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List of political parties in Portugal

This article lists political parties in Portugal. The Portuguese political scene has been dominated by the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party since the 1974 Carnation Revolution although there are several important minor parties (discussed below).

As of 2024, the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic are the Democratic Alliance (80 MPs), Socialist Party (78 MPs), the Chega party (50 MPs), the Liberal Initiative (8 MPs), the Left Bloc (5 MPs), the Unitary Democratic Coalition (4 MPs), the FREE party (4 MPs), and the People-Animals-Nature party (1 MP). Several other parties are represented in the legislatures of the autonomous regions, the Legislative Assembly of the Azores and the Legislative Assembly of Madeira.

General overview
This list presents all the existing parties recognized by the Portuguese Constitutional Court.

 * The Social Democratic Party (PPD/PSD), despite the name, is not a traditional social democratic party, being much closer to the centre-right. A big tent party, it is the equivalent of any other liberal conservative party in Europe such as the French Republicans or the German CDU. The PSD was founded right after the 1974 Revolution as Partido Popular Democrático (Democratic People's Party) by many personalities of the so-called "liberal wing" of the fascist regime, like Francisco Sá Carneiro (the PSD historical leader), Francisco Pinto Balsemão, and Joaquim Magalhães Mota. Its leader, Luís Montenegro, is the current Prime Minister of Portugal and the current President of Portugal, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, is a former leader.
 * The Socialist Party (PS), a social democratic party, is a major party in Portugal, resembling the British Labour Party, the German SPD or the Spanish PSOE. The party was founded before the 1974 Revolution by (among others) Mário Soares, its historical leader and one of the main opponents of the dictatorial regime. The current Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres is a former leader and Prime Minister.
 * Chega (CH) is a Portuguese a national conservative, right-wing populist party founded by PSD dissident André Ventura, similar to the French National Rally, the Spanish Vox or the Italian Brothers of Italy.
 * The Liberal Initiative (IL) is a classical liberal and right-libertarian party.
 * The Left Bloc (BE), formed as a result of the merger of three left-wing parties (the Popular Democratic Union, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, and the Politics XXI), is an overwhelmingly urban party, adopting a wide range of left-wing policies and portrays itself as the modern, progressive alternative to the Portuguese Communist Party.
 * The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), founded in 1921 as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International, has its major influence among the working class and played a major role in the opposition to the Estado Novo regime, being brutally repressed in the process. After being one of the most influential parties in the years that followed the Carnation Revolution, it lost most of its power base after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, but still enjoys popularity in some sectors of Portuguese society. It also has a major influence among the biggest Portuguese labour union – General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers (CGTP). Its historical leader was Álvaro Cunhal.
 * FREE (L) is a green political, social democratic, and pro-European party.
 * The CDS – People's Party (CDS–PP) is a traditional Christian Democrat and conservative party, similar to the German CSU or the Spanish PP. Founded after the revolution, its historical leaders were Diogo Freitas do Amaral and Adelino Amaro da Costa. In 1976 it was the only party that voted against approval of a socialist constitution. Later, it was part of several governments in coalition with the PSD. The CDS congregates several right-wing tendencies ranging from christian democrats to neoliberals and more conservative elements.
 * People-Animals-Nature (PAN) is a party inspired by environmentalism and strongly focused on the rights of animals and animal welfare and which considers itself to be socially progressive, defending LGBT rights and women's rights.
 * The Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) is the first Portuguese green party, traditionally allied with the Communist Party in the Unitary Democratic Coalition.
 * The National Democratic Alternative (ADN) was founded by the former leader of the Portuguese Bar Association, António Marinho e Pinto. He ran as the Earth Party candidate for the 2014 European elections but left the party soon after to form his own party. A populist party, it became COVID-19 denialist and anti-environmentalist, defending a reform of the electoral system and reform of justice system.
 * React, Include, Recycle (RIR) is a humanist, pacifist and universalist party ("Rir" in Portuguese means "laughing").
 * Together for the People (JPP) was formed as an independent movement for the local elections of 2013 in the municipally of Santa Cruz in Madeira. Transformed into a political party in 2015 in order to contest the regional elections in Madeira.
 * The New Right (ND) is a party created by Ossanda Liber, a former candidate for mayor of Lisbon and a former member of Alliance that created a right-wing conservative party that is looking to occupy the place of CDS–PP in national politics after they left parliament following the 2022 legislative elections.
 * The Portuguese Workers' Communist Party (PCTP/MRPP) is a Maoist party. It had a high-profile during the Carnation Revolution, mostly due to its influence among some groups of students, although it never reached 2% of the votes or elected a single MP.
 * Volt Portugal (VP), portuguese chapter of Volt Europa, is a pro-European and European federalist political movement. The organisation follows a "pan-European approach" in many policy fields such as climate change, migration, economic inequality, international conflict, terrorism and the impact of the technological revolution on the labour market. It identifies itself as a pan-European, progressive, social-liberal and environmentalist political party.
 * Rise Up! (E) is a far-right nationalist party with little political expression.
 * The Earth Party (MPT) is a centre-right green conservative party, founded in 1993 by a faction of the People's Monarchist Party.
 * Alliance (A) is a party formed by former Social Democratic leader and former Prime Minister Pedro Santana Lopes.
 * The Portuguese Labour Party (PTP) is a minor party of the centre-left.
 * We, the Citizens! (NC) is a minor centre-right party founded as a result of the anti-austerity movement.
 * The People's Monarchist Party (PPM) is a small monarchist party with little political expression. It is known that the pretender heir to the Portuguese throne, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, does not support this party, since the question of monarchical regime is considered to be above partisanship.
 * The Socialist Alternative Movement (MAS) was formed in 2000 as a Portuguese Trotskyist political organization and it is the result of a merger between the Left Revolutionary Front (FER - Frente da Esquerda Revolucionária), and the young activists of the student movement Ruptura. The Ruptura/FER activists integrated the Left Bloc since its formation. In 2011, the movement split from the Left Bloc and formed a new party called Socialist Alternative Movement that was approved by the Constitutional Court in July 2013.
 * The United Party of Retirees and Pensioners (PURP) is a small party with the goal to defend the rights of retirees and pensioners, aiming to position itself as the political voice of the members of this age group. It was founded as a result of the anti-austerity movement.

Extinct parties
This list presents the parties and coalitions of the current Third Republic that were once recognized by the Portuguese Constitutional Court but ceased to exist. It is organized by political spectrum and alphabetical order (in Portuguese).

Far-left

 * Worker-Peasant Alliance - AOC (Aliança Operário-Camponesa)
 * Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Committee - CM-LP (Comité Marxista-Leninista Português)
 * Marxist–Leninist Committee of Portugal - CMLP (Comité Marxista-Leninista de Portugal)
 * Communist Electoral Front (Marxist-Leninist) - FEC(ML) (Frente Eleitoral Comunista (Marxista–Leninista))
 * Left Revolutionary Front - FER (Frente de Esquerda Revolucionária)
 * Popular Unity Force - FUP (Força de Unidade Popular)
 * Internationalist Communist League - LCI (Liga Comunista Internacionalista)
 * Portuguese Marxist-Leninist Communist Organization - OCMLP (Organização Comunista Marxista Leninista Portuguesa)
 * Workers Politics Communist Organisation - OCPO (Organização Comunista Política Operária)
 * Organization for the Reconstruction of the Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) - ORPC(ML) (Organização para a Reconstrução do Partido Comunista (Marxista-Leninista))
 * Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist-Leninist) - PCP(ML) (Partido Comunista de Portugal (Marxista-Leninista))
 * Communist Party (Reconstructed) - PC(R) (Partido Comunista (Reconstruído))
 * Workers' Party of Socialist Unity - POUS (Partido Operário de Unidade Socialista)
 * Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat – Revolutionary Brigades - PRP-BR (Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias)
 * Workers' Revolutionary Party - PRT (Partido Revolucionário dos Trabalhadores)
 * Workers' Socialist Party - PST (Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores)
 * Labour Party - PT (Partido Trabalhista, not to be confused with the Portuguese Labour Party - PTP)
 * Popular Unity Party - PUP (Partido de Unidade Popular)
 * Communist Union for the Reconstruction of the Party (Marxist–Leninist) - UCRP(ML) (União Comunista para a Reconstituição do Partido (Marxista-Leninista))

Left-wing to far-left

 * United People Alliance - APU (Aliança Povo Unido)
 * Electoral Front United People - FEPU (Frente Eleitoral Povo Unido)

Left-wing

 * People's Socialist Front - FSP (Frente Socialista Popular)
 * Popular Unity Dynamization Groups - GDUPs (Grupos Dinamizadores da Unidade Popular)
 * Socialist League of the Workers - LST (Liga Socialista dos Trabalhadores)
 * Portuguese Democratic Movement - MDP (Movimento Democrático Português)
 * Movement of Socialist Left - MES (Movimento de Esquerda Socialista)
 * Revolutionary Socialist Party - PSR (Partido Socialista Revolucionário)
 * Popular Democratic Union - UDP (União Democrática Popular)
 * Politics XXI - PXXI (Política XXI)
 * Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy - UEDS (União da Esquerda para a Democracia Socialista)

Centre-left

 * Independent Social Democratic Action - ASDI (Acção Social Democrata Independente)
 * Democratic Center of Macau - CDM (Centro Democrático de Macau)
 * Republican and Socialist Front - FRS (Frente Republicana e Socialista)
 * Party of the Folk - PG (Partido da Gente)
 * Humanist Party - PH (Partido Humanista)
 * Democratic Renewal Party - PRD (Partido Renovador Democrático)
 * Portuguese Democratic Labour Party - PTDP (Partido Trabalhista Democrático Português)

Centre

 * Movement for the Sick - MD (Movimento pelo Doente)
 * Hope for Portugal Movement - MEP (Movimento Esperança Portugal)
 * National Solidarity Party - PSN (Partido da Solidariedade Nacional)
 * Liberal Democratic Party - PLD (Partido Liberal Democrata)

Centre-right

 * Democratic Alliance - AD (Aliança Democrática)
 * Association for the Defense of the Interests of Macau - ADIM (Associação para a Defesa dos Interesses de Macau)
 * New Democracy Party - PND (Partido da Nova Democracia)
 * Portuguese Party of the Regions - PPR (Partido Português das Regiões)

Right-wing

 * Democratic Party of the Atlantic - PDA (Partido Democrático do Atlântico)
 * Party of the Christian Democracy - PDC (Partido da Democracia Cristã)
 * Citizenship and Christian Democracy - PPV/CDC (Cidadania e Democracia Cristã)

Far-right

 * Democratic Movement of the Liberation of Portugal - MDLP (Movimento Democrático de Libertação de Portugal)
 * Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right - MIRN/PDP (Movimento Independente para a Reconstrução Nacional / Partido da Direita Portuguesa)

Historical parties
This list includes the defunct political parties that never reached the Third Republic, in chronological order.

Constitutional Monarchy (1834–1910)

 * Chartism (Cartismo)
 * Septemberism (Setembrismo)
 * Regenerator Party - PR (Partido Regenerador)
 * Historic Party - PH (Partido Histórico)
 * Reformist Party - PR (Partido Reformista)
 * Constituent Party - PC (Partido Constituinte)
 * Progressive Party - PP (Partido Progressista)
 * Portuguese Socialist Party - PSP (Partido Socialista Português)
 * Portuguese Republican Party - PRP (Partido Republicano Português)
 * Liberal Regenerator Party - PRL (Partido Regenerador Liberal)
 * Progressive Dissidence - DP (Dissidência Progressista)

First Republic (1910–1926)

 * Democratic Party (Partido Democrático)
 * Evolutionist Party - PRE (Partido Republicano Evolucionista)
 * Republican Union - PUR (Partido da União Republicana)
 * Lusitanian Integralism - IL (Integralismo Lusitano)
 * Monarchist Cause - CM (Causa Monárquica)
 * Catholic Centre Party - PCC (Partido do Centro Católico)
 * National Republican Party - PNR (Partido Nacional Republicano)
 * Republican Liberal Party - PLR (Partido Liberal Republicano)
 * Reconstitution Party - PRRN (Partido Republicano da Reconstituição Nacional)
 * Regionalist Party - PR (Partido Regionalista)
 * Nationalist Republican Party - PRN (Partido Republicano Nacionalista)
 * Democratic Leftwing Republican Party - PRED (Partido Republicano Esquerdista Democrático)
 * Union of Economic Interests - UIE (União dos Interesses Económicos)

Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933)

 * National Syndicalists - MNS (Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista)

Estado Novo (1933–1974)
Although the Estado Novo was a dictatorship, with the National Union being legally the only party, the opposition was sometimes allowed to compete in (sham) elections; other parties were constituted underground or in exile.
 * National Union - UN (União Nacional)
 * Movement of National Antifascist Unity - MUNAF (Movimento de Unidade Nacional Antifascista)
 * Movement of Democratic Unity - MUD (Movimento de Unidade Democrática)
 * Portuguese National Liberation Front - FPLP (Frente Portuguesa de Libertação Nacional)
 * Portuguese Socialist Action - ASP (Acção Socialista Portuguesa)

title: List of political parties in Portugal


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List of political parties in Russia

This article discusses political parties in Russia.

The Russian Federation has a de jure multi-party system, however it operates as a dominant-party system. , six parties have members in the federal parliament, the State Duma, with one dominant party (United Russia). , 27 political parties are officially registered in the Russian Federation, 25 of which have the right to participate in elections.

History
After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new parties was blocked. The last registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration.

In 2001, the federal law "On political parties" was adopted. All parties had to be re-registered. Parties have been assigned the status of the only type of public association that has the right to independently nominate candidates for deputies and other elective positions in government bodies. One of the major provisions of the law is the establishment of a single national status of a political party, and, as a result, the liquidation of regional and interregional political public associations. According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 95-FZ “On Political Parties”, a political party in Russia is recognized as "a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local governments".

In December 2004, amendments were introduced requiring a minimum number of party members of 50,000 and the presence of more than 45 regional branches of 500 people each. By January 1, 2006, all parties had to submit documents proving that their party structures complied with the requirements of the law on the minimum number of members and the number of regional branches.

In 2009, a bill was introduced to reduce the minimum number of party members from 50,000 to 45,000, and from 500 to 450 members in regional branches. This law came into effect on January 1, 2010. The minimum number of party members was reduced again on January 1, 2012, to 40,000 and to 400 members per regional branch.

On February 28, 2012, an election law was adopted meaning parties were exempted from collecting signatures and making a cash deposit for nominating a party and its candidate, and gubernatorial elections were restored. The number of required signatures for candidates for the presidential elections was reduced from 2 million to 100,000 for party candidates, and 300,000 for self-nominated candidates. The electoral threshold for parties was also reduced from 7% to 5%.

On March 20, 2012, the State Duma approved a presidential bill to reduce the minimum number of political party members from 40,000 to only 500 people, and from 500 to 5 members for a regional branch.

However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48.

Party of power
A "party of power" refers to a political party that has a close relationship with the executive branch of government such that the party appears to function as an extension of the executive rather than as an autonomous political organization. The concept resembles that of a cartel party. These parties are considered by some to have been especially established for support of the incumbent president or prime minister in the Russian parliament:
 * Inter-regional Deputies Group/Democratic Russia (1990–1993, Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union/Congress of People's Deputies of Russia/Supreme Soviet of Russia)
 * Democratic Choice of Russia (1993–1994)
 * Our Home – Russia (1995–1999)
 * Unity (1999–2001/2003)
 * A Just Russia - For Truth (the second "party of power", supporting Vladimir Putin and opposing United Russia)
 * United Russia (2001–present)

Voter demographics
According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood. Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.

In April 2023, a survey on the issue of the dissolution of the United Russia Party was conducted among Russians. About 2,500 people participated in the survey, mostly aged 45+. The question was "Is it necessary to dissolve the United Russia party with the inability of its members to participate in political life in the future?" the answers were distributed as follows: 65% stated: "I am for dissolution without permission to participate in political life in the future", 3% stated "I am against dissolution", 6% stated "I am for dissolution, but with permission to participate in political life in the future", and 26% stated "I am for the dissolution of all bourgeois parties".

Current parties
All parties registered with the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections across the country. A list of registered parties is placed on the Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of political parties in Russia


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List of political parties in San Marino

San Marino has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

Parties with official representation
Parties with representation in the Great and General Council:

San Marino Common Good

 * Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Cristiano Sammarinese)
 * We Sammarineses (Noi Sammarinesi)
 * Party of Socialists and Democrats (Partito dei Socialisti e dei Democratici)
 * Popular Alliance (Alleanza Popolare)

Agreement for the Country

 * Union for the Republic (Unione Per la Repubblica)
 * Socialist Party (Partito Socialista)
 * Sammarinese Moderates (Moderati Sammarinesi)

Other parties

 * For San Marino
 * San Marino 3.0
 * Sammarinese Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Sammarinese)
 * San Marino of Values (San Marino dei Valori)
 * Sammarinese Movement Social Right (Movimento Sammarinese Destra Sociale)

Defunct parties

 * Arengo and Freedom (Arengo e Libertà)
 * Centre Democrats (Democratici di Centro)
 * City and Territory (Città e Territorio)
 * Civic 10 (Civico 10)
 * Committee for the Defense of the Republic (Comitato per la Difesa della Repubblica)
 * Committee of Freedom (Comitato della Libertà)
 * Democratic Agreement - Republican Party (Intesa Democratica - Partito Repubblicano)
 * Democratic Reformers (Riformisti Democratici)
 * Democratic Sammarinese Union (Unione Sammarinese Democratica)
 * Democratic Movement (Movimento Democratico)
 * Democratic Socialist Left (Sinistra Socialista Democratica)
 * Democratic Union (Unione Democratica)
 * Euro-Populars for San Marino (Europopolari per San Marino)
 * Left Party (Partito della Sinistra)
 * Marxist-Leninist Communist Movement (Movimento Comunista Marxista-Leninista)
 * Movement for Constitutional Freedoms (Movimento per le Libertà Statuarie)
 * New Socialist Party (Nuovo Partito Socialista)
 * Party of Democrats (Partito dei Democratici)
 * Popular Democratic Party (Partito Democratico Popolare)
 * Republican Fasces of San Marino (Fascio Repubblicano di San Marino)
 * Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Indipendente Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Communist Party (Partito Comunista Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Communist Refoundation (Rifondazione Comunista Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party (Partito Progressista Democratico Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Democratic Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Democratico Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Democratic Union (Unione Sammarinese Democratica)
 * Sammarinese Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Sammarinese)
 * Sammarineses for Freedom (Sammarinesi per la Libertà)
 * Sammarinese National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Populars (Popolari Sammarinesi)
 * Sammarinese Popular Party (Partito Popolare Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Reformist Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Riformista Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Republican Party (Partito Repubblicano Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Sammarinese)
 * Sammarinese Union of Moderates (Unione Sammarinese dei Moderati)
 * Socialists – Ideas in Motion (Socialisti – Idee in Movimento)
 * Socialists for Reform (Socialisti per le Riforme)
 * Unitary Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Unitario)
 * United Left (Sinistra Unita)
 * White-blue Movement (Movimento Biancoazzurro)

Former coalitions

 * Pact for San Marino (Patto per San Marino)
 * Reforms and Freedom (Riforme e Libertà)

title: List of political parties in San Marino


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List of political parties in Serbia

This article lists political parties in Serbia, including parties that existed in the Kingdom of Serbia between the early 1860s and 1918.

Parties represented in the National Assembly
The following political parties are currently represented in the National Assembly, following the 2023 Serbian parliamentary election.

Extra-parliamentary parties
The following political parties were previously represented in the National Assembly.

Minor parties
The following list includes political parties that have not been represented in the National Assembly yet, although they either took part in parliamentary elections or received certain attention in the public. • 1 of 5 million (est. 2018)

• Alternative for Changes (est. 2015)

• Bunjevci Citizens of Serbia (est. 2008)

• Civic Democratic Forum (est. 2019)

• Democratic Union of Croats (est. 2007)

• Hungarian Civic Alliance (est. 2006)

• Independent Serbian Party (est. 2020)

• Leviathan Movement (est. 2020)

• Liberation (est. 2020)

• Montenegrin Party (est. 2008)

• New Communist Party of Yugoslavia (est. 1990)

• Obraz (est. 1993)

• Party of Labour (est. 1992)

• Party of the Radical Left (est. 2020)

• People's Freedom Movement (est. 2016)

• People's Strong Serbia (est. 2017)

• Pirate Party of Serbia (est. 2022)

• Russian Party (est. 2013)

• Serbia Centre (est. 2022)

• Serbian Right (est. 2018)

• Slovaks Forward (est. 2015)

• Vojvodina's Party (est. 2005)

Historical parties
The following list includes political parties that existed in the Kingdom of Serbia (1881–1918), Socialist Republic of Serbia (1945–1990), and the Republic of Serbia (1990–present).

• Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative (1989–1992)

• Better Serbia (2017–2023)

• Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak (1996–2017)

• Christian Democratic Party of Serbia (1997–2017)

• Civic Alliance of Serbia (1992–2007)

• Civic Initiative of Gora (2002–2008)

• Communist Party (2010–2022)

• Conservatives (1858–1895)

• Council of Serbian Unity (2013–2014)

• Croatian Bunjevac-Šokac Party (2004–2011)

• Croatian Syrmian Initiative (2008–2011)

• Croatian National Alliance (1998–2004)

• Democratic Alternative (1997–2004)

• Democratic Centre (1996–2003)

• Democratic Community of Serbia (2006–2008)

• Democratic Fatherland Party (2002–2010)

• Do not let Belgrade drown (2014–2023)

• Federal Party of Yugoslavs (1990–2010)

• G17 Plus (2002–2013)

• Green Ecological Party (2008–2019)

• Green Party (2014–2021)

• Hungarian Hope Movement (2009–2018)

• I Live for Krajina (2006–2017)

• Independent Democratic Party of Serbia (2015–2019)

• Independent Radical Party (1901–1918)

• League for Šumadija (1997–2007)

• League of Communists – Movement for Yugoslavia (1990–1994)

• League of Communists of Serbia (1945–1990)

• League of Communists of Vojvodina (1945–1990)

• League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Serbia (1998–2010)

• Liberals (1883–1895)

• Liberal Party/Liberal Democratic Party (1989–2010)

• New Democracy/Liberals of Serbia (1990–2010)

• Movement of Workers and Peasants (2011–2014)

• Natural Law Party (1992–1993)

• New Party (2013–2022)

• Otpor (1998–2004)

• Party of Serbian Progress (2000–2010)

• Party of Serbian Unity (1993–2007)

• Peasants Party of Serbia (1990–2009)

• People's Democratic Party (2003–2004)

• People's Party (1990–1995; 1997–2010)

• People's Party (2008–2012)

• People's Radical Party (1881–1945)

• People's Radical Party (1990–2010)

• Reformist Party (2005–2018)

• Rich Serbia (2011–2015)

• Serb Democratic Party (2011–2016)

• Serbia 21 (2020)

• Serbian Democratic Renewal Movement (2005–2010)

• Serbian Left (2015–2019)

• Serbian Liberal Party (1991–2010)

• Serbian Patriotic Alliance (2018–2021)

• Serbian National Renewal (1990–1996)

• Serbian Progressive Party (1881–1918)

• Serbian Radical Party – Nikola Pašić (1994–1998)

• Serbian Social Democratic Party (1903–1919)

• Social Democracy (1997–2010)

• Social Democratic Party (2002–2010)

• Social Democratic Union (1996–2002; 2003–2020)

• Socialist People's Party (2002–2006)

• Third Serbia (2012–2015)

• Third Serbia – Rich Serbia (2015–2016)

• Together for Šumadija (2009–2013; 2015–2020)

• Together for Serbia (2012–2022)

• Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia (1990–1991)

• United Regions of Serbia (2013–2015)

• Yugoslav Left (1994–2010)

title: List of political parties in Serbia


text:
List of political parties in Singapore

This is a list of political parties in Singapore, including existing and historical ones. The earliest political parties were established in the lead-up to Singapore first Legislative Council elections in 1948. Singapore is a republic. While the country has a multi-party system, the dominant political party have often been the People's Action Party since 1965, along with the main opposition party, the Workers' Party. Minority governments are uncommon, as elections have not resulted in a hung parliament since independence.

Legislative power is vested in parliament, which consists of the president as its head and a single chamber whose members are elected by popular vote. The role of the president as the head of state has been, historically, largely ceremonial although the constitution was amended in 1991 to give the president some veto powers in a few key decisions such as the use of the national reserves, as well as the appointment of key judiciary, civil service and Singapore Armed Forces posts. They also exercise powers over national security matters.

Singapore has consistently been rated as the least-corrupt country in Asia and globally amongst the top five by Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, and the degree of accountability and transparency is reflected in the public's high level of satisfaction with the political institutions. Thomas Friedman of the New York Times also considers the country's civil service to be one of the most efficient and uncorrupt bureaucracies in the world, with a high standard of discipline and accountability. The World Bank's governance indicators have also rated Singapore highly on rule of law, control of corruption and government effectiveness.

Pre-independence
Amongst the oldest parties, the Malay Union, traced its history back to 14 May 1926, was initially a non-political association as the party only participated in the 1955 election. The Progressive Party and Labour Party, both established in the late 1940s, were some of the pioneering local establishments, with the PP the only party to contest in the first elections in 1948, and the LP coming on board in 1951. By 1955, the fledgling British colony had seven parties contesting, and reached a pinnacle of 13 parties in 1959. A total of three parties were established in the 1940s, 12 in the 1950s and five in the 1960s.

20th century
Post-independence Singapore saw the dominance of the People's Action Party, which first came into power in 1959. On 16 May 1960, a new Societies Ordinance was passed, and in December 1966, local parties were forbidden from being affiliated to foreign ones. This directly impacted the handful of small parties with links to Malaysia, most of which renamed themselves and/or cut formal foreign ties. The PAP's dominance stemming from Singapore's economic advancement further weakened the smaller opposition parties, with a majority of Singaporeans voting for the PAP in subsequent elections.

Still, new parties continued to be established, and to date, there are therefore a total of 30 registered political parties today, of which ten have never contested in an election, 13 parties have officially dissolved with most through mergers with other parties. A few opposition parties, those of Workers' Party and Singapore Democratic Party, had gained some success towards the 80s with the captures of its safe seat of Hougang and Potong Pasir respectively, with the former went with further success heading towards the 21st century.

21st century
Over the years, alliances between political parties existed, however short-lived. Presently, only one functioning multi-party alliance, the Singapore Democratic Alliance, which was formed on 3 July 2001, initially composed of the Singapore People's Party (SPP), National Solidarity Party (NSP), Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura and the Justice Party, Singapore, with the SPP being the lead party. The vision was to bring all opposition parties under one banner to counter the PAP's dominance, but it was met with limited success due to opposition infighting. The NSP left the alliance in 2007, and in 2010, the SPP itself left when there was internal disagreements over the SPP's attempts to bring in the newly formed Reform Party (RP).

Many party members have resigned from its former parties and later formed newer parties over the years following the aftermath of its respective general elections, notably People's Power Party (PPP) formed by former WP and NSP member Goh Meng Seng in 2015, the Peoples Voice (PV) by former-National Solidarity Party's Secretary general Lim Tean in 2018, the Progress Singapore Party (PSP) in 2019 by former People's Action Party Member of Parliament Tan Cheng Bock, Red Dot United (RDP) in 2020 by former PSP members Ravi Philemon and Michelle Lee, and Singapore United Party (SUP) by former RP members in 2021.

Legislation
Under the current legislation, all political parties (termed "Political Associations") must be registered under the Societies Act. As such, the following rules pertaining to political associations apply: The government has the power to dissolve the party if it contravenes the above rules, or any other rule applicable to all forms of registered societies.
 * All members of political parties must be Singaporean citizens.
 * Political Association must not be affiliated or connected with any organisation outside Singapore. The fact that a political association uses a name or symbol which is the same as that of an organisation outside Singapore shall be deemed to be sufficient evidence that the political association has an affiliation or connection with that organisation.

Under the Political Donations Act which came into force on 15 February 2001, Political Associations are also barred from accepting any donation in cash or kind from impermissible donors, or from anonymous donors where the value exceeds S$5,000. The government announced that it was to "prevent foreigners from interfering in domestic politics through the financial support for any association's cause", and cited an example of a case in 1959 when S$700,000 was sent to Chew Swee Kee, then Education Minister from the Singapore People's Alliance by a "neighbouring intelligence service in a "black operation" against the interests of Singapore". Another case was also cited pertaining to foreign financial support for Francis Seow of the Workers' Party in 1988.

The People's Action Party donated $20,000 to Australian political parties through (Singtel-owned) Optus in 2010, although the motives and details of the donation remain unverified.

Political parties
There have been a total of 43 political parties (not including Malaysia's parties, those contested in both Malaysia and Singapore elections, or those which contested during Singapore's merger with Malaysia) in Singapore.

Party or Alliance active Party or Alliance active, but collated to another party or alliance  Party or Alliance dissolved  Party or Alliance registered, but is yet to contest  Party or Alliance's status unknown

Shirt colours
The candidates and supporters of the various political parties tend to wear the following shirt colours while making their rounds in various wards or campaigning.

Past political parties

 * 1) The tally does not include city council elections, by-elections, Malaysian parliamentary elections or presidential elections (the latter which requires nonpartisan candidacy).
 * 2) The party was contested under the coalition of Singapore People's Party (SPP).
 * 3) The party was contested under the coalition of Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA).
 * 4) The party was contested under the coalition of United People's Front (UPF).

Other defunct parties

 * Malayan Communist Party
 * Malayan Democratic Union (dissolved in 1948)
 * Singapore Socialist Party (merged to form Labour Front)

title: List of political parties in Singapore


text:
List of political parties in Slovakia

This article lists political parties in Slovakia. Slovakia has a democratic multi-party system with numerous political parties, established after the fall of communism in 1989 and shaped into the present form with Slovakia's independence in 1993. Since 1989 there has been altogether 236 registered political parties in the country, 61 are active as of March 2012. Today they have 58 active parties

In the Slovak political system usually no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments, an exception being the parliamentary elections in 2012.

Parties in liquidation
There are dozens of political parties currently in the process of being liquidated.

Defunct parties (1989 – present)

 * 99 Percent – Civic Voice - founded in 2011. Dissolved in 2023.
 * Agrarian Countryside Party (Agrárna Strana Vidieka) - founded in 2003. Dissolved in 2022.
 * Alliance of the New Citizen (Aliancia nového občana) – founded in 2001, government participation between 2002–05, extra-parliamentary since 2006, inactive in the late-2000s, legally succeeded by the 'Free Word Party of Nora Mojsejová' in 2011 and IDEA since 2013
 * Christian People's Party (Kresťanská ľudová strana, KLS) - founded in 1998. Dissolved in 2018.
 * Civic Democratic Union (Občianska demokratická únia) - arose in 1991, its members are now in the Democratic Party and the small Civic Conservative Party (Občianska konzervatívna strana)
 * Civic Liberals (Občianski liberáli) - founded in 2004. Dissolved in 2020.
 * Conservative Democrats of Slovakia (Konzervatívni demokrati Slovenska) - Dissolved in 2014.
 * Democratic Party (Demokratická Strana)- founded in 2006. Until 2007 it was named Democratic Party Slovakia. Dissolved in 2024.
 * Democratic Union (Demokratická únia) - in the government between 1998 and 2002, now part of the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union
 * Direct Democracy (Priama Demokracia) - founded in 2008. Until 2013 it was named New Slovak Alternative, Civic-Liberal Party. Dissolved in 2022.
 * European Democratic Party (Európska Demokratická Strana) - founded in 2006. Dissolved in 2019.
 * Good Choice - Founded in 2019. Merged with Voice – Social Democracy in 2023.
 * Green Party (Strana zelených) - Dissolved in 2022.
 * Greens - Party of National Prosperity - founded in 1990. Leader was Rudolf Pardubský. Until 2006 the party was named Party of National Prosperity. Dissolved in 2017.
 * Green Wave (Zelená vlna) - founded in 2009 as AZEN – Alliance for Europe of Nations. Dissolved in 2017.
 * Homeland (VLASŤ) - founded in 2011. Until 2019 it was named Civic Party TODAY. Dissolved in 2021.
 * Labor Party (Strana práce) - founded in 1991. The party was active only in Košice and surrounding areas. Dissolved in 2022.
 * Law and Justice (Právo a spravodlivosť) - founded in 2011. Leader was Peter Puškár. Dissolved in 2017.
 * Left Bloc (Ľavicový blok) - merged into Direction - Social Democracy in 2007/2008
 * Liberal Party - Formerly People's Union, the party split from the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) in 2003. Dissolved in 2021.
 * Magnificat Slovakia - founded in 2012. Leader was Anton Selecký. The party is affiliated with the Christian NGO OZ Magnificat Slovakia. Dissolved in 2016.
 * Modern Slovak Society (Slovenská moderná spoločnosť) - founded in 2001 as Independent Party of the Unemployed. Dissolved in 2017.
 * Most-Híd - merged into Alliance (Slovak political party) in 2021.
 * New Democracy (Nová Demokracia) - The party split from the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia in 2009. Leader was Tibor Mikuš. Dissolved in 2016.
 * Ordinary People˙ (Obyčajní ľudia) - founded in 2005. Leader was Víťazoslav Moric.
 * Party of Civic Understanding (Strana občianskeho porozumenia, SOP) - in the government between 1998 and 2002
 * Party of the Democratic Left (Strana demokratickej ľavice) - before 2002, arose in 1990 from the Communist Party of Slovakia
 * Party of the Democratic Left (Strana demokratickej ľavice, SDĽ) - Dissolved in 2015.
 * Party of the Hungarian Community - merged into Alliance (Slovak political party) in 2021.
 * Party of Patriots (Strana patriotov) - founded in 2010. Dissolved in 2018.
 * Public against Violence (Verejnosť proti násiliu) - the first party after the fall of the Communists in late 1989, ceased in 1991, split into the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) and the Civic Democratic Union (Občianska demokratická únia, ODU).
 * Resistance - Labor Party (VZDOR – strana práce) - founded in 2014. The party was member of ICOR. From 2011 to 2014 it was named Freedom. Merged into Socialists.sk in 2022.
 * Roma initiative of Slovakia (Rómska iniciatíva Slovenska) - founded in 1996. Until 2000 the party was named Roma Intelligence for Co-Habitation in the Slovak Republic. Dissolved in 2022.
 * Slovak Conservative Party (Slovenská konzervatívna strana) - founded in 2014 as Network. In 2021 merged into Christian Democratic Movement. Dissolved in 2022.
 * Slovak Democratic Coalition (Slovenská demokratická koalícia) - in existence from 1997 (as a coalition) / 1998 (as a party) to (?)2001, in the government from 1998 to 2001
 * Slovak Green Party (Strana zelených Slovenska) - Dissolved in 2022.
 * Slovak league (Slovenská liga) - founded in 2005 as Socialists. From 2005 to 2011 it was named Party of Civil Solidarity. From 2011 to 2019 it was named New Parliament. Dissolved in 2022.
 * Social Democratic Alternative (Sociálnodemokratická alternatíva)
 * Social Democratic Party of Slovakia (Sociálnodemokratická strana Slovenska) - arose in 1990, see also Alexander Dubček
 * True Slovak National Party (Pravá Slovenská národná strana) - Founded by Ján Slota in 2001 after being forced out of the Slovak National Party (SNS) by Anna Belousovová (at that time called Anna Malíková), the two parties re-merged in 2005 after both failing to get seats in the Parliament.
 * Union of the Workers of Slovakia (druženie robotníkov Slovenska) - Founded by Ján Ľupták in 1994 after split from the Party of the Democratic Left (SDĽ) by Peter Weiss. Part of the government between 1994 and 1998, the party dissolved in November 2017.
 * United Slovakia (Jednotné Slovensko) - founded in 2000. Dissloved in 2018.
 * We are Doing It for the Children - Free Forum - Dissolved in 2016.
 * We Have Had Enough! (Máme toho dosť!) - Dissolved in 2022.

Political parties in Slovakia (1948–1989)

 * Communist Party of Slovakia (1939) - leading force between 1948 and 1989
 * Party of Slovak Revival (Strana slovenskej obrody) - arose in 1948 from the Democratic Party (see above, see also National Front (Czechoslovakia)), ceased in late 1989 when the new Democratic Party was founded (see above)

Political parties in Slovakia (1945–1948)

 * Democratic Party (Demokratická strana) - an important party between 1944 and 1948, a new DS arose in 1989, since January 2006 part of the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union - Democratic Party
 * Freedom Party (Strana slobody) - Christian Republican party led by Vavro Šrobár.
 * Labour Party (Strana práce) - formed by Social Democrats who opposed cooperation with the Communist Party.

title: List of political parties in Slovakia


text:
List of political parties in Slovenia

This article lists political parties in Slovenia. Since 1989, Slovenia has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which one party rarely has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other forming coalitions.

Historical parties

 * Slovene People's Party (1892–1945), conservative political party
 * National Progressive Party (1894–1919), liberal political party
 * Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party (1898–1919), left-wing political party
 * Independent Agrarian Party (1919–1926), liberal agrarian political party
 * Slovene Peasant Party (1926–1929), centre-right agrarian political party
 * League of Communists / Communist Party (1937–1990), left-wing to far-left party
 * Union of Reform Forces (1989–1990), centre to centre-left political party
 * Slovene Christian Democrats (1989–2000), centre-right to right-wing political party
 * Slovenian Democratic Union (1989–1993), centrist and liberal political party
 * Socialist Party of Slovenia (1990–1993), centre-left political party
 * Democratic Party of Slovenia (1992–2007), centrist political party
 * Party of Slovenian People (1994–2008), right-wing to far-right political party
 * Slovenia is Ours (2004–2011), centrist regionalist political party
 * Active Slovenia (2004–2007), centrist and liberal political party
 * Zares – Social Liberals (2007–2015), centre to centre-left political party
 * Gregor Virant's Civic List (2011–2018), centre to centre-right political party
 * United Left - Democratic Party of Work (2014–2017), left-wing political party
 * List of Marjan Šarec (2014–2022), centre to centre-left party
 * Party of Alenka Bratušek (2014–2022), centre to centre-left party
 * Verjamem (2014–2022), centre-left party
 * New People's Party of Slovenia (2016–2023), centre-right party

title: List of political parties in Slovenia


text:
List of political parties in South Africa

This is a list of political parties in South Africa. South Africa is a democratic but one-party dominant state with the African National Congress as the governing party. Other parties such as the Democratic Alliance govern the Western Cape Province and municipalities, with some in coalitions with smaller parties.

Extra-parliamentary parties

 * #Hope4SA
 * Africa Muslim Party (AMP)
 * African Change Academy
 * African Christian Alliance (ACA)
 * African Congress for Transformation
 * African Content Movement (ACM)
 * African Covenant (ACO)
 * African Mantungwa Community (AC)
 * African Renaissance Unity (ARU)
 * African Security Congress (ASC)
 * Afrikaner Volksparty
 * Agang South Africa
 * All Things Are Possible
 * Alliance for Transformation for All (ATA)
 * Alliance of Citizens for Change (ACC)
 * Arise SA
 * Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB)
 * Black First Land First (BLF)
 * Cape Muslim Congress (CMC)
 * Capitalist Party of South Africa (ZACP)
 * CHANGE (CHANGE)
 * Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
 * Civic Warriors of Maruleng (CWM)
 * Compatriots of South Africa (CSA)
 * Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front (DPF)
 * Dagga Party (IQELA LE)
 * Democratic Independent Party (DI)
 * Dikwankwetla Party (DPSA)
 * Economic Emancipation Forum (EEF)
 * ECOPEACE Party (ECOPEACE)
 * Federal Party SA (FPSA)
 * Free Democrats (FREE DEM)
 * Gazankulu Liberation Congress (GLC)
 * Green Party of South Africa (GPSA)
 * Karoo Democratic Force (KDF)
 * Karoo Gemeenskap Party (KGP)
 * Keep It Straight and Simple Party (KISS Party)
 * Kingdom Governance Movement
 * Land Party (LAND)
 * National Conservative Party of South Africa (NKP)
 * National Party South Africa (NP)
 * National People's Ambassadors (NPA)
 * National Religious Freedom Party (NRFP)
 * New South Africa Party
 * Operation Dudula
 * Organic Humanity Movement (OHM)
 * Pan Africanist Movement (PAM)
 * Peace and Justice Congress (PJC)
 * People's Movement for Change (PMC)
 * Referendum Party (RP)
 * Socialist Green Coalition (SGC)
 * Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party (SRWP)
 * South African Communist Party (SACP) – part of the ANC-led "Tripartite Alliance"
 * South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities (SANCOTA)
 * South African Political Party (SAPP)
 * South African Rainbow Alliance (SARA)
 * Spectrum National Party (SNP)
 * Sterkspruit Civic Association (SCA)
 * The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation (TPICO)
 * True Freedom Party
 * Truly Alliance (TA)
 * United Congress (UNICO)
 * Uniting People First
 * Us the People (US)
 * Women Forward (WF)
 * Workers and Socialist Party (WASP)
 * Xiluva
 * Ximoko Party (XP)

Defunct parties

 * Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party (1994–?)
 * Afrikaner Party (AP; 1941–1951)
 * Boerestaat Party (BSP)
 * Christen Party/Christian Party (2005–?)
 * Christian Democratic Alliance (?–2009)
 * Christian Front (CF) (???–2014)
 * Democratic Left Front (2011–2015)
 * Democratic Party (DP; 1973–1977)
 * Dominion Party (1934–1948)
 * Federal Alliance (FA; 1998–2007)
 * Federation of Democrats (2005–?)
 * Front Nasionaal (FN; 2013–2020) (previously Federale Vryheidsparty)
 * Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP)
 * Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement (2008–?)
 * Labour Party (1910–1958)
 * Labour Party (1969–1994)
 * Liberal Party of South Africa (1953–1968)
 * Nasionale Aksie (NA; 2003–2004)
 * National Alliance (NA; 2009)
 * National Democratic Convention (NADECO; 2005–2009)
 * National People's Party (NPP; 2007–2016)
 * New Labour Party (NLP; 2004–2009)
 * Pro-death Penalty Party (2004?)
 * Progressive Reform Party (1975–1977)
 * Reform Party (1975–1975)
 * Socialist Party of Azania (SOPA; 1998–2014)
 * South African Business Party (SABP; ?–2012)
 * South African Democratic Congress (Sadeco; 2008–2011)
 * South African Party (SAP; 1911–1934)
 * Ubuntu Party (2012–2020)
 * United Independent Front (UIF; 2005–2010)
 * United Party (UP; 1934–1977)
 * Workers Organisation for Socialist Action (WOSA; 1990–?)


text:
Talk:Punk zine

Sourcing "punkzine"
Please provide concrete sources which use the term as you have written it as "punkzine" (no space). This may have been used at one point, although personally I dont think i've come across it. It could be specific to a region or time period which would be useful in citing it properly. Thanks! Xsxex 17:52, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Previous discussion
Creating a term in a different article, then linking it, then creating article about it once it's been removed is REALLY going too far. Punkzine has not, is not, probably never will be a widely used to term to describe punk rock fanzines. Punk zine, as two words, is a different matter altogether and perfectly acceptable. Punkzine as a neologism is not.

Compare:
 * punkzine - 2030 hits on google
 * "punk zine" (two words, not one, quoted search) - 3,990 hits on google
 * punk zine (two words, unquoted) - 180,000 hits on google

And I do know what I'm talking about, maintaining one of the largest punk zine libraries on the east coast (dating from 1976 to the present).

 * Must be a UK thing then. it was a movement I was very much part of and will expand the article when I've got time. I used to have a huge archive of UK 'zines from the early 80s, most of these have now been passed on to Dial House who are working on a book documenting this era. Mags like Toxic Grafity (sic), Cobalt Hate, Fack, Enigma (fanzine) very much described themselves as punkzines as they didn't like the connotations of the 'fan' part of the word fanzine, taking it to mean mindless worship, etc. Not too sure I'd put alot of store by the google searches as there is a hell of alot of minutiae from that era in the UK that hasn't been documented on the internet. i like the idea of wikipedia actaully docum,enting this sort of 'people's history' that WON'T perhaps be found elsewhere.quercus robur 20:04, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Is it possible it was an Anarcho/Crust term, and that zines from outside that community wouldn't use it? If it is, it wouldn't make a lot of sense to refer to Sniffin' Glue (which never referred to itself as a punkzine--though I'd have to check to be sure) as the first punkzine.

It's also possible that it was an early 80's UK thing, since I've run into the term before, but am really struggling to think where. My zine collection is mostly American, with some UK stuff from the 70's and late 80's/early 90's (almost nothing from the early 80's).

I'm all for having an article (probably several, based on geography, genre, and even format) about punk zines, since it's something I'm very much into and something that's been widely ignored, but I don't think it's a good idea to have such a rarely used (well, in my experience) term as the article title.

About UK punk stuff not being on the net, have you considered starting a project to OCR some of the more interersting articles and possibly setting up a website (not part of the wikipedia) in the vein of Kill From the Heart or the Dementlieu Punk Archive?

 * Possibly was an anarcho-punk thing, as this was my main area of interest/activity. I used to have boxes and boxes of anarcho-punk zines, however most of them are currently with Crass, who are doing an archiving project, and will be (hopefully!) bringing out a book compiling the 'best of' (subjective I know...) the material, as well as a seperate one collecting up the best fanzine interviews with crass. I'm not sure if the guy doing the archiving (not actually one of Crass) will be OCRing the stuff, but from what i'm told he has the necessary obsessive gene that I unfortunately(?) lack ;-) Cheers quercus robur 14:30, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

--

Little notes, things to cover (I'll work on the article some, at least the areas I'm most comfortable with.). Feel free to add more

 * evolution from 60's rock zines and underground pubs (Crawdaddy, Fifth Estate, pick some more)
 * evolution from early sci fi culture (Who Put the Bomp!/Bomp! best exemplifies, Forced Exposure's skiffy tendencies also)
 * early early-mid 70's zines (Back Door Man, Bomp!)
 * 76-79 England (Sniffing Glue, Ripped and Torn, the like)
 * 76-79 America (the newsprint tabloids: Punk, Slash, Search and Destroy, NY Rocker, New Wave. the genuine zines: Gabba Gabba Gazette, Flipside, pick some others)
 * 80-82 America - rise of hardcore zines (Touch and Go, MRR, Forced Exposure, Noise, Ripper)
 * 82 fanzine explosion in America

 * 79-85 America and England - rise of the glossy "prozines" and faux-zines (Punk Lives, Matter, and some others...)

 * mention notable zine writers (Albini, Tesco, Byron Coley, Jimmy Johnson)

 * list of notable zines (w/ link to COMPLETE list of all zines as well)

 * other formats
 * Cassette fanzines (Fast Forward (oz), Sub Pop (us), Bang Zoom (us))
 * Video
 * CDRom (that zine done by the Punk Uprisings girl)

Definitive
This "The definitive punk zine was the New York magazine Punk" is POV at best, and possibly the usual Wikipedia US biase

Something of a request.
Hi,

I'm asking for some help if I may. My better half is doing her dissertation on wikipedia and punk zines and the similarities and differences (a very rough overview by me that). For it, she'd like to interview a couple of regular Wiki contributors to the punk project side of things, as well as a couple of people who have created/edited past/current fanzines. If anyone would like to help, or can point me in the direction of anyone that can/would, I and her good self would appreciate it hugely. If you need to contact me, just whack a comment on my talk page or reply to this.

Apologies for posting this here if this isn't suitable

Cheers

Drivenapart (talk) 11:42, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

vegan straightedge
zines were a huge part of the 90s era of vegan straightedge and hardline. this should be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.28.147.120 (talk) 06:58, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Punk zine


text:
Talk:Instant camera

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Instant Movie System
The article says that the colours fade. Is this true? The Polavision system was based on the Dufay colour process, which had fixed colour filters in the film stock. I don't believe even Dufay had fading problems. 86.133.8.129 18:15, 1 August 2006 (UTC) this is not true.

Image Transfer
What exactly is "image transfer", which is mentioned in the article and in the subtitles under the picture? Image transfer should be under instant film

Professional use
Polaroid has, in the past, been popular amongst professional photographers as well. It's main benefit being to preview the a shoot's setup. This is especially important for commercial/advertising photography where even small mistakes could be costly. Due to digital camera technology, professional use of polaroid cameras has largely vanished.

Large format, 8" x 10" and larger, cameras used the polaroid color process in the reproduction of art. Further research on this would be appreciated. Also, Ansel Adams was a "consultant" with Polaroid. Again, further research would be appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.191.53.58 (talk) 13:59, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

It was also largely used by government agencies like DMV for the making of IDs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mystixa (talk • contribs) 17:35, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Trivia about Memento
In Memento the main character has a Polaroid SLR 690 that he uses quite often out of medical need. Luis Dantas 15:20, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Lacquering the prints
I've put in a mention of the least attractive feature of the early Polaroid system- the need to coat the prints wit a lacquer (fixing agent) to prevent fading. Even Bill Cosby mentioned it: he wished for a system to produce instant babies without the nine month wait: "When you get one you want you've gotta dip 'em in the lacquer or they'll fade on ya"Saxophobia (talk) 19:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The basic information you added probably could go after the next paragraph, since some types of pack film did require coating. (I think type 55 still does).  The statement that this led directly to the development of the SX-70 is a little suspect, but so far I've not turned up any specific reference one way or the other.  I am pretty sure there were pack films that did not require coating, and I happen to have an ancient roll of type 20 (Swinger) film that states that coating is not required.  -- LarryMac  | Talk  20:39, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

The coating used was derived from an experiment applying Beacon Wax, a commercial product, on a print. This information was told to me by the late Herbert A. Bing. This discovery was not Mr. Bing's but a very significant invention was.

Mr. Bing was an MIT graduate and design engineer at Eastman Kodak hired by Ewin Land to be a design engineer at Polaroid. Mr. Bing's most significant patent contribution, among many, was the design of the roller spreader system. Dr. Land's patented spreader consisting of sprung flat blades failed to evenly spread the developer/transfer gel between the negative and print paper. The roller system made a marketable prodect feasable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.191.53.58 (talk) 18:43, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

ColorPack film did NOT require coating and preceeded the SX70. It was a quality color print media and was used in art reproduction prior to digital technologies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.191.53.58 (talk) 16:54, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Pg32.jpg
The image File:Pg32.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --03:15, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

More info needed on Kodak's instant cameras.
Didn't Polaroid sue Kodak twice? Once for their original pack film and cameras and later when Kodak introduced the Trimprint line where the photo could be peeled off the developer backing and trimmed with scissors without the photo delaminating, which wasn't possible with Polaroid's SX-70, 600 or Spectra film. I'd thought by then Polaroid's patents would have been expired. This article also needs some images of Spectra, Kodak, and Fuji cameras. There are also several different Polaroid backs made for some Holga cameras, the latest is the Holgaroid made by The Impossible Project. Bizzybody (talk) 03:20, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

I add ed a citation on one of the suits where polaroid sued for violation of 10 of their patents. Provided by a Popular Science article from 1976 at the introduction of the EK series. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mystixa (talk • contribs) 17:37, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Instant digital cameras with built-in printers
With Polaroids introduction of a new kind of instant camera using a built-in thermal printer (Polaroid Z340) in 2011, shouldn't we mention that in the article sine it is technically a form of instant camera or is this article only about instant film cameras? (I would think that instant camera should be defined as a camera which uses instant film, and a chemical development process)

--Notcharliechaplin (talk) 22:48, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It's worth a hatnote that points out the existence of such digital cameras. I've added it to the top. Mikael Häggström (talk) 18:17, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

Revival of interest?
In recent months I've noticed an upswing in interest in Polaroid/instant camera use. We're seeing a lot of people talking about using them again, a number of celebrities have been photographed using them (the UK actress Jenna Coleman is one example). Is this an actual thing that people have gone back to instant camera the same way some people have returned to vinyl from digital and CD? If so, where do they get the film if it's no longer being made? If any media has done an article on this resurgence this article (and related ones) might need to be updated a little. (PS. I do not believe the instant cameras I'm seeing are the Z340 ones described in the note above.) 68.146.233.86 (talk) 12:55, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Polaroid camera redirect
"Instant-print photographic film and cameras" are mentioned in the very last line of the Polaroid article but nowhere else so I believe this redirect is highly misleading. Or is the title Polaroid camera wrong? --KF 19:26, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Suggestions
As it happens, I'm unable to contribute anything to this article myself, but let me make a list of things I'd be looking forward to reading:

(1) the name(s) of those instant cameras (Wasn't there, at least in Europe, a lawsuit where Kodak was involved?) [Kodak was sued by Polaroid for patent infringment when Kodak introduced a competing instant camera. The Kodak process was very similar to Polaroid's. Ultimately, the Kodak product was withdrawn from the market. I do not have more information.] '''It wasn't the camera that infringed on Polaroid's patents--it was the instant film which did. In this case, discussion of the patent infringement case should be discussed under the instant film article, not here'''

(Should this article contain an exhaustive list of all instant cameras? If so, this would be possible, though it would greatly lengthen the article!) '''The outside links section contains links to Polaroid camera lists. This list is long and does not include non-polaroid cameras.'''

(2) the history -- from their being presented (already in 1947 I see) to their being advertised, mass-marketed (certainly not in the late 1940s?) etc. [The Polaroid camera must have been consumer marketed after 1950 when Herbert A. Bing moved from Kodak in Rochester, NY, to Polaroid in Cambridge, MA. It was Polaroid patents under Herbert A. Bing as named inventor that made a marketable product feasable.]

(Polaroid cameras were mass marketed in late 1948. In fact, Polaroid's marketing engine was instrumental to its success. I'll see if I can do a short write-up, based on Wensberg's book "Land's Polaroid")

'''I'm not sure that instant camera marketing would be relevant to this article. Instant camera history though, could include how the instant camera developed (already covered to a small extent). '''

(3) how they really work (I remember it was suggested you put the photo face down on the table and wait for some minutes)

(The instant film article details how instant film works, which is what I think you're asking. The instant cameras themselves, which is what the article is about, are fairly standard medium format cameras.)

It may be interesting to include how the camera mechanically works, including how the negative is exposed and drawn through the rollers against the positive with reagent squeezed between it

(4) the customers' reaction (people putting up with a much higher price per picture and very bad quality, too, just to be able to look at it instantly) this comment is biased and not worth addressing

(This is an interesting topic, though it would be largely anecdotal. Roll and pack cameras actually produced high quality photos albeit at a higher price. Integral cameras took lower quality photos but were much easier to use, which was a trade-off)

(5) how this technology was completely (?) superseded by digital photography [Polaroid relied heavily on the sale of its propriatary film for income profits. I was told by an employee that the cameras were often sold at a loss to stimulate the film sales. Some of the early cameras were well constructed assemblies of quality parts including bellows by Rochester Bellows and German glass optics. Digital camera technology does not rely on propiatary print media or require print media at all. Digital imaging is more compact in the field.]

(I'm not sure an explanation is needed on the actual reasons why instant cameras were superseded by digital. )

And a photo of an old 1970s camera!

KF 02:32, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I'm doing some of what you asked to expand this, KF, but I also wonder if this article should instead be instant camera, because as you said, Polaroid wasn't the only manufacturer of instant cameras in history. I could add this info to the instant camera wiki, but I don't know how to make this page redirect to that one yet. - Apocaplops 16:40, 2 August 2005 (UTC) [The Polaroid Camera was the only commercially feasable consumer "instant" still image camera until digital technology entered the consumer imaging arena. I omit the short lived Kodak entry into the market because the chemistry and technology were so similar and Kodak withdrew following a lawsuit brought by Polaroid Corp.]

Of course, Fuji is the only instant camera that still survives to this day, so it should be mentioned (2016)

New subcategories
I am planning to add a section talking more about the different film needed to use the more modern instant cameras(fujifilm Instax mini, Fujfilm Wide, Polaroid 300, Impossible films, etc) and also adding a section about instant camera being used in media, pop culture, music, and etc. (for an example the song "Hey Ya!"). How this helped to popularize instant cameras. Parkdj (talk) 15:22, 31 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Hey Ya!. -Lopifalko (talk) 15:36, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

Andy Warhol section
The Andy Warhol section barely contains any info on Andy Warhol, and it doesn't seem so important to have on the main article. Perhaps this could be changed into a creative techniques section as this is what it mostly talks about. --GoodCrossing (talk) 15:24, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I've renamed it as per your suggestion and made other improvements but the section remains a mess and is unsourced. -Lopifalko (talk) 16:03, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I've added some references but I think more are needed. Perhaps the section could be structured a bit differently as well. GoodCrossing (talk) 20:39, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I've now rewritten the first paragraph to be a better introduction, and to give a brief explanation to the main techniques. As for citations, please let me know if my introduction needs some, but I think the three provided in the second paragraph are sufficient for both. GoodCrossing (talk) 23:12, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

Samuel Shlafrock and the "earliest instant camera"
I have removed the claim that Samuel Shlafrock invented the earliest instant camera. The patent cited as a source does indeed describe a camera in a box that serves as a dark room. But it produces a negative print! It also requires the operator to insert sensitised paper and pour in chemicals into "baths" every time it is used. The loading, manipulating, developing and extracting the print all require an operator to insert their hand, covered in a sack, into the box. This is a primitive concept, does not produce a positive print, and the patent alone does not demonstrate such a device was ever successfully manufactured. A claim that this invention is comparable in any way to the Land camera, and that it alone predates that camera, requires a reliable secondary source, not a patent. There may well be other patents and other primitive camera-developer concepts. The text was added by an IP in 2010. Searching for alternative sources only produces sites clearly based on Wikipedia, and one even uses a photo of Edwin Land to illustrate Shlafrock's entry in a timeline. Land's genius invention was to produce a positive photograph instantly. -- Colin°Talk 14:02, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Someone contacted me to say they "own a Chicago Ferrotype Mandelette camera from about 1916 that is a camera containing developing chemicals in a tank below the camera body..much like 'Afghan street cameras' do". We have an article on this: Mandel Photo Postcard Machine. Some sources: And more on the Afghan Box Cameras: The name for this is "kamra-e-faoree", which means "instant camera". Both of these camera types predate Land's camera and unlike Shlafrock's patent, really were widely used for a time. This wiki article still does mention that there were instant cameras before Land's but "These cameras were, however, more portable wet darkrooms than "instant" camera and were difficult to use." A statement that is unsourced. I think there's probably enough material online (and perhaps more in books) to have a section on these "portable wet darkroom" kind of cameras. -- Colin°Talk 18:41, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Chicago Ferrotype Company Mandelette Postcard Camera
 * Chicago Ferrotype Mandel-ette
 * Mandel-ette Camera by Chicago Ferrotype Co.
 * The Mandel-ette
 * Has the Afghan Box Camera Finally Met Its Match?
 * The Amazing Rise And Fall Of Century-Old Afghan Box Cameras
 * ABOUT AFGHAN BOX CAMERA PHOTOGRAPHY

title: Talk:Instant camera


text:
List of political parties in Spain

This article serves as a list of the political parties in Spain.

Spain has a multi-party system at both the national and regional level, the major parties nationwide being the People's Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

Spain was formerly considered to have a two-party system dominated by the PSOE and the PP; however, the current makeup has no formation or coalition with enough seats to claim a parliamentary majority in the bicameral Cortes Generales (consisting of both the national Congress of Deputies and regional representation in the Senate). Regional parties can be strong in autonomous communities, notably Catalonia and the Basque Country, and are often essential for national government coalitions.

National political formations of Spain

 * People's Party (Partido Popular, PP) — mainstream centre-right party, that is conservative, Catholic and economically liberal and which conforms the largest group in Congress and Senate and leads the parliamentary opposition. The People's Party originates from the People's Alliance (Alianza Popular, AP) refoundation in 1989. The party has governed from 1996 to 2004 and from 2011 to 2018.
 * Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) — mainstream centre-left social democratic party linked to General Union of Workers (Unión General de Trabajadores, UGT) trade union. The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya, PSC) acts as the party's instance in Catalonia. The party has governed from 1982 to 1996, from 2004 to 2011 and since 2018.
 * Vox — a right-wing to far-right party that split from the People's Party in 2014; their main ideologies are social and national conservatism, economic liberalism and centralism (i.e. strong opposition to Spain's peripheral nationalisms). Vox opposes LGBT movements in Spain while endorsing anti-LGBT rhetoric abroad, rejects european federalism and defends narrowing the naturalisation of immigrant individuals of Maghrebi origin. It has allied to other right-wing to far-right political parties from Latin America,  Italian Brothers of Italy and Hungarian Fidesz.
 * Sumar — a left-wing and progressive electoral platform established in 2022, constituted as an instrumental political party. It conforms an alliance of left-wing formations, some of them formerly comprising the Unidas Podemos and Más País political alliances, including nationwide United Left, Más Madrid, Greens Equo and regional Compromís, Chunta and Batzarre, among others. Like preceding Unidas Podemos, Sumar forms a coalition with governing PSOE.
 * We can (Podemos), a left-wing political party founded in 2014 in the aftermath of the 15-M Movement. It was in government as junior partner of the PSOE from 2020 to 2023, within the alliance Unidas Podemos.
 * Citizens (Ciudadanos, Cs) — a centre-right liberal and Spanish nationalist party. It supports a high degree of political decentralization, but it rejects autonomous communities' right to self-determination. Once the third-largest force in Congress, its popular support sharply declined in the November 2019 general election. The party has established an electoral alliance with PP in the Basque Country. It didn't contest the latest general elections.

Represented in European Parliament only
Se Acabó La Fiesta was founded right before the 2024 European Parliament election and won 3 seats. It is designated as a group of electors rather than officially as a political party.

Political parties without representation

 * Animalist Party with the Environment (Partido Animalista Con el Medio Ambiente, PACMA) (2003–present)
 * Falange Española de las JONS (1976–present)
 * Libertarian Party (Partido Libertario) (2009–present)
 * Escaños en Blanco [ es] (2010–present)
 * For a Fairer World (Por un Mundo Más Justo, PM+J) (2004–present)
 * Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) (2014–present)
 * The Greens–Green Group (Los Verdes–Grupo Verde) (1994–present)
 * Humanist Party (Partido Humanista) (1984–present)
 * Carlist Party (Partido Carlista) (1970–present)
 * Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista [ es] (1986–present)
 * Pirate Party (Partido Pirata) (2006–present)
 * Internet Party (Partido de Internet) (2009–present)
 * Authentic Phalanx (Falange Auténtica) (2002–present)
 * Confederation of the Greens (Confederación de los Verdes) (1984–present)
 * Anticapitalists (Anticapitalistas) (1995–present)
 * Overwhelmed and Annoyed Citizens
 * Citizens for Blank Votes (Ciudadanos en Blanco) (2002–2022)
 * Cannabis Party (Partido Cannabis por la Legalización y la Normalización) (2003–present)
 * Party of the Democratic Karma (Partido del Karma Democrático) (2000–present)
 * Alianza para el Desarrollo y la Naturaleza
 * Iniciativa Socialista de Izquierdas
 * Los Parados
 * The Eco-pacifist Greens (Los Verdes Ecopacifistas) (1988–present)
 * Nueva Izquierda Verde
 * Nuevo Partido por la Democracia
 * Partido Familia y Vida
 * Actúa (2017–present)
 * Partido de los Autónomos Jubilados y Viudas
 * Republican Alternative (Alternativa Republicana) (2013–present)
 * Partido Ibérico
 * Partido Mutuo Apoyo Romántico
 * Solidaridad y Autogestión Internacionalista (SAIn)
 * Foro Centro y Democracia (CYD)
 * National Bolshevik Party (Partido Nacional Bolquevique)
 * Muerte al Sistema (+MAS+)
 * SOMOS España
 * Volt Spain (2018–present)
 * Workers' Front

Communist parties

 * Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) (1973–present)
 * Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) (1973–present)
 * Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) (1984–present)
 * Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist) (2006–present)
 * Revolutionary Left (2017–present)
 * Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) (2019–present)
 * Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) (1980–present)
 * Internationalist Struggle (LI) (1999–present)
 * Marxist–Leninist Party (Communist Reconstruction) (PML(RC)) (2014–present)

Nationalist parties

 * National Democracy (1995–present)
 * España 2000 (2002–present)
 * Spanish Alternative (2003–present)
 * National Alliance (2006–present)
 * Party for Freedom (2013–present)

Andalusia

 * Andalusi Party (2023–present)
 * Partido Regionalista por Andalucía Oriental (PRAO) [ es]

Asturias

 * Partíu Asturianista (1985–present)
 * Andecha Astur (1990–present)
 * Asturian Left (1992–present)
 * Unidad Regionalista Asturiana
 * Bloc for Asturias (2003–present)
 * Coalición Asturiana
 * Unidá (2007–present)

Basque Country

 * Zutik
 * Zornotza Eginez (local)

Cantabria

 * Cantabrian Nationalist Council (1995–present)

Castile and León

 * Partido de El Bierzo (1979–present)
 * Partido Regionalista del País Leonés (1980–present)
 * Unidad Regionalista de Castilla y León (1992–present)
 * Izquierda Castellana (2002–present)
 * Agrupación de Electores Independientes Zamoranos
 * Partido de Castilla y León (PCAL) [ es]

Catalonia

 * Estat Català (1922–present)
 * Pirate Party of Catalonia (2010–present)
 * National Front of Catalonia (2013–present)

Extremadura

 * United Extremadura (1980–present)

Galicia

 * Galician People's Front (1986–present)
 * Land Party (Partido da Terra) (2011–present)

Madrid

 * The Greens of the Community of Madrid (1995–present)

Navarre

 * Batzarre (1987–present)

Defunct major parties

 * People's Socialist Party (1968–1978)
 * National Union (1979–1982)
 * People's Alliance, refounded as People's Party (1976–1989)
 * Liberal Party, absorbed into the People's Party (1976–1989)
 * People's Democratic Party, absorbed into the People's Party (1982–1989)
 * Union of the Democratic Centre (1977–1983), refounded as Democratic and Social Centre (1982–2006) (merged into PP)
 * Euskadiko Ezkerra, absorbed into Socialist Party of the Basque Country (1977–1993)
 * Majorca Socialist Party, absorbed into PSM–Nationalist Agreement
 * Democratic Reformist Party (1983–1986)
 * Valencian Union (1982–2014)
 * Andalusian Party (1965–2015)
 * Herri Batasuna (1978–2001), refounded as Batasuna (2001–2013), the political branch of ETA, illegal
 * Euskal Herritarrok (1998–2003), banned
 * Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (2002–2008), outlawed
 * Convergence and Union (1978–2015)
 * Aralar (2000–2017)
 * Nafarroa Bai (2004–2015)
 * Amaiur (2011–2015)
 * Platform for Catalonia (2002–2019) (merged into Vox)
 * Union, Progress and Democracy (2007–2020), a progressive party which ideologically combined social liberalism with centralism from the radical centre of political spectrum. It strongly supported the unity of Spain, thereby being an enemy of Spain's peripheral nationalism.

Defunct minor parties

 * National Alliance July 18 (1977)
 * Spanish Solidarity (1982–1984)
 * Republican Social Movement (1999–2018)
 * Basque Nationalist Action (1930-2008), outlawed
 * Askatasuna (1998–2009), banned
 * Herritarren Zerrenda (2004), banned
 * Demokrazia Hiru Milioi (2009), outlawed
 * Partido Galeguista (1977–1984)
 * Galician Coalition (1983–2012)
 * Commoners' Land (1988–2009)
 * Alianza por la Unidad Nacional (1995–2005) (Merged into National Alliance)
 * Spanish Democratic Party (1996–2008)
 * Nós–Unidade Popular (2001–2015)
 * Cantabrian Unity (2002–2011)
 * Union of the Salamancan People (2002–2014)
 * Another Democracy is Possible (2003–2006)
 * National Front (2006–2011)
 * Unión Centrista Liberal (1978–2014)

Reign of Isabella II

 * Moderate Party (1834–1874)
 * Progressive Party (1834–1874)
 * Democratic Party (1849–1869)
 * Liberal Union (1858–1874)

Sexenio Democrático

 * Moderate Party (1834–1874)
 * Progressive Party (1834–1874)
 * Democratic Party (1849–1869)
 * Liberal Union (1858–1874)
 * Traditionalist Communion (1869–1937)
 * Radical Democratic Party (1871–1880)
 * Federal Democratic Republican Party (1868–1912)
 * Constitutional Party (1872–1880)

Bourbon restoration

 * Conservative Party (1876–1931)
 * Liberal Party (1880–1931)
 * Traditionalist Communion (1869–1937)
 * Regionalist League of Catalonia (1901–1936)
 * Republican Nationalist Federal Union (1910–1917)
 * Republican–Socialist Conjunction (1909–1919)
 * Maurist Party (1913–1930)
 * Reformist Party (1912–1924)
 * Radical Republican Party (1908–1936)
 * Spanish Patriotic Union (1924–1930)

Second Spanish Republic

 * National Front
 * Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (1933–1937)
 * Popular Action (1930–1933)
 * Spanish Agrarian Party (1934–1936)
 * Spanish Nationalist Party (1930–1936)
 * Spanish Renovation (1933–1937)
 * Traditionalist Communion (1869–1937)
 * Popular Front
 * Republican Left (1934–1959)
 * Republican Union (1934–1958)
 * Syndicalist Party (1934–1976)
 * Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (1935–1980)
 * Radical Republican Party (1908–1936)
 * Falange Española de las JONS (1934–1937)
 * Falange Española (1933–1934)
 * Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (1931–1934)
 * Regionalist League of Catalonia (1901–1936)
 * Radical Socialist Republican Party (1929–1934)
 * Liberal Republican Right (1930–1936)
 * Republican Action (1925–1934)
 * Conservative Republican Party (1932–1936)
 * Party of the Democratic Centre (1936–1939)

Francoist Spain
During the period of the Francoist Regime from 1939 to 1977, Spain was a One-party state. That means that only one political party, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS), was legally allowed to hold power.
 * Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (1937–1977)
 * Falange Española de las JONS (1934–1937)
 * Traditionalist Communion (1869–1937)

title: List of political parties in Spain


text:
List of political parties in Taiwan

This article lists the political parties in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 7 December 1949.

The organization of political parties in Taiwan is governed by the Political Parties Act, enacted on 6 December 2017. The Political Parties Act defines political parties as "political groups consisting of ROC citizens with a common political ideology who safeguard the free, democratic, constitutional order, assist in shaping the political will of the people, and nominate candidates for election to public office."

Prior to the passage of the Political Parties Act, political organizations in Taiwan followed the Civil Associations Act, also known as the Civil Organizations Act, promulgated in 1989. The Civil Associations Act required that groups held a convention to announce the formation of a political party, and within thirty days of the announcement, provide a list of party members and a party charter to the Ministry of the Interior. Groups established when the Civil Associations Act was in effect should have revised their charters to comply with the Political Parties Act by 7 December 2019. To be compliant with the Political Parties Act, political groups must additionally convene a representative assembly or party congress for four consecutive years and have followed relevant laws and regulations governing the nomination of candidates to campaign in elections for public office for the same time period. Within one year of filing for political party status, a political group must complete legal person registration. The Ministry of the Interior requires that political parties submit annual property and financial statements. Political organizations that do not meet these regulations were dissolved and removed from the registry of political parties.

Parties with national or local representation

 * National representation includes the President, the Vice President, and the 113 national legislator seats in the Legislative Yuan.
 * Local representation includes the 22 mayors/magistrates executive positions and 912 local legislator (councils) seats of the 6 special municipalities, 3 cities and 13 counties.

Full list of registered political parties
The following is a full list of registered political parties according to the Ministry of the Interior, by order of registration. Dates indicate date of founding. A large number of these political parties have been officially deregistered or dissolved.

Taiwan under Japanese rule
Political party movements in Taiwan started in the late 1910s after World War I, during the Taishō period (Taishō Democracy). Taiwanese political movements at this time were to modify the discriminatory colonial laws established in earlier years, and to set up local autonomy systems like in Mainland Japan. The largest political movement at this time was the Petition Movement for the Establishment of a Taiwanese Parliament. At the same time, the International Communist Movement also influenced Taiwan, many Left-wing parties and organizations were also established.

Notable Taiwanese parties during this time are:
 * Taiwan Dōkakai (臺灣同化會, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Tông-hòa-hōe, Japanese: Taiwan Dōkakai)
 * New People Society (新民會, Taiwanese Hokkien: Sin-bîn-hōe, Japanese: Shinminkai)
 * Taiwanese Cultural Association (臺灣文化協會, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Bûn-hòa Hia̍p-hōe, Japanese: Taiwan Bunka Kyōkai)
 * Taiwanese Federation of Workers' Unions (臺灣工友總聯盟, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Kang-iú Chóng Liân-bêng, Japanese: Taiwan Kōyū Sōrenmei)
 * Taiwanese Peasants Union (臺灣農民組合, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Lông-bîn Cho͘-ha̍p, Japanese: Taiwan Nōmin Kumiai)
 * Taiwanese Communist Party (臺灣共產黨, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Kiōng-sán Tóng, Japanese: Taiwan Kyōsan-tō)
 * Taiwanese People's Party (臺灣民眾黨, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Bîn-chiòng Tóng, Japanese: Taiwan Minshu-tō)
 * Taiwan Local Autonomy Union (臺灣地方自治聯盟, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tâi-oân Tē-hng Chū-tī Liân-bêng, Japanese: Taiwan Tihō-jiti Renmei)

At the same time, the political parties in Mainland Japan also affected Taiwan. Those who served as Governor-General of Taiwan were also members of the House of Peers of the Imperial Diet (帝国議会). Party affiliations of the Governor-Generals were:
 * Rikken Seiyūkai (立憲政友会, Taiwanese Hokkien: Li̍p-hiàn Chèng-iú-hōe)
 * Kenseikai (憲政会, Taiwanese Hokkien: Hiàn-chèng-hōe)
 * Rikken Minseitō (立憲民政党, Taiwanese Hokkien: Li̍p-hiàn Bîn-chèng Tóng)

In the late 1930s, the Empire of Japan joined the Second World War. To prepare for the Pacific War, all political parties in Mainland Japan were merged by then-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe into a single organization with its Taiwanese branch was the only legal political party-like organization in Taiwan until the end of World War II.
 * Imperial Rule Assistance Association (大政翼贊會)
 * Kōmin Hōkōkai (皇民奉公會, Taiwanese Hokkien: Hông-bîn Hōng-kong-hōe, Japanese: Kōmin Hōkōkai)

Taiwan under the Republic of China
Taiwan was ceded back to the Republic of China, founded in 1912 on the mainland, on 25 October 1945. From 1945 until 1949, political parties in China which had operated covertly under Japanese rule were permitted to operate in Taiwan province. The ruling Kuomintang set up formal branches in Taiwan, and so did other major political parties including the Chinese Communist Party (in 1946). Although it had no formal connection with the Taiwanese Communist Party suppressed by Japanese authorities in the 1930s (which was instead affiliated with the Communist Party of Japan), the Taiwan branch of the Chinese Communist Party absorbed many former members of the Taiwanese Communist Party. However, against the backdrop of the Chinese Civil War which erupted soon after the retrocession of Taiwan, the Kuomintang-controlled Republic of China government attempted to restrict the operation of Chinese Communist Party cells in Taiwan, and other opposition parties.

With the Republic of China government rapidly losing the Chinese Civil War against the Chinese Communist Party, the ruling Kuomintang began preparing to move the government to Taiwan in 1949. Taiwan was placed under martial law from 19 May 1949 to 15 July 1987. The Taiwan provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party was particularly targeted, and by 1952 had been completely destroyed.

During this time, all forms of opposition were forbidden by the government, only three political parties that retreated to Taiwan were allowed to participate the elections. All other oppositions who were not allowed not form a political party could only be listed as "independent candidate". These movements were called Tangwai movement (, literally outside of Kuomintang). A notable exception in this era was It was established "illegally" on 28 September 1986, then was legalized in the next year by the lifting of the martial law.
 * Kuomintang (Taiwanese Hokkien: Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng)
 * Chinese Youth Party (中國青年黨; ; Taiwanese Hokkien: Tiong-kok Chheng-liân-tóng)
 * China Democratic Socialist Party (中國民主社會黨, Taiwanese Hokkien: Tiong-kok Bîn-chú Siā-hoē-tóng)
 * Democratic Progressive Party (Taiwanese Hokkien: Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng; ).

As Taiwan democratized in the late 1980s, the number of legally registered political parties in Taiwan had increased exponentially and continued to increase year by year, indicating a liberal democracy and high political freedom in Taiwan.

In recent decades, Taiwan's political campaigns can be classified to two ideological blocs The majority in both coalitions state a desire to maintain the status quo for now. Many minor parties in Taiwan are unaligned with either coalition.
 * The Pan-Green Coalition, led by Democratic Progressive Party, favors Taiwanization and the Taiwan independence movement, eventually aiming to establish a Taiwanese sovereign state.
 * The Pan-Blue Coalition, led by Kuomintang, is in favor of building closer ties with mainland China and the eventual Chinese unification under the Government of the Republic of China.

On 6 December 2017, the Political Parties Act (政黨法) was enforced. The Act requires the political parties to maintain a number of compliance, including By the end of 2018, among the 343 existing political party declarations: 220 have met the new compliance, 56 chose to dissolve or transformed to a national political association.
 * File a declaration to the Ministry of the Interior, AND register as a legal person to a District Court,
 * Convene representative assembly or party congress at least once in a four-year period,
 * Nominate candidates in national or local elections at least once in a four-year period, and
 * Compliance on funding source, accounting, and financial transparency.

title: List of political parties in Taiwan