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Citrus limetta

Citrus limetta, alternatively considered to be a cultivar of Citrus limon, C. limon 'Limetta', is a species of citrus, commonly known as mousami, musami, mosambi, sweet lime, sweet lemon, and sweet limetta, it is a member of the sweet lemons. It is small and round like a common lime in shape. It is a cross between the citron (Citrus medica) and a bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium).

It is native to southern regions of Iran and also cultivated in the Mediterranean Basin. It is a different fruit from the Palestinian sweet lime and from familiar sour limes such as the Key lime and the Persian lime. However, genomic analysis revealed it to be highly similar to the Rhobs el Arsa, and the two likely represent progeny of distinct crosses of the same citrus parents.

The South Asian cultivars originated in Mozambique and were brought to South Asia by the Portuguese. The common name musambi and its variants trace their origin to Mozambique.

Names

 * In Iran it is called limu shirin (لیمو شیرین, meaning 'sweet lemon' in Persian).
 * In India, it is commonly called mausambi, mosambi, or musambi in Hindi (मौसंबी or मुसंबी), musammi (ਮੁਸੰਮੀ) in Punjabi, mosambi (मोसंबी) in Marathi, moushumi or mushumbi lebu (মৌসুমী বা মুসুম্বি লেবু) in Bengali, satukudi or satukodi (சாத்துக்குடி) in Tamil, musambi (ಮೂಸಂಬಿ) in Kannada, battayi (బత్తాయి) in Telugu, chinikaya (చీనీకాయ) in Rayalaseema, and musambi (മുസംബി) in Malayalam.
 * In Bangladesh, it is called musambi or mosambi (মুসম্বি/মোসাম্বি, in Bengali).
 * In Nepali, it is called mausam.
 * In Pakistan, usually, it is called musami in Urdu and musammi  in Punjabi.
 * In the Sindh, it is known as mosami.
 * Among Iraqi Armenians, it is called noumi (նումի).
 * In France, it is sometimes called bergamot; it should not be confused with Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange.
 * In the Dominican Republic, it is called limón dulce, lima dulce, dulce limeta, or limettioides dulces, because of this sweetness in these two citrus fruits.
 * In the Yucatán, it is called "lima". This commonly causes confusion, with dishes such as Sopa de lima being translated as "lime soup". The word for sour lime in the Yucatan is limón.

Description
C. limetta is a small tree up to 8 m in height, with irregular branches and relatively smooth, brownish-grey bark. It has numerous thorns, 15 - 75 mm long. The petioles are narrowly but distinctly winged, and are 8 - 29 mm long. Leaves are compound, with acuminate leaflets 50 - 170 mm long and 28 - 89 mm wide. Flowers are white, 20 - 30 mm wide. Fruits are oval and green, ripening to yellow, with greenish pulp. The pith is white and about 5 mm thick. Despite the name sweet lime, the fruit is more similar to a greenish orange in appearance. C. limetta grows in tropical and subtropical climates. It begins bearing fruit at 5 to 7 years old, with peak production at 10 to 20 years. It is propagated by seed.

Flavour
As the name sweet lime suggests, the flavour is sweet and mild, but retains the essence of lime. The lime's taste changes rapidly in contact with air, and will turn bitter in few minutes, but if drunk soon after being juiced, the taste is sweet. The flavour is a bit flatter than most citrus due to its lack of acidity. It can be compared to limeade and pomelo.

Uses
Sweet lime is served as juice and is good as a mixer for vodka or rum. It is the most common available citrus juice in the Indian subcontinent. The juice is commonly sold at mobile road stalls.

Like most citrus, the fruit is rich in vitamin C, providing 50 mg per 100 g serving and antioxidants. In Iran it is popular as a house remedy to treat influenza and the common cold.

The tree is used for ornamental purposes as well as for graft stock.

Checking for ripeness
Like most citrus, sweet limes will not ripen off the tree, and must be picked when fully ripe. This is indicated by its tennis ball size and lustrous greenish yellow sheen. Gently scratch the surface of a sweet lime: If its oils give way in the fingernails, it is ripe. The juiciest fruits feel heavy for their size.

Underripe fruit feels light for its size, and is hard with tart flesh. Overripe fruit is dull and shrunken, with dry, spongy skin. Avoid fruit with brownish-yellow discoloration.

Storage
Sweet limes keep fresh for up to two weeks at room temperature, and four to eight weeks refrigerated. Frozen juice will keep for up to six months. It is possible to freeze slices of the fruit, though the limonin content may cause the pulp to taste bitter over time. This can be avoided by submerging the slices in sweet syrup within an airtight glass jar.

title: Citrus limetta


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Old Street station

Old Street is an interchange station at the junction of Old Street and City Road in Central London for London Underground and National Rail services.

The station is on the Bank branch of the Northern line between Angel and Moorgate stations and on the Northern City Line between Moorgate and Essex Road stations. The station is in the London Borough of Islington (straddling the Hackney border). It is in Travelcard Zone 1.

The station was built by the City and South London Railway and opened in 1901. It was rebuilt by Stanley Heaps in 1925 with a more uniform frontage, and again in 1968, replacing all surface buildings with a subsurface complex. In 2014, it was redeveloped to provide more retail space. Old Street station has become busier, attracting over 20 million visitors in 2014; a trend expected to continue following redevelopment of the local area as a centre for the British Information Technology industry.

Location
Old Street station is in the London Borough of Islington, close to the boundary with the London Borough of Hackney to the north-east. It is in the centre of, and underneath the Old Street Roundabout, a major intersection on the London Inner Ring Road which is partly in Islington's Bunhill ward and partly in Hackney's Hoxton ward.

There is no street-level station building. Access to the platform is provided by ramps and stairs to a modern entrance adjacent to a sub-surface shopping parade, known as St Agnes Well. Expanding its catchment, on the Northern line between Old Street and Angel is a disused station named.

The station is on the National Rail network's Northern City Line, 45 chain down-line from Moorgate served by Great Northern trains. Although a through-station on this route, for ticketing purposes Old Street is considered a central London terminus. On the Underground, it is on the Bank (eastern) branch of the Northern line, between Moorgate and, in Travelcard Zone 1.

City and South London Railway
The station was opened on 17 November 1901 as an extension of the City and South London Railway (C&SLR), the first deep-level tube railway in London that connected the City of London with Southwark. It was part of an extension from Moorgate to Angel, along with the station at City Road. The area around the station was originally a mix of light industry, commerce and warehouses.

The Northern City Line platforms were opened on 14 February 1904 by the Great Northern & City Railway, which built its tunnels to a 16 ft diameter capable of accommodating main-line trains as it was intended to carry such services from its northern terminus at the Great Northern Railway's Finsbury Park station to Moorgate. Before Moorgate was expanded in 1938 to include in-station escalators between platforms, Old Street was used as the main interchange between the C&SLR and the Northern City lines. The Finsbury Park connection eventually opened in November 1976, with the line becoming a British Rail route, with through services to Hertford and Welwyn Garden City.

The C&SLR was built with smaller tunnels than the later tube lines and needed to be enlarged to enable them to accommodate standard stock trains. The section between Euston and Moorgate closed on 8 August 1922 and reopened on 20 April 1924. The surface building was rebuilt in 1925 when escalators replaced the lift shaft to access the platform tunnels. The station frontage was redesigned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London's architect Stanley Heaps with consultant architect Charles Holden. Holden had been recommended by managing director Frank Pick to make uniform facades for several station entrances. He designed the stations for the C&SLR's extension to Morden which was being built.

Old Street was used as a bomb shelter during World War II; the nearby City Road station (which had closed in 1922) was temporarily re-opened to use as a shelter.

Reconstruction
In 1968, the station was again modified; the surface building was replaced with a sub-surface structure in the centre of the roundabout and another escalator shaft was added. During the 1990s corrosion caused by excessive soil acidity required a section of the cast iron running tunnel lining in the Northern line, south of Old Street, to be relined with stainless steel tunnel segments.

In the early 1970s, Old Street was planned to be a stop on a new tube line from Wimbledon in the southwest to Leytonstone in the northeast, via Waterloo and Holborn. The route incorporated parts of existing lines at each end but was not built because of a lack of funding.

In 2014 the station was redeveloped in a collaboration between Transport for London and letting agency Appear Here. Pop-up retail spaces were constructed around the station entrance in a drive to increase revenue.

Old Street station has had increased footfall in the 21st century. In 2014, around 23 million people passed through the station annually. The station is considered strategically important, as the area around Old Street is being developed as a centre for Information Technology. In 2017, the London Borough of Islington announced plans to redevelop the area around the station with a new entrance and better facilities for cyclists.

Incidents
On 16 August 1921, a man fell onto the track and was killed. He was identified by a card containing personal details in his pocket.

On 25 March 1970, an escalator at the station broke down during the morning rush hour. Six people were taken to hospital for minor injuries after they fell.

In March 2015, a man was struck and killed by a train. An inquiry returned a verdict of accidental death. Two significant incidents occurred in 2017. In May, the station was closed after a body was found in the station complex. On 30 September, the station was evacuated after passengers heard a loud "bang". Around 20 ambulances and numerous police officers attended the scene, believing it to be a potential terrorist incident. A search around the station found nothing suspicious.

Services
The station has four platforms. Platforms 1–2 serve the Northern line on the London Underground network, while platforms 3–4 serve the Northern City Line on the National Rail network. Both are deep-level tube lines. The station is part of the London station group and acts as a final destination for people travelling with National Rail tickets marked "London Terminals".

Late evening and weekend services were introduced at the National Rail station, as part of the Great Northern Thameslink franchise in 2015.

Services at the station are as follows.

National Rail
All National Rail services at Old Street are operated by Great Northern using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to Moorgate
 * 2 tph to Stevenage via Hertford North
 * 2 tph to Welwyn Garden City

During the peak hours, the station is served by an additional half-hourly service between Moorgate and Hertford North and the service between Moorgate and Welwyn Garden City is increased to 4 tph.

London Underground
The typical off-peak London Underground service on the Northern line in trains per hour is:

 * 20 tph to Morden via Bank
 * 10 tph to Edgware
 * 8 tph to High Barnet
 * 2 tph to Mill Hill East

During the peak hours, the service is increased up to 22 tph in each direction.

Connections
London Buses routes 21, 43, 55, 76, 135, 141, 205, 214, 243 and night routes N55, N205 and N271 serve the station.

Cultural references
The graffiti artist Banksy painted a Pulp Fiction mural near Old Street station in 2002. It was based on Vincent Vega and Jules Winnfield from the film of the same name, except the characters held bananas in place of guns. It was accidentally painted over in 2007. A Transport for London representative said "Our graffiti removal teams are staffed by professional cleaners, not professional art critics".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Old Street station


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Angel tube station

Angel is a London Underground station in the Angel area of the London Borough of Islington. It is on the Bank branch of the Northern line, between King's Cross St. Pancras and Old Street stations, in Travelcard Zone 1. The station was originally built by the City & South London Railway (C&SLR) and opened on 17 November 1901. The station served as a terminus until the line was extended to Euston on 12 May 1907.

The station was rebuilt between 1989 and 1992 to accommodate the large number of passengers using the station. As a result, it has an extra-wide southbound platform, surfaced over the original island platform which served both north- and south-bound trains. The station has the longest escalators on the Underground network, and the fourth-longest in Western Europe.

It is a candidate station on the proposed Crossrail 2 line from north Surrey and south-west London to south-east Hertfordshire.

Location
On Islington High Street, the station provides access to several nearby Off West End or Fringe theatre venues including the Old Red Lion Theatre, Sadler's Wells Theatre, the King's Head Theatre and the Almeida Theatre. It is the nearest station to City University's main campus, Chapel Market, and the antiques market and dealers of Camden Passage. Between Angel and Old Street is the disused City Road station.

History
Angel station was originally built by the City & South London Railway (C&SLR), and opened on 17 November 1901 as the northern terminus of a new extension from Moorgate. The station building was designed by Sydney Smith and was on the corner of City Road and Torrens Street. On 12 May 1907, the C&SLR opened a further extension from Angel to Euston and Angel became a through station.

As with many of the C&SLR's stations, it was originally built with a single central island platform serving two tracks in a single tunnel – an arrangement still seen at Clapham North and Clapham Common. Access to the platforms from street level was via three Euston Anderson electric lifts before the rebuilding of the station. When the C&SLR line was closed for tunnel reconstruction in the early 1920s to accommodate larger trains, the station façade was reclad with tiling and the lifts were replaced by new ones from Otis.

Station rebuilding
For years since its opening, the station regularly suffered from overcrowding and had a very narrow island platform (12 ft in width), which was considered a major safety issue and caused justified fear among passengers. Consequently, the station was rebuilt between 1989 and 1992. A new section of tunnel was excavated for a new northbound platform, and the southbound platform was rebuilt to occupy the entire width of the original 30 ft tunnel, leaving it wider than most deep-level platforms on the system. The lifts and the original surface building at the corner of Torrens Street and City Road were closed, while the escalator shafts of the remodelled station were constructed in conjunction with the Angel Square office complex, the ground floor of which included the ticket hall and relocated entrance on Islington High Street. It opened on 10 August 1992, along with the new northbound platform; the enlarged southbound platform opened on 17 September 1992. Because of the distance between the new entrance and the platforms, and their depth, two flights of escalators were required, aligned approximately at a right angle. The old station building, although now closed to the public, houses ventilation systems and other services for the platforms below.

The station today
The station's ticket hall has a sculpture of an angel by Kevin Boys.

Escalators
Angel is one of fourteen stations to have only escalator access to the platforms. With a vertical rise of 90 ft and a length of 200 ft, the escalators at Angel station are the longest on the Underground, and in the United Kingdom.

In 2006, a Norwegian national skied down the station's escalator, hitting a top speed of approximately 30 mph, while recording the stunt with a helmet-mounted camera. While the video went viral on sites such as YouTube, it was condemned by London Underground, with a press statement issued stating 'this is a dangerous, stupid and irresponsible act that could have resulted in serious injury or death to not only the individual concerned but also other passengers'.

Station improvements
The station was refurbished during 2007. Additional CCTV cameras and Help Points were installed, bringing the total to 77 cameras in the station and nine Help Points, the latter upgraded with new induction loops to better aid hearing-impaired passengers. In addition, new communications equipment was introduced and damaged signs were replaced.

In September 2022, planning approval was granted to reconstruct the Angel Square office complex which also incorporates the station's surface entrance. The scheme involves stripping the building back to its concrete frame, adding two new storeys and replacing the original brick and stone façade with a glass curtain wall. The plans triggered much objection from conservation groups such as Save Britain's Heritage, who argued that it was a significant example of post-war architecture. The works resulted in the partial closure of the station entrances which will be upgraded as part of the rebuild.

Former siding
When Angel was first opened, a long dead-end siding was provided for train stabling, converging from the left onto the northbound line just south of the station. This was retained over the years but eventually it was closed on 23 January 1959 (along with the signal box at the south end of the platform) to simplify through running. The siding lay derelict and unused until the rebuilding scheme. Part of the siding was used as the northbound diversion tunnel, which branched off the existing northbound line, cut through into the end of the siding and continued along it until it branched off left to the new northbound platform.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3–6 minutes between 06:03 and 00:25 in both directions.

London Bus routes and night routes serve the station.

Future proposals
Angel is a proposed station on the Crossrail 2 (Chelsea-Hackney line) project, providing an interchange between Crossrail 2 and the Northern line. Depending on the route constructed, it would be between King's Cross St. Pancras and Dalston Junction or Hackney Central. It was officially safeguarded as part of the route in 2007, although there had been proposals for a route for some time previously and safeguarding had been in place since 1991.

In media
The station's escalators and the southbound platform were featured in the Bollywood hit film Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge.

The station was the subject of a 1989 episode of the 40 Minutes BBC documentary series titled 'Heart of the Angel'. The programme depicted everyday life in the station just a few months before its closure for rebuilding. The programme depicted the staff's daily struggles with overcrowding, frequent lift breakdowns and dealing with constant complaints from passengers. The interiors of the original station building and the old island platform are clearly shown in the footage, as is the construction site of the adjacent Angel Square development which would incorporate the new station's escalator shafts and ticket hall.

title: Angel tube station


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Kennington tube station

Kennington is a London Underground station on Kennington Park Road in Kennington within the London Borough of Southwark. The station is served by the Northern line and is at the junction of the Charing Cross and Bank branches to the north and the Morden and Battersea Power Station branches to the south. Northbound, the next stations are Waterloo on the Charing Cross branch and Elephant & Castle on the Bank branch. Southbound, the next stations are Oval towards Morden and Nine Elms towards Battersea Power Station respectively. The station is in both Travelcard Zones 1 and 2.

The station was opened in 1890 as part of the world's first underground electric railway and its surface building remains largely unaltered. In the 1920s, the underground parts of the station were reconstructed so that the line could be extended and larger trains could be used. Two additional platforms and later several cross passages were provided for interchanges between the branches.

City and South London Railway
In 1884, the City of London and Southwark Subway (CL&SS) was granted parliamentary approval to construct an underground railway from King William Street in the City of London to Elephant & Castle in Southwark. Unlike previous underground railways in London that had been constructed using the cut and cover method, the CL&SS was to be constructed in a pair of deep-level tunnels bored using tunnelling shields with circular segmental cast-iron tunnel linings. James Henry Greathead was the engineer for the railway and had used the tunnelling method on the Tower Subway bored under the River Thames in 1869.

Construction work began in 1886, and in 1887 the railway was granted additional approval for an extension to Kennington, Oval and Stockwell. The CL&SS was originally designed to be operated using a cabled-hauled system of trains, but the haulage method was changed in January 1899 to use electric locomotives, making it the world's first underground electric railway. The CL&SS changed its name to the City and South London Railway (C&SLR) early in 1890.

From Elephant & Castle northwards, the CL&SS's running tunnels were bored to a diameter of 10 ft; on the extension through Kennington they were bored to a larger diameter of 10 ft. Station platform tunnels 200 ft long and 20 by were formed in brick construction with an arched top and flat base. The platforms at Kennington and most of the other intermediate stations were constructed at different levels, with one side wall of the upper platform tunnel supported on the side wall of the lower platform tunnel. Travel between the surface and the platforms was by hydraulic lift or spiral stairs with the lower lift landing being at a level between the two platforms with steps or ramps up and down to the platforms.

The station building is a single-storey structure topped by a dome which originally housed the hydraulic equipment for the lifts. It was designed by T. P. Figgis and occupies the northern corner of the junction of Kennington Park Road and Braganza Street (previously New Street). Before opening, the C&SLR considered naming the station New Street. The station was opened on 18 December 1890 along with the rest of the line.

Reconstruction and connection to Hampstead Tube
The small diameter of the running tunnels meant that the train carriages were cramped compared to the deep-level tube railways that were constructed with larger diameter tunnels. In 1913, the C&SLR obtained permission to enlarge the tunnels to enable it to use new modern rolling stock, but World War I delayed the works. After the war, the C&SLR obtained renewed permission for the enlargement works. These were undertaken as part of a programme of works including an extension of the Hampstead Tube from Embankment to Kennington.

The UERL planned to enlarge most of the C&SLR's tunnels whilst the railway remained in operation, with enlargement taking place at night and trains running during the day. Special tunnelling shields were constructed with openings that trains could run through. To facilitate the enlargement works, Kennington station was closed on 1 June 1923 and used as a depot for the construction works. The platforms were removed and sidings installed for spoil wagons. A new shaft was sunk from the garden of an adjacent house to provide access to the tunnels and the passenger lifts were used to transfer the wagons between the tunnels and the surface.

To achieve a convenient arrangement for the interchange between the existing tunnels and the new ones to Embankment, several changes were made to the organisation of the station below ground. Two new platform tunnels were constructed parallel with and at the same level as the corresponding existing tunnels with the new tunnels on the outside of the existing ones. Linking passages were constructed between each pair of platforms to enable cross-platform interchanges. Both of the existing platforms had been accessed from the east, so, to make the link to the new northbound tunnel, the platform in the existing northbound tunnel was reconstructed on the other side, and the tracks were repositioned.

The existing passage between the platforms and the lifts was severed by the new southbound platform so each pair of platforms was connected to new entrance and exit passages leading to and from the lifts. These passages were at a higher level than before, so the bottom landings of the lifts and the emergency stairs were raised by 11 ft to match them. Along with the construction of the new tunnels, the existing station tunnels were increased in length to 350 ft by enlarging the running tunnels. The enlargement was done with standard segmental iron linings, rather than the original brick.

At the lower levels of the station, the platform walls and passages were decorated with a new tiling scheme by Charles Holden, matching that used on new stations on the Morden extension and the new stations from Embankment. Other C&SLR stations were rebuilt during the 1920s modernisation (including the replacement of lifts with escalators at some), but the surface building at Kennington station was left largely unaltered. It is therefore the only station of the C&SLR's original section still in a condition close to its original design and the only one to be a listed building.

To enable trains from Waterloo to reverse, a loop tunnel was constructed connecting the new southbound and northbound platforms. A siding constructed between the two existing tunnels provided a reversing facility for trains coming from Elephant & Castle. Because the original southbound running tunnel was lower than the original northbound tunnel, a section of the siding was constructed at a 1:40 gradient to bring trains up to the level of the northbound tunnel before the reversing siding, which can accommodate two trains.

Following the completion of the extension and reconstruction works, the C&SLR and the Hampstead Tube operated as a single line, although they retained their own identities into the 1930s. A variety of names were used before "Northern line" was adopted in 1937.

Post-war plans
After World War II, a review of rail transport in the London area produced a report in 1946 that proposed many new lines and identified the Morden branch as being the most overcrowded section of the London Underground, needing additional capacity. To relieve the congestion, the report recommended construction of a second pair of tunnels beneath the Northern line's tunnels between Kennington and Tooting Broadway to provide an express service. Charing Cross branch trains would use the express tunnels and run to Morden. Trains using the existing tunnels would start and end at Tooting Broadway. Designated as routes 10, this proposal was not developed by the London Passenger Transport Board or its successor organisations.

Refurbishment
Refurbishment work at Kennington was completed in 2005. This included replacement of the 1920s tiles on platform and passage walls with matching tiles. Travel between surface and platform level continues to be via passenger lifts or stairs.

Extension to Battersea Power Station
In 2014, Transport for London (TfL) was granted parliamentary approval to construct an extension of the Charing Cross branch from Kennington to Battersea Power Station via Nine Elms. The new extension tunnels connect to the reversing loop tunnel in step plate junctions constructed from temporary construction shafts in Radcot Street and Harmsworth Street. Two chambers were constructed on the line of the new tunnels at Kennington Green and Kennington Park for ventilation and emergency access.

TfL assessed that the Battersea extension will not significantly impact the number of passengers entering and exiting the station, but, to accommodate additional interchanges between the branches, additional cross-platform passageways were constructed between each pair of platforms. The 3 km-long extension opened on 20 September 2021.

Services and connections
The station is in Travelcard zones 1 and 2, between Waterloo or Elephant & Castle and Oval or Nine Elms. Train frequencies vary throughout the day but generally operate every 3–6 minutes between 05:37 and 00:33 northbound to Edgware, High Barnet or Mill Hill East via the Charing Cross or Bank branches and every 2–5 minutes between 06:01 and 00:46 southbound. For most of the day, Charing Cross Branch trains generally run to or from Battersea Power Station, or start or terminate at Kennington, using the Kennington loop, while Bank Branch trains all run to or from Morden while passing Kennington. During Peak hours, there are some limited Charing Cross Branch trains that also run to or from Morden. During Night Tube operations, all Charing Cross Branch trains run to Morden, while the Bank and Battersea Branches lack night tube services.

London Bus routes 133, 155, 333 and 415 with night routes N133 and N155 serve the station.

title: Kennington tube station


text:
Talk:Gulf Coast of the United States

Untitled
For optional guidelines on contributing see WikiProject U.S. regions

Naming convention
I just changed a link to this article from La Malinche, refering to the Mexican Gulf Coast. Right Gulf, wrong nation. Since this article talks exclusively about the USA Gulf Coast, any objection if I moved this to a title like "US Gulf Coast"? -- Infrogmation 18:47, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I would like Gulf Coast (US) better. Rmhermen 18:52, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem with me. The original article name was 'Gulf Coast of Texas', which wasn't exactly right either. Probably Gulf Coast (United States) is best. Skybunny 20:39, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I just moved the article from "Gulf Coast" to "U.S. Gulf Coast", to match the terminology of such articles as "U.S. South" and "U.S. Midwest". -- Infrogmation 15:33, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

According to new policy adopted by Wikiproject U.S. regions this article should be at Gulf Coast of the United States. I will be moving it there momentarily. -JCarriker 12:16, May 23, 2005 (UTC)

Metropolitan areas
Baton Rouge is not a Gulf Coast city. It is not on the Gulf and it is not coastal! (68.96.39.127 (talk) 16:29, 7 April 2011 (UTC))

I corrected the population figure for the Mobile Metropolitan Area. The 400,000 figure was for Mobile County. The Mobile Metropolitan Area also includes Baldwin County, Alabama. Rlm0710 18:47, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

 * According to the United States Census Bureau, the Mobile metropolitan area consists of Mobile County only and has a population of 400,526. —RJN 23:34, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Interestingly, the Pensacola metro area and the Ft. Meyers metro areas you cite, do not even appear on this list of the 100 largest metropolitan areas. Why do you supposed that is? Perhaps the census bureau changed the configuration of the metro areas. At one time Mobile/Baldwin was a single metro area. A reader of this article would come away thinking that the "Mobile Bay area" is less populated than the "Pensacola area," which locals know isn't true. Perhaps, too, you may want to include the total population of the Gulf Coast as well as to list all the metro areas on the coast, rather than just the "Top 10." Mississippi does have a population on the coast, too. Also, I have never thought of Tallahassee as being a Gulf Coastal community.Rlm0710 14:42, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Tallahassee is not on the coast... --JW1805 (Talk) 18:56, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have tagged this section of the article with the Update template. The populations were substantially changed by the 2005 hurricane season, and a year later are nowhere near their pre-hurricane levels.  New Orleans has been reduced by half and Baton Rouge doubled;  are there any scientific studies showing where displaced people from New Orleans have settled?  I know we have many now in Texas, but I have no clue what the numbers are.  Beaumont seems to be experiencing an economic boom even though many people and businesses left forever with Rita.  Many Katrina people however stayed.  It is fascinating but we need new numbers.  Laura1822 22:24, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

I disagree on the point that Baton Rouge does not belong. Its close proximity and economic ties to New Orleans merit its inclusion to this article. The largest tonnage port district in America, the Port of South Louisiana, runs along the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. Where one city is included for the purpose of this discussion, so must the other be. They are inexorably linked. Jasondc7 (talk) 01:35, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Texas is a Southern state
The Southwest and West articles both have Texas striped, while the South article has Texas solid in all three maps. On the Southern talk page, we have discussed this for a long time, and it is agreed that Texas is a Southern state. I, as a Texan, am offended by this article's statement that Texas is not part of the South. If you have any objections, discuss them on the Southern talk page. --Stallions2010 01:41, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Metropolitan area merging
Should the Mobile and Pensacola metropolitan areas be merged into one, for the purposes of the table provided in this article? As a former resident of the Mobile area, I can tell you that it is generally accepted in both markets that the two are very similiar and identifiable with each other. Both markets share many resources, particularly in regard to the media, as the radio and television stations of both markets can be clearly heard/viewed in both markets and they target both markets.

If merged, the combined population would be 1,045,381. This would make it the 4th largest metro in the table. --Contributions/74.95.135.46 (talk) 16:34, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I do agree about most of the points that you raise. They both share critical resources, media, and culture.  However, we base metropolitan listing on the listings given by the census.  Presenting the two metros as one would be factually inaccurate and would be misleading to readers.  But, just wait a few census' eventually, they probably will be combined into one. AlaGuy (talk) 06:24, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Orphan: Gulf South
The article Gulf South appears to be an orphan stub that clearly needs to be merged with this article. The merge proposal has been there for nearly a year with no discussion.

Since I haven't been involved with either of these I hesitate to do it myself but I wanted to propose that somebody go ahead and do this (unless there is some other reason someone knows of not to).

--Mcorazao (talk) 15:23, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Closed... Mcorazao merged the two articles on 16 September 2009. Inomyabcs (talk) 15:00, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

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Stockwell tube station

Stockwell is a London Underground station in Stockwell in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is located on the Northern line between Oval and Clapham North stations, and on the Victoria line between Brixton and Vauxhall stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

The station opened on 4 November 1890 as the southern terminus of the City and South London Railway, the first successful deep-level tube in London. The Victoria interchange opened on 23 July 1971 when that line was extended south from Victoria towards Brixton. The station is known for its World War II air-raid shelters, and for being the location of the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes.

Original station
Stockwell station was ceremonially opened on 4 November 1890 by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), as the most southerly station on the City and South London Railway (C&SLR) – London's first successful deep-level tube railway. Passenger services began just over one month later on 18 December.

The station was built with a single island platform with tracks on either side, an arrangement that today is rarely used underground on the network but which still exists at Clapham North and Clapham Common. Stockwell's original platform was further north than the new ones, and trains pass it today. The other terminus of the C&SLR line was King William Street in the City of London. On 3 June 1900, when an extension to Clapham Common was opened, Stockwell ceased to be a terminus. A flight of stairs at the south end of the platform was also added to take passengers to a subway that passed over the new northbound tunnel and joined the lift shaft at a higher level.

The original building, designed by T. P. Figgis, was similar to – but larger than – the existing surface building at Kennington with a domed roof to the original lift shaft. The two lifts each carried 50 people to and from the platforms until their replacement by escalators in 1924. The station was modernised in advance of the 1926 extension from Clapham Common to Morden. A new surface building was constructed by Charles Holden on the original site. The original station platforms were closed on 29 November 1923 and platforms sited to the south of the original were opened on 1 December 1924. At the same time the platforms were rebuilt to a larger diameter – and with a single platform in each tunnel – south of the original station tunnel.

New station
The station was expanded to accommodate the Victoria line, whose extension from Victoria to Brixton opened on 23 July 1971. Parallel cross-platform interchanges were provided between the two lines in both directions and the 1920s surface buildings were replaced by a modern structure. A third escalator was added to the existing pair, by constructing an additional shaft. Some construction work disturbed shelter tunnels constructed during war, that had to be re-sited. A British Transport Police (BTP) station was later built above the station in 1985, as part of a BTP initiative to increase police presence across the Underground. As with all Victoria line stations, the platforms feature tiled murals in the seat recesses – the work at Stockwell designed by Abram Games shows a swan, a reference to the nearby Swan public house.

The station has ticket halls, three escalators, seven gates, 13 payphones, a Wi-Fi service, 9 vending machines and a photo booth. The ticket hall has electronic departure boards. The ticket office was closed in early 2015 as part of the TfL investment programme.

Deep-level air-raid shelter
Stockwell is one of eight London Underground stations with an adjacent deep-level air-raid shelter, constructed during World War II. The shelter is below the current station, and comprises two parallel tunnels, each approximately six times the length of the current platform. These tunnels are 16 ft in diameter (wider than the current platforms), split horizontally into upper and lower levels, with various connecting and branch tunnels used for medical posts, lavatories, and ventilation.

The total capacity of the shelter was around 4,000 people. Access was via the station as well as two further entrance shafts containing spiral staircases, one of which is located at the middle of the junction of South Lambeth Road and Clapham Road, and the other on Studley Road. The shelter was completed in September 1942, and was used by the Government until 1944 when it was opened to the public. It was used for one year as a shelter. After the war it was used for a period to billet military personnel. One of the entrances has been brightly decorated and is a recognisable local landmark.

Branch tunnel and depot
Just north of the station there is a branch tunnel which led to a nearby generating station (closed 1915), depot and workshop located at the junction of Stockwell and Clapham Roads. The tunnel was very steep with an incline of 1:3.5, so rolling stock was originally pulled up to the surface using a wire rope and a winch. This system was replaced in 1907 by a hydraulic lift, which could carry one locomotive or one carriage.

During the 1920s, the line was closed for reconstruction and the depot was used as a working site for transporting spoil, equipment and works traffic in and out of the tunnels. The depot and lift were finally taken out of use at the end of 1924. The incline tunnel and the lift shaft were plugged on the surface and several blocks of flats were constructed on the old depot site by the LCC. These flats still stand, as does one retaining wall of the old depot with distinctive curved buttresses.

Incidents
On 22 July 2005, Jean Charles de Menezes, a Brazilian electrician living in London, was shot dead by plainclothes police officers at Stockwell station. This incident came a day after the failed 21 July 2005 London bombings occurred on tube trains and a bus in London. It later emerged that it was a case of mistaken identity on the part of the police and that Menezes had nothing to do with the attacks. In the immediate aftermath of the shooting a small shrine to de Menezes was created by mourners outside the station. This evolved into a permanent memorial mosaic which was unveiled on 7 January 2010 at the station. It was made by local artist, Mary Edwards, with the help of Menezes' cousin, Vivian Figueiredo, as well as Chrysoula Vardaxi.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day. However, Northern line trains generally operate every 4–6 minutes between 06:06 and 00:12 in both directions while Victoria line trains generally operate every 3–5 minutes between 06:02 and 00:20 in both directions. There is also 24-hour Night Tube service on both lines on Friday and Saturday evenings.

The station is served by London Bus routes 2, 50, 88, 155, 196, 333, 345 and P5, and also by night routes N2 and N155. Additionally, bus routes 88 and 345 have a 24-hour service.

title: Stockwell tube station


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Quincy Carter

LaVonya Quintelle "Quincy" Carter (born October 13, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs and was selected in the second round of the 2001 NFL draft. Carter played in the NFL for the Dallas Cowboys and New York Jets. Outside the NFL, he also was a member of the Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings, Kansas City Brigade and Abilene Ruff Riders. Additionally, from 1996 to 1999, he was in the Chicago Cubs minor league baseball organization.

Early years
Born in Chicago, Illinois but raised in Decatur, Georgia, Carter attended Southwest DeKalb High School in Decatur where he played football and baseball.

As a senior, he led the Panthers to the 1995 AAAA State Championship under head coach William Godfrey. He received Parade All-American and USA Today Georgia Player of the Year honors. He finished his high school career with 4,450 passing yards, 37 passing touchdowns, 1,489 rushing yards and 32 rushing touchdowns.

Baseball career
Carter originally signed a football letter of intent with Georgia Tech in 1996, but opted instead to play minor league baseball after being selected by the Chicago Cubs as an outfielder 52nd overall in the 1996 MLB draft.

In 1996, with the Gulf Coast Cubs of the rookie league, he hit .215 and played in 55 games. In 1997, he was promoted to the Rockford Cubbies of Single-A and hit .211 in 105 games. In 1998, he appeared in 28 games for Rockford, hitting .248 in 27 games. His final year in 1999, he went 0-for-3 in one game for the Daytona Cubs of Advanced A ball and left the team after only three games to return to Athens.

Freshman season
Struggling with his baseball career, Carter opted to return to play college football in 1998, but made the highly publicized decision to sign with the University of Georgia instead of Georgia Tech, who officially contested the move but was still overruled by the NCAA.

After spending two years away from football, he won the starting quarterback job in a contested battle over future University of Oklahoma starter Nate Hybl, among others. He became the Bulldogs' first freshman starter in 53 years (John Rauch in 1945), finishing with a 9–3 record. a No. 16 ranking in the final AP Poll and winning the 1998 Peach Bowl. He had a record setting season, establishing school freshman marks for passing yards (2,484), touchdowns (12), attempts (290) and completions (176), while tallying 300 passing yards or more in 4 games. His 2,484 passing yards at the time was the fourth highest total in school history. He was named Southeastern Conference Freshman of the Year and was recognized as one of the top young quarterbacks in the nation.

Against Louisiana State University, he was named SEC Offensive Player of the Week after completing 27-of-34 passes (79.4% - career high) for 318 yards and 2 touchdowns. He showed he was a dual-threat quarterback, as he demonstrated in Georgia's 28–26 win over the University of Kentucky, running 14 times for 114 yards (including a 49-yard touchdown run) and completing 10-of-14 passes for 147 yards and 2 passing touchdowns. In the 7–38 loss against the University of Florida, he completed a career-high 33-of-49 passes (67.3%) for a career-high tying 368 yards and 2 interceptions. Against Auburn University, he threw for 351 yards 2 touchdowns and 3 interceptions. In the 1998 Peach Bowl against the University of Virginia, he passed for 222 yards, 2 touchdowns and 3 interceptions to lead Georgia from a 21–0 deficit to a 35–33 victory.

Sophomore season
Carter had an impressive sophomore season while leading a young team, posting 216 out of 380 completions, 2,713 passing yards (school record for a sophomore), 17 passing touchdowns, 5 rushing touchdowns, and 6 interceptions, directing the offense to 416 yards per-game (second in the SEC). He had five 300 yard passing performances, his interception percentage of 1.58 (six picks in 380 attempts) was a school record and the second lowest percentage in SEC history. He also completed the third longest streak in SEC history after throwing 170 consecutive passes without an interception.

He received SEC Offensive Player of the Week honors after registering 349 passing yards and a touchdown on 26-of-41 completions against the University of Mississippi. Against Georgia Tech in a 48–51 loss, he helped the offense score 48 points, completing 29 out of 55 passes for 345 yards and 2 touchdowns while also rushing for one touchdown. Georgia finished the season with a 7–4 record and ranked 14th in the final AP Poll. In the 2000 Outback Bowl 28–25 overtime win against Purdue University, he threw for 243 yards and one touchdown on 20-of-33 passing, while running for 21 yards and a score to lead the Bulldogs to the biggest come-from-behind victory in school history.

Junior season
As a junior, he displayed inconsistency, which included a 5 interception game on 10-of-24 passing against the University of South Carolina. He suffered a left shoulder contusion in the sixth game against Vanderbilt University, completing 12 out of 20 passes for 215 yards and one touchdown, forcing him to miss the next contest against the University of Kentucky. He also suffered a torn ulnar collateral ligament in his right thumb during the eighth game of the season against the University of Florida and missed the last 4 games including the 2000 Oahu Bowl. He was replaced with junior Cory Phillips. Carter finished the season completing 91 out of 183 passes, 1,250 passing yards, 6 touchdowns and 10 interceptions.

Carter was 23–8 as the starting quarterback for the Georgia Bulldogs and declared for the NFL Draft after his junior season. He finished second in school history behind Eric Zeier in career passing yards (6,447), career pass attempts (853), career completions (483), career offensive plays (1,104), career total offense (7,053 yards) and consecutive pass attempts without an interception (170). He was ranked third in completion percentage (56.60%), third in touchdown passes (35) and fifth in passing efficiency rating (127.79).

2001 season
In the 2001 NFL Draft, the Dallas Cowboys didn't have a first-round pick because of the trade that sent two first round choices to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for wide receiver Joey Galloway. Looking for a replacement to the recently retired Troy Aikman, Carter was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round (53rd overall). At the time, it was a selection that was criticized by the media as a reach and it was later reported that owner/general manager Jerry Jones influenced the organization into making it.

Pro Football Weekly suggested in its pre-draft evaluation of Carter that he made a mistake leaving college early due to shortcomings in Carter's play, such as "scatter[ing] the ball all over the place at times" and "poor judgment on the field."

Although he was expected to spend time learning the game behind starter Tony Banks, after having a notable pre-season he was named the team's new starting quarterback midway through training camp (August 14), becoming the first rookie quarterback selected in the second round, to start a week 1 game in NFL history and only the third rookie quarterback to open the season as a starter in club history.

However, he was also part of a succession of short-tenured quarterbacks following the retirement of Aikman. After suffering two separate injuries (sprained right thumb two games and strained left hamstring six games), he ended up starting only eight games, both Anthony Wright and former San Diego Chargers second-overall pick Ryan Leaf started three, while former Arkansas Razorback Clint Stoerner started two.

The highlight of his rookie season was a 27-21 win against the San Francisco 49ers (finished 12-4) in Week 16. Carter showed promise with 241 yards passing and two touchdowns, to become just the second Cowboys rookie to win NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors. He also had an important 20-13 victory over the New York Giants in which he threw for nearly 200 yards, scrambled for a first down late in the game, and threw the game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Bryant.

Carter completed 90 out of 176 attempts for 1,072 yards, 5 touchdowns, and 7 interceptions, along with 45 carries for 150 yards. He had a 3-4 record, leading the Cowboys to more victories than any other rookie quarterback in franchise history. His numbers for pass attempts, completions yardage and touchdowns ranked third behind Troy Aikman and Steve Walsh. His final quarterback rating for the season of 63.0, was better than fellow rookie quarterbacks Michael Vick (62.7) and Chris Weinke (62.0), who also started games.

2002 season
In 2002, the Cowboys would sign another young quarterback and former baseball player, Chad Hutchinson, to compete with Carter. The highlight of the season was Carter leading the Cowboys to a dramatic come from behind win for the second time in three weeks (the other one was against the St. Louis Rams), on his 25th birthday he turned a 13-0 deficit to the Carolina Panthers, into a 14-13 victory by throwing an 80-yard touchdown pass to Joey Galloway with 3:55 left, then a 24-yarder to Antonio Bryant with 56 seconds to go.

He lost the starting job after a 9-6 loss in the seventh game against the Arizona Cardinals, in which he engaged in a heated sideline argument with Jerry Jones. Hutchinson would start the last nine games of the season.

Carter, in seven starts had a 3-4 record, including a loss to the expansion team Houston Texans. He completed 125 out of 221 attempts for 1,465 yards, 7 touchdowns, 8 interceptions, along with 27 carries for 91 yards. He threw for at least 200 yards in six consecutive games, marking the longest stretch by a Cowboy since Aikman had a streak of six games in 1993. He also completed more than 20 passes in three straight games, which was the longest stretch by a Cowboy since Aikman had a streak of five games in 1996.

2003 season
In 2003, with the arrival of new head coach Bill Parcells, all positions were opened to competition, and Carter was involved in a publicized quarterback controversy, when he and Hutchinson competed for a roster spot in the 2002 edition of Hard Knocks, an HBO series that covers the training camp of an NFL team. Carter regained the starting role, bringing stability to the quarterback position and leading the team to a 10–6 record and a playoff appearance.

Against the New York Giants on Monday Night Football, he completed 25 out of 40 passes for a career-high 321 yards, including a touchdown pass and a touchdown run. Dallas trailed by three points with 11 seconds remaining, when he connected a 26-yard pass with wide receiver Antonio Bryant to set up Billy Cundiff's 52-yard field goal that sent the game into overtime. In the extra period, he completed 5-of-8 passes for 61 yards, including a 23-yard toss to tight end Dan Campbell that set up the game winning field goal for a final score of 35–32.

His best game came against the eventual NFC Champion Carolina Panthers, making a career-high for completions (29) on 43 attempts, while passing for 254 yards and 2 touchdowns, including one to Bryant in the last minute of the contest on 4th and 14 for the game winning score. The 24-20 victory assured Dallas its first non-losing season since 1999.

Carter completed 292 out of 505 attempts for 3,302 yards, 17 passing touchdowns, 21 interceptions, 68 carries for 257 yards and 2 rushing touchdowns, while ranking 11th among NFC quarterbacks with a 71.4 rating. He became one of only eight quarterbacks in franchise history to pass for more than 3,000 yards in a season, joining Roger Staubach (2 times), Danny White (4 times), Steve Pelluer (1 time), Aikman (5 times), Vinny Testaverde, (1 time), Tony Romo (7 times) and Dak Prescott (5 times).

2004 season
During the offseason, coming off a successful year, Carter was abruptly cut on August 4, 2004 under unclear circumstances. The group of quarterbacks for the Cowboys that offseason had expanded with the trade for yet another former baseball player, Drew Henson, and the acquisition of Vinny Testaverde off waivers. Before Carter's release, it had been projected that he had an edge over Testaverde for the starting role and that third-string quarterback Tony Romo would be waived. League sources eventually revealed that Carter had been released after failing a drug test. He'd already flunked two previous tests and would have to be suspended for the first four games of the season.

In 2013, Cowboys coach Bill Parcells shed some light into Carter's situation at Dallas, saying that Carter couldn't handle the pressure of being the Cowboys' starter. "I became pretty close with Quincy personally, and this kid had a lot of good qualities", Parcells said. "He was smart. He understood it. But I just couldn’t save his ass. I really couldn’t. You just didn’t have the time. There he is, he got his team in the playoffs, he's the starting quarterback of the Dallas Cowboys, he's playing good, he's improving, he can get out of trouble, he's pretty smart, he can make almost every throw -- and it's just, some people just can’t fight the pressure to succeed. They just can’t fight it. It's too much on them once the bar gets up a little bit. It's too much. I don’t know all the problems or the demons exactly, but that's what eventually took him down".

In his Cowboys career, he started 31 games, registering 507 completions in 902 attempts for 5,839 yards, 29 touchdown passes, 498 rushing yards, 3 touchdown runs, 36 interceptions and a 72.3 passer rating.

New York Jets
On August 24, 2004, Carter was signed to a one-year contract by the New York Jets to serve as a veteran backup to Chad Pennington. He ended up starting three games (winning two) after Pennington injured his rotator cuff, and if not for his performance, the team would not have made the playoffs. He finished the season with some of the best statistics of his career: 35 completions in 58 passes for 498 yards, 3 touchdowns, one interception and a 98.2 passer rating.

The Jets declared him inactive for the divisional playoff game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on January 15, announcing that he had left the team to attend to his sick mother, when in reality he had enrolled into a rehabilitation program. He was not re-signed after the season. He finished his NFL career with 542 out of 960 completions for 6,337 yards, 32 touchdown passes, 518 rushing yards, 3 touchdown runs and 37 interceptions, for a passer efficiency rating of 71.7.

Montreal Alouettes (CFL)
On April 4, 2006, Carter was signed by the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League to a one-year contract with an option for 2007, to be the backup to Anthony Calvillo. He was cut by the team on May 25. On the subject of being released, Carter remarked, "This is a joke... an insult." One CFL club official told the Montreal Gazette that Carter has "a serious marijuana problem."

Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings (AF2)
In February 2007, Carter signed with the Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings of the af2. Through the first three games of the season he was the third ranked passer, with a rating of 124.3, throwing for 18 touchdown passes, but he was suspended indefinitely from the team in late May for missing team meetings. Battle Wings coach Jon Norris named Carter the starting quarterback for their June 16 game against the Corpus Christi Sharks and passed for a franchise-record eight touchdowns in the Battle Wings' 81-35 win.

Carter was arrested on possession charges by the Shreveport police on October 12. Because the incident marked the second time he was arrested for the same crime, the charge was a felony. He was released on his 30th birthday, on a bond of $5,224, according to an official in the records department at the Caddo Correctional Facility.

Kansas City Brigade (AFL)
On May 1, 2008 Carter signed with the Arena Football League's Kansas City Brigade. The team had one victory at the time of the signing and were hoping Carter's strong arm could resurrect their season. Herman Edwards, who coached Carter while with the Jets, commented on Carter's personality calling him of "good character". On May 27, he was signed from the practice squad. Carter wore #3 and started the last three games of the season, registering 51 out of 89 completions for 575 yards, 8 touchdowns and 4 interceptions. He was signed to a two-year contract extension on June 23.

On July 31, Carter had a workout with the Miami Dolphins but was not signed. On October 20, he was released by the Brigade.

Abilene Ruff Riders (IFL)
In March 2009, Carter signed a one-year contract with the Abilene Ruff Riders of the Indoor Football League. On May 10, he was arrested by Abilene, Texas police for an outstanding warrant, related to a DWI arrest in south Texas and subsequent probation violation. Carter was arrested again on June 18, for failing to pay his bondsman after his May 10 arrest. Returning from injury, Carter no-showed for the July 4 game and was cut from the team the next day.

Corpus Christi Fury (AIF)
On February 19, 2015, he was signed by the Corpus Christi Fury of the American Indoor Football league. In 2016, the team cancelled several games during the season and only played one game against an American Indoor Football member. While never announced by the team itself, the Fury appeared to have folded before their May 15 game against the New Mexico Stars, giving them 24-hours notice that they would be unable to make the game.

Personal life
On December 15, 2006, Carter was arrested in Irving, Texas on possession of marijuana charges. He was released in lieu of a $500 bond paid by Dallas sports talk-show host and journalist, Randy Galloway.

Carter became an independent youth football coach in Georgia specializing in training for the quarterback position. His personal problems continued until July 2013, when he was arrested again and charged with family violence simple battery after authorities said he allegedly threw a child safety seat at his girlfriend. The charge was a misdemeanor.

Carter's standout collegiate career at the University of Georgia has caught the attention of several rap artists in Atlanta over the years, such as Gucci Mane, who referenced Carter in his single "Trap House".

Carter has a son named Quincy Carter, Jr. who attends Southwest DeKalb High School.

In 2020, Carter celebrated one year of sobriety. He is currently training youth at his quarterback school.

title: Quincy Carter


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Clapham North tube station

Clapham North is an Underground station in Clapham, London. It is on the Northern line between Stockwell and Clapham Common. The station is located in Travelcard Zone 2, at the northern end of Clapham High Street, and a short walk away from Clapham High Street railway station. Although there is no direct interchange between the two, it is counted as an Out of Station Interchange using Oyster, so journeys involving a change between the two are charged as through journeys and not two separate journeys.

Clapham North and Clapham Common are the only stations left on the network that are physically underground with narrow island platforms.

History
The station opened as Clapham Road on 3 June 1900 as part of an extension of the City and South London Railway to Clapham Common, one stop to the south. The station, designed by T. P. Figgis, is one of two remaining stations that has an island platform in the station tunnel, serving both the northbound and southbound lines; the other being Clapham Common. The original station building was replaced in 1924, when the line was modernised and the original building was remodelled by Charles Holden. The ticket hall was rebuilt after the installation of escalators and Figgis's station facade was replaced with biscuit-cream faience slabs and black coping tiles to the parapet walls. In turn, the station's corner entrance block was reclad in post-modern style tiles in c1996, the lower side wings retain their 1920s elevations. The station's name was changed to Clapham North on 13 September 1926 after the line was extended to Morden that year.

Clapham North is one of eight London Underground stations which has a deep-level air-raid shelter beneath it.

Connections
London Buses routes 50, 88, 155, 322, 345, P5 and night route N155 serve the station.

Trivia
"Clapham North" is the title of the last track on the album Everybody's a Fuckin Expert by London- and Texas-based noise rock band Shit and Shine.

title: Clapham North tube station


text:
Frequency domain

In mathematics, physics, electronics, control systems engineering, and statistics, the frequency domain refers to the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency (and possibly phase), rather than time, as in time series. Put simply, a time-domain graph shows how a signal changes over time, whereas a frequency-domain graph shows how the signal is distributed within different frequency bands over a range of frequencies. A complex valued frequency-domain representation consists of both the magnitude and the phase of a set of sinusoids (or other basis waveforms) at the frequency components of the signal. Although it is common to refer to the magnitude portion (the real valued frequency-domain) as the frequency response of a signal, the phase portion is required to uniquely define the signal.

A given function or signal can be converted between the time and frequency domains with a pair of mathematical operators called transforms. An example is the Fourier transform, which converts a time function into a complex valued sum or integral of sine waves of different frequencies, with amplitudes and phases, each of which represents a frequency component. The "spectrum" of frequency components is the frequency-domain representation of the signal. The inverse Fourier transform converts the frequency-domain function back to the time-domain function. A spectrum analyzer is a tool commonly used to visualize electronic signals in the frequency domain.

A frequency-domain representation may describe either a static function or a particular time period of a dynamic function (signal or system). The frequency transform of a dynamic function is performed over a finite time period of that function and assumes the function repeats infinitely outside of that time period. Some specialized signal processing techniques for dynamic functions use transforms that result in a joint time–frequency domain, with the instantaneous frequency response being a key link between the time domain and the frequency domain.

Advantages
One of the main reasons for using a frequency-domain representation of a problem is to simplify the mathematical analysis. For mathematical systems governed by linear differential equations, a very important class of systems with many real-world applications, converting the description of the system from the time domain to a frequency domain converts the differential equations to algebraic equations, which are much easier to solve. In addition, looking at a system from the point of view of frequency can often give an intuitive understanding of the qualitative behavior of the system, and a revealing scientific nomenclature has grown up to describe it, characterizing the behavior of physical systems to time varying inputs using terms such as bandwidth, frequency response, gain, phase shift, resonant frequencies, time constant, resonance width, damping factor, Q factor, harmonics, spectrum, power spectral density, eigenvalues, poles, and zeros.

An example of a field in which frequency-domain analysis gives a better understanding than time domain is music; the theory of operation of musical instruments and the musical notation used to record and discuss pieces of music is implicitly based on the breaking down of complex sounds into their separate component frequencies (musical notes).

Magnitude and phase
In using the Laplace, Z-, or Fourier transforms, a signal is described by a complex function of frequency: the component of the signal at any given frequency is given by a complex number. The modulus of the number is the amplitude of that component, and the argument is the relative phase of the wave. For example, using the Fourier transform, a sound wave, such as human speech, can be broken down into its component tones of different frequencies, each represented by a sine wave of a different amplitude and phase. The response of a system, as a function of frequency, can also be described by a complex function. In many applications, phase information is not important. By discarding the phase information, it is possible to simplify the information in a frequency-domain representation to generate a frequency spectrum or spectral density. A spectrum analyzer is a device that displays the spectrum, while the time-domain signal can be seen on an oscilloscope.

Types
Although "the" frequency domain is spoken of in the singular, there is a number of different mathematical transforms which are used to analyze time-domain functions and are referred to as "frequency domain" methods. These are the most common transforms, and the fields in which they are used: More generally, one can speak of the  with respect to any transform. The above transforms can be interpreted as capturing some form of frequency, and hence the transform domain is referred to as a frequency domain.
 * Fourier series – periodic signals, oscillating systems.
 * Fourier transform – aperiodic signals, transients.
 * Laplace transform – electronic circuits and control systems.
 * Z transform – discrete-time signals, digital signal processing.
 * Wavelet transform — image analysis, data compression.

Discrete frequency domain
A discrete frequency domain is a frequency domain that is discrete rather than continuous. For example, the discrete Fourier transform maps a function having a discrete time domain into one having a discrete frequency domain. The discrete-time Fourier transform, on the other hand, maps functions with discrete time (discrete-time signals) to functions that have a continuous frequency domain.

A periodic signal has energy only at a base frequency and its harmonics; thus it can be analyzed using a discrete frequency domain. A discrete-time signal gives rise to a periodic frequency spectrum. In a situation where both these conditions occur, a signal which is discrete and periodic results in a frequency spectrum which is also discrete and periodic; this is the usual context for a discrete Fourier transform.

History of term
The use of the terms "frequency domain" and "time domain" arose in communication engineering in the 1950s and early 1960s, with "frequency domain" appearing in 1953. See time domain: origin of term for details.

title: Frequency domain


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Broadstairs

Broadstairs is a coastal town on the Isle of Thanet in the Thanet district of east Kent, England, about 80 mi east of London. It is part of the civil parish of Broadstairs and St Peter's, which includes St Peter's, and had a population in 2011 of about 25,000. Situated between Margate and Ramsgate, Broadstairs is one of Thanet's seaside resorts, known as the "jewel in Thanet's crown". The town's coat of arms' Latin motto is Stella Maris ("Star of the Sea"). The name derives from a former flight of steps in the chalk cliff, which led from the sands up to the 11th-century shrine of St Mary on the cliff's summit.

The town spreads from Haine Road in the west to Kingsgate (named after the landing of King Charles II in 1683), a hamlet in St Peter parish in the north, and to Dumpton in the south (named after the yeoman Dudeman who farmed there in the 13th century). The hamlet of Reading (formerly Reden or Redyng) Street was established by Flemish refugees in the 17th century.

History
The inland village of St Peter's was established after the building of a parish church in about 1080. The coastal confederation of Cinque Ports during its mediæval period consisted of a confederation of 42 towns and villages in all. This included St Peter's, as a 'limb' of Dover. On the nearby coast was a cliff-top shrine, the Shrine of Our Lady, at what was then called Bradstow(e), meaning "broad place" (perhaps referring to the wide bay).

A fishing settlement developed in the vicinity of the shrine in the 14th century. This came to be called "Broadstairs", after a flight of steps which was made in the cliff to give access to the shrine from the bay. Older forms of the name include Brodsteyr Lynch (1434 & 1494 ), Brodestyr (1479), Broadstayer (1565) and Brod stayrs (1610). Charles Culmer, son of Waldemar, is supposed to have reconstructed the stairs in 1350.

1400–1700
In 1440, an archway was built by George Culmer across a track leading down to the sea, where the first wooden pier or jetty was built in 1460. A more enduring structure was to replace this in 1538, when the road leading to the seafront, known as Harbour Street, was cut into the rough chalk ground on which Broadstairs is built, by another George Culmer. Going further in defence of the town, he built the York Gate in 1540, a portal that still spans Harbour Street and which then held two heavy wooden doors that could be closed in times of threat from the sea. Richard Culmer was the son of Sir Richard Culmer by his first wife and was born in 1640/41.

Richard was buried in the parish church of Monkton, on the Isle of Thanet. Of his legacies was the endowment on Broadstairs of an area of six acres (24,000 m2) of ground for the poor of the parish. The name survives to this day as "Culmer's Allotment" as does the allotment.

1700–1815
In 1823, Broadstairs had a population of about 300. A brief outline of the history of Broadstairs Pier is given in Broadstairs, past and present, which mentions a storm in 1767, during which Culmer's work was all but destroyed. At this time, it was of considerable importance to the fishing trade with catches as far afield as Great Yarmouth, Hastings, Folkestone, Dover and Torbay and elsewhere being landed. It had become so indispensable that the corporations of Yarmouth, Dover, Hythe and Canterbury with assistance from the East India Company and Trinity House subscribed to its restoration with a payment of £2,000 in 1774.

By 1795, York Gate needed repair to repel any threat from the French Revolutionary Wars. The subsequent renovation was undertaken by Lord Hanniker in the same year as the first lightvessel was placed on the Goodwin Sands.

On the occasion of the landing at Thanet of Major Henry Percy of the 14th Dragoon Guards, on 21 June 1815 with the captured French eagle standard taken at Waterloo, a tunnel stairway from the beach to the fields on the cliff tops above was excavated, and christened "Waterloo Stairs" to commemorate the event. Broadstairs was supposedly the first town in England to learn of this historic victory, although there is no written evidence of this.

Smuggling was an important industry in the area, and the men of Broadstairs and St Peter's became very good at outwitting customs agents. This was very profitable because of the very high duty payable on tea, spirits and tobacco. There is a network of tunnels and caves strewn in the chalk strata which were used by smugglers to hide their contraband.

Development as a seaside resort

By 1824 steamboats were becoming more common, having begun to make over from the hoys and sailing packets about 1814. These made trade with London much faster. The familiar sailing hoys took anything up to 72 hours to reach Margate from London, whereas the new steamships were capable of making at least nine voyages in this time. Mixed feelings must have been strongly expressed by the Thanet boatmen in general, as the unrivalled speed of the steam packet was outmanoeuvring all other classes of vessel, but it brought a new prosperity to Thanet.

The young Princess Victoria and her mother, the Duchess of Kent, were summer visitors 1826–1836, staying at Pierremont Hall (in present-day Pierremont Park). The house was built in 1785 by Samuel Pepys Cockerell for Thomas Douglas Forsyth, and later used as a school and an events venue.

In the middle of the 19th century, the professional classes began to move in. By 1850, the population had reached about 3,000, doubling over the previous 50 years. Due to the fresh sea air, many convalescent homes for children opened towards the end of the 19th century.

Although numerous holidaymakers were attracted to Broadstairs and to other Thanet seaside towns during the Victorian era, it was not directly served by the railways until 1863. This was a time of great expansion for railways in the South East; in 1860 Victoria Station had been completed, followed by Charing Cross and Cannon Street. Rail access to Broadstairs had previously relied heavily upon coach links to other railway stations in the district or region; with firms such as Bradstowe Coachmasters, operated by William Sackett and John Derby, principally involved. Their coaches connected Broadstairs to Whitstable station where a railway service had begun as early as 1830 (one of the first in England, with its pioneering Stephenson's engine Invicta).

In 1841, 44 mariners were recorded as resident in Broadstairs; nine of these being specified as fishermen, and of course the residual boat-building activity that remained after the Culmer White yard closed in 1824 (under pressure from the steamships), still continued (though there were only four shipwrights recorded in the census: Solomon Holbourn and Joseph Jarman among them). Others may have been at sea on census day: Steamer Point, as the pier head at Broadstairs was then known, would have been fairly busy with shipping movements since consignments of coal and other produce would have been traded along the coast and there would have been regular work on the steam packet to and from Ramsgate. By the 1840s, the smuggling had ceased.

By 1910, the population had reached about 10,000. A "guide book" of the 1930s by A.H. Simison (the photographic chemist) entitled Ramsgate (The Kent Coast at its best) Pictorially Presented, describes Broadstairs town as having approached modernisation and urban development "always with a consistent policy of retaining those characteristics for which it has for so long been renowned". The town has retained many aspects of historical interest, besides its maritime history. Amongst these is its notable religious history, evoked by places such as the Shrine of Our Lady, Bradstowe.

Governance
Broadstairs is within the Thanet local government district. The town contains the five electoral wards of Bradstowe, St Peter's, Beacon Road, Viking and Kingsgate. These wards have eleven of the fifty six seats on the Thanet District Council. The 2023 Local Elections saw major changes in the political make-up of Broadstairs, with the Conservative Party retaining only four of their previously held eight seats. Four seats were won by the Labour Party, two by the Greens with an Independent taking the remaining seat. Broadstairs and St Peter's Town Council has 15 members, who are elected every four years, led by the mayor.

The Member of Parliament (MP) for South Thanet is Craig Mackinlay of the Conservative Party. He has been the constituency's MP since the 2015 general election.

Broadstairs and St Peter's have been twinned with Wattignies in northern France since the early 1980s.

Geography
The town lies above a harbour with cliffs on either side. It has seven bays of golden sand, which are (from south to north) Dumpton Gap, Louisa Bay, Viking Bay, Stone Bay, Joss Bay, Kingsgate Bay and Botany Bay. North Foreland rises between Stone Bay and Joss Bay.

On the cliffs above Kingsgate Bay is Kingsgate Castle, formerly part of the estate of Lord Holland but now converted into private residences.

Broadstairs has a very mild maritime climate.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the parish of Broadstairs and St Peter's had 24,370 residents in 10,597 households. Of those households, 34.2% were married couples, 6.7% were cohabiting couples and 8.3% were lone parents. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.9% had someone living alone at pensionable age. 25.7% of households included children aged under 16, or a person aged 16 to 18 who was in full-time education.

The parish has a low proportion of non-white people compared with national figures; the ethnicity recorded in the 2001 census was 97.9% white, 0.7% mixed race, 0.3% Chinese, 0.7% other Asian, 0.2% black and 0.2% other. The number of foreign-born residents is relatively low; the place of birth of residents in 2001 was 94.7% United Kingdom, 0.7% Republic of Ireland, 0.5% Germany, 0.9% other Western Europe countries, 0.3% Eastern Europe, 0.8% Africa, 0.6% South Asia, 0.5% Far East, 0.3% North America, 0.2% Middle East, 0.2% Oceania and 0.1% South America. Religion was recorded as 75.3% Christian, 0.4% Muslim, 0.3% Hindu, 0.3% Buddhist and 0.3% Jewish. 14.3% were recorded as having no religion, 0.5% had an alternative religion and 8.6% did not state their religion.

The age distribution was 5% aged 0–4 years, 14% aged 5–15 years, 5% aged 16–19 years, 26% aged 20–44 years, 27% aged 45–64 years and 24% aged 65 years and over. There was a high percentage of residents over 65, compared with the national average of 16%, mainly due to seaside towns being popular retirement destinations. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males.

Employment
At the 2001 census, the economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 34.1% in full-time employment, 12.8% in part-time employment, 10.0% self-employed, 2.9% unemployed, 2.3% students with jobs, 4.1% students without jobs, 20.0% retired, 6.5% looking after home or family, 4.9% permanently sick or disabled and 2.4% economically inactive for other reasons. The percentage of retired people was significantly higher than the national figure of 14%. The percentage of unemployed people was low compared with the national rate of 3.4% and the district rate of 4.4%. Only 12% of residents aged 16–74 had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 20% nationwide. The Office for National Statistics estimated that during the period of April 2001 to March 2002, the average gross weekly income of households was £522 (£27,219 per year).

The industry of employment of residents, at the 2001 census, was 15% retail, 14% health and social work, 13% manufacturing, 13% education, 10% real estate, 8% construction, 7% transport and communications, 6% public administration, 5% hotels and restaurants, 3% finance, 1% agriculture and 5% other community, social or personal services. Compared with national figures, there was a relatively high number of workers in the education and health/social care industries and a relatively low number in finance and real estate. Many residents commute to work outside the town; at the 2001 census, the town had 9,842 employed residents, but there were only 9,049 jobs within the town.

Economy
As a seaside resort, the economy is mainly based around tourism; there are hotels and guest houses on and near the seafront to accommodate the influx of all-year-round visitors. Although the number of hotels in recent years has declined because of the high land redevelopment values, this has resulted in an improvement in quality of the existing premises. The High Street has a wide variety of independent shops and services and there are several factories, mainly situated on the small industrial estates on the town's borders. The above-average population age has led to many health- and social-care jobs at local care homes. At the 2001 UK census, 1.8% of the population resided in a medical or care establishment, which is more than double the national average of only 0.8%. Many jobs in education are provided by the town's relatively high number of schools and colleges.

 * Broadstairs' & St Peter's Chamber of Commerce has existed for over 100 years and has been instrumental in establishing links between traders and authority and raising money for projects including the town's CCTV scheme. It organises events and promotes tourism to benefit the town economy, the local customer and visitors.
 * The largest of Broadstairs' industrial estates is at Pyson's Road.
 * Residential building land is now scarce and property prices within Broadstairs tend to be higher than the rest of Thanet.
 * Broadstairs has seen major development in its area recently with a large out-of-town shopping development at Westwood called Westwood Cross. This has attracted national retailers, a new Travelodge hotel a bingo club, a casino, a vue cinema, a new fitness centre, and an Ask, Nando's, Frankie & Benny's restaurants.
 * Land is currently being redeveloped to extend the existing Westwood Cross shopping centre.
 * Within the Broadstairs boundary there are three large supermarkets: Asda, Sainsbury's and a Tesco Extra, which, before redevelopment, was the home of a large Co-op store (one of the first hypermarkets built in the UK). Tesco has a metro store in the town. Tesco also has a convenience store (Tesco Express) in the town and there is a small Co-op in St Peter's village.
 * Motor and household insurance claims of Saga Insurance Ltd. are managed in Broadstairs (as an extension of their main offices in Folkestone).

Culture and community
There is a small cinema, "The Palace Cinema" (formerly known as The Windsor), in Harbour Street. More recently, a new event has been added to the mix – the Big Broadstairs Weekend. Starting the season in May, the event is themed, comprises a dance at the Pavilion on the Friday night, Film on the Beach on the Saturday night and a Guinness World Record Attempt on the Sunday. Broadstairs currently holds the record for biggest remote dance class.
 * Broadstairs Dickens Festival 2013.jpg Broadstairs Dickens Festival is held annually in honour of the novelist Charles Dickens around the second or third week of June. The festival includes a production of one of Dickens' novels, with people about the town wearing Victorian dress. The festival first took place in 1937, when Captain Miles Conway Robson conceived the idea of commemorating the centenary of the publication of The Pickwick Papers by creating a festival to draw people to the town including a grand ball and a production of The Pickwick Papers, a novel partly written in the town.
 * In the second week of August each year, the town holds Broadstairs Folk Week music festival. The main acts perform at the Concert Marquee in the town's main park (Pierremont Park), with smaller musical events held in public houses, restaurants, cafés, and at the town's bandstand. Itinerant musicians and Morris dancers perform along the bay promenade. A school and playing field becomes an organization centre and campsite for entertainers. The town's population significantly increases with tourists, day-trippers and holiday makers.
 * During the summer season, and on 5 November, there are firework displays every Wednesday evening on Viking Bay.
 * In August the town holds an annual Water Gala. In the past this has included a visit by the Red Arrows, a hovercraft and lifeboats. Beach-based competitions and shows continue through the day. A funfair is on the cliff-top gardens, and a small air display takes place.
 * In the village of St Peter's, tours are held throughout the summer.

Landmarks
The beaches at Botany Bay and Joss Bay were awarded the Blue flag rural beach award in 2005. Viking Bay beach, the main beach in Broadstairs, won the Blue Flag in 2006. In summer, this bay is often very busy with tourists enjoying cafes and ice-cream outlets. On Harbour Street, the Pavilion on the Sands hosts a summer show and all-year entertainment, with extensive views across the bay. Its location and facilities make the Pavilion a popular wedding venue.

The Dickens House Museum on the seafront, displays many artefacts relating to Charles Dickens and his life in Broadstairs. Crampton Tower by the railway station houses a museum containing Thomas Russell Crampton's working drawings, models, graphics, patents, awards and artefacts connected to his life and works. Other galleries illustrate the history and development of the railways, the electric tramways, road transport and other aspects of local industry. The original Broadstairs stagecoach, built in 1860, is displayed alongside seven working model railways in gauges N, OO, O and Gauge One.

Transport
The town is situated 20 mi from both Dover and Canterbury, and about 67 mi from the M25, London's orbital motorway.

In 1851, the region's rail network was supplemented by the London to south coast route, including the coastal link from Chichester to Ramsgate, the cross-country service between London and Dover and the Mid-Kent line that linked Redhill, Tonbridge and Ashford to London's first Eurostar terminal at Waterloo (opened in 1848). Broadstairs station (unlike neighbouring Margate) is a 10-minute walk from the beach. Although rebuilt in the 1920s, electricity was not installed at the station until well into the 1970s, and the buildings and platforms remained illuminated by gaslight until then.

Since 2009 Southeastern have been operating a high speed train service between London St Pancras and Ashford International which then runs on to Broadstairs at conventional speed cutting about 40 minutes from what was once a two-hour journey to other termini in London. It is unusual in that trains to London can run either way through the station.

Lifeboats
Lifeboats arrived in Broadstairs in 1851. News of the loss of the Irish packet RMS Royal Adelaide (1838) with 250 lives, on the sands off Margate on 6 April 1850, may have been the prompt that led old Thomas White to present one of his lifeboats to his home town of Broadstairs that summer. The lifeboat saw its first use on 6 March 1851, when the brig Mary White became trapped on the Goodwin Sands during a severe gale blowing from the north. A ballad was written to celebrate the occasion, "Song of the Mary White".

Solomon Holbourn of Broadstairs, coxswain of the Mary White, had an aunt, Sophia, who married William Stevenson at Folkestone in 1813. Their eldest son, also William, became a mariner and boatman and in 1839 married Elizabeth Wellard at St Peter's, Broadstairs. In 1848 they had a son, again named William, who in adult life was better known as Bill "Floaty" Stevenson, and became a member of the Frances Forbes Barton lifeboat crew. The "Frances Forbes Barton" was originally, in 1897, the legacy of a Miss Webster to the boatmen of Broadstairs. It is recorded as having remained at that station until 1912, when it was moved to the Walmer station when the Broadstairs station closed. In its time at Broadstairs it had been launched 77 times and saved 115 lives, by far the most effective of the RNLI craft stationed there.

Broadstairs' lifeboats were further supported by a fund established in the 1860s by Sir Charles Reed FSA.

State schools
Infant and Primary
 * St Mildred's Infant School
 * Upton Junior School
 * St Peter in Thanet CE Junior School
 * St Joseph's RC Primary School
 * Bromstone County Primary School

Secondary Modern and Grammar
 * Dane Court Grammar School
 * St Georges C of E Foundation School
 * The Charles Dickens School
 * Chatham House Grammar School
 * Clarendon House Grammar School

Special schools

 * Bradstow School
 * Stone Bay School

Independent schools
Junior and Preparatory Senior schools
 * St Lawrence College, Junior School
 * Wellesley Haddon Dene School (merger of Haddon Dene School and Wellesley House School in 2022)
 * St Peter's Court (now demolished; merged with Wellesley House School in 1969)
 * St Lawrence College

Colleges and universities

 * East Kent College
 * Canterbury Christ Church University

Religious sites
The original Shrine of Our Ladye Star of the Sea is believed to date back to at least the 11th century. The chapel on what is now Albion St was destroyed by a storm in the 16th century but was restored in 1601. It gives its name to the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea in Broadstairs.

The Anglican parish church is Holy Trinity, dating from 1830, and which was described by Dickens as "a hideous temple of flint, like a petrified haystack". The church of St. Peter-in-Thanet has one of the longest churchyards in England.

Sport

 * Thanet Wanderers Rugby Union Football Club is based in Broadstairs at St. Peter's Recreation Ground.
 * Sandcastle building competition takes place annually.
 * Broadstairs has a Green bowling club.
 * Broadstairs & St Peter's Lawn Tennis Club
 * Beach Volleyball is held on the beach in the summer.
 * Broadstairs is home to the North Foreland Golf Club.
 * Broadstairs Sailing Club in Harbour Street once had former prime minister Edward Heath as a member.
 * Broadstairs squash club.

Sea swimming
Sea swimming is popular, especially on the beach at Viking Bay, which is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer. Dickens swam here and British comedian Frank Muir grew up as a 'Beach Boy' in the town, describing his experience in the sea and on 'the sands' in a chapter of his autobiography.

There are public toilets at the beach level in Viking Bay, but no changing facilities and one very basic freshwater shower (summer only). There is a freshwater tap at the bottom of the steps at the north end of the bay.

The bay is marked by striped posts on rocks at either end. The bay is alternately full of water at high tide or completely dry at low tide. At high tide, the beach shelf drops off quickly and a swimmer can be out of their depth within a few feet of the shore. At middle and low tides, the shelf is much more gently sloping and it is possible to play in the surf, and even swim, in water that is only waist high. At high tide and middle tide, swimmers that stay within the bay (within the posts) are completely sheltered from the tidal stream of the English Channel. At any tide, swimmers venturing out beyond the striped posts may encounter a strong tidal current running parallel to the coast, flowing either from south to north or north to south, depending on whether the tide is coming up the English Channel or draining out through it. Even strong experienced swimmers will find it difficult to make progress against this tidal stream at its greatest flow, and swimmers in difficulty should swim directly towards the nearest part of the shore, rather than try to return to the point where they originally entered.

Stone Bay to the north of Viking Bay also has a lifeguard in summer and attracts swimmers at all times of the year.

Media
Broadstairs has only one paid-for newspaper, the Isle of Thanet Gazette. Its sister publication, the Thanet Times, closed in October 2012 after 116 years; both were owned by Northcliffe Media. Free newspapers for the town include the Thanet Extra, part of the KM Group; and , part of KOS Media. Isle magazine is published quarterly and includes listings of events as well as accommodation and tourist information. A digital edition is available online. The Broadstairs Beacon magazine has been published three times a year since 2019 and is available online or in printed form for free at several places in the town.

Local radio stations are KMFM Thanet, owned by the KM Group, community radio station Academy FM (Thanet); and the county-wide stations Heart Kent, Gold and BBC Radio Kent. Thanet Community Radio also offer an online community podcasting service for Ramsgate, Broadstairs, Margate and the wider areas of Thanet. National broadcasting channels include BBC South East and ITV Meridian (East)

Notable people
People from Broadstairs are called Bradstonians.
 * William Bridges Adams, locomotive engineer and inventor of the Adams Axle, died at Broadstairs in 1872 and was buried at St Peter's Church.
 * Sir Richard Rodney Bennett, composer and pianist, was born in Broadstairs in 1936.
 * John Buchan apparently based the title of his novel, The Thirty Nine Steps after the set of steps on the beach at a house called St Cuby, Cliff Promenade at North Foreland, Broadstairs, where he was recuperating from illness in 1915.
 * Thomas Russell Crampton, MICE, MIMechE, railway engineer, was born in Broadstairs in 1816.
 * Charles Dickens visited Broadstairs regularly from 1837 until 1859 and described the town as "Our English Watering Place". He wrote David Copperfield while staying at Bleak House.
 * Tim Edey, multi-instrumentalist and composer, grew up in Broadstairs.
 * Sir Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974, was born in Broadstairs in 1916 and lived there until going to study at Balliol College, Oxford in 1935.
 * Edward Higgins (E. O. Higgins), fiction writer, podcaster and performer lived in Broadstairs for two years from 2009, whose novel Conversations with Spirits is based in the town
 * Oliver Postgate, writer of the Clangers animated TV series, was a longtime resident of Broadstairs and his life is commemorated by a mosaic of the Clangers and a blue plaque on the front of his home in Chandos Square.
 * Writer and filmmaker Bruce Robinson set his first full-length novel The Peculiar Memories of Thomas Penman in Broadstairs and included characters from his childhood in Broadstairs. Robinson is from the town and the novel is semi-autobiographical.
 * Tallulah, DJ who studied catering at East Kent College.

title: Broadstairs