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Frank Tudor

Francis Gwynne Tudor (29 January 1866 – 10 January 1922) was an Australian politician who served as the leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1916 until his death. He had previously been a government minister under Andrew Fisher and Billy Hughes.

Tudor was born in Melbourne to Welsh immigrant parents. He left school at a young age to enter the workforce, serving an apprenticeship in the felt hat industry and later studying his trade for periods in England and the United States. He became involved in trade unionism in England, and after returning to Australia served as president of the Felt Hatters' Union. Tudor was elected president of the Victorian Trades Hall Council in 1900. The following year, he was elected to the new federal parliament as a representative of the Labor Party. He was chosen as the parliamentary party's first whip, and held that position until entering cabinet in 1908.

Tudor served as Minister for Trade and Customs from 1908 to 1909, 1910 to 1913, and 1914 to 1916, in the governments of Andrew Fisher and Billy Hughes. He remained loyal to the Labor Party during the split over conscription in 1916, and was elected party leader after Hughes' expulsion. He replaced Joseph Cook as leader of the opposition upon the formation of the third Hughes Ministry in February 1917. Tudor led Labor to the 1917 and 1919 federal elections, on both occasions suffering heavy defeats. His death in office at the age of 55 came after a long period of ill health. He was the first leader of a major Australian political party to die in office, and was accorded a state funeral.

Early life
Tudor was born to John Llewellyn Tudor, a ballastman, and Ellen Charlotte Tudor, née Burt, both of Welsh origin, on 29 January 1866 at Williamstown, Victoria. However, the family soon moved to the Melbourne suburb of Richmond, where Tudor lived most of his life.

Upon leaving Richmond Central State School, and after short spells in a sawmill and a boot factory, Tudor entered the felt hat industry. Tudor apprenticed in Abbotsford and then travelled across Victoria in the hat trade. Tudor went to England, working in London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, marrying Alice Smale in Denton, Lancashire in 1894. Smale died the same year, but Tudor continued in the felt hat trade by moving to London and becoming vice-president of the local branch of the Felt Hatters' Union. In 1897 Tudor remarried to Fanny Jane Mead.

As vice-president of the union Tudor became interested in union politics (as many Labor politicians were before their entry into politics) and persuaded the British unions to adopt the union label principle. Returning to Australia, Tudor worked at Abbotsford's mills and took a seat in the Victorian Trades Hall Council. In 1900 he became president.

Tudor was president of the Victorian Life Saving Society, and held a Bronze Medallion as a qualified life saver. He had a long association with the Richmond Football Club, and served as club president from 1909 to 1918.

Entry into politics
A prominent figure in Richmond, Victoria, Tudor turned the Division of Yarra into the safest Labor seat in the country by winning that seat by a large margin in the 1901 federal election. Tudor was a deacon of the Congregational Church and angered some Protestants with his calls for Home Rule for Ireland.

Frontbencher
Tudor was immediately elected the Labor Party's whip and assistant secretary, before ascending to the position of secretary in 1904. Under the leadership of Andrew Fisher, he was Minister for Trade and Customs during the three Fisher ministries, from 1908 to 1909, 1910–1913, and 1914–1915. According to the Australian Dictionary of Biography, he was an "efficient administrator, with an eye for detail" who "made friends and earned respect on both sides of the House, and was considered to be the most moderate of the Victorian Labor members".

Billy Hughes replaced Fisher as prime minister in 1915. Tudor maintained his position in the ministry, and initially remained neutral during the debate within the ALP over overseas conscription, which Hughes supported. After pressure from his local political labour council in Richmond, he eventually came out against conscription and resigned from the ministry in September 1916. Tudor became a leader of the "No" campaign during the 1916 conscription referendum, alongside T. J. Ryan and William Higgs. On 14 November, the ALP split irrevocably over the issue. Hughes led his supporters out of a caucus meeting and formed a new National Labor Party, allowing him to stay on as prime minister with the aid of the Liberals. On 15 November Tudor was elected unopposed as the new leader of the Labor Party in his place – the party's first Australian-born leader. According to historian Denis Murphy, he was likely elected to the leadership simply because he was the first member of cabinet to resign over the issue. Tudor did not succeed Liberal leader Joseph Cook as Leader of the Opposition until 17 February 1917, when the Third Hughes Ministry was sworn in with Hughes as leader of the composite Nationalist Party.

Leader of the Opposition
Tudor led his party to a landslide defeat at the 1917 federal election. The ALP won just 22 seats out of 75, and the party was severely weakened by several of its senior figures following Hughes out of the party. Tudor was a leader of the successful "No" campaign at the 1917 conscription referendum. He was not regarded as a good public speaker, and his speeches were often seen as dull or confusing.

While Tudor was respected within the ALP for his loyalty, he was often overshadowed by T. J. Ryan, the charismatic premier of Queensland. Ryan was the only remaining ALP premier in the country, and frequently campaigned outside his own state. In May 1918, Tudor had to officially deny a report in The Age that he would step aside in favour of Ryan prior to the next federal election. There was also some speculation that Fisher – who had been appointed High Commissioner to the United Kingdom – would return and resume the leadership. In May 1919, their former cabinet colleague King O'Malley wrote to Fisher in London that "many people are of the opinion that Labor will not win the next election under Tudor's leadership". In October 1919, the ALP Federal Conference passed a resolution inviting Ryan to enter federal politics and appointed him as national campaign director. Tudor was "unconsciously insulted" by a number of delegates, who effectively declared that he could not lead Labor to an election victory. His leadership was defended by his supporters in the Victorian delegation, who threatened a walkout, and also by those who viewed the resolution as usurping the role of the party caucus in choosing their leader.

At the election later that year, Tudor led the ALP to a second heavy election loss – 26 seats out of 75. He was twice taken ill during the campaign with "attacks of hemorrhage". Tudor was increasingly seen as an ineffectual leader, and several elements were contemplating replacing him with Ryan. However, Ryan's early death in 1921 prevented him from taking Tudor's place. Tudor's own health became markedly worse during 1921, and he was increasingly unable to carry out his duties. In September 1921, the party elected Matthew Charlton as assistant leader in the House of Representatives.

Death
On 10 January 1922, Tudor died, aged 55. He was the first leader of the Labor Party to die in office, and the first Opposition Leader never to become Prime Minister. He was succeeded as the member for Yarra by future Prime Minister James Scullin. Tudor was the first of five consecutive Opposition Leaders who was not a former Prime Minister.

Tudor's estate was valued at £4,629, around half of which was real estate. His widow went bankrupt within the year, after her brother's firm (in which she had invested most of her money) went broke.

Kim Edward Beazley, who wrote a series of articles on ALP leaders for The Canberra Times in 1966, wrote of Tudor that he "held the Labor movement together in the face of massive forces of disintegration, and he did it by his dignity and utter absence of bitterness, hate or rancour".

title: Frank Tudor


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Elias Howe

Elias Howe Jr. (July 9, 1819 –October 3, 1867) was an American inventor best known for his creation of the modern lockstitch sewing machine.

Early life
Elias Howe Jr. was born on July 9, 1819, to Dr. Elias Howe Sr (1792–1867) and Polly (Bemis) Howe (1791–1871) in Spencer, Massachusetts. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts, where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. In the beginning of 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments. It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine.

He married Elizabeth Jennings Ames, daughter of Simon Ames and Jane B. Ames, on March 3, 1841, in Cambridge. They had three children: Jane Robinson Howe (1842–1912), Simon Ames Howe (1844–1883), and Julia Maria Howe (1846–1869). He then married Rose Halladay.

Invention of sewing machine and career
Howe was not the first to conceive of the idea of a sewing machine. Many other people had formulated the idea of such a machine before him, one as early as 1790, and some had even patented their designs and produced working machines, in one case at least 80 of them. However, Howe originated significant refinements to the design concepts of his predecessors, and on September 10, 1846, he was awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design. His machine contained the three essential features common to most modern machines: a needle with the eye at the point, a shuttle operating beneath the cloth to form the lock stitch, and an automatic feed.

A possibly apocryphal account of how he came up with the idea for placing the eye of the needle at the point is recorded in a family history of his mother's family:

"He almost beggared himself before he discovered where the eye of the needle of the sewing machine should be located. It is probable that there are very few people who know how it came about. His original idea was to follow the model of the ordinary needle, and have the eye at the heel. It never occurred to him that it should be placed near the point, and he might have failed altogether if he had not dreamed he was building a sewing machine for a savage king in a strange country. Just as in his actual working experience, he was perplexed about the needle's eye. He thought the king gave him twenty-four hours in which to complete the machine and make it sew. If not finished in that time death was to be the punishment. Howe worked and worked, and puzzled, and finally gave it up. Then he thought he was taken out to be executed. He noticed that the warriors carried spears that were pierced near the head. Instantly came the solution of the difficulty, and while the inventor was begging for time, he awoke. It was 4 o'clock in the morning. He jumped out of bed, ran to his workshop, and by 9, a needle with an eye at the point had been crudely modeled. After that it was easy. That is the true story of an important incident in the invention of the sewing machine."

Despite securing his patent, Howe had considerable difficulty finding investors in the United States to finance production of his invention, so his elder brother Amasa Bemis Howe traveled to England in October 1846 to seek financing. Amasa was able to sell his first machine for £250 to William Thomas of Cheapside, London, who owned a factory for the manufacture of corsets, umbrellas and valises. Elias and his family joined Amasa in London in 1848, but after business disputes with Thomas and failing health of his wife, Howe returned nearly penniless to the United States. His wife Elizabeth, who preceded Elias back to the United States, died in Cambridge, Massachusetts shortly after his return in 1849.

Despite his efforts to sell his machine, other entrepreneurs began manufacturing sewing machines. Howe was forced to defend his patent in a court case that lasted from 1849 to 1854 because he found that Isaac Singer with cooperation from Walter Hunt had perfected a facsimile of his machine and was selling it with the same lockstitch that Howe had invented and patented. He won the dispute and earned considerable royalties from Singer and others for sales of his invention.

Howe contributed much of the money he earned to providing equipment for the 17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry of the Union Army during the Civil War, in which Howe served as a private in Company D. Due to his faltering health he performed light duty, often seen walking with the aid of his shillelagh, and took on the position of Regimental Postmaster, serving out his time riding to and from Baltimore with war news. He'd enlisted August 14, 1862, and then mustered out July 19, 1865.

Involvement in inventing the zipper
Howe received a patent in 1851 for an "Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure". Perhaps because of the success of his sewing machine, he did not try to seriously market it, missing recognition he might otherwise have received.

Adult life and legacy
Between 1854 and 1871/72, Elias's older brother, Amasa Bemis Howe (died in 1868), and later his son Benjamin Porter Howe, owned and operated a factory in New York City, producing sewing machines under the name of the Howe Sewing Machine Co., which won a gold medal at the London Exhibition of 1862. Between 1865 and 1867, Elias himself established The Howe Machine Co. in Bridgeport, Connecticut, that was operated by Elias's sons-in-law, the Stockwell Brothers, until about 1886. Elias Howe's sewing machine won a gold medal at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, and that same year he was awarded the Légion d'honneur by Napoleon III for his invention. In 1873, Benjamin P. Howe sold the Howe Sewing Machine Co. factory and name to the Howe Machine Co., which merged the two companies.

Elias Howe died at age 48, on October 3, 1867, of gout and a massive blood clot. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. His second wife, Rose Halladay, who died on October 10, 1890, is buried with him. Both Singer and Howe were multi-millionaires.

Howe's father died two months later on December 28, 1867, one day after his 75th birthday.

Howe was commemorated with a 5-cent stamp in the Famous American Inventors series issued October 14, 1940.

The 1965 Beatles movie Help! is dedicated to his memory.

In 2004 he was inducted into the United States National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Genealogy
Howe was a descendant of John Howe (1602–1680) who arrived in Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 from Brinklow, Warwickshire, England, and settled in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Howe was also a descendant of Edmund Rice, another early immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elias Howe


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London in fiction

Many notable works of fiction are set in London, the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. The following is a selection; there are too many such fictional works for it to be possible to compile a complete list.

Folklore

 * Dick Whittington and His Cat (c. 1354–1423)

Early fiction

 * Geoffrey Chaucer — The Canterbury Tales (late 14th century)
 * Daniel Defoe — A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), Moll Flanders (1722)

19th century fiction

 * Many of Charles Dickens' most famous novels are at least partially set in London; including: Oliver Twist (1838), The Old Curiosity Shop (1840), A Christmas Carol (1843), David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), Little Dorrit (1857), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1861), Our Mutual Friend (1865), and The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870)
 * William Makepeace Thackeray — Vanity Fair (1847)
 * Mark Twain — The Prince and the Pauper (1881)
 * Henry James — The Princess Casamassima (1886), A London Life (1888), What Maisi e Knew (1897), In the Cage (1898)
 * Oscar Wilde — The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)
 * H. G. Wells — The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898)

20th century fiction

 * G. K. Chesterton — his allegorical works The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904) and The Man Who Was Thursday (1908) both feature surreal depictions of London
 * Joseph Conrad — The Secret Agent (1907)
 * J. M. Barrie — Peter and Wendy (1904–1911)
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes — The Lodger (1913)
 * D. H. Lawrence — Sons and Lovers (1913)
 * P. G. Wodehouse — in his Jeeves and Wooster novels (1919 onwards), Wooster lives mainly in London, and is a member of the Drones Club
 * T. S. Eliot — his long poem The Waste Land (1922) makes frequent reference to the Unreal City
 * Virginia Woolf — Mrs Dalloway (1925)
 * Evelyn Waugh — Vile Bodies (1930)
 * Aldous Huxley — Brave New World (1932)
 * P. L. Travers — Mary Poppins (1934) Takes place on Cherry Tree Lane and at the Bank of England
 * Patrick Hamilton — 20,000 Streets Under the Sky (1935)
 * George Orwell — Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936), Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
 * Cameron McCabe — The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor (1937)
 * T. H. White — The Sword in the Stone (1938)
 * Patrick Hamilton — Hangover Square (1941)
 * Patrick White — The Living and the Dead (1941)
 * Norman Collins — London Belongs to Me (1945)
 * Elizabeth Bowen — The Heat of the Day (1949)
 * Agatha Christie — Crooked House (1949)
 * John Wyndham — The Day of the Triffids (1951)
 * Graham Greene — The End of the Affair (1951), The Destructors (1954)
 * Dodie Smith — The Hundred and One Dalmatians (1956)
 * Michael Bond — A Bear Called Paddington (1958)
 * Colin MacInnes — Absolute Beginners (1959), Mr Love and Justice (1960)
 * Iris Murdoch — A Severed Head (1961)
 * Muriel Spark — The Girls of Slender Means (1963)
 * Doris Lessing — The Four-Gated City (1969)
 * Michael Moorcock — the Jerry Cornelius stories (from 1969): Mother London (1988), King of the City (2000)
 * Thomas Pynchon — Gravity's Rainbow (1973)
 * Maureen Duffy — Capital: a Fiction (1975)
 * Julian Barnes — Metroland (1980)
 * Peter Ackroyd — The Great Fire of London  (1982), Hawksmoor (1985), English Music (1992), The House of Doctor Dee (1993), Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (1994)
 * Alan Moore — V for Vendetta (1982 – 1989), From Hell (1989–1996)
 * Martin Amis — Money (1984), London Fields (1989)
 * Iain Banks — Walking on Glass (1985)
 * Tom Clancy — Patriot Games (1987)
 * Hanif Kureishi — The Buddha of Suburbia (1987)
 * Vertigo (DC Comics) — Hellblazer (1988–2013)
 * Salman Rushdie — The Satanic Verses (1989)
 * Josephine Hart — Damage (1991)
 * Bernice Rubens — A Solitary Grief (1991)
 * Barbara Vine — King Solomon's Carpet (1991)
 * Nick Hornby — Fever Pitch - A Fan's Life (1992), High Fidelity (1995), About a Boy (1998)
 * Will Self — Grey Area (1994)
 * Helen Fielding — Bridget Jones's Diary (1996)
 * Neil Gaiman — Neverwhere (1996) is set partly in real London, and partly in an alternative 'London Below'
 * Anthony Frewin — London Blues (1997), is set mainly in Soho at the time of the Profumo affair
 * Ian McEwan — Enduring Love (1997)
 * J. K. Rowling — Harry Potter series (1997–2007) features fictional London locations: the hidden Diagon Alley, and Platform $9 3/4$ at King's Cross
 * Kouta Hirano — Hellsing manga series (1997–2009) casts London as the story's main setting
 * William Boyd — Armadillo (1998)

21st century fiction

 * Hanif Kureishi — Gabriel's Gift (2001)
 * John Lanchester — Mr Phillips (2001), Capital (2012)
 * Bernard Cornwell — Gallows Thief (2001)
 * Philip Reeve — Mortal Engines (2001), A Darkling Plain (2006), Fever Crumb (2009)
 * Zadie Smith — White Teeth (2000), NW (2012)
 * Miles Tredinnick — Topless,  (2001)
 * Iain Banks — Dead Air (2002)
 * William Gibson — Pattern Recognition (2003)
 * Zoë Heller — Notes on a Scandal (2003)
 * Adam Thirlwell — Politics (2003)
 * Neal Stephenson — The Baroque Cycle (Quicksilver (2003), The Confusion (2004), The System of the World (2004))
 * Monica Ali — Brick Lane (2004)
 * Ben Elton — Past Mortem (2004)
 * A. N. Wilson — My Name Is Legion (2004)
 * Nick Hornby — A Long Way Down (2005)
 * Ian McEwan — Saturday (2005)
 * Will Self — The Book of Dave (2006)
 * Charles Finch — A Beautiful Blue Death (2007), The September Society (2008), The Fleet Street Murders (2009), A Stranger in Mayfair (2010)
 * Mary Novik — Conceit (2007)
 * Charlie Fletcher — The Stoneheart (2008)
 * Anthony Horowitz — Stormbreaker, Eagle Strike, Scorpia, Ark Angel (2008)
 * Ruth Rendell — Portobello (2008)
 * Audrey Niffenegger — Her Fearful Symmetry (2009)
 * DC Comics — Wonder Woman is based in London following The New 52 relaunch of her ongoing series (2011–present)
 * Jared Anthony Patterson — My Journey through the Gay Underground of London: Memoir of a Tottenham Boy (2011)
 * Ben Aaronovitch — Rivers of London (2011), Moon Over Soho (2011), Whispers Under Ground (2012), Broken Homes (2013) The Hanging Tree (2016) The Furthest Station (2017)
 * Mike Bartlett — 13 (2011)
 * Daniel O'Malley — The Rook (2012)
 * Robert Galbraith — The Cuckoo's Calling (2013), The Silkworm (2014) Career of Evil (2015) Lethal White (TBC)
 * Anakana Schofield — Martin John (2016)
 * Robert J. Sherman — Bumblescratch (2016)
 * John Roman Baker — Time of Obsessions (2017)
 * Cassandra Clare — The Clockwork Angel (2010), The Clockwork Prince (2011), The Clockwork Princess (2013)
 * Jonathan Stroud — The Screaming Staircase (2013), The Whispering Skull (2014), The Hollow Boy (2015), The Creeping Shadow (2016), The Empty Grave (2017)
 * Deborah Hewitt — The Nightjar (2019)
 * Garth Nix — The Left-Handed Booksellers of London (2020)

Nursery rhymes
Several nursery rhymes mention places in London.
 * London Bridge is mentioned in London Bridge is falling down.
 * Oranges and Lemons mentions several London Churches.
 * Pop Goes the Weasel one version refers to the Eagle pub on the City Road.

title: London in fiction


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User:Maxwell Q. Infantlauncher

I'm Maxwell Q. Infantlauncher. I launch infants.

title: User:Maxwell Q. Infantlauncher


text: User talk:207.61.101.2

title: User talk:207.61.101.2


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Wilfrido Vargas

Wilfrido Radamés Vargas Martínez (born April 24, 1949, in Altamira, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic) is a band leader, trumpeter, vocalist, arranger, composer and producer who was instrumental in making the merengue style a worldwide phenomenon.

He was surrounded by musical influences; namely, his father Ramón, an accordionist and guitarist, and his mother Bienvenida, a flute player and guitarist. Vargas began his musical studies early, attending the Municipal Academy of Music beginning at age 10.

He has been a trumpeter and a vocalist, but has also arranged, composed, and led his band, and is also a producer.

1970s
He began his career with the band Wilfrido Vargas y sus Beduinos by recording his first album in 1972.

Alongside many Latin music super stars, he performed during the 1979 music festival Havana Jam.

1980s
During the 1980s he had international commercial success with songs such as "El Barbarazo", "El Jardinero", "La Medicina","El Africano" and "El Loco y La Luna".

Wilfrido appeared in the 1989 film "Que viva el merengue y la lambada".

1990s
He was nominated in 1991 for the 33rd Grammy Awards in the Best Tropical Latin Performance for his album Animation. He won a "Gaviota de Plata" (Silver Seagull) in the 1992 Viña del Mar International Song Festival. In 1993, he was decorated by the Dominican president Joaquín Balaguer with the Order of Christopher Columbus in the Knight grade, alongside fellow Dominican musicians Jorge Taveras, Manuel Tejada and Julio Gautreaux for their contribution to the development and dissemination of the national music.

The song "El Africano" from his 1983 album "El Funcionario" was the basis for the 1991 hit single, "Mami El Negro" by Cuban-American rapper DJ Laz.

For the telenovela Bellísima, Wilfrido performed the theme song, "Amor Casual" and also performed the song "Que Será" for the 1997 film Out to Sea.

2000s
In 2003 he acted in the drama film"Exito por intercambio".

Vargas participated in 2007 at the Colombian version of The X Factor, as the groups mentor.

Today Vargas is one of the best-known artists in Latin America with hit songs such as "El Africano" (written by Calixto Ochoa ), "Abusadora", "Comején", "A Mover la Colita", "El Baile del Perrito" and "Volveré".

As of 2010, he lives in Colombia.

Grammy Nomination

 * Best Tropical Latin Performance – Animation (1990)

title: Wilfrido Vargas


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Aimé Bonpland

Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland (22 August 1773 – 11 May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist who traveled with Alexander von Humboldt in Latin America from 1799 to 1804. He co-authored volumes of the scientific results of their expedition.

Biography
Bonpland was born as Aimé Jacques Alexandre Goujaud in La Rochelle, France, on 22, 28, or 29 August 1773. His father was a physician and, around 1790, he joined his brother Michael in Paris, where they both studied medicine. From 1791, they attended courses given at Paris's Botanical Museum of Natural History. Their teachers included Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, and René Louiche Desfontaines; Aimé further studied under Jean-Nicolas Corvisart and may have attended classes given by Pierre-Joseph Desault at the Hôtel-Dieu. During this period, Aimé also befriended his fellow student, Xavier Bichat.

Amid the turmoil of the French Revolution and Revolutionary Wars, Bonpland served as a surgeon in the French army or navy.

Having befriended Alexander von Humboldt at Corvisart's house, he joined him on a five-year journey to Tenerife and the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas, traveling to what later became the independent states of Venezuela, Cuba, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico, as well as the Orinoco and Amazon basins, with a last stop in the United States. During this trip, he collected and classified about 6,000 plants that were mostly unknown in Europe up to that time. His account of these findings was published as a series of volumes from 1808 to 1816 entitled Equatorial Plants (Plantes equinoxiales).

Upon his return to Paris, Napoleon granted him a pension of 3000 francs per year in return for the many specimens he bestowed upon the Museum of Natural History. The Empress Josephine was very fond of him and installed him as superintendent over the gardens at Malmaison, where many seeds he had brought from the Americas were cultivated. In 1813, he published his Description of the Rare Plants Cultivated at Malmaison and in Navarre (Description des plantes rares cultivées à Malmaison et à Navarre). During this period, he also became acquainted with Gay-Lussac, Arago, and other eminent scientists and, after the abdication of Fontainebleau, vainly pleaded with Napoleon to retire to Venezuela. He was present at Josephine's deathbed.

In 1816, he took various European plants to Buenos Aires, where he was elected professor of natural history. He soon left his post, however, to explore the interior of South America. In 1821, he established a colony at Santa Ana near the Paraná for the specific object of harvesting and selling yerba mate. The colony was located in territory claimed by both Paraguay and Argentina; further, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, dictator of Paraguay, "feared that Bonpland's success in cultivating mate would interfere with his own attempt to monopolize that business." The Paraguayans therefore destroyed the colony on December 8, 1821, and Bonpland was arrested as a spy and detained at Santa Maria, Paraguay until 1829. During his captivity, he married and had several children. He was given freedom of movement and acted as a physician for the local poor and the military garrison. At the same epoch, the Swiss naturalist Johann Rudolph Rengger also stayed in Paraguay: he was not allowed to cross the strictly guarded border, but was free to circulate pending the request of a special permit for each excursion.

Bonpland was freed in 1829 and in 1831 returned to Argentina, where he settled at San Borja in Corrientes. There, aged 58, he married a local woman and made a living farming and trading in yerba mate. In 1853, he returned to Santa Ana, where he cultivated the orange trees he had introduced. He received a 10 000-piastre estate from the Corrientes government in gratitude for his work in the province. The small town around it is now known as "Bonpland" in his honor. A different small town in Misiones province just south of Santa Ana (Misiones) is also named Bonpland.

He died at age 84, at San Borja, Santa Ana, or Restauración on 4 or 11 May 1858, before his planned return to Paris.

Legacy
His collection of plant specimens deposited in Paris at the National Museum of Natural History, France was curated by Alicia Lourteig.

Bonpland's biography was written by Adolphe Brunel. A fictionalized account of his travels with Humboldt occurs in Daniel Kehlmann's Die Vermessung der Welt, translated by Carol Brown Janeway as Measuring the World: A Novel.

Bonpland Street in the upscale Buenos Aires neighborhood of Palermo Hollywood lies among streets named after Charles Darwin, Robert FitzRoy, and Alexander von Humboldt. There is also a Bonpland Street in the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Many animals and plants are also named in his honor, including the plant genus Bonplandia, the willow Salix bonplandiana, the squid Grimalditeuthis bonplandi, and the orchid Ornithocephalus bonplandi.

The lunar crater Bonpland is named after him. Also Pico Bonpland in the Venezuelan Andes is named to his honor, although he never visited the Venezuelan Andes. A peak of over 2300 m in New Zealand also bears his name. The mountain is near the head of Lake Wakatipu in the South Island.

The Bonpland Prize set up by the National Horticultural Society of France to promote the creation or restoration of pleasure gardens by amateur gardeners, was named after Aimé Bonpland.

Taxonomic descriptions
The following genera and species have been named or described by Aimé Bonpland.

Genera
• # Abolboda

• # Aegopogon

• # Alchornea

• # Angelonia

• # Ceroxylon

• # Elionurus

• # Eriope

• # Espeletia

• # Eudema

• # Exostema

• # Fulcaldea

• # Guardiola

• # Hypocalyptus

• # Isertia

• # Leucophyllum

• # Limnocharis

• # Machaonia

• # Matisia

• # Menodora

• # Pleopeltis

• # Retiniphyllum

• # Triglochin

• # Vauquelinia

Species
• # Acacia subulata

• # Alchornea castaneifolia

• # Arceuthobium vaginatum

• # Aristida divaricata

• # Arrabidaea chica

• # Astragalus geminiflorus

• # Banksia marginata

• # Brachyotum confertum

• # Bertholletia excelsa

• # Brugmansia suaveolens

• # Brunellia ovalifolia

• # Cavanillesia platanifolia

• # Centronia mutisii

• # Cephalanthus salicifolius

• # Ceroxylon alpinum

• # Chuquiraga jussieui

• # Claytonia perfoliata

• # Coriaria thymifolia

• # Dorstenia tenuis

• # Draba violacea

• # Eucalyptus diversifolia

• # Eudema nubigena

• # Eugenia albida

• # Huperzia crassa

• # Hydrocleys nymphoides

• # Iochroma fuchsioides

• # Ipomoea arborescens

• # Iresine diffusa

• # Jacksonia furcellata

• # Juniperus phoenicea

• # Lilaea scilloides (synonym of Triglochin scilloides)

• # Limnobium laevigatum

• # Limnocharis flava

• # Ludwigia helminthorrhiza

• # Ludwigia sedioides

• # Maurandya antirrhiniflora

• # Melaleuca pallida

• # Miconia caelata

• # Miconia guayaquilensis

• # Miconia lacera

• # Miconia minutiflora

• # Miconia theaezans

• # Mimosa somnians

• # Monochaetum multiflorum

• # Passiflora arborea

• # Pinguicula moranensis

• # Prosopis laevigata

• # Prosopis pallida

• # Prumnopitys montana

• # Quararibea cordata

• # Quercus crassifolia

• # Quercus crassipes

• # Quercus depressa

• # Quercus diversifolia

• # Quercus humboldtii

• # Quercus mexicana

• # Quercus obtusata

• # Quercus repanda

• # Quercus xalapensis

• # Smilax havanensis

• # Stanhopea grandiflora

• # Stanhopea jenischiana

• # Styrax tomentosus

• # Symphoricarpos microphyllus

• # Symplocos coccinea

• # Tagetes zypaquirensis

• # Theobroma bicolor

• # Trichilia acuminata

• # Viola cheiranthifolia

• # Vitis tiliifolia

• # Zieria laevigata

Works

 * 1805: Essai sur la géographie des plantes. Written with Alexander von Humboldt.
 * English translation from 2009.
 * 1811: A collection of observations on zoology and comparative anatomy written with Alexander von Humboldt, Printing JH Stone, Paris. Digital version at the website Gallica.
 * 1813: Description of rare plants grown at Malmaison and Navarre by Aimé Bonpland. Printing P. The elder Didot, Paris. By Aimé Bonpland dedicated to the Empress Joséphine. Digital version at the website Botanicus, and Digital version of the illustrations at the website of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé (Interuniversity Library of Health).
 * 1815: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 1, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1816: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 1, Paris.
 * 1817: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 2, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1818: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 3, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1820: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 4, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1821: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 5, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1823: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 6, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.
 * 1823: Monograph Melastomacées including all plants of this order including Rhexies, Volume 2, Paris.
 * 1825: Nova plantarum genera and species written with Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Sigismund Kunth, Volume 7, Lutetiae Parisiorum, Paris. Digital version at the website Botanicus.

title: Aimé Bonpland


text:
USS Vermont (1848)

USS Vermont was originally intended to be a ship of the line for the U.S. Navy when laid down in 1818, but was not commissioned until 1862, when she was too outdated to be used as anything but a stores and receiving ship.

Service history

Vermont was one of nine 74-gun warships authorized by United States Congress on 29 April 1816. She was laid down at the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts, in September 1818, finished about 1825, and kept on the stocks until finally launched on 15 September 1848 in the interest of both space and fire safety considerations. However, Vermont was not commissioned at this time. Instead the already aged ship-of-the-line remained in ordinary at Boston until the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861.

By the time Civil War broke out, the cavernous hull of the vessel was badly needed as a store and receiving ship at Port Royal, South Carolina, and she was commissioned at Boston on 30 January 1862, Commander Augustus S. Baldwin in command. She received orders to sail for Port Royal for duty with Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 17 February 1862 and left Boston on 24 February 1862 under tow by the steamer Kensington.

That evening, a violent northwest gale accompanied by snow struck the vessels while they were off Cape Cod Light, Massachusetts. Kensington let go the tow lines, but Vermont refused to obey her helm, broached, and had all her sails and most of her boats blown and torn away. The gale raged for 50 hours; and, by the morning of 26 February 1862, Vermont was drifting eastward with no rudder, her berth deck flooded, and much of the interior of the vessel destroyed. Later on 26 February, Vermont sighted the schooner Flying Mist, hailed her, put a man on board, and persuaded her captain to return to the United States East Coast and report the helpless condition of the ship to naval authorities. Rescue vessels began to reach the stricken ship on 7 March 1862 and enabled Vermont to sail into Port Royal under her own power on 12 April 1862.

Vermont remained anchored at Port Royal, where she served the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron as an ordnance, hospital, receiving, and store ship and drew praise from Rear Admiral Du Pont. On 12 December 1863, she rescued the crew of the American bark Alice Provost, which was wrecked while trying to enter port at Port Royal. United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered Vermont to return to New York City for "public service" on 25 July 1864. She left Port Royal on 2 August 1864 and was replaced there by her sister ship-of-the-line USS New Hampshire (1864).

Vermont remained at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, for the next 37 years, serving both as a store and receiving ship. She was condemned and struck from the Navy list on 19 December 1901 and was sold at New York on 17 April 1902.

title: USS Vermont (1848)


text:
South Hamgyong Province

South Hamgyong Province (함경남도, Hamgyŏngnamdo; ) is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Hamgyong Province, remained a province of Korea until 1945, then became a province of North Korea. Its capital is Hamhung.

Geography
The province is bordered by Ryanggang to the north, North Hamgyong to the northeast, Kangwon to the south, and South Pyongan to the west. To the east of the province is the Sea of Japan.

Administrative divisions
South Hamgyong is divided into three cities ("si"), two districts (one "gu" and one "chigu"), and 15 counties ("gun"). These are further divided into villages (ri and dong, with dong also denoting neighborhoods in cities), with each county additionally having one town (up) which acts as its administrative center. These are detailed on each county's individual page. Some cities are also divided into wards known as "guyok", which are administered just below the city level and also listed on the individual page.

Cities

 * Hamhung (capital) 함흥시 /
 * Sinpo 신포시 /
 * Tanchon 단천시 /

Districts

 * Kumho-chigu 금호지구 /

title: South Hamgyong Province


text:
Constant Chevillon

Constant Chevillon (born 26 October 1880 in Annoire (Jura); died 25 March 1944 in Lyon) was a French occultist who was Grand Master of the Freemasonry Rite of Memphis-Misraïm and head of FUDOFSI and other occult societies.

Education and civil work
At an early age, his prodigious memory and learning genius made their debut and the priest decided to teach him Latin. At the age of twelve, he entered the College of Montciel, near Lons-le-Saunier (Jura). He studied Literature, Ancient History, the Classics and Philosophy. He moved on to higher branches of learning, receiving a bachelor's degree at the Faculty of Letters at Lyon where he also received his Licentiate's Degree and a Fellowship. He studied philosophy under the celebrated Professor Arthur Hennequin. He knew Socrates' Precepts of Self-knowledge, but the one that guided his life was: "Renounce thyself while serving others". His philosophy professor was such an ideal for him that after Hennequin's death, he left the university.

He went to work at the Société Générale, a bank in Lyon and worked there until 1913. Later he went to work for the Banque Nationale de Crédit in Lyon and continued his work there until his death.

Esoteric activities
As a member of the Rosicrucian Fraternity, he was opposed to Harvey Spencer Lewis' AMORC and FUDOSI.

He was enthroned as Patriarch of the Eglise Gnostique Universelle after Jean Bricaud, and succeeded by one of his students, René Chambellant, who maintained the compendium of esoteric societies in cooperation with the Gnostic church.

Death
During World War II, he was shot and killed by the militia (French police submitted to the Gestapo) in a brutal hostage murder on 23 March 1944 in Lyon.

title: Constant Chevillon


text:
Merion Station, Pennsylvania

Merion Station, also known as Merion, is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It borders Philadelphia to its west and is one of the communities that make up the Philadelphia Main Line. Merion Station is part of Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County. The community is known for its grand mansions and for the wealth of its residents.

Merion Station is contiguous to the Overbrook and Overbrook Park neighborhoods of Philadelphia and is also bordered by Lower Merion Township's unincorporated communities of Wynnewood and Bala Cynwyd and the borough of Narberth. As of the 2020 United States census the population was 5,741.

History
Merion Meeting House was built at the present intersection of Montgomery Avenue and Meetinghouse Lane in 1695 by Welsh settlers.

The General Wayne Inn and Merion Friends Meeting House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Merion Friends Meeting House is also a National Historic Landmark.

Nomenclature
The community was named after Merionethshire, Wales, the native home of a large share of the first settlers. Merion is often referred to as "Merion Station," as this is the place name that the United States Postal Service recommends using in order to distinguish Merion from other areas in Pennsylvania with similar names. However, the historical name of the town, used by historical figures such as Theodore Roosevelt, is Merion.

Merion Civic Association
The Merion Civic Association was organized in 1913 by Edward W. Bok with the motto "To be Nation right and State right, we must first be Community right." The Merion Civic Association made several important improvements to Merion such as paving, better lighting, cast-iron street signs, better fire and police protection, and planned tree-planting. President Theodore Roosevelt wrote an article in 1917 for Bok's magazine entitled "Model Merion."

After World War I, the Merion Civic Association sought to construct a community center in memorial to the 81 men from Merion Station who served in the armed forces during the conflict. Eldridge R. Johnson, the founder and president of the Victor Talking Machine Company, donated his house on Hazelhurst Avenue to this cause. The house was demolished and a new Merion Tribute House was built on its foundation. It was built with careful attention to detail, with Gothic patterns and local stone. The stone was shaped on site and window mullions were all hand cut to match. The Tribute House is still used today for meetings of the Merion Civic Association and is supported by renting the space for parties or meetings. Merion also has its own public elementary school—Merion Elementary of the Lower Merion School District on South Bowman Avenue.

Institutions
The institution for which Merion Station was singularly world-renowned was the Barnes Foundation, an important art collection of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings amassed by drug entrepreneur Albert C. Barnes that since the 1920s had been housed in a granite mansion with gardens on Latches Lane. The Barnes collection has been moved to a newly designed museum building on Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Center City Philadelphia that includes a replication of Barnes's original gallery in Merion. The Barnes Foundation Merion grounds remain open to the public as the Arboretum at the Barnes Foundation.

In addition to public Merion Elementary, Catholic, all-girls Merion Mercy Academy and its feeder school, Catholic, coeducational Waldron Mercy Academy, and Kohelet Yeshiva High School, formerly Stern Hebrew High School, are located in Merion. Before its move to Bryn Mawr, Akiba Hebrew Academy was located in Merion as was Episcopal Academy prior to its consolidation in Newtown Square.

Merion Botanical Park is located between Merion Road and the railroad tracks and City Line Ave and Civic Center Drive.

Saint Joseph's University straddles City Avenue. It also purchased and repurposed the former Episcopal Academy campus on the Merion Stationside of the Avenue to contain classroom and student activity buildings. The university bought and renovated Merion Gardens Apartments, at the northwest corner of the East Wynnewood Road/City Avenue intersection, for student housing.

Transportation
The Paoli/Thorndale Line, originally part of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was built through Merion station in the late 19th century. Most SEPTA trains heading east to Philadelphia or west to Thorndale stop at Merion Station, located in the center of Merion Station.

Other public transportation options in Merion Station include the SEPTA Route 44 buses that travels along Old Lancaster Road and Montgomery Avenue between Ardmore and Center City, some of which stop at the Narberth Station; the SEPTA Route 65 bus that traverses the length of City Line Avenue; and the SEPTA Route 105 bus that runs the entire length of the Main Line along Lancaster Avenue (Route 30) and stops at the Wynnewood Shopping Center. All are within walking distance of Merion Station.

Demographics and government
Merion Station is located in zipcode 19066. Lower Merion Township is responsible for all governance.

According to the 2000 U.S. census, Merion Station has 5,951 residents, 93.6% of whom are White; 2.1% are Black or African American; 2.7% are Asian; and 1.3% are Hispanic or Latino. 95.1% have a high school diploma or higher and 76.7% have a bachelor's degree or higher. 9.4% were born in a foreign country. 12.3% speak a language other than English at home, and out of that percentage the number that speak Hebrew at home is 10.1%. The median household income in 1999 was $103,229, and 2.7% of individuals were below the poverty line.

Faith communities
Merion Station has a comparatively large Jewish population and serves as home to Temple Adath Israel of the Main Line, a Conservative Jewish congregation. Its Orthodox Jewish population is served by Lower Merion Synagogue on Old Lancaster Road, Aish HaTorah on Montgomery Avenue, Young Israel of the Main Line on Montgomery Avenue, and the Chabad Center of the Main Line, located in the former General Wayne Inn on Montgomery Avenue. Reform Jews in Merion are likely to travel a mile west up Montgomery Avenue to Main Line Reform Temple-Beth Elohim, to Gladwyne's Beth David Congregation, or to Congregation Rodeph Shalom on North Broad Street in Center City.

Shopping
The main commercial area of Merion Station is located along Montgomery Avenue east and west of its intersection with Old Lancaster Road and extends into neighboring Bala Cynwyd, officially known as the Merion-Cynwyd Commercial District. It includes restaurants, gift shops and other stores, and local landmarks more than a half century old whose reputations extend well beyond Merion Station's limits, notably Hymie's Merion Delicatessen, The Tavern Restaurant, Murray's Delicatessen, Babis's Pharmacy, Bob Wark's Liberty Service Station, and the Township Cleaners.

Hospitals
Merion Station is served by Lankenau Medical Center, which is part of the larger Main Line Health System that includes Bryn Mawr Hospital and Paoli Hospital. Lankenau, on Lancaster Avenue (U.S. Route 30) in nearby Wynnewood near the Overbrook border, has traditionally been affiliated with either Jefferson or Hahnemann (now Drexel) colleges of medicine and is always (with Bryn Mawr and Paoli) on the list of the nation's top community hospitals. The Lankenau Hospital campus includes affiliated doctors' office and medical services in Medical Building East, Medical Build West and Saunders House, a rehabilitation facility, is located adjacent to Lankenau Hospital.

Neighborhoods
The community north of Montgomery Avenue surrounding General Wayne Park is usually referred to as Merion Park and is in the same zipcode as Merion Station. It was built by developer Ralph Madway decades after the closing of the General Wayne Racetrack that once drew thousands of spectators to Merion for horse races on the green now the Park's grounds and bounded by Maplewood and Revere Roads.

Notable people

 * Edward Bok, magazine editor and publisher
 * Wendell P. Bowman, Pennsylvania National Guard major general
 * Kate DiCamillo, author
 * Sophie Drinker, musicologist
 * Ted Eisenberg, Guinness World Record-holding breast surgeon and professional knife thrower
 * Rob Evans, Christian children's songwriter and performer
 * Murray Gerstenhaber, mathematician and law professor
 * Melissa Klapper, historian and storyteller
 * Paul Makler Jr., Olympic fencer
 * Chaim Potok, author
 * Milton Shapp, former Pennsylvania governor
 * Georg Ludwig von Trapp and his family, life fictionalized in The Sound of Music

Points of interest

 * The Arboretum of the Barnes Foundation
 * Barnes Foundation
 * General Wayne Inn
 * Merion Friends Meeting House, oldest in Pennsylvania and second oldest in the United States

title: Merion Station, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Electronic City

Undated
This article is heavily biased and misleading. The environmental hazards indicated seemed to be like a propaganda. Wonder why no editor saw the huge inconsistencies presented in the article.

This is a fairly accurate representation of the Electronic City. In fact is has created several thousand jobs and Bangalore is only second to Mumbai in its contribution to Indian GDP. This article does not completly capture the economic progress of this City rather focuses on downsides such as traffic etc

Traffic section
The section on traffic jams needs some more thought. It wasn't worded very well before, but I don't feel qualified enough to talk about it since I don't work at EC.

I agree--many big cities have traffic congestion. This section needs to be removed. I will not do it since it will be perceived as 'vandalism'!
 * There, I have rewordded it now. 125.22.14.244 20:19, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Map
That map needs to be removed. It is just a map of Bangalore and E-City doesnt even feature in that map! 122.167.103.1 (talk) 17:19, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Showing distorted map of india. Plz fix this as soon as possible. I am your son jhonny (talk) 07:04, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I am noy your son! 74.85.180.56 (talk) 16:08, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Current status of article
The contents seem to be outdated. The article has also been nominated for a check on its neutrality. Does that mean no-one can edit before it is resolved? I agree with past discussions on traffic and map. Is anyone currently working on the contents? I would like to add some information to this article. Only minor changes to update some facts.

Raji ect (talk) 08:53, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Added information about ELCIA and Phases I, II, III. Raji ect (talk) 20:31, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

The Wiki page had repetitive lists of external links. Cleaned up external, invalid/dead links and merged the 2 company lists, giving links to internal Wiki pages. Raji ect (talk) 20:26, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Citations may be used for only short content as per Wiki guidelines and hence replaced the citation of long list with more Wiki links of companies. Raji ect (talk) 01:40, 04 January 2010 (UTC)

Infrastructure
This section has misleading content. Instead of writing about the industrial infrastructure of the technology hub, this section only lists the real estate projects and builders. The sole intent of this section seems to be to advertise. To make it worse, in due course of time, the property names could be linked to their websites. This section needs to be removed immediately to keep up the sanity of this page. Clean Ad (talk) 20:04, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Restored some of the links that were found to be changed unethically for the sole purpose of diverting traffic. Such abuse is strictly condemned and will not be tolerated. Clean Ad (talk) 17:48, 4 December 2010 (UTC) Again the spammer had diverted external link. Restoring. Clean Ad (talk) 11:56, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Raji ect
Wiki is all about sharing relevant content with citations. My request to those who are deliberately suppressing relevant content in this Wikipage: Please be constructive and add some content that is not already covered, instead of deleting content with citations. Raji ect (talk) 17:49, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

 * (disclaimer: Abhishek asked me to take a look at the content dispute)
 * Biotech helix part is "near e city" and not "in e city". So why are you trying to claim it is in electronic city?.

 * There can be a mention of the transport connectivity for electronics city, but why mention nearby residential neibhourhoods - that is peripheral and irrelevant.--Sodabottle (talk) 05:48, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Helix is not outside Electronic City. It is within Electronic City limits. Residential neighbourhoods are very much part of the development & Neeladri Rd and Togur are also inside Electronic City. This information I believe is very relevant, because till couple of years ago only industries were present. Also, I am not discussing on a subject that is a taboo by any standards. There is no harm in mentioning nearby facilities if necessary, since they make ECity more livable. Tomorrow if someone chooses to mention Narayana Hrudayalaya, which is near Electronic City, I will welcome that as well. Raji ect (talk) 06:24, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The source you provided - the hindu report - says it is "near electronic city". If you can find a reliable source that says helix is within electronic city limits, then we can include it.
 * "There is no harm in mentioning nearby facilities if necessary". Thats a subjective judgement, what might look "necessary" for you may not be for others. An encyclopedic article has to maintain tight focus on the subject. But if there are other reliable sources, which make the same comparison and conclusions (that they make e city "more livable") we can include it. (as a tertiary information source, wikipedia merely reports other's conclusions, not its editors)--Sodabottle (talk) 06:38, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Thankyou Sodabottle - I appreciate your time on this. About location of Helix: http://www.bangaloreitbt.in/kbits.html - I would prefer to cite this url instead of the Hindu for more accuracy. Raji ect (talk) 06:55, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Good catch. For purely procedural reasons, wait for another 24 hours before adding this information (WP:3RR says can't add the same thing back and forth within 24 hours. Lets play safe and add it after 24 hours)--Sodabottle (talk) 07:02, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. However crux of the problem is not whether Helix is in or near ECity. Any user who genuinely wanted to contribute would not disruptively delete relevant content, would not send unfair warnings to threaten, would not abuse the terminology to his/her convenience. He was not questioned for that, though I had justify my content. Raji ect (talk) 07:16, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Adding content on Helix and BMTC was called vandalism, unencyclopedic and disruptive edit. Raji ect (talk) 17:52, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Impartiality
This article sounds like a promotional brochure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.149.75.88 (talk) 04:00, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 10 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Fuortu (talk) 22:21, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

Electronics City → Electronic City – This is the correct spelling of the place. 2405:204:538F:5003:2874:40EB:2D57:B741 (talk) 16:16, 10 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support In ictu oculi (talk) 08:32, 11 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support Electronic City is correct. Sawol (talk) 09:46, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162543/http://www.keonics.in/it-infrastructure.php?menu=1&menus=6 to http://www.keonics.in/it-infrastructure.php?menu=1&menus=6

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title: Talk:Electronic City


text:
Springville

Springville is the name of some places in the United States of America:

 * Springville, Alabama
 * Springville, California
 * Springville, California, former name of Fortuna, California
 * Springville, California, former town in what is now western Camarillo, California
 * Springville, Georgia, former name of Powder Springs
 * Springville, Indiana (disambiguation) (three different places)
 * Springville, Iowa
 * Springville, Massachusetts, former name of the village of Metcalf in Holliston, Massachusetts
 * Springville, New York
 * Springville, Seneca County, Ohio
 * Springville, Wayne County, Ohio
 * Springville, South Carolina
 * Springville, Tennessee
 * Springville, Utah, the largest city with the name
 * Springville, Wisconsin, a town
 * Springville, Vernon County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Springville Township, Michigan
 * Springville Township, Pennsylvania

title: Springville


text:
Talk:I quatro rusteghi

Hm, one T or two in "quat(t)ro"? Google gives more hits for two, and Grove Concise and this recording agree, but the Penguin Dictionary of Music, the Penguin Opera Guide and this recording give it with one. I don't have a clue which we should take as correct. I know the Italian word has two Ts, but most of the libretto is written in the Venetian dialect, so maybe that explains the other spelling. Probably not very important, really, but interesting anyway... --Camembert

 * Hm, good point. Hopefully if it's Venetian someone will correct it eventually with a source; my first thought was that it was a typo though. - Hephaestos 15:48, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:I quatro rusteghi


text:
Talk:Sebastian Castello

The austrian author Stefan Zweig wrote a very detailed book about Calvin and Castello. [Anon WP editor], before 1 July 2005 14:43 (UTC)]

Article content before stripping down:
 * Sebastian Castello (name variations: Castalio, Chatelion; 1515 - December 29, 1563) was the rector of the College of Geneva (obviously not Geneva College, maybe what is today Université de Genève?). He was born in St. Martine du Fresne (in Switzerland?). His ideas conflicted with those of John Calvin who had Castello dismissed from his position in 1544. He moved to Basel, Switzerland where he became a professor of Greek. He wrote about tolerance, that the government has no right to insist on the specific form of faith and to expel other people not sharing it. This was outstanding at that time and in many parts of the world it still is.

Is this mope also the
 * Castellion, Sebastian, translator of the Bible

positioned next to him on List of people by name: Cas-Caz? --Jerzy·t 1 July 2005 14:43 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sebastian Castello


text:
Aistulf

Aistulf (also Ahistulf, Aistulfus, Haistulfus, Astolf etc.; Astolfo; died December 756) was the Duke of Friuli from 744, King of the Lombards from 749, and Duke of Spoleto from 751. His reign was characterized by ruthless and ambitious efforts to conquer Roman territory to the extent that in the Liber Pontificalis, he is described as a "shameless" Lombard given to "pernicious savagery" and cruelty.

Biography
Aistulf was born as the son of Duke Pemmo of Friuli and his wife Ratperga.

After his brother Ratchis became king, Aistulf succeeded him as Duke of Friuli and later succeeded him as king, when Ratchis was forced to abdicate the throne. Ratchis entered a monastery thereafter. While Ratchis had been more tolerant with the Roman element of the Italian population, Aistulf followed a more aggressive policy of expansion and raids against the Papal States and the Eastern Roman exarchate of Ravenna. In 750, Aistulf captured Ravenna and all the provinces subject to the Exarchate, even declaring himself king of the Romans. He also held court in the former palace of the Exarch, where historian Peter Brown asserts, that as a good western Catholic, Aistulf likely offered gifts "on the altar of San Vitale." With the Lombard king close, Rome was under threat and if the city and its Patriarch were to survive, Brown adds, "they had to look for new protectors." Recognizing the religious authority of Pope Stephen II, Aistulf offered peace to the pontiff but under Lombard hegemony. In the late spring or summer 751, Aistulf placed Spoleto under his direct control without naming a replacement duke.

Having declared himself the new king of the Romans, Aistulf believed that the empire's former supremacy in Italy was now extinct; as a result, the Roman Pope Stephen was unable to exercise the same pastoral diplomacy that his predecessor, Pope Zachary, had over both Luitprand and Ratchis. At Ravenna, Aistulf demanded tribute from the Roman duchy itself, straining papal coffers and greatly worrying Pope Stephen enough that he began negotiations with the Franks.

Aistulf's demands were causing consternation in Rome. In 753, Pope Stephen II crossed the Alps and wintered with the Franks, again petitioning them for assistance against Aistulf's Lombards. Returning from a summer campaign against the Saxons, the Frankish leader, Pepin the Short, learned that the pontiff—accompanied by a large following and bearing gifts—was traveling north to meet with him. While Pope Stephen's arrival in Francia was noteworthy, it was near concomitant with that of Pepin's brother, Carloman, who had incidentally come to Francia under pressure from the Lombard king, Aistulf, to explicitly dissuade Pepin from entering Italy.

Carloman's effort to deter his brother from pursuing Aistulf proved unsuccessful and Pepin, who was accompanied by Pope Stephen, left Francia for Italy during the summer of 754; the ailing Carloman joined them on their journey but died on the way. Pope Stephen had further ingratiated Pepin to his cause by bestowing the title "Patrician of the Romans" onto him and his son, which proved sufficient to elicit Frankish aide and opposition to Aistulf's claims of sovereignty over the Roman empire. Pepin then sent demands to Aistulf for him submit to the patrimony of St. Peter, which meant relinquishing his gains; the Lombard king refused Pepin's demands, thus beginning a Frankish military incursion into Italy.

In the spring of 755, the newly anointed Pepin crossed the Alps at the head of his army, putting the Lombards to flight and forcing Aistulf's hand in returning papal lands and those belonging to the wider Roman res publica that he had occupied. While a treaty was signed between Aistulf and Pepin after the Franks laid siege to Pavia, which included the return of Roman lands and a lasting peace, Aistulf was not long in breaking the treaty once Pepin left Italy. After the Frankish army was back across the Alps, Aistulf besieged Rome again in 756, engendering another plea from the papacy. It read:

"I, the Apostle Peter...who adopted you as my sons...and who chose you Franks above all other peoples...I hereby urge and exhort you...to protect my flock...defend Rome, and your brothers the Romans, from the heinous Lombards!...Come, come, in the name of the one living and true God, I beseech you, come and help before the spring of life from which you drink and in which you are reborn dries up, before the last spark of the sacred flame which illuminates you dies out, and before your spiritual mother, God’s holy Church...is desecrated.'"

Once he heard the anxious pleas from the pope, Pepin marched his Frankish army back into Italy, again defeated the Lombards and forced Aistulf to surrender, but this time the Franks directly supervised the land returns. In the midst of these negotiations, a Byzantine ambassador was sent to Pepin with imperial claims over the liberated provinces—part of an attempt to substitute Lombard suzerainty for Byzantine domination—but Pepin refused such offers, allowing the Roman West to retain some autonomy as the Frankish king thought only of the Papacy. Meanwhile, Pepin imposed an annual tribute be paid by the Lombards to the Franks, which historian Paolo Delogu labels nothing less than "political subjection." Despite this blow to Aistulf's prestige, the Lombard kingdom remained more or less intact and as Delogu observes, "the political and military alliance between the Franks and the papacy was not solid enough to allow the latter to act very effectively against the Lombards." When Aistulf died in 756—killed during a hunting accident—his succession was not without controversy when the ex-king Ratchis emerged from his monastery with the intention to reascend to the throne, but the ambitious Desiderius (duke of Tuscany), gained both Frankish and papal support and replaced Aistulf as king of the Lombards in March 757.

Aistulf was buried in the church of San Marino in Pavia, which he founded.

title: Aistulf


text:
Dorothea Brande

Dorothea Brande (1892–1948) was an American writer and editor in New York City.

Biography
She was born in Chicago on 12th January 1892 and attended the University of Chicago, the Lewis Institute in Chicago (later merged with Armour Institute of Technology to become Illinois Institute of Technology), and the University of Michigan. Her book Becoming a Writer, published in 1934, is still in print and offers advice for beginning and sustaining any writing enterprise. It has been widely praised by many writers. She also wrote Wake Up and Live, published in 1936, which sold more than a million copies. It was used as the inspiration for the comedy film Wake Up and Live in 1937.

While she was serving as associate editor of The American Review in 1936, she married that journal's owner and editor, Seward Collins. Collins also served as the managing editor of The Bookman. Collins was a prominent literary figure in New York and a proponent of an American version of fascism.

Dorothea Collins (Dorothea Brande) died in Boston on 17th December 1948.

Books, short stories, articles, essays and other media
BOOKS

"Becoming a Writer" (1934) - A guide for aspiring writers, offering practical advice and psychological insights into the creative process.

"Beauty Vanishes" (1935) - This is a poignant story that explores themes of fleeting beauty, identity, and the societal pressures on women. The narrative centers around a once beautiful woman, now past her prime, who grapples with the loss of her physical attractiveness.

"Most Beautiful Lady" (1935) - A novel exploring themes of beauty and human relationships.

"Wake Up and Live!" (1936) - A self-help book encouraging readers to overcome their fears and live a more fulfilling life.

"Letters to Philippa" (1937) - A collection of letters offering insights into her thoughts on life and creativity.

'My Invincible Aunt" (1938) - This is a story that portrays the life and character of an elderly woman who embodies resilience, strength, and an indomitable spirit. The story highlights her unwavering determination and the impact she has on those around her.

SHORT STORIES

Smith's Magazine 1921-05: Vol 33 Iss 1-  'Values and Vivian by Dorothea Brande' (A Love story!)

Smith's Magazine 1922-01: Vol 34 Iss 3 - 'Prince Too Charming by Dorothea Brande'

ARTICLES AND ESSAYS AND OTHER MEDIA

The New Republic 1917-09-22: Vol 12 Iss 151 - 'The Morale of Women by Dorothea Brande '

The New Republic 1920-11-24: Vol 24 Iss 312 - 'Cinderella in Industry by Dorothea Brande'

The New Republic 1922-06-14: Vol 31 Iss 393 - 'Working Women' by Dorothea Brande

The Publishers Weekly 1922-09-16: Vol 102 Iss 12 - Dorothea Brande was a witness in a trial about book censorship in this year.

New Masses Archive - August 1926 - 'Non-Intoxicating '

The Bookman June-July 1932: Vol 75 Iss 3 - 'The New Novels - Review by Dorothea Brande '

"Mr. Lewisohn Interprets America" - (1933) - was published in The American Review in December 1933. This essay explores the views of Ludwig Lewisohn, a significant literary figure of the time, and how he perceived American society and culture. The article is a critical examination of Lewisohn's interpretations and contributions to American literature and thought.

The Bookman 1933-02: Vol 76 Iss 2 - Four Novels Reviewed by Dorothea Brande

[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1252152085 '''The bookman. Vol. LXXVI, no. 3], March 1933'''

The Catholic Library World 1942-01: Vol 13 Iss 4 - References 'Brande, Dorothea. “Sigrid Undset and the Critics.” American Review 2:316. January, 1934.'

The English Journal 1934-03: Vol 23 Iss 3 - Quote: "A comparable, if less convincing, effort at the deflation of the critics is made by Dorothea Brande in the December, 1933, American Review. In her article, “Mr. Lewisohn Interprets America...”

The Nation 1934-06-13: Vol 138 Iss 3597 - Advert for 'Becoming a Writer'

The Nation 1934-06-27: Vol 138 Iss 3599 - A Contemporary Review of Becoming A Writer

The New Republic 1934-08-15: Vol 80 Iss 1028 - Contemporary review of 'Becoming a Writer'

The American Observer 1935-05-20: Vol 4 Iss 36 - Contemporary review of 'Most Beautiful Lady by Dorothea Brande' - "Good detective story with a real plot."

This book appendix indicates that Dylan Thomas reviewed 'Beauty Vanishes' in the Morning Post on 1st Nov 1935.

The Washington Post 1936-02-28: Iss 21806 - Washington Post Review of 'Wake Up and Live'

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1936-04-02: Vol 88 Iss 210 - [https://archive.org/details/per_st-louis-post-dispatch_1936-04-02_88_210/page/n31/mode/2up?q=Dorothea+Brande Want to Make More of your Life? Here is a Writer who believes people waste too much time]''' ' by Virgina Irwin

The New Republic 1936-05-13: Vol 87 Iss 1119 - A Contemporary Review of Wake Up an Live

Motion Picture Daily - 18th June 1936 - "Dorothea Brande has sold her nonfiction book, "Wake Up and Sing," to Twentieth Century-Fox for filming."

The Commonweal 1936-07-24: Vol 24 Iss 13 - A Contemporary Review of Wake Up and Live

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1936-11-13: Vol 89 Iss 69 - 'Women Live up to a Part - Author of Wake Up and Live in St. Louis Gives More Formulas ' by Virginia Irwin

"Successfulness" - This was an article published in 'Cosmopolitan' magazine - 1st Nov 1936

The Christian Century: A Journal of Religion 1936-12-09: Vol 53 Iss 50 - This journal indicates that Dorothea Brande was a speaker on Jan. 17 1937 at Ford Hall Forum, Boston.

Mount Regis - 1937 - 'Home Economics Club ' - "At the joint meeting of the New England and Massachusetts Home Economics Association in October, the club members had the pleasure of hearing Dorothea Brande, the author of the much discussed best seller, Wake Up and Live."

"The Author & Journalist" (Feb 1937) -  'Wake Up and Write - An Interview with Dorothea Brande by Thelma Wiles '

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1937-06-19: Vol 89 Iss 287 - 'It's Easy Too Talk to Much By Dorothea Brande'

Santa Ana Journal 1937-06-25 - "Another literary success of quicker arrival is Dorothea Brande. She did “Wake Up and Live” as a lecture several years ago more for a lark than anything else and to break her shyness over public speaking. It took on and she repeated it several times. Then she was asked to put it into a book. Five publishers turned it down before one accepted it. When it reached its 50,000 sale they gave her a $1,000 watch. The movies paid her $25,000 just to use the title. And any publisher would grab at anything she turns out."

The Christian Science Monitor 1937-10-20: Vol 29 Iss 276 - "Dorothea Brande has been finishing up books since her recent return from Europe: “My Invincible Aunt” for Farrar and Rinehart, “Letters to a God-Daughter” for Sheed and Ward and a follow-up volume to “Becoming a Writer” for Harcourt Brace. She declares that She would rather do four books than one short story. At the moment she is starting a new course of lectures on writing which she will give in New York City and making ready for others in the field. Her real problem, she said wistfully, is what to do in her spare time. Knitting isn’t the answer because she already includes that in her curriculum, finding it an excellent way of thinking out her writing." - NOTE - This is an interesting contemporary entry from 1937, as only 'My Invincible Aunt" seems to have been published?

The Writer 1938-01: Vol 51 Iss 1 - Look at the adverts on the left (the 'How to Make Money By Writing' one) - They feature a contemporary quote from Dorothea Brande

The Catholic Educational Review 1938-02: Vol 36 - Review of 'Letters to Philippa'

The Sign 1938-03: Vol 17 Iss 8 - Review of 'Letters to Philippa'

'Success out of Failure by Helen R. Woodward' - The Writer - June 1939 - This article discusses how Helen R Woodward had attended a talk of Dorothea Brande. It talks about a lot of biographical details that Dorothea Brande recounts that are not talked about in other sources.

 'Dear Mrs Brande.. ' - Some replies in April 1940 to an article titled 'Less Sweetness and Light, please' that Dorothea Brande had written for 'Registered Nurse' magazine in February 1940.

Variety 1944-02-23: Vol 153 Iss 11 - Review of the film 'Wake Up and Live' starring Frank Sinatra - "Frank Sinatra was well cast as the crooner in “Wake Up and Live,” the Lux Radio Theatre play on CBS. The Voice made the most of his scattered singing opportunities, enhancing the rapid-tempo story that seemed curiously dated. The Dorothea Brande message (“Act as if it were impossible fo fail”) was given a fast gloss over in the picture version.."

Various Articles for The American Review - Numerous articles written during her tenure as associate editor, often reflecting the political and social ideas of the time.

As well as many other articles for various magazines, many of which can be seen here.

OTHER

Influence of 'Becoming a Writer' on author Ray Bradbury

A personal account of how Dorothea Brande had introduced an author to allow him to get his book published.

AND this description from 'Poets & People by Charles Norman': "Dorothea was in her middle thirties when I met her. She looked like a heroine in a middle western novel — hair in a knot, but wisps of it blowing about, and more feminine than elegant in her choice of clothes. A few years later some disorder transformed her into a mountain of flesh; then, unable to move about, she stayed in her apartment overlooking the Queensborough Bridge, where she read manuscripts and worked on a book which turned out to be an enormous bestseller. It was called Wake Up and Live."

Critical essays on Willa Cather - Review of Lucy Gayheart by Dorothea Brande

Dorothea Brande writing about the Sentimentality of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men'

Mentions of Dorothea Brande in correspondence

Listing for Dorothea Brande that reads: "Staff Member, The American Review; formerly on Editorial Staff of The American Mercury."

title: Dorothea Brande


text:
Multidimensional scaling

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a data set. MDS is used to translate distances between each pair of $ n $ objects in a set into a configuration of $ n $  points mapped into an abstract Cartesian space.

More technically, MDS refers to a set of related ordination techniques used in information visualization, in particular to display the information contained in a distance matrix. It is a form of non-linear dimensionality reduction.

Given a distance matrix with the distances between each pair of objects in a set, and a chosen number of dimensions, N, an MDS algorithm places each object into N-dimensional space (a lower-dimensional representation) such that the between-object distances are preserved as well as possible. For N = 1, 2, and 3, the resulting points can be visualized on a scatter plot.

Core theoretical contributions to MDS were made by James O. Ramsay of McGill University, who is also regarded as the founder of functional data analysis.

Types
MDS algorithms fall into a taxonomy, depending on the meaning of the input matrix:

Classical multidimensional scaling
It is also known as Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Torgerson Scaling or Torgerson–Gower scaling. It takes an input matrix giving dissimilarities between pairs of items and outputs a coordinate matrix whose configuration minimizes a loss function called strain, which is given by $$\text{Strain}_D(x_1,x_2,...,x_n)=\Biggl(\frac{ \sum_{i,j} \bigl( b_{ij} - x_i^T x_j \bigr)^2}{\sum_{i,j}b_{ij}^2} \Biggr)^{1/2},$$ where $$x_{i}$$ denote vectors in N-dimensional space, $$x_i^T x_j $$ denotes the scalar product between $$x_{i}$$ and $$x_{j}$$, and $$b_{ij}$$ are the elements of the matrix $$B$$ defined on step 2 of the following algorithm, which are computed from the distances.

 * Steps of a Classical MDS algorithm:
 * Classical MDS uses the fact that the coordinate matrix $$X$$ can be derived by eigenvalue decomposition from $B=XX'$ . And the matrix $B$ can be computed from proximity matrix $D$  by using double centering.
 * Set up the squared proximity matrix $D^{(2)}=[d_{ij}^2]$
 * Apply double centering: $B=-\frac{1}{2}CD^{(2)}C$ using the centering matrix $C=I-\frac{1}{n}J_n$, where $n$  is the number of objects, $I$  is the $n \times n$  identity matrix, and $J_{n}$  is an $n\times n$  matrix of all ones.
 * Determine the $m$ largest eigenvalues $\lambda_1,\lambda_2,...,\lambda_m$  and corresponding eigenvectors $e_1,e_2,...,e_m$  of $B$  (where $m$  is the number of dimensions desired for the output).
 * Now, $X=E_m\Lambda_m^{1/2}$, where $E_m$  is the matrix of $m$  eigenvectors and $\Lambda_m$  is the diagonal matrix of $m$  eigenvalues of $B$.
 * Classical MDS assumes metric distances. So this is not applicable for direct dissimilarity ratings.

Metric multidimensional scaling (mMDS)
It is a superset of classical MDS that generalizes the optimization procedure to a variety of loss functions and input matrices of known distances with weights and so on. A useful loss function in this context is called stress, which is often minimized using a procedure called stress majorization. Metric MDS minimizes the cost function called “stress” which is a residual sum of squares:"x_i-x_j\" Metric scaling uses a power transformation with a user-controlled exponent $p$ : $d_{ij}^p$ and $-d_{ij}^{2p}$  for distance. In classical scaling $p=1.$ Non-metric scaling is defined by the use of isotonic regression to nonparametrically estimate a transformation of the dissimilarities.

Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
In contrast to metric MDS, non-metric MDS finds both a non-parametric monotonic relationship between the dissimilarities in the item-item matrix and the Euclidean distances between items, and the location of each item in the low-dimensional space.

Let $$d_{ij}$$ be the dissimilarity between points $$i, j$$. Let $$\hat d_{ij} = \| x_i - x_j\|$$ be the Euclidean distance between embedded points $$x_i, x_j$$.

Now, for each choice of the embedded points $$x_i$$ and is a monotonically increasing function $$f$$, define the "stress" function:
 * "$S(x_1, ..., x_n; f)=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i<j}\bigl(f(d_{ij})-\hat d_{ij}\bigr)^2}{\sum_{i<j} \hat d_{ij}^2}}.$|undefined"

The factor of $$\sum_{i<j} \hat d_{ij}^2$$ in the denominator is necessary to prevent a "collapse". Suppose we define instead $$S=\sqrt{\sum_{i<j}\bigl(f(d_{ij})-\hat d_{ij})^2}$$, then it can be trivially minimized by setting $$f = 0$$, then collapse every point to the same point.

A few variants of this cost function exist. MDS programs automatically minimize stress in order to obtain the MDS solution.

The core of a non-metric MDS algorithm is a twofold optimization process. First the optimal monotonic transformation of the proximities has to be found. Secondly, the points of a configuration have to be optimally arranged, so that their distances match the scaled proximities as closely as possible.

NMDS needs to optimize two objectives simultaneously. This is usually done iteratively:
 * Initialize $$x_i$$ randomly, e. g. by sampling from a normal distribution.
 * Do until a stopping criterion (for example, $$S < \epsilon$$)
 * Solve for $$f = \arg\min_f S(x_1, ..., x_n ; f)$$ by isotonic regression.
 * Solve for $$x_1, ..., x_n = \arg\min_{x_1, ..., x_n} S(x_1, ..., x_n ; f)$$ by gradient descent or other methods.
 * Return $$x_i$$ and $$f$$

Louis Guttman's smallest space analysis (SSA) is an example of a non-metric MDS procedure.

Generalized multidimensional scaling (GMD)
An extension of metric multidimensional scaling, in which the target space is an arbitrary smooth non-Euclidean space. In cases where the dissimilarities are distances on a surface and the target space is another surface, GMDS allows finding the minimum-distortion embedding of one surface into another.

Details
The data to be analyzed is a collection of $$M$$ objects (colors, faces, stocks, . . .) on which a distance function is defined,

 * $$d_{i,j} :=$$ distance between $$i$$-th and $$j$$-th objects.

These distances are the entries of the dissimilarity matrix

 * $$ D :=

\begin{pmatrix} d_{1,1} & d_{1,2} & \cdots & d_{1,M} \\ d_{2,1} & d_{2,2} & \cdots & d_{2,M} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ d_{M,1} & d_{M,2} & \cdots & d_{M,M} \end{pmatrix}. $$

The goal of MDS is, given $$D$$, to find $$M$$ vectors $$x_1,\ldots,x_M \in \mathbb{R}^N$$ such that

 * $$\|x_i - x_j\| \approx d_{i,j}$$ for all $$i,j\in {1,\dots,M}$$,

where $$\|\cdot\|$$ is a vector norm. In classical MDS, this norm is the Euclidean distance, but, in a broader sense, it may be a metric or arbitrary distance function. For example, when dealing with mixed-type data that contain numerical as well as categorical descriptors, Gower's distance is a common alternative.

In other words, MDS attempts to find a mapping from the $$M$$ objects into $$\mathbb{R}^N$$ such that distances are preserved. If the dimension $$N$$ is chosen to be 2 or 3, we may plot the vectors $$x_i$$ to obtain a visualization of the similarities between the $$M$$ objects. Note that the vectors $$x_i$$ are not unique: With the Euclidean distance, they may be arbitrarily translated, rotated, and reflected, since these transformations do not change the pairwise distances $$\|x_i - x_j\|$$.

(Note: The symbol $$\mathbb{R}$$ indicates the set of real numbers, and the notation $$\mathbb{R}^N$$ refers to the Cartesian product of $$N$$ copies of $$\mathbb{R}$$, which is an $$N$$-dimensional vector space over the field of the real numbers.)

There are various approaches to determining the vectors $$x_i$$. Usually, MDS is formulated as an optimization problem, where $$(x_1,\ldots,x_M)$$ is found as a minimizer of some cost function, for example,

 * $$ \underset{x_1,\ldots,x_M}{\mathrm{argmin}} \sum_{i<j} ( \|x_i - x_j\| - d_{i,j} )^2. \, $$

A solution may then be found by numerical optimization techniques. For some particularly chosen cost functions, minimizers can be stated analytically in terms of matrix eigendecompositions.

Procedure
There are several steps in conducting MDS research:
 * 1) Formulating the problem – What variables do you want to compare?  How many variables do you want to compare? What purpose is the study to be used for?
 * 2) Obtaining input data – For example, :- Respondents are asked a series of questions. For each product pair, they are asked to rate similarity (usually on a 7-point Likert scale from very similar to very dissimilar). The first question could be for Coke/Pepsi for example, the next for Coke/Hires rootbeer, the next for Pepsi/Dr Pepper, the next for Dr Pepper/Hires rootbeer, etc. The number of questions is a function of the number of brands and can be calculated as $$Q = N (N - 1) / 2$$ where Q is the number of questions and N is the number of brands. This approach is referred to as the “Perception data : direct approach”. There are two other approaches. There is the “Perception data : derived approach” in which products are decomposed into attributes that are rated on a semantic differential scale. The other is the “Preference data approach” in which respondents are asked their preference rather than similarity.
 * 3) Running the MDS statistical program – Software for running the procedure is available in many statistical software packages.  Often there is a choice between Metric MDS (which deals with interval or ratio level data), and Nonmetric MDS (which deals with ordinal data).
 * 4) Decide number of dimensions – The researcher must decide on the number of dimensions they want the computer to create. Interpretability of the MDS solution is often important, and lower dimensional solutions will typically be easier to interpret and visualize. However, dimension selection is also an issue of balancing underfitting and overfitting. Lower dimensional solutions may underfit by leaving out important dimensions of the dissimilarity data. Higher dimensional solutions may overfit to noise in the dissimilarity measurements. Model selection tools like AIC, BIC, Bayes factors, or cross-validation can thus be useful to select the dimensionality that balances underfitting and overfitting.
 * 5) Mapping the results and defining the dimensions – The statistical program (or a related module) will map the results. The map will plot each product (usually in two-dimensional space). The proximity of products to each other indicate either how similar they are or how preferred they are, depending on which approach was used. How the dimensions of the embedding actually correspond to dimensions of system behavior, however, are not necessarily obvious. Here, a subjective judgment about the correspondence can be made (see perceptual mapping).
 * 6) Test the results for reliability and validity – Compute R-squared to determine what proportion of variance of the scaled data can be accounted for by the MDS procedure. An R-square of 0.6 is considered the minimum acceptable level.  An R-square of 0.8 is considered good for metric scaling and .9 is considered good for non-metric scaling. Other possible tests are Kruskal’s Stress, split data tests, data stability tests (i.e., eliminating one brand), and test-retest reliability.
 * 7) Report the results comprehensively – Along with the mapping, at least distance measure (e.g., Sorenson index, Jaccard index) and reliability (e.g., stress value) should be given. It is also very advisable to give the algorithm (e.g., Kruskal, Mather), which is often defined by the program used (sometimes replacing the algorithm report), if you have given a start configuration or had a random choice, the number of runs, the assessment of dimensionality, the Monte Carlo method results, the number of iterations, the assessment of stability, and the proportional variance of each axis (r-square).

Implementations

 * ELKI includes two MDS implementations.
 * MATLAB includes two MDS implementations (for classical (cmdscale) and non-classical (mdscale) MDS respectively).
 * The R programming language offers several MDS implementations, e.g. base cmdscale function, packages smacof (mMDS and nMDS), and vegan (weighted MDS).
 * scikit-learn contains function sklearn.manifold.MDS.

title: Multidimensional scaling


text:
Westlake

Westlake may refer to:

Australia

 * Westlake, Canberra, a ghost town suburb of Canberra
 * Westlake, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane

New Zealand

 * Westlake, New Zealand, a suburb of Auckland
 * Westlake Girls High School
 * Westlake Boys High School

United States

 * Westlake, Daly City, California
 * Westlake, Los Angeles, California
 * Westlake, California, a master-planned community which now comprises:
 * The entirety of Westlake Village, California
 * A neighborhood in Thousand Oaks, California
 * Westlake, Florida
 * Westlake, Georgia
 * Westlake, Louisiana
 * Westlake, Ohio
 * Westlake, Oregon
 * Westlake, Texas
 * Westlake, Seattle, Washington
 * Westlake Center, Seattle, Washington
 * Westlake Corner, Virginia
 * Westlake High School (disambiguation)
 * West Lake Hills, Texas

People

 * Clive Westlake (1932–2000), British songwriter
 * David Westlake, British singer/songwriter
 * Dean Westlake (1960-2022), American politician
 * Donald E. Westlake (1933–2008), American author
 * H.D. Westlake (1906–1992), British classical scholar; see Hellenica Oxyrhynchia
 * John Westlake (law scholar) (1828–1913), English writer on international law
 * Martin Westlake, British and Belgian author, musician, and EU civil servant
 * Nathaniel Westlake (1833–1921), British artist specialising in stained glass
 * Nigel Westlake (born 1958), Australian composer
 * Philip Westlake, British painter and brother of Nathaniel

Train stations

 * Westlake (Link station), a light rail and bus station in Seattle
 * Westlake / MacArthur Park (LACMTA station), a Red Line and Purple Line subway station in Los Angeles
 * Westlake Station (disambiguation), stations of the name

Other

 * Westlake (album), a 1987 album by David Westlake
 * Westlake Chemical
 * Westlake Entertainment, a DVD distributor; see
 * Westlake Recording Studios, in West Hollywood, California
 * Westlake Tyres, a brand of automotive tyres owned by Hangzhou Zhongce Rubber Company

title: Westlake


text:
Freedom from Torture

Freedom from Torture (previously known as The Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture) is a British registered charity that provides therapeutic care for survivors of torture who seek protection in the UK. Since it was established in 1985, more than 57,000 survivors of torture have been referred to the organisation for help and it is one of the world’s largest torture treatment centres.

Freedom from Torture provides medical and psychological documentation of torture, a range of rehabilitation therapies, including psychotherapy, individual and family counselling, physiotherapy and complementary group work as well as practical advice and support. It trains health, legal and policy professionals throughout the UK to work with the complex needs and rights of torture survivors.

A key area of Freedom from Torture's work is to advocate for torture survivors and to ensure states responsible for torture are held accountable. It works to guarantee the human rights of survivors nationally and internationally. Freedom from Torture also supports Survivors Speak OUT (SSO), the UK's only torture survivor-led activist network. All members are former Freedom from Torture clients.

History
Freedom from Torture began in the early 1980s, as part of the Medical Group of Amnesty International. The organisation was set up to improve existing health services for torture survivors in the UK. This work initially took the form of campaigns against violations of human rights and the documentation of evidence of torture by volunteer health professionals and senior medical specialists as a reaction.

In 1985, under the leadership of Helen Bamber, the organisation was established as a registered charity. It provided medical treatment, counselling and therapy to torture survivors and documented evidence of torture using the Istanbul Protocol. Sponsorship came from the heads of the Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Psychiatrists and Royal College of Surgeons of England.

It worked at first in two rooms in the former National Temperance Hospital, off Hampstead Road in north-west London. By 1990, the organisation was treating 750 clients and then moved to a building in Grafton Road, Kentish Town.

The organisation began a regional programme in late 2003 with the opening of a centre in Manchester, treating clients living in the north-west. This followed the Government's Dispersal scheme, which saw asylum seekers relocated outside London.

In 2004, the London headquarters moved into a £5.8m treatment centre in Isledon Road, Finsbury Park. The building was purpose-built by architect Paul Hyett. Freedom from Torture’s Scotland centre opened in Glasgow in 2004, followed by the Newcastle centre in 2006 and the Birmingham centre in 2009. These regional centres were opened to treat torture survivors who had been dispersed outside London.

Freedom from Torture's chief executive is Sonya Sceats.

Treatment provided
Freedom from Torture provides a range of services for its clients. These include medical consultation, examination and forensic documentation of injuries through medico-legal reports, psychological and physical treatment and support, and practical help.

The organisation employs more than 156 staff and 140 volunteers across its five centres in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Newcastle and Glasgow. These include medical doctors, caseworkers, counsellors, legal advisers, physiotherapists, psychotherapists, psychologists, interpreters, child and family therapists and group workers.

Statistics
Since its founding in 1985, the organisation has received more than 57,000 referrals.

In 2016, Freedom from Torture's five centres received 1,066 referrals for individuals from 76 different countries. The highest number of referrals came from Sri Lanka (230), Iran (140), Afghanistan (108), Nigeria (64), Democratic Republic of Congo (62), Turkey (56), Iraq (55), Pakistan (53), Syria (48) and Sudan (46). Ninety-nine per cent of Freedom from Torture clients are asylum seekers or refugees, who have fled torture and persecution usually in their home countries.

Medico-Legal reports
The organisation's Medico Legal Report Service accepts referrals from torture survivors, their friends and family, GPs, solicitors, refugee community organisations or any other voluntary or statutory sector body. Medico-legal reports provide detailed evidence of the extent of a torture survivor’s injuries and trauma. Freedom from Torture's team of clinical staff apply international standards for documenting torture in these assessments.

Funding
Freedom from Torture is an independent registered charity. According to the organization's Annual Report 2015, they rely on donations from individuals for almost three quarters of their funding. They raise income using a variety of methods and from a variety of sources.

title: Freedom from Torture