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Mike Enzi

Michael Bradley Enzi (February 1, 1944 – July 26, 2021) was an American politician who served in the United States Senate from Wyoming as a member of the Republican Party from 1997 to 2021. Prior to his tenure in the United States Senate he served as mayor of Gillette, Wyoming, in the Wyoming House of Representatives from Campbell County, and the Wyoming Senate from the 24th district. He was the longest-serving senator from Wyoming since Francis E. Warren.

Enzi was born in Bremerton, Washington, raised in Thermopolis, Wyoming, and educated at Sheridan High School, George Washington University, and the University of Denver. He served in the Air National Guard, and held positions in the American Legion Boys State, DeMolay International, and United States Junior Chamber. He entered politics with his election as mayor of Gillette after being convinced by Alan Simpson to run and defeating incumbent Mayor Cliff Davis. He was elected to the state house in the 1986 election and served until his appointment to the state senate in 1991.

Enzi was elected to the United States Senate in the 1996 election after defeating future senator John Barrasso in the Republican primary and Secretary of State Kathy Karpan in the general election. During his tenure in the Senate he served as chair of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, and Budget committees. He served in the Senate until Cynthia Lummis succeeded him in the 2020 election after his retirement. He died in 2021 following injuries resulting from a bicycling accident.

Early life and education
Michael Bradley Enzi was born on February 1, 1944, in Bremerton, Washington, to Elmer J. Enzi and Dorothy Bradley. He was raised in Thermopolis, Wyoming, and graduated from Sheridan High School in 1962. He graduated from George Washington University with a degree in accounting in 1966 and from the University of Denver with a Master of Business Administration in retail marketing in 1968. He served in the Wyoming Army National Guard from 1967 to 1973. On June 7, 1969, he married Diana Buckley, with whom he had three children, and moved to Gillette, Wyoming.

Enzi was criticized by multiple people, including Wyoming Veterans of Foreign Wars Commander Bill Saunders, for attempting to equate his service in the Wyoming Army National Guard with that of those who served in the Vietnam War although Enzi stated that his comments were misinterpreted.

Enzi was elected to serve as a city councilor in the American Legion Boys State in 1961. He was selected serve as a junior councilor in the Wyoming DeMolay International organization in 1963. In 1970, Enzi was appointed to serve as vice-chair of the nine-member Public Health Nursing Advisory Committee in Gillette. He was elected to serve as president of the Wyoming United States Junior Chamber in 1973. He served as chair of the First Wyoming Bank-Gillette.

Local politics
Enzi defeated Mayor Cliff Davis in Gillette's 1974 mayoral election after having been convinced to run by Alan Simpson and won reelection without opposition in 1978. He announced on July 7, 1982, that he would not run for reelection.

He filled two vacant city council seats in one month in 1976, following the resignation of Ed Geringer and Jack Babcock with Jack Edmunds replacing Geringer and Robert White replacing Babcock. Gillette's Planning and Zoning Commission was created during Enzi's tenure, and he appointed six of the seven positions on the board upon its creation. A water pipeline was built during Enzi's tenure as mayor and prior to its construction water was rationed in Gillette. During the 1978 United States House of Representatives elections he supported Treasurer Ed Witzenburger for the Republican nomination.

He was appointed to serve on the National League of Cities' community development committee. Enzi served as vice-president and president of the Wyoming Association of Municipalities. Enzi's term as president of the Wyoming Association of Municipalities was meant to end in June 1983, but he left office in January so John Nickle was appointed to serve the remainder of his term.

Wyoming Legislature
Enzi ran for one of three seats in the Wyoming House of Representatives from Campbell County in the 1986 election as a Republican and was elected alongside incumbent Republican representatives Dick Wallis and John Hines. All three representatives won reelection in the 1988 election against Democratic nominee Rebecca Claar. All three representatives were reelected in the 1990 election against Democratic nominees Claar, Dave Stueck, and Chuck Tolar.

Enzi was speculated as a possible candidate to replace John Ostlund in the Wyoming Senate in the 1978 election as Ostlund was running in the gubernatorial election, but he instead announced that he would run for reelection as mayor on July 17. Senator Kelly Mader resigned on December 9, 1991, due to him having moved his family to Denver, Colorado, and starting a business there and Enzi was selected to replace Mader on December 13, while David Shippy was selected to replace Enzi in the state house. He faced no opposition in the Republican primary or general election in 1992.

During his tenure in the state house he served on the Education, Corporations and Elections, and Mines and Minerals committees. He served on the Joint Appropriations committee and served as the chair of the Revenue committee in the state senate. He lost his position as chair of the Revenue committee and was replaced by Grant Larson in 1996, as senate rules prohibited statewide candidates from serving as chairs of committee.

Elections
Senator Simpson, who was first elected in 1978, announced on December 3, 1995, that he would not seek reelection in the 1996 election. Enzi announced on April 9, 1996, that he would run for the Republican nomination to succeed Simpson in the United States Senate. Enzi won a straw poll conducted at the state convention with 159 of the 457 votes. He went on to win the Republican primary, defeating eight other candidates; one of those candidates was John Barrasso, who would later be appointed to the Senate in 2007. Enzi garnered support due to his pro-life stance, while Barrasso, who had been expected to win the primary, identified as pro-choice at the time. Enzi defeated Democratic nominee Kathy Karpan in the general election.

Enzi announced on March 22, 2002, that he would run for reelection in the 2002 election. Dick Bratton served as his campaign chair. Enzi defeated Crosby Allen, a county commissioner from Fremont County, in the Republican primary and Democratic nominee Joyce Corcoran, the mayor of Lander, Wyoming, in the general election. During the 2002 election Enzi raised $1,443,925.00 and spent $1,130,628.00 compared to Corcoran who had raised $8,488.00 and spent $8,467.00. He defeated Democratic nominee Chris Rothfuss in the 2008 election.

Liz Cheney initially opposed Enzi in the Republican primary during the 2014 election, but polling showed that Enzi would defeat her. Cheney dropped out of the race, citing family health concerns. He defeated Democratic nominee Charlie Hardy and independent candidate Curt Gottshall in the election.

On May 5, 2019, Enzi announced that he would not seek reelection in the 2020 election. Cynthia Lummis won the Republican nomination and defeated Democratic nominee Merav Ben-David in the general election. He was the longest-serving senator from Wyoming since Francis E. Warren.

Tenure
During Enzi's tenure in the Senate he served on the Labor and Human Resources, Small Business and Entrepreneurship, and the Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs committees. In 2001, he was given Jim Jeffords' position on the Foreign Relations committee after Jeffords left the Republican Party to become an independent. Enzi served as chair of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, and Budget committees. He also served as chair of the Banking Subcommittee on National Security and International Trade and Finance, and the Labor Subcommittee on Employment, Safety, and Training.

Scott Ratliff, a former member of the Wyoming House of Representatives, served on Enzi's staff for issues about the Wind River Indian Reservation.

In 1997, Enzi asked to be allowed to bring his laptop onto the Senate floor as it was easier than carrying multiple briefcases, but the Senate rules prohibited all mechanical devices that could distract senators unless the Sergeant at Arms ruled that those devices were necessary and proper for the conduction of official business. Sergeant at Arms Gregory S. Casey conducted a three-month study and said that the rules of the Senate allowed members to use laptops on the floor, but not if they were connected to an outside network. Senator John Warner, the chair of the Rules Committee, sent the report to all 100 senators for consideration in September. Robert Torricelli opposed allowing laptops onto the floor stating that it would lead to staff instructing senators how to vote and Robert Byrd also opposed it stating that the sound of typing would be irritating. Senators Wendell Ford, Dianne Feinstein, and Kay Bailey Hutchison also opposed allowing laptops onto the floor. On November 5, the Rules Committee voted against allowing Enzi to bring his laptop onto the floor with Rick Santorum being the only member voting to allow laptops onto the floor. All personal electronic devices are still prohibited from the floor.

During the 2000 presidential election he praised George W. Bush's selection of Dick Cheney as his vice-presidential running mate stating that Cheney was "an outstanding selection" and that he was "excited not just for Wyoming, but for the whole country". Following Trent Lott's resignation Enzi lobbied for Bill Frist to become the Majority Leader of the Senate.

He was given the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1999, making him the first Wyomingite to receive the award, after being nominated by the Central Wyoming Council and the Boy Scouts of America. Enzi and Representative Cliff Stearns were awarded the Stuart Symington award, given for outstanding civilian contribution in the field of national security, by the Air Force Association, which was their highest civilian award, for co-founding the Congressional Air Force Caucus.

Death
On July 23, 2021, Enzi broke his neck and multiple ribs in a bicycling accident near his home in Gillette. He was flown to a hospital in Loveland, Colorado, where he died on July 26.

Political positions
Enzi opposed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, voted to sustain a filibuster against it stating that it violated the First Amendment rights of interest groups to contribute money in 1997 and 1998, and voted against the legislation while sixty members of the Senate voted in favor of it in 2002. He returned campaign contributions given to him by Enron following their scandal. In 2000, Enzi asked Senator William Roth, the chair of the Finance Committee, to implement geographic equity for Medicare spending in order to give money to rural healthcare.

Crime and guns
While in the state legislature Enzi and Senator John Perry cosponsored legislation to make the assault and battery of people above the age of sixty-five a high misdemeanor. He supported capital punishment. Enzi asked Attorney General Janet Reno to make assisted suicide illegal as the Drug Enforcement Administration had ruled. He voted against the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006.

Enzi initially supported the Violent and Repeat Juvenile Offender Act to reduce crimes committed by juveniles, but withdrew his support stating that the legislation infringed on the Second Amendment. During the votes on amendments to the Juvenile Justice Enforcement Act he voted against requiring background checks for firearms sales at gun shows and flea markets, regulating the transfer of firearms through the internet, and banning the importation of high capacity ammunition magazines. Enzi was one of two senators who voted against an amendment to the Juvenile Justice Enforcement Act which prohibited juveniles from purchasing or possessing assault-style semi-automatic weapons without the consent of a parent.

Enzi was given repeated "A" ratings by the NRA Political Victory Fund. Enzi introduced legislation in 2001, which would have required law enforcement to destroy the records created by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of people who passed a background check for a gun purchase.

Enzi supported the creation of an amendment prohibiting the desecration of the flag of the United States. In 2000, the Senate voted sixty-three to thirty-seven, with Enzi in favor, in favor of an amendment prohibiting flag desecration, but it failed to receive a two-thirds majority. In 2006, the Senate voted sixty-six to thirty-four, with Enzi in favor, in favor of an amendment prohibiting flag desecration, but it failed to receive a two-thirds majority.

Economics
In 1994, the state senate voted twenty-nine to one, with Enzi as the only vote against, in favor of placing a moratorium on the sale of state land. Enzi voted against an amendment to raise the minimum wage by $1 over the course of two years in 1998. In 1999, Enzi and twenty-two other senators wrote a letter to Clinton asking him to implement tariffs to protect lamb production in the United States. He supported a ruling by the United States International Trade Commission which would allow tariffs on wheat imports from Canada.

Enzi supported the creation of a balanced budget amendment and stated that without the amendment the president could use "smoke and mirrors" to circumvent requirements for a balanced budget. Enzi was given a Taxpayer's Friend award by the National Taxpayers Union in their 1999 report. Enzi opposed the estate tax and criticized Clinton for vetoing legislation to phase out the estate tax at the federal level over the course of ten years.

Enzi opposed a ballot initiative that would allow counties in Wyoming to legalize gambling and he served as director of Wyomingites for a Better Economy Today and Tomorrow which opposed the initiative. Enzi introduced an amendment to legislation for the United States Department of the Interior's spending in the Senate to prohibit the approving of new Native American casinos without state approval. The Arapaho and Shoshone tribes criticized Enzi for introducing the legislation without consulting them. He later asked for Bruce Babbitt to overstep his authority as Secretary of the Interior for tribal gambling issues. Ron Allen, the president of the National Congress of American Indians and chair of the Klallam tribe, criticized Enzi for attempting to limit the power of Native Americans to negotiate gambling contracts with the federal government.

Environment
Enzi and Senator Byrd co-sponsored a resolution calling for President Bill Clinton to not sign global climate agreements if they harmed the interests of the United States or if they failed to include developing nations with the resolution being in response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Enzi opposed the Kyoto Protocol and he attended the conference where the participants did not agree with his the United States Senate's view on climate change. The Public Interest Research Group gave Enzi a zero percent rating for votes on environmental legislation conducted between March 1997 and March 1998. He supported drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

Equality
Enzi was given a zero percent rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America in its 1997 report. He was given a F rating by the NAACP in 2002. Enzi cosponsored a resolution expressing support for Judge Roy Moore's attempts to have the Ten Commandments displayed in his courtroom.

Enzi led the effort to create the Sacagawea dollar to honor Sacagawea and replace the Susan B. Anthony dollar despite other members of the Senate who wanted the coin to depict the Statue of Liberty, Clara Barton, Shirley Chisholm, Rosa Parks, Pocahontas, or another figure. Enzi wrote a letter to Treasurer Robert Rubin asking for the coin to be unveiled at Fort Washakie. Enzi opposed the creation of federal hate crime legislation and attempts by President Clinton to expand federal hate crime legislation. Wyoming later made the Sacagawea coin its official state coin.

Enzi supported legislation in the state senate to declare all same-sex marriages, including those conducted outside of the state, void in Wyoming. He supported the Boy Scouts exclusion of gay scouts and leaders and supported legislation to end federal aid to schools which prohibited the Boy Scouts due to their refusal to admit gay members. Enzi supported Santorum's comments on Lawrence v. Texas in which Santorum stated that sodomy laws should be upheld. In 2004, the Senate voted fifty to forty-eight, with Enzi in favor, against the Federal Marriage Amendment which would have prohibited gay marriage. Enzi released a statement following the murder of Matthew Shepard in which he denounced the murder and expressed sympathy for his family, but he later voted against the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.

Foreign policy
Enzi supported the International Monetary Fund's bailout of South Korea during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. He opposed sending soldiers to Kosovo to participate in the Kosovo War and stated that "there was no exit plan built in". Enzi voted to express Congressional approval for the prosecution of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Yugoslav Wars.

He voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001 and the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002. Enzi praised Bush's 2003 State of the Union Address stating that he had made solid arguments against Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the need to disarm Iraq and later stated that Saddam Hussein must be overthrown to disarm Iraq. He stated that he still believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction despite no weapons of mass destruction being discovered following the invasion of Iraq.

Enzi opposed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty stating that the United States needed to test its nuclear weapons as one-third of the nuclear weapons were detected to have flaws from 1945 to 1992. He supported either amending or leaving the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

Enzi supported legislation to end the blockade on food and medicine sales and donations to Cuba in 1998, and later asked Bush to lift restrictions on selling American food and medicine to Cuba. Enzi stated that the United States Congress should not become involved with Elián González. In 2003, he and Senator Max Baucus called for travel restrictions to Cuba to be lifted. He and Senator Byron Dorgan introduced the Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act with other Democratic and Republican senators to allow Americans to travel to Cuba in 2009, and supported other legislation to allow Americans to travel to Cuba.

Impeachment
The Senate voted seventy to thirty, with Enzi against, against calling Monica Lewinsky to testify in the impeachment trial of Clinton. He voted to convict Clinton on both articles of impeachment, but neither article received enough support to remove Clinton.

Enzi, along with 51 other Republican Senators, voted against convicting Donald Trump on both articles of impeachment in his first impeachment trial. As a result, Trump was acquitted of both articles.

Judicial appointments
In 2005, the Senate voted seventy-eight to twenty-two, with Enzi in favor, in favor of appointing John Roberts to serve as Chief Justice of the United States.

title: Mike Enzi


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Saab Sonett

The Saab Sonett is an automobile manufactured by Swedish automaker Saab between 1955 and 1957 and again between 1966 and 1974. Sonetts share engines and other components with Saab 93, 95 and 96 of the same era. It was mainly intended for the lucrative American export market and was only offered intermittently in the Swedish domestic market (model years 1968 and 1972).

The first prototype, now known as the Sonett I, is a two-seat, open-top, lightweight roadster racer which, ten years later, evolved into the commercially distributed Sonett models II, V4, and III.

Sonett I
In the 1950s, Rolf Mellde—a Saab engine developer and race enthusiast—along with Lars Olov Olsson, Olle Lindkvist, and Gotta Svensson, designed a two-seat roadster prototype in a barn in Åsaka, near Trollhättan (the site of the main Saab manufacturing facility). The limited research-and-development project, with a total budget of only SEK75000, became known as the Sonett, a name derived from the Swedish phrase Så nätt den är ("how neat it is", or more literally "it's so neat") supposedly said by Mellde when faced with the prototype.

The Saab Sonett, also called the Super Sport or Saab 94, was introduced on 16 March 1956 at Stockholm's Bilsalong (motor show). Featuring a three-cylinder 748 cc two-stroke engine generating 57.5 hp and a 70 kg aluminium box-style chassis from Swedish designer Sixten Sason, the Sonett I was an advanced low-weight 600 kg racer based on aircraft design concepts.

With a projected top speed of 120 mph, the Sonett I had the prospect of success on the European race circuit, and a production run of 2,000 units was planned for 1957. However, race competition rules changed, permitting modified production cars into race classes that Saab had envisioned for its purpose-built Sonett, and the economic and marketing viability of the project faded.

Only six Sonett I vehicles were made between 1955 and early 1957, all RHD. The original prototype, known as "No. 1" and built with a manually-crafted glass-reinforced plastic (GRP, or "fiberglass") body, served as the reference model for the other five cars. An extremely rare vehicle, only two Sonetts I exist in the United States. Chassis number 2 was in the GM Heritage Center Collection but it was sold to Saab Cars North America (SCNA) after GM's 2009 bankruptcy. After Saab, too, went bankrupt in 2012, it was sold on to the Saab Heritage Car Museum USA in South Dakota.

In September 1996, rally driver Erik Carlsson broke the Swedish record for the under–750-cc engine class with a speed of 159.4 km/h in the restored Sonett I original prototype "No. 1".

Sonett II
In the early 1960s, Björn Karlström, an aircraft and automotive illustrator, and Walter Kern, an engineer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, independently suggested a two-seat roadster with Saab components and a two-stroke engine called the "Shrike". Two prototypes were developed: the Saab MFI13 by Malmö Flygindustri, and the Saab Catherina by Sixten Sason.

After some modifications, the MFI13 was put into limited production (28 units) in 1966 as the Sonett II, manufactured at the Aktiebolaget Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna (ASJ) in Arlöv. Inside Saab, it was designated model 97. A further 230 units were assembled in 1967, but as the two-stroke engine became increasingly uncompetitive in the US market, a switch to the Ford Taunus V4 engine was made in the middle of the 1967 production year, and the model was renamed the Sonett V4. Apart from the engine and related drivetrain, the Sonett II and Sonett V4 share much of their componentry. The additional weight did require some strengthening of the chassis and suspension pieces, and the wheels were half an inch wider than the four-inch units used on the Sonett II. Approximately 50 percent of the Sonett II production has survived, preserved or maintained by museums, collectors, and race enthusiasts. The 1967 year holds the distinction of becoming the last 2 stroke engine passenger automobile sold new in the United States.

Like the Sonett I prototype, the Sonett II fiberglass body was bolted to a box-type chassis with an added roll-bar to support the hard top. The entire front hood section hinged forward to allow easy access to the engine, transmission, and front suspension. Equipped with a three-cylinder, two-stroke engine generating 60 PS, the Sonett II achieved 0 to 100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 12.5 seconds, with a top speed of 150 km/h. All Sonett IIs were left hand drive (LHD).

Designed as a race car, the Sonett II competed successfully against other small European sports cars, including the Austin-Healey Sprite and Triumph Spitfire, in Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) races of the period. Due to low production volume, Sonett IIs were disqualified from certain competitions. By 1967, the two-stroke engine failed to meet US emission control standards. In 2011 a two-stroke Sonett II achieved 109 mph at the Bonneville Salt Flats. Of the 28 Sonett IIs manufactured in 1966 all were equipped with 841 cc three cylinder two-stroke engines. SAAB produced serial numbers 29 through 258 with the two-stroke engine, serial number 259 was the first Sonett to have the V4 engine.

All Sonett II transmissions had a freewheel that could be engaged and disengaged while in motion via a pull handle down near the throttle pedal. The freewheel was required in the normal (non-oil pump engines) SAAB two stroke engines but not in the racing engines that had an oil injection system fed from a supply tank, nor in the Sonett V4 since it had a four-stroke engine with the common recirculating pressure lubrication.

The Škoda-engined ÚVMV 1100 GT was based on the Sonett II.

Sonett V4

When Saab started using the Ford Taunus V4 engine in their 95, 96, and Monte Carlo models, an upgrade for the low-volume Sonett II became economically feasible. The Sonett V4 was introduced with a 1,500 cc Ford V4 engine in the middle of the 1967 model year starting with serial number 259. A new "bulge" hood, designed by Gunnar A. Sjögren, was required to clear the larger V4 engine, with a slight right offset to avoid obstructing the driver's view. This asymmetrical hood shape, criticized by both the automotive press and within Saab itself, contributed to the motivation for the 1970 Sonett III redesign.

The Ford V4 engine produced 65 hp, and—combined with the car's lightweight chassis and fiberglass construction—allowed the V4 model to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 to 62 mph) in 12.5 seconds, with a top speed of 160 km/h. The V4's dashboard was wrinkle finished black, unlike the wooden panel used in the Sonett II.

Following the low-volume 1966–67 Sonett IIs, Saab ramped up Sonett V4 production to meet minimum SCCA requirements, assembling 70 units in the 1967 transition year, 900 units in 1968, and 640 units in the final 1969 production year—a total of 1,610 Sonett V4 vehicles. The 1969 models can be recognized by their taller seat backs and by having a lid for the glove compartment, while the heater was also made somewhat more efficient.

While the Sonett V4 was assembled in Sweden, nearly the entire production was exported to the United States, with an MSRP of between US$3,200 and US$3,800 (US$0 to US$0 in today's dollars). In addition to its unusual fiberglass body, the Sonett V4 featured advanced safety features for its day, including a roll bar, three-point seat belts, and high-back bucket seats to protect against whiplash injury. Sonett V4s also sported a few oddities compared to standard American sports cars like e.g. Corvette, such as front wheel drive; a freewheeling clutch that disengaged automatically whenever the accelerator pedal was no longer pressed, and a column-mounted shifter, rather than a typical floor-mounted shifter.

In spite of lackluster Saab marketing, unusual features, and quirky design, the Sonett V4 found a niche market in the US, propelled by successful SCCA racing performances of the Sonett II. Its primary competitors were British roadsters, including the MG Midget and MG MGB, the Triumph TR5, the TVR Grantura and the Austin-Healey Sprite Mark IV.

The Clean Air Act of 1970 prompted engineering modifications to the Ford V4 emission control system that were difficult to reconcile with the Sonett II/V4 body style which then led to the Sonett III redesign.

Sonett III
The 1970 redesign of the Sonett V4, named the Sonett III, was initially undertaken by Sergio Coggiola, but Gunnar A. Sjögren altered it to fit the existing Sonett II chassis without expensive manufacturing-line changes. Hinged rear-window glass replaced the Sonett II/V4 rear compartment hatch door. With the mandate for a "bulge-less" hood, the engine compartment opening evolved into a small front popup panel, resulting in more limited access than in the Sonett V4. Extensive engine work required the removal of the entire front hood section.

To help adapt the car to US market tastes, the Sonett III featured a floor-mounted shifter (instead of the Sonett V4 column-mounted shifter) and optional dealer-installed air conditioning. The Sonett III's hidden headlamps were operated manually using a lever. US safety regulations required new low speed impact proof bumpers after 1972, significantly detracting from its Italian-inspired design. All Sonett III were LHD.

While the 1970 and 1971 model years initially had the same 1500 cc Ford Taunus V4 engine as the Sonett V4, emission control requirements reduced the available horsepower. The model years 1972 to 1974 of the Sonett III used the 1700 cc Ford V4, but to meet increasingly strict federal regulations, net power output remained the same as the 1500 cc engine, at 65 hp. Still, the Sonett III accelerated from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 13 seconds, and—due to a higher differential gear ratio (42 teeth on the ring gear and 9 teeth on the pinion gear) than the standard 95/96 transmission (39:8)—achieved a top speed of 165 km/h, aided by a drag coefficient of 0.31 cd.

Disappointing sales, especially during the 1973 oil crisis, led Saab to end production late in 1974. A total of 8,368 Sonett IIIs were manufactured between 1970 and 1974.

By then the production total for models Sonett II, Sonett V4 and Sonett III had reached 10,236 units.

During that time Saab USA's president Jonas Kjellberg was interested in creating a new generation of Sonett in collaboration with Reliant and styled by Tom Karen of Ogle Design, in a deal where the latter would design, engineer and assemble the car for the US market. However the project was brought to an end when the board at Saab rejected the proposals, when Kjellberg presented Reliant's business plan for the new Sonett.

SAAB also used the Sonett III for test builds powered by a Rankine cycle steam engine. One of the test cars survived and was at auction in Stockholm in July 2019.

Cancelled new Sonett
The Sonett name was planned to be revived as the production version of the Saab PhoeniX concept. Designed by Jason Castriota as an affordable halo car for Saab, it would have been a 2+2 sports car producing up to 400 hp in its highest form, and used the new Phoenix platform that would have underpinned the next generation 9-3 and 9-1 compact. These projects were cancelled with the dissolution of Saab in 2012.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saab Sonett


text:
Craig L. Thomas

Craig Lyle Thomas (February 17, 1933 – June 4, 2007) was an American politician who served as United States Senator from Wyoming from 1995 until his death in 2007. He was a member of the Republican Party. In the Senate, Thomas was considered an expert on agriculture and rural development. He had served in key positions in several state agencies, including a long tenure as Vice President of the Wyoming Farm Bureau from 1965 to 1974. Thomas resided in Casper for twenty-eight years. In 1984, he was elected from Casper to the Wyoming House of Representatives, in which he served until 1989.

In 1989, Dick Cheney, who occupied Wyoming's only seat in the House of Representatives, resigned to become Secretary of Defense. Thomas became the Republican candidate to succeed Cheney and won the April 1989 special election. He was re-elected in 1990 and 1992, and in 1994 he ran for and won the Senate seat being vacated by fellow conservative Republican Malcolm Wallop of Sheridan in northeastern Wyoming. He was re-elected in 2000 and 2006, having easily beaten Democratic candidates in both elections with 70 percent of the vote.

Family
Thomas was married to Leona M. Francis on February 22, 1955 in Uinta, Wyoming. The couple had three sons and one daughter, as well as nine grandchildren. They later divorced. Thomas later married the former Susan Roberts, a public school teacher for special-needs students in Arlington, Virginia.

Biography
Thomas graduated from the University of Wyoming in Laramie with a degree in animal husbandry. At the University he was a member of the Delta Chi Fraternity. Thereafter, he served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps from 1955 to 1959; he attained the rank of Captain. He obtained a law degree from La Salle Extension University, though he did not list it on later official biographies.

In addition to his work with the Farm Bureau, he was general manager of the Wyoming Rural Electrification Administration. After four years in the Wyoming House, Thomas won a special election on April 26, 1989 to replace Dick Cheney as Wyoming's lone member of the United States House of Representatives. He resigned as a state representative effective May 2, 1989 and took his seat in the U.S. House on the same day. He was re-elected to that seat in 1990 and 1992. In 1994, he ran for the United States Senate and won, defeating popular Democratic Governor Mike Sullivan by 20 percentage points. He was elected second term in 2000 with a 74 percent majority, one of the largest margins in Wyoming election history. In the 2006 election he was opposed by Democratic engineer Dale Groutage. Thomas was re-elected to a third term with 70 percent of the ballots even as Democratic Governor Dave Freudenthal was also winning with the same 70 percent margin.

As chairman of the National Parks Subcommittee, Thomas authored legislation to provide funding and management reforms to protect America's national parks into the 21st century. For this and other relevant legislation, Thomas was honored by the National Parks Conservation Association with their William Penn Mott, Jr., Park Leadership Award, as well as the National Parks Achievement Award. As the senior member of the Senate's influential Finance Committee, Thomas had been involved in issues such as Social Security, trade, rural health care, and tax reform. As a member of the Senate Finance Committee, Thomas was instrumental in passing the Central America Free Trade Agreement. As co-chair of the Senate Rural Health Caucus, Thomas worked on legislation to improve health care opportunities for rural families.

Illness and death
Thomas entered the hospital shortly before the balloting occurred in November 2006 and was initially treated for pneumonia. Two days after the 2006 election, Thomas' diagnosis of leukemia was announced. He immediately underwent treatment in the form of chemotherapy at the hospital and then returned to work in December, a month earlier than expected. In early 2007, Thomas said he was feeling better than he had in a long time, but he returned to the hospital for a second round of chemotherapy a month later. On June 4, 2007, Thomas was reported in serious condition, struggling with an infection while undergoing a second round of chemotherapy at Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Thomas was pronounced dead that same day from complications of leukemia at 9:53 PM EST.

Thomas' services were held in the Methodist Church in Casper on June 9, 2007. The two Senate leaders, Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV), and Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), headed a delegation of some twenty members of Congress who came to pay respects to the deceased senator. Thomas' burial was in Riverside Cemetery in Cody on June 10.

Under Wyoming law, Governor Freudenthal was required to appoint a new senator from a list of three submitted by the Wyoming Republican Party's central committee because the seat was vacated by a Republican. The GOP met on June 19, 2007, in Casper to select three candidates from thirty applicants to send to the governor. Tom Sansonetti, former state Treasurer Cynthia Lummis, and State Senator John Barrasso were nominated. On June 22, 2007, Governor Dave Freudenthal appointed Barrasso as Thomas's successor in the U.S. Senate.

Thomas has been honored posthumously by having the Visitor Center in Grand Teton National Park named for him. The Craig Thomas Discovery and Visitor Center, in Moose, Wyoming, was dedicated on August 11, 2007, with many dignitaries attending, including Vice President Dick Cheney.

title: Craig L. Thomas


text:
Hilbert's sixteenth problem

Hilbert's 16th problem was posed by David Hilbert at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900, as part of his list of 23 problems in mathematics.

The original problem was posed as the Problem of the topology of algebraic curves and surfaces (Problem der Topologie algebraischer Kurven und Flächen).

Actually the problem consists of two similar problems in different branches of mathematics:
 * An investigation of the relative positions of the branches of real algebraic curves of degree n (and similarly for algebraic surfaces).
 * The determination of the upper bound for the number of limit cycles in two-dimensional polynomial vector fields of degree n and an investigation of their relative positions.

The first problem is yet unsolved for n = 8. Therefore, this problem is what usually is meant when talking about Hilbert's sixteenth problem in real algebraic geometry. The second problem also remains unsolved: no upper bound for the number of limit cycles is known for any n > 1, and this is what usually is meant by Hilbert's sixteenth problem in the field of dynamical systems.

The Spanish Royal Society for Mathematics published an explanation of Hilbert's sixteenth problem.

The first part of Hilbert's 16th problem
In 1876, Harnack investigated algebraic curves in the real projective plane and found that curves of degree n could have no more than

 * $$ {n^2-3n+4 \over 2} $$

separate connected components. Furthermore, he showed how to construct curves that attained that upper bound, and thus that it was the best possible bound. Curves with that number of components are called M-curves.

Hilbert had investigated the M-curves of degree 6, and found that the 11 components always were grouped in a certain way. His challenge to the mathematical community now was to completely investigate the possible configurations of the components of the M-curves.

Furthermore, he requested a generalization of Harnack's curve theorem to algebraic surfaces and a similar investigation of surfaces with the maximum number of components.

The second part of Hilbert's 16th problem
Here we are going to consider polynomial vector fields in the real plane, that is a system of differential equations of the form:

 * $$ {dx \over dt}=P(x,y), \qquad {dy \over dt}=Q(x,y) $$

where both P and Q are real polynomials of degree n.

These polynomial vector fields were studied by Poincaré, who had the idea of abandoning the search for finding exact solutions to the system, and instead attempted to study the qualitative features of the collection of all possible solutions.

Among many important discoveries, he found that the limit sets of such solutions need not be a stationary point, but could rather be a periodic solution. Such solutions are called limit cycles.

The second part of Hilbert's 16th problem is to decide an upper bound for the number of limit cycles in polynomial vector fields of degree n and, similar to the first part, investigate their relative positions.

Results
It was shown in 1991/1992 by Yulii Ilyashenko and Jean Écalle that every polynomial vector field in the plane has only finitely many limit cycles (a 1923 article by Henri Dulac claiming a proof of this statement had been shown to contain a gap in 1981). This statement is not obvious, since it is easy to construct smooth (C∞) vector fields in the plane with infinitely many concentric limit cycles.

The question whether there exists a finite upper bound H(n) for the number of limit cycles of planar polynomial vector fields of degree n remains unsolved for any n > 1. (H(1) = 0 since linear vector fields do not have limit cycles.) Evgenii Landis and Ivan Petrovsky claimed a solution in the 1950s, but it was shown wrong in the early 1960s. Quadratic plane vector fields with four limit cycles are known. An example of numerical visualization of four limit cycles in a quadratic plane vector field can be found in. In general, the difficulties in estimating the number of limit cycles by numerical integration are due to the nested limit cycles with very narrow regions of attraction, which are hidden attractors, and semi-stable limit cycles.

The original formulation of the problems
In his speech, Hilbert presented the problems as:

"The upper bound of closed and separate branches of an algebraic curve of degree n was decided by Harnack (Mathematische Annalen, 10); from this arises the further question as of the relative positions of the branches in the plane. As of the curves of degree 6, I have – admittedly in a rather elaborate way – convinced myself that the 11 branches, that they can have according to Harnack, never all can be separate, rather there must exist one branch, which have another branch running in its interior and nine branches running in its exterior, or opposite. It seems to me that a thorough investigation of the relative positions of the upper bound for separate branches is of great interest, and similarly the corresponding investigation of the number, shape and position of the sheets of an algebraic surface in space – it is not yet even known, how many sheets a surface of degree 4 in three-dimensional space can maximally have. (cf. Rohn, Flächen vierter Ordnung, Preissschriften der Fürstlich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1886)"

Hilbert continues:

"Following this purely algebraic problem I would like to raise a question that, it seems to me, can be attacked by the same method of continuous coefficient changing, and whose answer is of similar importance to the topology of the families of curves defined by differential equations – that is the question of the upper bound and position of the Poincaré boundary cycles (cycles limites) for a differential equation of first order of the form:

 * $ {dy \over dx} = {Y \over X} $

where X, Y are integer, rational functions of nth degree in resp. x, y, or written homogeneously:

X \left( y {dz \over dt} - z {dy \over dt} \right) + Y\left(z {dx \over dt} - x {dz \over dt} \right) + Z\left(x {dy \over dt} - y {dx \over dt} \right) = 0 $

where X, Y, Z means integral, rational, homogenic functions of nth degree in x, y, z and the latter are to be considered function of the parameter t."

title: Hilbert's sixteenth problem


text:
Talk:Hilbert's sixteenth problem

Introspective
This rather introspective chunk was posted: '' As of the curves of order 6, I have - admittedly in a rather elaborate way - convinced myself that the 11 branches, that they have according to Harnack, never all can be seperate, rather there must exist with one branch running in its interior and nine branches running in its exterior, or opposite. It seems to me that a thorough investigation of the relative positions of the upper bound for seperate branches is of great interest, and similarly the corresponding investigation of the number, shape and and position of the sheets of an algebraic surface in space - it is not yet even known, how many sheets a surface of order 4 in three-dimensional space can maximally have. (cf. Rohn, Flächen vierter Ordnung, Preissschriften der Fürstlich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1886)''

Could someone can decode that into something less personal and more encyclopedic, if possible? Thanks Dysprosia 10:27, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That was a translation of Hilbert's original problem. That is, the I in the translation is Hilbert. A transcription of the problem into more clear prose might be desirable, but should not replace Hilbert's original statement of the problem.

 * So was this a quotation? It just didn't seem clear enough that it was Dysprosia 10:31, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Added quotes to emphasize that it is a quotation.
 * Thank you :) Dysprosia 10:38, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hilbert's original statement of the problem was in German. What is reproduced here is a translation. The most widely used English translation of Hilbert's text is the translation by Mary Winston Newson published in 1902. The
 * HTML version of this translation provided by David Joyce (mentioned under external links in the main Hilbert's problems article) is widely referenced on the web, and pops up quickly if you do a Google search on "Hilbert problems". I don't think reproducing an alternative (and less clear) English translation of the original Hilbert text in Wikipedia adds any value, plus there is a Wikipedia style guideline that says don't include copies of primary sources. Much more useful, to my mind, would be an article summarising the history and current status of the 16th problem. -- Gandalf61 14:38, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

I agree that the page needed more than a pure translation. I have tried to reformulate the page with more modern language and references to the history of the problem(s). Some images would probably help a lot for the understanding of the first part, though.

The following does not make sense:

 * Here we are going to consider polynomial vector fields in the plane, that is a system of differential equations of the form:
 * $$ {dx \over dt}P(x,y), \qquad {dy \over dt}Q(x,y) $$
 * where both P and Q are polynomial functions of degree n.

If it says "differential equations of the form ..." then what follows needs to be a differential equation. What is displayed is not a differential equation. I'd fix it if I knew what it should say instead. Michael Hardy 21:04, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe, it should be "differential expressions" instead of "differential equations"? Andris 21:07, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hilbert's sixteenth problem


text:
Aldwych

Aldwych (pronounced ) is a street and the name of the area immediately surrounding it, in the City of Westminster, part of Greater London, and is part of the West End Theatreland. The 450 metre street starts 600 metre east-northeast of Charing Cross, the conventional map centre-point of the capital city.

The name means "old port", and in Anglo-Saxon times it was the port of the City of London.

The semi-circular design of the street of Aldwych arises from its function, making navigable the gradient of the fall in levels between the roads connected by the street: the south end of Kingsway, and the Strand. It forms part of the A4 road from London to Avonmouth, Bristol.

The Aldwych area forms part of the Northbank business improvement district. It is known for hotels, restaurants, two theatres, the High Commissions of India and Australia. It gives its name to the now-closed Underground station on the related section of the Strand (the return of the crescent), which poses as an active tube station in films and television shows. Marking the east end of the street and in the middle of the crescent return are Grade I heritage listed churches designed by Wren and Gibbs. Immediately north-east of St Clement Danes (St Clements), on Strand, is the Royal Courts of Justice, a complex of courtrooms used by the senior courts of England and Wales, including the High Court and the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.

Landmarks
Aldwych, the street, is a crescent, connected to the Strand at both ends, and forms part of the A4 route. Streets adjoining are Drury Lane, Kingsway, India Place and Melbourne Place. Notable buildings along its length include:

Theatres:
 * Aldwych Theatre, opened in 1905
 * Novello Theatre, opened in 1905

High Commissions:
 * India House, the High Commission of India in London
 * Australia House, the High Commission of Australia in London

Hotels and Restaurants:
 * The Waldorf Hilton, London, a hotel opened in 1908
 * The ME Hotel, designed by Richard Rogers
 * One Aldwych

Universities:
 * Bush House, King House, Melbourne House and Strand House - making up the Aldwych Quarter - formerly the office headquarters of the BBC World Service from 1941 to 2012 and now part of the Strand Campus of King's College London
 * Connaught House, Columbia House, Aldwych House, and Clement House, buildings of the London School of Economics

Former buildings include:
 * Gaiety Theatre, opened in 1864 and closed in 1939
 * Television House (now known as 61 Aldwych), former headquarters of several defunct ITV franchise contractors and ITN

Facing one end of the street on the Strand is closed-in-1994 Aldwych station, originally named Strand station. It has been used when closed for scenes of films and television dramas.

History
In the seventh century, the area was an Anglo-Saxon major settlement Lundenwic (the last syllable pronounced as today) ('London port') centred one mile to the west of Londinium (known to the Saxons as Lundenburh 'London fort'). "Lundenwic" later became the old wich (old port, that is Aldwych). It is not known if it had a church, and the town either took advantage of the scouring action of the Fleet or used the mouth itself as a harbour for trading ships and fishing boats. After Alfred the Great re-built the London fortifications in the late 9th century, Londinium became known as Lundenburh or simply Lunden, and Lundenwic so became ealdwic or aldwich. (The word "old" evolved from ald, the Old English being eald and the German cognate being alt.) The name was recorded as Aldewich in 1211.

St Clement Danes is one of the four ancient Westminster parishes and was first recorded in the 1190s; it once covered the whole of Aldwych and all adjoining areas. Its church, which features in the first line of the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons, was rebuilt by Wren. The civil parish was abolished in 1922. It is open to - and it is known by residents and businesses to - use the term St Clement Danes interchangeably with Aldwych, which also covered in its final, smallest form the Adelphi and much of the Strand.

The urban centre of Lundenwic was unearthed in the 1980s after extensive excavations, and were reinterpreted as being urban in character. These conclusions were reached independently by two archaeologists (Vince and Biddle). Recent excavations in Covent Garden adjoining have uncovered an extensive Anglo-Saxon settlement, covering about 150 acre, stretching from the present-day National Gallery site in the west, to Aldwych in the east. As the presumed locus of the city, Lundenburh, was moved back within the old Roman walls, the older settlement of Lundenwic gained the name of ealdwic, 'old port', "eald" and the softer form of "wic" transposed to "ald" and "wich" in Middle English orthography.

The street was created in the early 20th century in a project that saw a new street layout destroying Wych Street which was full of overhangs and projections, and the construction of Australia House (built 1913–18) and Bush House (completed 1925). A statue of the 19th-century prime minister William Ewart Gladstone was installed in 1905 near St Clement Danes church, at the eastern end of Aldwych.

In 1906, Aldwych tramway station was opened underneath Kingsway; it closed in 1952. In 1907, Aldwych station was opened on the Strand opposite Aldwych; it closed in 1994.

On 18 February 1996, a bomb was detonated prematurely on a number 171 bus travelling along Aldwych, killing its carrier, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Edward O'Brien and injuring several passengers.

In 2021, the Strand was pedestrianised between Melbourne Place and Lancaster Place, and Aldwych was converted into a two-way street.

title: Aldwych


text:
User:Popebrak

Popebrak is neither a Pope, nor is he Brak.

title: User:Popebrak


text:
Empire Service (disambiguation)

Empire Service may refer to:

 * Empire Service, a train service in New York State
 * Empire Service (1943–1961), one of the Empire ships in service of the British government
 * BBC Empire Service, forerunner to the BBC World Service

title: Empire Service (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Boötes

Pronunciation
Can someone insert the International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciation down please? Thanks, Matt 24.132.30.91 (talk) 15:58, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Is the diaeresis in Boötes part of the official IAU nomenclature? If so, shouldn't this article be at that spelling? Psmith 10:36, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It's not according to Names of Constellations on IAU. If I remember correctly, it's a transcription from Greek, and transcriptions usually are ambiguous.  The diaeresis is supposed to prevent people from eliding the second "o" when pronouncing the word.  It has  three syllables.  However this is my mere theory. – Torsten Bronger 11:28, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Star Charts
I must remark, the star charts for the constellations are beautiful... Ed Sanville 15:38, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Deep sky objects
"The one deep sky object in Boötes is NGC 5466" This is misleading. It implies that (a) Boötes has exactly one deep sky object, and (2) that there is an authority somewhere who points at objects and says "yes, that is a deep sky object", and "no, that one is not". I have revised the wording to make this phrase less misleading. --B.d.mills 09:18, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Arcturus
" It is a zero magnitude red giant and is the third brightest star as seen from Earth in the night sky"

Is it worth pointing out that Arcturus appears to the naked eye as only the 4th brightest star in the night sky, rather than the 3rd?

Alpha Centauri A and B are too close to each other for the naked eye to resolve them as separate stars, even when they are furthest from each other in their orbits, and the human eye percieves them as a single star, with an apparent magnitude of around -0.27, 0.23 magnitudes brighter than Arcturus (nearly 25% brighter). Richard B 14:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Corrected since long obviously. Said: Rursus 15:00, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Graphic visualization
What is the purpose of this section? As far as I can tell, this is just someone's idea of another way to see the constellation Bootes and Canes Venatici. I can't find and historical account or mythology or any other source that views Bootes as a "herdsman with a pipe" specifically. I believe this section should either be deleted or explain why the alternate "connet-the-dots" view described here as such. Tahlana 19:16, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Reverted
Reverted edit by 72.235.157.252, 66.166.186.57, 24.205.54.224, 68.164.68.244, identified as vandalism to last revision by SieBot.--Bay Flam 06:17, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

January bootids
The template mentions both the January bootids (non-existing article) and the Quadrantids. I suspect these meteor showers are identical. Is that correct? /129.142.71.166 (talk) 14:15, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

HD 132406 Star
I can see that there is a section in the article for the named stars in the constellation, but I think we should include names of all the stars, including HD 132406. 71.58.29.180 (talk) 00:11, 4 December 2008

 * The 'named stars' section can only include stars that has proper names like Arcturus, Sirius, Vega, etc. HD 132406 is only a designation, and should not include stars without proper names. However, we could make a section 'planetary systems' and can include this star, since this star has a planet. BlueEarth (talk | contribs) 00:44, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Organization of stars
Right - I guess the next question is leaving the stars organised by spectral type or rejigging to doubles and variables.....or what? I have the Wagman book which can place star depictions on the constellation which breaks up the listy aspect of it. I haven't added it yet till we get the layout fixed. Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 02:39, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I initially organized it by spectral type...but I'm not sure why. I did single bright/doubles/variables/single faint with Auriga and really liked it. I'm still finishing the meteor showers, once I've done that I can shift the stars section around. I don't have access to Wagman as far as I can tell, at least, not without a trek across the city/waiting for an interlibrary loan, so I'd appreciate it if you could add that stuff. :) I have a bunch of sources that will hopefully help with the deep-sky objects - take a gander at User:Keilana/Boo checklist and see if there's anything else we need? I also made User:Keilana/Constellation resources to collate everything in one place. Feel free to add more if that helps! Yay, Keilana|Parlez ici 03:09, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Never mind - I will read it again to get familiar with the stars and get wagman in - will tweak and alert when done. Casliber (talk · contribs) 05:07, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, thanks! Keilana|Parlez ici 13:41, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Update
Right - a bit of distance in space and time and some dabbling in other constellation articles.....{u|Keilana}} I think I'm gonna have a play with this - then it can be co-nommed for GA if you want. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 08:34, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Bootes, Canes Venatici, Coma Berenices, and Quadrans Muralis.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on June 28, 2017. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2017-06-28. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 02:43, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

The ULAS J1342+0928 Quasar
The wiki entry for ULAS J1342+0928 says it is a quasar located in the Boötes constellation. Should this quasar be mentioned here on the Boötes page? J Mark Morris (talk) 19:33, 29 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Possibly, possibly not. The article only mentions the more notable objects within the constellation.  There is a category which lets you find every article (assuming they are categorised correctly) and templates that let you quickly go from one object to another within Boötes.  Lithopsian (talk) 13:58, 30 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boötes


text:
Compressed air

Compressed air is air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. Compressed air in vehicle tyres and shock absorbers is commonly used for improved traction and reduced vibration. Compressed air is an important medium for transfer of energy in industrial processes, and is used for power tools such as air hammers, drills, wrenches, and others, as well as to atomize paint, to operate air cylinders for automation, and can also be used to propel vehicles. Brakes applied by compressed air made large railway trains safer and more efficient to operate. Compressed air brakes are also found on large highway vehicles.

Compressed air is used as a breathing gas by underwater divers. It may be carried by the diver in a high-pressure diving cylinder, or supplied from the surface at lower pressure through an air line or diver's umbilical. Similar arrangements are used in breathing apparatus used by firefighters, mine rescue workers and industrial workers in hazardous atmospheres.

In Europe, 10 percent of all industrial electricity consumption is to produce compressed air—amounting to 80 terawatt hours consumption per year.

Industrial use of piped compressed air for power transmission was developed in the mid-19th century; unlike steam, compressed air could be piped for long distances without losing pressure due to condensation. An early major application of compressed air was in the drilling of the Mont Cenis Tunnel in Italy and France in 1861, where a 600 kPa (87 psi) compressed air plant provided power to pneumatic drills, increasing productivity greatly over previous manual drilling methods. Compressed-air drills were applied at mines in the United States in the 1870s. George Westinghouse invented air brakes for trains starting in 1869; these brakes considerably improved the safety of rail operations. In the 19th century, Paris had a system of pipes installed for municipal distribution of compressed air to power machines and to operate generators for lighting. Early air compressors were steam-driven, but in certain locations a trompe could directly obtain compressed air from the force of falling water.

Breathing
Air for breathing may be stored at high pressure and gradually released when needed, as in scuba diving, or produced continuously to meet requirements, as in surface-supplied diving. Air for breathing must be free of oil and other contaminants; carbon monoxide, for example, in trace volumetric fractions that might not be dangerous at normal atmospheric pressure may have deadly effects when breathing pressurized air due to proportionally higher partial pressure. Air compressors, filters, and supply systems intended for breathing air are not generally also used for pneumatic tools or other purposes, as air quality requirements differ.

Workers constructing the foundations of bridges or other structures may be working in a pressurized enclosure called a caisson, where water is prevented from entering the open bottom of the enclosure by filling it with air under pressure. It was known as early as the 17th century that workers in diving bells experienced shortness of breath and risked asphyxia, relieved by the release of fresh air into the bell. Such workers also experienced pain and other symptoms when returning to the surface, as the pressure was relieved. Denis Papin suggested in 1691 that the working time in a diving bell could be extended if fresh air from the surface was continually forced under pressure into the bell. By the 19th century, caissons were regularly used in civil construction, but workers experienced serious, sometimes fatal, symptoms on returning to the surface, a syndrome called caisson disease or decompression sickness. Many workers were killed by the disease on projects such as the Brooklyn Bridge and the Eads Bridge and it was not until the 1890s that it was understood that workers had to decompress slowly, to prevent the formation of dangerous bubbles in tissues.

Air under moderately high pressure, such as is used when diving below about 20 m, has an increasing narcotic effect on the nervous system. Nitrogen narcosis is a hazard when diving. For diving much beyond 30 m, it is less safe to use air alone and special breathing mixes containing helium are often used.

Uses
In industry, compressed air is so widely used that it is often regarded as the fourth utility, after electricity, natural gas and water. However, compressed air is more expensive than the other three utilities when evaluated on a per unit energy delivered basis.

Compressed air is used for many purposes, including:
 * Pneumatics, the use of pressurized gases to do work
 * Pneumatic post, using capsules to move paper and small goods through tubes.
 * Air tools
 * HVAC control systems
 * spray painting
 * Vehicle propulsion (see compressed air vehicle)
 * Energy storage (see compressed air energy storage)
 * Recreation - Amusement Parks, Golf Courses (Sprinkler Systems), Hotel elevators, Ski Resorts (Snow making)
 * Air brakes, including:
 * railway braking systems
 * road vehicle braking systems
 * Underwater diving, for breathing, to inflate buoyancy compensator devices and lifting bags, and for airlift dredging
 * Refrigeration using a vortex tube
 * Air-start systems in engines
 * Ammunition propulsion in:
 * Air guns
 * Airsoft equipment
 * Paintball equipment
 * Cleaning dust and small debris in tiny spaces
 * Abrasive blasting for removing corrosion products and coatings
 * Injection molding
 * Airbrushing used by model railroaders and other hobbyists to paint and weather cars, boats, planes and trains
 * Food and beverage capping and fermentation
 * Compressed air from Lysefjorden/Preikestolen (Norway) is being sold in cans, mostly to China.

Design of systems
Compressor rooms must be designed with ventilation systems to remove waste heat produced by the compressors.

Water and oil vapor removal
When air at atmospheric pressure is compressed, it contains much more water vapor than the high-pressure air can hold. Relative humidity is governed by the properties of water and is not affected by air pressure. After compressed air cools, then the vaporized water turns to liquefied water.

Cooling the air as it leaves the compressor will take most of the moisture out before it gets into the piping. Aftercooler, storage tanks, etc. can help the compressed air cool to 104 °F; two-thirds of the water then turns to liquid.

Management of the excessive moisture is a requirement of a compressed air distribution system. System designers must ensure that piping maintains a slope, to prevent accumulation of moisture in low parts of the piping system. Drain valves may be installed at multiple points of a large system to allow trapped water to be blown out. Taps from piping headers may be arranged at the tops of pipes, so that moisture is not carried over into piping branches feeding equipment. Piping sizes are selected to avoid excessive energy loss in the piping system due to excess velocity in straight pipes at times of peak demand, or due to turbulence at pipe fittings.

title: Compressed air


text:
Bobolink

The bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) is a small New World blackbird and the only member of the genus Dolichonyx. An old name for this species is the "rice bird", from its tendency to feed on cultivated grains during winter and migration. The bobolink breeds in the summer in the United States and Canada, with most of the summer range in the northern U.S. Bobolinks winter in southern South America, primarily Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia. Bobolink populations are rapidly declining due to numerous factors, such as agricultural intensification and habitat loss; they are considered threatened in Canada, and are at risk throughout their range.

Etymology
The genus name Dolichonyx is from the Ancient Greek, "long", and , "claw". The specific oryzivorus is from Latin oryza, "rice", and vorare, "to devour"; an old name for this species is "Rice Bird". The English "Bobolink" is from Bob o' Lincoln, describing the call.

Description
Measurements:

 * Length: 5.9 - 8.3 in
 * Weight: 1.0 - 2.0 oz
 * Wingspan: 10.6 in

Adults are 16 – long with short finch-like bills and weigh about 1 oz. Adult males are mostly black with creamy napes and white scapulars, lower backs, and rumps. Adult females are mostly light brown with black streaks on the back and flanks, and dark stripes on the head; their wings and tails are darker.

Distribution and movements
The bobolink breeds in the summer in North America across much of southern Canada and the northern United States; from 1966 to 2015 the species experienced a greater than 1.5% annual population decrease throughout most of its breeding range, extending from the Midwestern United States to the Canadian Maritimes. The bobolink migrates long distances, wintering in southern South America. One bird was tracked migrating 12000 mi over the course of the year, often flying long distances up to 1100 mi in a single day, then stopping to recuperate for days or weeks.

Bobolinks often migrate in flocks, feeding on cultivated grains and rice, which leads to them being considered a pest by farmers in some areas. Although bobolinks migrate long distances, they have rarely been sighted in Europe — like many vagrants from the Americas, the majority of records are from the British Isles.

The species has been known in the southern United States as the "reedbird," or the "ricebird" from their consumption of large amounts of the grain from rice fields in South Carolina and the Gulf States during their southward migration in the fall. One of the species' main migration routes is through Jamaica, where they are called "butter-birds" and at least historically were collected as food, having fattened up on the aforementioned rice.

Bobolinks are the only species of land bird known to annually migrate through the Galápagos Islands, which are over 2,000 km from their primary migration route. A bobolink was collected in the Galápagos Islands by Charles Darwin in 1835. Bobolinks have been hypothesized to act as vectors for avian malaria-causing parasites arriving in the Islands. Additionally, bobolinks in the Galápagos have been found with seeds from Drymaria cordata, a plant native to the Galápagos but highly invasive elsewhere, entangled in their feathers, potentially spreading them to the mainland.

Breeding
Their breeding habitats are open grassy fields, especially hay fields, across North America. In high-quality habitats, males are often polygynous. Females lay five to six eggs in a cup-shaped nest, which is always situated on the ground and is usually well-hidden in dense vegetation. Both parents feed the young.

Feeding
Bobolinks forage on or near the ground and mainly eat seeds and insects. They are nicknamed the "" because of their predation on large numbers of armyworms, including the true armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta) and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), acting as a natural pest control. In Florida, bobolinks feed most often on the Fall armyworm rather than the True armyworm, as the former is more common in the region.

Calls
Males sing bright, bubbly songs in flight.

Status and conservation
During the 1800s the bobolink, like many birds, was slaughtered in large numbers for the meat trade.

The numbers of these birds are declining due to loss of habitat. Bobolinks are a species at risk in Nova Scotia, and throughout Canada. In Vermont, a 75% decline was noted between 1966 and 2007. Originally, they were found in tallgrass prairie and other open areas with dense grass. Although hay fields are suitable nesting habitats, fields which are harvested early, or at multiple times, in a season may not allow sufficient time for young birds to fledge. Delaying hay harvests by just 1.5 weeks can improve bobolink survival by 20%. This species increased in numbers when horses were the primary mode of transportation, requiring larger supplies of hay.

A 2021 study found that the reintroduction of American bison across the United States was detrimental to bobolink populations, with adult populations dropping as much as 62% and juvenile populations as much as 84%. This is presumed to be due to many new bison herds being managed more as livestock than wildlife, often kept in fenced pastures and protected from predation, which encourages overgrazing, trampling, and rapid multiplying. The study also found that lighter grazing by bison did not have the same harmful effects, demonstrating that the two species could likely coexist under the right circumstances.

Media references
Emily Dickinson penned many poems about or mentioning the bird. Edgar Allan Poe mentions the bird in "Landor's Cottage". William Cullen Bryant wrote about the bob-o'-link in his poem "Robert of Lincoln."

The bobolink is mentioned in the song Evelina by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg, from the musical Bloomer Girl:

Evelina, won't ya ever take a shine to that moon? Evelina, ain't ya bothered by the Bobolink's tune?

The bird is also one of the many important ornithological references in the poem "Pale Fire" by the fictional poet John Shade, part of Vladimir Nabokov's novel of the same name.

Sophie Jewett ends her poem "An Exile's Garden" (1910) with a reference to a bobolink.

The bobolink is also mentioned in the film The Mouse on the Moon in connection with the fictional European microstate of Grand Fenwick, where oddly the bird is apparently common.

The bobolink is also mentioned in the musical Camelot. Words by Alan Jay Lerner.

The bobolink is mentioned in the song, “The Wind,” by Billy Bob Thornton, written by Warren Zevon.

title: Bobolink


text:
James Miller (parachutist)

James Jarrett Miller (October 28, 1963 – c. 22 September 2002), also known as the Fan Man, was an American parachutist and paraglider pilot known for his appearances at various sporting events. His most infamous appearance was the November 6, 1993, boxing match between Evander Holyfield and Riddick Bowe at Caesars Palace on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. Fan Man made headlines in the United States when he used his powered paraglider to fly into the arena, eventually crashing into the side of the ring. Miller went missing in 2002 and was found having hanged himself in 2003, a year after being diagnosed with coronary artery disease, which resulted in his being unable to do any flying, paragliding or hiking, and resulted in him closing his computer business due to mounting debts from medical bills.

Background
Miller was born in Havre de Grace, Maryland. He had three younger brothers and two younger sisters. In 1975, the Miller family moved to a country home near the Canada–United States border. The following year, the family relocated to Tok, Alaska. Miller later earned an associate degree in computer programming from the University of Alaska at Juneau. In the late 1980s, he moved to Las Vegas where he was introduced to paragliders.

Miller had been interested in flying since childhood and quickly became a paragliding enthusiast. He started with a jetpack tied to his back, and moved up to two-cycle aircraft engines which powered him through the skies above the desert. He began setting power-gliding records for altitude and distance, with a reputation for reckless daring.

The Fan Man fight
Miller's first and most famous stunt happened on November 6, 1993, during the heavyweight title fight between Riddick Bowe and Evander Holyfield. Miller descended into the side of the ring area during the second minute of the seventh round of the fight, after circling Caesars Palace for ten minutes. The lines of his paraglider became tangled in the overhead lights, after which he landed on the top rope of the ring with his parachute still tangled in the lights. He tried to hang on with one foot and one hand on that top rope for a few seconds until he either fell or was dragged down into the crowd by spectators, his parachute ripping away from the lights above.

Fans and the fighters' security detail swarmed around him immediately and began attacking him. He was knocked unconscious during the attack. One security officer reportedly struck Miller twenty times. He was rushed to a nearby hospital as spectators cut his paraglider into pieces for souvenirs. After his release from the hospital, Miller was taken to the Clark County Detention Center, where he was charged with dangerous flying and released on $200 bail. In an exclusive interview with British journalists after the bout, Miller categorized his ring crash as accidental and not intentional, claiming it was caused by mechanical problems. Miller later joked, "It was a heavyweight fight and I was the only guy who got knocked out."

The media immediately dubbed Miller "Fan Man," for the paramotor (lightweight engine and propeller) attached to his harness.

Other stunts
On January 9, 1994, Miller circled approximately 1,000 feet over the rim of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on his paraglider during the Denver Broncos-Los Angeles Raiders NFL playoff game. He landed in a park north of the Coliseum where he was arrested for interfering with a sporting event. Later that same month, he "buzzed", (flew low over), a Bolton Wanderers-Arsenal 4th round FA Cup football match at Burnden Park in Bolton, England. After serving a seven-day prison sentence, Miller was deported by British authorities.

On February 5 he was witnessed by British police paragliding along The Mall before landing atop Buckingham Palace. He then removed his trousers revealing that he was painted green from the waist down. He was arrested without incident, fined £200 and was again deported. He was banned from reentering the UK for life.

When asked by reporters what his motives were for staging these stunts, Miller never gave clear answers. He claimed that he intentionally landed in the ring to break up the Bowe vs. Holyfield match, claiming he was opposed to violence. Miller's younger brother later said Miller staged the stunts because, "He was basically bucking society. He was mocking our rules, making up his own as he went along, kind of just making a mockery of our society and the way it works and what our expectations are."

Later years and death
After returning to the United States, Miller received death threats for interrupting sporting events. In 1996, he relocated to Valdez, Alaska where he lived in a dry cabin. He continued to fly ultralight aircraft and paragliders in the Alaskan wilderness and also gave lessons. Miller briefly worked for a computer company before opening his own computer business. In 2001, he was diagnosed with coronary artery disease and underwent double bypass surgery. There were complications and Miller developed health issues. He underwent two additional surgeries to correct issues caused by the first surgery, but continued to experience constant chest pains and ill health. Miller was unable to continue flying, paragliding and hiking because of his declining health. Due to mounting debts from medical bills, Miller was forced to close his computer business. He moved to Anchorage in 2002, where he worked for a utility company.

On September 22, 2002, Miller was reported missing after he disappeared earlier that morning while driving to the wilderness. His car was found near the Resurrection Pass Trail in Chugach National Forest on the Kenai Peninsula. A search was launched but was suspended on October 13. On March 9, 2003, a group of hunters bushwhacking through the woods on the peninsula found Miller's decomposing body. An autopsy revealed that Miller had hanged himself from a tree. Police said they believed Miller had chosen the remote Resurrection Pass Trail and had veered deep off-trail in hopes that his body would not have been discovered for years, if ever. At the time of his death, Miller's girlfriend was pregnant with the couple's first child. She gave birth to their son shortly before Miller's body was discovered in March 2003.

Although Miller's disappearance and death were reported in the local press shortly after his body was found, his suicide did not become widely known outside Alaska until the latter part of 2003 when ESPN went searching for him to film a SportsCenter feature to be shown during the tenth anniversary of his stunt.

In popular culture

 * Fox Sports Net ranked Miller crashing into the boxing ring during the Bowe vs. Holyfield match as its #1 "Most Outrageous Sports Moment".
 * An animated version of "the Fan Man" appears in The Simpsons episode "The Homer They Fall".

title: James Miller (parachutist)


text: Talk:University of Auckland

title: Talk:University of Auckland


text:
User talk:Greaser

Hi. There was already a University of Auckland page - so I've made Auckland University into a redirect to it, and taken your text and put it on the talk page for you. You'll probably want to combine them. Secretlondon 10:51, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

Maori Wikipedia
Greetings, Greaser, fellow-Kiwi. I see not much activity from you in recent months (unless it continues anonymously). Maybe a look at the fledgling Maori Wikipedia may inspire something! Kind regards - Robin Patterson 00:50, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Fart Physics

 * You say that my article has flaws, yet you fail to outline what those supposed flaws are. Please elaborate.  Also please check your spelling, argument only has one "e" in it.

 * How embarassing... Oh well... Yeah, spelling's never been my forte; I guess too many trolls with weak arguements use it anyway. Greaser 05:02, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rugby leagie mini project
Hey, I just thought I'd let you know about a small project I am running. We just need a few more members before I decide to make it a full Wikiproject. Check out it's page and add your name if your interested. If you decide not to join the cause, at least I hope I've interested you and you'll think about contributing to some of our pages in the future. You may like this article, which I created recently. POds 15:37, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Wikijunior Solar System Needs You
Danny Wool has challenged us to get Wikijunior Solar System out to hurricane evacuees by October 32005. This is going to be tough!

You expressed interest in WikiJunior. Would you be willing now to join the push to get Wikijunior Solar System completed? Come see Wikijunior Solar System!

Thanks --SV Resolution(Talk) 17:45, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Ooh, A Mysterious Message Left! (lacks punctuation too...)
Morning Greaser, hows it goin!!!

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Or simply add which will have the same effect. If you want to help find fellow kiwis Click on this link which will find all users who have "zealand" on their user page. I have done a few, but there are many more to do. Obviously don't just add it to everybody, read their user page to see if they actually live in NZ. Onco_p53 01:20, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Neo-Liberal
Hi - noted your edits on Rob Muldoon. I don't know the answer to this question, but do you think that "neo-liberal" is a completely non-judgmental (ie, none POV) label? Would Roger Douglas describe himself as a neo-liberal? It has always struck me as somewhat perjorative - ie you don't call something you like neo-liberal. Generally I have an aversion to political labels, as they almost never completely capture the subtleties of a person's detailed political perspective. Or is that just me being over-sensitive? ElectricRay 16:04, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Greaser - thanks for your reply. Fair enough. Another one for you - I did a bit of work fleshing out the Ruthanasia article, but it does strike me that (in a way "Rogernomics" is not) "Ruthanasia" is a perjorative term which should be mentioned in the article, but should not be its title. However, I couldn't think of a succinct alternative. Can you? ElectricRay 07:58, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

It's spelled "pejorative"... well, bugger me, I did not know that! That's my lesson for the day! ElectricRay 22:33, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for that - fair enough. As you seem to be interested in these things, I thought you might be interested in a couple of accounts I have recently stumbnled upon - one is Marcia Russell's Revolution, a book accompanying the 1996 TVNZ series, whcih is a pretty fair and balanced portrayal, and the other is Lindsay Perigo's, published here, which is painted somewhat polemically from an ideological libertarian perspective. If you can get past the polemic and the cheap shots (I don't know what happened to Perigo - he seemed to wig out after he left TVNZ), Perigo's is a fairly interesting take I think. ElectricRay 09:52, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Page moves
Hi there! Please check out New Zealand Ministry of Health and see if the result is what was intended. I closed the AfD you put up, so if you need me to fix up anything, please let me know :-) --HappyCamper 04:28, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Please vote to keep CDP-USA userbox
Please consider going to here and voting to keep the CDP-USA userbox. Thanks. Guðsþegn – UTCE – 20:47, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

battle of ain jalut
Greetings, Greaser, we have been trying to get a politically neutral and historically accurate article on this battle. Your contributions were well placed, and appreciated in this effort. I have been rewriting the whole Mongol Empire series as part of the military project, and help such as yours, informed and positive, is GREATLY appreciated...old windy bear 01:06, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

On Track
Greaser - yeah, although between 1981 - 1990 the Railways actually operated the rail network, now they just maintain it. :-)/ BTW, I see you dropped the Monarchist user box... interesting... --Lholden 05:46, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Malo... Ah, I see. Because of HRH the Tongan King? A'nofoa :-) --Lholden 22:56, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion
Hello! I noticed that you have identified yourself as an Anglican, and so I thought that you may be interested in checking out a new WikiProject - WikiProject Anglicanism. Please consider signing up and participating in this collaborative effort to improve and expand articles related to Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion! Cheers! Fishhead64 23:44, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Republic / monarchy debate section
Hi Greaser, I'm going to add a "debate" section to Republicanism in New Zealand. I've drated up a section here. Let me have your comments. --Lholden 09:14, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Māori King Movement
hi Greaser. You added the foll to Māori King Movement: "It is a hereditary role, the succession occurs through the primogeniture mechanism." Do you have a source for that? Please see the comments by Midnighttonight and me on the article's Talk page. cheers Nurg 04:03, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Katherineheiglfhm2004.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Katherineheiglfhm2004.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that the image is unlicensed for use on Wikipedia and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Yamla 14:52, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Corruption
Hi Greaser, noted your link to Image:World Map Index of perception of corruption.png ... I do wonder how you account for the republics of Iceland, Finland, Germany, Switzerland... --Lholden 06:04, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed :-). I think we can agree that corruption is probably more linked to wealth and social structure, rather than constitutional structure. Certainly Japan and Norway / Sweden are fine upstanding monarchies; but it doesn't follow that all monarchies have less corruption - take Thailand for example... --Lholden 08:41, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup 2 Scheduled - Feb 10 2007
You are invited to Auckland Meetup 2 on the afternoon of Saturday February 10th 2007 at Galbraith's Ale House in Mt Eden. Please see Meetup/Auckland 2 for details. You can also bookmark Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. - SimonLyall 07:23, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Tongan
Hello Greaser. I have seen you can speak Tongan. Can I ask you for help? User:Grutness recently created several stubs about islands of Tonga, I helped him with that. Next day anonymous IP from New Zealand have written to us some stuff in Tongan we do not understand. :) Can I ask you for translation? Thank you.

Mysterious materials follow: Thank you very much. - Darwinek 12:24, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) KO HAI E TE'EPILO KO ENI. HEHEEEEEEEEEEE? Tuku aa 'e fie me'a he wikipedia moe fakalangata'aki, okay (lol)... Ka ke mafuke o talangofua hoiiiiiiiiii.
 * 2) HOIIIIIIIII..... lahi etau lea he puaka ofu ko eni he fa'a fakatonutonu. lmao Vava'u wahhhhht.........

Smile and a Comment

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy editing! Smile at others by adding {{subst:Smile}} to their talk page with a friendly message.
 * Its nice to see another Anglo-Catholic here:)God bless:) --James, La gloria è a dio 03:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Image:Alblak.JPG
Hello, Greaser. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Alblak.JPG) was found at the following location: User:Greaser. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 02:57, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Pacificislanderrugbylogo.JPG
Hello Greaser, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Pacificislanderrugbylogo.JPG) was found at the following location: User:Greaser. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 03:58, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Red bull racing logo.JPG
Hello Greaser, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Red bull racing logo.JPG) was found at the following location: User:Greaser/SWRT. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 06:57, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

My concern about your username
Hello, Greaser, and welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope not to seem unfriendly or make you feel unwelcome, but I noticed your username, and am concerned that it might not meet Wikipedia's username policy. After you look over that policy, could we discuss that concern here?

I'd appreciate learning your own views, for instance your reasons for wanting this particular name, and what alternative username you might accept that avoids raising this concern.

You have several options freely available to you:
 * If you can relieve my concern through discussing it here, I can stop worrying about it.
 * If the two of us can't agree here, we can ask for help through Wikipedia's dispute resolution process, such as asking for a "third opinion", or requesting comments from other Wikipedians. Wikipedia administrators usually abide by agreements reached through this process.
 * You can keep your contributions history under a new username. Visit Changing username and follow the guidelines there.

Let me reassure you that my writing here means I don't think your username is grossly, blatantly, or obviously inappropriate; such names get reported straight to Usernames for administrator attention or blocked on sight. This is more a case where opinions might differ, and it would be good to reach some consensus — either here or at Requests for comment/User names. So I look forward to a friendly discussion, and to enjoying your continued participation on Wikipedia. Thank you. TML 20:25, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Auckland Hospital
Hi. Could you provide a reference for your state-owned enterprise addition? Haven't reverted it or anything, but that would profit from a ref. Cheers. Ingolfson 08:35, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for doing that! Ingolfson 01:37, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Shortland Street
Hi there. I see you're a Kiwi, and apparently knowledgeable about Shortland Street. I'm trying to research a claim that Anna Wilding was once a character on the show, maybe in 1993, maybe in 1999, she may have played a character called Staci, or one called Gail (or Gayle), but despite these inconsistencies, the one thing claimed in particualr is that she portrayed the first ever "battered wife" on New Zealand TV. Given the extraordinary claim, I'm finding it hard to believe that I can find nothing either on the shortland street official site, nor on Street talk, the fan site. Are you able to shed any light on this? — Timotab Timothy (not Timdagnabbit!) 20:39, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Mohlogo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Mohlogo.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 21:51, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Brooke Fraser
I have nominated Brooke Fraser, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Brooke Fraser. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Spartaz Humbug! 05:50, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for December 16
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Greaser