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University of Bradford

The University of Bradford is a public research university located in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. A plate glass university, it received its royal charter in 1966, making it the 40th university to be created in Britain, but can trace its origins back to the establishment of the industrial West Yorkshire town's Mechanics Institute in 1832.

The student population includes undergraduate and  postgraduate students. Mature students make up around a third of the undergraduate community. A total of 22% of students are foreign and come from over 110 countries. There were 14,406 applications to the university through UCAS in 2010, of which 3,421 were accepted.

It was the first British university to establish a Department of Peace Studies in 1973, which is currently the world's largest university centre for the study of peace and conflict.

History

The university's origins date back to the Mechanics Institute, founded in 1832, formed in response to the need in the city for workers with skills relevant to the workplace. In 1882, the institute became the Bradford Technical College. In 1957, the Bradford Institute of Technology, was formed as a College of Advanced Technology to take on the running of higher education courses. Construction of the Richmond Building, the largest building on campus, began in 1963. The Horton Building and Chesham Building were subsequently added, on the opposite side of Richmond Road.

The charter of incorporation was granted in 1966, to create the University of Bradford; the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson became the university's first chancellor. In 1970s the university became an important international centre in the field of Yugoslav studies with the establishment of the University of Bradford Postgraduate School of Yugoslav Studies serving as a core institution in this effort. Research Unit in Yugoslav Studies at Bradford was established already in 1965 with significant involvement of British geographer Frederick Bernard Singleton. After her exile from South Africa AnnMarie Wolpe gained a post at the Bradford Department of Yugoslav Studies in 1963.

1980s and 1990s
Expansion of the main campus continued in the 1970s and onwards, with the addition of the Library and Computer Centre, Communal Building, Pemberton Building and Ashfield Building. An extension to the Library and Computer Centre was completed in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the university joined with the former Bradford and Airedale College of Health, which then became the School of Health Studies within the university. The Department of Physics was closed in the 1980s. The Department of Mathematics was closed to new undergraduates in 1997, with the remaining postgraduate activities and lecture support being integrated into the Department of Computing as the Mathematics Unit. The Department of Mathematics has since been reopened within the School of Computing, Informatics and Media.

In 1987, the university became one of the twelve founding members of the Northern Consortium.

21st century
In September 2009, it was announced that the university was to merge with Leeds College of Music. The college had originally announced a merger with Leeds Metropolitan University in April 2009. However, discussions broke down due to issues with the provision of further education courses at the college. It was later announced that this merger would not go ahead due to financial constraints. LCM's degrees are now validated by the University of Hull.

Facilities
In 2005, a project to become an 'Ecoversity' was initiated, along with an £84 million redevelopment of the campus. The university aimed to reduce its environmental footprint by reducing waste and using sustainable materials. As part of this, Bradford became a Fairtrade University in December 2006.

As of 2008, several of the redevelopment projects have been completed. The Richmond Building has been partially re-clad with extra insulation and a new atrium; designed by local Saltaire-based architects Rance Booth & Smith; opened in December 2006, the roof of which uses ETFE – the same material used in the Eden Project. The university's cancer therapeutics research centre was moved from a separate site on All Saint's Road onto the main campus, into a new building which also provides conference facilities; the buildings on the old site were demolished in February 2008.

Redevelopment of the sports facilities was completed in summer 2009, and a new student village called "The Green" was constructed which opened in September 2011. The Green has the highest ever BREEAM rating for any building. Of the existing halls owned by the university, those on the Laisteridge Lane site were sold to Corporate Residential Management in 2005, and Shearbridge Green Halls were demolished in December 2006. Longside Lane halls and Kirkstone Halls were demolished during the first half of 2009.

The university has a "leading-edge 100-seat PC cluster" for teaching, learning and computer-based assessment, and there is an art gallery, theatre and music centre. The £84 million investment in the campus included a major refurbishment of the laboratories in the school of life sciences, creation of a new MBA suite and library at the school of management, refurbishment of the student union building, Student Central.

The university has won its campus the award for 'Outstanding Contribution to Sustainable Development' in The Times Higher Education Awards two years running.

In 2021, university campus buildings underwent a £3.5 million facelift, working on improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. Upgrades to the campus were performed on the Richmond Building and Horton Building. Additionally, in 2022 the university was donated £2 million by former Intel CTO and Bradford alumni, Dr. Venkata "Murthy" Renduchintala, to develop the "Murthy-Renduchintala Centre for Space AI" and announced plans to launch a prototype PocketQube satellite by 2024.

J. B. Priestley Library
The J. B. Priestley library is open 24 hours, 360 days a year, it has 530,000 volumes, more than 1,100 printed periodical titles and approximately 60,000 electronic journals.

The library itself was opened on 18 October 1975 by J.B. Priestley, who the library itself is named after, as well as the then university chancellor Harold Wilson. At the time, the library boasted an impressive computer centre, occupying a whole floor out of the five available library floors. The library was then expanded further in the 1990s.

Chancellor

 * Harold Wilson (1966–85) (served as the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and again from 1974 to 1976; later became the Lord Wilson of Rievaulx)
 * John Harvey-Jones (1986–91)
 * Trevor Holdsworth (1992–98)
 * Baroness Lockwood (1998–2005)
 * Imran Khan (2005–2014) (prime minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022)
 * Kate Swann (2015–2022)
 * Anita Rani (2023–Present)

The current chancellor is Bradford-born television and radio presenter Anita Rani.

Vice-chancellor

 * E. G. Edwards (1966–78)
 * John West (1978–89)
 * David Johns (1989–98)
 * Colin Bell (1998–2001)
 * Chris Taylor (2001–07)
 * Mark Cleary (2007–13)
 * Brian Cantor (2013–2019)
 * Shirley Congdon

The first vice-chancellor was Dr E.G. Edwards, who as principal of the Bradford Institute of Technology took over the new institution.

The current vice-chancellor (since 2019) is Shirley Congdon.

Accommodation
The Green, which opened September 2011, is a £40 million purpose built student accommodation village. Designed for eco-friendly living, The Green has the highest ever BREEAM rating for any building (95.05%), awarded for sustainable building development and operation. It is also the first BREEAM 'Outstanding' student accommodation in the country.

Faculties
There are four academic faculties. These were previously called "schools" but changed their name in 2014 to avoid confusion with the sub-units also sometimes called schools. Many buildings and facilities, such as lecture theatres, are shared and used by all faculties.

Engineering & Informatics
On 1 October 2013, the School of Engineering, Design and Technology and the School of Computing, Informatics and Media were merged to form the Faculty of Engineering and Informatics. Three schools make up this new overarching Faculty: the School of Engineering (Mechanical and Energy Systems Engineering, Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering & Chemical Engineering programmes), the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Computing & Maths programmes) and the School of Media, Design & Technology (Media & Design programmes).

The following describes the former schools of EDT & SCIM:

Computing, Informatics and Media

The second-largest school in the university consists of the departments of Computing, Bradford Media School (BMS), Creative Technology (CT) and Mathematics.

SCIM offers over 40 undergraduate degrees and postgraduate study in various areas including computing, ICT, robotics, mathematics, media and television. The School has a very lively research culture with over 100 students registered for MPhil/PhD.

The Department of Computing was one of the first in the UK to run an MSc course in Computing in 1967. Undergraduate courses began in 1970.

The EIMC department was founded in 1991 and developed its courses in conjunction with the School of Art, Design & Textiles at Bradford and Ilkley Community College (now known as Bradford College) and the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television (now the National Media Museum). It was one of the first departments to offer BSc courses in media technology, going on to introduce some of the first animation and computer games degrees, and more recently expanding to offer a new range of similar BA courses. Today, SCIM no longer works in association with the college, but has strengthened its relationship with the nearby National Media Museum. In association with the Department of Computing, it obtained a research grade 4 at RAE 2001.

A non-linear video editing / training suite is named in honour of the Shipley born film director Tony Richardson, and was opened by his daughter, the film actress Natasha Richardson in 1996.

In 2007 the School launched a partnership with East Coast Media at the Grimsby Institute and the National Media Museum to bid for Skillset Media Academy status, which was granted in 2008. Accreditation mainly covers courses in the Bradford Media School.

A core part of the school is the Innovations Unit, which offers the expertise of specialists within SCIM to commercial and social enterprises. This collaboration is part of a government initiative called Knowledge Transfer, which also includes partnerships with national and international companies. The IIU is also home to "Simula", which using knowledge transfer and resources for commercial projects including the school's motion capture suite for video games including Driver Parallel Lines, World Snooker Championships and GTR.

Engineering, Design and Technology
The university inherited several engineering courses from the Bradford Institute of Technology and some of these courses, such as Civil Engineering, are still taught today. All of the engineering courses are accredited by their relevant institute. The school also has a large number of both undergraduate and postgraduate design and technology courses. Its research areas include automotive engineering, polymers, telecommunications and advanced materials engineering.

From the establishment of the university in 1966, the individual branches of engineering were taught in separate departments. When reorganisation of the three faculties of the university took place, a single School of Engineering, Design and Technology was created and incorporated the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, the Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering and the Department of Industrial Studies. The Department of Chemical Engineering was closed shortly before the creation of the new school. However, in 2010, an undergraduate programme in Chemical Engineering was re-launched in 2010 with support from the Institute of Chemical Engineers – the first graduates from the three year BEng version of this course graduated in June 2013. In 2012 a postgraduate course was also launched.

Health Studies
Faculty of Health Studies was formerly the School of Nursing and before that it was the Airedale College of Health, this became part of the university in 1996; previously it was an associate college with the university validating its degrees. The School has moved to the main city campus, into the Horton A building which underwent major refurbishment in 2011. The Horton building was extended and another floor added to accommodate the School of Nursing. The School of Nursing was previously located on a separate site on Trinity Road, about 10 minutes walk from the main campus and near to St Luke's Hospital.

It specialises in degrees in nursing, physiotherapy, midwifery, occupational therapy and radiography. A specialist drug therapy course is run by the department and there are also part-time courses in dementia care. The department's student demographics are largely female, with a higher proportion of mature students.

The physiotherapy course is ranked 9th and 3rd in the 2014 and 2017 UK complete university guide.

Life Sciences
The Faculty of Life Sciences has the most students of all of the schools, with more than 2,000 students admitted to a variety of undergraduate courses in the areas of Biomedical Sciences, Chemical and Forensic Science, Clinical Sciences, Optometry, Pharmacy and Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences.

The Bradford School of Optometry and Vision Science (BSOVS) has its own Eye Clinic, situated in the DHEZ – Phoenix South West Building, providing Primary Care for the local community in conjunction with a student training facility. BSOVS also provides a variety of other clinical services (e.g. an Electro-diagnostic Unit opened October 2010) that people may be referred to by practitioners.

The Division of Chemical and Forensic Science runs a number of forensic science courses in conjunction with the Division of Biomedical Sciences and further undergraduate and postgraduate courses are being developed in the area of Biotechnology. The Division of Biomedical Sciences is also a contributor the Clinical Sciences degree, which commenced in 2002. Although the Division of Clinical Sciences provides a degree in its own right, as importantly there is provision for students to transfer to Leeds Medical School's MBChB programme.

The Centre for Skin Sciences is one of the largest academic centres in Britain for fundamental and translational skin and hair follicle research.

The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics has an excellent reputation for research and there is very close collaboration with staff from other divisions within the School.

The Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences is located in refurbished, late 19th century mill buildings, housing extensive specialist facilities. Formerly a separate school, it was merged with Life Sciences in 2006.

Management, Law, and Social Sciences
The Faculty of Management, Law, and Social Sciences is a recent merger. Until 2018 Social Sciences was separate. Management and Law, consisting of Bradford School of Management and the Law School was previously located 3 mi away from the main campus on a 13 acre parkland campus, Emm Lane. In 2019, the university moved its Faculty of Management, Law and Social Sciences to its main city centre campus. It teaches courses in business, finance, accountancy, management and marketing. As of 2005 the department commenced teaching an accredited LLB law degree. It has a number of master's degrees, MBA programmes and doctoral programmes running alongside undergraduate programmes.

Its research is both international and interdisciplinary and has five main research groups covering all the main areas of management, and co-operative links and exchange agreements with 20 universities in America, Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden.

The School of Management has full Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) accreditation for DBA and PhD programmes, portfolio Association of MBAs accreditation for MBA programmes and EQUIS accreditation.

Social and International Studies
The School of Social and International Studies covers the areas of development, economics, humanities (including English and history), politics, international relations, peace studies, psychology, criminology and social work. The school offers a range of taught undergraduate and postgraduate courses and has a number of active research areas, especially in conflict resolution. The school is actively engaged in the Programme for a Peaceful City initiative.

It contains six division (some of which were previously called Departments or Schools) Divisions of Economics, Peace Studies, International Development (BCID), Sociology and Criminology, Psychology and finally Social Care and Social Work.

The Centre for Psychology Studies offers a psychology course for undergraduates, accredited by the British Psychological Society. In 2008, Lord Winston officially opened new state of the art psychology laboratories, for teaching and research. One of the university's most popular courses, The National Student Survey ranked Psychology at Bradford as being within the Top 5 in the UK with 94% Student Satisfaction.

Motto
The motto which appears on most current University of Bradford publications is Making Knowledge Work, which relates to the institution's focus on courses that lead to employment. The university announced in June 2007 it was to use this phrase as a trademark.

However, the motto inscribed beneath the official coat of arms is Give Invention Light, which is taken from Shakespeare's Sonnet 38. The university has also used the slogans Be Inspired and Confronting Inequality, Celebrating Diversity in recent promotional material.

Reputation and rankings
The Times Good University Guide ranked Bradford 7th in UK for graduate employment in 2005 and 2nd in 2006.

The university has a strong reputation for research and knowledge transfer. It is ranked in the Top 50 English Universities based on research funding (HEFCE 2009–10).

Staff-student ratios are amongst the best in the UK (The University of Bradford is in the 2nd quartile for staff-student ratios in The Independent, The Times and The Guardian League Tables). The 2008 RAE reported that 80 per cent of academics at the university who submitted research to the panel are doing international or world-leading research.

Students' Union
Membership at the University of Bradford's Students' Union (UBU), is automatic upon confirmation of enrolment. UBU has advice services, a radio station, and runs many societies and sports clubs. The union is run by an annually elected Council, which includes an executive committee of six full-time sabbatical officers and nine non-sabbatical officers. The sabbaticals are slightly unusual within the sector, in having a 'flat structure', lacking a Union President: the post was abolished by then President Shumon Rahman in 2001.

The union is located in the Student Central building on campus, alongside the university bars, a cafe and shop, and the library. Union of Students (UBU) is available to assist students by giving necessary advice and information.

Activities
Students may make use of the 'Unique' centre which is located on campus. Facilities include a fitness suite, an indoor 25-metre swimming pool and a climbing wall.

The largest student involvement in their Union comes in the forms of the sports clubs (through the Athletics Union, commonly known as the AU), and the societies (through the Societies Federation). There is a wide variety of both, including many course related societies such as the Bradford Ophthalmic Optics Student Association. Students are also free to start their own societies.

The Student Union also has Ramair, one of the UK's longest running student radio stations, as well as a student newspaper and the long-established Bradford Student Cinema that regularly screens recent releases to students and staff for free. RamAir hosted the Student Radio Conference in 2012 with student Ian Thursfield winning a national award for Radio in 2011.

University Challenge
The university were champions of University Challenge in 1979 on 28 January 1979, when Bradford defeated Lancaster University in the third leg by 215 points to 160. It was less successful in 2004, achieving only 35 points, the joint 3rd lowest score ever recorded on the show.

Notable alumni

 * Melih Abdulhayoglu – founder & CEO of Comodo Group
 * Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal – former PM of Mongolia
 * Nick Baines – Bishop of Bradford, Bishop of Leeds and broadcaster
 * Ian Barnes – Evolutionary genetics notable for his work on ancient DNA
 * Amjad Bashir – Conservative MEP
 * John Beaman – Channel Islands politician
 * Crawford W. Beveridge – executive vice president and chairman of Sun Microsystems
 * Roland Boyes – Labour MP
 * Alex Brummer – journalist
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel – bass guitarist in The Stranglers
 * David Chaytor – Labour MP
 * Chakufwa Chihana – Malawian pro-democracy activist, trade unionist and Second Vice President of Malawi
 * Michael Clapham – Labour MP
 * Nexhat Daci – former speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo
 * Paul Donovan – CEO of Eircom Group
 * Saeb Erakat – chief of the PLO Steering and Monitoring Committee
 * Dame Janet Finch – former vice-chancellor of Keele University
 * Martin Fletcher – NBC News Middle East correspondent
 * David J. Francis – Chief Minister of Sierra Leone
 * John Gater – archeological geophysicist, Time Team presenter
 * Stephen Shaun Griffiths – serial killer
 * Tori Good – BBC weather forecaster
 * John Hegley – performance poet
 * Stephen Hesford – Labour MP
 * David Hinchliffe – Labour MP
 * Felicia Hwang Yi Xin – actress, supermodel, Miss International Indonesia 2016 and Puteri Indonesia 2016 winner
 * Mo Ibrahim – entrepreneur
 * Frederick William Jowett – Labour MP
 * Clive Lewis – Labour MP
 * Jeannette Littlemore – Professor of Linguistics
 * Tula Lotay – comic book artist
 * Riek Machar – former vice-president of the SPLM South Sudanese government. Head of the South Sudan rebel movement. 2013–
 * Bernard Mariette – global president of Quiksilver
 * Steve McCabe – Labour MP
 * Jon McGregor – writer
 * Michael Meadowcroft – former Liberal MP
 * Mehran Karimi Nasseri – Iranian refugee who lived in CDG airport
 * Paul Ogwuma – Central Bank of Nigeria governor
 * Stella Chinyelu Okoli – Nigerian businesswoman in pharmaceuticals
 * Iffy Onuora – former footballer
 * Tony O'Reilly – Chairman Independent News & Media Group, former CEO H.J. Heinz Company
 * John Pienaar – BBC journalist
 * Susan Price – vice-chancellor of Leeds Metropolitan University
 * Bell Ribeiro-Addy – Labour MP
 * Linda Riordan – former Labour MP
 * Lloyd Russell-Moyle – Labour MP
 * Aisha Salaudeen – CNN multimedia producer
 * Charles Stross – Hugo Award-winning science fiction writer.
 * Kate Swann – CEO of WH Smith
 * Robert Swindells – author
 * Ann Taylor – former Minister of State for International Defence and Security
 * Benson Taylor – composer (honorary doctorate)
 * Julian Thomas – Professor of archaeology at Manchester University and author of Understanding The Neolithic
 * Hassan Ugail – professor
 * Paula Vennells – CEO of the Post Office
 * David Ward – former Liberal Democrat MP for Bradford East
 * Gavin Williamson – former UK Secretary of State for Education and former Secretary of State for Defence
 * Sadegh Zibakalam – Iranian professor, writer and political analyst
 * Gibran Rakabuming – Vice President-elect of Indonesia, Mayor of Surakarta, Indonesia
 * Raja Juli Antoni – Deputy Minister for Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning of Indonesia

title: University of Bradford


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Anne Dacier

Anne Le Fèvre Dacier (c. 1651 – 17 August 1720), better known during her lifetime as Madame Dacier, was a French scholar, translator, commentator and editor of the classics, including the Iliad and the Odyssey. She sought to champion ancient literature and used her great capabilities in Latin and Greek for this purpose as well as for her own financial support, producing a series of editions and translations from which she earned her living. She was the dedicatee of Gilles Ménage's Historia mulierum philosopharum, whose characterisation of her and of Anna Maria van Schurman was used to provide leading examples in treatises arguing for female education across the following centuries.

Early life and education
The exact date of her birth is not known and sources differ in their opinions: 1647 is proposed by Frade and Wyles and also Conley in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; the Encyclopædia Britannica suggests 1654; and the Catholic Encyclopedia 1651. The only known portrait of her, dated 1854, has her death at the age of 68, suggesting 1651–52. Eliane Itti argues for 1645, on the basis of the parish register at Is-sur-Tille which would set the date of her baptism to 24 December 1645. Dacier was first raised at Preuilly, in Touraine, where her sister Marguerite was born. She spent the rest of her childhood in Saumur, a town in the Loire region of France, and was taught both Latin and ancient Greek by her father, Tanneguy Le Fèvre.

On 29 October 1662, she married Jean Lesnier II. They had a son, Taneguy, born in January 1669, but who died three weeks later. The couple separated around 1670. In 1683, she married one of her father's students, André Dacier (also engaged in classical studies and translations albeit his work is considered by encyclopedia editors to be far inferior to hers).

Classical editions and translations
Her father died in 1672, after which she moved to Paris, carrying with her part of an edition of Callimachus, which she published in 1674. She gained further work through a friend of her father, Pierre-Daniel Huet, then assistant tutor to the Dauphin and responsible for the Ad usum Delphini series (commonly known as the Delphin Classics) of editions of the Latin classics. He commissioned her to produce editions for the series of Publius Annius Florus (1674), Dictys Cretensis (1680), Sextus Aurelius Victor (1681) and Eutropius (1683).

In 1681, her prose version of Anacreon and Sappho appeared, and in the next few years, she published prose versions of Plautus' Amphitryon, Epidicus and Rudens (1683), Aristophanes' Plutus and Clouds (1684, the first translations of Aristophanes in French) and Terence's six comedies (1688). In 1684 she and her husband retired to Castres, with the object of devoting themselves to theological studies. In 1685 the Daciers were rewarded with a pension by Louis XIV of France for their conversion to Roman Catholicism. Anne and André Dacier collaborated on two translations, Marcus Aurelius' Meditations (1691) and Plutarch's first six Parallel Lives (1694).

In 1699, her prose translation of the Iliad appeared, which earned her the esteem in which she is held in French literature. It was followed nine years later by a similar translation of the Odyssey, which Alexander Pope found useful. Dacier in turn published in 1724 remarks on Pope's translation of the former (1715–20), which gained her some fame in England as well.

Controversy
The Iliad, which made Homer known for the first time to many French men of letters (including Antoine Houdar de la Motte) gave rise to a famous literary controversy. In 1714, La Motte published a poetical version of the Iliad, abridged and altered to suit his own taste, together with a Discours sur Homère, stating the reasons why Homer failed to satisfy his critical taste. Mme Dacier replied in the same year in her work, Des causes de la corruption du goût ("Of the Causes of the Corruption of Taste"). In defending Homer, Dacier "developed her own philosophical aesthetics. She insists on the centrality of taste as an indicator of the level of civilization, both moral and artistic, within a particular culture."

La Motte carried on the discussion with light gaiety and badinage, and had the happiness of seeing his views supported by the abbé Jean Terrasson, who in 1715 produced two volumes titled Dissertation critique sur L'Iliade, in which he maintained that science and philosophy, and especially the science and philosophy of René Descartes, had so developed the human mind that the poets of the eighteenth century were immeasurably superior to those of ancient Greece.

In the same year, Claude Buffier published Homère en arbitrage, in which he concluded that both parties were really agreed on the essential point that Homer was one of the greatest geniuses the world had seen, and that, as a whole, no other poem could be preferred to his; and, soon after (on 5 April 1716) in the house of Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour, Mme Dacier and La Motte met at supper, and drank to the health of Homer.

Like many eighteenth-century intellectual women, she faced sexism and criticism of her work during her lifetime. Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant, in his Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, critiqued learned women of the time, including Mme. Dacier stating: "A Woman who has a head full of Greek, like Mme. Dacier, or who conducts disputations about mechanics, like the Marquise du Châtelet might as well also wear a beard; for that might perhaps better express the mien of depth for which they strive."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anne Dacier


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Cockermouth

Cockermouth is a market town and civil parish in the Cumberland unitary authority area of Cumbria, England, so named because it is at the confluence of the River Cocker as it flows into the River Derwent. The mid-2010 census estimates state that Cockermouth has a population of 8,204, increasing to 8,761 at the 2011 Census.

Historically a part of Cumberland, Cockermouth is situated outside the English Lake District on its northwest fringe. Much of the architectural core of the town remains unchanged since the basic medieval layout was filled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The regenerated market place is now a central historical focus within the town and reflects events from its 800-year history. The town is prone to flooding and experienced severe floods in 2005, 2009, and 2015.

Mary, Queen of Scots came to Cockermouth in 1568, after her defeat at the Battle of Langside. She is said to have stayed at the house of Henry Fletcher (died 1574) who gave her a velvet gown, and she later sent him a letter of thanks. Fletcher's son moved from Cockermouth to Moresby Hall in Parton, Cumbria.

Etymology
Cockermouth is "the mouth of the River Cocker"; the river takes its name from the Brythonic Celtic word kukrā, meaning 'the crooked one'. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.

Geography
Cockermouth owes its existence to the confluence of the rivers Cocker and Derwent, being the lowest point, historically, at which the resultant fast flowing river powered by the Lake District could be bridged. Cockermouth is situated a few minutes' travelling distance from lakes such as Buttermere, Crummock Water, Loweswater, and Bassenthwaite.

Governance
The town is part of the Penrith & Solway Constituency since 2024, Previously part of the parliamentary constituency of Workington, which was abolished in the 2023 boundary review. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP), overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election, Labour had won the seat in every general election since 1979; the Conservatives have only been elected in Workington one other time since World War II, at the 1976 by-election, after three decades of service by Fred Peart. The town historically has been a Labour-supporting area.

Prior to Brexit for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEPs for the North West England constituency.

Since April 2023, for local administration purposes, Cockermouth is in the Cumberland (unitary authority) area, previously being part of the Allerdale District & Cumbria County Council, which were both abolished on April 1st 2023.

Climate
Cockermouth has a temperate climate that is influenced by the Irish Sea and its low-lying elevation. Cockermouth receives slightly below average rainfall compared with the UK average. Temperatures are also round about average compared with other parts of the UK. The nearest weather station for which online records are available is Aspatria, about 7 mi north-northeast of the town centre.

The hottest temperatures recorded in the area were 31.3 C at Lorton on 19 July 2006 and 31.1 C at Aspatria during August 1990, with the coldest being -13.9 C during January 1982 at Aspatria and -13.8 C at Lorton on 8 December 2010. West Cumbria gets relatively little snow in comparison with the Lake District and Eastern Cumbria, owing to its proximity to the Irish Sea and its low height above sea level.

History
The Romans built a fort at Derventio Carvetiorum, now the adjoining village of Papcastle, to protect the river crossing on a major route for troops heading towards Hadrian's Wall.

The main town developed under the Normans who, after occupying the former Roman fort, built Cockermouth Castle closer to the river crossing: little remains today of the castle thanks to the efforts of Robert the Bruce. The market town developed its distinctive medieval layout, of a broad main street of burgesses' houses, each with a burgage plot stretching to a "back lane": the Derwent bank on the north and Back Lane (now South Street), on the south. The layout is largely preserved, leading the British Council for Archaeology to say in 1965 that it was worthy of special care in preservation and development.

Although Carlisle was considered the county town of Cumberland, Cockermouth shared the county assizes with Carlisle, and prior to the Reform Act 1832 was the usual venue for electing knights of the shire as MPs for Cumberland. Cockermouth borough was also a parliamentary borough from 1641 to 1918, returning two MPs until 1868 and one thereafter.

Market centre
The town market pre-dates 1221, when the market day was changed from Saturday to Monday. Market charters were granted in 1221 and 1227 by King Henry III, although this does not preclude the much earlier existence of a market in the town. In recent times, the trading farmers market now only occurs seasonally, replaced by weekend continental and craft markets.

In the days when opening hours of public houses were restricted, the fact that the pubs in Cockermouth could open all day on market days made the town a popular destination for drinkers, especially on Bank Holiday Mondays. The Market Bell remains as a reminder of this period (inset into a wall opposite the Allerdale Hotel), while the 1761 and Castle pub (which spans three floors) have been renovated to reveal medieval stonework and 16th and 18th-century features.

Architecture
Much of the centre of the town is of medieval origin, substantially rebuilt in Georgian style with Victorian infill. The tree-lined Kirkgate offers examples of unspoilt classical late 17th and 18th-century terraced housing, cobbled paving and curving lanes which run steeply down to the River Cocker. Most of the buildings are of traditional slate and stone construction with thick walls and green Skiddaw slate roofs.

Many of the facades lining the streets are frontages for historic housing in alleyways and lanes (often maintaining medieval street patterns) to the rear. There are examples of Georgian residences near the Market Place, St. Helens Street, at the bottom of Castlegate Drive and Kirkgate.

Cockermouth may have been the first town in Britain to have piloted electric lighting. In 1881 six electric lamps were set up to light the town, together with gas oil lamps in the back streets. The electrical service was intermittent, so the town returned to gas lighting.

In 1964, Cockermouth was named one of 51 'Gem Towns' in the UK, by the Council for British Archaeology. This recognised the importance of the historic buildings, and the need for effective traffic management and urban development.

Present
The centre of Cockermouth retains much of its historic character and the renovation of Market Place has been completed, now with an artistic and community focus. The Kirkgate Centre is the town's major cultural focus and offers regular historical displays by the Cockermouth Heritage Group in addition to holding major cultural events including theatre, international music and world cinema. The tree-lined main street boasts a statue of Lord Mayo, formerly an MP for Cockermouth, who became British Viceroy of India and whose subsequent claim to fame was that he was assassinated.

The renovated arts and cultural zone in the 13th-century Market Place has undergone something of a "regeneration" following European Union funding, and is now pedestrian-friendly adorned with stone paving and roadways, underground lighting and controversial seating in bright colours to reflect the area's facades. Pavement art and stonework commemorate eclectic historical events, John Dalton's atomic theory, local dialect, flooding and a curious range other memorabilia.

A cycleway runs along the former Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway route, and spans a high bridge over the Cocker affording views of the town and river-scape.

Cockermouth suffered badly in the nationwide flood on 19 and 20 November 2009. Over 200 people needed to be rescued, with helicopters from RAF Valley, RAF Boulmer and RAF Leconfield retrieving about 50 and the remainder being rescued by boats, including those of the RNLI. Water levels in the town centre were reported to be as high as 2.50 m and flowing at a rate of 25 knots. Many historic buildings on and adjacent to Main Street sustained severe damage, as did a number of bridges in and around the town. Recovery from the devastation was slow, with residents placed in temporary accommodation and some businesses temporarily relocated to Mitchells auction mart. By the summer of 2011 most of the damage had been repaired and buildings re-occupied, though some remained empty or boarded up.

Flooding occurred again in 2015 when the River Derwent burst its banks on 5 December, with several hundred homes and businesses affected.

Landmarks
Cockermouth Castle is a sizeable but partly ruined Norman castle, formerly the home of the late Pamela, The Dowager Lady Egremont. Built at the confluence of the Rivers Cocker and Derwent, the castle has a tilting tower which hangs Pisa-like over Jennings Brewery buildings. The castle, with its preserved dungeons, is only opened to the public once a year during the annual town festival.

Wordsworth House, the birthplace of William Wordsworth, has been restored following extensive damage during the November 2009 floods, and features a working 18th-century kitchen and children's bedroom with toys and clothes of the times. Harris Park offers riverside walks and views down over the historic town.

Jennings Brewery offered regular public tours and occasional carriage rides pulled by a shire horse. However, the brewery was closed in October 2022, with the buildings valued at £750,000 put up for sale.

Cockermouth Town Hall is a former chapel which was converted for municipal use in 1934.

Culturally, the Kirkgate Centre offers international music, heritage, theatre and world cinema (including critically acclaimed and art-house movies on Monday evenings) and the town has an annual festival of concerts and performances each summer. Cockermouth has an annual Easter Fair, fireworks display and carnival. In April 2005 it hosted its first Georgian Fair, which was repeated in 2006, again in May 2008 and 2010, with the next fair on 2 May 2015. At Christmas the town presents festive lighting throughout its main and subsidiary streets, accompanied by competing shop displays.

The main cemetery on the Lorton Road is something of a walker's garden, featuring streams, humped stone bridges and views of the nearby fells.

The adjoining village of Papcastle is also picturesque in its own right, and stands on the site of the Roman fort of Derventio (Papcastle), lined with grand 18th- and 19th-century houses.

2+1/2 mi northwest of the town lies Dovenby Hall Estate, a 115 acre park and woodland estate. Dovenby Hall is the home of the Ford Rally team. The estate was bought in January 1998 by Malcolm Wilson for his M-Sport motorsport team and that was selected in 1996 by Ford Motorsport to build, prepare and run a fleet of cars for entry into the World Rally Championship.

Economy and services
Built as a market town, close to a fast-flowing river in a farming area with a tradition of cloth weaving, Cockermouth became a hub for spinning and weaving. The town had a fulling mill by 1156 and by the mid-19th century there were over forty industrial sites; mills (wool, linen, cotton), hat factories, tanneries and smaller concerns making chairs, churns, mangle rollers, nails and farm machinery.

With the need for steam power, industrialisation declined, but the coming of the railway and the Victorian holiday, together with the power of Wordsworth's publications, meant that Cockermouth became an early inland tourist centre. The local economy is still reliant today on farming and tourism, with light industrial facilities servicing local needs. Industrialisation and hence work has moved to the west coast around Carlisle and Workington, and includes servicing the nuclear facilities at Sellafield.

Road haulier Lawsons Haulage Limited is a major employer in the town.

Education
Cockermouth has three primary schools:
 * Fairfield Primary School,
 * All Saints Church of England Primary School,
 * St. Joseph's Catholic Primary School.

Cockermouth School is a comprehensive secondary school with around 1400 pupils including 310 sixth formers. The current Headteacher is Mr R J King. Cockermouth School won the regional championship in the north of England for the kids lit quiz 2009 coming 1st with 92 points

Road
The nearest motorway is the M6 junction 40 at Penrith, which is 30 mi away via the A66.

Rail
The Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway served the town. The original Cockermouth & Workington Railway station was replaced on a new alignment when the Cockermouth railway station opened to passenger traffic on 2 January 1865. The station was immortalised in 1964 in the song "Slow Train" by Flanders and Swann. The station closed on 18 April 1966 and has been completely removed. The site is now occupied by Cockermouth Mountain Rescue and the town's fire station, operated by Cumbria Fire and Rescue Service. The old trackbed is now a public walkway, with the nearest railway stations now being Maryport on the Cumbrian Coast Line, and Penrith and Carlisle, the latter two located on the West Coast Main Line.

Bus
The main bus services in Cockermouth are the Stagcoach Cumbria bus routes X4 & X5 which connect Workington, Keswick and Penrith with Cockermouth. Combined, these services run every half hour. Cockermouth town services C1/C2/C3 also operated by Stagecoach, primarily by minibuses. Also operated by the firm is a bus route numbered the 600 - which serves Cockermouth, Wigton and Carlisle. Formerly free service 77C operates between Cockermouth and Buttermere with five return services per day operated by Stagecoach Cumbria. Other bus routes operated by bus companies such as Ellenvale Coaches run too, to places such as Maryport.

Air
The nearest major airport is Newcastle Airport. Leeds Bradford International Airport is a little further away, and further again is Manchester Airport, which offers a wider choice of destinations.

Two cycle routes pass through the town, the Sea to Sea Cycle Route from Workington to Tyneside, and the Reivers Cycle Route.

Sports and leisure
Cockermouth has a sports centre with swimming pool, two gyms, and two parks with riverside walks.

Cockermouth Cricket Club is one of the town's most successful and best supported sports teams. They play their home games at the Sandair Ground, located just off Gote Road. The First XI play in the North Lancashire and Cumbria League Premier Division, Second XI in the third tier of the same league. The club's Third XI play in the Cumbria Cricket League. The thriving junior section of the club runs from u11 up to u15. The current Club Captain is former Northamptonshire County Cricket Club batsman, Gareth White and for the 2015 season, the club's Overseas Professional is Fahad Masood, who has represented Pakistan 'A' in international cricket.

Cockermouth School has an Astroturf pitch used for community football, including the local 6-a-side league.

Cockermouth Rugby Football Club is based at the former Cockermouth Grammar School site and in 1987 played the first ever rugby union league match when they played Kirkby Lonsdale when the Rugby Union formed national and regional leagues, the precursors of what have now become the national and premier leagues.

The town has a youth football club, Cockermouth F.C. In the 2007–2008 season, the Under 12 team were County Cup Champions. Cockermouth beat Allerdale Leisure, from Workington, 1–0 in the final.

Notable residents
The town was the birthplace of William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855).

Others include:
 * Dorothy Bradford (1918–2008), painter and printmaker
 * Fletcher Christian (1764 in Eaglesfield – 1793 in Pitcairn), leader of the HMS Bounty mutiny
 * John Dalton (1766 in Eaglesfield – 1844), chemist, physicist and meteorologist; introduced the atomic theory into chemistry
 * Fearon Fallows (1788–1831), English astronomer & Astronomer Royal
 * Luke Greenbank, swimmer
 * Robert Milham Hartley (1796–1881), US emigrant & agent of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor
 * Robinson Mitchell (1821–1888), pioneer auctioneer
 * Ben Stokes (born 1991), cricketer
 * Jeff Thorpe (born 1972), retired footballer
 * Gareth White (born 1979), cricketer
 * Sir Joseph Williamson (1633 at Bridekirk – 1701), civil servant, diplomat and politician
 * Matthew Wilson (born 1987), rally driver.

Twin town

 * Marvejols, France

title: Cockermouth


text:
Dictys Cretensis

Dictys Cretensis, i.e. Dictys of Crete (, ; Δίκτυς ὁ Κρής) of Knossos was a legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worked up by Homer for the Iliad. The story of his journal, an amusing fiction addressed to a knowledgeable Alexandrian audience, came to be taken literally during Late Antiquity.

Literary history
In the 4th century AD a certain Q. Septimius brought out Dictys Cretensis Ephemeris belli Trojani ("Dictys of Crete, chronicle of the Trojan War") in six books, a work that professed to be a Latin translation of the Greek version. Its chief interest lies in the fact that, as knowledge of Greek waned and disappeared in Western Europe, this and the De excidio Trojae of Dares Phrygius were the sources from which the Homeric legends were transmitted to the Romance literature of the Middle Ages.

An elaborate frame story presented in the prologue to the Latin text details how the manuscript of this work, written in Phoenician characters on tablets of limewood or tree bark, survived: it was said to have been enclosed in a leaden box and buried with its author, according to his wishes.
 * "There it remained undisturbed for ages, when in the thirteenth year of Nero's reign, the sepulchre was burst open by a terrible earthquake, the coffer was exposed to view, and observed by some shepherds, who, having ascertained that it did not, as they had at first hoped, contain a treasure, conveyed it to their master Eupraxis (or Eupraxides), who in his turn presented it to Rutilius Rufus, the Roman governor of the province, by whom both Eupraxis and the casket were despatched to the emperor. Nero, upon learning that the letters were Phoenician, summoned to his presence men skilled in that language, by whom the contents were explained. The whole having been translated into Greek, was deposited in one of the public libraries, and Eupraxis was dismissed loaded with rewards." (Smith, Dictionary)

The Greek "name" Eupraxis simply means "right actions", a familiar goal in discussions of ethics, and an amusingly apt name for the finder.

The prologue that characterizes one manuscript tradition is substituted in the other main group of manuscripts with a letter as if written by a Q. Septimius Romanus, to a Q. Arcadius Rufus, in which the writer, giving a condensed version of the discovery tale, informs his friend that, the volume having fallen into his hands, he had been induced, for his own amusement and the instruction of others, to convert it into Latin. The modern editor, Werner Eisenhut, surmises that the two groups, neither of which is to be consistently preferred to the other, represent two published editions in Late Antiquity. There are retranslations into Greek of Byzantine date, embodied in universal histories, of which Smith adds, "We may add to this account, that the writers of the Byzantine period, such as Joannes Malelas, Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, Georgius Cedrenus, Constantinus Manasses, Joannes and Isaacus Tzetzes, with others, quote largely from this Dictys as an author of the highest and most unquestionable authority, and he certainly was known as early as the age of Aelian."

Petrarch's own copy of Ephemeris belli Troiani, his key to Homer, is now the Codex Parisinus Lat. 5690, in the Bibliothèque nationale. The first printed edition was early, not after 1471.

Modern scholars were in disagreement as to whether any Greek original really existed; but all doubt on the point was removed by the discovery of a fragment in Greek amongst the Tebtunis papyri found by Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt in 1899–1900. It revealed that the Latin was a close translation. The other surprise was the discovery, in the library of conte Aurelio Guglielmo Balleani at Jesi, of a manuscript of Dictys, dating to the latter part of the ninth century, that was described and collated by C. Annibaldi in 1907.

For a medieval source on the Trojan War that is uniquely independent of Dictys and Dares, see the "Rawlinson Excidium Troie".

title: Dictys Cretensis


text:
University of Glamorgan

The University of Glamorgan (Prifysgol Morgannwg) was a university based in South Wales prior to the merger with University of Wales, Newport, that formed the University of South Wales in April 2013. The university was based in Pontypridd, in Rhondda Cynon Taf, with campuses in Trefforest, Glyntaff, Merthyr Tydfil, Tyn y Wern (The Glamorgan Sport Park) and Cardiff. The university had four faculties, and was the only university in Wales which had no link with the University of Wales.

In July 2012 the University of Glamorgan and the University of Wales, Newport, announced that they had begun talks aimed at integrating the two institutions.

History
The University of Glamorgan was founded in 1913 as the South Wales and Monmouthshire School of Mines, a School of Mines based in Trefforest, Pontypridd, serving the large coal mining industry in the South Wales Valleys. The school was owned and funded by the major Welsh coal owners, through a levy of one tenth of a penny on each ton of coal produced by the companies involved. At the outset, the school had 17 mining diploma students, including three from China. The school was taken over by Glamorgan County Council during the Depression, and became Glamorgan Technical College in 1949, reflecting its expanding portfolio, and the Glamorgan College of Technology in 1958. By this time, the institution had expanded to offer a range of full-time, sandwich and part-time courses in science, technology and commerce, to which it added the first "Welsh for Adults" course in 1967. In 1970, the college became a polytechnic.

In 1914 Glamorgan County Council created Glamorgan Training College to train women to teach. It originally only took women who lived locally but in 1947, when Ellen Evans was the principal, it became co-educational and in 1962 it also accepted male students. Three years later it changed its name to Glamorgan College of Education.

The Glamorgan College of Education in Barry merged with Glamorgan Polytechnic merged and it was re-named the Polytechnic of Wales in 1975, before being awarded university status as the University of Glamorgan in 1992.

Between 2003 and the merger, the university had been engaged in an active "growth strategy", merging with Merthyr Tydfil College in 2004/5 and forming a "strategic alliance" with the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in 2006, so that the Royal College became part of the 'Glamorgan Group' of institutions. In 2007, "ATRiuM", a new facility for teaching and research in media, design and the arts was opened in Cardiff city centre. A new Students' Union building at the Treforest Campus was opened in September 2010.

Merger
In July 2012 the University of Glamorgan and the University of Wales, Newport, announced that they had begun talks aimed at integrating the two institutions. On 17 December 2012 it was announced that the name for the new university is the University of South Wales. The university at the time of the merger served around 21,500 students, with 10,227 registered as full-time undergraduates. The university offered around 200 courses and in 2009 claimed to have one of the highest graduate employment rates in Wales, reporting that 94.3% of 2007-08 graduates found employment within six months of graduation.

Campuses
The university had several campuses:

 * Trefforest - the main campus played host to the bulk of academic departments and facilities, including the indoor sports centre and students union. It is accessed via Treforest railway station from either Cardiff, Merthyr or the Rhondda; regular bus services or the A470.
 * Glyntaff - housed the Faculty of Health, Sport and Science. All Science and Sport subjects were based here, including Police Sciences and Nursing.
 * Partner colleges - The university had specialised "partner colleges" throughout South Wales; for example, Barry College for aeronautical engineering.
 * Merthyr Tydfil - Merthyr Tydfil College had become part of the University of Glamorgan Group (but not part of the university), although its focus remains on delivering Further Education rather than Higher Education.
 * Tyn y Wern - Was home to the new Glamorgan Sport Park.
 * ATRiuM - The Cardiff School of Creative and Cultural Industries was based at a Cardiff campus located close to Cardiff Queen Street railway station.

Facilities
The halls of residence were based at the Treforest campus:

Mountain Halls Accommodation blocks opened in September 2011.
 * Glamorgan Court - Built in 1994, with all the rooms in the hall buildings arranged into clusters of six en-suite bedrooms with a shared kitchen.

The Students Union was also on the Treforest campus. The Student Union was the home to a number of sports teams, sports clubs and societies as well as TAG, the student newspaper. The building opened in September 2010.

The Students’ Union was one of only 7 buildings in Wales to be awarded with an internationally recognized RIBA award in 2011.

The Union has also welfare, education and equality support and there was a democratic structure change to Student Council.

Additional educational facilities included a 24-hour PC lab, wireless internet access in specified areas, world class equipment for nursing courses (including life sized dummies that simulate human beings, from breathing to giving birth), a TV studio, an Aerospace Centre (with its own plane), an on-campus radio studio, and two theatres.

 * Oriel Y Bont galleries, an art gallery that hosted a collection of Ernest Zobole paintings. In 2002 the gallery achieved Museum Status.
 * Learning Resource Centre: The library of the university had books and all other media facilities as well as daily newspapers from around the country and journal articles. Online research journals such as Mintel and Keynotes are available for students to use for free.

Faculties and departments

 * Cardiff School of Creative & Cultural Industries, the Atrium
 * Animation
 * Communication Design
 * Drama
 * Fashion and Retail Design
 * Film, Photography and New Media
 * Media, Culture and Journalism
 * Music and Sound
 * Faculty of Health, Sport & Science
 * Astronomy
 * Geography and the Environment
 * Health Sciences including Nursing and Chiropractic
 * Life Sciences
 * Physical Sciences (including Chemistry, Geology and Forensic Science)
 * Police Sciences
 * Social Work
 * Sport
 * Faculty of Business and Society
 * Accounting
 * Art Practice
 * Business Management
 * English and Creative Writing
 * Event Management
 * History
 * Humanities and Social Sciences
 * Law and Criminology
 * Psychology
 * Faculty of Advanced Technology
 * Aerospace
 * Built Environment
 * Computing and Mathematics
 * Engineering
 * Lighting and Live Event Technology

Rankings and reputation
The last rankings showed that the University of Glamorgan was rated the top "new" university in Wales, and one of the top five Welsh universities, by the Sunday Times.

The bulk of full-time students entered through the UCAS system with A-levels or equivalent qualifications and many of the university's degree courses are selective in that they require specific A-levels or above average grades for entry.

 * A Next Generation Networks, IMS Experience Lab
 * One of only 20 UK business schools to get "excellent ratings" from the government.
 * Centre of Excellence in Mobile Applications and Services (CEMAS).
 * Research in biohydrogen production and wastewater treatment.
 * The first university in Wales to be awarded the Environmental ISO 14001.
 * The University of Glamorgan, with Cardiff University and South Wales Police, forms the Universities Police Science Institute (UPSI) - a unique organisation in the UK dedicated to research and training in police related matters. Specialists in police and forensic related matters are organised within the Glamorgan Centre for Police Sciences. The university has its own Crime Scenes Investigation House.
 * A £35 million (€46.7 million or $68.6 million) investment in the city of Cardiff, completed in 2007, houses the Atrium.
 * The university, along with Cardiff, Swansea, Aberystwyth and Bangor Universities is part of the St David's Day Group, which is dedicated to acting together drive forward the knowledge economy in Wales.
 * Glamorgan, in partnership with the University of Wales Newport, is leading the development of the University of the Heads of the Valleys Initiative (UHOVI)

Awards

 * In November 2012, the University of Glamorgan was awarded the Times Higher Education award for "Outstanding Support for Students".
 * Glamorgan was the first university in Wales, and only the 8th in the UK (in 2007), to have been awarded the nationally recognised Investor in People status, for staff training and development.
 * The Business School received Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply Centre of Excellence accreditation, being one of only 13 accredited centres in the UK.
 * Glamorgan has received the first prize in the national competition for best course designs and teaching ability three times.
 * Electronic Product Engineering within the School of Electronics, and Environmental Technology and Management, have been designated "Centres of Expertise" for Wales.

Notable alumni

 * Jayde Adams, comedian
 * Mark Andrews, wrestler
 * Sue Bale
 * Max Boyce
 * Kevin Brennan, politician
 * Carole Bromley
 * Richard James Burgess
 * Roger Clark, American actor, the voice and motion capture of Arthur Morgan in Red Dead Redemption 2
 * Maciej Dakowicz
 * Emma Darwin, novelist
 * Lorna Dunkley
 * Gareth Evans, director
 * Jill Evans
 * Ben Green, comedian
 * Eddie Hughes, politician
 * Matthew Jarvis, rugby
 * Caroline Jones, UKIP member of the National Assembly for Wales
 * Sion Russell Jones
 * Mark Labbett
 * Benny Lim
 * Nicola Miles-Wildin
 * Darren Morris
 * Mark Nam, British born Chinese Anglican Priest in the Church of England
 * Gareth L. Powell
 * Dan Rhodes
 * Sion Russell Jones
 * Catherine Thomas
 * Rachel Trezise
 * Nigel Walker, athlete
 * Camilla Way
 * Randii Wessen
 * Tine Wittler
 * Leanne Wood

title: University of Glamorgan


text:
Antoine Houdar de la Motte

Antoine Houdar de la Motte (18 January 1672 – 26 December 1731) was a French author.

De la Motte was born and died in Paris. In 1693 his comedy, Les Originaux (Les originaux, ou, l'Italien), was a complete failure, and so depressed the author that he contemplated joining the Trappists. Four years later he began writing texts for operas and ballets, e.g. L'Europe galante (1697), and tragedies, one of which, Inès de Castro (1723), was an immense success at the Theâtre Français. He was a champion of the moderns in the revived controversy of the ancients and moderns. His Fables nouvelles (1719) was regarded as a modernist manifesto. Anne Dacier had published (1699) a translation of the Iliad, and La Motte, who knew no Greek, made a translation (1714) in verse founded on her work.

He said of his own work: "I have taken the liberty to change what I thought disagreeable in it." He defended the moderns in the Discours sur Homère prefixed to his translation, and in his Réflexions sur la critique (1716). Apart from the merits of the controversy, it was conducted on La Motte's side with a wit and politeness which compared very favourably with his opponents' methods. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1710, but soon afterwards went blind. La Motte carried on a correspondence with the duchesse du Maine, and was the friend of Fontenelle. He had the same freedom from prejudice and the same inquiring mind as the latter, and it is on the excellent prose in which his views are expressed that his reputation rests.

His Œuvres du theâtre (2 vols.) appeared in 1730, and his Œuvres (10 vols.) in 1754. See [ippolyte Rigault, Histoire de la querelle des anciens et des modernes (1859).

Poetry

 * 1701: Le Premier livre de l'Iliade, translated into French verse
 * 1707: Églogue sur la naissance de Mgr le duc de Bretagne
 * Odes
 * 1707: Odes avec un Discours sur la poésie en général, et sur l'ode en particulier, (several latter editions)
 * 1712: Le Deuil de la France, ode
 * 1712: Le Souverain, ode
 * 1716: Ode sur la mort de Louis le Grand, ode
 * 1720: La critique, ode
 * Fables
 * 1714: Le Cygne, fable allegorique
 * 1719: Fables nouvelles, Paris, (several latter editions)
 * 1720: L'Indien et le soleil

Critics

 * 1714: Discours sur Homère
 * 1715: Réflexions sur la critique, Paris, G. Du Puis
 * 1719: Discours sur la fable, Paris, Grégoire Dupuis
 * 1754: Discours sur la poésie, Paris, Prault l'aîné
 * 1754: Discours sur la tragédie, Paris, Prault l'aîné
 * 1730: Suite des Réflexions sur la tragédie

Theatre

 * 1693: Les Originaux ou l'Italien, three-act comedy, music by M. de Masse, presented at théâtre de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne, 13 August
 * 1697: Issé, pastorale héroïque in 3 acts with prologue, présented at Château de Fontainebleau 7 October
 * 1697: L'Europe galante, opéra-ballet in 4 acts and a prologue, music by André Campra, given at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 24 October
 * 1699: Amadis de Grèce, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and a prologue, music by André Cardinal Destouches, given 25 March (Académie royale de musique)
 * 1699: Marthésie, première reine des Amazones, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and one prologue, music by André Cardinal Destouches, presented at Château de Fontainebleau 11 October
 * 1700: Le Triomphe des arts, opéra-ballet in 5 acts, music by Michel de La Barre, presented at théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 16 May
 * 1700: Canente, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and one prologue, music by Pascal Collasse and Antoine Dauvergne, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 4 November
 * 1701: Les Trois Gascons, comédie avec divertissements in 1 act, with Nicolas Boindin, music by Giuseppe Maria Cambini and Nicolas Racot de Grandval, dit Grandval le Père, presented at Comédie-Française 4 June
 * 1701: Omphale, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and one prologue, music by André Cardinal Destouches, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 10 November
 * 1702: La Matrone d'Éphèse, comedy in 1 act and in prose, presented at Comédie-Française 23 September
 * 1703: Le Carnaval et la folie, comédie-ballet in 4 acts and one prologue, music by André Cardinal Destouches, presented at Château de Fontainebleau 3 January
 * 1704: Le Port de mer, comedy in 1 act and in prose, with Nicolas Boindin, music by Nicolas Racot de Grandval, called Grandval le Père, presented at Comédie-Française 27 May
 * 1705: La Vénitienne, opéra-ballet in one prologue and 3 acts, music by Michel de La Barre, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 26 May; reset on music by Antoine Dauvergne, Académie royale de musique, 6 May 1768
 * 1709: Sémélé, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts, music by Marin Marais, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 9 April
 * 1715: La Ceinture de Vénus, tableau dramatique, music by Jean-Joseph Mouret, presented at Château de Sceaux 19 April
 * 1706: Alcione, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and a prologue, music by Marin Marais, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique), 18 February
 * 1715: Apollon et les muses, tableau dramatique, music by Jean-Joseph Mouret, presented at Château de Sceaux 19 April
 * 1716: L'Amante difficile ou l'amant constant, comedy in 5 acts and in prose, with Pierre Rémond de Sainte-Albine, presented at Théâtre de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne 17 October
 * 1721: Les Macchabées, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, presented à la Comédie-Française 6 March
 * 1722: Romulus, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, presented at Comédie-Française 8 January
 * 1723: Inès de Castro, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, presented at Comédie-Française 6 April
 * 1726: Œdipe, tragedy in 5 acts and in verse, presented at Comédie-Française 18 March
 * 1730: Dalcyone, opera, presented in September
 * 1731: L'Italie galante ou les contes, comedy in one prologue and 3 parts (Le Talisman, Richard Minutolo, Le Magnifique), presented at Comédie-Française 11 May
 * 1731: L'Amante difficile, divertissement in 5 acts and in prose, music by Jean-Joseph Mouret, presented at Théâtre de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne 23 August
 * 1735: Scanderberg, tragédie lyrique in 5 acts and a prologue, with Jean-Louis-Ignace de La Serre, music by François Francœur and François Rebel, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 25 October
 * 1748: Pygmalion, ballet, reworked by Ballot de Sauvot, music by Jean-Philippe Rameau, presented at Château de Fontainebleau 27 August
 * 1753: Prométhée, prologue in verse, presented in Paris 9 January
 * 1753: Titon et l'Aurore, pastorale héroïque in 3 acts, with Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon and abbé de La Marre, music by Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville, presented at Théâtre du Palais-Royal (Académie royale de musique) 9 January
 * 1753: Le Magnifique, comedy in 2 acts and one prologue with three intermèdes, presented at château de Fontainebleau 15 November
 * Le Ballet des fées, ballet
 * Le Calendrier des vieillards, comedy in 1 act and in prose
 * Climène, pastorale in 1 act and in verse
 * Les Âges, opéra-ballet in 4 acts and one prologue

title: Antoine Houdar de la Motte


text:
Deal

A deal, or deals may refer to:

Places

 * Deal, Kent, a town in England
 * Deal, New Jersey, a borough
 * Deal, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community
 * Deal Lake, New Jersey

 * Deal Island (Tasmania), Australia
 * Deal, a village in Câlnic Commune, Alba County, Romania

Arts and entertainment

 * Deal, the distribution of cards in a card game to the players

Film and television

 * Deal (1978 film), a documentary about the TV show Let's Make a Deal distributed by SFM Entertainment
 * Deal (2008 film), about poker
 * Deal (Greek game show)

Music

 * "Deal" (Tom T. Hall song), by Tom T. Hall
 * "Deal", a song from Jerry Garcia's 1972 album  Garcia
 * "Deal", a song by Man Overboard from Heavy Love
 * DEAL$, a band fronted by Angela Seo

Brands and enterprises

 * Deal (automobile), built in Jonesville, Michigan, US, from 1905 to 1911
 * Deals, a defunct American dollar store chain

Science and technology

 * Deal (unit), a unit of volume used to measure wood
 * DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks), in cryptography
 * deal.II, an open source library to solve partial differential equations

Other uses

 * Battle of Deal, fought in the English town of Deal in 1495
 * Royal Marine Depot, Deal, Kent, England
 * Deal (surname)
 * Deal, a type of cheap wood, usually from fir (red deal) or pine trees

title: Deal


text:
Khujut Rabu

Khujut Rabu' (خوجوت رابه) is a local area to the South-East of Baghdad, Iraq, near the town of the present-day Salman Pak. Also Khujut Rabua. Until 637 AD, this was the location of Ctesiphon and Seleucia on the Tigris. This area was the capital city of Iran, also known as Persia, and by the Romans as Ariana; during the Selucid, Parthian and Sasanian dynasties. Modern excavations of these two ancient cities have provided many artifacts from ancient times, including the alleged Baghdad Battery. Modern tourists can still visit Taq Kasra (the Arch of Ctesiphon).

title: Khujut Rabu


text:
UC Berkeley College of Engineering

The University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering (Berkeley Engineering) is the public engineering school of the University of California, Berkeley (a land-grant research university in Berkeley, California). Established in 1931, the college occupies fourteen buildings on the northeast side of the main campus and also operates the 150 acre Richmond Field Station. It is considered to be highly selective and is consistently ranked among the top engineering schools in both the nation and the world.

Academics
The College of Letters and Science (L&S) offers a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science, which requires many of the same courses as the College of Engineering's Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS) but has different admissions and graduation criteria. It is one of the university's most selective undergraduate programs, along with the College of Engineering's EECS program; acceptance rates have been at or below 5% for both freshman and transfer applicants in recent years—5.2% for Fall 2020 EECS freshman applicants, which was lower than the MIT acceptance rate. Berkeley's chemical and biomolecular engineering departments are under the College of Chemistry.

Departments

 * Aerospace Engineering (AE)
 * Bioengineering (BioE)
 * Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
 * Development Engineering (DevEng)
 * Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (EECS)
 * Engineering Science (ES)
 * Energy Engineering (EE)
 * Engineering Mathematics and Statistics (EMS)
 * Engineering Physics (EP)
 * Environmental Engineering Science (EES)
 * Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IEOR)
 * Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
 * Mechanical Engineering (ME)
 * Nuclear Engineering (NE)

Students
There are approximately 4,100 undergraduates in the College of Engineering, which for the 2021/22 application cycle had an acceptance rate of 7.6%, while Berkeley as a whole had a 14% acceptance rate. The Management, Entrepreneurship & Technology (MET) program, a dual-degree track offered in collaboration with the Haas School of Business, is even more selective, with an acceptance rate of less than 3%. Applicants to the college may apply directly to one of the departments and enter with a declared major or may apply as an undeclared matriculant; major declaration is required at the end of sophomore year. Once within the college, it is possible to change majors with the approval of Engineering Student Services but it is difficult for undergraduates in other colleges at Berkeley to transfer into Engineering. The college accepts transfer applications, although only 9% of the over 2,300 junior transfer applicants were admitted for the 2015/16 academic year.

Over 81% of undergraduates receive a bachelor's degree in four years, with over 90% doing so within six years. 85% of undergraduates admitted to the college graduate from the college, and 91% graduate from some college at Berkeley. The college has a 4-year graduation policy, with extra semesters approved only in certain cases. Engineering Student Services provides academic advising, peer tutoring, and career services to engineering students. Various student organizations are run in conjunction with the college and many students belong to the student chapters of their corresponding professional organizations. Graduate admissions in the College of Engineering is administered by department. During the 2021/22 academic year, the college had 2,513 graduate students and awarded 228 masters and 244 doctorate degrees as well as 889 professional master's degrees.

The college's enrollment is approximately 32% women. Berkeley has one of the oldest, most active and award-winning sections of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE); established in 1975, it has been recognized with the "Outstanding Collegiate Section Gold Mission Award" at the annual SWE national conference, which is the largest gathering for women in engineering and technology. Among Berkeley engineering alumnae are a 2018 Nobel laureate, a 2008 Turing Award winner, a 2012 Turing Award winner, the first woman to receive a bachelor's degree in engineering from an American university, and the co-founders of Marvell Technology, Atheros Communications, and many other technology companies.

Businesses and entrepreneurship
The school is well-known for producing many successful entrepreneurs; among its alumni are the co-founders and CEOs of the largest companies in the world, including Apple, DoorDash, Coursera, Boeing, Google, Intel, and Tesla. Together with the Haas School of Business (the first American business school at a public university), the college confers joint degrees and advises the university's resident start-up incubator. Founded in 2012, Berkeley SkyDeck promotes research and entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley, and has become a top university incubator in the United States.

Student organizations

 * Eta Kappa Nu (ΗΚΝ)
 * Pioneers in Engineering (PiE)
 * Out in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (oSTEM)
 * Design for America (DFA)
 * Society of Women Engineers (SWE)
 * Black Engineering and Science Student Association (BESSA)
 * Robotics @ Berkeley
 * Machine Learning @ Berkeley
 * Mobile Developers of Berkeley

Research units
All research facilities are managed by one of five Organized Research Units (ORUs):
 * Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC) — research and public safety programs against the destructive effects of earthquakes
 * Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) — the largest ORU; advanced research in novel areas within seven different university departments
 * Engineering Systems Research Center (ESRC) — focuses on manufacturing, mechatronics, and microelectro mechanical systems (MEMS)
 * Institute for Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE) — focuses on applying basic research to current and future environmental problems
 * Institute of Transportation Studies (ITS) — sponsors research in transportation planning, policy analysis, environmental concerns and transportation system performance

Major research centers, institutes, and programs

 * Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS)
 * Berkeley Institute of Design (BID)
 * Berkeley Multimedia Research Center (BMRC)
 * Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence (CHAI)
 * Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS)
 * Center for Intelligent Systems (CIS) — developing a unified theoretical foundation for intelligent systems
 * Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing (CGDM)
 * Digital Library Project (DLP)
 * Institute of Transportation Studies (ITS)
 * International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) — basic research institute focusing on Internet architecture, speech and language processing, artificial intelligence, and cognitive and theoretical computer science
 * Intel Research Laboratory @ Berkeley
 * Integrated Materials Laboratory (IML) — facilities for research in nano-structure growth, processing, and characterization
 * Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation (JIDI)
 * Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI)
 * Microfabrication Laboratory (Microlab)
 * The Millennium Project (TMP) — developing a hierarchical campus-wide "cluster of clusters" to support advanced computational applications
 * Nokia Research Center @ Berkeley
 * Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEERC)
 * Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC)
 * Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing (SITC)
 * Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath)

Notable projects

 * Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
 * Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX)
 * Multigate device (FinFET)
 * Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
 * Simulation Program with Integrated Circuits Emphasis (SPICE)
 * Reduced Instruction Set Computing Instruction set architecture (RISC-V)
 * Apache Spark (large-scale data processing engine)

Notable faculty

 * Richard Karp, Turing Laureate for contributions to the field of algorithms
 * William Kahan, Turing Laureate for fundamental contributions to numerical analysis
 * Stuart Russell, author of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
 * Ruzena Bajcsy, leader in computer vision and robotics
 * Michael I. Jordan, most influential computer scientist in the world in 2016 according to Semantic Scholar
 * Lotfi Zadeh, founder of fuzzy mathematics
 * Jitendra Malik, leader in computer vision and graphics
 * David Patterson, Turing Laureate for contributions to computer architecture, founder of reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
 * Ken Goldberg, leader in robotics
 * Christos Papadimitriou, leader in complexity theory
 * Eli Yablonovitch, founder of the field of photonic crystals
 * Scott Shenker, leader in networking research
 * Jan Rabaey, pioneer in digital integrated circuit design
 * Carlo H. Séquin, pioneer in processor design
 * Claire J. Tomlin, leader in hybrid systems and control theory
 * S. Shankar Sastry, Dean and leader in robotics and control theory
 * Homayoon Kazerooni, leader in robotics
 * Alice Agogino, leader in engineering diversity
 * Paul K. Wright, leader in rapid prototyping
 * Ashok Gadgil, environmental policy leader
 * Luke Pyungse Lee, pioneer in bionanophotonics and integrated molecular diagnostics systems
 * Jay Keasling, pioneer in synthetic biology
 * Peidong Yang, leader in nanomaterials
 * Ramamoorthy Ramesh, leader in ferroelectric materials
 * Paul Alivisatos, authority on the synthesis of nanocrystals
 * Ion Stoica, co-founder of Databricks and Conviva, leader in networking and systems research

Notable alumni

 * Douglas Engelbart (MS 1953, PhD 1955) — founder of the field of human-computer interaction, inventor of the computer mouse
 * Eric Schmidt (MS 1975, PhD 1982) — executive chairman and former CEO of Google/Alphabet Inc.
 * Bill Joy (MS EECS 1979) — computer engineer and venture capitalist; co-founder of Sun Microsystems
 * Paul E. Jacobs (BS 1984, MS 1986, PhD 1989) — executive chairman of Qualcomm
 * Sehat Sutardja (MS 1985, PhD EECS 1988), Weili Dai (BS CS 1984), and Pantas Sutardja (BS 1983, MS 1985, PhD EECS 1988) — founders of Marvell Technology
 * Marc Tarpenning (BS 1985) — co-founder of Tesla Inc.
 * Peter Norvig (PhD 1985) — director of research at Google, co-author of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
 * Steve Wozniak (BS 1986) — co-founder of Apple Inc.
 * Peyman Milanfar (joint bachelor's degree in mathematics and electrical engineering, 1988) — principal scientist/director at Google Research
 * Craig Federighi (BS 1991, MS CS 1993) — senior vice president of software engineering at Apple Inc.
 * Andrew Ng (PhD 2002) — co-founder and executive chairman at Coursera, chief scientist at Baidu
 * Tony Xu (BS IEOR 2006) — co-founder and CEO of DoorDash
 * Eleven Turing Laureate Alumni — Barbara Liskov, Butler Lampson, Charles P. Thacker, Dana Scott, Douglas Engelbart, Jim Gray, Ken Thompson, Leonard Adleman, Niklaus Wirth, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali

title: UC Berkeley College of Engineering


text:
Émile Egger

Émile Egger (18 July 1813 – 1 September 1885) was a French scholar.

Life
Émile Egger was born in Paris.

From 1840 to 1855, Egger was assistant professor, and from 1855 until his death he was professor of Greek literature in the Faculté des Lettres at Paris University. In 1854 Egger was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions and in 1873 of the Conseil supérieur de l'instruction publique.

Egger was a voluminous writer, a sound and discerning scholar, and his influence was largely responsible for the revival of the study of classical philology in France. His most important works are as follows: He was also the author of Observations et réflexions sur le développement de l'intelligence et du langage chez les enfants (1879).
 * Essai sur l'histoire de la critique chez les Grecs (1849)
 * Notions élémentaires de grammaire compare (1852)
 * Apollonius Dyscole, essai sur l'histoire des théories grammaticales dans l'Antiquité (1854)
 * Mémoires de littérature ancienne (1862)
 * Mémoires d'histoire ancienne et de philologie (1863)
 * Les Papyrus grecs du Musée du Louvre et de la Bibliothèque Impériale (1865)
 * Études sur les traits publics chez les Grecs et les Romains (1866)
 * L'Hellénisme en France (1869)
 * La Littérature grecque (1890).

Egger died in 1885, and was buried at the Cimetière Montparnasse in Paris (facing the western wall, on the far right on entering from the north).

title: Émile Egger


text:
Aurelius Victor

Sextus Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Victor was the author of a short history of imperial Rome, entitled De Caesaribus and covering the period from Augustus to Constantius II. The work was published in 361. Under the emperor Julian (361-363), Victor served as governor of Pannonia Secunda; in 389 he became praefectus urbi (urban prefect), senior imperial official in Rome.

Works
Four small historical works have been ascribed to him, although only his authorship of De Caesaribus is securely established: The four have generally been published together under the name Historia Romana. The second was first printed at Naples about 1472, in 4to, under the name of Pliny the Younger, and the fourth in Strasbourg in 1505.
 * 1) Origo Gentis Romanae
 * 2) De Viris Illustribus Romae
 * 3) De Caesaribus (for which Aurelius Victor used the Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte)
 * 4) Epitome de Caesaribus (attributed)

The first edition of all four books was that of Andreas Schott (8 volumes, Antwerp, 1579). A recent edition of the De Caesaribus is by Pierre Dufraigne (Collection Budé, 1975).

title: Aurelius Victor


text:
Sund, Åland

Sund is a municipality of Åland. It is an autonomous territory of Finland, and one of the official 27 national landscapes of Finland.

The municipality has a population of 0 and covers an area of undefined km2 of which undefined km2 is water. The population density is undefined PD/km2.

The municipality is unilingually Swedish-speaking with around 88.41% of the residents of Sund speaking the Swedish language as their mother tongue. Only 4.40% of the residents of Sund speak the Finnish language as their mother tongue. Sund is the third most Swedish-speaking municipality within Finland.

The old Medieval post route from Stockholm, Sweden to Turku, Finland passes through Sund.

History
Sund was not populated by humans until the Bronze Age, however a permanent settlement was only first established in the 5th century by the Swedes. It is suspected that there may have been a partial Finnish settlement due to the existence of a village called Finby.

The Sund church was built by the end of the 13th century and the Kastelholm Castle was also built at the end of the 14th century on a small island and it became the administrative centre of the Åland region until losing importance in 1634 and later on in 1745 following country reforms and fire damage. King John III of Sweden kept his deposed brother Eric XIV in captivity in the Kastelholm castle in Autumn 1571. Sund is estimated to have had around 900 inhabitants in 1571 in accordance to the Silver Tax List of that same year.

Following the Russian victory in the Finnish War of 1808-1809, the Russians began to build the Bomarsund Fortress in Sund in 1832 in accordance with the orders of Tsar Nicholas I to strengthen the western border, however when the Crimean War began the Fortress was only half-finished, the Bommarsund Fortress surrendered to British forces, who demolished it. In the Treaty of Paris, it was concluded that the Åland islands is not to be fortified.

Economy
Tourism is one of the biggest lines of business in Sund. Agriculture is also popular, especially keeping livestock. Small businesses are also abundant and the biggest employers are the municipality and the local golf course.

Population
Sund had a small population of around 1020 in 2020, however it lowered to 995 in 2023. Sund is a municipality with no urban areas. At the end of 2017, there were 1,031 inhabitants in Sund, of which 1,019 lived in sparsely populated areas and the residences of 12 were unknown. Sund has 28 villages within its municipality: Berg, Björby, Bomarsund, Brändbolstad, Domarböle, Finby, Gesterby, Gunnarsby, Hulta, Högbolstad, Jussböle, Kastelholm; Kulla, Lappböle, Lövvik, Mångstekta, Persby, Prästgården, Rosenberg, Sibby, Smedsböle, Strömbolstad, Sundby, Svensböle, Tosarby, Tranvik, Träsk and Vivasteby.

Politics
In the 2023 legislative elections, Sund voted as such:

 * Åland Centre - 29,8 %
 * Non-aligned Coalition - 24,4 %
 * Liberals for Åland - 22,5 %

 * Åland Social Democrats - 10,6 %

 * Moderate Coalition for Åland - 6,5 %

 * Sustainable Initiative - 4,3 %
 * Future of Åland - 1,9 %

Notable people

 * G. A. Wallin (1811–1852), explorer and orientalist

title: Sund, Åland


text:
Sund, Norway

Sund is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county in Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2020 when it joined Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county. It was located in the traditional district of Midhordland. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Skogsvåg. Other larger villages in Sund included Klokkarvik, Tælavåg, Kausland, and Hammarsland.

Sund covered the southern third of the island of Store Sotra, west of the city of Bergen. It also included many smaller, surrounding islands. Sund was a predominantly rural municipality, with no major settlements, the largest being Hammarsland with approximately 900 inhabitants (in 2013). Due to the proximity to the city of Bergen, a large proportion of the population commuted to the city to work.

Prior to its dissolution in 2020, the 100 km2 municipality is the 381st largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Sund is the 149th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,058. The municipality's population density is 74.5 PD/km2 and its population has increased by 24.5% over the last decade.

General information
The parish of Sund was established as a formannskapsdistrikt (municipality) on 1 January 1838. It originally included many islands to the southwest of the Bergen Peninsula. On 1 January 1886, the southern archipelago in Sund (population: 2,396) was separated to form the new Austevoll Municipality. This left Sund with 2,112 residents.

On 1 January 2020, the three neighboring municipalities of Fjell, Sund, and Øygarden were merged into one large island municipality called Øygarden.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Sund farm (Sund) since the first Sund Church was built there. The name is identical to the word which means "strait", "sound", or "channel".

Coat of arms
The original coat of arms was granted on 26 April 1966 and they were in use until the new arms were approved on 23 March 1988. The blazon is "Azure, two piles in the point argent issuing from each side of the chief and a lighthouse on an island sable over three bars wavy argent". This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a black lighthouse on an island over three wavy lines. There are also two triangle-shapes emitting from the lighthouse. The triangles and wavy lines have a tincture of argent which means they are commonly colored white, but if the arms are made out of metal, then silver is used. The arms were designed to look like a lighthouse on an island in the ocean, emitting light to guide travelers.

A new coat of arms was granted on 23 March 1988 and they were in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved (its successor, Øygarden Municipality, adopted these arms starting on that same day). The official blazon is "Argent, a lighthouse couped azure" (På sølv grunn ei blå fyrlykt). The arms were designed to replace the old "unofficial" arms (since they did not meet the legal requirements for arms). They were designed to be similar to the old arms while meeting the state requirements. The arms have a field (background) has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The charge is the top of a lighthouse. This design was chosen to symbolize the importance of the sea and the alertness of the local population. The arms were designed by Even Jarl Skoglund. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway had one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Sund. It is part of the Vesthordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Transport
The Sotra Bridge, opened in 1971, drastically improved travel to and from Sund and it spurred rapid population growth after ages of stagnancy. Due to the rapidly increasing traffic across the bridge and on the highways of Sotra, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration developed plans in the 2000s for a new bridge and highway between Bergen and Sotra. The plans include a new dual carriageway bridge to replace the Sotra Bridge, and new highways that lead northwards to Øygarden and southwards to Sund.

History
On 26 April 1942, after having discovered that two men from the Linge company were being hidden in Telavåg, the Gestapo arrived to arrest the Norwegian officers. Shots were exchanged, and two prominent German Gestapo officers, Johannes Behrens and Henry Bertram, and the Norwegian Arne Værum, were shot dead. Reichskommissar Josef Terboven ordered the Gestapo to retaliate, burning all buildings in the village, executing or sending the men to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and imprisoning the women and children for two years. In addition, 18 Norwegian prisoners at a Norwegian internment camp were killed as a reprisal. The event has since become known as the "Telavåg tragedy", and is sometimes compared to similar World War II atrocities, such as the Lidice massacre, with higher death tolls.

Geography
Sund covered the southern third of the island of Store Sotra, as well as the many islands that surround it. The largest of the smaller islands are Toftøya, Lerøyna, Bjelkarøyna, Tyssøyna, Risøy, Vardøy, Golten, and Viksøy. In total, the municipality encompassed 466 islands and skerries, which gave it a total coastline of about 110 km.

The highest peak in Sund was the 284 m tall Førdesveten.

The fjord separating Store Sotra from the mainland, Korsfjorden, was historically the most used sea route into the city of Bergen, and is as much as 600 m deep in some places. The treacherous waters in the area mean there has been a continuous need for piloting services, and this tradition is kept alive by the "Viksøy Losstasjon".

Climate
On an average, Sotra experiences 1328 mm of rainfall annually, less than the 2250 mm that the nearby city of Bergen receives. The year-round average temperature is 7.6 C, with the coldest month being February, when the average temperature reaches 2.1 C. The warmest month is August, with an average temperature of 12.8 C.

Settlements
There were six urban settlements, as defined by Statistics Norway, within the border of the municipality. The largest is Hammarsland in northern Sund, with 875 inhabitants as of 2013. The others are Tælavåg, Skogsvåg, Klokkarvik, Forland, and Glesnes.

Government
During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Sund was made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors (ordførar) of Sund:

 * 1838–1855: Johan Fritzner Greve
 * 1856–1859: Niels Telnæs
 * 1860–1861: Knud C. Børnes
 * 1862–1863: Johan Greve
 * 1864–1867: Gerhard Christian Meidell
 * 1868–1871: Ole Ingebrigtsen Søreide
 * 1872–1873: Mons Nilsen Vorland
 * 1874–1875: Gerhard Christian Meidell
 * 1876–1877: Ole Ingebrigtsen Søreide
 * 1878–1891: Lars R. Lerøen (FV)
 * 1892–1898: Mons Nilsen Vorland
 * 1899–1916: Ole S. Kallestad
 * 1917–1919: Thomas T. Midttveit
 * 1920–1925: Arne Bakke (H)
 * 1926–1928: Thomas T. Midttveit
 * 1929–1931: Arne Bakke (H)
 * 1932–1942: Ole N. Høiland
 * 1942–1945: Mikal Lerøy (NS)
 * 1945–1945: Ole N. Høiland
 * 1946–1951: Johannes Evensen Hummelsund (KrF)
 * 1952–1971: Sigurd Grimstad (LL)
 * 1971–1975: Olav Ullebust (Ap)
 * 1975–1979: Even Johannes Evensen (H)
 * 1979–1991: Arne Olav Nilsen (Ap)
 * 1991–1995: Harald Aasen (Ap)
 * 1995–2010: Albrigt Sangolt (H)
 * 2010–2013: Ove Bernt Trellevik (H)
 * 2013–2019: Kari-Anne Landro (H)

title: Sund, Norway