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EarthStation 5

Earth Station 5 (ES5) was a peer-to-peer network active between 2003 and 2005, operated by a company of the same name. The user client application also shared this name. Earth Station 5 was notable for its strong, if overstated, emphasis on user anonymity, and for its bold advocacy of piracy and copyright infringement. ES5's highly antagonistic position toward copyright advocacy and enforcement organizations garnered the group significant attention and peaked with an ES5 press release announcing a "declaration of war" against the Motion Picture Association of America. ES5 claimed to operate out of the Jenin in the Palestinian Authority-controlled West Bank, a region where they argued that copyright laws were unenforceable. Investigative journalism cast serious doubts on the company's Palestinian origin as well as many of its other claims. To this day, much about the company and its leadership remains uncertain or unknown.

Peer-to-peer services

Earth Station 5 was based around a peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing service and a standalone Earth Station 5 file-sharing client. Initial versions of the software could only share or download files by using the ES5 network.

ES5's P2P network and client were announced on June 9, 2003. People associated with ES5 claimed in media reports that the network had more than 16,000,000 participants at its peak, but these numbers were unsupported and viewed very skeptically. The actual number of participants was probably several orders of magnitude smaller.

Largely due to the low availability of files on the small ES5 network, later versions of the ES5 client included the free software/open source giFT daemon which provided ES5 users access to the larger Gnutella and FastTrack networks. While Gnutella and FastTrack offered access to many more files, the functionality that let users access these networks did not take advantage of any of ES5's anonymity features, which decreased the advantages of ES5 over other P2P clients — in particular other FastTrack or Gnutella clients.

ES5 software

The first version of the ES5 client used a space and spaceship motif and provided many options. In addition to several filesharing options, it provided links to chat, news, forums, dating functionality and news. The client interface was derided by reviewers as "clunky" and "a busy affair" for its plethora of features.

The second version of the client, released a year later, garnered better reviews. However, users still felt overwhelmed by the "bundled" features that included a dating service and audio-visual chat. ES5 claimed it planned to capitalize on these features in order to become profitable.

Claims to anonymity
ES5 became well known for its strong claims that file-sharing on its network was entirely anonymous — a feature it billed as its most important and revolutionary — and that its users could share files while remaining undetectable and thus invulnerable to lawsuits by the RIAA's member companies, which had recently begun suing P2P users. ES5 president Ras Kabir claimed that on ES5, "users no longer have to be concerned about what they are sharing, or with whom they are sharing because there is complete anonymity."

Many groups countered ES5's claims about its users' anonymity. RIAA vice president Matt Oppenheim described it as "marketing hype of the worst kind. It is playing on the fears of others, encouraging them to engage in behavior that will get them into a boatload of trouble." Even many participating in or sympathetic to the file-sharing community were skeptical, believing that anonymous communication on P2P networks was technically impossible without critically compromising quality of service, and as a result they considered ES5's claims to be snake oil.

ES5's claims to anonymity were based on its use of several security technologies. The first version of the software used Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, encrypted searches over UDP, and integration with PGPDisk. However, none of these layers of security prevented RIAA member companies from detecting and gathering information about ES5 users' file trading activities. In later versions of its client, ES5 added the ability to use a network of proxies to obscure the source of requests or shared files. ES5 staffers maintained a frequently-updated list of proxy servers. List updates were posted regularly to the ES5 forums and then updated into the clients by hand. ES5 also added the ability to "spoof" IP addresses in a way that ES5 claimed made it more difficult to track down file sharers. While ES5's claim to anonymity continued to be viewed skeptically by both P2P advocates and RIAA representatives, no ES5 users were ever sued by the RIAA.

Copyright infringement by ES5
After the ruling in A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., which held Napster liable for contributory infringement by its users, most P2P networks were careful to adopt a strategy of "turning a blind eye" to copyright infringement on their network in order to escape or minimize liability. ES5 distinguished itself by openly supporting its users' copyright infringement over its network and by actively participating in sharing movies with its users.

Some within the file-sharing community speculated that ES5 shared media in order to "seed" the network with media — a step necessary because ES5's user base was very small compared to other networks and it did not require quotas. ES5 shared media by downloading content from other networks (e.g., Kazaa and Gnutella), vetting these for quality, and then connecting a version of their client to their network from one of their servers. This step was important in assuring that ES5's network could offer a sufficient amount of content to users.

In the early stages of the network, ES5 tried to attract users by streaming movies in addition to in-network sharing. To do this, ES5 created a website at es5.org which provided links to dozens of Hollywood films immediately available for streaming.

Antagonistic relationship to media industry
While few P2P networks enjoy friendly relationships with the media and content industries, ES5 displayed a famously antagonistic relationship to them—most notably the US-based Motion Picture Association of America and Recording Industry Association of America. This position culminated in a famous press release where ES5 formally declared war on the MPAA:

 * In response to the email received today from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) to Earthstation 5 for copyright violations for streaming FIRST RUN movies over the internet for FREE, this is our official response!
 * Earthstation 5 is at war with the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and the Record Association of America (RIAA), and to make our point very clear that their governing laws and policys [sic] have absolutely no meaning to us here in Palestine, we will continue to add even more movies for FREE.

In the same release, ES5 claimed that, "unlike Kazaa and other P2P programs who subsequently deny building their P2P program for illegal file-sharing, ES5 is the only P2P application and portal to actually join its users in doing P2P."

Because of its antagonistic relationship to media companies, its highly outspoken stance, and its claims to be based in a refugee camp in the West Bank, ES5 became the center of a large amount of media attention. Investigative articles ultimately served to expose much of the lies and misinformation behind the site and its operators.

People and leadership
ES5 intentionally obscured the details of its company leadership. While ES5 claimed that it had over one thousand employees (most based in the West Bank), the facts seem to indicate that there were never more than a handful.

Publicly, ES5 was run by President Ras Kabir, Lead Programmer "File Hoover", and Forums Administrator and Programmer "SharePro". Faced with evidence that the company had a relationship with Stephen M. Cohen, then a fugitive because of his involvement in the sex.com scandal, the company announced its retention of Cohen's services as an executive consultant.

Ras Kabir
Most ES5 press releases quoted company president Ras Kabir who, like most of the company, was nominally based in Jenin in the West Bank.

Stephen M. Cohen
While his involvement in the project was publicly hidden early on, Stephen Michael Cohen was closely involved in all stages of ES5 and, in most opinions, was the founder, primary architect, and primary participant in most of its actions. Cohen is best known as the person involved in fraudulently obtaining control of the sex.com domain name.

ES5's business registrations papers, filed with the Palestinian Authority, listed Cohen as the "sole director" of ES5. Both in the forum and through their spokesperson, ES5 officials claimed that Cohen played the role of a consultant. Kabir claimed that, "We offered Mr. Cohen an executive job with our company. He initially turned us down, however after several telephone calls, he finally gave in and agreed to help us in the capacity of a consultant."

Fueling speculation about Cohen's close involvement, ES5's unanticipated closing coincided closely with Cohen's arrest for activity related to sex.com.

Downfall
ES5 suffered a precipitous downfall that ultimately ended with the closing of the network in 2005. Analysts have seen several factors as contributing to its downfall and ultimate closing.

Accusations of Malicious code
In September 2003, Shaun "Random Nut" Garriok posted an email message to the Full Disclosure email list claiming to have uncovered "malicious code" in the ES5 client. By sending a specially-formed request, a remote user could use a facility of the ES5 client in order to delete arbitrary files on the computer of anybody running the ES5 client. Garriok concluded that "the people behind ES5 have intentionally added malicious code to ES5" and speculated that:

 * They could be working for the RIAA, MPAA, or a similar organization. Once they have enough users on their ES5 network, they would start deleting all copyrighted files they own which their users are sharing. The users wouldn't know what hit them.

ES5 representatives replied and suggested that this ability was an unintended side effect of the program's automatic upgrade functionality and patched it through a software update soon after Garriok's revelation. While there no public evidence of collusion between ES5 and the MPAA or RIAA, speculation about it dogged ES5, sowing seeds of distrust.

Untrue claims exposed
The anonymous authors claimed they were based in a refugee camp in Jenin, though some investigative attempts to locate their headquarters in Jenin were fruitless.

Many of the claims behind ES5 were unsubstantiated and untrue. With increased media analysis, especially from The Washington Post, it became clear that ES5 was not what it claimed to be. ES5 was not based in Jenin or even elsewhere in Palestine. Most of the people claimed to be behind ES5 were found to be fabricated, and many of ES5's technical claims were debunked; also, ES5 was not nearly as large as it claimed at several points.

ES5 had claimed that the encryption around its system made identifying and blocking traffic from the site impossible. A P2P Watch Dog post demonstrated a method by which packets from ES5 could be identified and blocked. This was quickly put into action in several anti-P2P systems on the market at the time.

Other contributing factors
There were several other reasons that many in the P2P and file-sharing community distrusted ES5. Many speculated that the project was engaging in practices such as seeding and streaming of films from ES5 servers and proxying that would not scale.

But as the apparently secretive and untruthful acts of ES5 came to light, the core fan base began to rebel in the main ES5 forum, leading to many users being banned and topics being deleted. Eventually, the forum collapsed and a new forum was started by the admin "SharePro." The new forum never gained the popularity that the old one had.

Closing
In February 2005, ES5 quietly closed its doors. On January 24, 2005, Stephen Cohen posted a strange message on the ES5 forums asking users to work with him to reinvent the platform:

"After spending hours and hours with the programmers, I have decided to SCRAP the ES5 software and start all over again. This board in the meantime will remain open to everyone.

Anyone interested in a SUPER NOVA type thing? Anyone else have any good opinions on what we should do? Who wants to help?"

Within a month, ES5 was completely shut down and dismantled. The ES5 website and forums were taken offline permanently and are today only accessible through the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine.

title: EarthStation 5


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Croisilles, Calvados

Croisilles is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

The mother of explorer Dumont D'Urville was born in Croisilles. He named an inlet of New Zealand's coast Croisilles Harbour after the village.

Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.

The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Breuil, L'Église, La Vallée and Croisilles.

The River Orne plus five streams The Traspy, The Aunay Douffieres, The Trois Cours, The Neumer and the Pont de Combray are the main watercourses running through the commune.

National heritage sites

 * Saint-Martin Church is a thirteenth century church which was listed as a Monument historique in 1933.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Croisilles, Calvados


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Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais

Croisilles is a village and commune in the Pas-de-Calais department of the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A small farming village located 8 miles (13 km) south of Arras at the junction of the D5 and D9 roads. Many of the residents commute to work in Arras or the town of Bapaume to the south.

The village is bypassed to the north and east by the LGV Nord high speed line and the A1 Autoroute. The junction with the Angy branch of the LGV Nord, in the direction of Arras, is located to the north of Croisilles.

In addition to its church, the village has two bars, a supermarket (including petrol station), a pharmacy, a post office and a small DIY store, which is operated by the local farmers' co-operative. There is also a village stadium (including indoor sports hall), an ecole maternale (kindergarten) and an ecole primaire (primary school), which is attached to the mairie (town hall).

Places of interest

 * The church of St.Martin, rebuilt, as was most of the town, after World War I.
 * The two Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries.
 * Some remains of an 11th-century castle.

title: Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais


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Operation Ivy Blizzard

Operation Ivy Blizzard, occurred on 17 December 2003, during the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a counterinsurgent sweep of the Iraqi town of Samarra (part of the Sunni Triangle). The operation involved elements of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division (the 'Ivy' Division) and began before dawn, lasting to about mid-morning. The raids during the operation resulted in many arrests of believed guerrilla fighters and suspected terrorists.

Operation details
The 4th Infantry Division and Task Force Ironhorse initiated Operation Ivy Blizzard, a joint operation with Iraqi security forces within Samarra at the request of local leadership, according to U.S. Central Command officials.

The operation is a combined effort to target, isolate and eliminate former regime elements and other anti-Coalition cells that continue to try to destabilize Iraq and intimidate innocent Iraqi citizens who choose freedom over tyranny.

Saddam Hussein's capture is one of the most significant events in Iraq's progress as the country continues to advance towards realizing its potential. However, there are still those who would deny Iraq this opportunity. Operation Ivy Blizzard will target those former regime elements that held power for decades at the expense of Iraq's future.

Another goal of the operation is for Task Force Ironhorse to engage the Samarran community leadership, identify infrastructure repair priorities, and fund projects to improve quality of life, stimulate economic growth and further strengthen and empower the local government.

Operation Ivy Blizzard is a comprehensive, coordinated and offensive regiment of isolation of insurgents and extremists. The purpose of this objective is to deny anti-Coalition elements freedom of movement, communication and organization while providing innocent citizens a stable environment free from reprisals and indiscriminate violence of former regime loyalists. Swift, decisive action will be taken against those who flagrantly disregard the rule of law and commit crimes against the Coalition and their fellow Iraqis.

Additional phases of the operation include recruiting and training Iraqi Civil Defense Corps soldiers and local police, and empowering Iraqi governmental leadership in their efforts to successfully transition to a free and democratic society.

Ivy Blizzard was launched just days after Operation Red Dawn, which resulted in the capture of Saddam Hussein, which has led some to believe that information that led to Operation Ivy Blizzard may have been obtained from Saddam.

American units

 * U.S. 4th Infantry Division
 * 244th Engineer Battalion
 * 720th MP Battalion
 * U.S. 2nd Infantry Division

Iraqi units

 * Iraqi security forces

title: Operation Ivy Blizzard


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Courrières

Courrières is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
An ex-coalmining commune, now a light industrial and farming town, situated some 7 mi northeast of Lens, at the junction of the D46 and D919 roads and next to the A1 autoroute. The Lens canal and the canalized river Deûle forms threequarters of the borders of the commune.

Nearest communes

 * Harnes (west)
 * Estevelles (northwest)
 * Carvin (north)
 * Oignies (east)
 * Dourges (southeast)
 * Montigny-en-Gohelle

History
The history of the area remains marked by the Courrières mine disaster which resulted in 1,099 deaths on 10 March 1906. All the regions' coalmines were closed by 1970. It was the site of a massacre in 1940.

Notable people

 * Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis Breton, painter
 * Catherine Plewinski, swimmer
 * Eric Sikora, footballer

Places of interest

 * The sports centre Centre Sportif.
 * A forest north of Courrières.
 * The church of St.Piat, dating from the sixteenth century.
 * The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery.

International relations
Courrières is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Barlinek, Poland
 * Aylesham, United Kingdom

title: Courrières


text:
Dainville

Dainville is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A farming and light industrial suburb 2 mi west of Arras at the junction of the N25 with the D60 and D59 roads.

Places of interest

 * The church of St. Martin, dating from the thirteenth century.

Twin towns
Dainville is twinned with the following town:
 * 🇬🇧 Whitstable, Kent, England

title: Dainville


text:
List of martial arts

There are many distinct styles and schools of martial arts. Sometimes, schools or styles are introduced by individual teachers or masters, or as a brand name by a specific gym. Martial arts can be grouped by type or focus, or alternatively by regional origin. This article focuses on the latter grouping of these unique styles of martial arts.

For Hybrid martial arts, as they originated from the late 19th century and especially after 1950, it may be impossible to identify unique or predominant regional origins. It is not trivial to distinguish "traditional" from "modern" martial arts. Chronology is not the decisive criterion, as, for example, "traditional" Taekwondo was developed in the 1950s, while the "modern" hybrid martial art of Bartitsu was developed c. 1900.

A large portion of traditional martial arts can be categorized as Folk wrestling (see the separate article), although in some cases a folk wrestling style and a modern combat sport may overlap or become indistinguishable from each other once the sport has been regulated.

Africa

 * Angola
 * Engolo

 * Egypt
 * Tahtib
 * Nigeria

 * Dambe
 * Senegal

 * Lutte Traditionnelle
 * Senegalese wrestling
 * Somalia

 * Istunka
 * South Africa

 * Nguni stick-fighting
 * Sudan

 * Nuba fighting

Americas

 * Barbados
 * Bajan stick-licking
 * Brazil
 * Brazilian jiu-jitsu
 * Capoeira
 * Huka-huka
 * Creole Knife Fight - (in port. "Esgrima Crioula")
 * Luta Livre
 * Vale Tudo

 * Canada
 * Defendo
 * SPEAR System
 * Wen-Do

 * Colombia
 * Colombian grima

 * Cuba
 * Juego de maní

 * Haiti
 * Tire machèt

 * Peru
 * Bakom

 * United States
 * American Kenpo
 * Chulukua
 * Collegiate wrestling
 * Combatives
 * Emerson Combat Systems
 * Gouging (fighting style)
 * Jeet Kune Do
 * Jailhouse rock (fighting style)
 * LINE (combat system)
 * Marine Corps Martial Arts Program
 * Model Mugging
 * Shootfighting
 * Special Combat Aggressive Reactionary System
 * 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu
 * World War II combatives

Asia

 * Bangladesh
 * Bangladeshi martial arts
 * Butthan

 * Cambodia
 * Bokator
 * Pradal serey

 * China
 * Chinese martial arts
 * Shaolin Kung Fu
 * Baguazhang
 * Tai chi
 * Bajiquan
 * Wing Chun
 * Shuai Jiao
 * Choy Gar
 * Fut Gar
 * Sanda

 * India
 * Indian martial arts
 * Mardani khel
 * Malla-yuddha
 * Kalaripayattu
 * Vajra-mushti
 * Adimurai
 * Gatka

 * Indonesia
 * Indonesian martial arts
 * Pencak silat
 * Tarung Derajat

 * Israel
 * Kapap
 * Krav Maga

 * Japan
 * Sumo
 * Japanese martial arts
 * Aikido
 * Judo
 * Ninjutsu
 * Kenjutsu
 * Karate
 * Sojutsu
 * Naginatajutsu
 * Bojutsu
 * Okinawan kobudo
 * Iaido
 * Kusarigamajutsu
 * Kendo
 * Kyudo
 * Tessenjutsu
 * Shurikenjutsu
 * Bajutsu
 * Jujutsu
 * Taidō
 * Kūdō

 * Korea
 * Choi Kwang Do
 * Korean martial arts
 * Ssireum
 * Hwa Rang Do
 * Kuk Sool Won
 * Taekkyon
 * Tae kwon do
 * Tang Soo Do
 * Hap ki do

 * Laos
 * Muay Lao

 * Malaysia
 * Silat

 * Mongolia
 * Mongolian wrestling

 * Myanmar
 * Lethwei
 * Bando
 * Banshay
 * Naban
 * Pongyi thaing

 * Philippines
 * Filipino martial arts
 * Yaw-Yan

 * Sri Lanka
 * Angampora
 * Cheena di

 * Thailand
 * Krabi–krabong
 * Lerdrit
 * Muay boran
 * Muay Thai
 * Silat Pattani

 * Turkey
 * Matrak
 * Oil wrestling
 * Sayokan

 * Vietnam
 * Vietnamese martial arts
 * Nhất Nam

Europe

 * Austria
 * Ranggeln

 * Finland
 * Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu

 * France
 * Canne de combat
 * French school of fencing
 * Gouren
 * Qwan Ki Do
 * Savate

 * Germany
 * German Ju-Jutsu
 * German school of fencing
 * Ringen
 * Unifight

 * Greece
 * Ancient Greek boxing
 * Greek wrestling
 * Pankration

 * Iceland
 * Glima

 * Italy
 * Italian martial arts
 * Italian school of fencing

 * Ireland
 * Irish martial arts
 * Bataireacht

 * Portugal
 * Jogo do Pau

 * Russia
 * Russian martial arts
 * Sambo
 * Systema
 * Unifight

 * Serbia
 * Real Aikido

 * Spain
 * Leonese wrestling
 * Lucha Canaria

 * Switzerland
 * Schwingen

 * Ukraine
 * Combat Hopak

 * United Kingdom
 * Bare-knuckle boxing
 * Bartitsu
 * Catch wrestling
 * Combat pistol shooting
 * Cornish wrestling
 * Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
 * Defendu
 * Devon wrestling
 * English Longsword School
 * Historical fencing in Scotland
 * Lancashire wrestling
 * Suffrajitsu
 * Singlestick
 * Shin-kicking
 * Scottish backhold
 * World War II combatives

 * Others
 * Archery
 * Boxing
 * Duel
 * Fencing
 * Shooting
 * Wrestling

Oceania

 * New Zealand
 * Mau rākau

 * Hawaii
 * Kajukenbo
 * Kapu Kuialua

 * Samoa
 * Limalama

title: List of martial arts


text:
Cèilidh

A cèilidh or céilí  is a traditional Scottish and Irish social gathering. In its most basic form, it simply means a social visit. In contemporary usage, it usually involves dancing and playing Gaelic folk music, either at a home or a larger concert at a social hall or other community gathering place.

Cèilidhean (plural of cèilidh) and céilithe (plural of céilí) originated in the Gaelic areas of Scotland and Ireland and are consequently common in the Scottish and Irish diasporas. They are similar to the troyl traditions in Cornwall and twmpath and noson lawen events in Wales, as well as English country dance throughout England which have in some areas undergone a fusion with céilithe.

Etymology
The term is derived from the Old Irish céle (singular) meaning 'companion'. It later became céilidh and céilidhe, which means 'visit' in Gaelic. In Scottish Gaelic reformed spelling it is spelt cèilidh (plural cèilidhean) and in Irish reformed spelling as céilí (plural céilithe).

History
Originally, a cèilidh was a social gathering of any sort, and did not necessarily involve dancing: "The 'ceilidh' is a literary entertainment where stories and tales, poems and ballads, are rehearsed and recited, and songs are sung, conundrums are put, proverbs are quoted, and many other literary matters are related and discussed"

"The ceilidh of the Western Hebrides corresponds to the veillée of Lower Brittany ... and to similar story-telling festivals which formerly flourished among all the Celtic peoples"

"On long, dark winter nights it is still the custom in small villages for friends to collect in a house and hold what they call a 'ceilidh' (pronounced kay'lee). Young and old are entertained by the reciters of old poems and legendary stories which deal with ancient beliefs, the doings of traditional heroes and heroines, and so on. Some sing old and new songs set to old music or new music composed in the manner of the old."

In more recent decades, the dancing portion of the event has usurped the older meanings of the term, though the tradition of guests performing music, songs, storytelling, and poetry still persists in some areas.

Céilithe/Cèilidhean were originally hosted by a fear-an-tigh (or, in contemporary Scottish Gaelic orthography, fear-an-taighe), meaning 'man of the house'. The Scottish Gaelic feminine and gender-neutral equivalents are bean-an-taighe (woman of the house) and duine-an-taighe (person of the house), respectively. The use of these or similar terms is still the form in much of Ireland and Hebridean Scotland, and at gatherings elsewhere at which either Irish or Scottish Gaelic is the predominant social language. In modern events at which English predominates, the host is usually instead referred to as simply the "host" or "master of ceremonies".

Modern cèilidhean

The cèilidh facilitated courting and prospects of marriage for young people and, although discos and nightclubs have displaced the cèilidh to a considerable extent, such events are still an important and popular social outlet in rural parts of Scotland and Ireland, especially in the Gaelic-speaking regions. Cèilidhean are sometimes held on a smaller scale in private or public houses, for example in remote rural areas and during busy festivals.

It is common for some clubs and institutions such as sports clubs, schools and universities and even employers to arrange cèilidhs on a regular—or at least annual—basis. The formality of these can vary. Some mix modern pop music with a Scottish country dancing band and dress codes range from compulsory highland dress to informal. Knowledge and use of the basic dance steps is not always strictly necessary, and dances often alternate with songs, poetry recitals, storytelling and other types of "party pieces".

Cèilidh music may be provided by an assortment of instruments including fiddle, flute, tin whistle, accordion, bodhrán (frame-drum), hammered dulcimer, and in more recent times also drums, guitar, mandolin, bouzouki, Scottish smallpipes, and electric bass guitar. The music is cheerful and lively, consisting in Ireland mainly of jigs, reels, hornpipes, polkas, slip-jigs, and waltzes, with Scotland adding strathspeys, and England adding regional forms such as the northeastern rant. The basic steps can be learned easily; a short instructional session is often provided for new dancers before the start of the dance itself. In Ireland, the first céilí band was put together in 1926 by Séamus Clandillon, Radio Éireann's director of music, to have dance music for his studio-based programmes.

Dancing at cèilidhean is usually in the form of cèilidh dances, set dances, or couples' dances. A "set" consists of four to eight couples, with each pair of couples facing another in a square or rectangular formation. Each couple exchanges position with the facing couple, and also facing couples exchange partners, while all the time keeping in step with the beat of the music.

About half of the dances in the modern Scots cèilidh, however, are couples' dances performed in a ring. These can be performed by fixed couples or in the more sociable "progressive" manner, with the lady moving to the next gentleman in the ring at or near the end of each repetition of the steps. In Ireland, the similar style of dance is called céilí dance or fíor ('true') céilí dance. Some of the dances are named after famous regiments, historical battles, and events, others after items of daily rural life. The "gay Gordons", "siege of Ennis", "walls of Limerick", and "stack of barley" are popular dances in this genre.

Step dancing is another form of dancing often performed at céilithe, the form that was popularised in the 1990s by the world-famous Riverdance ensemble. Whereas set dancing involves all present, whatever their skill, step dancing is usually reserved for show, being performed only by the most talented of dancers.

The cèilidh has been internationalised by the Scottish and Irish diasporas in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, where local cèilidhean and traditional music competitions are held. In recent years, cèilidh and traditional music competitions have been frequently won by descendants of emigrants.

It bears mention that cèilidhean are common throughout Nova Scotia. The tradition and the spirit of these gatherings are carried on in most small communities of these Maritime Provinces.

In Scotland

Privately organised cèilidhean in the 2020s are extremely common in both rural and urban Scotland, where bands are hired, usually for evening entertainment for a wedding, birthday party, celebratory or fundraising event. These may be more or less formal, and very often omit all other traditional Gaelic activity beyond the actual music and dancing. Novices are usually among the participants, so a "dance caller" may teach the steps before music begins for each dance. The more versatile bands will demonstrate the dances too. Scottish primary schools frequently teach some Scottish country dancing, often around Christmas time. Bands vary in size but are commonly made up of between two and six players. The appeal of the Scottish cèilidh is by no means limited to the younger generation, and dances vary in speed and complexity to accommodate most age groups and levels of ability. Most private schools in Scotland will also hold cèilidhean on a fairly regular basis.

Public cèilidhean are also held, attracting paying participants, often held at dance clubs; and the annual Ceilidh Culture festival in Edinburgh.

Universities in Scotland hold regular cèilidhean, with the University of Edinburgh providing a number for students throughout each term, especially the long-running Highland Annual, the oldest cèilidh in Edinburgh and the largest in Scotland, organised by the Highland Society (An Comann Ceilteach). Glasgow University Union's annual debating competition, Glasgow Ancients, traditionally ends the night with a cèilidh. The union's Christmas event, Daft Friday, also involves a cèilidh. Cèilidhean are common fundraising and social events for many societies at the University of Glasgow.

Some cèilidh bands intersperse cèilidh dancing with a DJ playing disco music to broaden the appeal of the evening's entertainment.

In Northern Ireland
The resurgence in the popularity of the céilí over the last 20 years or so in Northern Ireland has been assisted in no small way by the interest in céilithe amongst the younger generation and bands such as 'Haste to the Wedding', a céilí band.

In Ireland

Céilí dances or true céilí dances (fíor céilí) are a popular form of folk dancing in Ireland and are part of the broader Irish dances. The Irish céilí dances are based on heys ("hedges", or pairs of facing lines), round dances, long dances, and quadrilles, generally revived during the Gaelic revival in the first quarter of the twentieth century and codified by the Irish Dancing Commission. There are about thirty dances that form the basis for examination of céilí dance teachers. Irish céilí is a participatory social event attended by both men and women and accompanied by live Irish traditional music. The dance emerged within cultural nationalist consciousness as during the late 19th and early 20th century traditions promoting nationalist agendas, and national identities were regarded as not culturally unified.

History and background
Irish céilí regained its popularity in the late 19th century, when Ireland made efforts to regain its cultural and political autonomy after being colonized for over 800 years. The goal of the Gaelic League established in 1893 was to promote Irish cultural independence and de-anglicisation, which involved the remergent popularization of the Irish language, literature, and vernacular traditions, such as Irish singing and dancing. Plentiful branches of the Gaelic League giving dance, singing, music, and literature classes were established across Ireland.

Dance form and style
The style of dance employed for céilí dance differs greatly from that used for set dance, and has more the appearance associated with the style of step dance. In particular, it emphasizes height and extension, with dancers generally dancing on their toes (but not en pointe as in ballet). A movement called "side-step" or "sevens and threes" with which dancers travel sideways to the direction they are facing is common, as are jig-step movements called the "rising step" or "grinding step". Céilí dances may be divided into figures, but a single type of tune is generally used for all the figures and the dancing does not pause between the figures.

Unlike square dance and round dance, céilí dances are generally not called by a caller; the flow of dance is defined by its name.

Social ceili dances
Céilí dances when performed socially are often performed in a progressive style. At the end of one whole iteration of the dance (lead around and body), instead of stopping, the groups move on to the next set of partners in the line. Céilí dances that can be performed progressively are: walls of Limerick, siege of Ennis, haymaker's jig, and fairy reel. When there is a large social gathering, there will often be a caller for the dance, though it is a very different style from square-dancing caller. A céilí caller is usually the teacher or most experienced dancer of the group who has the dance memorized. They then call the movements out in a non-stylized way, intended to remind those who are non-dancers when and where to move. Social céilí dances are often the easiest dances and very easy to shuffle through as a non-dancer. A caller makes sure that everyone at a social dance can participate. Embellishments are accepted and fun in social céilí dances, women adding spins or changing the style of a swing based on the skill of a partner.

Diagram of movement in progressive ceili dance: Walls of Limerick

Similar gatherings in England
Cèilidh in England has evolved a little differently from its counterparts elsewhere in Scotland and Ireland. English cèilidh, sometimes abbreviated to eCeilidh or E-ceilidh, can be considered part of English country dance (and related to contra dance). English cèilidh has many things in common with the Scottish and Irish social dance traditions. The dance figures are similar using couples' dances, square sets, long sets, and circle dances. However, the English style requires a slower tempo of tune accentuating the on-beat, the central instrument often being the English melodeon, a diatonic accordion in the keys of D and G. Dancers often use a skip, a step-hop or rant step depending on region. This contrasts with the smoother style and more fluid motion seen in Ireland, Scotland, or (the walking) in contra. Many cèilidh dances involve a couple, but this does not limit the number of partners any one dancer has during the ceilidh. Often dancers will change partners every dance to meet new people.

An important part of English cèilidhs is the "caller" who instructs the dancer in the next dance. An experienced cèilidh caller will have a good understanding of the mechanics of the tunes and a deep knowledge of regional dances from the UK and beyond. They will confer with the band about what type of tune to play for the dance. This aids the selection of the right dance for the right audience. This skill is so sought after in the south of England that there are callers who are famous in their own right. However, many bands have their own caller, often also an instrumentalist; some have two.

During an English ceilidh there is often an interval involving the talents of local Morris or rapper side; this also serves to give bands with older members a rest.

It is possible to see many diverse and regionally distinct acts at a modern English ceilidh. Acts range from the most traditional, like the Old Swan Band, to the most experimental like the electronic dance music-influenced Monster Ceilidh Band. Many other forms of music have been combined with English ceilidh music including; Irish music from the band Phoenix Ceilidh Band; ska from the band Whapweasel; traditional jazz from the bands Chalktown and Florida; funk fusion from Licence to Ceilidh, Ceilidhography, and Climax Ceilidh Band, rock from the bands Peeping Tom, Aardvark Ceilidh Band, Touchstone, and Tickled Pink; West African- and Indian-influenced music from the band Boka Halattraditional; traditional French music from the band Token Women; traditional Welsh music from Twm Twp; and heavy metal from Glorystrokes.

In popular culture

 * In the 1945 film I Know Where I'm Going! the characters attend a cèilidh.
 * In the song Oh! What a Ceilidh, performed by Andy Stewart on his 1965 album Cambeltown Loch. The song's composition is credited as: (Grant-Stewart).
 * In the 1983 film Local Hero the characters are shown at a cèilidh.
 * The 1987 song When New York Was Irish by Terence Winch mentions the cèilidh.
 * The 1990 film The Field features a céilidh.
 * A song by the group Black 47 is titled "Funky Céilí" (1992).
 * Danny Boyle's 1994 film Shallow Grave features Ewan McGregor and Kerry Fox at a cèilidh.
 * In the 1997 film Titanic the third class passengers hold a cèilidh which Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet's characters attend.
 * In the 1999 Michael Winterbottom Belfast-set movie With or Without You, London–Irish band Neck appear performing at a céilí that Christopher Eccleston and Dervla Kirwan's characters attend. Neck describe themselves as being a "psycho-ceilídh" band - a term picked up by frontman Leeson O'Keeffe from Shane MacGowan when he was playing in his post-Pogues band, Shane MacGowan and The Popes. One of Neck's most popular tracks, an instrumental highlighting the band's musicianship on a set of traditional Irish jigs and reels, is called "The Psycho-Ceilídh Mayhem Set".
 * In the 2000 – 2005 BBC TV series Monarch of the Glen the characters are shown at a cèilidh.
 * In 2002's The Magdalene Sisters a cèilidh is portrayed.
 * The characters in the 2003 film The Boys from County Clare participate in a céilí band competition.
 * In the 2006 film The Wind That Shakes The Barley, the characters are shown at a céilí.
 * The popular Celtic musical team Celtic Woman describes a céilí in their popular tour song "At the Céilí", a live recording of which appears on their 2007 album Celtic Woman: A New Journey.
 * Pogues frontman Shane MacGowan features the song "Céilidh Cowboy" on his The Crock of Gold album.
 * The Richard Thompson song "Johnny's Far Away", on his 2007 album Sweet Warrior, describes a couple who are unfaithful while the husband travels with a cèilidh band.
 * The band Real McKenzies song "Ceilidh" from the album Clash of the Tartans (1998) describes the practice.
 * The word "Ceili" in the name of the band Ceili Rain is explicitly meant to invoke the céilí spirit.
 * The Philadelphia Céilí Group is a music organisation known for its traditional Irish music and dance festivals.
 * In the 2011 movie The Guard, the main character takes his dying mother to see a céilí band.
 * In the British television series My Mother & Other Strangers, part of the Masterpiece series, there are multiple references to ceili and multiple scenes set at céilí in the fictional Northern Irish town of Moybeg.
 * Carnegie Mellon University holds an annual Cèilidh Weekend which serves as the university's homecoming celebration.
 * The lyrics of Ed Sheeran's song "Galway Girl" (2017) mention "dancing the céilí, singing to trad tunes".

title: Cèilidh


text:
Kilmarnock F.C.

Kilmarnock Football Club, commonly known as Killie, is a Scottish professional football team based in the town of Kilmarnock, East Ayrshire. The team is currently managed by Derek McInnes, who was appointed in January 2022. The club has achieved several honours since its formation in 1869, most recently the 2011–12 Scottish League Cup after a 1–0 win over Celtic at Hampden Park and the Scottish Championship title in 2022. The club nickname, Killie, is the Scottish term for the town of Kilmarnock.

The club have qualified for European competitions on nine occasions, their best performance coming in the 1966–67 Fairs Cup when they progressed to the semi-finals, eventually being eliminated by Leeds United. The club is also one of only a few Scottish clubs to have played in three European competitions (European Cup, Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup). Additionally, the club have played in the International Soccer League four times – 1960, 1961, 1963 and 1965, as well as competing in the 1995 Korea Cup.

Kilmarnock Football Club is currently the oldest football club in the Scottish Premiership, and also the second-oldest professional club in Scotland. Home matches are played at Rugby Park, a 15,003 capacity all-seater stadium situated in the town itself. Kilmarnock took part in the first-ever official match in the Scottish Cup against the now-defunct Renton in 1873. With a long-standing football rivalry with fellow Ayrshire side Ayr United, both teams play frequently in the Ayrshire derby, first meeting in September 1910.

Formation and early years
The club's foundation dates back to the very earliest days of organised football in Scotland, with speculation over the club's beginnings being in 1868, 1869 or 1872 often disputed. The club was founded by a collection of men and boys who were sporting enthusiasts, with a few of them playing cricket during the summer months, as well as playing bowls, quiots, running and golf. During the winter period, the group lacked active sporting opportunities, and in the Autumn of 1868, the younger members of the sporting enthusiasts who attended Kilmarnock Academy first played football in the Barbadoes Green area of Kilmarnock. Football in Scotland at this time was considered "rough" and "disorderly", and, while it was popular, it had never been played in an organised manner before. The group of sporting enthusiasts later became known as the club's "founding fathers", and began playing football with their own set of rules which were more similar to that of rugby, rather than association rules, which had become the rules used for a similar game, also known as football, in England in the late 1850s. A committee was formed with the intention of the game becoming more organised, and after raising money, had placed an advertisement in the 2 January 1869 issue of the Kilmarnock Standard for a general meeting of the "Kilmarnock Foot-ball Club" to be held in Robertson's Temperance Hotel on Portland Road in Kilmarnock on Tuesday 5 January 1869. The advert read: "Parties wishing to become members may do so at the meeting, or at the Secretary's, 55 King Street". No official recorded minutes or outcomes of the meeting are known to have existed.

With no recorded minutes of the meeting having taken place in January 1869, it is assumed that the members continued to play amongst themselves and with their own set of rugby-inspired rules. On 25 October 1872, a meeting was held by the committee at the town's George Hotel, Kilmarnock. Recorded minutes from the meeting highlighted that interest in the game had increased as had the membership, leading to the decision being made to officially constitute the club as "Kilmarnock Football Club", with a set of rules to play the game of football properly to be purchased, as no other clubs were playing "football" in the same style that the club had been playing up until that point. A meeting held by the committee on 29 October 1872 saw the agreement between the club and a gentleman, Mr. Wright, to rent his field nearby for £3, which they did until March 1873. A game was agreed to be played on the field on 2 November 1872, but no result or opponent to Kilmarnock Football Club were ever recorded. In November 1872, the club decided to formally adopt the rugby union rules they had purchased for use in the game. On 7 December 1872, Kilmarnock Football Club played their first known competitive game using the rugby union rules. The game was an 11-a-side game against Kilmarnock Cricket Club Xl which ended in a 0–0 draw.

During a club meeting on 3 March 1873, a letter from Queen's Park asked Kilmarnock F.C. if they were interested in attending a meeting at the Dewar Hotel in Glasgow on 13 March 1873 to discuss the formation of a Scottish Football Association playing to football association rules, with the possibility of purchasing a cup for the winner of a knock out competition to take place later in 1873. Kilmarnock had long previously turned Queen's Park's requests down in the past, however, a favourable letter was returned to the team, informing the club was Kilmarnock were unable to send a representative to the meeting in Glasgow on 13 March 1873 due to having a committee meeting on the scheduled date, but advised that they were willing to join the Scottish Football Association, pledging to pay the 5 shillings membership fee and donate £1 towards the purchase of a cup for the knock-out competition. The first game played by Kilmarnock under football association rules was in the 1873–74 season. The club suffered a drastic decline in membership numbers following a fall out with their landlord at Holm Quarry, after the club wished to move back to Dundonald Road. Kilmarnock Football Club were one of the founding members of the Ayrshire Football Association which formed in May 1877. By the 1880s, Kilmarnock Football Club had established themselves as the premier club in Ayrshire.

The club had not been considered eligible for the Scottish Football League when it was formed in 1890, nor was it deemed eligible to be included in a second division. Kilmarnock Football Club was finally elected to the Scottish League in 1895, and finished their first season in the Scottish League in fourth place out of ten teams. In 1920 Kilmarnock won the Scottish Cup for the first time, beating Albion Rovers at Hampden Park. This was followed by their second success in 1929 where they beat massive favourites Rangers 2–0 at the national stadium in front of a crowd of 114,708 people. They soon reached another final against the same opposition in 1932 but this time were beaten after a replay, and the same outcome followed in the 1938 final against East Fife, Killie this time the team on the receiving end of an upset.

North American and European tournaments
After finishing as runners-up during the 1959–60 season, Kilmarnock could have been put forward as one of Scotland's entrants for the following season's European Fairs Cup. Instead, the Scottish Football Association sent the team to North America to play in the International Soccer League, serving as Scotland's representative. Kilmarnock remained unbeaten during their group matches in both New York and Jersey City, with wins over Bayern Munich and English league champions, Burnley. Kilmarnock returned to North America to play in the International Soccer League final, losing 2–0 to Brazilian club Bangu Atlético Clube.

During the 1960–61 season, Kilmarnock reached the Scottish League Cup final for the second time, where they lost to Rangers 2–0 and finished as the season's runners-up. After years of being sidelined by the Scottish Football Association, Kilmarnock were put forward for the 1964–65 European Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing their first match. The team made it to the second round, losing to Everton 1–4 and exiting the competition.

Scottish League Champions
Kilmarnock performed strong during the 1964–65 season, winning their first six matches in the season and remaining unbeaten in the league until December 1964.

In 1964–65 Heart of Midlothian fought out a championship title race with Willie Waddell's Kilmarnock. In the era of two points for a win Hearts were three points clear with two games remaining. Hearts drew with Dundee United meaning the last game of the season with the two title challengers playing each other at Tynecastle would be a league decider. Kilmarnock needed to win by a two-goal margin to take the title. Hearts entered the game as favourites with both a statistical and home advantage. They also had a solid pedigree of trophy-winning under Tommy Walker. Waddell's Kilmarnock in contrast had been nearly men. Four times in the previous five seasons they had finished league runners-up including Hearts' triumph in 1960. Killie had also lost three domestic cup finals during the same period including the 1962 League Cup Final defeat to Hearts. Hearts had won five of the six senior cup finals they played in under Walker. Even the final they had lost was in a replay after drawing the first game. Hearts' Roald Jensen hit the post after six minutes. Kilmarnock then scored twice through Davie Sneddon and Brian McIlroy after 27 and 29 minutes. Alan Gordon had an excellent chance to clinch the title for Hearts in second half injury time but was denied by a Bobby Ferguson diving save pushing the ball past the post. The 2–0 defeat meant Hearts lost the title by an average of 0.042 goals. Subsequently, Hearts were instrumental in pushing through a change to use goal difference to separate teams level on points. Ironically this rule change later denied Hearts the title in 1985–86. This is the only time to date Killie have been Scottish champions.

Korean Cup and Scottish Cup victory

Decline in the 1980s brought relegation to the Second Division, returning to the top division with promotion in 1993. In the summer of 1995, Kilmarnock were invited to South Korea to play in the Korea Cup. Kilmarnock played the Costa Rica national football team, finishing the game with a draw between both teams.

By the commencement of the 1996–97 season, optimism within the club remained low, with little to suggest that the season would see Kilmarnock win the Scottish Cup again, having previously done so 68 years prior. With inconsistent league results, and a home defeat to Raith Rovers in December 1996, Bobby Williamson became the new manager of Kilmarnock and began introducing new players to the team. Players such as David Bagan and Alex Burke were credited with improving the team's performance, along with Williamson's managerial style and approach. With relegation still a possibility, Kilmarnock climbed out of the relegation zone following a 1–1 home draw in the final league match of the season between Aberdeen. During the same period, Kilmarnock had been making good progress in the Scottish Cup, progressing to the 1997 Scottish Cup final with Falkirk held at Ibrox Stadium in Glasgow on 24 May 1997. 25,000 Kilmarnock fans attended with final, with Paul Wright scoring for Kilmarnock, allowing for Kilmarnock to claim the Scottish Cup for the third time. Following their Scottish Cup victory, the team travelled back to Kilmarnock from Glasgow on an open topped bus, travelling up the town's John Finnie Street where they were met with a barrage of fans celebrating their victory.

Victory in the Scottish Cup secured a place for Kilmarnock in the 1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, meaning a return to European football for the club following an absence of 27 years.

UEFA Cup
In the 2001–02 UEFA Cup, Kilmarnock travelled to Lurgan in Northern Ireland to play Glenavon, winning 1–0 following a goal by Chris Innes. In the return leg at Rugby Park, Kilmarnock won 1–0 following a goal from Ally Mitchell. In their next match, Kilmarnock faced Norwegian club Viking FK, securing a 1–1 draw at Rugby Park before suffering a 0–2 loss away to Viking FK and exiting the UEFA Cup. Kilmarnock won the Scottish Youth Cup in 2004, following a 1–0 victory over Rangers during which was held at Rugby Park due to Hampden Park being unavailable to host the final.

2007 Scottish League Cup
Kilmarnock reached the 2007 Scottish League Cup final, but suffered a 5–1 defeat in the final by Hibernian. After selling Steven Naismith to Rangers for a club-record fee in August 2007, Killie struggled in the 2007–08 Scottish Premier League, finishing in 11th place with 40 points. In January 2010, Kilmarnock were second bottom of the 2009–10 Scottish Premier League, with last placed Falkirk just two points behind. On 11 January 2010, Jim Jefferies left the club by "mutual consent" and Jimmy Calderwood was appointed manager. Kilmarnock then achieved a first win in nine years against Celtic. Continued poor form, however, meant a final day showdown at Rugby Park with Falkirk for SPL survival. Kilmarnock began the game with a two-point advantage over their rivals and a goalless draw on the day was good enough to secure top-flight football for another year. They ended the season with just 33 points, their worst points finish in the SPL.

After Calderwood left at the end of the season, Mixu Paatelainen was appointed manager for the next two years with an option for a third. Despite being the favourites for relegation that season, Kilmarnock finished the season in fifth position. Paatelainen left the club to become manager of Finland and his assistant Kenny Shiels was appointed manager. Kilmarnock progressed to the 2012 Scottish League Cup final with wins against Queen of the South, East Fife and Ayr United in an Ayrshire derby at Hampden. Kilmarnock won the League Cup for the first time, as they defeated Celtic 1–0 in the final; Dieter Van Tornhout scored the only goal six minutes from time, with goalkeeper Cammy Bell named Man of the Match. In June 2013, after three years at Kilmarnock, manager Kenny Shiels was sacked by chairman Michael Johnston after a "mutual agreement" between the two.

Manager changes
Allan Johnston signed a two-year contract and was appointed manager on 24 June 2013, with Sandy Clark as the assistant manager. Clark left his role in the summer of 2014 with the club looking to go in a new direction, and ex-Killie player and former Hearts manager Gary Locke was appointed as his assistant. Johnston was sacked in February 2015 after informing the press of his intention to leave in the summer, before discussing this with the board. Locke was placed in interim charge, before signing a three-year deal in April 2015. Kilmarnock went on to lose seven of their final eight games of the season, but were spared the play-off spot after a 4–1 win over Partick Thistle.

The 2015–16 season would prove difficult for the team. Locke was removed from his position as manager in February 2016, with Lee Clark being appointed as his replacement. Despite a small uplift in form, the team finished in 11th place and faced a relegation play-off against Championship side Falkirk in order to stay in the top flight. Despite losing 0–1 in the first leg, Killie fought back and comfortably won the second leg 4–0 (4–1 on aggregate), securing the club's status in the Scottish Premiership for another season. Clark would leave Kilmarnock for a return to England with Bury in February 2017, exactly a year after his arrival. Former Rangers player Lee McCulloch, assistant to both Locke and Clark, was placed in temporary charge until the end of the season, achieving an eighth-place finish. The following season saw another poor start, with an early defeat to rivals Ayr United in the league cup group stages, followed by a disappointing start to the league campaign. McCulloch was sacked in September 2017 with the club rooted to the bottom of the table.

The Clarke era
In an unexpected move, Kilmarnock appointed former Chelsea and West Bromwich Albion coach Steve Clarke. It was Clarke's first involvement with the Scottish game in 30 years and his appointment preempted a dramatic upturn in form, with the club ultimately finishing in fifth place, earning him the SFWA Manager of the Year award in the process. The 2018–19 season saw Kilmarnock celebrate their 150th anniversary, and the team continued their strong form in the league, both home and away, culminating in a final day fixture against Rangers at Rugby Park. Kilmarnock won the match 2–1 and the result secured a third-place finish in the league, which guaranteed European football for the first time since 2001. The season's results also set a new record points total for the club and their highest placed finish in the league since 1966. The following day, Clarke was signed by the Scottish Football Association to become the head coach of the Scotland national team.

Following the departure of Steve Clarke, Kilmarnock had three managers whose spell in charge was brief, beginning with former Juventus and Chelsea assistant coach Angelo Alessio. In Alessio's second match in charge, Kilmarnock lost in Europa League qualification to Welsh Premier League club Connah's Quay Nomads. Alessio was sacked in December 2019, with the team sitting in fifth place. Following his departure, Alex Dyer, assistant coach to both Alessio and Clarke, was appointed on an initial caretaker basis until the end of the season, before all football was abruptly ended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Dyer's services were retained by the club and he signed a new contract extension in June 2020. However, following a poor start to the new season, he left the club by mutual consent in January 2021. In February 2021, former St Johnstone manager Tommy Wright was appointed as the club's third manager in two years.

Relegation and Championship winners
On 24 May 2021, following a play−off defeat to Dundee, Kilmarnock were relegated to the Scottish Championship, bringing an end to their 28-year stay in the top flight. Their 11th-place finish and play-off defeat in 2020–21 meant it was the club's first season in the Championship, and their first in the second tier of Scottish football since 1992–93. Manager Tommy Wright made 14 permanent summer signings as he approached his first full season as Kilmarnock manager, before being sacked in December 2021 with the team sitting fifth place in the Championship. Former Aberdeen manager Derek McInnes was quickly appointed as his successor. Results improved, and by the end of the 2021–22 season, Kilmarnock were promoted back to the top flight of Scottish football at the first attempt, defeating closest challengers Arbroath 2–1 on the penultimate matchday with a dramatic last-minute winner from Blair Alston.

In cup competition during the season, Kilmarnock were eliminated in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup, in the second round of the League Cup and the semi-finals of the Challenge Cup.

Return to Premiership
Following their first-place finish in the Scottish Championship in 2021–22, Kilmarnock returned to the Scottish Premiership after spending one year in the second tier. At the conclusion of the season, Kilmarnock finished 10th in the Premiership table out of 12 teams, as well as reaching the quarter finals of the Scottish Cup and the semi-final of the 2022–23 Scottish League Cup.

Kilmarnock competed in the 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, ultimately reaching the quarter final stage. They were knocked out of the competition following a 2–1 defeat to Heart of Midlothian.

Ayrshire Derby

Kilmarnock's biggest rivalry is with their South Ayrshire neighbours Ayr United and together they contest the Ayrshire derby.

Between national competitions such as the Scottish Football League, Scottish Cup, Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup, Kilmarnock have beaten Ayr United a total of 59 times, whilst beating Ayr United 43 times in defunct competitions such as the Ayrshire Cup, Ayrshire League, Ayr Charity Cup, Kilmarnock Charity Cup and the West Sound Trophy.

On 28 January 2012, Ayr United and Kilmarnock met at Hampden Park for the League Cup semi-final. Kilmarnock won 1–0 thanks to a 109th-minute goal from Dean Shiels. This was the first time that the Ayrshire derby had taken place in the semi-finals of a major competition and it was also the first derby to be played at a neutral venue. The game also achieved the highest recorded post-World War II crowd of any Ayrshire derby with 25,057 people travelling to Hampden (Kilmarnock versus Ayr United on 19 March 1938 had a crowd of 27,442).

The Ayrshire Derby fixture was revived in season 2021–22, as both clubs were in the same division following Kilmarnock's relegation to the Scottish Championship.

Ownership and finances
Since June 1906, Kilmarnock F.C. has been owned by the private limited company, The Kilmarnock Football Club Ltd. Since 2014, the majority shareholder of the club is Ayrshire businessman Billy Bowie, who oversees all operations of the club. Kilmarnock became debt-free under Bowie's control in 2017 after several years of financial difficulty.

In May 2018 Kilmarnock made a landmark move by appointing Phyllis McLeish, commercial director of the QTS Group, to the club's board; in doing so she became the first female board member in over 20 years. Later that same month, the club appointed its second female board member in Cathy Jamieson, former MP for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun district and a life-long Killie fan. Her appointment came after being nominated by The Killie Trust Initiative, who raised over £100,000 to have a member of the trust on the board.

Colours and badge

The earliest known Kilmarnock kit from 1879 consisted of an all-blue jersey with white trousers. The shirt bore a crest which was described as "a hand, index and second fingers upright, thumb outstretched, other fingers enclosed over a palm" (an adoption of the historic Clan Boyd chief's heraldic crest). The hand rested on a bar over a ball marked KFC. Between 1887 and 1890 Kilmarnock wore black and white striped tops. Thereafter, the club has predominantly played in blue and white striped or hooped shirts with either blue or white shorts. The club have also occasionally played in plain blue and plain white tops; this was suggested by Ross Quigley who, at the time, was one of the first directors of the club, although the kit was later changed to the hooped style in 1920. The club's away colours have varied greatly over time. Yellow is generally regarded as the club's main third colour; but white, red and purple away kits have also appeared in recent years.

Between 2008 and 2014, the club manufactured their kits under their own sportswear brand, 1869. Following this, Italian company Erreá was the manufacturer. Kilmarnock kits were manufactured by American company Nike between 2016 and 2020. The current kit manufacturer is Danish company Hummel; it can only be bought from the store at Rugby Park.

The club badge is a modernised version of previous club badges. It features a ball bearing a hand in a blessing position, flanked by two red squirrels. The club's Latin motto, confidemus (we trust), is written above the badge (similar to the Clan Boyd heraldic motto, confido (I trust)). The club adopted the badge in 1992 after The Lord Lyon decreed that the previous badge, based heavily upon the town crest, was in breach of ancient Scottish heraldic rules.

In October 2018 the club unveiled a special badge for the club's 150th anniversary.

Club mascot
The club's mascot is a squirrel named 'Captain Conker', named after the squirrels which feature on the club's crest and the coat of arms of the Clan Boyd of Kilmarnock. In the past, the 'Killie Pie' mascot was also a regular at Rugby Park on matchdays. Previously, the mascot was Nutz the squirrel, played by long-time Kilmarnock fan Ian Downie who died in 2020. Downie had played the club's mascot for 19 years prior to his death.

Stadium
Kilmarnock first played football matches at the present Rugby Park site in 1899. Despite this, the venue is actually Kilmarnock's fourth home ground. The Grange, Holm Quarry and Ward's Park all hosted matches before the club moved to Rugby Park in 1877. This was not the present stadium, but one situated close by near South Hamilton Street. This ground was shared by cricket and rugby teams – sports which Kilmarnock had played previously – and the connection with rugby gave the ground its name. This name was taken with the club when they moved to their present stadium.

During the 1994–95 season the stadium capacity was significantly reduced as three new stands were constructed; the Moffat Stand, the Chadwick Stand and the East Stand. Their completion brought the capacity of the stadium to. The stadium opened on 6 August 1995, in a friendly match against English champions Blackburn Rovers. Mike Newell hit a hat-trick as the home team lost 5–0.

A FIFA 2 star FieldTurf artificial pitch was installed at Rugby Park for the start of the 2014–15 season. The pitch is capable of hosting rugby matches as well as football. A new artificial hybrid surface was installed during the 2019 close season. In February 2019 Kilmarnock received approval to install a new safe-standing section in areas of the East and Moffat stands. The installation process was completed in early December of that year.

In December 2022 Kilmarnock announced that consultation had begun on the plans to develop 'Bowie Park Training Facility' with a view to creating a dedicated club training ground where Kilmarnock's men's, women's and academy teams can develop within the same purpose-built environment. Funded by Billy Bowie, the proposal includes the creation of two five-a-side and two full-size pitches – one with an accompanying 500-seat stand – alongside a two-floor training facility building which features a gym, changing rooms, canteen / seminar room, offices and a players’ lounge.

Club anthem
The song "Paper Roses", originally a hit by American singer and activist Anita Bryant, was adopted by Kilmarnock fans as their own club anthem. American singer and actress Marie Osmond, who is famous for recording this song, surprised the fans in February 2013 and performed at Rugby Park along with a meet and greet session, signing autographs for the players and fans.

Managerial statistics
''Information correct as of matches played 23 December 2023. Only official Scottish League, Scottish Cup, Scottish League Cup and European Competition matches are counted''

Club accolades

 * Second oldest professional club in Scotland
 * Biggest competitive win: 13–2 v Saltcoats Victoria, Scottish Qualifying Cup 2nd Round, 12 September 1896
 * Worst defeat: 1–9 v Celtic, Scottish League Division 1, 13 August 1938
 * Highest home attendance: 35,995 v Rangers, Scottish Cup Quarter-Finals 10 March 1962
 * Most League goals in a season: Harry Cunningham (34 in 1927–28) and Andy Kerr (34 in 1960–61)
 * Transfer fee paid: £340,000 for Paul Wright from St Johnstone, March 1995
 * Transfer fee received: £2,200,000 for Greg Taylor to Celtic, August 2019

Scotland

 * Scottish Football League (first tier):
 * Winners (1): 1964–65
 * Runners-up (4): 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64
 * Scottish First Division / Scottish Championship (second tier):
 * Winners (3): 1897–98, 1898–99, 2021–22
 * Runners-up (6): 1953–54, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1992–93
 * Scottish Second Division (third tier):
 * Runners-up (1): 1989–90
 * Scottish Cup:
 * Winners (3): 1919–20, 1928–29, 1996–97
 * Runners-up (5): 1897–98, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1956–57, 1959–60
 * Scottish League Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2011–12
 * Runners-up (5): 1952–53, 1960–61, 1962–63, 2000–01, 2006–07
 * Scottish Qualifying Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1896–97

Other; international and regional
Source:
 * Inter-Cities Fairs Cup:
 * Semi-finalists: 1966–67
 * International Soccer League:
 * Runners-up: 1960
 * Tennent Caledonian Cup:
 * Winners: 1979–80
 * UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking:
 * Winners: 1999
 * Ayrshire Cup
 * Winners (44): 1884, 1885, 1886, 1891, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1935, 1947, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959 (shared), 1960, 1962, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998

2014 inductees

 * The Founding Fathers – Founders of Kilmarnock Football Club
 * Kilmarnock FC 1964–65 Squad
 * Hugh Allen M.B.E. – Club Physiotherapist 1968–2002
 * Willie Culley – All-time Record Goalscorer
 * Alan Robertson – Most Scottish League Appearances
 * Mattha Smith – Scottish Cup Winner 1920 & 1929

2016 inductees

 * James Fowler – Captain 2012 League Cup Winners
 * Tommy McLean – Golden Era Award
 * Stuart McLean – 2nd Highest League Appearances
 * Ray Montgomerie – Captain 1997 Scottish Cup Winners
 * Eddie Morrison – Highest Post-War Goalscorer
 * Manuel Pascali – 1st International Award

2018 inductees

 * Frank Beattie – Golden Era Award
 * Paul Clarke – Legends Award
 * Frédéric Dindeleux – International Award
 * Ronnie Hamilton – Legends Award
 * Garry Hay – Legends Award
 * Derrick McDicken – Legends Award
 * Willie Waddell – Manager 1964–65 League Championship Winners
 * Bobby Williamson – Manager 1997 Scottish Cup Winners

2022 inductees

 * Kenny Shiels – Manager 2012 Scottish League Cup Final
 * Alan McCulloch – Former Goalkeeper
 * Kris Boyd – Scored 121 League Goals

2023 inductees

 * Ally Mitchell – 1997 Scottish Cup Winner
 * George Maxwell – Champion Hot–Shot Trophy Winner

2024 inductees

 * Tommy Burns – Former Player / Manager
 * Gus McPherson – 1997 Scottish Cup Winner
 * Mark Reilly – 1997 Scottish Cup Winner

Notable academy graduates

 * Jamie Adams
 * Scott Anson
 * Lee Ashcroft
 * Ross Barbour
 * Cammy Bell
 * Kris Boyd
 * Conor Brennan
 * Tomas Brindley
 * Innes Cameron
 * Robert Campbell
 * Peter Canero
 * Mark Canning
 * Kyle Connell
 * David Cox
 * Ross Davidson
 * Euan Deveney
 * Justin Devenny
 * Paul Di Giacomo
 * Shaun Dillon
 * Michael Doyle
 * Gary Fisher
 * Iain Flannigan
 * James Fowler
 * Adam Frizzell
 * William Gros
 * Jamie Hamill
 * Dean Hawkshaw
 * Garry Hay
 * Emilio Jaconelli
 * Chris Johnston

 * Matty Kennedy
 * Greg Kiltie
 * Jim Lauchlan
 * Rory Loy
 * Devlin MacKay
 * Gary McCutcheon
 * Gary McDonald
 * Neil McGregor
 * Barrie McKay
 * Daniel McKay
 * Rory McKenzie
 * Scott McLean
 * Lewis Morrison
 * Robbie Muirhead
 * Scott Murray
 * Steven Naismith
 * Mark O'Hara
 * Alex Pursehouse
 * Craig Samson
 * Craig Slater
 * Graeme Smith
 * Aaron Splaine
 * Colin Stewart
 * David Syme
 * Ally Taylor
 * Greg Taylor
 * Bobby Wales
 * David Watson
 * Iain Wilson
 * Jude Winchester

title: Kilmarnock F.C.


text:
List of martial arts weapons

Weapons used in the world's martial arts can be classified either by type of weapon or by the martial arts school using them.

Melee weapons

 * List of melee weapons
 * Bladed weapons
 * Swords: see Types of swords
 * Knives
 * Daggers: see List of daggers
 * Axe
 * Sickle
 * Kama
 * War hammer
 * Polearms
 * Halberd
 * Spear
 * Guandao
 * War scythe
 * Blunt weapons
 * Clubs/Mace/Baton
 * Stick/Staff / Sjambok
 * Tonfa / (side handled) baton
 * Knuckleduster

Ranged weapons

 * List of ranged weapons
 * Bow and arrow
 * Crossbow
 * Bullet-shooting crossbow
 * Slingshot
 * Slings
 * Boomerang
 * Blowgun
 * Shuriken
 * Chakram
 * Firearm
 * Taser
 * Ballistic knife

Flexible weapons

 * Chain weapons
 * Whips
 * Ropes
 * Tabak-Toyok
 * Slapjack
 * Nunchaku
 * Jōhyō

Defensive weapons

 * List of defensive weapons
 * Pepper spray
 * Armours
 * Shields

By martial arts tradition

 * Eskrima
 * Kendo
 * Pencak Silat: Weapons of pencak silat
 * Kalarippayattu
 * Swordsmanship:
 * Chinese swordsmanship
 * Japanese swordsmanship
 * Korean swordsmanship
 * European swordsmanship
 * Historical European Martial Arts

title: List of martial arts weapons


text:
Pilotwings 64

Pilotwings 64 (パイロットウイングス64) is a flight simulation video game developed by Nintendo and Paradigm Simulation and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was one of three launch titles for the Nintendo 64 in Japan as well as Europe and one of two launch titles in North America, along with Super Mario 64. Pilotwings 64 is a sequel to Pilotwings for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which was a North American launch game for its respective console in 1991. Also like that game, Pilotwings 64 received production input from Nintendo producer and EAD General Manager Shigeru Miyamoto.

Pilotwings 64 puts the player in control of one of six pilots as they try to earn pilot licenses through various forms of aviation. The events are flying an autogyro, using a jet pack, and hang gliding. Several bonus tasks are offered, such as skydiving and a human cannonball test. The game also puts focus on allowing the player to freely explore its detailed 3D environments, most notably a miniature representation of the United States.

The game received positive review scores and praise from gaming publications and news sources alike for its visual presentation and flying controls. Similar to its SNES predecessor, Pilotwings 64 serves to demonstrate the graphical capabilities of its gaming hardware. Although the flight simulator did not enjoy the same commercial success as its fellow launch game Super Mario 64, Pilotwings 64 nonetheless went on to sell over one million copies worldwide. The game received its first official re-release on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack on October 13, 2022.

Gameplay
Pilotwings 64 is a flight simulator in which the player must complete a variety of missions involving different airborne vehicles and air sports. Before each mission, the player must choose one of six character pilots, each with their own advantages and disadvantages based on factors such as weight. Tests before each event require the player to complete an objective in order to earn a license for the event. Depending on the mission, points are awarded or deducted based on time, damage, fuel usage, accuracy, softness of landing, and similar criteria. The player is awarded a bronze, silver, or gold license based on the number of points attained. More difficult tests become available as the player progresses.

There are three main events in Pilotwings 64 required to complete the game, each of which has its own objectives and unique flight controls using the Nintendo 64 controller's single analog stick. The first, hang gliding, usually requires the player to fly through a series of floating marker rings or snap a photograph of a particular piece of scenery before landing on a target area. The player's movement is affected by wind currents, and altitude can be gained by flying through thermal columns. The second event is the "Rocket Belt", a jet pack that allows the player to move and gain height as well as hover, tilt, and rotate in the air using the belt's equipped thrusters. Goals entail flying through rings, landing on floating platforms or popping large balloons before landing. The third event, the gyrocopter, challenges the player to take off and land on a runway after completing objectives like navigating a path of rings or destroying targets with missiles.

Pilotwings 64 also features several bonus events that are unlocked if the player performs well in the main missions. The player can also earn medals in many of these events. They include skydiving, a human cannonball event, and the "Jumble Hopper", which grants the player special spring-loaded boots use in bouncing across the landscape to an end space. Lastly, Pilotwings 64 features a "Birdman" mode that puts the character in a bird suit and gives players the opportunity to freely explore the game's detailed, object-dense environments set among its four distinct islands. One of the islands is based on the United States, and has geographical replications of famous landmarks including the Statue of Liberty and Mount Rushmore (with Mario's face replacing George Washington's) and major cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York City. Representations of Nintendo characters and many other quirks can be found in the landscapes of the game.

Development
Pilotwings 64 was co-developed by the Texas-based graphics company Paradigm Simulation and Nintendo's Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) and Research and Development No. 3 (R&D3) divisions. Due to Paradigm's experience with Silicon Graphics workstations, Nintendo contacted the American company in 1994 concerning it becoming one of the Nintendo 64's "Dream Team" of first developers. Paradigm worked directly with a team at Silicon Graphics and spent nine months developing a technology base for Pilotwings 64 and Paradigm's other Nintendo 64 releases. Development on Pilotwings 64 began in earnest during June 1995, with Nintendo working on the game design and Paradigm working on the technical production. Nintendo's Genyo Takeda and Makoto Wada acted as Paradigm's primary technical and design contacts individually. Wada, the game's director, was also involved in design aspects such as modeling and animation. Shigeru Miyamoto, the producer of Pilotwings for the SNES, reprised his role for Pilotwings 64 and oversaw the project from Japan. Miyamoto's involvement was more removed than with the SNES game due to his simultaneous work on the platform game Super Mario 64.

According to Miyamoto, Pilotwings 64 was designed to allow gamers to experience free flight in realistic 3D environments on the Nintendo 64. Prior to the game's conception, Paradigm had worked on military vehicle and flight simulators, but not video games. Dave Gatchel of Paradigm disclosed that with regard to creating the game, they began with a "physics-based approach", but deviated from this in order to gain a balance between accuracy and fun for players. He indicated that there was never an issue as to whether Pilotwings 64 should be more of an arcade game or a simulation, as their goal was to "always have a more arcade feel". The technical team studied the original Pilotwings extensively during development.

Pilotwings on the SNES makes use of the power of the 16-bit console, principally its Mode 7 capability. Similarly, Pilotwings 64 prominently demonstrates the graphical features of its own console. Gatchel suggested that just as design elements present in the game generated its production requirements, these same elements were influenced by the Nintendo 64's technology during development. The large islands within the game were created using Paradigm's own 3D development tool Vega UltraVision. Navigation of these environments is relatively smooth thanks to Pilotwings 64 taking advantage of several key Nintendo 64 hardware features. Conventional level of detail and mipmapping were used to reduce the computational load of distant landscape objects and terrains when they were rendered. The processes respectively substitute simpler geometrical shapes for more complex ones and less detailed textures for more detailed ones, lowering the polygon count and 3D rendering time for a given frame and thus putting less demand on the geometric engine. Pilotwings 64 also applies z-buffering, which keeps track of an object's depth and tells the graphics processor which portions of the object to render and which to hide. This, along with texture filtering and anti-aliasing, makes the object appear solid and smooth along its edges rather than pixelated.

As Nintendo was in charge of its actual game design, they dictated the aircraft and characters that would be present in the game. The six playable pilots in Pilotwings 64 are all named after various birds. The character Lark is modeled after Nester, a mascot for the North American Nintendo Power magazine. The female character Robin is called "Hooter" in the Japanese version. The soundtrack for Pilotwings 64 was composed by Dan Hess with Akito Nakatsuka as arranger. According to Hess, Nakatsuka did not participate in the making of the game's music despite his credit. The tracks were produced to complement each level, such as a "soothing" jazz-inspired musical piece played during the exploratory Birdman mode. A CD soundtrack was released by Pony Canyon in Japan on December 16, 1996.

Pilotwings 64 was one of thirteen Nintendo 64 games shown at Shoshinkai show in Tokyo in November 1995 when the console was first demonstrated to the public as the "Ultra 64". The game was later displayed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in Los Angeles during May 1996.

Reception and legacy
Pilotwings 64 was released in Japan on June 23, 1996, as one of three Nintendo 64 launch titles, the other two being Super Mario 64 and Saikyō Habu Shōgi. Pilotwings 64 managed to sell about one unit with about every tenth Nintendo 64 console, with regional sales totaling 136,986 copies by the end of the year. The game was one of two original releases for the system during its September 26, 1996 debut in North America, which was a few days earlier than the date set by Nintendo. While Super Mario 64 initially sold at a one-to-one ratio with each console in the United States, Pilotwings 64 sold an average of one copy with every fourth console. Despite selling out, some store locations for Electronics Boutique and KB Toys reported little or no units of the flight simulator being shipped to retailers. About 90,000 copies of Pilotwings 64 were sold in its first few days on sale in the country, putting the game at number four on the NPD Group sales charts for that September. It went on to become the sixth best-selling Nintendo 64 game of 1996 in the United States. Pilotwings 64 saw a release in European nations on March 1, 1997, when it was one of three launch games along with Super Mario 64 and Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire. In the United Kingdom, it was listed by Esquire magazine as the "cheapest game in Nintendo's frighteningly-priced opening range of titles". It was confirmed in early 1998 that the game had sold over one million units worldwide.

Pilotwings 64 was well received by most reviewers. The game's combination of 3D graphics, realistic settings, and flight simulation were applauded by many news sources and major gaming publications. In his release review of the Nintendo 64, The Seattle Times contributor Steven L. Kent found that the flight mechanics and vast areas featured in Pilotwings 64 make it one of the most impressive games ever made. Glenn Rubenstein of the website GameSpot summarized, "The graphics, sound, control, and all around excitement add up to make Pilotwings 64 one hell of a great ride." Staff reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly, GamePro, and IGN all voiced positive comments on the game's polygon rendering and frame rates, as well as its sense of control and flying. Alex Constantides of Computer and Video Games enjoyed the game's large environments, exclaiming, "You'll not believe just how huge the islands really are and, because certain elements are hidden at first, it'll take you months to see everything." IGN's Levi Buchanan described this low-pressure, "challenge without competition" aspect of the game as a design philosophy adopted by later Nintendo titles such as Nintendogs. Rich Leadbetter of Maximum said that not everyone is appealed by its gameplay's "sedate nature", but agreed that PilotWings 64 involved high "skill, dexterity and control", and that "it is a game that you must own and whilst not quite in the same league of 'must-have'itude as Super Mario 64, it remains an astounding achievement and another triumph for Nintendo." A Next Generation critic remarked that once beyond the introductory missions the game becomes satisfyingly challenging, and succeeds as both a flight simulation and an example of Nintendo's surrealistic gameplay: "It's a weird mix of total realism and self-conscious videogame elements, and the two don't grate."

Pilotwings 64 has been criticized for lacking innovative gameplay. The New York Times writer Ashley Dunn characterized the game's E3 demonstration as "brain-dead" in its gameplay and suggested that even young children would rather fly a dragon on the Sony PlayStation. Game Revolution issued Pilotwings 64 a particularly harsh review score, declaring the game to be nothing more than a graphical showcase for those with nothing better to do. The sound effects present in the game were impressive to several reviewers, but the soundtrack has been negatively compared to lounge music and porn groove, although the 'Birdman' track was highly rated.

Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded Pilotwings 64 Flying Game of the Year, explaining that it shows the potential of the fun factor of flying and allows for more than one path from point A to point B, and says that "fun, variety and easy-paced action gave PW64 this award."

Pilotwings 64 was ranked number 38 in Nintendo Power's "100 Best Nintendo Games of All Time" in its landmark 100th issue in September 1997. In February 2006, it was rated the 117th best game made on a Nintendo system in the magazine's "Top 200 Games" list for its 200th issue. In July 2007, the United Kingdom video game magazine Edge included Pilotwings 64 at number 69 on its own "Top 100 Games" list. The UK's Official Nintendo Magazine listed it at number 40 on its "100 Best Nintendo Games" in February 2009.

Paradigm announced at E3 1997 that they were producing a Nintendo 64 sequel to Pilotwings 64. However, even though Nintendo expressed interest in Paradigm's early presentations, the game was cancelled because Nintendo did not have the resources to aid in its development at that time. There were rumors of a sequel on the GameCube and later the Wii, development courtesy of Factor 5, but no game was ever shown. After their briefing time at E3 2010, Nintendo announced a sequel titled Pilotwings Resort for the Nintendo 3DS, which was released as a launch title for the handheld console.

title: Pilotwings 64


text:
Talk:EarthStation 5

Does anyone have any evidence apart from the email listed on the page? I can't find any more. If you are feeling paranoid you could say that the RIAA wrote the email ;) Secretlondon 15:04, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

Major Revamp
I'm going to doing a major rewrite and revamp of this article. I've got about two dozen citations and a bunch of research I've done. I'll keep the article tagged during the process. Please bear with me and do not revert but rather try to help the text forward. —mako (talk•contribs) 23:29, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've done the first pass through. I've still got to add about 50% of the references and flesh out a few more areas. Thanks for bearing with me and please keep the cleanup tag until I'm done! Please go ahead and hack on the text though if you can find ways to improve it! Thanks! —mako (talk•contribs) 01:30, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

So what is a "standalone file-sharing network network"? A network of networks that operates independently of the Internet?

 * I'm pretty sure it's a mistake/typo. mako (talk•contribs) 19:41, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Name?
This article refers to both "EarthStation 5" and "Earth Station 5." Other sources also talk about "Earthstation 5." Not even ES5's own press release is consistent in the spacing and capitalization, so I doubt there's One Right Way To Do This, but it'd be nice if the article could pick one and use it as consistently as possible.

 * Indeed, the article title uses EarthStation, and opening sentence uses Earth Station. An informal survey of Google News archives also suggests common usage in media is a toss-up between the two: 51 results for "earthstation 5", 45 for "earth station 5", 4 for "earthstation v", and 5 for "earth station v". The company name, according to a German-language article in Der Spiegel was "Earthstation V Ltd.", founded 2001-12-10 in Vanuatu. Is there a citation that gives a definitive name for the client software itself? (The article says it was called Earth Station 5, but without specific citation). "Earthstation V Ltd" is still listed as the leasee of earthstationv.com.

 * The domain name, though not currently mentioned in the article, also varied, in the sense that three different domains for client download seemed to be mirrors of one another. es5.com shows a 2001-12-09 original registration date, earthstation5.com 26-feb-2002, and earthstationv.com 10-mar-2002. Archive.org shows all three looking like mirrors of one another (earliest 2003 reference is for es5.com, but the others are also from early 2003).

 * I propose either changing the name to "EarthStation 5" in the opening paragraph, or else changing the article title to "Earth Station 5." Keep the "(ES5)" in parentheses, and subsequently refer to it as ES5 throughout the article. The article uses ES5 after the first sentence already, except in three occurrences. Also include a sentence, perhaps as a second sentence, "Called ES5 for short, the network was variously referred to as EarthStation 5, Earth Station 5, EarthStation V, and Earth Station V." -Agyle 03:13, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Your suggestion sounds reasonable and I'm encourage anyone to go ahead and make it throughout the article. I prefer "Earth Station 5" for the title, I think. — m a k o ๛  17:42, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Es5-screenshot.png
Image:Es5-screenshot.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:30, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe I have now addressed this issue. — m a k o ๛  17:41, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:EarthStation 5