text:
Peter Taylor

Peter Taylor may refer to:

Arts

 * Peter Taylor (writer) (1917–1994), American author, winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
 * Peter Taylor (film editor) (1922–1997), English film editor, winner of an Academy Award for Film Editing

Politics and government

 * Peter Taylor (paymaster) (1714–1777), British politician, MP for Wells and MP for Portsmouth
 * Peter Alfred Taylor (1819–1891), British politician and radical
 * Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth (1930–1997), Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, 1992–1997
 * Peter Taylor alias Perce, Member of Parliament (MP) for Marlborough in 1554
 * Peter Taylor (British politician), Mayor of Watford

Sport

 * Pete Taylor (1945–2003), American sports broadcaster
 * Pete Taylor (baseball) (1927–2003), American baseball pitcher
 * Peter Taylor (Australian footballer) (born 1954), Australian rules footballer
 * Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer) (born 1956), Australian cricketer
 * Peter Taylor (English cricketer) (born 1942), former cricketer for Bedfordshire
 * Peter Taylor (South African cricketer) (born 1934), South African cricketer
 * Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1928) (1928–1990), English football goalkeeper and manager, associated with Brian Clough
 * Peter Taylor (footballer, born 1953) (born 1953), English football manager and former player
 * Peter Taylor (rower) (born 1984), New Zealand Olympic rower
 * Pete Taylor (boxing coach), former boxer turned boxing coach

Other fields

 * Peter Taylor (botanist) (1926–2011), British botanist at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 * Peter Taylor (journalist) (born 1942), British journalist and author of non-fiction books, especially about Northern Ireland and Al-Qaeda
 * Peter J. Taylor (born 1944), British geographer
 * Peter Taylor (environmentalist) (born 1948), British environmentalist
 * Peter Taylor (priest) (born 1944), Archdeacon of Harlow

Characters

 * Peter Taylor (General Hospital), a character from the soap opera General Hospital

title: Peter Taylor


text:
George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign

The 2000 presidential campaign of George W. Bush, then governor of Texas, was formally launched on June 14, 1999 as Governor Bush, the eldest son of former President George H. W. Bush, announced his intention to seek the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 presidential election.

Bush began the campaign as the front runner among Republicans due to his name recognition, high funds, and control of the governorship of Texas and polls starting in 1997 showed Bush leading every opponent by double digits. The main challenger to Bush was Senator John McCain, who appealed to moderate Republicans, independents and the press due to his reformist policies. After McCain's upset victory in New Hampshire, Bush won the South Carolina primary.

Bush won the majority of the primaries and after the March 2000 Super Tuesday contests he was well ahead in delegates of both McCain and Alan Keyes. On August 3, 2000, Bush won the Republican nomination at the Republican Convention with the support of 2,058 delegates. Dick Cheney, the former U.S. Secretary of Defense, was nominated as vice president despite Cheney initially recommending former Missouri Senator John Danforth.

Throughout the majority of the primary and general campaign seasons Bush was leading Gore in the polls. On November 7, 2000, it was projected that Bush had won in Florida and its 25 electoral votes. Gore won the national popular vote but the Gore campaign lost the electoral college vote after a legal battle over disputed vote counts. Bush won the election on the electoral college vote of 271 to 266.

Background

In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 presidential re-election campaign, as a "campaign advisor". Two years following his father's defeat Bush ran for the governorship of Texas in 1994 and defeated incumbent Ann Richards.

During the 1996 election cycle Bush was urged by some party leaders to seek the Republican nomination, but he instead chose to endorse Senator Bob Dole who won the nomination, but lost the general election against Bill Clinton. Dick Cheney, his future vice president, was also urged to run, but he too refused to seek the nomination. Bush would temporarily be made co-chairman of the convention.

In 1998 Bush easily won reelection to the Texas governorship with almost 70% and had the best Latino performance for any Republican gubernatorial nominee with 49% of the Latino vote.

On February 2, 1999, one month before Bush announced the formation of his presidential exploratory committee, Bush was asked by Steve Cooper if he had "ever used drugs? Marijuana, cocaine?". Bush refused to answer the question and would continue to dodge questions relating to his possible illegal drug use until August.

Announcement
On March 7, 1999, Bush announced the creation of a presidential exploratory committee while surrounded by Governor John Engler, Senator Paul Coverdell, former Secretary of State George Shultz, former Republican National Committee chairman Haley Barbour, Jennifer Dunn, J. C. Watts, Henry Bonilla and Roy Blunt, all members of his newly formed committee, but chose not to disclose specific positions on national issues until he started formally campaigning in June. However, Bush did outline his philosophy of compassionate conservatism and his outreach plans to Hispanics.

Blunt said that eighty Republican House members had already endorsed Bush and the Bush campaign was focused on gaining the endorsement from the majority of Republican members of Congress. On May 26, one hundred fifteen Republican House members and several governors endorsed Bush seventeen days before his formal announcement.

During this time multiple polls were showing that forty percent of Americans would vote against him and another fifteen percent would not likely vote for him. The polls also showed that Bush would defeat Gore with 54% to Gore's 40%.

June
By the time that Bush had officially entered the primary race on June 12, 1999 eight other candidates, Bob Smith, John Kasich, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, Dan Quayle, Elizabeth Dole, Steve Forbes and Gary Bauer, had already entered with John McCain and Alan Keyes coming months later. Despite this crowded field Bush was able to raise $36.2 million eighteen days after his announcement, easily surpassing his opponents with Elizabeth Dole, who had the second highest donations total, only had $3.5 million, and by early July Bush would refuse $16.5 million in Federal matching funds as it would limit his spending as his donations were reaching the $40 million limit. Coincidentally, this action which Bush did to help his campaign also helped his opponents who were able to receive their matching funds earlier.

July
Orrin Hatch stated that "Bush doesn't have the experience to be president and was born in privilege," after he announced his own presidential campaign and that he would be there when Bush stumbles. However, by mid-July Bush's campaign fundraising and massive leads in the polls had already forced out two of his opponents, Bob Smith and John Kasich. Kasich would endorse Bush saying that "George Bush's term of 'compassionate conservative' really kind of defines what John Kasich is all about," and Bob Smith hinted at running for the U.S. Taxpayer party

Bush had also already campaigned in twelve states and the District of Columbia. As Bush was forcing out his opposition and campaigning, Senator McCain was campaigning months after his informal announcement in April in South Carolina after his decision to bypass the Iowa caucus.

August
On August 4 the first major scandal in the Bush campaign started after his refusal to answer whether he had ever used cocaine. Seventeen days later Bush won an Iowa straw poll and held a press conference in Austin, Texas where the question of his drug use was raised, causing him to become agitated. When asked if he thought the rumors were being planted Bush replied with "Do I think they are being planted? I know they are being planted, and they are ridiculous and they're absurd and the people of America are sick and tired of this kind of politics and I am not participating." The next day Bush would say that he had never used drugs since 1974 and that his FBI background check clears him of any possible drug use.

While this scandal was going on another low profile scandal popped up involving the firing of Democratic Eliza May, Texas's top funeral industry regulator. The Bush campaign along with multiple other Republican candidates attacked Al Gore due to his ties to Russia.

September

On September 2 Bush gave his first speech regarding his policy on education stating that his administration would require states to test disadvantaged students and proposed stripping federal funds from the worst-scoring schools and allowing private schools to get public money.

After campaigning in New Hampshire for months polling showed that Bush's numbers had risen eight percent since May from 37% to 45% while John McCain's fell two percent from 14% to 12% and was still behind Elizabeth Dole by three percent. Another poll at the time showed that Bush had increase his polling lead against Gore with 56% going to Bush and 39% going to Gore.

After Larry Gene Ashbrook committed a church shooting at Fort Worth, Texas Bush cut his campaign activities to return to Texas where he stated that "there seems to be a wave of evil passing through America now, and we as a society can pass laws and hold people accountable for the decisions they make, but our hopes and prayers have got to be that there is more love in society," and six days later Bush announced a gun crimes initiative.

On September 23 Bush was campaigning in South Carolina where he promised to renew a bond of trust between president and the military and attacked Bill Clinton for his endless and aimless deployments, which he promised to end.

Five days later Bush received a major endorsement when the Governor of Arizona, Jane Dee Hull, chose to endorse him instead of Arizona's own Senator McCain.

October
The Bush campaign enjoyed two major successes in the beginning of October where the mayor of New York City, Rudy Giuliani, endorsed Bush and a few days later a Quinnipiac Poll showed that Bush was matching Gore in New York, but was lagging behind Bill Bradley.

Despite his success in one New England state, Bush would refuse to participate in the New Hampshire forum, with his campaign stating that Bush will not participate in any debates before January.

By late October the Bush campaign had released its first television commercial in both Iowa and New Hampshire one week after Al Gore released one attacking the Senate Republicans for rejecting the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. At the same time on the 20th the Bush campaign had announced that it was leading in the polls in every state primary and caucus.

November
After enjoying success after success in the previous months Bush was quizzed on his knowledge of foreign affairs on the fourth at WHDH-TV in Boston and he failed it with a score of 25%. Bush was asked to name the leaders of Chechnya, Taiwan, India and Pakistan, Bush was only able to name Lee Teng-hui of Taiwan.

More failures occurred as polls conducted by WNDS-TV and Franklin Pierce College showed that John McCain had risen in the polls with Bush falling from 45% for Bush and 12% for McCain in September to 38% for Bush and 30% for McCain. However, this was lessen when Bush was polling at 52% in Iowa, well ahead of second place Steve Forbes who had received 13% and safe from McCain who had decided to skip campaigning for the Iowa Caucus in favor of the New Hampshire Primary.

Despite these setbacks Bush's war chest still made him untouchable by the rest of the Republican field except for multi-millionaire Steve Forbes.

December
Despite his campaign's previous statement that Bush would not appear in a debate before January, Bush participated in a New Hampshire forum on the second. Most of the Republican candidates attacked Bush except for John McCain who, despite being in a dead heat with Bush in New Hampshire, exchanged pleasantries. After the debate pundit Tucker Carlson said that "Bush cannot afford too many more episodes like this one" and that "if the Bush market does crash, John McCain is almost certain to be the beneficiary". At a debate in Phoenix Bush was considered the loser, helping not his opponents who had participated in the debate, but instead John McCain who had skipped the debate.

During the previous months McCain had been focused on campaigning in New Hampshire while Bush was running a national campaign and by the ninth McCain had overtaken Bush and was leading him by seven points with 37%.

After suffering from numerous failures during this month Bush was still able to receive the endorsement of Lamar Alexander, who had ended his presidential campaign on August 16 after placing sixth place in the Iowa GOP straw poll on August 14. Another high point happened late in the month when Bush added another $10 million to his campaign warchest, reaching $67 million by the end of the year.

January
In early January Orrin Hatch attacked Bush's service as governor of Texas as it is a "constitutionally weak governorship".

On January 24 Bush won both the Alaska and Iowa caucuses with 36.28% and 41.01% respectively and two days later Hatch ended his campaign and endorsed Bush, saying that I believe Governor Bush is the one who can unite the party and bring the White House back to us, months after his criticism that "Bush doesn't have the experience to be president and was born in privilege".

After this victory many pundits predicted that Bush would easily take the nomination as he had received 40% of the vote in Iowa to McCain's, his main opponent, 5%. However, despite his success in Iowa, some pundits were speculating that Bush could lose the primaries and made reference to the fact that his father had won the Iowa caucus against Ronald Reagan, but had lost the nomination.

February
As the New Hampshire primary results were reported Bush was very pleased when he won the first precinct counted in Dixville Notch. However, when the primary ended McCain had an eighteen-point lead over Bush and he agreed that Tuesday's results were more of a beginning than an end.

Despite this defeat Bush was still certain that South Carolina was Bush country. As the South Carolinian primary approached McCain overtook Bush in the polls by five points. McCain was focusing his efforts on South Carolina while Bush was divided between Delaware and South Carolina. Another poll taken from the fourth to fifth in South Carolina showed that McCain had a lead of four points with 44%, up from 32% in January, against Bush's 40%, down from 52% in January.

Bush criticized McCain's campaign strategy stating that "if somebody runs for president of the United States, they need to run in all the states".

On the eighth Bush won the Delaware primary with 50.73%, he hoped that this victory could be used to make him surge in the South Carolina polls which was to happen in eleven days. Two days later Steve Forbes announced that he was ending his campaign, but refused to endorse any of the candidates at that moment.

Shortly before the primary a debate was held where both Bush and McCain attacked each other for negative campaigning, giving a small victory to minor candidate Alan Keyes. Since the New Hampshire primary Bush had been spending millions in South Carolina, with $2.8 million alone being used to buy television ads, and it was working, Bush had risen in the polls to 58% against McCain's 31%.

On the nineteenth Bush won the South Carolinaian primary with 53.39% against McCain's 41.87%, however McCain wasn't defeated yet as his campaign still looked forward to the Michigan primary. On the 22nd McCain defeated Bush in both his home state of Arizona and Michigan with over 50%, allowing him to continue his campaign and gave him confidence while going into the March 7 primaries. Bush tried to salvage a victory from this defeat saying that "among Republicans and independents, there is no question who the winner is in Michigan tonight, and you're looking at him". At the end of the month Bush defeated McCain in three primaries, in Puerto Rico he took 94.21% of the vote, in Virginia he took 52.79% of the vote, in Washington he took a narrow victory with 48.26% of the vote against McCain's 47.98% and in the North Dakota caucus he took 75.72% of the vote.

March
Following his victory in Virginia TIME political correspondent John Dickerson stated that "This is a big win for Bush, if for no other reason than it helps him psychologically" however Jeff Greenfield stated that neither Bush nor McCain had the momentum to have a landslide victory. At a rally in Georgia, Bush attacked McCain for his claims of Bush's anti-Catholic bigotry stating that "I try not to take things personally in politics, but calling somebody an anti-Catholic bigot is beyond the reach," and that he had "a record of being inclusive in the state of Texas." On March 6 Bush said in a San Francisco Chronicle interview said that he welcomed support from gays and was willing to meet with members of LCR. Previously, during a November Meet the Press interview, Bush said he would probably not meet with them. Later on the 24th Ari Fleischer said that Bush wouldn't meet with the Log Cabin Republicans as they had supported McCain, but would meet with gay Republicans that had supported Bush.

Shortly before Super Tuesday the McCain campaign attacked Bush for a series of negative ads attacking McCain's environmental record with McCain stating "We've got 48 hours and the message is do not let the Bush campaign and their cronies hijack this election with negative ads and $2.5 million in dirty money" at a rally in Buffalo and filed a complaint to the FEC demanding that the ads be halted until a disclaimer was attached. On Super Tuesday Bush won every primary and caucus except in Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts and following his victory stated "I understand politics, this campaign hasn't been any rougher than others I have seen. Now, we have to get ready to win the White House." John Dickinson said that "It's just a matter of time now before he [John McCain] leaves the race" following as it was now mathematically impossible for John McCain to win the nomination, McCain would later suspend his campaign on the 9th. A poll conducted from March 8–9 showed that Gore was leading Bush by two points with 48%, but another poll conducted from March 10–12 showed Bush leading with 49% against Gore's 43%.

April
The controversy over Elián González was a major issue throughout 2000 that mobilized the sentiments of Cuban voters in Florida. Despite Gore giving his support to a congressional bill that would give the 6-year-old Cuban boy and his Cuban family permanent residency in the United States, it was Bill Clinton's refusal to support the bill that angered Cuban voters with both the president and Gore. At the same time Bush visited the rust belt to describe his proposals to clean up the long-polluted industrial sites with Bush stating that "Brownfields are a great environmental challenge that face this nation,". A poll conducted from March 30 to April 2 showed that despite the recent controversy that Gore was gaining on Bush. Bush was polling at 46 percent of likely voters with Gore behind him by one percent with 45 percent of likely voters. Due to the close national polling between Gore and Bush there was speculation about who Bush should pick as his vice president to guarantee some swing states. Tom Ridge, the governor of Pennsylvania, was put forward as a possible vice presidential candidate due to his high approval rating and the influx of jobs into Pennsylvania.

Bush easily took the Pennsylvania and Wisconsin primaries due to the lack of a major competitors following McCain ending his campaign. Following his primary victories Bush campaigned in California, which despite polling showing that it would go to Gore, spending multiple days in Sacramento alone and stating that "We now have, in the case of the independents and crossovers, 1.2 million voters who voted for our combined Republican presidential candidates that are in play – many of which have not been in the past,".

Bush once more flipped on the issue of meeting with the Log Cabin Republicans and stated that he would meet with gay Republicans and in California he attacked Pete Wilson, the former Republican governor, for his harsh stance on immigration and commented that we must be more inclusive. At the same time Gore was campaigning in Florida, but refused to answer any questions relating to Elián González and instead chose to focus on Social Security reform.

A month after McCain had suspended his campaign McCain indicated on CNN's "Late Edition" that he would be meeting with Bush to discuss campaigning for him and the next week both announced that they would be meeting next month. During this time Bush's stance in the polls improved as he increased his lead over Gore from one percent to nine percent at 50 percent to 41 percent due to negative reception over Gore's stance on Elián González. However, in mid-April Bush was named as a defendant in a whistle-blowing lawsuit in which he was accused of impeding an investigation of a company that had given him campaign contributions. While the whistle-blower lawsuit could jeopardize his campaign Bush was still doing well as by late April he had increased his campaign fundraising from February and March by $1.5 million and had gained $6 million in April. In late April the meeting with McCain was jeopardize after Charles Wyly, the Texas entrepreneur who, with his brother Sam, paid for ads attacking McCain in the GOP primaries, was given a prominent role at a Republican fund-raising gala that Bush headlined Wednesday night in Washington.

May
Both Bush and Gore had already received enough delegates to win their respective party's nomination, most of their opponents had already dropped out and on May 2 both easily won the Indiana, North Carolina, and Washington, D.C. primaries and caucus and would easily win the Nebraska and West Virginia primaries the following week. As the May 9 meeting with McCain approached speculation rose about the possibility that McCain would endorse Bush and might become his vice president with some of McCain's advisers stating that an endorsement was likely and on May 9 McCain announced that he endorsed Bush. On May 10 Bush unveiled his $7.4 billion health care proposal in which taxpayers would deduct the cost of insurance premiums for long-term care, as well as provide an additional exemption of $2,750 for those who care for an elderly spouse, parent, or relative at home. By mid-May both Bush and Gore scored victories in their primaries and Bush received another prominent endorsement on May 17 from former First Lady Nancy Reagan and met with four-star general Colin Powell which sparked speculation that he could be given a cabinet position.

Near the end of May while the Reform Party fell into disarray between Buchanan and Hagelin another third party candidate was gaining national attention; Ralph Nader of the Green Party was doing well in the polls with him taking over 5% in some and in some important battleground states was taking enough to affect Gore's chances of winning in Oregon, Wisconsin, and New Jersey.

June
On the subject of the national security Bush once again supported "pursu[ing] the lowest possible [budget] number consistent with our national security," and denuclearization. Despite Bush's success in the past months in both fundraising and polling former President Gerald Ford believed that Bush wouldn't easily win the White House and stated that he "think[s] in this case, who is the vice presidential nominee will make a difference where it's very close," and praised Bush for selecting Dick Cheney, who served as Ford's Chief of Staff, to lead the vice presidential selection committee. Soon after Ford's statement the Democratic National Committee announced a 10-week, $25 million television campaign focused on healthcare to improve Gore's standing in polling. In response the Bush campaign created a 60-second commercial based around Bush's plan to let workers invest some of their Social Security taxes in personal accounts that was to be run in the same 15 states as the Democratic ads.

After a federal court ruled in an anti-trust suit that Microsoft should be separated into two entities speculation arouse over the possibility of billionaire Bill Gates would change both his and his company's campaign contributions due to the court ruling. At the time Microsoft had given $1.1 million in campaign contributions, with $70,000 more given to Republicans, and months earlier in April Gates appeared in a closed-door meeting of the House Republican Conference and stated that the company believed a different administration would likely have treated Microsoft more favorably than did the Clinton-Gore Administration.

A poll conducted from June 14 to the 15th of 1,218 adult Americans, which included 589 likely voters, showed that the public was more likely to view Bush as a strong and decisive leader and that 55 percent would be proud to have him as president opposed to 46 who said the same about Gore. During mid-2000 a new campaign issue arose over how the government should spend the current budget surplus that had been present since 1998 and was the first since 1969; Bush proposed to partially privatize Social Security using the money while Gore offered spending initiatives on health care and education. In late June Bush held more meetings with his vice presidential selection committee and even though he had not narrowed his list down there was speculation that he would pick either Governor Tom Ridge of Pennsylvania or Governor John Engler of Michigan due to recent dinners with both men.

Near the end of June Ross Perot, the man whose 1992 campaign had been attacked for spoiling the election in favor of his father's opponent Bill Clinton, announced that he would not run for president under the Reform Party and asked the nominating committee to put the term no endorsement in lieu of his name.

July
On the Fourth of July Bush was present for a parade attended by 2,000 people in Belton, Texas and Bush continued meeting with Cheney to discuss possible running mates and publicly mentioned Frank Keating, Tom Ridge, John Engler, Connie Mack III, John Kasich, and Christine Todd Whitman. Later Bush attended the NAACP convention in Baltimore, which Bob Dole had refused to do in 1996, and was given a standing ovation by the 3,000 attendees, but polling afterwards showed no impact on Bush's polling with African Americans. A poll conducted in mid-July showed Gore closing the gap between him and Bush with it showing Bush taking 48% and Gore 46% which was an improvement for Gore from a poll released the previous week showing Bush taking 51% and Gore 44% and took the lead over Bush with women voters. Later in July speculation over Bush's running mate choice revolved around Dick Cheney, former Wyoming Representative and Secretary of Defense, and John Danforth, former Senator from Missouri, but both had stated in the past that they were not interested in the vice presidency. On July 25 Bush officially announced that Cheney would be his running mate with him changing his state of residence from Texas to Wyoming to be constitutionally qualified. However, Cheney was soon attacked for his conservative voting record in the House and in a poll conducted from July 26 to the 27th over 60% stated that Bush choosing Cheney had no effect on their vote.

August
During the convention speculation around who would join a Bush cabinet arose after Bush stated that "I hope [Colin Powell's] greatest service still lies ahead." and after Condoleezza Rice's speech. On August 2 Cheney was approved by acclamation and in his acceptance speech stated that the Clinton administration was marked by "little purpose" and proclaiming that Texas Gov. George W. Bush would "repair what has been damaged." The following day Bush was also approved by acclamation and accepted the nomination and in his acceptance speech attacked the Clinton administration for squandering the past eight years. Later Bush's nephew, George P. Bush gave a bilingual speech about the message of compassionate conservatism. Over the past months Bush had made more appeals to black voters and at the convention multiple African Americans were given the podium, but had only increased his polling among black voters by five percent to fifteen percent for him and the remaining seventy-seven percent for Gore.

Following the Reform primaries a split formed between the Pat Buchanan and John Hagelin factions over who would receive the $12.5 million federal matching funds that the party gained Perot's 1996 campaign and multiple polls showed the Reform party taking far less than they had in 1996 or Perot had in 1992 at less than 1%. By late July the Republican National Committee was coming close to its goal to spend $100 million in support of Bush at $78 million having already been spent, which was double the $35 million spent by the Democratic National Committee. However, despite the large sums being spent by and in favor of the Bush campaign Gore was able to match and overtake Bush in multiple polls following his boost due to the Democratic convention. Due to Gore's rise in the polls the RNC and the Bush campaign each prepared $5 million in advertisements in swing states to match the $30 million the DNC and Gore campaign had spent in the past two months.

September
Al Gore rejected Bush's offer to debate in three presidential debates, with two being on television shows and one conducted by the Commission on Presidential Debates, and told him that he must first accept the debates proposed by the Commission on Presidential Debates. Bush started September with visits to nine cities in Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Indiana and Ohio. After giving a speech in one of the few Republican friendly areas in Chicago controversy arouse due to an open microphone catching Bush and Cheney using swear words to describe Adam Clymer, a New York Times reporter who wrote articles he felt were unfair to him. The New York Times initially was going to ignore the story, but changed its decision after further statements made from the Bush campaign accusing Clymer of bias.

Despite having led Gore during the majority of the race by September more polls were showing Gore narrowly leading Bush nationally and close margins in essential swing states such as Missouri and Florida due to Bush's mishandling of the debates and questions about military readiness and recent controversies. However, multiple polls showed Nader taking 3% in many key battleground Midwestern states that could have decided the election. To counter his decreased polling Bush started to take a more aggressive stance against Gore, reorganized his media interviews, and to improve his military readiness stances. Bush also created another slogan, "Real Plans for Real People", and relented on his debate demands and instead accept the Commission on Presidential Debates' terms. Bob Dole's 1996 campaign manager stated that "I don't think they've handled [the debate issue] very well, but there's time to clear it," with Republican operatives stating that Bush had endangered himself by attempting to restructure the traditional format.

Another controversy was created when Democrats accused Bush of using subliminal messaging in an attack ad against Gore's prescription drug proposal where they accused him of flashing the word "RATS". Later Senators John Breaux and Ron Wyden asked the FCC to review Bush's ad although Bush had stated that there was no subliminal message in the ad.

By mid September the Bush and Gore campaigns agreed to three 90-minute debates although the debate moderators and debate formats were initially left undecided. Days later both campaigns agreed to a format of traditional two-podium, table debate, and then a town-hall debate for the three debates.

The Bush campaign was forced to shift resources to the South as the Gore campaign was embolden by its higher polling enough to target multiple Southern states despite those states having been earlier written off due to their disdain for Gore's environmental stances and lower polling causing the initial Gore strategy to focus on the Northeast, Pacific coast, and Midwestern states.

Near the end of September polling for Bush worsen as Gore passed 50% for the first time after a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll showed Gore leading Bush 51% to 41%. More polling by CNN/USA Today/Gallup showed Bush tied with Gore at 46%.

October
At the first presidential debate Bush attacked Gore for his criticism of his $1.3 trillion tax cut proposal and described Gore's attack as "fuzzy math" and also attacked Gore for his involvement in a campaign finance controversy during the 1996 presidential election. Bush's performance at the debate was described as adequate enough, but lead to no significant change in polling and most polls continued showing Gore winning with a narrow lead.

Polling conducted shortly before the second presidential debate showed Gore and Bush tied at 45% and after the second debate Bush's performance was described as adequate again and lead to no serious change in polling although some polls showed him leading Gore by a few percentage points. Bush performed worse at the third presidential debate and Gore was considered the winner.

After the debates John McCain warned that many independent voters might choose to not vote and believed that a large number were still undecided. In the final weeks of the campaign Bush targeted the Midwest and Northeast through increased advertisement spending in Minnesota, campaign rallies in New York, New Hampshire and Ohio, and campaigning with governors in Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

November
Early in October polling in California showed Gore leading Bush by a large margin of 14%, but by November that margin had decreased to 7% and with other national polls showing neither candidate with 50% leading to speculation that neither candidate would achieve a majority in the popular vote and would have a close electoral college vote. On November 7 Bush won the popular vote in thirty states and took 271 electoral votes while Gore won both the national popular vote and the popular vote in twenty states and Washington, D.C. and took 267 electoral votes. Neither candidate received over 50% as predicted. However, controversy was created due to close results in multiple states as in New Hampshire, Oregon, New Mexico, Iowa. Wisconsin, and Florida the margin of victory were within 1% and in Florida, New Mexico and Oregon the results were too close to call on election night and would result in a lengthy recount battle.

November
Due to the closeness of the results in multiple states a vast majority of Americans were prepared to accept Bush or Gore as president according to a CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll.

Representative Robert Wexler claimed that over 19,000 in Palm Beach County have been disqualified because of a faulty ballot that would double-punch the ballot which would invalidate it as voting twice.

In New Mexico Gore initially held a lead of 9,575 votes in unofficial results, however after a partial recount of absentee and early voting ballots his lead shrunk to 162 votes. In Oregon Republicans were setting the ground work for a recount effort while the Bush campaign itself was looking into possible recounts in New Mexico, Iowa, Oregon and Wisconsin. In Florida Gore offered to accept the results of manual recounts in a select number of Florida counties.

December
As the controversy in Florida heated up the recounts in counties throughout the United States brought it to many other swing states. In New Mexico amended results from Roosevelt County gave Al Gore a 368-vote lead, but as Gore had only won the state with 483 votes there were plans to review 570 disputed ballots in the county that were not counted. At the Supreme Court a new question was brought up over whether the Florida Legislature had the power to appoint electors, but Bush's lawyers urged the high court to hold that "the Constitution specifically assigns the power to determine the manner of appointing presidential electors to the state legislature," as opposed to the "state" in general.

As Florida's Legislature was planning to hold a special session to appoint electors Bush's brother, governor of Florida Jeb Bush, was facing a dilemma over whether to be involved in the case or to allow the bill to pass automatically by not signing it for seven days as the Republican majority legislature would choose a Republican majority electorate to give the state's electoral votes to Bush which would bring up talk of the brother's working together. However, Florida Senate President John McKay announced he would not call a special session to deal with the selection of electors despite other legislators expressed confidence that he would.

During this time Bush and Cheney were starting the transition process, spoke positively of Senator Trent Lott and Speaker Dennis Hastert, created a website, and Cheney hoped that the legal battle over Florida's electors would be over by December 12. The Democratic party launched a campaign to discredit the special legislation session as Florida's legislative rules do not permit the minority party to filibuster to prevent a vote during a special session and statements made by John Ahmann, one of the engineers for ballot devices, made in support of Bush were used in attacks as he acknowledged that a re-inspection or recount of ballots may be required in cases of extremely close elections. The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Florida Supreme Court that allowed manual vote recounts to proceed after a November 14 ballot-certification deadline set by that state's legislature stating that "after reviewing the opinion of the Florida Supreme Court, we find 'that there is considerable uncertainty as to the precise grounds for the decision,'" and more appeals made by the Gore campaign were rejected by the state court.

In New Mexico the Republicans were planning to send volunteers inspect the state's impounded presidential ballots to find uncounted ballots. Events in Florida turned against Bush as a Federal Appeals Court ruled that a manual recount did not cause any harm to him or his supporters and a legislative special session was announced to appoint electors.

Later the Supreme Court of Florida ordered a statewide recount, but news in favor of Bush also happened as a Democratic court challenge against the counting of 15,000 absentee votes in Seminole and Leon counties, two counties in which Bush won absentee voters, failed. At the same time the Bush campaign chose to not push for a recount in New Mexico as its five electoral votes would not decide the national race.

The recount was in progress on December 9 when the United States Supreme Court, by a 5 to 4 vote (Justices Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg and Breyer dissenting), granted Bush's emergency plea for a stay of the Florida Supreme Court recount ruling, stopping the incomplete recount. About 10 pm. EST on December 12, the United States Supreme Court handed down its ruling. Seven of the nine justices saw constitutional problems with the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution in the Florida Supreme Court's plan for recounting ballots, citing differing vote-counting standards from county to county and the lack of a single judicial officer to oversee the recount. By a 5–4 vote the justices reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court "for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion", prior to the optional "safe harbor" deadline which the Florida court had said the state intended to meet. With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline, the Supreme Court's order effectively ended the recount.

The decision was extremely controversial due to its partisan split and the majority's unusual instruction that its judgment in Bush v. Gore should not set precedent but should be "limited to the present circumstances". Gore said he disagreed with the Court's decision, but conceded the election. Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris's certification of the election results was thus upheld, allowing Florida's electoral votes to be cast for Bush, making him president-elect.

On January 20, 2001 George W. Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd president of the United States.

Dick Cheney home state
Earlier in 2000 Cheney had changed his state of residency from Texas to Wyoming to comply with the 12th Amendment qualification as presidential electors are barred from casting votes for a president and vice president that reside in the same state. However, Cheney's residency was questioned and brought to court by three voters from Texas who argued that as Cheney was still a resident of Texas that the 32 electors would be voided which would throw the presidential election into the House and Senate for the first time since 1824. However, the court ruled that Cheney was a resident of Wyoming and did not void the Texan electors' votes.

Primary campaign results
Total popular votes in Republican 2000 primaries:
 * George W. Bush – 12,034,676 (62.0%)
 * John McCain – 6,061,332 (31.2%)
 * Alan Keyes – 985,819 (5.1%)
 * Steve Forbes – 171,860 (0.9%)
 * Unpledged – 61,246 (0.3%)
 * Gary Bauer – 60,709 (0.3%)
 * Orrin Hatch – 15,958 (0.1%)

General election results
Total popular votes in United States presidential election, 2000:
 * George W. Bush/Dick Cheney (R) – 50,462,412 (47.87%) EV: 271
 * Al Gore/Joe Lieberman (D) – 50,999,897 (48.38%) EV: 266
 * Ralph Nader/Winona LaDuke (G) – 2,882,955 (2.74%) EV: 0
 * Pat Buchanan/Ezola B. Foster (RF) – 448,895 (0.43%) EV: 0
 * Harry Browne/Art Olivier (L) – 384,431 (0.36%) EV: 0
 * Howard Phillips/Curtis Frazier (C) – 98,020 (0.09%) EV: 0
 * John Hagelin/Nat Goldhaber (NL) – 83,714 (0.08%) EV: 0
 * Other – 51,186 (0.05%) EV: 0

Platform
Bush's original platform, before the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks and the War on Terrorism:

 * Compassionate Conservatism: The Bush campaign made extensive use of the "Compassionate conservatism" concept, based in large part on a book by Marvin Olasky of the same name, with a Foreword by then-governor Bush.
 * Foreign Affairs: Bush promised a humble foreign policy with no nation building. He had criticized the Clinton-Gore Administration for being too interventionist: "If we don't stop extending our troops all around the world in nation-building missions, then we're going to have a serious problem coming down the road. And I'm going to prevent that."
 * Economy: Bush promised tax breaks for all, sometimes using the slogan "Whoever pays taxes gets a tax break." The rich pay the most taxes, and the current system weighs the income tax against the upper income brackets. Bush also supported raising the Earned Income Tax Credit, which would primarily benefit the lower brackets of income-tax-affected citizens.
 * His 2003 tax proposal offers a sweeping package of tax cuts and incentives that would eliminate all federal taxes on stock dividends, quick tax relief for married couples and a $400 per child increase in the tax credit for families with children. Economists are divided on the effectiveness of Bush's proposals for helping the economy. John Leonard, the chief of North American equities for UBS Global Asset Management, said eliminating the dividends tax would spur the economy by sending more money into the economy; on the other hand, other economists, including Allen Sinai of Decision Economics and Andrew F. Brimmer, a former Federal Reserve Board member who heads a consulting firm, argued that the dividends tax cut would be largely ineffective. The administration's proposal would also lower taxes for small business owners by expanding the amount of equipment spending they can write off as deductions from the current $25,000 to $75,000. Opponents argue that this tax proposal would primarily benefit the rich.  According to a New York Times analysis published on January 21, 2003, $364 billion out of the $674 billion "economic stimulus" plan is devoted towards eliminating the tax on dividends; however, the poorest fifth of Americans have an average of $25 in dividend income, while the richest fifth have $1,188.  The Urban Institute-Brookings Institution Tax Policy Center produced the following table describing the impact of Bush's plan on average taxpayers:

 * Debate : Will Bush's stimulus proposal work? – News Hour with Jim Lehrer (PBS)

 * Education: policy named No Child Left Behind, includes mandatory national testing and some support for school vouchers.
 * The No Child Left Behind Act provides increased funding for schools, while requiring greater accountability for results. It gives parents the option to transfer their children to another school, if the current school is failing.  It requires teachers to have a degree specific to the subject they are teaching, which had not been federally required in the past. It also makes high school academic records available to military recruiters.

 * Energy: The Bush campaign supports a comprehensive energy reform bill which includes initiatives for energy conserving technologies as well as decreasing the foreign dependence on oil through increased domestic production and the use of non-fossil fuel based energy production methods.

 * Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) and other domestic fields would decrease dependence on oil imports, particularly from the Middle East. However, many environmentalists hold that it will produce such small amounts of petroleum as to be effectively useless and will needlessly harm the environment.

 * Opponents of such drilling recommend alternate courses of action such as to complete research on and implement as a matter of urgency alternative, safe and renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind and tidal power – but not nuclear. Although perhaps requiring greater initial investment, in the long run these are now accepted by many informed environmentalists and scientists as being the most viable alternative to what they see as the vigorously anti-environmental approaches of the Bush administration.

 * Supporters of drilling in ANWR argue that the Administration has agreed to a number of measures to minimize the impact of drilling on the Arctic environment. For example, roadways would be constructed of ice that would melt in the spring, when activity on the roads would cease. Also, supporters say that the total surface disturbance due to drilling would be limited to not more than 2,000 acres (8 km²).

Because of the Bush Administration's close connections with numerous energy companies, many of Bush's Cabinet members have come under immense scrutiny from environmental groups, in particular J. Steven Griles, the deputy secretary of the Department of the Interior. National Environmental Strategies (NES), the oil and gas lobbying firm which Griles worked for, was paying him $284,000 a year as part of a $1.1 million payout for his client base. As deputy secretary of the Interior, Griles was charged with overseeing and revamping environmental regulations that affect the profits of his former clients and NES's current clients.

 * Redesign of military with emphasis on supermodern hardware, flexible tactics, speed, less international deployment, fewer troops. This includes developing a system to defend against ballistic missile attacks, despite strong objections both domestically and internationally. Many commentators were critical of Bush when, in his very first policy statement after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Bush reiterated his intent to place missile attack intervention highest on his list of priorities (despite the fact that no such system could have prevented the type of sneak attack the country had really, not theoretically, experienced). However, other commentators have endorsed Bush's position, noting, for example, the continuing development of long-range missile technology by North Korea, along with that country's threats to resume its nuclear weapons program.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Bush family

The Bush family is an American political family that has played a prominent role in American politics since the 1950s, foremost as the first family of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and again from 2001 to 2009, during the respective presidencies of George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush. They also played prominent roles in areas of American news, sports, entertainment, and business. They were also the second family of the United States from 1981 to 1989, when George H. W. Bush was vice president. The Bush family is one of four families to have produced two presidents of the United States by the same surname; the others were the Adams, Roosevelt, and Harrison families.

Best known for their involvement in politics, family members have held various national and state offices spanning across four generations, including that of U.S. senator (Prescott Bush); governor (Jeb Bush and George W. Bush); and president (George H. W. Bush, who had previously served as vice president, and George W. Bush). Other family members include a National Football League (NFL) executive (Joe Ellis) and two nationally known television personalities (Billy Bush and Jenna Bush Hager).

The Bush family is of primarily English and German descent. The Bush family traces its European origin to the 17th century, with Samuel Bush being their first American-born ancestor, in 1647. They also have Swedish ancestry. The Swedish colonial society also says that the Bush family is very interested in this, since it is their oldest European roots going back ten generations to a Swedish farmer Måns Andersson who migrated from Gothenburg to New Sweden (Delaware).

Relatives

 * James Smith Bush (1825–1889), father of Samuel P. Bush
 * Samuel Prescott Bush (1863–1948), father of Prescott Bush and son of James Smith Bush
 * Flora Sheldon Bush (1870–1920), wife of Samuel P. Bush (married June 20, 1894) and mother to Prescott Bush
 * Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895–1972), Samuel P. Bush's son, served as a U.S. Senator from Connecticut; former chairman of the USGA.
 * Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (1901–1992), wife of Prescott, was a daughter of George Herbert Walker of the well-connected Walker family of bankers and businessmen, served as informal First Mother from 1989, her son's inauguration during the beginning of his presidency until her death in 1992, in her son's final year of the presidency. Her brothers are George Herbert Walker Jr. and John M. Walker
 * Prescott Sheldon "Pressy" Bush Jr. (1922–2010), Prescott Bush's eldest son, who served as chairman of the United States-China Chamber of Commerce; married to Elizabeth "Beth" Kauffman (1922–2014) on December 30, 1944
 * Prescott Sheldon Bush III (1945–2009), son of Prescott Bush Jr.; married to Francesca Emerson Farr on June 28, 1970
 * Kelsey Bush-Nadeau, daughter of Prescott Bush Jr.; married to Philip Gerald Nadeau on May 25, 1974
 * Elizabeth Nadeau, daughter of Kelsey Bush-Nadeau
 * Katherine Nadeau, daughter of Kelsey Bush-Nadeau
 * William F. Nadeau, son of Kelsey Bush-Nadeau
 * Prescott Nadeau, son of Kelsey Bush-Nadeau
 * James Laurence "Jamie" Bush, son of Prescott Bush Jr.; married to Susan C. "Sue" Bush
 * Sarah Bush Richey, daughter of James L. Bush; married to William "Drake" Richey
 * Draper Dennis Richey
 * George Laurence Richey
 * Beatrice
 * Samuel P. Bush, son of James L. Bush
 * Auden
 * Elliot
 * George Herbert Walker Bush (1924–2018), Prescott Bush Sr.'s second son; 41st president of the United States, 43rd vice president under Ronald Reagan, a Representative from Texas, 11th Central Intelligence Agency director under Gerald Ford, 2nd Chief of Liaison Office to People's Republic of China under Gerald Ford, Chair of RNC and 10th UN Ambassador under Richard Nixon.
 * Barbara Pierce Bush (1925–2018), wife of George H. W.; daughter of publisher Marvin Pierce, distant cousin of 14th U.S. President Franklin Pierce, Second Lady and later First Lady of the U.S.
 * George Walker Bush (born 1946), George H. W. Bush's eldest son, 43rd president of the United States and (earlier) 46th Governor of Texas[[File:Vice President Bush picnics on the lawn of his Kennebunkport home with his family - NARA - 186370.tif|thumb|[[George H. W. Bush]] picnics on the lawn of his Kennebunkport home with his family, 1988]]
 * Laura Lane Welch Bush (born 1946), wife of George W. and First Lady; earlier a librarian
 * Barbara Pierce Bush Coyne (born 1981), daughter of George and Laura Bush and twin sister of Jenna, health care activist and chair of Global Health Corps.; married to Craig Louis Coyne
 * Cora Georgia Coyne (born September 27, 2021), daughter of Barbara Bush Coyne
 * Jenna Welch Bush Hager (born 1981), daughter of George and Laura and twin sister of Barbara, NBC News correspondent; married to Henry Chase Hager, son of former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia John H. Hager
 * Margaret Laura "Mila" Hager (born April 13, 2013), daughter of Jenna Bush Hager
 * Poppy Louise Hager (born August 13, 2015), daughter of Jenna Bush Hager
 * Henry Harold "Hal" Hager (born August 2, 2019), son of Jenna Bush Hager
 * Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush (1949–1953), George H. W. Bush's second child and first daughter; died of leukemia near school-age
 * John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born 1953), George H. W. Bush's second son, 43rd Governor of Florida; married to Columba Garnica Gallo
 * George Prescott Bush (born 1976), son of Jeb Bush, 28th commissioner of the Texas General Land Office from 2015 to 2023; married to Amanda Williams Bush
 * Prescott Walker Bush (born June 3, 2013), son of George P. Bush
 * John William Bush (born April 13, 2015), son of George P. Bush
 * Noelle Lucila Bush (born 1977), daughter of Jeb Bush
 * John Ellis "Jebby" Bush Jr. (born 1983), son of Jeb Bush; married to Sandra Mary Algudady
 * Georgia Helena Walker Bush (born August 13, 2011), daughter of Jebby Bush
 * Vivian Alexandra Columba Bush (born 2014), daughter of Jebby Bush
 * Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), third son of George H. W. Bush; businessman; married Sharon Smith, & divorced in April 2003; married to Maria Andrews
 * Lauren Pierce Bush (born 1984), daughter of Neil Bush and Sharon Smith; model for Tommy Hilfiger; married to David Lauren
 * James Richard Lauren (born November 21, 2015), son of Lauren Bush Lauren and David Lauren
 * Max Walker Lauren (born April 19, 2018), son of Lauren Bush Lauren and David Lauren
 * Robert Rocky Lauren (born April 10, 2021), son of Lauren Bush Lauren and David Lauren
 * Pierce Mallon Bush (born 1986), son of Neil Bush and Sharon Smith; married to Sarahbeth Melton
 * Adeline Grace Elizabeth Bush (born April 21, 2021), daughter of Pierce Bush
 * Ashley Walker Bush (born 1989), daughter of Neil Bush and Sharon Smith. Married to Julian LeFevre on March 2, 2019.
 * Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956), fourth son of George H. W. Bush; venture capitalist; married to Margaret Conway (née Molster); adopted two children
 * Marshall Lloyd Bush (born May 14, 1986), adopted daughter of Marvin Pierce Bush. Married to Nick Rossi on November 21, 2015.
 * Charles Walker Bush (born December 12, 1989), adopted son of Marvin Pierce Bush. Married to Lora Benoit on November 24, 2020.
 * Dorothy Walker Bush Koch (born 1959), second daughter of George H. W. Bush; married to, and in 1990 divorced from, William LeBlond; married to Bobby Koch, wine lobbyist
 * Samuel Bush LeBlond (born 1984), son of Dorothy Bush Koch and William LeBlond; married to Lee Bobbitt
 * Nancy Ellis "Ellie" LeBlond (born 1986), daughter of Dorothy Bush Koch and William LeBlond; married to Nick Sosa
 * Dorothy Ann "Dotty" Sosa (born August 25, 2020)
 * Robert David Koch (born 1993), son of Dorothy Bush Koch and Bobby Koch. Married to Katherine “Kitty” Montesi on November 13, 2021.
 * Georgia Grace "Gigi" Koch (born 1996), daughter of Dorothy Bush Koch and Bobby Koch
 * Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (1926–2021), Prescott Bush Sr.'s third child and only daughter, widow of Alexander Ellis II (1922–1989), an insurance executive
 * Nancy Walker Ellis Black, daughter of Nancy Bush Ellis and Alexander Ellis II
 * Alexander Ellis III (born 1949), son of Nancy Bush Ellis and Alexander Ellis II
 * John Prescott Ellis (born February 3, 1953), son of Nancy Bush Ellis and Alexander Ellis II; media consultant; married to Susan Smith Ellis
 * Caroline Ellis
 * Jack Ellis
 * Josiah "Joe" Ellis (born 1958), son of Nancy Bush Ellis and Alexander Ellis II; President, Chairman and CEO of the Denver Broncos, two-time Super Bowl champion as a member of the Broncos' front office
 * Josiah Ellis
 * Zander Ellis
 * Catherine Ellis
 * Jonathan James Bush (1931–2021), Prescott Bush Sr.'s fourth child; banker; married to Josephine Bush (née Bradley)
 * Jonathan S. Bush (born March 10, 1969), son of Jonathan Bush, CEO of athenahealth; divorced from Sarah Selden; married to Fay Bush in September 2018
 * Lucas Bush, son of Jonathan S. Bush
 * Izzy Bush (born September 20, 1997), daughter of Jonathan S. Bush
 * Nicola Bush, daughter of Jonathan S. Bush
 * Anna Bush, daughter of Jonathan S. Bush
 * Oscar Bush, son of Jonathan S. Bush
 * Willa R. Bush (born January 2019), daughter of Jonathan S. Bush and Fay Bush
 * William Hall "Billy" Bush (born October 17, 1971), son of Jonathan Bush; a former Access Hollywood host; forced out of NBC-news job October 2016 in allegations about Donald Trump; divorced from Sydney Bush
 * Josie Bush (born August 29, 1998), daughter of Billy Bush and Sydney Bush
 * Mary Bradley Bush (born November 29, 2000), daughter of Billy Bush and Sydney Bush
 * Lillie Bush (born October 17, 2004), daughter of Billy Bush and Sydney Bush
 * William Henry Trotter "Bucky" Bush (1938–2018), Prescott Bush Sr.'s fifth child; married to Patricia Bush (née Redfearn, 1938–2015); banker and executive
 * William Prescott "Scott" Bush (born 1964), son of Bucky Bush; married to Linsday Bush
 * Alex Bush (born December 29, 1996), son of Scott Bush
 * Kat Bush, daughter of Scott Bush
 * Louisa Bush McCall (born 1970), daughter of Bucky Bush

Patrilineal line

 * John Bush Sr (1510–1590)
 * John Bush Jr (1535–1595)
 * Reynold Bush (1566–unknown)
 * John Bush III (1593–1670), born in Messing, Essex, England and the last English ancestor
 * Samuel Bush (1647–1733)
 * Richard Bush (c. 1676–1742 in Bristol, Plymouth Colony)

 * Timothy Bush (1728–1821 in Springport, New York) may have been the son of Richard Bush.
 * Timothy Bush Jr. (1761–1850 in Penfield, New York) was the son of Timothy Bush.
 * Obadiah Newcomb Bush (January 28, 1797 – 1851) was the son of blacksmith Timothy Bush Jr. and was an American prospector and businessman.
 * James Smith Bush (1825–1889), an attorney and Episcopal priest in New Jersey, California, and New York, was the son of Obadiah Bush and the father of Samuel Prescott Bush.
 * John Bush (1761–unknown)
 * George Bush (1796–1859) was a biblical scholar and Swedenborgian minister who wrote the book Life of Mohammed.

Other notable relatives

 * Robert Coe (1596–bef. 1690), American Puritan colonial and settler of Connecticut and New York states, is the eighth great grandfather of 43rd president George W. Bush through Barbara Bush's maternal line.
 * Winston Churchill (1874–1965), British Prime Minister, is the sixth great grandson of Robert Coe, making Churchill and George W. Bush seventh cousins twice removed.
 * Edith Wilson (1872–1961), second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was also descended from Col. Robert Bolling Sr. so therefore was distantly related to the Bush family.
 * Wild Bill Hickok (1837–1876) was a second cousin three times removed of Prescott Bush.
 * Gov. Thomas Hinckley (1618–1706) was a Plymouth Colony governor, and a seventh generation great-grandfather of Prescott Sheldon Bush, so therefore a direct ancestor of all of his descendants including his son George H. W. Bush and grandson George W. Bush.
 * Mary Parker (1637–1692) was executed by hanging in 1692 for witchcraft in the Salem Witch Trials.
 * Through John May and his wife Prudence Bridge (great-great-grandparents of Obadiah Newcomb Bush), the family is related to U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte (1851–1921), U.S. Vice President Charles Gates Dawes (1865–1951), actress Blanche Oelrichs (who was also known by the pseudonym "Michael Strange") (1890–1950), and author Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888).
 * Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964), American five star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army who was the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in the Pacific theater during World War II was distantly related to the Bush family.

Connections to other prominent families

George Herbert "Bert" Walker (1875–1953) was a wealthy American banker and businessman. His daughter Dorothy married Prescott Bush, making him the maternal grandfather of the 41st President George H. W. Bush and the great-grandfather of the 43rd President George W. Bush. He is also the namesake of the Walker Cup, a men's amateur golf trophy contested in odd-numbered years between a U.S. team and a combined Great Britain and Ireland side.

Flora Sheldon, wife of Samuel P. Bush, was a distant descendant of the Livingston, Schuyler, and Beekman families, prominent New Netherland merchant and political patrician families.

Barack Obama is the 10th cousin once-removed of George W Bush, through Samuel Hinkley of Cape Cod.

Family tree

 * Richard Bush, m. Mary Fairbanks
 * Timothy Bush, m. Deborah House
 * Timothy Bush Jr., m. Lydia Newcomb
 * Obadiah Newcomb Bush (1797–1851), m. Harriet Smith
 * James Smith Bush, m. Harriet Fay
 * Samuel Prescott Bush, m. Flora Sheldon
 * Prescott Sheldon Bush, m. Dorothy Wear Walker
 * Prescott Sheldon Bush Jr., m. Elizabeth Kauffman
 * Prescott Sheldon Bush III, m. Francesca Emerson Farr
 * Kelsey Bush-Nadeau, m. Philip Gerald Nadeau
 * Elizabeth Nadeau
 * Katherine Nadeau
 * William F. Nadeau, m. Lydia Jean Strickland
 * Prescott Nadeau
 * James Laurence "Jamie" Bush, m. Susan C. "Sue" Bush
 * Sarah Bush Richey, m. William "Drake" Richey
 * Draper Dennis Richey
 * George Laurence Richey
 * Beatrice
 * Samuel P. Bush
 * George H. W. Bush, m. Barbara Pierce
 * George W. Bush, m. Laura Lane Welch
 * Barbara Pierce Bush[[File:Bushes watch USA vs. Czech Republic women's basketball game at 2008 Summer Olympics 2008-08-09.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush]], Marvin Bush, Barbara Bush and Laura Bush at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.]] (b. November 25, 1981), m. Craig Louis Coyne
 * Cora Coyne
 * Jenna Welch Bush (b. November 25, 1981), m. Henry Chase Hager
 * Margaret Laura "Mila" Hager
 * Poppy Louise Hager
 * Henry Harold "Hal" Hager
 * Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush
 * John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, m. Columba Garnica Gallo
 * George Prescott Bush (b. April 24, 1976), m. Amanda Williams
 * Prescott Bush
 * John Bush
 * John Ellis "Jebby" Bush Jr. (b. 1983)
 * Georgia Helena Walker Bush
 * Vivian Alexandra Columba Bush
 * Noelle Lucila Bush (b. 1977)
 * Neil Mallon Bush, (m./div. 1st) Sharon Smith ; (m. 2nd) Maria Andrews
 * Lauren Bush (b. June 25, 1984), m. David Lauren
 * James Richard Lauren
 * Max Walker Lauren
 * Pierce Mallon Bush (b. March 11, 1986), m. Sarahbeth Melton
 * Ashley Walker Bush (b. February 7, 1989)
 * Marvin Pierce Bush, m. Margaret Molster
 * Marshall Lloyd Bush (b. May 14, 1986)
 * Charles Walker Bush (b. December 12, 1989)
 * Dorothy Walker Bush, (m./div. 1st) William LeBlond ; (m. 2nd) Robert P. Koch
 * Samuel "Sam" LeBlond (b. 1984)
 * Nancy Ellis "Ellie" LeBlond (b. 1986), m. Nick Sosa
 * Robert David Koch (b. 1993)
 * Georgia "Gigi" Koch (b. 1996)
 * Nancy Walker Bush, m. Alexander B. Ellis II
 * Nancy Walker Ellis
 * Alexander Ellis III
 * John Prescott Ellis
 * Joe Ellis
 * Jonathan James Bush, m. Josephine Bradley
 * Billy Bush, m. Sydney Davis
 * Josie Bush
 * Mary Bradley Bush
 * Lillie Bush
 * Jonathan S. Bush
 * Nicola Bush
 * Isabelle Bush
 * Lucas Bush
 * Anna Bush
 * Oscar Bush
 * Willa Bush
 * William Henry Trotter Bush
 * William Prescott Bush
 * Louisa Bush
 * Robert Sheldon Bush
 * Mary Eleanor Bush
 * Margaret Livingston Bush
 * James Smith Bush

Sources:

Sports

 * Two-time Super Bowl champion – Joe Ellis (as an executive with the Denver Broncos)
 * 1986 Theodore Roosevelt Award – George H.W. Bush
 * 2007 National Football Foundation Gold Medal – George H. W. Bush
 * World Golf Hall of Fame – George H. W. Bush (class of 2011)

Politics/public service

 * Three-time Time Person of the Year
 * George H. W. Bush (1990)
 * George W. Bush (2000, 2004)
 * Two-time Silver Buffalo Award winners
 * George H. W. Bush (1990)
 * George W. Bush (2002)
 * Seven statues
 * George H.W. Bush – three (Houston, TX, Rapid City, SD, Washington, D.C.)
 * George W. Bush – three (Rapid City, SD, Hamilton, OH, Fushe Kruje, Albania)
 * George H.W./George W. Bush (shared) – one (Dallas, TX)
 * 1989: Jersey Street in College Station, TX renamed George Bush Drive in honor of George H.W. Bush
 * 1997: George Bush Intercontinental Airport named in honor of George H. W. Bush
 * 2007: Ronald Reagan Freedom Award – George H. W. Bush
 * 2010: Presidential Medal of Freedom – George H. W. Bush
 * 2013: Portion of U.S. Highway 75 in Dallas, TX renamed George W. Bush Expressway

Military

 * Presidential Unit Citation – George H. W. Bush
 * Distinguished Flying Cross – George H. W. Bush
 * Three-time Air Medal recipient – George H. W. Bush
 * Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – George H. W. Bush
 * Commander of the Order of St John – William H. T. Bush
 * USS George H.W. Bush commissioned in 2009 – George H.W. Bush
 * National Defense Service Medal – George W. Bush, George P. Bush
 * Joint Service Commendation Medal – George P. Bush

Associates

 * Joan Abrahamson
 * James Addison Baker III
 * Dan Bartlett
 * James R. Bath
 * Roland W. Betts
 * Dick Cheney
 * Donald Evans
 * Alberto Gonzales
 * W. Averell Harriman
 * Ray Lee Hunt
 * Karen Hughes
 * Kenneth Lay
 * Bill Liedtke
 * H. Bert Mack
 * Henry Neil Mallon
 * Peter O'Donnell
 * Todd Park
 * Thomas Franklin Petway, III
 * Condoleezza Rice
 * Frank Rockefeller
 * Karl Rove
 * Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud
 * Fritz Thyssen
 * Walker family

Businesses

 * Arbusto Energy
 * athenahealth
 * Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
 * Buckeye Steel Castings
 * Bush O'Donnell Investment Advisers
 * Bush-Overbey Oil Development Company
 * Codina Bush Group
 * Fairfield, Bush & Co.
 * Ignite! Learning, Inc.
 * LehmanBush
 * Stratesec
 * Texas Rangers
 * Union Banking Corporation
 * Winston Partners
 * Zapata Petroleum Corporation
 * Zus Health

Charities, Colleges & Nonprofit Organizations

 * Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy
 * Bush School of Government and Public Service
 * Clinton-Bush Haiti Fund
 * Columbus Academy
 * FEED Projects
 * Foundation for Excellence in Education
 * George H.W. Bush Foundation for U.S.–China Relations
 * George W. Bush Policy Institute
 * Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health
 * Points of Light
 * Scioto Country Club
 * Yale Glee Club

President

 * George H. W. Bush (41st) – 1989–1993
 * George W. Bush (43rd) – 2001–2009

Vice President

 * George H. W. Bush (43rd) – 1981–1989

U.S. Congress

 * Prescott Bush (Senator from Connecticut) – 1952–1963
 * George H. W. Bush (Representative from Texas) – 1967–1971

Governor

 * George W. Bush (Texas) – 1995–2000
 * Jeb Bush (Florida) – 1999–2007

Other

 * George H. W. Bush
 * UN Ambassador (1971–1973)
 * RNC Chairman (1973–1974)
 * Ambassador to China (1974–1975)
 * CIA Director (1976–1977)
 * Jeb Bush
 * Florida Secretary of Commerce (1987–1989)
 * George P. Bush
 * Texas Land Commissioner (2015–2023)
 * Walker Stapleton
 * Colorado State Treasurer (2011–2019)

title: Bush family


text:
Tyrone

Tyrone may refer to:

 * Kingdom of Tyrone or Tír Eoghain, a kingdom of Gaelic Ireland
 * County Tyrone, a county in Northern Ireland
 * Earl of Tyrone, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 * Tyrone (name), a male given name

Canada

 * Tyrone, Ontario

Ireland

 * County Tyrone (Parliament of Ireland constituency)
 * Tyrone (UK Parliament constituency)

United States

 * Tyrone, Colorado
 * Tyrone, Georgia
 * Tyrone, Iowa
 * Tyrone, Kentucky
 * Tyrone, Missouri
 * Tyrone, New Mexico
 * Tyrone (ghost town), New Mexico
 * Tyrone, New York
 * Tyrone, Coshocton County, Ohio
 * Tyrone, Morrow County, Ohio
 * Tyrone, Oklahoma
 * Tyrone, Pennsylvania
 * Tyrone (Amtrak station)
 * Tyrone, West Virginia
 * Tyrone, Wisconsin
 * Tyrone Township, Michigan (disambiguation)
 * Tyrone Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * Tyrone GAA, a county board of the Gaelic Athletic Association
 * Tyrone county football team
 * "Tyrone" (song), a song by Erykah Badu

title: Tyrone


text:
Talk:Operation Mindfuck

Untitled
Clearly falsifiable, I'd say... Voting on this stuff takes more time and energy than posting it User:Wetman

I'm going to fix this entry up tomorrow. I'm too lazy to do it tonight. I've got a lot of experience with the Discordian sub-culture, though.

not false

I could use some help formatting this stuff properly for the article. OMGASM is a branch of Operation Mindfuck which has been very active in the past year - all Golden Apple Seed Missions qualify as part of Operation Mindfuck.

ColbertGASM - collaborative prank to get Stephen Colbert to say "23 Skidoo" on TV as a signal to participants of OM

EggGASM - annual prank involving hiding plastic easter eggs with absurd things inside them.

Cramulus (talk) 15:53, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Scrap Sources
Operation Mindfuck was referenced by comedian Frankie Boyle in a recent episode of Mock the Week: "You've each been selected for this mission because you're unknown to the enemy and you each have a special skill. Professor Hawking, John Leslie, Phil Neville, the Wu-Tang Clan, Usher, the Sugar Puffs Monster and Daniel Day Lewis! WELCOME...TO OPERATION MINDFUCK!"

 * Not sure if this has any value, but I wanted to copy it from the history before I lose track of it.YhnMzw (talk) 15:54, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Principia Discordia by Malaclypse the Younger and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst.
 * The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.
 * Exerpt from Appendix Yod of the Illuimnatus! Trilogy
 * High Weirdness by Mail by Ivan Stang
 * "'It's hard to nail down Discordians - which figures, since they're dedicated to the sowing of Discord, generally of the mental kind. They don't damage the physical world much in worship of sexy ol' Eris, Goddess of Chaos. Discordians all work, I mean play, in their spare time, on Operation Mindfuck - an insidious yet disorganized attempt to tear down your old mental paradigms without offering anything with which to replace them. Techniques include everything from elaborate pranks, to . . .well, simple pranks. Sort of a Zen version of the Merry Pranksters.' -- Reverend Ivan Stang, High Weirdness By Mail (Fireside Books, 1988)."

 * More of the same, this was smoothed over fast. YhnMzw (talk) 15:22, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Meaningless page
This is absolutely uninformative.Kiwi Rex (talk) 03:05, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You're reading it wrong. Beeblebrox (talk) 17:10, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
 * You mean it's intentionally meaningless? If that's the case, it should be mentioned in the page. Kiwi Rex (talk) 20:43, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Mindfuck


text:
Talk:Parts of Holland

Riding?
Didn't Holland used to be called a riding of Lincolnshire (along with Kesteven and another one I can't remember right now.) Are they no longer called ridings? RickK 20:45, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * "riding of Lincolnshire" gets 2 hits on google, so i guess not. Morwen 20:48, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * See http://tiger.iso.port.ac.uk:7778/pls/nfp/gbhdb.gbh.tab_info?object_id=counties. It mentions "the three Ridings of Lincolnshire". RickK

Ridings of Lincolnshire
Hi, I know this discussion was a good while ago now, but just to say: no, Holland, Kesteven and Lindsey were the 3 Parts of Lincolnshire: it was Lindsey which was itself divided into 3 ridings - north, west and south. TheVenerableBede 12:27, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Name
So, was this named after the region of the Netherlands? 90.240.205.52 (talk) 09:48, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * At the university in Leiden, i learned that many colonists from the Dutch county of Holland moved to England, and they named the area to their own area on the other side of the North Sea. Don't know of any sources for it.Daanschr (talk) 12:33, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Holland is almost entirely composed of land reclaimed from The Fens (again much like The Netherlands). Before draining (by Dutchmen) in the 17th C it would have been a series of (very low) hills poking out of the water/marsh. However I find it hard to believe it's entirely coincidence that the two areas bear the same name for different reasons. Going further back, pre reclamation in both areas, Frisians from Holland migrated to Eastern England. I suspect there are many overlapping reasons for the two regions sharing the name. 92.27.123.95 (talk) 10:02, 6 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Then the statement There is a resemblance in landscape between the Parts of Holland and Holland, the region in the Netherlands, although their meanings are different is potentially misleading. Valetude (talk) 05:37, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

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moto
text says labor ipse merces bu shield has labore (ablatif, by work) ipse merces... Which one it is ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.143.210.7 (talk) 18:24, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parts of Holland


text:
Fenton

Fenton or Fentons may refer to:

Australia

 * Fentons Creek, Victoria

Canada

 * Fenton, Saskatchewan

United Kingdom

 * Fenton, Cambridgeshire, with neighbouring Pidley, part of the parish of Pidley cum Fenton
 * Fenton, Cumbria
 * Fenton, South Kesteven, Lincolnshire
 * Fenton, West Lindsey, Lincolnshire
 * Fenton, Nottinghamshire
 * Fenton, Staffordshire (Stoke-on-Trent)
 * Fenton Tower, East Lothian, Scotland

United States

 * Fenton, Iowa
 * Fenton, Kentucky
 * Fenton, Louisiana
 * Fenton, Michigan
 * Fenton, Missouri
 * Fenton, New York
 * Fenton Township, Whiteside County, Illinois
 * Fenton Township, Michigan
 * Fenton Township, Minnesota

People and fictional characters

 * Fenton (name), including lists of people and fictional characters with the surname or given name
 * Clan Fenton, a Scottish clan

Businesses

 * Fenton Art Glass Company, an American glass manufacturer
 * Fenton Communications, an American public relations firm
 * Fentons Creamery, an American ice cream parlor and restaurant

title: Fenton


text:
Moving Pictures

Moving Pictures may refer to:

Film, television and theatre

 * Moving picture or film, a story conveyed with moving images
 * Moving Pictures (TV series), a 1990s UK programme devoted to film
 * Moving Pictures (originally Glasshouses), a 1981 play by Stephen Lowe
 * Moving Pictures, a 1999 play by Sharon Pollock

Literature

 * Moving Pictures (magazine), an American film and film industry periodical
 * Moving Pictures (novel), a 1990 Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett
 * Moving Pictures (webcomic), a late 2000s webcomic by Kathryn and Stuart Immonen
 * Moving Pictures, an autobiography by Ali MacGraw

Music

 * Moving Pictures (band), an Australian rock group
 * Moving Pictures (Rush album), 1981
 * Moving Pictures (Holger Czukay album), 1993
 * Moving Pictures (Ravi Coltrane album), 1998
 * "Moving Pictures" (The Kinks song), a 1979 song
 * "Moving Pictures" (The Cribs song), a 2007 song
 * "Moving Pictures", a 2002 song by Fall Out Boy from Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend

title: Moving Pictures


text:
ZH

ZH may refer to:

Language

 * Zh (digraph), in Albanian, Chinese pinyin and Uyghur
 * Ž, in Latin script
 * Zhe (Cyrillic) (Ж), a letter
 * Ezh (ʒ), a letter
 * Voiced postalveolar fricative, a sound (IPA: /ʒ/)
 * Chinese language (ISO 639-1: ; endonym: Zhōngwén)
 * Transliteration of Tamil language letter 'ழ'. This letter is also used since Sangam literature.

Places

 * Canton of Zürich, Switzerland
 * South Holland (Zuid-Holland), a province of the Netherlands
 * Zhuhai, a prefectural city of China

Other uses

 * Shenzhen Airlines, China (IATA: )
 * Zero Hedge, a financial blog started in 2009
 * Zettahenry (ZH), an SI unit of electrical inductance

title: ZH


text:
Elizabeth Gray Vining

Elizabeth Janet Gray Vining (October 6, 1902 – November 27, 1999) was an American professional librarian and author who tutored Emperor Akihito of Japan in English while he was crown prince. She was also a noted author, whose children's book Adam of the Road received the Newbery Medal in 1943.

Early life and education
Elizabeth Janet Gray was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 6, 1902. She was a graduate of Germantown Friends School and received an AB from Bryn Mawr College in 1923. In 1926, she earned an MS in library science from the Drexel University, and became a librarian at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She married Morgan Fisher Vining, associate director of the Extension Division of UNC, in 1929. In 1933, her husband was killed in a New York City automobile accident, and Vining was severely injured. During her convalescence, she converted to the Quaker faith.

Vining soon became known as an author, primarily of children's books, and was awarded the 1943 Newbery Medal for Adam of the Road. She had published eleven books by the end of World War II.

Private Tutor to the Japanese Imperial Family
From 1946 to 1950 during the Allied occupation of Japan after the war, Vining was selected by Emperor Hirohito himself (and not the United States government, as is erroneously claimed) to become a private tutor to Crown Prince Akihito, the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne. As part of her teaching program, she arranged for closely supervised occasions when four Western teenaged boys in Tokyo would get together to help the crown prince practice English conversation. She nicknamed the prince “Jimmy”. ‘His interests in those days were almost entirely confined to fish,’ she wrote later, ‘and I felt they needed broadening.’ The influence of this American pacifist on the young prince was regarded with resentment by right-wing intellectuals; one of them would later complain that Akihito had contracted a spiritual and intellectual ‘fungus’ from his tutor.

In addition to teaching English-language skills, Vining introduced the children of the Imperial Household — Prince Masahito and the Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko and Takako — to Western values and culture. She also lectured at Gakushūin and at Tsuda College.

For her work, she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, third class, shortly before her return to the United States in 1950.

Later life
After her return to the United States, Vining wrote a book about her experiences in Japan in Windows for the Crown Prince, which appeared in 1952. Vining went on to write over 60 fiction and non-fiction books in her lifetime. She also worked on the Board of Trustees of Bryn Mawr, as vice-president from 1952 to 1971 and was vice-chairwoman of the board of directors at the same time. In 1954 Vining received the Women's National Book Association Skinner Award, for "meritorious work in her special field". She received an honorary Doctorate of Literature from Wilmington College in 1962.

Honors

 * Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1950
 * Order of the Precious Crown

Publications

 * Meredith's Ann (1927)
 * Tangle Garden (1928)
 * Tilly-Tod (1929)
 * Meggy MacIntosh (1930)
 * Jane Hope (1933)
 * Young Walter Scott (1935)
 * Beppy Marlowe (1936)
 * Penn (1938)
 * Contributions of the Quakers (1939)
 * The Fair Adventure (1940)
 * Adam of the Road (1942)
 * Sandy (1945)
 * Windows for the Crown Prince (1952)
 * The World in Tune (1952)
 * The Virginia Exiles (1955)
 * Friend of Life: A Biography of Rufus M. Jones (1958)
 * The Cheerful Heart (1959)
 * Return to Japan (1960)
 * I Will Adventure (1962)
 * Take Heed of Loving Me (1963)
 * Flora: A Biography (1966)
 * I, Roberta (1967)
 * Quiet Pilgrimage (1970)
 * The Taken Girl (1972)
 * Being Seventy: The Measure of a Year (1978)
 * Harnessing Pegasus: Inspiration and Meditation (1978)
 * Mr. Whittier (1974)
 * A Quest There Is (1982)

title: Elizabeth Gray Vining


text:
Hammerfall (disambiguation)

HammerFall is a Swedish power metal band.

Hammerfall or HammerFall or variant may also refer to:

 * Hammerfall, a small village in the Norwegian municipality Sørfold
 * Hammerfall (novel), a novel in C. J. Cherryh's fictional Gene Wars universe
 * Hammerfall, a fictional city in the Warcraft series
 * 'Hammer Fall', a fictional event in the 1977 Niven-Pournelle apocalyptic science-fiction novel Lucifer's Hammer

title: Hammerfall (disambiguation)


text:
Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders

Baldwin II (c. 865 – 10 September 918) was the second margrave (or count) of Flanders, ruling from 879 to 918. He was nicknamed the Bald (Calvus) after his maternal grandfather, Emperor Charles the Bald.

Rule
Baldwin II was born around 865 to Margrave Baldwin I of Flanders and Judith, daughter of Emperor Charles the Bald. The early years of Baldwin II's rule were marked by a series of devastating Viking raids into Flanders. By 883, he was forced to move north to Pagus Flandransis, which became the territory most closely associated with the Counts of Flanders. Baldwin constructed a series of wooden fortifications at Saint-Omer, Bruges, Ghent, and Kortrijk. He then seized lands that were abandoned by royal and ecclesiastical officials. Many of these same citadels later formed castellanies which housed government, militia, and local courts.

In 888, the Western Frankish king, Charles the Fat, was deposed, leaving several candidates vying to replace him. As a grandson of Charles the Bald, who was king of West Francia, Baldwin could have competed for the crown. Instead, Baldwin and others tried to convince the East Frankish king, Arnulf, to take the West Frankish crown, but Arnulf declined.

The Robertine Odo, Count of Paris, was eventually made king. Odo and Baldwin's relationship deteriorated when Odo failed to support Baldwin's attempts to gain control of the Abbey of St. Bertin. Odo attacked Baldwin at Bruges but was unable to prevail. Baldwin continued his expansion to the south and gained control over Artois, including the important Abbey of St. Vaast.

Marriage
Between 893 and 899, Baldwin II married Ælfthryth (or Elftrude or Elfrida), the daughter of King Alfred the Great of Wessex. The immediate goal of that Anglo-Flemish alliance was to help Baldwin control the lower Canche River valley. They had four children: Count Arnulf I of Flanders (c. 890–964), Count Adalulf of Boulogne (c. 890–933), Ealswid, and Ermentrud.

Death
When the Abbey came under the jurisdiction of Archbishop Fulk of Reims in 900, Baldwin had the archbishop assassinated and was excommunicated by Pope Benedict IV. When his attempts to expand further into the upper Somme River valley were opposed by Herbert I, Count of Vermandois, Baldwin had the count assassinated as well. Baldwin died on 10 September 918, at Blandijnberg (near Ghent) and was succeeded by his eldest son, Arnulf I of Flanders. His younger son, Adalulf, became the first Count of Boulogne.

Family
Baldwin II was married to Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, and had children:

 * Arnulf I of Flanders (c. 893/99–964/65); married Adela of Vermandois
 * Adalulf, Count of Boulogne (c. 893/99 – 933)
 * Ealswid
 * Ermentrud

Additional references

 * Folcwine. Gesta Abbatum S. Bertini Sithiensium.

title: Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders