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Owen D. Young

Owen D. Young (October 27, 1874 –July 11, 1962) was an American industrialist, businessman, lawyer and diplomat at the Second Reparations Conference (SRC) in 1929, as a member of the German Reparations International Commission.

He is known for the plan to settle Germany's World War I reparations, known as the Young Plan and for the creation of the Radio Corporation of America. Young founded RCA as a subsidiary of General Electric in 1919; he became its first chairman and continued in that position until 1929. RCA was divested in 1932 and liquidated by GE in 1986.

Early life and family
Owen D. Young was born on October 27, 1874, on a small farmhouse in the village of Van Hornesville, Town of Stark, New York. His parents’ names were Jacob Smith Young and Ida Brandow and they worked the farm that his grandfather owned. Owen was an only child, his parents lost their first born son before he was born, and his birth was something rejoiced. He was the first male of the family to have a name that was not biblical since they had first arrived in 1750, driven from the Palatinate on the Rhine in Germany by constant war and religious persecution. They were taken in by the Protestant Queen Anne in England, sent to New York in 1710 to act to provide naval stores for the British fleet along the Hudson River, and eventually moving north and west, taking land from the Native Americans before settling along the Mohawk. The ‘D’ in his name was more for adornment than anything else, and so does not stand for anything.

Owen went to school for the first time in the spring of 1881. He was six years old, and had always been inclined to books and studying. He had a teacher, Menzo McEwan, who taught him for years, and would eventually be responsible for Owen going to East Springfield, one of the few secondary schools that he could afford. Of course, it was not too close to Van Hornesville, which had few secondary education opportunities near it. This took him away from the farm, where his help was needed, but his parents supported his pursuit of education to the point of later mortgaging the farm to send him to St. Lawrence University at Canton, New York.

He married Josephine Sheldon Edmonds (1870–1935) on June 13, 1898, in Southbridge, Massachusetts. A few years after Josephine died, he married the fashion designer and businesswoman Louise Powis Clark (1887–1965), a widow with three children.

Children

 * Charles Jacob Young (December 17, 1899 – October 2, 1987), Scientist and inventor at RCA
 * John Young (August 13, 1902 – August 21, 1926), (killed in a train accident)
 * Josephine Young (February 16, 1907 – January 8, 1990), who became a poet and novelist, writing as Josephine Young Case
 * Philip Young (May 9, 1910 – January 15, 1987), who became Dean of the Columbia Business School (1948–1953), Chairman of the Civil Service Commission (1953–1957), and United States Ambassador to the Netherlands (1957–1960)
 * Richard Young (June 23, 1919 – November 18, 2011), Attorney, expert on international and maritime law, and law professor

Education
East Springfield Academy was a small coeducational school and Young greatly enjoyed his time there, making lifelong friends; later in life, he tried to attend all of the reunions. St. Lawrence was a small institute struggling to survive and in serious need of both money and students and Owen Young was a good candidate. It was still expensive enough to cause some hesitance, however. With his father getting on in years, Owen was needed on the farm more than ever. His parents were eventually convinced by the president of the college.

It was there that Young was able to grow as a person in both his education and his faith. He discovered Universalism, which allowed for more intellectual freedom, separate from the gloom and hellfire permeating other Christian sects. Young remained a student from September 1890 before becoming an 1894 graduate of St. Lawrence University, on June 27. He completed the three-year law course at Boston University in two years, graduating cum laude in 1896.

After graduation he joined lawyer Charles H. Tyler and ten years later became a partner in that Boston law firm. They were involved in litigation cases between major companies. During college, he not only became a brother of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, but he also met his future wife Josephine Sheldon Edmonds, an 1886 Radcliffe graduate. He married her in 1898, and she eventually bore him five children.

Career
Young represented Stone and Webster in a successful case against GE around 1911 and through that case came to the attention of Charles A. Coffin, the first president of General Electric. After the death of GE's General Counsel Hinsdill Parsons in April 1912, Coffin invited Young to become the company's Chief Counsel and Young moved to Schenectady. He became GE's president in 1922 and then in the same year was appointed chairman, serving in that position until 1939. Under his guidance and teaming with president Gerard Swope, GE shifted into the extensive manufacturing of home electrical appliances, establishing the company as a leader in this field and speeding the mass electrification of farms, factories and transportation systems within the US. In 1919, at the request of the government, he created the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to combat the threat of English control over the world's radio communications against America's struggling radio industry. He became its augmentation chairman and served in that position until 1929, helping to establish America's lead in the burgeoning technology of radio, making RCA the largest radio company in the world. In 1928, he was appointed to the board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation under a major reorganization of that institution, serving on that board also up to 1939.

Young's participation in President Woodrow Wilson's Second Industrial Conference following World War I marked the beginning of his counseling of five U.S. presidents. In 1924, he coauthored the Dawes Plan, which provided for a reduction in the annual amount of German reparations. After the Allied Powers had settled their war debts to Washington, a new international body met beginning in 1928 to consider a program for the final release of German obligations; Young acted as chairman. Germany's total reparations were reduced and spread over 59 annual payments. After establishing this "Young Plan", Young was named Time Magazine's Man of the Year in 1929. The Young Plan collapsed with the coming of the Great Depression. Young was also instrumental in plans for a state university system in New York. In 1932, he was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. He did not campaign actively, but his friends promoted his candidacy beginning in 1930 and at the 1932 Democratic National Convention. He was highly regarded by candidates Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt, and some convention observers speculated that they would support Young in the event of a convention deadlock.

Retirement
In 1930, he built the Van Hornesville, New York, Central School in his hometown to consolidate all the small rural schools in the area. In 1963, it was renamed Owen D. Young Central School in his honor. Long active in education, Young was a trustee of St. Lawrence University from 1912 to 1934, serving as president of the board the last 10 years. The main library of the university is named in his honor.

After Young married Louise Powis Clark in 1937, the couple created a winter estate in Florida that included a formal garden and citrus stand along State Road A1A. In 1965, Louise gifted the estate to the State of Florida, and it is now the site of Washington Oaks Gardens State Park.

In 1939, he formally retired to the family farm in New York, where he began dairy farming. He died in Florida on July 11, 1962, following several months of poor health.

Legacy
More than 20 colleges awarded him honorary degrees. He was an elected Member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Long interested in education, he was a member of the New York State Board of Regents, governing body of New York's educational system, until 1946. Then, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey called upon him to head the state commission that laid the groundwork for the State University of New York system. Although the commission represented a wide range of views and opinions, Young achieved a surprising unanimity that resulted in a report containing recommendations adopted by the legislature. He was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1981 and the Consumer Technology Hall of Fame in 2019.

References and further reading

 * Jones, Kenneth Paul, ed. U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919–41 (ABC-CLIO. 1981) online on Young's role in Europe, pp 43–62..
 * Hammond, John Winthrop. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric, published 1941. Citations: came to Schenectady – 360; Chairman of the Board – 382; retired in 1939 – 394; General Counsel 359,381; Report to Temporary National Economic Committee – 397.
 * Hammond, John Winthrop. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric, published 1941. Citations: came to Schenectady – 360; Chairman of the Board – 382; retired in 1939 – 394; General Counsel 359,381; Report to Temporary National Economic Committee – 397.
 * Hammond, John Winthrop. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric, published 1941. Citations: came to Schenectady – 360; Chairman of the Board – 382; retired in 1939 – 394; General Counsel 359,381; Report to Temporary National Economic Committee – 397.
 * Hammond, John Winthrop. Men and Volts, the Story of General Electric, published 1941. Citations: came to Schenectady – 360; Chairman of the Board – 382; retired in 1939 – 394; General Counsel 359,381; Report to Temporary National Economic Committee – 397.

title: Owen D. Young


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Calvary Holiness Association

The Calvary Holiness Association is a Holiness Pentecostal denomination of Christianity that is based in Georgia, United States.

History
The Holiness movement among Baptists in Georgia began late in the 19th century among ministers in the Little River Baptist Association. Two churches were excluded from the Little River Association in 1893 because of their teachings on holiness. These two churches and two newly formed churches met in 1894 in Wilcox County, Georgia to organize the Holiness Baptist Association.

The Calvary Holiness Association was formed in 1977. Dissatisfied members separated from the Holiness Baptist Association on January 7, 1977 for what they termed "broken confidence and lack of trust in the trustee committee". On January 15, 1977, nine churches met at Community Holiness Baptist Church in Cook County, Georgia and organized a new association, with James A. Harrell as moderator, and Carl H. Carlton as clerk. Four more churches joined on January 29, and a committee of seven was formed to draw up articles of faith, discipline and rules of decorum. On March 26, the articles of faith and by-laws were adopted, the name Calvary Holiness Association, Incorporated agreed upon, and an application to incorporate made. The Association was incorporated and charter granted by the state of Georgia on October 7, 1977.

The faith and order is similar to the parent body. The association's beliefs include three works of grace (1) New Birth (first work of grace), (2) entire sanctification as a definite second work of grace, (3) Baptism of the Holy Ghost, with glossolalia as the initial evidence (third work of grace). Its ordinances include baptism by immersion, Lord's supper and feet washing. Tithing is practiced. They maintain abstinence from any use of tobacco or strong drink, excessive use of medicine, use of slang expressions, gluttony, and that ordinary labor and business should not be conducted on Sunday. Membership in secret societies (such as the Masonic Lodge) is forbidden. The Calvary Holiness Association maintains Calvary Holiness Campground in Coffee County, Georgia south of Jacksonville. Annual association meetings, youth camps and camp meetings are held at the campground.

In 1985 the association was made up of 17 churches with 464 members, in 13 counties in the southern part of the state of Georgia. 27 ordained ministers, 4 licensed ministers, and 4 exhorters were serving these churches.

Calvary Holiness Association is affiliated with a Holiness Pentecostal seminary known as Heritage Bible College in Savannah, Georgia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calvary Holiness Association


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Talk:Upper Silesia

Silingi remained?
"At the time of Svatopluk I and King Arnulf of Carinthia in the ninth century, Silesia was a part of Greater Moravia and after its destruction in the early tenth century it was conquered by Bohemia. A number of earlier inhabitants of Silesia, the Silingi, remained throughout and they concentrated around the Zobten mountain and in a settlement named Niempsch (derived from a Slavic name for Germans)." - Any proofs? Sources? Its more likely that all Vandalic tribes migrated from Vistula-Oder land about century before firs Slavs came there. It is obvious that small groups remained (eg. someone who transferred elder river names - like Silinga>Sьlędza) but they were slavinized very quickly and connecting it with Czech stronghold (later the city) "Nyemcha" [Polish Niemcza - from Niemiec "a German man"] is great mistake and mixing different dates and times!!

Polish names of Polish cities debate
Except just a few of Polish cities that have a commonly accepted English name like Warsaw, Cracow/Krakow and Poznan) all other cities should be named after their native or official Polish name. Usage of German names of Polish cities in English vikipedia is unaaceptable. CC, 21:07, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It is perfectly acceptable for German cities like Stettin, Posen and Breslau. Norum 00:43, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia naming conventions
Naming_conventions Use English words Convention: Name your pages in English and place the native transliteration on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the English form. Rationale and specifics: See: Naming conventions (use English)

Warning : Nico
WARNING: Nico is a well known and annoying silling (to avoid the word vandal) introducing German names to all Polish cities and provinces occupied by Germany in the past - CC 04:49, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Polish, German or Polish-German name of Opole
CC, this does no good. And why on earth is it offensive to give the German name for the historic capital of Upper Silesia? When Upper Silesia was a province, its capital was called Oppeln, not Opole, no? In any event, your behavior of late has been seriously unacceptable. john 05:30, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think it is enough if we introduce the alterrnative names in the city articles. The readers (searchers) will find it, there's no need to place double Polish/German names everywhere in the English wikipedia. It is offensive to put German names everywhery beacuse the Germans (in Bismarck's and Hitler's times) Germanized everything and Polish language was forbidden, even in Upper Silesia having Polish majority. CC, 05:41, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * BUT WHY IN THE.... do you introduce Polish names in the Lower Silesian Province (Prussia) article, then? Nico 18:17, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Of course the German name of the province is informative and shoud stay CC, 05:43, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It would be offensive to use the German names primarily. I don't see what's wrong with mentioning them. john 06:26, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

What is the purpose of these German names?? The official city name is just Opole, and this is the only valid name in English. The city name is NOT billigual, so there's no place for old German names here CC, 06:31, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The article refers to it as the historical capital of Upper Silesia. When it was said historical capital, it was called Oppeln. john 07:07, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Stick to one name unless you want the page to be filled with 25 names from Kashubian to Slelisian.I personally dont see the point of pointing out that its called Opplen in German. I am sure the Germans know its Opplen :) Kommiec 07:12, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The point is that it's talking about the historical capital of Upper Silesia. Oppeln was its name when it was the capital of Upper Silesia. The other cities are not referred to in a historical context, so there's no need for the German names. john 07:15, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Opole wasnt always the capital of upper silesia. I dont know if its historical or not. Kommiec 07:17, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It was mentioned as such in the article... john 07:18, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

From the 1911 encyclopedia...

 * OPPELN (Polish, Oppolie), a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Silesia, lies on the right bank of the Oder, 51 m. S.E. of Breslau, on the railway to Kattowitz, and at the junction of lines to Beuthen, Neisse and Tarnowitz. Pop. (1905) 3o,769~ It is the seat of the provincial administration of Upper Silesia,

john 07:20, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

In 1911 Poland didn't exist and the Germans tried to Germanize the Polish People. However that is a different subject(Britannica is known for many errors). I am under the impression that Upper Silesia this article is referring to is the current 1998 Province in Poland. From 1998 to know its capital is Opole so maybe the Historically part of the article is right though I wouldn't call 5 years Historical. Kommiec 07:24, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

No, the current province of which Opole is a part is the Opole Voivodship. Upper Silesia is a historic region. In any event, in 1911, Oppeln was a German city, part of Silesia, a Prussian province, and hadn't been part of Poland for many centuries. It was known as Oppeln. At the time, Oppeln was the capital of the province of Upper Silesia. It was such, I would imagine, until 1945, when Upper Silesia ceased to exist as a province, and the city's name was changed (back?) to Opole. john 07:51, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Official name is Opole
The official city name is Opole and this ONLY should be used in English wikipedia. -- CC, 12:27, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Sigh, we are talking about Opole as being the historical capital of Upper Silesia. When this was the case, its name was Oppeln. Should we talk about Kaliningrad being the historical capital of East Prussia, as well? john 18:04, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

When dealing with the pre-1945 city, the English name (this is the English language wikipedia, huh?) is OPPELN. In English the city have two names: until 1945: Oppeln, after 1945: Opole. Nico 18:21, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Yes, exactly. In any event, I think this is a fair compromise between listing the German names of all the cities and not listing any German names. In the case of Opole/Oppeln, it makes sense to mention the German name, because we are discussing something about the city prior to 1945. The other cities are not mentioned in a historical context, and therefore there's no reason to mention their German names. john 19:04, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Do you suggest we should use the Russian names for every mention of all cities in East Germany? (as their were part of the Russian zone in Germany). In my opinion this would be ridiculous, just as much ridiculous as inserting German names for every mention of Polish cities. In my opinion your activities are very abusive. -- CC, 06:06, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

German was the official language of the German Democratic Republic. You are being ridiculous. I have only wanted one city to have its German name mentioned, and that because we are discussing its history before 1945 pretty explicitly in the article. john 07:44, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, John considering your points the only real justification for mentioning Oppeln name would be if there were some real section "History of Upper Silesia". Now it seems that the only sign of history is use of the word "historically". For the time being I propose to remove the words "historically" and "Oppeln" until there is a passage about history written. Kpjas 23:20, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

That seems fair enough. I'm going to remove the whole sentence about Opole, in this case. Since it wouldn't make sense to talk about it non-historically, since it's not currently the capital of Upper Silesia. john 05:28, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Upper Silesia (Prussian Province)
Saw this while playing with Random page and I'm sure it (which isn't much) should be merged and redirected, I amn't sure of the details so can some one here do this? Notjim 16:37, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Częstochowa is not a silesian city
There are some cities listed that are part of the Upper Silesian voivodship but arent in reality part of Upper Silesia (the administrative borders of viovedship arent the same as geographical and historical borders of the province), Częstochowa was never part of Silesia. I think it should be changed (cities that are outside Silesia removed form the list), if there are no objections i can do it. --Serus 00:43, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right, I edited page and deleted all cities, which, I was certain, are not historically part of Upper Silesia and even not in Silesia Voivodship. I add a note "not historical Upper Silesia" to cities which are in Voivodship but not in historical Upper Silesia (like Sosnowiec, Dąbrowa Górnicza itd. which are the cities of Little Poland region - pl:Zagłębie Dąbrowskie - which is even "hated" by Upper Silesians, Hanysi call them Altrajch ;P). Moreover I add a note about cities in Cieszyn Silesia, and lower that Cieszyn Silesians are especially glad to be a part of Upper Silesia, and information about Ostrawa and Bielsko-Biała, that they lay only partly in historical part of Silesia, for instance Biała always belonged to Little Poland, as well as Żywiec, Andrychów, Oświęcim etc. D T G 09:56, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Part of Germany from 1143 till 1945)
Sorry upper silesia was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (First Empire), from 1143 till 1807. (From 1807 till 1815 only part of Prussia( during the napoleonic Wars). Part of the German Federation from 1815 till 1866. From 1866 till 1871 part of the North German Federation (as part of Prussia). From 1871 till 1945 it was part of the German Empire(Second Empire till 1919, First German Republic till 1933, Third Empire till 1945 (also known as third Reich). Large parts of the population were german speaking (during the census held by the league of nations in 1919 only in the eastern part of the uppersilesia province, the western part was nearly 100 % germanspeaking)) 60 % of the population voted to stay part of Germany). In 1945 during the Westexpansion of Poland the absolute mayority of the population was forcibly expulsed to germany). Only since that time there is a large polnish mayority polpulation in that area. Not to mention the German names of the Citys and Towns of these historical region is faking up of hististory . A cultural cleansing of history after the ethnical cleansing of the region. Don´t let some polnish ultra nationalists in wikipedia came trough with it. Wikipedia should not be the playground for the enemys of humanity and democracy.

You have some points; an interest; and much to contribute! Please sign your posts so we can collaborate. Thanks for your contributions!--Agrofe 02:42, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Nysa
Upper or Lower Silesian? The Duchy of Nysa is usually referred to as Lower Silesian, as the lands of Otmuchów and Nysa were not part of the territories incorporated by Duke Mieszko IV Tanglefoot of Opole and Racibórz upon the death of Jarosław Opolski in 1201. 92.225.108.142 (talk) 09:31, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Currently, neither. It's part of Opolskie. Historically, Upper Silesia. While it started out under the control of Wrocław, it eventually came under the control of Opole. As part of Prussia, the German Empire, and after WWI, it was in Upper Silesia. I don't know whether present-day redidents consider themselves Silesian, though. I doubt it, as the present-day population came from what is now the Ukraine. Silesian identity outside of Ślaskie and the eastern parts of Opolskie is very weak. Lower Silesians do not consider themselves Silesians. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 09:59, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Upper Silesia has never stretched this far west. I believe that people of Nysa consider themselves to be Lower Silesians.  Norum 11:21, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

A better map?
I just came to this entry to see where Upper Silesia in relation to Germany, Poland and Austria. Basically, a simple map of Europe with Upper Silesia highlighted. But there is nothing here to give anyone unfamiliar with the area any idea of where Upper Silesia is located. Can a better map be posted? 69.125.134.86 (talk) 12:19, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upper Silesia


text:
Talk:Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Comments
Nico, plase don't use German names in English Wikipedia cc

Cc, please do not use foreign names first. This is the English language Wikipedia, NOT the Polish. English name is Oder: http://www.nima.mil/gns/html/index.html -- Nico 00:22, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Oder is the German name and should not be used here. No more Germanisirung is needed, thank you. Odra/Oder - both names are used in English, Odra preferred here cc

No, English name is preferred at English Wikipedia. Oder is both official and actually used name in English. Nico 00:33, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ein Reich, Ein Volk, Ein Nico 2003 theme ?? cc

More funny comments, Grzes? Nico 02:13, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * 1) Oder is the more familiar English form of the River name; I've never heard this river ever referred to as the Odra in English. (That's why I selected Nico's last edit.) Cc, if you disagree, please provide examples; I'll be happy to admit I'm wrong, & revert this page to your last edit.

 * 1) You two -- Nico & Cc -- have been beating each other up over this point all day. I'm protecting this page in hope it will be a cooling-off period. (Other sysops are welcome to unprotect it after 24 hours, or when it looks as if a consensus is being made.) -- llywrch 04:28, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * You may find information at Talk:Oder River. Oder is official English name in accordance with NIMA, and used by an overwhelming majority (Google). Nico 04:46, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Anyway the wrong info (Goerlitz are which is not part of the region) and offensive info about the Prussian provinc ein th intro, should be removed

 * Görlitz is a part of Silesia according to Britannica Encyclopedia (2002). Nico 04:46, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Conflicts between users

Nico
My primary area of interest is the history and geography of Poland, its cities, rivers, provinces and counties. I would like to contribute my knowledge and resources for the benefit of the WWW community. -- cc, 00:15, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Nico primary area of interst is also Poland. His activities are mainly making sure every single town and river in Poland is reffered to by its German name used in times Poland was occupied by German, Polish language forbidden, Polish people exterminated by the Germans. Nico activities are very destructive and annoying. -- cc 00:15, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This is article about the Polish provinceof Lower Silesia (not the german one) -- cc 04:35, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * No, this article is about the geographical region, including German parts. Lower Silesian Voivodship is about the Polish region. Nico 04:47, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

No part of Germany belongs to Lower Silesia (historical or modern). Historical boudary of Silesia were the Kwisa and Bobr rivers, Today the western boundary of Silesia is the Nysa Luzycka river -- cc, 04:54, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, it does. Nico 05:03, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This is absolutely ridiculous. Clearly, between 1815 and 1945, the Görlitz region was part of the Prussian province of Silesia. As such, it continues to still view itself as "Silesian". Are all these people simply wrong? I think it's absolutely ridiculous to say that. john 05:08, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The ridiculous thing is your idea that every article about a city or province must begin with a statement when and why it belonged to the the Prussian/German states. The boundaries of both historical and modern Lower Silesia are known very well, and they do NOT contain any modern parts of Germany. I my opinion the Goerliz article should mentioned its previous belonging, and this article should mention it boundary changes in the history section, but it's ridiculous to mention the German times in the intro. Your agressive editing techniques are unaccetable and annoying. You are destroying every article you touch.

I consider it vandalism that Nico has erased the picture of modern Lower Silesia, providing no other picture. And I consider it vandalism that the link to the Prussian province of Lower Silesia is provided three times in this short article. -- cc, 21:37, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ah, straw men. Look, the Görlitz issue is one that is clearly far more complicated than you are willing to admit, and I don't think there's a right answer. Clearly, before 1815, it was considered a part of Lausitz/Lusatia. But after 1815, it was attached to Silesia, and continues to call itself Silesia. If it is commonly known as "Silesia", then I don't see how it's Wikipedia's duty to say "no, you're wrong, it's not." The picture (map?) thing I'm not familiar with. But certainly this article is dealing with Lower Silesia as a general entity, while the Lower Silesian Voivodship deals with the contemporary Polish province. And it's ridiculous to say that it's vandalism to have three links to the prussian province. Perhaps it's overkill, and unnecessary, but hardly vandalism. john 21:46, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * :: There are one link in the introduction, one in the history section and one in the "See also". But there are also a large number of links to Lower Silesian Voivodship, at least three: In introduction, history and see also Nico 20:22, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * See, this Görlitz/Lower Silesia issue is exactly, what we need to discuss on Talk:Silesia. There was no activity today at all, and that is a pity. Grzes, I would appreciate your input there, maybe in the form of a reply to my last comment yesterday. -- Baldhur 22:07, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Discussion? I'm still waiting to read any discussion over the topic that caused me to protect this page in the first page: what to call a certain river in Silesia. CC claims that Odra is the proper English name, & Nico claims that Oder is the proper English name. Anyone? -- llywrch 23:34, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I believe the consensus of all but Polish editors is that Oder is the proper English name. Polish contributors vehemently protest this, especially when used to refer to the river when its course is entirely running through Polish territory. The only time I've seen it referred to primarily as the Odra is in atlases, which tend to use the native names for all geographical features, with other names secondarily (my atlas also uses Wien and München, for instance.) I think that both river names should be used in this article, preferably in the form Oder/Odra. john 23:57, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Any way I request the map of Lower Silesia back, at least until we get a better map cc, 00:05, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The map certainly ought to be on the Lower Silesian Voivodship page. Since this page is discussing the region in general, and not just the contemporary Polish voivodship, it might be better not to use this particular map. john 00:07, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Boundaries of Silesia
Can we settle the Silesian boundaries question: -- cc, 14:13, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Map of Silesia divided between Prussia, Bohemia-Austria and Poland after the Peace of Wroclaw 1742 ending the first Silesian War.

 * Red line show the historical boundaries of Silesia that were stable for some 1000 years.
 * Grey colour area show the major part of Silesia acquired by Prussia from Austria-Bohemia in the Peace of Wroclaw (1742), as a result of the 1st Silesian War;
 * Yellow colour area show the remainder of Bohemian-Austrian Silesia. It was called the Czech/Bohemian Silesia upto 1849, and then the Austrian Silesia. The map show the cities of Opava, Karniow and Cieszyn;
 * Red/Orange colour area show the Polish Silesia: duchies of Oswiecim, Zator, with Biala, later Bielsko-Biala - all shown on the map; and also duchy of Siewierz.

Outside of Silesia:
 * Brown colour area outside of Silesia show the province of Lusatia (including Zgorzelec/Goerlitz) that was part of the state of Saxony.

These boundaries were stable in most of the Silesian history, and these historical boundaries are still valid today with some small modifications. In various times of history the dukes of Silesia posessed temporarily various territories outside these boundaries. In various times of history the rulers of Silesia has joined various border territories to the Silesian province(s), but these were only temporary and did not change the frontries of the historical region. -- cc, 14:26, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Alternative Names
I am finding the naming issues on Wikipedia to be quite frustrating. Encyclopedias are supposed to provide information. I fail to understand why one group finds it so objectionable to have an alternate name in a simple introduction. Based on the Gdansk/Danzig vote: The introduction to Lower Silesia (as of 5/16/05) clearly states that it is a historical and geographical region. This region has centuries-old history connected with several different nationalities. Lower Silesia obviously shares a history between Germany and Poland. Based on the Gdansk/Danzig vote, it seems perfectly clear and understandable to me that multiple translations should be listed, and expected, for Lower Silesia. If this page is supposed to primarily be about the current Voivodship, then why is there any historical information pertaining to before its creation in 1999?
 * "For Gdansk and other locations that share a history between Germany and Poland, the first reference of one name in an article should also include a reference to other names, e.g. Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland) or Gdansk (Danzig). An English language reference that primarily uses this name should be provided on the talk page if a dispute arises."

For the record, I am neither Polish nor German; rather, I am an American. Olessi 22:44, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Its about the Lower Silesian Voivodship of today. Not about the Silesia (Prussian Province).
 * Then the title of the page should be Lower Silesian Voivodship. The pages for the other contemporary Polish Voivodships do not discuss medieval history in the manner that this page does. If this page is for the current Voivodship, it should concern itself with the current affairs of the Voivodship. If this page is for the region and concept "Lower Silesia" it should present the history and names for all of its previous inhabitants, not just its current ones. Olessi 03:04, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * "For the record, I am neither Polish nor German; rather, I am an American."
 * Hmmm... an American who adding German names in Polish articles? hmm... :) (see your contribution page:--Witkacy 22:59, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been studying central European history with a focus on German history. Many of my reference materials have numerous names for places. Thinking that this encyclopedia is used for the dissemination of knowledge, I have been trying to add what I can to various articles, including different names. I did not expect that there would be such bickering over names by different nationalities. People have removed some additions that I have made. When the locality did not have a significant German population/history, I have not readded the names, and have been trying to follow the guidelines set by the Gdansk/Danzig vote. Olessi 03:04, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The article has a significant history section, and is about the place throughout history. Even if it would be only for post 1945, the first reference of one name in an article should also include a reference to other names. -- Chris 73 Talk 23:11, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope.--Witkacy 23:54, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

rename to Lower Silesian Voivodeship. -- Kjkolb 23:37, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Per recently-concluded discussions at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject Geography of Poland, the consensus term for this particular administrative division is Voivodeship, not Voivodship. As such, I'm formally requesting a move so that we can get the article moved to the correct spelling. --Elonka 22:52, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support, as nominator. --Elonka 15:21, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Lower Silesian Voivodeship


text:
Interdictor

An interdictor is a type of attack aircraft or tactical bomber that operates far behind enemy lines, with the express intent of air interdiction of the enemy's military targets, most notably those involved in logistics.

Interdiction
Interdiction prevents or delays enemy forces and supplies from reaching the battlefront; the term has generally fallen from use. The strike fighter is a closely related concept, but puts more emphasis on air-to-air combat capabilities as a multirole combat aircraft. Larger versions of the interdictor concept are generally referred to as "penetrators".

Operation
In the post-war era, the RAF introduced interdictor variants of their English Electric Canberra jet bomber, as aircraft were released from the strategic bombing role as they were replaced by the new V bombers. Desiring a more modern aircraft for this role, development of the BAC TSR-2 (from "Tactical Strike and Reconnaissance, Mach 2") began, but this program was later cancelled. The US began development of a similar aircraft around the same time, which emerged as the General Dynamics F-111. The failure of the TSR-2 and a desire by other European nations for a similar design led to the Multi Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA) program, although operating over shorter ranges in the European theatre which was realised as the Panavia Tornado Interdictor/Strike (IDS). The Soviet Sukhoi Su-24 emerged in the early 1970s.

In order to safely traverse a heavily defended front line, they flew at very low altitudes (in some cases having to pull up to clear power lines) to use terrain masking to protect them from enemy radar-guided weapons. Flying at low altitude also demands much greater fuel use, and thus interdictor aircraft were generally fairly large.

List of interdictor aircraft

 * - did not enter service
 * - did not enter service
 * - did not enter service
 * - did not enter service

title: Interdictor


text:
English usage controversies

In the English language, there are grammatical constructions that many native speakers use unquestioningly yet certain writers call incorrect. Differences of usage or opinion may stem from differences between formal and informal speech and other matters of register, differences among dialects (whether regional, class-based, or other), and so forth. Disputes may arise when style guides disagree with each other, or when a guideline or judgement is confronted by large amounts of conflicting evidence or has its rationale challenged.

Examples
Some of the sources that consider some of the following examples incorrect consider the same examples to be acceptable in dialects other than Standard English or in an informal register; others consider certain constructions to be incorrect in any variety of English. On the other hand, many or all of the following examples are considered correct by some sources.
 * Generic you – e.g., "Brushing your teeth is a good habit" as opposed to "Brushing one's teeth is a good habit"
 * Singular they – e.g., "Somebody left their sweater" or "My friend left their sweater here"

 * Flat adverbs – e.g., "Drive safe" as opposed to "Drive safely"
 * Split infinitives – e.g., "To boldly go where no man has gone before" as opposed to "To go boldly where no man has gone before"
 * Beginning a sentence with a conjunction – e.g., "But Dad said not to jump on the bed!"
 * Double genitive – e.g. "a friend of theirs" as opposed to "a friend of them" or "their friend"
 * Using "me" vs. "I" in the subject complement ("It's me" as opposed to "It's I" or "It is I") or other cases – e.g., "Me and Bob" vs. "Bob and I"
 * It's me again.

 * Using "I" vs. "me" in the oblique case, e.g., "He gave the ball to Bob and I" instead of "He gave the ball to Bob and me". This is often called a hypercorrection, since it is perceived as related to avoidance of the stigmatized incorrect use of the oblique form. See Between you and I.
 * The validity of aren't as a negative first-person singular contraction for to be in interrogative uses – e.g., "Aren't I the one you were talking about?"
 * The grammatical means for marking counterfactuality – e.g., "I wish I were/was an Oscar Mayer wiener" and "If the pandemic didn't happen/hadn't happened".
 * Whether to use who or whom in various contexts
 * The use of less or fewer with count nouns
 * Double negatives – e.g., "We don't need no education"
 * Certain double modals – e.g., "You might could do it" – not considered standard, but used for example in Southern American English
 * Double copula – e.g., "What has to happen is, is that the money has to come from somewhere"
 * Preposition stranding – e.g., "You have nothing to be afraid of" (vs. "You have nothing of which to be afraid") – criticized by grammarians in the 1600s by analogy with Latin grammar and by some teachers since, though many have always accepted it as part of standard English
 * Distinction or lack of it between the past and past participle forms of the verb – e.g. "I should have went" and "I done that yesterday".
 * Order of quoted punctuation marks, i.e., American style ("Many dreams were characterized as 'raw,' 'powerful,' and 'evocative) vs. British style ('Many dreams were characterised as "raw", "powerful" and "evocative). Some American authorities (such as the APA and CMS) require the former, while others (such as the LSA) allow, prefer, or require the latter.
 * Whether the verbs open/close to denote turn on/turn off can be used as English collocations (i.e. "Open the lights, please" for "Turn on the lights, please"). The expression is a metaphrase and is common among nonnative English speakers of Hebrew, Croatian, Filipino, French, Thai, Chinese, Greek, Italian descent, and also among French Canadians (or speakers of Quebec English), where "open" and "close" for "on" and "off" are used instead. This construction is grammatically correct but only out of context. The calquing and linguistic transfer make this construction foreign to other English speakers.

Several proscriptions concern matters of writing style and clarity but not grammatical correctness:
 * Dangling modifiers (including dangling participles) are often cited as potentially causing confusion.
 * Various style guides warn writers to avoid the passive voice.
 * Gender neutrality in English:
 * Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns – Replacing masculine pronouns where they are meant to refer to a person of either gender with both masculine and feminine pronouns, alternative phrasing, the singular they or newly invented words like "hir" and "ze"
 * Terms for humans in general – Replacing nouns like "mankind" with "humankind"
 * Gender marking in job titles – Replacing nouns like "chairman" and "manpower" with alternatives like "chairperson" and "staffing levels"
 * Use of Ms. for equality with Mr., as opposed to Miss and Mrs., which specify whether the woman is married; there are no similar titles for men that specify whether the man is married.

For an alphabetical list of disputes concerning a single word or phrase, see List of English words with disputed usage.

Factors in disputes
The following circumstances may feature in disputes:

Myths and superstitions
There are a number of alleged rules of unclear origin that have no rational basis or are based on things such as misremembered rules taught in school. They are sometimes described by authorities as superstitions or myths. These include rules such as not beginning sentences with "and" or "because" or not ending them with prepositions. See common English usage misconceptions.

No central authority
Unlike some languages, such as French (which has the Académie Française), English has no single authoritative governing academy, so assessments of correctness are made by "self-appointed authorities who, reflecting varying judgments of acceptability and appropriateness, often disagree."

Education
While some variations in the use of language correlate with age, sex, ethnic group, or region, others may be taught in schools and be preferred in the context of interaction with strangers. These forms may also gain prestige as the standard language of professionals, politicians, etc., and be called Standard English (SE), whereas forms associated with less educated speakers may be called nonstandard (or less commonly substandard) English.

Stigma
The prescriptivist tradition may affect attitudes toward certain usages and thus the preferences of some speakers.

Hypercorrection
Because of the stigma attached to violating prescriptivist norms, speakers and writers sometimes incorrectly extend usage rules beyond their scope in attempting to avoid mistakes.

Classical languages
Prescriptivist arguments about various English constructions' correctness have sometimes been based on Latin grammar.

Analogy with other constructions
It is sometimes argued that a certain usage is more logical than another, or that it is more consistent with other usages, by analogy with different grammatical constructions. For instance, it may be argued that the accusative form must be used for the components of a coordinate construction where it would be used for a single pronoun.

Speakers and writers frequently do not consider it necessary to justify their positions on a particular usage, taking its correctness or incorrectness for granted. In some cases, people believe an expression to be incorrect partly because they also falsely believe it to be newer than it really is.

Prescription and description
It is often said that the difference between prescriptivist and descriptivist approaches is that the former prescribes how English should be spoken and written and the latter describes how English is spoken and written, but this is an oversimplification. Prescriptivist works may contain claims about the incorrectness of various common English constructions, but they also deal with topics other than grammar, such as style. Prescriptivists and descriptivists differ in that, when presented with evidence that purported rules disagree with most native speakers' actual usage, the prescriptivist may declare that those speakers are wrong, whereas the descriptivist will assume that the usage of the overwhelming majority of native speakers defines the language, and that the prescriptivist has an idiosyncratic view of correct usage. Particularly in older prescriptivist works, recommendations may be based on personal taste, confusion between informality and ungrammaticality, or arguments related to other languages, such as Latin.

English internationally
English is spoken worldwide, and the Standard Written English grammar generally taught in schools around the world will vary only slightly. Nonetheless, disputes can sometimes arise: for example, it is a matter of some debate in India whether British, American, or Indian English is the best form to use.

Regional dialects and ethnolects
In contrast to their generally high level of tolerance for the dialects of other English-speaking countries, speakers often express disdain for features of certain regional or ethnic dialects, such as Southern American English's use of y'all, Geordies' use of "yous" as the second person plural personal pronoun, and nonstandard forms of "to be" such as "The old dock bes under water most of the year" (Newfoundland English) or "That dock be under water every other week" (African-American Vernacular English).

Such disdain may not be restricted to points of grammar; speakers often criticize regional accents and vocabulary as well. Arguments related to regional dialects must center on questions of what constitutes Standard English. For example, since fairly divergent dialects from many countries are widely accepted as Standard English, it is not always clear why certain regional dialects, which may be very similar to their standard counterparts, are not.

Register
Different constructions are acceptable in different registers of English. For example, a given construction will often be seen as too formal or too informal for a situation.

title: English usage controversies


text:
Lubliniec

Lubliniec (, Lublinitz) is a town in southern Poland with 23,784 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Lubliniec County, part of Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999); previously it was in Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998).

Geography
Lubliniec is situated in the north of the historic Upper Silesia region at the rim of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, about 60 km northwest of Katowice. It is an important rail hub, with two major lines crossing there – east-west (from Częstochowa to Opole) and south–north (from Katowice to Poznań) – and a site of light and chemical industry. The surrounding area is characterized by extended forests (Lasy Lublinieckie), including the Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park north of the town.

History

Lubliniec was established about 1270 by the Piast duke Władysław of Opole on the road leading from his residence Opole to Kraków. It was part of the Duchy of Opole within fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. According to old folk tradition the name comes from the Polish sentence lubi mi się tu kościół i miasto budować, which refers to the erection of the church and the town by Duke Władysław. In medieval Polish documents the town appeared under the names Lubie, Lublin and Lubin, and then morphed to Lubliniec for distinction, as mentioned by 15th-century Polish chronicler Jan Długosz. Under the name Lubliniec it was mentioned in a 1612 Polish poem Officina ferraria, abo huta y warstat z kuźniami szlachetnego dzieła żelaznego by Baroque poet. By the turn of the 13th to the 14th century it had obtained the status of a town according to Magdeburg Law by Władysław's son and successor Duke Bolko I. He had been one of the first Silesian dukes to become a Bohemian vassal in 1289, however it remained under the rule of the local branch of the Polish Piast dynasty until 1532. The Piast dukes erected a castle in Lubliniec. Duke Jan II the Good granted the citizens many privileges, including brewing and market rights as well as the permit to form guilds.

Upon Jan's death in 1532, Lubliniec with the Duchy of Opole fell as a reverted fief to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, which since 1526 were ruled by the Austrian House of Habsburg. In 1638 the town was visited by King of Poland Władysław IV Vasa. In 1645 along with the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz it returned to Poland under the House of Vasa, and in 1655 the Black Madonna of Częstochowa was briefly hidden at the local castle by the Poles during the Swedish invasion of Poland. In 1666 the town fell to the Habsburg monarchy again, until it was annexed with most of Silesia by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in 1742.

The town was an important center of Polish Bar Confederates, and in the 1770s it was visited several times by Kazimierz Pułaski, one of the Confederates' military commanders and soon-to-be hero of the American Revolutionary War. In the late 18th century the town was held by the Polish noble Grotowski family. In 1812 Franciszek Grotowski founded an institute, which purpose was to take care of orphans and provide them with education, and a new orphanage was built in 1848. To this day the facade of the former orphanage is decorated with a relief of the Łodzia coat of arms of the Grotowski family. The town was a center of Polish resistance against Germanisation policies. 19th-century Polish publicist, activist and poet printed many of his works in the town. In the 19th century the county's population remained overwhelmingly Polish and Catholic by confession. In 1871 the town became part of Germany. The first railway reached it by 1884. The former castle of Lubliniec was converted into a hospital for the poor in 1893, then altered to a psychiatric hospital in 1895/96.

After World War I, Poland regained independence in 1918, and the region was divided according to the Upper Silesia plebiscite in 1921, whereby 88% of the Lublinitz citizens voted for continuance in the German Weimar Republic, while 47% of the citizens of the entire county voted to join the reborn Polish state. Nevertheless, after Wojciech Korfanty had initiated the Third Silesian Uprising from the nearby village of Czarny Las, it was incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic and became a border town. In the interbellum the Polish 74th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Lubliniec.

Again occupied in the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany during World War II (and renamed Loben, 1941–45). During the German occupation, the Polish population was subjected to mass arrests, imprisonment, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and executions. On September 8, 1939, the Einsatzgruppe II entered the town to commit various crimes against Poles. 180 civilian defenders were murdered immediately by the invading Germans in September 1939, in accordance with Adolf Hitler's orders to execute Polish "partisans" immediately. Soon after capturing the city, the Germans took over the local psychiatric hospital, and several hundred children were murdered there during the occupation as part of the Aktion T4. There were also cases in which the killed children's brains were used for medical research by the Germans in Wrocław, as mentioned by German doctor Elisabeth Hecker, who was in charge of the hospital since 1941. The Germans also established and operated a Nazi prison in the town, and the E609 forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the present-day district of Kokotek. Teachers from Lubliniec were among Polish teachers imprisoned and murdered in concentration camps. The area was conquered by the Red Army in January 1945 in the course of the Vistula–Oder Offensive, and then restored to Poland.

Sport
The local football team is. It competes in the lower leagues.

Notable people

 * Hans Heinrich Lammers (27 May 1879 – 4 January 1962) was a German jurist and prominent Nazi politician. From 1933 until 1945 he served as Chief of the Reich Chancellery under Adolf Hitler.
 * Richard Courant (1888–1972), mathematician; his cousin Edith Stein often visited the house of her maternal grandparents Courant near the rynek, today the site of a small museum.
 * Eva Gabriele Reichmann (1897–1998), historian
 * Zygmunt Anczok (born 1946), footballer
 * Michael Kutzop (born 1955), footballer
 * Alexander Famulla (born 1960), footballer
 * Major General Roman Polko (born 1962), served in the Polish 1st Special Commando Regiment at Lubliniec
 * Max Kolonko (born 1965), journalist
 * Andrzej Grzesik (born 1967), politician
 * Anna Świątczak (born 1977), pop singer

Twin towns – sister cities

Lubliniec is twinned with:

 * 🇸🇰 Bánovce nad Bebravou, Slovakia
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunmajsa, Hungary
 * 🇨🇿 Kravaře, Czech Republic
 * 🇵🇱 Łowicz, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Reda, Poland
 * 🇪🇸 Teruel, Spain

title: Lubliniec


text:
Shing Mun River

The Shing Mun River or Shing Mun River Channel is a river in Sha Tin, Hong Kong.

History
The original Shing Mun River began at Needle Hill, and flowed into the former Tide Cove (Sha Tin Hoi), a shallow bay. In the 1970s, Tide Cove was reclaimed and turned to Sha Tin New Town. The river was extended through a 7 km long, 200 m wide artificial channel in the middle of the area to flow into Tolo Harbour. Other rivers that had originally flowed into Tide Cove are now tributaries of Shing Mun River in the form of concreted nullahs.

The Shing Mun River channel runs from the Tai Wai area, through the Sha Tin town centre to the Tolo Harbour. It has three main tributaries, namely Tai Wai Nullah, Fo Tan Nullah and Siu Lek Yuen Nullah. Along the Shing Mun River are high-rise residential, commercial and industrial buildings with numerous village-type developments such as City One Shatin and Wo Che Estate scattered around. Several bridges were built to connect the two sides of the Shing Mun River.

Bridges
There are several major bridges across the Shing Mun River:
 * Banyan Bridge on Fo Tan Road
 * Dragon Bridge on Sha Tin Road
 * Lion Bridge on Lion Rock Tunnel Road
 * Sand Martin Bridge on Sha Tin Rural Committee Road
 * Lek Yuen Bridge – a pedestrian bridge

Current usage
Although the river is primarily designed for the drainage of storm water from Sha Tin with a catchment area of 37 km2, it is also a popular place for recreational users such as rowers, anglers, riverside walkers and cyclists. There are continuous pedestrian promenades on both sides of the river.

Many species of trees has been planted along the riverside, such as the Chinese Banyan and a few cotton trees.

Shing Mun River is a popular place for water sports, such as: rowing, canoeing, kayaking and dragon boat racing. There are three boathouses in the river, located at Yuen Wo Road and Shek Mun respectively. The river has a standard of 2000 metres long for regattas.

Sports events

 * Dragon Boat Racing competition is held on Shing Mun River at Dragon Boat Festival every year since 1984.

 * A section of the Hong Kong leg of the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay was held on the Shing Mun River Channel.

Pollution
The Shing Mun River was once heavily polluted from the indiscriminate discharges from livestock, industrial, commercial and domestic sources. The total organic pollution load from these discharges amount to a population equivalent of 160,000 in the 1980s. At that time, hardly any living creatures were found in the river.

The water quality of Shing Mun River has improved from bad to good in terms of the Water Quality Index since 1993. Lifeforms including fish and invertebrates have also reappeared in the river. In 2001, bioremediation and dredging works began to further improve the river environment. Levels of odour-causing sulphides and E. coli subsequently dropped sharply. But the water quality is still threatened by the polluted condition of Tolo Harbour, which backflows into the Shing Mun River during high tide, causing contamination.

An artificial river bank was also built along a 250-metre section near Man Lai Court, where there are relatively severe sediment accumulations and odour problems.

In late 2015, the Fo Tan Nullah, which flows into the Shing Mun River, changed colours several times. In early December it turned an electric blue, while later in the month it was ‘partly grey and partly turquoise’. Residents and green groups speculated on whether the pollution was caused by the illegal dumping of pigments or industrial waste. The Environmental Protection Department (EPD) and Drainage Services Department investigated but were unable to determine the cause of the pigmentation as of December 2015. An EPD test revealed that the river was polluted by sewage.

Aside from the colour changes in the Fo Tan Nullah, tests conducted in December 2015 by a private laboratory at the behest of Sha Tin District Councillor Scarlett Pong Oi-lan revealed that pollution had worsened in the Shing Mun River. The tests showed that the E. coli are 1,300 times the EPD standard, while water acidity and suspended solids are three times the standard. Pong said that the E. Coli concentration was at its highest level since 1995.

In early 2016, thousands of fish died in the river.

On 1 November 2016, the real estate company Link REIT was fined $15,000 for contravening the Water Pollution Control Ordinance because wastewater from the Mei Lam Shopping Centre, owned and managed by Link REIT, was being illegally discharged into the Shing Mun River. The company was ordered to rectify the situation immediately.

title: Shing Mun River


text:
Myszków

Myszków is a town in Poland, with 31,650 inhabitants (2019). Situated on the Warta river in the Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998), it is the capital of Myszków County. Myszków historically belongs to Lesser Poland, and the area where the town is located was, until the Partitions of Poland, part of Kraków Voivodeship's County of Lelów. Myszków is located along one of the oldest Polish rail lines, the Warsaw–Vienna railway. Another important rail line, the Central Rail Line, is also near the town.

Coat of arms
Myszków has for years been a center of heavy industry, which is reflected in the town's coat of arms. Created in 1969, it shows four black smokestacks, with fumes coming from the two in the middle. Above the smokestacks is the White Eagle, on the sides are two heads of corn, and the blue ribbon symbolizes the Warta river.

History
The history of the town called Myszków is very short, and goes back to 1925, when the commune (gmina) of Myszków was created, part of Kielce Voivodeship. It was incorporated as a town in 1950, and the Myszków County was created in 1956. After World War II (August 1945), Lesser Poland's Myszków was transferred to Silesian – Dąbrowa Voivodeship, which in 1950 changed name to Katowice Voivodeship. In 1975 Myszków became part of Częstochowa Voivodeship, and in 1983 the town expanded, when the villages of Potasznia, Mrzygłód, Mrzygłódka, Nierada, Krwciwilk, Ręby, Łabry' and Smudzówka were annexed. As a result, currently Myszków covers a large area – it is the 139th most populated town of Poland, but the 50th in terms of territory.

Geography
Myszków occupies the area of 73.59 km2, of which 56% is arable land, and 22% forests. Since 1925 it has been the seat of a gmina, but Myszków officially remained a village until 1950, when it received town charter. Today's Myszków is made of a number of former villages, towns and settlements (Mrzygłód, Nowa Wieś, Pohulanka, Będusz, Helenówka, Myszków, Mijaczów, Ciszówka), which had existed here for centuries. The town is located on the elevation of 280 meters above sea level, in a valley between Silesian Highlands and Polish Jura, and some of its districts are part of the Jura Landscape Parks. Myszków is characteristic for its settlement type of architecture, which is the result of mergers of numerous villages into its borders.

Districts
Myszków is informally divided into 22 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs:

 * Stary Myszków
 * Nowy Myszków
 * Mijaczów
 * Pohulanka
 * Mrzygłód
 * Mrzygłódka
 * Będusz
 * Nowa Wieś
 * Gruchla
 * Kręciwilk
 * Ciszówka
 * Czarna Struga
 * Helenówka
 * Osińska Góra
 * Potasznia
 * Nierada
 * Bory
 * Smudzówka
 * Labry
 * Michałów
 * Połomia-Myszków
 * Ręby

Sights
Among points of interest are the 19th-century rail station, the Palace of August Schmelzer (1880s), and neogothic Church of St. Stanislaus (1908–1936).

Sports
Myszków is home to a sports club MKS Myszków, which was founded in 1947, and whose name changed several times (Jedność, Stal, Papiernik, Krisbut, MŻKS).

Notable people

 * Magdalena Cielecka (born 1972), actress
 * Jan Kułakowski (1930–2011), Member of the European Parliament
 * Jarosław Lasecki (born 1961), senator
 * Łukasz Maszczyk (born 1984), boxer
 * Włodzimierz Sokołowski (1940–2012), pole vaulter
 * Adam Szustak (born 1978), Roman Catholic priest
 * Mariusz Trepka (born 1967), Silesian voivode
 * Jadwiga Wiśniewska (born 1963), Member of the European Parliament

Twin towns – sister cities
Myszków is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇸 Los Alcázares, Spain
 * 🇭🇺 Békés, Hungary
 * 🇨🇿 Kopřivnice, Czech Republic
 * 🇸🇰 Námestovo, Slovakia
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title: Myszków


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New Party Sakigake

The New Party Sakigake (新党さきがけ), also known as the New Harbinger Party, was a political party in Japan that broke away from the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) on 22 June 1993. The party was created by Masayoshi Takemura. The party was centrist, and had many reformist and even moderate ecological elements. The theoretical leader was Shusei Tanaka. Yukio Hatoyama and Naoto Kan also took part but later moved to the Democratic Party of Japan.

History
After the 1993 general election, Sakigake joined a Cabinet led by Morihiro Hosokawa. It was the first government without the LDP since 1955. Sakigake's Masayoshi Takemura became Minister. Sakigake supported the following Tsutomu Hata Cabinet, but didn't join the Cabinet.

In 1994, New Party Sakigake took part in the government of Murayama Tomiichi, a government coalition of the LDP and the Japan Socialist Party, which replaced the coalition government headed the previous year by the Japan Renewal Party.

In September 1996, Sakigake and Japan Socialist Party politicians who did not support their respective parties alliances with the LDP broke away to found the Democratic Party of Japan.

The exodus of these liberal members moved the party further to the right. In 1997, the New Party Sakigake had two members in the House of Representatives and three members in the House of Councillors, which was good for them, especially after the LDP became the ruling party again. However, it decided to moderate its stance, and, because of the power of the ecologist and reformist factions, the conservatives decided to reform the party. As part of the ruling coalition in 1998, it had 2 seats in the House of Representatives and 3 in the House of Councillors. In October 1998, the party reformed itself with a more conservative image, dropping the 'New' from its title to become simply the Sakigake Party.

Its popularity heavily declined after that, and by 2001, the party had no seats in either the Lower or Upper House. In 2002, the ecologists took control, and turned the party into an ecologist party. It changed its name to Midori no kaigi, the Environmental Green Political Assembly, which, because it won no seats in the 2004 Parliamentary elections, dissolved itself on 31 October 2004.

The party gained its followers mainly from white collar bureaucrats and ecologists. It was a conservative reformist party with ecological elements.

title: New Party Sakigake