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Cupressaceae

Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species.

Description

The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their lives. Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage (cladoptosis); exceptions are leaves on the shoots that develop into branches. These leaves eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake. Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium) are deciduous or include deciduous species.

The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus. The seeds are mostly small and somewhat flattened, with two narrow wings, one down each side of the seed; rarely (e.g. Actinostrobus) triangular in section with three wings; in some genera (e.g. Glyptostrobus and Libocedrus), one of the wings is significantly larger than the other, and in some others (e.g. Juniperus, Microbiota, Platycladus, and Taxodium) the seed is larger and wingless. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six. The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1–20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils (Cryptomeria), in dense clusters (Cunninghamia and Juniperus drupacea), or on discrete long pendulous panicle-like shoots (Metasequoia and Taxodium).

Cupressaceae is a widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 70°N in arctic Norway (Juniperus communis) to 55°S in southernmost Chile (Pilgerodendron uviferum), further south than any other conifer species. Juniperus indica reaches 4930 m altitude in Tibet. Most habitats on land are occupied, with the exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests); they are also rare in deserts, with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana  in the central Sahara. Despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species.

The world's largest (Sequoiadendron giganteum) and tallest (Sequoia sempervirens) trees belong to the Cupressaceae, as do six of the ten longest-lived tree species.

Classification

Molecular and morphological studies have expanded Cupressaceae to include the genera of Taxodiaceae, previously treated as a distinct family, but now shown not to differ from the Cupressaceae in any consistent characteristics. The member genera have been placed into five distinct subfamilies of Cupressaceae, Athrotaxidoideae, Cunninghamioideae, Sequoioideae, Taiwanioideae, and Taxodioideae, which form a grade basal to Cupressaceae sensu stricto, containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae. The former Taxodiaceae genus, Sciadopitys, has been moved to a separate monotypic family Sciadopityaceae due to being genetically distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae. In some classifications Cupressaceae is raised to an order, Cupressales. Molecular evidence supports Cupressaceae being the sister group to the yews (family Taxaceae), from which it diverged during the early-mid Triassic. The clade comprising both is sister to Sciadopityaceae, which diverged from them during the early-mid Permian. The oldest definitive record of Cupressaceae is Austrohamia minuta from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Patagonia, known from many parts of the plant. The reproductive structures of Austrohamia have strong similarities to those of the primitive living cypress genera Taiwania and Cunninghamia. By the Middle to Late Jurassic Cupressaceae were abundant in warm temperate–tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The diversity of the group continued to increase during the Cretaceous period. The earliest appearance of the non-taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (the clade containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae) is in the mid-Cretaceous, represented by "Widdringtonia" americana from the Cenomanian of North America, and they subsequently diversified during the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic.

The family is divided into seven subfamilies, based on genetic and morphological analysis as follows:

 * Subfamily Cunninghamioideae (Zucc. ex Endl.) Quinn
 * Cunninghamia R.Br.
 * Elatides Middle Jurassic- Early Cretaceous, Eurasia (possibly North America)
 * Hughmillerites Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Europe, North America
 * Sewardiodendron Middle Jurassic, Asia
 * Scitistrobus Middle Jurassic, Europe
 * Pentakonos Early Cretaceous, Asia
 * Acanthostrobus Late Cretaceous, North America
 * Mikasostrobus Late Cretaceous, Japan
 * Parataiwania Late Cretaceous, Japan
 * Ohanastrobus Late Cretaceous, Japan
 * Nishidastrobus Late Cretaceous, Japan
 * Cunninghamiostrobus Early Cretaceous-Oligocene Japan, North America
 * Subfamily Taiwanioideae L.C.Li
 * Taiwania Hayata
 * Subfamily Athrotaxidoideae L.C.Li
 * Athrotaxis D.Don – Tasmanian cedar
 * Subfamily Sequoioideae Saxton
 * Metasequoia Hu & W.C.Cheng – dawn redwood
 * Sequoia Endl. – coast redwood
 * Sequoiadendron J.Buchholz – giant sequoia
 * Subfamily Taxodioideae Endl. ex K.Koch
 * Cryptomeria D.Don – sugi
 * Glyptostrobus Endl. – Chinese swamp cypress
 * Taxodium Rich. – bald cypress
 * Subfamily Callitroideae Saxton
 * Actinostrobus Miq. – cypress-pine
 * Austrocedrus Florin & Boutelje
 * Callitris Vent. – cypress-pine
 * Diselma Hook.f.
 * Fitzroya Hook.f. ex Lindl. – alerce
 * Libocedrus Endl.
 * Neocallitropsis Florin
 * Papuacedrus H.L.Li
 * Pilgerodendron Florin
 * Widdringtonia Endl.
 * Subfamily Cupressoideae Rich. ex Sweet
 *  Callitropsis Kurz – Nootka cypress
 * Calocedrus Kurz – incense-cedar
 * Chamaecyparis Spach – cypress
 * Cupressus L. – cypress
 * Fokienia A.Henry & H.H.Thomas – Fujian cypress
 * Hesperocyparis Bartel & R. A. Price
 * Juniperus L. – juniper
 * Microbiota Kom.
 * Platycladus Spach – Chinese arborvitae
 * Tetraclinis Mast.
 * Thuja L. – thuja or arborvitae
 * Thujopsis Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. – hiba
 * Xanthocyparis Farjon & T. H. Nguyên – cypress

A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.

Phylogeny based on 2000 study of morphological and molecular data. Several further papers have suggested the segregation Cupressus species into four total genera.

A 2021 molecular study supported a very similar phylogeny but with some slight differences, along with the splitting of Cupressus (found to be paraphyletic):

Uses
[[Image:Image-Juniperus bermudiana - mature.jpg|upright|thumb|

Juniperus bermudiana was the key to Bermuda's shipbuilding industry, and used in building houses, and in furniture. It also comprised the habitat for other endemic and native species, and provided Bermudians with shelter from wind and sun.]] Many of the species are important timber sources, especially in the genera Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Sequoia, Taxodium, and Thuja. Calocedrus decurrens is the main wood used to make wooden pencils, and is also used in chests, paneling, and flooring. In China, cypress wood known as baimu or bomu, was carved into furniture, using notably Cupressus funebris, and particularly in tropical areas, Fujian cypress and the aromatic wood of Glyptostrobus pensilis. Juniperus virginiana has used by Native Americans for waymarking. Its heartwood is fragrant and used in clothes chests, drawers and closets to repel moths. It is a source of juniper oil used in perfumes and medicines. The wood is also used as long lasting fenceposts and for bows.

Several genera are important in horticulture. Junipers are planted as evergreen trees, shrubs, and groundcovers. Hundreds of cultivars have been developed, including plants with blue, grey, or yellow foliage. Chamaecyparis and Thuja also provide hundreds of dwarf cultivars as well as trees, including Lawson's cypress. Dawn redwood is widely planted as an ornamental tree because of its excellent horticultural qualities, rapid growth and status as a living fossil. Giant sequoia is a popular ornamental tree and is occasionally grown for timber. Giant sequoia, Leyland cypress, and Arizona cypress are grown to a small extent as Christmas trees.

Some species have significant cultural importance. The ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) is the national tree of Mexico. Coast redwood and giant sequoia were jointly designated the state tree of California, and are major tourist attractions where they grow naturally. Parks such as Redwood National and State Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument protect almost half the remaining stands of Coast Redwoods and Giant sequoias. Bald cypress is the state tree of Louisiana. Bald cypress, often festooned with Spanish moss, of southern swamps are another tourist attraction. They can be seen at Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida. Bald cypress "knees" are often sold as souvenirs, made into lamps, or carved to make folk art. Monterey cypresses are often visited by tourists and photographers, particularly a tree known as the Lone Cypress.

The fleshy cones of Juniperus communis are used to flavour gin.

Native Americans and early European explorers used Thuja leaves as a cure for scurvy. Distillation of Fokienia roots produces an essential oil called pemou oil used in medicine and cosmetics.

Recent progress on Endophyte Biology in Cupressaceae, by the groups of Jalal Soltani (Bu-Ali Sina University) and Elizabeth Arnold (Arizona University) have revealed prevalent symbioses of endophytes and endofungal bacteria with family Cupressaceae. Furthermore, current and potential uses of Cupressaceous tree's endophytes in agroforestry and medicine is shown by both groups.

Chemistry
The Cupressaceae trees contain a wide range of extractives, especially terpenes and terpenoids, both of which have strong and often pleasant odors.

The heartwood, bark and leaves are the tree parts richest in terpenes. Some of these compounds are widely distributed in other trees as well, and some are typical for Cupressaceae family. The most known terpenoids found in conifers are sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes and tropolones. Diterpenes are commonly found in different types of conifers and are not typical for this family. Some sesquiterpenoids (e.g. bisabolanes, cubenanes, guaianes, ylanganes, himachalanes, longifolanes, longibornanes, longipinanes, cedranes, thujopsanes) also present in Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxodiaceae. Meanwhile, chamigranes, cuparanes, widdranes and acoranes are more distinctive for Cupressaceae. Tropolone derivatives, such as nootkatin, chanootin, thujaplicinol and hinokitiol are particularly characteristic for Cupressaceae.

Disease vectors
Several genera are an alternate host of Gymnosporangium rust, which damages apples and other related trees in the subfamily Maloideae.

Allergenicity
The pollen of many genera of Cupressaceae is allergenic, causing major hay fever problems in areas where they are abundant, most notably by Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) pollen in Japan. Highly allergenic species of cypress with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 8 out of 10 or higher include: Taxodium, Cupressus, Callitris, Chamaecyparis, and the males and monoicous variants of Austrocedrus and Widdringtonia. However, the females of some species have a very low potential for causing allergies (an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2 or lower) including Austrocedrus females and Widdringtonia females.

title: Cupressaceae


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The Mirror

The Mirror may refer to:

Books and stories

 * The Mirror, a book by T. B. Joshua
 * The Mirror, a novelette by Nancy Farmer
 * "The Mirror", a short story by Eiko Kadono
 * "The Mirror", a short story by Raphael Soyer
 * The Mirror (novel), a 1978 horror novel by Marlys Millhiser

Newspapers

 * Daily Mirror, a UK tabloid newspaper
 * Montreal Mirror, a Quebec alternative weekly, 1985-2012
 * The Mirror, a media and political gossip blog written by Betsy Rothstein on The Daily Caller
 * The Fairfield Mirror or The Mirror, the student newspaper for Fairfield University
 * The Mirror (UNC newspaper), the student newspaper for the University of Northern Colorado
 * The Mirror (Pakistani magazine)
 * The Mirror (Western Australia), a weekly newspaper published in Western Australia between 1920 & 1956
 * The Mirror of Australia, a newspaper published in Sydney, New South Wales from 1917 to 1919
 * The Mirror, the campus newspaper of Lakeland University
 * The Mirror, the newspaper of William Penn Charter School
 * Kyemon, a Burmese language newspaper
 * The Mirror (1779–1780), a short lived literary magazine by Henry Mackenzie

Film and television

 * The Mirror (1913 film), a film by Anthony O'Sullivan
 * The Mirror (1914 film), a film starring Charlotte Burton
 * The Mirror (1915 film), a short dramatic film directed by Joseph Kaufman
 * The Mirror (1917 film), a film starring Marjorie Rambeau
 * The Mirror (1943 film) (Spanish:El Espejo), an Argentine drama directed by Francisco Múgica
 * The Mirror (1967 film), a film by Qin Tao
 * The Mirror (1975 film), a film by Andrei Tarkovsky
 * The Mirror, also known as Aina, a 1977 film by Nazrul Islam
 * The Mirror, also known as Aaina, a 1993 film by Deepak Sareen
 * The Mirror, also known as Oglinda, a 1993 film by Sergiu Nicolaescu
 * The Mirror (1997 film), a film by Jafar Panahi
 * The Mirror (1999 film), a film by Siu Wing
 * The Mirror (2005 film), a film starring Robert Sedgwick
 * The Mirror (2014 film), a British film
 * The Mirror (2015 film), a Chinese-South Korean film
 * "The Mirror" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a 2014 episode of The Amazing World of Gumball
 * "The Mirror" (The Twilight Zone), a 1961 episode of The Twilight Zone

Music

 * The Mirror (Spooky Tooth album), a 1974 rock album by the British band Spooky Tooth
 * The Mirror (Ja Rule album), an album by Ja Rule
 * The Mirror, an album by Raul Midón
 * "The Mirror", a song by Dream Theater from Awake

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Mirror


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Virtual function

In object-oriented programming such as is often used in C++ and Object Pascal, a virtual function or virtual method is an inheritable and overridable function or method that is dispatched dynamically. Virtual functions are an important part of (runtime) polymorphism in object-oriented programming (OOP). They allow for the execution of target functions that were not precisely identified at compile time.

Most programming languages, such as JavaScript, PHP and Python, treat all methods as virtual by default and do not provide a modifier to change this behavior. However, some languages provide modifiers to prevent methods from being overridden by derived classes (such as the final and private keywords in Java and PHP ).

Purpose
The concept of the virtual function solves the following problem:

In object-oriented programming, when a derived class inherits from a base class, an object of the derived class may be referred to via a pointer or reference of the base class type instead of the derived class type. If there are base class methods overridden by the derived class, the method actually called by such a reference or pointer can be bound (linked) either "early" (by the compiler), according to the declared type of the pointer or reference, or "late" (i.e., by the runtime system of the language), according to the actual type of the object is referred to.

Virtual functions are resolved "late". If the function in question is "virtual" in the base class, the most-derived class's implementation of the function is called according to the actual type of the object referred to, regardless of the declared type of the pointer or reference. If it is not "virtual", the method is resolved "early" and selected according to the declared type of the pointer or reference.

Virtual functions allow a program to call methods that don't necessarily even exist at the moment the code is compiled.

In C++, virtual methods are declared by prepending the keyword to the function's declaration in the base class. This modifier is inherited by all implementations of that method in derived classes, meaning that they can continue to over-ride each other and be late-bound. And even if methods owned by the base class call the virtual method, they will instead be calling the derived method. Overloading occurs when two or more methods in one class have the same method name but different parameters. Overriding means having two methods with the same method name and parameters. Overloading is also referred to as function matching, and overriding as dynamic function mapping.

C++
For example, a base class  could have a virtual function. Subclass  would implement   differently than subclass , but one can invoke   on any class instance referred to as Animal, and get the   behavior of the specific subclass.

This allows a programmer to process a list of objects of class, telling each in turn to eat (by calling  ), without needing to know what kind of animal may be in the list, how each animal eats, or what the complete set of possible animal types might be.

In C, the mechanism behind virtual functions could be provided in the following manner:

Abstract classes and pure virtual functions
A pure virtual function or pure virtual method is a virtual function that is required to be implemented by a derived class if the derived class is not abstract. Classes containing pure virtual methods are termed "abstract" and they cannot be instantiated directly. A subclass of an abstract class can only be instantiated directly if all inherited pure virtual methods have been implemented by that class or a parent class. Pure virtual methods typically have a declaration (signature) and no definition (implementation).

As an example, an abstract base class  may provide a pure virtual function , and derived classes   and   implement   to provide concrete implementations. Implementing  would not make sense in the   class, as   is an abstract concept whose behaviour is defined solely for each given kind (subclass) of. Similarly, a given subclass of  would not be complete without an implementation of.

Although pure virtual methods typically have no implementation in the class that declares them, pure virtual methods in some languages (e.g. C++ and Python) are permitted to contain an implementation in their declaring class, providing fallback or default behaviour that a derived class can delegate to, if appropriate.

Pure virtual functions can also be used where the method declarations are being used to define an interface - similar to what the interface keyword in Java explicitly specifies. In such a use, derived classes will supply all implementations. In such a design pattern, the abstract class which serves as an interface will contain only pure virtual functions, but no data members or ordinary methods. In C++, using such purely abstract classes as interfaces works because C++ supports multiple inheritance. However, because many OOP languages do not support multiple inheritance, they often provide a separate interface mechanism. An example is the Java programming language.

Behavior during construction and destruction
Languages differ in their behavior while the constructor or destructor of an object is running. For this reason, calling virtual functions in constructors is generally discouraged.

In C++, the "base" function is called. Specifically, the most derived function that is not more derived than the current constructor or destructor's class is called. If that function is a pure virtual function, then undefined behavior occurs. This is true even if the class contains an implementation for that pure virtual function, since a call to a pure virtual function must be explicitly qualified. A conforming C++ implementation is not required (and generally not able) to detect indirect calls to pure virtual functions at compile time or link time. Some runtime systems will issue a pure virtual function call error when encountering a call to a pure virtual function at run time.

In Java and C#, the derived implementation is called, but some fields are not yet initialized by the derived constructor (although they are initialized to their default zero values). Some design patterns, such as the Abstract Factory Pattern, actively promote this usage in languages supporting this ability.

Virtual destructors
Object-oriented languages typically manage memory allocation and de-allocation automatically when objects are created and destroyed. However, some object-oriented languages allow a custom destructor method to be implemented, if desired. If the language in question uses automatic memory management, the custom destructor (generally called a finalizer in this context) that is called is certain to be the appropriate one for the object in question. For example, if an object of type Wolf that inherits Animal is created, and both have custom destructors, the one called will be the one declared in Wolf.

In manual memory management contexts, the situation can be more complex, particularly in relation to static dispatch. If an object of type Wolf is created but pointed to by an Animal pointer, and it is this Animal pointer type that is deleted, the destructor called may actually be the one defined for Animal and not the one for Wolf, unless the destructor is virtual. This is particularly the case with C++, where the behavior is a common source of programming errors if destructors are not virtual.

title: Virtual function


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St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)

The Saint Mary River (Apahktóksipisskan), is a cross-border tributary of the Oldman River, itself a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River. The Saint Mary together with the Belly River and Waterton River drains a small portion of Montana, in the United States, to the Hudson Bay watershed in Canada.

The river rises as a stream on Gunsight Mountain in Glacier National Park and flows into Gunsight Lake, then flows into Saint Mary Lake, exits the park and flows on into Lower St. Mary Lake in the Blackfeet Indian Reservation. From the reservation, the St. Mary River flows into Alberta and into the St. Mary Reservoir. It flows into the Oldman River which eventually reaches the Saskatchewan River.

It passes near the town of Cardston, Alberta, and the city of Lethbridge, Alberta.

Irrigation
The St. Mary River also provides water for irrigation in Southern Alberta. The St. Mary River Irrigation District (SMRID) is Canada’s largest irrigation district delivering water through 2060 km of canals and pipelines to approximately 1505 km2 of land south of the Oldman and South Saskatchewan Rivers between Lethbridge and Medicine Hat.

The irrigation project was started in 1898, and on September 4, 1900, the first water was brought to Lethbridge by the project. In December 1945 the Canadian Pacific Railway transferred control of the projects to the government of Alberta, creating the St. Mary and Milk River Development (SMRD). A dam was created in 1946 on the St. Mary River, to service the irrigation system, and water finally reached Medicine Hat in 1954 upon the completion of the St. Mary Main Canal.

title: St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)


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Standard library

In computer programming, a standard library is the library made available across implementations of a programming language. These libraries are conventionally described in programming language specifications; however, contents of a language's associated library may also be determined (in part or whole) by more informal practices of a language's community.

Overview
A language's standard library is often treated as part of the language by its users, although the designers may have treated it as a separate entity. Many language specifications define a core set that must be made available in all implementations, in addition to other portions which may be optionally implemented. The line between a language and its libraries therefore differs from language to language. Indeed, some languages are designed so that the meanings of certain syntactic constructs cannot even be described without referring to the core library. For example, in Java, a string literal is defined as an instance of the java.lang.String class; similarly, in Smalltalk, an anonymous function expression (a "block") constructs an instance of the library's BlockContext class. Conversely, Scheme contains multiple coherent subsets that suffice to construct the rest of the language as library macros, and so the language designers do not even bother to say which portions of the language must be implemented as language constructs, and which must be implemented as parts of a library.

Contents
Standard libraries typically include definitions for commonly used algorithms, data structures, and mechanisms for input and output. Depending on the constructs made available by the host language, a standard library may include:
 * Subroutines
 * Macro definitions
 * Global variables
 * Class definitions
 * Templates

Most standard libraries include definitions for at least the following commonly used facilities:
 * Algorithms (such as sorting algorithms)
 * Data structures (such as lists, trees, and hash tables)
 * Interaction with the host platform, including input/output and operating system calls

Philosophies
Philosophies of standard library design vary widely. For example, Bjarne Stroustrup, designer of C++, writes: "What ought to be in the standard C++ library? One ideal is for a programmer to be able to find every interesting, significant, and reasonably general class, function, template, etc., in a library. However, the question here is not, "What ought to be in some library?" but "What ought to be in the standard library?" The answer "Everything!" is a reasonable first approximation to an answer to the former question but not the latter. A standard library is something every implementer must supply so that every programmer can rely on it."

This suggests a relatively small standard library, containing only the constructs that "every programmer" might reasonably require when building a large collection of software. This is the philosophy that is used in the C and C++ standard libraries.

By contrast, Guido van Rossum, designer of Python, has embraced a much more inclusive vision of the standard library. Python attempts to offer an easy-to-code, object-oriented, high-level language. In the Python tutorial, he writes: "Python has a "batteries included" philosophy. This is best seen through the sophisticated and robust capabilities of its larger packages."

Van Rossum goes on to list libraries for processing XML, XML-RPC, email messages, and localization, facilities that the C++ standard library omits. This other philosophy is often found in scripting languages (as in Python or Ruby) or languages that use a virtual machine, such as Java or the .NET Framework languages. In C++, such facilities are not part of the standard library, but instead are included in other libraries, such as Boost.

Examples of standard libraries

 * C standard library, for the C programming language
 * C++ Standard Library, for the C++ programming language
 * Framework Class Library (FCL), for the .NET Framework
 * Java Class Library (JCL), for the Java programming language, and Java Platform
 * Factor standard library, for the Factor programming language
 * Ruby standard library, for the Ruby programming language
 * Python standard library, for the Python programming language
 * Standard Libraries (CLI)

title: Standard library


text:
User talk:Puckly

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hello "Puckly" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wiki'ing, -- Infrogmation 18:05, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Speaking Norwegian?
Hey, cool: I noticed you have done some +no: edits here and there, and assume this means you talk/write Norwegian as well as Dutch? Our languages are not too far apart, I've found (by reading the Dutch part of warnings and user instructions on miscellanous appliances and stuff I've bought over the years; also, Dutch students I met at University in Norway were always quite quick to pick up on Norwegian, much like the Germans). --Wernher 20:26, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I like to keep Talk in one place, so please feel free to come on over! --Wernher 00:02, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Pirates of the Caribbean
Hi, I've put a WP:PROD tag on Pirates of the Caribbean films, as each separate film has a sizeable page already. If there is anything which can only be said about all three films together, fair enough, it should go on the new page, but I can't think of anything like that. Regards, Squiddy | (squirt ink?)  15:50, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for your message, but I think there's a lot to be said about all three films, which better could be described in an article about the trilogy.
 * Also, there are a lot of wikilinks to to the article about the franchise which I think should go to an article about the films.
 * Puck 15:59, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Further discussions: Talk:Pirates of the Caribbean films - Puck 16:22, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Rob Woestenborghs
A tag has been placed on Rob Woestenborghs requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Newsaholic (talk) 15:33, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Nova Roma
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Nova Roma. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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title: User talk:Puckly


text:
CG

CG, Cg or cg may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Chaotic Good, an alignment in the role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons
 * Classical guitar, a type of guitar

Businesses

 * Central of Georgia Railway, between Macon and Savannah, Georgia in the US
 * Chappe et Gessalin, a French automobile maker
 * Chaudhary Group, a multinational company based in Nepal
 * Cigna, formed in Hartford in 1865 as the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
 * Colorado General Hospital, now known as University of Colorado Hospital
 * PNG Air, an airline from Papua New Guinea (IATA code CG)
 * The Carlyle Group, a private equity firm (stock symbol CG)

Military units

 * Ceremonial Guard, an ad hoc military unit in the Canadian Forces
 * Coast guard, a national organization responsible for various services at sea

Political parties

 * Galician Coalition, a Galician political party with a Galician nationalist and centrist ideology
 * Galician Convergence, a Galician political party with a moderate nationalist ideology, which describes itself as centrist, socially progressive and economically liberal

Other organizations

 * Common Ground (NYC), a non-profit that builds and runs supportive housing in New York City and elsewhere
 * Community Games, an Irish voluntary organisation for young people to experience sporting and cultural activities

Mathematics and computing

 * Cg (programming language), developed by NVIDIA
 * Categorial grammar, a term used for a family of formalisms in natural language syntax
 * Character generator, a device or software that produces static or animated text (such as crawls and rolls) for keying into a video stream for broadcast television
 * Computational geometry, the study of algorithms to solve problems stated in terms of geometry
 * Computer graphics, graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer with help from specialized software and hardware
 * Computer-generated imagery, application of computer graphics to create or contribute to images in art
 * Conceptual graph, a formalism for knowledge representation
 * Conjugate gradient method, an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations
 * Constraint Grammar, a methodological paradigm for natural language processing
 * Coherency Granule, usually the size of a CPU cache line
 * Clock gating, a way to lower clock tree power in an integrated circuit

Other uses in science and technology

 * Centigram (cg), a unit of mass in the SI system
 * Center of gravity, a point in a body that may be used to simplify description of gravitational interactions
 * Cloud-to-ground lightning, a type of lightning
 * Carbon group, also called group 14
 * Chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Guided-missile cruiser (CG)
 * Phosgene (military designation CG), a chemical weapon used during World War I

Places

 * Chhattisgarh, a state of India
 * Crna Gora, Montenegro
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo (FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO digram)
 * Republic of the Congo (ISO country code), a state in Central Africa
 * .cg, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of the Congo
 * Cypress Gardens, an American theme park near Winter Haven, Florida, that operated from 1936 to 2009

Ranks and titles

 * Certified Genealogist, licensed by the Board for Certification of Genealogists
 * Commandant-General, a rank in several counties and is generally equivalent to that of Commandant
 * Commanding General, a commanding officer in the military that holds a general officer rank

Other uses

 * Complete game, in baseball, the act of a pitcher pitching an entire game without the benefit of a relief pitcher
 * Corporate Governance, a system of law and approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled

title: CG


text:
Mountain pass

A mountain pass is a navigable route through a mountain range or over a ridge. Since mountain ranges can present formidable barriers to travel, passes have played a key role in trade, war, and both human and animal migration throughout history. At lower elevations it may be called a hill pass. A mountain pass is typically formed between two volcanic peaks or created by erosion from water or wind.

Overview
Mountain passes make use of a gap, saddle, col or notch. A topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface, with a saddle point marking the minimum high point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map, passes can be identified by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates a low spot between two higher points. In the high mountains, a difference of 2000 meters between the summit and the mountain is defined as a mountain pass.

Passes are often found just above the source of a river, constituting a drainage divide. A pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or a valley many kilometers long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying.

Roads and railways have long been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath a nearby mountainside, as with the Eisenhower Tunnel bypassing Loveland Pass in the Rockies, to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year.

The top of a pass is frequently the only flat ground in the area, and may be a high vantage point. In some cases this makes it a preferred site for buildings. If a national border follows the ridge of a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on the border, and there may be a border control or customs station, and possibly a military post. For instance, Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border, 5300 km long, which runs north–south along the Andes mountains and includes 42 mountain passes.

On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a small roadside sign giving the name of the pass and its elevation above mean sea level.

Apart from offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them convenient routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example is the Brenner pass in the Alps.

Some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, which will make snow blow off the road.

Synonyms
There are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West, the word gap is common in the southern Appalachians, notch in parts of New England, and saddle in northern Idaho. The term col, derived from Old French, is also used, particularly in Europe.

In the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, passes are denoted by the suffix "La" in Tibetan, Ladhakhi, and several other regional languages. Examples are the Taglang La at 5,328 m (17,480 ft) on the Leh-Manali highway, and the Sia La at 5,589 m (18,337 ft) in the Eastern Karakoram range.

Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach (anglicised "balloch"), while Wales has the similar bwlch (both being insular Celtic languages). In the Lake District of north-west England, the term hause is often used, although the term pass is also common—one distinction is that a pass can refer to a route, as well as the highest part thereof, while a hause is simply that highest part, often flattened somewhat into a high-level plateau.

In Japan they are known as tōge, which means "pass" in Japanese. The word can also refer to narrow, winding roads that can be found in and around mountains and geographically similar areas, or specifically to a style of street racing which may take place on these roads.

Around the world
There are thousands of named passes around the world, some of which are well-known, such as the Khyber Pass close to the present-day Afghanistan-Pakistan border on the ancient Silk Road, the Great St. Bernard Pass at 2473 m in the Alps, the Chang La at 5360 m, and the Khardung La at 5359 m in Ladakh, India. The roads at Mana Pass at 5610 m and Marsimik La at 5582 m, on and near the China–India border respectively, appear to be world's two highest motorable passes. Khunjerab Pass between Pakistan and China at 4693 m is also a high-altitude motorable mountain pass. One of the famous but non-motorable mountain passes is Thorong La at 5416 m in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal.

title: Mountain pass


text:
The Shelter

The Shelter may refer to:

 * The Shelter, a website dedicated to Francis Schaeffer
 * The Shelter (The Twilight Zone), a 1961 episode of the television series The Twilight Zone
 * "The Shelter", an episode of the television series Lawman
 * The Shelter (New York City), a famed Manhattan dance club
 * The Shelter (Detroit, Michigan), a notable music venue in metro Detroit, Michigan

 * The Shelter (album), a 2010 album by Jars of Clay

title: The Shelter


text:
Sir-Tech

Sir-Tech Software, Inc. was a video game developer and publisher based in the United States and Canada.

History
In fall 1979, Sirotech Software was founded by Norman Sirotek, Robert Sirotek and Robert Woodhead. Sirotech Software published Info Tree, a database management program, Galactic Attack and a beta version of Wizardry: Dungeons of Despair which was later renamed Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord and formally released in fall 1981. It was the first game in the Wizardry series.

In spring 1981, Sir-Tech Software, Inc was incorporated as a video game developer and publisher in the United States.

In 1998, Sir-Tech USA closed. The Canadian counterpart, Sirtech Canada Limited, continued to operate until late 2003.

Sir-Tech is best known for Wizardry, the role-playing video game series. The Jagged Alliance series, first published by Sir-Tech in 1994, became a popular franchise. The third game in the series, Jagged Alliance 2, was still available from its current publisher 15 years after its initial release.

Developed and published

 * Info Tree (1979) (as Sirotech)
 * Galactic Attack (1980) (as Sirotech)
 * Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord (1981)
 * Wizardry II: The Knight of Diamonds (1982)
 * Wizardry III: Legacy of Llylgamyn (1983)
 * Crypt of Medea (1984)
 * Rescue Raiders (1984)
 * Deep Space: Operation Copernicus (1986)
 * Wizardry IV: The Return of Werdna (1987)
 * Wizardry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1988)
 * The Usurper: The Mines of Qyntarr (1989)
 * Wizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1990)
 * Freakin' Funky Fuzzballs (1990)
 * Wizardry VII: Crusaders of the Dark Savant (1992)
 * Jagged Alliance: Deadly Games (1996)
 * Nemesis: The Wizardry Adventure (1996)
 * Wizardry Gold (1996)
 * Wizardry 8 (2001)

Developed only

 * Jagged Alliance 2 (1999)
 * Jagged Alliance 2: Unfinished Business (2000)

Published only

 * Star Maze (1982)
 * The Seven Spirits of Ra (1987)
 * Realms of Arkania: Blade of Destiny (1993)
 * Realms of Arkania: Star Trail (1994)
 * Druid: Daemons of the Mind (1995)
 * Jagged Alliance (1995)
 * Fable (1996)
 * Armed & Delirious (1997)
 * Excalibur 2555 AD (1997)
 * Virus: The Game (1997)
 * Realms of Arkania: Shadows over Riva (1997)

Canceled

 * Wizardry: Stones of Arnhem (1994)

title: Sir-Tech


text:
East Garafraxa

East Garafraxa is a rural township located in Dufferin County, Ontario, Canada, to the west of Orangeville and within relative commuting distance of Toronto, Brampton, Guelph, and Kitchener.

While it is unknown how the name "Garafraxa" came to be, there are a number of theories to its origins:
 * It is derived from an Indigeous word meaning "panther country"
 * Commemorating an old Irish estate or castle
 * From the Scottish stream, the River Garry
 * From Gaelic fraoch garbh meaning "rough heath"
 * From local botany Saxifrage or Sassafras
 * Old English word gara or gar means either a small triangular piece of land or cloth as in a sail, and the Township could be considered part fracta of the Gore, or Gara

East Garafraxa is known for, among other things, its scenic spots, and many people go there to escape from the city.

Communities
The township of East Garafraxa comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities such as Craigsholme, Depew's Corners, Hereward, Marsville, McKee's Corner, North Erin (partially), Orton (partially), Portadown, Price's Corners, Reading, Rogertown, The Maples; Glenmorrow, Leeson's Corners, The Grove.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, East Garafraxa had a population of $2,794$ living in $903$ of its $944$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,579$. With a land area of 166.5 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

According to the 2011 Canadian Census, the median age was 42.9 years old, a bit higher than the national median at 40.6 years old. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the median value of a dwelling in East Garafraxa is $500,226, higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income (after-taxes) in East Garafraxa is $95,069, much higher than the national average at $54,089.

East Garafraxa is mostly made up of European descents. According to the 2016 Census, the racial make up of East Garafraxa is:
 * 90.5% White
 * 3.7% South Asian
 * 3.9% Aboriginal; 3.1% First Nations, 0.8% Metis
 * 1.9% Other

title: East Garafraxa


text:
Kamarinskaya

Kamarinskaya (камаринская) is a traditional Russian folk dance, which is mostly known today as the Russian composer Mikhail Glinka's composition of the same name. Glinka's Kamarinskaya, written in 1848, was the first orchestral work based entirely on Russian folk song and to use the compositional principles of that genre to dictate the form of the music. It premiered on 15 March 1850. It became a touchstone for the following generation of Russian composers ranging from the Western-oriented Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to the group of nationalists known collectively as The Five and was also lauded abroad, most notably by French composer Hector Berlioz.

Traditional Kamarinskaya
According to musicologist Richard Taruskin, the traditional Kamarinskaya is "a quick dance tune" otherwise known as a naigrish, distinctive for its three-bar phrase lengths, which are played in an endless number of variations in moto perpetuo fashion by an instrumentalist. This tune usually accompanies a squatting dance often called a Kazatsky (especially since in the West it has been associated in romantic fashion with Cossacks) and is played traditionally by a fiddler, a balalika player or a concertina player

Kamarinskaya by Glinka
Mikhail Glinka composed his Kamarinskaya in 1848. It became famous as the first orchestral work based entirely on Russian folk song.

Composition
Glinka's Kamarinskaya is based on two themes, a slow bridal song, "Iz-za gor" (From beyond the mountains), and the title song, a naigrïsh. This second song is actually an instrumental dance played to an ostinato melody. This melody is repeated for as long as the dancers can move to it. Glinka begins with "Iz-za gor," then introduces Kamarinskaya as a contrasting theme. He uses a transition to return to the bridal song and show the contrast between the two themes. Another transition, this time using motifs from the bridal song, leads to the dance theme and the piece ends with the Kamarinskaya dance. As in traditional nagriish songs, Glinka uses three-bar phrase lengths throughout the fast sections of his composition.

The structure and mechanics of Kamarinskaya differ markedly from Western European compositional principles and in some ways are diametrically opposed to them. In a Western piece, after the first theme is introduced and harmony propels the music forward, it modulates to introduce a second theme in a contrasting musical key. The two themes then interact and the composition grows as an organic creation. Tension continues building as this thematic dialogue becomes increasingly complex. This dialogue or interchange eventually propels the piece to a climactic point of resolution. Kamarinskaya does not follow this pattern. Nor can it. The ostinato melody of the second song will not allow any motivic development without distorting the character of the piece. Glinka therefore uses the principle of repetition from folk song to allowing the musical structure to unfold. He repeats the theme 75 times, all the while varying the background material—the instrumental timbres, harmonization and counterpoint. This way, he preserves the original character of the dance and complements it with creative variations in the orchestral treatment. However, because there is no thematic growth, the music remains static. It does not move forward as a Western piece of music would.

Influence on Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who had received Western-oriented musical instruction from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, had used folk songs in his student overture The Storm. However, in the early 1870s he became interested in using folk songs as valid symphonic material. Tchaikovsky's greatest debt in this regard was to Glinka's Kamarinskaya. He believed fervently that in Kamarinskaya lay the core of the entire school of Russian symphonic music, "just as the whole oak is in the acorn", as he would write in his diary in 1888.

Tchaikovsky's interest resulted in his Second Symphony, composed in 1872. Because Tchaikovsky used three Ukrainian folk songs to great effect in this work, it was nicknamed the "Little Russian" (Малороссийская, Malorossiyskaya) by Nikolay Kashkin, a friend of the composer as well as a well-known musical critic of Moscow. Ukraine was at that time frequently called "Little Russia". Successful upon its premiere, the symphony also won the favor of the group of nationalistic Russian composers known as The Five, led by Mily Balakirev.

For Tchaikovsky, Kamarinskaya offered a viable example of the creative possibilities of folk songs in a symphonic structure, using a variety of harmonic and contrapuntal combinations. It also offered a blueprint on how such a structure could be made to work, barring the potential for inertia or over-repetition. The development of the folk material, according to one biographer, is "the most heady potion Tchaikovsky ever brewed". Without Kamarinskaya, however, Tchaikovsky knew he would not have had a foundation upon which to build that finale.

title: Kamarinskaya


text:
List of mountain passes

This is a list of mountain passes.

Egypt

 * Halfaya Pass (near Libya)

Lesotho

 * Moteng Pass
 * Mahlasela pass
 * Sani Pass

Morocco

 * Tizi n'Tichka

South Africa

 * Eastern Cape Passes
 * Western Cape Passes
 * Northern Cape Passes
 * KwaZulu Natal Passes
 * Free State Passes
 * Limpopo Province Passes
 * Mpumalanga Passes
 * Gauteng Passes
 * Northwest Province Passes
 * Swartberg Pass (Western Cape)
 * Lootsberg Pass

Afghanistan

 * Broghol Pass to Pakistan
 * Dorah Pass to Pakistan
 * Hajigak Pass
 * Khost-Gardez Pass
 * Khyber Pass to Pakistan
 * Kotal-e Khushk
 * Kushan Pass linking northern Afghanistan to the region.
 * Lataband Pass
 * Tang-e Gharu is a gorge which links Afghanistan with Pakistan
 * Salang Pass crosses the Hindu Kush linking Kabul with northern Afghanistan – nowadays through a tunnel.
 * Wakhjir Pass to China

China

 * Pingxingguan Pass, Shanxi
 * Jiayu Pass, Gansu
 * Jianmen Pass, Sichuan
 * Niangzi Pass, Border between Shanxi and Hebei
 * Yanmen Pass, Shanxi
 * Alataw Pass to Kazakhstan
 * Dongkhala to India
 * Jelep La to India
 * Karakoram Pass to India
 * Khunjerab Pass to Pakistan
 * Kilik Pass to Pakistan
 * Kulma Pass to Tajikistan
 * Mintaka Pass to Pakistan
 * Nathu La to India
 * Semo Pass, Tibet (18,258 ft)
 * Tanggula Pass, Tibet
 * Torugart Pass to Kyrgyzstan
 * Irkeshtam Pass to Kyrgyzstan
 * Wakhjir Pass to Afghanistan

Indonesia

 * Puncak Pass, West Java

Japan

 * Usui Pass between Nagano and Gunma Prefectures

Kyrgyzstan
See: List of mountain passes in Kyrgyzstan

Malaysia

 * Genting Sempah on the border of Pahang and Selangor

Nepal

 * Thorong La 5416 m. Annapurna Circuit Region
 * West col 6135 m. Makalu Barun
 * East Col 6100 m. Makalu Barun
 * Sherpani Col Makalu Barun
 * Cho La 5420 m. Mount EverestRegion
 * Larky Pass 5213 m. Manaslu
 * Kagmara La 5115 m. Southern Dolpo
 * Ganja La 5106 m. Langtang Helambu Region
 * Meso Kanta 5089 m. Annapurna Region
 * Khangla Pass 5320 m. ( Annapurna manang region )
 * Khongma La Pass 5535m (Everest Khumbu Region)
 * Renjo La Pass 5360m (Everest Khumbu Region)

Pakistan

 * Babusar pass
 * Bolan Pass
 * Broghol Pass to Afghanistan
 * Chaprot Pass
 * Dorah Pass to Afghanistan
 * Gondogoro Pass
 * Gumal Pass
 * Hayal Pass
 * Hispar Pass
 * Karakar Pass
 * Khunjerab Pass to China
 * Khyber Pass to Afghanistan
 * Kilik Pass to China
 * Kohat Pass
 * Lowari Pass
 * Malakand Pass
 * Mintaka Pass to China
 * Naltar Pass
 * Shandur Top
 * Tochi Pass Connects Ghazni to Bannu

Tajikistan

 * Ak-Baital Pass (4,655 m)
 * Anzob Pass (3,400 m)
 * Beyik Pass to China (4,600 m)
 * Kulma Pass to China (4,362 m)
 * Kyzylart Pass to Kyrgyzstan (4,280 m)

Turkey

 * Amanian Gates (Bahçe Pass), on border between Osmaniye and Gaziantep provinces
 * Cilician Gates (Gülek Pass), Mersin Province
 * Sertavul Pass, on border between Mersin and Karaman provinces
 * Syrian Gates (Belen Pass), Hatay Province
 * Zigana Pass, on border between Gümüşhane and Trabzon provinces

Uzbekistan

 * Kamchik Pass

Australia

 * Alpine Way, New South Wales
 * Macquarie Pass, New South Wales
 * Kings Highway (Australia), New South Wales
 * Cunninghams Gap, Queensland
 * Heavitree Gap, Northern Territory
 * Horrocks Pass, South Australia
 * Nowlands Gap, New South Wales
 * Pichi Richi Pass, South Australia
 * Tawonga Gap, Victoria

Alps

 * Col de l'Argentière – France/Italy
 * Arlberg Pass – Austria
 * Bernina Pass – Switzerland
 * Bielerhöhe Pass – Austria
 * Bocchetta del Croso – Italy
 * Bocchetto Sessera – Italy
 * Col de la Bonette – France
 * Brenner Pass – Austria/Italy
 * Colle di Cadibona – Italy
 * Colle della Croce – France/Italy
 * Falzarego Pass – Italy
 * Fern Pass – Austria
 * Col Ferret – Italy/Switzerland
 * Flexen Pass – Austria
 * Flüela Pass – Switzerland
 * Col du Fréjus – Italy/France
 * Furka Pass – Switzerland
 * Col du Galibier – France
 * Passo Garlenda – Italy
 * Gemmi Pass – Switzerland
 * Grimsel Pass – Switzerland
 * Giau Pass – Italy
 * Grossglockner High Alpine Road
 * Hiaslegg (Tragöß-Oberort – Trofaiach)
 * Col de l'Iseran (elevation 2770 m) – highest paved mountain pass in the Alps
 * Col de la Joux Verte – France
 * Julier Pass – Switzerland
 * Klausen Pass
 * Krumbach Saddle
 * Loibl Pass (Ljubelj Pass) – Austria/Slovenia
 * Maloja Pass
 * Nufenen Pass
 * Oberalp Pass
 * Petit Col Ferret – Italy/Switzerland
 * Plöcken Pass (Passo di Monte Croce Carnico) Austria/Italy
 * Pordoi Pass – Italy
 * Pötschen Pass
 * Predil Pass (Predel Pass) – Italy/Slovenia
 * Pyhrn Pass
 * Colle del Quazzo – Italy
 * Col de Restefond
 * Colle della Rho (Col de la Roue) – Italy/France
 * Col Saint Martin
 * San Bernardino Pass
 * Colle San Bernardo
 * San Boldo Pass
 * Schober Pass – Austria
 * Colle Scravaion – Italy
 * Colle delle Selle Vecchie – Italy/France
 * Semmering Pass
 * Septimer Pass
 * Colle Sestriere
 * Colle dei Signori – Italy/France
 * Simplon Pass
 * Soboth (Soboški prelaz) – Austria
 * Splügen Pass
 * Great St Bernard Pass
 * Little St Bernard Pass
 * St. Gotthard Pass
 * Stelvio Pass (Stilfserjoch)
 * Susten Pass
 * Packsattel – Austria
 * Radl Pass (Radeljski prelaz) – Austria/Slovenia
 * Passo della Teglia – Italy
 * Col de Tende – France/Italy
 * Giogo di Toirano – Italy
 * Tremalzo Pass
 * Umbrail Pass
 * Wurzen Pass
 * Vršič Pass – Slovenia

Apennines

 * Bocca Trabaria pass
 * Bocca Serriola pass
 * Bocchetta Pass
 * Calla pass
 * Colle di Cadibona
 * Capannelle Pass
 * Cisa Pass
 * Passo del Faiallo
 * Futa Pass
 * Giovi Pass
 * Mandrioli pass
 * Montecoronaro pass
 * Muraglione pass
 * Passo della Limina
 * Pescara Pass
 * Valico di San Fermo
 * Scheggia Pass
 * Passo del Turchino
 * Viamaggio pass
 * Raticosa pass

Georgia

 * Abano Pass
 * Jvari Pass
 * Mamison Pass
 * Rikoti Pass
 * Roki Tunnel
 * Zekari Pass

Greece

 * Baros Pass
 * Katara Pass
 * Thermopylae

Iceland

 * Fimmvörðuháls

Ireland

 * Barnesmore Gap
 * Conor Pass
 * Gap of Dunloe
 * Healy Pass
 * Mamore Gap
 * Moll's Gap
 * Wicklow Gap

Jura Mountains

 * Col de l'Aiguillon
 * Balmberg Pass
 * Benkerjoch
 * Bözberg Pass
 * Breitehöchi Pass
 * Bürersteig Pass
 * Chall Pass
 * Challhöchi Pass
 * Col du Chasseral
 * Chilchzimmersattel
 * Col de la Croix
 * Eichhöhe Pass
 * Col des Étroits
 * Col de la Givrine
 * Col du Marchairuz
 * Col du Mollendruz
 * Mont Crosin
 * Col du Mont d'Orzeires
 * Col de Montvoie
 * Oberer Hauenstein
 * Passwang
 * Col de Pierre Pertuis
 * Les Pontins
 * Col des Rangiers
 * Col des Roches
 * Salhöhe
 * Santelhöchi
 * Schafmatt
 * Schelten Pass
 * Staffelegg
 * La Tourne
 * Unterer Hauenstein
 * Vue des Alpes
 * Weissenstein Pass
 * Col du Chat

Montenegro

 * Durmitor Pass
 * Lovcen Pass

Norway

 * Dovrefjell (road E6)(1026 m)
 * Filefjell (road E16)(1004 m)
 * Gaularfjellet (road 13)(745 m)
 * Geirangervegen (road 63)(1038 m)
 * Hardangervidda (road 7)(1250 m)
 * Haukelifjell (road E134)(1085 m)
 * Hemsedalsfjellet (road 52)(1137 m)
 * Hol-Aurland (county road 50)(1165 m)
 * Ørnevegen (road 63)(624 m)
 * Saltfjellet (European route E6)(689 m)
 * Sognefjell (road 55)(1434 m)
 * Strynefjell (road 15)(943 m) (or road 258)(1139 m)
 * Suleskarvegen (county road 450)(1050 m)
 * Trollstigen (road 63)(850 m)
 * Valdresflye (road 51)(1390 m)
 * Venabygdsfjellet (road 27)
 * Vikafjell (road 13)(988 m)

Norway/Sweden

 * Bjørnfjell/Riksgränsen (road E10) (530 m)
 * Funäsdalen–Ljungdalen (road Z531) (975 m)
 * Funäsdalen–Røros (road 84/31) (840 m)
 * Gäddede–Klimpfjäll (road AC1067) (876 m)
 * Graddis (Arjeplog–Rognan) (road 95/77) (740 m)
 * Sälen (road 66) (760 m)
 * Storlien (road E14) (615 m)
 * Tännäs (road 311) (850 m)
 * Umbukta (road E12) (600 m in tunnel, 650 m along older pass road)

Portugal

 * Torre

Pyrenees

 * Col d'Ares
 * Col d'Aspin
 * Col d'Aubisque
 * Pas de la Casa
 * Port de Larrau
 * Port de Pailhères
 * Col du Perthus
 * El Portalet
 * Portbou / Cerbère (more distinct: Coll dels Balitres)
 * Col de Puymorens
 * Col de la Quillane
 * La Brèche de Roland
 * Roncevaux Pass
 * Somport
 * Col du Tourmalet

Sierra Nevada (Spain)

 * Puerto del Suspiro del Moro (Pass of the Moor's Sigh)

Great Britain
See:
 * Mountain passes of England
 * List of hill passes of the Lake District

 * Mountain passes of Scotland
 * Mountain passes of Wales

Alaska

 * Anderson Pass – Alaska Range
 * Kahiltna Pass – Alaska Range
 * Mentasta Pass – Alaska Range
 * Polychrome Pass – Alaska Range
 * Chilkat Pass – Boundary Range
 * Chilkoot Pass – Boundary Range
 * White Pass – Boundary Range
 * Atigun Pass – Brooks Range
 * Crow Pass – Chugach Range
 * Powerline Pass – Chugach Range
 * Thompson Pass – Chugach Range
 * Portage Pass – Chugach Range
 * Johnson Pass – Kenai Range
 * Moose Pass – Kenai Range
 * Resurrection Pass – Kenai Range
 * Turnagain Pass – Kenai Range
 * Hatcher Pass – Talkeetna Range

Appalachian Mountains

 * Appalachian Gap – Vermont
 * Ashby Gap – Virginia
 * Balsam Gap – North Carolina
 * Brock Gap – Alabama
 * Brocks Gap – Virginia
 * Buck Creek Gap – North Carolina
 * Buford's Gap – Virginia
 * Bull Gap – North Carolina
 * Carmans Notch – New York
 * Chester Gap – Virginia
 * Clarke's Gap – Virginia
 * Cowee Gap – North Carolina
 * Craven Gap – North Carolina
 * Crawford Notch – New Hampshire
 * Cumberland Gap – Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky
 * Cumberland Narrows – Maryland
 * Deals Gap – North Carolina, Tennessee
 * Deep Notch – New York
 * Delaware Water Gap – Pennsylvania, New Jersey
 * Diamond Notch – New York
 * Dixville Notch – New Hampshire
 * Evans Notch – Maine
 * Fishers Gap – Virginia
 * Franconia Notch – New Hampshire
 * Gillespie Gap – North Carolina
 * Goshen Pass – Virginia
 * Grafton Notch – Maine
 * Grandmother Gap – North Carolina
 * Granville Notch – Vermont
 * Hazen's Notch – Vermont
 * Hillsboro Gap – Virginia
 * Hobart Gap – New Jersey
 * James River Gorge – Virginia
 * Jarman Gap – Virginia
 * Kancamagus Pass – New Hampshire
 * Keyes Gap – Virginia, West Virginia
 * Kinsman Notch – New Hampshire
 * Lehigh Gap – Pennsylvania
 * Lincoln Gap – Vermont
 * Mahoosuc Notch – Maine
 * Manassas Gap – Virginia
 * Mechanicsburg Gap – West Virginia
 * Middlebury Gap – Vermont
 * Moccasin Gap – Virginia
 * Monterey Pass – Pennsylvania
 * New Market Gap – Virginia
 * Newfound Gap – Tennessee, North Carolina
 * Pinkham Notch – New Hampshire
 * Potomac Water Gap – Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia
 * Pound Gap – Kentucky, Virginia
 * Rockfish Gap – Virginia
 * Schuylkill Gap – Pennsylvania
 * Sherburne Pass – Vermont
 * Skinners Gap – West Virginia
 * Smugglers Notch – Vermont
 * Snickers Gap – Virginia
 * Soco Gap – North Carolina
 * Stony Clove Notch – New York
 * Swatara Gap – Pennsylvania
 * Swift Run Gap – Virginia
 * Thornton Gap – Virginia
 * Thoroughfare Gap – Virginia
 * Wilson Gap – Virginia, West Virginia
 * Zealand Notch – New Hampshire

California Coast Ranges

 * Pacheco Pass – Central California
 * Altamont Pass – Northern Central California, in the Diablo Range

Cascade Range

 * Allison Pass – British Columbia
 * Austin Pass – Washington
 * Blewett Pass (formerly known as Swauk Pass) – Washington
 * Blizzard Gap – Oregon
 * Bly Mountain Pass – Oregon
 * Cady Pass – Washington
 * Canyon Creek Pass – Oregon
 * Cascade Pass – Washington
 * Cayuse Pass – Washington
 * Chinook Pass – Washington
 * Colockum Pass – Washington
 * Coquihalla Pass – British Columbia
 * Cowhead Pass – British Columbia
 * Crater Summit – Oregon
 * Deer Creek Summit – Washington
 * Disautel Summit – Washington
 * Drews Gap – Oregon
 * Elk Pass – Washington
 * Green Pass – Washington
 * Greensprings Summit
 * Hayden Mountain Summit – Oregon
 * Hogback Summit – Oregon
 * Horse Ridge Summit – Oregon
 * Lake of the Woods Summit
 * Lolo Pass – Oregon
 * Loup Loup Summit – Washington
 * McKenzie Pass – Oregon
 * Naches Pass – Washington
 * Old Blewett Pass – Washington
 * Pass Creek Pass – Washington
 * Picture Rock Pass – Oregon
 * Rainy Pass – Washington
 * Rattlesnake Pass – Washington
 * Santiam Pass- Oregon
 * Sexton Mountain Pass – Oregon
 * Sherman Pass – Washington
 * Smith Hill Summit – Oregon
 * Snoqualmie Pass – Washington
 * Stage Road Pass – Oregon
 * Stampede Pass – Washington
 * Stevens Pass – Washington
 * Sunday Summit – British Columbia
 * Sun Pass – Oregon
 * Washington and Rainy Passes (see North Cascades Highway) – Washington
 * Wauconda Pass – Washington
 * White Pass – Washington
 * Willamette Pass – Oregon
 * Windy Pass – Washington

Coast Mountains

 * Ash Pass – British Columbia
 * Athelney Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges)
 * Cayoosh Pass – British Columbia (Lillooet Ranges/Cayoosh Range)
 * Chilkat Pass – British Columbia
 * Chilkoot Pass – Alaska, British Columbia
 * Deception Pass – British Columbia (Coast Mountains/Rainbow Range)
 * Elbow Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Gnat Pass – British Columbia
 * Griswold Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Grizzly Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges/Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Heckman Pass – British Columbia (technically in the Rainbow Range, which is not Coast Mountains but Chilcotin Plateau)
 * Iron Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Lindquist Pass – British Columbia (Kitimat Ranges)
 * Lord Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges)
 * McCuish Pass – British Columbia (Kitimat Ranges)
 * McGillivray Pass – British Columbia (Bendor Range/Cadwallader Range)
 * Mission Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges)
 * Pemberton Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges/Lillooet Ranges)
 * Railroad Pass (aka Railway Pass) – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges)
 * Singing Pass – British Columbia (Garibaldi Ranges)
 * Raindoor Pass – British Columbia (Garibaldi Ranges)
 * Surel Pass – British Columbia (Kitimat Ranges)
 * Ring Pass – British Columbia (Pacific Ranges)
 * Taylor Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Tyoax Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Warner Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Wedge Pass – British Columbia (Garibaldi Ranges)
 * White Pass – Alaska, British Columbia
 * Wolverine Pass – British Columbia (Chilcotin Ranges)
 * Wolverine Pass – British Columbia (Garibaldi Ranges)

Hazelton Mountains

 * Atna Pass

Interior Plateau

 * Clapperton Creek Summit – British Columbia
 * Festuca Pass – British Columbia
 * Pennask Summit – British Columbia

Mackenzie Mountains

 * Macmillan Pass – Yukon, Northwest Territories
 * Howard's Pass – Yukon, Northwest Territories

Monashee Mountains

 * Bonanza Pass – British Columbia
 * Canoe Pass – British Columbia
 * Eagle Pass – British Columbia
 * Joss Pass, British Columbia
 * Monashee Pass – British Columbia
 * Pettipiece Pass – British Columbia
 * Sherman Pass – Washington

Rocky Mountains

 * Abbot Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Arapaho Pass, Front Range, Colorado
 * Arapaho Pass, Rabbit Ears Range, Colorado
 * Argentine Pass, Colorado
 * Athabasca Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Badger Pass, Montana
 * Bald Mountain Pass, Utah
 * Banner Summit, Idaho
 * Bannock Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Beartooth Pass, Wyoming
 * Beaver Pass, British Columbia
 * Berthoud Pass, Colorado
 * Big Hole Pass, Montana
 * Big Mountain Pass, Utah
 * Black Bear Pass, Colorado
 * Boreas Pass, Colorado
 * Boulder-Grand Pass, Colorado
 * Bozeman Pass, Montana
 * Bridger Pass, Wyoming
 * Buchanan Pass, Colorado
 * Buffalo Pass, Colorado
 * Bush Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Cameron Pass, Colorado
 * Carcajou Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Cerro Summit, Colorado
 * Chief Joseph Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Coal Bank Pass, Colorado
 * Cochetopa Pass, Colorado
 * Cordova Pass, Colorado
 * Cottonwood Pass, Colorado
 * Craig Pass, Wyoming
 * Crowsnest Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Cucharas Pass, Colorado
 * Cumbres Pass, Colorado
 * Currant Creek Pass, Colorado
 * Dallas Divide, Colorado
 * Dead Indian Pass, Wyoming
 * Douglas Pass, Colorado
 * Dunraven Pass, Wyoming
 * Elbow Pass, Alberta
 * Elk Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Fall River Pass, Colorado
 * Fourth of July Summit, Idaho
 * Fraser Pass, British Columbia
 * Fremont Pass, Colorado
 * Galena Summit, Idaho
 * Georgia Pass, Colorado
 * Geyser Pass, Utah
 * Gibbons Pass, Montana
 * Glorieta Pass, New Mexico
 * Gore Pass, Colorado
 * Grand Mesa Summit, Colorado
 * Granite Pass, Wyoming
 * Guanella Pass, Colorado
 * Hagerman Pass, Colorado
 * Halfmoon Pass, Colorado
 * Hancock Pass, Colorado
 * Hardscrabble Pass, Colorado
 * Highwood Pass, Alberta
 * Homestake Pass, Montana
 * Hoosier Pass, Colorado
 * Howse Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Imogene Pass, Colorado
 * Independence Pass, Colorado
 * Jarvis Pass, British Columbia
 * Jones Pass, Colorado
 * Kakwa Pass, British Columbia
 * Kebler Pass, Colorado
 * Kenosha Pass, Colorado
 * Kicking Horse Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Kingman Pass, Wyoming
 * Kings Hill Pass, Montana
 * Kokomo Pass, Colorado
 * La Manga Pass, Colorado
 * La Poudre Pass, Colorado
 * La Veta Pass, Colorado
 * Lake Pass, Colorado
 * Lemhi Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Lewis and Clark Pass, Montana
 * Lizard Head Pass, Colorado
 * Logan Pass, Montana
 * Lolo Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Lookout Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Lost Trail Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Loveland Pass, Colorado
 * MacDonald Pass, Montana
 * Marias Pass, Montana
 * Marshall Pass, Colorado
 * McClure Pass, Colorado
 * McGregor Pass, British Columbia
 * Milner Pass, Colorado
 * Molas Pass, Colorado
 * Monarch Pass, Colorado
 * Monida Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Monkman Pass, British Columbia
 * Monument Hill, Colorado
 * Mores Creek Summit, Idaho
 * Mosca Pass, Colorado
 * Mosquito Pass, Colorado
 * Muddy Pass, Colorado
 * Mullan Pass, Montana
 * Muncho Pass, British Columbia
 * Nez Perce Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * North La Veta Pass, Colorado
 * North Pass, Colorado
 * Ohio Pass, Colorado
 * Old Monarch Pass, Colorado
 * Old Rabbit Ears Pass, Colorado
 * Original Monarch Pass, Colorado
 * Palliser Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Palmer Saddle, Colorado
 * Pawnee Pass, Colorado
 * Phillips Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Pine Pass, British Columbia
 * Piper Pass, Alberta
 * Pipestone Pass, Montana
 * Poncha Pass, Colorado
 * Powder River Pass, Wyoming
 * Ptarmigan Pass, Front Range, Colorado
 * Ptarmigan Pass, Sawatch Range, Colorado
 * Rabbit Ears Pass, Colorado
 * Raton Pass, Colorado and New Mexico
 * Raynolds Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Red Hill Pass, Colorado
 * Red Mountain Pass, Colorado
 * Red Rock Pass, Idaho
 * Rogers Pass, Colorado
 * Rogers Pass, Montana
 * Rollins Pass, Colorado
 * Sangre de Cristo Pass, Colorado
 * Schofield Pass, Colorado
 * Searle Pass, Colorado
 * Shrine Pass, Colorado
 * Sifton Pass, British Columbia
 * Simpson Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Sinclair Pass, British Columbia
 * Slumgullion Summit, Colorado
 * Smuts Pass, Alberta
 * Soldier Summit, Utah
 * South Pass, Wyoming
 * Spring Creek Pass, Colorado
 * Spring Valley Summit, Idaho
 * Stone Man Pass, Colorado
 * Stony Pass, Colorado
 * Summit Pass, British Columbia
 * Sunset Pass, Alberta
 * Sunwapta Pass, Alberta
 * Sylvan Pass, Wyoming
 * Targhee Pass, Idaho and Montana
 * Tennessee Pass, Colorado
 * Teton Pass, Wyoming
 * Thompson Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Togwotee Pass, Wyoming
 * Tonquin Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Trail Ridge High Point, Colorado
 * Trout Creek Pass, Colorado
 * Two Ocean Pass, Wyoming
 * Unaweep Divide, Colorado
 * Ute Pass, Colorado
 * Vail Pass, Colorado
 * Vasquez Pass, Colorado
 * Vermilion Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Wapiti Pass, British Columbia
 * Webster Pass, Colorado
 * White Bird Hill Summit, Idaho
 * Wilkerson Pass, Colorado
 * Willow Creek Pass, Colorado
 * Willow Creek Pass, Montana
 * Wind River Pass, Colorado
 * Windy Pass, Colorado
 * Wolf Creek Pass, Colorado
 * Wolverine Pass, British Columbia
 * Yellowhead Pass, Alberta and British Columbia
 * Yellowjacket Pass, Colorado

Selkirk Mountains

 * Argonaut Pass – British Columbia
 * Asulkan Pass – British Columbia
 * Rogers Pass – British Columbia
 * Kootenay Pass – British Columbia
 * Retallack Pass aka Zincton Pass – British Columbia

Sierra Nevada

 * Barker Pass
 * Beckwourth Pass (lowest Sierra Nevada pass at 5,221 ft)
 * Carson Pass
 * Devil's Gate Pass
 * Donahue Pass
 * Donner Pass (pass of the Donner Party and Lincoln Highway)
 * Donner Summit (Euer Saddle, pass of Interstate 80)
 * Ebbetts Pass
 * Echo Summit (Johnson's Pass, pass of U.S. Route 50)
 * Emigrant Pass (at least 2, one in Tahoe National Forest, another near Mt. Lassen)
 * Forester Pass
 * Fredonyer Pass
 * Glen Pass
 * Henness Pass
 * Luther Pass
 * Monitor Pass
 * Muir Pass
 * Roller Pass
 * Sherman Pass
 * Sonora Pass
 * Tioga Pass (highest Sierra Nevada roadway pass at 9,943 ft)
 * Trail Crest
 * Walker Pass
 * Yuba Pass

Stikine Ranges

 * Aeroplane Pass
 * Metsantan Pass
 * Sifton Pass

Tehachapi Mountains

 * Oak Creek Pass
 * Tehachapi Pass
 * Tejon Pass

Other

 * Emory Pass – New Mexico, NM Highway 152 crosses this pass in the Black Range between the towns of Kingston (east side) and San Lorenzo (west side).
 * Fremont Pass – Nevada, in the Lake Range, 8 mi. NE of Pyramid Lake
 * Newhall Pass – California, separating the San Gabriel Mountains from the Santa Susana Mountains
 * Pickle Gap – a mountain pass in Arkansas
 * San Gorgonio Pass – California, separates Mount San Gorgonio and the Transverse ranges from Mount San Jacinto and the Peninsular ranges
 * Tijeras Pass – New Mexico, main route through the Sandia and Manzano Mountains east of Albuquerque
 * Polkorridoren, Peary Land, Greenland

Northern Andes

 * Collado del Condor – Pico el Águila, Mérida (state)
 * La Línea, Colombia (connects between Ibagué and Armenia)
 * Papallacta Pass, Ecuador – 4,200 metres (13,766 feet)

Central Andes

 * Abra de Porculla, Peru (connects between Olmos and Marañón) — 2137 m, lowest pass in the Andes
 * Ticlio, Peru — 4818 m
 * Paso Chungará, Chile–Bolivia (on road 11 and 4, connects between Arica and La Paz) — 4680 m
 * Paso Colchane – Pisigua, Chile–Bolivia (on road 15 and 12, connects between Iquique and Oruro) — 3710 m

Southern Andes

 * Abra del Acay, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between La Poma and San Antonio de los Cobres) — 4972 m (3.09 miles high)
 * Abra de Chorillos, Salta Province, Argentina (connects between San Antonio de los Cobres and Caucharí)
 * Paso de Agua Negra, Chile–Argentina (connects between La Serena and San José de Jachal)
 * Paso Cardenal Samoré (Formerly known as Puyehue), Chile–Argentina (connects between Osorno and San Carlos de Bariloche) — 1314 m
 * Paso Carirriñe, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and Junín de los Andes) — 1176 m
 * Paso Derecho, Chile–Argentina (connects between Los Ángeles and Zapala)
 * Paso Futalefú, Chile–Argentina (connects between Chaitén and Esquel)
 * Paso Huahum, Chile–Argentina (connects between Panguipulli and San Martín de los Andes) — 659 m
 * Paso de Ipela, Chile–Argentina (connects between Futrono and San Martín de los Andes) — ≈ 1400 m
 * Paso de Jama, Chile–Argentina (connects between San Pedro de Atacama and Susques) — ≈ 4200 m
 * Paso Libertadores, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3200 m
 * Uspallata Pass, Chile–Argentina (connects between Santiago and Mendoza) — ≈ 3810 m
 * Paso Mamuil Malal, Chile–Argentina (connects between Pucón and Junín de los Andes)
 * Paso Pampa Alta (also known as Puesto Viejo), Chile–Argentina (connects between Coihaique and Alto Río Senguer) — 865 m
 * Paso Pehuenche, Chile–Argentina (connects between San Clemente and Bardas Blancas)
 * Paso Pérez Rosales, Chile–Argentina (connects between Puerto Varas and San Carlos de Bariloche)
 * Paso Pino Hachado, Chile–Argentina (connects between Temuco and Zapala) — 1884 m
 * Paso Pircas Negras, Chile–Argentina (connects between Copiapó and Chilecito)
 * Paso Río Encuentro, Chile–Argentina (connects between Palena and Tecka)
 * Paso Roballo, Chile–Argentina (connects between Cochrane and Bajo Caracoles)
 * Paso San Francisco, Chile–Argentina (connects between Copiapó and Fiambalá) — 4748 m
 * Paso de Sico, Chile–Argentina (connects between Socaire and Catua) — 4092 m
 * Chile Route 23 — 4580 m
 * Chile Route 27 — 4831 m

Other

 * Abra de la Ventana, Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
 * Contulmo Pass, Nahuelbuta Range part of larger Chilean Coast Range (connects between Contulmo and Purén)
 * Serra do Rio do Rastro, Brazil

title: List of mountain passes


text:
Kurt Eichhorn

Kurt Peter Eichhorn (4 August 1908 – 29 June 1994), was a German conductor.

Eichhorn was born in Munich, the son of a painter. He studied music at the conservatory in Würzburg with Hermann Zilcher and progressed through provincial houses. His conducting debut was in 1932 as a conductor and choral conductor in Bielefeld. He also worked as a conductor in Teplitz-Schönau and Karlsbad. Hitler's annexation of the Sudetenland provided Eichhorn with career openings in Teplice (1939) and Karlovy Vary (1941–1943). He began conducting at the far more significant Dresden State Opera in 1941, and was a conductor of the Dresden Philharmonic in 1944. The postwar years found him back in his hometown of Munich. From 1945, he directed the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bavarian People's Opera, and taught conducting at the Munich Academy of Music. From 1956 to 1967, he was chief conductor of the State Theatre at the Gärtnerplatz in Munich. He was chief conductor of the Munich Radio Orchestra from 1967 to 1975. He was appointed honorary conductor of the Bruckner Orchestra in Linz, with which he began a recording cycle of the symphonies of Anton Bruckner, but this project remained unfinished when he died at Murnau. He was noted for his recordings of the music of Carl Orff. In 1991, the Bruckner Association of Upper Austria awarded him the Gold Plaque.

title: Kurt Eichhorn


text:
Au in der Hallertau

The municipality of Au in der Hallertau is located in the north of the district of Freising and in the southern part of the Hallertau, in Bavaria, Germany. Au is famous for its important role in hop planting and hop distribution.

title: Au in der Hallertau


text:
Talk:List of mountain passes

Significance for inclusion
While it would be possible to go nuts and list every named saddle between two peaks, this list should confine itself to passes that have some sort of significance, whether as a trade route, tourist access, military strongpoint, etc. Passes with insufficient info for an article longer than one sentence should not make the cut for this list. Stan 18:35, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

A big list
A friend found this list: Named Paved Road Passes/Summits - highest elevation first. It would be worth going over it. Without that link, I wasn't able to determine the highest paved road in North America.

What about South London's Cols
I think there should be a list of the locations of the cols of South London as they are important to the topology of the South London area, especially the more urban or suburban areas. I do not think a list with the word "mountain" would be important for this. There are no mountains in England. When I looked up "Col" I found "Moutain pass". 87.194.35.230 08:01, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Sifton Pass
Not sure where to put it; it separates the Northern Rockies (Kwadacha/Kechika area) from the Stikine Ranges; it's a divide in the Rocky Mountain Trench, like Canal Flats, and isn't in either. Summit Lake Pass north of Prince George needs an article, but is on the Nechako Plateau, not on a mountain range (and there's another near Nakusp of the same name); Rose Lake Pass likewise (the divide between the Bulkley and Endako, and like Summit Lake an important prominence col. I also wanted to add the Begbie Summit on Hwy 97, which crests the Cariboo Plateau, and its cousins on the Merritt-Kamloops and Merritt-Peachland parts of the Coquihalla freeways are on the Thopmson Plateau; I guess I'll make an Interior Plateau section?  Interestingly, though there are mountain ranges within those plateaus, none that I can think of have pass-names in them, other than some around Barkerville I think, in the Quesnel Highland.  Not sure what hte pass-name between Charryville and Fauquier on Hwy 6 is....the pass by Big White has a name, I think; Anarchist Mountain is a region article, not written as a summit, though it functions as a pass (though not a geograhpic one, only a highway summit). These are just notes, and seeking feedback on Interior Plateau items.Skookum1 (talk) 07:27, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Caucasus
What about the Caucasus? Why isn't the region even mentioned? This is ridiculous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.21.224.88 (talk) 04:10, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of mountain passes