text:
Barbara Feldon

Barbara Feldon (born Barbara Anne Hall; March 12, 1933) is an American actress primarily known for her roles on television. Her most prominent role was that of Agent 99 in the 1965–1970 sitcom Get Smart.

Early life
Feldon was born Barbara Anne Hall in Butler, Pennsylvania, part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. Feldon and her older sister Patricia were the daughters of Raymond D. and Julia Stewart Hall. She graduated from Bethel Park High School and trained at Pittsburgh Playhouse. In 1955, she graduated from Carnegie Institute of Technology with a Bachelor of Arts in drama. She was initiated into the Delta Xi Chapter of Kappa Kappa Gamma. In 1957, she won the grand prize on The $64,000 Question in the category of William Shakespeare.

Career
Feldon studied acting at HB Studio. Following working as a model, Feldon's break came in the form of a popular and much-parodied television commercial for "Top Brass", a hair pomade for men by Revlon. Lounging languidly on an animal-print rug, she purred at the camera, addressing the male viewers who use it as "tigers".

This led to small roles in television series. In the 1960s, she made appearances on Twelve O'Clock High (season one episode "End of the Line"), Flipper (season one two-parter episode "The Lady and the Dolphin") and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (in "The Never-Never Affair", which aired spring 1965). In 1964, she appeared with Simon Oakland in the episode "Try to Find a Spy" of CBS's short-lived drama Mr. Broadway.

One substantial guest-starring role was opposite George C. Scott in the television drama East Side/West Side (season one). It was produced by Talent Associates, which was also developing a TV comedy called Get Smart with two prominent writers, Mel Brooks and Buck Henry.

Feldon was cast in this new show as "Agent 99". She starred opposite comedian Don Adams, who portrayed Maxwell Smart, Secret Agent 86. She played the role for the duration of the show's production from 1965 until 1970 and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969.

The character was unusual for the era, showing a capable woman succeeding in a stressful career. Feldon noted, "A lot of women said 99 was a role model for them because she was smart and always got the right answer." Feldon almost lost her role as 99 because the sponsor of Get Smart was a deodorant soap, and she had done a deodorant commercial for Revlon. Feldon was also noticeably taller than Adams, her male co-star, another rarity for the time. Feldon made guest appearances five times on The Dean Martin Show from 1968 to 1972, singing and dancing and performing in comedy skits. She also appeared on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In. After her starring TV role, she guest-starred in several 1970s television series, including The Carol Burnett Show (season 3, episode 17 (1970)), Thriller (season 1, episode 1 (1973)), The Name of the Game, McMillan & Wife and Lorne Greene's Griff.

Her TV movies include Getting Away from It All (1972) with Larry Hagman, Let's Switch! (1975) with Barbara Eden, and the cult-classic thriller A Vacation in Hell (1979) with Maureen McCormick and Priscilla Barnes. She voiced the character Patti Bear in the 1973 animated television special The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas.

Feldon's feature films included Fitzwilly (1967), Smile (1975), and No Deposit, No Return (1976). Her last film to date is 2006's Last Request, a comedy with T. R. Knight, Danny Aiello, and Joe Piscopo.

In 1978 she was Bob Eubanks' first co-host of the annual January 1 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena. In 1982, Feldon appeared at Denver's Elitch Theatre in What I Did Last Summer.

Feldon reprised her role as "Agent 99" in the made-for-television film Get Smart, Again! (1989) and in a short-lived revival of Get Smart in 1995. She wrote and provided audio commentaries and introductions for the DVD release of the original Get Smart series in 2006, but did not take part in the 2008 film adaptation that starred Steve Carell as Maxwell Smart. Feldon guest-starred as a former TV spy star on a 1993 season one episode of Mad About You as Diane "Spy Girl" Caldwell.

She played Lauren Hudson, Sam Malone's annual Valentine's Day love interest, in the 1991 Cheers episode "Sam Time Next Year".

Feldon's distinctive voice has been heard in numerous TV and radio commercials and film and TV documentaries. She has occasionally acted in off-Broadway plays but said she is "no longer interested in performing".

Feldon is an accomplished writer and is still actively writing. In 2015, she had two editorial pieces featured in Metropolitan Magazine. She wrote a book, Living Alone and Loving It, in 2003.

Personal life
Feldon has been the actress's last name since she married Lucien Verdoux-Feldon in 1958. They divorced in 1967 due to Lucien's growing drug addiction. In 1968, while living in Los Angeles, she began a 12-year relationship with Get Smart producer Burt Nodella. She does not have any children. Upon ending her relationship, she moved back to New York City, and is still living there as of 2020.

title: Barbara Feldon


text:
Talk:Youth hostel

this is a stub, wikipedia is not a dictionary. someone, please discuss this is an encyclopedic manner, ie, history of youth hostels, social aspects, etc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Youth hostel


text:
Talk:North American English

Weird article
The article seams to be written by some kind of English - American nationalist. Aleksandr Grigoryev (talk) 05:55, 23 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what this comment means. An English American would be nationalistic towards which country - UK, England or USA? Or do you mean an English-speaking American? I don't see any nationalism of any sort in the article. Rmhermen (talk) 18:42, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

I think Aleksandr meant to say this article seemed to be written by a North American chauvinist who views American and Canadian English as one and the same. I DON'T think this is true of the first paragraph which is well written, well sourced and recognizes differences between the two countries. However it DOES seems to be true of the original version of the second paragraph which is completely unsourced, somewhat Anglophobic and/or American chauvinistic in tone, and partially contradicts ideas about linguistic diversity discussed in first paragraph. The second paragraph claims that Canadian preference for certain American words is a result of consciously-driven and universally agreed-to personal preference (gasoline over petrol etc). This flies against the face of general linguistic convention that dialect is a matter of social conditioning by which a speaker from outside a country or region picks up local or national words by a process of mental osmosis or even as a result of direct pressure from locals.

My SOURCE for this claim that contradicts much of the original para. 2, is an internet article called "FAQ's on Linguistics and Bad Linquistics". It can be easily googled by anyone who wants to verify my position on this. If I have to formally cite this article to defend my challenge to the original UNSOURCED paragraph 2, I will attempt to do so, but my technical skills for doing inline citations of the type found in the well written paragraph 1 are very rustly, so it may take a few days. Meanwhile I can say that when a British speaker arrives in Canada, he/she can be subject to extreme peer pressure to adopt the aforementioned "Americanisms" to gain social acceptance among Canadians who are very bullish about American dialect. Certain British words have disappeared from Canadian English due to this conformity that's often imposed on Canadians by the mass media and by North American chauvunists. Canadians who immigrate from non-Commonwealth or non-English speaking nations are particularly prone to picking up American words and slang because they have no strong British traditions to fall back on. But again, I would argue that these are processes of coersion and social conditioning imposed by the mass media and its sycophants. Since the original paragraph 2 is completely unsourced, it is open to challenge under current Wikipedia policy, and will be challenged from time to time until it is properly sourced. ChrisCarss Former24.108.99.31 (talk) 11:08, 08 January 2012 (UTC)

Dubious

 *  Canadian spellings are primarily based on British usage

I don't believe this is true. Our spellings correspond to both US and British usage, but reading the latter would probably feel the most foreign to us (citing Joe Clark's OOMN, p 31). If anything, general terms might be based on pre-Webster (North) American spelling. —Michael Z. 2012-03-12 00:38 z
 * The whole thing is written from a US standpoint. Petrol and gasoline are different because there were derived from the tradmarked names of petroleum spirit. Having worked with American and Canadian Wikipedia editors I can say that the differences in US, Canadian and UK English are so small that the are not worth mentioning. More variety occurs within each country. The biggest difference is the use of present perfect and simple past tenses. Francis Hannaway (talk) Francis Hannaway 22:29, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Really? Just off the top of my head: armour, colour, centre, theatre, realise, defence... all of these words are the spelt the same in the UK and Canada, and different in the US. 199.213.200.6 (talk) 15:29, 10 August 2012 (UTC) Davyd
 * ... and d'you know, Davyd, that's about the sum total of the difference. I've known Americans, I've visited America. The English spoken in Britain and America is SO similar, that the most anyone can come up with as a difference are the occasional extra u, or the present perfect/simple past difference. In actual fact, there are more differences within the British Isles than there are between accepted spoken and written English between the US and Britain. What really strikes me is that from the hundreds of exchanges I've had with North American Wikipedia editors, the difference in the English we used was not an issue, I would say to the point of being non-existent. People speaking Welsh are not completely at home with speaking to some one from the south of Wales if they are from the north, because words have different meanings. German speakers from different parts of Germany have to resort to the 'official' High German, similarly Dutch speakers in different parts of the Netherlands have to resort to a similarly nationally recognised version. North American English is pretty similar throughout the whole of the US and Canada - the accent shift is way less than within the rest of the English speaking world. Best wishes Francis Hannaway (talk) 16:33, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

NAE = AmE?
In this edit, User:Kwamikagami has made the claim that the term "American English" is the same as "North American English". The user has also proposed moving American English to United States English on the basis of this claim at Talk:American English. The source given by the user is the The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, but they did not cite a page number.

After some searching on Google, I was able to find a text of part of the volume [ here]. This appears to be the relevant paragraph:
 * "The regional dialects of Standard English in the world today can be divided into two large families with regional and historical affinities. One contains standard edu-cated Southern British English, henceforth abbreviated BrE, together with a variety of related dialects, including most of the varieties of English in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and most other places in the British Commonwealth. The second dialect family we will refer to as American English, henceforth AmE - it contains the dialects of the United States, Canada, and associated territories, from Hawaii and Alaska to eastern Canada." (Emphasis added.)

This paragraph appears to be the basis for the user's proposed renaming of the current American English article, and presumably for proposing to redirect that page here, or move this page there, at some later point. If so, it is weak evidence indeed. The key phrase, "The second dialect family we will refer to as American English", clearly indicates that this is merely a preference of the writers, or at least a convenient label for the various dialects in the US and Canada. It is interesting that they did not chose to label the group as "North American English", perhaps because North America generally includes the Caribbean, where there are several English-speaking islands.

On this basis, I propose that the phrase "American English" and the citation be removed from the Lead of the article. Thanks. - BilCat (talk) 08:21, 31 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Who gets to decide what a phrase means? The CGEL is the grammar of the English language.  Whether it's because US English and Canadian English are essentially the same (there's no isogloss at the border), and it would be biased to give one of them priority, or because they use the word "American" in its international sense, as in American Spanish (which some users here have insisted refers to Spanish in the United States), they are a notable source for the term.  We here at WP are also supposed to hold a universal rather than provincial POV in our articles.  Also, they are treating American English as a linguistic concept, which should take priority with linguistic articles.  English in the US (and for that matter English in Canada) is not a linguistic concept, but a geographic one.  — kwami (talk) 17:29, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Meaning, at least for WP, is defined by usage a majority of reliable sources. One single source using a phrase as a convenient label can't define usage for the whole language. Ironically, the book itself apparently approaches grammar from a descriptive viewpoint, while you're trying to make its usage af a term prescriptive. - BilCat (talk)

 * Here's another:, with broad and narrow definitions of "American English". Norquist is a professor of English at a US university, BTW. — kwami (talk) 17:57, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Further, it seems to me that they aren't using "American" in it's "international" (pan-American) sense, as they're not lumping in the Carribean and other pan-American varieties of English. Rather, they're treatingng Canadian English as a subset of the US-American variety English. - BilCat (talk) 18:03, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The key phrase in your second source is "More narrowly (and more commonly), the varieties of English used in the U.S." (Emphasis mine). That definitely supports American English being the title for the article about the variety of English spoken in the US. - BilCat (talk) 18:06, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Newfoundland English?
What about Newfie? Why isn't it on the map? Newfoundland is in North America, right? Luke (talk) 22:47, 2 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Specifically even in the US–Canada dyad, yes (North America also includes Bermuda and the Caribbean, as pointed out below). You'd have to ask Labov that, because as the caption indicates, the map comes from his book. However, considering that the Atlas of North American English treats "all the major urbanized regional dialects of the English language spoken in the United States and Canada", and Newfie isn't a major urbanised dialect, it's not surprising that it should have been omitted. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 11:01, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

This article is incorrectly named
As currently written this article is entirely about English in the United States and Canada. It ignores most of the countries in North America. These are the other countries and territories on the continent that speak a form of English. They are in the Caribbean or Central America which are parts of North America forgotten by those in the rest of the continent:

 * Anguilla (British territory)
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Bermuda (British territory)
 * Belize
 * British Virgin Islands (British territory)
 * Cayman Islands (British territory)
 * Dominica
 * Grenada
 * Jamaica
 * Montserrat (British territory)
 * Panama (English spoken fluently by 15% of the population)
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * Turks and Caicos Islands (British territory)

North America is not synonymous with Canada and the US. The incorrect use of "North America" is especially common among Canadians and since the 1990s has increasingly become co-opted by Americans. It should be also noted that each of these locations has its own form of English. No one would confuse Jamaican English with US or Canadian, for example.

Rondo66 (talk) 14:11, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

 * If "North American English" is the term used in reliable published sources for the English variants of the United States and Canada, then that is what Wikipedia should use. Yes, I understand that, technically, the continent of North America includes the Carribean, but in common usage it often does not, especially in contexts not strictly about continental geography,  such as linguistics. In addition, there already exist a separate article about Caribbean English, which, oddly enough, includes Liberian English. I have no issue with adding a one-sentence note about the Caribbean being classed on its own, but we don't need to list every Caribbean country, nor excellent and this article to cover those variants. - BilCat (talk) 17:57, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Since everyone seems to understand that the Caribbean is part of the North American continent I would propose merging the "Caribbean English" article with the "North American English" article. To ignore most of the countries in North America in an article on North American English is clearly intended to be exclusionary.

The current popular use of "North America" reflects a strong Canadian and to lesser extent U.S. bias. It's also interesting to see how this bias (or segregation) is mostly along racial lines. To Canadians "North America" is mostly caucasian, while "Caribbean" is mostly black. Of course the rest of North America speaks Spanish, so it has no real importance to Canadians either.

If you must segregate the articles on North American English they should be done along national lines, i.e. Canadian English, U.S. English, Jamaican English, etc. There are many forms of U.S. English that can't be found in Canada, and vice versa, so having one article on U.S. and Canadian English really makes no sense at all.70.199.155.97 (talk) 18:55, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Articles already exist for American English and Canadian English, and for each individual Caribbean English-speaking nation. These articles (NA, Carib) deal with the variants as a whole that share a common linguistic history, which is different for each region. That fact that you note they are divided from each other on mostly racial lines is a product of history, and lumping them together simply to avoid that is a bad idea, especially if reliable sources don't lump them together. - BilCat (talk) 19:35, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

This article should be renamed "Canadian and U.S. English" or "U.S. and Canadian English" because it is about English in a 60% subset of North America, not about English in North America in general. Did you know that there are more people in the Caribbean than in all of Canada? Do all of your reliable "North American" sources come from Canada/U.S. and reflect that particular bias?Rondo66 (talk) 19:58, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

 * So what? There are more people in the US than in the rest of North America (including Central America and the Caribbean) combined. Now that we've got the irrelevant trivia out of the way.... As of this point, only you and the IP have a problem with this term. If it's a genuine bias issue, you should be able to find reliable published sources from somewhere that deal with the name choice. Once you've presented those, the discussion can move forward constructively. Thanks. - BilCat (talk) 20:18, 4 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Technically, the article should be named Northern American English, as Northern America is precisely the name of the region consisting of Canada and the US (plus Bermuda and Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the mainland, but their size is negligible in comparison), but unfortunately that term has already a different meaning, and the term North American English is conventional for the English predominantly spoken in Northern America. The reason being, of course, that with the exception of Belize and a couple of mostly small island countries, English is the dominant language only in Canada and US, while there are no national varieties such as "Mexican English" that would be comparable to Canadian English or American English (the conventional name of US English), since in the countries in the region, generally either British English or US English is used; and as for Caribbean English dialects, they do not have standard forms, so they are typically overlooked in this context. But really, the actual reason is probably that people, especially those who are native English speakers, generally (for the most part) do not think of the Caribbean as part of North America (but part of Middle America), and that the term "North America" typically makes people think of Northern America. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 10:28, 26 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the term "Northern American English" has been coined to mean English in the Northern United States. I really think that this section developed as the result of a rant.  When historians examine the ancient history of North America, traditionally, North America refers to Canada, the continental USA, and Alaska, and the northern part of Mexico.  Mesoamerica refers to the southern part of Mexico and Central America.  And South America remains intact with the modern political boundaries.  I don't know with certainty about the Caribbean Islands, but I can assume that they would either be based into Mesoamerica or they would be their own category.LakeKayak (talk) 17:34, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Per Template:Infobox language, "Region" is the "geographic region in which it is mainly spoken". The closest article WP has for the geographic region that includes the US and Canada is "Northern America". That article also includes Bermuda, Greenland, and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon in the region, but all have relatively small populations. If we want to link to a geographic article in that parameter, then "Northern America" is the best one. Alternatively, we could just list Canada and the United States, but technically those are nations, not geographic regions. - BilCat (talk) 17:55, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I think this is an old section that could be archived. The problem is that sometimes linguistic boundaries don't always match geographical or cultural boundaries.  A good example is "Mid-Atlantic American English" which does not encompass all of the Mid-Atlantic geographical region.  It seems that the same issue arose here.  Simply put, North American English does not encompass the entire geographical region North America.  As the term North American English was used by Labov et al., I can justify that using North American English to mean English used in America and Canada is not original research.  As Rondo66 hasn't been contributing in a while, it can assumed we won't be able to get his consensus anytime soon.  However,, do you think we could archive the section?LakeKayak (talk) 23:59, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Why is this article separated from North American regional phonology?
This article seems to have repeated content from North American regional phonology. Could someone explain why this is a separate article? Thank you.LakeKayak (talk) 00:40, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

Standard Canadian English on the map
The map shows Standard Canadian English being spoken in a broad swath of southern Québec. Not sure about that... 2602:306:CFEA:170:1D6A:396:A4:C8ED (talk) 21:58, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

"Pan-American English" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-American_English&redirect=no Pan-American English] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. -- MikutoH talk! 21:09, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:North American English


text:
Village (disambiguation)

A village is a settlement larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town.

Village or The Village may also refer to:

Forms of administration

 * Village (Taiwan), the basic unit of Taiwanese administrative subdivision
 * Village (United States), a type of administrative division at the local government level
 * Village (New Jersey)
 * Village (Pennsylvania)
 * Village (Oregon)
 * Village (Vermont)
 * Villages of Brunei, an administrative division

Canada

 * Victoria, Newfoundland and Labrador, known as The Village
 * Village Island, British Columbia

Ireland

 * Cloughjordan Ecovillage, formerly The Village, Co Tipperary
 * Malahide Cricket Club Ground, or The Village

United Kingdom

 * Village (Barking and Dagenham ward), an electoral ward in England
 * Village, an electoral ward of Merton London Borough Council, England
 * Village (Southwark ward), a former electoral ward in England
 * Village (Trafford ward), a former electoral ward in Greater Manchester, England
 * The Village, East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, Scotland
 * The Village, an area near Donegall Road in Belfast, Northern Ireland
 * The Village, a settlement in Windsor Great Park, England

United States

 * Village, Arkansas
 * Village, Virginia
 * Greenwich Village, or the Village, New York City
 * The Village, Jersey City, New Jersey
 * The Village, Oklahoma
 * The Village at Corte Madera, a shopping center in California
 * The Village Shopping Center, in Gary, Indiana
 * The Villages, Florida
 * Village Arcade, a shopping center in Rice Village, Houston, Texas
 * Village of La Jolla, La Jolla, California
 * Castle Pines Village, Colorado, also known as The Village at Castle Pines

Elsewhere

 * The Village, a zone in San Ġwann, Malta

Films

 * The Village (1953 film), a Swiss drama
 * The Village, a 1968 documentary by Paul Hockings
 * The Village (2004 film), an American period thriller
 * The Village (2015 film), a Georgian drama
 * The Village (2023 film), a Japanese drama film featuring Ryusei Yokohama
 * The Village (animated short film), a 1993 British short animated film

Music

 * Village (album), by Wallace Roney, 1997
 * "Villages", a 2010 song by Alpine
 * "The Village", a song by New Order on the 1983 album Power, Corruption & Lies
 * "The Village", a 2017 single by Wrabel

Literature

 * The Village (Anand novel), by Mulk Raj Anand, 1910
 * The Village (Bunin novel), by Ivan Bunin, 1939
 * The Village (Grigorovich novel), by Dmitry Grigorovich, 1846
 * The Village, a 1966 novel by Thomas Hinde
 * The Village, a 2012 novel by Nikita Lalwani
 * "The Village" (poem), by George Crabbe, 1783
 * "The Village" (short story), by Kate Wilhelm, 1973
 * Village (magazine), an Irish current affairs and cultural magazine

Television

 * The Village (1993 TV series), British series and former radio programme
 * The Village (2013 TV series), a British drama
 * The Village (2019 TV series), an American drama
 * The Village (2023 TV series), an Indian horror thriller
 * The Village (The Prisoner), the fictional setting of the 1960s TV series
 * The Village: Achiara's Secret, a 2015 South Korean drama series

Other uses in arts, entertainment and media

 * The Village (Sirius XM), a radio channel
 * Village (board game), 2011
 * Resident Evil Village, or Village, a 2021 video game

Businesses and organizations

 * The Village (Hartford, Connecticut), an American social service agency
 * The Village (music venue), in Dublin
 * The Village (studio), in West Los Angeles, U.S.
 * Village Community Co-operative, a multiple occupancy permaculture project in Adelaide, Australia
 * Village Food Stores, a chain of supermarkets in New Brunswick, Canada, 1987–95

Other uses

 * Mark Village (born 1991), Canadian soccer player
 * MSN Games, formerly The Village, a gaming web site

title: Village (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:List of Sesame Street international co-production characters

Characters
Should "real" characters (actors) be added? In the German language version East German actor "Manfred (Krug)" and Swiss actor "Lilo" (Lieselotte Pulver) were well-known. 82.82.126.247 14:04, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

And why are German actors seperatet in before and after 86? 84.129.56.128 12:09, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * That is a very good question, as the show's sets burned in 1988, and thus the next era began later that year. 1986 was just another year. --  Zanimum (talk) 19:25, 26 February 2012 (UTC)


text:
Australian National Kennel Council

The Australian National Kennel Council is the coordinating kennel club of Australia. It is a member of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.

Role
The Australian National Kennel Council is the peak body for Australia's state-based kennel clubs, which are:
 * Australian Capital Territory Canine Association Inc (Dogs ACT)
 * Canine Association of Western Australia Inc (Dogs West)
 * Canine Control Council (Queensland) (Dogs Qld)
 * North Australian Canine Association Inc (Dogs NT)
 * Royal New South Wales Canine Council Ltd (Dogs NSW)
 * South Australia Canine Association Inc (Dogs SA)
 * Tasmanian Canine Association Inc (Dogs Tas)
 * Victorian Canine Association Inc (Dogs Vic)

It maintains stud books for recognised dog breeds, and provides governance for dog shows, dog trials and canine events. It is a member of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, and the international representative of the kennel clubs of Australia.

History
The first meeting to consider forming the Australian National Kennel Council occurred in April 1949 during that year's Sydney Royal Easter Show. It was not until April 1958 that a constitution was drafted and presented at the Royal Easter Show, with it being approved and the council forming in September that year at the Royal Melbourne Show.

title: Australian National Kennel Council


text:
Upper Clyde Shipbuilders

Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) was a Scottish shipbuilding consortium, created in 1968 as a result of the amalgamation of five major shipbuilders of the River Clyde. It entered liquidation, with much controversy, in 1971. That led to a "work-in" campaign at the company's shipyards, involving shop stewards Jimmy Airlie and Jimmy Reid, among others.

Formation
The Company was formed in February 1968 from the amalgamation of five Upper Clyde Shipbuilding firms: Fairfield in Govan (Govan Division), Alexander Stephen and Sons in Linthouse (Linthouse Division), Charles Connell and Company in Scotstoun (Scotstoun Division) and John Brown and Company at Clydebank (Clydebank Division), as well as an associate subsidiary, Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd, in which UCS held a controlling stake of 51%.

The consolidation was a result of the Geddes Report, published in 1966, and the subsequent Shipbuilding Industry Act 1967 (sponsored by the Minister of Technology, then Anthony Wedgwood Benn) which recommended rationalisation and horizontal integration of shipbuilding in the United Kingdom into large regional groups, aided with grants from the state Shipbuilding Industry Board, in order to achieve economies of scale and better compete in the market for increasingly large merchant vessels like VLCCs. The creation of these groupings included Scott Lithgow on the Lower Clyde, Swan Hunter on Tyneside and Robb Caledon on the east coast of Scotland. The government had a 48.4% minority holding in the consortium and provided a £5.5m interest-free government loan over the first three years. UCS had a combined order book at the time worth £87m.

Collapse of UCS
In June 1971, the loss-making Upper Clyde Shipbuilders went into receivership (only one yard of the five, Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd, remained profitable but had left the joint venture in April 1970). In February 1971, in the wake of the emergency nationalisation of Rolls-Royce Limited, the then Conservative government under Edward Heath and the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, John Davies, announced a policy that refused further state-support for "lame duck" industries, which led to a crisis of confidence amongst UCS creditors and resulted in severe cash flow problems for the company. After the government refused UCS a £6m working capital loan as a lender of last resort, the company was forced to enter liquidation although the yards had a full order book and a forecasted profit in 1972.

Work-in
After the company's collapse, rather than striking, unions representing the shipyard's workers decided to conduct a "work-in" to complete orders already in place. The work-in was led by a group of young shop stewards, including Jimmy Reid, Jimmy Airlie, Sammy Barr and Sammy Gilmore. Reid wanted to ensure the workers projected the best image of the yard workers he possibly could, and he insisted on tight discipline. He addressed the workers at the yards, where he instructed them that there should be "no hooliganism, no vandalism and no bevvying [drinking]".

Work-in support
The shipbuilders' tactics worked, and public sympathy in the Glasgow area and beyond was on the side of the workers who took part. That was backed up with demonstrations in Glasgow, one of which was attended by around 80,000 marchers. At one demonstration, on Glasgow Green, Tony Benn addressed those in attendance, and Matt McGinn and Billy Connolly (both former shipyard workers) offered entertainment to the gathered crowd. The campaign was also well-backed financially, and at one meeting for the campaign, Jimmy Reid was able to announce that the campaign had received a £5,000 contribution from John Lennon, to which an attendee replied "but Lenin's deid!" (dead).

Analysis of the work-in
The Thatcher Conservative government would be more far-reaching in its attempts to remove state involvement in industrial affairs.

Restructuring and aftermath
In February 1972, the Conservative government relented to the demands of the workers and restructured the yards around two new companies: Govan Shipbuilders was established (formerly Fairfields), along with its subsidiary Scotstoun Marine Ltd (formerly Connells). Yarrow Shipbuilders had already withdrawn from UCS in April 1970 and regained its status as an independent company (until 1977, when it was nationalised as part of British Shipbuilders, along with Govan Shipbuilders). A fourth yard, at Clydebank (formerly John Brown), was sold to Marathon Oil as an oil-rig fabrication yard; which eventually closed in 2001.

In 1999, two major shipyards on the Upper Clyde (the former Yarrow and Fairfields yards) were acquired by the defence contractor BAE Systems and became part of BAE Systems Surface Ships.

title: Upper Clyde Shipbuilders


text:
Cache Creek, British Columbia

Cache Creek is a historic transportation junction and incorporated village 354 km northeast of Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. It is on the Trans-Canada Highway in the province of British Columbia at a junction with Highway 97. The same intersection and the town that grew around it was at the point on the Cariboo Wagon Road where a branch road, and previously only a trail, led east to Savona's Ferry on Kamloops Lake. This community is also the point at which a small stream, once known as Riviere de la Cache, joins the Bonaparte River.

The name is derived, apparently, from a cache or buried and hidden supply and trade goods depot used by the fur traders of either the Hudson's Bay Company or its rival the North West Company. Although it was first incorporated as a Local District municipality with the name Cache Creek in 1959, the name has been associated with this community since long before incorporation. The Cache Creek post office was established in 1868.

Although still very active with traffic, Cache Creek was extremely busy for a few decades before the Trans-Canada Highway was superseded by the newer and shorter Coquihalla Highway, which bypasses the Fraser and Thompson Canyons between Hope and Kamloops via Merritt, about 97 km southeast.

The nearby fossil locality, the McAbee fossil beds, is noted for the wide diversity of Eocene plants and animals preserved in the shale, including the extinct plants Dillhoffia and Trochodendron drachukii. The town lends its name to significant geological features, dating back to the Carboniferous, whose rocks are exposed in the area, Cache Creek Terrane and Cache Creek Ocean.

The village of Cache Creek is also served by a community television station (run by the Ash-Creek Television Society), CH4472 in the neighbouring town of Ashcroft on VHF channel 4 (with an effective radiated power of 74 watts at 15 m above ground level), with a repeater (CH4473 on VHF 8, with an effective radiated power of 49 watts at 45 m) in Cache Creek, British Columbia. The town is also served by CFMA-FM 105.9, a community radio station run by the Ash-Creek Television Society.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cache Creek had a population of 969 living in 471 of its 522 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 963. With a land area of 10.4 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

title: Cache Creek, British Columbia


text: File:Whatagirlwants.jpg

title: File:Whatagirlwants.jpg


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Tepui

A tepui, or tepuy , is a table-top mountain or mesa found in South America, especially in Venezuela and western Guyana. The word tepui means "house of the gods" in the native tongue of the Pemon, the indigenous people who inhabit the Gran Sabana.

Tepuis tend to be found as isolated entities rather than in connected ranges, which makes them the host of a unique array of endemic plant and animal species. Notable tepuis include Auyantepui, Autana, Neblina, and Mount Roraima. They are typically composed of sheer blocks of Precambrian quartz arenite sandstone that rise abruptly from the jungle. Auyantepui is the source of Angel Falls, the world's tallest waterfall.

Morphology

These table-top mountains are the remains of a large sandstone plateau that once covered the granite basement complex between the north border of the Amazon Basin and the Orinoco, between the Atlantic coast and the Rio Negro. This area is part of the remnants of the supercontinent Gondwana. Throughout the course of the history of Earth, the plateau began to erode and fragment about 300 million years ago, and about 70 million years ago the tepuis were formed from the remaining monadnocks.

There are 115 such mesas in the Gran Sabana in the south-east of Venezuela on the border with Guyana and Brazil, where the highest concentration of tepuis is found. The precipitous mountains tower over the surrounding area by up to 1000 m.

Tepuis range in elevation from 1,000–3,000 m. The total surface area of all 115 tepuis is approximately 5000 km2. Because of their great age, some tepuis exhibit surface features and caves typical of karst topography, formed in more water-soluble rocks such as limestone. Caves here include the 671 m Abismo Guy Collet, the deepest quartzite cave in the world. Some of the mesas are pocked with giant sinkholes up to 300 m in diameter and with sheer walls up to 300 m deep. These sinkholes are formed when the roofs of tunnels carved by underground rivers collapse.

Flora and fauna
The plateaus of the tepuis are completely isolated from the ground forest, making them ecological islands. The altitude causes them to have a different climate from the ground forest. The top presents cool temperatures with frequent rainfall, while the bases of the mountains have a tropical, warm and humid climate. The isolation has led to the presence of endemic flora and fauna through evolution over millennia of a different world of animals and plants, cut off from the rest of the world by the imposing rock walls. Some tepui sinkholes contain species that have evolved in these "islands within islands" that are unique to that sinkhole.

The tepuis are often referred to as the Galápagos Islands of the mainland, having a large number of unique plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. The floors of the mesas are poor in nutrients, which has led to a rich variety of carnivorous plants, such as Drosera and most species of Heliamphora, as well as a wide variety of orchids and bromeliads. The weathered, craggy nature of the rocky ground means no layers of humus are formed.

It has been hypothesized that endemics on tepuis represent relict fauna and flora that underwent vicariant speciation when the plateau became fragmented over geological time. However, recent studies suggest that tepuis are not as isolated as originally believed. For example, an endemic group of treefrogs, Tepuihyla, have diverged after the tepuis were formed; that is, speciation followed colonization from the lowlands.

The tepuis, also known as 'islands above the rainforest', are a challenge for researchers, as they are home to a high number of new species that have yet to be described. A few of these mountains are cloaked by thick clouds for nearly the entire year. Their surfaces could previously only be photographed by helicopter radar equipment.

Many tepuis are in the Canaima National Park in Venezuela, which has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Selected tepuis
A few of the most notable of the 60 tepuis:

 * Auyantepui is the largest of the tepuis with a surface area of 700 km2. Angel Falls, the highest waterfall in the world, drops from a cleft in the summit.
 * Mount Roraima, also known as Roraima Tepui. A report by the noted South American researcher Robert Schomburgk inspired the Scottish author Arthur Conan Doyle to write his novel The Lost World about the discovery of a living prehistoric world full of dinosaurs and other primordial creatures. The borders of Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana meet on the top.
 * Matawi Tepui, also known as Kukenán, because it is the source of the Kukenán River, is considered the "place of the dead" by the local Pemon Peoples. Located next to Mount Roraima in Venezuela.
 * Autana Tepui stands 1300 m above the forest floor. A unique cave runs from one side of the mountain to the other.
 * Sarisariñama Tepui, famous for its almost perfectly circular sinkholes that go straight down from the mountain top – the largest such sinkhole is 300 m in diameter and depth (purportedly created by groundwater erosion). They harbour an ecosystem composed of unique plant and animal species at the bottom.
 * Ilú-Tramen Massif is the most northerly mountain in the chain that stretches along the Venezuelan-Guyana border from Roraima in the south.

Popular culture
The hypothesis that endemic fauna and flora of tepuis represent remnants of ancient species was an inspiration to Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Lost World (1912), which was set on a tepui.

In the 1990 film Arachnophobia, a new species of spider with a highly potent, deadly venom that lives in social colonies and is the implied apex predator of its environment is discovered in a sinkhole enclosed by a tepui in the Venezuelan rainforest, also alluding to the unique ecological conditions of tepuis.

Much of the story of 2009 Pixar–Disney film Up takes place among the tepuis. The film also includes depictions of the numerous rock formations and an Angel Falls-like waterfall called "Paradise Falls".

Steve Backshall was part of the first expedition to successfully climb Mount Upuigma. The expedition was part of the program Lost Land of the Jaguar on BBC One in 2008. On the summit they discovered an endemic species of frog and mouse, and also footprints of an unidentified mammal.

In the novel The 6th Extinction (2014) by James Rollins, a tepui in the north of Brazil was featured as a secret lair for the villain Dr. Cutter Elwes.

The sinkholes Sima Martel and Sima Humboldt located on Sarisariñama, were mentioned in the viral marketing for the film Godzilla (2014 film). Entering the name of either sinkhole into the marketing website would produce the readout "twin signatures detected". Due to the sinkholes being discovered in 1961, the readout is assumed to be a joke referring to Mothra (1961 film).

title: Tepui


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Tunisair

Tunisair (الخطوط التونسية) is the national airline of Tunisia. Formed in 1948, it operates scheduled international services to four continents. Its main base is Tunis–Carthage International Airport. The airline's head office is in Tunis, near Tunis Airport.

History

The carrier was formed by the government of Tunisia as Société Tunisienne de l'Air in late 1948. The initial investment was FRF 60 million, with shareholding split between the government (35%), Air France (35%) and another interests (30%). Air France transferred some of its DC-3s and routes (which included Tunis–Bone–Algiers, Tunis–Ajaccio–Nice, Tunis–Bastia–Nice, Tunis–Rome and a cargo flight between Tunis and Marseilles) to the new airline for it to start operations; these commenced on 1 April 1949. The first managing director of the company was Rene Lefevre.

The route network was expanded along the coast during the early 1950s. In 1951, Casablanca, Ghudamis and Tripoli were incorporated as destinations. In 5 that year, a Tunis–Tripoli–Sabhah service was launched; it was routed via Sfax and Djerba in 9. The Ghudamis route was terminated in 1952, and the Casablanca run was taken over by Air France the same year. In 1953, the service to Marseilles was extended to Paris. In 1954, a Douglas DC-4 was leased from Air France and used on the route to Paris. At March 1955, the fleet comprised three Douglas DC-3s, one Douglas DC-4 and a SNCASE Languedoc. During 1955, the carrier transported 92,344 passengers. At year end, the number of employees was 140. The airline had a revenue of £620,000 for 1955, and costs totalled to £550,000. In 1957 the Tunisian government became the largest shareholder (51%) and the stake held by Air France was reduced to 15%.

The carrier took delivery of its first jet-powered aircraft, a Sud Caravelle III, on 31 August 1961. A new service to Frankfurt was inaugurated in October but it was terminated in March the following year due to poor economical performance. A second Caravelle was ordered in 1963 and entered service in March 1964. In cooperation with Lufthansa, flights to Frankfurt were restarted in April 1966 using Caravelle equipment. The Nord 262 was first put into service in 1969. The introduction of this aircraft into the fleet along with the airline already having two Caravelles in operation allowed the carrier to phase out a DC-3 and two DC-4s. The number of employees had grown to 888 by March 1970. At this time, they had four Caravelles, two Cessna 402s, a DC-3 and a Nord 262, which were used on domestic services and international routes to Algeria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Libya, Morocco and Switzerland. Tunis Air took delivery of its first Boeing aircraft, a Boeing 727-200, on 12 March 1972; it was put on service on the Tunis–Paris run. On 1 April 1972, a Boeing 707 that was leased from Sabena inaugurated the Tunis–London link. The same day, new services to Luxembourg and Jeddah were launched. Late in the year, a second Boeing 727s was ordered for delivery in July 1973. In 1973, a third Boeing 727 was ordered for handover in 12 that year. A fourth and fifth 727 were ordered in 1974 and 1975. The gradual incorporation of the Boeing 727s permitted Tunisair to replace the Caravelles and to retire the remaining DC-3s.

For the first time in its history, in 1995 the carrier started trading its shares at the Tunis stock exchange when 20% of the stake was floated. Ahmed Smaoui took over as president and director general of the company in March 1997. In January 1999, Abdelmalek Larif became the new president. Also in 1999, flights to Amman and Beirut were launched. By April 2000 the airline had employees. At this time the fleet comprised one Airbus A300B4-200, two Airbus A319-100s, ten Airbus A320-200s, four Boeing 727-200 Advanced, three Boeing 737-200 Advanced, four Boeing 737-500s and three Boeing 737-600s that served the following destinations: Abu Dhabi, Algiers, Amman, Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Beirut, Berlin, Bilbao, Bordeaux, Bratislava, Brussels, Budapest, Cairo, Casablanca, Copenhagen, Dakar, Damascus, Djerba, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Gafsa, Geneva, Graz, Hamburg, Istanbul, Jeddah, Lille, Linz, Lisbon, London, Luxembourg, Lyon, Madrid, Malta, Marseille, Milan, Monastir, Munich, Nice, Nouakchott, Palermo, Paris, Prague, Rome, Salzburg, Sfax, Stockholm, Strasbourg, Tabarka, Toulouse, Tozeur, Tunis, Vienna, Warsaw and Zürich.

In 2007, Nabil Chettaoui was appointed as chief executive officer (CEO). In June 2011, Hamadi Thamri replaced Chettaoui as president and CEO of the company. In July the same year, Moscow was first served by the carrier with flights to Domodedovo Airport. The airline's first transatlantic service, Tunis–Montreal, was launched in July 2016.

Ownership and management
The company is 74% owned by the Tunisian government. the CEO is Colonel Elyes Mnakbi, who was appointed by the Ministry of Transport, replacing Mrs Sarra Rejeb, who became head of the SNCFT.

Business trends
Annual reports for Tunisair do not appear to be regularly published; figures can also appear to be inconsistent in industry and press reports. Figures for the Airline (as opposed to the Group) seem to be as shown below (as at year ending 31 December):

Head office
Tunisair's head office is located on Route X near Tunis–Carthage International Airport in Tunis.

Destinations
Tunisair flies to destinations across Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Its main base is Tunis–Carthage International Airport.

As of November 2023, the airline serves 24 countries on 68 routes.

Current fleet

The Tunisair fleet consists of the following aircraft, :

Historical fleet

 * Airbus A300-600
 * Boeing 737-500
 * Boeing 747

Recent developments

Tunisair became the first Airbus A319 customer in both the Arab World and Africa when it ordered three aircraft in October 1997, along with four Airbus A320s. Another order followed the same year when the carrier acquired four Boeing 737-600s that were initially slated for delivery starting in May 1999. The airline took options on three more aircraft but the specific variants were not informed at that time. The aircraft included in both orders were aimed at replacing the ageing Boeing 727s and 737s in the airline fleet. The company took delivery of its first A319 in August 1998. Tunisair subsequently added three more Boeing 737-600s, taking delivery of the seventh one in April 2001.

Two second-hand General Electric CF6-powered Airbus A300-600R were purchased in 2000; A third aircraft of the type joined the fleet in 2001. An extended range A319 was ordered in 2006. In July 2008, Tunisair ordered three Airbus A350 XWBs, along with three Airbus A330-200s and ten Airbus A320s. The order was partially amended in mid-2013, when the airline cancelled the order for the A350. The airline took delivery of its first Airbus A330-200 in June 2015. The Airbus order was amended again in 2016, removing an A330 and four A320s and including four Airbus A320neos.

Incidents and accidents
Tunisair has never experienced a fatal accident since its founding in 1948, but has experienced three hull losses:

 * On 12 January 1979, a Boeing 727 was hijacked and diverted to Libya after the hijackers demanded the release of Tunisian trade unionist Habib Achour. In Tripoli, the hijackers surrendered. There were no fatalities.
 * On 11 February 1992, a Boeing 727 rolled out of its hangar at Tunis–Carthage International Airport during an engine test due to technicians forgetting to set the aircraft's brakes. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * On 6 February 2013, an Airbus A320 operating as Flight 712 excursed from the runway while landing at Tunis–Carthage International Airport. All 83 people on board survived, but the aircraft was declared a hull loss.

title: Tunisair


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Auyán-tepui

Auyán-tepui, also spelled Ayan, is a tepui in Bolívar state, Venezuela. It is the most visited and one of the largest (but not the highest) tepuis in the Guiana Highlands, with a summit area of 666.9 sqkm and an estimated slope area of 715 sqkm.

The unevenly heart-shaped summit plateau of Auyán-tepui is heavily inclined, rising from around 1600 m in the northwest to a maximum of 2450 m in the southeast. It is incised from the north by a vast valley, the Cañón del Diablo (Devil's Canyon), formed by the Churún River. The larger western portion of the plateau is partially forested, whereas the eastern part comprises mostly bare rock with only patchy vegetation cover. The mountain hosts a number of extensive cave systems.

Auyán-tepui gives its name to the Auyán Massif, which also includes the tiny peaks of Cerro El Sol and Cerro La Luna to the north and the satellite mountain of Uaipán-tepui to the south. The massif has a total summit area of roughly 670 sqkm and an estimated slope area of 795 sqkm. It is situated entirely within the bounds of Canaima National Park. Auyán-tepui means "Devil's House" in the local Pemón language.

Angel Falls, the tallest waterfall in the world, drops from a cleft near the summit. The falls are 979 m high, with an uninterrupted descent of 807 m — a drop nineteen times higher than that of Niagara Falls.

Auyán-tepui achieved international fame in 1933 when Angel Falls was accidentally discovered by Jimmie Angel, a bush pilot searching for gold ore. Attempting to land on the heart-shaped mesa in 1937, Angel crashed his small Flamingo plane on top of Auyán-tepui and was forced to hike down the gradually sloping backside, a trip that took him and his crew 11 days to complete; he was immortalised when the waterfall was named after him.

Around 25 species of amphibians and reptiles are known from the summit plateau of Auyán-tepui, as well as numerous birds. Like many tepuis, the mountain hosts a rich assemblage of flora.

title: Auyán-tepui


text:
Talk:Lester R. Ford

Untitled
I have put ?s by the date for Lester R. Ford Sr. because I could only find one source for them, which is http://www.shsu.edu/~smm_www/Genealogy2/fam00001.html) If anyone can find another source to verify these dates, please remove the ?s. Gandalf61 14:27, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lester R. Ford


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Landshut (district)

Landshut is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kelheim, Straubing-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau, Rottal-Inn, Mühldorf, Erding and Freising. The city of Landshut is enclosed by, but does not belong to the district. It is nonetheless its administrative seat.

History
The city of Landshut was founded in 1204 by the ruling Wittelsbach family of Bavaria. Since then the region has always been a part of Bavaria. Heinrich Himmler attended Landshut Grammar School, He would go on to become Reichsführer-SS of the Schutzstaffel in Nazi Germany and one of the organizers of the Holocaust. The present district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Landshut, Rottenburg and Vilsbiburg and adding some municipalities of surrounding districts.

Geography
The district comprises plain countryside on both banks of the Isar river.

Economy
Many residents work at the Dingolfing BMW (formerly Glas) car plant which expanded massively during the 1970s. Others commute daily to Munich, which is about 46 miles (74 km) to the southwest.

The first research nuclear power plant at Niederaichbach was torn down and returned to greenfield status in 1995. Two other nuclear reactors, known as Isar I and Isar II, in the Essenbach district remain operational: nuclear power generation remains a significant local employer.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
 * the blue and white checked pattern of Bavaria
 * the arms of the county of Preysing, which ruled the territory in medieval times

title: Landshut (district)


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Central school

A central school was a selective secondary education school with a focus on technical and commercial skills in the English education system. It was positioned between the more academic grammar schools and the ordinary elementary schools where most pupils prior to 1944 were educated to 14 years of age.

Central schools were established in England and Wales following the Education Act 1918, although London County Council had already introduced them in 1910 and ran fifty by 1918.

Following the introduction of the tri-partite system of selective education and the changes introduced by the Education Act 1944, many central schools became Secondary Modern schools or the premises otherwise absorbed in the post-WWII education system.

title: Central school


text:
User:Kim Bruning/voting

WARNING This is an extremely contentuous subject area. This text tries to show what the current ideas on this topic are. Tread lightly. DANGER Disclaimers apply. Using this page for anything may lead to cancer, death, or other unpleasantness. See talk page for more disclaimers

Voting on wikipedia might seem common, as it is often confused with straw polls, which look very similar, but act in a very different fashion indeed.

There are basically a few situations in which voting is used in relation to wikipedia. There are also a few situations where shortened consensus-finding procedures are in place.

All such uses are either emergencies, or to do with representation or the granting of privileges. Do not use any of these procedures unless all else has been tried and has failed. We mean it! Abuse may lead to a permanent ban from wikipedia. If unsure, do not use. Always try to discuss and negotiate first.

Actual Voting

 * As a tiebreak, in situations where two mutually exclusive but similar choices are available, and all other means have failed.
 * To Elect representatives, generally outside the wiki proper. (Arbitration committee in 2004, Foundation, Stewards?) This practice may well be abandoned entirely.

Not voting, though shortened consensus finding
Note that it is possible and legal to start a discussion "in the middle of voting" on these pages!

 * Arbitration elections 2006.
 * Requests for adminship.
 * Pages for deletion: articles, templates, ...

Voting
Voting is the casting of an open or secret ballot, based on some suffrage.

When all other means have been utterly exhausted, consensus just doesn't work, hundreds of people are fighting and drawing lines in the sand, and we really need to end the sillyness, by all means, please vote!

If you have not received death threats, and have not been compared to hitler or ossama bin ladin (by multiple people!), nor do you require any representative in some legal or technical capacity, you do not need to vote. But even if all of the above are true, first consider polling or shortened consensus finding.

Note that even voting for representatives is somewhat contentuous.

VOTING ON ENCYCLOPEDIC CONTENT IS A FALLACY, YOUR ARTICLE WILL FAIL TO BE CORRECT!

Shortened consensus-finding is often sufficient, always consider shortened consensus finding before thinking of voting.

Shortened consensus finding
Is a consensus finding method where people begin with a poll immediately.

Shortened consensus finding is used when very many people are expected to form some sort of rough consensus in a short period of time.

In a shortened consensus-finding procedure it is typically ok to break out of poll format and start discussing the issue at hand. You can negotiate a different outcome if you like. You may present overriding arguments. If no discussion is is held, or clear arguments brought forth, the outcome might be determined on numeric criteria by a third party. (They will decide by supermajority). IMPORTANT: Note that numeric criteria are only used if consensus has not been formed by discussion, negotiation, or if no strong arguments have been presented!

Some people contend that shortened consensus-finding is overused, and campaign for the reduction of locations where it is used.

It is a VERY BAD idea to use shortened consensus-finding in the article namespace. It is impossible to find The Truth using this method.

Very rarely, additional restrictions might be in place, if it is thought a shortened procedure might be extremely contentuous, while people think a shortened consensus procedure is still superior to voting outright. (For caveats, see also:  above).

Polling
"Polling is evil" is a very common phrase on wikipedia. Avoid polls as much as possible, try to reach consensus through discussion and negotiation instead!

If polling is evil, shortened consensus finding and voting are certainly not the preferred option.

Polls might be started for a number of reasons:
 * To discover what opinions people hold
 * This can be used to determine if you have consensus, or if you don't, what issues to concentrate on. In general, you don't need polling to do this, though sometimes issues are murky and it can be handy.
 * Polls have been used as a tie-break in situations where normal consensus-finding fails.

Using polls as a tie-break has always been very contentuous. Do not use polls as a tie-break unless you have been discussing for months, and you are simply at a loss as to any other method of resolving your dispute.

Tie-breaks obviously cannot determine The Truth. Don't use them for that!

If you are wondering what to do because this annoying dude has been refuting your arguments all last week, don't start a poll.

Note that since the objective of a poll is to help with consensus, it is generally ok to short circuit a poll and use other consensus finding measures as well.

title: User:Kim Bruning/voting