text:
Wikipedia talk:Simple English Wikipedia

I've moved this out of the main namespace as I don't think it is worthy of an encyclopedia article. I'm not sure there's a lot of point having an article on one version of Wikipedia anyway. Could the information not be consolidated with information on other languages, or in the Wikipedia article itself? Angela. 10:11, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I tried to fix link named Main Page
I had to make it external to get it to work - I tried to emulate the link type used in the other similar link, with no luck. Spalding 16:50, Oct 19, 2004 (UTC)

"For children, students and translators". Why do the latter need wiki pages in Simple English? A capable translator from English into any other language should always be capable of understanding English in normal formulations at least passively. (Being able to write complicated phrases is quite a different thing: I, for instance, am Dutch, and as you can see, making natural sentences in a more advanced idiom really is a kind of a problem - I understand virtually anything the normal English Wikipedia features, however). Simple English articles will, as a matter of facts, lead to simple Estonian, Cherokee, Swahili, Ukrainian etc. etc. articles when they are translated, and it is likely that this can irritate those who read the translated articles in their native tongues - they aren't children, after all. Let the translator use a dictionary, and everything will be alright, if only he speaks the language into which he translates fluently! (anon)
 * Yes, if translators need Simple English, they don't deserve to be employed as translators. On the other hand, I'm not even very convinced of its usefulness to children or students.  OK, beginners and elementary learners can't be expected to deal with fully normal English, but they still need material that's both authentic and natural, and very little of the stuff I've seen here is that.  I see no point in a Simple English Wikipedia except as an aid to beginning or elementary students of English, and what's been made so far is of very limited use in that regard.  garik 11:36, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

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I'm puzzled by this sentence. "Most articles will require about 2000 words, a full defining vocabulary that is useful to explain English idiom." In an article about simple English, perhaps its meaning could be made clearer, as I really don't understand what's intended. Adrian Robson 16:49, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Is the Simple English Wikipedia biased?
I look at articles on it, such as the one about Socrates, and see that it gives a very oversimplified and inaccurate portrayal. I don't see how simple language should mean inaccurate/slanted(biased) information, but it seems to be that way on a number of articles. Smeggysmeg 22:33, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * philosophy can often be a difficult topic to present to EAL students or simple English speakers as one must normally be fluent in the language to understand the ideas being presented. even a great deal of primary English speakers have issues understanding it, so at times oversimplification is necessary for a subject like Classical Greek Philosophy.  if the article is truly biased, though, then it's a matter of rewriting the thing, which is easier said than done Filter1987 19:19, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Simple English
"Simple English is like English but only easy words are used." really? does anyone in the whole wide world not think that sentence deserves to be shunned and forced to live in the desert? Janemansfield74 01:31, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Why?
Why would anybody want to contribute to wikipedia for people who are too lazy to learn the language right? I think it is cool that there are wikipedias in everything from Chinese to Manx, but surely simple English is incredibly stupid and a waste of everybody's time. If people are too slow to learn from wikipedia, than maybe they are just too f***** stupid in the first place. No offese. --Elvisandhismagicpelvis 12:06, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I think you mean offense. Mark Chovain 10:57, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Those who don't want to contribute in the SEWP, don't have to; so, Elvisandhismagicpelvis, stop wasting your time on criticizing that Wikipedia in here (mostly because the talks are to make better the articles, not to insult their matter. Happy editing. Twicemost 00:18, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

I must expi wanna play call of DUTY NOWWWWW
 * Ghaag (talk) 08:58, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

The whole Project to create a Simple English should be scrapped. Here is my justification for this viewpoint:

 * Wikipedia should not be seen as merely utilitarian. It contains much knowledge for knowledge's sake.
 * Simple English is not a language: it is a deterministic construct written primarily by native speakers who are not pedagogues or linguists on behalf of an ill-defined constituency that has not been scientifically defined. (Unlike, say, speakers of Basque.)
 * Simple English Wikipedia institutionally entrenches an erroneous view of the process of language acquisition. The lexical marginality of any particular term is not what hinders comprehension, rather the lack of sufficient intervening explicative steps. Lexically, 'mule' is pretty marginal. But if you explain that a mule is part-horse, part-donkey, then the language learner should have little difficulty in understanding the concept.
 * Simple English Wikipedia places English on a pedestal: it is a form of cultural imperialism. Why should only English have a 'Subpedia' (excuse the neologism!)? It takes for granted that the existence of an international lingua franca is positive. Is it perhaps not hastening the demise of precious endangered languages by making English ever more accessible?
 * If supererogative turgescency of this ilk is to be tolerated, then Simple English Wikipedia epitomises Wikipedia's inutile, unmanageable future. Why shouldn't all languages have separate Wikipedias for their various grades? Why not a Wikipedia for ultra-technical English? Why not a Wikipedia for syntactic or stylistic preferences? Why not Wikipedias for dialects, or ecolects, or individual idiolects? Why not a Wikipedia in Legalese? Or Journalese?
 * Wikipedia is not primarily a tool for learning languages! (However...
 * ...via hyperlinks on a standard English article and the sidebar links to their vernacular, or Wiktionary, the speaker of another language can easily track unknown terms.)
 * It is a waste of Wikipedia Foundation's finite financial resources.

Therefore, I propose that Simple English Wikipedia be removed from the Wikipedia proper and farmed off as a Wiki-style project. Otherwise, an unfortunate precedent may be considered, established.Orthorhombic (talk) 16:22, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Orthorhombic, why not have a Simple English wikipedia? In Exemplum (i.e.),If I was a an ESL student, and I needed a source for my history project, I think that I would try to use English, if I could not under stand that, Simple English, and then my native language. I feel that one reason for Simple English wikipedia is there to be an english wikipedia for people who do not understand english as well as others. I respectfully disagree with your reasoning for eradicating the Simple English wikipedia, but I do agree with the point about the cultural imperialism. However, this could be helped by making more "Simple (Place Language Here)" Wikipedias, and not deleting this one. There is more than one stone that can kill the bird.

Poker5463  Repeater   21:21, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

I think Simple English Wikipedia sells itself short by describing itself in a way that focuses on its target of people who don't understand English that well, are children, or have a learning disability. It seems pretty valuable and even noble to me to use the power of Wikipedia to help those people (who still have a convenient link to the regular English article readily available), but if you don't think so, consider the following: Simple English Wikipedia actually offers significant value to adept English speakers: it serves to distill excessively complex and long-winded articles down to the essence of the topic. Simplicity is powerful - see Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's famous quote. Ever wish there was a "shut up and get to the point" button on Wikipedia? It's right there on the left: it says Simple English. Try comparing parody and simple:parody, for example. Simple English can also be useful for getting a second perspective on a topic, in a way that's similar to viewing other language versions of Wikipedia (if you can understand more than one language). Stop being so closed minded. Consider the possibility that Simple English Wikipedia is a tool with uses you may not have previously considered. 66.189.15.109 (talk) 05:08, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Language, content, or both?
There's currently a discussion at Articles for deletion/Introduction to evolution (2nd nomination) on introductory articles, and some editors (myself included) think that they are redundant to Simple Wiki. Others disagree. One of the problems I have is that the page talks about language, but implies that content can/should be simplified as well. If it's meant to be exclusively linguistic, would anyone mind if I added the phrase 'in language only, as the content covered should be as comprehensive as the equivalent page on English Wikipedia' somewhere appropriate? I like my policies and guidelines like I like my profanity - explicit : ) WLU (talk) 17:54, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I suggest reading Simple:Wikipedia:Simple English Wikipedia, which makes it pretty clear that SEW is about simple English, not necessarily simple content. However, using simple English (in particular, a limited vocabulary) probably does limit the depth of content you can cover. If so, this is a consequence of SEW's stated purpose, not an addition to it. In any case "Introduction to" article are not redundant to SEW because they involve simplifying content without using a reduced vocabulary English style.
 * As far as I know, SEW is not explicit about whether it is intended to be as comprehensive as enwiki, so this page should not be explicit either. However, this page probably needs to be clarified, as it diverges from SEW's own description of itself in several respects. Geometry guy 18:38, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Two sets of articles about Simple English Wikipedia
After I added seven links to articles in other languages, I discovered that fr:Wikipédia en Simple English has interwiki links to the following.
 * ar:ويكيبيديا الإنجليزية البسيطة
 * cs:Wikipedie ve zjednodušené angličtině
 * en:Simple English Wikipedia
 * es:Wikipedia en inglés simple
 * fa:ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی ساده
 * ko:쉬운 영어 위키백과
 * he:ויקיפדיה באנגלית פשוטה
 * hu:Wikipédia:Egyszerűsített angol nyelvű Wikipédia
 * ms:Wikipedia Bahasa Inggeris Mudah
 * nl:Simpel Engelse Wikipedia
 * ja:シンプル英語版ウィキペディア
 * pl:Wikipedia w języku Simple English
 * ru:Википедия на упрощённом английском языке
 * simple:Simple English Wikipedia
 * sh:Pojednostavljena engleska Wikipedija
 * th:วิกิพีเดียภาษาอังกฤษอย่างง่าย
 * tr:Basit İngilizce Vikipedi
 * yi:סימפל ענגליש וויקיפעדיע
 * zh:簡易英語維基百科

It seems that there are two sets of articles about Simple English Wikipedia.
 * -- Wavelength (talk) 23:27, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

English English!
I would like to request that the English wikipedia is split into two. This would create a UK English section and a USA English section. This would stop a lot of arguments between users on how to spell words - and make articles more relevant to that region. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.106.4.224 (talk) 01:41, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * See WP:ENGVAR. Professor M. Fiendish, Esq. 12:56, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

The name!
It should be called Simplified English--82.134.154.25 (talk) 18:48, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

In addition to generally being terrible ...
The Life article begins with a list of qualities that living things possess, then immediately starts listing exceptions to the criteria provided, to narrow the definition. Using strawman arguments to construct a definition is not conceptually simple, even if the language of the text is restricted to simple english words. An adult trying to learn a second language might be comfortable with this kind of logical grammar, but I doubt it is appropriate for a user with learning disabilities. I would think that the mere fact that the simple english wikipedia is not sufficiently focused in its purpose will lead to articles being written with different intention. 66.69.246.143 (talk) 19:01, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Collaboration with EN Wiki's Women in Red
There has been a discussion on EN Wiki's Women in Red on collaboration with the Simple English project. See here. Reactions welcome.--Ipigott (talk) 18:09, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Simple English Wikipedia


text:
Talk:Surat Thani province

Notes for history section
The history of the province is unsure, the various sources which mention about it contradict themselves.

 * kanchanapisek
 * originally Chaiya, Tha Thong, Kiri Raj administered by Nakhon Sri Thammarat
 * Rama IV moved Tha Thong to Ban Don, Tha Thong renamed to Kanchanadit
 * Monthon Chumpon was created out of Chaiya, Kanchanadit, Lang Suan, Chumpon.
 * Monthon seat moved to Ban Don in 1915 and city renamed to Surat Thani
 * Tej Bunnag book:
 * Monthon created by provinces Chumpon, Surat Thani, Chaiya, Lang Suan
 * Southern provinces under control of the Kalahorn ministry in 1889 don't list a province Bandon or Tha Thong, only Kanchanadit
 * Goods.th (that page currently 404, link go to archive.org version of 2003)
 * Tha Thong and Khiri Rat annexed by Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Chaiya administrated from Ayutthaya
 * After fall of Ayutthaya, Chaiya also administrated from Nakhon Sri Thammarat
 * Rama IV: moved Tha Thong to Ban Don, renamed it Kanchanadit and set it under Bangkok authority
 * 1896: Monthon Chumphon: Kanchanadit (or Ban Don), Chaiya, and Khiri Ratthanikhom [Chumphon probably included implicitely]
 * 1905: Monthon center moved to Chaiya (Ban Don) and renamed Surat Thani [Chaiya must be wrong]
 * 1915: Chaiya renamed to "Surat Thani" [must be Ban Don, how come Monthon had that name before already?]
 * 1925: Monthon included into Monthon Nakhon Sri Thammarat

Rama III moved Thathong (located at modern คลองท่าทองใหม่) to Kanchanadit, and give it the new name. BE 2441 Monthon Chumphon created. 2442 Chaiya and Kanchanadit merged to Mueang Chaiya. 2458 court (Monthon) moved from Chumphon to Bandon. Chaiya renamed อำเภอพุมเรียง, but name wasn't much accepted by population. July 29 2458 name Surat Thani was created after Surat in India. In August 2458 river Tapi got its new name after Tapi river at Surat, India. Province hall originally in ตำบลท่าข้าม, Amphoe Phunphin. Move to Bandon in WWII. At December 8 2484 Japanese capture Surat, province hall burn down. Rebuild till BE 2497. Bombing by rebel on March 19, 1982 and destroyed completely (5 casualties). Site is now Lak Mueang.

Royal Gazette citations

 * Merge of Mueang Chaiya and Mueang Kanchanadit to Mueang Chaiya:
 * Move of Thiwagan Monthon:
 * Rename of Mueang (Province) and Monthon

New King Amphoe?
While googleing for สาขาตำบลเกาะเต่า I came across this, which lists two additional King Amphoe with their geocode already, but without any Tambon. I guess these are planned new districts - can anyone give details? andy 11:10, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

 * To add to the confusion, อำเภอท่าโรงช้าง was an old name of Amphoe Phunphin. andy 11:10, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Surat Thani province


text:
User talk:Mandel

 * User talk:Mandel/Achive 1 - 2005
 * User talk:Mandel/Achive 2 - 2006

Tony Leung
Hi, I notice that you have started adding material to Tony Leung Chiu Wai. Please note:
 * Personal quotes have previously been removed from this article to Wikiquote, see
 * You have left some unfinished sentences and pointers at the end of your work a few days ago. Please tidy this up soon.  In future you may want to enclose such work-in-progress between  so that they are saved but do not appear in the article.
 * Please also add references to identify your sources. Thanks, Fayenatic london 19:51, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Celsius edit
Your recent edit to the Celsius article had several inaccuracies and needed to be immediately corrected. First, you had mentioned the "freezing point" of water. There is a difference between the melting point and freezing points of water. Although many people consider them to be the same, at the millikelvin level, they are different. Accordingly, precise thermometry experiments used to always use the melting point of water for defining the Celsius scale. Today, ITS-90 makes use almost exclusively of the melting points of various elements. The difference between the two is, of course, defined as whether heat is going into the sample during the measurement (melting) or is going out of the sample (freezing). Secondly, the Celsius scale is only approximately 100 divisions between the melting and boiling points. This is an old, outdated definition; since 1954, the Celsius scale has been defined by two entirely different points. As a result of this new definition, there are, today, only 99.9839 degrees between the melting and boiling points of water. The proper definition of the Celsius is precisely covered by the very next paragraph of the article. There is certainly no need for an outdated and scientifically incorrect "definition" immediately before the paragraph that gives the proper one. Your effort at getting the value "100" into the article may be well-intentioned, but can certainly wait for the very next paragraph, which properly addresses the issue by stating as follows:

 * “Until 1954, 0 °C on the Celsius scale was defined as the melting point of ice and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water under a pressure of one standard atmosphere; this close equivalency is taught in schools today.”

Also, Anders Celsius's contribution is overstated when one writes that he developed “the prototype” of the scale. Celsius developed a backwards version of the scale where zero was the boiling point! Accordingly, it's more accurate to state that he developed a "similar" scale. The contribution you made appears that it may have come right out of a textbook of some sort. However, the textbook you chose seems to have been geared to a scientifically entry-level reader and, unfortunately, has several errors and inaccuracies. It was certainly not an encyclopedic resource. Please delete this message at your next convenience. Greg L 04:54, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I moved this all to the Celsius talk page. I see you are making contributions to cinema, music, literature, sports and Chinese. I don't intend this to come across as insulting but your understanding of science isn't as developed as it needs to be in order to make factually correct, encyclopedic improvements to technical articles. I'll be the first to admit that I don't know jack about cinema, music, literature, sports and Chinese and haven't made one single contribution to such articles. There have been long, vitriolic battles over weeks and months and the product you see on that page has satisfied all the contributors to date. But these contributors were all scientifically minded. I'm an engineer and scientist and have corresponded with literally dozens of Ph.D. scientists while working on temperature-related articles on Wikipedia. I also know that I am a total dill-weed when it comes to the arts. I don't think that makes me stupid. It just means that's not where my interests lie and I therefore don't know much about it. Please don't make a battle out of the edits you made to the Celsius article; they were simply i-n-c-o-r-re-c-t. Greg L 20:33, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Edit summary
Hi, please kindly use edit summary to indicate prod and afd, thanks. --Vsion 22:21, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Recent edit to English language
Hello. Thank you for your recent edit to English language. Your edit included one or more links to the page Spanish, which is a disambiguation page. This type of page is intended to direct users to more specific topics. Ordinarily we try to avoid creating links to disambiguation pages, since it is preferable to link directly to the specific topic relevant to the context. You can help Wikipedia by revising the links you added to English language to refer directly to the most relevant topic. (This message was generated by an automatic process; if you believe it to be in error, please accept our apologies and report the error to help us improve this feature.) --Russ (talk) 17:52, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Exercise Northstar V
It's for saving time, 2hr or 5 days, the end result would be the same. I contributed most of the content, and agree to merge. Just pretend that you didn't raise the afd, instead we agree in merging after discussion. Be cool! --Vsion 20:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Protection
I protected PRoC, but I did not protect Gautama Buddha. That article has not been hit that frequently in recent days.  Nish kid 64  22:54, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
 * done, Blnguyen (bananabucket) 02:53, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

DBS iB Secure Device
Not it's fine for AfD - I see someone has updated the DBS Bank page to include it (maybe you) which I hadn't realised at the time I reverted it.

--PeterMarkSmith 17:43, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Antimony discussion
Mandel, may I suggest that you calm down and actually read what I wrote?

What is wrong about William Shotyk's publication is not the measurements he reported—I think the measurements themselves are probably accurate—but his apparent suggestion that the time dependence of the increase might be linear. If one reports concentrations at two different times, laymen like you immediately infer that the concentration will keep increasing at the same speed. In fact, the increase will not be linear, but will slown down. Indeed, the rates of chemical processes are usually not linear.

Since you did not understand my previous attempt to explain this, let me try again without math. For any substance diffusing out of a solid, at first the speed is fast, and then it gets slower and slower as time goes on. In other words, first the molecules that were close to the surface of the solid come out. They are able to do so quickly because they do not have to travel far through the solid. As time goes on, the molecules coming out have had to travel further through the solid and that takes longer. The natural law governing this is Fick's Second Law of Diffusion.

For substances coming out of plastics, Fickian diffusion has been shown to be true for all cases studied (in those journal references I suspect you did not bother to look at; certainly you did not understand them). There is no reason to suspect that antimony might disobey the Fick's Second Law. (As it is against Wikipedia policy to cite unpublished work, that is the best I can do on this point.)

The upshot of the slowing of the rate is that we never get anywhere near the allowable concentration in water, not in one year, not in ten years and not in 500 years. I have no doubt that Shotyk will eventually discover how the increase is slowing, so the antimony concentration stays in the safe range, as he keeps measuring his samples over the next 2 or 3 years. I do wonder whether he will bother to publish his results when he gets to that point.

You are apparently also worried that no one is taking the complete exposure toward antimony into consideration. Taking such things into consideration is what public health authorities do when they set standards. Let me explain how toxicoligists and government agencies arrive at "allowable concentrations". First, they take data from all the studies and determine the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), which is the amount that you should be able to ingest daily all life long with no ill effect. Then they divide the NOAEL by a large safety factor (100 or 1000, depending on the factors involved with the data quality) and the result of that is called the "tolerable daily intake" (TDI) or sometimes also the "acceptable daily intake" (ADI). Then the toxicologists consider the various kinds of exposure possible (air, food, water, etc.) and set allowable concentration limits for each type of exposure based on that. So, the various kinds of exposure are taken into consideration and in addition there is a large safety factor. Having a large safety factor is important, for as you noted, if we err it should be on the side of caution.

So your marathon runner may keel over from heat exhaustion, but he won't from antimony, even if the bottles are a tad old.

Have a good day.

CindyB 17:17, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Chekhov is important
This comment of yours and some other people's posts about Anton Chekhov eventually got to me and stirred me to action.

''Should I add a cleanup sign to the article. Looks like this article has good use for cleanup and research. Chekhov is important.''

I've now worked the article up to what I hope is a decent standard and submitted it for Featured Article. If you're still active on Wikipedia, I'd be interested in your thoughts. qp10qp 21:50, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Comments on football articles
I just wanted to stop by and show my appreciation for your comments and good suggestions on improving football articles. I could not agree more with you when you said that football articles don't need to be long, but they should be accurate. Thank you for the valuable feedback, keep it up! --ChaChaFut 21:39, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Major edit 2
Sorry, I can't understand your comment. I don't see you in the edit history anywhere, recently. What are you editing and where are you editing it? (Sorry, might be me being stupid, but I'm confused. AndyJones 16:12, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you. AndyJones 17:03, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Shakespeare project
I noticed your changes to the main page, and just wondered if you'd like to join. You're very welcome to. Wrad 18:09, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

I think I may still desagree
Yes, I understand about the folio editing. But is is also commonly accepted that Macbeth as also added to (all the Middleton stuff). Without those Hecate scenes, it was, perhaps, even shorter.

Anyhow, my point is (badly being made, I realize) is that the plays are what we have today - not the earlier versions. No one knows about "earlier versions" or their playing time. As far as the 37 + or - plays that we have today, Macbeth is indeed the shortest tragedy. If we qualify this, it muddies up the opening without explaining it. It seems out of context. Why not just explain in under the textual heading. That info would seem to go there. Does that make sense?Smatprt 19:41, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Also - are you sure that date and text should be seperate on the shakespeare play articles. I don't think I agree at this point. Take a look at Macbeth, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet to see how intertwined dating and text publication are when it comes to the plays of Shakespeare. I think in many cases, all the dating eveidence we have is based on the various testual publications, quartos, folios, etc.Smatprt 20:04, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RedChamber1.jpg
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Image:RedChambe6.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:HuangJX.jpg)
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Shakespeare project collaboration
The Shakespeare Project has begun a collaboration to bring its main article, William Shakespeare, to FA status. If you wish to contribute, please review the to-do list on its talk page. Let's make this article an FA! Wrad 15:24, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Chinese language
Thank you for your excellent work on this article. If you like to chase down references (I don't) we could get this to GA or even FA status.

Also, please consider joining WP:CHINA. --Ideogram 11:30, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

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You might help
We've got that anti-Strat Smatprt on the ropes in the Shakespeare Authorship form. Come and join - I'm convinced you can land him on the canvas. (Dukeofrutland 19:42, 11 July 2007 (UTC))
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WikiProject Shakespeare Collaboration
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Shakespeare project - New collaboration debate
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Hamlet
The Shakespeare Project's new collaboration is now to bring Hamlet to GA status. Wrad 00:33, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

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Romeo and Juliet collaboration
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title: User talk:Mandel


text:
The Hollow Man

Hollow Man or The Hollow Man may refer to:

 * The Hollow Man (1935 novel), a locked room mystery novel by John Dickson Carr
 * The Hollow Man (1992 novel), a science fiction novel by the US writer Dan Simmons
 * The Hollow Man (2011 novel), a London-based crime thriller by Oliver Harris
 * Hollow Man, a 2000 science fiction film inspired by H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man
 * Hollow Man 2, the film's 2006 sequel, starring Christian Slater
 * "Hollow Man" (song), a 2008 single by American alternative rock band R.E.M.
 * "The Hollow Man", a 1994 single by Marillion from the album Brave

title: The Hollow Man


text:
Kiasma

Kiasma is a contemporary art museum located on Mannerheimintie in Helsinki, Finland. Its name kiasma, Finnish for chiasma, alludes to the basic conceptual idea of its architect, Steven Holl. Kiasma is part of the Finnish National Gallery, and it is responsible for the gallery's contemporary art collection. Its central goal is to showcase contemporary art and to strengthen its status.

History
The contemporary art collection began as the Museum of Contemporary Art (Nykytaiteen museo) in 1990. In its earliest stages, the collection was housed in Ateneum.

An architectural design competition to design a building for the contemporary arts museum was held in 1992. The competition was open to architects from the Nordic and Baltic countries, in addition to which four architects or studios from elsewhere were invited to participate, though they were obliged to submit their proposals anonymously: Steven Holl from the US, Alvaro Siza from Portugal, Coop Himmelb(l)au from Austria, and Kazuo Shinohara from Japan. The competition results were announced in 1993, and the winning proposal, titled Chiasma by Steven Holl, was selected from the 516 submitted entries. The design of the building, Finnish-ized as "Kiasma", underwent slight modification during the design process, but nevertheless was regarded as controversial; for instance its close proximity to the equestrian statue of Finnish President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim. Construction work began in 1996, and the museum opened in May 1998.

The museum attracted 160,000–180,000 visitors per year in 2011–2013.

Kiasma was closed for repairs in September 2014 and reopened in March 2015. In 2016, Kiasma attracted over 310,000 visitors.

Collections
The collections include works by around 8,000 artists, including Reetta Ahonen, Martti Aiha, Jan van Andersson Aken, Anders Gustaf, Antonio Rotta, Bernard Baron, Stig Baumgartner, Cornelis Pietersz Bega, Erik Snedsbøl, Nicolas Berchem, Honoré Daumier, Karel Dujardin, Nunzio Gulino, Torger Enckell, Aarne Jämsä, Ismo Kajander, Raimo Kanerva, Søren Dahlgaard and Risto Laakkonen.

title: Kiasma


text:
Argentine peso

The peso (established as the peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina since 1992, identified within Argentina by the symbol $ preceding the amount in the same way as many countries using peso or dollar currencies. It is subdivided into 100 centavos and then Central Bank introduced new issues with peso subdivisions like 1, 2, 5 and 10. Due to rapid inflation, coins are not used. Same situation occurs with 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 peso banknotes, these banknotes are no longer printed, but they're still valid. Its ISO 4217 code is ARS. It replaced the austral at a rate of 10,000 australes to one peso.

Argentine currency has experienced severe inflation, with periods of hyperinflation, since the mid-20th century, with periodic change of the currency to a new version at a rate ranging from 100:1 to 10,000:1. A new peso introduced in 1992, officially the peso convertible de curso legal, was worth 10,000,000,000,000 (ten trillion) pesos moneda nacional, the currency in use until 1970. Since the early 21st century, the peso has experienced further substantial inflation, reaching 289.4% year-on-year in April 2024, the highest since the current peso was introduced in the Convertibility plan of 1991.

The official exchange rate for the United States dollar valued the peso convertible de curso legal at one US dollar at its introduction in 1992, which was maintained until early 2002. Afterwards, it went from a 3:1 exchange rate with the US dollar in 2003 to 178:1 in early 2023. On 14 August 2023, the official exchange rate was fixed at ARS$350 to one US dollar; the unregulated rate valued the peso at ARS$665 to one US dollar. On 15 November 2023, the crawling peg was restored.

In 12 December 2023, following the election of president Javier Milei, economy minister Luis Caputo changed the official exchange rate to 800 pesos to the U.S. dollar from the previous 366.5, a devaluation of 54%, to be followed by a monthly devaluation target of 2%. At the time, the unofficial exchange rate was around 1000 pesos per dollar.

History
Amounts in earlier pesos were sometimes preceded by a "$" sign and sometimes, particularly in formal use, by symbols identifying that it was the specific currency in use at the time, for example "$$ m/n$100" or "$m$n100$" for pesos moneda nacional. The peso introduced in 1992 is just called peso (until 2002, peso convertible), and is written preceded by a "$" sign only. Earlier pesos replaced currencies also called peso, and sometimes two varieties of peso coexisted, making it necessary to have a distinguishing term to use, at least in the transitional period; the 1992 peso replaced a currency with a different name, austral.

Peso before 1826
The peso was a name often used for the silver Spanish eight-real coin. Following independence, Argentina began issuing its own coins, denominated in reales, soles and escudos, including silver eight-real (or sol) coins still known as pesos.

These coins, together with those from neighbouring countries, circulated until 1881.

Peso fuerte, 1826–1881
In 1826, two paper money issues began, denominated in pesos. One, the peso fuerte ($F) was a convertible currency, with 17 pesos fuertes equal to one Spanish ounce (27.0643 g) of 0.916 fine gold. It was replaced by the peso moneda nacional at par in 1881.

Peso moneda corriente, 1826–1881

The non-convertible peso moneda corriente (everyday currency) ($m/c) was also introduced in 1826. It started at par with the peso fuerte, but depreciated with time.

Although the Argentine Confederation issued 1-, 2- and 4-centavo coins in 1854, with 100 centavos equal to 1 peso = 8 reales, Argentina did not decimalize until 1881. The peso moneda nacional (m$n or $m/n) replaced the earlier currencies at the rate of 1 peso moneda nacional = 8 reales = 1 peso fuerte = 25 peso moneda corriente. Initially, one peso moneda nacional coin was made of silver and known as patacón. However, the 1890 economic crisis ensured that no further silver coins were issued.

Gold and silver pesos, 1881–1970
The Argentine gold coin from 1875 was the gold peso fuerte, one and two-thirds of a gram of gold of fineness 900, equivalent to one and a half grams of fine gold, defined by Law no. 733 of 1875. This unit was based on that recommended by the European Congress of Economists in Paris in 1867 and adopted by Japan in 1873 (the Argentine 5 peso fuerte coin was equivalent to the Japanese 5 yen). However, these provisions were not implemented.

The system before 1881 has been described as "monetary anarchism" (anarquía monetaria). Law no. 1130 of 1881 put an end to this; it established the monetary unit as the peso oro sellado ("stamped gold peso"), a coin of $1.612 g$ of gold of fineness 900 (90%), and the silver peso, $25 g$ of silver of fineness 900. Gold coins of 5 and 2.5 pesos were to be used, silver coins of one peso and 50, 20, 10 and 5 centavos, and copper coins of 2 and 1 centavos.

Peso moneda nacional, 1881–1970

The depreciated peso moneda corriente was replaced in 1881 by the paper peso moneda nacional (national currency, (m$n or $m/n)) at a rate of 25 to 1. This currency was used from 1881 until January 1, 1970. The design was changed in 1899 and, again, in 1942.

Initially the peso m$n was convertible, with a value of one peso oro sellado. Convertibility was maintained off and on, with decreasing value in gold, until it was finally abandoned in 1929, when m$n 2.2727 was equivalent to one peso oro.

Peso ley, 1970–1983
The peso ley 18.188 (ISO 4217: ARL) (informally called the peso ley) replaced the previous currency at a rate of 1 peso ley to 100 pesos moneda nacional.

Peso argentino, 1983–1985
The peso argentino ($a) (ISO 4217: ARP) replaced the previous currency at a rate of 1 peso argentino to 10,000 pesos ley (1 million pesos m$n). The currency was born just before the return of democracy, on June 1, 1983. However, it rapidly lost its purchasing power and was devalued several times, and was replaced by a new currency called the austral in June 1985.

Austral, 1985–1991
The austral ("₳") (ISO 4217: ARA) replaced the peso argentino at a rate of 1 austral to 1,000 pesos (one billion pesos m$n). During the period of circulation of the austral, Argentina suffered from hyperinflation. The last months of President Raul Alfonsín's period in office in 1989 saw prices increase constantly (200% in July alone), reflected in a worsening exchange rate. Emergency notes of 10,000, 50,000 and 500,000 australes were issued, and provincial administrations issued their own currency for the first time in decades. The value of the currency stabilized two years after President Carlos Menem was elected.

Peso convertible, since 1992
In 1992 a new peso (ISO 4217: ARS) was introduced, referred to as peso convertible since the international exchange rate was fixed by the Central Bank at 1 peso to 1 U.S. dollar, and for every peso convertible circulating, there was a US dollar in the Central Bank's foreign currency reserves. It replaced the austral at a rate of 1 peso = 10,000 australes. After the various changes of currency and dropping of zeros, one peso convertible of 1992 was equivalent to 10 trillion pesos moneda nacional of 1970.

After the financial crisis of 2001, the fixed exchange rate system was abandoned in January 2002, and the exchange rate fluctuated, up to a peak of four pesos to one dollar (a 75% devaluation) at the time. The resulting export boom produced a massive inflow of dollars into the Argentine economy, which helped lower their price. For a time the administration stated and maintained a strategy of keeping the exchange rate at between 2.90 and 3.10 pesos per US dollar, in order to maintain the competitiveness of exports and encourage import substitution by local industries. When necessary, the Central Bank issues pesos and buys dollars in the free market (sometimes large amounts, of the order of 10 to US$100 million per day) to keep the dollar price from dropping, and had amassed over US$27 billion in reserves before the US$9.81 billion payment to the International Monetary Fund in January 2006.

The effect of this may be compared to the neighboring Brazilian real, which was roughly on par with the Argentine peso until the beginning of 2003, when both currencies were about three per U.S. dollar. The real started gaining in value more than the peso due to Brazil's slower build-up of dollar reserves; by 29 December 2009, a real was worth almost 2.2 pesos.

In December 2015, US dollar exchange restrictions were removed in Argentina following the election of President Mauricio Macri. As a result, the difference between the official rate and the unofficial "blue" rate almost disappeared for a time.

The official exchange rate was on 1 April 2016 of 14.4 to US$1. The rate gradually worsened; on 29 July 2022 one U.S. dollar was quoted at 131.22 pesos at the official rate and 298 pesos, 2.27 times higher (+127%), in unregulated markets. By September 2023, the official exchange rate had reached 350 pesos to the dollar, and over 720 pesos on unregulated markets.

In 12 December 2023, following the election of president Javier Milei, economy minister Luis Caputo changed the official exchange rate to 800 pesos to the dollar from the previous 366.5, a devaluation of 54%, to be followed by a monthly devaluation target of 2%. At the time, the unofficial exchange rate was around 1000 pesos per dollar.

Coins
In 1992, 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo coins were introduced, followed by 1 peso in 1994. Two-peso coins were introduced in 2010. One-centavo coins were last minted in 2001. In 2017 a new series of coins was issued in denominations of $$1$ and $$5$, followed by $$2$ and $$10$ in 2018.

Currently the Central Bank has told they still legal tender, but they’re not accepted on stores and banks branches due to the negligible value and inconvenience in storage.

Commemorative coins
Commemorating the National Constitutional Convention, 2 and 5-peso nickel coins were issued in 1994. 2 peso coins were issued in 1999 to commemorate the centenary of the birth of writer Jorge Luis Borges, with Borges portrayed on the obverse and a labyrinth and the Hebrew letter aleph on the reverse. On September 18, 2002, a 2-peso coin with Eva Perón's face was introduced to commemorate the 50th anniversary of her death; this coin was to replace the AR$2 banknote if inflation continued to be high. None of the 2-peso coins are widely circulated.

Some other 50-centavo and 1-peso coins commemorate different events, including the 50th anniversary of the creation of UNICEF (1996); the attainment of voting rights by women (1997); the establishment of Mercosur (1998); and the death of José de San Martín (2001).

Several 1 peso coins were issued in 2010 to commemorate the bicentennial of the May Revolution, all featuring the same obverse, different from the main series, and images of different places on the reverse, including Mar del Plata, the Perito Moreno Glacier, Mount Aconcagua, the Pucará de Tilcara, and El Palmar.

Banknotes
In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos. The 1-peso note was replaced by a coin in 1994. Until 2001 banknotes bore the legend "Convertibles de curso legal", meaning that their value was fixed to the same amount in US dollars. As most older bills have been replaced, it is rare to find ones marked as convertible except in the $100 denominations. All bills are 155 × 65 mm in size.

Fourth Series
In 2016, the Banco Central de la República Argentina issued a new series of banknotes, with the 200- and 500-peso banknotes as the newest denominations. New 20- and 1,000-peso notes were issued in 2017, and new banknotes of 50 and 100 pesos were issued in 2018. A new series of coins in denominations of $1, $2, $5, and $10 was issued from 2018.

5,000-peso design concept
The design concept of a banknote of 5,000 pesos was shown on 16 May 2020. The note was not issued, but the design was used for the $2,000 note announced in February 2023.

Fifth Series
In May 2022, the Banco Central de la República Argentina announced a new series of 100-, 200-, 500-, and 1,000-peso notes,    replacing the animal motifs of the 2016 series with pictures of Argentine historical figures and events while maintaining the color scheme, to be released within the following six months; however, no plans to put these designs into circulation have been made as of May 2023. In March 2023 a $2,000 note was issued, portraying the Instituto Malbrán and pioneering doctors Cecilia Grierson and Ramón Carrillo. It does not have a security thread, and uses the design and plates originally intended for the $5,000 note described in May 2020. The new $2,000 note was put into circulation on 22 May 2023.

On 11 January 2024, the Central Bank announced that it would issue 10,000-peso and 20,000-peso notes by June 2024. The design that was for the 500-peso note will be used for the 10,000-peso instead.

Current situation is the most used banknotes are 1,000-peso, 2,000-peso, and 10,000 peso.

Due to the high inflation 10-peso, 20-peso and 50-peso banknotes are no longer used anymore and rarely 100-peso, 200-peso and 500-peso banknotes.

Cancelled notes (planned but not issued): Current notes:

Exchange rates
At the end of 2011, exchange control measures were implemented, which managed to reduce capital flight by 85%. One consequence of these measures was the appearance of multiple exchange rates and a parallel market (colloquially called the "blue dollar"), which was accessed by individuals and companies.

Special official exchange rates are sometimes created and abolished, to support sectors of the economy. There has been a "soybean dollar", a special rate for soybean exports, that was applicable between 5 and 30 September 2022, between 20 November and 30 December 2022, again between 8 April and 31 May 2023, and again from 5 September to 25 October 2023. A "corn dollar" for corn exports existed between 25 July and 31 August 2023.

On 4 November 2022 a "foreign tourist dollar" rate close to the black market rate (355 pesos to the dollar instead of the official 195 at the end of February 2023) was introduced, for purchases made with foreign payment cards. This was to encourage people to visit the country while discouraging them from using the currency black market. Tourist dollars spent in January 2023 were nearly five times as many as in January 2022.

title: Argentine peso


text:
Jo Bonner

Josiah Robins Bonner Jr. (born November 19, 1959) is an American academic administrator and former politician who currently serves as the fourth president of the University of South Alabama. He was previously the U.S. representative for Alabama's 1st congressional district from 2003 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. He resigned from Congress on August 2, 2013, to take a job with the University of Alabama. He served as Chief of Staff to Alabama governor Kay Ivey from 2019 to 2021, before becoming the president of the University of South Alabama. He was officially inaugurated in December 2021.

Early life, education, and early political career
Bonner was born in Selma, Alabama, but was reared in Camden, Alabama, to Josiah Robins Bonner and the now deceased Imogene Virginia Lyons. He graduated in 1982 with a degree in journalism from the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.

Two years later he started working as campaign press secretary for U.S. Congressman Sonny Callahan, a Republican representing Alabama's 1st congressional district. In 1989, Bonner was promoted to Callahan's chief of staff and moved to Mobile.

Bonner has served as a member of the board of directors for the Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, Rotary Club, Leadership Mobile, and the Mobile Chapter of the University of Alabama Alumni Association. In 2000, the College of Communications at the University of Alabama honored him as their Outstanding Alumnus in Public Relations. He was a member of Leadership Mobile, Class of 2000, where his classmates elected him co-president.

Elections
Callahan did not run for reelection in 2002, and Bonner entered the race to succeed him. He ranked first in the crowded seven-way Republican primary with 40% of the vote, but failed to reach the 50% threshold needed to win outright. In the run-off election Bonner defeated Tom Young, chief of staff to U.S. Senator Richard Shelby 62%–38%. In the general election, he defeated Democrat Judy Belk with 61% of the vote. However, he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress with his primary victory. The 1st is one of the most Republican districts in Alabama and the South, and has been in Republican hands without interruption since 1965. Bonner was also endorsed by his predecessors, Callahan and Jack Edwards.
 * 2002

During this time period, Bonner never won re-election with less than 63% of the vote. He even ran unopposed in 2008 and 2010.
 * 2004–2010

 * 2012

After redistricting, Bonner decided to run for a sixth term. In the Republican primary, he drew three opponents. For the third election in a row, no other party even put up a candidate, meaning that whoever won the primary would be all but assured of election.

An anti-incumbent super PAC called the Campaign for Primary Accountability spent $21,000 to try to unseat Bonner. Bonner told The New York Times that "obviously, when the Supreme Court made their decision to open up corporate war chests, this is the result." Bonner said he believed he would survive the primary challenge because his campaign expenditures far exceed the money being spent against him. "If I hadn't had $1 million in my account, I could be underwater right now," said Bonner. According to Federal Election Commission records, Bonner spent $650,000 on his re-election campaign. His three opponents spent a combined total of under $275,000. No Democratic candidates have filed to run against Bonner in the general election.

Bonner won the Republican primary with 56% of the vote. He won all of the counties in the district.

Tenure
Bonner was somewhat conservative by national standards, but moderate by Alabama Republican standards. Perhaps his most notable dissension was his opposition to on-shore liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals for Mobile, but went on to propose an off-shore option for the future. He pushed for Callahan's seat on the House Appropriations Committee but did not carry the support of his colleagues. Bonner hosted the Gulf Coast Congressional Report from 2003 to 2006, when the program was halted in response to an equal-time complaint by Vivian Beckerle, Bonner's opponent in the 2006 election.

Prior to being sworn into the 108th Congress, Majority Whip Roy Blunt, a Missouri Republican, named Bonner an Assistant Whip. The appointment made Bonner one of a number of freshmen who were part of weekly leadership meetings with Blunt, the second-ranking member in the Republican Leadership behind only the Majority Leader. On December 14, 2005, Bonner voted for the reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act. On June 29, 2005, he voted for a $25 million increase in funding for anti-marijuana print and television ads. On October 6, 2005, he voted for the Department of Homeland Security. On July 13, 2006, he was one of thirty-three votes against renewal of the Voting Rights Act.

In December 2011, Bonner voted in support of H.R. 10, the "Regulations From the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act," which would have required Congressional approval for any "major regulations" issued by the executive branch but, unlike the 1996 Congressional Review Act, would not require the president's signature or override of a probable presidential veto.

Bonner is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge.

According to the website Open Congress, Bonner votes with the Republican Party 93.5% of the time. This ranked 88th among the 242 House Republicans in 2011.

Heritage Action, a conservative policy advocacy organization, reports that 55% of Bonner's votes align with Heritage's preferred policy stances.

Bonner has received a 0% on the legislative scorecards for NARAL Pro-Choice America, the Human Rights Campaign, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The American Conservative Union gave him an 86% evaluation in 2013.

In 2008, following Bonner's appointment to the Appropriations Committee, free-market advocacy group FreedomWorks called on Bonner to accept a personal one-year moratorium on accepting earmarks. A FreedomWorks statement said that "Representative Bonner has a long history of securing earmarks for his district, and voting in favor of egregious pork projects on the House floor."

Bonner has declined to join the Tea Party Caucus, saying, "I try not to get involved in caucuses that make me look like a radical, right-wing nut. I don't think that's what the Tea Party is, but I want to avoid the appearance."

In 2007, Bonner voted to increase the federal minimum wage. In 2008, he voted in favor of TARP, the financial bail out package. Bonner voted against Republican-supported regulations on the credit-card industry and the Cash for Clunkers program. Bonner supported the Iraq war and opposed a timetable for withdrawal of American troops. He supports warrantless wiretapping. Bonner supports amending the U.S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage and he voted against repealing "Don't Ask Don't Tell." In the summer of 2011, Bonner voted to raise America's debt ceiling.

In March 2013, Mother Jones reported that in August 2012 Bonner and his wife took a $16,214.66 trip to a private 66,000-acre ranch in Kenya, paid for entirely by the International Conservation Caucus Foundation. The ranch is owned by members of the Wildenstein family and was the filming location of the 1985 film Out of Africa. Bonner said that the trip was for the purposes of researching a link between illegal wildlife poaching and Al-Qaeda.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Appropriations (since February 2008)
 * Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (Vice Chair)
 * Subcommittee on Defense
 * Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
 * Committee on Ethics (Chairman)

Caucus memberships
Bonner was a member of the Republican Study Committee until October 2011, when he dropped out of the group.
 * Congressional Travel & Tourism Caucus
 * International Conservation Caucus
 * Sportsmen's Caucus
 * Congressional Cement Caucus

Chief of Staff to the Governor of Alabama
After Steve Pelham, the then-chief of staff to Alabama governor Kay Ivey, took a job with Auburn University, Bonner was announced as Pelham's replacement in January 2019. In a press release, Ivey said of Bonner, "Steve has been a close friend and a trusted confidant for a number of years and has provided our office with outstanding leadership." Bonner officially took office as chief of staff following Ivey's inauguration for a full term as governor. Bonner left the position in 2021 to become president of the University of South Alabama, and was succeeded by Liz Filmore.

Academic career
Bonner resigned from the U.S. Congress in 2013 to become the vice chancellor of government relations and economic development for the University of Alabama.

In November 2021, Bonner, while serving as chief of staff to Governor Kay Ivey, was announced as the next president of the University of South Alabama, following the retirement of Tony Waldrop. Bonner faced skepticism from some faculty and alumni over his political background; in response, Bonner stated, "all I can ask of those who still have doubts and concerns is to meet me halfway and give us a chance to show what we can do by working together." Bonner was officially inaugurated as the university's fourth president on December 2, 2021. Bonner has a base salary of $525,000, over three times his congressional salary at the time of his resignation.

Personal life
Bonner is married to Janée Lambert of Mobile. They are parents of a daughter, Jennifer Lee, and a son, Josiah Robins, III. The Bonners make their home in Mobile and are members of St. Paul's Episcopal Church. His sister Judy served as the President of the University of Alabama from 2012 to 2015.

Bonner is a member of the Reformers Caucus of Issue One.

title: Jo Bonner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bonnie

This page is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of a page entitled Bonnie, and other pages created by the same user.

The result of the debate was delete the pages.

From VfD

 * Bonnie - belongs on the gibberish Wikipedia. Bmills 16:26, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Please do not delete, I have bad English, someone please help translation James, Munich Germany
 * Could you paste the German text on my user page? Sorry if I was too hasty. Bmills 16:36, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Please give this more than 5 minutes! It was originally written in German, they've machine translated it after I'd listed on VfD/foreign language. Yes of course it needs work but the other stuff this IP is submitting on female mathematicians seems fine (but may need fact checking). Machine translation often produces gibberish... Secretlondon 16:32, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * I have found some English information James
 * I just hope that it is your own material (ie. nobody else owns the copyright on it) --snoyes 16:46, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Nothing came up on google. Please don't bite the newbie. Secretlondon 16:52, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. In it's current form, it doesn't look bad. —Frecklefoot 16:51, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, LBB Is not well known; here in German universities, we try to spread the information about LBB James

 * This page was already deleted, as was the related Slope field. The only Google hits for the equally related Jayne Bryleigh are wikipedia references to the deletion of a closter of related pages around these subjects. Bmills 16:58, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep (although a website link or two, even in German, would be sch&ouml;n). -- Finlay McWalter 17:00, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC) . Abstain, in the light of Bmills/Snoyes evidence. -- Finlay McWalter 17:29, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Bonnie was incorrectly instantly deleted by someone today. I undeleted it. Not all knowledge of the world is on google. I agree that we could do with verifying them but they may well be true. I am not a mathematician. Secretlondon 17:03, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * A German woman sitting down stairs from me here says that the 'German' text on Bonnie is not actual German. Can anyone else confirm? Bmills 17:06, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Also note the discussion of these spoof articles and the same 'German' text here dating from last May. I suspect a prankster. Bmills 17:12, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I happen to speak German. Which is also why I instantly deleted the text: The words are German (and not anything else), but it is gibberish (at least gramatically). I am also concerned that this might be a copyright violation, as I find the statment that the author "found" something to suggest that he found it somewhere else and then copied it, instead of finding it in his head. --snoyes 17:18, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. The current content is by the same author of Bryleigh's Theorem (see below). --Zundark 17:22, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Nobody worked on complex analysis in the 17th century. Hoax, delete. Onebyone 17:24, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. (retracting my previous abstention in face of evidence). Original poster is from Frederick, MD, perhaps explaining his "archaic" form of German :) -- Finlay McWalter 17:39, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Better still, posting from a Frederick County government machine. :-( Newton & Leibniz didn't invent calculus until the late 17th century; I don't believe this "Bonnie" was publishing papers on differential equations before then.  Delete.  -- Ortonmc 04:11, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete everything by this user. --snoyes 17:41, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Agree. This user puts suspicious, inaccurate, and frequently just BS stuff everywhere - Marshman 04:32, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * As Secretlondon now agrees that this was a hoax, I think this should be deleted immediately. Bmills 09:56, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I deleted the page as obvious nonsense. I'm not waiting for another 6 days to delete it given the current consensus. To summarize, I give you pakaran:  Newton, who invented differential calculus, was born in 1642 he began work on calculus in 1665 so "bonnie" wrote on one of the more advanced aspects of differential equations a decade before anyone had a concept of differential equations  Daniel Quinlan 19:56, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

Related

 * Bryleigh's Theorem - This is nonsense. It was deleted before (some months ago), but has reappeared today. --Zundark 17:15, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Belongs to the same cluster as Bonnie, Jayne Bryleigh, etc (see previous item). Delete the lot, an elaborate hoax. Bmills 17:18, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * How odd. Delete.  Might make a copy at deleted nonsense though, as it fits the bill perfectly. Isomorphic 17:23, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You have my word that this article is correct and not fictional. Please do not jump the gun.  James
 * Gun has been jumped by me. -- Cyan 17:28, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Hmm...sounds like another (in)famous German that wanted all knowledge banned except that which he promulgated.
 * Sophisticated argument, anon. First person to claim that it's POV to refuse to tolerate deliberate fabrications wins a cookie. Onebyone 00:11, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Let me be clear: Bryleigh's Theorem, Jayne Bryleigh, and slope field have all been summarily deleted by me, as they are, in my judgment, obvious fabrications. My opinion is that the anonymous IP who signed as James is having a bit of fun at our expense. Since Bonnie has been tagged by Secretlondon as not a candidate for speedy deletion, I have left it alone. (My judgment is based on my training as an engineer, which gives me some familiarity with mathematics, and my amateur interest in the history of mathematics.) -- Cyan 17:42, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree this is a hoax now. Secretlondon 18:38, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bonnie


text:
Terry Everett

Robert Terry Everett (February 15, 1937 – March 12, 2024) was an American politician and a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 2nd congressional district. He served from 1993 to his retirement in 2009.

On September 26, 2007, Everett announced his intention to retire at the end of the 110th Congress after the 2008 elections. He was succeeded by Bobby Bright, the first Democrat to represent the district since William Louis Dickinson won it during the Barry Goldwater landslide in Alabama in 1964.

Early life
Everett was born on February 15, 1937, in Dothan, Alabama, the son of Bob and Thelma Everett. He lived and attended school in Midland City, Alabama. Upon graduation from high school in 1955, Everett joined the U.S. Air Force and was assigned to the U.S. Air Force Security Service's 6901st Special Communication Group as an intelligence analyst from 1955 to 1959. He served as analyst for reconnaissance aircraft flights including the Lockheed U-2 which, as a congressman, he protected from defunding.

Journalism career
Everett began a career in journalism after leaving the air force. He began as a reporter for the Dothan Eagle then became publisher and editor of the Graceville News and the Hartford News Herald. In 1966, Everett started weekly newspapers Down Home Today in Dothan and Daleville Today in Daleville. Everett expanded his weeklies to include The Enterpriser and The Army Flier at Fort Rucker (now Fort Novosel). He later expanded into publishing dailies with The Daily Ledger in Enterprise and The Aurora Advertiser in Aurora, Missouri. In 1983, his business reached its peak when he founded Gulf Coast Media, and he became owner-publisher of the Baldwin Times, Robertsdale Independent, Fairhope Courier, Foley Onlooker, Gulf Shores Islander, Spanish Fort Bulletin, and the Union Springs Herald.

Everett sold all of his newspaper holdings except the Union Springs Herald in 1988. Later, he owned and operated Premium Homebuilders, a residential construction company in Enterprise. By the late 1980s, Everett had become a prominent businessman and community leader in the Wiregrass. He established Everett Land Development and served as president and chairman of the board of the Alabama Press Association, chairman of the board for Dothan Federal Savings Bank, president of the Daleville Chamber of Commerce, and member of the Environment Protection Commission for the Southeastern Region of the United States. He sold the Union Springs Herald in 2003.

Elections
In 1992, Bill Dickinson announced his retirement from Congress, having served the 2nd District since 1964. It was widely expected that the race to succeed him would be between Democratic State Treasurer George Wallace, Jr., the son of the former governor, and Republican State Senator Larry Dixon from Montgomery. However, Everett upset Dixon in the Republican primary, winning by 15 points largely by dominating the area of the district outside Montgomery. In November, Everett defeated Wallace by just under two points (3,500 votes). Everett was likely helped by redistricting changes that moved many of the district's African American residents, particularly in Montgomery and Selma, to the 7th District to create a minority-majority district. Previously, Dickinson had only won a 14th term in 1990 by only two points. The district reverted to form in the 1994 Republican wave, and Everett was reelected with 73 percent of the vote. He was reelected six more times after that with no substantive opposition.

Tenure
Like his predecessor Dickinson, Everett was one of the most conservative members of the House. He had the highest lifetime rating from the American Conservative Union of any member of the Alabama delegation. He showed a concern about local issues and demonstrated a real impact on some issues that are vital to his constituency. In 1995, he formed a Peanut Caucus and on the Agriculture Committee pushed for reform of the peanut program as part of the Freedom to Farm Act (which included a 10 percent cut in the support price).

During the 2002 Farm bill, Everett chaired the Specialty Crops and Foreign Agriculture Programs Subcommittee, which placed him in a strong position to advocate the interests of peanut farmers. When the 30 percent peanut subsidy finally lost congressional support, he managed to secure passage of a $3.5 billion program to buy back quota owned by peanut farmers, similar to reforms to the dairy program.

Everett also worked on military and veterans' issues (the 2nd District includes Fort Novosel and Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base). As a Veterans' Affairs subcommittee chairman in 1999, he helped secure a $1.7 billion increase for veterans' health care spending and the opening of four new national cemeteries.

As chair of the Veterans' Affairs subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Everett garnered national attention in the fall of 1997 for revealing that former Ambassador M. Larry Lawrence had improperly secured a burial waiver at Arlington National Cemetery. After checking a list of political donors who had received Arlington burial waivers from the Bill Clinton White House, Everett's investigation found that Lawrence had lied about his military record to qualify for the waiver. The New York Times reported on December 17, 1997: "On that note, it looked as though the mini-scandal would end as an oratorical draw, or even a Republican setback. But the Republicans reacted to White House anger by digging into Mr. Lawrence's background. In early December, a House panel headed by Everett discovered that there was no record that Mr. Lawrence was aboard the ship Horace Bushnell, as he and the White House had claimed. That discovery revived Republican accusations that perhaps the Administration had granted a favor to a wealthy donor after all. But for once a politician warned against instant judgment. I urge everyone to avoid hasty conclusions, Mr. Everett said."

The New York Times reported on December 12, 1997: "Mr. Lawrence probably would have stayed at Arlington forever if it were not for a group of Congressional Republicans led by Representative Terry Everett of Alabama, who last summer began investigating whether the Clinton White House had sold burial plots to generous campaign contributors."

In 1998, Congressman Everett received the "Excellence in Programmatic Oversight Award" from the House Republican Leadership for his Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee probe into improper burial waivers at Arlington National Cemetery.

In 2005 Everett became the first chairman of the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, which was created to place national strategic assets – nuclear weapons, intelligence, satellites and missile defense systems – under one authorizing Subcommittee with an annual budget of fifty billion dollars. He focused on improving space acquisition and procurement programs and beginning a national debate on space protection. Everett spearheaded key legislative initiatives in national security space, including development of a space protection strategy, management of the space cadre and space acquisition personnel, and establishment of the Operationally Responsive Space Office.

His tenure as chairman of this subcommittee mirrored his interests, focus, and method of operation, particularly as national security issues took prominence in the last four years of his terms. Everett held frequent hearings and classified briefings on space control, threats, acquisition and procurement challenges, space cadre, and space policy.

Projects and concepts that he promoted included missile defense systems; improved global position systems (GPS); intelligence collection systems; nuclear security policy; Cobra Judy AN/SPQ-11, a ship-based ballistic missile and space-tracking radar; Transformational Satellite Communications System (TSAT); the Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW) to replace aging and expensive-to-maintain Cold War-era nuclear weapons; the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator (RNEP), an effort to reach deeply buried fortified missile launch sites; and the National Space Studies Center. Congress did not enact TSAT, RRW, or RNEP legislation.

Reflecting back to his service with the USAFSS Everett was particularly interested in maintaining the nation's superiority in high-altitude reconnaissance. When the Air Force attempted to replace the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft with the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk in 2005, Everett inserted language in both the House Defense authorization bill and the House Select Intelligence Panel authorization bill which prohibited the Air Force from retiring the U-2 aircraft unless the Secretary of Defense certified there would be no loss of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. This legislation proved prescient as the Global Hawk experienced development challenges and schedule delays, and the Air Force realized it needed to continue relying on the U-2 to support its worldwide intelligence needs. When Republicans on the House Intelligence Panel attempted to defund the classified spacecraft Boeing X-37 program, Everett led the panel's Democratic members and two of his fellow Republicans to kill the defunding amendment. He also defeated a Republican amendment to halt funding for Cobra Judy in the Intelligence Committee.

In October 2006, the Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance honored Congressman Everett for his support of missile defense overall and for funding research and development of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile system. In September 2008, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) presented him its Gold Medal for his support of Nuclear Security.

Everett's retirement was brief. Within weeks after he left Congress, he was invited to the White House to discuss the Schriever V Space War Games with members of the United States National Security Council, Air Force Space Command and the intelligence community. Subsequently, Everett became the first active or retired member of Congress to participate in an Air Force space war game, and was appointed to the role of President of the United States (POTUS). Over five hundred experts from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia were involved in the different working cells, each of which used a "whole of government" approach to strategize about how to posture against possible attacks on America's space systems. Everett's role as POTUS was to rule on final decisions made in the executive cell.

Following Schriever V, Everett was appointed as one of the four senior advisors to the Air Force Space Command's Space Protection Program in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Then in 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton appointed him to the Department of State's International Security Advisory Board (ISAB) where he was a member of the Pakistan/South Asia study group. When Secretary Clinton resigned in 2013, Everett resigned from ISAB, but newly appointed Secretary of State John Kerry "respectfully declined" Everett's resignation. Kerry urged Everett to continue serving as a member of the Board working on "some of our most important diplomatic and international security challenges".

In 2006, he voted against extending the Voting Rights Act of 1965 because of the House's failure to adopt an amendment that would have based the law on current data. Everett's opposition to the VRA extension was detailed in YellowhammerPolitics.com:

"I am disappointed that the House chose not to update the 1965 Voting Rights Act when it reauthorized the measure," Everett argued. "The whole debate was cast as either you're for the Voting Rights Act or you're not. There was no attention paid to the fact that the Act's formulas are out of date and place the Act itself at risk of constitutional challenge. As a result, states like Alabama continue to be punished for wrongs committed 40 years ago and the same criteria will remain in effect for another 25 years, through 2032. The Voting Rights Act remains locked in a time-warp reflecting the voting realities of 1964, not 2006. The very constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act may be in question," he added. "The Supreme Court found more than 30 years ago that the Act's formula, which is based on the 1964, 1968 and 1972 presidential election voting data, was constitutional because it was temporary and narrowly tailored to address a specific problem. Thirty years have since passed calling into question the basis of this ruling." The 1965 comments made by Everett concerning the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act were used by the U.S. Supreme Court when the Court in 2013 ruled against parts of Voting Rights Act.

On June 16, 2006, he voted against a resolution setting a timeline for withdrawal from Iraq.

In February 2007, Everett co-sponsored a house bill with Ron Paul of Texas to end United States membership in the United Nations.

In an October 2006 New York Times Op-ed piece, Congressional Quarterly journalist Jeff Stein revealed that despite Everett's being vice-chairperson of the House intelligence subcommittee on technical and tactical intelligence, Everett did not know the ideological and religious differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Stein wrote that he posed a question to Everett: "'Do you know the difference between a Sunni and a Shiite?'... Mr. Everett responded with a low chuckle. He thought for a moment: 'One's in one location, another's in another location. No, to be honest with you, I don't know. I thought it was differences in their religion, different families or something.'" After Stein explained some of those differences to the congressman, Everett responded, "Now that you've explained it to me, what occurs to me is that it makes what we're doing over there extremely difficult, not only in Iraq but that whole area."

Committees

 * House Committee on Agriculture (2nd of 20)
 * Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy and Research
 * Subcommittee on Specialty Crops, Rural Development and Foreign Agriculture Programs
 * House Committee on Armed Services (4th of 28)
 * Subcommittee on Strategic Forces (Ranking Member)
 * Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces
 * Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (2nd of 9)
 * Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Ranking Member)
 * Subcommittee on Terrorism/HUMINT, Analysis and Counter Intelligence
 * Subcommittee on Technical and Tactical Intelligence

Group ratings (2004)

 * National Journal
 * Economic: 25% Liberal, 74% Conservative
 * Social: 0% Liberal, 91% Conservative
 * Foreign: 25% Liberal, 68% Conservative
 * Americans for Democratic Action: 0
 * American Civil Liberties Union: 5
 * Chamber of Commerce of the United States: 100
 * Christian Coalition: 100
 * American Conservative Union: 92
 * National Taxpayers Union: 54
 * League of Conservation Voters: 9

Personal life and death
Everett and his wife, the former Barbara Pitts, made their home in Rehobeth, Alabama. The couple were Southern Baptists.

Terry Everett died at home on March 12, 2024, at the age of 87.

title: Terry Everett