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University of North Carolina at Pembroke

The University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNC Pembroke or UNCP) is a public university in Pembroke, North Carolina. UNC Pembroke is a master's level degree-granting university and part of the University of North Carolina system. Its history is intertwined with that of the Lumbee nation.

History
The educational institution that developed into UNC Pembroke has its origins in the circumstances of the post-Civil War South. This school was a part of the effort of the Lumbee Nation in North Carolina to preserve their unique identity. Access and authority over their own educational system were understood to be of key importance to retaining Lumbee culture, instilling a sense of pride, and improving the group's economic and social conditions.

Croatan Normal School was created by the General Assembly on March 7, 1887, in response to a local petition, sponsored by North Carolina Representative Hamilton McMillan of Robeson County. This event occurred in the context of competition for support between the Democratic and Republican parties in North Carolina. Hamilton MacMillan's support for the school was connected to his personal interest and research on Native American history and culture. The school's initial name, Croatan Normal School, was selected in accordance with the debatable view that this tribe included descendants of the Outer Banks Lost Colony of Sir Walter Raleigh.

The normal school opened in the spring of 1888 with one teacher and 15 students with the goal of training American Indian public school teachers. Initially, enrollment was limited to the American Indians of Robeson County. In this period school enrollment was often quite limited among the general population. Funding by the state was patchy at best and there was a high level of illiteracy. The creation of a centralized training school for teachers was thought to be the best method of addressing this problem in the given circumstances.

In 1909, the school moved to its present location, about a mile east of the original site. The name was changed in 1911 to the Indian Normal School of Robeson County, and again in 1913 to the Cherokee Indian Normal School of Robeson County, tracking the legislature's designation for the Indians of the county, who at one time claimed Cherokee descent. In 1926 the school became a two-year post-secondary normal school; until then it had provided only primary and secondary instruction.

In 1939 it became a four-year institution, and in 1941 was renamed Pembroke State College for Indians. The next year, the school began to offer bachelor's degrees in disciplines other than teaching. In 1945 the college was opened to members of all federally recognized tribes. A change of name to Pembroke State College in 1949 presaged the admission of white students, which was approved in 1953 for up to forty percent of total enrollment. The Brown v. Board of Education ruling the following year by the United States Supreme Court ended race restrictions at the college. Between 1939 and 1953, Pembroke State was the only state-supported four-year college for Native Americans in the United States.

In 1969 the college became Pembroke State University, a regional university that was incorporated into the University of North Carolina system in 1972. The first master's degree program was implemented in 1978. On July 1, 1996, Pembroke State University became The University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

Campus

The university's campus is situated just north of Pembroke, located directly behind N.C. Highway 711. Interstate 74 is located just minutes from campus, as is Interstate 95. The center of campus is considered to be the Chavis University Center (often referred to as the University Center, or the UC). Students can bowl, play pool and related games as well as socialize in the lounge. The dining hall and a fast-food outlet are located in the UC.

The UC lawn, an open grass area in front of the UC, is where students play amateur sports, read on benches, or use the area for free speech. The eastern side of campus includes the Livermore Library, Oxendine Science Building, Old Main, and Wellons Hall, among other buildings. The campus on the west side has the Business Administration Building, Education Center, and most of the residence hall communities such as Oak Hall, Pine Hall, North, and Belk. Lumbee Hall, the Dial Humanities building, the Sampson building, the Auxiliary building, the Jones Athletic Center, and the Givens Performing Arts Center make up most of the north end of campus.

The campus is home to Givens Performing Arts Center, a regional center for culture, arts, and entertainment. GPAC hosts numerous Broadway shows, orchestras, shows geared towards children, and also hosts the "Distinguished Speaker Series," in cooperation with the Association of Campus Entertainment, which has brought in notable people such as Cory Booker, Bill Nye, Jodi Sweetin, Patch Adams, Gabby Douglas and Hill Harper, among many others.

Organization
The title of Principal or Superintendent was used prior to 1940. After 1940, when UNC Pembroke became a collegiate-level institution, the title of President was used. Upon becoming a member institution of the University of North Carolina system, the title was changed to Chancellor.

Presidents

 * Dr. O. H. Browne (1940–1942)
 * Dr. Ralph D. Wellons (1942–1956)
 * Dr. Walter J. Gale (1956–1962)
 * Dr. English E. Jones (1962–1972)

Chancellors

 * Dr. English E. Jones (1972–1979)
 * Dr. Paul R. Givens (1979–1989)
 * Dr. Joseph B. Oxendine (1989–1999)
 * Dr. Allen C. Meadors (1999–2009)
 * Dr. Charles R. Jenkins (2009–2010)
 * Dr. Kyle R. Carter (2010–2015)
 * Dr. Robin G. Cummings (2015–present)

Academics

UNC Pembroke currently offers hundreds of pathways to graduate and undergraduate degrees and is organized into the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Health Sciences, McKenzie-Elliott School of Nursing, Thomas School of Business, School of Education, and The Graduate School.

Departments of the College of Arts and Sciences
 * American Indian Studies
 * Art
 * Biology
 * Chemistry and Physics
 * English, Theatre & World Languages
 * Geology & Geography
 * History
 * Mass Communication
 * Mathematics & Computer Science
 * Music
 * Nursing
 * Philosophy & Religion
 * Political Science & Public Administration
 * Psychology
 * Sociology & Criminal Justice

Departments of the College of Health Sciences
 * Nursing
 * Social Work
 * Kinesiology

Departments of the Thomas School of Business

 * Accounting & Finance
 * Economics & Decision Sciences
 * Management, Marketing & International Business

Departments of the School of Education
 * Educational Leadership & Specialties
 * Teacher Education Program
 * Counseling

The Graduate School Programs
 * Art Education
 * Business Administration (accelerated online MBA available)
 * Clinical Mental Health Counseling
 * Elementary Education
 * English Education
 * English as a Second Language Licensure, Add-on
 * Exercise/Sports Administration concentration in Physical Education (MA)
 * Mathematics Education
 * Middle Grades Education
 * Nursing (MSN)
 * Health & Physical Education
 * Public Administration (MPA)
 * Reading Education
 * School Administration (MSA)
 * Professional School Counseling
 * Science Education
 * Social Studies Education
 * Social Work
 * Special Education
 * Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT)

Students and faculty
UNCP offers small class sizes; the student-to-faculty ratio is 18:1, and classes average 20 students. In addition, classes are taught exclusively by professors, instructors, or other faculty. There are no classes on campus taught by graduate assistants. The school has an enrollment of 8,319 students; of these, 6,318 students are undergraduate, and 2,001 are graduate students. The fall 2021 enrollment marks the fourth consecutive year of record enrollment growth.

Rankings
The 2024 edition of U.S. News & World Report ranks the University #45 in Regional Universities South and #19 in Top Public Schools. It’s also ranked #16 in Best Colleges for Veterans and #10 in Best Undergraduate Teaching.

Athletics
UNC Pembroke's athletic teams are known as the Braves. Due to its heritage as an institution founded by American Indians for the education of American Indians and the continued support from the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, the school has largely been immune to the ongoing controversies related to American Indian-themed nicknames and mascots.

The school is a member of the NCAA's Division II and competes in Conference Carolinas and the Mountain East Conference. The school fields varsity sports teams for women and men.

Greek life and student organizations
UNCP, as well as the Office of Greek Life and the Campus Engagement & Leadership office, offers a variety of extracurricular activities for students. From academic-based and service organizations to minority organizations and Greek life, UNCP offers more than 100 organizations geared toward the student's specific needs.

Fraternities
 * Alpha Phi Alpha
 * Alpha Sigma Phi
 * Kappa Alpha Psi
 * Lambda Theta Phi (Latino)
 * Omega Psi Phi
 * Phi Beta Sigma
 * Phi Kappa Tau
 * Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia
 * Phi Sigma Nu (American Indian)
 * Theta Xi

Sororities
 * Alpha Kappa Alpha
 * Alpha Pi Omega (American Indian)
 * Alpha Sigma Alpha
 * Delta Sigma Theta
 * Kappa Delta
 * Lambda Theta Alpha (Latina)
 * Sigma Omicron Epsilon (American Indian)
 * Sigma Sigma Sigma
 * Zeta Phi Beta
 * Zeta Tau Alpha

Media
While the Netflix show The Chair is situated in a Pembroke University, it is a fictional Ivy League University and not the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

Notable alumni

 * Brad Allen, NFL official
 * Derek Brunson, 3-time NCAA Division II All-American wrestler at UNCP; professional MMA fighter, formerly fought in Strikeforce, now currently fighting in the UFC
 * Sascha Görres, German footballer who currently plays for Richmond Kickers in the USL Professional Division
 * Charles Graham, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives
 * Jerry P. Lanier, former U.S. Ambassador to Sudan and a career diplomat with the U.S. Department of State
 * Sally McRorie, educator, psychologist and painter
 * Pardon Ndhlovu, marathon runner from Zimbabwe, competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and placed 41st in the men's marathon competition
 * Julian Pierce, civil rights activist
 * Freda Porter, applied mathematician and environmental scientist known as one of the first Native American women to earn a PhD in the mathematical sciences
 * Ruth Revels, American Indian activist and educator
 * Kelvin Sampson, head basketball coach for the Houston Cougars, former NBA assistant coach for the Milwaukee Bucks, former Washington State, University of Oklahoma, and Indiana University head coach


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Tweedledum and Tweedledee

Tweedledum and Tweedledee are characters in an English nursery rhyme and in Lewis Carroll's 1871 book Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Their names may have originally come from an epigram written by poet John Byrom. The nursery rhyme has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19800. The names have since become synonymous in western popular culture slang for any two people whose appearances and actions are identical.

Lyrics
Common versions of the nursery rhyme include:

 * Tweedledum and Tweedledee
 * Agreed to have a battle;
 * For Tweedledum said Tweedledee
 * Had spoiled his nice new rattle.

 * Just then flew down a monstrous crow,
 * As black as a tar-barrel;
 * Which frightened both the heroes so,
 * They quite forgot their quarrel.

Origins
The words "Tweedle-dee and Tweedle-dum" make their first appearance in print as names applied to the composers George Frideric Handel and Giovanni Bononcini in "one of the most celebrated and most frequently quoted (and sometimes misquoted) epigrams", satirising disagreements between Handel and Bononcini, written by John Byrom (1692–1763): in his satire, from 1725.

 * Some say, compar'd to Bononcini
 * That Mynheer Handel's but a Ninny
 * Others aver, that he to Handel
 * Is scarcely fit to hold a Candle
 * Strange all this Difference should be
 * 'Twixt Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee!

Although Byrom is clearly the author of the epigram, the last two lines have also been attributed to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. While the familiar form of the rhyme was first printed in Original Ditties for the Nursery (c. 1805), Byrom may have drawn on an existing rhyme.

Through The Looking-Glass
The characters are perhaps best known from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and what Alice Found There (1871). Carroll, having introduced two fat little men named Tweedledee and Tweedledum, quotes the nursery rhyme, which the two brothers then go on to enact. They agree to have a battle, but never have one. When they see a monstrous black crow swooping down, they take to their heels. The Tweedle brothers never contradict each other, even when one of them, according to the rhyme, "agrees to have a battle". Rather, they complement each other's words, which led John Tenniel to portray them as twins in his illustrations for the book.

Other depictions

 * Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Disney's 1951 version of Alice in Wonderland, both voiced by J. Pat O'Malley, and representing the sun and moon as they tell Alice the story of The Walrus and the Carpenter, and the first stanza of the poem called, You Are Old, Father William before Alice quietly leaves to find the White Rabbit. They were seen again at the end of the film during the chase. The Disney versions of the characters later appeared in the Disney television series House of Mouse and one of them in the final scene of Who Framed Roger Rabbit.
 * Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, portrayed by Ben Cotton and Matty Finochio. They appear as the Red Queen's servants where they started out working for the Red King. While Tweedledum is shown to be loyal to the Red Queen, Tweedledee is shown to be loyal to Jafar.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tweedledum and Tweedledee


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Teacher in Space Project

The Teacher in Space Project (TISP) was a NASA program announced by Ronald Reagan in 1984 designed to inspire students, honor teachers, and spur interest in mathematics, science, and space exploration. The project would carry teachers into space as Payload Specialists (non-astronaut civilians), who would return to their classrooms to share the experience with their students.

NASA cancelled the program in 1990, following the death of its first participant, Christa McAuliffe, in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (STS-51-L) on January 28, 1986. NASA replaced Teachers in Space in 1998 with the Educator Astronaut Project, which required its participants to become astronaut Mission Specialists. The first Educator Astronauts were selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 19 in 2004.

Barbara Morgan, who was selected as a mission specialist as part of NASA Astronaut Group 17 in 1998, has often been incorrectly referred to as an Educator Astronaut. However, she was selected as a mission specialist before the Educator Astronaut Project.

NASA programs
TISP was announced by President Ronald Reagan on August 27, 1984. Not members of NASA's Astronaut Corps, the teachers would fly as Payload Specialists and return to their classrooms after flight. More than 40,000 applications were mailed to interested teachers while 11,000 teachers sent completed applications to NASA. Each application included a potential lesson that would be taught from space while on the Space Shuttle. The applications were sorted and then sent to the various State Departments of Education, who were then responsible for narrowing down their state applicants to a final set of two each. These 114 applicants were notified of their selections and were gathered together for further selection processes down to ten finalists. These were then trained for a time, and in 1985 NASA selected Christa McAuliffe to be the first teacher in space, with Barbara Morgan as her backup. McAuliffe was a high school social studies teacher from Concord, New Hampshire. She planned to teach two 15-minute lessons from the Space Shuttle.

McAuliffe died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (STS-51-L) on January 28, 1986. After the accident, Reagan spoke on national television and assured the nation that the Teacher in Space program would continue. "We'll continue our quest in space", he said. "There will be more shuttle flights and more shuttle crews and, yes, more volunteers, more civilians, more teachers in space. Nothing ends here; our hopes and our journeys continue." However, NASA decided in 1990 that spaceflight was still too dangerous to risk the lives of civilian teachers, and eliminated the Teacher in Space project. Morgan returned to teaching in Idaho and later became a mission specialist on STS-118.

Educator Astronaut Project
In January 1998, NASA replaced the Teacher In Space project with the Educator Astronaut Project. Instead of training teachers for five months as Payload Specialists who would return to the classroom, the Educator Astronaut program required selectees to give up their teaching careers, move to Houston, and become Mission Specialists (full-time NASA astronauts).

The first three Educator Astronauts were selected in October 2004: Joseph Acaba, Richard Arnold and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger. Acaba and Arnold flew aboard STS-119 in March 2009, and Metcalf-Lindenburger on STS-131 in April 2010.

Although many sources including some NASA ones incorrectly refer to Barbara Morgan (who flew on STS-118 in August 2007) as the first Educator Astronaut, she was actually selected as a standard mission specialist in 1998, before the Educator Astronaut Project was in place.

Private program
In the early 21st century, the Teacher in Space project was revived in the private sector. The development of reusable, suborbital launch vehicles by commercial companies makes it possible for nonprofit groups to contemplate sending large numbers of teachers into space. The new Teachers in Space program began in 2005. In March 2005, Teacher in Space candidate Pam Leestma, a second-grade teacher and cousin of Space Shuttle astronaut David Leestma, completed a training flight aboard a MiG-21 operated by X-Rocket, LLC.

Armadillo Aerospace, Masten Space Systems, PlanetSpace, Rocketplane Limited, Inc., and XCOR Aerospace pledged flights to the new Teachers in Space project. Advisors to the new Teachers in Space project include SpaceShipOne builder and Ansari X-Prize winner Burt Rutan, X-Prize founder Peter Diamandis, Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin, and private astronaut and X-Prize sponsor Anousheh Ansari.

The United States Rocket Academy partnered with the SFF in 2006, and worked to draft rules for a "pathfinder" competition to select the first Teachers in Space. The rules were announced at the Wirefly X PRIZE Cup Competition held at Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo, New Mexico in October 2007. Applications were accepted until November 4, 2008. On July 20, 2009, Teachers in Space announced its first group of "Pathfinders": astronaut teacher candidates.

On June 11, 2013, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University’s new Commercial Space Operations degree program, the first of its kind in the world, announced they will sponsor the Teachers in Space summer workshops for the next five years, indicating their intent toward a continuing long term relationship as well as their sharing a vision to "...help students, teachers and organizers collaborate in bringing space education to every level, from K-12 to graduate programs."

In 2014, Program director Elizabeth Kennick incorporated the Teachers in Space project as an educational nonprofit in New York, spinning it off from the Space Frontier Foundation. Five original Pathfinders (James Kuhl, Rachael Manzer, Lanette Oliver, Chantelle Rose, and Michael Schmidt) remain with the program, also Vice President Joe Latrell and several teacher volunteers. Teachers in Space, Inc. has now flown two teacher/student designed experiments to International Space Station (ISS), launched and retrieved several high altitude balloons with data sensors, put teachers through astronaut training experiences including hypobaric chamber and centrifuge, and delivered weeklong professional development workshops for Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) teachers in California, Florida, Oklahoma, Texas, and Georgia.

title: Teacher in Space Project


text:
Talk:Boricua Popular Army

Good article passed
Nice article; well written and comprehensive. Would like to see some citations in the table at the bottom, but otherwise have no complaints. Laïka 15:31, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Minor objection
I agree that overall it is a good article, but I think the first paragraph of the Background section needs some work.

I have three major objections.

1) The citation for the paragraph, "Iriarte, Luis (2005-12-17). El combate del Asomante - 12 de agosto de 1898 (Spanish). Retrieved on 2007-06-05.", refers to a page which does not appear to contain alot of evidence which justifies the summation presented in the paragraph. In fact, none of the sentences in that first paragraph make claims easily supportable from the cited evidence.

2) The description of the battle continues past the point to which the battle is relevant to this article.

3) The final sentence of this paragraph is poorly written.

"However, the stoppage of military action by Spain on (August 12, 1898) put an end to what could potentially become a bloodbath, in an otherwise smooth military campaign that produced few casualties on the American side."

a) "potentially become a bloodbath" is not encyclopedic style. It is certainly not well understood that this battle was nearly disasterous, and if so, for whom?  Total casualties from the fighting do not justify this characterization of a battle which must have been based on the sizes of the forces involved and the low casualties, very weakly pursued by either side.  b) Technically, the battle ended when the participants learned of the general session of hostilities.

I generally don't understand what the relevance of this section is, and think any description of the battle would be better served by a separate entry with greater detail.

Given the lack of evidence for the writer's description of the battle provided in the citation, and the subject matter I'm inclined to think that the given account is actually based on material from the Boricua Popular Army itself - perhaps the sort of battle romanticization typical of revolutionary causes (see 'Bunker Hill' or 'Trenton' for American examples). If so, such material is still relevant to the article, but its source and potential bias should be explicitly identified. Linking to a page which gives a Spainish centered account of the battle which provides little in the way of evidence for the given partisan account of the battle isn't good enough.

GA Review — kept
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. The article history has been updated to reflect this review. Regards, Ruslik 10:20, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Not so fast. Article is full or errors, anyone with 1/2 a brain can see that. Check them out. If anything, seems a *downgrade* is quite appropriate until article can be outfitted with meaningful, verifiable information - not just stuff you got to take for granted because that's how big-mouth Caribeean HQ wants it. Who the hell is he anyway, and what the hell is he talking about 'the Spanish one'? Did he take 1st grade English? Why so psychotic cowboy? At ease soldier, at ease. You'veGotToBeKidding (talk) 07:42, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, my big mouth may be forced to block your behind if you keep up the personal attacks. This is to discuss the article, ok kid? By the way, its the Spanish reference. -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  21:36, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I will look into the allegations later today. However, I would like to remind everyone to remain "civil" and the personal attacks are not permitted here. Tony the Marine (talk) 00:03, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The "Background" section seems fine in giving the reader an idea as to the origin of the name "Macheteros". The reference cites the fact that the writers grandfather belonged to the "voluntarios" criollos who fought alongside the Spanish forces against the U.S. Forces. The Spainish Army, which was ill-equiped, certainly could not provide adequate arms to the volunteers who as in the oposite case of the Intentona de Yauco had to arm themselves with machettes. It is also interesting and revalant that the Spanish-American War be mentioned as to give the reader an insight as to the resentment that some sectors in Puerto Rico's society felt and still feel as to the occupation of the island by the Americans.

1. I checked Reference #1 and it passed as a reliable verifiable source. I did make some minor copyedits to some paragraphs

2. "With cells (usually consisting of between six and ten members) in the United States and other countries"- I Would like to see a source for this, otherwise remove.

3. In the "International terrorism laws and arguments of patriotism" section, both references #14 and #15 are "dead links" and need to be replaced.

User:You&, I agree with the keep GA review, because these are minor issues which can be taken care of and should have been discussed in a civil manner without the bad attitude and name calling that went on. Just a reminder, you can be blocked from editing because of personal attacks. Tony the Marine (talk) 02:22, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment - Caribbean H.Q. has addressed the situation and taken care of all concerns. As far as I'm concerned this discussion is now concluded and the "GA" stays as is. Tony the Marine (talk) 02:18, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Area of Operations
Area of Operation refers to "the area in which the faction operated" Template:Infobox war faction. It does *not* refer to the countries with which the organization has strong political bonds nor to countries from which it receives strong financial, military, or moral support. As such I have removed Cuba, since no citation so far, Economist or not, represents that Cuba is a country in which, like the US and Puerto Rico, Macheteros has perpetrated its bombing, etc., activities. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 07:21, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The infobox is the only one available for such an organization. Naturally, the EPB is not waging a large-scale or official war, so the format is merely a facsimile. As a matter of fact, they have remained inactive for years except for a few statements released from time to time. Machetero commandos have been linked (i.e. trained) to Cuban intelligence for decades, that is a known theory. Anyways, I have added it to the "allies" section. -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  07:45, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The paragragh in question from the The Economist says:
 * "The raid was not all Mr Ojeda Ríos's work: he had acted with 18 members of the Macheteros (machete-wielders, or cane-cutters), an outfit he had formed in 1976. More formally known as the Boricua People's Army, they were an underground paramilitary group dedicated to freeing Puerto Rico from American 'colonial' rule. Although they are said to have cells throughout the United States and even in other countries--the links with Cuba are supposedly strong--the Macheteros have never been numerous. Their number these days is put at about 1,100."

 * I agree with you that the author's intention is to say that Cuba is one of their allies, and not that Cuba is a place where Macheteros has "operated" on (which is really what the author's sentence ended up saying with his "with [operative] cells throughout the US and even other countries -- Cuba included -- blah blah blah...", if I may paraphrase it). Because of this ambiguity, I would tend to leave the whole Cuba thing out, lest I be accused of wp:or.
 * I am not particularly impressed with the author's writing skills and am disappointed with the author's obvious lack of serious background research: the whole article contains a significant amount of speculation, possibly for effect. Just as an example, the author says "the links with Cuba are supposedly strong", when the author could had said, (for instance) "The Washington Post reported on January 13, 2001 that a joint 1999 FBI-CIA six-month investigation had confirmed that Macheteros commandos are trained by elements linked to Cuban intelligence". Because of this failure to report facts, I suspect the author is just speculating about the Cuban connection. I am just not sold...  Let's face it, if there really was a link, the CIA would know about it; and if there was a "strong" link, the CIA would both, know about it plus it would be reason enough for an invasion of Cuba.  Let's just not go there, ok?...  You rightly call the Cuban connection a known theory; I too believe it is a theory, and this is why I would object to entering it as fact into the Infobox. The article is neither accurate, nor credible, and the Cuba part is dubious.
 * I wished I could help with a citation that sensibly connects Macheteros and Cuba, but I am afraid it does not exist. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 22:34, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Until such time when a link between Macheteros and Cuba can be made, not thru suppositions but thru credible, factual information, I have removed the Cuba connection claim.

 * You have probably heard of Jorge Ricardo Masetti. Haven't you? Well, Masetti himself commented in a book that Castro provided financial support for White Eagle. When someone with those kind of connections within the Cuban government confirms its involvement, the nature of the connection is left unambiguous. The matter at hand was if the commandos received training by Cuban intelligence, which is something that no Cuban official has admitted. Either way, such a thing is difficult to source, so I'm no going to pursue that. By the way, El Mundo published an article about the matter years ago, you can probably find it online. -   Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  23:06, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * The argument here is not about what I believe to be the truth, but about following wp:verifiability policies. If Masetti's or EL Mundo is documented and can be verified, then it passes the wiki tests, otherwise it cannot be used either. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 00:19, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I see that you are as confrontational as always, discuss before undoing. Two easy searches turn up supporting proof. -   Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  00:52, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Though blogs are not acceptable in this place, I think it's fair to leave Cuba there. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 03:42, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Claim of cells throughout - dubious
The article mentions just the one Hartford, CT robbery, yet it reverberates the dubious The Economist article's claim that Macheteros has cells throughout the United States. This is a monumental jump from fact to tale, and I had to disagree with the inclusion of the statement in the article. If anyone feels very strong against this, and can subtantiate it, maybe a compromise can be reached.

To illustrate: I could say that Bank of America has branches throughout the US, but would it be fair to say that Banco Popular has branches throughout the US? Maybe yes, maybe no, despite Popular having branches in NY, Fl, CA, IL, TX, and probably a few other places. But to say that Macheteros has cells THROUGHOUT the US, it's dubious to put it mildly, especially if no other locations that CT is even mentioned.

One more illustration: remember Mr. "Cuco"? The big, ugly madman hiding in the dark places adults didn't want you to go to? As a kid you believed in it and it scared the heck out of you, right? but when you grew old enough to learn the truth, that sort of stuff would no longer scare you, ok? Likewise, The Economist is also the victim of a similar scared mentality: that when an organization is seen here and seen there (Say NY and Chicago) it becomes a lot easier -- even if they don't know it for a fact -- to claim that it is everywhere -- throughout -- because they WANT to believe it is so.

Again, I think we can come to a compromise that draws it as it is, rather than use The Economist's fabulous claims. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 00:49, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, if the problem is the word "throughout", just remove it. "Cells in the United States" should do it. That word has simply been in there since the very beginning. -  Ca ri bb e a  n ~ H. Q.  00:57, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

More objections
Not so sure of the "good article" status, but perhaps Im not the one to judge it, and lately Im not surprised at all for several articles in WP (mostly articles about wars and conflicts wich claims to be neutral when they're heavily biased. Fortunately, it seems that this is not the case). Filiberto Ojeda Ríos was executed/killed-in-action by the FBI, not simply "deceased". And the image at the article is the Macheteros logo, but not its flag, wich can be seen here or here. Hope someone could upload a version of the flag to illustrate the article. Regards,--HCPUNXKID (talk) 16:14, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

"from us to them"
In the lead it features a quote from Ronald Fernandez saying FBI terrorism charges "shift the blame for any attacks on U.S. policy or personnel from us to them". I'm not totally sure who "them" is and I have no idea who "us" is. Might we instead just paraphrase what Fernandez is saying?

Another logo
Any chance File:Ejercito Popular Boricua logo.jpg should be added to this article rather than deleted, now that it is not used in Filiberto Ojeda Ríos? - Jmabel | Talk 17:29, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

EPB symbols
It's not a "flag" that should be on this page, it's a logo or symbol or logos or symbols.

The 1st symbol. the machete with a star in the middle, The 2nd symbol. the EPB symbol with a PR flag inside the letter "b"

The other sources for the machete logo / symbol: The Eloquent Peasant (talk) 07:04, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * https://archive.org/details/los-macheteros-the-wells-fargo-robbery-an-ronald-fernandez/mode/2up
 * https://archive.org/details/losmacheteroswellsfargorobberyandtheviolentstruggleforpuertoricanindependence/page/n11/mode/2up
 * The FBI files - mostly show the 2nd symbol (which was used on the groups letterhead.

title: Talk:Boricua Popular Army


text:
1865 in Canada

Events from the year 1865 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Parliament — 8th

Governors

 * Governor General of the Province of Canada — Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
 * Colonial Governor of Newfoundland — Anthony Musgrave
 * Governor of New Brunswick — Arthur Charles Hamilton-Gordon
 * Governor of Nova Scotia — Charles Hastings Doyle then Richard Graves MacDonnell then Sir William Fenwick Williams
 * Governor of Prince Edward Island — George Dundas

Premiers

 * Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada –
 * John Alexander Macdonald, Canada West Premier
 * Étienne-Paschal Taché then Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau, Canada East Premier
 * Premier of Newfoundland — Hugh Hoyles then Frederick Carter
 * Premiers of New Brunswick — Samuel Leonard Tilley then Albert James Smith
 * Premiers of Nova Scotia – Charles Tupper
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – John Hamilton Gray then James Colledge Pope

Events

 * February 3 – Legislature approves message to Crown for union of British North America provinces.
 * February 20 – The Legislature of the Province of Canada passes a motion in favour of Confederation.
 * March 7 – New Brunswick rejects a Confederation scheme.
 * March 24 – Macdonald, Brown, Cartier, and Galt appointed to negotiate Confederation in London.
 * May 9 – American Civil War ends
 * May 10 – An Admiralty letter to the Colonial Office required colonial warships to "wear a Union Jack in the usual place, and the White Ensign, with either the Arms of the Colony, or such other distinguishing mark as may be chosen by the Colony, and approved by the Colonial Office and the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty". This regulation was mainly directed at Australia and not applicable to Canada, which had no Navy at that time.
 * October 20 – Proclamation of Ottawa as seat of government.
 * November 7 – 1865 Newfoundland general election
 * December 16 – A distinctive Blue Ensign for the province of Canada is authorized by the UK secretary of state for the colonies.
 * December 22 – Colonial Office Circular notifying revised Admiralty requirements for flags for colonial warships and for other colonial government vessels and requesting correct drawings of seals or badges to be adopted as distinguishing marks.

Births

 * January 7 – Lyman Duff, jurist and Chief Justice of Canada (died 1955)
 * February 10 – Richard Gardiner Willis, politician (died 1929)
 * February 28 – Wilfred Grenfell, medical missionary (died 1940)
 * March 15 – Edith Maude Eaton, author (died 1914)
 * April 10 – Jack Miner, conservationist (died 1944)
 * May 31 – Clarence Chant, astronomer and physicist (died 1956)
 * July 16 – George Bowlby, physician and surgeon, military officer, and mayor of Berlin, Ontario (died 1916)
 * August 10 – James Wilson Morrice, painter (died 1924)
 * November 17 – John Stanley Plaskett, astronomer (died 1941)
 * December 25 – James Breakey, politician (died 1952)
 * December 30 — Emily Julian McManus poet, author, and educator (died 1918)

Full date unknown

 * James Endicott, church leader and missionary (died 1954)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Joseph Cunard, merchant, shipbuilder and politician (born 1799)
 * July 27 – Augustin-Norbert Morin, lawyer, judge, politician and Joint Premier of the Province of Canada (born 1803)
 * July 30 – Étienne-Paschal Taché, doctor, politician, and deputy adjutant-general of the militia (born 1795)
 * August 27 – Thomas Chandler Haliburton, author, judge and politician (born 1796)

Historical documents
Confederation Canada must be aware of might of United States

U.S. Congress resolves to withdraw from treaty limiting navies on Great Lakes

Powerful British MP Benjamin Disraeli says Britain would be foolish to lose Canada

U.S. ambassador reports British seem less defensive

Governor General orders flags flown at half-mast following President Lincoln's assassination

Arrest on U.S.A.-bound Canadian ship of man ready to kill "Yankees"

Province of Canada law requires prostitutes available to sailors and soldiers to report for medical inspection if summoned

title: 1865 in Canada


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Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

The Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) is a treaty between Australia and Japan to minimise harm to the major areas used by birds which migrate between the two countries. JAMBA was first developed on February 6, 1974 and came into force on April 30, 1981.

JAMBA provides for cooperation between Japan and Australia on measures for the management and protection of migratory birds, birds in danger of extinction, and the management and protection of their environments, and requires each country to take appropriate measures to preserve and enhance the environment of birds protected under the provisions of the agreement.

Listed species
The treaty lists 66 species of birds, as per the table below.


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Bedivere

Bedivere ( or ; Bedwyr; Beduerus; Bédoier, also Bedevere and other spellings) is one of the earliest characters to be featured in the legend of King Arthur, originally described in several Welsh texts as the one-handed great warrior named Bedwyr Bedrydant. Arthurian chivalric romances, inspired by his portrayal in the chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae, portray Bedivere as a Knight of the Round Table of King Arthur who serves as Arthur's marshal and is frequently associated with his brother Lucan and his cousin Griflet as well as with Kay. In the English versions, Bedivere notably assumes Griflet's hitherto traditional role from French romances as the one who eventually returns Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake after Arthur's last battle.

Bedwyr
In early Welsh sources, Bedwyr Bedrydant ("Bedwyr of the Perfect Sinew" ) is a handsome, one-handed warrior under Arthur's command. His father is given as Pedrawd or Bedrawd, and his children as Amhren and Eneuawg, both members of Arthur's court.

One of the earliest direct references to Bedwyr can be found in the 10th-century poem Pa gur which recounts the exploits of a number of Arthur's men, including Bedwyr, Cei (Kay) and Manawydan. Of Bedwyr, this narrative says:

"They fell by the hundred / before Bedwyr of the Perfect-Sinew. On the shores of Tryfrwyd / fighting with Garwlwyd / furious was his nature / with sword and shield."

The 9th-century version of Englynion y Beddau ("The Stanzas of the Graves") gives Bedwyr's final resting place on Tryfan. In the hagiography of Cadoc, Bedwyr is alongside Arthur and Cei in dealing with King Gwynllyw of Gwynllwg's abduction of Gwladys from her father's court in Brycheiniog. A possible allusion to Bedwyr could be found in the reference to Bedwyr's well in the 9th-century Marwnad Cadwallon ap Cadfan. The Welsh Triads name Bedwyr as "Battle-Diademed", and a superior to Drystan (Tristan), Hueil mab Caw and even Cei. A catchphrase often quipped by Cei, "by the hand of my friend" is likely a reference to Bedwyr's disability.

Bedwyr is a prominent character in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, in which he appears at the head of Arthur's court list with his friend Cei and is described as one of the most handsome men in the world (save for Arthur and Drych fab Cibddar), and is the wielder of a magical spear with the ability to separate the tip of the shaft to attack and that all the wounds caused by the spear were equal to nine wounds. He is called upon to accompany Culhwch on his quest to win Olwen's hand in marriage and is the first to strike the giant Ysbaddaden with the poisoned spear meant for Culhwch. Bedwyr goes on to assist Culhwch in completing the impossible tasks given to him by Ysbaddaden; he helps Cei and Goreu fab Custennin kill Wrnach the Giant, rescues Mabon ap Modron from his imprisonment, retrieves the hairs of Dillus the Bearded, captures the Cauldron of Diwrnach during Arthur's raid on Ireland, and takes part in the hunting of the monstrous boar Twrch Trwyth with Arthur's dog Cavall at his side. The tale ends with the completion of the tasks, the humiliation and death of Ysbaddaden, and the marriage of Culhwch and Olwen.

Bedivere
Bedivere is one of Arthur's loyal allies in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and maintains this position in much later Arthurian literature. He helps Arthur and Kay fight the Giant of Mont Saint-Michel, and joins Arthur in his war against Emperor Lucius of Rome, in which he dies fighting. In Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, 'Bedwyr' (as he is initially known) plays a similar role against the Giant, before disappearing from the text to return rather ingloriously as Sir Bedivere to accompany Arthur at his end. In the original French romances, the later role belonged to his cousin, Griflet.

In several English versions of Arthur's death, including Malory's, the Alliterative Morte Arthure and the Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Bedivere and Arthur are among the few survivors of the Battle of Camlann (or of Salisbury). After the battle, at the request of the mortally wounded king, Bedivere casts away the sword Excalibur that Arthur had received from the Lady of the Lake. However, he does this only after twice thinking the sword too valuable to Britain to throw into the water. When he reports that nothing in particular happened, King Arthur admonishes him, for Arthur knows that the mystical sword would create some supernatural event. Finally, Bedivere casts the sword into the water, at which a hand arises and catches the sword mid-air, then sinks into the waters, and Arthur is thus assured that the sword has been returned. In Malory's telling, this act summons Morgan and Nimue, who take the king to Avalon. Upon the presumed death of Arthur, Bedivere enters a hermitage led by the Mordred-ousted Archbishop of Canterbury, where he spends the remainder of his life. There he will be joined by Lancelot and some of his kindred knights, who will resort to it in their own penitence.

Modern fiction
Some modern authors such as Rosemary Sutcliff (Sword at Sunset), Gillian Bradshaw (Hawk of May), and Mary Stewart (The Merlin Trilogy) give him Lancelot's traditional role as Guinevere's lover, Lancelot having been added to the cycle too late to seem historical.

 * In the 1975 comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the ironically-named Sir Bedevere the Wise (played by Terry Jones) is regarded as brilliant at science by other characters, but his methods revolve around absurd theories such as the Earth being banana-shaped and witches burning and floating on water because they are made of wood. He devises a Trojan Horse styled scheme with a big wooden rabbit to get inside a French fortress, but overlooks the crucial detail of Arthur and the knights actually being inside it.
 * In John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur, Percival replaces Bedivere as the knight that returns the sword to the Lady of the Lake.
 * Bedivere is the main character in the 1994 novel Grailblazers by Tom Holt.
 * Although he plays a minor part in Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles, many of his legendary deeds (such as throwing Excalibur into the lake; or in Cornwell's story, the sea) are carried out instead by the protagonist, Derfel Cadarn. Derfel too loses one of his hands and then fights one-armed during the final act of Excalibur: A Novel of Arthur (1997).
 * He appears in Philip Reeve's 2007 Here Lies Arthur as Bedwyr and befriends the main character Gwyn. He is Arthur's half-sister's younger son, the older being Medrawt (Mordred). He is murdered by Arthur, for betrayal with Arthur's wife, Gwenhwyfar (Guinevere), in a similar role to the later Lancelot. This causes a family rift with Medrawt, who takes revenge by raising an army and attacking Arthur, killing him, and taking the city of Aquae Sulis (ruled by Arthur) for himself.
 * Sir Bedivere has a cameo in the 2008 BBC series Merlin in the episode "Le Morte d'Arthur", in which he is killed by the Questing Beast.
 * Bedivere appears in the video game and visual novel Fate/stay night in an epilogue, during the game's version of Artoria's death. He also appears in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order as a character summonable by the protagonist, notably from a version of the Arthurian tale where he fails in delivering Excalibur to the Lady of the Lake, inadvertently stopping King Arthur from going to Avalon. In the anime adaptation by Studio Deen, the character is female (voiced by Mamiko Noto).
 * Bedivere appears as the final boss of the Avalonian Dungeon in the MMORPG Albion Online as "Lord Bedivere".
 * In Guy Ritchie's 2017 film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, Djimon Hounsou plays Sir Bedivere, the leader of the resistance and a former knight of Uther.

title: Bedivere


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China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

The China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA) is a bilateral treaty between Australia and China that aims to protect migratory birds and their environment between the two countries. Throughout all six Articles, the treaty defines what a migratory bird is, outlines key prohibitions for both contracting parties and determines the responsibilities of both nations to protect migratory birds and their habitats. The CAMBA was first developed on 20 October 1986, and came into force on 1 September 1988. Eighty-one bird species are listed in the agreement, as shown in the CAMBA Annex listed below.

The CAMBA was developed to provide more legal protection for migratory birds, especially those that are critically endangered or are at threat of extinction. Both China and Australia have agreed to encourage the creation of programs to support the protection of bird species, to share any information like research on these birds and to ensure conservation such as by preventing the importation of hazardous plants and animals.

Australia has been involved with other migratory bird agreements such as the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and the Republic of Korea-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (ROKAMBA), and also with management plans that aim to combat key threats such as climate change and water extraction which have proven to harm bird species. There are also issues associated with migratory bird protection which limits the effectiveness of protecting these species, including the lack of specificity in agreements and difficulties in implementing conservatory measures at a domestic level.

Article I
Article I defines the term "migratory bird" as a bird that is sufficiently proven to be migrating between China and Australia and those determined by "published reports, photographs and other information". This Article then states that both contracting parties, being Australia and China, must review the Annex and are given the ability to potentially amend the Agreement upon mutual agreement. This Article provides opportunities for both contracting parties to amend the CAMBA which has occurred before at the 7th Consultative Meeting between Australia and China on 26 May 2006. The amendments included altering the scientific nomenclature of 17 species in the Annex as well adding the Roseate Tern and removing the Painted Snipe.

Article II
Article II prohibits both China and Australia from taking either migratory birds or their eggs unless otherwise permitted in the domestic laws of the respective country given certain circumstances. Some of these circumstances include if such actions are for: "scientific, educational, propagative" or other purposes that align with the motives of the Agreement, the reason is to protect people or property or it is during hunting season as established in Article II. For instance, the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment has permitted Tasmanian Aboriginal individuals to harvest shearwaters, which is a historic part of their muttonbirding tradition. This Article further states that both parties shall not sell, purchase or exchange migratory birds or eggs, but may determine a criterion for hunting these birds given reproduction rates needed for survival. During the 2010 to 2011 and 2013 to 2014 breeding seasons, cultural harvesting for Tasmanian Aboriginals was terminated to ensure bird populations returned to their original levels.

Article III
Article III lists three binding statements that both contracting parties are recommended to do. The first states that both nations are encouraged to share information related to the research on migratory birds. The second encourages both parties to create "joint research programs" focused on migratory birds. Lastly, both parties should promote the protection of migratory birds, specifically those that are exposed to extinction. The National Avian Influenza Wild Bird (NAIWB) Surveillance Program is an Australian initiative that includes sampling Anseriformes to monitor influenza viruses. This program provides information to better improve Australia's understanding of avian influenza in wild birds to protect against environmental and social impacts of diseases.

Article IV
Article IV asserts that both contracting parties must, to the best of their ability: create facilities that protect migratory birds, take necessary steps to preserve and improve the environment of these birds, prevent any harm to both the birds and their environment and monitor and control any animals or plants that are imported that may pose a risk. In preventing harm and improving the environments of the listed birds, Australia and China considered removing the Painted Snipe from the Annex as they were found to be a different species than those that were in Asia. However, it is already a threatened species listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999) and was found that it will not lessen the protection to that species and its environment.

Article V
This Article simply states that if either China or Australia request so, both parties must consult in relation to the operation of the Agreement.

Article VI
Article VI outlines that the Agreement will be enacted once both countries notify one another and sign the Agreement. It will be in force for 15 years and either party can give the other party 1 year's notice to terminate the Agreement after this period of time.

Australia's migratory bird protection history
Australia has been a critical nation in protecting migratory birds by taking conservatory measures in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway since the mid-1970s. Australia has made bilateral migratory bird agreements with several Asian countries. It started with Japan (JAMBA) in 1974, China (CAMBA) in 1986 and the Republic of Korea (ROKAMBA) over 15 years ago in 2006.

As well as these bilateral agreements, Australia is a signatory to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, more commonly known as the Ramsar Convention. This intergovernmental treaty primarily focuses on the conservation of wetlands by ensuring environmental maintenance and ecological sustainability. The Ramsar Strategic Plan (2009–2015) outlines outcomes to be achieved for the Ramsar Convention. First, there should be an increase in engagement within local communities and awareness of the importance of wetlands on ecosystems. Second, international coordination with the Ramsar Convention must be maintained to achieve an international wetland network. Thirdly, there should be a focus on cooperating with international parties to maximise the impact of the agreement.

Further, as a member since 2006, Australia's membership in the East Asian – Australasian Flyway Site Network which was established in 1996 has assisted the encouragement and implementation of more effective conservatory measures for migratory birds. Also, Australia is part of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals which is an environmental treaty as part of the United Nations which aims to improve international coordination of migratory bird conservation.

In more recent developments according to The Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy, Australia has demonstrated initiatives interlinked with their commitment to agreements with Japan, China and Korea. The introduction of the Wildlife Conservation Plan for Migratory Shorebirds is a national framework focused on the research and development of migratory shorebirds within Australia. The EPBC Act 1999 has assisted the development of the Conservation Plan to facilitate the survival of bird species. The protection of habitats has been amplified by the National Landcare Programme as well as through coordinating measures with the Commonwealth Environmental Water Office, Parks Australia and the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

Reasons for migratory bird protection
Evaluation of shorebird populations trends in eastern Australia has shown to have plummeted by 79% across 24 years. As Australia provides a habitat for millions of migratory birds yearly, there is a constant need for protection to prevent extinction and sustain ecosystems.

The decline in inland wetlands within Australia is another threat to migratory birds and a key reason for such agreements. Inland wetlands provide nutrients to surrounding water bodies and resultantly improve birdlife due to the nutrient-abundant habitats. Due to climate change and water-resource use, inland wetlands have declined and posed a risk to bird species that heavily rely on those habitats. Migratory bird agreements are created to ensure appropriate steps are taken to ensure the protection of bird environments, such as the role of the CAMBA in terminating contracting parties for bringing plants and animals that may be "hazardous to the preservation of migratory birds and their environment".

Climate change is a major threat posed towards bird species given their sensitivity towards slight weather changes. Changes in climates and global warming not only influence the timing in migration, but also plant diversity in key habitual areas for birds due to processes like eutrophication which result in higher levels of nitrogen present in water. The increase in agricultural efforts has worsened ecosystems due to environmentally unfriendly and unfeasible processes such as the use of chemicals, as well as eutrophication. Rising sea levels is a threat to species that live around coastal lines and increases in forest fires is reducing bird populations due to the effects of climate change. Although there are moderate levels of responses to this specific issue, the increase in awareness and danger of climate change has meant there will be a greater need for more effective responses.

Migratory bird agreements play an important role in protecting and conserving migratory birds and their habitats by outlining both the birds that are protected and the clauses that determine what action contracting parties should be undertaking. Most migratory bird agreements highlight the birds that are protected such as that of the Annex in the CAMBA to ensure specificity and to monitor which birds are being protected over time as treaties like the CAMBA may be amended. For instance, in May 2015, the Eastern Curlew and Curlew Sandpiper were both listed as critically endangered, both of which are listed in the Annex. However, two-thirds of Australia's migratory birds remain unprotected under national protection, reflecting the need for further protection on this issue alongside the CAMBA.

Issues
Several issues influence the need for migratory bird protection such as the CAMBA. The top threats include agriculture, aquaculture, biological resource use and natural system modifications. There is a range of other threats such as shooting, poisoning and electrocution which have all been identified for several years but the impact of these have worsened over time. Another frequent issue is derived from land-use constraints as a result of an increase in population and economic development. Land threat types include over-grazing, afforestation and burning or fire. Some issues go beyond the conventional dilemmas identified and are legally related, such as the pitfalls in international agreements. These include gaps in the listing of international migrants, national migrants and other legal mechanisms that aim to conserve migratory birds.

The increase in regulation on rivers and other water bodies is an issue with current migratory bird agreements. The CAMBA recognises laws and regulation as an exception from prohibiting the taking of birds and eggs while encouraging both parties to take measures to protect the environments of these birds. Although, many international agreements fail to recognise river regulation. The Murray-Darling Basin for example is largely regulated and experienced some of the largest declines in shorebird populations. Given the size of the Murray-Darling Basin water system, its impact on bird populations has proven to negatively influence ecosystems due to the increase in extraction, regulation and other harmful actions.

The complexity of multilateral treaties is another issue that worsens the effectiveness of protection measures. There is sophistication surrounding decision-making and implementation given the nature of multinational agreements as individual nations have different attitudes towards treaties. Legislation protecting specific areas are limited due to political jurisdictions but contrasts with the nature of migratory species being highly cross-jurisdictional. This national complexity given legal and political barriers makes migratory bird protection harder to implement and measure effectiveness. There has proven to be a greater need for harmonisation between state and federal responses by leveraging the EPBC Act 1999 through integrating it within the legislation to improve coordination. The complexity of treaties is evident through the implicit language used when defining key terms and often requires other legislation to provide more substantive details to support state governments in upholding protective measures. Response mechanisms such as the Ramsar Convention are seen as limited in their purpose of responding to migratory bird protection compared to migratory bird agreements such as the CAMBA, given the lack of detail and explicitness within the agreements. For instance, the Ramsar Convention focuses on the registration of wetland sites while migratory bird treaties have a greater focus on migratory birds in general.

A limitation of migratory bird migration within Australia, as demonstrated by the CAMBA and other bilateral treaties, is that the national government can implement international agreements, with states tending to employ their own regulations and laws. As a major piece of legislation at the national level, the EPBC Act 1999 lists all species under Australia's migratory agreements which have allowed for further management plans to be enacted. Examples include the Threat Abatement Plan for the incidental catch of seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations and the Wildlife Conservation Plan for Migratory Shorebirds. The lack of current international agreements with countries where bird migration is prominent, such as with Indonesia or Papua New Guinea, has meant that those bird species remain largely unprotected. Despite international agreements, some countries that are involved in bird migration such as shorebirds that follow the Asian-Australasian Flyway, are not parties to an international instrument that aims to protect these species. Although, this does not occur for all international agreements, with the CAMBA shown to be effective by offering site managers in China training as part of the treaty. The involvement of the public in improving the protection of migratory birds is often limited too given the heavy reliance of the government on bilateral agreements. As governments tend to work with other stakeholders to integrate supportive measures, the government themselves do not tend to instigate any actions surrounding conversation.