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New York University Tandon School of Engineering

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering (commonly referred to as Tandon) is the engineering and applied sciences school of New York University. Tandon is the second oldest private engineering and technology school in the United States.

The school dates back to 1854 when its predecessor institutions were separately founded: the University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, which evolved into the NYU College of Engineering; and the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, which evolved into Polytechnic Institute. In 1973, Polytechnic Institute acquired the College of Engineering from NYU, but in 2008, Polytechnic was absorbed by NYU to become its new engineering school. In 2015 NYU renamed the engineering school in honor of NYU Trustees Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon following their donation of $100 million to the school.

The school's main campus is in Brooklyn's MetroTech Center, an urban academic-industrial research park. It is one of several engineering schools that were founded based on a European polytechnic university model in the 1800s, in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States. It has been a key center of research in the development of microwave, wireless, radar, electronics in general, polymers, industrial engineering, operations research and the US space program.

Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute
On May 17, 1853, a group of Brooklyn businessmen wrote a charter to establish a school for young men. Founded as the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, the school moved into its first home at 99 Livingston Street in Brooklyn. The first class, admitted in 1855, consisted of 265 young men aged nine to 17. The school conferred its first bachelor's degrees in 1871. Graduate programs began in 1901, and the school awarded its first doctoral degree in 1921. From 1889 to 1973 the school became known as Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn.

In 1917, the preparatory program separated from the Institute and became the Polytechnic Preparatory Country Day School. Polytechnic Institute moved to its present location in 1957, the former site of the American Safety Razor Company factory, where it became a co-educational institution.

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
In 1854, the University of the City of New York, now New York University, founded the School of Civil Engineering and Architecture at a time when specialized schools of engineering were uncommon in America. Classes began in 1855 and the school awarded its first undergraduate degree in 1857. As the industrial revolution took shape, the school formalized its engineering curriculum and the school's first dean, Charles H. Snow, changed the name of the school to the School of Applied Science. During this time the engineering school officially separated from the university's arts and science school then called University College.

In 1894 the University of the City of New York moved its engineering school to a new campus in the Bronx. The new campus gave the university space to build larger science laboratories that could not be constructed at its Washington Square site. With the addition of the new campus, under the leadership of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken, the University of the City of New York renamed itself New York University. The neighborhood surrounding the Bronx campus eventually became known as University Heights. By 1920 separate electrical and chemical engineering departments were created and the school changed its name to the College of Engineering.

Acquisition of NYU College of Engineering by Polytechnic Institute
Enrollment at New York University expanded considerably from the early 1900s into the postwar decades. However, by the early 1970s this growth ceased due to rising crime and financial troubles in New York City. New York University faced financial hardships leading it to sell its University Heights campus that housed its engineering school to City University of New York, which in turn renamed the campus Bronx Community College. Also during that period from 1969 to 1975, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn was forced to rely on subsidies provided by New York state to keep the school afloat. The state supported Polytechnic on the basis that closing the school would create economic hardship locally. With both Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and New York University facing financial difficulties, the state brokered a merger with New York University's engineering school. Polytechnic Institute acquired the faculty, programs and students of New York University's engineering school to form Polytechnic Institute of New York. Polytechnic Institute of New York gained university status in 1985 and changed its name to Polytechnic University. By 1986 Polytechnic University in Brooklyn was the largest technological university in the New York metropolitan area and the second-largest in graduate enrollment in the nation after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Of the 300 engineering schools in the United States, Polytechnic had the second-largest graduate enrollment and was among the most successful institutions in the country as a producer of science and engineering graduates who went on to doctoral studies. An average of 7.2 percent of Polytechnic graduates went on to achieve a Ph.D., compared with two other schools with large engineering programs: Carnegie Mellon, with an average of 6 percent, and Princeton, with 4.5 percent. Polytechnic University became well known for its research centers in electrophysics and polymer blends.

Merger between Polytechnic University and NYU
Discussions about a merger with Polytechnic University and New York University began in 2004. Four years later Polytechnic University and New York University agreed to take steps toward a merger beginning with a formal affiliation between the two schools. This affiliation resulted in the school changing its name to Polytechnic Institute of New York University. The schools officially merged in 2014 when the New York State Regents approved the change of charter making NYU the sole member of Polytechnic University.

Since the merger, applications to the school and incoming SAT scores have increased substantially. The school has also experienced an influx of students coming from outside of New York state. Fundraising and faculty research awards have increased since the merger. The school also opened a bioengineering facility in partnership with the medical and dental schools.

The school has had several fundraising campaigns over the years. From 2001 to 2005 the school raised more than $275 million. Alumnus Joseph J. Jacobs, who founded Jacobs Engineering Group, one of the largest engineering and construction companies in the world, gave the school more than $30 million over the course of his life.

A gift of $100 million from Chandrika and Ranjan Tandon in 2015 resulted in the school changing its name to the Tandon School of Engineering. New York University has committed to investing over $500 million to its engineering school in the coming years. In 2022, NYU announced it will invest $1 billion in the school to hire 40 tenure-track faculty members, improve lab and student spaces, and bolster the cybersecurity and artificial intelligence programs.

Name

The school started from two origins and has carried a number of different names:
 * 1854: Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute; University of the City of New York School of Civil Engineering and Architecture (founding names, separate institutions)
 * 1889: Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (also spun out Polytechnic Preparatory Country Day School)
 * 1896: New York University School of Applied Science (separate from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn)
 * 1920: New York University College of Engineering (separate from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn)
 * 1973: Polytechnic Institute of New York (acquired the faculty, programs and students of New York University College of Engineering)
 * 1985: Polytechnic University (acquired university status)
 * 2008: Polytechnic Institute of New York University (affiliated with New York University)
 * 2014: New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering (merged with New York University)
 * 2015: New York University Tandon School of Engineering

Campuses
The NYU Tandon School of Engineering main campus is in Downtown Brooklyn and is close to public transportation routes. It is located in the Brooklyn Tech Triangle and about a 20-minute subway ride from NYU's main campus in Lower Manhattan. It is also connected to the Washington Square campus by the NYU Shuttle Bus system. In addition to its main address at MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, the school offers programs in Manhattan. The school is an integral part of NYU Abu Dhabi, NYU Shanghai and the NYU Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) in downtown Brooklyn.

Brooklyn campus

The school played a major role in bringing about MetroTech Center, one of the largest urban university-corporate parks in the United States, while closing down the larger campus at its former Long Island Graduate Center. Today, the 16-acre, $1 billion complex in Brooklyn includes the school's main campus, along with several technology-dependent companies such as Securities Industry Automation Corporation (SIAC), as well as New York City Police Department's 9-1-1 Center, New York City Fire Department Headquarters and the U.S. technology and operations functions of JPMorgan Chase.

The school has seven buildings in Brooklyn, as well as leased spaces in some other nearby buildings. The seven buildings are as follows:

 * Jacobs Academic Building
 * Jacobs Administration Building
 * Rogers Hall
 * Wunsch Building
 * Dibner Building
 * Othmer Residence Hall
 * Civil Engineering Building (currently closed)

An eighth 460,000-square-foot space at 370 Jay St, adjacent to Rogers Hall, which houses the Centre for Urban Science and Progress and other academic units within NYU, opened in Fall 2017.

Manhattan sites
The Bioengineering Institute research facility is located at 433 First Avenue in Manhattan. The School of Engineering and Colleges of Nursing and Dentistry are located in the building where chemical, biomolecular engineers, as well as mechanical engineers do research in biomaterials and biotherapeutics for regenerative medicine.

The engineering school also has a location in downtown Manhattan. The downtown site offers degree programs in Financial Engineering, Management of Technology, Information Management and Accelerated Management of Technology, and the Exec 21 Construction Management certificate.

Online
NYU Tandon Digital Learning (formerly known as NYU Tandon Online) is the digital learning department at NYU Tandon School of Engineering which offers 4 master's degrees, an advanced graduate certificate, and certificate of completion programs fully online. Focused on peer-to-peer engagement, the unit has been recognized as providing one of the top online learning programs by the Online Learning Consortium among others.

Departments

 * Applied Physics
 * Biomedical Engineering
 * Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
 * Civil and Urban Engineering
 * Computer Science and Engineering
 * Electrical and Computer Engineering
 * Finance and Risk Engineering
 * Mathematics (merged into the Courant Department of Mathematics)
 * Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
 * Technology, Culture and Society
 * Technology Management and Innovation (affiliated with Leonard N. Stern School of Business)

Accreditation
All undergraduate and graduate programs at the engineering school are accredited by the Middle States Association. Undergraduate chemistry students have the option to pursue a degree approved by the American Chemical Society (ACS). The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), the Computer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), International Association of Financial Engineers (IAFE), Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Construction Management Association of America (CMAA), American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Society for Metals, Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Physical Society (APS) and the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics (JPBM) have recognized the school's undergraduate and graduate programs in engineering, computer science and physics, chemistry and mathematics.

Admissions
Tandon's incoming classes typically consist of about 700 students, with a total academic population of over 5,000. For Fall 2019, the average SAT scores for incoming freshmen was 1448. The acceptance rate for the graduate programs in 2016 was 28%. The PhD student-faculty ratio in 2018 was 3.6:1.

For Fall 2018, the international students represented 91 countries and domestic students represented the 47 U.S States. The student body comprises 28.8% females and 71.2% males.

Rankings

 * Ranked #2 by U.S. News & World Report Best Online Graduate Computer Information Technology Program in 2019
 * Ranked #20 by U.S. News & World Report Best Online Graduate Engineering Programs in 2019
 * Ranked #1 by The Princeton Review Top Graduate Schools for Video Game Design in 2019
 * Ranked #5 by Risk.net's Top 25 quant finance master's programmes in the world
 * Ranked #25 in 2020 U.S. News Best Global Universities for Electrical and Electronic Engineering
 * Ranked #21 in Construction Week Online – The world's top 25 universities for civil engineering in 2019
 * Ranked #38 in U.S. News Best Engineering Schools Ranked in 2021.
 * Ranked #66 in U.S. News 2019 undergraduate engineering programs.
 * Ranked #65 in 2020 Times Higher Education World University Rankings by subject: engineering and technology
 * Ranked #81 in 2020 U.S. News Best Global Universities for Engineering

Research
In 2018, the school received about $52.5 million in externally sponsored research expenditures. Some of the school's first research institutes included the Polymer Research Institute, established in 1942, and the Microwave Research Institute, established in 1945. The American Chemical Society designated the Polymer Research Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark on September 3, 2003. The Microwave Research Institute developed electromagnetic and microwave defense and communication systems and later renamed itself the Weber Research Institute. Other notable research centers of the institute include NSF-sponsored Wireless Internet Center for Advanced Technology (WICAT), which ranked #1 among technology research centers in funding and #2 in the number of industry participants according to the United States National Science Foundation, Center for Advanced Technologies in Telecommunications (CATT), a New York State and NSF sponsored research center that is also affiliated with Columbia University, NSF-funded Internet Security and Information Systems Lab, a U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) designated Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, Information Assurance Education and a Center of Excellence in Research, and the New York State Resiliency Institute for Storms & Emergencies (NYS RISE), which is housed jointly at NYU's Brooklyn campus, and Stony Brook University.

Over the years the school has been a key center of research in the development of microwave physics, radar, polymers and the space program. During World War II the school's Microwave Research Institute worked on problems whose solution led to the development of radar, and later broke ground in electromagnetic theory and electronics in general. In later years the school participated in the space program, solving re-entry problems of crewed space capsules.

The school has been affiliated with some major inventions and innovations including: the Panama Canal locks; lockmaking; the Brooklyn Bridge cables; cable-lift elevators; cordless phones; ATMs; bar codes; laser; radar; penicillin; polymers; elevator brakes; lightweight, ultra durable automotive brake rotor; light beer; cardiac defibrillator; artificial cardiac pacemaker; RFID; contact lenses; zoom lens; first telephone handset; commercial television; non-stick coating as an application of Teflon; suspension system for the largest radio telescope; microwave technology; Apollo Lunar Module, the first, and to date only, crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space; X-ray crystallography; structure of the DNA molecule; submarine; modern refrigerator; A/C generator; electric motors; transformer; submarine communications facilities;  development of the artificial sweetener aspartame; development of nontoxic processes to create food colorings and remove caffeine from coffee; the quasi-complementary (transistor) amplifier circuit; lateral transistor; the wireless microphone; as well as Eugene Kleiner's first semiconductor (and much of the Silicon Valley), and Spencer Trask's investing and supporting of Thomas Edison's invention of the electric light bulb.

Academic labs
Academic labs and research centers include:

 * Computational Mechanics Laboratory
 * Dynamical Systems Laboratory
 * Brooklyn Experimental Media Center (formerly Integrated Digital Media Institute)
 * Wireless Implementation Testbed Laboratory
 * Bio-interfacial Engineering and Diagnostics Lab
 * Control and Telecommunications Research Laboratory
 * High-Speed Networking Lab
 * Power and Power Electronics Engineering Laboratory
 * CITE Game Innovation Lab
 * Protein Engineering and Molecular Design Laboratory
 * Translational Neuroengineering (associated with the NYU Center for Neural Science and the NYU Langone Medical Center)
 * Urban Future Lab (founded in partnership with the New York City Economic Development Corporation)

Research centers
Research at the engineering school is conducted either through academic departments or through one of many interdisciplinary research centers including:

 * Center for Advanced Technology in Telecommunications (CATT)
 * Center for Finance and Technology (CFT)
 * Institute for Mathematics and Advanced Supercomputing (IMAS)
 * Polymer Research Institute (PRI)
 * Urban Intelligent Transportation Systems Center (UITSC)
 * Wireless Internet Center for Advanced Technology (WICAT)
 * CRISSP (Cyber-Security. Includes Tandon School of Engineering, Wagner Graduate School, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Stern School of Business, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development)
 * Weber Research Institute
 * Research Center for Risk Engineering
 * Materials Research Science and Engineering Center
 * Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center
 * The Games for Learning Institute
 * Media and Games Network (MAGNET)
 * New York State Resiliency Institute for Storms & Emergencies (includes NYU, Stony Brook University, Columbia University, Cornell University, City University of New York and Brookhaven National Laboratory)
 * NYU WIRELESS
 * Biomatrix Research Center (located in Manhattan)

CUSP
The Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) is a degree-granting research facility of NYU located at 370 Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn, New York and is adjacent to NYU School of Engineering's Rogers Hall.

Notable faculty and alumni
New York University Tandon School of Engineering has just over 33,000 living alumni living in 68 countries as of 2015. The school's alumni include inventors, scientists, entrepreneurs, politicians, country presidents, university presidents, academic leaders (including NYU Stern's founder Charles Waldo Haskins) and more than 2,000 CEOs and leaders at large corporations. Among its past and present graduates and faculty are at least four Nobel Prize winners, seven National Medals for Science, Technology and Innovation winners, two astronauts, Russ Prize, IEEE Edison Medal, Turing Award, Gordon Prize and Draper Prize winners and over 100 National Academy of Engineering members.

Nobel laureates

 * Gertrude B. Elion, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Rudolph Marcus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Francis Crick, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule
 * Martin Perl, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton

National Medals for Science, Technology and Innovation

 * John G. Trump
 * Joel S. Engel
 * Richard J. Gambino
 * Herman Francis Mark
 * Rudolph A. Marcus
 * Ernst Weber
 * Jerome Swartz, developed early optical strategies for barcode scanning technologies

Russ Prize, Gordon Prize, Draper Prize

 * Joel S. Engel
 * Clive Dym
 * Harold S. Goldberg
 * Elmer L. Gaden

IEEE Edison Medal

 * William B. Kouwenhoven, invented the closed-chest cardiac defibrillator
 * Bancroft Gherardi, Jr.

Turing Award

 * Judea Pearl

Astronauts

 * Paolo A. Nespoli
 * Charles Camarda

DARPA directors

 * Jack Ruina

Pulitzer Prize winners

 * James Truslow Adams, writer who coined the term "American Dream

Business leaders
Alumni leaders at large companies include:
 * Ursula Burns, Chairperson and CEO of Xerox
 * Arthur C. Martinez, Chairman and CEO of Sears
 * Robert J. Stevens, Chairman and CEO of Lockheed Martin
 * Alfred Amoroso, Chairman of Yahoo!
 * John Dionisio, Chairman and CEO of AECOM
 * Herbert L. Henkel, Chairman of Ingersoll Rand
 * Spencer Trask, Chairman of The New York Times
 * Jason Hsuan, Chairman and CEO of TPV Technology
 * John Trani, Chairman and CEO of Stanley Black & Decker
 * John Elmer McKeen, Chairman and CEO of Pfizer
 * Mark Ronald, Chairman and CEO of BAE Systems
 * Vincent A. Calarco, Chairman and CEO of Chemtura
 * Sunil Godhwani, Chairman and CEO of Religare
 * Robert Prieto, Chairman and CEO of Parsons Brinckerhoff
 * Richard Santulli, Chairman and CEO of NetJets
 * Stav Prodromou, Chairman and CEO of Peregrine Semiconductor
 * Michael H. Kappaz, Chairman and CEO of KM Group
 * Israel Borovich, Chairman and CEO of EL AL
 * Hugh John Casey, Chairman of New York City Transit Authority
 * Stewart G. Nagler, Vice Chairman, Director and CFO of MetLife
 * Craig G. Matthews, President, CFO and Chief Operating Officer of KeySpan
 * Charles D. Strang, Chairman, CEO and President of Outboard Marine Corporation
 * Charles Ranlett Flint, founder of IBM
 * Nils Lahr, Chairman, CEO and founder of IBEAM Broadcasting Corporation
 * Fadi Chehadé, CEO of ICANN
 * Joseph J. Jacobs, Chairman, CEO and founder of Jacobs Engineering Group
 * Glenford Myers, Chairman, CEO and founder of Radisys
 * Bern Dibner, Chairman, CEO and founder of Burndy
 * Eugene Kleiner, Chairman, CEO and founder of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
 * Ta-lin Hsu, Chairman, CEO and founder of H&Q Asia Pacific
 * Paul Ferri, Chairman, CEO and founder of Matrix Partners
 * William C. W. Mow, Chairman, CEO and founder of Bugle Boy
 * Jerome Swartz, Chairman, CEO and founder of Symbol Technologies
 * Alfred P. Sloan (attended, but transferred), Chairman, CEO and founder of General Motors
 * Rachelle Friedman, Chairperson, CEO and founder of J&R
 * Bill Friend (engineer), President of Bechtel
 * Michael Horodniceanu, President of the MTA Capital Construction
 * Ami Miron, Vice President, General Instrument Corporation
 * Charles Hinkaty, Vice President, Citibank
 * Eugene Fasullo, Chief Engineer of Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
 * Jay Greene, NASA chief engineer
 * George W. Melville, chief engineer of the United States Navy. Congressional Gold Medal winner.
 * Howard A. Chinn, Chief Engineer of CBS. Pioneered techniques of analog audio recording as well as radio and television broadcasting practices.
 * Virginia P. Ruesterholz, President, Verizon
 * Alan Schriesheim, Director and CEO of Argonne National Laboratory, Board member of Rohm and Haas

Inventors
Partial list of inventors affiliated with the school:
 * Barouh Berkovits, contributed to invention of the cardiac defibrillator and artificial cardiac pacemaker
 * Gordon Gould, invented the laser
 * Mario Cardullo, contributed to the invention of the Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
 * Erol Gelenbe invented the Random neural network and the G-network
 * Robert G. Brown, invented the first telephone handset
 * Jasper H. Kane, invented the practical, deep-tank fermentation method for production of large quantities of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin
 * Maurice Karnaugh, inventor of the Karnaugh map (K-map)
 * Norman Gaylord, played a prominent role in the development of permeable contact lenses
 * Ronald R. Yager, invented Ordered weighted averaging aggregation operator
 * Thomas J. Kelly, designed and built the Apollo Lunar Module
 * Fredric J. Harris, co-inventor of the Blackman–Harris filter
 * David J. Thomson, invented the multitaper
 * Erol Gelenbe, invented G-networks and random neural networks
 * Joseph Owades, inventor of Lite beer
 * John Colagioia, invented Thue (programming language)
 * Paul Peter Ewald, inventor of X-ray diffraction method for determination of molecular structure
 * Henry C. Goldmark, designed and installed the Panama Canal locks
 * Helias Doundoulakis, patented the suspension system for the largest radio telescope in the world
 * George Glauberman, discovered the ZJ theorem and the Z* theorem
 * Torunn Atteraas Garin, oversaw the development of the artificial sweetener aspartame; developed nontoxic processes to create food colorings and remove caffeine from coffee
 * James Wood, fabricated the steel cables for the Brooklyn Bridge, making cable-lift elevators possible. He also contributed to the inventions of lockmaking, submarine, A/C generator, electric motors, transformer and the design of the modern refrigerator. He held 240 patents.
 * Joe Landolina, invented Vetigel
 * Hung-Chang Lin, invented the quasi-complementary (transistor) amplifier circuit, the lateral transistor, and the wireless microphone. He held 61 patents
 * Hans Reissner, designed the first successful all-metal aircraft, the Reissner Canard (or Ente) with both skin and structure made of metal. Also, first solved Einstein's equation for the metric of a charged point mass. His closed-form solution, rediscovered by several other physicists within the next few years, is now called the Reissner–Nordström metric.
 * Harold Horton Sheldon, invented a precision photoelectric color-scope measurement instrument, more accurate than the human eye
 * Fred Waller, invented Cinerama, the Waller Gunnery Trainer, and patented the water ski
 * Joginder Lal, Goodyear Polymer Research Manager and expert in the synthesis and mechanism of the formation of high polymers


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Talk:Robert Gordon University

untitled
Hi - I actually work for the organisation concerned (original material is published on our website).

Is there a particular format that you require for permission to be granted for the material to be public domain?

Still a bit unsure how this works, but I work for the university and can grant permission to use this information - also confirmed with our public affairs department. Seajay 09:20, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I've restored the article per your comment. As long as the university has no problem with it that's probably all that's necessary, but if you'd like, you could post a copy of an email (or a portion thereof) on the talk page (i.e. this page) granting this permission, just to be sure. --Delirium 05:24, Dec 5, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks - if someone wishes to contact me for extra confirmation they can email me at cDOTjonesATrgu.ac.uk (replacing the DOT and AT :-) ) Seajay 09:31, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Moved to new title
The University name is not simply "Robert Gordon University", it is "The Robert Gordon University". Although this may seem a minor thing, it is actually considered very important and an integral part of the university name (despite the common abbreviation of RGU). Seajay 20:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Someone seemed to have moved it back - so it has been returned to the correct title. Seajay 16:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Moved it back AGAIN.

 * Please see the following Wikipedia help page on why using 'The' in this case is acceptable as it is the 'Official Name' of the university, and not simply a description:

 * Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name)
 * Seajay 20:28, 15 Oct 2005 (UTC)

 * See the section on that page you linked titled Universities:
 * The definite article should not be used for universities, even if the official name of the university uses the definite article, as indicated on the website links below. Thus, the most-common-name rule supersedes the official name.
 * Just about all other universities don't the "The" in front of them, even if it is the official name, eg see List of British universities. -- Vclaw 21:58, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've moved this back to Robert Gordon University. As the Vclaw mentions, the naming convention rules clearly state that the definite article should never be used for universities. This is for the sake of consistancy. Sorry. - Green Tentacle 13:50, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. Will explain this reason. It is a strange rule - I can see the point of having it listed under 'R' in a list format, however given that this is supposed to be an article about the University, one would imagine that it would be important to actually use the correct name - and the one that the University uses in its communications - rather than perpetuating incorrect usage. Cheers for explaining reason though. Seajay  15:20, 18 Oct 2005 (UTC)

...and as of summer 2009, the decision has been taken to drop the definite article and we are now just "Robert Gordon University". And never, ever, use RGU on external communications, unless you're one of the departments that still do. 195.194.48.148 (talk) 23:57, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Update May 2012. I am not sure the 2009 comment above is appropriate and it is also inaccurate. Have added in the Order in Council as issued by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1993 that created the university. I have provided a reference as a weblink to the order on the UK Government's National Archives pages. Paragraph 3 states that the official name of the university is "The Robert Gordon University" including the prefix "The". The 2009 rebranding created a logo for day-to-day use only and has not altered the official name of the university; in the UK this power resides solely in the Privy Council. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.63.235.253 (talk) 10:22, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * A few comments if I may:
 * Firstly there are plenty of sources that point to Robert Gordon not being the only university to "officially" have a 'The', for example looking at the Govenment, UKAS or Universities UK lists of Universities, and all of which don't have the 'The' in their Wikipedia article (although it is in some places inconsistent). Also note that two of the three just use "Robert Gordon University".
 * Secondly there is plenty of precedent: you saying "The 2009 rebranding created a logo for day-to-day use only and has not altered the official name of the university" is exactly the same situation the University of Durham faced (still officially under that name, but branded and trading as Durham University). The common name is used as the article title (and everywhere else on wikipedia with a few notable exceptions like 'History'), with the proper name in bold at the start. This is the current setup in this article and I don't see why it should be changed.
 * So as I say, I can't see any reason to change from what it is, and I also think that the 'The' should not be used in articles as in this edit which was the one that brought me here anyway.-- 23230 talk 06:55, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

School
The history section ought to clarify the relationship between the university and Robert Gordon's College - or if there is no relationship today, it should give some hint of how and when they became separate entities. --Doric Loon 12:38, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Date of Establishment
Hi, I'm not sure of the correct date of establishment for RGU (1750, 1881, 1965, or 1992), however the current date on the page (1495) is that for Kings College, in Aberdeen University.

pcfreakshow 17:34, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

University ratings
(I'm posting this to all articles on UK universities as so far discussion hasn't really taken off on WikiProject Universities.)

There needs to be a broader convention about which university rankings to include in articles. Currently it seems most pages are listing primarily those that show the institution at its best (or worst in a few cases). See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Universities. Timrollpickering 22:07, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Controversy section
I have no doubt that since this page has the university itself as a contributing editor, the section I've just added on the subject of Donald Trump's honorary degree will be objected to. However despite holding a degree from a Scottish University myself I'd never heard of Robert Gordon until I saw it featured in the film 'You've been Trumped'. Maybe Wiki etiquette requires that the positioning of the section should be changed, but the facts are substantially correct and I will defend their inclusion as relevant materialDean Morrison (talk) 01:25, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Hi Dean, I also agree it is relevant material. There was some info on this in the article already (and as far I as I can see no-one has objected) but what you added expanded on it. However, it did seem in the wrong section for a uni wikipedia article, which usually have info on honorary graduates at the end, and controversies don't usually appear at the very top, so I've moved it to the "Honorary Graduates" section and integrated it with the small amount of info on the topic that was already there. This is not to sweep it under the carpet but so it matches the format of other university articles. I don't think the university itself makes many edits to this page, I seem to have done most of the writing and editing on it recently. Jackofhearts101 (talk) 16:08, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

Hi Jack of Hearts I hadn't noticed any material that was already there, which perhaps makes my point that this deserves higher billing. I agree that sticking a Controversy at the top is a bit much, but then burying the piece under 'Honorary Graduates' right at the bottom isn't right either. This isn't a story about an individual honorary graduate, its about the University taking a controversial action, and being portrayed in a negative light in an award-winning documentary feature film as a result. I think that's relevant information in its own right. I'd suggest a stand alone section named 'Donald Trump Controversy' as you suggest, but moved up a level. Where the right place in the running order I can't say, but after Honorary Graduates if you like. What do you think? Dean Morrison (talk) 17:12, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

As an afterthought I note that some other University pages have 'Reputation' as a heading. How about creating one here, and putting academic standards and Donald Trump controversy underneath it? Dean Morrison (talk) 17:15, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Maintenance Template
Hello,

I think the maintenance template can be removed as article appears to be factually correct and up-to-date. However, as I don't know who created the template and specifically for what, I'm not keen to remove it (under Wiki's guidance notes) without first being sure it is no longer an issue. Can anyone advise?

EricaJD (talk) 11:21, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Robert Gordon University


text:
Ji

Ji may refer to:

Names and titles

 * Ji (surname), the pinyin romanization of several distinct Chinese surnames
 * Ji (Korean name), a Korean surname and element in given names (including lists of people with the name)
 * -ji, an honorific used as a suffix in many languages of India
 * J.I the Prince of N.Y, American rapper J.I.
 * Ji (or Hou Ji), the legendary founder of the Zhou dynasty

Places in China

 * Jì (冀), pinyin abbreviation for the province of Hebei
 * Jí (吉), pinyin abbreviation for the province of Jilin
 * Ji (state), an ancient Chinese state
 * Ji City (disambiguation), several places
 * Ji County (disambiguation), several places
 * Ji Prefecture (Shandong), a prefecture in imperial China
 * Ji Province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China
 * Ji River, either of two former rivers

Organizations

 * Jamaat-e-Islami (disambiguation), several organizations
 * Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), a Southeast Asian militant Islamist rebel group
 * Jurong Institute (JI), a now-defunct pre-university institution in Singapore
 * JI, IATA code for Meraj Airlines since 2010
 * JI, IATA code for Midway Airlines (1993–2003)

Other uses

 * Ji (film), a 2005 Indian Tamil film starring Ajith Kumar and Trisha
 * Ji (monk) (632–682), Chinese monk
 * Ji (polearm) (戟), a kind of Chinese polearm
 * Ji Koizumi, a character in the anime Guru Guru Pon-chan
 * Just intonation, an alternative, and often subordinate to the contemporary Western establishment, tuning concept employed in various musical-compositional procedures and theories
 * Joint Implementation (JI), one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol
 * There are two different kana (Japanese script) letters that are romanized as ji:
 * じ: Shi (し) with dakuten (voicing marks)
 * ぢ: Chi (ち) with dakuten
 * Another name for the Chinese hairpin
 * , Tsurumi Line, a line operated by the East Japan Railway Company
 * , Hitahikosan Line, a line operated by the Kyushu Railway Company

title: Ji


text:
Flag of Ontario

The flag of Ontario is the provincial flag of Ontario, Canada. It is a defaced Red Ensign, with the Royal Union Flag in the canton and the Ontario shield of arms in the fly. The flag of Ontario was derived from the Canadian Red Ensign, which was used as a civil ensign and as a de facto flag of Canada from the late 19th century to 1965. It was adopted in a period when many Canadian provinces adopted their own flags. May 21 is Ontario Flag Day.

Description
The flag of Ontario is a defaced Red Ensign. The flag is an adaptation of the Canadian Red Ensign, which had been the de facto national flag of Canada from 1867 to 1965. The flag is a red field with the Royal Union Flag in the canton and the Ontario shield of arms in the fly. The coat of arms of Ontario had been previously granted by Royal Warrant of Queen Victoria in 1868. It features a green field with three gold maple leaves and above it, a white band with a red St. George's cross.

The specifications of the flag are 1:2. The shade of red in the flag is specified as "British Admiralty Colour Code No. T1144 for nylon worsted bunting and No. T818A for other bunting." The shield of the coat of arms is "centred in the half farthest from the staff".

History
Before 1965, the Canadian Red Ensign had served as the de facto national flag of Canada. It was flown at all military installations in Canada and overseas, embassies and consulates, outside the legislature and government buildings, at Royal Canadian Legion halls, and many private homes.

In 1964, the Canadian Parliament, after a long and acrimonious debate, adopted the Maple Leaf flag as the flag of Canada. The preceding national flag debate was very divisive and the change of flag was unpopular with many Canadians. A Gallup poll of April 1963 indicated that a majority of Canadians outside of Quebec preferred to retain either the Union Jack or the Red Ensign as the national flag. Another poll, in August 1964, indicated that less than 40% of Ontarians approved of the new flag. Many felt, however, that changing the national flag was a worthwhile concession towards bringing Quebec more closely into Confederation.

The proposal that the Red Ensign, or a variant thereof, would be an appropriate provincial flag was first made in an editorial in the Toronto Star in May 1964, 6 months prior to the adoption of the new Maple Leaf flag. The idea was supported by former Ontario Premier Leslie Frost and by Premier John Robart's adviser, Richard Rohmer. It was originally intended to place the full Ontario Coat of Arms on the flag, but this was later reduced to only the shield.

Robarts felt the Ensign was an important symbol that reflected Ontario's heritage and the sacrifices made by Canadian troops under the Red Ensign. Premier Robarts stated "without conflict with the flag of Canada there is an honored place within our provincial boundaries for a provincial flag for Ontario. Here, in our province, there is a rich heritage of tradition and historic background which we do well to recognize". Robarts, a tireless proponent of national unity, sought to use the Red Ensign design to reconcile the majority of Ontarians who opposed the new national flag. The Red Ensign design didn't take anything away from proponents of the Maple Leaf flag, and gave something to those who supported the traditional flag. The adoption of the new provincial flag commanded support of the leaders of both the Ontario Liberal Party and the Ontario New Democratic Party. All MPPs except two (Elmer Sopha decried it 'a flag of revenge' against the new national flag) voted to adopt the flag on the initial reading, and it was subsequently passed by the Legislative Assembly on March 17, 1965. It went in effect on May 21, 1965. The flag of Manitoba was adopted under similar circumstances.

On May 13, 2015, the Liberal MPP from Etobicoke Centre Yvan Baker put forward the Ontario Flag Day Act, 2015. This bill, which passed the house and received royal assent on June 4 in the same year, declares May 21 every year as Ontario Flag Day.

Reception
The Toronto Daily Star supported the adoption of the flag stating "the Red Ensign was quite properly rejected as a flag for Canada because it was not an acceptable symbol of the nation as a whole. But it is much more suitable as a flag for Ontario". A 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) placed the Ontario provincial flag 43rd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state, and U.S. territory flags ranked. The design of any flag, however, is entirely subjective and not easily compared according to some scholars such as Graham Bartram, chief vexillologist at the Flag Institute, who noted "There's often a fundamental misunderstanding of flags by politicians. Saying you like a flag because of its design is like saying you like your family because they are all handsome or beautiful. You love them because of who they are, unconditionally. Flags are a bit like that." This remark was made after a 2016 New Zealand flag referendum, in which New Zealanders voted to retain their existing flag, inclusive of the Union Jack.

The incorporation of traditional or historical symbols is often an important element in flag design. Bruce Patterson notes the continued significance of the Red Ensign within the context of Canadian flag design, "while not disparaging the current National Flag...the Red Ensign is worth considering as a part of our history, and after fifty years an acknowledgement of this is certainly not a threat to the position of the National Flag."

Redesign proposals
Some Commonwealth countries with the Union Jack in the canton have debated redesigning their national flags, such as in the case of the 2015–2016 New Zealand flag referendums. There has been comparatively less debate around re-designing the Ontario flag, although some commentators have made calls to change the flag. The justification is mainly around perceptions that the current flag centres colonialism and Old Stock Canadians. Most recently, in July 2021, University of Western Ontario Professor Mano Majumdar launched a petition to redesign the flag, stating that "the best flags are distinct and inclusive. Ontario's is neither" and calling for "the Ontario legislature to replace the provincial flag with a more distinct and inclusive flag, chosen by democratic means."

The petition also spurred support for the flag with one editorial encouraging pride in the flag as it was "a symbol of success." It was emblematic of the origin of Ontario's most successful institutions of British inheritance: parliamentary democracy, law and freedom. The editorial argued, using the flags of Fiji or Tuvalu as an example, that the Union Jack is not exclusive to any ethnic group and represents Ontarians of all backgrounds. It further suggested that the Union Jack could also symbolise the attaining of freedom for an estimated 30-40,000 escaped slaves reaching British North America on the Underground Railroad.

title: Flag of Ontario


text:
CMC

CMC may refer to:

Bangladesh

 * Chittagong Medical College or Chittagong Medical College Hospital, a public medical college in Chittagong
 * Comilla Medical College, a public medical college in Comilla

India

 * Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, Previously known as Calicut Medical College
 * Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu
 * Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Punjab
 * Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Nepal

 * Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan

Pakistan

 * Chandka Medical College, Larkana, Sindh
 * Continental Medical College, Lahore, Punjab

United Kingdom

 * Cambridge Muslim College, Islamic higher education institution in Cambridge

United States

 * Chicago Musical College, a division of Chicago College of Performing Arts at Roosevelt University
 * Claremont McKenna College, a liberal arts college in Claremont, California
 * Colorado Mountain College, a network of seven community colleges in western Colorado
 * Computer Music Center, the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United States
 * Copper Mountain College, a community college in Joshua Tree, California
 * Clackamas Middle College, a middle school in Oregon

Television

 * Cable Music Channel, a defunct music television channel from Turner Broadcasting System, U.S.
 * California Music Channel or CMC-TV, an American music video service
 * Country Music Channel, an defunct Australian music television channel provided by Foxtel
 * Croatian Music Channel, a Croatian television channel broadcasting Croatian music and music of Croatian production
 * Cutie Mark Crusaders, a trio of fillies searching for their cutie marks in the animated series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

Military

 * Central Military Commission (China)
 * Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
 * Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam
 * Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, Chairman of NATO's Military Committee
 * Command master chief petty officer, the highest-ranking enlisted sailor aboard a warship in some navies
 * Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, the highest-ranking officer of the United States Marine Corps
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Coastal minelayer (CMc)

International

 * Cannonball Motorcycle Club, a European outlaw motorcycle club
 * Carnegie Moscow Center, a non-profit think tank and regional affiliate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
 * Cluster Munition Coalition, an international civil society movement campaigning against the use of cluster munitions
 * CMC Markets, an international financial company
 * Compact Model Council, a working group in the EDA industry
 * COMSAT mobile communications, a telecommunications company

Australia

 * Cultural Ministers Council, an Australian intergovernmental organisation for ministers of culture and the arts that existed from 1984-2011

Canada

 * Canadian Meat Council, Canada's national trade association for the federally inspected red meat packers and processors
 * Canadian Meteorological Centre, a provider of forecast guidance to national and regional prediction centres
 * Christian Mennonite Conference, a small body of Mennonites in western Canada
 * CMC Electronics, a Canadian electronics company
 * Co-operatives and Mutuals Canada, a co-operative federation

Mainland China

 * China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation
 * China Media Capital

Taiwan

 * Central Mint, a subsidiary of the Central Bank of the Republic of China
 * Chi Mei Corporation, plastics producer in Taiwan
 * China Motor Corporation, a Taiwanese manufacturer of automobiles
 * CMC Magnetics, a Taiwanese company, one of world's largest optical disc manufacturers

United States

 * Carolinas Medical Center, a hospital in the Charlotte, North Carolina region
 * Catholic Medical Center, a hospital and heart disease institute located in Manchester, New Hampshire
 * Central Massachusetts Conference, a high school athletic conference organised by Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association
 * Children's Museum of Cleveland
 * Civic Media Center, an alternative library and reading room in Gainesville, Florida
 * Colorado Mountain Club, a nonprofit outdoor recreation and education organization
 * Colt's Manufacturing Company, an American firearms manufacturer
 * Commercial Metals Company, a steel and metal manufacturer based in Irving, Texas
 * Conservative Mennonite Conference, the former name of what is now the Rosedale Network of Churches, a mainline Anabaptist body
 * Cossacks Motorcycle Club, an American one-percenter style outlaw motorcycle club
 * CMC Materials Inc, a chemicals company that was purchased by Entegris in 2022

Other countries

 * Caribbean Media Corporation, a Barbados-based centralised content-provider
 * Catholic Medical Center, the eight hospitals attached to the Catholic University of Korea
 * CMC (company), an Indian information technology service
 * CMC, marketer of coal from the Cerrejón mine in northern Colombia, owned by Anglo American, BHP and Glencore, headquartered in Dublin.
 * Colombo Municipal Council, the local council for Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix, a Vietnamese Roman Catholic religious order
 * Cooper Motor Corporation, a car manufacturer in Kenya
 * Cyprus Mines Corporation, an early 20th century American mining company based in Cyprus

Chemistry

 * Carboxymethyl cellulose, a cellulose derivative often initialized CMC
 * Ceramic matrix composite, a subgroup of composite materials as well as a subgroup of technical ceramics
 * Chemistry, manufacturing and control, a drug development process
 * Chlormadinone caproate, a progestin that was never marketed
 * Critical micelle concentration, the concentration of surfactants above which micelles are spontaneously formed

Computing

 * CBC-mask-CBC, a block cipher mode of operation for encrypting hard disks
 * Central Management and Control, enterprise data management software for Cruzer Enterprise secure USB drives
 * Certificate Management over CMS, an internet standard by the IETF
 * Common Messaging Calls, an API client for the Messaging Application Programming Interface
 * Community multimedia center or telecentre
 * Computer-mediated communication, any form of data exchange across two or more networked computers
 * Constraint Monte Carlo algorithm that uses random sampling for computer simulations

Other uses

 * CMC (basketball), Cercle Municipal de Casablanca, a basketball club in Casablanca, Morocco
 * CMC Cup, international Go tournament
 * California Men's Colony, a male-only state prison in California, USA
 * Canadian Music Centre, a music venue
 * Carpometacarpal joint, a joint in the wrist that articulates the carpal bones and the metacarpals
 * Certified Management Consultant, an international professional certification for professional management consultants
 * Certified Master Chef, the highest level of culinary certification by the American Culinary Federation
 * Certified mortgage consultant, a professional certification for mortgage professionals
 * Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, a museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, originally used as a train station
 * Christian McCaffrey, American football running back
 * C-M-C', a form of commodity trade in the theory of Karl Marx
 * CMC International, a record label based near London, United Kingdom
 * Commonwealth Code, the territorial law of the Northern Mariana Islands
 * Conditional mean closure, a combustion model for CFD
 * Constant mean curvature, a differential-geometric property of some surfaces
 * Crime and Misconduct Commission, an independent entity in Queensland Government, Australia, created to combat major crime
 * Cuban Missile Crisis, a 13-day confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
 * Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, an immune disorder characterized by chronic infections with Candida
 * CMC, initials of Welsh singer Charlotte Church (b. 1986) as used on "The Opera Song (Brave New World)"
 * Common-mode choke, in electronics special type of choke

title: CMC


text:
Space-division multiple access

Space-division multiple access (SDMA) is a channel access method based on creating parallel spatial pipes (focused signal beams) using advanced antenna technology next to higher capacity pipes through spatial multiplexing and/or diversity, by which it is able to offer superior performance in radio multiple access communication systems (where multiple users may need to use the communication media simultaneously). In traditional mobile cellular network systems, the base station has no information on the position of the mobile units within the cell and radiates the signal in all directions within the cell in order to provide radio coverage. This method results in wasting power on transmissions when there are no mobile units to reach, in addition to causing interference for adjacent cells using the same frequency, so called co-channel cells. Likewise, in reception, the antenna receives signals coming from all directions including noise and interference signals. By using smart antenna technology and differing spatial locations of mobile units within the cell, space-division multiple access techniques offer attractive performance enhancements. The radiation pattern of the base station, both in transmission and reception, is adapted to each user to obtain highest gain in the direction of that user. This is often done using phased array techniques.

title: Space-division multiple access


text:
Coat of arms of Ontario

The coat of arms of Ontario is the armorial emblem representing the Canadian province of Ontario. The arms contain symbols reflecting Ontario's British heritage, along with local symbols. At the upper part of the shield is the red cross of St. George, representing England. The lower portion of the shield features three golden maple leaves on a green background.

The original arms, consisting of only the shield, were granted by royal warrant of Queen Victoria on 26 May 1868. The arms were further augmented with supporters, a crest and a motto, by royal warrant of King Edward VII on 27 February 1909.

The shield, on a Red Ensign, features in the provincial flag of Ontario.

History
The year following Confederation, arms were granted by royal warrant from Queen Victoria on 26 May 1868 to Ontario, along with the three other provinces of the new Dominion of Canada, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Dominion Arms were simple and lacked supporters. The Arms of Ontario comprised what is now the escutcheon or shield of the current Arms of Ontario. This original arms can be seen on the Flag of Ontario, which consists of a defaced Red Ensign, with the Royal Union Flag in the canton and the arms in the fly. Also seen on the Arms used by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves.

In the warrant, Queen Victoria authorized the four arms of the first provinces to be quartered for use on the Great Seal of Canada, and while this was not done for the first Great Seal, it is through this reference it became the de facto Arms of Canada until 1921. That arms was then also used in the first Canadian Red Ensign, which was flown at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

The supporters, crest, and motto, designed by Toronto barrister Edward Marion Chadwick, were added on 27 February 1909, by warrant of King Edward VII.

The province's arms stand out for being without royal symbols, namely a crown—although the motto of Ontario, which translates from the Latin "Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet" as "Loyal She Began, Thus She Remains" references perpetual loyalty to the Crown.

Symbolism
Crest
 * The crest is a black bear, native to Ontario, passant sable, on a gold and green wreath.

Shield
 * The shield of arms consists of three gold maple leaves, representative of Ontario, on a green background, above which on the upper third is a wide white band with a red Saint George's Cross, which recalls the historic connection with Britain in Upper Canada.

Supporters
 * A moose (dexter) and a deer (sinister), which are native to Ontario.

Motto
 * The motto is "Ut incepit fidelis sic permanet", Latin for "Loyal she began, loyal she remains". It refers to the Loyalist refugees from the American Revolution, who settled in the colony of Quebec, and for whom the area was separated as Upper Canada.

History
As part of the celebration in 1992 of the bicentennial of the first meeting of the legislature of Upper Canada at Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) on 17 September 1792, a petition was made by the then-Speaker, David Warner, to the Chief Herald of Canada for the granting of a unique coat of arms which would emphasize the distinctive character of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and distinguish the assembly's identity from the government's. To that point, the assembly had used the coat of arms of the Government of Ontario. The petition was granted and the new coat of arms was presented by then Governor-General Ramon Hnatyshyn at a ceremony in the Legislative Chamber on 26 April 1993. Ontario's is the first legislature in Canada with a coat of arms separate from the provincial coat of arms.

Symbolism
Crest
 * The crest has a green griffin holding a gold calumet.
 * The griffin is an ancient symbol of justice and equity. The calumet symbolizes the meeting of spirit and discussion that Ontario's first peoples believe accompanies the use of the pipe.

Coronet
 * The coronet on the wreath represents national and provincial loyalties. Its rim is studded with the provincial gemstone (amethyst), and the coronet is topped with three red maple leaves (symbolizing Canada) and two white trilliums (the flower of Ontario).

Shield
 * The shield of arms consists of two crossed maces, joined by the shield of arms of Ontario, on a field of green with a gold rim.
 * The mace is the traditional symbol of the authority of the Speaker. Shown on the left is the current mace. On the right is the original from the time of the first parliament in 1792.

Supporters
 * A white-tailed doe (dexter) and a white-tailed stag (sinister), which are native to Canada.
 * These animals represent the natural riches of the province.
 * The Loyalist coronets at their necks honour the original European settlers in Ontario who brought with them the parliamentary form of government.
 * The Royal Crowns, left 1992, right 1792, recognize the parliamentary bicentennial and recall Ontario's heritage as a constitutional monarchy. They were granted as a special honour by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on the recommendation of the Governor General.

Compartment
 * In the base, the maple leaves are for Canada, the white trilliums for Ontario and the roses for York (now Toronto), the provincial capital.

Motto
 * The motto is "Audi alteram partem", one of a series of Latin phrases carved in the Chamber of the Ontario Legislative Building. It challenges MPPs to "hear the other side".

title: Coat of arms of Ontario


text:
Kippah

A ' (plural: kippot), ', yamaka, bullcap, or  is a brimless cap, usually made of cloth, traditionally worn by Jewish males to fulfill the customary requirement that the head be covered. It is the most common type of head-covering worn by men in Orthodox Jewish communities during prayers and by most Orthodox Jewish men at most other times. Among non-Orthodox Jewish individuals, some wear them at most times, while most wear them only during prayer, while attending a synagogue, or at other ceremonies, and others wear them rarely or never.

Etymology
The term (כיפה) literally means "dome" as the kippah is worn on the head like a dome.

The Yiddish term (יאַרמלקע) might be derived from the Polish jarmułka or the Ukrainian  and perhaps ultimately from the Medieval Latin almutia ("cowl" or "hood"). It may also be of Turkic origin (akin to, meaning "rainwear"). The word is often associated with the phrase ירא מלכא, formed from the Aramaic word for 'king' and the Hebrew root ירא, meaning 'fear'. or is another Yiddish term for the same thing.

Jewish law
Halachic authorities debate as to whether wearing a at all times is required. According to Maimonides, Jewish law dictates that a man is required to cover his head during prayer.

In non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear, and people have different customs about when to wear a —when eating, praying, studying Jewish texts, or entering a sacred space such as a synagogue or cemetery. The Reform movement has historically been opposed to wearing, but wearing a kippah during Torah study and/or prayer has become more common and accepted as an option among Reform men and women.

According to several authorities, however, the practice has since taken on the force of law because it is an expression of ("reverence for Heaven"; i.e., respect for God). The 17th-century authority David HaLevi Segal holds that the reason is to enforce the Halachic rule to avoid practices unique to non-Jews. Segal reasons that, as Europeans are accustomed to going bareheaded, and their priests insist on officiating with bare heads, this constitutes a uniquely non-Jewish practice. Therefore, he posits, that Jews should be prohibited from behaving similarly and rules that wearing a is required by Halacha.

Other Halachic authorities, like the Sephardi posek Chaim Yosef David Azulai, hold that wearing a head covering is a —an additional measure of piety. In a recent responsum, former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Ovadia Yosef ruled that it should be worn to show affiliation with the religiously observant community. The Talmud states, "Cover your head in order that the fear of heaven may be upon you." Rabbi Hunah ben Joshua never walked four cubits (6.6 ft) with his head uncovered, saying "because the Divine Presence is always over my head." This was understood by Rabbi Yosef Karo in the Shulchan Arukh as indicating that Jewish men should cover their heads and should not walk more than four cubits bareheaded. Covering one's head, such as by wearing a, is described as "honoring God". The modifies this ruling by adding that the Achronim established a requirement to wear a head covering even when traversing fewer than four cubits, and even when one is standing still, indoors and outside. Kitzur Shulchan Aruch cites a story from the Talmud (tractate Shabbat 156b) about Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, who might have become a thief had his mother not saved him from this fate by insisting that he cover his head, which instilled in him the fear of God. In Orthodox communities, boys are encouraged to wear a from a young age in order to ingrain the habit.

The argument for the has two sides. The Vilna Gaon said one can make a without a, since wearing a  is only a  ("exemplary attribute"). In the 21st century, there has been an effort to suppress earlier sources that practiced this leniency, including erasing lenient responsa from newly published books. Or Zarua (13th century) wrote that "our rabbis in France" customarily made blessings while bareheaded, but he criticized this practice.

According to 20th-century Rabbi Isaac Klein, a male Conservative Jew ought to cover his head when in the synagogue, at prayer or sacred study, when engaging in a ritual act, and when eating. In the mid-19th century, Reformers led by Isaac Wise completely rejected the after an altercation in which Rabbi Wise's  was knocked off his head. Nowadays, almost all Conservative synagogues require men to wear a head covering (usually a ), but in Reform synagogues there is no requirement. However, may be provided to anybody who wishes to wear them.

The Kippah was not always as widely used as it is today: Promotional images used by the orthodox New York Yeshiva university show board members bareheaded as late as 1954.

Types and variation

In the Middle Ages in Europe, the distinctive Jewish headgear was the Jewish hat, a full hat with a brim and a central point or stalk. Originally used by choice among Jews to distinguish themselves, it was later made compulsory by Christian governments in some places as a discriminatory measure. In the early 19th century in the United States, rabbis often wore a scholar's cap (large saucer-shaped caps of cloth, like a beret) or a Chinese skullcap. Other Jews of this era wore black pillbox-shaped.

Often, the color and fabric of the can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement, particularly in Israel. Knitted or crocheted, known as , are usually worn by Religious Zionists and Modern Orthodox Jews. They also wear suede or leather. Knitted were first made in the late 1940s, and became popular after being worn by Rabbi Moshe-Zvi Neria. Members of most Haredi groups wear black velvet or cloth.

More recently, in specific colors are sometimes worn to indicate political or community affiliation, such as the LGBT community, or in the colors of sports teams, especially football. In the United States, children's featuring cartoon characters or themes such as Star Wars have become popular; in response to this trend, some Jewish schools have banned  with characters that do not conform to traditional Jewish values. have been inscribed on the inside as a souvenir for a celebration (bar/bat mitzvah or wedding). for women are also being made and worn. These are sometimes made of beaded wire to seem more feminine. A special baby has two strings on each side to fasten it and is often used in a  ceremony.

Head coverings in ancient Israelite culture
The Israelites might have worn a headdress similar to that worn by the Bedouins, but it is unknown whether a fixed type of headdress was used. That the headdress of the Israelites might have been in the style may be inferred from the use of the noun  (the verb  meaning "to roll like a ball", Isaiah 22:18) and by the verb  ("to wind", compare Ezekiel 16:10; Jonah 2:6). As to the form of such turbans, nothing is known, and they may have varied according to the different classes of society. This was customary with the Assyrians and Babylonians, for example, whose fashions likely influenced the costume of the Israelites—particularly during and after the Babylonian Exile. In Yemen, the wrap around the cap was called ; the head covering worn by women was a.

Civil legal issues
In Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986), the United States Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that active military members were required to remove the indoors, citing uniform regulations that state only armed security police may keep their heads covered while indoors.

Congress passed the Religious Apparel Amendment after a war story from the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing about the "camouflage " of Jewish Navy Chaplain Arnold Resnicoff was read into the Congressional Record. Catholic Chaplain George Pucciarelli tore off a piece of his Marine Corps uniform to replace Resnicoff's when it had become blood-soaked after being used to wipe the faces of wounded Marines after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing. This amendment was eventually incorporated into U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) regulations on the "Accommodation of Religious Practices Within the Military Services".

This story of the "camouflage " was re-told at many levels, including a keynote speech by President Ronald Reagan to the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention in 1984, and another time during a White House meeting between Reagan and the American Friends of Lubavitch. After recounting the Beirut story, Reagan asked them about the religious meaning of the. Rabbi Abraham Shemtov, the leader of the group, responded: "Mr. President, the to us is a sign of reverence." Rabbi Feller, another member of the group, continued: "We place the on the very highest point of our being—on our head, the vessel of our intellect—to tell ourselves and the world that there is something which is above man's intellect: the infinite Wisdom of God."

Passage of the Religious Apparel Amendment and the subsequent DOD regulations were followed in 1997 by the passing of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). However, the Supreme Court struck down RFRA as beyond Congress' powers to bind the states in the 1997 case City of Boerne v. Flores. RFRA is constitutional as applied to the Federal government, as seen in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal.

The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA), 114 Stat. 804, 42 U. S. C. §2000cc-1(a)(1)-(2), upheld as constitutional in Cutter v. Wilkinson, 44 U.S. 709 (2005), requires by inference that Orthodox Jewish prisoners be reasonably accommodated in their request to wear.

The French government banned the wearing of, hijabs, and large crosses in public primary and secondary schools in France in March 2004.

The government of Quebec, Canada passed "An Act respecting the laicity of the State" in June 2019, which prohibits the wearing of "religious symbols" by government employees including teachers, police officers, judges, prosecutors, and members of certain commissions.

Wearing by non-Jews
Though it is not required, when a non-Jew wears a in a synagogue, it is considered a sign of respect. are often provided to guests at a Bar or Bat Mitzvah. They are also often provided at bereavement events and at Jewish cemeteries. According to the Conservative Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, there is no halakhic reason to require a non-Jew to cover their head, but it is recommended that non-Jews be asked to wear a where ritual or worship is being conducted, both out of respect for the Jewish congregation and as a gesture of respect to include the non-Jewish guest.

were adopted as a symbol by some of the non-Jewish African American marchers in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, most prominently by James Bevel.

title: Kippah


text:
Clifford Berry

Clifford Edward Berry (April 19, 1918 – October 30, 1963) helped John Vincent Atanasoff create the first digital electronic computer in 1939, the Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC).

Biography
Clifford Berry was born April 19, 1918, in Gladbrook, Iowa, to Fred and Grace Berry. His father owned an appliance repair shop, where he was able to learn about radios. He graduated from Marengo High School in Marengo, Iowa, in 1934 as the class valedictorian at age 16. He went on to study at Iowa State College (now known as Iowa State University), eventually earning a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and followed by his master's degree in physics in 1941.

In 1942, he married an ISU classmate and Atanasoff's secretary, Martha Jean Reed.

By 1948, he earned his PhD in physics from Iowa State University.

He died in 1963, attributed to "possible suicide".

title: Clifford Berry


text:
Katharine, Duchess of Kent

Katharine, Duchess of Kent (born Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley; 22 February 1933) is a member of the British royal family. She is married to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, a grandson of King George V.

The Duchess of Kent converted to Catholicism in 1994; she was the first member of the royal family to convert publicly since the passing of the Act of Settlement 1701. The Duchess is strongly associated with the world of music and has performed as a member of several choirs.

In 2022, she became the oldest living member of the British royal family following the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

Early life and education
Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley was born at Hovingham Hall, Yorkshire, the fourth child and only daughter of Sir William Worsley, 4th Baronet, Lord-lieutenant of North Riding, and his wife Joyce Morgan Brunner (1895–1979). Her mother was the only daughter of Sir John Brunner, 2nd Baronet, and granddaughter of Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet, the founder of Brunner Mond, which later became ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries). She is a descendant of Oliver Cromwell. Worsley was christened at All Saints' Church, Hovingham, on 2 April 1933. Her godparents were her maternal uncle Sir Felix Brunner, 3rd Baronet, Major Sir Digby Lawson, 2nd Baronet, her paternal aunt Lady Colegate, and Margaret D'Arcy Fife of Nunnington Hall.

Worsley received no formal education until she was 10. She was educated at Queen Margaret's School, York, and at Runton Hill School in North Norfolk. At school, she was introduced to music, and was taught to play the piano, organ and violin, which she still plays today. In her final year at Runton Hill, she was formally elected music secretary; in this role, she organized school recitals in Norwich. She left school with a pass in oral French and a "very good" in English literature.

The Duchess has stated her admiration for the late cellist Jacqueline du Pré in the documentary Who is Jacqueline du Pré? by Christopher Nupen. She later worked for some time in a children's home in York and worked at a nursery school in London. She failed to gain admission to the Royal Academy of Music, but followed her brothers to Oxford – where they were at the University – to study at Miss Hubler's Finishing School, 22 Merton Street, devoting much of her time to music. She was one of only eight pupils there and was instructed by three different teachers: The principal, Miss Hubler, taught French literature, painting, and history; a French woman taught cookery; and a Viennese lady taught music.

Marriage
Worsley met Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the eldest son of Prince George, Duke of Kent, and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, while he was based at Catterick Camp. On 8 June 1961, the couple married at York Minster, the first royal marriage in that location in 633 years (the last one being between Edward III and Philippa of Hainault). The bride's father escorted her, and the best man was Edward's brother Prince Michael of Kent. Princess Anne was one of the bridesmaids. The Archbishop of York Michael Ramsey conducted the marriage service. Guests included actors Noël Coward and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as well as members of the British, Greek, Danish, Norwegian, Yugoslavian, Romanian, and Spanish royal families. Her white silk gauze dress was designed by John Cavanagh, used 273 yards of fabric and had "a high neckline and long sleeves and a commanding train". The Kent Diamond and Pearl Fringe Tiara secured her veil.

The couple have three living children:

 * George, Earl of St Andrews, born 26 June 1962 at Coppins; married Sylvana Tomaselli
 * Lady Helen Taylor, born 28 April 1964 at Coppins; married Timothy Taylor
 * Lord Nicholas Windsor, born 25 July 1970 at King's College Hospital in London; married, 2006, Paola Doimi de Lupis de Frankopan

Katharine had a spontaneous abortion in 1975 owing to rubella and gave birth to a stillborn son, Patrick, in 1977; this loss sent her into a severe depression about which she has spoken publicly. "It had the most devastating effect on me," she told The Daily Telegraph in 1997. "I had no idea how devastating such a thing could be to any woman. It has made me extremely understanding of others who suffer a stillbirth."

The Duchess moved to the married quarters in Hong Kong and Germany while her husband was serving in the military. The couple later took numerous royal engagements on behalf of the Queen, including the Ugandan independence celebrations and the coronation of the King of Tonga.

Catholicism
The Duchess of Kent was received into the Catholic Church in 1994. This was a personal decision, and she received the approval of the Queen. As she explained in an interview on BBC, "I do love guidelines and the Catholic Church offers you guidelines. I have always wanted that in my life. I like to know what's expected of me. I like being told: You shall go to church on Sunday and if you don't you're in for it!"

Although the Act of Settlement 1701 means a member of the royal family marrying a Catholic relinquishes their right of succession to the British throne, the Act does not include marriage to an Anglican who subsequently becomes a Catholic. Therefore, the Duke of Kent did not lose his place in the line of succession to the British throne.

Since then, the couple's younger son, Lord Nicholas, their grandson Lord Downpatrick, and their granddaughter Lady Marina have also become Catholics. Their elder son, Earl of St Andrews, father of Lord Downpatrick, married a Catholic and thus, had been excluded from the succession until the Succession to the Crown Act revoked that exclusion in 2015. The Dukedom of Kent is not subject to the Act of Settlement, so Downpatrick is in line to become the Duke of Kent.

Later years
In 1978, the Duchess was hospitalised for several weeks owing to "nervous strain". Reports by the BBC stated that the Duchess suffers from coeliac disease and Epstein–Barr virus, whose symptoms resemble those of ME (myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as "chronic fatigue syndrome"). She stepped down from her role as head of the ME Society in the UK, and has since energetically worked with various charities and schools.

The Duchess of Kent was on the UK Vogue magazine Best Dressed list for several years, and in 1980 she was among the Best Dressed Women on the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame.

In 1999, the Duchess was refused permission to seat the 12-year-old son of a bereaved friend in the Royal Box at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Alternative seating outside the box was offered. She later received what The Daily Telegraph reported in a front-page story was a "curt letter" from club chairman John Curry, reminding her that children, other than members of the royal family, were not permitted in the Royal Box. She, in turn, threatened a boycott of the Royal Box.

The Duchess of Kent decided in 2002 not to use the style "Her Royal Highness" herself and to reduce her royal duties. Since then, she has been informally known as Katharine Kent or Katharine, Duchess of Kent, although her formal style (e.g., in the Court Circular) remains HRH The Duchess of Kent. Despite her decision to stay away from public life, the Duchess continued to appear at major events including the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011, the concert at Buckingham Palace and thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral during the Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012, and the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle in 2018. However, she did not attend the Queen's funeral in 2022 or the coronation of King Charles III in 2023.

In December 1989, Katharine was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs, choosing Mozart's Ave verum corpus (sung by the Swedish Radio Choir with the Berlin Philharmonic), a DIY manual, and a lamp with solar batteries as her favourite song, book and luxury item respectively. In keeping with her withdrawal from full royal duties in 1996, the Duchess took a position as a music teacher in Wansbeck Primary School in Kingston upon Hull. She also gave piano lessons in a rented studio flat near her official residence at Kensington Palace. The Duchess of Kent had served as the president of the Royal Northern College of Music, and was the director of National Foundation for Youth Music from 1999 to 2007. In March 2004, Katharine was the subject of Real Story on BBC One. She talked about her career as a music teacher saying "teaching [the children] is very satisfying. It's a privilege. To me it's one of the most exciting jobs anyone can do." In 2005, the Duchess spoke in an interview on BBC Radio 3 of her liking of rap music and of the singer/songwriter Dido, whose song "Thank You" she chose as one of her favourite pieces of music. She is patron of the charity Making Music, the National Federation of Music Societies, an umbrella organisation for amateur and voluntary music groups. Katharine is among the co-founders of Future Talent, a charity that helps young children with low-income backgrounds pursue a career in music. She was Patron of BBC Young Musician in 2004 and 2006.

In 2011, close associates of Jonathan Rees, a private investigator connected to the News International phone hacking scandal, stated that he had penetrated Katharine and Edward's bank accounts.

In May 2016, she hosted a concert for young children at Buckingham Palace in her capacity as founder of Future Talent. In August 2016, the Duchess became an ambassador for Samaritans after a volunteer at the Teesside branch contacted her. She had previously been its Royal Patron from 1971 until 1999. The Duchess is also a supporter of UNICEF. In 2022, the Duchess expressed her love and penchant for gangsta rap, typified by Eminem and Ice Cube.

Titles and styles
Since her marriage, Katharine has been styled "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Kent".

Honours

 * GBR Family Order Elizabeth II BAR.png 1961: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
 * UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg 9 June 1977: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)

Freedom of the City

 * 1989: Freeman of the City of York

Honorary military appointments
Formerly
 * United Kingdom
 * Honorary Colonel, Yorkshire Volunteers
 * Honorary Major-General, Controller Commandant, Women's Royal Army Corps
 * Colonel-in-Chief, of The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire
 * Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, of Adjutant General's Corps
 * Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, of Royal Dragoon Guards
 * Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, of Royal Logistic Corps

Civilian offices

 * Chancellor of the University of Leeds (1966–1999)

title: Katharine, Duchess of Kent


text:
Talk:Robert Gordon (philanthropist)

Untitled
Ditto to Robert Gordon University - I work for the university and can grant permission for use of this material - is there a particular way I need to do this? Seajay

Note that Talk:Robert Gordon/temp exists -- Derek Ross

Note that when discussing this part of Gdansk's history the Gdansk article also uses the name "Danzig".

 * Yes, but only in 1792-1806 and 1815–1939., Gordon was born on 1668 and died in 1731, so he lived in times when Gdańsk was Polish. The name Gdańsk is not a modern name, it is older then the German term "Danzig". --Emax 18:05, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

For instance

 * Thanks to the Royal charters granted by the king Casimir IV the Jagiellonian and the free access to all Polish markets, Danzig became a large and rich seaport and city. The 16th to 17th centuries were a Golden Age for trade and culture in Danzig. Inhabitants from various ethnic groups (Germans, Poles, Jews and the Dutch being the largest) contributed to the specific Danzig identity and richest culture of the period.

This article has used both names for some time. Using one favours one point of view or the other which is why I prefer to mention both. -- Derek Ross | Talk 17:41, 2004 Nov 7 (UTC)

 * I have corrected it already.--Emax 18:05, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Well, it will be interesting to see how long your change lasts, given the history of the Gdansk article. Nevertheless I see no reason to impose either the German or the Polish POV upon rhe Robert Gordon article. That is why both city names are included in it. -- Derek Ross | Talk 18:14, 2004 Nov 7 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Gordon (philanthropist)