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Impact winter

An impact winter is a hypothesized period of prolonged cold weather due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet on the Earth's surface. If an asteroid were to strike land or a shallow body of water, it would eject an enormous amount of dust, ash, and other material into the atmosphere, blocking the radiation from the Sun. This would cause the global temperature to decrease drastically. If an asteroid or comet with the diameter of about 5 km or more were to hit in a large deep body of water or explode before hitting the surface, there would still be an enormous amount of debris ejected into the atmosphere. It has been proposed that an impact winter could lead to mass extinction, wiping out many of the world's existing species. The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event probably involved an impact winter, and led to mass extinction of most tetrapods weighing more than 25 kilograms (55 pounds).

Possibility of impact
Each year, the Earth is hit by 5 m diameter meteoroids that deliver an explosion 50 km above the surface with the power equivalent of one kiloton of TNT. The Earth is hit every day by a meteor less than 5 m in diameter that disintegrates before reaching the surface. The meteors that do make it to the surface tend to strike unpopulated areas and cause no harm. A human is more likely to die in a fire, flood, or other natural disaster than to die because of an asteroid or comet impact. Another study in 1994 found a 1-in-10,000 chance that the Earth will be hit by a large asteroid or comet with a diameter of about 2 km during the next century. This object would be capable of disrupting the ecosphere and would kill a large fraction of the world's population. One such object, Asteroid 1950 DA, currently has a 0.005% chance of colliding with Earth in the year 2880, though when first discovered the probability was 0.3%. The probability goes down as orbits are refined with additional measurements.

Over 300 short-period comets pass near larger planets, such as Saturn and Jupiter, which can change the comets' trajectories and could potentially put them into an Earth-crossing orbit. This could happen for long-period comets also but the chance is highest for short-period comets. The chance of these directly impacting Earth is far lower than a near-Earth object (NEO) impact. Victor Clube and Bill Napier support a controversial theory that a short-period comet in an Earth-crossing orbit does not need to impact to be hazardous, as it could disintegrate and cause a dust veil with possibilities of a "nuclear winter" scenario with long-term global cooling lasting for thousands of years (which they consider to be similar in probability to a 1 km impact).

Necessary impact factors
The Earth experiences a never-ending barrage of cosmic debris. Small particles burn up as they enter the atmosphere and are visible as meteors. Many of them go unnoticed by the average person even though not all of them burn up before they hit the Earth's surface. Those that strike the surface are known as meteorites. Thus, not every object that hits the Earth will cause an extinction-level event or even cause any real harm. Objects release most of their kinetic energy in the atmosphere and will explode if they experience a column of atmosphere greater than or equal to their mass. Extinction-level impacts on the Earth occur about every 100 million years. Although extinction events happen very rarely, large projectiles can do severe damage. This section will discuss the nature of the hazards posed by projectiles as a function of their size and composition.

Size
A large asteroid or comet could collide with the Earth's surface with the force of hundreds to thousands of times the force of all the nuclear bombs on the Earth. For example, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event has been proposed to have caused extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Early estimates of this asteroid's size put it at about 10 km in diameter. This means it hit with nearly a force of 100,000,000 MT (418 ZJ). That is over six billion times larger than the atomic bomb yield (16 kilotons, 67 TJ) that was dropped on Hiroshima during WW2. This impactor excavated the Chicxulub crater that is 180 km in diameter. With an object this size, dust and debris would still be ejected into the atmosphere even if it hit the ocean, which is only 4 km deep. An asteroid, meteor, or comet would remain intact through the atmosphere by virtue of its sheer mass. However, an object smaller than 3 km would have to have a strong iron composition to breach the lower atmosphere - the troposphere or the lower levels of the stratosphere.

Composition
There are three different composition types for an asteroid or comet: metallic, stony and icy. The composition of the object determines whether or not it will make it to the Earth's surface in one piece, disintegrate before breaching the atmosphere, or break up and explode just before reaching the surface. A metallic object tends to be made up of iron and nickel alloys. These metallic objects are the most likely to impact the surface because they stand up better to the stresses of ram pressure induced flattening and fragmentation during deceleration in the atmosphere. The stony objects, like chondritic meteorites, tend to burn, break up, or explode before leaving the upper atmosphere. Those that do make it to the surface need a minimum energy of about 10 MtonTNT or about 50 m diameter to breach the lower atmosphere (this is for a stony object hitting at 20 km/s). The porous comet-like objects are made up of low-density silicates, organics, ice, volatile and often burn up in the upper atmosphere because of their low bulk density (≤1 g/cm3).

Possible mechanisms
Although the asteroids and comets that impact the Earth hit with many times the explosive force of a volcano, the mechanisms of an impact winter are similar to those that occur after a mega-volcanic eruption-induced volcanic winter. In this scenario massive amounts of debris injected into the atmosphere would block some of the Sun's radiation for an extended period of time and lower the mean global temperature by as much as 20 °C after a year. The two main mechanisms that could lead to an impact winter are mass ejection of regolith and multiple firestorms.

Mass ejection of regolith

In a study conducted by Curt Covey et al., it was found that an asteroid about 10 km in diameter with the explosive force of about 108 MT could send upward of about 2.5x1015 kg of 1 μm sized aerosol particles into the atmosphere. Anything larger would fall quickly back to the surface. These particles would then be spread throughout the atmosphere and absorb or refract the sunlight before it is able to reach the surface, cooling the planet in a similar fashion as the sulfurous aerosol rising from a megavolcano, producing deep global dimming. This is controversially purported to have occurred following the Toba eruption.

These pulverized rock particles would remain in the atmosphere until dry deposition and due to their size, they would also act as cloud condensation nuclei and would be washed out by wet deposition/precipitation, but even then, about 15% of the sun's radiation might not reach the surface. After the first 20 days, the land temperature might drop quickly, by about 13 °C. After about a year, the temperature could rebound by about 6 °C, but by this time about one-third of the Northern Hemisphere might be covered in ice.

However, this effect could be largely mitigated, even reversed, by a release of enormous quantities of water vapor and carbon dioxide caused by the initial global heat pulse after the impact. If the asteroid hit an ocean (which would be the case with the majority of impact events), water vapor would form the majority of any ejected matter, and would likely result in a major greenhouse effect and a net increase in temperature.

If the impact event is sufficiently energetic it might cause mantle plume (volcanism) at the antipodal point (the opposite side of the world). This volcanism could alone therefore create a volcanic winter, irrespective of the other impact effects.

Multiple firestorms
In combination with the initial debris ejected into the atmosphere, if the impactor is extremely large (3 km or more), like at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (estimated 10 km), there might be the ignition of multiple fire storms, possibly with a global reach into every dense and therefore firestorm-prone forest. These wood fires might release enough amounts of water vapor, ash, soot, tar and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to perturb the climate on their own and cause the pulverized rock dust cloud blocking the sun to last longer. Alternatively it could cause it to last for a much shorter time, as there would be more water vapor for the rocky aerosol particles to form cloud condensation nuclei. If it causes the dust cloud to last longer, it would prolong the Earth's cooling time, possibly causing thicker ice sheets to form.

Past events
In 2016, a scientific drilling project drilled deep into the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater to obtain rock core samples from the impact itself. This crater is one of the best known impact craters and was the impact responsible for the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

The discoveries were widely seen as confirming current theories related to both the crater impact and its effects. They confirmed that the rock comprising the peak ring had been subjected to immense pressures and forces, and had been melted by immense heat and shocked by immense pressure from its usual state into its present form in just minutes. The fact that the peak ring was made of granite was also significant, since granite is not a rock found in sea-floor deposits – it originates much deeper in the earth and had been ejected to the surface by the immense pressures of impact. Gypsum, a sulfate-containing rock that is usually present in the shallow seabed of the region, had been almost entirely removed and must therefore have been almost entirely vaporized and entered the atmosphere, and that the event was immediately followed by a huge megatsunami (a massive movement of sea waters) sufficient to lay down the largest known layer of sand separated by grain size directly above the peak ring.

These strongly support the hypothesis that the impactor was large enough to create a 120-mile peak ring, eject molten granite from deep within the earth, create colossal water movements, and eject an immense quantity of vaporized rock and sulfates into the atmosphere, where they would have persisted for a long time. This global dispersion of dust and sulfates would have led to a sudden and catastrophic effect on the climate worldwide by causing large temperature drops, devastating the food chain.

Impact on humans

An impact winter would have a devastating effect on humans, as well as the other species on Earth. With the sun's radiation being severely diminished, the first species to die would be plants and animals who survive through the process of photosynthesis. This lack of food would ultimately lead to other mass extinctions of other animals that are higher up on the food chain and possibly kill up to 25% of the human population. Depending on location and size of the initial impact, the cost of clean-up efforts could be so high as to cause an economic crisis for the survivors. These factors would make life on Earth, for humans, extremely difficult.

Agriculture
With the Earth's atmosphere full of dust and other material, radiation from the sun would be refracted and scattered back into space and absorbed by this debris. The first effect on the Earth, after the blast wave and potential multiple fire storms, would be the death of most, if not all, of the photosynthetic life forms on Earth. Those in the ocean that survive would possibly become dormant until the sun came out again. Those on land could possibly be kept alive in underground microclimates, with one such example being the Zbrašov aragonite caves. Greenhouses in underground complexes with fossil or nuclear energy power stations could conceivably keep artificial sunlight growing lamps on until the atmosphere began to clear. Meanwhile, those outside that were not killed by the lack of sunlight would most likely be killed or kept dormant by the extreme cold of the impact winter. This death of plants might lead to a long period of famine if enough people survived the initial blast wave and would result in increased food costs in undeveloped countries only a few months after the first crop failures. Developed countries wouldn't encounter famine unless the cooling event was to last longer than a year, due to larger canned food and grain stockpiles in these countries. However, if the impactor was similar in size to the K/T boundary impactor, agricultural losses might not be compensated with imports to the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere or vice versa. The only way to keep from starving would be for each country to amass at least a year's worth of food for their people. Not many countries have this; the world's average cereal stock levels are only about 30% of the yearly production.

Economics
The cost to clean up after an asteroid or comet impact would cost billions to trillions of dollars, depending on the location impacted. An impact in New York City (the 16th most populated city in the world) could cost billions of dollars in financial losses and it could take years for the financial sector (i.e. stock market) to recover. However, the probability of such a naturally specifically aimed impact would be exceedingly low.

Survivability
, there are 17,841 near-Earth objects known. 8,059 potentially hazardous objects are known; they are larger than 140 m and may approach the Earth closer than 20 times the distance to the Moon. 888 NEAs larger than 1 km have been discovered, or 96.5% of an estimated total of about 920.

title: Impact winter


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Symphony No. 39 (Haydn)

Symphony No. 39 is a symphony in G minor (Hoboken 1/39) by Franz Joseph Haydn in 1765, at the age of 33 under the beneficence of Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. It is the earliest of Haydn's minor key symphonies associated with his Sturm und Drang period works (such as the Symphony No. 45).

Movements
It is written for an orchestra consisting of two oboes, four horns (two in B♭ alto and two in G), and strings (violins divided into two, violas, cellos and double basses). There are four movements:

 * 1) Allegro assai,
 * 2) Andante, in E♭ major
 * 3) Menuet & Trio,
 * 4) Finale: Allegro di molto,

The opening movement features a nervously exciting main theme interrupted by frequent pauses. Felix Diergarten has specifically analysed the pauses in the first movement in the symphony, with respect to symphonic form of the time. Both the first and second theme groups begin with the same two bars of melodic material.

In contrast to the Sturm und Drang of the opening movement, A. P. Brown describes the Andante as "one of Haydn's most galant slow movements, with its small meter signature, sixteenth triplets, slides, weak resolutions, echoes, and generally thin texture".

The minor mode returns for the Menuet which is contrasted by a bright major-mode Trio which features high notes for the first horn.

The frenetic Sturm und Drang finale brings the symphony to an energetic conclusion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Symphony No. 39 (Haydn)


text:
Talk:Jan Terlouw

Untitled
Do we really need to redundantly add the date in the first paragraph, right below the title sentence says (born on date)? ugen64 03:55, Dec 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * Nope. Thanks to you and Danny for the formatting BTW. - Hephaestos 03:57, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Just copied the formatting of pertinant sections from the dutch langauge version, makes sense when somone decides to translate all of the page at some point.

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 10:24, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 10:29, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:54, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Jan Terlouw (2014).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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title: Talk:Jan Terlouw


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Ashur-uballit I

Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), who reigned between c. 1363 and c.  1328 BC, was the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire. After his father Eriba-Adad I had broken Mitanni influence over Assyria, Ashur-uballit I's defeat of the Mitanni king Shuttarna III marks Assyria's ascendancy over the Hurri-Mitanni Empire, and the beginning of its emergence as a powerful empire. Later on, due to disorder in Babylonia following the death of the Kassite king Burnaburiash II, Ashur-uballit established Kurigalzu II on the Babylonian throne, in the first of what would become a series of Assyrian interventions in Babylonian affairs.

Family and personal life
Burnaburiash married Muballitat-Sherua of Assyria, the daughter of Ashur-uballit I. Together, they had at least one son, Prince Kara-hardash. They may also have been the parents of Kurigalzu II, or his grandparents.

Amarna letters
From the Amarna letters, a series of diplomatic letters from various Middle Eastern monarchs to Amenhotep III and Akhenaten of Egypt, we find two letters from Ashur-uballit I, the second being a follow-up letter to the first. In the letters, Ashur-uballit refers to his second predecessor Ashur-nadin-ahhe II as his "father" or "ancestor," rather than his actual father, Eriba-Adad I, which has led some critics of conventional Egyptian chronology, such as David Rohl, to claim that the Ashur-uballit of the Amarna letters was not the same as Ashur-uballit I. This, however, ignores the fact that monarchs in the Amarna letters frequently refer to predecessors as their "father," even if they were not their biological sons. In this case, Ashur-uballit presumably referred to Ashur-nadin-ahhe because the latter, unlike Eriba-Adad I, had previously corresponded with the Egyptian court.

Babylonian wars
With Assyrian power firmly established, Ashur-uballit started to make contacts with other great nations. His messages to the Egyptians angered his Babylonian neighbour Burnaburiash II, who himself wrote to the Pharaoh: “with regard to my Assyrian vassals, it was not I who sent them to you. Why did they go to your country without proper authority? If you are loyal to me they will not negotiate any business. Send them to me empty-handed!”

Legacy
Prince Kara-hardash succeeded his father. A revolt soon broke out that showed the unpopularity of the Assyrians. Asshur-uballit would not allow his grandson to be cast aside, and duly invaded Babylon. Because Kara-Hardash was killed in the rebellion, the Assyrians placed on the Babylonian throne Kurigalzu II. But this new puppet king did not remain loyal to his master, and soon invaded Assyria. Ashur-uballit stopped the Babylonian army at Sugagu, not far south from the capital Assur.

Ashur-uballit I then counterattacked, and invaded Babylonia, appropriating hitherto Babylonian territory in central Mesopotamia, and forcing a treaty in Assyria's favour upon Kurigalzu.

title: Ashur-uballit I


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Scroll and Key

The Scroll and Key Society is a secret society, founded in 1842 at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut. It is one of the oldest Yale secret societies and reputedly the wealthiest. The society is one of the reputed "Big Three" societies at Yale, along with Skull and Bones and Wolf's Head. Each spring the society admits 15 rising seniors to participate in its activities and carry on its traditions.

History
Scroll and Key was established by John Addison Porter, with aid from several members of the Class of 1842 (including Leonard Case Jr. and Theodore Runyon) and a member of the Class of 1843 (William L. Kingsley), after disputes over elections to Skull and Bones Society. Kingsley is the namesake of the alumni organization, the Kingsley Trust Association (KTA), incorporated years after its founding. Lyman Hotchkiss Bagg wrote that "up until as recent a date as 1860, Keys had great difficulty in making up its crowd, rarely being able to secure the full fifteen upon the night of giving out its elections." However, the society was on the upswing: "the old order of things, however, has recently come to an end, and Keys is now in possession of a hall far superior...not only to Bones hall, but to any college-society hall in America."

In addition to financing its activities, Scroll and Key has made significant donations to Yale over the years. The John Addison Porter Prize, awarded annually since 1872, and in 1917 the endowment for the founding of the Yale University Press, which has funded the publication of The Yale Shakespeare and sponsored the Yale Younger Poets Series, are gifts from "Keys".

Traditions

 * At the close of Thursday and Sunday sessions, members are known to sing the "Troubadour" song on the front steps of the Society's hall, a remnant of the tradition of public singing at Yale. The song (written in the 1820s by Thomas Haynes Bayly) was recorded by Tennessee Ernie Ford on his 1956 album, This Lusty Land, as "Gaily the Troubador".
 * In keeping with the practice of adopting secret letters or symbols such as Skull and Bones' "322," Manuscript's "344," and the Pundits' "T.B.I.Y.T.B," Scroll and Key is known to use the letters "C.S.P. and C.C.J."
 * Members of the society sign letters to each other "YiT", as opposed to Skull and Bones' "yours in 322".
 * Outside of its tap-related activities, the society has been known to hold two major annual events called "Z Session".

Architecture
The society's "building" was designed in the Moorish Revival style by Richard Morris Hunt and constructed in 1870. A later expansion was completed in 1901. Architectural historian Patrick Pinnell includes an in-depth discussion of Keys' building in his 1999 history of Yale's campus, relating the then-notable cost overruns associated with the Keys structure and its aesthetic significance within the campus landscape. Pinnell's history shares the fact that the land was purchased from another Yale secret society, Berzelius (at that time, a Sheffield Scientific School society). In 2002, the society underwent a major construction project rumored to involve an aquarium beneath the society.

Regarding its distinctive appearance, Pinnell noted that "19th-century artists' studios commonly had exotic orientalia lying about to suggest that the painter was sophisticated, well traveled, and in touch with mysterious powers; Hunt's Scroll and Key is one instance in which the trope got turned into a building." Later, undergraduates described the building as a "striped zebra Billiard Hall" in a supplement to a Yale yearbook. More recently, it has been described by an undergraduate publication as being "the nicest building in all of New Haven".

Membership
Scroll and Key taps annually a delegation of 15, composed of men and women of the junior class, to serve the following year. Membership is offered to a diverse group of highly accomplished juniors, specifically those who have "achieved in any field, academic, extra-curricular, or personal". Delegations frequently include editors of the Yale Daily News and other publications, artists and musicians, social and political activists, athletes of distinction, entrepreneurs, and high-achieving scholars.

Mark Twain is an honorary member, under the auspices of Joseph Twichell, Yale College Class of 1859.

title: Scroll and Key


text:
Talk:Unitarian Universalist Association

Untitled section
One of these days I'll get around to adding pages for the UCA and AUA.... UtherSRG 04:04, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

CUC/UUA stuff
I have a CUC point of view which probably different than that of someone in the United States, but from a Canadian perspective, Canadian congregations have no ties to the UUA whatsoever, and this article states otherwise. The only ties that exist from our perspective are through YRUU (Young Religious Unitarian Universalists) and C*UUYAN (Continental Unitarian Universalist Young Adult Network) which are affiliated with the UUA. Perhaps when the CUC split from the UUA there was some agreement in between them about managing ministries, but it certainly is not happening.

 * Agreed. I come from a UUA perspective (rather, a PCD UUA) perspective, and the only cooperation I've with the CUC is through YRUU. HellaNorCal 06:33, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Gun Org stuff
If the Association is a member of a gun control special interest group, then why the problem identifying it as such? It clearly is a gun control special interest association and hence an organization associated with gun control, along with, of course, other larger interests. It can't be both ways. Yaf 19:25, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It sn't primarily a gon control organization. It's a religion. There's no reason to tag religions as gun control organizations, especially when the religion has a significant number of issues it is working much more strongly on than this one issue. - UtherSRG (talk) 19:38, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Except when they are also a gun control association, by their own public admissions and announcements. Clearly, this is not a major issue within the religion, as you (and evidently others within the religion) don't think their position on gun rights is worth noting. (Am I reading your reason right?) Yet, if they were also against, say, the First Amendment of the United States Constitution and free speech to publish cartoons for example (ridiculous, I must admit), would it be noteworthy to state they were against one of the Bill of Rights? I would think so.  Similarly, by their position against the Second Amendment by public announcements, which is also in the Bill of Rights, it is somehow not worth noting their position against another freedom that is also protected by the Bill of Rights.  OK.  This suppression does puzzle me, though, in keeping with the claim of respecting the beliefs of others and promoting tolerance.  It is somehow OK to trash certain freedoms in the name of religion, but not others.  Definitely reminds me of certain other religions that are in the news these days.  Yaf 20:00, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If you want to make a personal effort to hunt down all of the things which the UUA has publicly denounced, and maybe sections on other things which districts, congregations, Youth Groups and individuals have denounced, then you'll get no qualms from me. However, just mentioning one of them is POV. Canaen  06:30, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The UUA and many of its members has many positions, including opposition to racism, opposition to sexism, opposition to homophobia, generally friendly attitudes towards environmentalism, and more. Does this make it an anti-racist, anti-sexist, gay rights, environmentalist special interest group? No. The Catholic Church has social justice teachings, is opposed to gay marriage, is opposed to abortion. Does that make the Catholic Church a pro-social-justice, 'pro-family', pro-life special interest group? No. It's a religion. As others have pointed out, other Churches that support gun control aren't being targeted here. No other things the UUA supports are being targeted. We need to apply standards fairly, not single out the UUA to militant gun rights activists based on some overzealous wiki editor's vendetta. The UUA has already been targeted for and suffered from political violence for their positions. --152.65.37.143 (talk) 01:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

Why stop there? Why not mention a lot of people think that Roe V Wade was decided incorrectly and they are willing to kill people who think differently. Why not start up slavery again, and decide who can vote?

Oh, I forgot, we already do that.

--Lee Wells 14:25, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I would point you to all of the church organizations that are directly or indirectly supporters/funders of gun control. I notice Yaf has not visited any of those churches' wikis and made this same complaint. I see no reason to cherry pick which churches to attack on this issue. What about the Baptists, Jesuits, Methodists, Holiness, Jews, and many other religions who all support the gun ban group "Coalition to Stop Gun Violence" (formerly known as "National Coalition to Ban Handguns") on their wiki pages, for example? --Suntree

Districts, Youth stuff, and more.
Hey y'all. I've decided to work on nothing but UU-related articles, and have created this account as such. I've created a few navigation boxes, and stubs for all the UUA districts. See Districts of the Unitarian Universalist Association, YRUU, and PCD YRUU and you'll see all the navigation boxes I've made. If anyone wants to help out, I have a sort of to-do list on my user page. Go in peace, HellaNorCal 06:36, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

First Paragraph Issue
Hi, I'm new here. Wouldn't the opening paragraph be more balanced if the word "wisdom" was replaced with "ideas" or a similar word? Macmelvino 00:08, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Read the Principles and Purposes section, and you'll see why "wisdom" is appropriate. - UtherSRG (talk) 02:48, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey, thanx for the welcome! I do see your point, and this perhaps isn't the place for a debate, but I as a Christian feel that any actual wisdom that can be found in another religion is already covered in the Bible.  Many (um, not all) of the Principles and Purposes listed are indeed values that I hold.  I could be a minority of one here, but I still believe that in the interests of neutrality, "ideas" or maybe even "doctrines" would be a better word.  Peace. - Macmelvino 18:03, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * But wisdom is just what they're looking for, not ideas and certainly not doctrines. You may feel there is no wisdom outside the bible, but that is a point of view.  Many religions (Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism) feel they find wisdom from other sources. –Shoaler (talk) 18:26, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I've said my piece. I'm done now.  Peace, Macmelvino 16:18, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

UUA is a denomination
I'm not quite sure why it makes sense to say that the UUA isn't a denomination, when many denominations have congregational polity like the UUA (as the article mentions). "Denomination" literally means "a collective name for a group of churches." As long as it's possible for a church to belong to the UUA, the UUA is a denomination--but one with congregational polity. Atterlep 04:51, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Some object to "denomination" because it implies a subgroup of a larger group (e.g. UU is not a Christian denomination because it is separate). On the other hand, UUA has promoted the catchline "The Uncommon Denomination". To me though, that begs the question "denomination of what?" Aleta 05:22, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The UUA self-definition is "a voluntary association of autonomous, self-governing local churches and fellowships", not a denomination. The "Uncommon Denomination" slogan is just part of a marketing campaign. --jofframes 14:30, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:UUA Logo.svg
Image:UUA Logo.svg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:24, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and took a stab at providing a fair use rationale for the logo. I kind of copied from the text used on the Apple, Inc. logo but changed it to make it fit. If anyone wants to add to or correct what I did, go for it. For now, though, it should prevent speedy deletion. ThAtSo 07:04, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Boy Scouts of America controversy
Do UUA congregations still sponsor BSA troops? Do UUA and BSA still have ties? --Jagz 16:37, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Here is an article named "Scouting alternatives draw UU youth". --Jagz 17:09, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Was this the article you were looking for?
I checked all of those listed as possibly being confused with Unitarian Universalist Association, and not one of them has this warning with lists of other churches at the bottom. I fear this is yet another effort to advertise those religions when people view this article rather than helping viewers find the article they seek. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Suntree (talk • contribs) 01:19, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that this template should be used on all the pages that are referenced on the template. For example, United Church of Christ is listed on the template, but it doesn't use the template.  If the UUA could be confused with the UCC, can't the UCC also be confused with the UUA?  I've raised this concern on the talk page and will start making changes unless I hear any objections. Rickterp 19:02, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize this page had ben singled out. I've just added the template to some of the other referenced articles, so it's now on all all the ones in the top line, and in the general article on uniting churches. I haven't checked the remaining articles Aleta 00:00, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I just added the template to the articles listed on the bottom half of the template. Hope this helps. --Devin Murphy 07:59, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Unitarian Universalism work group?
There has been a suggestion over on the WikiProject Religion talk page to create a work group consisting of folks interested in articles related to Unitarian Universalism. So would anyone here be interested in joining in such an effort. --Devin Murphy (talk) 07:45, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It’s now official there’s a Unitarian Universalism work group. --Devin Murphy (talk) 22:08, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:34, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Boy Scouts section needs update
In March 2016, UUA and Boy Scouts of America signed a Memorandum of Understanding (see also this article). The section on Boy Scouts needs to be updated with this information. Marcos (talk) 09:45, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations in North America
What is this entity?

You proactively confirm its identity, because on searching on it in Wikipedia, you redirect us here—only to seem to proceed not to mention it.

At the risk of being obvious, if that organization is related to you, treat it. If not, cease redirecting us here.

Do the same for Web site uua.org. I didn't search too deeply, but offhand I saw no mention of the name there, either.

Jimlue (talk) 13:27, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations
I spoke too soon.

Now I'm seeing this name as well—moreover, on uua.org. And on searching on it in Wiki, it too redirects to the present article.

Define, disambiguate, and otherwise explain Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations in North America, Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations, and Unitarian Universalist Association.

Jimlue (talk)

Worship
While trying to find a place to merge the content from Evensong (Unitarian Universalist Association), I noticed that there is no section here regarding worship and associated resources. On the other hand, Unitarian_Universalism contains some content that seems to be quite specific to the UUA, such as mention of the specific hymn books in use. What is the general opinion on moving some of the content from there to a new section of this article (and then merging Evensong (Unitarian Universalist Association) here? Felix QW (talk) 20:11, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unitarian Universalist Association


text:
User talk:Victor

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

--Alexandros 04:05, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Victor


text:
Sons of the Pioneers

The Sons of the Pioneers are one of the United States' earliest Western singing groups. Known for their vocal performances, their musicianship, and their songwriting, they produced innovative recordings that have inspired many Western music performers and remained popular through the years. Since 1933, through many changes in membership, the Sons of the Pioneers have remained one of the longest-surviving country music vocal groups.

Origins
In the spring of 1931, Ohio-born Leonard Slye, the cowboy singer who would later change his name to Roy Rogers, arrived in California and found work as a truck driver, and later as a fruit picker for the Del Monte company in California's Central Valley. He entered an amateur singing contest on a Los Angeles radio show called Midnight Frolics and a few days later got an invitation to join a group called the Rocky Mountaineers.

In September 1931, Canadian-born Bob Nolan answered a classified ad in the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner that read, "Yodeler for old-time act, to travel. Tenor preferred." The band was The Rocky Mountaineers, by then led by Leonard Slye. After listening to the tall, slender, tanned Nolan sing and yodel, Slye hired Nolan on the spot. Although Nolan stayed with the group only a short time, he stayed in touch with Slye. Nolan was replaced by Tim Spencer, who had been working in a Safeway Stores warehouse.

In the spring of 1932, Slye, Spencer, and another singer, Slumber Nichols, left the Rocky Mountaineers to form a trio, which soon failed. Throughout most of 1932, Slye and Spencer moved through a series of short-lived groups like the International Cowboys and the O-Bar-O Cowboys. Spencer left the O-Bar-O Cowboys and quit music for a while. Slye joined Jack LeFevre and His Texas Outlaws, who were a popular act on a local Los Angeles radio station.

In early 1933, Slye, Nolan, and Spencer formed a group called the Pioneer Trio. The three young singers rehearsed for weeks honing their singing. While Slye continued to work with his radio singing group, Spencer and Nolan began writing songs for the group.

Early success
By early 1934, the group consisted of Leonard Slye, Bob Nolan, and Tim Spencer on vocals, with Nolan playing string bass and Slye playing rhythm guitar. During that time, fiddle player Hugh Farr joined the group, adding a bass voice to the group's vocal arrangements. He also sang lead on some songs. Later that year, the "Pioneers Trio" became the "Sons of the Pioneers" through a radio station announcer's chance remark. Asked why he'd changed their name, the announcer said they were too young to have been pioneers, but that they could be sons of pioneers. The name was received well and fit the group, who were no longer a trio.

By the summer of 1934, the Sons of the Pioneers' popularity and fame extended beyond the Los Angeles area and quickly spread across the United States through short syndicated radio segments that were rebroadcast all over the country. They signed a recording contract with the newly founded Decca label, and on August 8, 1934, the Sons of the Pioneers made their first commercial recording. That same day, the immensely popular crooner Bing Crosby also made his first Decca session.

One of the first songs recorded by the Sons of the Pioneers during that first August session was written by Bob Nolan, "Tumbling Tumbleweeds", that would soon become a staple in their repertoire. The original title "Tumbling Leaves" was changed to give the song a western character. Over the next two years the group would record 32 songs for Decca. Their output includes a 1937 recording of "The Blue Juniata," by Marion Dix Sullivan.

Motion pictures
Between 1935 and 1984, the Sons of the Pioneers appeared in 87 films, several short films, and a television series. In 1935 they signed with Columbia Pictures to supply the music for the studio's Charles Starrett westerns. In 1937, Leonard Slye was offered a contract as an actor with rival Republic Pictures. Part of that deal required him to leave the singing group. Leonard Slye was rechristened Roy Rogers, and went on to achieve major success as a singing cowboy in the movies. Roy Rogers and the Sons of the Pioneers remained close throughout the coming years. When the Starrett unit disbanded temporarily at the end of the 1941 season, the Pioneers rejoined Rogers at Republic and were soon appearing as highly popular supporting players in the Rogers westerns.

By this time the group was billed as "Bob Nolan and the Sons of the Pioneers." Nolan was reluctant to be the "leader" of the group, which had been formed as a co-operative outfit with no formal leader, but he bowed to the demands of show business. Agents, music publishers, and recording companies insisted that co-operative bands needed a name to promote them (as in Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra). Because Bob Nolan's featured appearances with Starrett had made him the most recognizable of the Pioneers, Nolan reluctantly became the "front" for the group. The group, as "Bob Nolan and the Sons of the Pioneers," made guest appearances in the Warner Bros. all-star revue Hollywood Canteen (1944, singing "Tumbling Tumbleweeds") and the RKO Hollywood-themed comedy Ding Dong Williams (1945, singing "Cool Water").

Radio
The Sons of the Pioneers always valued radio exposure, and appeared often on radio broadcasts. They had three network shows of their own: 10-2-4 Ranch (1941-45, for Dr Pepper), Radio Rodeo (for the Mutual Broadcasting System, 1941-42), and The Lucky U Ranch (1951-53, for Planters Peanuts).

The group also began making transcription records for broadcast in 1934. These were syndicated by Standard Transcriptions (1934-36), Mutual (1939, as The Sunshine Ranch), RCA (1940, as Symphonies of the Sage), the Armed Forces Radio Service (1942-45, as Melody Roundup), and Teleways (1947-49, as The Sons of the Pioneers Show).

The Teleways series was intended as a daily 15-minute show but could be programmed anywhere on a station's schedule, at the station's discretion. The group prepared a demonstration record for radio stations and their potential local sponsors, with announcer Art Gilmore reading promotional copy between songs. The informal, semi-scripted show had Bob Nolan acting as master of ceremonies, bantering with the other singers between numbers. The group was careful to program a variety of choral music, including cowboy songs, barbershop harmony, sentimental ballads, and spirituals, to appeal to the widest possible audience. The personnel were Bob Nolan, Tim Spencer, Lloyd Perryman, Pat Brady, Hugh "Foghorn" Farr, Karl Farr, and Ken Carson. The earliest shows include studio musician Ivan Ditmars accompanying them on piano and organ; Nolan appreciated Ditmars's efforts but preferred that the group's established sound should be preserved for the radio series, so Ditmars was released. Toward the end of the run, as an economic measure saving both time and money, the later Teleways shows were patched together from previous programs (including some songs with Ditmars), with new spoken dialogue by Nolan and the gang connecting the older performances.

Changes
Republic Pictures president Herbert Yates released the Sons of the Pioneers from their movie contract in 1948, replacing them with a less expensive alternative, Foy Willing's Riders of the Purple Sage. The hurried nature of the Sons of the Pioneers' last radio shows reflected Tim Spencer's and Bob Nolan's anxiousness to move on; both left the group in 1949, after their radio commitments had been fulfilled. Tim Spencer retired from performing with the group, to devote himself to handling the group's business interests; his place in the group was taken by singer Ken Curtis. Bob Nolan was replaced by Tommy Doss, who sounded almost exactly like him. Lloyd Perryman took over Nolan's emcee duties. Nolan returned to the group in 1955 at the insistence of RCA Victor, which valued the group's distinctive sound with Nolan, and refused to record the Sons of the Pioneers unless Nolan was present. Nolan's participation was limited to RCA records through 1958; he no longer appeared with the group. Similarly, Tim Spencer still participated in the RCA recording sessions through 1957. Hugh Farr retired from the group in 1959 and his brother, guitarist Karl Farr, died in 1961. The group continued to record new albums for RCA through the 1960s, the last being a collection of Hawaiian songs, The Sons of the Pioneers Visit the South Seas (1969).

End of an era
In 1971, Bob Nolan and Tim Spencer were both elected to the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1972, most of the surviving members of the Sons of the Pioneers, including the original Pioneer Trio of Roy Rogers, Bob Nolan, and Tim Spencer, gathered at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles for one last performance.

The late 1970s saw the passing of the founding members of the group. Tim Spencer died on April 26, 1976. Lloyd Perryman, who had been with the group since 1936, died on May 31, 1977. Hugh Farr, who had retired from the group in 1958, died on April 17, 1980.

In 1979, Bob Nolan returned to the studio for the final time and recorded a successful solo album of classics and newer compositions titled Bob Nolan – The Sound of a Pioneer. Nolan died on June 16, 1980. That same year, the Sons of the Pioneers were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Sons of the Pioneers today
The Sons of the Pioneers have never stopped performing since their inception in 1934. Following the death of Lloyd Perryman in 1977, Dale Warren, who had joined the group in 1952, took over the leadership of the Sons of the Pioneers, guiding them into the 2000s until his death on August 8, 2008. They continued to perform in concert and recorded as well, with a lineup that featured, among many others, Luther Nallie (guitar, vocals), Rusty Richards (vocals), Billy Armstrong (fiddle), Billy Liebert (accordion), Gary LeMaster (lead guitar), Rome Johnson (vocals), and Roy ("Dusty") Rogers, Jr. (vocals, MC), the founder's son, who appeared with the group from 2018 until his retirement in 2023.

The current Sons of the Pioneers are "trail boss" Tommy Nallie (vocals, lead guitar), who joined the group in 1983; Ken Lattimore (vocals, fiddle), John Fullerton (vocals, rhythm guitar), Paul Elliott (fiddle, vocals), and Chuck Ervin (bass, vocals).

Legacy
In addition to their appearances and filmed performances, their music was used in numerous other films and television shows. and for John Ford movies Wagon Master in 1949 and Rio Grande in 1950, and performed the theme song for the John Ford classic The Searchers in 1956.

In 1977, the Smithsonian Institution, which designates certain artists and performers who have made a noteworthy contribution to the arts and culture of America, named the Sons of the Pioneers as "National Treasures".

In 1995, the Sons of the Pioneers were inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

In 2001, a book about the group was published, titled The Sons of the Pioneers by Bill O'Neal and Fred Goodwin. Another book about the group, first published in 1974, is called Hear My Song, The Story of the Celebrated Sons of the Pioneers by Ken Griffis, and is available on The Pioneers' website.

Later notable appearances include:
 * An appearance along with Roy Rogers in January 1983 in season 2, episode 11 of the TV show "The Fall Guy", titled "Happy Trails".
 * An appearance on Austin City Limits in season 9, episode 12, titled "Country Legends with Faron Young, Kitty Wells, Sons of the Pioneers, Joe & Rose Maphis, Pee Wee King & Red Stewart, Johnny Wright, & The Collins Sisters". The episode was taped in Austin, TX on March 07, 1984.
 * "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" was used in the Coen Brothers film The Big Lebowski in 1998.

The Sons of the Pioneers were the first Country and Western group to sing at Carnegie Hall, and the first to perform at the lavish nightclubs in Las Vegas. The group has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6845 Hollywood Blvd. for recording.

Pioneertown, California was named for the Sons of the Pioneers who were original investors. It was built in 1946 as an old west movie set.

The Sons of the Pioneers Transcription Disc Collection resides at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill within the Southern Folklife Collection.

Timeline
Since 1934, 42 singers and musicians have been official members of the Sons of the Pioneers.

 * 1)  Roy Rogers (as Leonard Slye) (1934–37) lead vocals, rhythm & lead guitar
 * 2)  Bob Nolan (1934–49, 1955–58 recordings) baritone vocals, string bass
 * 3)  Tim Spencer (1934–36, 1938–49, 1955-57 recordings) tenor and lead vocals, lead & rhythm guitar
 * 4)  Hugh Farr (1934–59) bass and lead vocals, fiddle
 * 5)  Karl Farr (1935–61) lead/rhythm guitar, harmony
 * 6)  Lloyd Perryman (1936–43, 1946–77) tenor and lead vocals, rhythm guitar, 1st Trail Boss
 * 7)  Pat Brady (1937–43, 1946–49, 1959–69) string bass, comedy
 * 8)  Ken Carson (1943–47) tenor vocals, guitar
 * 9)  Deuce Spriggens (1943, 1953–55) string bass, harmony vocals
 * 10)  Shug Fisher (1944–46, 1949–53, 1956–59) string bass, harmony vocals, comedy
 * 11)  Ken Curtis (1949–53, 1955–57 recordings) lead vocals
 * 12)  Tommy Doss (1949–67, 1972) baritone vocals
 * 13)  Dale Warren (1952–2008) lead and baritone vocals, string bass/electric bass, 2nd Trail Boss
 * 14)  George Bamby (1959–60) accordion
 * 15)  Roy Lanham (1961–86) lead guitar, harmony vocals, comedy
 * 16)  Wade Ray (1961–62) fiddle, harmony vocals
 * 17)  Rusty Richards (1963–66, 1974–84) tenor vocals, rhythm guitar
 * 18)  Billy Armstrong (1966–72) lead vocals, fiddle
 * 19)  Bob Minser (1967–68) tenor vocals, string bass/electric bass
 * 20)  Luther Nallie (1969–74, 1980–2004, 2007–2015) tenor, lead, and baritone vocals, lead/rhythm guitar, electric bass, saxophone, clarinet, 3rd Trail Boss
 * 21)  Billy Liebert (1974–80) accordion, arranger
 * 22)  Rome Johnson (1977–80) lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * 23)  Doc Denning (1981) fiddle, harmony vocals
 * 24)  Dale Morris (1981–83) fiddle, harmony vocals
 * 25)  Tommy Nallie (1983–88, 2010–present) lead and harmony vocals, lead guitar, string bass, drums, 4th Trail Boss
 * 26)  Sunny Spencer (1984–2005) lead vocals, multi-instrumentalist, comedy
 * 27)  Jack Nallie (1984–86) electric bass
 * 28)  Gary LeMaster (1986–2006, 2008–12) tenor and lead vocals, lead guitar, trombone, trumpet, comedy
 * 29)  Daryl Wainscott (1987–93) keyboards, harmony vocals
 * 30)  David Bradley (1989–94) harmony vocals, rhythm guitar
 * 31)  John Nallie (1993–2001) lead vocals, keyboards, drums, electric bass
 * 32)  Roy Warhurst (1994–97) fiddle, rhythm guitar, mandolin, comedy
 * 33)  Ken Lattimore (1998–present) tenor vocals, fiddle
 * 34)  Randy Rudd (2001–2017) lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * 35)  Preston Eldridge (2001–2006) harmony vocals, string bass, fiddle
 * 36)  Ricky Boen (2006–2014) harmony vocals, fiddle
 * 37)  Mark Abbott (2006–2017) baritone vocals, string bass, fiddle, comedy
 * 38)  Justin Branum (2016–2017) fiddle, harmony vocals
 * 39)  Roy "Dusty" Rogers, Jr. (2018–2023) lead and baritone vocals
 * 40)  John Fullerton (2018–present) lead and baritone vocals, rhythm guitar
 * 41)  Paul Elliott (2018–present) fiddle, harmony vocals
 * 42)  Chuck Ervin (2019–present) bass, harmony vocals

Honors and awards

 * 1971 Western Heritage Wrangler Award from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame
 * 1976 Gene Autry Award
 * 1976 Hollywood Walk of Fame Award
 * 1977 Smithsonian Institution's "National Treasure" Designation
 * 1978 Pioneer Award from Academy of Country Music
 * 1980 Country Music Hall of Fame as the Original Sons of the Pioneers (Roy Rogers, Bob Nolan, Tim Spencer, Hugh Farr, Karl Farr, Lloyd Perryman)
 * 1984 New Brunswick Country Music Hall of Fame Award
 * 1986 Grammy Award for "Cool Water"
 * 1988 Texas Western Swing Hall of Fame
 * 1994 Western Music Association Hall of Fame Award
 * 2002 Grammy Award for "Tumbling Tumbleweeds"
 * 2003 Golden Boot Award by Motion Picture and Television Fund

Albums
LP 10" LP 12"
 * Cowboy Classics (1952)
 * Cowboy Hymns and Spirituals (1952)
 * Western Classics (1953)
 * 25 Favorite Cowboy Songs (1955)
 * How Great Thou Art (1957)
 * One Man's Songs (1957)
 * This Was the West (Disneyland, 1958) – Stan Jones and the Sons of the Pioneers as The Ranger Chorus
 * Wagons West (RCA Camden, 1958)
 * Cool Water (RCA Victor, 1960)
 * Room Full of Roses (RCA Camden, 1960)
 * Westward Ho! (1961)
 * Lure of the West (1961)
 * Tumbleweed Trail (RCA Victor, 1962)
 * Good Old Country Music (RCA Camden, 1962)
 * Our Men Out West (1963)
 * The Sons of the Pioneers Sing Hymns of the Cowboy (1963)
 * Trail Dust (1963)
 * Country Fare (1964)
 * Tumbleweed Trails (Vocalion, 1964)
 * Sons of the Pioneers Best (1964)
 * Down Memory Trail (1964)
 * Legends of the West (1965)
 * The Best of the Sons of the Pioneers (1966)
 * The Songs of Bob Nolan (1966)
 * Campfire Favorites (1967)
 * South of the Border (1968)
 * San Antonio Rose (RCA Camden, 1968)
 * San Antonio Rose (Delta Records, 1968)
 * The Sons of the Pioneers Visit the South Seas (1969)
 * Riders in the Sky (RCA Camden, 1973)
 * Western Country (Granite, Attic, Telefunken, 1976)
 * A Country-Western Songbook (RCA, 1977)
 * The Sons of the Pioneers (RCA Special Products, 1977)
 * Tumbleweed Trails (MCA, 1980)
 * Let's Go West Again (1981)
 * Celebration Vol. 1 (Silver Spur, 1982)
 * Columbia Historic Edition (Columbia, 1982)
 * Twenty of the Best (1985)
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (MCA, 1986)
 * Good Old Country Music (RCA Camden, 1986)
 * Cool Water – Edition 1 1945–46 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Teardrops in My Heart – Edition 2 1946–47 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * A Hundred and Sixty Acres – Edition 3 1947 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Riders in the Sky – Edition 4 1947–49 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Land Beyond the Sun – Edition 5 1949–50 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * And Friends – Edition 6 1950–51 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * There's a Goldmine in the Sky – Edition 7 1951–52 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (Universal Special Products, 1987)
 * Collection, Vol. 1 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Collection, Vol. 2 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Collection, Vol. 3 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Collection, Vol. 4 (Bear Family, 1987)
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (RCA, 1989)
 * Sunset on the Range (Pair, 1990)
 * Empty Saddles (1990)
 * Country & Western Memories (Pair, 1991)
 * Country Music Hall of Fame (MCA, 1991)
 * Songs of the Trail (Pair, 1991)
 * San Antonio Rose and Other Country Favorites (RCA/Camden, 1996)
 * Our Best to You (1999)
 * Tumbling Tumbleweeds (Country Stars, 1999)
 * Teleways Transcriptions (Soundies, 1999)
 * Symphonies of the Sage (Bloodshot, 2001)
 * The Essential Collection (South Side Phunk, 2002)
 * Memories of the Lucky U Ranch (Jasmine, 2002)
 * Cigarettes, Whiskey...And Cool, Cool Water (ASV, 2002)
 * The Sons of the Pioneers: Ultimate Collection (Hip-O, 2002)
 * The Essential Collection (Varèse Sarabande, 2003)
 * RCA Country Legends (Sony Music Entertainment, 2004)
 * Classic Western Harmony, Vol. 2 (2005)
 * Under Western Skies (Varèse Sarabande, 2005)
 * My Saddle Pals and I (Proper, 2005)
 * Classic Cowboy Songs (Varèse Sarabande, 2006)
 * The Republic Years (Varèse Sarabande, 2006)
 * Western Hymns and Spirituals (Varèse Sarabande, 2008)
 * Way Out There: The Complete Recordings 1934–1943 (Bear Family, 2009)
 * Cigarettes, Whiskey...And Cool, Cool Water (USD, 2010)
 * Sing the Stephen Foster Songbook (Varèse Sarabande, 2010)

Filmography

 * Slightly Static (1935), short
 * Way Up Thar (1935), short
 * Gallant Defender (1935)
 * The Mysterious Avenger (1936)
 * Song of the Saddle (1936)
 * Rhythm on the Range (1936)
 * California Mail (1936)
 * The Big Show (1936)
 * The Old Corral (1936)
 * The Old Wyoming Trail (1937)
 * ''Outlaws of the Prairie (1937)
 * Cattle Raiders (1938)
 * Call of the Rockies (1938)
 * Law of the Plains (1938)
 * West of Cheyenne (1938)
 * South of Arizona (1938)
 * The Colorado Trail (1938)
 * West of the Santa Fe (1938)
 * Rio Grande (1938)
 * Songs of the West (1939), short
 * Texas Stampede (1939)
 * North of the Yukon (1939)
 * Spoilers of the Range (1939)
 * Western Caravans (1939)
 * The Man from Sundown (1939)
 * Riders of Black River (1939)
 * Outpost of the Mounties (1939)
 * The Stranger from Texas (1939)
 * Two-Fisted Rangers (1939)
 * Bullets for Rustlers (1940)
 * Blazing Six Shooters (1940)
 * Texas Stagecoach (1940)
 * The Durango Kid (1940)
 * West of Abilene (1940)
 * Thundering Frontier (1940)
 * The Pinto Kid (1941)
 * Outlaws of the Panhandle (1941)
 * Red River Valley (1941)
 * Man from Cheyenne (1942)
 * South of Santa Fe (1942)
 * Sunset on the Desert (1942)
 * Romance on the Range (1942)
 * Sons of the Pioneers (1942)
 * Call of the Canyon (1942)
 * Sunset Serenade (1942)
 * Heart of the Golden West (1942)
 * Ridin' Down the Canyon (1942)
 * Idaho (1943)
 * Song of Texas (1943)
 * Silver Spurs (1943)
 * The Man from Music Mountain (1943)
 * Hands Across the Border (1944)
 * Cowboy and the Senorita (1944)
 * The Yellow Rose of Texas (1944)
 * Song of Nevada (1944)
 * San Fernando Valley (1944)
 * Lights of Old Santa Fe (1944)
 * Hollywood Canteen (1944)
 * Utah (1945)
 * Bells of Rosarita (1945)
 * Man from Oklahoma (1945)
 * Along the Navajo Trail (1945)
 * Sunset in El Dorado (1945)
 * Don't Fence Me In (1945)
 * Song of Arizona (1946)
 * Ding Dong Williams (1946)
 * Home on the Range (1946)
 * Rainbow Over Texas (1946)
 * My Pal Trigger (1946)
 * Under Nevada Skies (1946)
 * Roll on Texas Moon (1946)
 * Home in Oklahoma (1946)
 * Heldorado (1946)
 * Apache Rose (1947)
 * Hit Parade of 1947 (1947)
 * Bells of San Angelo (1947)
 * Springtime in the Sierras (1947)
 * On the Old Spanish Trail (1947)
 * The Gay Ranchero (1948)
 * Unusual Occupations (1948), short
 * Under California Stars (1948)
 * Melody Time (1948)
 * Eyes of Texas (1948)
 * Night Time in Nevada (1948)
 * My Pal Trigger (1949)
 * Everybody's Dancin (1950)
 * Rio Grande (film) (1950)
 * Fighting Coast Guard (1951)

title: Sons of the Pioneers


text:
Walker, Texas Ranger

Walker, Texas Ranger is an American action crime television series created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis. It was inspired by the film Lone Wolf McQuade, with both this series and that film starring Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Ranger Division. The show aired on CBS in the spring of 1993, with the first season consisting of three pilot episodes. Eight full seasons followed with new episodes airing from September 25, 1993, to May 19, 2001, and reruns continuing on CBS until July 28, 2001. It has been broadcast in over 100 countries and spawned a 2005 television film entitled Trial by Fire. The film ended on a cliffhanger, which was never resolved. DVD sets of all seasons have been released (with the three pilots packaged with the first regular season). At various times since 1997, reruns of the show have aired, in syndication, on the USA Network and Action in Canada.

The series was noted for its moralistic style. The characters refrained from the use of drugs and participated in community service. Martial arts were displayed prominently as the primary tool of law enforcement to beat up suspects before, during and after arrest, and occasionally as a tool for Walker and company to reach out to the community and send a message to criminals.

Premise
The show was initially developed by executive producer Allison Moore and supervising producer J. Michael Straczynski when the series was still being produced by Cannon Television. While Straczynski had to depart to get his new series Babylon 5 on the air, executive producer David Moessinger remained to finish developing the series. The show is centered on Sergeant Cordell Walker (Norris), a Dallas–Fort Worth–based member of the Texas Rangers, a state-level bureau of investigation. Walker was raised by his paternal uncle, an American Indian named Ray Firewalker (Floyd Red Crow Westerman, pilot episode, season 1; Apesanahkwat, season 2). The surname being, possibly, a nod to the 1986 Norris film, Firewalker. Cordell, prior to joining the Rangers, served in the Marines' elite Recon unit during the Vietnam War in which he received the Congressional Medal of Honor twice along with numerous other awards for bravery. He was also awarded three Purple Hearts for wounds received in action, all in behind-the-lines commando operations. Both Cordell and Uncle Ray share the values characteristic of Wild West sheriffs.

His partner and best friend is James "Jimmy" Trivette (Clarence Gilyard), a former Dallas Cowboys player, "Go Long Trivette", who takes a more modern approach. Walker's young partner grew up in Baltimore and used football as his ticket to college education. He was dropped from the team after he tore up his shoulder in a major game, which led to his career in the Rangers (often making references to watching the Lone Ranger and how C.D. Parker mentored him as a rookie officer). Trivette also works inside the office using computers and cellular phones to collate information of the people who have been taken into custody after being brutally beaten and arrested by Walker.

Walker also works closely with (and shares a mutual attraction to) Alexandra "Alex" Cahill (Sheree J. Wilson), a Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney, who on occasion puts up a frown if Walker does not obtain results in time. He also gets advice on cases from C.D. Parker (Gailard Sartain, pilot season; Noble Willingham, seasons 1–7), a veteran Ranger (later inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame) who worked with Walker (and is the only character on the show to address Walker by his first name Cordell on a regular basis) until retiring to operate a small restaurant and bar called "CD's Bar and Grill", a restaurant widely known in the series for its chili. In season 7, two rookie Texas Rangers, Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples), and Francis Gage (Judson Mills), are assigned under Walker and Trivette's command.

The series was well known during its run for its product placement deal with Chrysler, especially its Dodge division. After Walker used a GMC Sierra during the first season, he switched to the Dodge Ram (which at the start of the second season was completely redesigned for 1994), which would be advertised during commercial breaks. Other members of the cast often used other Chrysler vehicles, while villains would drive vehicles from General Motors or Ford Motor Company. This was not unlike The Andy Griffith Show, which exclusively used Ford vehicles due to a sponsorship deal with Andy Griffith. Coincidentally, the show ended just as Dodge was getting ready to redesign the Ram again for the 2002 model year. However the 2006 Dodge Ram SRT-10 was used in the movie Trial by Fire, driven by Walker.

Main

 * Chuck Norris as Texas Ranger Sergeant Cordell Walker, a former Marine and a modern-day Ranger who believes in the Code of the Old West. He is a decorated Vietnam vet and a martial arts expert. He is the show's main protagonist.
 * Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Sergeant James "Jimmy" Trivette, Walker's partner and best friend. He is former professional football player for the Dallas Cowboys where he was a wide receiver.
 * Sheree J. Wilson as Tarrant County Assistant D.A. Alexandra "Alex" Cahill, whom Walker later dates for a few seasons and finally marries.
 * Gailard Sartain (pilot) and Noble Willingham (seasons 1–7) as retired Texas Ranger Captain C.D. Parker, Walker's buddy and ex-partner who owns a bar-restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas, and is the only one to address Walker by his first name Cordell regularly. He regularly assists Walker and Trivette. C.D. was written out midway the seventh season (due to Willingham leaving the show to run for Congress), with it said that he is on a cruise around the world, which leaves him unable to attend Walker and Alex's wedding. He later unexpectedly dies off-screen early in the final season while on a fishing trip, presumably of a heart attack, but the series finale ultimately reveals that C.D. was murdered by ricin poisoning by Emile Lavocat, as the start of a revenge plot against the Company B Texas Rangers.
 * Floyd Westerman (pilot season–season 1) and Apesanahkwat (guest season 2) as Walker's paternal uncle Ray Firewalker, also known as Uncle Ray. He raised Cordell after his parents – John and Elizabeth Firewalker – were murdered. Ray disappears at the end of the second season and is later revealed to have died during the fifth season episode "Lucas".
 * Jimmy Wlcek as Trent Malloy (recurring seasons 4–5; main season 6), son of a pastor and former martial arts student of Walker. He is a black belt in Karate and runs both his own Dojo and Protection Agency. He also often teams up with Walker and Trivette on cases.
 * Marco Sanchez as Detective Carlos Sandoval (recurring seasons 4–5; main season 6), a detective for Dallas PD, and the best friend of Trent Malloy. He often teams up with Walker and Trivette on cases.
 * Judson Mills as Texas Ranger Francis Gage (seasons 7–8), a rookie Ranger who joins Walker in the series' seventh season.
 * Nia Peeples as Texas Ranger Sydney "Syd" Cooke (seasons 7–8), another rookie Ranger who joins Walker in the series' seventh season.

Supporting

 * Cynthia Dorn as M.E. Mary Williams, a medical examiner in most of the murder cases that occurred on the show.
 * James Drury as Texas Ranger Captain Tom Price, Walker's and Trivette's supervisor. He only appears during the pilot season.
 * Vanessa Paul as Josie Martin, who runs a 'H.O.P.E.' center created by Alex after a near-death experience. One of Alex's bridesmaids at Alex and Walker's wedding.
 * Frank Salsedo as White Eagle, the spiritual leader of the Cherokee reservation Walker grew up on, who debuts during season 3.
 * Rod Taylor as Gordon Cahill, the once-estranged father of Alex, who is also an Attorney.
 * Eloy Casados as Sheriff Sam Coyote, the sheriff of the Cherokee reservation and a very good friend of Walker.
 * Peter Onorati as Sergeant Vincent Rosetti, a New York Police Sergeant with a strong New York accent, and who is a little arrogant.
 * Terry Kiser as Charlie Brooks, a clumsy and fast-talking informant for Walker and Trivette.
 * Robert Fuller as Ranger Wade Harper, a retired El Paso Texas Ranger who came on board to work for Walker and Trivette. Previously, Robert Fuller appeared another character – Cabe Wallace, a 19th-century Texas Ranger – in one episode.
 * Julia Nickson as Dr. Susan Lee, a geneticist who had been kidnapped three times throughout her appearances and the mother of Davey.
 * Wayne Pere as Victor LaRue, one of Walker's archenemies who repeatedly tried to rape Alex until he was shot dead in his final appearance, "Trial of LaRue".

Nielsen ratings
The show was quite successful in the ratings throughout its run, ranking among the Top 25 shows from 1995 until 1999, and ranking in the Top 20 in both the 1995–1996 and 1998–1999 seasons.
 * 1993–1994: 11.7 rating, No. 41
 * 1994–1995: 11.2 rating, No. 41
 * 1995–1996: 12.3 rating, No. 18
 * 1996–1997: 11.0 rating, No. 24
 * 1997–1998: 14.4 million viewers, No. 21
 * 1998–1999: 14.4 million viewers, No. 15
 * 1999–2000: 12.2 million viewers, No. 34
 * 2000–2002: 10.3 million viewers, No. 62

Recognition
On December 2, 2010, Rick Perry the 47th Governor of Texas named the Norris brothers Honorary Texas Ranger Captains for their work on the series. In his speech he said that "together, they helped elevate our Texas Rangers to truly mythical status."

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS Home Entertainment have both released all seasons on DVD in Region 1. The Complete 1st Season contains the three pilot episodes and the first full season being labeled as just the first season. This has confused some fans, as the episodes are wrongly numbered. Seasons 1–6 have been released in regions 2–4.

On May 12, 2015, CBS DVD released Walker, Texas Ranger – The Complete Collection on DVD in Region 1.

As of December 2023, the entire series is available digitally in the US, available on both iTunes and Vudu, either as separate seasons or in a complete series set., as well as Google TV (and by extension YouTube TV) which are only sold as separate seasons. Unlike the DVD releases the seasons in the digital releases are correctly numbered.

Television films
CBS broadcast the television film Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire, produced by Paramount Network Television (now CBS Studios), on October 16, 2005. Chuck Norris, Sheree J. Wilson and Judson Mills reprised their roles, and Clarence Gilyard shot a cameo for the film but was not featured due to the filming's conflict with a long-planned family vacation. To fill the void, Judson Mills, who was not in the original script, returned to reprise the role of Francis Gage. Nia Peeples, who played the role of Sydney Cooke for seasons 7 and 8, was also not featured in Walker's return to prime-time television. The explanation given was that producers decided not to follow much of the original Walker Texas Ranger series, as to give the film a fresh look. Even the show's original opening credits with the theme "Eyes of a Ranger" performed by Chuck Norris, was absent from the TV movie.

Although the return of Walker Texas Ranger did not garner the ratings CBS had hoped for, indications were that CBS was green-lighting future Walker Texas Ranger "movie of the week" projects. But as of spring 2006, both CBS and the Norris camp have been silent as to the future of the franchise, leaving many to wonder if it will return. Trial by Fire ended with Sheree J. Wilson's character the victim of a courthouse shooting, leaving many viewers to believe that there would be a follow-up movie.

When they announced their fall 2006 prime-time schedule, CBS said that they would no longer be producing "Sunday Night Movie of the Week" projects, which severely impaired any hopes of Walker's return to television in the foreseeable future. On May 15, 2007, CBS announced its fall line-up, but this did not include the return of the "Sunday Night Movie of the Week". In June 2018, cast members Clarence Gilyard and Sheree J. Wilson expressed interest in reprising their roles in a potential revival of the series, particularly to address the cliffhanger at the end of the post-series film.

Spin-off
Most episodes were based on true stories. A short-lived series, Sons of Thunder, featured recurring character Carlos Sandoval, who resigns from his post with the Dallas police and teams up with childhood friend Trent Malloy (a protégé of Walker's), to start a private investigation firm.

Reboot
In September 2019, it was announced that a reboot of the series titled Walker was in development at CBS Television Studios from writer Anna Fricke, with Texas native Jared Padalecki attached to star. Fricke and Padalecki are also set to executive produce the project alongside Dan Lin and Lindsey Libertore from their production company Rideback, as well as Dan Spilo of Industry Entertainment. The CW, home of Padalecki's long-running series Supernatural, emerged as a leading contender to air the series in addition to CBS, which aired the original series. Like the original, the reboot, in which Walker would get a female partner, will explore morality, family, and rediscovering our lost common ground. The logline reads: "'At the center of the series is Cordell Walker (Padalecki), a man finding his way back to his family while investigating crime in the state's most elite unit. Our broken widower and father of two returns home to Austin after being undercover for two years for a high profile case – only to discover that there's even more work to be done at home. In a nod to the original series, Walker and his new partner — one of the only women in Texas Rangers' history — are the modern day heroes our world needs, following their own moral code to fight for what's right, regardless of the rules.'"

In October, it was announced that Walker would air on The CW. On January 14, 2020, it was announced that The CW had issued the reboot with a series order.

In February 2020, it was announced that Lindsey Morgan, Keegan Allen, Mitch Pileggi, Molly Hagan and Coby Bell were cast as Micki, Walker's female partner, Liam Walker, Walker's younger brother, Bonham Walker, Walker's father, Abeline Walker, Walker's mother and Captain Larry James, a Texas Ranger Captain. In March 2020, Jeff Pierre, Violet Brinson and Kale Culley were cast as Trey Barnett, an Army medic and Micki's boyfriend and Stella and August, Walker's teenage kids.

It premiered on January 21, 2021.

A prequel series titled Walker: Independence premiered on October 6, 2022.

Novels
Three Walker, Texas Ranger books, written by James Reasoner, were published by Berkley Publishing Group in 1999. The books are now out of print.
 * Walker, Texas Ranger (1998, ISBN 0-425-16815-8)
 * Hell's Half Acre (1999, ISBN 0-425-16972-3)
 * Siege on the Belle (1999, ISBN 0-425-17112-4)

In other media
The show has garnered a particular cult appreciation among Conan O'Brien fans, from one of his most popular segments called the "Walker Texas Ranger Lever". He explained since NBC had recently purchased Universal, he could now show clips from Walker Texas Ranger without having to pay any money. The joke was that he would pull a giant red lever, causing a random and comically awkward scene to play. Random scenes included Walker jumping out of a plane and punching a woman in the face, or being shot in the back while proposing, or Haley Joel Osment playing a boy who is first meeting the rest of Walker's friends, and suddenly interjects "Walker told me I have AIDS". Conan would go on to riff at the bizarre nature of the scene out of context. He did this primarily on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, which prompted the show's star, Chuck Norris in character as Walker, to make a surprise guest appearance by acting out a skit in parody of the action scenes from Walker, Texas Ranger.

Companies
The series began with Cannon Television, but after Cannon folded, CBS assumed production responsibilities and is currently the full owner for this series. Other companies as listed below have also been involved with the series production and/or distribution.

title: Walker, Texas Ranger


text:
User talk:Epheterson

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 04:15, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Talk down here, thank you. Please make each new topic a heading.

The Biography Epidemic

 * Hello Eric, welcome from me as well. If you are the Eric Pheterson that you are writing about, I recomend you read Auto-biography and perhaps read the case studies listed at Criteria for inclusion of biographies/cases. Your article can only be included here if you meet the Criteria for inclusion of biographies. Angela. 04:39, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey! It's cool. Epheterson 06:41, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see you've recreated your personal entry. Please don't put back pages that have been deleted after a community decision.  If it was deleted once, it will certainly be deleted again, with a cost in time and energy for those involved.  You seem to be good at page formatting and layout (much better than I am) so we could really use your help with other articles.  There's plenty of work to be done.  Isomorphic 05:56, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, if you want a place to start, you can go try one of the WikiProjects. A lot of them are concerned with standardizing the format of certain types of pages (for example, WikiProject:Countries is standardizing the format for the country page for every country in the world.  If you join a WikiProject, though, remember that it's a collaboration.  Talk to one of the people on the Project, and ask what you can do to help.
 * Or, if a WikiProject isn't what you had in mind, look at the Recent Changes page to see what people are working on, and pitch in.
 * Or, you could take a look at the pages linked from my User page. I know Star Wars Customizable Card Game could probably use headers and formatting;  I created it when I first got here, so my wiki skills were low.  Isomorphic 06:32, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The Weather in London

 * It's good to know that the weather in London is fine. I don't think there's grounds for devoting that idea to an entire article -- do you? Dysprosia 05:50, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see you tried to fill a link on How to edit - it's supposed to be an example, and you can test at the Sandbox. Thanks Dysprosia 06:02, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Umm.. whats the problem? The weather in london IS fine. Epheterson 06:42, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the Wikipedia is not a weather service. Appropriate content would be something about overall seasonal variations in weather in London, something encyclopedia worthy. Would you expect to see "The weather in London is fine" in the Encyclopedia Britannica? Dysprosia 06:56, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Votes for Deletion

 * Please read the guidelines for this page -- one vote per user per entry is the rule. Thanks. --Mirv 06:54, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey there! Welcome to wikipedia.  Just wanted to let you know that you should only mark things as "Minor Edit" when it's a *very* small change, like correcting spelling, or fixing a broken wiki link.  Don't flag minor edit when you add a comment, or when you add or delete text.  See How to edit a page for details.  Happy editing!  Isomorphic 03:36, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your User Page
Your user page is User:Epheterson. Content about you belongs on your user page, and not in an actual article. Thanks Dysprosia 06:20, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Image deletion
Listed under Images and media for deletion/2005 September 17. Thunderbrand 23:43, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Mazda4.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for Image:Mazda3.jpg
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Failure images
I have no problem with your most recent edit, but it's still sort of redundant with the image in the lead section. Would you consider finding a different image on Commons or somewhere, and using that one instead in the "meme" section? Just to mix it up a little bit. Take care. --Bongwarrior (talk) 22:30, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895 FAIL.jpg
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File source problem with File:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895 FAIL.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895 FAIL.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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 * Hi, I've added copyright tags to File:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895 FAIL.jpg for you. The original photo is PD due to its age (as you noted), and your addition of the word "FAIL" is PD because it doesn't meet the threshold of originality required to permit a new copyright on the derivative work. —Angr 19:57, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for doing the copyright stuff, I still don't know how to do it all, or even what is required. Epheterson (talk) 03:07, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Ericpheterson.jpg
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Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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title: User talk:Epheterson


text:
Jedburgh

Jedburgh (Deadard; Jeddart or Jethart) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and the traditional county town of the historic county of Roxburghshire.

Location
Jedburgh lies on the Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot. It is 10 mi from the border with England, and is dominated by the substantial ruins of Jedburgh Abbey. Other notable buildings in the town include Queen Mary's House, Jedburgh Castle Jail, now a museum, and the Jedburgh Library.

Other places nearby are Ancrum, Bairnkine, Bonjedward, Camptown, Crailing, Edgerston, Ferniehirst Castle, Nisbet and Oxnam.

History
Jedburgh began as Jedworð, the "worth" or enclosed settlement on the Jed. Later the more familiar word "burgh" was substituted for this, though the original name survives as Jeddart/Jethart.

Bishop Ecgred of Lindisfarne founded a church at Jedburgh in the 9th century, and King David I of Scotland made it a priory between 1118 and 1138, housing Augustinian monks from Beauvais in France. The abbey was founded in 1147, but border wars with England in the 16th century left it a ruin.

The deeply religious Scottish king Malcolm IV died at Jedburgh in 1165, aged 24. His death is thought to have been caused by Paget's disease of bone.

David I built a castle at Jedburgh, and in 1174 it was one of five fortresses ceded to England. It was an occasional royal residence for the Scots. It was demolished in 1409.

In 1258, Jedburgh was a focus of royal attention, with negotiations between Scotland's Alexander III and England's Henry III over the succession to the Scottish throne, leaving the Comyn faction dominant. Alexander III was married to Yolande in the abbey in 1285.

In 1307, James Douglas, fighting for King Robert Bruce, took Jedburgh from the English with little effort.

Its proximity to England made it subject to raids and skirmishes by both Scottish and English forces but its strategic position also brought the town valuable trade. At various times and at various locations the town supported a horse market, a cattle market, a corn market and a butcher market. Farm workers and servants also attended hiring fairs seeking employment.

Mary, Queen of Scots, stayed at a certain house in the town in 1566 and that house is now a museum – Mary Queen of Scots House.

The title "Lord of Jedburgh Forest" was granted to George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus on his marriage to the Princess Mary, daughter of Robert III in 1397. The titles of Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas included "Viscount Jedburgh Forest", but he died without an heir in 1761.

On 6 November 1745, the Jacobite army led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart passed through the town on its way to England. The Castle Prison opened in 1823.

In 1787, the geologist James Hutton noted what is now known as the Hutton Unconformity at Inchbonny, near Jedburgh. Layers of sedimentary rock which are tilted almost vertically are covered by newer horizontal layers of red sandstone. This was one of the findings that led him to develop his concept of an immensely long geologic time scale with "no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end."

The Scots name for the town is part of the expression "Jeddart justice" or "Jethart Justice", in which a man was hanged first, and tried afterwards.

Jedburgh became the county town of Roxburghshire after the original county town of Roxburgh was abandoned following the destruction of Roxburgh Castle in 1460 during the Anglo-Scottish Wars. In 1812 County Buildings was built at the junction of Market Place and Castlegate in Jedburgh, serving as both a sheriff court and meeting place for the Commissioners of Supply. Roxburghshire County Council was created in 1890 and continued to meet at the County Buildings until 1930 when it moved its meetings to County Offices at Newtown St Boswells.

The town's name was used for Operation Jedburgh, a clandestine operation by allied soldiers in occupied Europe during the Second World War.

Notable people
Several notable people were born in the town, including Rev Dr Thomas Somerville's niece, Mary Somerville, in 1780 (the eminent scientist and writer, after whom Somerville College, Oxford is named, and who appeared on the Royal Bank of Scotland £10 note from 2017).

James Thomson (1700–1748) who wrote "Rule Britannia", was born in Ednam, a village only twelve miles away, but he was educated in Jedburgh. David Brewster, physicist, mathematician, scientist, writer and inventor of the kaleidoscope, was born in Jedburgh in 1781. The popular preacher Rev. Robert Aitken (1800–1873) was born in Crailing near Jedburgh. General Sir Bindon Blood was born nearby in 1842. Alexander Jeffrey (F.S.A. Scot.) was a solicitor in the town and was also the county historian: he lived in Jedburgh until his death in 1874. The author and broadcaster Lavinia Derwent was born in a farmhouse a few miles outside Jedburgh in 1909. The Tinline brothers emigrated from Jedburgh in the late 1830s. George Tinline made a career in banking in Australia. John Tinline went to New Zealand and made his wealth in farming. John returned to Jedburgh later in life and gifted Allerley Well Park to his hometown.

The town's well known rugby players are the scrum-halves, Roy Laidlaw, his nephew, Scotland rugby team captain Greig Laidlaw and Gary Armstrong. Douglas Young fought at Heavyweight at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Emmy Award-winning journalist Nick Watt is from Jedburgh and hosted a short film about the town for the Travel Channel.

The town today
The abbey is maintained by Historic Environment Scotland and open to the public (there is an entry fee). Finds from excavations are displayed on site in the visitor centre attached to the Abbey ruins. The shell of the abbey, though much damaged over the years, is still largely complete.

Traditional festivals and performers include the annual Callant's Festival, and Jedburgh Pipe Band and Jedforest Instrumental Band. Local delicacies include Jethart Snails (boiled sweets in the shape of a snail, said to originate from a recipe given to a local baker by a French prisoner, during the Napoleonic Wars) and Jethart pears. The fertile soil of Jedburgh makes it good for growing pear trees, and the pear trade was a thriving industry in Jedburgh for centuries.

An annual event is the Jethart Hand Ba game.

The Canongate Brig dates from the 16th century. The nearby Capon Oak Tree is recognised to be of national interest and the 19th century Jedburgh Castle Jail and Newgate, with its spire, are among the town's notable buildings.

Schooling currently takes place at Jedburgh Intergenerational Community Campus, which opened in early 2020.

Transport
Although Jedburgh no longer has any rail access, it is well located on the road network. The A68 provides direct access to Edinburgh (48 mi) and Newcastle-upon-Tyne (58 mi). Carlisle is 57 mi away and Hawick, Kelso, Selkirk and Galashiels are all within 20 mi.

Jedburgh is known to motorists from the Edinburgh and Newcastle-upon-Tyne areas as Jedburgh is signposted as a primary destination on the A68.

Bus services to Jedburgh are provided by Borders Buses. Until July 2013, they were mostly run by local operator Munro's of Jedburgh.

Sport
The town is home to a Rugby Club, Jed-Forest which was founded in 1885. Under-18 "Semi Junior" rugby is played by Jed Thistle at Lothian Park.

Football is represented by Jed Legion FC which currently plays in 'A' League of the Border Amateur League. Ancrum AFC play in the village of Ancrum just to the north at Bridgend Park and are in the Border Amateur 'B' League. A 1930s club, punningly named Jed Arts, won the East of Scotland League and the Border Cup in 1936–37.

Jedburgh has a golf club dating from 1892; the course has 18 holes.

title: Jedburgh