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Jânio Quadros

Jânio da Silva Quadros (January 25, 1917 – February 16, 1992) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd president of Brazil from January 31 to August 25, 1961, when he resigned from office. He also served as the 24th and 36th mayor of São Paulo, and the 18th governor of the state of São Paulo. Quadros was known for his populist style of government, honesty, and eccentric behavior.

As president, he focused on economic reform and attempted to root out corruption. He also pursued an independent foreign policy, trying to balance relations between the United States and the Eastern Bloc. Although he was elected by a huge margin, his term was marked by uncertainty and political instability, culminating in his resignation. That unexpected move caused national chaos, with the presidency being assumed by João Goulart.

Early life
Quadros was born in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, on January 25, 1917, to Gabriel Quadros and Leonor da Silva Quadros. He attended the University of São Paulo, funded his education by teaching geography and Portuguese, and graduated in 1939 with a degree in law.

He then practiced law and taught geography at Dante Alighieri School, in São Paulo, until 1945, when he became involved in politics.

Early political career
In 1947, Quadros was elected to the city council of São Paulo, and he was a member until 1950. He was very active in the role and introduced more legislation than had any other member. Quadros ran for mayor of São Paulo in 1953 and defeated the well-funded establishment candidate, Francisco Cardoso, and served as mayor until 1955. During his time as mayor, Quadros gained a reputation for honesty and innovation. He frequently visited the poor neighborhoods of São Paulo and listened to the complaints of residents, which made him popular with the working class. He also succeeded in balancing the city's budget in under a year, adding to his formidable reputation.

In 1955, Quadros resigned in order to run for governor of the State of São Paulo. He defeated the experienced politician Adhemar de Barros, his longtime rival, by a margin of 1%. He served as governor until 1959, when he resigned to run for president. Quadros's meteoric rise may be attributed to his widespread use of populist rhetoric and his extravagant behavior. He appealed to popular frustration with the government by making his campaign symbol a broom, symbolic of his pledge to "sweep away corruption." He was also a very charismatic leader who proved adept at gaining the trust of the public.

Election of 1960
Prior to the 1960 election, Quadros was nominated by several opposition parties, forming a coalition of his National Labour Party, the Christian Democratic Party and the largest opposition party, the National Democratic Union (UDN). Although he was not an enthusiastic supporter of the UDN, it supported his candidacy because it lacked a viable alternative. Throughout the campaign, Quadros clashed with the UDN. His trip to communist Cuba in March 1960 demonstrated a clear disregard for the party's preferred foreign policy. However, Quadros enjoyed widespread popularity with the Brazilian electorate. The ruling coalition, composed of the PSD and PTB, nominated Henrique Lott, the marshal of the Brazilian army. However, Lott was a flawed candidate whose stubbornness and bluntness cost him potential supporters. Quadros easily won, and his 15.6% margin of victory would be the largest margin for a presidential election held by popular vote until Fernando Henrique Cardoso won by 27% in 1994. Quadros's share of the popular vote was 48%, larger than that of any previous president. Despite that success, the separate race for vice president was won by João Goulart, Lott's running mate.

The election marked a historic moment in Brazilian history. When Quadros took office on January 31, 1961, it marked the first time since Brazil had become a republic in 1889 that an incumbent government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition. It was also the first time in 31 years that the presidency was not held by an heir to the legacy of Getúlio Vargas.

Presidency
After his victory in the 1960 election, Quadros spent the three months before his inauguration traveling in Europe and refraining from discussing what he would do as president. His absence was criticized by many of his allies, who wanted him to take a more active role in preparing the administration to govern. Quadros took office on January 31, 1961. In his inaugural speech, he emphasized the issues of government inefficiency, inflation, and debt. Quadros laid the blame for the country's high rate of inflation on his predecessor, Juscelino Kubitschek, whom he berated for nepotism and corruption. Quadros quickly replaced most incumbent ministers with members of the UDN and other parties that had supported him. However, the Movimento Popular Jânio Quadros was denied influence in the new government, despite its support for Quadros and its prominent role in the campaign. Despite his political skills, Quadros's ability to govern effectively was hampered throughout his presidency by his inexperience with party politics and his small staff.

Domestic policy
At the beginning of his presidency, Brazil was faced with high inflation and large debts to foreign countries. Quadros's government announced an anti-inflation program in March that simplified exchange rates and cut public spending. The reforms gained the approval of the IMF, and Quadros was able to renegotiate debts with the United States and Europe. Brazil received a total of 1.64 billion dollars of new loans, greatly mitigating the debt crisis that it had been facing. That represented a major breakthrough for the Quadros administration, as several previous Brazilian presidents had failed to renegotiate the debt. In addition to his campaign against inflation, Quadros attempted to reduce bureaucratic inefficiency and corruption. He launched an anti-corruption campaign and largely bypassed the bureaucracy by issuing presidential decrees. However, the policies undermined morale within the government and alienated many members of Congress, and this was exacerbated by his failure to cooperate with his allies, as he rarely consulted the UDN on important decisions and held only two cabinet meetings in his first month in office. As president, Quadros also dissipated his energy on relatively unimportant issues, exerting significant effort to outlaw gambling and to ban women from wearing bikinis on the beach.

Foreign policy
Quadros pursued an independent foreign policy, outlining "freedom, independence, and non-interference" as his guiding principles. He also tried to pursue closer relationships with Africa, hoping to gain influence in the non-aligned movement. He attempted to show solidarity with newly independent African countries by promoting decolonization and opposing racism. He also tried to promote trade and cultural exchanges with those countries. However, Quadros's government often supported states ruled by white minority governments, such as South Africa, which undermined his efforts. Quadros attempted to follow a neutral foreign policy, instead of the pro-American policies of his predecessors, and hoped to play the major powers against one another. However, his willingness to embrace the communist governments of Cuba, China, and the Soviet Union alienated many of his supporters, particularly the UDN. His decision to award the Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil's highest medal for foreigners, to Che Guevara was particularly controversial and led many to suspect that he was a communist sympathizer. Quadros's foreign policy was one of the most controversial aspects of his presidency and was a major factor in the decline of his support in Congress.

Resignation
In the summer of 1961, Quadros faced increasing opposition from Congress and had alienated many former allies. On August 25, 1961, he unexpectedly resigned, citing foreign and "terrible occult forces" in his cryptic resignation letter. It is commonly believed that his resignation was a move to increase his power and that Quadros expected to return to the presidency by the acclamation of the people or by the request of the National Congress of Brazil and the military. Based on Goulart's unpopularity with the military and other conservative elements, he likely expected that his resignation would not be accepted. However, that maneuver was immediately rejected by the National Congress of Brazil, which accepted Quadros's resignation and called on the president of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, to take office until the vice president, João Goulart, could come back from his trip to China. Quadros's resignation created a serious political crisis, setting the stage for the 1964 coup. The military, which feared Goulart's leftist tendencies, seemed poised to oppose his inauguration by force. The United States was also concerned about the prospect of a Goulart presidency and considered supporting anti-Goulart forces. Goulart finally took the oath as president on September 7, 1961, but his power was restricted by an amendment to the constitution passed on September 2 that created a parliamentary system of government. Goulart was not of the same party as Quadros because, at that time, Brazilians could split their vote for president and vice president from different parties.

Exile and return to politics
Shortly after his resignation, Quadros left the capital and traveled to Europe, promising to return to Brazil. The political crisis initiated by his resignation culminated in a military coup in 1964. The military did not allow him to participate in politics, but by the 1980s, Quadros had made a comeback. He joined the Brazilian Labor Party and was candidate for governor of São Paulo in 1982, only to be defeated by André Franco Montoro. Nevertheless, he was elected mayor of São Paulo in 1985, for the second time, defeating the favored candidate, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, later president of Brazil. Quadros served as mayor until 1988.

Personal life
Quadros married Eloa do Valle in 1942. His daughter, Dirce, was a member of the Brazilian National Congress.

He died of kidney and lung failure and a hemorrhage on February 16, 1992, at the Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo after being hospitalized for 12 days.

title: Jânio Quadros


text:
Veblen good

A Veblen good is a type of luxury good, named after American economist Thorstein Veblen, for which the demand increases as the price increases, in apparent contradiction of the law of demand, resulting in an upward-sloping demand curve. The higher prices of Veblen goods may make them desirable as a status symbol in the practices of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. A product may be a Veblen good because it is a positional good, something few others can own.

Background
Veblen goods are named after American economist Thorstein Veblen, who first identified conspicuous consumption as a mode of status-seeking (i.e., keeping up with the Joneses ) in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). The testability of this theory was questioned by Colin Campbell due to the lack of complete honesty from research participants. However, research in 2007 studying the effect of social comparison on human brains can be used as an evidence supporting Veblen. The idea that seeking status can be an incentive to spend was also later discussed by Fred Hirsch.

Additionally, there have been different arguments on whether Veblen’s theory applies only to luxury goods or all goods.

Analysis
A corollary of the Veblen effect is that lowering the price may increase the demand at first, but will decrease the quantity demanded afterwards.

The following concepts can explain the existence of Veblen goods:

 * Pecuniary emulation (or pecuniary success), which leads to invidious comparison (or invidious distinction).
 * Relative consumption trap.
 * The inverse relationship between one’s well-being with another’s income.
 * The suppression of explicit attempts to emphasize social status differences.

The theory of Veblen good made a significant contribution towards marketing and advertising. There are multiple studies considering Veblen goods as a tool to develop and maintain a strong relationship with consumers.

While Veblen goods are more affordable for high income households and affluent societies are usually known as the targeted income groups of Veblen brands, they have been experiencing a trend away from conspicuous consumption.

Ethical concerns
Being aware of the existence of Veblen goods, concerns were raised regarding their wastefulness as they are viewed as deadweight loss. Consuming Veblen goods also results in other financial and social consequences such as conspicuous demonstration of unequal wealth distribution and possible changes to optimal tax formulas. Another negative outcome is that this type of consumption can be a culprit of the future exacerbation of pollution.

Nonetheless, one exception is ethical consumers interested in virtue signaling through their consumption of goods and services. Veblen goods targeting this market segment must also be ethically manufactured to increase in their quantity demanded.

Related concepts
The Veblen effect is one of a family of theoretical anomalies in the general law of demand in microeconomics. Related effects include:
 * The snob effect: expressed preference for goods because they are different from those commonly preferred; in other words, the demand for a certain good by individuals of a higher income level is inversely related to its demand by those of a lower income level.
 * The common law of business balance: the low price of a good is believed by many to indicate that the producer may have compromised quality, that is, "you get what you pay for".
 * The hot-hand fallacy: stock buyers have fallen prey to the fallacy that previous price increases suggest future price increases. Other rationales for buying a high-priced stock are that previous buyers who bid up the price are proof of the issue's quality, or conversely, that an issue's low price may be evidence of viability problems.

Bandwagon effect
Sometimes, the value of a good increases as the number of buyers (or particular group of buyers and users) increases. This is called the bandwagon effect when it depends on the psychology of buying a product because it seems popular, or the network effect when numerous buyers or users itself increases the value of a good. For example, as the number of people with telephones or Facebook accounts increased, the value of having a telephone or a Facebook account increased, because users of those could reach more people. However, neither of these effects suggests that raising the price would boost demand at a given level of saturation.

Relationship with laws of demand and supply
Veblen effects are discussed in a 1950 article by economist Harvey Leibenstein. Counter-examples have been called the counter-Veblen effect. The counter-Veblen effect occurs when preference for goods increases with the decrease in their price, thereby outperforming the supply and demand effect, as a result of conspicuous thrift amongst some consumers.

The effect on demand depends on the range of other goods available, their prices, and whether they serve as substitutes for the goods in question. The effects are anomalies within demand theory, because the theory normally assumes that preferences are independent of price or the number of units being sold. They are therefore collectively referred to as interaction effects.

Interaction effects are a different kind of anomaly from that posed by Giffen goods. The Giffen goods theory is one for which observed quantity demanded rises as price rises. Still, the effect arises without any interaction between price and preference—it results from the interplay of the income effect and the substitution effect of a price change.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Veblen good


text:
User:Ptacchella

My name is P. Tacchella. I work at University.

title: User:Ptacchella


text:
User:Alexandros (usurped)/copyright

I retain copyright of all content I submit to Wikipedia and the content that I submit is released under the GNU Free Documentation License as

 * Copyright (C) 2003, Alexander Douglas Plank.  This document is released under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire Document is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved and the distributor follows the specifications of the GNU Free Documentation License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. Derivative works of this document must themselves be released under the GNU Free Documentation License.  Any attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document in a way that is not specifically permitted in the GNU Free Documentation License, is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.  This notice is not the GNU Free Documentation License.

The above notice is incompatible with the GFDL. The GFDL requires that you do not attach additional requirements on redistributors. The requirement that your notice is preserved is such an additional requirement, and is therefore not permissable. You could add it as an invariant section, but Wikipedia does not permit the use of invariant sections. I therefore strongly suggest that you withdraw your attempt to require that your specific notice is preserved. Martin 00:42, 23 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Alexandros (usurped)/copyright


text:
User talk:Ptacchella

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for all your contributions.

Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Help
 * Village pump

I hope you continue to enjoy editing here. Alexandros 16:21, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ptacchella


text:
New Rome

New Rome (Νέα Ῥώμη, Néa Rhṓmē; ; Nova Roma; ) was the original name given by the Roman emperor Constantine the Great to his new imperial capital in 330 CE, which was built as an expansion of the city of Byzantium on the European coast of the Bosporus strait.

The city was founded as Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) by Megarian colonists in 657 BCE. It was renamed by Constantine the Great first as "New Rome" (Nova Roma) during the official dedication of the city as the new Roman capital in 330 CE, which he soon afterwards changed to Constantinople (Constantinopolis). The city was officially renamed as Istanbul in the 20th century, after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923.

Constantine essentially rebuilt the city on a monumental scale from 326 to 330, partly modeling it after Rome. Names of this period included ἡ Νέα, δευτέρα Ῥώμη, "the New, second Rome"; Ἄλμα Ῥώμα, "Alma Roma"; Βυζαντιάς Ῥώμη, "Byzantine Rome"; ἑῴα Ῥώμη, "Eastern Rome"; and Roma Constantinopolitana.

The term "New Rome" was used to indicate that Byzantium, thereafter Constantinople, was the second/new capital of the Roman Empire. In modern times, "New Rome" remains part of the official title of the Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch of that city.

During the Tetrarchy system established by Diocletian in the 3rd century, Nicomedia (modern İzmit) near Istanbul was the Eastern (and most senior) capital of the Roman Empire (Diocletian had his seat in Nicomedia as the Augustus of the East). The last Roman co-emperor in Nicomedia, Licinius, was defeated by Constantine at the Battle of Chrysopolis (in the modern Üsküdar district on the Asian side of Istanbul) on 18 September 324. Constantine used Nicomedia as his interim capital city between 324 and 330, while rebuilding and expanding Byzantium as Nova Roma (which he soon renamed again as Constantinopolis). Constantine died at a villa near Nicomedia on 22 May 337.

title: New Rome


text:
Talk:The Bahamas

Why?
did user:Materialscientist revert here? https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The%20Bahamas&diff=1142182817 2603:7000:2101:AA00:D465:4D6F:4EBE:845D (talk) 00:01, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Because the added content was sourced to twitter, which is a self-published source, and cannot normally be used as a source in Wikipedia. Donald Albury 01:35, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

 * (same ip editor responding) - First of all, there were two sources. Second of all, as to use of Twitter, it may be used by a notable person (which he certainly is) as to his opinion - which was how it was used. It is not self-serving, there is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity, it supports the accuracy of the person having stated it, and the Wikipedia article is not based primarily on such sources - just the opposite. It's the opinion of a highly notable economist. In his area of expertise. We have massive use across the Project of opinions of notable persons, stated on Twitter. It has in-text attribution. Same as the perfectly acceptable "The feminist Betty Friedan wrote that...", and "According to the Marxist economist Harry Magdoff..." There is no blp issue. We even have an optional format at wp for citing tweets (Template:Cite tweet). No wp-based reason has been given, either in the edit summary or here, as to why it should be deleted, given these circumstances. 2603:7000:2101:AA00:78D9:A3A:3F15:6345 (talk) 02:37, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Street is also not reliable. It would be undue to feature this view so prominently if reliable sources about The Bahamas do not mention it. Firefangledfeathers (talk / contribs) 02:49, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Why do you think TheStreet is not reliable? 2) Do you agree that Twitter is fine to use, where as here it is a tweet by a notable economist on the subject of his expertise, is not self-serving, there is no reasonable doubt as to its authenticity (it is from his verified account), it is an expression of his opinion about the financial regulation of the Bahamas, we have massive use of Twitter across the project, there is no blp issue, and we at wp have an optional format for tweets? 3) Shouldn't there be an edit summary for a deletion such as the one here; none was given. 4) We try to stay away from arguing NPOV when its a reliably sourced opinion to a notable expert in the field; plus, the "so prominently" characterization does not apply to what was deleted. 5) Maybe some tweet users have thoughts on this, who are not Bahama-specific in their interest but wp-using-tweets-experienced - pinging Wikipedian in Residence user:Pigsonthewing, user:Jonesey95.2603:7000:2101:AA00:78D9:A3A:3F15:6345 (talk) 03:11, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I was pinged but I have no connection to this discussion at all, and I have no opinion on this content dispute. Good luck! – Jonesey95 (talk) 06:21, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Same here. IP editor: don't do that. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 08:42, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:26, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Bahamas Product Exports (2019).svg

"Crown Colony of the Bahamas" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_Colony_of_the_Bahamas&redirect=no Crown Colony of the Bahamas] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. estar8806 (talk) ★ 01:05, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

"Crown colony of the bahamas" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_colony_of_the_bahamas&redirect=no Crown colony of the bahamas] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. estar8806 (talk) ★ 01:06, 11 July 2023 (UTC)

What is the name of this country?
The article uses "the Bahamas" and "The Bahamas" indiscriminately. Maproom (talk) 10:15, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The official name is "Commonwealth of The Bahamas". There have been a fair number of electrons spilled over whether Wikipedia should use "The Bahamas" or "Bahamas/the Bahamas" as the name of the country. I will note that official Bahamas government web pages are also inconsistent on this point. Donald Albury 15:25, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Population estimate
The source cited for the 2022 census population,, gives a preliminary population for the country of 399,314 on April 22, 2022. The article showed, until I removed it, a 2023 population estimate of 358,508. There was no source cited for the estimate, but the figure appears to have been taken from, which we usually treat as a reliable source. That estimate indicates a 10% reduction in the country's population in one year, an event that I think would have produced large headlines in the news. Since it has been only one year since the government census was taken, I do not believe that it is critical to have a 2023 estimate in the article for the time being. Any ideas? Donald Albury 22:35, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Bahamas


text:
List of massively multiplayer online role-playing games

This is a selected list of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs).

MMORPGs are large multi-user games that take place in perpetual online worlds with a great number of other players. In most MMORPGs each player controls an avatar that interacts with other players, completes tasks to gain experience, and acquires items. MMORPGs use a wide range of business models, from free of charge, free with microtransactions, advertise funded, to various kinds of payment plans. Most early MMORPGs were text-based and web browser-based, later 2D, isometric, side-scrolling and 3D games emerged, including on video game consoles and mobile phones.


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User:Ppmnt/Storm Petrels

The  storm-petrels  are seabirds in the family Hydrobatidae, part of the order Procellariiformes. These smallest of seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

Storm-petrels have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found in all oceans. They are strictly pelagic, coming to land only when breeding. In the case of most species, little is known of their behaviour and distribution at sea, where they can be hard to find and harder to identify.

Storm-petrels nest in colonies on islands, arriving in the evenings. One white egg is laid in a burrow in turf or soft soil. Both sexes incubate in shifts of up to six days. The egg hatches after 40 or 50 days; the young is brooded continuously for another 7 days or so before being left alone in the nest during the day and fed by regurgitation at night. Nestlings and parents leave the nest together after 60 or 70 days.

There are two subfamilies. The Oceanitinadae are mostly found in southern waters; there are 7 species in 5 genera. These have short wings, square tails, elongated skulls, and feed by hopping and fluttering on the water. All but one species have white underparts; the exception is Wilson's Storm-Petrel which is also the only one to regularly migrate any great distance into the northern hemisphere.

The Hydrobatinae are thought to descend from an ancestor of Wilson's Storm-Petrel. The 14 species in 3 closely related genera have longer wings, forked or wedge-shaped tails, and walk on the water rather than hop. All but two are dark in colour. They are largely restricted to the northern hemisphere, although a few can visit or breed a short distance beyond the equator.

 * & ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES
 * & Family Procellariidae (shearwaters, fulmars, petrels, and prions)
 * & Family Diomedeidae (albatrosses)
 * ウミツバメ科 FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE (storm-petrels)
 * Subfamily Oceanitinadae
 * & Wilson's Storm-Petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
 * & White-vented Storm-Petrel, Oceanites gracilis
 * & Grey-backed Storm-Petrel, Garrodia nereis
 * & White-faced Storm-Petrel, Pelagodroma marina
 * & Black-bellied Storm-Petrel or Gould's Storm-Petrel, Fregatta tropica
 * & White-bellied Storm-Petrel, Fregatta grallaria
 * & Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa
 * Subfamily Hydrobatinae
 * & European Storm-Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus
 * & Leach's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhea
 * & Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma matsudairae
 * & Least Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma microsoma
 * & Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tethys
 * & Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma castro
 * & Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis
 * & Guadalupe Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma macrodactyla
 * & Tristram's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tristrami
 * & Markham's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma markhami
 * & Black Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma melania
 * & Ashy Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma homochroa
 * & Ringed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma hornbyi
 * & Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma furcata
 * & Family Pelecanoididae (diving petrels)

title: User:Ppmnt/Storm Petrels


text:
User talk:Geoff97

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 16:41, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geoff97


text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial

The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington D.C., dedicated to the memory of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States, and to the era he represents. The memorial is one of two in Washington honoring Roosevelt.

Dedicated on May 2, 1997, by President Bill Clinton, the national memorial, spread over 7.5 acre adjacent to the southwest side of the Tidal Basin along the Cherry Tree Walk in West Potomac Park, traces 12 years of the history of the United States through a sequence of four outdoor rooms, one for each of FDR's terms of office. Sculptures inspired by photographs depict the 32nd president alongside his dog Fala.

Other sculptures depict scenes from the Great Depression, such as listening to a fireside chat on the radio and waiting in a bread line. A bronze statue of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt standing before the United Nations emblem honors her work with the UN and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This is the only presidential memorial to depict a First Lady. Considering Roosevelt's disability, the memorial's designers intended to create a memorial that would be accessible to those with various physical impairments. Among other features, the memorial includes an area with tactile reliefs with braille writing for people who are blind. However, the memorial faced serious criticism from disabled activists. Vision-impaired visitors complained that the braille dots were improperly spaced and that some of the braille and reliefs were mounted eight feet off of the ground, placing it above the reach of most people.

Design and features
The memorial's design and development represents the capstone of a distinguished career for the memorial's designer, landscape architect Lawrence Halprin partly because Halprin had fond memories of Roosevelt, and partly because of the sheer difficulty of the task. Halprin won the competition for the Memorial's design in 1974. However, Congress did not appropriate the funds to move beyond this conceptual stage for more than 20 years. Halprin collaborated with architect Robert Marquis who designed the visitor center in the winning plans.

The memorial's design concept of four outdoor "rooms" and gardens is animated by water, stone, and sculpture. The national memorial now includes sculptures and works by Leonard Baskin, Neil Estern, Robert Graham, Tom Hardy, and George Segal.

Running water is an important physical and metaphoric component of the memorial. Each of the four "rooms" representing Roosevelt's respective terms in office contains a waterfall. As one moves from room to room, the waterfalls become larger and more complex, reflecting the increasing complexity of a presidency marked by the vast upheavals of economic depression and world war.

Tour guides describe the symbolism of the five main water areas as:

 * A single large drop – The crash of the economy that led to the Great Depression
 * Multiple stairstep drops – The Tennessee Valley Authority dam-building project
 * Chaotic falls at varying angles – World War II
 * A still pool – Roosevelt's death
 * A wide array combining the earlier waterfalls – A retrospective of Roosevelt's presidency

The architecture critic of the Washington Post stated that the memorial was designed "to give people as many options as possible to go this way or that, to reverse directions, to pause, to start over, to be alone, to meet others, and to experience as many different sights, smells and sounds as the site permits."

When the memorial first opened, people were encouraged to wade into the fountains and waterfalls. However, within a matter of days, the National Park Service (NPS), which operates the Memorial, prohibited people from entering the water due to fear of accidents.

The site is a component of the NPS's National Mall and Memorial Parks administrative unit. As a historic area that the NPS manages, the memorial was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the date of its establishment, May 2, 1997.

Wheelchair depiction
The statue of Franklin Delano Roosevelt stirred controversy over the issue of his disability. Designers decided against plans to have FDR shown in a wheelchair. Instead, the statue depicts the president in a chair with a cloak obscuring the chair, showing him as he appeared to the public during his life. Roosevelt's reliance on a wheelchair was not publicized during his life, as there was a stigma of weakness and instability associated with any disability. However, historians and some disability-rights advocates wanted his disability to be shown for historical accuracy and to tell the story of what they believed to be the source of his strength. Other disability advocates, while not necessarily against showing him in a wheelchair, were wary of protests about the memorial that leaned toward making Roosevelt a hero because of his disability.

The sculptor added casters to the back of the chair in deference to advocates, making it a symbolic "wheelchair". The casters are only visible behind the statue. The National Organization on Disability, headed by the efforts of Alan Reich, raised US$1.65 million over two years to fund the addition of another statue that clearly showed the president in a wheelchair. In January 2001, the additional statue was placed near the memorial entrance showing FDR seated in a wheelchair much like the one he actually used. The memorial's designer construed the wheelchair controversy as evidence of success: "The most important thing about designing is to generate creativity in others, and to be inclusive – to include the needs and experiences of people interacting with the environment, and to let them be part of its creation."

Original Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial

During a conversation that he had with Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter in 1941, Roosevelt said that if he were to have a monument in Washington, it should be in front of the National Archives and should be no larger than his desk. A 3 ft tall, 7 ft long, 4 ft wide block of white marble was subsequently dedicated in 1965 as his memorial near the southeast corner of Ninth Street NW and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, within a lawn in front of the National Archives Building. The engraved words on the memorial state: "In Memory of Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1882–1945".

A bronze plaque at the edge of the sidewalk in front of the memorial states: "In September 1941, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called his friend, Supreme Court Justice Frankfurter, to the White House and asked the Justice to remember the wish he then expressed:

'If any memorial is erected to me, I know exactly what I should like it to be. I should like it to consist of a block about the size of this (putting his hand on his desk) and placed in the center of that green plot in front of the Archives Building. I don't care what it is made of, whether limestone or granite or whatnot, but I want it plain without any ornamentation, with the simple carving, 'In Memory of ____'.'

A small group of living associates of the President, on April 12, 1965, the twentieth anniversary of his death, fulfilled his wish by providing and dedicating this modest memorial."

title: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial


text:
Search space

Search space may refer to one of the following:

 * In mathematical optimization and computer science, the set of all possible points of an optimization problem that satisfy the problem's targets or goals. It may also refer to the optimization of the domain of the function.
 * In artificial intelligence search algorithms, the feasible region defining the set of all possible solutions
 * In computational geometry, part of the input data in geometric search problems
 * Version space, developed via machine learning, is the subset of all hypotheses that are consistent with the observed training examples

title: Search space


text:
Priestley Riots

The Priestley Riots (also known as the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England; the rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, most notably the politically and theologically controversial Joseph Priestley. Both local and national issues stirred the passions of the rioters, from disagreements over public library book purchases, to controversies over Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights and their support of the French Revolution.

The riots started with an attack on the Royal Hotel, Birmingham—the site of a banquet organised in sympathy with the French Revolution. Then, beginning with Priestley's church and home, the rioters attacked or burned four Dissenting chapels, twenty-seven houses, and several businesses. Many of them became intoxicated by liquor that they found while looting, or with which they were bribed to stop burning homes. A small core could not be bribed, however, and remained sober. The rioters burned not only the homes and chapels of Dissenters, but also the homes of people they associated with Dissenters, such as members of the scientific Lunar Society.

While the riots were not initiated by Prime Minister William Pitt's administration, the national government was slow to respond to the Dissenters' pleas for help. Local officials seem to have been involved in the planning of the riots, and were later reluctant to prosecute ringleaders. Industrialist James Watt wrote that the riots "divided [Birmingham] into two parties who hate one another mortally". Those who had been attacked gradually left, leaving Birmingham a more conservative city than previously.

Birmingham
Over the course of the eighteenth century, Birmingham became notorious for its riots, which were sparked by a number of causes. In 1714 and 1715, the townspeople, as part of a "Church-and-King" mob, attacked Dissenters (Protestants who did not adhere to the Church of England or follow its practices) in the Sacheverell riots during the London trial of Henry Sacheverell, and in 1751 and 1759 Quakers and Methodists were assaulted. During the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in 1780, large crowds assembled in Birmingham. In 1766, 1782, 1795, and 1800 mobs protested about high food prices. One contemporary described Birmingham rioters as the "bunting, beggarly, brass-making, brazen-faced, brazen-hearted, blackguard, bustling, booby Birmingham mob". Up until the late 1780s, religious divisions did not affect Birmingham's elite. Dissenter and Anglican lived side by side harmoniously: they were on the same town promotional committees; they pursued joint scientific interests in the Lunar Society; and they worked together in local government. They stood united against what they viewed as the threat posed by unruly plebeians. After the riots, however, scientist and clergyman Joseph Priestley argued in his An Appeal to the Public on the Subject of the Birmingham Riots (1791) that this cooperation had not in fact been as amicable as generally believed. Priestley revealed that disputes over the local library, Sunday Schools, and church attendance had divided Dissenters from Anglicans. In his Narrative of the Riots in Birmingham (1816), stationer and Birmingham historian William Hutton agreed, arguing that five events stoked the fires of religious friction: disagreements over inclusion of Priestley's books in the local public library; concerns over Dissenters' attempts to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts; religious controversy (particularly involving Priestley); an "inflammatory hand-bill"; and a dinner celebrating the outbreak of the French Revolution.

Once Birmingham Dissenters started to agitate for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, which restricted Dissenters' civil rights (preventing them, for instance, from attending the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge, or from holding public office), the semblance of unity among the town's elite disappeared. Unitarians such as Priestley were at the forefront of the repeal campaign, and orthodox Anglicans grew nervous and angry. After 1787, the emergence of Dissenting groups formed for the sole purpose of overturning these laws began to divide the community; however, the repeal efforts failed in 1787, 1789 and 1790. Priestley's support of the repeal and his heterodox religious views, which were widely published, inflamed the populace. In February 1790, a group of activists came together not only to oppose the interests of the Dissenters but also to counteract what they saw as the undesirable importation of French Revolutionary ideals. Dissenters by and large supported the French Revolution and its efforts to question the role monarchy should play in government. One month before the riots, Priestley attempted to found a reform society, the Warwickshire Constitutional Society, which would have supported universal suffrage and short Parliaments. Although this effort failed, the efforts to establish such a society increased tensions in Birmingham.

In addition to these religious and political differences, both the lower-class rioters and their upper-class Anglican leaders had economic complaints against the middle-class Dissenters. They envied the ever-increasing prosperity of these industrialists as well as the power that came with that economic success. Historian R. B. Rose refers to these industrialists as belonging to "an inner elite of magnates". Priestley himself had written a pamphlet, An Account of a Society for Encouraging the Industrious Poor (1787), on how best to extract the most work for the smallest amount of money from the poor. Its emphasis on debt collection did not endear him to the poverty-stricken.

British reaction to the French Revolution
The British public debate over the French Revolution, or the Revolution Controversy, lasted from 1789 through 1795. Initially many on both sides of the Channel thought the French would follow the pattern of the English Glorious Revolution of a century before, and the Revolution was viewed positively by a large portion of the British public. Most Britons celebrated the storming of the Bastille in 1789, believing that France's absolute monarchy should be replaced by a more democratic form of government. In these heady early days, supporters of the Revolution also believed that Britain's own system would be reformed as well: voting rights would be broadened and redistribution of Parliamentary constituency boundaries would eliminate so-called "rotten boroughs".

After the publication of statesman and philosopher Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in which he surprisingly broke ranks with his liberal Whig colleagues to support the French aristocracy, a pamphlet war discussing the Revolution began in earnest. Because Burke had supported the American colonists in their rebellion against Great Britain, his views sent a shockwave through the country. While Burke supported aristocracy, monarchy, and the Established Church, liberals such as Charles James Fox supported the Revolution, and a programme of individual liberties, civic virtue and religious toleration, while radicals such as Priestley, William Godwin, Thomas Paine, and Mary Wollstonecraft, argued for a further programme of republicanism, agrarian socialism, and abolition of the "landed interest". Alfred Cobban called the debate that erupted "perhaps the last real discussion of the fundamentals of politics in [Britain]".

Hints of trouble
On 11 July 1791, a Birmingham newspaper announced that on 14 July, the second anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, there would be a dinner at the local Royal Hotel to commemorate the outbreak of the French Revolution; the invitation encouraged "any Friend to Freedom" to attend:

"A number of gentlemen intend dining together on the 14th instant, to commemorate the auspicious day which witnessed the emancipation of twenty-six millions of people from the yoke of despotism, and restored the blessings of equal government to a truly great and enlightened nation; with whom it is our interest, as a commercial people, and our duty, as friends to the general rights of mankind, to promote a free intercourse, as subservient to a permanent friendship.

Any Friend to Freedom, disposed to join the intended temperate festivity, is desired to leave his name at the bar of the Hotel, where tickets may be had at Five Shillings each, including a bottle of wine; but no person will be admitted without one.

Dinner will be on table at three o'clock precisely."

Alongside this notice was a threat: "an authentic list" of the participants would be published after the dinner. On the same day, "an ultra-revolutionary" handbill, written by James Hobson (although his authorship was not known at the time), entered circulation. Town officials offered 100 guineas for information regarding the publication of the handbill and its author, to no avail. The Dissenters found themselves forced to plead ignorance and decry the "radical" ideas promoted by the handbill. It was becoming clear by 12 July that there would be trouble at the dinner. On the morning of 14 July graffiti such as "destruction to the Presbyterians" and "Church and King for ever" were scrawled across the town. At this point, Priestley's friends, fearing for his safety, dissuaded him from attending the dinner.

14 July
About 90 hardy sympathisers of the French Revolution came to celebrate on 14 July; the banquet was led by James Keir, an Anglican industrialist who was a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham. When the guests arrived at the hotel at 2 or 3 p.m., they were greeted by 60 or 70 protesters who temporarily dispersed while yelling, rather bizarrely and confusingly, "no popery". By the time the celebrants ended their dinner, around 7 or 8 p.m., a crowd of hundreds had gathered. The rioters, who "were recruited predominantly from the industrial artisans and labourers of Birmingham", threw stones at the departing guests and sacked the hotel. The crowd then moved on to the Quaker meeting-house, until someone yelled that the Quakers "never trouble themselves with anything, neither on one side nor the other" and convinced them instead to attack the New Meeting chapel, where Priestley presided as minister. The New and Old Meeting Houses, two Dissenting chapels, were set alight.

The rioters proceeded to Priestley's home, Fairhill at Sparkbrook. Priestley barely had time to evacuate and he and his wife fled from Dissenting friend to friend during the riots. Writing shortly after the event, Priestley described the first part of the attack, which he witnessed from a distance: "It being remarkably calm, and clear moon-light, we could see to a considerable distance, and being upon a rising ground, we distinctly heard all that passed at the house, every shout of the mob, and almost every stroke of the instruments they had provided for breaking the doors and the furniture. For they could not get any fire, though one of them was heard to offer two guineas for a lighted candle; my son, whom we left behind us, having taken the precaution to put out all the fires in the house, and others of my friends got all the neighbours to do the same. I afterwards heard that much pains was taken, but without effect, to get fire from my large electrical machine, which stood in the library."

His son, William, stayed behind with others to protect the family home, but they were overcome and the property was eventually looted and razed to the ground. Priestley's valuable library, scientific laboratory, and manuscripts were largely lost in the flames.

15, 16 and 17 July
The Earl of Aylesford attempted to stem the mounting violence on the night of 14 July, but despite having the help of other magistrates, he was unable to control the crowd. On 15 July, the mob liberated prisoners from the local gaol. Thomas Woodbridge, the Keeper of the Prison, deputised several hundred people to help him quell the mob, but many of these joined in with the rioters themselves. The crowd destroyed John Ryland's home, Baskerville House, and drank the supplies of liquor that they found in the cellar. When the newly appointed constables arrived on the scene, the mob attacked and disarmed them. One man was killed. The local magistrates and law enforcement, such as it was, did nothing further to restrain the mob and did not read the Riot Act until the military arrived on 17 July. Other rioters burned down banker John Taylor's home at Bordesley Park.

On 16 July, the homes of Joseph Jukes, John Coates, John Hobson, Thomas Hawkes, and John Harwood (the latter a blind Baptist minister) were all ransacked or burned. The Baptist Meeting at Kings Heath, another Dissenting chapel, was also destroyed. William Russell and William Hutton, tried to defend their homes, but to no avail—the men they hired refused to fight the mob. Hutton later wrote a narrative of the events:

"I was avoided as a pestilence; the waves of sorrow rolled over me, and beat me down with multiplied force; every one came heavier than the last. My children were distressed. My wife, through long affliction, ready to quit my own arms for those of death; and I myself reduced to the sad necessity of humbly begging a draught of water at a cottage!...In the morning of the 15th I was a rich man; in the evening I was ruined."

When the rioters arrived at John Taylor's other house at Moseley, Moseley Hall, they carefully moved all of the furniture and belongings of its current occupant, the frail Dowager Lady Carhampton, a relative of George III, out of the house before they burned it: they were specifically targeting those who disagreed with the king's policies and who, in not conforming to the Church of England, resisted state control. The homes of George Russell, a Justice of the Peace, Samuel Blyth, one of the ministers of New Meeting, Thomas Lee, and a Mr. Westley all came under attack on the 15th and 16th. The manufacturer, Quaker, and member of the Lunar Society Samuel Galton only saved his own home by bribing the rioters with ale and money.

By 2 p.m. on 16 July, the rioters had left Birmingham and were heading towards Kings Norton and the Kingswood Chapel; it was estimated that one group of the rioters totalled 250 to 300 people. They burned Cox's farm at Warstock and looted and attacked the home of a Mr. Taverner. When they reached Kingswood, Warwickshire, they burned the Dissenting chapel and its manse. By this time, Birmingham had shut down—no business was being conducted.

Contemporary accounts record that the mob's last sustained assault was around 8 p.m. on 17 July. About 30 "hard core" rioters attacked the home of William Withering, an Anglican who attended the Lunar Society with Priestley and Keir. But Withering, aided by a group of hired men, managed to fend them off. When the military finally arrived to restore order on 17 and 18 July, most of the rioters had disbanded, although there were rumours that mobs were destroying property in Alcester and Bromsgrove.

All in all, four Dissenting churches had been severely damaged or burned down and twenty-seven homes had been attacked, many looted and burned. Having begun by attacking those who attended the Bastille celebration, the "Church-and-King" mob had finished up by extending their targets to include Dissenters of all kinds as well as members of the Lunar Society.

Aftermath and trials

Priestley and other Dissenters blamed the government for the riots, believing that William Pitt and his supporters had instigated them; however, it seems from the evidence that the riots were actually organised by local Birmingham officials. Some of the rioters acted in a co-ordinated fashion and seemed to be led by local officials during the attacks, prompting accusations of premeditation. Some Dissenters discovered that their homes were to be attacked several days before the rioters arrived, leading them to believe that there was a prepared list of victims. The "disciplined nucleus of rioters", which numbered only thirty or so, directed the mob and stayed sober throughout the three to four days of rioting. Unlike the hundreds of others who joined in, they could not be bribed to stop their destructions. Essayist William Hazlitt's first published work was a letter to the Shrewsbury Chronicle, printed later in July 1791, condemning the Priestley riots; Priestley had been one of (then 13-year-old) Hazlitt's teachers.

If a concerted effort had been made by Birmingham's Anglican elite to attack the Dissenters, it was more than likely the work of Benjamin Spencer, a local minister, Joseph Carles, a Justice of the Peace and landowner, and John Brooke (1755-1802), an attorney, coroner, and under-sheriff. Although present at the riot's outbreak, Carles and Spencer made no attempt to stop the rioters, and Brooke seems to have led them to the New Meeting chapel. Witnesses agreed "that the magistrates promised the rioters protection so long as they restricted their attacks to the meeting-houses and left persons and property alone". The magistrates also refused to arrest any of the rioters and released those that had been arrested. Instructed by the national government to prosecute the riot's instigators, these local officials dragged their heels. When finally forced to try the ringleaders, they intimidated witnesses and made a mockery of the trial proceedings. Only seventeen of the fifty rioters who had been charged were ever brought to trial; four were convicted, of whom one was pardoned, two were hanged, and the fourth was transported to Botany Bay. But Priestley and others believed that these men were found guilty not because they were rioters but because "they were infamous characters in other respects".

Although he had been forced to send troops to Birmingham to quell the disturbances, King George III commented, "I cannot but feel better pleased that Priestley is the sufferer for the doctrines he and his party have instilled, and that the people see them in their true light." The national government forced the local residents to pay restitution to those whose property had been damaged: the total eventually amounted to £23,000. However, the process took many years, and most residents received much less than the value of their property.

After the riots, Birmingham was, according to industrialist James Watt, "divided into two parties who hate one another mortally". Initially Priestley wanted to return and deliver a sermon on the Bible verse "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do," but he was dissuaded by friends convinced that it was too dangerous. Instead, he wrote his Appeal:

"I was born an Englishman as well [as] any of you. Though labouring under civil disabilities, as a Dissenter, I have long contributed my share to the support of government, and supposed I had the protection of its constitution and laws for my inheritance. But I have found myself greatly deceived; and so may any of you, if, like me, you should, with or without cause, be so unfortunate as to incur popular odium. For then, as you have seen in my case, without any form of trial whatever, without any intimation of your crime, or of your danger, your houses and all your property may be destroyed, and you may not have the good fortune to escape with life, as I have done....What are the old French Lettres de Cachet, or the horrors of the late demolished Bastile, compared to this?" The riots revealed that the Anglican gentry of Birmingham were not averse to using violence against Dissenters whom they viewed as potential revolutionaries. They had no qualms, either, about raising a potentially uncontrollable mob. Many of those attacked left Birmingham; as a result, the town became noticeably more conservative after the riots. The remaining supporters of the French Revolution decided not to hold a dinner celebrating the storming of the Bastille the next year.

title: Priestley Riots


text:
Brotha Lynch Hung

Kevin Danell Mann (born January 10, 1969), better known by his stage name Brotha Lynch Hung, is an American rapper, songwriter and record producer from Sacramento, California who has been described as "the creator of horrorcore rap". He is also a former 24th Street Garden Blocc Crip gang member, which is a Crip-affiliated street gang based in Meadowview, Sacramento.

Early life
Mann grew up in Sacramento. He became a fan of East Coast rappers such as Rakim and Slick Rick. He started rapping at the age of 13. He became a member of the 24 Street Garden Blocc Crips by age 16 during the 1980s. He was once shot in the side after trying to break up a confrontation between a Crip and a Blood at a house party; the bullet was never removed.

Musical style
Although often credited as being a major pioneer and even the main creator of the horrorcore rap genre, Mann himself has claimed that his style is less literally “horrorcore” and instead falls more directly under his own distinct category or sub-category of rap called rip gut, which specifically emphasizes (usually) graphic violence.

The ripgut genre itself reportedly stemmed from his love of meat, but this lyrical style is also sometimes considered to be either associated with or connected to the common thoughts and feelings occasionally experienced during manic and/or violent states of mind brought on by the use of certain illicit drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP).

1993–2002: Black Market Records
In 1993, Brotha Lynch Hung signed to Black Market Records and released his debut EP, 24 Deep. followed by the album Season of da Siccness in 1995. 24 Deep reached No. 91 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and Season of da Siccness reached No. 26.

Brotha Lynch Hung appeared on several No Limit Records 1997 releases such as West Coast Bad Boyz II, I'm Bout It, and Mr. Serv-On's Life Insurance. Brotha Lynch Hung wrote and produced all of his appearances.

2000 marked the release of Brotha Lynch Hung's first and only starring role in a film, Now Eat, a horror comedy based on his music, while an album of the same name was released to coincide with the film.

After Lynch released his second LP, Loaded, he began a long-standing feud with label head Cedric Singleton over the rights to his back catalog.

During the sessions of EBK4, a home invasion took place during which the thieves had taken songs still in progress. Due to the disputes, Cedric Singleton released EBK4 without Lynch's permission, using other artists off the label to complete unfinished songs where extra verses were needed. This practice continued with his next solo album The Virus in 2001, and three compilations, Appearances: Book 1, Remains: Book II, and Book III, in 2002. Brotha Lynch Hung left Black Market in 2003 and released his first album independent from the label, Lynch by Inch: Suicide Note.

2003–2008: Lynch by Inch: Suicide Note, The Ripgut Collection and Snuff Tapes
Lynch had three releases on different record labels during this period. He released Lynch by Inch: Suicide Note in June 2003 under Madesicc Music. He then released The Ripgut Collection compilation on Madesicc in 2007 and Snuff Tapes "mix tape" in 2008 available on Siccness.net. Both releases enter the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums peaking at 55 and 78 respectively.

2009–2013: Strange Music
In May 2009, Mann signed a contract with Strange Music. He released three albums on the label, Dinner and a Movie (2010), Coathanga Strangla (2011), and Mannibalector (2013). The label offered to extend his contract after the third album was released, but he decided to stay on his own label Madesicc Musicc.

2013–present: Madesicc Musicc
After leaving Strange Music, Brotha Lynch Hung released several independent EPs and a collaboration album with Ren Da Heatmonsta titled Premeditated (2017). Brotha Lynch Hung is scheduled to release Kevlar: Season of da Siccness 2 under RBC Records, which has been teased as early as 2019.

In 2023, Brotha Lynch Hung released a compilation album titled Choice Kuttz: Da Best of Brotha Lynch Hung, marking his return to the hip-hop scene.

Controversy
In September 1996, Joseph Edward "Bubba" Gallegos, an 18-year-old man from Bayfield, Colorado, killed his friends after repeatedly listening to Brotha Lynch Hung's song "Locc 2 da Brain". He was in turn killed by police. His minister suggested that the music played a role in the killings.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Season of da Siccness: The Resurrection (1995)
 * Loaded (1997)
 * EBK4 (2000)
 * The Virus (2001)
 * Lynch by Inch: Suicide Note (2003)
 * Dinner and a Movie (2010)
 * Coathanga Strangla (2011)
 * Mannibalector (2013)
 * Season of Da Siccness 2: Kevlar (2024)

Collaborative albums
 * Blocc Movement (with C-Bo) (2001)
 * The Plague (with Doomsday Productions) (2002)
 * Uthanizm (with Tall Cann G) (2003)
 * Trigganometry (with COS as Suspicion) (2004)
 * The New Season (with MC Eiht) (2006)
 * Suspicion, Vol. 2 (with COS) (2009)
 * Premeditated (with Ren Da Heatmonsta) (2017)

title: Brotha Lynch Hung


text:
User talk:Ag0777

testosteron the man power. testosteron is the major male hormone secreted by th etestes. it has a major influnce on many tissues.it play an essential role in the embryonic development.testosterone also causes the skin to to becme rougher.the countity of of melianin in he skin also icreases ,makining the skin darker. testosteron increases the rate of secretion from the sebaceous gland ,especailly in the regoin of the face,freguently resulting near the time of puberty,testosetrone also causes hypertrophy of the larynx. the structual change can firdt result in a voice that's difficult to control. testosteron has a general stimulatory effect on metabolism so that male have a slighty higher metabolic rate than femal. the red blood cell count increase by 20% as a result of the effects of testosteron on erythropoietin production. testosetron also has a minor mineralocoticoid like effect, causing the retention of sodiun in the body and an icraese in the volume of body fluids. testosteron promets protien synthesis in the most tissue of the body ; as a result ,skeletal muscle mass increas at puberty. the everage percent of the body wieght composed of skeletal is graeter for males than for females because of the effect of androgens.

title: User talk:Ag0777


text:
Talk:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub. BetacommandBot 15:31, 9 November 1997(UTC)

After interning the Japanese this memorial needs to be torn down. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:300B:728:AA00:C12B:D325:82EE:8DBF (talk) 20:38, 15 August 2017 (UTC)
 * As a reminder, the article talk page is not a forum for you to post your personal belief system. Bob305 (talk) 01:59, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

Unencyclopaedic tone
"More than 50 years after Roosevelt's death, his own words call out from the walls of his memorial as if he were somehow present. Those who know FDR only as a historical figure recognize these words by their association with great and catastrophic events. For the many Americans who lived through the Roosevelt years, the words recall personal struggles and triumphs during 12 years that seemed like a lifetime." - I mean really! - Gobeirne (talk) 00:46, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Waterfalls
A couple things-- the architect Lawrence Halprin just passed away today. Also about the waterfalls-- I was told by a project coordinator of the memorial that the waterfalls represented different geographic areas of the US, going from east to west. That is, the first waterfall is like Niagara Falls, the last representing northern California waterfalls (Yosemite?). I can't find any sources yet for the waterfall info; if I do will post back here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Peninsulagal (talk • contribs) 20:36, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The waterfalls' symbolism was widely reported when the memorial was new, and it gibes with the discussion in the article. What you were told is fascinating, but I'm skeptical: what would the tiered second waterfall represent in that context? If you can find a reliable source, great! Rivertorch (talk) 23:42, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Fala
In Fala's article on Wikipedia, it mentions that Fala is the only pet honored by being featured at a Presidential Memorial. Just figured that because it mentions that Eleanor is the first First Lady, [Special:Contributions/99.246.137.161|99.246.137.161]] (talk) 06:29, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Planning commission for the memorial
I came across this short newspaper article tonight. I'm guessing it is in reference to the smaller, earlier memorial (9th & Pennsylvania, NW). Bob305 (talk) 01:25, 9 July 2016 (UTC)
 * FDR Memorial Bill Signed by Ike. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Pittsburgh Press, United Press (UP), August 13, 1955, p. 3.

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title: Talk:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial


text:
Volvo 140 Series

The Volvo 140 Series is a line of mid-size cars manufactured and marketed by Volvo from 1966 to 1974 in two and four door sedan (models 142 and 144 respectively) as well as five door station wagon (model 145) body styles—with numerous intermediate facelifts. More than a million Volvo 140s were built in 8 years.

Introduction
Volvo Cars began manufacturing the Volvo 144 at Torslandaverken in the late summer of 1966 for the 1967 model year. The 144 series, which followed the Volvo Amazon (120 series, outside of Sweden), was the first Volvo to use a tri-digit nomenclature, where the first digit indicated series, second digit indicated the number of cylinders, and third digit indicated the number of doors. Thus, a "144" was a 1st series, 4-cylinder, 4-door sedan. The 144 was the first Volvo to feature a more rectilinear or boxy styling. Compared to the Volvo Amazon, the 140 was a radical departure with minimal exterior and interior carryover, notably a stylised version of the front split grille. The car's basic shape would survive into the 1990s as the 200 series. Mechanically, the car used many of the same drivetrain components as the Amazon, but also showcased many improvements, including disc brakes on all four wheels. It was named car of the year in 1966 by Swedish magazine Teknikens Värld. The engine in the standard 144 was the same as found in the standard Amazon (121), the 1.8l B18A, but the 144S was given the more powerful B18B from the 123GT and 1800S. Late in the 1967 model year production of the Volvo 142 (2-door sedan) began, in time to build 1500 units for the first year. In 1968 production of the Volvo 145 5-door station wagon began, completing the three body styles used in the 140 range.

Model updates
For the 1969 model year Volvo enlarged the B18 to become the 2.0 litre B20 and replaced the generator with a more modern alternator. It was also in 1969 that Volvo introduced the 164, which shared much of the 140 series structure and styling aft of the windshield while incorporating a six-cylinder engine, the B30 which was simply a B20 with two more cylinders and a few strengthened and enlarged components. Volvo also introduced the Express this year (see below).

In 1970 a flow-through ventilation system, where vents were added towards the rear of the car (on the exterior under the rear window on the 142 and 144 and as a grille next to the right side taillight of the 145) and electrically defrosted rear windows, were introduced. The split rear side window on the 145 became one piece which was no longer possible to open.

In 1971 the first of several styling changes were introduced, including a revised black grille which saw the now ubiquitous Volvo diagonal line introduced as well as new wheels. A console on the transmission tunnel with a clock was now standard. Model year 1971 also saw the introduction of the B20E, which was a high compression version of the B20 which introduced Bosch D-Jetronic electronic fuel injection, giving a power figure of 124 PS DIN or 130 PS SAE. These new cars were either given the designation E (the German word Einspritzung, or "injection") or GL (for Grand Luxe), which was a more upmarket version of the car. The Grand Luxe received a four-speed manual with overdrive as standard fitment, with an automatic optional.

The styling changes continued in 1972 with the introduction of flush mounted door handles and a slightly revised dashboard with fake woodgrain trim, newly designed switches and a small central panel with a clock. The transmission tunnel was taken from the 164 as was the same short-shifter gear stick and the automatic transmission became controlled by a selector mounted on the floor at the same place. The outer rear seats now had the mounting points for retractable seatbelts. A low compression fuel injected engine (8.7:1), the B20F was introduced for the US and certain other markets.

In 1973 the 140 series received a major facelift, with a new plastic grille, new larger indicators and a completely revised tail end. Also, the S designation was dropped and the range consisted of three trim levels, standard (with no designation, known as L, or "luxe"), de Luxe, and the most upmarket, Grand Luxe. The interior also had a completely redesigned padded dashboard with a new instrument cluster consisting of dials rather than the strip speedometer previously used, rocker switches replacing the push-pull switches (with the exception of the headlight switch), and vents to direct air towards the person augmenting the defrost and floor vents. This dashboard in its basic form was carried over to the 200-series with only small modifications.

In 1974, the B20E/F engine switched from using the Bosch D-Jetronic to the K-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection system. Also, several safety changes were introduced including a fuel tank that was located close to the axle to protect it in the case of a rear-end collision, and larger bumpers that protruded more from the body. The quarter-light windows in the front doors were removed as a result of the improvements in ventilation inside the car, and small anodised aluminium strips were added to the bottom of the side windows. US-market cars received the emissions-scrubbed B20F engine producing 109 hp at 6000 rpm.

A total of 412,986 2-door sedans, 523,808 4-door sedans, and 268,317 5-door station wagons were produced.

In 1974, the 140 series evolved into the 240 series for the 1975 model year. The 164 was continued for another year in certain markets.

145 Express
As a replacement for the Volvo Duett, Volvo produced a high roofed version of the Volvo 145 station wagon, known as the 145 Express. From the windscreen back, the roof was raised by approximately 5 cm, and from the B-pillar back it was raised again by about 30 cm. It was available in three configurations: standard station wagon (full glazing and five seats with the option of an extra two rear-facing seats), fully glazed panel-van with only two seats, and a two-seater panel van with no glass in the rear doors and rear quarter panels. It found a niche market, and several coachbuilder firms later made Express versions of the 245. Its rear hatch was made of glass-reinforced plastic.

title: Volvo 140 Series


text:
1921 in Canada

Events from the year 1921 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – George V

Federal government

 * Governor General – Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire (until August 11) then Julian Byng
 * Prime Minister – Arthur Meighen (until December 29) then William Lyon Mackenzie King
 * Chief Justice – Louis Henry Davies (Prince Edward Island)
 * Parliament – 13th (until 4 October)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – Robert Brett
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Walter Cameron Nichol
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – James Albert Manning Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – William Pugsley
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – MacCallum Grant
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Lionel Herbert Clarke (until August 29) then Henry Cockshutt (from September 10)
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Murdock MacKinnon
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Charles Fitzpatrick
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Richard Stuart Lake (until February 17) then Henry William Newlands

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Charles Stewart (until August 13) then Herbert Greenfield
 * Premier of British Columbia – John Oliver
 * Premier of Manitoba – Tobias Norris
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Walter Foster
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – George Henry Murray
 * Premier of Ontario – Ernest Drury
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – John Howatt Bell
 * Premier of Quebec – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – William Melville Martin

Commissioners

 * Gold Commissioner of Yukon – George P. MacKenzie
 * Commissioner of Northwest Territories – William Wallace Cory

Events

 * March 26 – The Bluenose is launched
 * May 28 and 29 – Founding of the Communist Party of Canada at a clandestine meeting held in a barn in Guelph, Ontario
 * June 9 – 1921 Saskatchewan general election: William M. Martin's Liberals win a fifth consecutive majority
 * June 15 – Prohibition comes to an end in British Columbia
 * July 18 – 1921 Alberta general election: The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) win a majority, defeating Premier Charles Stewart's Liberals. Henry Wise Wood, who had remained president of the UFA despite opposing its branching into electoral politics, declines the premiership. The UFA caucus hastily selects Herbert Greenfield to become premier.
 * July 27 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin
 * August 13 – Herbert Greenfield becomes premier of Alberta, replacing Charles Stewart
 * November 21 – Canada is granted its armorial bearings by Royal Proclamation. Canada's official colours declared to be red and white
 * December 6 – Federal election: William Lyon Mackenzie King's Liberals win a minority, defeating Arthur Meighen's Conservatives. Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman elected to Parliament, representing the rural Ontario riding of Grey South East. That election was the first in which all Canadian women (at least 21 years of age) had the right to vote and to stand as candidates. Macphail was re-elected to the House of Commons four times and served for more than eighteen years. Later, she would be one of the first two women elected to the Ontario legislature.
 * December 29 – Mackenzie King becomes prime minister, replacing Arthur Meighen.

Full date unknown

 * The school board in Victoria, British Columbia, creates a segregated school for the Chinese population. After a boycott of the new school, the plan is scrapped.
 * A study of Saskatchewan school students discovers that 56% of them are infected with tuberculosis
 * Mary Ellen Smith in British Columbia becomes the first woman cabinet minister in Canada.
 * The Cenotaph, Montreal, is unveiled
 * The War Memorial of Montreal West is unveiled

Arts and literature

 * February 15 – The Capitol Theatre opened in Winnipeg.
 * March 12 – The Capitol Theatre, a lush 2,500 seat movie palace, opened on Vancouver's Granville Street.

Sports

 * March 24–26 – The Manitoba Junior Hockey League's Winnipeg Falcons win their only Memorial Cup by defeating the Ontario Hockey Association's Stratford Midgets 11 to 9 in a 2-game aggregate played Arena Gardens in Toronto
 * April 4 – The Ottawa Senators beat the Vancouver Millionaires 2–1 to win the Stanley Cup
 * December 3 – In the first East-West Grey Cup the Toronto Argonauts win their second Grey Cup championship by defeating the Edmonton Eskimos 23 to 0 in the 9th Grey Cup played at Toronto's Varsity Stadium

January to March

 * January 6 – Hazen Argue, politician (d. 1991)
 * January 9 – Lister Sinclair, broadcaster, playwright and polymath (d. 2006)
 * January 20 – Jacques Ferron, physician and author, founder of the Parti Rhinocéros (d. 1985)
 * February 8 – Barney Danson, politician and soldier (d. 2011)
 * February 11 – Johnny Fripp, skier and football player (d. 2022)
 * February 14 – Hazel McCallion, politician and 5th Mayor of Mississauga (d. 2023)
 * February 17 – Muriel Coben, baseball and curling player (d. 1979)
 * February 21 – George Manuel, Aboriginal leader (d. 1989)
 * February 25 – Pierre Laporte, Quebec politician and Minister, kidnapped and murdered by Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) (d. 1970)
 * March 10 – Cec Linder, actor (d. 1992)
 * March 27 – Calvin Gotlieb, professor and computer scientist (d. 2016)

April to June

 * April 1 – Ken Reardon, ice hockey player (d. 2008)
 * April 4 – Charles Dubin, lawyer and former Chief Justice of Ontario (d. 2008)
 * April 30 – Don Jamieson, politician, diplomat and broadcaster (d. 1986)
 * May 5 – Jim Conacher, ice hockey player (d. 2020)
 * May 12 – Farley Mowat, conservationist and author (d. 2014)
 * May 31 – Peter Fox, politician (d. 1989)
 * June 8 – Alexis Smith, actress (d. 1993)
 * June 25
 * Yves Forest, politician (d. 2019)
 * Celia Franca, ballet dancer and founder and artistic director of the National Ballet of Canada (d. 2007)

July to December

 * July 1 – Arthur Johnson, sprint canoeist (d. 2003)
 * July 6 –  Allan MacEachen, politician, Minister and senator, first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2017)
 * August 4 – Maurice Richard, ice hockey player (d. 2000)
 * August 8 – John Herbert Chapman, scientist and space researcher (d. 1979)
 * August 11 – Allan Waters, businessman and media mogul (d. 2005)
 * August 25 – Monty Hall, game show host, producer, actor, singer and sportscaster (d. 2017)
 * September 5 – Murray Henderson, hockey player (Boston Bruins) (d. 2013)
 * September 14 – A. Jean de Grandpré, lawyer and businessman (d. 2022)
 * September 15 – Norma MacMillan, voice actress (d. 2001)
 * September 16 – Ursula Franklin, metallurgist, research physicist, author and educator (d. 2016)
 * September 29 – James Cross, British diplomat kidnapped by the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) (d. 2021)
 * November 25 – Fraser Elliott, lawyer, supporter of the arts and philanthropist (d. 2005)
 * December 4 – Deanna Durbin, singer and actress (d. 2013)
 * December 6 – George Beurling, most successful Canadian fighter pilot of World War II (d. 1948)
 * December 7 – Eric Blackwood, aviator
 * December 10
 * James Foort, inventor and artist (d. 2020)
 * Howard Fredeen, scientist and animal breeding researcher (d. 2021)

Full date unknown

 * Fred Davis, broadcaster and moderator of Front Page Challenge (d. 1996)

Deaths

 * January 21 – Arthur Sifton, politician and 2nd Premier of Alberta (b. 1858)
 * August 29 – Lionel Herbert Clarke, businessman and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (b. 1859)
 * October 19 – George Washington Kendall (b. 1881)
 * November 1 – Zoé Lafontaine, wife of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 7th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1842)
 * November 10 – Jennie Kidd Trout, physician, first woman in Canada legally to become a medical doctor and only woman in Canada licensed to practice medicine until 1880 (b. 1841)
 * November 27 – Douglas Colin Cameron, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (b. 1854)

Historical documents
Frederick Banting speaks on his research into separating life-saving insulin from pancreas's insulin-destroying secretion

Former Indian agent says Kainai (Blood) cheated out of their land by "predatory leases"

Witness testifies to House committee on proportional representation so that MPs "may represent the opinions of people rather than acres"

Prime Minister Meighen rebuffs Opposition Leader Mackenzie King's attempt to advise on upcoming Imperial Conference

Prime Minister Meighen on unity in diversity in Commonwealth of Nations

"Dark, gloomy, and brutal, [with] a disrespect for law and order" - Nellie McClung says movies are moral menace

Police reject pleas to bust exposed knees

"Races have awakened intense interest" - Lunenburg fishing schooner Bluenose wins international race off Halifax

Christmas celebration at rural Prairie school

Franklin D. Roosevelt's family cottage on Campobello Island, N.B., preserved to last year he stayed there

title: 1921 in Canada


text:
Gibraltar Anthem

The "Gibraltar Anthem" is the national song of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.

In common with the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies and other British territories, the official national anthem of Gibraltar is "God Save the King". The Gibraltar anthem is the national song, and was chosen in a competition in 1994. Both the lyrics and music were composed by Peter Emberley, who is not a Gibraltarian.

The anthem is sung every 10 September by the general public at the annual release of red and white ticker paper on Gibraltar National Day. Balloons used to be released, but this was stopped following concerns about the impact on the environment.

title: Gibraltar Anthem


text:
User:Ppmnt/b.class

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title: User:Ppmnt/b.class


text:
Talk:Nine Lessons and Carols

2002
Many of the readings in the 2002 service from King's College were non-biblical. It is worth waiting for the 2003 service (soon now: see date of this comment) to see whether this is a new pattern or was a one-off in 2002. If it is becoming regular then maybe needs a comment. --Trainspotter 17:03, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hmm... the web page shows that there were biblical readings in 2002: http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/chapel/ninelessons/2002/index.html But I do recall non-biblical readings on the TV broadcast. Either I was hallucinating (help!), or there was a difference between the contents of the (pre-recorded) TV broadcast and the (live) radio broadcast. Oh well. Nothing certain enough to put in the article.

--Trainspotter 10:19, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

-

Okay, having looked in more detail at the orders of service on the website, I see that *every* year (of those shown, currently 1997-2003) there is a reading from Genesis 3 (fall of man), and also readings of Old Testament messianic prophesies, before moving onto the New Testament readings. So I am going to expand the phrase "The story of the birth of Jesus" to cover the content of the other readings also.

--Trainspotter 10:37, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

You're not hallucinating, the (recorded) TV broadcast is different from the (live) radio broadcast, and does include non-biblical readings on the Christmas theme.

The TV programme is recorded earlier in December, and the service proper is broadcast live on BBC Radio 4 (in the UK) on Christmas Eve, followed by the TV programme on BBC TV. The radio broadcast is generally repeated on BBC Radio 3 on the afternoon of Christmas Day - this broadcast often includes more of the final organ voluntary which is generally truncated on the live broadcast.

David Underdown 10:20, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Anglican
Is this purely an Anglican celebration? If it is, I think this should come up in the very first lines (this, "Lessons and Carols usually only occur in Anglican churches.", at the end of the first paragraph, can easily remain unnoticed if the page is skimmed). Zigzig20s 17:05, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * There's nothing inherently Anglican about it. King's College is Anglican and perhaps Anglican institutions are more likely to have the sort of choir to tackle the music typically associated with the service, but I don't think there's anything in the service that any "mainline" protestant denomination would object too.  David Underdown 09:24, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Even non-Protestant groups can do this. I go to a Jesuit High School that's been doing it since 2002. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.110.189.218 (talk) 22:57, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:19, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nine Lessons and Carols