text:
User:Mervyn

Mervyn personal page.

Ongoing projects

 * List of museum ships
 * List of nuclear reactors
 * List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll
 * Obelisk

 * User:Mervyn/Scratch1 - my wiki scratch page 1 - misc
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch2 - my wiki scratch page 2 - acads
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch3 - my wiki scratch page 3 - Top 200 UK charities test
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch4 - my wiki scratch page 4 - ships
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch5 - my wiki scratch page 5 - museums in devon
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch6 - my wiki scratch page 6 - World's Most Powerful Arabs 2009
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch7 - my wiki scratch page 7 - carols
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch8 - my wiki scratch page 8 - genealogy abbreviations
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch9 - my wiki scratch page 9 - Birmingham Post Rich List
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch10 - Politics & "Bullingdon boys"
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch11 - Queen Vic editathon
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch12 - Top 1,000 UK charities check
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch13 - Dog breeds - to check
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch14 - Accredited Museums - UK check
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch15 - Agencies and other public bodies of the UK Government - UK check
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch16 - Top 300 Scottish Registered Charities - to check
 * User:Mervyn/Scratch17 - chateaus
 * User:Mervyn/Latin phrases - a private wiki links test page
 * User:Mervyn/List of ships - my private comprehensive wiki ships links test page
 * User:Mervyn/List of replica ships - my private replica ships wiki links test page
 * User:Mervyn/Timeline of communications and media - my private wiki history links test page

Improvement needed

 * Mittelstand // Youth orchestra // NS-Frauenschaft // Kitchen garden // Microfinance // Design Council // List of Christmas carols // Private press // Mary Ambree // Watercraft // Industrial design // Wage // John Bennet Lawes // Kitsch // William Morris // Kelmscott Press // Egyptian revival decorative arts // Moidore // Art theft and looting during World War II ~ Nazi plunder // Treen (wooden) // Antique car ~ Classic car ~ Oldtimer // Non-fiction // Die Wende // Tecton Group // Housewife // Decorative box // La Martiniquaise // Rural crafts // Renaissance literature // Malgré-nous // Merchant // Limesfall // Sassoon family // Rail transport in Ukraine // Sigiswald Kuijken //

Admire

 * Mozart family grand tour // List of screw drives //

Monitor

 * Elizabeth Blackwell // List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll // List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom //

Pages created

 * Villa d'Este
 * Charles Ingram
 * Chukotka
 * Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz
 * Donatella Flick
 * Diageo
 * Ernest Saunders
 * Great Missenden
 * John Lewis Partnership
 * Kedermister Library
 * Mogadishu
 * Royal College of Art
 * Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild
 * Craig Raine
 * Eynsham
 * Geoffrey Keynes
 * Locks on the River Thames
 * Borghese
 * Junio Valerio Borghese
 * Salo - Salò
 * Salimbeni Prize
 * SMOM
 * Gold Fix
 * Firoz Kassam
 * Province of Brescia
 * Kelmscott, England
 * Chetham's Library
 * Private press
 * Oxford Instruments
 * Gaetano Polidori
 * Gabriele Rossetti
 * William Michael Rossetti
 * Dickin Medal
 * Cyril Edward Gourley
 * Nazarene movement
 * Johann Friedrich Overbeck
 * Scipione Borghese
 * Arditi
 * List of Roald Dahl short stories
 * Jacob Rothschild redirect to Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
 * Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
 * Tola (measure)
 * Flick family
 * List of nicknames of British Army regiments
 * Jane Monheit
 * Aixam
 * Diarmuid Gavin
 * Jill Halfpenny
 * Mobisode
 * Frank Stallone
 * Stir-up Sunday
 * Currier
 * Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius
 * Seven Wonders of Wales
 * Harold Ridley
 * Cowley, Oxford
 * Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild
 * Evelina Children's Hospital
 * Troika (pottery)
 * Children's Laureate
 * Sophia Jex-Blake
 * Apothecaries
 * ODNB
 * Furuncle redirect to boils
 * Danone International Prize for Nutrition
 * The Vampyre (featured DYK)
 * Sinéad Cusack
 * Strictly Dance Fever
 * Fantasmagoriana
 * List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
 * North Sea flood of 1953
 * Tate & Lyle
 * Summerland fire disaster / Summerland disaster
 * Colman's (Colmans)
 * Hovis
 * Harwell (dismbig)
 * JASON reactor
 * PLUTO reactor
 * Demokritos
 * Wylfa
 * Culham
 * John Murray (publisher)
 * Deutschland (1866)
 * Nica de Koenigswarter (featured DYK)
 * Henry Cole
 * Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851
 * Printing and the Mind of Man - PMM
 * Solnhofen
 * TRIGA
 * Michael Ashcroft - Lord Ashcroft
 * Pelican (disambiguation)
 * HMS Royal George
 * John Magnier
 * J. P. McManus, John Patrick McManus
 * Voca
 * Viareggio
 * British Book Awards (Nibbie / Nibbies)
 * Rohilla - HMHS Rohilla
 * Moonlighting (movie)
 * Muffin the Mule
 * Wilfred Pickles
 * Ford (HM Prison) - Ford Open Prison
 * Britannia silver
 * Category:Silver
 * EPBM
 * Wytham
 * Lympstone
 * Millesimal fineness
 * Hart's Rules
 * Oxford Airport (OXF / EGTK / RAF Kidlington)
 * ''C'était un rendez-vous
 * ZR-2
 * Ambrosden
 * Varsity Line
 * Charfield railway disaster, Charfield railway station
 * RHM - Rank Hovis McDougall
 * Pinault-Printemps-Redoute
 * Publicis
 * OUFC
 * Rolfe dab
 * Christopher Frayling
 * HMS Association
 * Tecton
 * Berthold Lubetkin
 * University of Northampton
 * Wafic Saïd
 * SS Oriana (1959)
 * Bonhams
 * Framatome
 * Cambridge City Airport dab
 * HMS Wellington / HQS Wellington
 * Nigroids
 * Vreneli
 * SS Hilda
 * RKBA
 * Waterperry
 * SS City of Glasgow
 * Lelia
 * Valleywood
 * Fyffes
 * HMS Calypso
 * Khufu ship
 * Ben-my-Chree
 * Glenlee
 * Alchester
 * Samtampa
 * Fawcett Society
 * Tall Ships Youth Trust
 * Woolf Barnato (featured DYK)
 * Barnato dab
 * John Blashford-Snell
 * Merrythought
 * Singulare tantum
 * Lulu Blooker Prize
 * Dorothy de Rothschild
 * Edward Elias Sassoon
 * Jacob Elias Sassoon
 * Kevin McCloud
 * St Bride's
 * Kiera Chaplin not Keira Chaplin
 * Picton Castle
 * Hutber's law (survived VFD)
 * Nock
 * Jafaikan redir
 * The Curious House Guest
 * Martin Woodhouse
 * The River Café
 * Compton Verney House
 * Peter Moores
 * Oxford Ecohouse
 * Experto crede // Experto credite
 * Living with Modernism
 * Loton Park
 * Sèvres (disambiguation) // Spode (disambiguation)
 * HMS Seahorse
 * Great Gale of 1871 // Great Gale
 * Scatsta Airport // SCS // EGPM
 * Dr Williams's Library
 * Gulam Noon
 * Enstone, Oxfordshire
 * Kassam
 * Sackler
 * West Coker
 * Eduard Shifrin
 * Mensun Bound
 * Imerys
 * Peter de Savary
 * Europa Nostra
 * HMS Saldanha
 * Bugatti (disambiguation)
 * Louis Zborowski
 * The Oxford Times
 * Safra
 * Sevso Treasure (featured DYK) -- Seuso-kincs
 * Carin Göring
 * Jules Porgès (featured DYK)
 * International Music Score Library Project / IMSLP
 * Randlord
 * Manxman
 * Suo jure
 * Guinness (disambiguation)
 * Sistema
 * New York Crystal Palace
 * Anita Lonsbrough
 * INS Tarangini
 * Mittal
 * Sydney Gordon Russell
 * Dod's Parliamentary Companion
 * Watts Gallery
 * Isobel Cooper
 * Îles Saint-Marcouf
 * Ville de Paris (disambig)
 * HMS Ville de Paris
 * Argent (disambiguation)
 * Michael Hatcher
 * Lutine (disambig)
 * Armitt Library
 * HMS Athenienne
 * English Dialect Dictionary
 * Whitby Museum
 * Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation
 * Blue Peter Book Awards
 * Guinness-on-Sea
 * Countess of Pembroke - redir
 * HPSS
 * PHSE
 * Private Passions
 * Carinhall / Karinhall
 * Do ut des
 * Qui pro quo
 * Giovanni Di Stefano (re-creation)
 * Medical Register
 * Winterbourne Botanic Garden
 * Simon Halabi
 * Vladimir Kim
 * Dignity in Dying - VES
 * Paul Hamlyn
 * Savills
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2007
 * Walthamstow Hall
 * Chandlings Manor School
 * Photo library
 * Sir William McAlpine, 6th Baronet
 * McAlpine // Macalpine

 * Aaronic blessing
 * Hannah Rosebery redir
 * Emilia Dilke redir
 * Michael Hintze
 * HMS Storm redir
 * HMS Tiptoe redir
 * Dyson Perrins CE Sports College
 * The Mildenhall Treasure
 * Mouton Cadet
 * Eichwald
 * HMS St George
 * El Sistema
 * Elin Manahan Thomas
 * Le Bossu (1997 film)
 * Martin Snyder, commonly known as Moe the Gimp
 * Andreas de Paltasichis
 * Le Bossu (novel)
 * Template:Bordeaux-1855
 * Palin
 * Olympic Cup / Coupe Olympique
 * The Story Museum
 * Sarah Raven
 * List of New Zealand disasters by death toll
 * List of Canadian disasters by death toll
 * Nigeria Airways Flight 2120
 * Popular beat combo - survived AFD
 * List of churches in Oxford - survived AFD
 * Meezer
 * Wooton
 * Wootton, West Oxfordshire
 * Robert Parker (sound engineer)
 * Amschel Mayer von Rothschild
 * Stagiaire
 * Greenhalgh
 * Bolton Museum
 * Sorochyntsi Fair / Sorochinsky Fair
 * Commonwealth Film Unit
 * Clare Francis
 * 1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (featured DYK)
 * 1951 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
 * 1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
 * 1997 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
 * Maillé-Brézé (disambig)
 * Maillé-Brézé (D627)
 * Thomasina Miers
 * New College School
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2008
 * Henley Grammar School - redir
 * Bessels Leigh School = Spires School
 * Template:Music schools in the United Kingdom
 * Mulberry Bush School
 * Jane Austen's House Museum
 * UK School Games
 * Frithuswith
 * EUK
 * Mohegan (disambiguation)
 * Category:Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music
 * Doulton - disambig
 * Ruskin Museum
 * Leonard Cheshire Disability
 * Figgjo_AS
 * Nuffield Health - Nuffield Hospitals
 * Exempt charity
 * Martin Laing - Sir John Martin Kirby Laing
 * Our Lady's Abingdon
 * The London Clinic
 * St Saviour's and St Olave's Church of England School
 * Central Foundation Girls' School
 * The Children's Investment Fund Foundation
 * Whitgift School, Grimsby
 * Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund
 * Bedford & Milton Keynes Waterway Trust
 * Pasculli disambig
 * Herend Porcelain
 * Llwynywermod // Llwynywormwood // Llwynywermwd
 * South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
 * CfBT Education Trust
 * Past Three O'Clock
 * Oxford Academy (United Kingdom)
 * South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology / Museo Archeologico dell'Alto Adige
 * Tales from the Green Valley
 * Victorian Farm
 * The Saga of Jenny
 * My Ship
 * Killed spirits - redir
 * CDRS - redir
 * Plymouth Naval Base Museum
 * Harmsworth
 * Ludwig Hain
 * Template:Robert J. Flaherty Films
 * Kirsten Rausing
 * French Protestant Church of London
 * William Fiennes (author)
 * Grace Academy (Solihull)
 * Robert Edmiston
 * Evelyn Grace Academy
 * Christian Vision
 * Absolute Return for Kids
 * ARK Academies
 * Loaghtan
 * Manchester Academy (Moss Side)
 * Trinity Academy, Thorne
 * Kune
 * Matapan
 * Carnegie United Kingdom Trust
 * Paterson Museum
 * Batsford Arboretum
 * Batsford (disambiguation)
 * Welda
 * Café Hag
 * Stockport Academy
 * Swindon Academy
 * Société Le Nickel (redir)
 * Abbeyfield
 * Dössel
 * National Star College
 * Kirsty Roper
 * Religious Sisters of Charity aka Irish Sisters of Charity
 * Solent Sky
 * Little Baldon
 * Redlands Airfield
 * Southampton Maritime Museum
 * Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills / DCELLS
 * Adlerhorst (redir)
 * Wigan Mining and Technical College (redir)
 * Alexander Faris
 * Portinari (disambig)
 * "Love Came Down at Christmas"
 * Christopher Nupen
 * Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik
 * Jure matris - Iure matris
 * Usmanov
 * Eton Manor
 * OVH
 * JCB Academy
 * National Spinal Injuries Centre redir
 * Stoke Mandeville Stadium
 * Sail Training International
 * Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society
 * HMS Najaden (1897)
 * Toxophilus
 * Good Bad Books
 * Helen's Babies
 * Compassion in Dying
 * Coventry Heritage and Arts Trust
 * Quarto Group
 * Nos 18 ans
 * Merchant Company Education Board redir
 * Almina, Countess of Carnarvon
 * Imokilly
 * Imokilly Regato
 * List of Republic of Ireland food and drink products with protected status
 * De vrais mensonges
 * Garden History Society
 * Realdania
 * Le Hérisson redir
 * Zaha - disambig
 * Robert Penn (writer)
 * Tools and Trades History Society
 * Kaloba redir
 * Chesterholm Museum redir
 * Cumberland Jack redir
 * SRUC
 * CAFRE
 * The Ricardian redir
 * Rettendon murders
 * Royal Armoury disambig
 * Dunkirk Little Ships Restoration Trust redir
 * Dufftown distillery
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2013
 * The Singleton redir
 * Josephine Hart Poetry Foundation redir
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2014
 * Hannah Mary Rothschild
 * Sir Roger Cholmeley's School at Highgate redir
 * Comics Literacy Awareness (CLAw)
 * Cothill Educational Trust redir
 * Richard III and Yorkist History Trust redir
 * Breed society redir
 * Lagercrantz
 * Resistance (TV series)
 * Worsley New Hall - RHS Garden Bridgewater
 * Roskill Commission - Commission on the Third London Airport
 * Innerpeffray
 * Gadarene
 * Società internazionale per lo studio del Medioevo latino - SISMEL
 * Elizabethan poetry redir
 * St George's Museum redir
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2016
 * Jupiter Artland
 * Catherine the Great (Fabergé egg)
 * Cradle with Garlands (Fabergé egg)
 * Fifteenth Anniversary (Fabergé egg)
 * Museo di Firenze com'era
 * Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Society
 * Selden Roll
 * Shakespeare's grave redir
 * Eric and Salome Estorick Foundation redir
 * Bromborough Pool - "Price's Village" - Bromborough Pool Village
 * Roseisle distillery
 * Lost painting redir
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2017
 * Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law
 * Opere citato redir
 * Mountain (2017 film)
 * National Association of Decorative and Fine Arts Societies - NADFAS
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2018
 * Solent Aiport redir
 * Operation Brock redir
 * Products of animal origin (POAO) redir
 * North Sea flood disambig
 * Starlaw distillery
 * Invergordon distillery
 * Operation Fennel redir
 * Sunday Times Tax List redir
 * Rose Hanbury redir
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2019
 * Template:Royal Horticultural Society
 * Cononish redir to Beinn Chùirn
 * Redhills, Durham
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2020
 * The Troy Trust redir
 * Château de Lalande (Indre)
 * Château de Lalande disambig
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2021
 * Barspoon redir
 * Palacio de Pimentel
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2022
 * Skye McAlpine, redir to main = Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green
 * Fanny Ben-Ami
 * Vadul-Siret railway station
 * Vicșani railway station
 * Valea Vișeului railway station
 * LV 78 Calshot Spit
 * LV 14 Sula
 * LV 91
 * Helwick redir
 * Château de Boisgeloup - Boisgeloup
 * Hortus
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2023
 * École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon

Images added

 * Printer's device of William Caxton
 * Cover of Areté volume 20
 * Nigroids tin
 * Madeleine Smith
 * Philip Reeve
 * Image:MillaisBudleighPlaque.png
 * File:Batsford-Arboretum-bridge.jpg
 * File:welda-PoW-memorial.jpg
 * File:Mudlarks of London, 1871.jpg
 * File:King William Rufus memorial at Beaulieu Abbey.jpg

 * need pic: Channel Island milk - gold top

Pages where I have added substantial content

 * List of botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
 * Rothschild
 * Smart
 * Tring
 * Crossings of the River Thames
 * John Evelyn
 * Samuel Pepys
 * Soviet battleship Novorossiysk
 * Terroir
 * Gabriele D'Annunzio
 * Eleonora Duse
 * Roald Dahl
 * Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
 * Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild
 * Captain Pugwash
 * Obelisk
 * Dinotopia
 * Matthew Webb
 * Thomas Tusser
 * William Stukeley
 * Gervase Markham
 * Carnegie Medal
 * Guardian Award
 * Kate Greenaway Medal
 * Nestle Smarties Book Prize
 * Hack
 * List of prizes, medals, and awards
 * List of wars and disasters by death toll
 * List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom
 * Timeline of medicine and medical technology
 * Tulipomania
 * Elizabeth Blackwell
 * Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
 * Anthony Blunt
 * Colin Dexter
 * Frank Pantridge
 * Apothecary
 * Frankenstein
 * John Polidori
 * Year Without a Summer
 * Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
 * Vampire
 * Mary Seacole
 * List of nuclear reactors
 * Human torpedo
 * Ottmar Mergenthaler
 * Alois Senefelder
 * Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
 * Ian Fleming
 * Alves Reis - Artur Reis - Portuguese Bank Note Crisis
 * List of world's fairs
 * Picture Post
 * Ovaltineys
 * Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
 * Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
 * Pélican
 * Maud Gonne
 * Bonfire of the Vanities
 * Robert Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster
 * Treen
 * Charfield
 * Nickel silver
 * CAC 40
 * Cuttlefish
 * Culture and Anarchy
 * Vita Sackville-West
 * Michael Ventris
 * Lost work
 * Roycroft
 * Nicky Oppenheimer
 * Robin Knox-Johnston
 * Robert Whitehead
 * HMS President (1918)
 * List of disasters in Australia by death toll
 * Krasin (icebreaker)
 * Icebreaker Yermak
 * Airship Norge, Airship Italia
 * RMS Niagara
 * Olympias (trireme)
 * Liverpool Bay
 * Bere Ferrers railway station
 * SS Maori
 * SS Nomadic
 * SS Norge
 * HMS Curacoa (D41) // HMS Curacoa
 * Amber Road
 * Segrave Trophy
 * Maundy Gregory
 * James Armand de Rothschild
 * Sassoon
 * Grand Designs
 * Mike Hailwood
 * Pseudo-Hyginus
 * W.D. Caroe
 * Edwin Fox
 * Hollywood-inspired names
 * Black Monday
 * List of disasters in Australia by death toll
 * Spode

 * William Caxton - major cleanup
 * Rustam Tariko
 * Birkenhead Park
 * Princes Park
 * Ptolemy Dean
 * Eramet
 * Restoration (TV series)
 * Plurale tantum
 * Martin-Baker
 * Leonard Blavatnik
 * Edda Mussolini
 * Galeazzo Ciano
 * Norwegian sailors' church in Cardiff
 * Christopher Suenson-Taylor, 3rd Baron Grantchester
 * Capel-y-ffin
 * Eric Gill
 * Mary Fraser-Tytler
 * Laki (volcano)
 * Cressida Bell
 * Pollice verso
 * HMS Sussex (1693)
 * PS Wingfield Castle
 * Mary Sidney
 * Quid pro quo
 * Nasser David Khalili
 * R. v. Dudley and Stephens
 * Looting
 * Looted art
 * Gwendolen Guinness, Countess of Iveagh MP
 * The Roman Mysteries
 * Capitoline Wolf
 * Sand eel
 * London Olympics
 * James Harris Simons
 * Mahdi Al Tajir
 * E. Randol Schoenberg
 * DCSF
 * DBERR - BERR
 * Template:The Roman Mysteries
 * Republic of Austria v. Altmann
 * Havhingsten fra Glendalough
 * Jobsworth
 * Boondoggle
 * Le Bossu
 * Nusret
 * British S class submarine (1931)
 * Tiffany Blue
 * Nolisair
 * T. S. Eliot Prize
 * Shaun Greenhalgh
 * Second city of the United Kingdom
 * Paul Bigot
 * Template:Honours Lists
 * Madeleine Smith
 * Template:Schools in Oxfordshire
 * List of schools in the South East of England
 * Giusto Utens
 * Andy Green
 * List of Bluebird record-breaking vehicles
 * Category:Bluebird record-breaking vehicles
 * List of Olympic-size swimming pools in the United Kingdom
 * Sheffield City Trust
 * Sisters of Mercy
 * The Dulwich Estate
 * Edward Burne-Jones
 * Statues in Dublin
 * United Learning Trust
 * List of schools in Oxfordshire
 * List of blue plaques
 * Edith Ellis
 * Ludwig Guttmann
 * William Penny Brookes
 * Roald Amundsen (brig)
 * Museum of Brands, Packaging and Advertising
 * Salt-Water Poems and Ballads
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2011
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2012
 * List of United Kingdom food and drink products with protected status
 * Baader (film)
 * List of agricultural universities and colleges
 * Little ships of Dunkirk
 * TAPOL - Tapol
 * Sunday Times Rich List 2015
 * Sir Thomas More and Family
 * Schloss Immendorf - Immendorf Castle
 * Clare College Chapel Choir
 * Ulster (disambiguation)
 * Ólafur Egilsson
 * Rose Hanbury redir
 * Gymnich meeting
 * Stieg Larsson
 * Jan Stocklassa
 * Crozon-sur-Vauvre
 * Kelmscott Press
 * List of works by the Kelmscott Press
 * List of medical schools in the United Kingdom

To do list
Agriculture, Fishing, Food and Drink: // Dairygold - Dairygold Cooperative // Lough Neagh Eel // Royal Welsh Agricultural Society // Abracarb // Northern Irish cuisine // Fishing in the United Kingdom // Fishing in Ireland // Fishing industry in Ireland // Fishing industry in Northern Ireland // Fishing in Northern Ireland // Emperador Inc // List of medieval cookery books -  http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_de_re_culinaria_medio_aevo_scripti - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_livres_de_cuisine_%C3%A9crits_au_Moyen_%C3%82ge // Ian MacLeod Distillers // The Glasgow Distillery - Glasgow Distillery - The Glasgow Distillery Company // Le Roi des Oranges - Roi des Oranges // Côtes-de-bordeaux AOC https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-de-bordeaux //

Archaeology & history: Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia // Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonini Augusti // Codex Arcerianus //Everbeek hoard // Gaulcross hoard // Trésor de Rethel - Rethel treasure http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_Rethel // Juan Esteban Ubilla - Juan Esteban de Ubilla - Juan Esteban Ubilla y Echeverria // Compagnie genevoise des colonies suisses - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_genevoise_des_colonies_suisses // Birth places of British royalty cf. Burial places of British royalty //

Art, design, architecture: // Mitchell Prize for the History of Art // Royal Dux // Heaton Cooper // Louis Quelquechose // Louis Osman // FaulknerBrowns // Sepp Hilz // Art Treasures Exhibition // Cappella Portinari http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappella_Portinari - Portinari Chapel // Chateau Pregny - Château Pregny // Château de Montvillargenne - Chateau de Montvillargenne // London 2012 Festival // Château de Bois-Préau http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Château_de_Bois-Préau // Château de Trévarez http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Château_de_Trévarez // Damià Campeny http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damià_Campeny // Nécessaire de voyage http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nécessaire_de_voyage // Martin-Guillaume Biennais // Tabletier // Glassalt Shiel or Glas-allt Shiel (a Royal bothy) // Schloss Callenberg (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Callenberg) // Schloss Ehrenberg (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Ehrenberg_%28Altenburg%29) // Alltnaguibhsaich Lodge // Marion Dorn // Guild and School of Handicraft // Hôtel de Brienne http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hôtel_de_Brienne // Purdonium // Soughton Hall // Luciano Paccagnella // http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schulpig Karl Schulpig // National Association of Decorative & Fine Arts Societies - National Association of Decorative and Fine Arts Societies - NADFAS // http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavi_Sortta  Olavi Sortta -  Israel Olavi Sortta // Palazzo Papadopoli http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Papadopoli // Alwin Seifert http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwin_Seifert // // Châteaux de Château-Verdun et de Gudanes - Châteaux de Gudanes http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_de_Ch%C3%A2teau-Verdun_et_de_Gudanes // Neues Palais (Darmstadt) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Palais_(Darmstadt) // Corpus Rubenianum Jacob Burchard - Corpus Rubenianum http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Rubenianum_Jacob_Burchard // Linthorpe Art Pottery // Villa medicea di Poggio a Caiano http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Poggio_a_Caiano // Villa medicea di Cerreto Guidi - http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Cerreto_Guidi // Palazzo mediceo di Seravezza http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_mediceo_di_Seravezza // Elvetham Hall // Ginger jar // Guild of Handicraft - The Guild of Handicraft // Richard Drew Russell - R. D. Russell - RD Russell // Wardlaw Mausoleum // Martin Charbonnier http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Charbonnier // [Welfenschloss]] http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfenschloss // Villa medicea di Artimino // Terme Berzieri https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terme_Berzieri // Château de Saran // Château-Guillaume - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Guillaume // Château Haut-Goujon - Chateau Haut-Goujon // Château de La Rochefoucauld https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Rochefoucauld // Parc Samà - Parc Sama- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Sam%C3%A0 // Villa Greystones  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Greystones // Bottle ticket //

Authors: Francis Spufford // Kai Meyer - http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Meyer // Nicola Morgan // Valérie Dayre // Anne Cassidy // Clare Turlay Newberry // Partaw Naderi // Anna Perera // Isabelle von Bueltzingsloewen - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle_von_Bueltzingsloewen // Delphine de Vigan - Delphine De Vigan http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphine_de_Vigan // Francine Stephanie Barron - Stephanie Barron - Francine Mathews // Zoë Ferraris - Zoe Ferraris //  Fabio Geda // Nel mare ci sono i coccodrilli // Tim Vicary // Carla Lanyon Lanyon // Margaret Meek // Jocasta Innes // George Scott-Moncrieff - George Scott Moncrieff // Lauren St John - Lauren St. John // Elizabeth Haynes // Denys de Salvaing de Boissieu // Ursel Scheffler http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursel_Scheffler // Laura Buzo // Ben Hatch // Nicholas Sansbury Smith // Steve Cavanagh //

Books: Most Secret War // Glenarvon // Codex Washingtonianus // Le Bossu // After the Battle //  Antiques Trade Gazette // Cranach Press // Gregynog Press // Gogmagog Press // Golden Cockerell Press // Codex Boturini // Shepperton Babylon // Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies // Repertorium Bibliographicum (Hain) // Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke // Clisson et Eugénie // Prix des Incorruptibles // Folk Devils and Moral Panics // The Reign of Edward III // "No Woman Born" // Elizabethan poetry // Benevento Missal // Rochefoucauld Grail // Wheels for the Mind // Quarto Publishing // Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs // Neil White // Au bon beurre - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_bon_beurre // What Is It Like to Be a Bat? // This Dark Endeavour // Mundus Muliebris // Christowell - Christowell: A Dartmoor Tale (1882) // Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue - A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue // Vocabulario en lengua mexicana y castellana // Opus Pandectarum Medicinae - Pandectarum Medicinae http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Pandectarum_Medicinae // Her Benny (novel) - Her Benny: A Tale of Victorian Liverpool // Premio Grinzane Cavour - Grinzane Cavour Award // Philobiblon // Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry - A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie // Topographia Germaniae // Malermi Bible // Breviarium Grimani - Grimani Breviary // The Arte of English Poesie // Bell's Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland // Royal Bible // List of printers of incunabula https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Inkunabeldruckern //

Private presses: Dolphin Press // Fleece Press // Kynoch Press // Nine Elms Press // Old Stile Press // Tern Press // Jakob Cromberger - Hans Cromberger //

Charities etc.: Coventry School Foundation (528961) // Pears Family Foundation - Pears Family Charitable Foundation (1009195) // Lucy Faithfull Foundation // Institute for Jewish Policy Research // Exilarch's Foundation // Carnegie Hero Fund Trust // Guideposts Trust // Kirkhouse Trust // Faith in Maintenance // Bulldog Trust // Action for Children's Arts // Arts and Kids // Art Works Plus // Bag Books // Book Relief UK // British Friends of Neve Shalom // Dandelion Time // English PEN, Readers and Writers // Farms for City Children // Future Faces // Historical Writers' Association // Human Values Foundation // Ignite // Kidzone // Lincoln Festival // London Children's Museum // Montesorri Education UK // Oundle Festival // Royal Albert Memorial Museum Exeter // Save the Children // School Library Association // Shrewsbury Bookfest // The Browning Society // The Children's University // The Down Syndrome Educational Trust // The Festival of Dartmoor Literature // The Othona Community // The Prince of Wales Art and Kids Foundation // Theatre Royal Bath // Unicorn Theatre // Villages in Action // What about the Children // Healthy Planet Foundation - Healthy Planet // Moondance Foundation - Henry Englehardt // Heritage Without Borders // Tawani Foundation // Protect Wild Scotland // Wrekin Trust // Fondation Singer-Polignac - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Singer-Polignac // Hôpital Foch - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Foch // Duchy of Lancaster Benevolent Fund // Duchy of Lancaster Jubilee Trust // The Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund - Duke of Cornwall's Benevolent Fund // Fondazione MIA - Congregazione della Misericordia Maggiore http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_MIA // Winds of Hope // Chiltern Society // Robin des Bois https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_des_Bois_(association) //

Companies/Brands/Business: Ambrosia (brand) // Atora // Damart // Ercol // Start-rite // Mothers Pride // Nimble // Rombouts // McDougall's // Robertson's // Kahr // Geest // Turbana // Coplaca // Outspan // Aquascutum // Penhaligon's // Charbonnel et Walker // ISKRA // Sotex // Bank Halyk // Sibir Energy // Hobsbawm Macaulay // St. James's Place plc // Galantas // National Pension Reserve Fund // Thermomix // Mariacron // Teng Tools // Lyalvale // Labelux // Raaco // Michael Kobold Kobold Watch Company // Links of London (Fosun International) // RANsquawk // Scoach // Sodrugestvo - Sodrugestvo Group // Nayla Hayek http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayla_Hayek // Wasabi Ventures // Sir Terence Beckett - Terence Beckett  // Eres http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eres // Hediard - Hédiard http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9diard // Oesterreichische Banknoten- und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH - OeBS http://www.oebs.at // Axiogenesis - Axiogenesis AG http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiogenesis // Quindell // RefME // Fantasy Aces - FantasyAces // Zarges // Beteast // Atak Arms - Zoraki // Gocardless // Palmarium // Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company - Willcox & Gibbs - Willcox and Gibbs // Bankhaus J. H. Stein https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhaus_J._H._Stein // // Michael Peagram // Lalique Group // Alannah Weston // RAG-Stiftung (Ruhrkohle) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAG-Stiftung // Stocard //

Films, TV: Louvre City - (La Ville Louvre), Remando al Viento, Haunted Summer, The Bridge of Lies, Ruins of the Third Reich // Bride of War (1998) // The Re-Inventors // Cold Blood Kill // In the Presence of Mine Enemies - Im Angesicht meiner Feinde // Monsieur Batignole (2002) // Alexis Dos Santos // Joanna van Kampen // One Hundred Mornings // Nina Frisk // 1939 (film) - http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_(film) // Un poison violent - Love Like Poison // Schwarzwaldhaus 1902 - http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzwaldhaus_1902 // Prendimi l'anima // // Dnieper Line - Dnieper Line (TV series) - Dnieper Line: Love and War Днепровский рубеж http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Днепровский_рубеж //  Military Reconnaissance (TV series) Военная разведка http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Военная_разведка_(телесериал) // 1941 (TV series) http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_(телесериал) // Bye Bye Blondie http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Blondie_%28film%29 // Mutantes (Féminisme Porno Punk) // Frozen Silence -  Silencio en la nieve // Adele's Wish // Stealing Klimt // Melia Kreiling // Weapons of the Spirit // Battlefield Recovery (aka Nazi War Diggers) // Victorian Bakers // Combat Dealers - Bruce Crompton - Crompton Military Vehicle Collection - Axis Track Services // Smersh (TV series) // Listed Sisters // My Dream Derelict Home // Merrywood // Goldene Henne - https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldene_Henne // Helga Hahnemann  - https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Hahnemann // Rise of the Footsoldier 4: Marbella //

GLAM Libraries and Museums GLAM: Picture research // Picture researcher // Schocken Library // Plume Library // Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology // York Museum // Hartlepool's Maritime Experience // Jensen Arctic Museum // Ditchling House // Time and Tide Museum //  Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum  //  Paterson Museum // Discovery Museum //  Nevada State Museum // Scottish Storytelling Centre // Grassic Gibbon Centre // Paisley Museum // Stirling's Library // Musée portuaire // Cliffe Hall = Cliffe Castle = Keighley Museum // Strang Print Room //  Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke // Municipal Library of Colmar - Bibliothèque municipale de Colmar // South Australian Maritime Museum // British Engineerium // Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum // Wellington Aviation Museum // Ruskin Gallery // Foyle Valley Railway // Foyle Valley Railway Museum  // Stromness Museum // Vereniging De Zaansche Molen - http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereniging_De_Zaansche_Molen // Warburg-Haus Hamburg // Porsche Automuseum Helmut Pfeifhofer // Porsche Automuseum Gmünd // Flieger Flab Museum // Arley Arboretum // Bodenham Arboretum // Museo del Sannio http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Sannio // National Inventory of Continental European Paintings // Orleans House Gallery // Ruthin Craft Centre // Polar Museum // Robert Burns Birthplace Museum // Musée Tomi Ungerer // Martin Roth (museum director) // SeaCity Museum - Sea City Museum - SeaCity // Queen Charlotte's Cottage // Yorkshire Waterways Museum // Armagh Public Library // Ditchling Museum of Art + Craft - Ditchling Museum // High Cross House // Bibliotheca Wittockiana  // http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Wittockiana // John Jarrold Printing Museum // Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum - Charles Dickens' Birthplace Museum // CultureNL // Sekhemka // Max-Ernst-Museum - Max Ernst Museum http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Ernst-Museum // Inveraray Maritime Heritage Museum - Inveraray Maritime Museum - Inveraray Museum // Lilith Stannus - Lilith Graydon-Smith - Gray-Stan Glass // Ditchling Museum - Ditchling Museum of Art + Craft // BCLM // Biblioteca dei Girolamini - http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_dei_Girolamini // Biblioteca Batthyaneum http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Batthyaneum // Biblioteca delle Oblate http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_delle_Oblate // National Library of Djibouti // Biblioteca Digital Lusófona // Vitaulium - Hofwijck - Museum Swaensteyn // Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT) // Holocaust Expropriated Art Recovery Act // Marconi Automotive Museum // Andrew Carnegie Birthplace Museum // Priory of Notre Dame d'Orsan - Prieuré Notre-Dame d'Orsan // Musée de la Toile de Jouy // Porsche-Werk Gmünd https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche-Werk_Gm%C3%BCnd // Musée gallo-romain de Saint-Romain-en-Gal - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_gallo-romain_de_Saint-Romain-en-Gal // Musée maritime de La Rochelle - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_maritime_de_La_Rochelle // South Georgia Heritage Trust // Biblioteca delle Oblate https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_delle_Oblate //

Mil Hist: Hankey Scheme // Hubert Nicolle // Friedrich Alpers - http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Alpers // Ralph Smorczewski // Trolley mission - trolley Mission // Royal Military Exhibition // Birger Strømsheim - Birger Stromsheim // Musée de la Résistance bretonne - http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musée_de_la_Résistance_bretonne // Railways in World War I // B8 Bergkristall http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B8_Bergkristall  // Propagandakompanie - Propagandatruppe  http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandakompanie // David Korn-Brzoza // Corran Purdon // Malgré-elles https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgr%C3%A9-elles // Luxemburger Zwangsrekrutierte https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburger_Zwangsrekrutierte // 1941 demolition of Kyiv  Підрив Києва 1941 року https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_1941_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83 //

Misc: Flong, Tudric, Mikomi, Pixel Liberation Front, Anionic surfactant no, Bacs, Contrafibularity, The Glosters, Restitution (disambiguation), Restitution of cultural property, Franklin expedition, Pond (coin) // Vulcanite // Anastole // Forum Marinum // Australian Antarctic Medal // James Martin Institute for Science and Civilization // Homecall // Drouot // Salvadora oleiodes // Fractional currency // Christ of St John of the Cross // LRCPI // Harrow County Grammar School // Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism // British Hallmarking Council // Silver alginate // Tarnprufe // RNLB // Hollyhammar // Dhaliwood // Mambo Sinuendo // Blairistan // Festival of Empire // Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieausstellung // Cries of London // The Foundation for Sports and the Arts // Living With Ed // Crubeen // http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palingoproer - Palingoproer // National Children's Book and Literacy Alliance // Krzyz Walecznych // Reported speech // Indirect speech // Oratio obliqua // Oratio recta // Oratio directa // Tongol // Tir Gofal // Zoo Check //  Ortgies // Audio Hijack Pro // Mathaba // Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne // Lustknabe // Croisière noire // Croisière blanche // Croisière jaune // Euronorm // Ebookee // International Spinal Cord Society - ISCoS - ISCOS // Uppity // Librarians Without Borders // Ragglestick - Ragglesticks  // Firearms Equality Movement // Ruhrdeutsch http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhrdeutsch // Oorijzer  - Ear Iron - Ear iron - Ear-iron // Kan-U-Go - Can-U-Go // Project Janszoon // Hussif // European Criminal Records Information System (ECRIS) // Adobe Media Encoder //

Music: Gordon Green // Madrigirls // Siyaya // Sophie Mautner //  Nina Milkina // Gervase de Peyer // Heikki Aaltoila // Pat Lockwood // Love Is The Sweetest Thing // Scott Stroman // Katarina Karnéus // Francis Lemarque // Michèle Bernard // Charles Péguri // Jo Privat // Antoine Bouscatel // Émile Vacher // Martin Cayla //  Jean Corti // Louis Corchia // Christophe Belloeil // Michala Høj // Kenneth Sillito // Christoph Hartmann // Ailish Tynan // Kendall Taylor // The Fairer Sax // Hans Rehmstedt // Stan Brenders // Dino Olivieri // Die Jungen Tenöre http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Jungen_Tenöre // Teatro Salieri // Perry Dog and the Rez Catz // Hanover State University of Music and Drama - Staatliche Hochschule für Musik und Theater // Claire Austin // "When Yuba Plays The Rumba On the Tuba" // Lys Gauty // "J'attends un navire" // Natalie Riccio // Matthew Barley // Teresa Carreño Youth Orchestra // Ayanna Witter-Johnson // "My old man's a dustman" // // "Lo! He Comes With Clouds Descending" - "Lo He Comes With Clouds Descending" // The Rocking Carol - "Rocking Carol" // Hugo Van Neck // Orchestras Live // Leonard Elschenbroich // Opus Arte // Echo Carol // Zither Carol // Cowboy Carol //  Tim Hugh // Theodore Lalliet http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Lalliet // Entre le bœuf et l'âne gris // Banda turca // Itamar Golan -  fr:Itamar_Golan // From the Cradle to the Grave (Liszt) - Von der Wiege bis zum Grabe - Von_der_Wiege_bis_zum_Grabe_(Liszt) // Simone Porter // Katica Illényi // Schlesierlied // Johnny Hess - https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hess // Lyrics on Several Occasions // "Do, Do, Do" // Catherine Wyn-Rogers // European Opera Centre https://www.operaeurope.eu/ // Seta Tanyel //

People: Lord Stanhope // Barbara Bodichon // Emily Davies // Russell Gurney // Mikael Pedersen // Douglas Cameron // Billy Cotton // William Hardcastle // Jack de Manio // Carolyn Pickles // Karl Goetz // Francis Pettitt Smith // Oksana Robski // Hugh Falkus // Claude Goubet // Bjorn Rune Gjelsten // Steve Curtis // Louise Aitken-Walker // Brian Lecomber // Carlo Bugatti // Fiona Gore, Countess of Arran // Eve Jackson // Christina Dodwell //  Jean Chassagne // Nick Merry // Sybil Sassoon // Percival David // Tobiasse // Houtwipper // Henry Nock // Galton Blackiston // Thomas Plume //  Isobel Burton // Alexander Smolenski // Jeremy Musson // Gilbert de Botton // Durs Egg // Patrick Gwynne // Ruth Rogers // Rose Gray // Reresby Sitwell // Marianne Suhr // Sir Michael Leighton, 11th Baronet // Mortimer Sackler // Ruth Watson // Roman Zaleski // Kaye Don // Aleksey Mordashov // Viktor Rashnikov // Boris Ivanishvili // Aleksei Kuzmichev // Iskander Makhmudov // Nickolay Tsvetkov //Alisher Usmanov // Shalva Chigirinsky // Henry Machyn // Bernhard Samuelson // Simon Thurley // // Lucy Morton // Lidia Baich //  Sir Edgar Speyer, 1st Baronet, Edgar Speyer // Jesse David Suenson-Taylor // Susan Stranks // John Maynard Sinclair - Maynard Sinclair // Vladimir Semenikhin // Steve Augarde // Solomon Joseph Solomon // // Vivien Heilbron // Frida Öhrn // Thomas G. Thompson // Nadezhda Suslova // François-Henri Pinault // Gavin Stamp // Philip Core // Melanie South // George Creasy - Sir George Creasy // John Barrett (tennis) // Chalva Tchigirinsky // Nicola Horlick // Inés París - Ines Paris // David Alric // Karl Heinz Klee // Virginia Paine Grant - Virginia Grant // Gilles de Gouberville - Gilles Picot, sieur de Gouberville // Anne-Laure Bondoux // Garvarni // Mary Ellen Best // Katie Razzall // Christian Hülsmeyer http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hülsmeyer // Vivienne Nathanson // Gina Cambell // Sigmund Neumann - Sigismund Neumann // Adam of Eynsham // Ardeshir Naghshineh // Manoj Badale // Robert Sténuit - Robert Stenuit // Anna Gmeyner - http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gmeyner // Zvi Meitar // Walter Kurt Hayman // Walter Hayman // George Harsh // Johannes de Laet // Christopher Wynn Parry // Sir John Crofton - John Crofton // Soraya Khashoggi  née Sandra Daly // Jo Malone // Tom Cunliffe // Les Stocker // Yahya Kirdi // Susie Rawding - Suzy Carlsson // William Wey // Roland Buerk // Laurence Orbach // Anna Whitelock // Lisa Tickner // Luiza Freyesleben // Ian Stoutzker // Hans Stade // Viktor Kislyi - Victor Kislyi - Віктар Кіслы // Alexander Lutsenko // Isabelle Allen // Agnes Weston - Dame Agnes Weston - Aggie Weston (see Sophia Wintz ) // Robin Hanbury-Tenison - see Marika Hanbury-Tenison // Nicholas Goodison - Sir Nicholas Goodison // Christopher Leaver - Sir Christopher Leaver // Margaret Mansfield - Lady Sandhurst - Margaret Sandhurst // Jane Cobden - Jane Cobden-Unwin - Jane Cobden Unwin - Jane Unwin // Anton Zingarevich - Katsia Zingarevich - Boris Zingarevich // Christopher Blunt // Robert-Hugues Lambert http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert-Hugues_Lambert // Karl Hammer Kaatee http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hammer_Kaatee // Denise Coates // Margaret Spufford // Sir James Reckitt, 1st Baronet - Sir James Reckitt - James Reckitt // Yigal Ben Efraim // Tom Lawton // Kairat Boranbayev // Egon von Greyerz // Kastenbein // Tobias Foa // Karl Heinz Richard Fürst von Sayn-Wittgenstein - http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heinz_Richard_F%C3%BCrst_von_Sayn-Wittgenstein // Neal Hutton Plowman - Neal Plowman // Nijaz Hastor // Charles Patrick Rolle Fane-Trefusis // Gerard Fane-Trefusis, 22nd Baron Clinton - Gerard Neville Mark Fane-Trefusis, 22nd Baron Clinton // Alcadino of Syracuse - Alcadino di Siracusa http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcadino_di_Siracusa // Sister Maria Crocifissa della Concezione - Maria Crocifissa della Concezione - Isabella Tomasi http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Tomasi http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettera_del_Diavolo // Helia Ebrahimi // Eleanor Foraker // Stuart Garner Norton Motorcycle Company // Enzo Savorgnan di Brazzà https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Savorgnan_di_Brazz%C3%A0 //

Places: Shirburn, Somerdale, Tullnerfeld, Llandow, Hestercombe, Lord's Bridge, Shortstown, Appleton, Oxfordshire, Eaton, Oxfordshire, Bilberry Reservoir, Jäniskoski, Liinahamari, Foyn, Sevenhampton, Thorsminde, Lamsdorf // Glashedy // Inishtrahull // Stroms Hellier // Llanilid // Shipton-on-Cherwell // Pen-y-Darren // Ninfa // Marloes // Bovey Castle // Stradey Castle // Newbridge, Oxfordshire // Schloss Rosenau // Llechwedd // Tusmore House // Hanworth Air Park // Juniper Hill // Hethe // Cottisford // Fringford // Sigginston // Wattstown // Crosby Hall //  Charterville // Babington House // Monymusk // Castillon-la-Bataille // Greenhalgh Castle // Hutcheson's Hall // Southcombe // Wykeham Abbey // Cornbury Park // Stanford Cricket Ground // David Beckham Academy // Northala Fields // Château de Maintenon // Calenberg (Warburg) // Château de Vouzeron // Schloss Spangenberg // Cotswold Hills Golf Club // Horton-cum-Studley // Dalemain // Baldeneysee // Essen-Bredeney // Scottish National Equestrian Centre // Chobham Manor, East Wick, Marshgate Wharf, Sweetwater and Pudding Mill // Burg Veldenstein - Castle Veldenstein  http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Veldenstein // Parc floral de Paris // Château de Saint-Fargeau http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Fargeau // Monts du Velay // Poppenwald http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppenwald // Of Alley //  Foret de Bondy - Forêt de Bondy http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forêt_de_Bondy // Sacrewell - Sacrewell Farm // Dunlossit House - Dunlossit Castle - Dunlossit Estate // Millionka // Schloss Ralswiek http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Ralswiek //

Ships: Saxonia (ship), Lucania (ship), XE3, Minenschiff, SS Patria, Blanco Encalada, Intibah, HMS Chrysanthemum, SS Anglo Saxon, HMS Eurydice, HMS Witch, Holland I, Holland II, HMS Prince George, Pyroscaphe, HMS St. George, HMS St George, HMS Cornwallis, SS Utopia, HMS Romney, HMS Wager, HMS Devastation, Proponitis, Clermont, SS Sirius, HMS Coronation, HMS Harwich, HMS Amphion, Catherina von Flensburg, Catharina von Flensburg, Toro Submarino, El Toro Submarino, RMS Amazon // HMS Rapid // Relampago // SS Stella // SS Berlin // SS City of Brussels // SS City of Boston // SS Cambria // Le Frigorifique - Frigorifique // Maillé-Brézé // SS Avalanche // La Trinidad Valencera - Trinidad Valencera // Santa Maria de la Rosa // El Gran Grifón // Barca de Amburg // Castillo Negro // SS Tarawa // SS Penguin // Kathleen and May // Lembit // HMS Helga // SS Archimedes // PS Rainbow // Ocean Monarch // Ma Roberts // HMS E9  //  SY Aurora // Soviet cruiser Mikhail Kutuzov // USS Vance // HMS Breadalbane // Dom Fernando II e Gloria // Chi Lin (103) // Kunming (506) // HMS Gannet (1878) // La Dauphine Dauphine // HMS Paramore //  Belgica (ship) - Adrien de Gerlache // Southern Quest // KVP Cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev // Sigyn (ship) // Pietro Micca // SS Keewatin //  RV Hero // Tarmo // Lydia Eva // Falls of the Clyde // USS Eversole // Italian cruiser Puglia //  Brandtaucher // Gymnote // HMS X24 // Alose // STS Lord Nelson // Tenacious (ship) // Maria Assumpta // Le Géographe // Le Naturaliste // HMS Reliance // HMS De Braak // HMS Falken // HMS Gladan // Dutch ship Delft // Kranich // RMS Douro // HMS Sheba // Garlandstone // Le Ponant // HMS Suffisante // Duchesse Anne // HMS Porcupine // HMS Fancy // HMS Archimedes // SS Utopia // Espadon // Spirit of Australia // Trinity Explorer // Marine Explorer // Christine af Bro // Phoenicia // MS Charlesville // Het Utrechts Statenjacht - Utrecht (statenjacht) http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(statenjacht) // ST Challenge // Op ten Noort // HMS Medusa (A353) // Verelst // Stril Explorer - MV Stril Explorer // Metta Catharina // Bom Jesus, a Portuguese nau that set sail from Lisbon in 1533 // SS Minden // Nuestra Señora de la Pura y Limpia Concepcion // Nuestra Señora del Juncal // SS Kielce https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Kielce // INS Mitvach // CMB 331 // MTB 71 // CMB331 // MTB71 // Geldermalsen (ship) https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldermalsen_(schip,_1747) //

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Important medieval books about European gastronomy

 * Com tayllaràs devant un senyor
 * Du Fait de Cuisine
 * Kitab al-Tabikh
 * Le Ménagier de Paris
 * Le Viandier / Le Viandier de Taillevent
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 * Llibre del Coch
 * The Forme of Cury
 * Domostroy

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text:
Barbershop music

Barbershop vocal harmony, as codified during the barbershop revival era (1930s–present), is a style of a cappella close harmony, or unaccompanied vocal music, characterized by consonant four-part chords for every melody note in a primarily homorhythmic texture. Each of the four parts has its own role: generally, the lead sings the melody, the tenor harmonizes above the melody, the bass sings the lowest harmonizing notes, and the baritone completes the chord, usually below the lead. The melody is not usually sung by the tenor or baritone, except for an infrequent note or two to avoid awkward voice leading, in tags or codas, or when some appropriate embellishment can be created. One characteristic feature of barbershop harmony is the use of what is known as "snakes" and "swipes". This is when a chord is altered by a change in one or more non-melodic voices. Occasional passages may be sung by fewer than four voice parts.

Barbershop music is generally performed by either a barbershop quartet, a group of four singers with one on each vocal part, or a barbershop chorus, which closely resembles a choir with the notable exception of the genre of music.

According to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS), "Barbershop music features songs with understandable lyrics and easily singable melodies, whose tones clearly define a tonal center and imply major and minor chords and barbershop (dominant and secondary dominant) seventh chords that resolve primarily around the circle of fifths, while making frequent use of other resolutions." Slower barbershop songs, especially ballads, often eschew a continuous beat, and notes are often held (or sped up) ad libitum.

Except for the bass, the voice parts in barbershop singing do not correspond closely to their classical music counterparts; the tenor range and tessitura are similar to those of the classical countertenor, the baritone resembles the Heldentenor or lyric baritone in range and a tenor in tessitura, and the lead generally corresponds to the tenor of classical repertoire, with some singers possessing a tessitura more similar to that of a high baritone. Barbershop singing is performed both by men's and women's groups; the elements of the barbershop style and the names of the voice parts are the same for both.

Ringing chords
The defining characteristic of the barbershop style is the ringing chord, one in which certain overtones of the four voices reinforce each other, sometimes so strongly that the overtone is perceived by the listener as a distinct tone, even though none of the voices are perceived as singing that tone. This effect occurs when the chord, as voiced, contains intervals which have strongly reinforcing overtones (fifths and octaves, for example) that fall in the audible range; and when the chord is sung in perfect just tuning without excessive vibrato. Both of these characteristics are important in many styles of singing, but in Barbershop there is an extreme emphasis on them that tends to override other musical values. For example, favored chords in the jazz style are characterized by intervals which do not audibly ring, such as diminished or augmented fifths. For another example, Barbershop music is always a cappella, because the presence of fixed-pitch instruments (tuned to equal-temperament rather than just temperament), which is so highly prized in other choral styles, makes perfect just tuning of chords impossible.

The physics and psychophysics of the effect are fairly well understood; it occurs when the upper harmonics in the individual voice notes, and the sum and difference frequencies resulting from nonlinear combinations within the ear, reinforce each other at a particular frequency, strengthening it so that it stands out separately above the blended sound. The effect is audible only on certain kinds of chords, and only when all voices are equally rich in harmonics and justly tuned and balanced. It is not heard in chords sounded on modern keyboard instruments, due to the slight tuning imperfection of the equal-tempered scale.

Gage Averill writes that "Barbershoppers have become partisans of this acoustic phenomenon" and that "the more experienced singers of the barbershop revival (at least after 1938) have self-consciously tuned their dominant seventh and tonic chords in just intonation to maximize the overlap of common overtones." However, "In practice, it seems that most leads rely on an approximation of an equal-tempered scale for the melody, to which the other voices adjust vertically in just intonation."

What is prized is not so much the "overtone" itself, but a unique sound whose achievement is most easily recognized by the presence of the "overtone". The precise synchrony of the waveforms of the four voices simultaneously creates the perception of a "fifth voice" while at the same time melding the four voices into a unified sound. The ringing chord is qualitatively different in sound from an ordinary musical chord e.g. as sounded on a tempered-scale keyboard instrument.

Most elements of the "revivalist" style are related to the desire to produce these ringing chords. Performance is a cappella to prevent the distracting introduction of equal-tempered intonation, and because listening to anything but the other three voices interferes with a performer's ability to tune with the precision required. Barbershop arrangements stress chords and chord progressions that favor "ringing", at the expense of suspended and diminished chords and other harmonic vocabulary of the ragtime and jazz forms.

The dominant seventh-type chord is so important to barbershop harmony that it is called the "barbershop seventh". BHS arrangers believe that a song should contain dominant seventh chords anywhere from 35 to 60 percent of the time (measured as a percentage of the duration of the song rather than a percentage of the chords present) to sound "barbershop".

Historically barbershoppers may have used the word "minor chord" in a way that is confusing to those with musical training. Averill suggests that it was "a shorthand for chord types other than major triads", and says that the use of the word for "dominant seventh-type chords and diminished chords" was common in the late nineteenth century. A 1910 song called "Play That Barber Shop Chord" (often cited as an early example of "barbershop" in reference to music) contains the lines:

"'Cause Mister when you start that minor part I feel your fingers slipping and a grasping at my heart, Oh Lord play that Barber shop chord!"

Averill notes the hints of rapture, "quasi-religion" and erotic passion in the language used by barbershoppers to describe the emotional effect. He quotes Jim Ewin as reporting "a tingling of the spine, the raising of the hairs on the back of the neck, the spontaneous arrival of goose flesh on the forearm ... the fifth note has almost mysterious propensities. It's the consummation devoutly wished by those of us who love Barbershop harmony. If you ask us to explain why we love it so, we are hard put to answer; that's where our faith takes over." Averill notes too the use of the language of addiction, "there's this great big chord that gets people hooked." An early manual was entitled "A Handbook for Adeline Addicts".

He notes too that "barbershoppers almost never speak of 'singing' a chord, but almost always draw on a discourse of physical work and exertion; thus, they 'hit', 'chop', 'ring', 'crack', 'swipe', and 'bust.' Vocal harmony is interpreted as an embodied musicking. Barbershoppers never lose sight (or sound) of its physicality."

Historical origins
While the modern era of barbershop music is accepted to have begun with a 1940s revival, opinions as to the genre's origins vary with respect to race, gender, region, and context.

Historical memoirs and journalism indicate a strong tradition of quartet singing among young African American men, gathering informally to "crack up a chord". This was acknowledged as early as 1882, when a New York Age writer traced the development of this singing as a home-grown amusement, arising from the exclusion of Black people from theaters and concert halls. Jazz musician Louis Armstrong told of having harmonized on New Orleans street corners as a boy, and NAACP executive secretary James Weldon Johnson "grew up singing barbershop harmony".

English "barber's music" was described in the 17th century by Samuel Pepys as amateur instrumental music. The Encyclopædia Britannica considers the 19-century origins of the quartet style as "obscure", possibly referring back to barber's music, or dating to when barbershops served as community centers, where men would gather for social and musical activities with barbers traditionally being musicians. Later, white minstrel singers adopted the style, and in the early days of the recording industry their performances were recorded and sold. Early standards included songs such as "Shine On, Harvest Moon", "Hello, Ma Baby", and "Sweet Adeline". Johnson noted in the 1920s how the genre had already crossed racial barriers.

Barbershop music was very popular between 1900 and 1919, and some of the most popular quartets were the Haydn Quartet, the American Quartet, and the Peerless Quartet. Modern barbershop quartets often costume themselves in gaudy versions of the vaudeville dress of this time, with boaters and vertically striped vests. Composer and pianist Scott Joplin incorporated a barbershop quartet into his 1911 opera Treemonisha. The genre gradually faded into obscurity in the 1920s, although barbershop-style harmonies remained in evidence in a cappella forms of traditional black gospel and white gospel.

Other researchers argue that today's barbershop music is an invented tradition related to several musical features popular around 1900, including quartet singing and the use of the barbershop chord, but effectively created during the 1940s in the ranks of the Barbershop Harmony Society whilst creating a system of singing contests and its contest rules.

Organizations
Barbershop music is promoted through the use of competition for quartets and choruses run by not-for-profit organizations. Barbershop organizations often provide judging, education, coaching and promotion services for local choruses and quartets.

United States
In the United States, there are three major organizations which are intended to preserve the style of Barbershop music: The Barbershop Harmony Society, a historically men's organization until 2018, Sweet Adelines International, a women's organization and Harmony, Incorporated which splintered off from Sweet Adelines in 1959. A minor organization began in 2014 called the Mixed Harmony Barbershop Association to promote mixed harmony barbershop quartets and choruses within the three major organizations and internationally. The Society for the Preservation and Propagation of BarberShop Quartet Singing in the U.S. (SPPBSQSUS) formed in 2018 as a fraternal organization to preserve and perpetuate the all-male barbershop quartet.

Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS)
The revival of a cappella singing took place circa 1938 when tax lawyer Owen C. Cash sought to save the art form from the threat of radio. He garnered support from investment banker Rupert I. Hall. Both came from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Cash was a partisan of quartet singing who advertised the fact that he did not want a cappella to fall by the wayside. Thousands of men responded. Later the "Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America" was established, known by the abbreviation S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A. at a time when many institutions in the US used multiple initials to denote their function. The group adopted the alternate name "Barbershop Harmony Society" early in its history. While its legal name has never changed, it changed its official brand name to "Barbershop Harmony Society" in 2004.

For the majority of its history, the society had all-male membership. It was all-white until 1963 when it allowed black members, and since 2018, it allows women to join as members.

Sweet Adelines International (SAI)
Sweet Adelines International was established in 1945 by Edna Mae Anderson of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The aim was to teach and train its members in music and to create and promote barbershop quartets and other musical groups. By year's end, the first chapter incorporated in Oklahoma with Anderson as its president. Sweet Adelines went international on March 23, 1953, when the first chapter outside the U.S. was chartered in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Even though there were international chapters, it was not until May 1991 that the name officially changed to Sweet Adelines International. It has a current membership of 23,000 and holds an annual international singing competition.

Harmony, Incorporated (HI)
In 1957, several members of Sweet Adelines International (SAI) broke from the organization in protest of the policy limiting membership to Caucasian women. In 1958, chapters from Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Orillia, Ontario, also left SAI to form Harmony, Incorporated. (Sweet Adelines changed their policy in 1966).

Harmony, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Rhode Island on February 26, 1959. The founding member chapters of Harmony, Inc. were the Melody Belles of Providence, Rhode Island; Sea Gals of New Bedford, Massachusetts; The Harmonettes from North Attleboro, Massachusetts; Harmony Belles of Barrie-Orillia, Ontario; and the Harborettes from Scituate, Massachusetts.

In 1963, a Sweet Adeline chapter in Ottawa, Ontario was threatened with expulsion after accepting a black woman, Lana Clowes, as a member. As a result, Ottawa's Capital Chordettes left SAI to become the seventh chapter to join Harmony, Incorporated.

In 2013, Harmony, Inc. announced the creation of the Affiliate membership category, extending membership to men involved with the organization.

International organizations
After the establishment of the above organizations, other countries have begun their organizations to promote Barbershop music. These international organizations are often affiliated with one of the United States organizations listed above or by the World Harmony Council. Some are gender exclusive organizations while some are mixed. They include; British Association of Barbershop Singers, Barbershop Harmony Australia (BHA), Barbershop Harmony New Zealand (BHNZ), Barbershop in Germany (BinG), Finnish Association of Barbershop Singers (FABS), Holland Harmony (HH), Irish Association of Barbershop Singers (IABS), Ladies Association of Barbershop Singers (LABBS) in the United Kingdom, Spanish Association of Barbershop Singers (SABS) and Society of Nordic Barbershop Singers (SNOBS).

Quartets
A barbershop quartet is an ensemble of four people who sing a cappella in the exacting barbershop music genre.

In North America, the Barbershop Harmony Society hosts contests for all singers. Female barbershop quartet singers can also compete in Sweet Adelines International or Harmony, Inc., and the Society for the Preservation and Propagation of BarberShop Quartet Singing in the U.S. is available to male singers. Similar organizations exist in other continents and countries.

Choruses
A barbershop chorus sings a cappella music in the barbershop style. Most barbershop choruses belong to a larger association of practitioners such as the Barbershop Harmony Society, Sweet Adelines International, LABBS (Ladies Association of British Barbershop Singers), BABS (British Association of Barbershop Singers) or Harmony, Inc.

In the Barbershop Harmony Society, a chorus is the main performing aspect of each chapter. In competition, choruses may have as few as 12 members singing, with no upper limit. Choruses normally sing with a director, as distinct from quartets. It is not uncommon for a new quartet to form within a chorus, or for an established quartet affiliated with a given chorus to lose a member (to death, retirement, or relocation) and recruit a replacement from the ranks of the chorus. Choruses can also provide "spare parts" to temporarily replace a quartet member who is ill or temporarily out of town.

Unlike a quartet, a chorus need not have equal numbers singing each voice part. According to BHS, the ideal balance in a chorus is about 40% bass, 30% lead, 20% baritone and 10% tenor singers.

Filling the gap between the chorus and the quartet is what is known as a VLQ or Very Large Quartet, in which more than four singers perform together, with two or more voices on some or all of the four parts. A VLQ possesses greater flexibility than a standard quartet, since they can perform even with one or more singers missing, as long as all four parts are covered. Like a normal quartet, a VLQ usually performs without a director.

Typical barbershop songs
Barbershop Harmony Society's Barberpole Cat Songs "Polecats"—12 songs which all Barbershop Harmony Society members are encouraged to learn as a shared canonic repertoire—all famous, traditional examples of the barbershop genre:

• "Down by the Old Mill Stream" (by Tell Taylor)

• "Down Our Way" (by Al Stedman & Fred Hughes, arr. Floyd Connett)

• "Honey/Little 'Lize-Medley" (Traditional, arr. Floyd Connett)

• "Let Me Call You Sweetheart" (words by Beth Slater Whitson, music by Leo Friedman)

• "My Wild Irish Rose" (words and music by Chauncey Olcott, arr. Floyd Connett)

• "Shine on Me"

• "The Story of the Rose" ("Heart of My Heart")

• "Sweet Adeline (You're The Flower Of My Heart)"

• "Sweet and Lovely" (by Norm Starks, arr. Mac Huff)

• "Sweet, Sweet Roses of Morn" (Oscar F. Jones and Martin S. Peake 1915)

• "Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie" (by Andrew B. Sterling and Harry Von Tilzer, arr Warren "Buzz" Haeger)

• "You Tell Me Your Dream (I'll Tell You Mine)"

The Barbershop Harmony Society announced on May 28, 2015, that the "Polecat" program would be expanded to include the following songs:

• "After You've Gone"

• "Bright Was The Night"

• "Caroline

• "(When It's) Darkness On The Delta" (Levinson, Neiburg, Symes)

• "Drivin' Me Crazy"

• "From The First Hello To The Last Goodbye" (words & music: Johnny Burke)

• "Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby / We All Fall"

• "Hello Mary Lou (Goodbye Heart)

• "I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)"

• "I've Been Working on the Railroad"

• "Lida Rose / Will I Ever Tell You"

• "Over The Rainbow" (words by E.Y. Harburg and music by Harold Arlen)

Examples of other songs popular in the barbershop genre are:

• "Alexander's Ragtime Band"

• "Come Fly with Me"

• "Hello Ma Baby"

• "In the Good Old Summer Time"

• "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair"

• "Last Night Was the End of the World"

• "Love Me and the World Is Mine"

• "Shine On, Harvest Moon"

• "Sweet Georgia Brown"

• "Wedding Bells Are Breaking Up That Old Gang of Mine"

• "What'll I Do"

• "Yes Sir, That's My Baby"

While these traditional songs still play a part in barbershop today, barbershop music also includes more current titles. Most music can be arranged in the barbershop style, and there are many arrangers within the aforementioned societies with the skills to include the barbershop chord structure in their arrangements. Today's barbershop quartets and choruses sing a variety of music from all eras—show tunes, pop, and even rock music has been arranged for choruses and quartets, making them more attractive to younger singers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barbershop music


text:
Barbershop (film)

Barbershop is a 2002 American comedy-drama film and the first installment in the Barbershop series directed by Tim Story and written by Mark Brown, Don D. Scott and Marshall Todd, from a story by Brown. It was produced by George Tillman Jr., Robert Teitel and Brown. The film stars Ice Cube, Anthony Anderson, Sean Patrick Thomas, Eve, Troy Garity, Michael Ealy, Leonard Earl Howze, Keith David and Cedric the Entertainer. Its plot revolves around the social life in a barbershop on the South Side of Chicago.

The film was released on September 13, 2002 by MGM Distribution Co. It film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $77 million worldwide.

A sequel, Barbershop 2: Back in Business was released on February 6, 2004, with the original cast returning without director Story, and a third installment, Barbershop: The Next Cut, was released on April 15, 2016, and was directed by Malcolm D. Lee.

Plot
On a cold winter day in Chicago, Calvin Palmer Jr. (Ice Cube) decides he has had enough of trying to keep open the barbershop his father handed down to him. He cannot borrow, revenues are falling, and he seems more interested in get-rich-quick schemes to bring in easy money. Without telling his employees or the customers, he sells the barbershop to a greedy loan shark, Lester Wallace (Keith David), who secretly plans to turn it into a strip club.

After spending a day at work, and realizing just how vital the barbershop is to the surrounding community, Calvin rethinks his decision and tries to get the shop back - only to find out Wallace wants double the $20,000 he paid Calvin to return it, and before 7 pm that day. Right after he admits to the employees that he sold the barber shop, and that it would be closing at the end of the day, the police arrive to arrest one of the barbers, Ricky (Michael Ealy).

Ricky is accused of driving his pickup truck into a nearby market to steal an ATM, but it's revealed that his cousin J.D. (Anthony Anderson) committed the crime after borrowing Ricky's truck. As this would be Ricky's 'third strike', he could be sentenced to life in prison. Calvin uses the $20,000 from Lester to bail Ricky out of jail, but because J.D. was going to let Ricky take the fall without remorse, Ricky is still angry.

Calvin reveals that he found a gun in Ricky's locker in the barbershop and shows it to him. They stop the car and Ricky throws the gun into the Chicago River, proving that he does not want to get into any more trouble. Then they both go to confront Lester, as well as J.D. and Billy (Lahmard Tate), who took the ATM to Lester's place without his knowledge, still trying to pry it open. Calvin and Ricky demand that Lester give the barbershop back.

Angered, Lester orders his bodyguard Monk (Kevin Morrow) to pull out his gun. The police arrive just in time to save Calvin and Ricky and arrest J.D. and Billy. Calvin and Ricky see the ATM, and get a $50,000 reward for returning it to police. They get the money, and the barbershop reopens with even better business than before. In the meantime, Calvin's wife Jennifer (Jazsmin Lewis) has given birth to a baby boy.

Production
Produced on a $12 million budget, Barbershop, with a story by Mark Brown and a screenplay by Brown, Marshall Todd, and Don D. Scott, was filmed in Chicago during the winter of 2001 to early 2002. The filmmakers used a storefront in the South Chicago community area (79th Street and Exchange Avenue) that was once a laundromat to build the set for Calvin's barbershop, and the set was duplicated on a soundstage. Similar to what he achieved with his 1997 film Soul Food, producer George Tillman Jr. wanted to portray African Americans in a more positive and three-dimensional light than many other Hollywood films had in the past. This film also features three original songs by R&B singer/songwriter Sherod Lindsey.

Reception
The film received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a approval rating based on  reviews, with an average score of. Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 66% based on reviews from 29 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.

Sequels, spin-off and television series
In 2004, MGM released the sequel, Barbershop 2: Back in Business. All of the original cast returned, but director Tim Story did not. This film was directed by Kevin Rodney Sullivan. In the same year, Billie Woodruff directed a spin-off film entitled Beauty Shop, with Queen Latifah as the lead (Latifah's character made her debut in Barbershop 2). Beauty Shop was pushed back from a late summer 2004 release, and finally reached theaters in March 2005.

During the fall of 2005, State Street and Ice Cube debuted Barbershop: The Series on the Showtime cable network, with Omar Gooding taking over Ice Cube's role of Calvin. The character "Dinka" is renamed "Yinka" on Barbershop: The Series, as "Dinka" is not a typical Nigerian name (although a certain tribe in the Nigerian middle belt bears the name "Dimka"). In addition, Isaac's last name is changed from "Rosenberg" to "Brice", and the character Ricky has been replaced by a more hardened ex-con, Romadal.

In 2014, a third Barbershop film was announced, titled Barbershop: The Next Cut. In late March of that year, MGM executives revealed that they have been negotiating deals with Ice Cube to appear in the film. A year later, MGM announced that the studio has been setting up deals with Cedric the Entertainer, Queen Latifah, Lisa Maffia, and Nicki Minaj to appear in the film. Malcolm D. Lee directed the film and New Line Cinema distributed it. The film was released on April 15, 2016.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on August 27, 2002 by Epic Records. It peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200 and #9 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

title: Barbershop (film)


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Atlas pied flycatcher

The Atlas pied flycatcher or Atlas flycatcher (Ficedula speculigera) is a bird in an Old World flycatcher family, one of the four species of Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers; it is endemic as a breeding species to North-west Africa.

It was formerly regarded as a race of European pied flycatcher, but Sætre et al. (2001) recommended that it is regarded as a species in its own right. The bird has large white patches on its wing and forehead. Identification is also covered in Etherington and Small (2003) and van den Berg et al. (2006).

title: Atlas pied flycatcher


text:
Talk:Yasnaya Polyana, Kaliningrad Oblast

Untitled
Do we need to distinguish the city of Yasnaya Polyana from Lev Tolstoy's country estate of the same name?

 * Done Errabee 11:21, 29 May 2006 (UTC)


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Outline of scientific method

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the scientific method:

Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on observable, empirical, reproducible, measurable evidence, and subject to the laws of reasoning.

Nature of scientific method
Scientific method
 * Science
 * Philosophy of science
 * Sociology of knowledge
 * Process of science
 * Knowledge

Elements of scientific method
Research

Observation
Observation
 * Scientific method
 * Causation
 * Investigation
 * Measurement (Outline of metrology and measurement)

Hypothesis
Hypothesis
 * pro:Karl Popper
 * Falsifiability
 * con:Paul Feyerabend
 * Statistical hypothesis testing

Experiment
Experiment
 * Laboratory
 * Laboratory techniques
 * Design of experiments
 * Scientific control
 * Natural experiment
 * Observational study
 * Field experiment
 * Self-experimentation
 * Self-experimentation in medicine
 * Placebo effect

Theory

 * Scientific theory

Prediction

 * Prediction
 * Bayesian inference – subjective use of statistical reasoning
 * Deductive reasoning
 * Retrodiction

Evaluation by scientific community

 * Peer review
 * Medical peer review

Empirical methods
Empirical methods
 * Empiricism
 * Robert Grosseteste
 * Peter Parker
 * Empirical validation
 * Operationalization

Use of statistics

 * Uncomfortable science — Inference from a limited sample of data
 * Exploratory data analysis
 * Confirmatory data analysis

Paradigm change

 * Thomas Kuhn
 * The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
 * Paradigm
 * Paradigm shift

Problem of induction
The problem of induction questions the logical basis of scientific statements.
 * Inductive reasoning appears to lie at the core of the scientific method, yet also appears to be invalid.
 * David Hume was the person who first pointed out the problem of induction.
 * Karl Popper offered one solution, Falsifiability

Scientific creativity

 * Tacit knowledge

Deviations from the scientific method

 * Bad science
 * Junk science
 * Pseudoscience
 * Pathological science
 * Fringe science

Critique of scientific method

 * Paul Feyerabend argued that the search for a definitive scientific method was misplaced and even counterproductive.
 * Imre Lakatos attempted to bridge the gap between Popper and Kuhn.
 * Sociology of scientific knowledge
 * Scientism

Relationship of scientific method to technology

 * Science and technology studies
 * Theories of technology

Aesthetics in the scientific method

 * Elegance
 * Occam's razor

Publications

 * Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics
 * Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine
 * Roger Bacon's Opus Majus
 * Francis Bacon's Novum Organum

Persons influential in the development of scientific method

 * Alhazen
 * Francis Bacon
 * Galileo Galilei
 * René Descartes
 * Charles Sanders Peirce

title: Outline of scientific method


text:
User talk:Philip wood

John Russell 4th Duke of Bedford was saved from a mob at Lichfield Races (Whittington Heath) in 1752

title: User talk:Philip wood


text:
Talk:Barbershop

Untitled
I moved the pre-dec03-'03-Barbershop talk pages to Talk:Barbershop_(musical_style). Jeroenvrp 14:01, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barbershop


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Christian Sinding

Christian August Sinding (11 January 1856 – 3 December 1941) was a Norwegian composer. He is best known for his lyrical work for piano Frühlingsrauschen (Rustle of Spring, 1896). He was often compared to Edvard Grieg and regarded as his successor.

Personal life
Sinding was born at Kongsberg in Buskerud, Norway. His parents were mine superintendent Matthias Wilhelm Sinding and Cecilie Marie Mejdell. He was a brother of the painter Otto Sinding and the sculptor Stephan Sinding. His sister Thora Cathrine Sinding was married to jurist Glør Thorvald Mejdell.

Christian Sinding was a nephew of Nicolai Mejdell and Thorvald Mejdell. He was also a first cousin of journalist and writer Alfred Sinding-Larsen.

In November 1898 he married actress Augusta Gade, née Smith-Petersen (1858–1936). She was the daughter of Morten Smith-Petersen and Cathrine von der Lippe. She had previously been married to physician and art patron Fredrik Georg Gade.

Career
He studied music first in Christiania (now Oslo) before going to Germany, where he studied at the conservatory in Leipzig under Salomon Jadassohn and fell under the musical influences of Wagner and Liszt. He lived in Germany for much of his life, but received regular grants from the Norwegian government. In 1921–22 he went to the United States of America to teach composition for a season at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York.

Sinding's publishers required from him piano and chamber music, which had broader sales than the symphonic works he preferred. His own instrument was the violin. The large number of short, lyrical piano pieces and songs that Sinding wrote has led to many seeing him as the heir to his fellow countryman, Edvard Grieg, not so much in musical style but as a Norwegian composer with an international reputation. Sinding is best remembered today for one of his piano works, Frühlingsrauschen (Rustle of Spring, 1896). Among his other works are four symphonies, three violin concertos, a piano concerto, chamber music, songs and choral works to Norwegian texts, and an opera, Der Heilige Berg (The Holy Mountain, 1914).

Awards
Sinding was made a member of the Order of St. Olav in 1905 and Commander in 1916, and in 1938, received the Grand Cross. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of Vasa and in 1905, he was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. In 1924 he was granted the honor of lifetime residence at Henrik Wergeland's former home, Grotten in Oslo.

Legacy
Sinding had suffered from severe senile dementia since the late 1930s. Eight weeks before his death in 1941, Sinding joined the Norwegian Nazi party, Nasjonal Samling - however, his membership card was unsigned. The Nazis had strong motivation to recruit Sinding, as he was tremendously popular before the war in both Norway and Germany. Following the liberation of Norway at the end of World War II, it was official practice for the national broadcasting system to boycott people seen as Nazi sympathisers. As a consequence, Sinding's post-war reputation in Norway became relatively obscure. The circumstances surrounding the composer's membership continue to raise controversy. Sinding had made several remarks against the Nazi occupation. He had fought for the rights of Jewish musicians during the early 1930s and was a close friend of Nordahl Grieg.

Documents
Letters by Christian Sinding held by the State Archives in Leipzig, company archives of the Music Publishing House C.F.Peters (Leipzig).

title: Christian Sinding


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Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

The Little Caesars Pizza Bowl (known as the Motor City Bowl until 2009) was a post-season college football bowl game that was played annually from 1997 to 2013. The first five games (1997–2001) were played at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, and moved to the 65,000-seat Ford Field in downtown Detroit, Michigan in 2002—the past and present homes of the Detroit Lions respectively. The game marked the first bowl game held in the Detroit area since the Cherry Bowl in 1984–85.

The Little Caesars Pizza Bowl featured a bowl-eligible team from the Mid-American Conference (usually the winner of the MAC Championship Game, although that team was not required to accept the bid; prior to the formation of the bowl the MAC champion earned an automatic bid to the Las Vegas Bowl) playing a bowl-eligible team from the Big Ten Conference. If the Big Ten did not have an eligible team, the game featured a team from the Sun Belt Conference that met the NCAA requirement of at least six wins. In the event that the Sun Belt did not have an available team, an at-large team could be chosen.

The final Little Caesars Pizza Bowl was held in 2013; it was displaced by the Quick Lane Bowl, which is organized by the Detroit Lions and also features Big Ten and MAC opponents (though the ACC served as the Big Ten's opponent through 2019). Organizers explored the possibility of moving the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl to nearby Comerica Park as an outdoor game, but the game would instead be cancelled.

History
The Motor City Bowl started in 1997 at the Pontiac Silverdome.

The game was jointly sponsored by the "Big Three" automakers in Detroit from 1998 to 2007 (Ford, General Motors and Chrysler). Starting with the 2008 game, Chrysler was replaced by the Michigan Regional Council of Carpenters and Millwrights as a presenting sponsor. In 2009, Little Caesars became the title sponsor of the game after General Motors and Chrysler reorganized under bankruptcy protection. Ford remained as a sponsor. In 2011, the three automakers, along with the UAW, began contributing $100,000 jointly to become presenting sponsors of the game.

A bowl record crowd of 60,624 fans witnessed the 2007 bowl game between the Purdue Boilermakers and the Central Michigan Chippewas.

On April 12, 2010, it was announced that the Big Ten Conference had extended its affiliation with the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl (Big Ten no. 8) through the 2013 season. Also the Sun Belt Conference agreed to a secondary tie-in that would allow a Sun Belt Conference team to play in the Detroit-based game should the Big Ten Conference not have an available bowl-eligible team to play.

In August 2013, the Detroit Lions announced that it would hold a new bowl game at Ford Field beginning in 2014, between the Big Ten and an Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) opponent. While Pizza Bowl organizers attempted to move the bowl to Comerica Park (which is owned by Little Caesars' parent company Ilitch Holdings) and convert it to an outdoor game, these plans never came to fruition.

In August 2014, the Lions announced that the new game would be known as the Quick Lane Bowl, and that it would be held on the same day—December 26—that the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl was traditionally held on. In a statement to Crain's Detroit Business, Motor City Bowl executive director Ken Hoffman confirmed that "there is no Pizza Bowl for 2014. We will have to see about the future", implying that the game has been cancelled indefinitely in favor of the Quick Lane Bowl. The MAC holds a secondary tie-in for the Quick Lane Bowl.

Appearances by team
There were 17 playings of the bowl (34 total appearances). Won: Boston College, Connecticut, Florida Atlantic, FIU, Memphis, Mississippi, Pittsburgh Loss: Akron, BYU, Louisville, Middle Tennessee, Northwestern, Ohio, Western Kentucky, Western Michigan
 * Teams with multiple appearances
 * Teams with a single appearance

title: Little Caesars Pizza Bowl


text:
Homothety

In mathematics, a homothety (or homothecy, or homogeneous dilation) is a transformation of an affine space determined by a point S called its center and a nonzero number $$k$$ called its ratio, which sends point $$X$$ to a point $$X'$$ by the rule
 * $$\overrightarrow{SX'}=k\overrightarrow{SX}$$ for a fixed number $$k\ne 0$$.

Using position vectors:
 * $$\mathbf x'=\mathbf s + k(\mathbf x -\mathbf s)$$.

In case of $$S=O$$ (Origin):
 * $$\mathbf x'=k\mathbf x$$,

which is a uniform scaling and shows the meaning of special choices for $$k$$:
 * for $$k=1$$ one gets the identity mapping,
 * for $$k=-1$$ one gets the reflection at the center,

For $$1/k$$ one gets the inverse mapping defined by $$k$$.

In Euclidean geometry homotheties are the similarities that fix a point and either preserve (if $$k>0$$) or reverse (if $$k<0$$) the direction of all vectors. Together with the translations, all homotheties of an affine (or Euclidean) space form a group, the group of dilations or homothety-translations. These are precisely the affine transformations with the property that the image of every line g is a line parallel to g.

In projective geometry, a homothetic transformation is a similarity transformation (i.e., fixes a given elliptic involution) that leaves the line at infinity pointwise invariant.

In Euclidean geometry, a homothety of ratio $$k$$ multiplies distances between points by $$|k|$$, areas by $$k^2$$ and volumes by $$|k|^3$$. Here $$k$$ is the ratio of magnification or dilation factor or scale factor or similitude ratio. Such a transformation can be called an enlargement if the scale factor exceeds 1. The above-mentioned fixed point S is called homothetic center or center of similarity or center of similitude.

The term, coined by French mathematician Michel Chasles, is derived from two Greek elements: the prefix homo- (όμο), meaning "similar", and thesis (Θέσις), meaning "position". It describes the relationship between two figures of the same shape and orientation. For example, two Russian dolls looking in the same direction can be considered homothetic.

Homotheties are used to scale the contents of computer screens; for example, smartphones, notebooks, and laptops.

Properties
The following properties hold in any dimension.

Mapping lines, line segments and angles
A homothety has the following properties: Both properties show:
 * A line is mapped onto a parallel line. Hence: angles remain unchanged.
 * The ratio of two line segments is preserved.
 * A homothety is a similarity.

Derivation of the properties: In order to make calculations easy it is assumed that the center $$S$$ is the origin: $$\mathbf x \to k\mathbf x$$. A line $$g$$ with parametric representation $$\mathbf x=\mathbf p +t\mathbf v$$ is mapped onto the point set $$g'$$ with equation $$\mathbf x=k(\mathbf p+t\mathbf v)= k\mathbf p+tk\mathbf v$$, which is a line parallel to $$g$$.

The distance of two points $$P:\mathbf p,\;Q:\mathbf q$$ is $$|\mathbf p -\mathbf q|$$ and $$|k\mathbf p -k\mathbf q|=|k||\mathbf p-\mathbf q|$$ the distance between their images. Hence, the ratio (quotient) of two line segments remains unchanged.

In case of $$S\ne O$$ the calculation is analogous but a little extensive.

Consequences: A triangle is mapped on a similar one. The homothetic image of a circle is a circle. The image of an ellipse is a similar one. i.e. the ratio of the two axes is unchanged.

using the intercept theorem
If for a homothety with center $$S$$ the image $$Q_1$$ of a point $$P_1$$ is given (see diagram) then the image $$Q_2$$ of a second point $$P_2$$, which lies not on line $$SP_1$$ can be constructed graphically using the intercept theorem: $$Q_2$$ is the common point th two lines $$\overline{P_1P_2}$$ and $$\overline{SP_2}$$. The image of a point collinear with $$P_1,Q_1$$ can be determined using $$P_2,Q_2$$.

using a pantograph
Before computers became ubiquitous, scalings of drawings were done by using a pantograph, a tool similar to a compass.

Construction and geometrical background:

 * 1) Take 4 rods and assemble a mobile parallelogram with vertices $$P_0,Q_0,H,P$$ such that the two rods meeting at $$Q_0$$ are prolonged at the other end as shown in the diagram. Choose the ratio $$k$$.
 * 2) On the prolonged rods mark the two points $$S,Q$$ such that $$|SQ_0|=k|SP_0|$$ and $$|QQ_0|=k|HQ_0|$$. This is the case if $$|SQ_0|=\tfrac{k}{k-1}|P_0Q_0|.$$ (Instead of $$k$$ the location of the center $$S$$ can be prescribed. In this case the ratio is $$k=|SQ_0|/|SP_0|$$.)
 * 3) Attach the mobile rods rotatable at point $$S$$.
 * 4) Vary the location of point $$P$$ and mark at each time point $$Q$$.

Because of $$|SQ_0|/|SP_0|=|Q_0Q|/|PP_0|$$ (see diagram) one gets from the intercept theorem that the points $$S,P,Q$$ are collinear (lie on a line) and equation $$|SQ|=k|SP|$$ holds. That shows: the mapping $$P\to Q$$ is a homothety with center $$S$$ and ratio $$k$$.

Composition

 * The composition of two homotheties with the same center $$S$$ is again a homothety with center $$S$$. The homotheties with center $$S$$ form a group.
 * The composition of two homotheties with different centers $$S_1,S_2$$ and its ratios $$k_1,k_2$$ is
 * in case of $$k_1k_2\ne 1$$ a homothety with its center on line $$\overline{S_1S_2}$$ and ratio $$k_1k_2$$ or
 * in case of $$k_1k_2= 1$$ a translation in direction $$\overrightarrow{S_1S_2}$$. Especially, if $$k_1=k_2=-1$$ (point reflections).

Derivation:

For the composition $$\sigma_2\sigma_1$$ of the two homotheties $$\sigma_1,\sigma_2$$ with centers $$S_1,S_2$$ with
 * $$\sigma_1: \mathbf x \to \mathbf s_1+k_1(\mathbf x -\mathbf s_1), $$
 * $$\sigma_2: \mathbf x \to \mathbf s_2+k_2(\mathbf x -\mathbf s_2)\ $$

one gets by calculation for the image of point $$X:\mathbf x$$:
 * $$(\sigma_2\sigma_1)(\mathbf x)= \mathbf s_2+k_2\big(\mathbf s_1+k_1(\mathbf x-\mathbf s_1)-\mathbf s_2\big) $$
 * $$\qquad \qquad \ =(1-k_1)k_2\mathbf s_1+(1-k_2)\mathbf s_2 + k_1k_2\mathbf x$$.

Hence, the composition is
 * in case of $$k_1k_2= 1$$ a translation in direction $$\overrightarrow{S_1S_2}$$ by vector $$\ (1-k_2)(\mathbf s_2-\mathbf s_1)$$.
 * in case of $$k_1k_2\ne 1$$ point
 * $$S_3: \mathbf s_3=\frac{(1-k_1)k_2\mathbf s_1+(1-k_2)\mathbf s_2}{1-k_1k_2}

=\mathbf s_1+\frac{1-k_2}{1-k_1k_2}(\mathbf s_2-\mathbf s_1) $$ is a fixpoint (is not moved) and the composition
 * $$\sigma_2\sigma_1: \ \mathbf x \to \mathbf s_3 + k_1k_2(\mathbf x -\mathbf s_3)\quad $$.

is a homothety with center $$S_3$$ and ratio $$k_1k_2$$. $$S_3$$ lies on line $$\overline{S_1S_2}$$.
 * The composition of a homothety and a translation is a homothety.

Derivation:

The composition of the homothety
 * $$\sigma: \mathbf x \to \mathbf s +k(\mathbf x-\mathbf s),\; k\ne 1,\;$$ and the translation
 * $$\tau: \mathbf x \to \mathbf x +\mathbf v $$ is
 * $$\tau\sigma: \mathbf x \to \mathbf s +\mathbf v +k(\mathbf x-\mathbf s)$$
 * $$=\mathbf s +\frac{\mathbf v}{1-k}+k\left(\mathbf x-(\mathbf s+\frac{\mathbf v}{1-k})\right)$$

which is a homothety with center $$\mathbf s'=\mathbf s +\frac{\mathbf v}{1-k}$$ and ratio $$k$$.

In homogenous coordinates
The homothety $$\sigma: \mathbf x \to \mathbf s+k(\mathbf x -\mathbf s)$$ with center $$S=(u,v)$$ can be written as the composition of a homothety with center $$O$$ and a translation:
 * $$\mathbf x \to k\mathbf x + (1-k)\mathbf s$$.

Hence $$\sigma$$ can be represented in homogeneous coordinates by the matrix:
 * $$\begin{pmatrix}

k & 0 & (1-k)u\\ 0 & k & (1-k)v\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} $$

A pure homothety linear transformation is also conformal because it is composed of translation and uniform scale.

title: Homothety


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Spectrum HoloByte

Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. was a video game developer and publisher. The company, founded in 1983, was known for its simulation games, notably the Falcon series of combat flight simulators, and for publishing the first version of Tetris outside the Soviet Union (in 1988 for MS-DOS). Spectrum HoloByte published games for various home computers and video game consoles.

History
Spectrum HoloByte was founded in 1983 in Boulder, Colorado by Jeff Sauter, Phil Adam and Mike Franklin.

In 1987 Spectrum HoloByte merged with another game developer, Nexa Corporation, forming a common holding company, Sphere, Inc., and prompting the company's move from Colorado to California. Nexa founder Gilman Louie served as chairman of the combined company.

In 1992, Spectrum HoloByte received an investment from Kleiner Perkins, which let the company repurchase shares formerly owned by Robert Maxwell's companies, ending its ties to their bankruptcies. In December 1993, Sphere, Inc. merged with MicroProse to form MicroProse Inc. For the following years, games from both companies were published under their respective brands, but in 1996 all titles were consolidated under the MicroProse brand.

Hasbro Interactive acquired the merged company in 1998, and what had been Spectrum HoloByte ceased to exist when the development studio in Alameda, California, was closed in 1999.

title: Spectrum HoloByte