text:
National Assembly of Quebec

The National Assembly of Quebec (officially in Assemblée nationale du Québec) is the legislative body of the province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs (Members of the National Assembly; députés). The lieutenant governor of Quebec (representing the King of Canada) and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The assembly has 125 members elected first past the post from single-member districts.

The National Assembly was formerly the lower house of Quebec's legislature and was then called the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. In 1968, the upper house, the Legislative Council, was abolished and the remaining house was renamed. The office of President of the National Assembly is equivalent to speaker in other legislatures. As of the 2022 Quebec general election, the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) has the most seats in the Assembly.

History
The Constitutional Act 1791 created the Parliament of Lower Canada. It consisted of two chambers, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. That parliament and both chambers were abolished in 1841 when the 1840 Act of Union merged Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single province named the Province of Canada. The Act of Union created a new Parliament of the Province of Canada, also composed of a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. That Parliament had jurisdiction over the entire province, with members from Lower Canada and Upper Canada in both houses.

The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act), created the Dominion of Canada, and also created the provinces of Ontario and Quebec by splitting the old Province of Canada into two, based on the old boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada. The act created a new bicameral Legislature for the province of Quebec, composed of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

In 1961, Marie-Claire Kirkland became the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly.

In 1968, Bill 90 was passed by the government of Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand, abolishing the Legislative Council and renaming the Legislative Assembly the "National Assembly", in line with the more strident nationalism of the Quiet Revolution. Before 1968, there had been various unsuccessful attempts at abolishing the Legislative Council, which was analogous to the Senate of Canada.

In 1978, television cameras were brought in for the first time to televise parliamentary debates. The colour of the walls was changed, allegedly to suit the needs of television, and the salon vert (green hall) became the salon bleu (blue hall).

In 1984, Canadian Forces corporal Denis Lortie stormed into the Parliament Building and opened fire, killing three government employees and wounding thirteen others. His intended target was Premier René Lévesque and his Parti Québécois government. However, he was around 15 minutes early and the Assembly floor was still mostly empty; no politicians were shot. He surrendered to police hours later.

Parliament Building
Constructed between 1877 and 1886, the Parliament Building features the Second Empire architectural style that was popular for prestigious buildings both in Europe (especially France where the style originated) and the United States during the latter 19th century.

Although somewhat more sober in appearance and lacking a towering central belfry, Quebec City's Parliament Building bears a definite likeness to the Philadelphia City Hall, another Second Empire edifice in North America which was built during the same period. Even though the building's symmetrical layout with a frontal clock tower in the middle is typical of legislative institutions of British heritage, the architectural style is believed to be unique among parliament buildings found in other Canadian provincial capitals. Its façade presents a pantheon representing significant events and people of the history of Quebec.

In 1936, Maurice Duplessis hung a crucifix in the Legislative Assembly chamber. It hung there for 83 years, until it was removed on 10 July 2019.

Additional buildings were added, adjacent to the Parliament Buildings:
 * Édifice André-Laurendeau was added from 1935 to 1937 to house the Ministry of Transport.
 * Édifice Honoré-Mercier was added from 1922 to 1925 to house the Ministries of the Treasury (Finance), the Attorney General and the Secretary General of the National Assembly.
 * Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet was added from 1931 to 1932 for the Ministry of Agriculture.
 * Édifice Pamphile-Le May added from 1910 to 1915 for the Library of the National Assembly, various other government offices and for the Executive Council.

Elections
General elections are held every four years or less. Since 2014, the legislature has had a fixed four-year term, with elections taking place no later than "the first Monday of October of the fourth calendar year following the year that includes the last day of the previous Legislature." However, the lieutenant governor, acting on the advice of the premier, can dissolve the legislature and call an election earlier. Any Canadian citizen at least 18 years old who has been residing in Quebec for at least six months qualifies to be on the electoral list.

Normally, the lieutenant governor invites the leader of the political party with the largest number of elected candidates to form the government as premier (premier ministre in French; French does not make a distinction between premier and prime minister).

Quebec's territory is divided into 125 electoral districts (ridings). In each riding, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected and becomes a member of the National Assembly (MNA). This is the first-past-the-post voting system. It tends to produce strong disparities in the number of seats won compared to the popular vote, perhaps best exemplified by the 1966 (wrong-winner result), 1970 (false-majority result), 1973, and 1998 election (wrong-winner and false-majority result).

Quebec elections have also tended to be volatile since the 1970s, producing a large turnover in seats. Consequently, existing political parties often lose more than half their seats with the rise of new or opposition political parties. For instance, the 1970 and 1973 elections saw the demise of the Union Nationale and rise of the Parti Québécois, which took power in 1976. The 1985 and 1994 elections saw the Liberals gain and lose power in landslide elections. The 2018 elections saw the rise of the Coalition Avenir Québec, which took power for the first time.

Current standings
Cabinet ministers are in bold, party leaders are in italic and the president of the National Assembly is marked with a †.

Seating plan

Proceedings
One of the members of the National Assembly is elected as President of the Assembly (a post called speaker in most other Westminster System assemblies). Any member of the assembly is eligible to stand for election, other than party leaders and Cabinet ministers. The election is the first order of business for a newly elected assembly. It is conducted by secret ballot of all members, with successive rounds of voting if needed before one candidate gains a majority of the votes.

The president of the assembly is the arbiter of the parliamentary debates between the members of the government and the members of the Opposition. In order for a member to address the assembly, the member speak through the president. The president is usually a member of the governing party.

The proceedings of the National Assembly are broadcast across Quebec on the cable television network Canal de l'Assemblée nationale.

title: National Assembly of Quebec


text:
Hamlet (disambiguation)

Hamlet is a tragic play by William Shakespeare, based in the story of Jute prince Amleth.

Hamlet may also refer to:

Pertaining to Shakespeare play

 * Prince Hamlet, the protagonist

Film

 * Hamlet (1900 film) or Le Duel d'Hamlet, starring Sarah Bernhardt in the title role
 * Hamlet (1907 film), a French silent film, with Georges Méliès in the title role
 * Hamlet (1908 film), a French silent film
 * Hamlet (1912 film), a British silent film
 * Hamlet (1913 film), a British silent film
 * Hamlet (1917 film), an Italian silent film
 * Hamlet: The Drama of Vengeance, a 1921 German silent film
 * Hamlet (1948 film), a British film, with Laurence Olivier in the title role
 * Hamlet (1959 film), an Australian television play
 * Hamlet (1961 film), a German film, with Maximilian Schell in the title role
 * Hamlet (1964 film), a Soviet film, with Innokenty Smoktunovsky in the title role
 * Richard Burton's Hamlet, a 1964 Broadway production with Richard Burton in the title role, filmed for theatrical release
 * Hamlet (1969 film), a British film, with Nicol Williamson in the title role
 * Hamlet (1990 film), an American/British/French film, with Mel Gibson in the title role
 * Hamlet (1996 film) or William Shakespeare's Hamlet, a 1996 British/American film with Kenneth Branagh in the title role
 * Hamlet (2000 film), an American film, with Ethan Hawke in the title role
 * Hamlet (2009 film), a BBC television film
 * Hamlet (upcoming film) an upcoming film, with Riz Ahmed in the title role

Music

 * Hamlet (band), a Spanish heavy metal band
 * Hamlet (album)
 * Hamlet (Amleto), an 1865 Italian opera by Franco Faccio
 * Hamlet (Thomas), an 1868 French opera by Ambroise Thomas
 * Hamlet, a 2006 German opera by Anno Schreier
 * Hamlet (Dean), a 2017 English opera by Brett Dean
 * Hamlet (Tchaikovsky), two compositions
 * Hamlet (Liszt), a symphonic poem by Franz Liszt

Other

 * Hamlet (video game)

Places

 * Hamlet (place), a generic name for a small settlement

In the United States
 * Hamlet, California
 * Hamlet, Illinois
 * Hamlet, Indiana
 * Hamlet, Nebraska
 * Hamlet, New York
 * Hamlet, North Carolina
 * Hamlet, Ohio
 * Hamlet, Oregon
 * Hamlet (Oregon), a form of local government
 * Hamlet, West Virginia

Elsewhere
 * Hamlet, Alberta, a community in Canada
 * The Hamlets, Liverpool, England
 * Hamlet (crater), a crater on Oberon, one of Uranus's moons

Other uses

 * Hamlet (name)
 * Hamlet (cigar), brand produced by Japan Tobacco
 * Hamlet (fish), a fish of the genus Hypoplectrus
 * HAMLET (protein complex)
 * FIM-43 Redeye, a surface-to-air missile system, known as "Hamlet" in the Danish service
 * The Hamlet, a novel by William Faulkner
 * Hamlet, a character in the comic strip Hägar the Horrible
 * "Hamlet (Pow Pow Pow)", a song from the 1982 album Junkyard by The Birthday Party
 * Hamlet chicken processing plant fire, 1991, North Carolina, United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hamlet (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Fanzine

This seems too similar to the page Zine - can we merge them? I just edited the other page pretty intently, I can do the merge if this is cool w/ pplz

--Threedeezeens (talk) 03:49, 18 April 2018 (UTC)threedeezeens

 * Agreed! Vagreg (talk) 19:44, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

fanzinoteca
I would like to write a external link to our fanzinoteca in Spain: http://lamiao.blogspot.com/search/label/fanzinacoteka —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.59.131.195 (talk) 09:10, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

punkzine
Regarding "punkzine"

Punkzine has not, is not and probably never will be a widely used to term to describe punk rock fanzines. Punk zine, as two words, is a different matter altogether and perfectly acceptable. Punkzine as a neologism is not.

Compare:
 * punkzine - 2030 hits on google
 * "punk zine" (two words, not one, quoted search) - 3,990 hits on google
 * punk zine (two words, unquoted) - 180,000 hits on google

And I do know what I'm talking about, maintaining one of the largest punk zine libraries on the east coast (dating from 1976 to the present).

 * See my reply at Talk:Punkzine quercus robur 00:24, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

while i am in no position to disagree with the statement, the google stats are not valid evidence. A two word term will always garner more hits than a compound, and the same is true for an unquoted or quoted term.

Paul Williams
I wonder whether Paul Williams' "Crawdaddy!" belongs in the Fanzine category. I believe he also came out of SF fandom, but at some point early on, "Crawdaddy!" became a "prozine." My sense (and I'm not an expert on this) is that was always his intention. Even though it started out as a homemade mimeo zine from a teenager, he initially sent it to potential advertisers, with talk of national distribution. There's no doubt that "Crawdaddy!" is important in the history of rock journalism, but if it is to be listed as a fanzine, its move into prozine status, at which point it could no longer be called a fanzine, should be described. Also, links to Paul Williams(editor) and Crawdaddy!(magazine) need to be created--the link now sends you to Crayfish.

problems with recent "sophisticating" of the history
Recent edits that claimed to be "correcting and sophisticating" the piece have inserted problems that need to be addressed. The origins of fanzines have been rewritten, and the original fanzines are now claimed to be 19th century amateur literary publications. If true, this claim needs substantiation--some specifics about these publications, and some clarification as to why those publications count as fanzines (as opposed to precursors to fanzines). Since the concept of fanzine didn't occur until sixty-five years after those amateur literary pubications were first produced, and since the concept was not, to my knowledge, applied to those early apas when it did appear (please feel free to correct me with some citations), this seems like dubious history. I'm not an expert here: if there are historians who agree that those were the first fanzines, we should report that. Otherwise, we can mention those as early examples of amateur presses, but talk about "fanzines" as a development within SF fandom in the 1930s, which is what every account that I've ever come across has stated.

Another change to the definition was introduced in that edit, changing the subject matter of fanzines from "a particular cultural phenomena (such as a literary genre or type of music)" to "a particular subject." Thus, fanzines can apparently be devoted to gardening, cancer treatments, macroeconomics, etc. I don't think this is accurate: while there may indeed be amateur publications discussing such topics, a fanzine, in my view, needs to be connected to a community of devotees of a cultural form. BTfromLA 2 July 2005 18:10 (UTC)

Fanatic & Fantasy
many times catch phrases have a dual purpose / meaning.. im not sure about this but i would be willing to make a good guess that fanzine not only implies a magaZINE created by a "FAN"atic but also a "FAN"tasy publication. im putting this in the discussion section in the off chance that someone with sources might be able to back it up. at the very least, its a little observation 38.115.160.250 07:41, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Wouldn't that imply that "a fan" is "a fantasy"? Anyway this is the first time I have heard about that interpretation... 130.67.100.231 12:16, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, if you read the original article in which the term was introduced, that theory is totally unsupportable. The distinction was purely between pro and fan; nothing else. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  13:49, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

Was Punk Magazine a fanzine?
I think it wasn't a fanzine, so I removed the paragraph about it. My reasoning: right from the start, it was professionally printed, carried advertising, and had national newsstand distribution. These seem to be contrary to any definition of fanzine of which I'm aware. BTfromLA 00:13, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Whether or not Punk was a fanzine (and we could probably endlessly debate whether some of the other zines mentioned, which branched out and among other things, went into the business of putting out records, were strictly fanzines) is a good question. In the science fiction fan world, there's something called a "semi-prozine" (i.e. Locus); Punk may very well fall into that category. A reference to it was left in the article, however, and it was totally wrong, so I corrected it. MarkVolundNYC (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:13, 30 August 2011 (UTC).

Enthusiasm is good, but encyclopedic is what is needed
I've removed these sentences that are unsuitable for an encyclopedia:

→"The means of printing affected the style of writing. For example, there were alphanumeric contractions which are actually precursors to "leet-speak." A well-known example is the "initials" used by Forrest J. Ackerman in his fanzines from the 30s and 40s, namely "4sj."  Fans around the world knew Forry Ackerman by two-letters: "4e."'

Wikipedia is not a fanzine, and not a place for the sort of personal essays that sometimes appear in fanzines. The above has several problems, some of which are repeated in other places in the article.

1) The statement "The means of printing affected the style of writing". What does this mean? Who says? Needs a citation, but even with a citation, is questionable. For example, what aspect of the mechanics of writing do NOT affect the results?

2) The para makes an illogical jump. Why would some (unmentioned) means of printing give rise to contractions? Do other forms of printing inhibit contractions?

3) In science, speaking of evolution, it is reasonable to note that, for example, humans evolved from other ape creatures. There's concrete evidence that someone's ancestor was some other mammal. Saying "leet speak" has a precursor implies a scientific connection, when none exists.

4) The "peacock language" in these sentences, and in some of the rest of the article, are not what is suggested by Wiki's Manual of Style. "Fans around the world" is hype. How many fans does it take to be "around the world"? How many are NOT "around the world"? If an astronaut uses "4e", talking about Ackerman, does that make leet speak "intergalactic"? If a statement can't be proved or disproved, it may not belong in Wiki. If it has no definite meaning, it absolutely does not belong in Wiki.

5) The first time a person is mentioned in Wiki, their full name is used. Afterwards, by convention, their last name. Substituting "Forrest J. Ackerman" with "Forry Ackerman" may warm the hearts of "Forry" fans, but it is contrary to Wiki style. Wiki isn't a fan site, and by extension, it isn't a "Forry" fan site, either.

6) Changing an article about fanzines so that it includes personal essay and supposition about leet speak is outside the guidelines of Wiki contributions. When a contributor has an axe to grind, it's never acceptable to use Wiki as a platform to make personal statements that further personal beliefs not backed by: a) reliable, b) independent, c) third-party sources.

24.130.128.184 (talk) 09:20, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think you have any idea of what you're talking about. Have you actually read a fanzine or apazine that predates the computer era?  Have you ever typed onto a ditto master or mimeo stencil?  That answers 2.  I wrote that section of the article, but this part of it predates my edit.  In answer to 1, see the citation on 4sf and non-stop paragraphing.  You're probably right in 5, but that just means that someone should make a "Forry Ackerman" redirect.  Back in the slower days of mail communication, being known outside your immediate contacts and outside your country (with higher postage) was a big deal.  See connecting articles on fandom.  I wish you would undo your delete and write the redirect.  I may do the former.  --Baron Dave Romm (talk) 22:45, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've attempted to address the issues raised by the IP. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  18:29, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I followed the link to Leet, and it seems to me that the type of contraction mentioned here is in no way similar to leet. Leet, as described by its page, uses numerals to replace letters based on some visual similarity, whereas 4sj seems to use the similarity in pronunciation "four-ess(t) j.". This type of contraction ("C U l8er") is not mentioned in the Leet page, although that might be an omission. I'm no hardcore wikipedian, but I'd say the link needs to be backed up by references. Isn't there a rule about original research or something? --Lasse Hillerøe Petersen (talk) 19:18, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

Media fanzines
I note that virtually the entire section on Media fanzine is without references, which is to be expected. This does not make it permissable for someone to pick which unreferenced information to keep and which to delete on the basis of lacking references. Either it all stays if it is resonably factual, or it all goes. The whole paragraph on k/s fanzines has no references that specifically mention k/s fanzines. While I'm willing to agree that such information is factual, and hard to reference, deleting the chapter on Star Wars fanzines, which were outselling ST fanzines beginning in 1980, is unreasonable. If there is going to be a mention of something as obscure at k/s fanzines there needs to be a reference to the biggest selling fanzine fandom of the 1980's. In addition, whoever removed a much-needed paragraph on media fanzine art stated they did so because it stated "all" media fanzines have art. If the person takes the time to read the paragraph they will note that it actually says "many" media fanzines contain art, which is quite factual and needed for a complete overview of the subject. - Ken keisel (talk) 20:01, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * There is no license for this section to be any worse referenced than any other. The absurdity was in the text which originally claimed that media zines introduced art into fanzines. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  20:09, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Um, no. It never made any such reference. It merely described the use of art in media fanzines. - Ken keisel (talk) 20:29, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "media fanzines popularized fannish art and illustration": this clearly implies that art and illustrations were something new; whereas art and illustration had in fact been part of fanzines from their primitive beginnings. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  20:34, 15 June 2011 (UTC)
 * That's a very extreme interpretation of that statement, especially since it goes on to describe the type of unique artwork popularized by media fanzines, which is unlike the previously described art featured in literary fanzines. - Ken keisel (talk) 20:41, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Horror Movie Fanzines
Information on fanzine "Bizarre" added on 11 July 2011 by user Buyer1138 takes the form of an extended essay about this particular publication and does not fit with the encyclopedic tone. Please revise. Thanks. The News Hound 10:53, 11 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by The News Hound (talk • contribs)
 * Information on fanzine "Bizarre" has been revised to better conform with the article style. The News Hound 17:34, 17 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by The News Hound (talk • contribs)
 * I tinkered with it a bit; the section ideally should be in a stricter chronological order. -- Orange Mike  |   Talk  17:38, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

What does nonprofessional and nonofficial mean?
This article fails to explain the difference between a fan publication and an official publication. Many fanzines are listed on eBay for large sums of money, so money is not the difference. Do fanzines lack a copyright notice? What is the difference? 110.174.166.224 (talk) 04:45, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I am not sure at all what you mean by "official publication." A fanzine is by definition issued by a fan for the love of the topic. A fan magazine is created as a commercial or semi-commercial venture for the purpose of making money, and in some circles (especially media SF) may be "authorized" by the subject of the fan magazine, or even published by a for-profit entity linked to and controlled by the subject of the fan magazine. Old fanzines may very occasionally become valuable, usually due to contributions to said fanzines by persons who later become famous in more mundane circles: L. Ron Hubbard, Gene Simmons, etc. In other cases, deluded sellers may list old fanzines on eBay or other auction sites at absurd prices, either out of delusions of value or possibly in an effort to establish a value to be used in inflated IRS filings. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  00:12, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

Retrogramer miscategorized
I'm not sure why a news-stand distributed magazine is being included here as a fanzine - fan magazine, maybe, but not a fanzine.Redqualia (talk) 23:12, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Gamelog" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Gamelog. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Fram (talk) 09:13, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

"'zine" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect & and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tamzin  [ cetacean needed ] (she|they|xe) 20:45, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fanzine


text:
List of political parties in Turkey

Turkey is a presidential republic with a multi-party system. Major parties are defined as political parties that received more than 7% of the votes in the latest general election and/or represented in parliament. Minor parties are defined as political parties that have fulfilled the requirements of the Supreme Election Council (Yüksek Seçim Kurulu in Turkish, abbreviated as YSK) and don't have any representatives in the parliament. Forming a political party without prior permission is a constitutional right, but the Interior Ministry may delay registering a new party for years, so the party cannot stand in elections.

If the ID and serial number of a person's Turkish identity card is known, anyone can query their political party membership via the website of the General Prosecution Office of the Supreme Court of Appeal or mobile phone messages.

Political parties represented in the Turkish Parliament
General information about the parties holding seats in the Grand National Assembly as of June 2023:

Other political parties
Other parties eligible to contest in elections (by March 2023)

General information on other political parties registered in the Ministry of Interior:

Inactive parties
The following parties are inactive, and they are not listed in the active political parties list by the Supreme Court of Appeal.

Defunct and historical parties
These are some of the parties that were dismantled because of their internal dynamics, mergers, inability to find electoral base or through governmental intervention, for instance following the Turkish coups d'état.

Banned parties
These are some of the parties that were banned through extraordinary courts or the Constitutional Court of Turkey.

title: List of political parties in Turkey


text:
Witch Hunter Robin

Witch Hunter Robin (stylized as Witch Hunter ROBIN) is a 2002 Japanese anime series created by Sunrise and animation director Shūkō Murase. The series originally aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between July and December 2002. The series was licensed for North American distribution by Bandai Entertainment. The series follows a fictional Japanese branch of a secret global organization called "SOLOMON" or the "Solomon Toukatsu Nin'idantai" (roughly "Solomon Executive Organization"), abbreviated as "STN" or "STN-J". Solomon fights the harmful use of witchcraft using a database of witches, which includes those who have obtained the power of witchcraft through genetics and others who carry the gene (called "seeds") in order to arrest or eliminate them should their powers "awaken". The series focuses on one STN-J member, Robin Sena.

Plot
Robin Sena is a "craft user", born in Japan and raised by the Roman Catholic Church in Italy. She is trained to use her craft of fire to hunt down witches. Witchcraft is a genetic trait, dormant within a number of individuals within the human population. Powers can be "awakened" in these dormant human "seeds" at any time, which seems to also drive the awakened witch into various forms of homicidal madness or sociopathy. Trained hunters, craft-users or "seeds" themselves that have not become full witches, are needed to keep watch over "seeds" and hunt those whose abilities become active, serving in secret organizations, such as the parent branch "Solomon" and the "STN-J" branch in Japan, as self-appointed witch police to curtail the use of witchcraft in society, and to keep the witch kind a secret from the public. Even the police, who cooperate with STN-J in abnormal criminal cases, do not know what STN-J does. The series begins when Robin arrives in Japan from Italy to gain information for Solomon headquarters about a fabled item that holds the "secrets of the craft," while acting undercover as a new hunter to the STN-J in their efforts to stop and capture witches.

"Orbo" is a green liquid that negates witch abilities. STN-J's hunters carry small vials of it on necklaces in the shape of a cross as a form of protection against their targets' craft. Hunters also carry air pistols which fire darts or pellets of Orbo that dampen witch powers when it enters the bloodstream of the target witch. Hunters who are craft-users or seeds can use Orbo without ill effects, although their own powers are reportedly diminished while using it. Robin, a craft-user herself, declines to use Orbo because she feels it is "disgusting". As the series goes on, Robin grows increasingly uncomfortable with her role in hunting and capturing other witches. She begins to question the treatment they receive while incarcerated in the mysterious "Factory". After the discovery of "secrets of the craft," she is entrapped and attacked twice by "witch bullets". Subsequently, the STN-J is attacked, presumably for "secrets of the craft," although the Solomon attack was carried out to find what Zaizen, the director of the STN-J, was planning.

Robin begins to worry that she will become a target and grows to suspect that her partner Amon will hunt her. Eventually, Robin does become a target of Solomon and labeled a witch, becoming "hunted". In the end, Robin finds out more about her craft and that of witches than she knew at the beginning. Initially, the series appears to take a "monster of the week" approach. About halfway through the 26-episode season, the characters and the relationships between them are established and the main plot gets underway.

Anime
The TV series was produced by Sunrise and Bandai Visual and directed by Shūkō Murase, with Aya Yoshinaga serving the role of chief writer, Kumiko Takahashi designing the characters and Taku Iwasaki composing the music. The series originally aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between July 2 and December 24, 2002.

The series was licensed for North American distribution by Bandai Entertainment. In October 2003, it debuted at the 3rd Annual Metreon Festival of Anime in San Francisco, followed by a Q&A and autograph session from Kari Wahlgren, who provided the voice for the title character. It was later aired across the United States on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim late-night programming block beginning February 16, 2004 (it was given a second full run on Adult Swim in the Fall of 2004 before the broadcast rights were left to expire). It has also been aired across Canada on YTV's Bionix block from September 10, 2004. Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment in 2012, Sunrise announced at their at Otakon 2013, that Funimation has rescued the series, along with a handful of other former Bandai Entertainment titles. In the United Kingdom and Ireland the series was broadcast in a daily stripped timeslot on AnimeCentral from January 5 to January 30, 2008, with an immediate rerun from January 31.

Soundtrack
The music of Witch Hunter Robin was composed by Taku Iwasaki. Both the opening and ending themes were performed by Bana (aka Chino Takayanagi). Two soundtrack CDs have been released by Victor Entertainment. The first Witch Hunter Robin Original Sound Score I was released on September 21, 2002. It contains twenty-three tracks, including TV edits of the opening and ending themes. The second soundtrack Witch Hunter Robin Original Sound Score II was released on November 21, 2002. It also contained twenty-three tracks with a guitar version of the opening theme. A shortened version of this guitar-only theme was used as the ending theme for Episode 15 "Time to Say Goodbye". A single containing the opening and ending themes and karaoke versions was released on August 21, 2002.

Live-action series
On April 5, 2004, the SciFi Channel released a press release stating a listing of new shows and movies in development for the future, one of which was a live action version of Witch Hunter Robin produced by Roy Lee and Doug Davison, who were credited as the producers for the movie The Ring. No premiere date was given. It was later revealed that the live action version developed by Sci-Fi had been dropped from production.

Reception
The series has received many comments from staff of Anime News Network. Bamboo Dong, a columnist from the website, has stated that she cannot make enough positive comments about the series and that it is "a show that everyone must absolutely see". She also comments that the ending "is a wonderful way to cap off the series" and that it retained the series' solid sense of action. However, she comments that the ending moved a little too fast and spent much of its time with plot revelations, missing its chance to give the series "that extra kick". Carlo Santos praised the series, saying that it was a unique tale that was gorgeous and engrossing to watch and one of 2004's best adventure anime. Ryan Matthews has praised the cast choices in his column, saying that the cast is well-suited to their roles, but the performances were flat. He also notes that the ADR script was filled with clumsy wording and mid-sentence stops. He comments that it seems that the script was written without trying to match the animation. In his review, Zac Bertschy from Anime News Network says that the series is highly original and very well executed. Bertschy praises the sound track. He notes that the character designs fit well with series' visual style and the characters' expressions were convincing. And concluded his review with "In short, Witch Hunter Robin is this fall's anime bright spot (despite being almost entirely black and gray). This is a mature, evenly paced supernatural thriller, chock full of mystery, intrigue, and a few exciting battles for good measure. One of the best anime series of all time and certainly the best one this year".

Jason Bustard from THEM Anime Reviews comments that the supernatural and spooky undercurrent in the setting would fit perfectly into The X-Files or Millennium television series. The characters are received as a "mixed bunch". The main cast is said to have "distinct and fully rendered personalities", all of which are well-done. In contrast to the review from Anime News Network, Bustard believed that the story moved at a brisk pace. Although he agreed that action fans would find the series dull and added that comedy and romance fans would not enjoy the series either. Tasha Robinson of Sci Fi Channel's Sci Fi Weekly commented that it was difficult to decide whom to "root for" as the witches seemed to be insane killers, but the protagonists were "killers of a colder, more controlled stripe" and were generally unpleasant, with the exceptions of Karasuma and Zaizen. She also noted that the characters give no indication as to why they work for the STN. Robin and Amon's character designs are said to be strange. The series' setting was said to be "a fairly severe, almost oppressive gothic design" and that the color palette and the plot's focus on the occult contributed to the dark feel. The pace steeply picks up once the protagonists head into battle. It is also noted that the series' could have afforded to reveal more information earlier in the series instead of teasing the audience with mysteries; just like many other reviewers, she comments that the mysteries were worth the wait.

Witch Hunter Robin placed second on a list of top anime properties for 2004's first quarter and placed sixth for the third quarter.

title: Witch Hunter Robin


text:
Rabwah

Rabwah, officially known as Chenab Nagar , is a city in Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan on the bank of Chenab River. It was the headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from September 20, 1948 when the community relocated from Qadian, India to the newly created state of Pakistan, where the community leased the area of present-day Rabwah from the government to establish its home. This continued until 1984 and the establishment of Ordinance XX. In 1984, the headquarters were moved to the United Kingdom with Mirza Tahir Ahmed, first to London and then in 2019 to the Islamabad compound in Tilford, Surrey.

Etymology
Rabwah is an Arabic word meaning an "elevated place". The formal inauguration of the settlement took place on 20 September 1948 after prayers and a sacrifice of five goats at the corners and centre of the area. The town was named Rabwah by then leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad. However, the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab passed a resolution on 17 November 1998 changing the name of Rabwah to ‘Nawan Qadian’. On 14 February 1999, a new directive was issued, renaming Nawan Qadian to Chenab Nagar. The other names considered were Chak Dhaggian, Mustafa Abad, and Siddiq Abad.

Medieval History
From a historical perspective, Rabwah is from where Muhammad Bin Qasim, after conquering Sindh and Multan, crossed the Chenab River and moved towards Kashmir. Here the Arabs fought against the Hindu Raja of Chandrod (which is probably the ancient name of Chiniot). More than 100 Arab soldiers lost their lives in the battle and a "Graveyard of Martyrs" exists to this day in Chiniot.

Modern Era
Before the establishment of Rabwah, the area was barren and was known as Chak Digiyaan. The land was leased by the Ahmadiyya community following the migration of most of its members from Qadian and other parts of Indian Punjab, to the newly created nation of Pakistan. In June 1948, 1,034 acres of land were leased from the government for PKR 12,000.

The place where Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad led the first ever prayers became the first mosque of Rabwah, the Yadgaar (memorial) Mosque. The first settlements were in camps which were later replaced by buildings constructed of mud. The first ever building constructed using concrete was the Mahmood Mosque. Electricity was provisioned to the city in 1954.

Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad relocated to Rabwah on 19th of Sept 1949. By that time the population had reached 1,000. The first ever Jalsa Salana in Rabwah took place from 15 to 17 April 1949, attended by 17,000 people.

Demography
The city has a population of 70,000, of which 97 percent belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim community. The rest 3 percent includes Christians and other Muslims. As the city has seen many migrations of Ahmadis fleeing persecution, it has a very diverse ethnic mixture.

Languages
The mother tongue of the majority of the populace is Punjabi, while for a small minority it is Urdu. Most of the students are also fluent in English.

Life for the residents of Rabwah
As the city is the only Ahmadi majority city in Pakistan, its residents face legal discrimination due to Ordinance XX. They have been denied the right to hold peaceful religious gatherings since 1983. In 1989, a report was registered by Punjab police against the whole of the population of the city for the crime that they were displaying Quranic texts on their graves and buildings.

Geography
Rabwah covers an area of about 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). It is located in the temperate region of Central Punjab, approximately halfway between Faisalabad and Sargodha. The River Chenab surrounds the city on its Eastern and Southern sides. The area is higher than the surrounding plains due to the dry hills which dot the landscape, providing a natural barrier against floods. These hills are part of the Kirana Hills, also known locally as the Black Mountains, which reach from Sargodha to Jhang. The area, which used to be arid and barren, has been transformed through more than fifty years of aggressive plantation into a lush green city.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification Rabwah experiences a borderline hot semi-arid climate (BSh)/hot arid climate (BWh). The city shares typical weather patterns of the northwestern Subcontinent: sweltering summers and pleasant to warm winters. The summer season is from April to October where May, the hottest month, sees temperatures regularly reach 40 °C. The location in the centre of the dry plains is responsible for dust storms in the summer. Summer also brings the Indian Monsoon which increases the precipitation in the month of June and July to above 80 mm. The winter season is from November to February where January is the coldest month and temperatures may fall to the freezing point. The winters also bring fog which can reduce the visibility to dangerously low levels.

Neighborhoods
The planned city was originally divided into following neighbourhoods: Later on, as the city expanded, these boroughs were split into sub-divisions. Also many new neighborhoods were established like Factory Area, Tahir Abad, Nasir Abad, Rahman Colony, Muslim Colony, Buyutul-Hamd, etc.
 * Darus-Sadr or Dar al-Sadr (The Main/Central Area)
 * Darur-Rahmat or Dar al-Rahmat (The Abode of Mercy)
 * Darul-Futuh or Dar al-Futuh (The Abode of Triumphs)
 * Darul-Barakat Dar al-Barakat (The Abode of Blessings)
 * Darul-Uloom or Dar al-Ulum (The Abode of Learning)
 * Darun-Nasr or Dar al-Nasr (The Abode of Divine Help)
 * Darush-Shukr or Dar al-Shukr (The Abode of Gratitude)
 * Darul-Yumn or Dar al-Yumn (The Abode of Blessings)
 * Babul-Abwab or Bab al-Abwab (Door of the Doors)

Notable places

 * Masjid-e-Aqsa

Sports and recreational places
Many neighborhoods have their own playing areas for children. Popular sports include cricket, football and badminton, basketball and rowing. There is an Olympic sized swimming pool in the city, along with well-maintained tennis and squash courts.

Buyut-ul-hamd park is a small amusement park in Rabwah. The riverbank and many farmhouses in the surrounding areas are considered good picnic spots.

Commercial places

 * Gol Bazar ("Round Market") is a semi-circular market in Rabwah which houses most of the city's bank branches.
 * Masroor Plaza is a commercial plaza located in the center of the town.

Transport
Cycling is the predominant mode of transportation in Rabwah, augmented by Motorcycles and Motorcycle rickshaws. From the city, there are bus services to Islamabad, Lahore, Faisalabad, Karachi and other major cities in Pakistan. Rabwah can be accessed by the M-2 (National Highway Motorway 2) while the nearest airports are in Faisalabad (48 km). It also has its own railway station, the Chenab Nagar railway station.

Education
Rabwah has a high literacy rate with school enrollment of nearly hundred percent. This is reflected by numerous achievements by students from Rabwah. There are numerous Government and Private Primary and Secondary Schools as well as Colleges.

Talim-ul-Islam College and School
Talim-ul-Islam College was founded in 1898 in Qadian by the Ahmadiyya Community and relocated to Rabwah in 1947. It was nationalized under the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as part of his nationalization program. An old students association of the college is active and publishes the Al Manar magazine.

Jami'a Nusrat Girls College and School
This is an all Girls College and School founded by the Ahmadiyya Community which was later nationalized.

Nusrat Jahan Schools
These are a group of non-profit, private, educational institutions in Rabwah. They were established under and named after the Nusrat Jahan Scheme; a scheme launched by the community for the educational betterment of its members. Nusrat Jahan Schools include the Nusrat Jahan Academy Boys School, Nusrat Jahan Academy Girls School, Nusrat Jahan Boys College and Nusrat Jahan Girls College. These institutions offer programmes of primary, secondary, higher secondary and higher education. They are operated by Nazarat Taleem Sadr Anjuman Ahmadiyya Pakistan.

In 2011, the external examination board of all Nusrat Jahan Schools was changed from the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Faisalabad to the Aga Khan University Examination Board. [1]

Institute for special education

Nazarat Taleem has started a school for special children in Rabwah. It is a revolutionary project in which Nazarat Taleem has started delivering all the basic and necessary facilities for disable children in the separate school including special buses to pick and drop etc.

Other educational Institutions

 * Schools under Nazarat Taleem:
 * Bayout-ul-Hamd Primary School
 * Bayoutul Hamd Girls High School
 * Maryam Girls High School
 * Maryam Siddiqua Girls High School
 * Nusrat Jahan Academy Boys
 * Nusrat Jahan Academy Girls
 * Tahir Primary School
 * Nasir High School
 * Institute for special education
 * nusrat Jahan college
 * Self-directed Schools:
 * Ahmadiyya Public School
 * Heaven House Public School
 * Al Ahmad Public School
 * Crescent Grammar High School
 * Star Academy
 * Nadi Academy

Jamia Ahmadiyya
Jamia Ahmadiyya is an International Islamic Seminary and Educational institute with branches all over the world. It offers a seven-year theology degree, Shahid. It has both junior and senior campuses.

Madrasatul-Hifz
It has two campuses one for boys and one for girls. It is an institution for the memorization of the Quran. Interested students can join after completing their primary education and after completion of the 3-year course they continue their education from the eighth grade.

Darul Sana'a Vocational Institute
This is a Vocational Education Institute for teaching different technical skills to the students who are not pursuing other academics.

Khilafat library
The Khilafat library is open to all members of public and is the central library of Ahmadiyya community. It contains both religious and secular books on wide range of subjects. It was established on 18 January 1970.

Fazl-e-Omar Hospital
The Fazl-e-Omar Hospital Complex is the main private hospital of the city and caters to the majority of population's needs. It is run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Founded in 1958 it has now become one of the medical facilities in the area providing hospital services not only to the local community but also to patients from towns and villages from further afield.

The Begum Zubaida Bani Gynecology and Obstetrics Wing is a modern facility providing a wide range of obstetrical and gynecological services.

The Tahir Heart Institute is named after the late fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Tahir Ahmad. It is one of the best equipped Heart Institutes in the region.

Noor ul Ain Blood & Eye Bank
It is a specialized center which manages eye donors from around the country and performs corneal transplants. A blood donation centre, pathology laboratory, and dental clinic are also housed in the same complex.

Tahir Homeopathic Research and Training Institute
Tahir Homeopathic Clinic and Research Institute operates free clinics round the year. Last year it dispensed free medicine to 44,000 patients. The Institute plans to open new clinics in other countries and to connect all such clinics operating in any country through the email system. Patient records and diagnosis are maintained on computers to facilitate follow-up.

Newspapers and publications

 * Al Fazl is a daily newspaper published from the Ziaul Islam Press located in Rabwah and one of the oldest newspapers of Pakistan and is the Ahmadiyya Community's official organ. It started off as a weekly in 1913 in Qadian and moved to Rabwah after the partition of India. It contains news and articles relating to the community and its faith along with national and international news. Due to Ordinance XX, the newspaper is forbidden by law to use words that are deemed "Islamic", such as Muslim, Islam and shaheed. Publication was suspended after a raid by Pakistan's security forces in December 2016.
 * The Rabwah Times is an independent publication founded in 2006 by Ehsan Rehan.
 * Misbah is a magazine for women.
 * Tashhez ul Azhan is directed towards children.
 * Khalid includes articles written by and for youth.
 * Ansarullah is aimed at the elderly.

Notable residents
Some of the notable residents of the city are:
 * Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, founder of the city and eldest son of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Khalīfatul Masīh II of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
 * Mirza Nasir Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih III of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
 * Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih IV of the community.
 * Mirza Masroor Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih V of the community.

title: Rabwah


text:
United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003

The United Kingdom participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with the song "Cry Baby" written by Martin Isherwood. The song was performed by the duo Jemini. The British entry for the 2003 contest in Riga, Latvia was selected via the national final A Song for Europe 2003, organised by the British broadcaster BBC. Eight acts competed in the national final which consisted of a semi-final and a final, during which the winner was selected entirely through a regional televote.

In the final of the Eurovision Song Contest, the United Kingdom performed in position 15 and placed twenty-sixth (last) out of the 26 participating countries, failing to score any points. This was the first time the nation had placed last in the history of the competition and also the first time the nation received nul points.

Background
Prior to the 2003 contest, the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-five times. Thus far, the United Kingdom has won the contest five times: in 1967 with the song "Puppet on a String" performed by Sandie Shaw, in 1969 with the song "Boom Bang-a-Bang" performed by Lulu, in 1976 with the song "Save Your Kisses for Me" performed by Brotherhood of Man, in 1981 with the song "Making Your Mind Up" performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song "Love Shine a Light" performed by Katrina and the Waves. To this point, the nation is noted for having finished as the runner-up in a record fifteen contests. Up to and including 1998, the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10, in 1978 and 1987. Since 1999, the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the country participating, the UK has had less success, thus far only finishing within the top ten once: in 2002 with the song "Come Back" performed by Jessica Garlick.

The British national broadcaster, BBC, broadcasts the event within the United Kingdom and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BBC announced that the United Kingdom would participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 on 3 September 2002. BBC has traditionally organised a national final featuring a competition among several artists and songs to choose the British entry for Eurovision. For their 2003 entry, the broadcaster announced that a national final involving a public vote would be held to select United Kingdom's entry.

A Song for Europe 2003
A Song for Europe 2003 was the national final developed by the BBC in order to select the British entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2003. Eight acts competed in the competition which consisted of a radio semi-final on 31 January 2003 and a televised final on 2 March 2003. The semi-final was broadcast on BBC Radio 2, while the final was broadcast on BBC One.

Competing entries
On 3 September 2002, BBC together with the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs. The BBC stated that they would seek out songs "that work instantly rather than be a slow burner" and "that is not typically a Eurovision song". A fee was also imposed on songs being submitted to the national final: £40 for BASCA members, £60 for non-BASCA members and £10 for songwriters under the age of 17. The submission period lasted until 18 October 2002. The 700 received submissions were reviewed and a shortlist was presented to a professional panel consisting of representatives of BASCA and the BBC as well as music industry experts that ultimately selected eight semi-finalists to compete in the national final. The eight competing songs were premiered during The Ken Bruce Show on BBC Radio 2 between 27 and 30 February 2003.

Semi-final
Eight acts competed in the radio semi-final which was hosted by Terry Wogan and Ken Bruce during Wake Up to Wogan on 31 January 2003. A public vote consisting of televoting and online voting, which registered over 30,000 votes, selected the top four songs that proceeded to the final.

Final
Four acts competed in the televised final on 2 March 2003 which was held at the BBC Television Centre in London and hosted by Terry Wogan. Before the final, Tricity was renamed as Jemini, while the song "Wait for the Moment" was rewritten and retitled as "Now and Forever" with its performer being changed from Esther Hart, who withdrew in favour of competing in the Dutch national final (where she eventually won), to Simon Chapman. The group United Colours of Sound was originally announced as Hart's replacement before they also withdrew and were replaced in turn by Chapman.

A regional televote selected the winner, "Cry Baby" performed by Jemini. The respective spokespersons for the results in Southern England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Midlands, Northern England and Scotland were: Esther Rantzen, Jessica Garlick, Joe Mace, Mel and Sue, Matt Baker and Nicholas Parsons. The televote in the final registered over 100,000 votes, with Emily Reed reported to have received the most overall votes.

At Eurovision
The Eurovision Song Contest 2003 took place at the Skonto Hall in Riga, Latvia, on 24 May 2003. According to Eurovision rules, the participant list for the contest was composed of: the host country, the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom), the fifteen highest-scoring participating countries in the previous year's contest and any non-participating countries in the previous year's contest, up to the maximum 26 participants in total. As a member of the "Big Four", the United Kingdom automatically qualified to compete in the contest. On 29 November 2002, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order and the United Kingdom was set to perform in position 15, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from Ukraine. The United Kingdom finished in twenty-sixth (last) place and failed to score any points. This was the first time the United Kingdom finished in last place and also the first time the nation received nul points.

The United Kingdom's last-place finish was greeted with much consternation in the British media. Terry Wogan, who commentated the contest on BBC One, said that "the UK is suffering from post-Iraq backlash". Jemini attributed their failure at the contest to technical problems. Member Chris Cromby said: "The monitors were off. Maybe it was sabotage, but we couldn't hear anything... we used the floor monitors, the others used their own."

In addition to BBC One, BBC Radio 2 also broadcast the contest with commentary by Ken Bruce. The British spokesperson, who announced the results of the British televote during the final, was Lorraine Kelly.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to the United Kingdom and awarded by the United Kingdom in the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Ireland in the contest. It was later revealed that Turkey would have been awarded with 12 points from the nation had a backup jury be used.

Points awarded to the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom did not receive any points at the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest.


text:
Talk:Velvet Revolution

pictures?
It would be great if someone could add pictures to the article. Stancel 20:02, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I actually have some I took myself. I never posted pics before if someone can explain how they can feel free to contact me on my talk page. Piercetp 01:50, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

-

Hi people

 * OK Here are the photos....
 * http://s138.photobucket.com/albums/q257/AttackFerret/Velvet%20Revolution/?sc=6
 * Piercetp 09:11, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * And a big dekuji to User:Li-sung for posting my photo of the St Wenslas statue. Piercetp 02:19, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

questions
I don't understand this sentence: "Once all are dispersed, one of the participants - secret police agent Ludvík Zifčák - keeps lying on the street, posing as dead, and is later taken away." The secret police agent was beaten by the police putting down the students? I'm confused.

 * I recall reading in the Prague Post something about this incident, though its been a long while and i cannot cite the exact issue. There was a story that one of the protesters was beaten to death. It was later disproved. Whether it was an undercover policeman or an agent provacatour I am not certain. I don't know if he actually played dead. All I know is that when incidents like this occur and you cannot trust the state media, lots of wild rumors will spread. Piercetp 19:55, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Were there any real organizers of the Velvet Revolution?
 * No (almost certainly). The system was rotten from inside. Then anything could put it down and it did. Pavel Vozenilek 01:01, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

who are the people that are involved in this revolution and what were they significant for? What about Vaclav Havel, what were his major contributions other than being the president? What did he do to become president, to be liked to much? Why was this revolution so short in time? What were the original protests about to start the revolution?--167.7.248.213 14:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)Morgan
 * Havel was at the right place at certain moment. His role was mostly to serve as known icon. The system imploded because of being its incompetence and stagnation. Pavel Vozenilek 18:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I heard on European radio last night that one of these November rallies/protests was a commemoration; it was the 50th anniversary of a protest against the Nazi occupation by medical students, in which one wound up fatally shot, some others were executed, and many were put in concentration camps...142.177.23.123 16:37, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes.

a rumour about a dead student Martin Smid was very important in that time - posssibly a secret service operation - should be mentioned
 * Its just rumor and even if true it wouldn't be that important, IMHO. The system was so rotten it would collapse anyway. Pavel Vozenilek 18:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it was to do with the 20th anniversary of a student (who's name was Jan or Jana or similar) who committed suicide by setting himself on fire, as a protest. 80.229.143.117 16:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No. You mean Jan Palach, it was aniversary of different event. Pavel Vozenilek 18:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nazi Occupation
It should be noted that the elections in 1990 were not the first since 1948, as Czechoslovakia endured, first, Nazi occupation and just after the liberation of that occupation, the Soviet Occupation began. This makes the elections the first since the Munich Pact in 1939.

 * Czechoslovakia was not occupied by Soviets in 1946, as their troops left the country by the end of 1945. Despite the fact that Communists won them, the elections in 1946 were democratic. -- Sandius 18:32, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The article says, "with Soviet Union unable to interfere". I think "not willing to interfere" would be more appropriate: their military capability to do it may be disputed, but the lack of interest certainly not. -- Sandius 23:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Poll: whole paragraph or bullet list?
What do people prefere? Is the description of events in one paragraph more readable than bulleted list or opposite?

Version with bullet list:

Version with one paragraph:

Pavel Vozenilek 01:51, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Suggestion: include timeline
What about leaving the paragraph there (the text explains connections between events better than bulleted list) and adding a graphical timeline as an overview, such the one below? (Feel free to adjust the timeline as needed) Brona 03:27, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Brona that a paragraph text can explain connections between the events better than a timeline. Timeline is IMHO too limiting and necessarily leads to simplification. Not every simplification is wrong; but I'd say it's better to have more information on the subject than just a hollow description. And why can't we have a nicely structured paragraph text? It would be more loose and flexible.

 * As for the graphical timeline, it is an interesting idea. But its main advantage, I think, is in picturing parallel events or events whose relationship isn't so obvious -- e.g. displaying the fall of the European Communism in general. In this case, I don't think it's necessary. -- Sandius 10:45, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * If the article is supposed to remain as it is now, I would prefere a timeline. If, however, we expect that the text will be longer one day, then the timeline will be too long and will demotivate further edits...Juro 00:58, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The chief problem with such a timeline is the difficulty of maintaining it collaboratively, although I think the Wikimedia software tools are being used quite impressively in this instance. --Dhartung | Talk 05:53, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

name
doesnt the name have anything to do with Václav Havel's favourite band being the Velvet Underground? or is that just an urban legend?
 * It doesn't. It is just a journalist stupidity turned popular. Pavel Vozenilek 22:16, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I belive it is named after The Velvet Underground. Vaclav Havel, former Czech president, was inspired by The Velvet Underground's music and message, and thus the "Velvet" name. He personally thanked Lou Reed and said he would never have become president without him. "They were brought together by their resistance toward totalitarianism and their willingness to challenge the system.( …) By this I want to say that underground music in general and the record (V.H. brought home from the USA in 1968) by The Velvet Underground in particular played a major role in the history of our country."(→name)  (This unattributed comment was added on 04:24, April 10, 2006 by Gleeper)

Does anyone know why the recent Iranian protests have been called by conservative groups an attempted "Velvet Revolution"? I don't have the reference on me but it was reported by the BBC and I searched the term on wiki and found this article. It could just be a coincidence of translation but perhaps someone more knowledgeable might be able to shed light on any link. Bless the People. Saul Vodanovic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.104.109.206 (talk) 17:40, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Awesome. Why isn't that in the article?  --63.25.0.174 17:46, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The page at present says this about the origin of the name: "It is believed that the term originated from the various communist opposition groups which met in theaters such as the Magic Lantern. Velvet is a reference to velvet ropes found in all these theaters." (no citation provided). If this is spurious or simply conjecture, it requires support or revision. -- Deborahjay (talk) 15:18, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Update: I've added a template indicating the need for a citation. -- Deborahjay (talk) 21:02, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

I can't find any reliable sources that confirm the name coming from Velvet Underground. Most of the sources seem to claim it was "velvet" because it was "soft" or non-violent. "sadierw 18:39, 7 November 2017 (KST)"

According to James Krapfl, "Many names were given the revolution in the beginning, including “Joyful,” “Students’,” “Cleansing,” and “Children’s,” but “Gentle Revolution” was the most common. (In the Czech lands the name “Velvet Revolution” later achieved preeminence.)". He adds in a footnote that Jan Mĕchýř claims it was a French journalist who coined the term "Velvet Revolution", but even Krapfl notes that Mĕchýř doesn't cite this claim. Zoeych (talk) 12:36, 7 November 2017 (UTC)zoeych 21:35, 7 November 2017 (KST)

Firsthand account
I happen to be a tourist on the weekend of Nov 17-19. Thankfully, I did not stumble into the demonstration on the night of the 17th. On the night of the 18th I walked downtown. I heard on the street four students had been killed. I also saw several "shrines" of candles, flowers and pictures at bloody areas on the street. It is possible that the shrines were made up to inflame the situation. However, they looked real to me. People also had photographs from the night before that they were passing around. Many showed badly beaten people.

 * This is remarkable. I don't tell many people because they probibly would not believe me, but I was there too. It was not true that anyone was killed during that week thought the police did beat several people. There was a rumor going around that someone was killed. About a year later I read in the Prague Post that that never happened. I do remember the candlesand seeing Czech flags everywhere and so many people in Wenceles Square. I also remember it was pretty chilly. Piercetp 08:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Grammar Cleanup
I cleaned up some of the Grammar in the opening segment but there is probably more work to do. The article reads like it was written by a grade schooler or translated from another language.--70.24.143.17 (talk) 17:39, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Made a small edit to the page. The section said "It is not clear to what extent events were spontaneous or orchestrated by the secret police. For example, the incident with the "dead student" was staged by secret police provocateur Ludvík Zifčák and assisted by other secret agents (those who took him to hospital and initially disseminated the rumor). Zifčák is currently a chairman of the "Communist Party of Czechoslovakia", a non-parliamentary group willing to re-establish a Communist regime, with popular support below 1%, and rejects all inquiries relating to his role in the revolution."

Edited to insert the: (those who took him to THE hospital and initially disseminated the rumor)

I agree about the grammar. It needs work. Matt 94.189.140.76 (talk) 05:45, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Joan Baez
The Joan Baez artcle states " In May 1989, Baez performed at a music festival in communist Czechoslovakia, called Bratislavská lýra. While there, she met future Czechoslovakian president Václav Havel, whom she let carry her guitar so as to prevent his arrest by government agents. During her performance, she greeted members of Charter 77, a dissident human-rights group, which resulted in her microphone being shut off abruptly. Baez then proceeded to sing a cappella for the nearly four thousand gathered. Havel cited her as a great inspiration and influence in that country's Velvet Revolution, the revolution in which the Soviet-dominated communist government there was overthrown "

yet there is no mention. The story is told of how the army cut the power ot the sound system and in response, the people say in unison with her. Does this match the facts? What is a factor in building or sustaining morale? G. Robert Shiplett 13:57, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Article Lead
This edit from about two weeks ago included two changes in the article lead that i can't quite feel content about: Would anyone care to comment on this analysis, and express their view on the two changes and on my suggestions about them? -- Jokes Free4Me (talk) 00:42, 10 December 2013 (UTC)
 * moved the statement describing the strike on nov 27 before the resignations of 24th... While i'm ready to accept that chronological order can be less important than grouping related events together, i don't think this is really the case here: all three events are part of the same context, and i suggest the previous phrasing was better.
 * replaced "became the new non-Communist regime's ambassador to the United States" with "became the —ambassador to the United States". This makes some sense, so i won't argue for the reinstatement of the old phrasing, but the leftover dash looks unneeded IMO, so i suggest removing it too.

Zifčák
Please, see (in Czech). Zifčák did not play any significant role. He was just a secret agent among students. At that day, he was relatively lightly injured and later he fell down loosing consciousness because of stress. The hoax was created later by Dražská, independently on Zifčák. Miraceti (talk) 13:30, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

I had a question about the very first part where it talks about the history of the Velvet Revolution. It says that on November 27th the citizens all went on a general strike and that on November 24th the communist government leaders resigned. But that doesn't make sense, because the way it's worded and the order of the dates makes it sound like the resignation should have happened AFTER November 27th DUE to the general strike that occured, right? Because wasn't that why the citizens all went on strike? Wasn't the resignation their end goal? And then it starts talking about something that happened on November 28th after that...so I just wanted to ask for clarification on that.

Nadpouss (talk) 17:07, 9 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 one external links on Velvet Revolution. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090621165847/http://www.salon.eu.sk:80/article.php?article=801&searchPhrase=velvet%20revolution to http://www.salon.eu.sk/article.php?article=801&searchPhrase=velvet%20revolution

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Just wondering how this page can discuss the Velvet Revolution without mentioning the role of the Velvet Underground and Lour reed and the band "The Plastic People of the Universe". Reed and Havel both held each other in high regard — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.180.139.121 (talk) 07:25, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Help needed interpreting my photographs of the Velvet Revolution
By chance I happened to be in Prague as a tourist for several days as the Velvet Revolution unfolded. And I shot a roll of Ilford HP5 black and white negative film while there on Nikon gear. I have just had those negatives digitized. And the images are high quality and notable — indeed much better than currently used on this article. I will upload the images to Wikimedia Commons under a Creative Commons license in due course. But first I would like some help with historical interpretation before doing so.

Can anyone assist? Being able to read Czech signage would be useful. Please leave a message on my talk page if you can help? We can set up a Zoom video meeting if necessary. TIA, RobbieIanMorrison (talk) 20:34, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Velvet Revolution


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Niven

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title: Niven


text:
User talk:Hottstuffj914

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Cyan 19:32, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi there, I've noticed that in Rabwah, you keep putting a certain sentence about the name of the city at the top, in small font. This isn't the way most Wikipedia articles are formatted; the standard formatting is described in the Manual of Style. Could you please leave a note at Talk:Rabwah saying why this article should not conform to the standard format? Thanks, Cyan 23:41, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

What is your problem with the placement of the sentence in Rabwah. As you can read in our manual of style it is the usual policy to have the first sentence of an article containing the most relevant information about the topic, thus defining it. So someone searching for the word Rabwah can immidiatly recognize the article is about what he searched. The fact that the city was renamed is of course relevant to the article, but it is not defining it, thus should be put at a later place in the article. Insisting on something in the article without discussing it is not good wiki style.

How about changing the first sentence to something list this:

Rabwah (now Chanab Naghar, see below) is a city in the Punjab, Pakistan...

and then after the first paragraph or maybe in the history section a more elaborate description of the renaming (who ordered it? when (date) did it become effective - recently will become wrong in one year? Was there a poll by the residents against the renaming?). Sadly google did not find anything about the new name yet. andy 09:26, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi andy. my problem is that i think this is the most important part about the city...that it's name has changed. so some people know it as Rabwah whilst others know it as Chanab Naghar. so immediatly people will know what the artcile is about. making it seperate makes it stand out too. I want it to stand out and since i am making this site mostly for my studies...i think it would best be placed at the top...even if it doesn't conform with most wikipedia formatted articles.

title: User talk:Hottstuffj914


text: User talk:81.134.133.66

title: User talk:81.134.133.66