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Omega Red

Omega Red is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most commonly in association with the X-Men. In 2009, Omega Red was ranked as IGN's 95th-greatest comic book villain of all time.

The character made his live-action debut through a cameo appearance in Deadpool 2, portrayed by Dakoda Shepley.

Publication history
Omega Red first appeared in X-Men #4 (vol. 2, January 1992), and was created by Jim Lee and John Byrne.

Fictional character biography
Little is known about the past of Arkady Gregorivich Rossovich except that he was a serial killer born in Soviet Russia. He was captured by the Interpol agent Sean Cassidy and turned over to the KGB, which wanted to experiment and attempt to create a supersoldier similar to Captain America. Omega Red is the result.

In another version of Omega Red's past, Arkady was a Soviet soldier stationed in a small Siberian town. He was a murderer; his crimes easily discoverable due to the town's small size and limited number of potential victims. He was caught by his fellow soldiers and summarily executed via a gunshot to the back of the head. His superiors are astonished when Arkady survives the execution, and recommend him for the aforementioned Soviet super soldier project, a brutal process; it is suggested that Arkady survives solely due to his evil and cruel nature. He becomes an operative for Soviet intelligence and the KGB.

The Soviet government implanted a retractable carbonadium tentacle within each of Omega Red's arms. Carbonadium was the Soviets' attempt to recreate the artificial alloy known as adamantium, as carbonadium is a more malleable form of adamantium. He uses them as weapons and as grappling appendages. He is able to wrap a victim in his coils to drain them of their "life" energy. This vampiric tendency is essential to Omega Red's survival; the carbonadium implants, while great offensive weapons, slowly poisoned him and he was required to regularly drain the life energy of a person, or perhaps take small amounts from larger numbers of individuals, in order to temporarily sustain his immune system. In order to stabilize his condition, Omega Red requires the "Carbonadium Synthesizer," a device that was stolen by Wolverine, Maverick, and Sabretooth during their final mission together as "Team X" and attempted rescue of double agent Janice Hollenbeck in the 1960s. It is because of his need for the Carbonadium Synthesizer that Omega Red has continuously sought out these three individuals over the years, believing they may know of its whereabouts. While Sabretooth and Maverick might have been aware of its location, it was eventually revealed that Wolverine actually does know where it is.

Omega Red also battled John Wraith in Berlin at that time.

At some time in the past, the Soviet government decided that Omega Red was too unpredictable and treacherous to be relied upon. As such, he needed to be put in cryogenic suspended animation until a method could be found to control him. After the fall of Communism in Russia he was revived from suspended animation by Matsu'o Tsurayaba, who led his own renegade faction of the clan of ninja known as The Hand. Omega Red became a warrior serving Matsu'o Tsurayaba and was led to believe that Wolverine knew the whereabouts of the Carbonadium Synthesizer which could save his life, and sought him out in an effort to find this device. In doing so, he came into conflict with the X-Men many times. In their first encounter in modern times, Omega Red captured Wolverine. He fought and defeated Wolverine, and brought him to Tsurayaba, Fenris, and Cornelius in Berlin. He battled the X-Men, and was wounded by Psylocke and defeated by the X-Men and Maverick but escaped. Later, Omega Red battled and fell under the mental control of the Soul Skinner in Siberia. The Soul Skinner then used him to battle Wolverine and the X-Men. Omega Red was able to subdue the team and capture Wolverine and Jubilee and was then sent to capture Colossus, who had retreated. Omega Red eluded capture by Wolverine after the Soul Skinner's death. He later fought against Chamber of Generation X, but suffered a humiliating defeat. Ultimately, Omega Red failed to eliminate Wolverine and proved to be no more loyal to the Hand than he was to the Soviet government.

He has worked for Neocommunist organizations and tried to kill a member of the Americomp organization, but was stopped by Daredevil and Black Widow.

Omega Red was later employed by Russian gangster Ivan Pushkin to incite a war between the terrorist organization HYDRA and the technology suppliers A. I. M.

While working for the drug lord known as the General, Omega Red was recruited by Sabretooth to attack Wolverine's friends and family alongside Lady Deathstrike. Sabretooth had promised both Omega Red and Deathstrike information on almost every mutant on Earth, but betrayed his new henchmen by teleporting away with Wolverine, his ward Amiko, and the information.

Omega Red is currently a crime lord (head of the Red Mafia) who poses as a legitimate business man, much like Wilson Fisk does in the U.S. At present, Omega Red has resumed his search for the Carbonadium Synthesizer. In Wolverine: Origins #6 and #7, Omega Red locates former Team X member, and now one of the numerous depowered mutants, Agent Zero, a.k.a. Maverick, who is the only person that knows the location of the Carbonadium Synthesizer. This brings him into direct confrontation with Wolverine, who has also sought out Maverick in hopes of locating the Carbonadium Synthesizer. The result of this encounter is that Wolverine outsmarts Omega Red, landing him in the custody of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Months later, it becomes known that the Red Room bought Omega Red's freedom with the hopes of using him to their own ends. Wolverine, Colossus, and Nightcrawler encounter him after he has freed himself from his master, however, and they engage in combat. Omega Red is largely impervious to Wolverine's claws; the Red Room had been experimenting on his body in an effort to enhance his healing factor. After Nightcrawler intervenes and knocks Omega Red unconscious, he is returned to S.H.I.E.L.D. custody.

Thanks to the enigmatic Romulus, Omega Red is transferred to a regular Russian prison to set a trap for Wolverine. Aided by Wild Child, their plan consisted of dropping Logan into molten steel. However, as Wild Child was preparing to finish the job, Omega Red interrupted him. While Wild Child and Omega Red battle each other, Logan managed to flee. A distracted Wild Child is consequently thrown into the molten steel by Omega Red after having his chest punctured.

Omega Red was killed after being stabbed in the heart with the Muramasa blade by Wolverine.

Omega Red later appears in Hell attempting to attack Wolverine by binding him with his tentacles, but is quickly taken down when Wolverine grabs him by the tentacles and flips him over.

The body of Arkady Rossovich was later obtained by some Russian members of the Church of St. Mitrophan who, after a mystical ceremony made by their magiks, were able to raise Omega Red back to life. However, the procedure is only temporary, as the grave will continue to call Arkady, nevertheless they reassure him that they will continue searching for a way to overcome this limitation. The limitation was eventually solved when the Russian Mafia used the abilities of X-Man Magik to restore Omega Red to his fullest strength, but he was nevertheless defeated and delivered to the custody of S.I.C.K.L.E. (the Russian version of S.H.I.E.L.D.).

Arriving bloodied and beaten at Krakoa and seeking asylum, Omega Red is met by Wolverine, who tries to persuade Magneto that Arkady is too dangerous to be allowed on the island, as he poses too serious a threat to the women and children living there. Investigating his claims of a secret vampire enclave hidden in Paris, Wolverine is captured by Vlad Dracula, who has rejuvenated himself by drinking his blood. As per their agreement, Dracula presents Omega Red with the Carbonadium Synthesizer, warning him that it now contains a detonator, whereupon Arkady will serve as a spy in the service of Vlad to aid against any interference from the mutants towards the Vampire Nation's hidden agenda. At Wolverine's insistence, Omega Red is restrained by Krakoa and psychically interrogated by Jean Grey, whereupon X-Force discovers that Omega Red has indeed been mesmerized by Dracula to possibly serve as a spy for the Vampire Nation in exchange for the Carbonadium Synthesizer that is implanted within his chest. While Beast discusses with Forge about creating a duplicate C-Synth containing audio surveillance and homing beacon capabilities, we learn that the detonator has exploded, killing Omega Red. Resurrection protocols will involve delayed consciousness uploading after his new body has hatched insuring he has no memory of his death or rebirth, allowing him to serve X-Force as a double agent in his future dealings with Dracula.

Powers and abilities
Omega Red is a mutant with superhuman strength, stamina, durability, agility, and reflexes, and the ability to secrete pheromones from his body typically referred to as "Death Spores". The death spores result in the weakness or death of humans in his immediate vicinity. The severity of the effect is based on the endurance, health, and relative proximity of the victims. The spores are fatal to ordinary humans within seconds, though some superhumanly powered beings can withstand exposure to them for extended periods of time.

Implanted within Omega Red's arms are long retractable tendril-like coils made of carbonadium, an artificial alloy that is the former Soviet Union's attempt at creating true adamantium. Carbonadium is more malleable than adamantium and, while being vastly stronger than steel, is considerably less durable than adamantium. Carbonadium, however, is for all practical purposes virtually indestructible. Omega Red can cause the coils to shoot forward from openings in the undersides of his wrists in order to ensnare his victims. Omega Red is able to use the tentacles as highly effective offensive weapons, often brandishing them like whips during combat. The natural durability of the tentacles, combined with his physical strength, are sufficient to cause damage to most conventional materials.

Omega Red also has superhuman levels of stamina sufficient to engage Wolverine in combat continuously for over eighteen hours with no signs of fatigue. His bodily tissues are harder and more resistant to certain types of injury than those of an ordinary human. While he is not invulnerable, his body can withstand great impact and blunt trauma forces that would result in severe injury or death in an ordinary human. However, his resistance to injury is considerably enhanced due to the red carbonadium armor that he wears, which has been sufficient to allow him to withstand powerful energy blasts from the likes of Chamber, and Wolverine's claws, without sustaining injury.

Omega Red has the ability, and need, to drain the life force of victims with his pheromones in order to sustain his own. Omega Red can likewise ensnare his victims within his tentacles, and use the coils as a conduit for his lethal pheromones. Due to the mutant "death factor" and the presence of the carbonadium within his body, Omega Red must drain the life force of others on a regular basis in order to sustain his own physical health and remain active. Omega Red can use these absorbed energies to, temporarily, increase his body's healing capabilities to the point where he can fully heal from a punctured lung within a few minutes. Only a device known as the Carbonadium Synthesizer can stabilize his condition, as carbonadium is the only metal that can neutralize the "death factor," thereby stabilizing it within his body.

Omega Red is an excellent hand-to-hand combatant and military tactician. He was trained in various forms of armed and unarmed combat by both the Soviet government and various organizations throughout the Japanese and Russian criminal underworlds. Highly intelligent, he has quickly become highly skilled in the management of criminal organizations.

Reception

 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Omega Red 17th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.

Age of Apocalypse
In the "Age of Apocalypse" timeline, there is a different version of Omega Red known only as Rossovich. Instead of a homicidal maniac, Rossovich appeared more sane and business-like. He had ties to the mutant underground and the black market. He ended up face-to-face with Domino and Grizzly, who appeared to take his life when he couldn't provide them with the information they needed.

After the death of Apocalypse and the ascension of Weapon X into Weapon Omega, the heir of Apocalypse, it was mentioned that Rossovich had, in fact, survived and had returned to his country where under the alias of Omega Red had built an army strong enough to overrun most of Asia and Eastern Europe with relative ease. When Weapon Omega was eventually deposed, the threat from Omega Red to the East was expected, yet the first wave never came and it never would, as Omega Red had been given the knowledge that the canister containing the Apocalypse power was now in Prophet's possession.

Days of Future Now
In the "Days of Future Now" story, Omega Red is a member of X-Force.

Earth-6160
During the "Ultimate Invasion" storyline, Maker visited Earth-6160 and remade it into his own image. Omega Red appears as a member of the Rasputin family. He is among the Rasputin family members that attend Maker's event at The City in Latveria. Omega Red was with the Rasputin family when they attended a gathering following the death of Obadiah Stane. Omega Red and the Rasputin family are among the leaders that meet outside The City after it closed up with Maker, Kang the Conqueror, and Howard Stark still inside as they make plans to divide up Howard's territory.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Omega Red is an enemy of Spider-Man. He is depicted as a mutant with a hatred of humans. At some point, he had been hired to attack a cargo ship belonging to Roxxon Industries as a conspiracy by Tinkerer against its leader Donald Roxxon. After his fight with Spider-Man, he was arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D. However, he managed to escape when the Green Goblin escaped. His defeat by Spider-Man became public knowledge because of articles written by J. Jonah Jameson detailing his humiliation. Subsequently, his former clients blacklisted him. He blamed Jameson for the loss of his livelihood. When Jameson began writing articles critical of Roxxon, Omega Red went to the Daily Bugle office disguised as a janitor and ambushed Jameson in his office with the intent to do Roxxon a high-profile favor and restore his mercenary career. Unfortunately, Peter Parker happened to be in the Bugle office that day. Changing into his Spider-Man costume and bursting through Jameson's office window, he quickly subdued Omega Red, ultimately knocking him unconscious with a vending machine. His tentacles extend from the tops of his wrists instead of the bottom and appear to be organic, not artificial. He has demonstrated superhuman strength.

He is later imprisoned in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Triskelion, and freed in a breakout by Electro hired by Norman Osborn along with Kraven, and Gwen Stacy/Carnage.

Several months later after the death of Spider-Man, Omega Red is seen resuming his work. He is stopped by the second Spider-Man.

Television

 * Omega Red appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Len Doncheff. In his most notable appearances in the episodes "Red Dawn" and "A Deal with the Devil", he fights to restore the Soviet Union and destroy several world capitals using nuclear warheads from a defunct Soviet submarine, only to be thwarted by the X-Men and left trapped in the aforementioned submarine.
 * Omega Red makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the X-Men '97 episodes "Tolerance Is Extinction - Part 1" and "Tolerance Is Extinction - Part 3".
 * Omega Red appears in the X-Men: Evolution episode "Target X", voiced by Richard Newman. This version is a former member of the Weapon X program and a HYDRA operative who seeks revenge on Wolverine, only to be eventually arrested by S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * Omega Red appears in Marvel Anime: Wolverine, voiced by Ryūzaburō Ōtomo in the Japanese version and by JB Blanc in the English dub.
 * Omega Red appears in Lego Marvel Avengers: Code Red, voiced by Mick Wingert.

Film

 * Omega Red appears in Hulk Vs Wolverine, voiced by Colin Murdock. This version is a member of Weapon X's Team X.
 * Omega Red makes a cameo appearance in Deadpool 2, portrayed by Dakoda Shepley. This version is a prisoner of a mutant prison called the Ice Box.
 * An Omega Red film was in development at 20th Century Fox before it was canceled.

Video games

 * Omega Red appears in X-Men: Mutant Apocalypse as a Danger Room simulation.
 * Omega Red appears as a playable character in X-Men: Children of the Atom, voiced by George Buza.
 * Omega Red appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter, voiced again by Len Doncheff.
 * Omega Red appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes, voiced again by Len Doncheff.
 * Omega Red appears as a boss in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Steve Blum. This version works for Mikhail Rasputin and Apocalypse.
 * Omega Red appears as a boss in the Game Boy Advance version of X2: Wolverine's Revenge. The character was originally set to appear as a boss also in the console versions, voiced by Mark Hamill.
 * Omega Red and a variant of him who joined the Horsemen of Apocalypse appear as playable characters in Marvel Puzzle Quest.

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Nysa

Nysa may refer to:

Greek Mythology

 * Nysa (mythology) or Nyseion, the mountainous region or mount (various traditional locations), where nymphs raised the young god Dionysus
 * Nysiads, nymphs of Mount Nysa who cared for and taught the infant Dionysus

Historical figures

 * Nysa (wife of Pharnaces I of Pontus), daughter of Laodice IV and Antiochus, wife of Pharnaces I of Pontus
 * Nysa of Cappadocia, daughter of Pharnaces I of Pontus and Nysa, wife of Ariarathes V of Cappadocia and mother Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia
 * Nysa, one of the daughters of Mithridates V of Pontus and Laodice VI
 * Nysa, one of the daughters of Mithridates VI of Pontus from his concubine
 * Nysa (wife of Nicomedes III of Bithynia), daughter of Laodice of Cappadocia and Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia, the first wife of Nicomedes III of Bithynia
 * Nysa (daughter of Nicomedes III of Bithynia), daughter of Nicomedes III of Bithynia and Nysa

Turkey

 * Nysa on the Maeander, (Caria) an ancient city and bishopric in Asia Minor (Anatolia), ruins in the Sultanhisar district of Aydın Province, restored as Latin Titular bishopric of Nysa in Asia in 1933
 * Nysa (Cappadocia), an ancient city in Cappadocia
 * Nisa (Lycia), an ancient city in Lycia

Greece

 * Nysa (Boeotia), a town of ancient Boeotia
 * Nysa (Euboea), a town of ancient Euboea
 * Nysa (Naxos), a town of ancient Naxos
 * Nysa (Thrace), a town of ancient Thrace and later Macedonia

Other

 * Nysa (Alexander), a town spared by Alexander the Great during his invasion of Central Asia
 * Nysa, Poland, a town in southern Poland on the Nysa Kłodzka river
 * Nysa-Scythopolis, the Hellenistic Bet She'an in northern Israel
 * Nisa, Turkmenistan

Rivers

 * Nysa Łużycka, Polish name for the Lusatian Neisse, a river in the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany, flowing to Oder River near the towns of Guben and Gubin
 * Nysa Kłodzka, a river in Poland, named for the town of Kłodzka, in English called the Eastern Neisse; a tributary of the Oder (Odra)
 * Nysa Szalona, a river in Poland, the Raging Neisse; a tributary of the Kaczawa in Poland
 * Nysa Mała, a river in Poland, the Little Neisse; a tributary of the Nysa Szalona

Other uses

 * 44 Nysa, an asteroid
 * NKS Nysa, a men's volleyball team playing in Polish Volleyball League
 * ZSD Nysa, an Automobile produced in Nysa, Poland from the 1950s to the early 1990s
 * Neisse University, a university in the border triangle of Czech Republic, Poland and Germany

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nysa


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Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns events through 1533.

Prehistory

 * Paleo-Amerindians, whose presence in Quebec can be traced back 10,000 years, preceded the Algonquian and Iroquoian aboriginal peoples, with whom the Europeans first made contact in the 16th century.
 * Some 8,500 years ago, the south of Quebec became habitable as it grew warmer. The first peoples began to immigrate on what is today the Province of Quebec. They were the ancestors of today's Algonquian and Iroquoian peoples.

15th century

 * 1491 Dec. 31st Jacques Cartier is born
 * 1492 - For the Queen of Castile (later, Spain), Christopher Columbus crosses the Atlantic Ocean.
 * 1497 - John Cabot reaches the island of Newfoundland, which he claims for England.

16th century

 * 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine in the service of the King Francis I of France explores the East coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland as well as parts of New York Harbor. The French would take narrow land ports of the Boroughs Queens and Brooklyn from the upper and lower parts of the harbor until 1609 when the British and the Dutch take control of it from the French.
 * 1525 and after - Basque fishermen and whalers regularly sail in the St. Lawrence estuary and the Saguenay River.


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Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)

This section of the timeline of New France history concerns the events between Jacques Cartier's first voyage and the foundation of the Quebec settlement by Samuel de Champlain.

1500-1589

 * 1534 - On July 24, Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and claims it for France.
 * 1535 - Cartier's expedition sails along the St. Lawrence River and stops in a little bay he names Baie Saint-Laurent on August 10.
 * 1535 - On September 6, Cartier is the first European to discover L'Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec.
 * 1535 - Cartier continues to sail up the St. Lawrence to the village of Hochelaga on October 2.
 * 1537 - On June 9, Pope Paul III proclaims that since the Sauvages (Indians) are real humans, they must receive the Roman Catholic faith.
 * 1541 - Cartier builds the Charlesbourg-Royal fort, the first permanent European settlement in North America, near the confluence of the Rivière du Cap Rouge with the St. Lawrence.

1590s

 * 1598 - Following the 1521 landing on Sable Island southeast of present-day Nova Scotia by the Portuguese, the French establish a settlement.

1600-1607

 * 1600 - Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit founds a trading post at Tadoussac.
 * 1603 - Samuel de Champlain takes possession of lands he calls (Newfoundland) and Acadie (Acadia).
 * 1604 - Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts and Samuel de Champlain establish an ill-fated settlement on the lands of the Passamaquoddy Nation that they give the religious name of Île-Saint-Croix.
 * 1605 - Dugua and Champlain move the settlement to Port Royal in the Mi'kmaq Nation lands in present-day Nova Scotia. See Acadia.
 * 1606 - Marc Lescarbot put on the first European theatrical production in North America. It was called Le Théâtre de Neptune.
 * 1607 - On May 14, Captain Christopher Newport founds the first English colony on lands of the Paspahegh Indians  in what they called America: Jamestown, Virginia.


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Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events between the foundation of Quebec and establishment of the Sovereign Council.

1608-1609

 * 1603 - King Henry IV commissions an exploratory and settlement expedition.
 * 1608 - Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec City on July 3.
 * 1609 - Champlain and the native allies of the French defeat the Iroquois.

1610s

 * 1610 - Étienne Brûlé is sent by Champlain to live with the Algonquins
 * 1613 - Acadia is taken by the troops of Samuel Argall.
 * 1615 - Arrival of the Récollets from Rouen on June 9.

1620s

 * 1625 - Arrival of the Jesuits.
 * 1627 - Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal de Richelieu founds the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France on April 29. King Louis XIII of France will grant them the monopoly on fur trade in return for their help in colonizing the St. Lawrence valley.
 * 1627 - King Louis XIII of France introduces the seigneurial system and forbids settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics.
 * 1629 - On July 16, three brothers, David, Louis, and Thomas Kirke take Quebec.

1630s

 * 1632 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on March 29. Acadia and Quebec are given back to France.
 * 1632 - The Couillard-Hébert family receives the colony's first slave. He is a black boy from the West Indies. See Slavery in Canada.
 * 1632 - Gabriel Sagard publishes Le Grand Voyage au pays des Hurons (The Great Voyage in Huron country) and a dictionary of the Huron language.
 * 1634 - Sieur de La Violette founds a fur trading post and a fort, which later becomes the town of Trois-Rivières.
 * 1634 - Hurons begin to drive out the Jesuits as disease decimates the Hurons.
 * 1635 - The Jesuits found the Collège de Québec.
 * 1635 - Samuel de Champlain dies on December 25.
 * 1636 - Arrival of the new governor Charles Huault de Montmagny on June 12.
 * 1639 - Foundation of the Société de Notre-Dame de Montréal.
 * 1639 - Arrival of the Ursulines and the Hospitalières in the colony.

1640s

 * 1641 - Beginning of the French and Iroquois Wars on June 13.
 * 1641 - Arrival of Jeanne Mance on August 8.
 * 1642 - Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve and Jeanne Mance found Ville-Marie, today Montreal on May 17.
 * 1643 - Arrival of Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge et d'Argentenay, officer and military engineer.
 * 1647 - Creation of the Conseil de Québec on March 27.
 * 1648 - Beginning of the genocide of the Huron peoples by the Iroquois confederacy.
 * 1648 - Louis d'Ailleboust becomes governor of New France after the refusal of Maisonneuve to take the position.
 * 1648 - The Huron country is destroyed and fleeing Hurons are relocated to Île d'Orléans with the help of governor d'Ailleboust.

1650s

 * 1651 - Jean de Lauzon becomes governor of New France.
 * 1653 - The population of Quebec stands at 2,000.
 * 1657 - Arrival of the Roman Catholic Sulpician Order in Montreal.
 * 1657 - Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson replaces Jean de Lauzon as governor of New France.
 * 1659 - François de Laval becomes the first bishop of New France.

1660-1661

 * 1660 - Dollard des Ormeaux dies at Long Sault on the Ottawa River.
 * 1661 - Louis XIV puts his minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert in charge of reorganizing the administration of New France on March 16.
 * 1661 - Pierre DuBois, Baron Davaugour, becomes governor of New France.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)


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Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the Quebec portion of New France between the establishment of the Sovereign Council and the fall of Quebec.

1663-1667

 * 1663 - New France becomes a royal province under Louis XIV. The Sovereign Council is created to administer the colonies under the absolute authority of the King.
 * 1663 - François de Laval founds the Séminaire de Québec, now known as the Université Laval.
 * 1663 - Arrival of Augustin de Saffray de Mézy, first governor named by the King, Monseigneur Laval, royal commissioner Louis Gaudais-Dupont and 150 colonists and craftmen on September 15.
 * 1663 - Election of Jean-Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny, the first mayor of Quebec City on October 17.
 * 1665 - Jean-Baptiste Colbert appoints Jean Talon as intendant of New France.
 * 1665 - The new governor de Mézy dies of sickness in Quebec City.
 * 1665 - Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle becomes governor of New France.
 * 1665 - Arrival of the Carignan-Salières Regiment of 1,300 soldiers on June 19.
 * 1665 - The Carignan-Salières Regiment destroys five Mohawk nation villages, weakening Iroquois resolve to keep fighting.
 * 1666 - A census conducted by Jean Talon in the winter of 1665-1666 showed a population of 3,215 French inhabitants residing in New France.
 * 1666 - During the autumn, the soldier of Carignan-Salières, led by Alexandre de Prouville, the "Marquis de Tracy" and the governor, invade the Iroquois territory to the south, burn their villages and destroy their crops. See French and Iroquois Wars.
 * 1667 - Signing of a peace treaty with the defeated Iroquois
 * 1667 - The first Filles du roi ("King's Daughters") arrive in New France during the summer.

1670s

 * 1670 - Jean-Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny establishes Repentigny, Quebec
 * 1672 - Louis Buade de Frontenac becomes Governor of New France on April 7.
 * 1674 - Creation of the Roman Catholic diocese of Quebec. François de Laval is made Bishop.
 * 1675 - The expression coureur des bois is coined to name those who bypass Royal officials and deal directly with the First Nations in the fur trade.
 * 1675 - Arrival of the new intendant Jacques Duchesneau de la Doussinière et d'Ambault.

1680s

 * 1682 - Arrival of governor Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre and intendant Jacques de Meulles
 * 1682 - René Robert Cavalier de La Salle takes possession of the basin of the Mississippi River for the king of France.
 * 1684 - Pierre-Esprit Radisson, a coureur de bois, is employed by Britain to explore the north for furs.
 * 1685 - Jacques-René de Brisay, marquis de Denonville becomes governor of New France.
 * 1685 - Louis XIV of France decrees the Code noir (Black Code) that ordered all Jews out of the French colonial empire, defined the rules for slavery, restricted the activities of free Negroes, and forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism.
 * 1689 - Frontenac is reappointed governor of New France.
 * 1689 - August 5. Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors attack the settlement of Lachine, killing or torturing most of its inhabitants. This incident would become known as the Lachine massacre.

1690s

 * 1690 - Sir William Phips appears with several ships near L'Isle d'Orleans and demands the surrender of the Fort of Quebec. Frontenac refuses and Phips withdraws.
 * 1690 - July 2 : One-hundred Iroquois are attacked in the Battle of Coulée Grou resulting in Canadian pioneer Jean Grou and others being burned alive.
 * 1690 - New France falls after losing 600 men in war.
 * 1692 - Marie-Madeleine Jarret de Verchères becomes a hero in New France for defending a fort against the Iroquois while waiting for French Army reinforcements.
 * 1696 - During King William's War French troops seized the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and burned the city of St. John's.
 * 1696 - René Lepage de Ste-Claire founded what will become the city of Rimouski later. He installed all his family in the Lower St. Lawrence. He obtained this Seigneurie from Augustin Rouer de la Cardonnière in exchange of a ground which he had on the Île d'Orléans.
 * 1698 - Louis-Hector de Callière is made governor of New France after the death of Frontenac in November.
 * 1699 - Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville establishes France's first permanent settlement in Louisiana in what is now the southernmost portion of Alabama.

1700s

 * 1701 - August 4 : Signing of the Great Peace of Montreal between 39 First Nation tribes and the French Colonial government.
 * 1702 - Beginning of Queen Anne's War between France and Great Britain.
 * 1703 - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, governor of Montreal, is made governor of New France when de Callière dies in Montreal.
 * 1704 - Claude de Ramezay is made governor of Montreal on May 15.
 * 1704 - February 29 - Deerfield Massacre : French forces from Quebec and Native American forces under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked the village of Deerfield, Massachusetts.

1710s

 * 1712 - New France extends from Newfoundland to Lake Superior and from the Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
 * 1712 - Michel Bégon becomes Intendant of New France
 * 1713 - French colonists in all of North America numbered about twelve thousand, while British colonists numbered almost one million.
 * 1713 - British destroy Fort St. Louis when left vacant.
 * 1717 - French banker John Law's Mississippi Company sets up business in Louisiana and the Mississippi River basin.
 * 1719 - Jacques David appointed royal notary of Montreal.

1720s

 * 1720 - Quebec City is fortified by the King of France.
 * 1726 - Charles de Beauharnois de La Boische d'Orléans is named Governor of New France.

1730s

 * 1731 - Beginning of the construction of the Chemin du roy between Quebec City and Montreal.
 * 1734 - Marie-Joseph Angélique, a black slave, is hanged for allegedly burning the house of her owner.

1740s

 * 1743 - Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and his brother, François de La Vérendrye, travelling from Fort La Reine, reach the Rocky Mountains.
 * 1745 - The fortress of Louisbourg falls to the English.
 * 1748 - Signature of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle on October 17.
 * 1748 - Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière becomes interim governor of New France.
 * 1749 - Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, marquis de Jonquière becomes governor of New France.

1750s

 * 1752 - Ange Duquesne, marquis de Menneville becomes governor of New France.
 * 1754 - A census shows the population of New France to be 55,009 while in Britain's Thirteen Colonies it has reached 1,170,800.
 * 1754 - Beginning of the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France for control of the North American colonies. It is part of the Seven Years' War.
 * 1755 - Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal becomes governor of New France.
 * 1755 - Beginning of the Acadian Expulsion on July 28.
 * 1756 - New commander of the French troops Louis-Joseph de Montcalm arrives in Quebec City and is made subordinate of governor Vaudreuil.
 * 1756 - August 29, beginning of the Seven Years' War in Europe.
 * 1757 - The French army takes Fort William Henry on August 9.
 * 1758 - Battle of Fort Carillon in the night of July 7 to 8. General Montcalm's soldiers resist the attack of General James Abercrombie. See the Battle of Ticonderoga.
 * 1759 - Beginning of the Quebec City siege on July 12.
 * 1759 - On September 13, the British troops of James Wolfe defeat the French troops of Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City.
 * 1759 - On September 18, Quebec City surrenders. The government of New France moves to Montreal. See Articles of Capitulation of Quebec.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)


text:
Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)

This section of the timeline of Quebec history concerns the events between the fall of Quebec as part of New France during the French and Indian Wars and as part of British North America, through the adoption of the Quebec Act (1774), until just before the division of the province into Upper and Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act (1791).

1760s

 * 1760: The British defeat the French at the Battle of Sainte-Foy on the Plains of Abraham on April 26.
 * 1760: French forces lay siege to Quebec City but fail to capture the city from British forces.
 * 1760: On May 9, British ships arrive at Quebec City, forcing the French army back to Montreal.
 * 1760: The Battle of Restigouche in what is now the Province of New Brunswick, is the last battle between France and Britain for possession of Canada during the Seven Years' War.
 * 1760: July to September, British conduct a three pronged attack on Montreal
 * 1760: On September 8, Montreal capitulates. Governor Vaudreuil surrenders to the British army on the terms of a treaty of capitulation. See Articles of Capitulation of Montreal.
 * 1760: The British puts Canada under a military regime while awaiting the results of the Seven Years' War in Europe.
 * 1763: The Seven Years' War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10. France gives the northerly portion of New France to the British in favour of keeping Guadeloupe.
 * 1763: Hanging of Marie-Josephte Corriveau on April 18, for the murder of her second husband.
 * 1763: In May, Indian Chief Pontiac leads a series of raids against British trade posts.
 * 1763: With the October 7 Royal Proclamation by the British Parliament, the area then referred to by the natives as Canada is renamed the Province of Quebec.
 * 1763: James Murray is made governor of the Province of Quebec on November 21.
 * 1764: William Brown and Thomas Gilmore publish the first edition of The Quebec Gazette / La Gazette de Québec on June 21.
 * 1764: On September 17, the civil courts are established, ending the military rule of the Province of Quebec which had been in place during the Seven Years' War.
 * 1764: The Government in Great Britain denies the request by British colonial merchants that the French civil code be replaced by British common law and that a House of Assembly be created for Anglophone Protestants alone.
 * 1764: On October 29, 94 "Canadien" merchants submit a first petition requesting that the orders of the King be available in the French language and that they be allowed to participate in the government.
 * 1764: Exiled Acadians are permitted to return to Nova Scotia.
 * 1765: The population of the Province of Quebec is 69,810.
 * 1768: On October 26, Guy Carleton, later baron of Dorchester, becomes governor of the province of Quebec.

1770s

 * 1773: In October and November, British and French speaking merchants of the Colonial Province of Quebec submit petitions to the Parliament of Great Britain requesting a legislative assembly.
 * 1773: In December, French speaking landlords of the Colonial Province of Quebec submit a petition and a memoir to the Parliament of Great Britain requesting they be granted the same rights and privileges of the other British subjects.
 * 1774: On June 13, the British Parliament enacts the Quebec Act, which is given Royal Assent on June 22. The Act will be effective as of May 1, 1775.
 * 1774: The First Continental Congress issues its Declaration and Resolves condemning the Quebec Act for creating a Roman Catholic province without a representative government. It also issues an open letter to the inhabitants of Canada, inviting them to elect representatives for the second meeting of the Continental Congress.
 * 1775: Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold take Fort Ticonderoga on May 9, Fort Crown Point on May 11, and raid Fort Saint-Jean on May 18.
 * 1775: On May 22, Monsieur Jean-Olivier Briand writes a mandement inviting the Catholics of the Province of Quebec to ignore the invitation of the rebels of the south and defend their country and their king.
 * 1775: On May 29, the Second Continental Congress writes a second open letter inviting the people of Canada to join in the American Revolution.
 * 1775: The Continental Army under Richard Montgomery invades Quebec, arriving at Île-aux-Noix on September 4, and besieging Fort Saint-Jean on September 17.
 * 1775: Fort Saint-Jean surrenders on November 3, and Montreal capitulates to the Patriots on November 13.
 * 1775: The troops of Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold are defeated before Quebec City on December 31.
 * 1776: With French Canadians such as Clément Gosselin joining the Patriot cause, Congress authorizes the 1st and 2nd Canadian Regiments of the Continental Army
 * 1776: 10,000 British and German troops arrive in May and drive the Continental Army out of the province.
 * 1776: United States Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4.
 * 1778: Frederick Haldimand replaces General Guy Carleton as governor of Quebec.
 * 1778: In the spring, the Gazette du Commerce et Littéraire pour la Ville et District de Montréal is founded in Montreal by the French printer Fleury Mesplet.
 * 1779: On June 2, The publishing of the Gazette Littéraire is stopped.
 * 1779: Fleury Mesplet and Valentin Jautard are arrested by order of the governor on June 4.

1780s

 * 1781: The British are defeated at Yorktown, ending major revolutionary war hostilities in North America. Major Clément Gosselin, a Canadian from La Pocatière, along with other Canadians in the 2nd Canadian Regiment, and Admiral Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil, who is the nephew of Pierre Vaudreuil of Montreal, participate.
 * 1783: Arrival of the first of 8,000 United Empire Loyalists who settle mainly in Cataraqui (Kingston, Ontario). The Haldimand Collection provides first hand information regarding the arrival and settlement of Loyalists in Canada. See Haldimand Collection
 * 1783: Fleury Mesplet gets out of prison in September.
 * 1784: The population of the Province of Quebec is 113,012.
 * 1784: A group of 2291 colonial petitioners formally request that the Parliament of Britain create of a House of Assembly for the Province of Quebec for all citizens without regard to nationality or religion.
 * 1785: Fleury Mesplet founds the newspaper The Montreal Gazette / Gazette de Montréal on August 28.
 * 1786: John Molson founds the Molson Breweries.
 * 1789: On October 20, William Wyndham Grenville writes a confidential letter to Lord Dorchester in which he recommends that the latter make concessions regarding the government of the Province of Quebec rather than letting things go until the residents of the colony rebel.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)


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Scarcity value

Scarcity value is an economic factor describing the increase in an item's relative price by a low supply. Whereas the prices of newly manufactured products depends mostly on the cost of production (the cost of inputs used to produce them, which in turn reflects the scarcity of the inputs), the prices of many goods—such as antiques, rare stamps, and those raw materials in high demand—reflects the scarcity of the products themselves.

In terms of partial-equilibrium supply and demand, the markets where prices are "cost-determined" have a supply curve that is very elastic or even horizontal, so that an increase in demand raises the quantity of production much more than the price. The price mostly reflects the scarcity of the inputs but not that of the product. On the other hand, those items with scarcity value have inelastic or even vertical supply curves, so that an increase in the demand for the product mostly increases the price and not the quantity supplied. The seller of the product receives a price higher than the cost of producing the item and so receives a significant scarcity rent or producer's surplus when demand is high. Note that the cost of production may be close to zero, as with a rare stamp, so that the entire price consists of scarcity rent.

In a contribution by biologists Courchamp et al. (2006) it is argued that rarity value (as they call scarcity value) may sometimes contribute to the over-exploitation of wildlife or rare biological systems. Rarity leads to a high unit price of a species, hence to higher incentives to catch, which in turn increases rarity, inducing a higher price, higher incentives, and so on. An ongoing example of this kind of economic–biological feedback might be the case of the bluefin tuna.

In literature
In Mark Twain's novel Tom Sawyer, he describes the titular character's revelation regarding a key driver of activity: "Tom said to himself that it was not such a hollow world, after all. He had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it – namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain."

title: Scarcity value


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Free floating screed

The free floating screed is a device pioneered in the 1930s that revolutionized the asphalt paving process. The device is designed to spread and smooth out, or screed, the material (e.g. concrete or asphalt) below it.

Description
The screed connects to the tractor portion of the paving machine via its tow arm. Paving material is transferred from the hopper at the front of the tractor to the screed, and augers spread it across the width of the screed. The material then flows out across the width of the screed at the desired depth. A screed operator stands on a platform at the center of the screed and controls the placement of the paving mixture. Adjusting screed settings will change the placement depth and width, as well as amount of material being placed. Many modern screeds can be run in an automatic mode, too.

Because the only connection between the asphalt paver and the screed is the tow arm, the screed can "float" vertically relative to the paver. This allows the paver to traverse uneven ground while the screed floats over the material placed in front of it.

The free floating screed has become standard because of the smoothing or averaging effect it can have on the existing base course. The free floating screed has a number of forces acting on it that, when in equilibrium, allow the depth behind the screed to be constant.
 * Tow arm pull: the force exerted on the screed by the paver dragging it
 * Mass: the weight of the screed
 * Resistance of the head of material: the opposing force exerted on the screed by the pile of material in front of the screed. This force depends in turn on the material's viscosity and mass.

The angle at which the tow arm pull is exerted on the screed also contributes to the motion; its resultant force is either added or subtracted from the mass of the screed.

If each of these forces is constant, altering the angle of the screed to the horizontal (angle of attack) will control the amount of material extruded behind the screed. Increasing the angle of attack will cause the screed to climb higher through the pile of material, and therefore raise its trailing edge, increasing the amount of material extruded behind the screed. Similarly, reducing the angle of attack will reduce the amount of material extruded.

Patent
The free floating screed was first developed by Harry H. Barber, one of the founders of the Barber-Greene Co., in 1933 for which he received patent number three years later. Barber Green dominated the market for free floating screed equipment until the patent expired in 1955, and now all major asphalt paver manufacturers use this design principle in their equipment.

title: Free floating screed


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King Sunny Adé

Chief Sunday Adeniyi Adegeye (born 22 September 1946), known professionally as King Sunny Adé, is a Nigerian jùjú singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He is regarded as one of the first African pop musicians to gain international success and has been called one of the most influential musicians of all time.

Sunny Adé formed his backing band in 1967, eventually known as his African Beats. After achieving national success in Nigeria during the 1970s and founding his own independent label, Sunny Adé signed to Island Records in 1982 and achieved international success with the albums Juju Music (1982) and Synchro System (1983); the latter garnered him a Grammy nomination, a first for a Nigerian artist. His 1998 album Odu also garnered a Grammy nomination. Sunny Adé currently serves as chairperson of the Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria.

Early life
Sunny Adé was born in Osogbo to a Nigerian royal family from Ondo and Akure, making him an Omoba of the Yoruba people. His father was a church organist, while his mother, Maria Adegeye (née Adesida), was a trader. As a member of the Adesida dynasty, his mother's relatives included her father Oba Adesida I (who ruled Akure for 60 years) and would later include her nephew and Adé's cousin, Oba Adebiyi Adegboye Adesida Afunbiowo II, who also served as king of Akure.

Career
Sunny Adé left grammar school in Ondo City under the pretense of going to the University of Lagos. It was thus in Lagos that his eclectic musical career began.

Sunny Adé's musical sound has evolved from the early days. His career began with Moses Olaiya's Federal Rhythm Dandies, a highlife band. He left to form a new band, The Green Spots, in 1967. Over the years, for various reasons ranging from changes in his music to ba usiness concerns, Sunny Adé's band changed its name several times, first to African Beats and then to Golden Mercury.

King Sunny Ade was influenced by Juju pioneer Tunde Nightingale and borrowed stylistic elements from his ‘So wa mbe’ style of juju.

He founded the King Sunny Ade Foundation, an organization that includes a performing arts center, a state-of-the-art recording studio, and housing for young musicians.

He is a visiting lecturer at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, and a recipient of the Order of the Federal Republic. He is the first Nigerian ever to be nominated for the Grammys

Stage performances
After more than a decade of resounding success in his native Nigeria, Sunny Adé received great acclaim in Europe and North America in 1982. The global release of Juju Music and its accompanying tour was "almost unanimously embraced by critics (if not consumers) everywhere". Sunny Adé was described in The New York Times as "one of the world's great band leaders", in Record as "a breath of fresh air, a positive vibration we will feel for some time to come" and in Trouser Press as "one of the most captivating and important musical artists anywhere in the world". Sunny Adé‘s stage show was characterized by top musicianship, highlighted by his mastery of the guitar, and dexterous dancing. The live performances were also usually significantly longer than the two hours or less that had become the norm for concerts in North America and Europe.

His next album, Syncro System (1983), was equally successful, earned him his first Grammy Award nomination in the ethnic/traditional folk recording category, hence making him the first Nigerian Grammy award nominee ever

On 16 July 2017, King Sunny Ade announced that he would be returning to the stage in London alongside his rival act Ebenezer Obey for a musical comeback themed A Night 2 Remember with the Legends

In 2017, he was appointed ambassador for the "Change Begins With Me" campaign by the Nigerian Minister of Information Lai Mohammed.

A fusion of sounds
Sunny Adé's music is characterized by, among other instruments, the talking drum – an instrument indigenous to his Yoruba roots, the guitar and his peculiar application to jùjú music. His music is in the age-old tradition of singing poetic lyrics ("ewi" in Yoruba) and praise singing of dignitaries as well as components of Juju (traditional African belief) called the Ogede (casting of spells). Hence, Sunny Adé's music constitutes a record of the oral tradition of his people for posterity.

Sunny Adé introduced the pedal steel guitar to Nigerian pop music. He introduced the use of synthesizers, clarinet, vibraphone, tenor guitar into the jùjú music repertoire such as dub and wah-wah guitar licks. Sunny Adé said he used these instruments not as an attempt to innovate, but as a substitute for traditional jùjú instruments which were too difficult to find and/or impractical for touring. The pedal steel guitar, for instance, was added to his repertoire as a sound-alike for an African violin.

Sunny Adé with his band invented his unique sound and instrumental which he mostly uses as an entrance song during live performances. The sound was made with a phalanx of electric guitars that functions like a percussion section and talking drums that sound like a gossipy Greek chorus.

Island Records
After the death of Bob Marley, Island Records began looking for another third world artist to put on its contract, while Fela Kuti had just been signed by Arista Records. Producer Martin Meissonnier introduced King Sunny Adé to Chris Blackwell, leading to the release of Juju Music in 1982. Robert Palmer claims to have brought King Sunny Adé to Island's attention, his familiarity being from his life on Malta in the 60s listening to African Radio and Armed Forces Radio. Sunny Adé gained a wide following with this album and was soon billed as "the African Bob Marley".

Sunny Adé has said that his refusal to allow Island to meddle with his compositions and over-Europeanise and Americanise his music were the reasons why Island then decided to look elsewhere.

Collaborations
Sunny Ade has collaborated with major artists such as Manu Dibango (Wakafrika) and Stevie Wonder (who played harmonica on Aura), as well as younger Nigerian artists such as Wasiu Alabi Pasuma and Bola Abimbola.

Sunny Adé's brief period of recordings with Island Records opened the floodgates for other world music artists like Senegalese Youssou N'Dour, Mali's Salif Keita, and many others.

1987 comeback
In 1987, Sunny Adé returned to the international spotlight when Rykodisc released a recording of a live concert he did in Seattle.

He soon employed an American manager, Andrew Frankel, who negotiated another three-album record deal with the Mesa record label (a division of Paradise Group) in America. One of these albums was 1988's Odu, a collection of traditional Yoruba songs, for which he was nominated for the second Grammy Award and thus making him the first African to be nominated twice for a Grammy. Apart from being an international musician Sunny Adé is also prominent in his native Nigeria, running multiple companies in several industries, creating a non-profit organisation called the King Sunny Adé Foundation, and working with the Musical Copyright Society of Nigeria.

In recent times, hip-hop music appears to be holding sway with the electronic media in Nigeria with massive airplay. Nonetheless, Sunny Adé's musical output has continued to inspire a vast generation of other Nigerian musicians, who believe in the big band musical set up which Sunny Adé and late Fela Kuti are noted for. The musician Lagbaja is one of the many musicians whom Sunny Adé's music has inspired. In 2008, his contributions to world music were recognized, as he was given an award for his outstanding contribution to world music at the International Reggae and World Music Awards held at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York.

2009 comeback
At the beginning of another round of tours in the United States and Canada, Sunny Adé, now known as The Chairman in his home country, was appointed a visiting professor of music at the Obafemi Awolowo University in Ile-Ife. In July of that same year, King Sunny Adé was inducted into the Afropop Hall of Fame, at the Brooklyn African Festival in the United States. He dedicated the award to Michael Jackson.

Acting career
In the 1980s, Sunny Adé did some work in Hollywood. His music was featured in the 1983 film Breathless, starring Richard Gere, and the 1986 comedy One More Saturday Night, and he acted in Robert Altman's 1987 comedy O.C. and Stiggs. He featured in a few Nollywood movies in the early 2000s.

Awards
Sunny Adé has received numerous awards during his career. In November 2016 he became a recipient of the AFRIMA award. In December 2016 he was inducted into Hard Rock Cafe hall of fame. He was inducted into The Headies Hall of Fame at The Headies 2020 in February 2021.

title: King Sunny Adé


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Anastasio Somoza García

Anastasio Somoza García (1 February 1896 – 29 September 1956) was the leader of Nicaragua from 1936 until his assassination in 1956. He was officially the 21st President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1937 to 1 May 1947 and from 21 May 1950 until his assassination on 29 September 1956, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military dictator. He was the patriarch of the Somoza family, which ruled Nicaragua as a family dictatorship for 42 years.

The son of a wealthy coffee planter, Somoza was educated in the United States. After his return to Nicaragua, he helped oust President Adolfo Díaz. He became the foreign secretary and took the title of "General". With the help of the US Marine Corps, which occupied Nicaragua at the time, Somoza became the head of the National Guard. This gave him the power base to remove his wife's uncle, Juan Bautista Sacasa, from the presidency, and make himself president in 1937. In 1947, an ally nominally succeeded him, but he retained power.

A month after his successor had been inaugurated, Somoza used the military to carry out a coup. The president was declared 'incapacitated' by Congress and Somoza served in his stead. Returning to power in his own name in 1950, he maintained an iron grip on his own Liberal Party while making a deal with the Conservatives; thus, he faced no opposition. This left him free to amass a huge personal fortune. On 21 September 1956, he was shot by poet Rigoberto López Pérez. Mortally wounded, he was flown to the Panama Canal Zone where he died a week later. His eldest son Luis Somoza Debayle, who was Speaker of the House at the time of Somoza Garcia's death, took over as acting president and was elected in his own right in 1957. He served as president until 1963, and as the power behind puppet presidents until his death in 1967. His younger brother, Anastasio Somoza Debayle was elected to serve until 1972, then served as the real power behind a nominally bipartisan junta until being reelected in 1974. Somoza Debayle was forced to resign in 1979 and was assassinated in exile in Paraguay the following year.

Biography
Somoza was born in San Marcos, Carazo Department in Nicaragua, the son of Anastasio Somoza Reyes, a wealthy criollo coffee planter, and Julia García, and a grandson of Anastasio Somoza Martínez and Isabel Reyes. As a teenager, he was sent to live with relatives in Philadelphia, where he attended the Peirce School of Business Administration (now Peirce College). While living in Philadelphia, he met his future wife, Salvadora Debayle Sacasa, a member of one of Nicaragua's wealthiest families, daughter of Dr. Luis Henri Debayle Pallais and wife Casimira Sacasa Sacasa, daughter of Roberto Sacasa Sarria, 44th and 46th President of Nicaragua, and wife and cousin Ángela Sacasa Cuadra. After returning to Nicaragua, he was unsuccessful as a businessman.

Marriage and family
He married Salvadora Debayle in 1919. They had two sons, Luis Somoza Debayle and Anastasio Somoza Debayle, and a daughter, Lillian Somoza de Sevilla Sacasa.

Early political career
In 1926, Somoza joined the Liberal rebellion in support of the presidential claims of Juan Bautista Sacasa, his wife's uncle. Somoza failed to distinguish himself in battle, leading an unsuccessful attack on the garrison at San Marcos. However, as a result of being educated in the United States, he spoke excellent English and acted as an interpreter during the U.S.-brokered negotiations between the warring parties.

In the government of President José María Moncada, to whom he was distantly related, he served as governor of the department of León, Nicaraguan Consul to Costa Rica, and Foreign Minister. Despite his limited military experience, Somoza was able to rise through the ranks of the National Guard (Guardia Nacional), the constabulary force organized by the United States Marines.

Somoza and Sandino
After waging a bitter, six-year struggle with the forces of General Augusto César Sandino, in January 1933, the Marines evacuated the country following the election of Juan Bautista Sacasa as president. At the urging of the U.S. Ambassador Matthew E. Hanna, Somoza García was appointed as director of the National Guard.

During peace talks, Somoza ordered the assassination of General Sandino on 21 February 1934 in violation of a safe-conduct agreement. Sandino's assassination was followed by the murder of former Sandino supporters by the National Guard.

Somoza's control of the Government
In 1936, Somoza staged a coup with the National Guard, forcing Sacasa to resign in June. Carlos Alberto Brenes ruled for the remainder of the year and in December, Somoza was elected president reportedly with 64,000 of the 80,663 votes cast  He took office on New Year's Day 1937. Somoza, popularly known as "Tacho", amended the Constitution to centralize all power in his hands. Family members and key supporters monopolized key positions in the government and military.

Nicaragua during World War II
During World War II, the government confiscated the properties of Nicaragua's small, but economically influential German community and sold them to Somoza and his family at vastly lowered prices. By 1944, Somoza was the largest landowner in Nicaragua, owning fifty-one cattle ranches and forty-six coffee plantations, as well as several sugar mills and rum distilleries. Somoza named himself director of the Pacific Railroad, linking Managua to the nation's principal port, Corinto, which moved his merchandise and crops for free and maintained his vehicles and agricultural equipment.

He also made substantial profits by granting concessions to foreign (primarily U.S.) companies to exploit gold, rubber, and timber, for which he received 'executive levies' and 'presidential commissions.' He passed laws restricting imports and organized contraband operations, which sold merchandise through his own stores. He also extracted bribes from illegal gambling, prostitution, and alcohol distilling. By the end of the decade, he had acquired a fortune estimated to be US$400 million.

Though Nicaragua received Lend-Lease aid in World War II, the unwillingness of Nicaragua to actually fight meant it was given obsolete equipment (most of it being either purchased from Russia, Spain and Portugal or captured German equipment) and no Western training.

Democratic Window
In 1944, under pressure from the U.S., Somoza agreed to liberalize his rule. Unions were legalized, and he agreed not to run for re-election in 1947. The Nationalist Liberal Party nominated an elderly doctor named Leonardo Argüello, with Somoza using the National Guard to secure his election. Somoza intended for Argüello to be a mere puppet and to keep real power in his own hands until he could run again in 1952. However, upon being sworn in as president in May 1947, Argüello displayed considerable independence, attempting to reduce the power of the National Guard and the control of Somoza and his associates over the economy. Less than a month later, Somoza orchestrated another coup, naming one of his wife's uncles, Benjamín Lacayo, as president. This definitively ended any hopes for further democratization in Nicaragua under the Somoza regime.

Second Presidency
When the administration of U.S. President Harry Truman refused to recognize the new government, a Constituent Assembly was convened, which appointed Somoza's uncle, Víctor Manuel Román y Reyes, as president. In another heavily rigged election, Somoza García again became president in 1950. In the 1950s, he reorganized and streamlined his business empire, founding a merchant marine company, several textile mills, a national airline (LANICA, short for Líneas Aéreas de Nicaragua) and a new container port on the Pacific near Managua, which he named Puerto Somoza. (After the Sandinistas came to power they renamed it Puerto Sandino). He also acquired properties in the United States and Canada.

Assassination and legacy
In 1955, the constitution was amended to allow Somoza to run for another term. Shortly after being nominated, he was shot on 21 September 1956 by the poet Rigoberto López Pérez in the city of León, and died several days later in a Panama Canal Zone hospital.

Somoza's sons, Luis and Anastasio Somoza Debayle, ruled the country directly or through figurehead politicians for the next 23 years. Despite widespread corruption and repression of dissent, they were able to receive support from the United States, which viewed them as anti-communist stalwarts and a source of stability. His daughter Lillian Somoza Debayle, born in León, Nicaragua, on 3 May 1921, married Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa, Nicaraguan Ambassador to the United States during his brother-in-law's rule. He also had a son named José R. Somoza, born to an unknown mother.

Somoza is entombed with his oldest son at Cementerio Occidental in the National Guard Mausoleum in Managua, Nicaragua. (He should not be confused with his son, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, also a former Nicaraguan dictator, who is entombed in Miami.)

"Our Son of a Bitch"
Although Somoza was recognized as a ruthless dictator, the United States continued to support his regime as a non-communist stronghold in Nicaragua. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) supposedly remarked in 1939 that "Somoza may be a son of a bitch, but he's our son of a bitch." According to historian David Schmitz, however, researchers and archivists who have searched the archives of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library have found no evidence that Roosevelt ever made this statement. The statement first appeared in the 15 November 1948 issue of Time magazine and was later mentioned in a 17 March 1960 broadcast of CBS Reports called "Trujillo: Portrait of a Dictator". In this broadcast, however, it was asserted that FDR made the statement in reference to Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. It should be further noted that this statement has been attributed to a variety of United States presidential administrations in regard to foreign dictators. Thus the statement remains apocryphal at this point, though Roosevelt and later presidents certainly supported the Somoza family and their rule over Nicaragua. Andrew Crawley claims that the Roosevelt statement is a myth created by Somoza himself.

title: Anastasio Somoza García


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Timeline of Quebec history (1791–1840)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events in British North America relating to what is the present day province of Quebec, Canada between the time of the Constitutional Act of 1791 and the Act of Union 1840.

1790s

 * 1790 – The Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution marks the beginning of a sharp tightening of the powers and influence of the Roman Catholic Church in Quebec that would last until 1960.
 * 1791 - The Constitutional Act is enacted by the British Parliament on June 10.
 * 1792 - The first elections of Lower Canada are held on June 11.
 * 1792 - The first session of the Parliament of Lower Canada opens on December 17.
 * 1792 - On December 18, Jean-Antoine Panet is elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
 * 1792 - Opening of the first post office in Montreal on December 20.
 * 1793 - Language debate at the Legislative Assembly of Quebec on January 21.
 * 1793 - On January 27, Lower Canada-born Jean Basset presents a memoir to the National Convention in Revolutionary France in which he pleads for a reconquest of Canada.
 * 1793 - France declares war on England on February 8.
 * 1793 - Prorogation of the first session of the Parliament on May 9.
 * 1793 - On September 23, governor Dorchester demands that the Assembly punishes foreigners threatening the British government in Canada or any seditious citizen.
 * 1793 - In October, there are rumours that a French fleet is coming to retake Canada.
 * 1793 - The second session of the Parliament opens on November 11.
 * 1795 - Introduction of the first property tax in Lower Canada.
 * 1796 - The first county of the Eastern Townships, Dunham, is created.
 * 1797 - Robert Prescott becomes Governor General on April 27.
 * 1798 - Beginning of Irish immigration to Canada.

1800s

 * 1800 - Member of Parliament and Judge Pierre-Amable de Bonne presents a draft bill to create the Royal Institute on February 7.
 * 1803 - Napoleon sells the Louisiana territory to the United States. (See the Louisiana Purchase).
 * 1804 - The taking down of Montreal's fortifications begin and last until 1809.
 * 1804 - The legislative assembly of Lower Canada votes to abolish slavery.
 * 1805 - Foundation of The Quebec Mercury (newspaper) by Thomas Cary, supporter of the British Tories.
 * 1805 - Joseph-Octave Plessis becomes Bishop of Quebec.
 * 1806 - Pierre-Stanislas Bédard and François Blanchet, members of the Parti Canadien, found the newspaper Le Canadien.
 * 1807 - Election of Ezekiel Hart in Trois-Rivières during a by-election on April 11.
 * 1807 - On August 29, James Henry Craig becomes governor of the British American colonies.
 * 1808 - On February 1, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec criticizes the swearing-in of Ezekiel Hart because he is a Jew.
 * 1808 - The Legislative Assembly votes the expulsion of Ezekiel Hart on February 20.
 * 1808 - Louis-Joseph Papineau and Denis-Benjamin Viger are elected for the first time on April 27. They join the Parti Canadien.
 * 1808 - On June 14, the owners of the newspaper Le Canadien were demoted from their functions in the government.
 * 1809 - On April 18, the Legislative Assembly votes a resolution on the ineligibility of judges during elections.
 * 1809 - Governor Craig dissolves the Parliament on May 15.
 * 1809 - Elections on November 24.

1810s

 * 1810 - On February 13, the Legislative Assembly passes three addresses: one for the King, one for the House of Lords and one for the House of Commons to request control over the budget.
 * 1810 - On February 23, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec votes to expel the Member of Parliament and Judge Pierre-Amable de Bonne.
 * 1810 - On March 10, Jonathan Sewell and Pierre-Amable de Bonne found the newspaper Le Vrai Canadien which defends the policies of the government.
 * 1810 - On March 17, Governor James Craig stops the press of Le Canadien and arrests its owners on charges of treasonous writings.
 * 1810 - On May 1, Governor Craig recommends to the British Parliament to unite Upper and Lower Canada.
 * 1810 - On September 10, New Spain (México) declares its Independence from Spain.
 * 1811 - Pierre-Stanislas Bédard is released from prison in March after having been held for twelve months pending trial.
 * 1811 - On May 31, George Prevost becomes governor of Lower Canada.
 * 1811 – The Parti Canadien chooses James Stuart to succeed Pierre-Stanislas Bédard as party leader.
 * 1811 - Founding of the newspaper the Montreal Herald by William Grey.
 * 1812 - War of 1812: Second American invasion of Canada.
 * 1815 - On January 21, Louis-Joseph Papineau is elected speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
 * 1817 - Founding of the Bank of Montreal.
 * 1818 - The frontier between British North America and the United States is established at the 49th northern parallel.

1820s

 * 1820 - A Union project is again discussed by London and the government of Lower Canada.
 * 1821 - McGill University obtains its royal charter.
 * 1822 - Lower Canadian British merchants and bureaucrats petition for the Union of Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony before the British Parliament in London.
 * 1823 - On May 10, Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against the Union project.
 * 1824 - Alexander Wolff (soldier) and his men arrive in Halifax to establish themselves on a land grant from England in CFB Valcartier where he became commander of the 11th Battalion of the Quebec Militia.
 * 1825 - Opening of the Lachine Canal.
 * 1826 - Ludger Duvernay, Auguste-Norbert Morin, and Jacques Viger found the newspaper La Minerve.
 * 1827 - The Parti Canadien becomes the Parti patriote.
 * 1827 - The Parti Patriote sends a delegation of three Members of Parliament -- John Neilson, Denis-Benjamin Viger and Augustin Cuvillier—to London with a petition of 87,000 names and a series of resolution passed by the Legislative Assembly.
 * 1828 - London appoints James Kempt to replace Dalhousie.
 * 1828 - On December 12, Daniel Tracey founds the newspaper The Irish Vindicator and Canada General Advertiser, which became The Montreal Vindicator soon after.
 * 1829 - McGill University begins instruction in 1829 with the Faculty of Medicine.

1830s

 * 1830 - Lord Matthew Aylmer is appointed Governor.
 * 1830 - The Port of Montreal is officially created.
 * 1831 - Alexis de Tocqueville, French aristocrat conservative political thinker and author of Democracy in America, spends a few days in the summer of 1831 in Lower Canada.
 * 1831 - Ludger Duvernay and Daniel Tracey are arrested and charged with sedition.
 * 1831 - Henry Musgrave Blaiklock designs the Marine and Emigrant Hospital of Quebec, a prime example of neoclassical architecture in Lower Canada.
 * 1832 - Daniel Tracey spends 35 days in prison in January for writing an editorial that encouraged physical attacks on members of the colonial government.
 * 1832 - During a by-election in Montreal on May 21, rioting erupted and British soldiers opened fire on the crowd and killed three people.
 * 1832 - A first cholera epidemic kills 6,000 people.
 * 1832 - Following the 1808 expulsion of the Ezekiel Hart, a Jew, from the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the assembly passes a law giving full political rights to the Jewish citizens of Lower Canada (the 1832 Emancipation Act), a first in the British Empire and some 27 years before Great Britain itself.
 * 1833 - Foundation of the Club des femmes patriotes (Patriot Women's Club).
 * 1834 - Foundation of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society on June 24.
 * 1834 - Foundation of the monarchist Quebec Constitutional Association.
 * 1834 - The Parti patriote is elected with a strong majority of the registered vote, taking 77 of 88 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. (L’élection générale de 1834 permet à la population bas-canadienne de faire choix de quatre-vingt-huit députés, répartis sur un total de quarante-six circonscriptions. /The general election of 1834 allowed voters of Lower Canada to choose 88 deputies, spread over a total of 46 constituencies.)
 * 1834 - The Legislative Assembly presents the Ninety-Two Resolutions, a document requesting democratic reforms in Lower Canada.
 * 1835 - Founding of the monarchist Montreal Constitutional Association in January.
 * 1835 - Creation of the Union patriotique.
 * 1835 - Louis-Michel Viger and Jacob De Witt found La Banque du Peuple. It becomes a chartered bank in 1844.
 * 1836 - Founding of the Doric Club, a reincarnation of the banned British Rifle Corp.
 * 1836 - The laws establishing the normal schools of the country are passed. They would have been the first secular, public, and free schools of Lower Canada.
 * 1837 - On March 6, the British Parliament resolutions arrive in Lower Canada, rejecting the major demands of the colonists, Prime Minister Russell believing it was impossible for a governor to be responsible to the sovereign and a local legislature at the same time.
 * 1837 - Foundation of the Comité central et permanent in April.
 * 1837 - Founded in August, the Société des Fils de la Liberté holds its first public assembly on September 5.
 * 1837 - Town Hall meetings are held throughout Lower Canada between May and November.
 * 1837, November 6 - The Doric Club members attack the Fils de la liberté, members of the Doric Club destroy the office of Thomas Storrow Brown at the Vindicator newspaper.
 * 1837 - On November 8, General John Colborne begins to recruit volunteers for militias which are placed under the command of lieutenant-colonel Dyer.
 * 1837 - On November 16, Lord Gosford orders the arrest of 26 patriots leaders on charges of high treason.
 * 1837 - On November 23 British courier is killed in Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu in an attack by the Fils de la Liberté.
 * 1837 - Battle of Saint-Denis on November 23.
 * 1837 - Battle of Saint-Charles on November 25.
 * 1837 - Patriots take control of Saint-Eustache on November 30.
 * 1837 - Proclamation of martial law in the district of Montreal on December 5.
 * 1837 - 80 Patriots are forced to retreat at Moore's Corner near the American border on December 6.
 * 1837 - On December 13, General John Colborne, Lord Seaton, leaves Montreal for Saint-Eustache leading 1,300 men.
 * 1837 - Battle of Saint-Eustache on December 14.
 * 1837 - The British troops sacked and burned the villages of Saint-Benoît and Saint-Eustache.
 * 1838 - February 26, Robert Nelson, General of the Patriots, gathers between 600 and 700 volunteers, the Frères Chasseurs and American sympathisers launch an attack on the British in Lower Canada.
 * 1838 - Robert Nelson proclaims the independence of Lower Canada in Week's House on February 28. See the Déclaration d'indépendance du Bas-Canada.
 * 1838 - The Constitutional Act is suspended on March 27. A Special Council is formed by London.
 * 1838 - The envoy of the British government, John George Lambton, Lord of Durham, arrives in Quebec City on May 27.
 * 1838 - Proclamation of amnesty for all prisoners, except eight who are exiled to Bermuda, on June 28.
 * 1838 - The Frères Chasseurs take positions in Beauharnois, Sainte-Martine and Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu on November 3.
 * 1838 - New proclamation of martial law on November 4.
 * 1838 - Battle of Lacolle on November 7.
 * 1838 - Battle of Odelltown on November 9. End of the Lower Canada Rebellion.
 * 1838 - Creation of a military court to judge 108 men.
 * 1839 - Publishing of the report of Lord Durham on February 11.
 * 1839 - Following a trial for treason and murder, 12 Patriots were hung at the Pied-du-Courant Prison on February 15.
 * 1839 - Charles Poulett Thomson, Lord Sydenham, succeeds Lord Durham as governor general of the Canadas.

1840s

 * 1840 - The Act of Union receives royal assent on July 23.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1791–1840)


text:
Timeline of Quebec history (1841–1866)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events in British North America relating to what is the present day province of Quebec, Canada from the passage of the Union Act to the passage of the British North America Act, 1867.

1840s

 * 1841 – The Act of Union governing British North America, passed by the British Parliament, takes effect.
 * 1848 - Article 41 of the Union Act is amended. It is now legal to use the French language in the Parliament and in the Courts.
 * 1849 - The first responsible government was instituted, under the Liberal coalition of Robert Baldwin from Canada West and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine of Canada East. The first Prime Minister of United Canada is Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine.
 * 1849 - On April 25, The Parliament of Canada passes the Rebellion Losses Bill to compensate people who suffered property damage during the Rebellions of 1837 in Lower Canada. The bill compensated everyone, including the rebels and as a result, protestors caused a riot that forced the military to step in. A fire was started and the Parliament of Canada buildings in Montreal were burned down. See Burning of the Parliament (Montreal).
 * 1849 - On October 11, an Annexation Manifesto, supported by both English speaking and French speaking Canadians, calling for the Province of Canada to join the United States is published in the Montreal Gazette.

1850s

 * 1850 - Beginning of the French-Canadian emigration to the United States. See Quebec emigration.
 * 1851 - The first official census confirms that the population of Canada West is now numerically superior to that of Canada East.
 * 1851 - Politicians in the colony begin to discuss representation by population.
 * 1854 - The French seigneurial system of land tenancy is finally abolished in Canada East but its effects will linger for another hundred years.

1860s

 * 1860 - Built by Grand Trunk Railway, the Jubilee Bridge (now the Victoria Bridge) is the first bridge linking the Island of Montreal to the South Shore.
 * 1864 - The Great Coalition holds conferences on a confederation project;
 * 1864 - Quebec Conference of 1864 held to discuss Canadian Confederation which will lead to the creation of Canada.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1841–1866)


text:
Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the province of Quebec, Canada between the enactment of the British North America Act of 1867 and the end of the 19th century.

1860s

 * 1867 — Following the Great Coalition, upon the request of its colonial representatives their British North America Act is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. Rather than remain a colony of Great Britain, the citizens of Quebec vote to join with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Ontario to create the nation of Canada.
 * 1867 — Quebec general election: In August, the first provincial elections are held under the British North America Act. The Bleus (Conservatives) support the confederation while the Rouges (Liberals) oppose it. 55% of Quebecers vote in favour of the new Confederation of Canada while 45% oppose.
 * 1868 — Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Member of Parliament in Montreal-West, is assassinated by an Irish Fenian, Patrick J. Whelan.
 * 1869 — January 16 - In Montreal, Hugh Graham and George T. Lanigan found the Montreal Evening Star.

1870s

 * 1870 — A major forest fire ravages the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, leaving a third of the population homeless.
 * 1871 — The Parliament of New Brunswick passes the Common Schools Act.
 * 1871 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
 * 1873 — The House of Commons disallows "double mandates": the same person can no longer simultaneously hold a seat in the House of Commons and a provincial legislature.
 * 1873 — Foundation of the Banque d'Hochelaga.
 * 1874 — The Legislative Assembly of Quebec passes its own law to the same effect (abolishing double mandates).
 * 1874 — The Montreal Stock Exchange is founded.
 * 1875 — February 23: New electoral law: voting is now secret and takes place in all ridings on the same day.
 * 1875 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
 * 1877 — The Parliament of Prince Edward Island passes the Public Schools Act.
 * 1878 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win one more seat than the Liberals, but Liberal Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière nonetheless remains premier.
 * 1878 — The Legislative Assembly passes a law abolishing the Legislative Council, but the latter does not agree to its own demise (which would not occur until 1968).
 * 1879 — The rules of ice hockey are established by three McGill students.

1880s

 * 1881 — The First Acadian Congress is held in Memramcook, New Brunswick.
 * 1881 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
 * 1884 — The Acadian national flag is adopted.
 * 1884 — Founding of La Presse (newspaper) in Montreal.
 * 1885 — The Canadian Pacific railroad (from Montreal to Vancouver) is completed: the "last spike" is driven in on November 7.
 * 1885 — Tried and found guilty, rebel Louis Riel is hanged on November 16.
 * 1885 — Popular assembly held at Champ de Mars (in Montreal) on November 22 in reaction to Riel's hanging. Honoré Mercier calls for the creation of a new political party, the Parti National.
 * 1886 — Quebec general election: Liberals win, but Conservative minority government remains in office for a few more months.
 * 1886 — The first transcanadian train leaves Montreal for Vancouver in British Columbia.
 * 1887 — Honoré Mercier, leader of the Parti national (Liberals), becomes premier of Quebec. The name "Parti National" is soon abandoned and the party calls itself the Liberal party.

1890s
Federal Referendum on Alcohol. Passes in all provinces except Quebec
 * 1890 — Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1891 — Quebec premier Honoré Mercier removed from office by Lieutenant-Governor Auguste-Réal Angers after being accused of corruption. The following year he is cleared of all charges.
 * 1892 — Quebec general election: Conservatives win.
 * 1892 — Montreal has electric streetcars for the first time.
 * 1896 — Wilfrid Laurier, born in Saint-Lin, Quebec, becomes the first Quebecer to be elected Prime Minister of Canada.
 * 1896 — In a decision by the British Privy Council, the federal government loses the right to veto provincial laws.
 * 1897 — Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1898 — The Parliament of Canada passes the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898 extending the northern boundary of the province of Quebec to the Eastmain River.
 * 1899 — The Second Boer War erupts in South Africa. 7000 English Canadians are willing to participate in support of Great Britain, while most French-speaking Quebecers are opposed. This foreshadowed the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and the Conscription Crisis of 1944.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)


text:
Timeline of Quebec history (1931–1959)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the province of Quebec, Canada between the Westminster statute and the "Quiet Revolution."

1930s

 * 1931 - "Shadows on the Rock", a book by eminent Canadian author Andrew Edwards (1931) describes French-Canadian Roman Catholic life in 17th-century Québec.
 * 1931 - The Statute of Westminster provided that all existing dominions of the British Empire, and all new dominions created thereafter, were fully independent of the United Kingdom so that the British Parliament no longer had legislative authority over them. The exceptions were Newfoundland, which was already showing signs of collapse (the Newfoundland dominion government was suspended in 1935 and direct rule from London was instituted until Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949); and Canada, which had specifically requested exclusion from the independence provisions of the Statute of Westminster because the federal and provincial governments could not agree on an amending formula for the Canadian constitution.
 * 1931 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1935 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1936 - The Vimy Ridge Memorial opens in honour of the thousands of Canadians who died on the battlefields of France.
 * 1936 - The federal government of Canada starts printing bilingual currency.
 * 1936 - Quebec general election: Union Nationale wins.
 * 1936 - Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis hung a crucifix in the National Assembly of Quebec. It hung there for 83 years, until it was removed on 10 July 2019
 * 1937 - Death of André Bessette on January 6. He promoted the construction of Saint Joseph's Oratory.
 * 1938 - The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society raised a petition of 128,000 names, demanding further restrictions on Jews in Canada. (See Anti-Semitism in Canada).
 * 1939 - Canada's participation in World War II begins: Canada declares war on Germany on September 10.
 * 1939 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1939 - Quebec adopts the motto Je me souviens (I remember).
 * 1939 To 1945 - Volunteer army and air force units from Quebec — some francophone, some anglophone — fight with merit in Europe.

1940s

 * The 1940s brings the era of the Duplessis Orphans.
 * 1940 - After many years of battle by suffragettes, Quebec women are allowed to vote and run for office in provincial elections.
 * 1940 - Camillien Houde, mayor of Montreal, is arrested for his public countenancing of the men of Quebec to ignore the government's National Registration Act. He is interned until 1944.
 * 1942 - Referendum on conscription. Quebec votes against conscription a second time; the rest of Canada votes in favour (see Conscription Crisis of 1944).
 * 1942 - On May 18, President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, writes a private letter to Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada, in which he proposes that the US and Canada agree on an unwritten plan aiming to disperse French Canadians in order to eliminate them more quickly.
 * 1943 - Compulsory education law is adopted.
 * 1943 - Quebec Conference, 1943 meeting between Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and William Lyon Mackenzie King on August 14.
 * 1944 - April 14 - Creation of Hydro-Québec from the nationalization of Montreal Light, Heat & Power.
 * 1944 - June 6 - Canadian soldiers land at Juno Beach on D-Day, marking the beginning of the liberation of France.
 * 1944 - Quebec general election: Union Nationale wins.
 * 1947 - July 23: Mae O'Connor, widow of Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly Dennis James O'Connor, unsuccessfully runs as the first female candidate in a Quebec election (by-election in her late husband's riding of Huntingdon).
 * 1948 - Adoption of a new Flag of Quebec on January 21. Until this time, the Union Flag had flown over the Legislative Assembly.
 * 1948 - Quebec general election: Union Nationale wins.
 * 1948 - Paul-Émile Borduas, Jean-Paul Riopelle and other Quebec artists publish the Refus global which denounces artistic and moral conformity in Québec.
 * 1948 - Louis St. Laurent, born in Compton, Quebec, becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
 * 1949 - Albert Guay affair: one of the first in-flight airplane bombings in history results in the death of all 23 persons on board.
 * 1949 - Asbestos strike in the towns of Asbestos and Thetford Mines, a turning point in labor relations.
 * 1949 - Premier Maurice Duplessis sends Paul Reifenrath to the Vatican as his unofficial envoy.
 * 1949 - Decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada can no longer be appealed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

1950s

 * 1952 - January 23: from now on, a candidate can no longer run simultaneously in more than one riding in the same general election.
 * 1952 - Quebec general election: Union Nationale wins.
 * 1952 - Radio-Canada (television station) begins broadcasting.
 * 1954 - A separate provincial income tax is introduced, independent of the federal income tax.
 * 1955 - The Richard Riot breaks out outside the Montreal Forum during a Montreal Canadiens hockey game when fans protested the National Hockey League's suspension of star Montreal player, Maurice Richard.
 * 1956 - Quebec general election: Union Nationale wins.
 * 1957 - Progressive Conservative Party leader John Diefenbaker becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
 * 1958 - Diefenbaker wins re-election with a strong majority, winning many seats in Quebec for the first time.
 * 1958 - Radio-Canada producers go on strike, a hint of the coming Quiet Revolution.
 * 1959 - Longtime Premier of Quebec Maurice Duplessis dies in office on September 7.
 * 1959 - Tramways stop running in Montreal.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1931–1959)


text:
Timeline of Quebec history (1900–1930)

This section of the Timeline of Quebec history concerns the events relating to the province of Quebec, Canada between the beginning of the 20th century and the Westminster statute.

1900s

 * 1900 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1900 - Alphonse Desjardins founds the first credit union in North America on December 6 in Lévis.
 * 1904 - Henri Bourassa pleads in favour of bilingualism in the institutions of the federal government.
 * 1904 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1906 - Ernest Ouimet introduces cinema to Montreal with his Ouimetoscope.
 * 1907 - The Montreal Chamber of Commerce founds the École des hautes études commerciales de Montréal.
 * 1907 - The Quebec Bridge, under construction, collapses.
 * 1908 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.

1910s

 * 1910 - Henri Bourassa founds Le Devoir (newspaper).
 * 1912 - The Parliament of Canada passes Quebec Boundaries Extension Act that extends the northern boundary of the province of Quebec to Hudson Strait.
 * 1912 - Ontario limits the teaching in French to grades one and two of elementary school with Regulation 17.
 * 1912 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1914 - Beginning of First World War.
 * 1916 - English becomes the only authorized language of instruction in Manitoba. The province's sizeable French-speaking population is forced to attend English schools until 1970.
 * 1916 - The Quebec bridge who was in construction fall in St-Lawrence river a second time, causing 13 death.
 * 1916 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1917 - There are riots in Quebec as the federal government enforces conscription. See Conscription Crisis of 1917.
 * 1918 - Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec Joseph-Napoléon Francoeur presents a motion demanding the independence of Quebec.
 * 1918 - Lionel Groulx, becomes the first priest to publicly denounce what he considers injustices against French speakers. He denounces the unilingual English face of Montreal, the absence of bilingual coins and bank notes, and the absence of French in Ottawa, the federal capital.
 * 1918 - Women win the right to vote in Canadian federal elections. All provinces follow suit by 1922 except Quebec, which does not give women the right to vote in provincial elections until 1940.
 * 1919 - On May 8, the branch of Université Laval built in Montreal in 1878 becomes autonomous and is renamed Université de Montréal.
 * 1919 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.

1920s

 * 1920 - Marie-Anne Houde is found guilty of murder of her 10-year-old stepdaughter Aurore Gagnon in a trial that attracted public attention.
 * 1921 - The Ku Klux Klan establishes itself in Montreal. The group is believed to be behind many criminal fires that destroyed religious institutions.
 * 1922 - Joseph-Armand Bombardier engineers the first prototype of a snowmobile, the Snowdog. The first fully operational unit will be assembled in 1935.
 * 1922 - Montreal radio station CKAC begins broadcasting, the first radio station in Quebec.
 * 1923 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1925 - The Banque Canadienne Nationale is created out of the merger of the Banque d'Hochelaga and the Banque Nationale.
 * 1927 - Quebec general election: Liberals win.
 * 1927 - Following Canada's dispute with Great Britain, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rules on the border between the Labrador territory and the Province of Quebec.
 * 1927 - April 1: by virtue of a new law, members of the Legislative Assembly no longer need to resign and stand for re-election in a by-election when they are named cabinet ministers.
 * 1928 - The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council decides that women in Canada are legal "persons".
 * 1929 - October stock market crash on Wall Street heralds the start of the Great Depression.

title: Timeline of Quebec history (1900–1930)