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Harishchandra

Harishchandra (हरिश्चन्द्र) is a legendary king of the Solar dynasty, who appears in several legends in texts such as the Aitareya Brahmana, Mahabharata, the Markandeya Purana, and the Devi Bhagavata Purana. The most famous of these stories is the one mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. According to this legend, Harishchandra gave away his kingdom, sold his family, and agreed to be a slave – all to fulfill a promise he had made to the sage Vishvamitra.

Aitareya Brahmana
According to a legend mentioned in Aitareya Brahamana, Harishchandra had one hundred wives, but no son. On advice of the sage Narada, he prayed to the deity Varuna for a son. Varuna granted the boon, in exchange for an assurance that Harishchandra would make a sacrifice to Varuna in the future. As a result of this boon, a son named Rohita (or Rohitashva) was born to the king. After his birth, Varuna came to Harishchandra and demanded that the child be sacrificed to him. The king postponed the sacrifice multiple times citing various reasons, but finally agreed to it when Rohita became an adult. Rohita refused to be sacrificed and escaped to the forest. An angry Varuna afflicted Harishchandra with a stomach illness. Rohita intermittently visited his father, but on the advice of Indra, never agreed to the sacrifice. Later, Rohita managed to substitute himself with Sunahshepa in the human sacrifice. Sunahshepa prayed to the Rigvedic deities, and was saved from the sacrifice. Harishchandra's illness was also cured because of Sunahshepa's prayers; Sunahshepa was adopted by the sage Vishvamitra.

A similar story is narrated in the Ramayana, but the king's name is Ambarisha instead of Harishchandra.

Puranic legends

In the Puranas, Harishchandra is the son of Trishanku. The Vishnu Purana mentions him, but does not describe his life in detail. The Markandeya Purana contains a detailed legend about his life, narrated by wise birds to the sage Jaimini. The Bhagavata Purana mentions him as the father of Sagara and grandfather of Badaka, and contains a legend about his descendants.

Markandeya Purana
The Markandeya Purana legend is as follows:

King Harishchandra lived in the Treta Yuga. He was an honest, noble king. His subjects enjoyed prosperity and peace. He had a queen named Shaivya (also called Taramati) and a son named Rohitashva. Once, while on a hunting expedition, he heard the cries of a woman asking for help. Armed with a bow and arrow, he went in the direction of the sound. The sound was an illusion created by Vighnaraja, the lord of the obstacles. Vighnaraja was trying to disturb the tapasya (meditation) of the sage Vishvamitra. When he saw Harishchandra, he entered the king's body and started abusing Vishvamitra. This disturbed Vishwamitra's tapasya, and destroyed all the knowledge that the sage had acquired during this tapasya.

When Harishchandra came to his senses, he realized that the sage was extremely angry with him, and apologized. He promised to fulfill any of the sage's desires to get rid of his guilt. Vishvamitra demanded dakshina (donation) for his rajasuya yajna. The king asked him what he wanted in payment. In response, Vishvamitra said "Give me all that you have except yourself, your wife and your child." Harishchandra agreed to the demand. He let go of all his possessions – even his clothes. As he readied to leave his palace with his family, Vishvamitra demanded another donation. Harishchandra said that he did not have any possession left, but promised to make another donation within a month.

Harishchandra started living in penury with his wife and his family. His loyal subjects followed him. When Vishvamitra saw the king with his subjects, he started cursing Harishchandra for taking along his subjects (who were a part of the kingdom donated to the sage). The king then decided to leave the kingdom with his family. To make them go away sooner, Vishvamitra started beating the queen with a stick. When the five guardians of the directions saw this, they condemned Vishvamitra. The sage cursed them to be born as human beings. These guardian deities were born as the sons of the Pandavas and Draupadi.

Nearly a month after leaving his kingdom, Harishchandra arrived in the holy city of Kashi, only to see Vishvamitra already present there. The sage demanded the donation that the king had promised him. Harishchandra pointed out that there was still some time left in completion of one month. The sage agreed to come back at the next sunset and departed. As his hungry son cried for food, Harishchandra worried how would he be able to make a donation to the sage. His wife Shaivya suggested that he sell her to get some money. After some hesitation, Harishchandra accepted the proposal and sold her to an elderly man. Their child would not let go of his mother, so it was decided that he would accompany his mother (and an extra payment was made for him).

Soon after, Vishvamitra appeared again and demanded the donation. Harishchandra gave him all the money he had received from the sale of his wife and son. However, Vishvamitra was unhappy with the donation, and demanded more. Harishchandra then decided to sell himself. An outcaste chandala (actually Yama in disguise) offered to buy him, but Harishchandra's self-respect as a high-caste Kshatriya would not allow this. He instead offered to be Vishwamitra's slave. Vishvamitra agreed, but then declared "Since you are my slave, you must obey me. I sell you to this chandala in exchange of gold coins." The chandala paid the sage, and took along Harishchandra as a slave.

The chandala employed Harishchandra as a worker at his cremation ground. He directed Harishchandra to collect fees for every body cremated there: a part of the fee would go to the chandala, a part would be given to the local king, and the rest would be Harishchandra's remuneration. Harishchandra started living and working at the cremation ground. One day, he dreamed about his past lives, and realized that his current condition was a result of his past sins. During this nightmare, he also saw his queen crying before him. When he woke up, he saw his queen actually crying before him. She held the dead body of their son, who had died of a snake bite. Thinking of his misfortune, Harishchandra contemplated suicide, but realized that he would continue to pay for his sins in his next life.

Meanwhile, the queen readied to cremate their son's cadaver. But, Harishchandra told her that he would not let her do so without paying the fee. Meanwhile, all the deities appeared led by Yama and accompanied by Vishvamitra. They praised Harishchandra for his good qualities, and invited him to heaven.

But Harishchandra refused to go to heaven without his public who have lamented over his departure from his kingdom. He believes that they are the equal sharer in his merits and that he will only go heaven when his people also accompany him. He requested the king of devas, Indra to allow his people to go to heaven at least for a single day. Indra accepts his request, and he along with his people ascend to the heaven.

After his ascension to heaven, Vashistha – the sage of Harishchandra's royal dynasty – ended his tapasya of twelve years. He learned of what had happened to Harishchandra during these years. He quarreled with Vishvamitra, but was ultimately pacified by Brahma. Brahma explained to him that Vishvamitra was only testing the king, and had actually helped him ascend to heaven.

Devi Bhagavata Purana
The Devi Bhagavata Purana contains a story similar to the one mentioned in the Markandeya Purana, but also contains a reference to the Aitareya Brahamana legend. This legend is narrated by Vyasa to Janamejaya. It starts with Vashistha – the sage of Harishchandra's royal dynasty – praising the king's honesty and noble character. Vishvamitra objects to this, pointing out that Harishchandra was ready to sacrifice Sunahshepa, a human. He promises to prove that Harishchandra is not of noble character, and tricks the king into breaking his tapasya. The rest of the story is similar to the Markandeya Purana version, with minor variations.

Mahabharata
In Mahabharata, Narada tells Yudhishthira that Harishchandra is a rajarshi (king-sage), and the only earthly king who finds a place in the assembly of gods. According to Narada, Harishchandra was a powerful emperor, and all the kings on earth accepted his suzerainty. He performed the rajasuya yajna. After completing the rituals, he gratified the Brahmins with delicacies, gave them what they wanted and gifted them jewels. For this reason, he finds a place alongside Indra (the king of the gods).

In popular culture
Poet Raghavanka's Harishchandra Kavya from 12th century in Kannada language is a very popular and acclaimed epic on the life of Harishchandra.

Harishchandra has been the subject of many films in India. The earliest is Raja Harishchandra from 1913, written and directed by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke; it is the first full-length Indian feature film., The first "talkie" of Marathi cinema, Ayodhyecha Raja (1932) directed by V. Shantaram, was also based on his life, starring Govindrao Tembe and Durga Khote as the lead roles. The film was later remade under the name Ayodhya Ka Raja (1932) in Hindi, making it the first double-language talkie of Indian cinema. The Kannada epic Satya Harishchandra was based on 12th century Hoysala poet Raghavanka's work, Harishchandra Kavya starring Rajkumar. At the 13th National Film Awards, the film was awarded the President's silver medal for the Best Feature Film in Kannada. The film was hugely successful at the time of its release and is seen as a milestone in Kannada cinema. Satya Harishchandra was the third Indian and first South Indian film to be digitally coloured. The coloured version, released in April 2008, was a commercial success. The Tamil popular hit of Harichandra is a 1968 Tamil-language Hindu mythological film, directed by K. S. Prakash Rao starred by Sivaji Ganesan. Also, in popular colloquial usage, Raja Harishchandra is synonymous with absolute adherence to the truth. A person is often chided as being "a Raja Harishchandra", if he tries to cling to truth even to the detriment of those related to him. In 1985, a Bengali language film Harishchandra Shaibya was released based on the life of King Harishchandra. This film was directed by Ardhendu Chatterjee.

It is also said that Harishchandra was a truthful man, who never lied in his life and is therefore also called Satyavadi (one who always speaks the truth).

Shrines

 * A temple of Harishchandra is situated in Harishchandra Pimpri, Wadwani taluka, Beed district, Maharashtra

title: Harishchandra


text:
Édouard de Verneuil

Philippe Édouard Poulletier de Verneuil (13 February 1805 – 29 May 1873) was a French paleontologist.

Life
He was born in Paris and educated in law, but being of independent means he was free to follow his own inclinations, and having attended lectures on geology by Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont he was so attracted to the subject that he devoted himself assiduously to the study of science. He spent several years in travel through various parts of Europe, specially examining the geology of the Crimea, on which he published an essay (Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 1837). He next investigated the Devonian rocks and fossils of the Bas-Boulonnais; and in 1839 accompanied Sedgwick and Murchison in a study of the older Palaeozoic rocks of the Rhenish provinces and Belgium, the palaeontological results being communicated to the Geological Society of London in conjunction with the Vicomte d'Archiac.

When Murchison commenced his geological examination of the Russian empire, he requested de Verneuil to accompany him, and the researches of the latter were incorporated in the second volume of The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains (1845). Subsequently, de Verneuil paid a visit to the United States to study the history of the palaeozoic rocks in that country, and the results were published in 1847 (Bull. Soc. Geol. France). In later years he made numerous expeditions into Spain, and his observations were embodied in Carte geologique de l'Espagne et du Portugal (1864), prepared in association with Edouard Collomb. In 1853 the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society of London was awarded to him, and in 1860 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. He died in Paris.

De Verneuil was President of the Geological Society of France in 1840, 1853, and 1867.

The deformed brachiopod fossil Cyrtospirifer verneuili, known to quarrymen as the Delabole Butterfly, was found in the upper Devonian beds of North Cornwall. It was named after de Verneuil.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Édouard de Verneuil


text:
User:ABC~enwiki

I am very interested in what is happening here. But I think it does raise some serious questions about the need for Objectivity and the problems of POV.

Also I am a little worried about the whole system of deletions which looks to an outsider as a particularly undemocratic and cliquey system of managing this process.

I would argue for a 'Learner' or 'On Probation' label indicated on the page and then allow users to vote on the page for or against the article. This could be over a month say and at the end of the month the votes could be counted.

At least the process would be fair and open and easy for newbies to see and understand. The current system is dreadful.

Particularly interested in Philosophy, Politics, Technoscience, Media and Cultural Studies, Copyleft and related issues...

Working on Antonio_Negri

ps. My first article is Methodological Individualist and it stayed past deletion... but needs more work...

title: User:ABC~enwiki


text:
Magic cube

In mathematics, a magic cube is the 3-dimensional equivalent of a magic square, that is, a collection of integers arranged in an n × n × n pattern such that the sums of the numbers on each row, on each column, on each pillar and on each of the four main space diagonals are equal, the so-called magic constant of the cube, denoted M3(n). If a magic cube consists of the numbers 1, 2, ..., n3, then it has magic constant

 * $$M_3(n) = \frac{n(n^3+1)}{2}.$$

If, in addition, the numbers on every cross section diagonal also sum up to the cube's magic number, the cube is called a perfect magic cube; otherwise, it is called a semiperfect magic cube. The number n is called the order of the magic cube. If the sums of numbers on a magic cube's broken space diagonals also equal the cube's magic number, the cube is called a pandiagonal magic cube.

Alternative definition
In recent years, an alternative definition for the perfect magic cube has gradually come into use. It is based on the fact that a pandiagonal magic square has traditionally been called "perfect", because all possible lines sum correctly. That is not the case with the above definition for the cube.

Multimagic cubes
As in the case of magic squares, a bimagic cube has the additional property of remaining a magic cube when all of the entries are squared, a trimagic cube remains a magic cube under both the operations of squaring the entries and of cubing the entries (Only two of these are known, as of 2005.)  A tetramagic cube remains a magic cube when the entries are squared, cubed, or raised to the fourth power.

John R. Hendricks of Canada (1929-2007) has listed four bimagic cubes, two trimagic cubes, and two tetramagic cubes. Two more bimagic cubes (of the same order as those of Hendricks, but differently arranged) were found by Zhong Ming, a mathematics teacher in China. Several of these are perfect magic cubes, and remain perfect after taking powers.

Magic cubes based on Dürer's and Gaudi Magic squares
A magic cube can be built with the constraint of a given magic square appearing on one of its faces Magic cube with the magic square of Dürer, and Magic cube with the magic square of Gaudi

title: Magic cube


text:
Talk:Soap bubble

Untitled
he 'thin film' colouring phenomenon is called Newton's colours, I'm not sure about the history of it, link should be integrated into the paragraph, I tried but my writting didn't look good enough. I think Newton studied it first (hence the name ;), personally I don't know much about it, I rather read about simulations of the graphic effect.

Para 1 rewrite
Made some changes to the first paragraph. Kernel geek (talk) 08:44, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Made some grammar changes
Kernel geek (talk) 11:00, 12 January 2009 (UTC)kernel_geek

Suggestions for improvements
"... I was told today that soap bubbles are permeable to carbon dioxide but not to air. Does anybody in this community know why/if this is so?"

Actually, my experience in this matter is a bit different. The air in a soap bubble does escape the bubble through the film and therefore, the bubble begins decreasing in size as soon as it is completed. If it were to "live" long enough, it would shrink back down to a small pool of liquid. The rate is so slow that it isn't readily noticable during the "life" of a normal bubble but if you keep it in a jar you might well notice this changing size. I saw 200 day old bubbles blown by a man (Eiffel G. Plasterer) and kept in that way. He told me that his oldest was 340 days old (it never popped, it shrunk down to liquid ... he told me that he once used a microscope to watch one continuing down within the liquid).

But, there is a difference with carbon dioxide which permeates the film so readily that it will readily diffuse INTO the bubble against the flow of air being pushed out by the internal pressure. I have filled a bathtub with carbon dioxide gas (I put dry ice in the tub and allowed it sublime off into the invisible gas without adding water to produce the familiar "fog" effect so loved by horror movie directors) and then blew bubbles which floated on the gas. But after a bit, the bubble slowly descends into the gas and can be seen to grow in size!

If you then try to lift the bubble out with the bubble wand, you'll readily see that it has become heavy with the gas and becomes difficult to lift (it droops into a drop shape).

I have one further to actually watch the invisible gas entering the bubble. This takes a bit of explaining:

I blew a grapefruit sized bubble and then blew a plum-sized smoke-filled bubble that was connected to it at the bottom. Waiting a bit to allow the spinning air inside to calm down, I then broke the wall that kept these two bubbles apart (I'm an entertainer who does a performance with soap bubbles ... I used a wet straw to go inside of the bubble and, touching the wall that separated the two, I sucked a bit thereby popping that wall without destroying the two bubbles but causing them to merge into a single larger bubble).

The smoke hangs low in the bottom of this new larger bubble. But when I put that bubble into the carbon dioxide gas, I was able to watch the gas enter the bubble creating clear lanes of air within the dense smoke. This eventually stirs up the smoke and it mixes more evenly throughout the bubble.

So, the film is permeable to both the air and to the carbon dioxide but one more readily reacts in that way.

I have written a book on soap bubbles that is now out of print and I perform regularly at science centers, universities, and elementary schools (as well as my regular nightclub and other show-biz gigs). Explaining the physics in a way that is accessible to people without a science background is not a simple matter. This article is wonderful.

Tom Noddy www.tomnoddy.com

The roof of the National Aquatic Centre in Beijing being built for the 2008 Olympics has three-dimensional strucure designed after soap bubbles. You can see images at http://www.arcspace.com/architects/ptw/. It looks very cool -- and should be an efficient way to bear the loads of the roof.

Phil Earnhardt

Two potential problems
I think there are two errors in the article, but I don't want to change an article that's already been vetted for featured-article status without discussion.
 * Water droplets are drop-shaped because of air resistance (drag), not gravity. In free fall in a vacuum they would be spherical, whereas moving through air in the absence of gravity they would be drop-shaped. The same would be true for soap bubbles, except of course those wouldn't exist if there were no air. That they are almost spherical is due to the much lower terminal velocity at which they travel through the air, compared to water droplets. This of course has to do with their weight, but air resistance is the primary cause for the drop shape; gravity is only a secondary cause, being one way to set things in motion through air.
 * The article says that the interference comes about because the internally reflected ray travels longer. This explains only the changes in interference due to thickness; the "baseline" for these changes, the complete cancellation in the limit of vanishing thickness, is due to a 180° phase jump in the outer reflection.

Fpahl 00:26, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * You are completely right and should just be bold and edit the article. To be honest I'd forgotton about the phase shift when n1 < n2. I'll tell you what - you fix the article and i'll fix the diagrams. Theresa Knott (taketh no rest) 13:18, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that's what I call division of labour :-). I'll do that. Fpahl 10:40, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, I've done the gravity bit. I'll do the reflection bit tomorrow. I don't think the images need any changing, actually, since they only show phase relations for finite path length differences. The captions do, but I can do that together with the text. Speaking of the images, there's a little red squiggle underneath one of the '1's in the upper diagram. And I don't understand the meaning of the white and green circle connected by a line in the lower one. Fpahl 14:23, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I've now changed the bit about interference. There was a further problem with it: The cancellation is due not just to two reflections, but to a whole series of them. I've tried to explain this without going into mathematical details. The image captions are now completely out of tune with the text, but I haven't changed them yet since Theresa is deciding whether to change the diagrams themselves. Fpahl 12:48, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest deleting them until they are fixed. They're confusing at the moment. Filiocht 12:55, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * I will definately amend the images this weekend come hell or high water. The problems you describe false articfacts created when I bodged the drawing :-( they will be easy to remove. Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 13:02, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I finally fixed the two images. (you may need to refresh your cache in order to see it) I'm working on two more, one to show the phase relationships, one to show an infinite number of reflections.Theresa Knott (The torn steak) 20:00, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Right here is the first diagram. I've ignored refraction effects to concentrate on the phases of the two reflected rays. I've also ignored all other reflections etc and only concentrated on the two we are actually interested in. Thoughts anyone?

 * Can you do them so that the sine waves are at zero amplitude at the reflection points? It might be a little clearer what's happening.
 * —wwoods 04:03, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I fixed some typos and other small problems in the captions above. I'm in two minds about this use of only two rays. On the one hand, this might make it easier to understand the basic idea. On the other hand, it's really misleading. At shallow incidence, when the reflectivity is high, the second reflection is very insignificant compared to the first, and it's only the long train of later reflections that cancels the first. The images create the false impression that the second ray has the same amplitude as the first. Also, in the left-hand case, where the second reflection is in phase with the first, due to a path-length difference of 180°, the subsequent reflections alternate in phase. I'm aware that all this is very hard to explain in an image, but I don't want people to take away an oversimplified impression of there being cases where the interference is fully constructive or fully destructive.

In case it's of any help, here are the details of the mathematics. Denoting the factor by which the amplitude gets multiplied upon the exterior reflection by $$r$$, we have the following factors:

 * $$r$$ for the exterior reflection
 * $$1 + r$$ for transmission into the film
 * $$-r$$ for each internal reflection
 * $$1 - r$$ for transmission out of the film

Also we incur some phase factor $$\Delta$$ for each traversal of the film. Then we get the following series for the sum of the amplitudes of the transmitted rays:

$$(1 + r) \Delta (1 - r) + (1 + r) \Delta (-r) \Delta (-r) \Delta (1 - r) + \ldots$$

$$=(1 + r) (1 - r) \Delta (1 + (\Delta r)^2 + \ldots)$$

$$=(1 - r^2)\Delta / (1 - (\Delta r)^2)$$

Taking the squared magnitude of this yields the total transmittance. The phase factor $$\Delta$$ doesn't change the magnitude, so with $$\Gamma = \Delta^2$$, the phase factor incurred by a double traversal of the film, and with $$R = r^2$$, the reflectance of a single interface, we get the total transmittance

$$\left|\frac{1 - R}{1-R\Gamma}\right|^2$$

The total reflectance is just one minus this; it could also be obtained by summing the amplitude factors of the reflected rays:

$$r + (1 + r)\Delta(-r)\Delta(1 - r) + (1 + r)\Delta(-r)\Delta(-r)\Delta(-r)\Delta(1 - r) + \ldots$$

$$=r + (1 - r^2) (-r) \Gamma (1 + r^2\Gamma + \ldots)$$

$$=r - r \Gamma (1 - r^2) / (1 - r^2\Gamma)$$

Here the first $$r$$ represents the exterior reflection, and the other term represents the sum of all subsequent reflections. Since the exterior reflection doesn't suffer the $$1 - r^2$$ attenuation from the two transmission processes (which is very significant at high reflectances), it forms a term by itself, whereas the second reflection contributes the first term in a geometric series whose sum at high reflectances is much larger than just the second reflection.

I hope that was sort of clear... Fpahl 03:10, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The Feynman Interpretation of quantum mechanics treats the paths from the inside, and outside surfaces in terms of probability amplitudes. These are described by Richard Feynman in his introductory lectures on quantum mechanics as spinning arrows like the hands on a clock. When two paths take the same time from source to a specific point on a detector the arrows spin for the same amount of time, and stop pointed in the same direction. The arrows are added together head to tail making a longer arrow. This is amplification of the probability a photon will hit the detector at that point. As the time to go two different paths from source to a point on the detector are evaluated the time the arrows spin are compared. When the arrows point in opposite directions adding the arrows results in zero amplification of the probability a photon will hit the detector there. 2600:8807:5400:600:FCBB:98A6:DC9C:7753 (talk) 13:45, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Glue-based bubbles?
How do you call that organic solvant-based yellowish or brownish glue in English? There are some people who use this gue to blow large and durable bubbles. It's actually a dangerous glue that you don't want to inhale. Makers of that glue have to add mustard oil in it to stop kids from inhalation. -- Toytoy 08:31, Jan 1, 2005 (UTC)

New colored bubbles
I just read about an inventor using 10+ years inventing colored soap bubbles. They're schedualed for release Febuary 2006 called Zubbles (www.zubbles.com) The story I read: http://www.popsci.com/popsci/science/0a03b5108e097010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html
 * yah, already an entry at Zubbles. :) --Quiddity 19:16, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

color bubbles
i heard on NPR a few months ago about a guy who just invented solid color bubbles. he said they'd be for sale starting this summer or spring. how can i get more info? Kingturtle 02:14, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Zubbles! :) --Quiddity 03:36, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Fact change that doesn't seem right
 (Ignore the deletion of the bottom of the page this is a glitch in Wikipedia)

I reverted this edit because it was a fact changes that didn’t seem like it was true.
 * 1) One can make a bubble out of pure substances other than water
 * 2) The air pressure in the bubble can't decrees due to temperature because it was blown at that temperature and has noting to do with touching a surface. Maybe somebody should expand on that.
 * This sounds like Supercooling. Simular to Supersaturation or Superheating And the premis behind Ice-nine.--E-Bod 23:56, 1 May 2006 (UTC) shorten --E-Bod 00:01, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Guiness Records
Under this site you can find some informations about Guiness Records related with soap bubble. I suggest to expand this article about these records. Visor 12:13, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Salt in bubble solution
One of the formulae given is
 * 100 g sugar
 * 2 to 3 tablespoons salt
 * 1.4 L water (distilled water is better)
 * 150 ml dish washing detergent
 * 12 ml glycerin

While most of the components are explaied earlier, there is no explanation why salt is an improvement.

(Going metric for the rest of the formulae would also be useful for the world outside the US.) --12:36, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Zubble.JPG
Image:Zubble.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:24, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Minimum area?
I don't believe the several-times-repeated minimum area bit.

Clearly this isn't true for bubbles (its min area for a given volume).

Observationally, it isn't true for cylindrical films supported by circles above and below (they bow in at the middle; I think I understand this thinking about balance of forces: if the film *was* cylindrical the up-and-down forces would cancel in the middle but the around-forces would both be pulling inwards, and it would bow in. And indeed it does).

William M. Connolley 23:04, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm five years late here, but the minimal surface connecting two circles does bow at the middle, just like a soap bubble: Catenoid. The minimal surface article explains that a minimal surface has a mean curvature of zero. Basically, the balancing of forces you described leads to a surface with a mean curvature of zero. If the mean curvature of a soap bubble was not zero, forces would be in imbalance. 209.131.76.183 (talk) 18:15, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

proposal for article text idea.
I want to add a link and sentence regarding a photograph recently taken of a soap bubble bursting. this article link is from a respected UK newspaper, the Telegraph. just wanted to mention this. thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 19:42, 14 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I personally think that it's not worth including. All that we could add is 'someone took a photo of a bursting bubble'. The news story is from the 'weird news' section of the website, and doesn't give a hint as to why this is worth reporting - is it the first time someone has achieved this? Furthermore, the story claims the shot had been taken with a high speed camera, which is incorrect. According to the creators flickr posting, a Nikon D90 DSLR was used. Rror (talk) 22:39, 14 July 2009 (UTC)
 * hmmm. sorry, no, it's the photo itself which i think people would find interesting. it provides an interesting insight into the physics of bubbles in an accessible way. and if we don't link to it, there will be no way for others to find it. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 13:37, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, so you mean like this: WP:LINKFARM? Rror (talk) 16:31, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
 * :-) Errrm, no, I mean a small fact which adds some value to an interesting article. I think this is rather beneficial. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 15:40, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi. so far, it appears that we have not received any further response to this discussion. if no further replies are received, I hope to add this text within the next few days. thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 15:59, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Commas
''"Soap bubbles usually last for only a few moments and then burst either on their own or on contact with another object." - there are no commas in this sentence, where they are required.''
 * No commas are required in this sentence.04:50, 6 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.231.34.158 (talk)

Gallery formatting
There is a gallery of several diagrams with accompanying text in the "Interference and reflection" section, which sticks out of the margin on the page. Since it has so much text with it, I thought maybe it should be formatted differently, anyway. Any ideas? B7T (talk) 15:30, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Since nobody's suggested any other ideas, I went ahead and made the gallery narrower. This does make the text of the diagrams a bit less readable (although I can still read them personally), but they were already fairly small, and people can click on the images to see them larger, anyway.  I still don't think this is ideal.  It might look better if it was more like the section just above it, with paragraphs and floated images, and given its own section heading or subheading; or maybe it should be merged altogether with that section, with text of the captions integrated with that text. B7T (talk) 14:35, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Frozen soap bubble temeperatures
I inserted the picture FrozenSoapBubble.jpg to the section "Freezing". The picture was taken at -17°C, but the text claims that this happens only at temperatures below -25°C. I did some internet seaching and found someon claiming, this happens at temperatures below -10°C (1st link, German language). Since German is my native language, I inserted a section "Gefrorene Seifenblasen" (Frozen soap bubbles) in "Seifenblase" (Soap bubbles) in German Wikipedia:

wich my attempt of a translation

The Englisch section here reads

This is very different. I seached the history of "Soap bubble", but the temperatures were insertey by IP users. There is a 5 month old "citation needed". Should I replace this with the paragraph above? Can anyone improve my paragraph to be proper English? -- Mmru (talk) 19:23, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Why do the bubbles change colours then burst when blown on?
When I was a kid I noticed that if I blew on a bubble such that I would repeatedly push the surface of the film in one direction the bubble would start changing colours. It would go from its usual rainbow colour to a red, then green, then blue then white then eventually darken and burst. What is causing this effect and could it be briefly mentioned in the article if relevant?

37.152.211.176 (talk) 16:40, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

 * OK it looks like it happens because the thickness of the bubble is changing - http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/bubbles/bubble_colors.html.
 * 37.152.211.176 (talk) 16:46, 12 May 2018 (UTC)

History
It would be nice to include the history of making bubbles with a device like a bubble wand or bubble pipe. How long ago was this first discovered?50.205.142.50 (talk) 04:30, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Soap Bubbles
Soap Bubbles are caused due to surface tension. Fluids do not have that much surface tension required to make bubbles. When soap or any or fluid containing a higher surface tension, is added to the fluid i.e,water, a d when air come in co tact with the solution it produces bubbles. Bubbles generate a magnetic field and they can be controlled by air. For example(what happened with me): Blow a bubble let it rest in air for some time. When it is about 1-1.5 inches above the ground generate air using your hands and you'll observe that the direction in which you move your hand the bubble will also move(make sure that your hand doesn't touch the bubble and it should be at a distance of 5-6 centimeters. Michael Ferrade (talk) 06:45, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Ferrade: your claims are, imho, wrong. Please provide peer-reviewed citations. Thanks. 207.155.85.22 (talk) 19:29, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Shape
The article needs a heavy rewrite. I'm old-fashioned so it seems to me that describing ONE (isolated) soap bubble should precede the discussion of merged bubbles. It also seems to me that a discussion of the (arguably) two prominent physically observed characteristics, shape and color, ought to come first - ALONG WITH THEIR CAUSES. The interference colors are sorta discussed but without discussing WHY they (obviously and visually) change rapidly, the reader is left with words instead of understanding.(hint: drainage and evaporation.) I have no problem with a discussion of a liquid film preceding discussion of a soap bubble. Or discussion of a spherical film. The problem that I have is that many, if not most soap bubbles are NOT spheres, and even if we separate the bubbles existing on liquid or solid surfaces (clearly NOT spheres!!), a bubble moving thru the air will only be approximately spherical (depending on the forces (air currents, etc.) on it. If I were doing it, I'd start with a soap bubble aloft and describe it as approximating a sphere as (some of) the liquid in the film drains and evaporates. And then I'd move on to the 'molecular' nature of the film wall. Introduction of curvature, etc. *should* be delayed because they're simply not necessary until merged bubbles, foams, and semi-spherical bubbles on surfaces are discussed (later!). And don't forget that as a bubble is "blown" its shape may oscillate!! Easy to understand (conservation of momentum), but outside surface tension/energy theory.207.155.85.22 (talk) 20:11, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soap bubble


text: User talk:80.50.111.65

title: User talk:80.50.111.65


text:
User talk:ABC~enwiki

Dear ABC, welcome! To answer that and others, you can post your question in Village Pump. But i can tell you that the only articles deleted on sight by admins are the ones with obvious nonsense or offensive material. Cheers, Muriel 15:41, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Accidentally found this page... cheers for the welcome.. but my question is who decides what is 'obvious nonsense' or 'offensive'...? Must say tho this is a cool project.. I can see how it can get addictive... ABC

It is normally very obvious. I tend to work on the basis of triage - a new article that consists of 'My mum is a ****' gets deleted on sight. We do get a lot of that. Obvious nonsense is similar. If it is borderline I stick it on Cleanup. Ones that are not clear cut I stick on Votes for Deletion. You might want to look at Deletion guidelines for administrators.

Oh - you can sign your name by putting three tildas afterwards. Four gives a date stamp as well. Secretlondon 15:51, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

Hey that is useful to know. Thanks! ABC 16:11, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)ABC

Oh - your article hasn't been nominated for deletion - but I wouldn't expect this sentence to survive "In politics it is the underlying assumption of Liberalism which has a naive conception of a self that is unhistorical and universal". Describing liberalism as naive and unhistorical is POV. Secretlondon 16:14, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

I am happy for people to improve the wording. I thought that was the point of this project. I used naive in the philosophical sense - not the polemical.. And describing it as unhistorical is descriptive again using standard philosophical language - you could hardly describe Locke's idea of the emergence of property rights with the individual as historical in fact he himself acknowledges it is an intellectual ideal. Think also about John Rawls and his Veil of Ignorance, that is hardly historical is it? And again he would say that is the point!! ABC 16:19, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)ABC

ABC - You are right on about the "system" appearing dreadful to the new contributors. I felt that way myself for several months, and concluded that it had to be the appearance or actuality of a clique of insiders that was the clearly serious fault of the whole enterprise. Several things changed my mind. First, true bullies are rare around here. I'm sure FT thinks I'm a bully, but that is because he is not used to having his ideas challenged (hey I was a very liberal college student myself once). But a challenge to your writing or having your hard work end up on VfD, is the way norms are maintained. It is not a call to have one ostracized for ones views or "kicked out", just a reminder that POV must be carefully presented. Sure, the NO-POV approach is impossible, but consider it this way: acceptable POV is middle of road. This only makes sense. If you write from a very leftist POV, someone with a very rightist POV is going to have to challenge the writing. Presenting both POVs is one way to resolve, but not usually all that satisfactory (who wants to read an article with wildly conflicting presentations?) Also, something that is clearly leftist (like FT's Manifestos) need not be deleted because it is leftist. If the Manifesto is a significant thing in Graphics Design or anywhere else, it should stay. But it should be explained in direct language and put into a proper context. It should be presented as document of historical significance and not as an attempt to preach a way of thinking. I found FT's presentation pseudointellectual; I found the Manefesto (on the web) clear, concise, and sensible. Style is everything, as it should be for a project writing a massive text for general distribution. If people criticise your style, take it as learning execise, not as an attack. In a few months you will either understand perfectly my attitude, or will likely not be around. Thanks for "listening" and hope you stay - and welcome to Wikipedia! - Marshman 18:09, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I have to say I do like the Dialogic nature of this Wiki project. Its good that people explain themselves and their reasoning. And I really appreciate that. I accept that POV is, and will remain, an extremely tricky area to negotiate. I am just a little concerned at the speed of deletions... I still think that if it looks 'dreadful to new contributors' on the outside then this should be taken seriously by those on the inside. Just saying it works might be pragmatic but doesn't make it fair. And regarding 'In a few months you will either understand perfectly my attitude, or will likely not be around. ' that is hardly a justifiable position for me. It is extremely authoritarian because in essense it exclaims I am right. I don't think that is what you meant but care should be taken in that that is what is conveyed. Anyway can't help my critical academic bent (I'm studying a PhD in democracy)... ABC 13:41, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called ABC. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name ABC~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:31, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:ABC~enwiki


text:
LTD

LTD or Ltd may refer to:

Business and finance

 * Private company limited by shares, a class of company in the UK and some Commonwealth nations
 * Limited company, a class of company in several countries with limited liability
 * Lifetime deal, a customer retention tactic where for a one-time payment a business provides a service or tool indefinitely (i.e. for its lifetime) without recurring charges

Music

 * LTD (album), a 1998 album by Buck-Tick
 * L.T.D. (band) (for "Love, Togetherness and Devotion"), a 1970s funk music group

Science and technology

 * Linear transformer driver, which generates short high-current pulses
 * Long-term depression, in physiology, an hours-long reduction in the efficacy of synapses

Transportation

 * Ford LTD (Americas), a series of vehicles produced 1965–1986
 * Ford LTD (Australia), a series of vehicles produced 1973–2007
 * Lane Transit District, a public transportation agency in Oregon, US

Other uses

 * LTD, a brand of guitars and basses made by ESP Guitars
 * LTD Powersports, a stock car racing team

title: LTD


text:
USS La Salle

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS La Salle, after Rene Robert Chevalier de La Salle.

 * USS La Salle (AP-102), originally named Hotspur, was a transport ship of World War II
 * USS La Salle (AGF-3), was a command ship commissioned in 1964 and decommissioned in 2005

Other
The United States steam merchant ship D/S La Salle built in 1920 was sunk by German submarine GS U-159 (1941) on 7 November 1942 during World War II near the Cape of Good Hope, Africa. None of the 60 crew and personnel survived.

title: USS La Salle


text:
Southport (disambiguation)

Southport is a seaside town in Merseyside, England.

Southport or South Port may also refer to:

Australia

 * Southport, Queensland, a Gold Coast suburb
 * Town of Southport, a former local government area in Queensland
 * Electoral district of Southport, Queensland, Australia
 * Southport, Northern Territory, a suburb of Darwin
 * Southport Island, Tasmania
 * Southport, Tasmania

Canada

 * Southport, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Portage la Prairie/Southport Airport

China

 * South Port, Hainan

New Zealand

 * Port Pegasus / Pikihatiti, formerly South Port, a site on Stewart Island, New Zealand
 * South Port (New Zealand), a bay off Taiari / Chalky Inlet

South Africa

 * Southport, KwaZulu-Natal, a small coastal village on the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal

United Kingdom

 * Southport (UK Parliament constituency)

United States

 * Southport, Connecticut, a section of Fairfield, Connecticut
 * Southport Historic District (Fairfield, Connecticut)
 * Southport, Florida
 * Southport, Indiana, a city in Marion County
 * Southport, Owen County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Southport, Maine
 * Southport, New York, a town
 * Southport (CDP), New York, a census-designated place in the town
 * Southport Correctional Facility
 * Southport, North Carolina
 * Southport, Oregon
 * Southport (Renton, Washington), a mixed-use development
 * Kenosha, Wisconsin, formerly Southport

title: Southport (disambiguation)


text:
Presque Isle

Presque Isle (presqu'île, meaning 'almost island') is a peninsula.

Presque Isle, Presqu'Ile, Presquisle, Presqueile may refer to:

 * Presque-isle, a type of peninsula

Places

 * 24779 Presque Isle, an asteroid

Canada

 * Presqu'île crater in Quebec
 * Presqu'ile Provincial Park along Lake Ontario in Ontario
 * Presqu'île-Robillard Ecological Reserve in Quebec
 * Presqu'ile Formation, a geologic formation in Western Canada

France

 * Presqu'île, a district in Lyon, France

Administrative subdivisions

 * Presquille, Louisiana, a CDP in Terrebonne Parish
 * Presque Isle, Maine, a city
 * Presque Isle Air Force Base, former base
 * Presque Isle Township, Michigan
 * Presque Isle County, Michigan
 * Presque Isle, Wisconsin, a town
 * Presque Isle (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Maine

 * Presque Isle, Maine

Michigan

 * Presque Isle, Michigan, a peninsula in the Northern Lower Peninsula
 * Presque Isle Front Range Light
 * Presque Isle Harbor Breakwater Light
 * Old Presque Isle Light
 * New Presque Isle Light
 * Presque Isle Rear Range Light
 * Presque Isle River
 * Little Presque Isle River
 * Presque Isle Park, a cape on Lake Superior near the city of Marquette, Michigan
 * Presque Isle Power Plant near Marquette

Pennsylvania

 * Presque Isle Bay
 * Presque Isle Light
 * Presque Isle State Park
 * Fort Presque Isle
 * Presque Isle Downs & Casino

Virginia

 * Presquile National Wildlife Refuge on the James River in Virginia
 * Presquile Plantation, a former 18th-century plantation on the James River and now the location of the Presquile NWR

Other

 * La Presqu’île, title of a collection by French writer Julien Gracq

title: Presque Isle


text:
Perfect magic cube

In mathematics, a perfect magic cube is a magic cube in which not only the columns, rows, pillars, and main space diagonals, but also the cross section diagonals sum up to the cube's magic constant.

Perfect magic cubes of order one are trivial; cubes of orders two to four can be proven not to exist, and cubes of orders five and six were first discovered by Walter Trump and Christian Boyer on November 13 and September 1, 2003, respectively. A perfect magic cube of order seven was given by A. H. Frost in 1866, and on March 11, 1875, an article was published in the Cincinnati Commercial newspaper on the discovery of a perfect magic cube of order 8 by Gustavus Frankenstein. Perfect magic cubes of orders nine and eleven have also been constructed. The first perfect cube of order 10 was constructed in 1988 (Li Wen, China).

An alternative definition
In recent years, an alternative definition for the perfect magic cube was proposed by John R. Hendricks. By this definition, a perfect magic cube is one in which all possible lines through each cell sum to the magic constant. The name Nasik magic hypercube is another, unambiguous, name for such a cube. This definition is based on the fact that a pandiagonal magic square has traditionally been called 'perfect', because all possible lines sum correctly.

This same reasoning may be applied to hypercubes of any dimension. Simply stated; in an order m magic hypercube, if all possible lines of m cells sum to the magic constant, the hypercube is perfect. All lower dimension hypercubes contained in this hypercube will then also be perfect. This is not the case with the original definition, which does not require that the planar and diagonal squares be a pandiagonal magic cube. For example, a magic cube of order 8 has 244 correct lines by the old definition of "perfect", but 832 correct lines by this new definition.

The smallest perfect magic cube has order 8, and none can exist for double odd orders.

Gabriel Arnoux constructed an order 17 perfect magic cube in 1887. F.A.P.Barnard published order 8 and order 11 perfect cubes in 1888.

By the modern (given by J.R. Hendricks) definition, there are actually six classes of magic cube; simple magic cubes, pantriagonal magic cubes, diagonal magic cubes, pantriagonal diagonal magic cubes, pandiagonal magic cubes, and perfect magic cubes.

Examples
1. Order 4 cube by Thomas Krijgsman, 1982; magic constant 130.

2. Order 5 cube by Walter Trump and Christian Boyer, 2003-11-13; magic constant 315.

title: Perfect magic cube


text:
Mandoline

A mandoline (US, ) or mandolin (British, /ˌmandəˈlɪn/, /ˈmandəlɪn/, /ˈmandl̩ɪn/), is a culinary utensil used for slicing and for cutting juliennes; with suitable attachments, it can make crinkle-cuts.

Design
A mandoline consists of two parallel working surfaces, one of which can be adjusted in height. A food item is slid along the adjustable surface until it reaches a blade mounted on the fixed surface, slicing it and letting it fall.

Other blades perpendicular to the main blade are often mounted so that the slice is cut into strips. The mandoline juliennes in several widths and thicknesses. It also makes slices, waffle cuts and crinkle cuts, and dices firm vegetables and fruits.

With a mandoline, slices are uniform in thickness, which is important with foods that are deep-fried or baked (e.g. potato chips), as well as for presentation. Slices can be very thin, and be made very quickly, with significantly less skill and effort than would be required if cutting with a knife or other blade.

Operation
A mandoline is used by running a piece of food (with some protection for fingers) along an adjustable inclined plane into one or more blades. On some models vertical blades cut to produce julienne, or a wavy blade is used that produces crinkle cuts. In these models a quarter turn to the food between passes produces dice and waffle cuts.

A mandoline can cause serious injury if not used correctly.

title: Mandoline


text:
Crewe railway station

Crewe railway station serves the railway town of Crewe, in Cheshire, England. It opened in 1837 and is one of the most historically significant railway stations in the world.

Crewe station is a major junction on the West Coast Main Line and serves as a rail gateway for North West England. It is 158 miles north of London Euston and 243 miles south of Glasgow Central. It is located at the point where the lines to Manchester Piccadilly and North Wales diverge from this route, and is the last major station before the branch to Liverpool Lime Street diverges. It is also served by lines to Stoke-on-Trent and Shrewsbury.

Crewe railway station has twelve platforms and a modern passenger entrance containing a bookshop and ticket office. Passengers access the platforms via a footbridge, stairs and lifts. The platform buildings, which date from the 19th century, contain two bookshops, bars, buffets and waiting rooms. The last major expenditure on the station took place in 1984-1985 when the track layout was remodelled and the station facilities were updated.

Early years
Crewe's location was chosen after Winsford, seven miles to the north, had rejected an earlier proposal, as had local landowners in neighbouring Nantwich, four miles away.

Crewe station was the first station to have its own adjacent railway hotel: the Crewe Arms Hotel, built in 1838, and still in use. It was the first to be completely rebuilt owing to the need for expansion. It was the also first to have completely independent rail lines built around it to ease traffic congestion.

The station opened on 4 July 1837 on the Grand Junction Railway. The purpose was to link the four largest cities of England by joining the existing Liverpool and Manchester Railway with the projected London & Birmingham Railway. The first long-distance railway in the world, it ran from Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham to Dallam in Warrington, Cheshire, where it made an end-on junction with the Warrington and Newton Railway, a branch of the L&M. The station was built in the township of Crewe, which formed part of the ancient parish of Barthomley. The township later became a civil parish in its own right, and, later still, was renamed Crewe Green to avoid confusion with the town of Crewe, which was adjacent to it. The station was at the point where the line crossed the turnpike road linking the Trent and Mersey and the Shropshire Union Canals. Since the land was bought from the Earl of Crewe, whose mansion stood nearby, and it was located in the township of Crewe, the station was called Crewe. The railway station gave its name to the town of Crewe that was actually situated in the ancient parish of Coppenhall. In 1936, the railway station was transferred from the civil parish of Crewe to the then municipal borough of Crewe.

As soon as the station opened the Chester and Crewe Railway was formed to build a branch line to Chester and this company was absorbed by the GJR shortly before it opened to traffic in 1840. A locomotive depot was built to serve the Chester line, and to provide banking engines to assist trains southwards from Crewe up the Madeley Incline, a modest gradient which was a challenge to the small engines of the day.

By 1841, the Chester line was seen as a starting point for a new trunk line to the port of Holyhead, to provide the fastest route to Ireland, and the importance of Crewe as a junction station began to be established. This was given further endorsement when the Manchester and Birmingham Railway, a separate undertaking which had hoped to build a wholly independent line linking the two cities, shorter than the GJR, decided that it would be uneconomical to compete with that line over the greater part of its length, and decided to divert its own line to meet the GJR at Crewe. Teething squabbles between the companies delayed the running of through services for a while, and the M&B had to build a temporary station of their own, part of which survives today as an isolated platform next to the North Junction, at the start of the line to Manchester.

In 1842 the GJR decided to move its locomotive works from Edge Hill in Liverpool to Crewe, siting the works to the north of the junction between the Warrington and Chester lines. To house the workforce and company management the town of Crewe was built by the company to the north of the works.

London & North Western Railway
In 1846 the GJR merged with the London and Birmingham to form the London and North Western Railway Company, which until its demise in 1923 was the largest company in the world. The new company extended the existing lines to Holyhead, the Warrington line to Lancaster and Carlisle, the Manchester line to Leeds, and built the new Crewe and Shrewsbury Railway to Shrewsbury to join the joint GWR owned Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, which provided connections to South Wales. The North Staffordshire Railway built a line from Stoke-on-Trent, joining the LNWR from the South East. Crewe was the centre of a wide-ranging railway network, and freight-handling facilities grew up to the south of the station.

To cope with the increase of traffic, the station was rebuilt in 1867 (according to WH Chaloner), the buildings facing each other on the present platforms 5 and 6 dating from this time, and built under the supervision of William Baker. The listing by English Heritage describes them as: "mirrored design with bowed projections for the platform inspectors' offices, the 'greybeard' keystones and vivid polychromy ... one of the best pieces of mid-C19 platform architecture designed anywhere on the LNWR network, and as rare surviving examples nationally of buildings of a major junction station of this period."

At the same time the works was redeveloped and enlarged and the town also enlarged under the leadership of John Ramsbottom, a Todmorden man who had become Locomotive Superintendent. Locomotive construction, hitherto divided with Wolverton (on the London and Birmingham Railway) was concentrated at Crewe. Ramsbottom also built a steelworks, the first in the world to make large-scale use of the Bessemer process, as only the LNWR required enough steel to keep a Bessemer plant continuously occupied. He also introduced mass-production techniques, whereby as many parts as possible were identical between one engine and another.

Ramsbottom retired in 1871 and was succeeded by the legendary Frank Webb, a colourful and controversial figure who was known as 'The Uncrowned King of Crewe'.

By the 1890s a survey revealed 1,000 trains passing within a 24-hour period. Half of these were freight trains which did not need to call at the station, so the company decided to build a separate four-track railway line passing to the west of the station, joining the existing lines beyond the north and south junctions, burrowing beneath them and avoiding them completely. Plans for the "independent lines" were approved in 1895 and construction lasted from 1896 to 1901. Over 1,000 labourers were employed on what was known as the "big dig" at a cost about £500,000. This undertaking also included a marshalling yard to the south of the station at Basford Hall, a revolutionary 'tranship shed' which allowed fast transfer of freight from wagons to road vehicles under cover. The station was enlarged between 1903 and 1907, by providing eight through platforms each a quarter of a mile long. The cost of the improvements was £1,000,000.

London, Midland and Scottish Railway
In 1923 the LNWR became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway group. Crewe remained the major centre for locomotive construction. In 1938-39 the signal boxes at North and South Junctions were completely reconstructed as massive concrete structures to withstand air raids, and remained in use until the resignalling project in 1985. The North Junction signal box can now be visited as part of the Crewe Heritage Centre. Although the railway station is virtually synonymous with the town of Crewe, it was not actually incorporated within the borders of the borough of Crewe until the late 1930s, as it lies about 1 mile to the south east of the actual town centre.

With the exception of two new signal boxes and associated greatly improved colour light signalling, track circuiting and electrically operated track points, train operation at Crewe changed little in over fifty years. The trains did become longer and heavier and were hauled by larger engines, which required increased supplies of water to be taken on board before departure, but the number of passenger trains using Crewe Station and the method of operation did not vary greatly despite the passage of two world wars. Trains continued to divide at Crewe with the front portion for Manchester and the rear for Liverpool. The station pilot engine always had a pair of restaurant cars in a bay platform ready to attach to a morning service to London. Always there were extra coaches waiting to be attached to overcrowded trains. In addition to passengers there were vast quantities of mail, parcels and even live animals and birds of all descriptions transported in specially designed transit crates. When necessary the station staff had to feed and water these special passengers, which travelled in copious luggage vans.

British Railways
In 1948 the LMS was nationalised as British Railways, London Midland Region. Nationalisation greatly facilitated the modernisation of British Railways and, after a false start developing new improved steam engines, electrification came, along with diesel power and fixed-formation air-braked trains. These changes had a significant effect on Crewe station. Notably, the variation in station use caused firstly by the electrification in stages of the West Coast Main Line between 1959 and 1974 and secondly by the general end of steam traction on Britain's railways. Following the completion of electrification in 1974, trains did not need to change locomotives at Crewe, except for the London to Chester and Holyhead service. Many locomotive hauled trains were replaced by electric or diesel multiple unit trains, with much faster turn-round times. Additionally, two local branch lines had closed, which resulted in fewer trains terminating at Crewe. However, compensating for the decline of local passenger traffic, the reduction in mail and parcels traffic and the total elimination of livestock carriage, came the great increase in inter-city passenger traffic and the need for even faster, smoother and more efficient handling of passenger trains.

In 1963 the architects to the London Midland Region of British Railways provided a Porte-cochère at the passenger entrance on Nantwich Road. It was constructed of eight laminated wood Hyperbolic paraboloid shells. This was replaced between 1983 and 1985 with the current steel structure. In 1985 in a £14.3 million scheme, the track layout was modernised and simplified, eliminating many points and crossings and allowing 80 mph running over the North Junction. At the same time all but one of the six 1902 extension platforms were taken out of use. Four Class 40 locomotives were reallocated to this work in 1985, and were renumbered as 97405–97408 for the engineering duties.

Present day
In 2007 Network Rail published a proposal to replace the existing Crewe station with a new station located approximately 1 mile to the south. A "Crewe Town" station was also proposed nearer the town centre on the Chester line, with a shuttle service to the new main station. In 2009 the station was identified as one of the ten worst category B interchange stations for mystery shopper assessment of fabric and environment.

The proposal to move the station was abandoned in 2010 and instead the current building was renovated. Cheshire East Council implemented a regeneration master plan for Crewe, which included the station.

In 2011 Cheshire East Council purchased the former Royal Mail depot and Weston House for £2.75 million. The council demolished the two buildings and created a new entrance to the station, as well as a 244 space car park and a secure bike parking structure, at a cost of £7 million. The construction work was undertaken by Balfour Beatty. The new entrance has step-free access & connects passengers to the station through an underground walkway. There is a ticket vending machine at this entrance, as well as unmanned ticket barriers. In August 2016 the station buildings of 1867 were added to the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building. The structures included in the listing comprise two station buildings on separate platforms, and two screen walls, one to the east and the other to the west of the station.

With seven train companies calling, Crewe is tied with Doncaster for the highest number of companies calling at a UK station.

Accidents and incidents
On 7 November 1980 two freight trains collided at Crewe railway station.

Future
In January 2013, it was announced that the existing Crewe station would be a stop on the western branch of the planned HS2 high-speed rail route. A new platform will be built on the Manchester independent lines to the west of the station, meaning that services will not have to cross the West Coast Main Line from Manchester Piccadilly or the Marches Line to South Wales.

Following the Crewe Hub consultation, which ran from July to October 2017, it is planned that up to 5 to 7 trains per hour will stop at Crewe; plans for a new service to Manchester via Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent and Macclesfield are also proposed. This will be made possible by extending the existing platform 5 to 400 metres, allowing services to split and serve these additional destinations. It is also planned that a new transfer deck will be built; this will allow passengers to change between the proposed new Manchester independent lines platform and the existing Crewe station.

However on 4 October 2023, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the cancellation of this Phase 2a of the HS2 development at the Conservative Party Conference.

Current services
During the day, there are 16 trains passing through every hour (with additional less frequent services). As a summary, in trains per hour (tph):

Avanti West Coast
 * 2 tph fast to London Euston, of which one calls at Stafford and one calls at Milton Keynes Central, with additional calls at peak times
 * 1 tph to London Euston via Wolverhampton and Birmingham New Street
 * 1 tph to Manchester Piccadilly, calling at Wilmslow and Stockport
 * 1 tph to Liverpool Lime Street, calling at Runcorn
 * 1 tph to Preston, continuing to Edinburgh Waverley or Glasgow Central alternately, and 3 tpd continuing to Blackpool North instead
 * 10 tpd to Chester, of which six continue to Holyhead and one continues to Wrexham General

London Northwestern Railway
 * 1 tph to London Euston, calling at all stations (except Polesworth) to Rugby and Milton Keynes Central
 * 1 tph to Birmingham New Street [2tph during morning and evening peaks]
 * 1 tph to Liverpool Lime Street [2tph during morning and evening peaks]
 * 1 tph to Stafford via Stoke-on-Trent

Northern
 * 2 tph to Manchester Piccadilly — one via Stockport and one via Manchester Airport

Transport for Wales
 * 1 tph to Manchester Piccadilly, calling at Wilmslow and Stockport
 * 1 tph to Chester
 * 2 tpd to Holyhead and 1 tpd to Llandudno
 * 1 tph to Cardiff Central, some of which extend to Carmarthen
 * 1 train per 2 hours to Shrewsbury, stopping at intermediate stations

East Midlands Railway
 * 1 tph to Newark Castle via Derby and Nottingham

Caledonian Sleeper
 * 1 tpd to Aberdeen/Inverness/Fort William, dividing at Edinburgh Waverley
 * 1 tpd to London Euston, which is set-down only at Crewe, and not for boarding passengers

CrossCountry also operate 1 train per day between Manchester Piccadilly and Bournemouth—most of these trains instead go via Macclesfield.

Platform Use
 * Platform 1 - Northern Trains stopping services to and from Manchester Piccadilly and occasionally Avanti West Coast northbound services to Manchester Piccadilly and Avanti West Coast southbound services to London Euston.
 * Platform 2 - Extra capacity.
 * Platform 3 - East Midlands Railway services and West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) services via Stoke-on-Trent
 * Platform 4 - Extra capacity.
 * Platform 5 - Avanti West Coast northbound services to Manchester Piccadilly and southbound to Birmingham New Street and London Euston, West Midlands Trains services to Birmingham New Street, Transport for Wales services to Cardiff, CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Bristol Temple Meads.
 * Platform 6 - Transport for Wales services northbound to Manchester Piccadilly and southbound to Cardiff and beyond. Some Avanti West Coast northbound services to Preston and Glasgow Central and southbound to London Euston also use this platform along with a CrossCountry service to Manchester Piccadilly.
 * Platform 7 - West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) services to London Euston via Rugeley Trent Valley
 * Platform 8 - Transport for Wales stopping services to and from Shrewsbury.
 * Platform 9 - Transport for Wales services to Chester and Holyhead.
 * Platform 10 - Extra capacity.
 * Platform 11 - Avanti West Coast northbound services to Blackpool, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Chester and North Wales. West Midlands Trains (London Northwestern) northbound services to Liverpool Lime Street.
 * Platform 12 - Extra capacity and usually used for railtours.

title: Crewe railway station


text:
User:Peregrine981

I've been sporadically contributing to Wikipedia since 2003.

Here's a good yarn: Wager between John Pierpoint Morgan and Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale on whether a man could walk round the world and remain unidentified

I enjoyed this quote from the Salvador Dali article:

"When he fell into the circle of mostly Marxist surrealists who denounced as enemies the monarchists on one hand and the anarchists on the other, Dalí explained to them that he personally was an anarcho-monarchist."

to do:
 * Erik Scavenius
 * Generation
 * Jyllands-Posten

da:Bruger:Peregrine981 de:Benutzer:Peregrine981 fr:Utilisateur:Peregrine981

title: User:Peregrine981


text:
Ostflucht

The Ostflucht ("flight from the East") was the migration of Germans, in the later 19th century and early 20th century, from areas which were then eastern parts of Germany to more industrialized regions in central and western Germany. The migrants originated in East Prussia, West Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania and Posen; they moved to provinces along the Rhine and Ruhr rivers. Most of the migrants were ethnic Germans, but many migrants to the Ruhr were of Polish ethnicity, later known as Ruhrpolen.

Causes
The United States, which had been the major destination of emigrants from the German East, lost much of its attraction when it stopped granting free land to settlers in 1893. At the same time, the Ruhr area prospered, leading to high demand for labor, especially in coal mining and heavy industries. This led to an East-to-West migration within the Kingdom of Prussia. Through 1907, 2,300,000 people emigrated from Prussia's eastern provinces (Pomerania, West Prussia, East Prussia, Posen, and Silesia), while only 358,000 migrated into these provinces. Among the emigrants were 600,000 Poles. This loss of workforce hit farms, which made up for this by calling in seasonal workers from further east. Berlin and Brandenburg in the same time gained 1,200,000 inhabitants, while the Ruhr area and surrounding provinces (Westphalia and Palatinate) gained 640,000 people.

At the same time, increased immigration into the eastern German regions by Poles from western Russia caused imbalances and upheavals there, especially in Upper Silesia.

Reactions
The emigration of Germans, and the higher Polish birth rate in the eastern provinces caused concern among German nationalists. This led to some special measures:
 * limiting sale of estates to Germans only,
 * encouraging Germans to immigrate to the Prussian state,
 * creating an Ansiedlungskommission ("Settlement Commission") funded by the state, that aimed at buying land from ethnic Poles and selling it to Germans,
 * instituting rules which required an ethnic Pole to apply for approval (rarely given) to build a new house on a newly acquired farm.

The sociologist Max Weber first came to public attention in Germany as a result of his study of the Ostflucht and of methods of combatting it, carried out on behalf of the Verein für Socialpolitik.

title: Ostflucht


text:
Data degradation

Data degradation is the gradual corruption of computer data due to an accumulation of non-critical failures in a data storage device. It is also referred to as data decay, data rot or bit rot. This results in a decline in data quality over time, even when the data is not being utilized.

Primary storages
Data degradation in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) can occur when the electric charge of a bit in DRAM disperses, possibly altering program code or stored data. DRAM may be altered by cosmic rays or other high-energy particles. Such data degradation is known as a soft error. ECC memory can be used to mitigate this type of data degradation.

Secondary storages
Data degradation results from the gradual decay of storage media over the course of years or longer. Causes vary by medium:

 * Solid-state media
 * EPROMs, flash memory and other solid-state drive store data using electrical charges, which can slowly leak away due to imperfect insulation. Modern flash controller chips account for this leak by trying several lower threshold voltages (until ECC passes), prolonging the age of data. Multi-level cells with much lower distance between voltage levels cannot be considered stable without this functionality.
 * The chip itself is not affected by this, so reprogramming it approximately once per decade prevents decay. An undamaged copy of the master data is required for the reprogramming. A checksum can be used to assure that the on-chip data is not yet damaged and ready for reprogramming.

 * Magnetic media
 * Magnetic media, such as hard disk drives, floppy disks and magnetic tapes, may experience data decay as bits lose their magnetic orientation. Higher temperature speeds up the rate of magnetic loss. As with solid-state media, re-writing is useful as long as the medium itself is not damaged (see below). Modern hard drives use Giant magnetoresistance and have a higher magnetic lifespan on the order of decades. They also automatically correct any errors detected by ECC through rewriting. The reliance on a factory servo track can complicate data recovery if it becomes unrecoverable, however.
 * Floppy disks and tapes are poorly protected against ambient air. In warm/humid conditions, they are prone to the physical decomposition of the storage medium.

 * Optical media
 * Optical media such as CD-R, DVD-R and BD-R, may experience data decay from the breakdown of the storage medium. This can be mitigated by storing discs in a dark, cool, low humidity location. "Archival quality" discs are available with an extended lifetime, but are still not permanent. However, data integrity scanning that measures the rates of various types of errors is able to predict data decay on optical media well ahead of uncorrectable data loss occurring.
 * Both the disc dye and the disc backing layer are potentially susceptible to breakdown. Early cyanine-based dyes used in CD-R were notorious for their lack of UV stability. Early CDs also suffered from CD bronzing, and is related to a combination of bad lacquer material and failure of the aluminum reflection layer. Later discs use more stable dyes or forgo them for an inorganic mixture. The aluminum layer is also commonly swapped out for gold or silver alloy.
 * Paper media
 * Paper media, such as punched cards and punched tape, may literally rot. Mylar punched tape is another approach that does not rely on electromagnetic stability. Degradation of books and printing paper is primarily driven by acid hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds within the cellulose molecule as well as by oxidation; degradation of paper is accelerated by high relative humidity, high temperature, as well as by exposure to acids, oxygen, light, and various pollutants, including various volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide.

Example
Below are several digital images illustrating data degradation, all consisting of 326,272 bits. The original photo is displayed first. In the next image, a single bit was changed from 0 to 1. In the next two images, two and three bits were flipped. On Linux systems, the binary difference between files can be revealed using cmp command (e.g. cmp -b bitrot-original.jpg bitrot-1bit-changed.jpg).

Causes
This deterioration can be caused by a variety of factors that impact the reliability and integrity of digital information, including physical factors, software errors, security breaches, human error, obsolete technology, and unauthorized access incidents.

Hardware failures
Most disk, disk controller and higher-level systems are subject to a slight chance of unrecoverable failure. With ever-growing disk capacities, file sizes, and increases in the amount of data stored on a disk, the likelihood of the occurrence of data decay and other forms of uncorrected and undetected data corruption increases.

Low-level disk controllers typically employ error correction codes (ECC) to correct erroneous data.

Higher-level software systems may be employed to mitigate the risk of such underlying failures by increasing redundancy and implementing integrity checking, error correction codes and self-repairing algorithms. The ZFS file system was designed to address many of these data corruption issues. The Btrfs file system also includes data protection and recovery mechanisms, as does ReFS.

title: Data degradation


text:
Atlantic Beach

Atlantic Beach is the name of some places in the United States:

 * Atlantic Beach, Florida, a city
 * Atlantic Beach, New York, a village
 * Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, a town
 * Atlantic Beach, South Carolina, a town

title: Atlantic Beach


text:
User:Solow

My homepage

title: User:Solow


text:
User talk:Solow

Hello there, Solow, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted.-- Gaurav 16:16, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If a tree were to fall in deserted forest, would it make a sound? Gaurav 10:34, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh well it will.. to prove otherwise u will have to make the deserted place undeserted. Thats such a waste right? :P

Solow 10:40, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Solow


text:
Semiperfect magic cube

In mathematics, a semiperfect magic cube is a magic cube that is not a perfect magic cube, i.e., a magic cube for which the cross section diagonals do not necessarily sum up to the cube's magic constant.

title: Semiperfect magic cube


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Tensor product of algebras

In mathematics, the tensor product of two algebras over a commutative ring R is also an R-algebra. This gives the tensor product of algebras. When the ring is a field, the most common application of such products is to describe the product of algebra representations.

Definition
Let R be a commutative ring and let A and B be R-algebras. Since A and B may both be regarded as R-modules, their tensor product
 * $$A \otimes_R B$$

is also an R-module. The tensor product can be given the structure of a ring by defining the product on elements of the form a ⊗ b by
 * $$(a_1\otimes b_1)(a_2\otimes b_2) = a_1 a_2\otimes b_1b_2$$

and then extending by linearity to all of A ⊗R B. This ring is an R-algebra, associative and unital with identity element given by 1A ⊗ 1B. where 1A and 1B are the identity elements of A and B. If A and B are commutative, then the tensor product is commutative as well.

The tensor product turns the category of R-algebras into a symmetric monoidal category.

Further properties
There are natural homomorphisms from A and B to A ⊗R B given by
 * $$a\mapsto a\otimes 1_B$$
 * $$b\mapsto 1_A\otimes b$$

These maps make the tensor product the coproduct in the category of commutative R-algebras. The tensor product is not the coproduct in the category of all R-algebras. There the coproduct is given by a more general free product of algebras. Nevertheless, the tensor product of non-commutative algebras can be described by a universal property similar to that of the coproduct:
 * $$\text{Hom}(A\otimes B,X) \cong \lbrace (f,g)\in \text{Hom}(A,X)\times \text{Hom}(B,X) \mid \forall a \in A, b \in B: [f(a), g(b)] = 0\rbrace,$$

where [-, -] denotes the commutator. The natural isomorphism is given by identifying a morphism $$\phi:A\otimes B\to X$$ on the left hand side with the pair of morphisms $$(f,g)$$ on the right hand side where $$f(a):=\phi(a\otimes 1)$$ and similarly $$g(b):=\phi(1\otimes b)$$.

Applications
The tensor product of commutative algebras is of frequent use in algebraic geometry. For affine schemes X, Y, Z with morphisms from X and Z to Y, so X = Spec(A), Y = Spec(R), and Z = Spec(B) for some commutative rings A, R, B, the fiber product scheme is the affine scheme corresponding to the tensor product of algebras:
 * $$X\times_Y Z = \operatorname{Spec}(A\otimes_R B).$$

More generally, the fiber product of schemes is defined by gluing together affine fiber products of this form.

Examples

 * The tensor product can be used as a means of taking intersections of two subschemes in a scheme: consider the $$\mathbb{C}[x,y]$$-algebras $$\mathbb{C}[x,y]/f$$, $$\mathbb{C}[x,y]/g$$, then their tensor product is $$\mathbb{C}[x,y]/(f) \otimes_{\mathbb{C}[x,y]} \mathbb{C}[x,y]/(g) \cong \mathbb{C}[x,y]/(f,g)$$, which describes the intersection of the algebraic curves f = 0 and g = 0 in the affine plane over C.
 * More generally, if $$A$$ is a commutative ring and $$I,J\subseteq A$$ are ideals, then $$\frac{A}{I}\otimes_A\frac{A}{J}\cong \frac{A}{I+J}$$, with a unique isomorphism sending $$(a+I)\otimes(b+J)$$ to $$(ab+I+J)$$.
 * Tensor products can be used as a means of changing coefficients. For example, $$\mathbb{Z}[x,y]/(x^3 + 5x^2 + x - 1)\otimes_\mathbb{Z} \mathbb{Z}/5 \cong \mathbb{Z}/5[x,y]/(x^3 + x - 1)$$ and $$\mathbb{Z}[x,y]/(f) \otimes_\mathbb{Z} \mathbb{C} \cong \mathbb{C}[x,y]/(f)$$.
 * Tensor products also can be used for taking products of affine schemes over a field. For example, $$\mathbb{C}[x_1,x_2]/(f(x)) \otimes_\mathbb{C} \mathbb{C}[y_1,y_2]/(g(y))$$ is isomorphic to the algebra $$\mathbb{C}[x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2]/(f(x),g(y))$$ which corresponds to an affine surface in $$\mathbb{A}^4_\mathbb{C}$$ if f and g are not zero.
 * Given $$R$$-algebras $$A$$ and $$B$$ whose underlying rings are graded-commutative rings, the tensor product $$A\otimes_RB$$ becomes a graded commutative ring by defining $$(a\otimes b)(a'\otimes b')=(-1)^{|b||a'|}aa'\otimes bb'$$ for homogeneous $$a$$, $$a'$$, $$b$$, and $$b'$$.

title: Tensor product of algebras


text:
Talk:Turkey (food)

Question
How many lbs turkey per head approx? are there different varieties? giblets in or out? organic/ fed on different things?

I dunno - i'm just thinking what we need to add to make a fabulous xmas article ;) Secretlondon

I'm working on it. I'll dig out some mrs beaton when i get home from work. we could also do with some good stuffing recipes if anyone knows any. theresa knott 16:27, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree that we need some stuffing recipes, though I think they should go in the woefully short stuffing article instead of here. - Jim Redmond 16:56, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Brining
The prep section is a bit awkward, and it doesn't include my favorite method (brining). I plan to work on it a bit tonight, after I submerge my turkey in a tub of cold salt water. :) - Jim Redmond 16:56, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Whilst researching this article I came across brining, but didn't include it as I had no personal experience. I look forwards to your edit, as I am thinking of brining my turkey this christmas. BTW does the bird taste salty ? theresa knott 22:56, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, if you make the brine correctly, the bird will be juicier and its own flavors will be enhanced. If you overdo the amount of salt in the brine, though, then the turkey will be salty.  I can post a recipe in the brining article if it'll help. - Jim Redmond 20:57, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Please do theresa knott 09:10, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turkey (food)


text:
Multimagic cube

In mathematics, a P-multimagic cube is a magic cube that remains magic even if all its numbers are replaced by their k th powers for 1 ≤ k ≤ P. 2-multimagic cubes are called bimagic, 3-multimagic cubes are called trimagic, and 4-multimagic cubes tetramagic. A P-multimagic cube is said to be semi-perfect if the k th power cubes are perfect for 1 ≤ k < P, and the P th power cube is semiperfect. If all P of the power cubes are perfect, the P-multimagic cube is said to be perfect.

The first known example of a bimagic cube was given by John Hendricks in 2000; it is a semiperfect cube of order 25 and magic constant 195325. In 2003, C. Bower discovered two semi-perfect bimagic cubes of order 16, and a perfect bimagic cube of order 32.

MathWorld reports that only two trimagic cubes are known, discovered by C. Bower in 2003; a semiperfect cube of order 64 and a perfect cube of order 256. It also reports that he discovered the only two known tetramagic cubes, a semiperfect cube of order 1024, and perfect cube of order 8192.

title: Multimagic cube


text:
Talk:Line (heraldry)

Untitled
Does anyone know how to deal with quadrate? --Daniel C. Boyer 16:24, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Who can provide information on the "saxonized" line of partition? --Daniel C. Boyer 18:29, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Can anyone provide information on the form of "embattled" on the shield of Arzl im Pitzal in Austria? --Daniel C. Boyer 19:06, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Can anyone blazon the charges on the dexter side of the shield of Aurolzmunster in Austria? --Daniel C. Boyer 19:10, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Can anyone explain about a fess lozengy &c.? In this article might not be the best place to do it but it should be done somewhere. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:27, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Can anyone explain about the far-out and probably just incorrect shield of Trelawney Dampney here? My theory now is this is not fit for discussion on the line page but perhaps I am wrong. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:28, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)

remove or improve
Removed a mess of external links: —Tamfang 17:57, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The Japanese copy of Parker's glossary is gone, as is a Geocities page about heraldic innovations.
 * Searches at the National Archives of South Africa (www.national.archsrch.gov.za) apparently return temporary links, which promptly become invalid.
 * In some cases the contributor apparently took the address of a page's outer frame rather than the specific address of the content. I improved such links where I could, but I'm not about to search the roster of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada to see which member has an orle embattled!

 * This is vandalism plain and simple. I cited correctly, and I don't think we should make Wikipedia worse and worse as links become 404 by removing the information that was sourced by those links.  As for your unwillingness to do research, if you're not interested, leave the page alone.  --Daniel C. Boyer 15:20, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Removing invalid links is not removing information. Intentionally adding links that are known to be bad is no better than adding DCB RULES LOL!.  How is it useful to anyone to know that a copy of Parker once existed at a given website?  I'm guessing the SA search links make you feel good because they document that someone once looked something up, but if they cannot help anyone find what was looked up, what use are they?  How can the reader distinguish them from fraud?
 * By the way, in your zeal to preserve every useless footnote, you have removed information that I added:
 * arms of James Hill and Jochen Wilke vs old homepage of the Heraldry Society of Scotland, since moved
 * arms of Schellenberg vs no link
 * the arms of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons vs dead link (the current History page does not show the arms)
 * arms of Léopold-Henri Amyot vs the front page of an index
 * arms of Bierbaum am Auersbach vs old front page of International Civic Arms, now a dead link
 * arms of South Lanarkshire vs front page of International Civic Arms
 * Which ought to give some indication of the depth of my unwillingness to do research. If I knew even the first letter of the name of the bearer of an orle embattled, I'd have gone looking for that too (rather than merely removing the link), to save the reader some pointless hunting.
 * You've also restored some redundancies:
 * "The arms of The arms of the Free State",
 * "The bordure ... Val d'Oise ... have a bordure with"
 * a duplicate definition of "wavy crested"
 * I won't make these changes again, since they might be considered vandalism. —Tamfang 17:21, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll wait a week for DCB to respond and then decide what to do. —Tamfang 06:01, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No links is better than bad links Alci12 16:15, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

South African search links
The link for gably of three gives: "Search Manager sign-on error."

If there is a way to extract a PERMANENT link from such searches, please do so. If the result comes up in a frame, right-click on the frame, choose "show only this frame", and get the frame's address. —Tamfang 15:15, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

reorganization
The "Unusual" section was more than half the article. I've rearranged things for better structure; room for improvement remains. —Tamfang (talk) 19:09, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

new gallery
The gallery ought to have blazons; but do all of these lines even have names in English? (I don't know the syntax to add labels to a gallery.) —Tamfang (talk) 17:28, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The syntax is easy. You can see how I added text in the gallery for the page Marchantiophyta.  If there are lines that don't have English names, then a regional non-English name with a literal translation could be used. --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:17, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

engrailing and invecting
There's perennial disagreement over whether per fess engrailed has points up or points down. The article currently says the first tincture is 'interior' (so: points down), but I gather that there is disagreement among authorities; it would be good to mention that disagreement, with references. I'll check my books. —Tamfang (talk) 05:22, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Verry
My reference (Clark and Thomas, London 1776) names the example in gallery Urdi, as Verry. Similarly, my reference shows Ragule pointing sinister, not dexter as shown here- ie mirror image. --ClemRutter (talk) 19:14, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Barry urdy does resemble vairy in point. — I imagine the examples of per fess raguly show no strong preference, though I'd bet that other divisions raguly mostly have the stumps upward. —Tamfang (talk) 01:35, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Nowed?
Searching the Internet, the only use I can find for "nowed" is "tied in a knot", usually used of snakes. "Nowy" seems the preferred term for a line with a single arched "protuberance" in the middle. Fishal (talk) 05:43, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Finnlines
I'm curious about the Finnish quasi-flory that is here called lilyous. Has such a line been blazoned by any Anglophone herald's office? The word is new to me, and I would expect to spell it lilious.

I would like to see Finnish names for all the Finnish lines, by the way. —Tamfang (talk) 07:37, 27 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Line (heraldry)


text:
Opposite category

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the opposite category or dual category Cop of a given category C is formed by reversing the morphisms, i.e. interchanging the source and target of each morphism. Doing the reversal twice yields the original category, so the opposite of an opposite category is the original category itself. In symbols, $$(C^{\text{op}})^{\text{op}} = C$$.

Examples

 * An example comes from reversing the direction of inequalities in a partial order. So if X is a set and ≤ a partial order relation, we can define a new partial order relation ≤op by

 * x ≤op y if and only if y ≤ x.

 * The new order is commonly called dual order of ≤, and is mostly denoted by ≥. Therefore, duality plays an important role in order theory and every purely order theoretic concept has a dual. For example, there are opposite pairs child/parent, descendant/ancestor, infimum/supremum, down-set/up-set, ideal/filter etc. This order theoretic duality is in turn a special case of the construction of opposite categories as every ordered set can be understood as a category.

 * Given a semigroup (S, ·), one usually defines the opposite semigroup as (S, ·)op = (S, *) where x*y ≔ y·x for all x,y in S. So also for semigroups there is a strong duality principle. Clearly, the same construction works for groups, as well, and is known in ring theory, too, where it is applied to the multiplicative semigroup of the ring to give the opposite ring. Again this process can be described by completing a semigroup to a monoid, taking the corresponding opposite category, and then possibly removing the unit from that monoid.
 * The category of Boolean algebras and Boolean homomorphisms is equivalent to the opposite of the category of Stone spaces and continuous functions.
 * The category of affine schemes is equivalent to the opposite of the category of commutative rings.
 * The Pontryagin duality restricts to an equivalence between the category of compact Hausdorff abelian topological groups and the opposite of the category of (discrete) abelian groups.
 * By the Gelfand–Naimark theorem, the category of localizable measurable spaces (with measurable maps) is equivalent to the category of commutative Von Neumann algebras (with normal unital homomorphisms of *-algebras).

Properties
Opposite preserves products:
 * $$(C\times D)^{\text{op}} \cong C^{\text{op}}\times D^{\text{op}}$$ (see product category)

Opposite preserves functors:
 * $$(\mathrm{Funct}(C,D))^{\text{op}} \cong \mathrm{Funct}(C^{\text{op}},D^{\text{op}})$$ (see functor category, opposite functor)

Opposite preserves slices:
 * $$(F\downarrow G)^{\text{op}} \cong (G^{\text{op}}\downarrow F^{\text{op}})$$ (see comma category)

title: Opposite category