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Nutan

Nutan Samarth-Bahl ( Samarth; 4 June 1936 – 21 February 1991), known mononymously as Nutan was an Indian actress who worked primarily in Hindi films. In a career spanning nearly four decades, she appeared in more than 80 films, that ranged in genre from urban romances to socio-realist dramas. Regarded as one of the finest actors in the history of Indian cinema, Nutan was noted for her naturalistic acting style in parts of conflicted women often deemed unconventional. Her accolades include a record five Filmfare Awards for Best Actress. In 1974, Nutan received the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award.

Born in Bombay to filmmaker Kumarsen Samarth and film actress Shobhna Samarth, Nutan started her career at the age of 14 in the 1950 film Hamari Beti, directed by her mother. She subsequently starred in the films Nagina and Hum Log (both 1951). Her role in Seema (1955) garnered her wider recognition and her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She continued playing leading roles through the 1960s until the late 1970s and went onto win the award on four other occasions for her roles in Sujata (1959), Bandini (1963), Milan (1967) and Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1978). Some of her other films of this period include Anari (1959), Chhalia (1960), Tere Ghar Ke Saamne (1963), Khandan (1965), Saraswatichandra (1968), Anuraag (1972) and Saudagar (1973).

In the 1980s, Nutan started playing character roles and continued working until shortly before her death. She portrayed mostly motherly roles in such films as Saajan Ki Saheli (1981), Meri Jung (1985) and Naam (1986). Her performance in Meri Jung earned her a sixth and final Filmfare Award, in the Best Supporting Actress category. Nutan was married to naval Lieutenant-Commander Rajnish Bahl from 1959 until her death from breast cancer in 1991. Their only child, son Mohnish Bahl is an actor.

Early life and family
Nutan Samarth-Bahl was born on 4 June 1936 in Bombay into a Marathi Hindu family as the eldest of four children to director-poet Kumarsen Samarth and his actress wife and filmmaker Shobhna. Kumarsen was one of the early developers of the Films Division of India. Her maternal grandmother Rattan Bai and her aunt Nalini Jaywant were also actors. She grew up with complexes as she was considered too skinny in her childhood. She had two sisters: actress Tanuja and Chatura and a brother Jaideep. Her parents separated before Jaideep's birth. Actresses Kajol and Tanishaa Mukerji are Nutan's nieces. Her niece Kajol later shared her record for most Filmfare Best Actress wins.

As a child, Nutan went to Villa Theresa School and was later educated at the Baldwin Girls' High School in Bangalore. While she was attracted to the performing arts since childhood and liked singing and dancing, she liked arithmetic and geography at school. She took lessons in classical music for four years under Jagannath Prasad. In 1953, when her film career had already started, she headed to Switzerland for further studies at La Chatelaine, a finishing school. She was sent there at the behest of her mother following Nutan's intensive work in films and major weight loss. She described the one year spent there as the happiest in her life and returned home a year later having gained 22 pounds.

Film debut and early work (1945-1954)

Nutan first appeared briefly in front of the camera as a child in her father's film Nal Damyanti in 1945. She started her career at age 14 by playing the protagonist in Hamari Beti (1950), directed by her mother. She was conflicted during the making of the film, unsure she could pull it off given how critical she was of her appearance and talents. She took part in Snehal Bhatkar's soundtrack for the film, singing the song "Tujhe Kaisa Dulha Bhaaye Re". The film released to considerable attention for Nutan's work. The Motion Picture Magazine gave a scathing review of the film but took note of Nutan's "fine performance", which showed "great promise". She recalled an instance where her relatives changed their mind about her after watching the film: "The relatives who called me ugly changed their opinions overnight. They said they were proud of me."

Ravindra Dave's suspense thriller Nagina (1951) followed, and Nutan's performance in the film gained her greater recognition. The film became her first commercial success. Aged 15 at the time of its release, she was not allowed to attend its premiere as it was certified "A: (restricted for adults) and she was underage. The social drama Hum Log, released the same year, was similarly popular with audiences. Directed by Zia Sarhadi, the film dealt with the trials and tribulations of a middle-class family and starred Nutan as the daughter Paro, an aspiring writer who suffers from tuberculosis. Nagina and Hum Log consolidated her position as a rising star.

The following year, she participated at the 1952 Femina Miss India contest, where she was crowned Miss Mussoorie, before being sent to Switzerland for further studies due to her weight loss and frail appearance.

Breakthrough, success and stardom (1955-1979)
Her first big break was Seema (1955), for which she won her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She followed her success with a romantic comedy, Paying Guest, in which she co-starred with Dev Anand. By late 1950's she was an established star. In 1959, she starred in two hit films, Anari (with Raj Kapoor) and Bimal Roy's Sujata (with Sunil Dutt), for which she won her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress. In the 1960s and 1970s, she had many more successful films including Chhalia (1960), Saraswatichandra (1968), Devi (1970) and Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1978).

In 1960, she starred opposite Raj Kapoor once again in Manmohan Desai's Chhalia, which earned her a Filmfare nomination for Best Actress. In a film review at the time, Filmfare wrote: "As the unfortunate girl disowned by her relatives for no fault of hers, Nutan puts over a superb and memorable portrayal."

She formed a popular screen couple with co-star Dev Anand and the two acted in four films together – Paying Guest (1957), Baarish (1957), Manzil (1960) and Tere Ghar Ke Samne (1963).

Bimal Roy's socio-realist Bandini (1963) is based on Tamasi, a Bengali novel by Jarasandha, and stars Nutan as Kalyani, a young prisoner convicted for poisoning the wife of her lover (Ashok Kumar). The story follows her life in prison and how she is later faced with a choice between her past love and a young prison doctor (Dharmendra) who falls in love with her. Having quit acting after marriage, Nutan was persuaded to accept the part by Roy, who asserted that he would abandon the project if she refused. She was pregnant during the making of the film.

Bandini was a major critical success, and Nutan received career-best reviews for her portrayal, which is often cited as one of the finest performances of Indian cinema. The film won six awards at the 11th Filmfare Awards, including Best Film and a third Best Actress for Nutan. The Bengal Film Journalists' Association ranked Bandini as the third-best Indian film of the year and acknowledged Nutan with the Best Actress award in its Hindi section. Author and critic Dinesh Raheja wrote: "Sans screaming hysteria-niks, Nutan puts across one of the finest performances seen on Hindi screen. She recognised and was perfectly in tandem with Kalyani's innate strength of character." In 2010, Filmfare included her performance in its "80 Iconic Performances" list. Anupama Chopra included the film in her list of "The 20 Best Hindi Films Ever Made", calling Kalyani "one of Hindi cinema's most complex and fully realized female characters", which was "the role of a lifetime" for Nutan, whose "face raged with a grand passion and a quiet grace". In 2013, Forbes India listed Nutan's performance as one of the "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema", hailing her work as "the best acting by a lead actress in Indian cinema".

Her fourth Filmfare win came for Milan (1967). She starred opposite Amitabh Bachchan in 1973's Saudagar (1973), for which she received a sixth Filmfare nomination and a third BFJA award. In 1978, she made an astonishing return to the screen as the righteous Sanjukta Chauhan in Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1978). For this performance, she received an eighth Filmfare nomination and won her fifth Filmfare Award for Best Actress, at the age of 42. She thus became a record holder in the category, having won five awards for Best Actress at Filmfare. At age 42, she is also the oldest winner of the award. Nutan was perhaps the only actress of her generation to command leading roles in her 40s, with tremendous success.

Final film roles (1980-1989)
Following this, she starred in Saajan Ki Saheli (1981), as an ignorant, jealous wife to a husband who knowingly befriends the daughter she abandoned at childbirth. In the 1980s, she played roles in blockbuster films such as Meri Jung (1985), Naam (1986) and Karma (1986). Karma was notable for being the first time she was paired with actor Dilip Kumar. For Meri Jung, she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her last film released while she was alive was Kanoon Apna Apna in 1989. She died in 1991 of cancer. Two of her films Naseebwala (1992) and Insaniyat (1994) were released after her death. She also gave a stellar performance as Kaliganj Ki Bahu in the TV serial Mujrim Hazir, her only role on the small screen. Nutan also sang two songs, one in Paying Guest and the other in Chhabili.

Personal life
Nutan married Indian Navy's Lieutenant-Commander Rajnish Bahl on 11 October 1959. Their only son Mohnish, was born on 14 August 1961, who is an established television and film actor. Her son is married to actress Ekta Sohini. His daughter (Nutan's granddaughter) Pranutan Bahl, named after Nutan, is also a film actress. Nutan was fond of hunting. Her husband died from a fire accident in his apartment in 2004.

Illness and death
Nutan was diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 1990. In February 1991, she was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after she fell ill. At that time, she was filming Garajna and Insaniyat. She died at 12:07 p.m. (IST) on 21 February 1991.

Artistry and legacy
Nutan is regarded as one of the greatest actors of Indian cinema. She was noted for her willingness to play unconventional roles and several of her roles were labelled "path-breaking". In 2011, Rediff.com listed her as the third-greatest actress of all-time after Nargis and Smita Patil. In 2012, Nutan was placed 10th by NDTV in its "The Most Popular Actress of All Time" list. In 2022, she was placed in Outlook India's 75 Best Bollywood Actresses list. Times of India's placed her in their "50 Beautiful Faces" list. In 2023, journalist Rajeev Masand named her one of Hindi cinema's best actresses of all time.

Filmfare termed her face "camera-friendly" and said, "Apart from a lissome figure Nutan was gifted with one of the most camera-friendly faces in the industry. One could film her from any angle and it came out perfect." Actresses such as Sadhana and Smita Patil noted Nutan as their influence. Sadhana was once quoted as saying: "If there was any actress I modeled myself in the lines of it was the versatile Nutan in Seema, Sujata and Bandini. Parakh was a film where I really followed Nutan." Filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali said, "They don't make actresses like her anymore." Singer Lata Mangeshkar said that Nutan was an actress who did justice to her voice on screen.

M.L. Dhawan of The Tribune noted, "Nutan fine-tuned her dialogue delivery with an evocative voice. A natural throw was the hallmark of Nutan's dialogue delivery. She was low key and mellow as she was peppery and sarcastic and yet made a strong impact. She either played the main part or at least shared equal footing with the male counterpart." According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Nutan had "developed a natural acting style under Bimal Roy's direction." Arushi Jain of The Indian Express stated, "The actor left an indelible mark on the minds of those who had the fortune of watching her on the silver screen." Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri of The Telegraph noted, "Nutan essayed a range of roles that measured up both critically and as a star." Nutan was known for her nuanced portrayal and for her female characters that stood "shoulder-to-shoulder" with the male characters. Nutan's performance in Bandini was list in "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema" by Forbes. Filmfare's "80 Iconic Performances" list placed her 49th for the same film.

Filmfare Awards
Filmfare Award for Best Actress

Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
BFJA Award for Best Actress (Hindi)

Tributes and honors

Nutan's narrative is depicted in the book Nutan – Asen Mi Nasen Mi (meaning 'whether I will exist or not') written by famous Marathi author Lalita Tamhane. Her biography was launched by actress Madhuri Dixit in 2016. In February 2011, a postage stamp, bearing Nutan's photo, was released to honour her by the Government of India. On Nutan's 81st birthday in 2017, Google commemorated her with a Doodle.

Giving her a tribute, Singer Lata Mangeshkar said, "If one has to rank the actresses by their acting prowess, the name of Nutan will be at the top." Actress Sonam Kapoor recreated the famous Nutan pose from Saraswatichandra and termed the actress her "favourite". Actress Tara Sutaria termed Nutan "fascinating" and said that her generation misses out on Nutan's "adaa and nazaaqat". Lalit Kumar noted that the actress performed "every role with a certain moral superiority and grace". The Bimal Roy Film and Memorial Society organised a three-day retrospective to mark the 83rd birth anniversary of Nutan in 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nutan


text:
Saskatchewan Act

The Saskatchewan Act (Loi sur la Saskatchewan) is an act of the Parliament of Canada which established the new province of Saskatchewan, effective September 1, 1905. Its long title is An Act to establish and provide for the government of the Province of Saskatchewan. The act received royal assent on July 20, 1905. The Saskatchewan Act is part of the Constitution of Canada.

Creation
From 1870 to 1905, the region which is now Saskatchewan was part of the North-West Territories, established by the Parliament of Canada. As the population of the North-West Territories increased, its government evolved from an appointed lieutenant governor in 1876, to responsible government in 1897, to near full provincial powers, with the exception of direct taxation by 1901. However, with the Government of Canada failing to cover the full expenses of the territories, Premier Frederick Haultain requested provincial status for a large swathe of the territories.

The initial proposal by the Conservative Haultain to Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier in 1900 was seconded by Liberal James Ross, and was taken under consideration by Clifford Sifton, Minister of the Interior. Haultain desired that the entire area between Manitoba and British Columbia be incorporated as a single province, due to the region's shared history and economy. Others supported splitting the area into two or more separate provinces based on the existing provisional districts, for fear a single province would be unwieldy, and that it might come to dominate federal politics. The Laurier government postponed any decision until after the 1904 election, during which Haultain actively campaigned for the Conservatives. The Conservatives lost to Laurier's Liberals, and following the election, the Liberals decided to create two provinces, Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Two sections in the act as passed caused significant controversy: section 17, which constitutionally entrenched the existing rights of the religious minority in each school district, whether Roman Catholic or Protestant, to establish publicly funded separate schools, with no discrimination in public funding against the separate schools, and section 21, which reserved management of public lands and natural resources to the Government of Canada.

Section 17 was controversial because the issue of religious instruction also paralleled language issues, as Protestants were mainly anglophones, and most francophones were Roman Catholic. English Canadians felt that immigrants should be assimilated into the British culture and language, while French Canadians saw any removal of existing protections as an attack on the French culture. Clifford Sifton resigned rather than support the initial draft of this provision, which he considered to be expanding the rights then in force under the territorial law. A modified version of section 17 was included in the act despite the protests and Sifton's resignation.

Section 21 allowed the Government of Canada to retain control over the public lands and natural resources in the new province, unlike the situation in the older provinces, which had control over their public lands and natural resources. While the act provided for monetary transfers to compensate for the lack of resource revenue, this policy hindered the economic growth of the new province and became one of the original sources of western alienation. Haultain formed a protest party, the Provincial Rights Party, based around this issue. The province finally obtained control over natural resources in 1930, with the passage of the Natural Resources Acts and the Constitution Act, 1930. This issue was again clarified in the Constitution Act, 1982.

The Alberta Act was passed at the same time as the Saskatchewan Act, creating the new province of Alberta. At the time, the two acts were often referred to as the "Autonomy Acts." The provisions of the two acts are very similar.

Sections of the act
The act consists of the following sections (paraphrased):
 * 1) Provides the shortened name of the act.
 * 2) Describes the physical boundaries of the province.
 * 3) Constitution Act, 1867 applies to Saskatchewan.
 * 4) Four members appointed to the Senate of Canada.
 * 5) Current representation in the House of Commons will remain in effect until the next election.
 * 6) Sets the number of Members of Parliament members based on population.
 * 7) Election guidelines of the Northwest Territories applies to the province until amended by Parliament.
 * 8) Lieutenant governor determines members of the Executive Council.
 * 9) Seat of government is Regina.
 * 10) Powers of the lieutenant governor of the Northwest Territories shall be same as those of the lieutenant governor in Saskatchewan.
 * 11) Lieutenant governor shall provide a Great Seal for the new province.
 * 12) The single house of the provincial legislature to be named the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.
 * 13) Initially 25 members of the provincial legislature until changed by said legislature. A schedule followed the main body of the act that defined the initial electoral divisions for the province.
 * 14) Current laws of the Northwest Territories shall apply to Saskatchewan.
 * 15) The first general election must be called within six months.
 * 16) Laws and courts: Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories may be abolished in Saskatchewan if replaced by a similar court.
 * 17) Amended section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 as it applies in Saskatchewan; rights of Roman Catholics and Protestants to separate schools continued.
 * 18) Subsidies from the federal government based on a fixed amount and population size.
 * 19) Annual payments of $405 375 to Saskatchewan from the federal government.
 * 20) Compensation for use of public lands by the federal government.
 * 21) Existing federal lands, mines and minerals will remain the property of the federal government.
 * 22) Properties and assets of the Northwest Territories to be divided equally between Saskatchewan and Alberta.
 * 23) Preserves the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company with respect to land surrendered to the Crown.
 * 24) Provisions for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Repealed retroactive to August 29, 1966, by the Constitution Amendment, 2022 (Saskatchewan Act).
 * 25) Act comes into effect on September 1, 1905.

Original electoral divisions
The original 25 electoral divisions were defined in a schedule following the main body of the act. These 25 divisions were:

 * 1) Souris
 * 2) Cannington
 * 3) Moosomin
 * 4) Whitewood
 * 5) Grenfell
 * 6) Wolseley
 * 7) Saltcoats
 * 8) Yorkton
 * 9) South Qu'Appelle
 * 10) North Qu'Appelle
 * 11) South Regina
 * 12) Regina City
 * 13) Lumsden
 * 14) Moose Jaw
 * 15) Moose Jaw City
 * 16) Maple Creek
 * 17) Humboldt
 * 18) Kinistino
 * 19) Prince Albert
 * 20) Prince Albert City
 * 21) Batoche
 * 22) Saskatoon
 * 23) Rosthern
 * 24) Redberry
 * 25) Battleford

title: Saskatchewan Act


text:
Talk:George Beurling

Untitled
It says here that George Beurling was reinterred at Mount Carmel. There is one of these in, I believe, Edmonton, Canada, near Chicago, Illionois in the US, and in Israel. There may be another near Niagara, perhaps in Canada.

Which one was he buried at? RayKiddy 05:52, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

First, is it confirmed Malta Spit wasn't published til after his death? I've seen a 1943 copywright date. Second, if anyone cares, on 27 July 1942, he downed Sgt Pilot Faliero Gelli, Regia Aeronautica, in a Macchi C.202, the only opposing pilot to survive Beurling shooting him down. (Or so I've heard.) Trekphiler 03:01, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I read that about Gelli in the biography of Nolan, but in fact several pilots came back even after beeing shot at by Beurling, I am speaking of several German pilots that he claimed shot down but that came back to base, but that is not exactly the same thing...

--Gian piero milanetti (talk) 14:01, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

Niclot Doglio kill
I add a picture of Niclot Doglio as he was the most illustrious "victim" of Beurling. Doglio, in fact, was one of the most famous pilot (not only Italian) and he held several world record. So I think it is interesting to read (and to see) about him. --Gian piero milanetti (talk) 14:02, 31 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Questionable, why not start an article on him, the image is extremely jarring in an article on Beurling. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 14:03, 31 October 2010 (UTC).
 * Okay, I have found the article on Doglio, that's where this photo should reside. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 14:45, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

George Buerling
I always bristle when I see "Screwball" and "Buzz" used before "Buerling" in any piece about him.

My father, an RCAF public relations officer during the war was Buerling's guardian during his cross Canada trip on return from Malta in 1942 and got to know him very well as he struggled to keep the independent minded Buerling on schedule. According to my dad, Buerling's nickname, among those that were with him a lot, was "Ricky", and not Scewball or Buzz. It may have been because one of his favorite drinks was Lime Rickey, a popular mixer and what we might call soda pop in the 40s and 50s.

Mike McCall  " — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.222.183.110 (talk) 22:14, 27 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds interesting and even probable but it is fairly well documented that like it or not, George Beurling was tagged with the inevitable and contemporary slang, "Buzz" and the more uncomplimentary "Screwball" (by his RCAF compatriots in the Malta campaign).(Milberry 1990, p. 375)

 * "Ricky" could simply stem from his middlename "Frederick"... 89.204.135.52 (talk) 00:19, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Burial
If he was buried at the "Protestant Cemetery behind the Cestia Pyramid", in Rome, who authorised his removal to Israel? As he hadn't joined the Israeli Air Force, or reached Israel, it seems a little odd that his body was taken there.203.184.41.226 (talk) 08:36, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Spitfires in Malta
Your description of Beurling flying a Spitfire in Malta in '41 is incorrect. Simon Hollands definitive books plus other sources places their arrival in '42. Up to that point Churchill was determined to reserve them for the defence of the UK. In addition my father flew with 249 squadron arriving shortly after Beurling and I therefore know from many conversations that there were no spitfires in Malta during this period. Beurlinf]g was an excellent marksman with a method of deflection shooting (i.e. not attacking at the 6 O'Clock classic position) which enabled him to uniquely compete against better aircraft. My father's Squadron leader attempted to use my fathers excellent mathematical skills to try to distill this knowledge into a tractable for for the benefit of all, my father recounted that after many sessions he failed to capturer Beurling's logic! The issue of "old" aircraft in Malta was pursued by the ace Tom O'Niel also of 249 who  complained to the AVM Hugh Lloyd about the inadequacies of the British fighters which in June '41 were mainly Hurricane Is (very underpowered circal 1,000 to 1,300hp) and a few Hurricane II (1,480 hp) compared to the sleeker and better armed Me109 E7s which arrived in this period. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WG42 (talk • contribs) 20:40, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

German ancestry?
"Buerling" sounds quite german, like anglicized "Beuerling" or "Bürling", common german surnames. Any info on his family? 89.204.135.52 (talk) 00:22, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Reorganize Malta section
"Beurling was a committed Christian, teetotaler, and non-smoker; while his counterparts patronized the local bars every night, he dedicated himself totally to the art of aerial combat."

While this is probably true, it is misleading in the Malta section because due to the state of siege on the island, it was highly unlikely that the pilots were patronizing local bars, let alone every night... for a description of what it was actually like to be a Malta based flyer in summer 1942 see Catrìona (talk) 05:53, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Divorce under Death?
This text was removed from the Death section. The article does not discuss his marriage. Discussing his divorce under Death does not make much sense. It may belong somewhere else, so the text is preserved.

Quote: Beurling's marriage ended in March 1945, but he was not formally divorced. He survived the war, but struggled to adjust to civilian life.

Jeffrey Walton (talk) 11:59, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Physical description under Death?
This text was removed from the Death section. Discussing his physique under Death does not make much sense. It may belong somewhere else, so the text is preserved.

Quote: According to Group Captain "Laddie" Lucas, Beurling was "untidy, with a shock of fair tousled hair above penetrating blue eyes. He smiled a lot and the smile came straight out of those striking eyes... he was highly strung, brash and outspoken... something of a rebel".

Jeffrey Walton (talk) 12:05, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

Something unclear - Summary of victory claims
The table lists the 6th and 7th victories on July 8th, 1942. But the "Kills" column states only one aircraft destroyed, and 2 damaged. Seems contradictory. Thanks, Utzli (talk) 11:11, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Beurling


text:
Jan Simonsen

Jan Simonsen (3 March 1953 – 12 August 2019) was a Norwegian politician, writer and journalist. He was a member of parliament from 1989 to 2005, and a member of the Progress Party until he was expelled from the party in 2001. He was the deputy leader of the Democrats party from 2003 to 2004. Since his parliamentary term ended, he largely withdrew from party politics to focus on his writing and journalism. He was a staunch supporter of Israel, and wrote the blog Frie Ytringer which focused on the Islamisation of Europe.

Early and personal life
Simonsen was born in Stavanger to businesspersons Viktor Holck Simonsen (1913–90) and Martha Espevoll (1917–91). He was born and raised in the city district Våland, and later lived a few years in Eiganes. He studied social science at Rogaland University College and has a minor in history. He was editor for the publications Strandbuen, Video- og TV-guiden and the official Progress Party publication Fremskritt. He was not married.

He was baptised in the Church of Norway, and as an adult remained a strong supporter of the church, but left it during the term of Gunnar Stålsett as bishop of Oslo. This was as Stålsett had been the chairman of the Centre Party in the 1970s, and got his bid for bishop supported by Centre Party MPs in 1998, with Simonsen thinking the choice to have been too politicised. When Stålsett stepped down in 2005, and was succeeded by Ole Christian Kvarme, Simonsen however rejoined the church.

In 2004 Simonsen was a competitor on the reality television show Robinson VIP, a Scandinavian adaptation and celebrity edition of Survivor that aired in 2005, finishing as runner-up.

Political career
Simonsen was during the 1970s active in the nonpartisan youth organisation Moderate Youth, and was the chairman of its Rogaland chapter from 1975 to 1977. He joined Anders Lange's Party in 1975, which was renamed the Progress Party in 1977, citing a great admiration of the party founder Anders Lange (who though had died in 1974). Simonsen held numerous positions within the party, including chairman of the Rogaland chapter of the Progress Party's Youth from 1978 to 1981 and vice chairman of the Progress Party itself from 1991 to 1993. From 1989 to 2005 he was a member of parliament.

On 19 October 2001, the Progress Party expelled Simonsen from the party after 25 years as a member. The same day, the party's secretary general Geir Mo made the statement to the Norwegian news agency NTB that "the Progress Party has, after a complete evaluation, decided that it is best for both parties to leave each other". Prior to the expulsion, Simonsen had faced scrutiny due to a Rikets tilstand documentary on TV 2, alleging that he had used his position as representative to help a friend obtain a liquor license. Simonsen however hold that party chairman Carl I. Hagen misused his position to expel him together with other high-ranking members in 2001 for rather non-existent reasons. He has since had a poor relationship with both Carl I. Hagen and his wife Eli Hagen, though he remained largely on good terms with Progress Party politicians in general, including future leader Siv Jensen.

Since then, Simonsen sat as an independent member of parliament until 2005. From 2003 to 2004, he was vice chairman of the Democrats, a party founded in 2002 largely by other Progress Party members who had been expelled around the same time as Simonsen. He withdrew from the Democrats as a member in 2007. While he was not a member of the Democrats, he however ran as the top candidate for the party in Akershus for the 2009 parliamentary election.

Political views
Simonsen was a staunch supporter of Israel and its right to defend itself against terrorism, citing that he as a teenager had read much about the Second World War and the Holocaust, which coincidented with the breakout of the Six-Day War. He however assert that he had friends both on the Israeli and Palestinian side of the conflict. In 2003, he congratulated Israel for the assassination of Ahmed Yassin and Russia for the liquidation of Aslan Maskhadov in 2005. Before the 2009 election, he said that his most important issues was to "fight for our basic democratic, liberal and human society values against external pressure, mainly from Islamic societies".

title: Jan Simonsen


text:
Talk:Jan Simonsen

Exclusion
The statement in Norwegian from the general secretary of the Progress Party was as follows: Frp har etter en helhetsvurdering funnet at det er best for begge parter at vi skiller lag. If any Norwegian speaking reads this page and think they have a better translation, feel free to change it. —This unsigned comment was added by 129.177.30.18 (talk • contribs) 06:04, 1 December 2003 (UTC).

Neutrality
The article seems a bit biased, with a peculiar introduction and lots of juicy stories about Simonsen, and just a few dry facts about his terms in various parliamentary committees. Is there nothing more positive to say from his 16 consecutive years (4 periods) in Parliament and also earlier career? I don't know much about him myself so I hope others can contribute. In the mean time I will perhaps tag the article with neutrality or controversial or something. --Eddi (Talk) 23:06, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality (2)
The article is currently not close to neutral. For example:

1) None of Simonsen`s achievements in his 25 year political carrier is mentioned, except his "experience" in various organisations.

2) Contains subjective information such as "He refuses the tag of racist, but maintains a series of somehow peculiar political views:" or "These stunts (...) may be explained with the necessity of maintaining a certain presence in the media, since his expulsion from the Progress Party."

3) The author portraits Simonsen as an anti-islamic racist, but "forgets" to mention his many Muslim Palestinian friends which Simonsen supports with a major amount of money.

4) It is difficult to see how the information about Simonsen taking advice from a male prostitute when writing a book s of any relevance. This is mentioned in the start of the article....

Why was the link to the interview with Simonsen deleted?
I see that the link that was added to Taliban Norway Magazine's interview with Jan Simonsen was deleted. Any good reason why? In that interview Mr. Simonsen talks in some depth about the libel cases he lost against the Progress Party and against TV2. Will the user Billinghurst please come forward?--221.239.225.113 (talk) 01:15, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

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text:
AirTran (disambiguation)

AirTran Airways is a defunct North American low cost airline.

AirTran may also refer to:
 * AirTran Holdings, a former airline holding company
 * AirTran JetConnect, an outsourced and defunct brand operated by Air Wisconsin
 * Vought Airtrans, a defunct automated people mover system

title: AirTran (disambiguation)


text:
TV 2 (Norwegian TV channel)

TV 2 Direkte (English: TV 2 Live) is a Norwegian terrestrial television channel. Its headquarters are located in Bergen. TV 2 began test broadcasting on 13 November 1991, and a year later, it was officially launched on 5 September 1992, becoming Norway's first commercial free-to-air television channel. In 1992, TV 2 A/S was admitted as full active member of the European Broadcasting Union.

As is common with television (and cinema) in Norway, most foreign-language shows and segments of local programmes with foreign language dialogues (e.g. interviews with foreigners) are subtitled in Norwegian, not dubbed (with a notable exception being children's programmes). Since 2012, TV 2 has been owned by one of its co-founders, the Danish media company Egmont Group.

The channel was renamed from TV 2 to TV 2 Direkte in 2023, in an attempt to differentiate it from their streaming servive TV 2 Play (not to be confused for the Danish service with the same name). Although direkte means "Live", far from all programming on the channel is actually broadcast live.

The channel was free-to-air on terrestrial TV from its launch date until 1 January 2010, when it became a pay-TV channel. On cable TV and satellite it was de facto a pay-TV channel from the start.

History
In 1990, the Storting opened the way for an advertising-financed alternative to NRK to be established. The license was announced on 31 January 1991, with the requirement that no owner could own more than 20 per cent of the shares in the channel. There were many interested parties for the concession, and among others Schibsted, Egmont, Orkla, a grouping around Rolf Wesenlund and Arne Fjørtoft and an investor group called NTN went with plans to apply for the license. The license as won by TV 2 AS in 1991. The company was a consortium owned by Schibsted, Vital Forsikring, Gutenberghus, NTN, Selvaag, Bergens Tidende and Sissel Ditlevsen.

TV 2 had its official start on 5 September 1992 with the show For første gang (For the First Time), led by Dan Børge Akerø. The show was a simulcast with NRK, and was seen by 1.7 million viewers.

Normal broadcasts started the following day with the broadcast of an Eliteserien match between Viking and Rosenborg, a concert with the Oslo Gospel Choir in addition to news, sports and a documentary. In addition, the American series Flipper and Et vilt liv had been given a place on the broadcast schedule.

In the first week on the channel, viewers saw premieres of the channel's own productions such as VTV, Askeladden and Holmgang, in addition to foreign series such as Cheers, The Naked Gun and A Country Practice.

TV 2 Direkte HD
TV 2 started broadcasting in high-definition on 25 June 2009. Initially, the channel was only available on the terrestrial RiksTV platform. The first programme broadcast in HD was Allsang på grensen. Other broadcasts in HD during 2009 include Tour de France, Friday and Saturday movies, Sunday night football, Jakten på kjærligheten, Skal vi danse and American series such as Grey's Anatomy, Cleaners, Scrubs, Brothers & Sisters, Modern Family and Criminal Minds. TV2 also produces original programming, including the award-winning show Gylne tider.

TV 2 Direkte HD is transmitted in 720p50.

Original programming

 * TV 2 Nyhetene
 * God morgen Norge
 * Kompani Lauritzen
 * Kasko
 * Hver gang vi møtes
 * Sofa (Sequel to the NRK1 show with the same name)
 * Farmen
 * Norge bak fasaden
 * Dyrepasserne
 * The Voice (Norway)

Discontinued original programming

 * Torsdag kveld fra Nydalen
 * Senkveld med Thomas og Harald
 * Hotel Cæsar
 * TV2 hjelper deg
 * Holmgang
 * Idol (Norway)

Distribution
Although TV 2 is a terrestrial channel, a paid subscription with RiksTV is required to view the channel in that manner. The channel is also available on cable, satellite, and IPTV platforms nationwide as well as selected pay-TV platforms in neighbouring Sweden and Denmark.

title: TV 2 (Norwegian TV channel)


text:
Play Misty for Me

Play Misty for Me is a 1971 American psychological thriller film directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, his directorial debut. Jessica Walter and Donna Mills co-star. The screenplay, written by regular Eastwood collaborators Jo Heims and Dean Riesner, follows a radio disc jockey (Eastwood) being stalked by an obsessed female fan (Walter).

The film was a critical and financial success, with Walter earning praise for her first major film role, including a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.

Plot
Dave Garver is a KRML radio disc jockey who broadcasts nightly from a studio in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, often incorporating poetry into his program. After work at his favorite bar, playing a nonsensical game involving corks and bottle caps with the barman, he deliberately attracts the attention of a woman named Evelyn Draper. Dave drives her home, where she reveals that her presence in the bar was not accidental; it was she in fact who sought him out after hearing the bar mentioned on his radio show. He guesses correctly that she is the recurring caller who always requests the jazz standard "Misty". The two have sex.

A casual relationship begins between Dave and Evelyn. But before long, Evelyn begins to display obsessive behavior and volatile personality traits that alarm Dave. She shows up at Dave's house uninvited, follows him to work, and calls to demand that he not leave her alone for a single minute. The final straw comes when a jealous Evelyn disrupts a business meeting, mistaking Dave's lunch companion for his date and ruining a major opportunity for his career.

His efforts to gently sever ties with Evelyn lead her to attempt suicide in his home by slashing her wrists. After Dave rejects her again for trying to blackmail him with her injuries, Evelyn breaks into his home and his housekeeper Birdie finds her vandalizing his possessions. Evelyn stabs Birdie (who is hospitalized but survives) and is subsequently committed to a psychiatric hospital.

During Evelyn's incarceration, Dave rekindles a relationship with his ex-girlfriend Tobie Williams. A few months later, Evelyn again calls the studio to request "Misty". She tells Dave that she has been granted parole and is moving to Hawaii for a fresh start in life. She then quotes the Edgar Allan Poe poem "Annabel Lee". That night, while Dave is asleep, Evelyn sneaks into his house and attempts to kill him with a knife, but he manages to fend her off and she escapes. Dave has a detective, McCallum, tap his phone in case she contacts him again.

Dave tells Tobie about Evelyn and cautions Tobie to stay away from Evelyn until the woman is caught, to which she agrees. Unbeknownst to him, Evelyn has already gained access to Tobie by posing as her new roommate, "Annabel". Tobie eventually realizes that Annabel is Evelyn when she sees the fresh scars on Evelyn's wrists, but before Tobie can escape, Evelyn takes her hostage. McCallum arrives for a welfare check and is fatally stabbed with a pair of scissors.

Dave makes the connection between Tobie's roommate and the poem. When he calls Tobie to warn her, Evelyn answers and says she and Tobie are waiting for him. Dave switches from a live show to taped music and rushes to the house, where he finds Tobie bound and gagged. Evelyn attacks him with her knife, slashing Dave multiple times. He punches Evelyn, knocking her through the window, over a railing, down onto the rocky shore below, killing her. He and Tobie leave the house as his voice on the radio show leads into the song "Misty".

Cast

 * Clint Eastwood as Dave Garver
 * Jessica Walter as Evelyn Draper
 * Donna Mills as Tobie Williams
 * John Larch as Sgt. McCallum
 * Jack Ging as Frank
 * Irene Hervey as Madge
 * James McEachin as Al Monte
 * Clarice Taylor as Birdie
 * Donald Siegel as Murphy
 * Duke Everts as Jay Jay
 * Jack Kosslyn as Cabbie
 * Britt Lind as Angelica

Jazz musicians Johnny Otis, Joe Zawinul, and Cannonball Adderley appear as themselves in scenes shot at the real-life 1970 Monterey Jazz Festival.

Production
The script was originally conceived by Jo Heims, a former model and dancer turned secretary, and was polished by Dean Riesner. The story was acquired by Ross Hunter while at Universal Pictures. It is based on a novel written and published in 1972 by Paul J. Gillette.

Before Malpaso Productions co-founder Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood discussed a final film, one giving Eastwood the artistic control he desired by making his directorial debut. The film was Play Misty for Me. Eastwood reflected on his new role: "After seventeen years of bouncing my head against the wall, hanging around sets, maybe influencing certain camera set-ups with my own opinions, watching actors go through all kinds of hell without any help, and working with both good directors and bad ones, I'm at the point where I'm ready to make my own pictures. I stored away all the mistakes I made and saved up all the good things I learned, and now I know enough to control my own projects and get what I want out of actors."

The story line was originally set in Los Angeles, but at Eastwood's insistence, the film was shot in the more comfortable surroundings of the actual Carmel-by-the-Sea, where he could shoot scenes at the local radio station, bars and restaurants and friends' houses. The idea of another love interest, with a level-headed girlfriend Tobie added to the plot, was a suggestion by Sonia Chernus, an editor who had been with Eastwood when he was initially spotted for Rawhide.

Filming commenced in Monterey, California, in September 1970, and although this was Eastwood's debut as film director, Don Siegel stood by to help and also had an acting role in the film as a bartender. Frequent collaborators of Siegel's, such as cinematographer Bruce Surtees, editor Carl Pingitore and composer Dee Barton made up part of the filming team.

Additional scenes were shot at the Monterey Jazz Festival in September 1970, featuring jazz greats Johnny Otis, Cannonball Adderley and future Weather Report founder Joe Zawinul. The commentator mentions: "That was the Cannonball Adderley group. They are playing at the Monterey Jazz Festival with Duke Ellington, Woody Herman, Joe Williams, and many others. Now we are gonna hear from 'The Gator Creek Organization' and 'Feeling Fine'..."

The Sardine Factory is still at the same location as in the film, at Prescott and Wave Streets, just one block up from Cannery Row in Monterey. The radio station, KRML, was an actual jazz station in Carmel, whose studios were relocated to the Eastwood Building at San Carlos and 5th, in the same building as the Hog's Breath Inn (a restaurant that Eastwood owned). After a brief dark period in 2010, the radio station returned to the air in 2011.

The rights to the song "Misty" were obtained after Eastwood saw pianist Erroll Garner perform at the Concord Music Festival in 1970. Eastwood also paid $2,000 for the use of the song "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack. Meticulous planning and efficient directorship by Eastwood (which would become one of his trademarks) enabled the film to be made nearly $50,000 short of its $1 million budget, and it was completed four or five days ahead of schedule. Variety reported the budget at $1,242,000. Other sources put the budget at $750,000.

Release
Play Misty for Me premiered in October 1971 at the San Francisco Film Festival. It opened in six cities on October 20, 1971 before expanding in November.

Box office
It was a mild financial success, grossing $10.6 million at the US and Canadian box office. It grossed $133,000 in its first week from six theaters, finishing tenth for the week at the box office in the United States and Canada.

Critical response
The film has been given mostly positive reviews, with an 85% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads: "A coolly calculating psychological thriller that manages to scare the audience even if it is just using textbook thrills."

Roger Ebert wrote: "Play Misty for Me is not the artistic equal of Psycho, but in the business of collecting an audience into the palm of its hand and then squeezing hard, it is supreme."

Critics such as Jay Cocks in Time, Andrew Sarris in the Village Voice and Archer Winsten in the New York Post all praised Eastwood's directorial skills and the film, including his performance in the scenes with Walter.

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety called it an "often fascinating suspenser" "when it's not serving as an overdone travelog for the Monterey Peninsula". He also praised the excellent casting.

Observers have noted that Walter's performance is consistent with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, such as unstable mood, chaotic interpersonal relationships, highly impulsive behavior, self-harm and intense fear of abandonment.

Accolades
Jessica Walter was nominated for the 1972 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Drama.

Play Misty for Me was number 26 on Bravo!'s "30 Even Scarier Movie Moments".

Home media
Play Misty for Me was released on DVD in many territories. In the United States it was released as a Collector's Edition DVD on September 18, 2001. Extra features include a 49-minute documentary titled ""Play it Again: A Look Back at Play Misty for Me", a brief featurette of the relationship between Eastwood and Don Siegel, photography montage and "Evolution of a Poster" on the marketing and design of the one sheet. It was first released on Blu-ray Disc on November 10, 2015 by Universal Studios with most of the extra features ported over. The film was released in the United Kingdom on Blu-ray by Final Cut Ent. on July 27, 2020 with all-new alternative special features. It was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. by Kino Lorber studio classics on November 10, 2020 with a 2K master. It includes ported over special features from the previous release and an interview with Donna Mills and audio commentary by film historian Tim Lucas.

In popular culture
In Don Siegel's film Dirty Harry, a cinema marquee that shows the title of Play Misty for Me is visible in the beginning of the film, while Inspector Harry Callahan is on his lunch break before the bank robbery which opens the movie.

In Keeping Up Appearances, Rose asks Emmett to "play Misty for me" as she is dragged out of the church while under the influence of tranquilizers.

In 227's final season episode, titled "Play Christy for Me", Lester is stalked by a female listener who repeatedly asks him to play the Hoagy Carmichael song "Stardust".

In an episode of That '70s Show, Fez watches Play Misty for Me with a date who thinks Evelyn is the film's hero.

The film's title is parodied in the 2001 video game Grand Theft Auto III, where there is a mission called "Drive Misty for Me". The title is also parodied in the name of a quest for the 2017 video game Fortnite: Save the World, which is "Slay Misties for Me".

The film is mentioned in Bob Dylan's 17 minute epic-ballad "Murder Most Foul", released in March 2020. Centering around the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Dylan writes a 'stream-of-consciousness' narrative consisting of many musical, political and cultural references which he 'requests' from disc-jockey Wolfman Jack. One such request is Misty, yielding the film's title as part of the final verse.

title: Play Misty for Me


text:
Interleague play

Interleague play in Major League Baseball refers to regular-season baseball games played between an American League (AL) team and a National League (NL) team. Interleague play was first introduced during the 1997 Major League Baseball season. Prior to that, matchups between AL teams and NL teams occurred only during spring training, the All-Star Game, other exhibition games (such as the now defunct Hall of Fame Game in Cooperstown, New York), and the World Series. Unlike modern interleague play, none of these contests, except for the World Series, counted toward official team or league records.

Early discussions
Regular season interleague play was discussed for baseball's major leagues as early as 1903, when the two major leagues made peace and formed the National Commission as governing body. The first National Commission Chairman, Cincinnati Reds president August Herrmann (who had already been a proponent of interleague play), proposed an ambitious scheme in late 1904. Herrmann's plan would have seen the two leagues ending their seasons earlier, after approximately 116 games, "and then have every National League team play two games in every American League city, and have every American League team play two games in every National League city." Another interleague play idea was floated around the same time by Boston Americans owner John Taylor, whose plan was for each league to play its full 154-game schedule, to be followed by not just a championship series between the two league winners, but also by series between the two second-place finishers, the two third-place teams, and all other corresponding finishers.

In August 1933, several owners reacted favorably to a proposal by Chicago Cubs president William Veeck to have teams play four interleague games in the middle of the season, beginning in 1934. In December 1956, Major League owners considered a proposal by Cleveland Indians general manager and minority-owner Hank Greenberg to implement limited interleague play beginning in 1958. Under Greenberg's proposal, each team would continue to play a 154-game season, with 126 within that team's league, and 28 against the eight clubs in the other league. The interleague games would be played immediately following the All-Star Game. Notably, under Greenberg's proposal, all results would count in regular season game standings and league statistics. While this proposal was not adopted, the current system shares many elements. Bill Veeck predicted in 1963 that Major League Baseball would someday have interleague play, and in 1968 included it in a proposal for a dramatic realignment of the major league structure. While the concept was again considered in the 1970s, it was not formally approved until 1996, at least in part as an effort to renew the public's interest in MLB following the 1994 players' strike.

Interleague play introduced
MLB's first regular-season interleague game took place on June 12, 1997, as the Texas Rangers hosted the San Francisco Giants at The Ballpark in Arlington. There were four interleague games on the schedule that night, but the other three were played on the West Coast, so the Giants–Rangers matchup started a few hours earlier than the others. Texas's Darren Oliver threw the game's first pitch and San Francisco outfielder Glenallen Hill was the first designated hitter used in a regular-season game by a National League team. San Francisco's Darryl Hamilton got the first base hit in interleague play, while Stan Javier hit the first home run, leading the Giants to a 4–3 victory over the Rangers.

From 1997 to 2001, teams played against the same division from the other league; for example, the American League West played teams from the National League West, typically scheduled to alternate between home and away in consecutive years. In 2002, however, the league began alternating which divisions played which divisions, and thus in 2002 the American League East played the National League West, the American League Central played the National League East, and the American League West played the National League Central. Matchups which had been of particular interest prior to this format — mainly geographic rivals — were preserved. Corresponding divisions were skipped once when this rotation began, but were put back in the rotation in 2006.

From 2002 to 2012, all interleague games were played prior to the All-Star Game (with the exception of games postponed by weather that were made up after the All-Star Game). Most games were played in June and early July, although beginning in 2005, interleague games were played during one weekend in mid-May.

The designated hitter (DH) rule was originally applied in the same manner as in the World Series (and the All-Star Game prior to 2010). In an American League ballpark, both teams had the option to use a DH, while in a National League ballpark, both teams' pitchers were required to bat. Teams from both leagues have both benefited and have been at a disadvantage when it comes to the DH rule in interleague play. For instance, Barry Bonds, who spent his entire career in the National League and actually won eight Gold Gloves earlier in his career, was used strictly as a DH later in his career when the San Francisco Giants played away interleague games due to his poor fielding. Conversely, Boston Red Sox slugger David Ortiz, who spent his entire career in the American League and was the Red Sox's regular DH, was assigned to play first base when the Red Sox had away interleague games, with the Sox choosing to give up good fielding in favor of retaining Ortiz's power hitting. With the introduction of the DH to the National League in 2020 and from 2022–present, this no longer applies.

In 2007, two teams – the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Baltimore Orioles – played six games with more than one interleague opponent. The Dodgers played both the Toronto Blue Jays and the Los Angeles Angels while the Orioles played both the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Washington Nationals. This happened again in 2012 as the New York Yankees played both the New York Mets and the Atlanta Braves for six games. The Miami Marlins also did this, playing both the Tampa Bay Rays and Boston Red Sox for six games each.

The first Civil Rights Game was an exhibition interleague game between the Cleveland Indians and St. Louis Cardinals at AutoZone Park in Memphis on March 31, 2007. The first regular season Civil Rights Game was an interleague game between the Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park on June 20, 2009.

Since the introduction of interleague play, two teams have shifted leagues: the Milwaukee Brewers from the American League to the National League in 1998, and the Houston Astros from the National League to the American League in 2013. As a result, a 2013 interleague series between the two teams made it the first time that two teams faced each other in an interleague series after both teams previously faced each other in an interleague series representing opposite leagues: the two teams met from September 1–3, 1997 (Houston in NL, Milwaukee in AL), then again from June 18–20, 2013 (Houston in AL, Milwaukee in NL). In both instances, the series took place in Houston, with the team representing the American League winning 2–1. From 1998 to 2012, both teams were division opponents in the National League Central (which had six teams at the time, while the American League West only had four).

For the 2020 season, all interleague games featured the DH, as the National League used the rule for the first time in its history due to health and safety measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The DH became permanent in the NL for the 2022 season.

Series history
Interleague play has largely favored the American League in terms of win–loss records. In 27 years of play, the AL has won the season series 19 times, and holds the longest streak of 14 straight seasons, from 2004 through 2017. The National League has won 7 and one season ended in a tie. With the Pirates beating the Royals on September 19, 2018, the National League guaranteed a season series win for the first time since 2003.

As of the end of the 2022 MLB season, the American League holds an all-time series advantage of 3,634–3,328 and has finished with the better record in interleague play for 14 straight seasons, dating back from 2004 through 2017. 2006 was the most lopsided season in interleague history, with American League teams posting a 154–98 record against their National League counterparts.

Interleague statistics
The following is the text of Major League Baseball's policy regarding the compilation of statistics as a result of interleague play: "For the first time in the history of Major League Baseball, Interleague games are to be played during the regular season. Breaking tradition always brings about controversy and the matter of baseball records is no exception.

"It is the opinion of Major League Baseball that there is no justification for compiling a new volume of records based on Interleague Play. On the contrary, the sovereignty of each league's records will be retained, and if a player or a team breaks a record against an Interleague opponent it will be considered a record in that league. In cases where two teams – as Interleague opponents – break a league or Major League record, that record will be annotated with the phrase 'Interleague game.' Streaks by both teams and individual will continue (or be halted) when playing Interleague opponents in the same manner as if playing against an intraleague opponent. In essence, records will be defined by who made them rather than against whom they were made."

"The official statistics of both leagues will be kept separately as they have in the past. This means statistics for each team and their individual players will reflect their performance in games within the league and also in Interleague games without differentiation."

Geographical matchups and natural rivals
1997–2001, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2020, and 2021 saw teams from corresponding leagues (AL East vs NL East, AL Central vs NL Central, and AL West vs NL West) face each other in a series of 2 or 3 games each, although from 1998 to 2012, this was not strictly followed due to unbalanced leagues. Not all matchups were considered interleague rivals, by playing a series of only two or three games, not the four or six-game series exclusive between one NL and one AL team.

Since 1999, certain interleague matchups have been highly anticipated each year, due to the geographic proximity of the teams involved. Many cities, metropolitan areas, and states contain at least one team in each league. From 1999 to 2012, and in 2015, 2018, 2020, and 2021 in which their respective divisions met, there were six games between the two teams annually, three per ballpark. In 2013–2014, 2016–2017, 2019, and 2022, there were four games between the two teams, two per ballpark, as their respective divisions did not meet. With the beginning of league-wide interleague play in 2023, all yearly matchups saw the continuation of the four-game series format for 2023 and 2024. Starting in 2025, these matchups reverted to the six-game series format each season.

Permanent rivalries

 * Arizona Diamondbacks v. Texas Rangers – Paired up as a result of the 2023 schedule format change after meeting as “split rivals” in 2013 and 2019. Previously played as rivals from 1998 to 2000 when the Diamondbacks were an expansion team before the Interleague Lone Star Series was founded. The two teams played in the 2023 World Series.
 * Atlanta Braves v. Boston Red Sox – Paired up as a result of the 2023 schedule format change after meeting as “split rivals” in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. The Braves played in Boston as the Boston Red Stockings, Red Caps, Beaneaters, Doves, Rustlers, and Braves from 1871 through 1952.
 * Baltimore Orioles v. Washington Nationals — Beltway Series, MASN Cup (the teams share the same cable partner), Battle of the Beltways, Parkway Series, or MARC Madness. Introduced in 2006, the Nationals′ second season in Washington, D.C., after their move from Montreal (where they were in a natural rivalry with the Toronto Blue Jays).
 * Chicago Cubs v. Chicago White Sox — Windy City Series, Crosstown Classic, or Red Line Series. The two teams played in the 1906 World Series. The two teams would play in an exhibition series yearly from 1903 to 1942 (excluding years either team won their respective pennant). From 1985 until interleague play began in 1997, the two teams would play an annual Windy City Classic charity exhibition game. The interleague rivalry has been ongoing since 1999.
 * Cincinnati Reds v. Cleveland Guardians — Ohio Cup. Wade Miley of the Reds threw a no–hitter against the then-Indians on May 7, 2021, making the Reds the first team to no–hit their interleague rival. This was the second no-hitter in an interleague game between teams from the same state, after Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series. The two teams would play an annual pre-season exhibition game yearly from 1989 to 1996. The regular season rivalry was introduced in 1999 with a hiatus in 2002 and 2003.
 * Colorado Rockies v. Houston Astros – Paired up as a result of the 2023 schedule format change after meeting as “split rivals” in 2013 and 2019. Played as division rivals in the NL West in 1993, the Rockies’ inaugural season, before the split to three divisions in 1994 moved the Astros to the newly-formed NL Central division.
 * Detroit Tigers v. Pittsburgh Pirates — This series only became a rivalry because the other AL and NL Central teams were already paired up, it has become popular with fans of both teams, possibly due to the rivalry between the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and Pittsburgh Penguins. The two teams have several other connections as well. The Tigers' AA Minor League affiliate, the Erie SeaWolves, located near Pittsburgh, is a former affiliate of the Pirates and has retained the logo of a wolf wearing a pirate bandanna and eye patch.  Additionally, Jim Leyland, former manager of both the Pirates (1986–1996) and the Tigers (2005–2013), remains popular in Pittsburgh where he continues to reside. The two teams played in the 1909 World Series. The regular season rivalry has been ongoing since 2012 except for 2020.
 * Kansas City Royals v. St. Louis Cardinals — I-70 Series or Show-Me Series, and named so because the cities of Kansas City and St. Louis are both in Missouri and connected by Interstate 70. The two teams played in the 1985 World Series. Previously played as interleague rivals in 2002, 2003, and 2006 to 2009, the formal rivalry has been ongoing since 2011.
 * Los Angeles Angels v. Los Angeles Dodgers — Freeway Series. The two teams played in a pre-season exhibition series in 1962 to 1964, 1969 to 1971, 1973 to 1979, and 1981 to 1996. The interleague rivalry has been ongoing since 1999.
 * Miami Marlins v. Tampa Bay Rays — Citrus Series, the interleague rivalry has been ongoing since 1999 except for a formal rivalry in 2003.
 * Milwaukee Brewers v. Minnesota Twins — The Twins and the Brewers were formerly regional rivals in the American League, as well as division rivals from 1970 to 1971, and again from 1994 to 1997. The two metro areas are connected by Interstate 94. However, the term "I-94 Series" is used almost exclusively to refer to the games played between the Milwaukee Brewers and the Chicago Cubs and interleague contests with the also-former-rival Chicago White Sox. The interleague rivalry has been played yearly since it began in 2002.
 * New York Mets v. New York Yankees — Subway Series. The two teams would play in an in-season annual exhibition game, the Mayor's Trophy Game, 19 times between 1963 and 1983. The two teams played in the 2000 World Series. The addition of the Mets in 1962 brought National League baseball back to New York after the Dodgers and Giants moved to California in 1958. The interleague rivalry has been ongoing since 1999.
 * Oakland Athletics v. San Francisco Giants — Bay Bridge Series or Battle of the Bay. The two teams played in the 1989 World Series as well as the 1905 World Series, 1911 World Series, and 1913 World Series when they were located in Philadelphia and New York, respectively. The interleague rivalry has been played yearly since it began in 1999.
 * Philadelphia Phillies v. Toronto Blue Jays – Paired up as a result of the 2023 schedule format change after meeting as “split rivals” in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. These two teams played in the 1993 World Series, where Joe Carter hit a walk-off home run during Game 6.
 * San Diego Padres v. Seattle Mariners — The two teams were once the only west-coast teams not to be paired up with another interleague rival. The two teams share a Spring Training complex in Peoria, Arizona. Often cited as a counterargument against the "rivalry" series in general due to the teams' lack of a historical rivalry and their locations on opposite ends of the Pacific Coast (and the I-5 corridor), as well as both teams' general underachievement throughout their time as "rivals." Sometimes jokingly referred to as the Vedder Cup after Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder, who has lived in both cities (although Vedder himself, raised in the Chicago area, is a Chicago Cubs fan). The rivalry was introduced in 1999 and was played as a formal rivalry yearly up until 2013 except in 2002 and 2004, with the two meeting as “split rivals” in every season except 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2021, before the rivalry was reinstated as a permanent rivalry due to the 2023 schedule format change.

In 2014, the ten teams that qualified for the postseason were five pairs of geographical rivals: the Angels, Athletics, Orioles, Royals, and Tigers from the AL; and Dodgers, Giants, Nationals, Cardinals, and Pirates from the NL.

Split rivalries (2013–2022)
From 2013 to 2022, five teams in each league, two in each East division and three in each West division that had no formal rivalries formed "split rivalries." While the East divisions see rivalry pairings mostly alternate from year to year, the West divisions have so far seen four different variations of pairings between the six teams that are largely erratic. Starting in 2023, pairings of these teams formed permanent rivals.

In the East:
 * 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, and 2021:
 * Boston Red Sox v. Philadelphia Phillies
 * Toronto Blue Jays v. Atlanta Braves
 * 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 (these pairings would later be used from 2023 onward after the scheduling format change):
 * Boston Red Sox v. Atlanta Braves
 * Toronto Blue Jays v. Philadelphia Phillies

In the West:
 * 2013 and 2019 (these pairings would later be used from 2023 onward after the scheduling format change):
 * Houston Astros v. Colorado Rockies
 * Seattle Mariners v. San Diego Padres
 * Texas Rangers v. Arizona Diamondbacks
 * 2014, 2016, 2020, and 2022:
 * Houston Astros v. Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Seattle Mariners v. San Diego Padres
 * Texas Rangers v. Colorado Rockies
 * 2015, 2017, and 2018:
 * Houston Astros v. Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Seattle Mariners v. Colorado Rockies
 * Texas Rangers v. San Diego Padres
 * 2021:
 * Houston Astros v. San Diego Padres
 * Seattle Mariners v. Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Texas Rangers v. Colorado Rockies

Former interleague rivalries

 * Baltimore Orioles v. Philadelphia Phillies — Played from 1999 to 2005. 2006 the Washington Nationals replaced the Phillies as the Orioles' rival. Although the Nationals moved to Washington in 2005, the schedule for that season was already established, so the Washington-Baltimore rivalry series could not start until the next season. Therefore, in 2005 the Orioles played the Phillies as their rival for the last time, while Washington played Montreal's planned 2005 schedule, which included what would have been the Expos's interleague rivalry games with the Toronto Blue Jays. These two teams also played against each other in the 1983 World Series.
 * Houston Astros v. Texas Rangers (Lone Star Series) — Played from 2001 to 2012. In 2013, the Astros moved to the American League West, and the two teams began to play against each other 19 times a year as divisional rivals and then later reduced to 13 in 2023.
 * Montreal Expos v. Toronto Blue Jays (Pearson Cup or The All-Canadian Series) — Played from 1999 to 2004 (and by Washington against Toronto in 2005). By the time the Expos moved to Washington, D.C., to become the Washington Nationals for the 2005 season, the 2005 schedule already had been set, so the Nationals played what had been intended as Montreal's rivalry series with the Blue Jays that season. In 2006, the Nationals began playing the Baltimore Orioles annually as their interleague rival.

Temporary interleague rivalries

 * Over the 14 seasons of interleague rivalries when the leagues had unequal teams between 1999 and 2012, several home-and-home series only occurred once for the sake of scheduling and had no geographic basis. These would never occur again as formal interleague rivalries after leagues were balanced in 2013.
 * Detroit Tigers v. St. Louis Cardinals in 1999
 * Kansas City Royals v. Pittsburgh Pirates in 2000
 * Colorado Rockies v. Detroit Tigers in 2003
 * Arizona Diamondbacks v. Detroit Tigers in 2005
 * Los Angeles Dodgers v. Toronto Blue Jays in 2007 (concurrent with the Freeway Series)
 * Boston Red Sox v. Miami Marlins in 2012 (concurrent with the Citrus Series)
 * In the shortened 2020 season, the Central divisions' usual rivalry matchups were altered. The Pittsburgh Pirates played six games against the Cleveland Indians and the Cincinnati Reds played six games against the Detroit Tigers instead of facing off in their usual rivalries, though the Pirates and Tigers still played a 3-game set and the Reds and Indians played a 4-game set.

1997–1998: Beginnings of interleague play
1997 was the first year of regular season interleague play. The 20 teams in the East and Central divisions played 15 games each in five three-game series. The eight teams in the West divisions played 16 games each in eight two-game series, playing home and away two-game series against each team.

1998 saw the addition of two expansion teams; with the Milwaukee Brewers' move to the National League, the leagues were now unequal in size. All the teams in the American League played 16 interleague games, playing one four-game series (split into two home, two away) and four three-game series, except the five teams in the AL Central who played two two-game series and four three-game series. National League teams played between 12 and 16 interleague games.

1999–2012: Three weeks in June
From 1999 through 2012, each team in the American League played 18 interleague games a year, but because the National League had two more teams than the American, only four NL teams would play a full 18-game interleague schedule, with the remaining twelve teams playing only 15; occasionally an NL team played only 12 interleague games, allowing a fifth team in the league to play a full slate. With the exception of the two NL teams playing each other, all teams were involved in interleague play at the same time (typically in June and July), playing only interleague opponents until the interleague schedule was complete for the year. The schedule was later changed to occur only in June; in 2005, it was changed again to allow for more weekend interleague games, with each team playing one series during the third weekend in May and the rest in mid-to-late June (occasionally stretching into early July).

Because of the existence of "natural rivals", not every matchup was played within each matched pair of divisions; for instance, the Milwaukee Brewers faced only Baltimore and Boston from the AL East in 2003, then met New York, Tampa Bay, and Toronto in 2005.

2013–2022: Astros join American League
In 2013, the Houston Astros joined the American League, giving each league 15 teams and thereby necessitating that interleague games be played throughout the season, including on Opening Day and during key division races all the way to the end of the season. This did not require expanding the total number of interleague games, because the probability of an interleague game during the era in which the Astros played in the NL was 252/2430 or about 1 in 9.6 games. With an odd number of teams in each league, one team in each league would be the "odd man out" and have to play an interleague game to fill out the schedule, meaning as few as 1 in 15 games could be interleague (14 AL teams in 7 AL games, 14 NL teams in 7 NL games and 1 AL and 1 NL team in an interleague game). Despite this, there have been proposals to increase interleague play to 30 games or beyond. A smaller increase took place immediately, having every team play 20 interleague games starting 2013.

From 2013 to 2022, each team played 20 interleague games across eight series. Each team played one three-game series against four teams from one division in the other league, and two two-game series (one home, one away) against the remaining team in that division. Divisions had been rotated since 2002 but teams did not necessarily play everyone in that division prior to 2013. The remaining four games were played against a team's "natural rival" in home and home two-game series. From 2013 to 2017, these two series were back-to-back at one venue on Monday and Tuesday and at the other team's venue that Wednesday and Thursday. Should a team's natural rival be a member of the division they are scheduled to play as part of the yearly rotation (this first occurred for all teams in 2015), the team would play home-and-home three-game series against the natural rival, home-and-home two-game series against two other opponents, and single three-game series against the last two (one home, one away). Because the requirement for nearly daily interleague play (the only exception being if not all teams are playing) spreads out interleague play throughout the year, not every team will be in interleague play on the same day. Due to the 2016 CBA lengthening the schedule by four days, 2018 was the first year during which no team was required to play back-to-back home-and-home two-game series against any other team.

In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the schedule was shortened from 162 games to 60 and interleague opponents were switched to the corresponding divisions. The teams played 20 interleague games using the same format that was in place in 2015 and 2018, when the same geographic divisions were aligned together for interleague play. In 2020 only, the Central's "natural rivals" were altered to include Cleveland v. Pittsburgh and Detroit v. Cincinnati instead of the usual Cleveland v. Cincinnati and Detroit v. Pittsburgh.

2023–present: Expanded interleague play
As part of the Collective Bargaining Agreement signed in 2022, interleague play was expanded from 20 to 46 games per team per season, starting in 2023, for a total of 690 interleague games per season. Each team will play a four-game series in a home-and-home format (2 games at each team's park), against its natural rival and a single three-game series against the other 14 interleague opponents, with the venue alternating every year. Teams that were part of the “split rivalry” rotation from 2013 to 2022 had permanent rivalry matchups assigned to them.

In 2025, this was expanded further to 48 games per team, as interleague rivals reverted back to the six game matchups between rivals that were played from 1999 to 2012, and in 2015, 2018, 2020, and 2021, for a total of 720 interleague games per season.

Most days, there will be either one, three, or five interleague games scheduled, as an average of around 3.8 interleague games are played per day. With 15 teams in each league, the number of interleague games is almost always odd, with exceptions based on when teams from each of the AL and NL have the same off day. Doubleheaders and make-up games also apply should a rainout or other extended delay requires one or more games to be postponed.

Other
On April 1, 2013, an interleague game was played on Opening Day for the first time, between the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Cincinnati Reds at Great American Ball Park, with the Angels winning that game, 3–1, in 13 innings. Also, on September 29, 2013, for the first time in major league baseball history, an interleague game was played on the last day of the regular season, between the Miami Marlins and the Detroit Tigers at Marlins Park. The Marlins not only claimed the distinction of winning that game, 1–0, in walk-off fashion, but also saw their pitcher Henderson Álvarez (who was in the on-deck circle when the walk-off happened) pitch a no-hitter, marking just the 7th time a no-hitter was tossed in an interleague contest.

On April 3, 2016, for the first time in MLB history, the previous year's World Series participants faced off on Opening Day the following year. The Kansas City Royals hosted the New York Mets at Kauffman Stadium in a nationally televised game and won, 4–3.

With the Pittsburgh Pirates' victory over the Oakland Athletics on July 10, 2013, every team has beaten every other team at least once; the A's had previously been 11–0 all time against the Pirates.

Every team has also hosted and visited every other team at least once. This distinction was completed in July 2016 when the San Diego Padres made their first trip to Toronto. The two teams had previously played in San Diego in 2004, 2010, and 2013.

From 1997 to 2001, the divisions were paired with their geographical counterpart (AL East vs. NL East, AL Central vs. NL Central, AL West vs. NL West). Beginning in 2002, the divisional pairings rotated. The geographical counterparts were initially skipped in 2004, but returned to the schedule in 2006, creating a three-year rotation that remained in use for over a decade. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the originally scheduled matchups were adjusted in order to limit travel. Divisional pairings before 2023 were:

Starting in 2023 with the new collective bargaining agreement, every team will play every other team regardless of league, for a total of 46 games per season. The format is a four-game home and home series against the geographic rival and a single three-game series against the other 14 interleague opponents, with location to rotate every other year.

Arguments
Since its introduction, regular-season interleague play has continued to be a source of controversy among baseball fans and others involved with the sport. Among the arguments used in favor of and in opposition to interleague play are the following:

Pros

 * Interleague play increases attendance; however, these numbers may be skewed, as interleague games were previously primarily played on weekends in June, when attendance is higher across the board, school is not in session and temperatures are higher than some of the other months of the season. However, season-long interleague play should mitigate this statistical bias.
 * Fans can see players they might not otherwise get to see, especially those who have only ever played in one league.
 * Certain geographic rivalries are played out during the regular season that otherwise might not happen for years at a time. The Yankees now play four games against the Mets each season, whereas they would only have gone head to head in the 2000 World Series if not for interleague play. From 1962 until interleague play, the Mets and the Yankees had only played each other in the Mayor's Trophy Game (held from 1963 to 1983), which was an exhibition game even though it was played during the regular season.
 * It creates matchups that might not have been seen in generations. For example:
 * During the 2004 season, the Giants and Red Sox played each other for the first time since meeting in the 1912 World Series.
 * The Red Sox had never played at Wrigley Field (an NL park since 1916) until 2005. Conversely, the Chicago Cubs' trip to Fenway Park in 2011 was their first appearance there since the teams met in the 1918 World Series. The Cubs played their home games in that series in the more expansive Comiskey Park.
 * In 2004, the Yankees and Dodgers met for the first time since the 1981 World Series at Dodger Stadium. They didn't meet at the Bronx until 2013, making the Dodgers the only team to never have played a regular season game at the original Yankee Stadium.
 * In 2008, the New York Yankees visited the Pittsburgh Pirates for the first time since the 1960 World Series.
 * It allows for a rematch of the previous World Series. Starting 2023, this is guaranteed to happen once per year as all 30 teams will play each other. The most notable example of this before 2023 came in 2016, when the New York Mets and Kansas City Royals, who met in the 2015 World Series, met again on Opening Day in Kansas City.
 * It allows the relative strength of the two leagues to be measured against each other over a large assortment of games, rather than just in the World Series once per year.

Cons

 * The World Series and All-Star Game lose the prestige that used to result from the two leagues playing completely exclusive schedules during the regular season: in the case of the World Series, the "best in the American League" playing the "best in the National League" for the only time that season.
 * More games against interleague opponents means fewer games against same-league and division rivals – the latter of which may be more compelling. However, the leagues currently play an unbalanced schedule that favors divisional opponents rather than teams from other divisions (which is important due to the postseason qualifying structure – only the best team from a given division is guaranteed a berth in the postseason).
 * Starting in 2023, divisional games were reduced from 19 to 13 per season, while every team plays three games against every interleague opponent except for four against their geographic rival. These changes were intended to address strength-of-schedule disparities that could potentially skew a wild card race, with playoffs expanded to six teams per league.

Former cons

 * These cons applied primarily to the 1997–2001 and/or 2002–2012 formats and not necessarily to the current format:
 * The "rivalry" series that consisted of six games a year for some teams lead to further scheduling inequities. For example, the AL West race could be skewed by Seattle getting six games per year against last-place San Diego and Oakland's six matchups against defending champion San Francisco.
 * Some teams played a certain inter-league team more than a certain intra-league team. For example, the Washington Nationals played the Baltimore Orioles (an AL team) 6 times in the 2012 season, and the San Diego Padres and Pittsburgh Pirates (NL teams) only 5 times each. This is no longer the case since 2013, when every pair of intra-league foes are guaranteed at least six meetings against each other, three at each venue.
 * Most notably, teams no longer play identical opponents as their divisional rivals, and even where they do, they don't always play them an identical number of times. This can lead to "strength of schedule" disparities like those the NFL has to deal with on a yearly basis.
 * For example, in 2005, the San Diego Padres played every AL Central team except for Kansas City, who had the worst record in the league, as well as six games against Seattle, who finished that season 69–93. Meanwhile, their division rivals, the San Francisco Giants, played every AL Central team except for the Chicago White Sox, who had the best record in the AL and went on to win the World Series, in addition to six against Oakland, who was in playoff contention for most of the season.
 * These cons applied prior to the National League's permanent adoption of the designated hitter rule in 2022:
 * Some argued that the AL possessed an unfair advantage over the NL because of the designated hitter rule in the AL, citing the overwhelming dominance of the AL in interleague play for more than a decade. When NL teams were on the road, they were forced to find a DH in place of their pitcher, who would normally bat ninth. Sometimes, the NL team would use one of their star hitters as the DH and use a bench player to fill in for the appointed DH, and other times, the NL team would simply use a bench player as the DH and have him bat later. In either case, however, the benefits of using a DH in place of the pitcher were minimal, especially considering that the AL designated hitters saw more action in their positions and that AL teams still possessed their full 9-man batting lineup. Even when the NL team hosted, arguments were made that there was no real benefit for the NL team either. For the most part, designated hitters are also passable fielders, meaning that they can still be used in the game. And even though the AL team had to take a player out of their lineup, it left them with a starting player available to pinch-hit and/or come in as a substitute player later in the game, as opposed to a bench player on an NL team. And although AL pitchers saw less action than NL pitchers, stats showed that AL pitcher batting average was not much lower than NL pitcher batting average, in large part due to the fact that several AL pitchers previously played in the NL.
 * Most American League pitchers were unaccustomed to running the bases (unless they had previously played in the National League), which could lead to injury and premature fatigue. (For example, Chien-Ming Wang of the New York Yankees suffered a season-ending lisfranc sprain on his right foot when running the bases during an interleague game against the Houston Astros in 2008.)

title: Interleague play


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Vampire pumpkins and watermelons

Vampire pumpkins and watermelons are a folk legend from the Balkans, in southeastern Europe, described by ethnologist Tatomir Vukanović. The story is associated with the Romani people of the region, from whom much of traditional vampire folklore originated.

The story was popularized by Terry Pratchett's 1998 book Carpe Jugulum, a comic fantasy novel making extensive use of vampire legends. Pratchett has stated that he did not invent the vampire watermelon story himself. It is found in several other works: Jan Perkowski's 1976 book reprinted Vukanović's account, the webcomic Digger incorporates a field of vampire squash (most of which resemble butternut squashes in appearance),

title: Vampire pumpkins and watermelons


text:
User:75th Trombone

Lanny Heidbreder, a web developer with a music degree from Central Arkansas.

My main contributions have been to Myst franchise articles. I am no longer active on Infinite Bureaucracy Simulator Wikipedia.

 SFT |  Talk  My sig format was inspired by Bignole, of whom I am an unofficial Overzealous Sycophant.

Subpages

 * My sandbox. Currently features nothing whatsoever.

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A fellow Myst fan that enjoys picking on my spelling and grammar mistakes ;-P chucker at 2004-01-01 20:21:12

title: User:75th Trombone