )
 * Ord, G. 1830. Some observations on the moulting of birds. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new series 3, 292–299. (Read March 7, 1828) (BHL link)

title: George Ord


text:
Talk:Hippocrates

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 20 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Soonerfan05.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:28, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Somebody (91.124.144.90 ?) is really messing around with this page
There are NUMEROUS vandalisms here, even after some reversions.
 * Why is it that whenever I type 'Hippocrates' into the Wikipedia Search it comes up with an article saying "Why do I hate Canada so much"?

statement/assertion should be removed.
"The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious."

In The Genuine Works of Hippocrates Francis Adams determined that he and other experts viewed On the Physician to be the work of someone other than Hippocrates. Too many people believe that what they read in wikipedia is factual. The statement should be removed because Hippocrates never made that recommendation. --Creatapy2019 (talk) 00:29, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
 * There are two reasons why your objection here is not relevant. Firstly, the article never claims that On the Physician was written by Hippocrates himself. Instead it only calls it a "Hippocratic work," which is correct because On the Physician is part of the Hippocratic Corpus. Secondly, there is actually no agreement that Hippocrates himself wrote any of the works in the Hippocratic Corpus, but there is a consensus that they were at least written by his students, later followers, or other physicians within his circle who were influenced by him. In other words, the texts of the Hippocratic Corpus are relevant here in the same way that the dialogues of Plato and Xenophon are relevant to the article "Socrates"—not because Socrates wrote them, but because they were written by his students who knew his thoughts. —Katolophyromai (talk) 00:52, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for your thoughtful response. Perhaps it should be included in the article to clarify for future readers, who are less knowledgeable on the subject of Hippocrates. As it stands, it gives the impression that the statement originated with Hippocrates. The further away in time a Hippocratic work is presented, the more likely it is to be corrupted by semantics, translation errors, and personal opinion, much like the game of "telephone" as we all know, it is not possible for one person to know the thoughts of another. The student ALWAYS speaks from their own perspective, how can they not? Creatapy2019 (talk) 15:41, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

URFA/2020
Reading this article as part of WP:URFA/2020, I notice a few points where it may not meet the current standards of wikipedia's Featured Articles. In particular:

 * There are some uncited claims, including three paragraphs which do not end in a citation.
 * There are some quotes which need some more precise references: where does "to eat when you are sick, is to feed your sickness" come from? What is the source of the translation for the blockquote from On the Sacred Disease?
 * Many claims are sourced to extremely dated references – are the eight claims supported by Jones 1868 still the consensus of modern scholarship, for instance? How about the four claims cited to the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica?
 * I am not convinced of the reliability of some sources. For instance:
 * "L'influence de la médecine hippocratique sur la Guerre du Péloponnèse de Thucydide" – this appears to be a Masters' thesis, which is not generally considered to be the kind of "high-quality reliable source" asked for by WP:WIAFA (cf. WP:SCHOLARSHIP)
 * Hakim Chishti, The Traditional Healers Handbook, published by Healing Arts Press – what makes this a reliable source?
 * Rahman, Hakim Syed Zillur (1966), "Buqrat Aur Uski Tasaneef", Tibbia College Magazine. – what makes this a reliable source?
 * Starr, Michelle (18 December 2017), "Ancient Poo Is The First-Ever Confirmation Hippocrates Was Right About Parasites", Science Alert – is ScienceAlert a reliable source?
 * Compared to the many dated or dubious citations, there are a fair few works that haven't been referenced yet seem like they would be natural fits for the article:
 * Cantor (2002) Reinventing Hippocrates
 * Langholf (1992) Medical Theories in Hippocrates
 * Smith (1979) The Hippocratic Tradition
 * Temkin (1991) Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (this is mentioned as Further Reading!)
 * Van der Eijk (2000) Hippocrates in Context

I have done a small amount of copyediting and started to get the reference formatting in order, but ancient medicine is really not my area, so hopefully someone with more expertise or interest will be able to pick up on the content points... Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 22:00, 31 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Add to the sources that should be widely used in this article: Jouanna (1999) Hippocrates (full bibliographical ref in the article; Jacques Jouanna is considered the no. 1 expert on Hippocrates, even before Wesley Smith). I won't be working on this, but I have some familiarity with the subject, and I will say that this article should not be a FA in its current state. ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 00:34, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. Another relevant and reasonably recent work that is included in the bibliography, but cited only once, is Pinault (1992) Hippocratic Lives and Legends... Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 18:06, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Doesn't look like there's been any interest in nearly two weeks; adding to WP:FARGIVEN. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 11:31, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Ethnicity in the lead section
I quote, from MOS:ETHNICITY : "Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability." care to clarify how the ethnicity of this scholar is relevant in the lede ? ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  01:59, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Only a few lines previous, the MOS says In most modern-day cases .... Hippocrates is no modern case, meaning our distinction between "nationality" and "ethniticity" is not applicable. But we might say that his being Greek corresponds in a certain way to our modern understanding of nationality - a primary marker of his belonging to a certain group and not to other groups. Rsk6400 (talk) 05:21, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Wikaviani, I think you've been applying too narrow an interpretation of MOS:ETHNICITY here. It says that, but it also says that indicating . In other words, we do want to situate the subject culturally and geographically in the opening paragraph wherever that is possible and appropriate, we just don't want to deal with their parentage and ethnic background if that is not an essential part of what makes them notable.
 * So the fact that Hippocrates likely had a Greek heritage (it's actually very uncertain in this case) is entirely irrelevant for the lead, but the fact that he worked and lived in the cultural context of ancient Greece, notably including the context of the classical Greek medical and philosophical tradition, is essential information. Likewise, the fact that Antoine Lavoisier (which I see you've also changed) was of French heritage is entirely irrelevant to the lead of that article, but the fact that he belonged to the French nobility, was born and lived in the context of late pre-revolutionary France where he was executed for belonging to the nobility, is actually essential information.
 * Briefly, if it's about providing cultural and geographical context, it belongs in the lead. If it's purely about pinpointing the subject's ethnic origin, it does not belong in the lead, except where that ethnic origin is an essential part of what makes the subject notable. Maybe a good rule of thumb is that, if it feels like linking "Greek" as "Greek" or "French" as "French" would be appropriate, it probably does not belong in the lead. If no link to a Wikipedia page about ethnicity is needed (note that Hippocrates doesn't have it), that's probably a good indication that it's not about ethnicity. ☿ Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 07:10, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Fine by me, thanks to both of you for taking the time to answer. Best. ---Wikaviani  (talk) (contribs)  22:49, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hippocrates


text:
Talk:Video game controversies

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:23, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:23, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Video game controversies


text:
The Ur-Quan Masters

The Ur-Quan Masters is a 2002 open-source fangame modification, based on the action-adventure science fiction game Star Control II. The original game was released for PCs in 1992 and ported to the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer in 1994. It has been frequently mentioned among the best games of all time, with additional praise for its writing, world design, character design, and music.

After the Star Control II copyrights reverted to creators Paul Reiche III and Fred Ford, they licensed their content to their fan community under the GNU General Public License, to keep their series in the public eye. The open-source development team remade the 3DO version as a port to modern operating systems, and allowed fan-made modifications to add improvements absent in the original release. Released under the title The Ur-Quan Masters (the subtitle of the original game), the modified remake has since been downloaded nearly two million times, earning critical reception as one of the best free games available, with additional praise for a high-definition graphics fan modification.

Gameplay
The Ur-Quan Masters is a re-make of Star Control II, an action-adventure science fiction game set in an open universe. The game includes exploration, resource-gathering, combat, and diplomacy. Much of the game is played from a top-down perspective, and features real-time combat between alien ships with different abilities. The player can freely explore a galaxy with hundreds of stars, planets, and moons, which contain resources for the player to scan and retrieve in a lander vehicle. In diplomacy, the player converses with alien races in branching dialog sequences, with the goal of rallying an alliance to defeat the titular antagonists, the Ur-Quan. The combat featured in the story can also be played as a separate mode called "Super Melee".

The player plays the role of the captain of a spaceship, which returns to Earth after a lost research mission. The captain quickly discovers that Earth has been conquered by the Ur-Quan, and begins a quest to acquire knowledge, resources, and allies in order to free humanity from slavery. During the story, the Ur-Quan become entangled in a civil war, allowing the captain to contact dozens of unique alien races, and ultimately influence the outcome of the conflict. After rallying humanity's former allies, the captain is able to overcome and defeat the Ur-Quan.

Development
The Star Control series was created by Fred Ford and Paul Reiche, and published by Accolade. The first release in 1990 was a space strategy and action game, inspired by the 1961 space combat game Spacewar!. Star Control II, the 1992 sequel, abandoned the first game's strategic elements and greatly expanded the story, wrapping the combat system into an adventure-based narrative. Its port to the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer console in 1994 added fully voiced dialog and other updates to the sound and graphics. Star Control received awards upon release, and Star Control II received even more. Journalists have listed Star Control among their best games of all time, with Star Control II earning even more "best game" rankings through the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. Star Control II is also remembered among the best games in several creative areas, including writing, world design, character design, and music.

By the early 2000s, the Star Control II copyrights reverted to Ford and Reiche, triggered by a contractual clause where the game was no longer generating royalties. With the game no longer available in stores, Ford and Reiche wanted to keep the game in the public eye so that they could one day make another game in the series. Ford and Reiche still owned the rights to Star Control I and II, but they could not successfully purchase the Star Control trademark from publisher Accolade, so they chose the title The Ur-Quan Masters. Their independent studio Toys for Bob hired Chris Nelson as their first summer intern, who was enthusiastic for open-source software. Nelson worked with Ford to port the game to modern operating systems. Ford recalled, "we haven't made a sequel yet, so we thought the least we could do is release the source code and let the fans revive it on modern computers".

The open-source project officially launched in 2002, when Ford and Reiche licensed the source code from the 3DO version of Star Control II as open source under the GNU General Public License. Ford and Reiche own all the copyrighted content in the first two Star Control games, and granted the fan-operated project a free, perpetual license to the Star Control II content and the Ur-Quan Masters trademark. The first version of The Ur-Quan Masters suffered from performance issues, but Nelson knew skilled contacts in the open-source community who could make progress on the project. The fan community continued the project with further support, enhancements, and modifications. The credits screen names the "core team" as Serge van den Boom, Mika Kolehmainen, Michael Chapman Martin, Chris Nelson, and Alex Volkov. Ford and Reiche personally credit the open-source remake for making their creation available from 2001 to 2011, before Star Control became available for sale digitally through GOG.com. In an interview, the fans-turned-developers stated that a for-profit company would not be able to justify the port and remake, and that "without the open-source philosophy, The Ur-Quan Masters would never have existed".

Ford and Reiche launched a development studio, Pistol Shrimp, using it to take the open-source to create a new version of The Ur-Quan Masters for modern systems. This will be released for free in February 2024 for Windows computers under the name Free Stars: The Ur-Quan Masters as to avoid the intellectual property issue with Stardock. Pistol Shrimp have also started developing a sequel to this game, titled Ghosts of the Precursors.

Modifications
The Ur-Quan Masters has an active fanbase, maintaining both the open-source project and an extensive wiki. The most essential modifications extended the original code to operate on newer operating systems, resolving compatibility issues with the native DOS game. Fans have since modified and extended the project several times. Reiche has commented, "our policy has been to let people do whatever they want, as long as they don't turn our characters into mass murderers or make money with it. If you're making money with our stuff, we'd like a pizza".

The Ur-Quan Masters introduced features from the 3DO version that were previously unavailable on other platforms, including improved graphics and full voice acting. The extensions further added mod support and online multiplayer combat, neither of which were supported in the original games. The most notable fan modification is the high-definition version of the game, The Ur-Quan Masters HD, which was released in 2013. It was created by re-painting every frame of animation by hand.

Reception
Since its 2002 release, The Ur-Quan Masters has been downloaded nearly two million times as of 2021. Soon after its debut, the game was featured in PC PowerPlay in its compilation of free games, celebrating it as a "timeless classic" from the "golden age of gaming". Finnish magazine Pelit rated it five stars in 2004 for its timeless appeal, as well as new features and remixed music. Retro Gamer featured The Ur-Quan Masters on the cover of their June 2005 edition. They further praised Ford and Reiche for making such a high-quality game available as an open-source project, stating that "this small Californian group has seen fit to grace the gaming world with one of its finest achievements, and at no cost". In a 2011 feature about open-source games, Michael Blake of IGN lauded The Ur-Quan Masters as one of the greatest games and a "pitch-perfect port to modern operating systems", which "completely hooked me, with the genius single-player storyline and the hectic multiplayer of Super Melee mode both good enough to warrant the download on their own". Hardcore Gaming 101 also called it "a brilliant port and a fantastic initiative to keep old games relevant".

The Ur-Quan Masters has been included on several best games lists since its release. In 2008, PC Gamer named The Ur-Quan Masters as one of the best free games. Game Developer Magazine featured the game in its 2010 list of open-source space games, praising its scale and charm, as well as its new features. The game was also listed in Maximum PC's 2015 "best free games" feature. Tom's Guide included The Ur-Quan Masters in its list of top classic games re-released for free, praising its staying power: "few games today feature the same mix of narrative depth, sandbox exploration and enjoyable space combat that have won the game a cult following to this day". In 2019, PCGamesN ranked The Ur-Quan Masters as one of the top 15 space games ever made and "one of the best free PC games you'll ever find", noting its characters, dialog and sense of discovery.

The Ur-Quan Masters HD
The Ur-Quan Masters HD has received praise of its own. Rock, Paper, Shotgun celebrated it as an "ambitious and well-received fan-made (and free) remake", which "retains a certain 1990s vibe despite being made more appropriate to modern machines. It lends it a certain psychedelic silliness that today's more self-regarding space games seem to lack." Kotaku likewise praised the HD updates to the visuals and sound, and Dominic Tarason of PCGamesN described the detailed hand-painted modification as "a genuinely impressive piece of work". Since its release, The Ur-Quan Masters HD has been downloaded over 200,000 times on SourceForge.

Free Stars: Children of Infinity
On October 24, 2023, the developers, consisting of Fred Ford, Dan Gerstein, Paul Reiche III and Ken Ford, announced the new name of the sequel, Free Stars: Children of Infinity, and launched its corresponding website. The official trailer was shown on the April 4, 2024 on GameSpot YouTube channel. A Kickstarter campaign was launched on April 16th, 2024 to further the game development of the sequel. Within 3 hours, they met their initial $100 000 USD goal. The planning release date for the game is August 2025.

title: The Ur-Quan Masters


text:
Oscar Zariski

Oscar Zariski (April 24, 1899 – July 4, 1986) was an American mathematician. The Russian-born scientist was one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.

Education
Zariski was born Oscher (also transliterated as Ascher or Osher) Zaritsky to a Jewish family (his parents were Bezalel Zaritsky and Hanna Tennenbaum) and in 1918 studied at the University of Kyiv. He left Kyiv in 1920 to study at the University of Rome where he became a disciple of the Italian school of algebraic geometry, studying with Guido Castelnuovo, Federigo Enriques and Francesco Severi.

Zariski wrote a doctoral dissertation in 1924 on a topic in Galois theory, which was proposed to him by Castelnuovo. At the time of his dissertation publication, he changed his name to Oscar Zariski.

Johns Hopkins University years
Zariski emigrated to the United States in 1927 supported by Solomon Lefschetz. He had a position at Johns Hopkins University where he became professor in 1937. During this period, he wrote Algebraic Surfaces as a summation of the work of the Italian school. The book was published in 1935 and reissued 36 years later, with detailed notes by Zariski's students that illustrated how the field of algebraic geometry had changed. It is still an important reference.

It seems to have been this work that set the seal of Zariski's discontent with the approach of the Italians to birational geometry. He addressed the question of rigour by recourse to commutative algebra. The Zariski topology, as it was later known, is adequate for biregular geometry, where varieties are mapped by polynomial functions. That theory is too limited for algebraic surfaces, and even for curves with singular points. A rational map is to a regular map as a rational function is to a polynomial: it may be indeterminate at some points. In geometric terms, one has to work with functions defined on some open, dense set of a given variety. The description of the behaviour on the complement may require infinitely near points to be introduced to account for limiting behaviour along different directions. This introduces a need, in the surface case, to use also valuation theory to describe the phenomena such as blowing up (balloon-style, rather than explosively).

Harvard University years
After spending a year 1946–1947 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Zariski became professor at Harvard University in 1947 where he remained until his retirement in 1969. In 1945, he fruitfully discussed foundational matters for algebraic geometry with André Weil. Weil's interest was in putting an abstract variety theory in place, to support the use of the Jacobian variety in his proof of the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields, a direction rather oblique to Zariski's interests. The two sets of foundations weren't reconciled at that point.

At Harvard, Zariski's students included Shreeram Abhyankar, Heisuke Hironaka, David Mumford, Michael Artin and Steven Kleiman—thus spanning the main areas of advance in singularity theory, moduli theory and cohomology in the next generation. Zariski himself worked on equisingularity theory. Some of his major results, Zariski's main theorem and the Zariski theorem on holomorphic functions, were amongst the results generalized and included in the programme of Alexander Grothendieck that ultimately unified algebraic geometry.

Zariski proposed the first example of a Zariski surface in 1958.

Views
Zariski was a Jewish atheist.

Awards and recognition
Zariski was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1944, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948, and the American Philosophical Society in 1951. Zariski was awarded the Steele Prize in 1981, and in the same year the Wolf Prize in Mathematics with Lars Ahlfors. He wrote also Commutative Algebra in two volumes, with Pierre Samuel. His papers have been published by MIT Press, in four volumes. In 1997 a conference was held in his honor in Obergurgl, Austria.

title: Oscar Zariski


text:
Lost in La Mancha

Lost in La Mancha is a 2002 documentary film about Terry Gilliam's first attempt to make The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, a film adaptation of the 1605/1615 novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. The documentary was shot in 2000 during pre-production and filming and it was intended as a "making-of" documentary for the film. However, Gilliam's failure to complete his film resulted in the documentary filmmakers retitling their work as Lost in la Mancha and releasing it independently.

Written and directed by Keith Fulton and Louis Pepe, Lost in La Mancha presents Gilliam's effort to make Don Quixote as a parallel to Quixote's quest to become a hero. It co-stars Johnny Depp, Jean Rochefort, and Vanessa Paradis, who were cast as stars for The Man Who Killed Don Quixote. It is narrated by Jeff Bridges.

Gilliam ultimately succeeded in making The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, which was released in 2018. Fulton and Pepe have made a follow-up documentary, titled He Dreams of Giants, which covers Gilliam's entire scope of work on the Quixote project.

Background
Finding the source material written by Miguel de Cervantes too vast, Gilliam and his co-writer decided to create their own version of the Quixote story. They made a major change inspired by Mark Twain's 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. They planned to have the character of Sancho Panza appear only early in the film. He was to be replaced by character Toby Grisoni, a 21st-century marketing executive thrown back through time, whom Don Quixote mistakes for Panza.

Gilliam was excited about the film, as he felt that the story of Don Quixote embodies many of his own themes (such as the individual versus society, the concept of sanity, etc.). He intended to film it entirely in Spain and other nations in Europe. Jean Rochefort was cast to play Don Quixote, in preparation for which he spent seven months learning English. Toby was to be played by Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis would have been his love interest.

Fulton and Pepe had previously filmed a making-of documentary about Giliam's earlier film 12 Monkeys.

Production
Lost in La Mancha explores how the film's production issues soon overran schedule and budget. Gilliam tells his crew not to be afraid to tell him that something is too complicated or expensive to be done, because he needs to be restrained sometimes. In another interview, he says he wants his films to be seen and enjoyed by the widest audience possible. But natural forces were more important than his excesses.

On the first day of shooting, the crew discovered that their outdoor filming location, in the area known as Bardenas Reales, was plagued by nearly constant noise from a nearby NATO aircraft target practice area. Gilliam decided to continue shooting footage, knowing that he could replace the audio in post-production. But during the second day of shooting, hail and a flash flood damaged equipment. In addition, it permanently changed the appearance of the location, where some shots had not yet been completed. The entire sequence would have to be reshot.

More significantly, days later it became apparent that Rochefort was injured. Within a week Gilliam learned that Rochefort had a herniated disc and would be unable to continue filming. This ended production completely, resulting in a record $15 million insurance claim. The insurance company owned the rights to the screenplay for several years, until they were transferred back to Gilliam. He restarted production of The Man Who Killed Don Quixote in 2008.

Keith Fulton and Louis Pepe had previously made a documentary about the making of Gilliam's film 12 Monkeys titled The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys. They were strongly supported by Gilliam throughout their filming on the Don Quixote project. Gilliam reportedly often has people documenting the making of films so that should something go wrong, he has a record of the events from his perspective.

Reception
Released in 2002, Lost in La Mancha received positive reception from critics. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 94% of critics have given Lost in La Mancha a positive review based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 7.60/10. It also holds a "Top Critics" score of 89%. The website's critical consensus is "A remarkable behind-the-scenes look at a movie that wasn't, Lost in La Mancha is an incisive, entertaining document of the difficulties inherent in the moviemaking process." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics.

Critic Leonard Maltin has described Lost in La Mancha as one of the best films about the process of filmmaking.

It was nominated for various awards, including a BAFTA Award and a Satellite Award for Best Documentary Film. It won a Satellite Award for Best Documentary DVD.

Sequel
In May 2018, a few days before the premiere of The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, Fulton and Pepe said they would release a follow-up documentary, to be titled He Dreams of Giants. It would cover the entire history of the film's making, with particular focus on what happened after the events depicted in Lost in La Mancha.

Pepe said that the film would be "more introspective" than Lost in La Mancha, saying, "'This is more a film about an internal struggle in an artist’s mind. What is it like for an artist to be standing on the brink of actually finishing this project finally? [...] Even on the set we would say the conflicts raging around Terry right now of making the movie are not nearly as interesting as what’s going on inside his head.'"

The film premiered at DOC NYC on November 10, 2019. The filmmakers have not said whether it will be a bonus feature on The Man Who Killed Don Quixote's home media release, or will be released independently, as was Lost in La Mancha.

title: Lost in La Mancha


text:
Stephen Dorrell

Stephen James Dorrell (born 25 March 1952) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. He served as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Loughborough between 1979 and 1997 and then for Charnwood from 1997 to 2015.

Dorrell most recently served for four years as Chairman of the House of Commons Health Select Committee from 2010 to 2014. In the 1990s he was a full member of John Major's Cabinet for almost three years, whilst serving as both Secretary of State for National Heritage and then Secretary of State for Health until the 1997 general election. He did not contest the 2015 general election and retired from the House of Commons. Returning to politics in 2019, he left the Conservatives and stood as a Change UK candidate at the 2019 European Parliament election. After failing to be elected, he defected to the Liberal Democrats and was the unsuccessful Liberal Democrat candidate for Buckingham in the 2019 general election.

Early life and education
Dorrell was born in Worcester and educated at Uppingham School, Rutland, and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was a member of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve for two years from 1971.

Political career
During the February 1974 general election, Dorrell acted as a personal assistant to Conservative minister Peter Walker. Aged only 22, he contested the safe Labour seat of Kingston upon Hull East at the October 1974 general election, but was heavily defeated by the sitting MP (and later Deputy Prime Minister), John Prescott, who was returned with a majority of 25,793 votes.

At the 1979 general election, the Conservatives were returned to office under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. Dorrell, then 27, was elected to the House of Commons for the marginal seat of Loughborough, ousting the veteran Labour MP John Cronin by 5,199 votes. He remained an MP until standing down from Parliament at the 2015 General Election.

On his election he was the Baby of the House of Commons, an informal title for the youngest member. He was succeeded as the Baby of the House on 9 April 1981 when Bobby Sands was elected at the April 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election; however, Sands died on 5 May 1981 whilst on hunger strike in Long Kesh Prison. Dorrell again became the Baby of the House until 20 August 1981, when Sands' successor Owen Carron was elected at the August 1981 Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election. He nonetheless remained the youngest MP to take his seat in the House of Commons (Sinn Féin members do not take their seats) until the 1983 election, when Charles Kennedy succeeded him.

Following his election to parliament in 1979 he was a member of the Transport Select committee. After the 1983 general election he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to his old boss Peter Walker, who had now become the Secretary of State for Energy.

In government
Dorrell was promoted to government after the 1987 General Election by the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher as an Assistant Government Whip, and in 1988 became a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury 'full whip'. He was appointed as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Health in 1990 under the premiership of John Major. After the 1992 General Election he became the Financial Secretary to the Treasury.

Dorrell was promoted to the Major Cabinet as the Secretary of State for National Heritage in 1994, and on appointment became a Member of the Privy Council. He headhunted Jennie Page for the job of Millennium Dome Chief Executive according to The Observer. He was transferred to become the Secretary of State for Health in 1995, and remained in position until the end of the Conservative administration at the 1997 general election.

After government
When constituency boundaries were revised for the 1997 election, he moved with his key rural voters into the new Charnwood constituency. He won the seat comfortably with a majority of 5,900, although Loughborough was lost to Andy Reed of Labour.

He launched a bid for the leadership of the Conservative Party in 1997, but withdrew before the first ballot when it became clear his support amongst Conservative MPs was negligible. Instead he threw his support behind Kenneth Clarke's bid. Under William Hague he became shadow Secretary of State for Education and Employment, but left the shadow cabinet in 1998, and was a backbencher for the remainder of his parliamentary career.

Chairman of Health Select Committee and views on NHS reforms
In June 2010, Dorrell was elected Chairman of the Health Select Committee. In June 2011, following concerns over the unpopularity of Andrew Lansley's NHS reforms, Dorrell was tipped as a possible successor but stated that he wanted to continue as the committee chairman for the full parliament. An alternate view was that David Cameron would not want any more "Tory retreads" from previous governments. Dorrell acknowledged that resources would become tighter but changes driven by new medicines and new expectations were inevitable and integration of health care and social care would be both better and more efficient.

Interviewed in 2012, Dorrell stated that the 4% per year for four years efficiency targets, agreed before the 2010 election and described as "a huge challenge", were taking too long to achieve. Whilst the bill had good points, e.g. involving clinicians and local authorities, more independence for public health etc. savings required a change in the way care is delivered not just changes in management structure. The reforms were acting as a "disruption and distraction". They were a secondary issue compared with the need to make efficiency savings of £20bn, he added.

Dorrell resigned in June 2014 and was succeeded by Sarah Wollaston.

Expenses investigation over "secret flat rent deal" with care home owners
In November 2012 Dorrell was reported to the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority (IPSA) after arranging to sell his London flat to “friends” who owned a chain of nursing homes, subsequently renting it back at £1,400 a month, funded by the taxpayer. His impartiality as chairman was questioned as the Health Select Committee was investigating social care, and some of the chain's nursing homes had been criticised by the Care Quality Commission. Committee members were not aware of the financial connection. David Cameron refused to get involved, saying it was a matter for IPSA. IPSA said that the rules banned MPs from renting from family members, not from friends.

Standing down from Parliament
In November 2014, he surprised local party members and staff by announcing his future retirement from the House to take a job with consultancy KPMG in "a senior role supporting their health and public service practice...". The role, he said, was "incompatible with seeking re-election to the House of Commons". Fellow Leicestershire Conservative MP Andrew Bridgen also expressed surprise, but said that the prestige of Parliament had fallen since the expenses scandal, and a number of experienced MPs were leaving. Neighbouring Loughborough MP Nicky Morgan described him as "a really important political figure in Leicestershire since 1979. He has been a great support to me". She denied claims she would stand in Dorrell's Charnwood seat (rather than Loughborough) at the 2015 general election, saying that these were "rumour-mongering" by members of the Labour Party. (In May 2015 she held the Loughborough seat with an increased majority.)

The Labour candidate for Charnwood, Sean Kelly Walsh, paid tribute to Dorrell's long service and constituency work, as well as his roles as Secretary of State for Health and chairman of the Health Affairs Select Committee.

Resignation call over conflict of interest
In December 2014, Dorrell was criticised for alleged conflict of interest when it became clear that he would be working both as an MP and KPMG consultant for six months until the election, and that KPMG were considering bidding for a £1 billion NHS contract. Pointing out that Dorrell had previously admitted the two roles were incompatible, Dr Clive Peedell, co-leader of the National Health Action Party, called for him to resign from one of the posts. Dorrell responded saying no issues were raised as he was not seeking re-election.

In January 2015, a group of six pensioners, who called at Dorrell's offices in Thurmaston to hand in a 2,286 signature petition calling on him to resign, were told they were trespassing and the police would be called. Hanif Asmal, Chairman of Charnwood Conservative Association claimed police were called as the group didn't have an appointment.

According to The Daily Telegraph, Dorrell's extra-parliamentary work took up 1,736 hours, or 33.4 hours per week, in 2014. The Telegraph also stated he voted in 63% of opportunities in Parliament, ranking him 517 out of 650 MPs.

Criticisms of business practice
Dorrell was criticised for his actions when, in 2009, his family-owned firm went into a prepack administration, a "controversial" but legal procedure which the Government's Insolvency Service said was "mocking rules". David Blake, Director of the Cass Business School in London, believes the method is used to dump pension fund liabilities. The controversy may have deterred David Cameron from inviting Dorrell to join the Front Bench. His stake was in clothing company, Faithful, a family business established in the 19th century which made blue collar workwear in Worcester. Finance Director Steve Hall reported the company had been quite profitable until 2004 when it was split between Dorrell and his brother.

By 2005, after loss-making acquisitions, the company pensions deficit was almost £3 million. The pension scheme was changed to money purchase, and the factory site was pledged to support it. However, when the site was sold, some of the money was used to buy another business, and the firm was bought by stock market-listed Wensum. None of the money was paid into the pension scheme. According to Dorrell, the scheme then required 10% of annual turnover, making (debt or equity) restructuring (by financiers) impossible. An independent trustee was appointed, the pension fund received nothing and Wensum continued as a company. In May 2009, Wensum was put into a prepack administration which allowed a new company, GG125, to acquire Wensum's assets for £7.9 million, whilst leaving its debts unpaid.

GG125 was then renamed Wensum Group Limited. The deal was completed in a day, Dorrell receiving a director salary (increased to £200,000 in September 2009) plus 15% share ownership in the new company. As company contributions had ceased, the workers were put into the Pension Protection Fund (PPF), which caps (often reducing) personal payouts and tends to erode with inflation. Hall expected 30–40% pension loss to him as such. Dorrell and his wife had already withdrawn their pensions. Dorrell claimed he had lost £550,000 because of the failure and that the alternative to the prepack would have offered less.

The prepack was criticised as "completely immoral", and inappropriate for listed companies, by a South African creditor, LA group. It had sold a clothing manufacturer to Wensum in May 2009 for Wensum shares which became worthless and ceased after the prepack. Another Wensum shareholder compared the deal to a "spider eviscerating a fly it has caught, taking all the good bits, then dropping the useless carcass, which is the creditors, the shareholders and of course the taxpayer".

After Parliament
He was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 24th most influential person in the English NHS in 2015 after he became Chair of the NHS Confederation.

In 2016 he became Chair of the European Movement UK, succeeding Richard Corbett, in order to lead its campaign to stop Brexit. He stood down in 2021.

In 2018, Dorrell became a committee member of the Tories Against Brexit campaign, which is run by Citizens4Britain.org. He also became the chair of healthcare consultancy LaingBuisson, where he is now a Non Executive Director in addition to being a Director of NHS change consultancy Four Eyes Insight, global policy institute Public Policy Projects and its holding company Dorson Transform, and affiliate Dorson Inform

He became a supporter of Change UK in 2019. He stood for the party in the 2019 European Parliament elections in the constituency of the West Midlands.

Dorrell stood unsuccessfully in the 2019 general election as the Liberal Democrat candidate for Buckingham to succeed former Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow, having joined the Lib Dems in August from Change UK. He was beaten by the Conservative Greg Smith, who had a majority of over 20,000.

Personal life
Dorrell is married to Penelope Taylor and has three sons and a daughter.

He is a Trustee of Uppingham School and a Governor of Loughborough Endowed Schools. He was Chairman of Trustees at Uppingham from 2008 to 2017.

title: Stephen Dorrell


text:
User:Burn the asylum

I've moved to New York. No time to edit.

title: User:Burn the asylum


text:
Talk:Marcel Proust

one of the greatest French authors
The nytimes book review says "In England not long ago a survey of writers and critics revealed that the twentieth-century novelist they most admired--and who they thought would have the most enduring influence on the next century--was Marcel Proust." Maybe someone who has Harold Bloom's Genius can enlighten us to what it says. I feel that someone added the "French" qualifier and rather vague "of his time" on a whim. Thus, the lede statement is not matching the nytimes reference. --Bod (talk) 19:00, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

 * . --Bod (talk) 19:04, 1 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Why me? Xxanthippe (talk) 01:54, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

Film
A film has been discovered of the marriage festivities of the daughter of Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe, Élaine, in 1904 with a 3-second appearance of Proust. See: "Around the thirty-five-second mark, as dozens of elegant socialites pass through the frame in a leisurely procession, a young Marcel races past them down the steps, garnering the disapproving gaze of one older woman. The film lasts little more than a minute, and Proust comes and goes in less than three seconds." (Gallo) -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 04:14, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * "Marcel Proust, Caught on Film" by Rubén Gallo, The New Yorker, 17 February 2017
 * fr:Fichier:Fim de famille Greffulhe (1904).webm and

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Self-published
So that's it: https://indiereader.com/2013/11/the-great-search/ This guy, M. Proust and his works, were self-published. Therefore, the author does not qualify for a Wikipedia page according to Wikipedia:notoriety rules. The article should be removed.

Religion
A para on Proust's religion might be interesting - Hebraism or, as in the book, Catholic? FangoFuficius (talk) 10:27, 28 July 2022 (UTC)
 * It is well known (see any biography, e.g. Painter, Tadie) that although of Jewish heritage he was formally a Catholic, but not devout. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:44, 28 July 2022 (UTC).
 * Err, you do realise that response would justify the elimination of most of Wikipedia's contents ("don't look it up in wiki, read a biog")? FangoFuficius (talk) 08:16, 29 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Herbalism isn’t a religion…? Dronebogus (talk) 17:32, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marcel Proust


text:
Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan

Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan (1 July 1731 – 4 August 1804) was a British admiral who defeated the Dutch fleet off Camperdown on 11 October 1797. This victory is considered one of the most significant actions in naval history.

Life
Adam was the second son of Alexander Duncan, Baron of Lundie, Angus, (d. May 1777) Provost of Dundee, and his wife (and first cousin once removed) Helen, daughter of John Haldane of Gleneagles. He was born at Dundee. In 1746, after receiving his education in Dundee, he entered the Royal Navy on board the sloop Trial, under Captain Robert Haldane, with whom, in HMS Trial and afterwards in HMS Shoreham (1744), he continued until the peace in 1748. In 1749, he was appointed to HMS Centurion (1732), then commissioned for service in the Mediterranean, by the Hon. Augustus Keppel (afterwards Viscount Keppel), with whom he was afterwards in HMS Norwich (1745) on the coast of North America, and was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant on 10 January 1755.

Seven Years War
In August 1755, he followed Keppel to HMS Swiftsure (1750), and in January 1756 to Torbay, in which he continued until his promotion to commander's rank on 21 September 1759, and during this time was present in the expedition to Basque Roads in 1757, at the reduction of Gorée in 1758, and in the blockade of Brest in 1759, up to within two months of the Battle of Quiberon Bay, from which his promotion just excluded him.

From October 1759 to April 1760, he had command of Royal Exchange, a hired vessel employed in petty convoy service with a miscellaneous ship's company, consisting to a large extent of boys and foreigners, many of whom (he reported) could not speak English, and all impressed with the idea that as they had been engaged by the merchants from whom the ship was hired they were not subject to naval discipline. It would seem that a misunderstanding with the merchants on this point was the cause of the ship's being put out of commission after a few months.

As a commander, Duncan had no further service, but on 25 February 1761, he was posted and appointed to HMS Valiant (1759), fitting for Keppel's broad pennant. In her he had an important share in the reduction of Belle Île in June 1761, and of Havana in August 1762. He returned to Britain in 1763, and, notwithstanding his repeated request, had no further employment for many years.

Peacetime
During this time, he lived principally at Dundee, and married Henrietta, daughter of Robert Dundas of Arniston, Lord President of the Court of Session on 6 June 1777. It would seem that his alliance with this influential family obtained him the employment which he had been vainly seeking during fifteen years. Towards the end of 1778, he was appointed to HMS Suffolk (1765), from which he was almost immediately moved into HMS Monarch (1765).

In January 1779, he sat as a member of the court-martial of Admiral Keppel for the poor performance of the Channel Fleet during the First Battle of Ushant. During the course of the trial Duncan objected several times to stop the prosecutor in irrelevant and in leading questions, or in perversions of answers. The Admiralty was therefore desirous that he should not sit on the court-martial of Sir Hugh Palliser for failure to obey orders during the same battle. The court-martial was set for April. The day before the assembling of the court the admiralty sent down orders for Monarch to go to St. Helens. Her crew, however, refused to weigh the anchor until they were paid their advance; and as this could not be done in time, Monarch was still in Portsmouth harbour when the signal for the court-martial was made; so that, sorely against the wishes of the admiralty, Duncan sat on this court-martial also.

During the summer of 1779, Monarch was attached to the Channel fleet under Sir Charles Hardy; in December was one of the squadrons with which Rodney sailed for the relief of Gibraltar, and had a prominent share in the action off St. Vincent on 16 January 1780. On returning to Britain, Duncan quit Monarch, and had no further command until after the change of Ministry in March 1782, when Keppel became first lord of the admiralty. He was then appointed to HMS Blenheim (1761) of 90 guns, and commanded her during the year in the Grand Fleet under Howe, at the relief of Gibraltar in October, and the encounter with the allied fleet off Cape Spartel. He afterwards succeeded Sir John Jervis in command of HMS Foudroyant (1758), and after the peace commanded HMS Edgar (1779) as guardship at Portsmouth for three years. He attained flag rank on 24 September 1787, became vice admiral 1 February 1793, and was promoted to admiral 1 June 1795. In February 1795, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, and hoisted his flag on board HMS Venerable (1784).

In action with the Dutch
During the first two years of Duncan's command, the work was limited to enforcing a rigid blockade of the enemy's coast, but in the spring of 1797, it became more important from the knowledge that the Dutch fleet in the Texel was getting ready for sea.

The situation was one of extreme difficulty, for the mutiny which had paralysed the fleet at the Nore broke out also amongst the crews under Duncan, and kept him for some weeks in enforced inactivity. Duncan's personal influence and some happy displays of his vast personal strength held the crew of Venerable to their duty; but with one other exception, that of HMS Adamant (1780), the ships refused to quit their anchorage at Yarmouth, leaving Venerable and Adamant alone to keep up the pretence of the blockade.

Fortunately, the Dutch were not at the time ready for sea; and when they were ready and anxious to sail, with thirty thousand troops, for the invasion of Ireland, a persistent westerly wind detained them in harbour until they judged that the season was too far advanced. For political purposes, however, the French Revolutionaries who controlled the government in Holland (despite the contrary opinion of their admiral, De Winter), ordered him to put to sea in the early days of October.

Duncan, with the main body of the fleet, was at the time lying at Great Yarmouth revictualling, the Texel being watched by a small squadron under Captain Henry Trollope in HMS Russell (1764), from whom he received early information of the Dutch being at sea. He at once weighed anchor, and with a fair wind approached the Dutch coast, saw that the fleet was not returned to the Texel, and steering towards the south sighted it on the morning of 11 October about seven miles from the shore and nearly halfway between the villages of Egmont and Camperdown. The wind was blowing straight on shore, and though the Dutch forming their line to the north preserved a bold front, it was clear that if the attack was not made promptly they would speedily get into shoal water, where no attack would be possible. Duncan at once realised the necessity of cutting off their retreat by getting between them and the land. At first, he was anxious to bring up his fleet in a compact body, for his numbers were at best equal to those of the Dutch; but seeing the absolute necessity of immediate action, without waiting for the ships astern to come up, without waiting to form line of battle, and with the fleet in very irregular order of sailing, in two groups, led respectively by himself in Venerable and Vice-admiral Richard Onslow in Monarch, he made the signal to pass through the enemy's line and engage to leeward.

It was a bold departure from the absolute rule laid down in the Fighting Instructions, still new, though warranted by the more formal example of Howe on 1 June 1794; and on this occasion, as on the former, was crowned with complete success. The engagement was long and bloody; for though Duncan, by passing through the enemy's line, had prevented their untimely retreat, he had not advanced further in tactical science, and the battle was fought out on the primitive principles of ship against ship, the advantage remaining with those who were the better trained to the great gun exercise, though the Dutch inflicted great loss on the Royal navy.

It had been proposed to De Winter to make up for the want of skill by firing shell from the lower deck guns, and some experiments had been made during the summer which showed that the idea was feasible. However, want of familiarity with an arm so new and so dangerous presumably prevented its being acted on in the battle.

Rewards
The news of the victory was received in Britain with the warmest enthusiasm. It was the first certain sign that the mutinies of the summer had not destroyed the power and the prestige of the Royal Navy. Duncan was at once (21 October) raised to the peerage as Viscount Duncan, of Camperdown, and Baron Duncan, of Lundie in the Shire of Perth (with which came the lands now known as Camperdown Park in Dundee), and there was a strong feeling that the reward was inadequate. Even as early as 18 October his aunt, Lady Mary Duncan, wrote to Henry Dundas, at that time secretary of state for war: ''Report says my nephew is only made a Viscount. Myself it is nothing, but the whole nation thinks the least you can do is to give him an English earldom. … Am sure were this properly represented to our good king, who esteems a brave, religious man like himself, would be of my opinion. …''. It was not, however, until 1831, many years after Duncan's death, that his son, then bearing his title, was raised to the dignity of an earl, and his other children to the rank and precedence of the children of an earl.

Duncan was awarded the Large Naval Gold Medal and an annual pension of £3,000, to himself and the next two heirs to his title – this was the biggest pension ever awarded by the British government. Additionally, he was given the freedom of several cities, including Dundee and London.

Death
Duncan continued in command of the North Sea fleet until 1801, but without any further opportunity of distinction. Three years later, 4 August 1804, he died quite suddenly, aged seventy-three, at the inn at Cornhill, a village on the border, where he had stopped for the night on his journey to Edinburgh (ib. 252) and was buried in Lundie west of Dundee.

Memorial
There is a memorial to him within St Paul's Cathedral.

Character
Duncan was of size and strength almost gigantic. He is described as 6 ft in height, and of corresponding breadth. When a young lieutenant walking through the streets of Chatham, his grand figure and handsome face attracted crowds of admirers, and to the last he is spoken of as singularly handsome.

Nelson wrote to Duncan's son, Henry, a fellow Royal Navy officer, on 4 October 1804, including a newspaper with the account of Duncan's death, "There is no man who more sincerely laments the heavy loss you have sustained than myself; but the name of Duncan will never be forgot by Britain, and in particular by its navy, in which service the remembrance of your worthy father will, I am sure, grow up in you. I am sorry not to have a good sloop to give you, but still an opening offers which I think will insure your confirmation as a commander".

Family
Duncan's uncle was Sir William Duncan, physician-extraordinary to King George III and first of the Duncan baronets. On 6 June 1777 Duncan married Henrietta (1749–1832), daughter of Robert Dundas of Arniston, Lord President of the Court of Session. On his death Duncan left a family of four daughters and two sons. His eldest son succeeded to the peerage and later became Earl of Camperdown; the second son, Henry, died a captain in the navy and K.C.H. in 1835.

His sister Margaret was mother to James Haldane Tait who served under him several times and rose to the rank of Rear Admiral.

Henrietta and her children are buried in Canongate Kirkyard in Edinburgh east of the church.

Heraldry
The paternal arms of the 1st Viscount were: Gules, two cinquefoils in chief and a bugle horn in base argent stringed azure (Clan Duncan). In the centre of his paternal coat the 1st Viscount was granted an augmentation of honour: Pendant by a ribbon argent and azure from a naval crown or a gold medal thereon two figures the emblems of Victory and Britannia; Victory alighting on the prow of an antique vessel, crowning Britannia with a wreath of laurel; and below the word "Camperdown"

Crest: A first rate ship of war, with masts broken, rigging torn and in disorder, floating on the sea, all proper and over, the motto "Disce Pati" ("learn to suffer").

Supporters: ''On the dexter side an Angel, mantle purpure; on the head a celestial crown; the right hand supporting an anchor proper; in the left a palm branch Or. On the sinister a sailor, habited and armed proper; his left hand supporting a staff, thereon hoisted a flag azure; the Dutch colours, wreathed about the middle of the staff. Motto: "Secundis Dubiisque Rectus"''

Recognition

 * Several ships have been named HMS Duncan, or Admiral Duncan, or  Lord Duncan after him.
 * The Dundee Unit of the Sea Cadets is named TS Duncan after him.
 * A statue by Westmacott, erected at the public expense, is in St. Paul's.
 * Duncan Terrace in Islington, London N1 was named after him.
 * Duncan Street in Leeds town centre is named after him. The pub on this street honours him with its name and many pictures and paintings.
 * The Galapagos island, now known as Pinzón Island, was named Duncan Island.
 * A statue of Duncan was erected in 1997 in his birthplace, Dundee, on the corner of High Street and Commercial Street.
 * Several public houses are named after him, including the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho, London, a gay pub that was the scene of a terrorist bombing in 1999.
 * namesake of Duncan's Cove, Nova Scotia

title: Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan


text:
User:Morwen/mps

Bill Rodgers - SDP founder Leon Brittan David Amess Stephen Dorrell Peter Bottomley Peter Lilley Liam Fox Michael Meacher Keith Joseph Tony Crosland Kenneth Baker Andrew Smith Ian Lang George Young Gavin Strang Ron Davies Alun Michael Helen Liddel Michael Forsyth Paul Murphy Patrick Mayhew David Waddington William Waldegrave Francis Pym Peter Brooke Geoffrey Robinson John Stonehouse Bill Cash Ann Clywd Alan Duncan Frank Field David Heathcoat-Amory Douglas Hogg Lembit Opik Oona King Ian McCartney Andrew Mackay David Maclean Michael Martin Betty Boothroyd Paul Murphy Joyce Quin Andrew Smith Robert Smith John Stanley Ann Taylor Stephen Twigg Alan Williams

title: User:Morwen/mps


text:
Admiral Duncan

Admiral Duncan may refer to:

 * Admiral Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan (1731–1804), British Royal Navy admiral
 * Admiral Duncan (pub), London pub, named after Admiral Adam Duncan
 * Admiral Charles K. Duncan (1911–1994), U.S. Navy admiral
 * Admiral Donald B. Duncan (1896–1975), U.S. Navy admiral

title: Admiral Duncan


text:
Vaasa Province

The Province of Vaasa (Vaasan lääni ; Vasa län,, Sweden ) was a province of Finland, established in 1775 when Finland was an integrated part of Sweden from the southern part of Ostrobothnia County and disbanded in 1996. The province was named after the city of Vaasa.

On the death of Tsar Nicholas I in 1855, a small group of citizens in the city of Vaasa tendered a petition to change the name of the city after him. The name of the city came from the Royal House of Vasa and despite that only 15 citizens were backing the proposal the name of the city was changed to Nikolaistad (Николайстада, Nikolainkaupunki).

In 1960 the eastern part was separated as the Province of Central Finland. In 1997 it was reunited with Central Finland, together they merged with the northern part of the Province of Häme and the Province of Turku and Pori to establish the new Province of Western Finland.

The former province corresponds to the current regions of Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia.

Maps

Municipalities in 1997 (cities in bold)

 * Alahärmä
 * Alajärvi
 * Alavus
 * Evijärvi
 * Halsua
 * Himanka
 * Ilmajoki
 * Isojoki
 * Isokyrö
 * Jakobstad
 * Jalasjärvi
 * Jurva
 * Kannus
 * Karijoki
 * Kaskinen
 * Kauhajoki
 * Kauhava
 * Kaustinen
 * Kokkola
 * Korsnäs
 * Kortesjärvi
 * Kristinestad
 * Kronoby
 * Kuortane
 * Kurikka
 * Kälviä
 * Laihia
 * Lappajärvi
 * Lapua
 * Larsmo
 * Lehtimäki
 * Lestijärvi
 * Lohtaja
 * Malax
 * Maxmo
 * Korsholm
 * Nurmo
 * Nykarleby
 * Närpes
 * Oravais
 * Pedersöre
 * Perho
 * Peräseinäjoki
 * Seinäjoki
 * Soini
 * Teuva
 * Toholampi
 * Töysä
 * Ullava
 * Vaasa
 * Veteli
 * Vimpeli
 * Vähäkyrö
 * Vörå
 * Ylihärmä
 * Ylistaro
 * Ähtäri

Former municipalities (disestablished before 1997)

 * Bergö
 * Björköby
 * Esse
 * Jeppo
 * Karleby landskommun
 * Kvevlax
 * Lappfjärd
 * Munsala
 * Nedervetil
 * Nykarleby landskommun
 * Petalax
 * Purmo
 * Pörtom
 * Replot
 * Seinäjoen mlk
 * Sideby
 * Solf
 * Terjärv
 * Tjöck
 * Öja
 * Övermark

Governors

 * Bror Cederström 1775–1785
 * Adolf Tandefeldt 1785–1794
 * Carl Fridrik Krabbe 1794–1805
 * Magnus Wanberg 1805–1808
 * Nils Fredric von Schoultz 1808
 * Carl Constantin de Carnall 1808–1822
 * Herman Henrik Wärnhjelm 1822–1830
 * Gustaf Magnus Armfelt 1830–1832
 * Carl Gustaf von Mannerheim 1832–1833 (acting) and 1833–1834
 * Carl Olof Cronstedt 1834–1837 (acting) and 1837-1845
 * John Ferdinand Bergenheim 1845–1847
 * Berndt Federley 1847–1854
 * Alexander von Rechenberg 1854–1858
 * Otto Leonard von Blom 1858–1861
 * Carl Gustaf Fabian Wrede 1862–1863 (vt.) and 1863–1884
 * Viktor Napoleon Procopé 1884–1888
 * August Alexander Järnefelt 1888–1894
 * Fredrik Waldemar Schauman 1894–1898
 * Gustaf Axel von Kothen 1898–1900
 * Fredrik Geronimo Björnberg 1900–1903
 * Theodor Knipovitsch 1903–1906
 * Kasten Fredrik Ferdinand de Pont 1906–1910
 * Bernhard Otto Widnäs 1910–1913
 * Nikolai Sillman 1913–1916
 * Leo Aristides Sirelius 1916–1917
 * Juho Torppa 1917 (acting)
 * Teodor August Heikel 1917–1920
 * Bruno Sarlin 1920–1930
 * Erik Heinrichs 1930
 * Kaarlo Martonen 1930–1938
 * Jalo Lahdensuo 1938–1943
 * Toivo Tarjanne 1943–1944
 * K. G. R. Ahlbäck 1944–1967
 * Martti Viitanen 1967–1977
 * Antti Pohjonen 1977–1978
 * Mauno Kangasniemi 1978–1991
 * Tom Westergård 1991–1997

title: Vaasa Province