text:
Turner Valley

Turner Valley was a town in the Calgary Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada within the Town of Diamond Valley. It is on Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail), 3 km west of Black Diamond and approximately 60 km southwest of Calgary. It was named after Robert and John Turner who settled in the area in 1886.

The town was once the centre of an oil and natural gas boom. For 30 years, the Turner Valley oilfields were a major supplier of oil and gas and the largest producer in the British Empire.

History
Turner Valley incorporated as a village on February 23, 1930. After 47 years as a village, Turner Valley incorporated as a town on September 1, 1977. On January 1, 2023, the Town of Turner Valley amalgamated with its neighbouring Town of Black Diamond to form the Town of Diamond Valley.

On May 25, 2022, the Province of Alberta issued an Order in Council to amalgamate Black Diamond and Turner Valley to form the new Town of Diamond Valley, with an incorporation date of January 1, 2023.

This followed decades of talk and a 2007 plebiscite that saw Turner Valley citizens embrace amalgamation and Black Diamond residents reject it.

Ultimately, the prospect of efficiencies and possible cost savings of $1 million a year became a major catalyst to approving the merger without a plebiscite.

On January 1, 2023, the Town of Black Diamond amalgamated with its neighbouring Town of Turner Valley to form the Town of Diamond Valley. W. Stewart Herron, a rancher from nearby Okotoks, gathered investors from local contacts such as James Lougheed, R.B. Bennett and A.E. Cross. Herron himself lacked the technical expertise to drill Turner Valley's fossil-fuel that was some 800 m underground. Herron recruited drilling expert Archibald Dingman, a 19th-century American veteran from Pennsylvania.
 * Turner Valley Gas Plant

On May 14, 1914, A.W. Dingman struck wet natural gas, which produced gasoline. However, in 1920, the main buildings burned to the ground. Herron's group could not afford to rebuild and operate the site. Imperial Oil bought Calgary Petroleum Products, created a subsidiary named Royalite Oil Co., and rebuilt the plant.

The plant ceased operations in 1985 and with the encouragement of a local group, the Turner Valley Oilfield Society, and the most recent owner of the gas plant, the Alberta provincial government, accepted the site as part of its group of historic sites. Since that time Alberta Culture has been at work on the Turner Valley Gas Plant, primarily stabilizing the facility and removing or mitigating the contaminants on the site. In 2014, Alberta Culture held a celebration on May 14, 2014, on the day of the centennial of the discovery of oil on the site. More than 2,000 people attended this full day of events. It is estimated that, along with the $20 million spent on restoring the site, an additional $20 million will be needed to help get the site operational.

Amalgamation
On May 25, 2022, the Province of Alberta issued an Order in Council to amalgamate Turner Valley and Black Diamond to form the new Town of Diamond Valley, with an incorporation date of January 1, 2023.

This followed decades of talk and a 2007 plebiscite that saw Turner Valley citizens embrace amalgamation and Black Diamond residents reject it.

Ultimately, the prospect of efficiencies and possible cost savings of $1 million a year became a major catalyst to approving the merger without a plebiscite, and on January 1, 2023, the Town of Black Diamond amalgamated with its neighboring Town of Turner Valley to form the Town of Diamond Valley.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Turner Valley had a population of 2,611 living in 1,073 of its 1,133 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 2,559. With a land area of 5.75 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Turner Valley recorded a population of 2,559 living in 1,019 of its 1,066 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 2,167. With a land area of 5.79 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The population of the Town of Turner Valley according to its 2015 municipal census is 2,511, a change of NaN% from its 2008 municipal census population of 2,022.

Attractions
Kananaskis Country, approximately 25 km to the west, offers camping, hiking, cross-country skiing, horseback riding, fishing and bird watching.

Recreation venues include the 18-hole semi-private Turner Valley Golf and Country Club, outdoor Dr. Lander Memorial Pool, an outdoor rink and skateboard park, and Friendship Trail, 3 km paved link to nearby Black Diamond.

Government
Turner Valley was governed by a town council of seven including a mayor and six councillors. The final mayor of the Town of Turner Valley was Barry Crane.

Education
Students in kindergarten through grade 6 attend Turner Valley Elementary School. Junior and senior high school students attend Oilfields High School in Black Diamond.

Notable people

 * Laureen Harper, wife of former Prime Minister Stephen Harper
 * Dwight Lodeweges, former professional soccer player
 * Stanley A. Milner, Canadian businessman and former politician

title: Turner Valley


text:
Black Diamond

Black Diamond (s) or The Black Diamond may refer to:

Minerals

 * Hematite
 * Anthracite
 * Carbonado, a black tinted natural diamond
 * Boron carbide
 * A black synthetic diamond, specifically CVD polycrystalline diamonds or HPHT polycrystalline compact diamonds

Animals

 * Black Diamond (buffalo) (born 1893), name of the North American bison featured on the reverse of the buffalo nickels circulated from 1913 to 1938
 * Black Diamond (elephant) (1898–1929), Indian elephant

Books

 * The Black Diamond (novel), a 1921 British novel by Francis Brett Young
 * Black Diamond: The Story of the Negro Baseball Leagues, a 1994 book by Patricia and Fredrick McKissack
 * Black Diamonds: The Aboriginal and Islander Sports Hall of Fame, a 1996 book, incorporating the first round of the Aboriginal and Islander Sports Hall of Fame project

Business and transportation

 * Black Diamond (bus brand), a brand name used by Diamond Bus in the United Kingdom
 * Black Diamond (custom car), winner of the 1978 Ridler Award
 * Black Diamond (train), Reading RR-Lehigh Valley RR passenger train
 * Black Diamond Cheese, a Canadian cheese manufacturing company
 * Black Diamond Coal Mining Company, a coal mining company that operated in California, Oregon, and Washington
 * Black Diamond Railroad, a planned railroad in Ohio
 * Black Diamond Coal Mining Railroad, an abandoned railroad in California
 * Black Diamond Equipment, a manufacturer of climbing and outdoor gear
 * Black Diamond, a brand name used for various electrical products of the Mitsubishi Corporation
 * Black Diamond, the barge whose collision with the steamer ship Massachusetts drowned at least 50 persons, including 4 pursuers of Abraham Lincoln's assassin
 * Black Diamond switches, a switch series by Extreme Networks

Films

 * The Black Diamond (1922 film), a French silent mystery film
 * The Black Diamond (1941 film), a French drama film
 * Black Diamonds (1938 film), a Hungarian film directed by Ladislao Vajda
 * Black Diamonds (1940 film), an American film directed by Christy Cabanne
 * Diamantes Negros (2013 film), a Spanish-Malian film directed by Miguel Alcantud

Music

 * The Black Diamonds, an Australian garage-rock band

Albums

 * Black Diamond (Angie Stone album), 1999
 * Black Diamond (Buraka Som Sistema album), 2008
 * Black Diamond (The Rippingtons album), 1997
 * Black Diamond (Stan Ridgway album), 1995
 * Black Diamond: The Anthology or the title song (see below), by Stratovarius, 2006
 * Black Diamond, by The Groundhogs, 1976
 * Black Diamond, by Janet Jackson, upcoming 2020
 * Black Diamonds (EP) or the title song, by Issues, 2012

Songs

 * "Black Diamond" (Bee Gees song), 1969
 * "Black Diamond" (Kiss song), 1974
 * "Black Diamond", by Double, 2008
 * "Black Diamond", by Roy Brown, 1954
 * "Black Diamond", by Stratovarius from Visions, 1997
 * "Black Diamonds", by Therion, part of the "Draconian Trilogy" from Vovin, 1998

Places

 * Black Diamond (library), nickname of the modern extension of the Royal Danish Library, because of its appearance
 * Black Diamond, Arizona, United States
 * Black Diamond, Alberta, Canada
 * Black Diamond, former name of Pittsburg, California, United States
 * Black Diamond, Florida, United States
 * Black Diamond, Washington, United States
 * Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve in California, United States, preserving historic coal mines

People

 * Austin Idol, professional wrestler, known as "Black Diamond" and other ring names
 * Clinton Morrison (born 1979), Irish/English footballer, known as "Black Diamond"
 * Leônidas da Silva, Brazilian footballer, known as "Black Diamond"

Other sports uses

 * "Black Diamond" the Bison, mascot for Point Park University
 * "Black Diamond", informal use for an inductee of the Aboriginal and Islander Sports Hall of Fame in Australia
 * Black Diamond Australian Football League, an Australian rules football competition
 * Black Diamond Conference, a high school conference of the Illinois High School Association
 * A Black Diamond District, a high school conference of the Virginia High School League
 * Black Diamond Trophy, a college football trophy that went to the winner of the annual West Virginia University and Virginia Tech football game
 * Black diamond, a difficulty rating in Alpine skiing

Other uses

 * Black Diamond (roller coaster), a roller coaster in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * Black Diamonds (racial term), a controversial term for wealthy black people in South Africa

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black Diamond


text:
Selection bias

Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. It is sometimes referred to as the selection effect. The phrase "selection bias" most often refers to the distortion of a statistical analysis, resulting from the method of collecting samples. If the selection bias is not taken into account, then some conclusions of the study may be false.

Sampling bias
Sampling bias is systematic error due to a non-random sample of a population, causing some members of the population to be less likely to be included than others, resulting in a biased sample, defined as a statistical sample of a population (or non-human factors) in which all participants are not equally balanced or objectively represented. It is mostly classified as a subtype of selection bias, sometimes specifically termed sample selection bias,  but some classify it as a separate type of bias.

A distinction of sampling bias (albeit not a universally accepted one) is that it undermines the external validity of a test (the ability of its results to be generalized to the rest of the population), while selection bias mainly addresses internal validity for differences or similarities found in the sample at hand. In this sense, errors occurring in the process of gathering the sample or cohort cause sampling bias, while errors in any process thereafter cause selection bias.

Examples of sampling bias include self-selection, pre-screening of trial participants, discounting trial subjects/tests that did not run to completion and migration bias by excluding subjects who have recently moved into or out of the study area, length-time bias, where slowly developing disease with better prognosis is detected, and lead time bias, where disease is diagnosed earlier for participants than in comparison populations, although the average course of disease is the same.

Time interval

 * Early termination of a trial at a time when its results support the desired conclusion.
 * A trial may be terminated early at an extreme value (often for ethical reasons), but the extreme value is likely to be reached by the variable with the largest variance, even if all variables have a similar mean.

Exposure

 * Susceptibility bias
 * Clinical susceptibility bias, when one disease predisposes for a second disease, and the treatment for the first disease erroneously appears to predispose to the second disease. For example, postmenopausal syndrome gives a higher likelihood of also developing endometrial cancer, so estrogens given for the postmenopausal syndrome may receive a higher than actual blame for causing endometrial cancer.
 * Protopathic bias, when a treatment for the first symptoms of a disease or other outcome appear to cause the outcome. It is a potential bias when there is a lag time from the first symptoms and start of treatment before actual diagnosis. It can be mitigated by lagging, that is, exclusion of exposures that occurred in a certain time period before diagnosis.
 * Indication bias, a potential mixup between cause and effect when exposure is dependent on indication, e.g. a treatment is given to people in high risk of acquiring a disease, potentially causing a preponderance of treated people among those acquiring the disease. This may cause an erroneous appearance of the treatment being a cause of the disease.

Data

 * Partitioning (dividing) data with knowledge of the contents of the partitions, and then analyzing them with tests designed for blindly chosen partitions.
 * Post hoc alteration of data inclusion based on arbitrary or subjective reasons, including:
 * Cherry picking, which actually is not selection bias, but confirmation bias, when specific subsets of data are chosen to support a conclusion (e.g. citing examples of plane crashes as evidence of airline flight being unsafe, while ignoring the far more common example of flights that complete safely. See: availability heuristic)
 * Rejection of bad data on (1) arbitrary grounds, instead of according to previously stated or generally agreed criteria or (2) discarding "outliers" on statistical grounds that fail to take into account important information that could be derived from "wild" observations.

Studies

 * Selection of which studies to include in a meta-analysis (see also combinatorial meta-analysis).
 * Performing repeated experiments and reporting only the most favorable results, perhaps relabelling lab records of other experiments as "calibration tests", "instrumentation errors" or "preliminary surveys".
 * Presenting the most significant result of a data dredge as if it were a single experiment (which is logically the same as the previous item, but is seen as much less dishonest).

Attrition
Attrition bias is a kind of selection bias caused by attrition (loss of participants), discounting trial subjects/tests that did not run to completion. It is closely related to the survivorship bias, where only the subjects that "survived" a process are included in the analysis or the failure bias, where only the subjects that "failed" a process are included. It includes dropout, nonresponse (lower response rate), withdrawal and protocol deviators. It gives biased results where it is unequal in regard to exposure and/or outcome. For example, in a test of a dieting program, the researcher may simply reject everyone who drops out of the trial, but most of those who drop out are those for whom it was not working. Different loss of subjects in intervention and comparison group may change the characteristics of these groups and outcomes irrespective of the studied intervention.

Lost to follow-up, is another form of Attrition bias, mainly occurring in medicinal studies over a lengthy time period. Non-Response or Retention bias can be influenced by a number of both tangible and intangible factors, such as; wealth, education, altruism, initial understanding of the study and its requirements. Researchers may also be incapable of conducting follow-up contact resulting from inadequate identifying information and contact details collected during the initial recruitment and research phase.

Observer selection
Philosopher Nick Bostrom has argued that data are filtered not only by study design and measurement, but by the necessary precondition that there has to be someone doing a study. In situations where the existence of the observer or the study is correlated with the data, observation selection effects occur, and anthropic reasoning is required.

An example is the past impact event record of Earth: if large impacts cause mass extinctions and ecological disruptions precluding the evolution of intelligent observers for long periods, no one will observe any evidence of large impacts in the recent past (since they would have prevented intelligent observers from evolving). Hence there is a potential bias in the impact record of Earth. Astronomical existential risks might similarly be underestimated due to selection bias, and an anthropic correction has to be introduced.

Volunteer bias
Self-selection bias or a volunteer bias in studies offer further threats to the validity of a study as these participants may have intrinsically different characteristics from the target population of the study. Studies have shown that volunteers tend to come from a higher social standing than from a lower socio-economic background. Furthermore, another study shows that women are more probable to volunteer for studies than males. Volunteer bias is evident throughout the study life-cycle, from recruitment to follow-ups. More generally speaking volunteer response can be put down to individual altruism, a desire for approval, personal relation to the study topic and other reasons. As with most instances mitigation in the case of volunteer bias is an increased sample size.

Mitigation
In the general case, selection biases cannot be overcome with statistical analysis of existing data alone, though Heckman correction may be used in special cases. An assessment of the degree of selection bias can be made by examining correlations between exogenous (background) variables and a treatment indicator. However, in regression models, it is correlation between unobserved determinants of the outcome and unobserved determinants of selection into the sample which bias estimates, and this correlation between unobservables cannot be directly assessed by the observed determinants of treatment.

When data are selected for fitting or forecast purposes, a coalitional game can be set up so that a fitting or forecast accuracy function can be defined on all subsets of the data variables.

Related issues
Selection bias is closely related to:
 * publication bias or reporting bias, the distortion produced in community perception or meta-analyses by not publishing uninteresting (usually negative) results, or results which go against the experimenter's prejudices, a sponsor's interests, or community expectations.
 * confirmation bias, the general tendency of humans to give more attention to whatever confirms our pre-existing perspective; or specifically in experimental science, the distortion produced by experiments that are designed to seek confirmatory evidence instead of trying to disprove the hypothesis.
 * exclusion bias, results from applying different criteria to cases and controls in regards to participation eligibility for a study/different variables serving as basis for exclusion.

title: Selection bias


text:
Sylvan Lake, Alberta

Sylvan Lake is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is located approximately 25 km west of the City of Red Deer along Highway 11 or Highway 11A. It is on the southeast edge of Sylvan Lake, a 15 km freshwater lake that straddles the boundary between Red Deer County and Lacombe County.

The lake is a popular destination for tourists from around Alberta, with around 1 million visitors each year. Popular tourist activities include sunbathing, swimming, water-skiing, and visiting Camp Woods. Camp Woods in Sylvan Lake hosted the 12th Canadian Scout Jamboree in July 2013.

History
The land that would later become the town was ceded to the Crown by the First Nations with Treaty 6 in 1877.

Sylvan Lake was originally settled by French-speaking immigrants from Quebec and the United States. Arriving in 1898 from Michigan, Alexandre Loiselle and his family homesteaded the quarter section that later became the west side of today's Main (50th) Street and the businesses and homes immediately to the west. When the first settlers arrived at Sylvan Lake in 1899, the lake was named Snake Lake from the Cree name kinepik (ᑭᓀᐱᐠ) which referred to the numerous garter snakes in the area. The name was officially changed to Sylvan Lake in 1903 (Gaetz 1948). "Sylvan" is from the Latin sylvanus, which means "of a forest".

Palliser's map of 1859 gives the name Swan Lake for the location. In the early twentieth century, groups of Estonian and then Finnish settlers moved to homesteads to the south and west of the fledgling settlement at Sylvan Lake. With their arrival came the early business community, a general store, a blacksmith, a hardware store, post office, barber, and restaurants. The completion of the Canadian Northern line to Rocky Mountain House and Nordegg in 1912 and the parallel Canadian Pacific in 1914 opened the west country to settlement and resulted in the incorporation of Sylvan Lake in 1913 under Mayor E. S. Grimson, a local hardware store owner. The anniversary of the founding of the town is celebrated every year in Sylvan Lake as "1913 Days".

Farming quickly became a mainstay in the area and in 1923 an Alberta Pacific Grain Company grain elevator was built on the CPR line immediately north of what is now Cottonwood Estates. The elevator was torn down in the 1970s and the CPR line was abandoned in 1983 and removed in 1986. Since then, the right of way has survived as a natural area and walking path through Sylvan Lake.

Elevators were also constructed along the CN line and were used by local farmers in the mid-century decades. They were torn down in the late 1990s.

Even prior to the building of the railways, Sylvan Lake was becoming a summer resort for families in Red Deer. With the coming of the trains, "the Lake" became a favourite of families from both Edmonton and Calgary. The summer visitors camped in tents, but soon the "Cottage Area" east of 46 Street and in "Lower Camp" on the southeast shore began to fill with summer cottages. In the 1930s and 1940s people began arriving by car and the areas around Norglenwold, Sylvan Lake Provincial Park and Jarvis Bay Provincial Park began to fill up with summer visitors.

The influx of summer residents and visitors also brought businesses and services that catered to the ever-increasing number of tourists. In 1913, the first motor launch took paying passengers on tours around the lake. A large boathouse was constructed in 1926, allowing visitors to rent a boat, canoe, swimsuit, or buy ice cream, pop and other items necessary to a summer day at the lake. Regattas were held on the lake for a number of years beginning in 1923.

In 1928, the Dominion Government, assisted by the Sylvan Lake Women's Institute (WI), built the long pier that jutted out into the lake from the bottom of Main Street. This pier was connected to the earlier WI Pier and formed a square area used for swimming and mooring boats. The first "waterslide" at Sylvan Lake was part of this facility. The piers were prone to ice damage over the winter and were replaced by the existing "landfill" that now hosts beach volleyball tournaments, dragon boat racing and the lake tour on the "Zoo Cruise".

In 1983, the original waterslide was replaced by the Wild Rapids Waterslides, which was the largest facility of its kind in western Canada until its closure in 2016.

Another byproduct of losing the piers and later the government boat launch was the construction of the Sylvan Lake Marina, home of many of the permanent boats on the lake, boating facilities, and the Sylvan Lake lighthouse.

In 2014, Sylvan Lake won the Kraft Hockeyville contest, which included a large cash prize and the rights to host an NHL pre-season game between the Calgary Flames and the Arizona Coyotes.

Geography
The Town of Sylvan Lake is located on the southeast shore of Sylvan Lake. The summer villages of Norglenwold and Jarvis Bay border the town to the northwest and northeast respectively.

Climate
Sylvan Lake has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with long, cold winters and short, mild summers.

Seasonal mean temperatures:
 * Winter -14.6 C
 * Spring 3.1 C
 * Summer 15.7 C
 * Fall 3.9 C

Annual precipitation:
 * Rain: 398.3 mm
 * Snow: 158.2 cm
 * Total: 556.4 mm

Average hours of sunshine: 2,125 hours

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Sylvan Lake had a population of 15,995 living in 6,396 of its 7,141 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 14,816. With a land area of 23.09 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Sylvan Lake recorded a population of 14,816 living in 5,616 of its 6,567 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 12,362. With a land area of 23.36 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The population of the Town of Sylvan Lake according to its 2015 municipal census is 14,310, a NaN% change from its 2013 municipal census population of 13,015. At its current population, Sylvan Lake is one of the largest towns in the province and is eligible for city status. According to Alberta's Municipal Government Act, a town is eligible for city status when it reaches 10,000 residents.

Religion

 * Religion
 * Protestant: 2,805 or 37.6%
 * Catholic: 1,815 or 24.4%
 * Other Christian: 380 or 5.1%
 * Buddhist: 25 or 0.3%
 * Eastern religions: 10 or 0.1%
 * Other: 1 or 0.01%
 * No religion: 2,410 or 32.4%

Government
Sylvan Lake is within the Red Deer—Lacombe federal electoral district. It is represented by Blaine Calkins of the Conservative Party.
 * Federal

Sylvan Lake is within the Innisfail-Sylvan Lake provincial electoral district. It is represented by Devin Dreeshen of the United Conservative Party.
 * Provincial

Sylvan Lake Town Council consists of one Mayor and six Councillors that are elected every four years. The current mayor is Megan Hanson, who was first elected as a Councillor in 2013 and as mayor in the 2021 municipal election. Councillors elected in the 2021 municipal election were Kjeryn Dakin, Jas Payne, Teresa Rilling, Tim Mearns, Graham Parsons, and Kendall Kloss. Ian Oostindie was elected in a by election when Kendall Kloss resigned his seat in 2022.
 * Municipal

Education
The town has six public schools in the Chinook's Edge School District.

 * Beacon Hill Elementary School
 * C. P. Blakely School
 * Fox Run School
 * H.J. Cody School
 * Steffie Woima Elementary School
 * Sylvan Lake Career High

Two Catholic Schools in the Red Deer Catholic Regional Schools Division.
 * École Mother Teresa Catholic School
 * Our Lady of the Rosary

Also, Lighthouse Christian Academy and Sylvan Meadows Adventist School are two private schools that operate in Sylvan Lake.

Media
Sylvan Lake is served by one local newspaper, The Sylvan Lake News.

Sports
The Sylvan Lake Gulls of the Western Canadian Baseball League play at Pogadl Park.

The Sylvan Lake Wranglers of the Heritage Junior Hockey League play at the NexSource Centre.

title: Sylvan Lake, Alberta


text:
Red Deer (disambiguation)

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is a large mammal endemic to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa.

Red Deer may also refer to:

Animals
Central Asian red deer, now oft considered a distinct species

Places in Canada

 * Red Deer, Alberta, a city
 * Red Deer (federal electoral district), a federal constituency
 * Red Deer (provincial electoral district), defunct constituency
 * Red Deer County, a larger municipal district
 * Red Deer Polytechnic, a college
 * Red Deer River, in Alberta and Saskatchewan (from which the city is named)
 * Red Deer River (Manitoba), in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
 * Red Deer Hill, Saskatchewan

Other uses

 * HMCS Red Deer, a minesweeper in the Royal Canadian Navy
 * Red Deer Rebels, an ice hockey team in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
 * Red Deer (film), a Canadian drama film

title: Red Deer (disambiguation)


text:
Uma Bharti

Uma Bharti (born 3 May 1959) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh. She became involved with the Bharatiya Janata Party at a young age, unsuccessfully contesting her first parliamentary elections in 1984. In 1989, she successfully contested the Khajuraho seat, and retained it in elections conducted in 1991, 1996 and 1998. In 1999, she switched constituencies and won the Bhopal seat.

Bharti held various state-level and cabinet-level portfolios in the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Tourism, Youth Affairs and Sports, and also in Coal and Mines during the second as well as third ministry of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. After Narendra Modi became the Indian Prime Minister in 2014, she was appointed the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, and held this office until September 2017.

Bharti was among the leaders in the Ram Janmabhoomi movement of the 1980s and 1990s, organised by the Vishva Hindu Parishad. She was present at the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and was later acquitted by a special CBI court in relation to charges filed against her in the incident.

In the 2003 State Assembly polls, she led the BJP to a sweeping win in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. She defeated her Indian National Congress (INC) opponent from the Malehra seat by a 25 per cent margin. She resigned from the post of Chief Minister in August 2004, when an arrest warrant was issued against her regarding the 1994 Hubli riot case. After a falling-out with the BJP, she established her own political party for a while before returning to the fold and being elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the state of Uttar Pradesh. She was subsequently re-elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.

She is occasionally addressed by the Hindu honorific Sādhvī, a respectful Sanskrit title for a female renunciant.

Early life
Uma Bharti was born on 3 May 1959 in Dunda, Tikamgarh District in the state of Madhya Pradesh to a family of peasants, belonging to the Lodhi caste. She attended school up until the sixth standard. As a child, she displayed considerable interest in religious texts like the Bhagvad Gita which led to her being seen as a "spiritual" child. She began to give religious discourses while still a child, which brought her into contact with Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia, who would later become her political mentor. She describes herself in her youth as a "religious missionary".

Rise to prominence and Ram Janmabhoomi
With the support of Vijaya Raje Scindia, Bharti became involved with the BJP in Madhya Pradesh while still in her twenties. In 1984, she contested Lok Sabha elections for the first time, but lost from Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency) as the INC saw a surge in support following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. In 1989, she won from Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency, and retained the seat in the elections of 1991, 1996, and 1998. She was elected to Lok Sabha from Bhopal in 1999, and from Jhansi in 2014. She did not contest Lok Sabha elections in 2019.

Bharti rose to national prominence when she became one of the major faces of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, alongside L. K. Advani and others. Her fiery speeches are credited for helping the movement achieve its momentum. In December 1992, she was one of several prominent Sangh Parivar figures present at a rally in Ayodhya that developed into a riot, culminating in the demolition of the Babri Mosque. Bharti was indicted for inciting a mob to violence by the Liberhan Commission that probed the incident. Bharti has denied that she incited the mob but says she does not regret it and that she is willing to take "moral responsibility" for the demolition. She acknowledges that the BJP reaped massive political benefits from the incident. In April 2017, the Supreme Court of India reinstated a criminal conspiracy case against Bharti and other BJP leaders.

Bharti has called for the BJP to stop avoiding responsibility for the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, saying:"The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power twice at the Centre riding on the Ram Mandir movement wave. So it should not disown the movement and wriggle out of its responsibility for the Babri mosque demolition. I was in the BJP then and was present at the site on the fateful day. I am ready to face any consequence, even to go to jail." She has also denied the presence of any conspiracy by the Sangh, while stating that she does not regret the demolition, as it furthers the goal of building a Ram Mandir there.

In the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Bharti switched constituencies and won the Bhopal seat. She became a cabinet member of the Vajpayee administration, and held various state- and cabinet-level portfolios, being those for Human Resource Development, Tourism, Youth Affairs and Sports, and finally Coal and Mines.

Chief Minister
Bharti was appointed the Chief Ministerial candidate of the BJP for the 2003 Assembly polls in Madhya Pradesh. On the back of a fierce campaign based on a platform of development, and helped along by her reputation as a Hindutva firebrand, she led the party to a sweeping victory in which it won 173 out of 230 seats in the legislature. She was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Madhya Pradesh.

Bharatiya Janashakti Party
In August 2004, after only a year in office, an arrest warrant was issued against Bharti in connection with the 1994 Hubli riots, forcing her resignation. In November 2004, she had a public falling out with Advani during a meeting at the BJP headquarters. This led to a suspension from the BJP, which was revoked a few months later at the insistence of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist social service volunteer organisation. She continued to publicly defy the BJP high command, insisting that she replace Shivraj Singh Chouhan as the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, which led to several show-cause notices from the party, and eventually, to her expulsion.

In response, Bharti floated her own political party, the Bharatiya Janshakti Party. She stated that her party followed the ideology of the RSS, and claimed that she had the support of Mohan Bhagwat, head of the RSS. However, the party had a marked lack of political success.

Re-entry into the BJP
Bharti was re-inducted into the BJP on 7 June 2011. She was tasked with reviving the party in Uttar Pradesh, ahead of that state's assembly election in 2012. In those elections, she was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Charkhari constituency. Subsequently, she was appointed to the position of party vice-president along with twelve others, as part of a team created to guide the BJP through the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. On 16 May 2014, she was elected to the Lok Sabha from Jhansi constituency by defeating Chandrapal Yadav of the Samajwadi Party. She served as the Minister for Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation from 26 May 2014 to 1 September 2017. She became the Minister of drinking water and sanitation on 3 September 2017. Uma Bharti donated one month of her salary to support the welfare of families of Central Reserve Police Force personnel murdered in the 2019 Pulwama attack perpetrated by a Kashmiri militant against the Indian Army.

Threats against Walmart
In late November 2011, when the Government of India decided to allow 51% Foreign direct investment in multi-brand retail and 100% in single brand retail, Uma Bharti threatened Walmart with arson should they enter the Indian market.

title: Uma Bharti


text:
Heinrich Nordhoff

Heinz Heinrich Nordhoff (6 January 1899 – 12 April 1968) was a German engineer who led the rebuilding of Volkswagen (VW) after World War II. He was featured on the cover of Time magazine on Feb. 15, 1954.

Nordhoff accepted the British invitation to assume the directorship of VW, directly after WWII, at the time little more than a bombed factory, and guided the company to become the fourth largest automotive company at the time of his death in 1968.

Background
Nordhoff was born in Hildesheim, the son of a banker. He graduated from the Technical University of Berlin, where he became a member of the Roman Catholic fraternity Askania-Burgundia.

Nordhoff died on April 12, 1968, from the effects of a heart attack sustained months earlier. He was survived by his wife, Charlotte (Fassunge) Nordhoff (1898-1988) and daughters Elisabeth (later Mrs. Ernst Piech, grandson of Ferdinand Piech) and Barbara Nordhoff (Mrs. Dan Cantacuzino-Corneni, 1929-2022).

On his death, the Boston Globe described him as a shy, gentle man, an artist, music lover, naturalist, and hunter — who, having lived the equivalent of several years in the United States during his tenure with General Motors, spoke English like a native. At the time of his death, he lived in Wolfsburg, West Germany, the city noted for Volkswagen's then-largest production facility.

Career
In 1927, Nordhoff began work for BMW working on aircraft engines.

In 1929 he went to work for Opel, where he gained experience of the automotive industry and, since the company had been acquired by General Motors not long before, of American practices in the field. He was rapidly promoted: in 1936 he was the Commercial-Technical director who presented the company's innovative new small car, the Kadett, to the public.

In 1942, with passenger car production much diminished on account of the war, he took over from Gerd Stieler von Heydekampf as Production Director at the company's flagship truck plant at Brandenburg.

After the war he was barred from working in the American-occupied sector because of a business award he had received from the Nazis. He obtained a job as a service manager at a Hamburg garage. Hamburg was a central location for the Control Commission for Germany (British Element), the administration for the British Zone of Occupation, who recruited him for the position of managing director of the REME-controlled Volkswagen plant at Wolfsburg at the urging of British Army Major Ivan Hirst, who had been directing the plant. Nordhoff took up the position on 1 January 1948.

During his first year in post, Nordhoff doubled production to 19,244 cars. By the end of 1961 annual production exceeded a million vehicles. He became legendary for turning the Volkswagen Beetle into a worldwide automotive phenomenon; he developed export markets and ultimately manufacturing facilities abroad. He pioneered the idea of constant improvement while keeping the styling the same. He gave liberal benefits to Volkswagen workers and increased pay scales. Within six years of taking over Volkswagen, Nordhoff reduced the number of man-hours to produce a single car by 75 percent, from 400 to 100. His commitment to improving the workmanship at Volkswagen made the Beetle famous for its bulletproof reliability.

In 1955, shortly before the Wolfsburg factory celebrated its millionth Volkswagen, Nordhoff was awarded a Federal Service Cross with star.

Nordhoff's ability to sell cars and his achievement in first placing the Wolfsburg factory on a firm footing and then making Volkswagen a domestic and international success have not been questioned, but he has been criticised on various bases. At Brandenburg during the war, he used slave labour, although he reportedly ensured the workers had adequate food, shelter and clothing. He took full credit for the company's successes and has been seen as overly self-promoting; in the 1950s he was nicknamed "King Nordhoff" by the West German press. Finally, as became apparent in the 1960s, Volkswagen was too slow and inefficient in developing new designs under him. While publicly championing the Beetle, beginning in 1952 Nordhoff spent DM200 million behind the scenes seeking to develop new models, some in partnership with other manufacturers, but his indecision led to the abandonment of all such prototypes. By the late 1960s, the Beetle faced serious competition from Japanese, American, and other European models in different markets. Ultimately, Nordhoff's takeover of Auto Union in 1964 to provide still more manufacturing capacity for Beetles ended up both providing the group with both what would become its performance-luxury brand - Audi - and also the expertise to finally replace the Beetle and its tail-engined stablemates.

Nordhoff had wanted Carl Hahn, head of Volkswagen of America, to succeed him on his retirement, but the Board of Directors chose Kurt Lotz. Nordhoff had a heart attack in summer 1967, and although he returned to work in October, he died six months later, in April 1968; he was to have retired that autumn.

Quote
"Offering people an honest value appealed to me more than being driven around by a bunch of hysterical stylists trying to sell people something they really don't want to have." — Heinrich Nordhoff on his automotive philosophy, from the book Volkswagen: Beetles, Buses and Beyond by James Flammang.

title: Heinrich Nordhoff


text:
Black Diamond, Alberta

Black Diamond was a town in the Calgary Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada within the Town of Diamond Valley. It is at the intersection of Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail) and Highway 7. Its first post office opened in 1907. Black Diamond was so named because of coal deposits near the original town site. Little oil or gas remains.

It was a sister town to Turner Valley, and has a hospital, shops, hotels and residences, elementary school (K-6th grade), high school (7th-12th grade), hockey rink and a Boys and Girls Club.

Black Diamond is located in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies in the midst of some of Canada's best ranch country.

A 3 km trail next to the roadway between Black Diamond and Turner Valley is named the Friendship Trail.

History
Black Diamond incorporated as a village on May 8, 1929. After nearly 26 years as a village, Black Diamond incorporated as a town on January 1, 1956.

On May 25, 2022, the Province of Alberta issued an Order in Council to amalgamate Black Diamond and Turner Valley to form the new Town of Diamond Valley, with an incorporation date of January 1, 2023.

This followed decades of talk and a 2007 plebiscite that saw Turner Valley citizens embrace amalgamation and Black Diamond residents reject it.

Ultimately, the prospect of efficiencies and possible cost savings of $1 million a year became a major catalyst to approving the merger without a plebiscite.

On January 1, 2023, the Town of Black Diamond amalgamated with its neighbouring Town of Turner Valley to form the Town of Diamond Valley.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Black Diamond had a population of 2,730 living in 1,178 of its 1,233 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 2,705. With a land area of 6.82 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Town of Black Diamond recorded a population of 2,700 living in 1,098 of its 1,108 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 2,373. With a land area of 3.84 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

Government
Black Diamond was governed by a town council of seven including a mayor and six councillors. The final mayor of the Town of Black Diamond was Brendan Kelly.

Since January 1, 2023, the area of Black Diamond is governed by the Diamond Valley Town Council.

title: Black Diamond, Alberta


text:
Günter Wächtershäuser

Günter Wächtershäuser (born 1938 in Gießen) is a German chemist turned patent lawyer who is widely known for his work on the origin of life, and in particular his iron-sulfur world theory, a theory that life on Earth has hydrothermal origins. The hypothesis proposes that early life may have formed on the surface of iron sulfide minerals, hence the name. It was developed by retrodiction from extant biochemistry in conjunction with chemical experiments. The theory is consistent with the hypothesis that life originated near seafloor hydrothermal vents. He was encouraged and supported by science philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish his ideas.

Biographical background
Wächtershäuser, a chemist by training, has been an international patent lawyer in Munich since 1970. He has published numerous articles in organic chemistry, genetic engineering and patent law, and has made contributions to evolutionary theory concerning the origins of perception and cognition, and the origin of life.

"Metabolism first"
One of the key ideas advanced by Wächtershäuser is that an early form of metabolism predated genetics. Metabolism here means a cycle of chemical reactions that produce energy in a form that can be harnessed by other processes. The idea is that once a primitive metabolic cycle was established, it began to produce ever more complex compounds. His model is known as the iron-sulfur world theory by analogy with the RNA world hypothesis.

Awards
In 1993, Wächtershäuser received the annual award of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and the following year he was made an honorary professor at the University of Regensburg. In 1999, Wächtershäuser received the Bonn Chemistry Award and in 2008 he was made an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Publications

 * Evolution of the First Metabolic Cycles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, January 1990, 200–204
 * The origin of life and its methodological challenge. J Theor Biol 187, 1997, 483–494.
 * Origin of Life: Life as We Don’t Know It. In: Science 289(5483), 25. August 2000, S. 1307–1308
 * From pre-cells to Eukarya – a tale of two lipids. In: Molecular Microbiology 47(1), January 2003, 13–22, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03267.x
 * From volcanic origins of chemoautotrophic life to Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. In: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 361(1474), 29. October 2006, 1787–1808, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1904
 * The Place of RNA in the Origin and Early Evolution of the Genetic Machinery. Life 4, 19. December 2014, 1050–1091, 10.3390/life4041050
 * In Praise of Error. In: Journal of Molecular Evolution 82, 14. January 2016, 75–80, 10.1007/s00239-015-9727-3

title: Günter Wächtershäuser


text:
Talk:Thermodynamic free energy

Energy is a generalization of free energy, since energy is the ability to do work which is free energy?
What does this sentence mean? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.156.156.69 (talk) 13:36, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

I agree, that sentence doesn't make sense. --131.111.185.34 (talk) 10:53, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Stat-mech point of view?
I think it would be useful to relate free energy to the concept of partition function.. Also, to show how occupation numbers/density as well as magnetization/etc are related to it. It would be cool if someone writes this, if now, I guess I can write it when I have more time. IlyaV (talk) 02:46, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Internet coverage of the subject of free energy is vast, ranging from magnetic motors to solid state generators, including claims to working prototypes as well as charges of fraud, conspiracy, or just plain delusion. At a minimum, it makes for entertaining review.

 * I think you'll find that all motors are magnetic. It's how they turn, you see. - Mark Ryan 07:18, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You mean all electric motors are electromagnets; but the point remains to change the phrase to "electric motors". Actually, I'm not even sure that this is true, since linear motion can be mechanically converted into circular motion. No matter, any PPM calling itself a "magnetic motor" probably claims to work only on magnetostatics, not electromagnetism, so "magnetostatic motor" would be the way to distinguish them. -- Toby Bartels 20:17, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Not a field-based distinction
It's very misleading to say that chemists use one free energy and physicists use the other. Helmholtz free energy is a very important notion for explosives chemistry, because naturally, PV is not really a going to be a controllable term.

Level of the topic
The current "overview" section is really a commentary on things given for granted as if they were already acquired. I suggest that someone could write a real overview section to this page, which should ideally be understandable to a middle school student. People who can readily understand this page, as it currently is, are likely to be already knowledgeable in the field, and certainly have access to more in-depth coverage from thermodynamics textbooks. The remaining people may not be able to follow the explanation without jumping from one "prerequisite" definition to another. This makes this, and similarly conceived pages, practically useless. Most subjects can be explained to a 12-year old, as Einstein suggested, if your aim is just to illustrate things, not to train experts; and if they turn out to be too complicated, then it is most often the teacher's, not the student's fault. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.251.61.251 (talk) 08:12, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

"The free energy is the internal energy of a system less the amount of energy that is not unusable to perform work, given by the entropy of a system multiplied by a reference temperature." - could someone reformulate this sentence? I don't get it. gretts —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.133.8.114 (talk) 10:31, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Energy is logically or historically subsequent?
Energy is a generalization of free energy.

Why? 178.38.117.139 (talk) 18:57, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thermodynamic free energy


text:
Aloke Dutta

Aloke Dutta is a Bengali tabla player. He lives in Los Angeles. The tabla is almost always used for the accompaniment of a song, but Dutta is usually the melody of his pieces.

Biography
Dutta was born in 1953 in Bishnupur, a small town in West Bengal, India that is known for its Hindu spirituality and achievements in art, music, and architecture. He started playing the tabla in 1974, with guidance from his father, a professor and percussionist specializing in many forms of drum, including the khol, pakhavaj, dhol, and tabla. He has lived in Los Angeles, California since 1997, after previously living in New Mexico and Texas. Dutta started out playing with other musicians, but later on, he switched to playing solo, which he still does. He also teaches the tabla, with notable students including Danny Carey, Terry Bozzio, and Pat Mastelotto.

Albums

 * The Window (1999)
 * Scriptless Verse (2002)
 * Sinuosity (2005)
 * Spondaic Oblation (2007)
 * NUDITYSUTRA (2014)

title: Aloke Dutta


text:
X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men

X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men is an animated television pilot originally broadcast in 1989 on the Marvel Action Universe television block, featuring Marvel Comics' mutant superheroes of the X-Men. The pilot aired infrequently in syndication and was later released on video. It later served as the basis for Konami's X-Men arcade game.

Television pilot
The title is a pun on the name of Kitty Pryde, the youngest of the X-Men by the time the pilot was produced. The series that this episode was intended to launch never materialized; Marvel Productions went back to the drawing board for 1992's X-Men: The Animated Series. The funding for the pilot was originally intended for a 13th episode of RoboCop: The Animated Series; Marvel Productions took advantage of this to have Toei Animation animate it. The pilot itself is most specifically influenced by issues #129 –139 of Uncanny X-Men.

Shortly after this pilot was delivered, Marvel started having financial issues (New World Pictures, who purchased the Marvel Entertainment Group or MEG from Cadence Industries in 1986, sold MEG in January 1989 to the Andrews Group) and stopped work on every project in progress, except Muppet Babies. This pilot effectively marked the end of the Marvel animated universe created by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises/Marvel Productions, which began with Fantastic Four (1978) and continued with Spider-Woman (1979), Spider-Man (1981), Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1981) and The Incredible Hulk (1982). The X-Men themselves had previously guest starred in several episodes of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, although that particular series isn't necessarily in the same continuity as "Pryde of the X-Men".

Main characters
Narrated by X-Men co-creator Stan Lee, Pryde of the X-Men stars Professor X and the X-Men who were known as Cyclops, Storm, Nightcrawler, Colossus, Wolverine, Kitty Pryde, and The Dazzler saving the world from Magneto and his "Brotherhood of Mutant Terrorists" (Toad, the Blob, Pyro, Juggernaut, and the White Queen; who in addition to her telepathic abilities, displays the ability to create "psy-bolts" - sometimes called "psionic energy spears" or "psychic harpoons" - that can damage physical objects, similar to her character's powers in early comics). The X-Mansion, Danger Room,   Cerebro, Blackbird,  Asteroid M, and Lockheed the dragon, who was introduced as a pest on Asteroid M, are also featured.

The team lineup for the X-Men is similar to the lineup for the 1975 'All New All Different' X-Men. The chief differences are that Thunderbird, Banshee and Sunfire are not on the team in the cartoon, although they would also be the shortest lived members of the comics iteration, while Kitty Pryde and Dazzler would both join later.

Plot
The X-Men's archenemy Magneto is being transported by a military convoy. Magneto is unable to use his powers, trapped in a force field, until he is freed by the White Queen, a member of his "Brotherhood of Mutant Terrorists", allowing him to use his magnetic powers to tear apart his portable prison and escape.

Elsewhere, Kitty Pryde arrives at Professor Xavier's school to begin training her phasing powers, allowing her to pass through solid matter. In the Danger Room, Kitty is introduced to the X-Men: Cyclops, Colossus, Dazzler, Nightcrawler, Storm, and Wolverine. Frightened by Nightcrawler's demonic appearance, Kitty almost causes the Danger Room to go haywire, making Wolverine protest her recruitment.

Magneto sends Pyro and Blob to retrieve the tracking coordinates for the Scorpio comet approaching Earth, with the secondary goal of distracting the X-Men while Magneto and Juggernaut invade the X-Mansion. Xavier reads Magneto's thoughts, learning that they seek to steal the "mutant power circuit" of Cerebro (the mutant-tracking computer); he gives it to Kitty and orders her to flee, but Magneto manages to capture it.

The X-Men return from their confrontation with Blob and Pyro to find the mansion in ruins, and the Professor and Kitty unconscious. Xavier reads Magneto's thoughts again and learns his full plan: to redirect the Scorpio comet onto a collision course with Earth and plunge the planet into another ice age, which would leave normal humans weakened, allowing the mutants to take over. The X-Men leave for Magneto's orbiting sanctuary Asteroid M, but the X-Men instruct Kitty to stay, as the mission is far too dangerous and she has not been trained. Kitty, wanting to prove her worth and make amends for her previous failure, phases aboard the Blackbird and hides, with Xavier's permission.

Upon reaching the asteroid, each X-Man meets an obstacle on the way to Magneto: Storm covers the breach the X-Men blow into Asteroid M, Dazzler takes on Pyro, Wolverine traps Toad, Colossus engages Juggernaut, and Cyclops battles White Queen. After effortlessly teleporting past the Blob, Nightcrawler confronts a gloating Magneto as the Scorpio comet approaches Earth. As Magneto is about to blast Nightcrawler, Kitty emerges from the floor, causing Magneto to accidentally blast the wiring of his device. Nightcrawler teleports up and uses his body as a conduct, while Kitty knocks Magneto onto the platform, using his power to redirect the comet's course towards Asteroid M. Nightcrawler must risk sacrificing himself to complete the machine's circuit, or the comet will change course back to Earth.

The X-Men watch from the Blackbird for Nightcrawler to teleport at the last minute. The comet and asteroid collide, but Nightcrawler rematerializes out in space. The team attempts to retrieve him with the Blackbird's grappler arms, but they miss, and he apparently disintegrates. While the X-Men mourn Nightcrawler, he emerges from a storage locker, revealing that he teleported himself into the plane before the atmospheric compression burned up his suit. While the X-Men give Kitty credit for her efforts, Wolverine insists that Kitty is not yet a member of the X-Men.

Critical response
The pilot drew generally mixed reactions. While the animation was praised for its high quality,   the story was criticized for its campy tone compared to the grittier themes of the comics, which included such social issues as isolation, intolerance, and racism. Several changes made from the source material drew criticism, particularly the inclusion of the White Queen as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants, the characterization of Kitty Pryde as a damsel in distress,  and the Canadian Wolverine speaking with an Australian accent.

Graphic novels
In 1990, Marvel published a graphic novel titled X-Men Animation Special, an adaptation of Pryde of the X-Men that featured film images of cel animation from the cartoon rather than original art.

Video games
In 1989, X-Men: Madness in Murderworld, simply known as X-Men, was released for DOS, Commodore 64, and Amiga computer systems. It was developed and published by Paragon Software in 1989 and featured the cast of Pryde of the X-Men. It was a side-scroller with puzzles set in Murderworld. A limited edition comic book was included.

In 1990, LJN released The Uncanny X-Men for the Nintendo Entertainment System, featuring a near exact lineup of the team from this cartoon, only swapping out Dazzler for Iceman. The game received negative reviews, and was named one of the worst superhero games of all-time by Seanbaby.

In 1992, Konami produced an X-Men arcade game based on the Pryde of the X-Men pilot. Up to six players choose from six X-Men: Cyclops, Colossus, Wolverine, Storm, Nightcrawler, or Dazzler. Their objective is to stop the villain Magneto from wreaking havoc on human civilization. They must fight through an army of human-sized Sentinels and supervillains such as Pyro, Blob, Wendigo, Nimrod, The White Queen, Juggernaut, and Mystique. Later, Magneto kidnaps Professor X and Kitty Pryde, prompting the heroes to go on a rescue mission. The heroes fight their way to Island M and ultimately to Magneto's base on Asteroid M, where the final battle with Magneto takes place.

title: X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men


text:
User talk:Snoyes/compare

I'd include all city/town articles that have been edited at least once. Maybe Angela can cook up an SQL query for you.—Eloquence 07:25, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Snoyes/compare


text:
Rüppell's warbler

Rüppell's warbler (Curruca ruppeli) is a typical warbler of the genus Curruca. It breeds in Greece, Turkey and neighbouring islands. It is migratory, wintering in northeast Africa. This is a rare vagrant to western Europe. The name is occasionally cited as "Rueppell's warbler".

It is a typical "Curruca" warbler, similar in size but slimmer than the Sardinian warbler. The adults have a plain grey back and paler grey underparts. The bill is fine and pointed, with brown legs and red eyes. The striking male has a black head and, usually, a black throat, separated by a white malar streak ("moustache"). Females have a pale throat, and the head is grey rather than black. Their grey back has a brownish tinge. The song is a slower, deeper rattle than that of the Sardinian warbler.

Together with the Cyprus warbler it forms a superspecies with dark throats, white malar streaks and light remigial fringes. This in turn is related to the species of Mediterranean and Middle East Sylvia warblers that have a naked eye-ring, namely the eastern subalpine warbler, Sardinian warbler and Ménétries's warbler. Both groups have a white malar area, but this may not form a clear streak in the latter group; above the white, the heads of males are uniformly dark.

These small insectivorous passerine birds are found in thick thorny shrubs where they build their nests and lay four to six eggs.

The English name and the specific ruppeli commemorate the German zoologist and explorer Eduard Rüppell (1794–1884).

title: Rüppell's warbler


text:
USB Flash Drive Alliance

The USB Flash Drive Alliance, founded in December 2003 by Samsung, Lexar Media, Kingston Technology and others, is a group of companies promoting the use of USB flash drives (also called "keydrives" and a variety of other names).

In 2003, according to the alliance, 50 million USB flash drives were sold in the US alone.

Alliance members

 * Buffalo Technology
 * Corsair Gaming
 * Crucial Technology
 * Infineon Technologies
 * Kingston Technology
 * Lexar Media
 * Microsoft
 * Phison
 * PNY Technologies
 * Samsung
 * SimpleTech

title: USB Flash Drive Alliance


text:
Victoria Park, Leicester

Victoria Park in Leicester, England is a public park of 69 acres (279,000 m2). It is in the south-east, just outside the city centre, backing on to the University of Leicester and close to the Leicester railway station.

History
The park was historically part of the South Fields of Leicester, and was used from 1806 to 1883 as a racecourse – a function that was then transferred to the purpose-built Leicester Racecourse in Oadby. It was opened as a park in 1882. A Victorian grandstand stood in the park until the mid-20th century, and was used as a pavilion after racing moved to Oadby. It was damaged by a German parachute bomb in 1940 and later demolished, with the new pavilion built on the same site and opened in 1958. Leicester Fosse (who later became Leicester City Football Club) played here on various occasions between 1884 and 1890.

Facilities
It has facilities for various sports, including tennis, basketball, bowls, croquet, football and cricket. A skate park has recently been added, and there is an adventure playground for young children. The majority of the park is level, open grassland and the largest space in particular is sometimes used as a venue for outdoor events – in recent years these have included BBC Radio 1's One Big Sunday, the Leicester Caribbean Carnival, Leicester Pride and the Summer Sundae music festival, and BBC Radio 2 in the Park. Kasabian also had a sell out concert here with 50,000 tickets sold. A pavilion provides sports changing facilities, and is also the site of a cafe.

Landmarks
The park is home to two memorials. The Arch of Remembrance, a quadrifrons arch, was designed by Edwin Lutyens and built in 1923, to commemorate the dead of the First World War. The memorial, a Grade I listed building, stands at the top of an ornamental walkway ("Peace Walk") with gates (also by Lutyens) opening on to University Road. A smaller memorial near the cafe commemorates the American 82nd Airborne Division, stationed in Leicester prior to D-Day. The gates and lodges on the London Road side of the park were also designed by Lutyens and built in 1930.

Sport
A parkrun takes place in the park every Saturday morning at 9am.

title: Victoria Park, Leicester


text:
Talk:Baghdad Battery

Removing unreliably sourced content.
Hiya Wikipedians! I'm a member of the Copy Editors Guild and I stalk a lot of random pages in Wiki. I am doing a copy edit run through this article and noticed that a lot of the content is unreliably sourced.

Here is some info about what makes a source reliable:
 * Reliable_sources
 * WP:SOURCE
 * Verifiability

Two things I can tell you: 1) reliable sources don't have to be "archeological experts" and 2) they also can't be full of self-published, user-generated content, which is precisely what blogs are. Such sources can be sources on themselves, but not cited as reliable for actual content that is not verified by another, more reliable source. With respect to yes, there are self-published sources by experts who have already been published in peer review journals. Several of the sources I removed, such as the student blog, are not that.

Content removed due to all sources being blogs

1. === Bitumen as an insulator === A bitumen seal, being thermoplastic, would be extremely inconvenient for a galvanic cell, which would require frequent topping up of the electrolyte (if they were intended for extended use).

Please do not add back this content until you have found reliable sources to back up the claims being made. Blogs are not reliable sources. Curdigirl (talk) 19:15, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I think you know that's not always the case. I'd argue that we can use Badarchaeology. I'm multitasking right now and don't have time to dig, but if Skeptic world makes the same point we can use it. Also see WP:PARITY. Doug Weller  talk 19:25, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

2. === Battery hypothesis === The artifacts do not form a useful battery for several reasons:

 * 1) Gas is evolved at an iron/copper/electrolyte junction. Bubbles form a partial insulation of the electrode. Thus the battery's functionality decreases the more it is used.
 * 2) Although several volts can be produced by connecting batteries in series, the voltage generated by iron/copper/electrolyte cell is below 1 volt.

Also the jar was sealed with asphalt, making it enormously difficult to refill the liquid electrolyte. The presumed “battery” also has no terminals. The iron rod projected outside of the asphalt plug, but the copper tube did not, making it impossible to connect wires to make a circuit.

Wordpress is user generated content. It is not a reliable source.

@DougWeller. Thanks for chiming in. Bad Archeology is a private, user generated content website operated by two dudes. This would indicate to me that there is therefore, no editorial oversite for the website. Also, of course, I did note that blogs could be sources on themselves, so I acknowledge that what you say is true concerning "it's not always the case" that blogs are an unreliable source. In general, however, they are not reliable. Thanks for finding common ground! :) Also, yes, I checked out Skeptic and that source has much more stance as a reliable source than any of the ones that were removed. It has a shop, contact information, and further, "The Skeptics Society is a non-profit, member-supported 501(c)(3) organization whose mission is to promote science and reason." This is an organization with standing, making it much more reliable than a wordpress blog, a University students' blog, or a website/blog operated by two dudes. :) Definitely let's use the Skeptics Society website if it can support any claims in this article. Thanks for your collaboration toward improving the quality of this Wikipedia article.

Curdigirl (talk) 19:35, 8 June 2019 (UTC)Curdigirl (talk) 19:40, 8 June 2019 (UTC) Curdigirl (talk) 19:53, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * It is not true that there is an absolute bar to blogs being used as sources. They often are not reliable, but that is not always true. Per WP:SPS blogs by recognised experts who have been previously published in the relevant field can be considered RS. I have not fully checked what you have removed, but just looking at the first source in your post, Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews has published papers on archeology in peer reviewed journals.  It seems to me that there has been no WP:BEFORE checks of that before you made those deletions, or else you were not even aware of that guideline.  I think you should self-revert your deletions until you have done a more thorough investigation. SpinningSpark 22:12, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi Spinningspark! Thanks for pointing this policy, and also the nature of one of the source's status as an expert in their field. Let me own my own words - I never mentioned a total ban; those are your words. To be fair, the policy you note has to do with nominating articles for deletion, which I am not doing. I only removed what appears to be, content sourced only to self published sources, as I explained. I do not believe there is the same requirement to check for expert status when removing self-published sources from articles as a general rule; however I will do my do diligence and check with my Copy Editor's Guild, in addition to Wiki general policy. Thanks for sharing that!

Here's what the policy that you referred me to states:

Anyone can create a personal web page or publish their own book, and also claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published media, or user-generated sources, such as books, patents, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, personal or group blogs (as distinguished from newsblogs, above), content farms, Internet forum postings, and social media postings, are largely not acceptable as sources. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the subject matter, whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable, independent publications.[8] Exercise caution when using such sources: if the information in question is suitable for inclusion, someone else will probably have published it in independent reliable sources.[10]

Based on what you are saying, Keith Fitzpatrick Matthews' page may indeed be acceptable. I'll check it out and I'm happy to add back content that is properly sourced. My main concern is promoting quality Wikipedia articles. I'll circle back once I've completed the related tasks. Curdigirl (talk) 22:31, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * You need to check out all the sources before deleting them. Please WP:AGF what other editors have previously done before going on the rampage through an article.  The second source is by Aaron Sakulich, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, also previously published (as an engineer).  Also, please keep your posts short and to the point; there was no need to quote the guideline in full, I already quoted the relevant part.  And learn to WP:INDENT properly. SpinningSpark 22:40, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Don't put words in my mouth. :) And don't assume I'm not editing in good faith. I'm not assuming that of you. I'm assuming you have other things to do, and don't attribute any of the issues with this article to you. The article was already flagged both in the article itself and on the talk page as having problematic sourcing issues. To confirm, I added back the content with Keith Matthews info and combined the references (there were a couple of individual ones, this should make it easier to keep them neat.) I'll check this one you mention about Aaron Sakulich as well. Thanks. Curdigirl (talk) 23:17, 8 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I had already reverted the page before I saw your last edit, it did not look as if you were going to do that soon. But I still think that was the right thing to do.  The more sources I look at, the more it seems that most of them are RS, at least to some degree.  Lenny Frank, for instance, appears to be the author of Deception by Design and a number of other publications.  You need to check out properly any source you want to remove, not just the ones I point out to you.  On AGF, I did not mean I thought you were acting in bad faith.  I meant that many of these issues have been discussed to death on this talk page, and you should assume that it has been largely verified, until proved otherwise.  At least discuss the possible issues before deleting large tracts of the article. SpinningSpark 23:33, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Ok...obviously I started a discussion on the talk page (you responded to it.) If I hadn't done that, we wouldn't be having this exchange. I do this very frequently while editing. Most often, no one responds. Thank you, for at least responding.

 * For the record, your revert includes the return of at least one dead link, and a blog posted by University of Michigan students. Is that, or Daily Kos (a blog site) a reliable source? Anyway, even though I made a lot of good changes (for instance removing the dead links that you put back, and all of the legitimate CE that was done) in the interest of avoiding confusion, conflict, or edit warring, I'm going to leave it alone. I made a good faith effort (I was literally working to fix it while we were talking) to respond to your concerns and you undid all my work anyway. Ciao now, happy editing. Curdigirl (talk) 23:58, 8 June 2019 (UTC)
 * If you make large scale, bold edits, you simply have to be prepared to accept a bold revert. If you mix in general copyediting with more controversial changes, well sometimes there is collateral damage in a revert.  Sorry, but you need to not take it personally.  By the way, this discussion would most definitely have started, whether or not you posted first.  It is more than possible that some of the sources are problematic, and some of the text is OR, but I think it has been adequately demonstrated that much of your deletion was unjustified and we need to consider each item separately, and not start with a major purge.  A more common approach is to first tag problem areas and leave comments on the talk page giving other editors the opportunity to respond/fix problems first. SpinningSpark 00:55, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree that the University of Michigan blog is not RS, but it is only one of three sources cited for that text. Furhtermore, it cites its sources, some of which may be RS and could be cited directly.  The blog cite could probably be removed and still leave the passage fully verified. SpinningSpark 01:12, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

 * As for Bad Archaeology, see p.135 of the book Key Concepts in Public Archaeology published by University College London Press which says "Websites such as Bad Archaeology and The Hall of Maat provide resources and information to contradict specific alternative archaeological narratives, often with painstaking detail and at considerable length." It's recommended in this published in the peer reviewed Southeastern Archaeology Journal. And in this book Also "Archaeology International - Page 10https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iccLAQAAMAAJ 2006 "The third research theme concerns management and conservation of sites and material culture. ... In collaboration with Keith Fitzpatrick- Matthews, James Doeser has set up a website entitled Bad Archaeology which aims to explore 'fringe'". Also Kevin Green's excellent Archaeology: An introduction  which uses a quote from the website. There are more here and I'm sure even more.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doug Weller (talk • contribs) 11:22, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I have modified one line and removed another in the "Alternative hypothesis" section because the language being used was not at all supported by the sources. In fact the only place on the internet that I could find such language was from a student's blog posting their "English as a second language" essays.  Since that's not a RS, and I could find no others to support the tone of the claims, I changed it to more closely match the cited source. RBarryYoung (talk) 12:46, 4 June 2021 (UTC)

More sources
This University of Pennsylvania Press book has an article in it "Electricity Generation Or Magic? The Analysis Of An Unusual Group Of Finds From Mesopotamia"

"A review of the literature isolates twelve comparable finds from Parthian and Sassanian contexts to which a similar function has been occasionally ascribed. Four small unglazed earthenware jars sealed with bitumen were uncovered in 1930 by a University of Michigan excavation at the Seleucid trading post of Opis, on the Tigris. The vessels were about 15-20 cm high and of various shapes, two with handles. Three were found lying on their sides, each with up to four metal rods stuck in the ground around them. One of the rods with each find was iron; the rest were bronze, all about 20-25 cm long. Each toppled jar contained a bronze cylinder, just under 3 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm long, sealed at both ends. Tucked into these "containers" were compressed rolls of papyrus—presumably inscribed—in various stages of decomposition. The one jar still standing contained fragments of a glass bottle. The finds were dated to the late Sassanian period (5th-early 6th century AT).) by coins. The excavator gave no interpretation of the finds, merely emphasizing that they had been deposited irregularly around a (cult?) building and that they were not associated with a burial (Watermann 1931:60-62). At about the same time German archaeologists were carrying out excavations on the east bank of the Tigris at Ctesiphon (Fig. 2, plan). In the second season of excavation (1931/32), undertaken jointly by the Islamic Art Museum of the Staatliche Museum, Berlin, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, led by Ernst Ktlhnel (KQhnel 1932, 1933; see also Upton 1933), six sealed unglazcd earthenware jars were found, each containing little rolls of metal or metal nails (Fig. 2a-f):" - these were from late Sassanian layers.

"The artifact group which prompted this article (Fig. 1) was found three years later, in 1936, on the northern outskirts of Baghdad near Khuyut Rabbou’a, in a late Parthian layer (Damerji 1979). The vessel of unglazed earthenware, originally sealed, contained a copper cylinder closed at one end with a copper plate, and sealed at both ends with bitumen. Inserted into the copper cylinder was an iron spike held in place by the bitumen stopper. The thicker end of the heavily encrusted and corroded spike projected about a centimeter from the sealing. Traces of metal, presumed to be lead, were registered on the stopper. According to KOnig (1938:8-9; 1940:164-168), the cylinder consists of “fairly pure copper with traces of zinc, lead, and iron." An investigation of the spike was not carried out.

"A group working under Prof. W. Jansen (Oldenburg) independently came to similar conclusions (Jansen et al. 1985). The finds have only an apparent outward resemblance to a cell (or dry battery). Instead, they probably served for the performance of magical practices." This is followed by a discussion of magic at the time, including eg the role of nails.

"The group of objects found at Scleucia becomes more comprehensible. The content of the texts of papyrus, unfortunately no longer accessible to us, probably concerned foundation texts or protective spells. For magical protection they were put into sealed bronze rolls (as discussed below); for practical protection they were then deposited in earthenware jars. The finds were in each case 'nailed fast' with a set of iron and bronze rods. Given the circumstances of discovery it is reasonable to assume they were deposited around a cult building."

"We conclude that the earthenware jars found in Parthian and Sassanian contexts, sealed with bitumen and containing metal cases, occasionally associated with papyrus remains and metal rods, did noc represent any apparatus with a pracii cal use in the modem sense, e.g., the generation of electricity. Rather, they were, as Kuhnel (1932) described, containers fro “conjurations, blessings and the like, written perhaps 01 papyrus,” which had been deposited to exercise a protective defensive, or occasionally harmful magic spell."

Also see this Doug Weller talk 15:18, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Date and circumstances of excavation
Surely more information is available about when it was discovered, at least the year? VQuakr (talk) 18:06, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

 * see the last link in my above post. I also need to find time to work on using the source I quoted there. Do you read German because I have a German article by the same author. I've been told elsewhere that this article doesn't make it clear enough that more modern research disagrees with the battery idea and that the article is too neutral between possibilities. Doug Weller  talk 13:35, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

 * unfortunately no, my 2nd language is French and even it's too rusty to use for editing. The Elizabeth Stone quote does a good job of summarizing the academic consensus on this artifact. Maybe the quote should appear in the lead, too? Or does NPOV overrule WP:POVNAME in this case and the article should be moved away from a title that contains the word "battery"? VQuakr (talk) 20:56, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

More sources
Doug Weller talk 11:59, 25 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Re the article title: it is consistent with WP:COMMONNAME however the fact that it's not universally considered a battery could be better emphasized. Per the sources, something like The Baghdad Battery is the name given by some contemporary sources to a set of three artifacts which were found together: a ceramic pot, a tube of copper, and a rod of iron. etc. - LuckyLouie (talk) 19:18, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Battery diagram
I have removed this recently added diagram because it appears to be an editor's own speculation, not based on any of the reliable sources proposing its purpose as a battery. The Keyser source, for instance, has a diagram of the proposed assembly which he got directly from Konig's paper. That diagram shows the end of the copper tube accessible through the bitumen. That, of course, makes much more sense than the diagram here which shows the copper entirely sealed in bitumen. Given that that feature has been raised here as evidence that the battery theory must be false, I think it's important not to give the impression that Konig and Keyser did not understand this issue. Clearly they did understand that access to the copper was essential to make their theory work. SpinningSpark 23:46, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I found the image in use on fr.wikipedia.org and translated the French captions. It attributes http://leradiofil.com/les_piles.htm as the source it was based on, which looks like a scan from a book, although it's not clear which of the ten sources on that page it would have come from.
 * If the diagram would be useful with some specific edits applied to it, let me know what those edits should be and I'll see what I can do. Comparing it to König's diagram, would it be enough to remove the brown "cap" from the bottom of the copper tube, making it clearly open at that end, and make the bitumen pad much thinner? --Lord Belbury (talk) 12:37, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It wouldn't help. It is believed that the base actually was sealed.  Even if it wasn't, this diagram remains an unattributed (possibly unattributable) hypothesis of how it was assembled.  The actual artefact itself is not assembled so any assembly diagram is someone's speculation.  If we are going to have diagrams at all, they should be based on how Konig and Keyser thought it was assembled and/or how archeologists who disagree with them thought it was assembled.  And they should be definitely attributed. SpinningSpark 14:41, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * That's what I'm suggesting, making edits to this diagram so that it can be accurately captioned as a modern representation of König's diagram and used in the article. What would I need to change about the diagram to satisfy that? --Lord Belbury (talk) 15:00, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * If you are going to call it Konig's reconstruction you have to look at Konig's diagram yourself and get the details from there. A version is in the Flank source. There is a somewhat better quality rendering in the Keyser source with English annotation instead of German, but you will need to open a JSTOR account to read it (for free). It's probably still in copyright so you can't scan it directly. SpinningSpark 18:08, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I found a copy of it online and that was the basis of my "remove the cap, change the bitumen" suggestion. I'm asking you for your opinion of what needs to be changed, before I do the work. Would removing the "cap", drawing an orange line across the bottom of the tube (the same colour as the walls) to show that it is closed, and changing the bitumen pad into a much thinner stripe seem like an adequate representation of König's diagram? --Lord Belbury (talk) 18:16, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * In a word, no. If you are going to call it the Konig diagram, you have to represent all the features that Konig did.  You have not addressed my comment that the top of the copper cylinder protrudes through the bitumen in Konigs representation.  The iron rod is not shown as a cylinder, it is more like a crudely formed nail.  That is an important feature in the Paszthory source concluding it had a magical purpose.  The lack of electrolytic corrosion narrowing the "neck" of the rod is an important feature in Paszthory's conclusion that the object did not have an electrical purpose.  Konig shows the copper held in place, not by a big slug of bitumen across the top (although it is sealed across the top), but by a thin circle of bitumen around the pot mouth.  Although I have not seen this discussed in sources, that would clearly make it easier (though still a mission) to remove the cylinder to refill, an argument used against the battery hypothesis.  Probably countless other features that I haven't thought of would be problematic to somebody's theory.  If you want a simplified diagram, you can't do the simplification yourself, you have to take that from a reliable source.  In short, I think this is a bad idea. SpinningSpark 18:53, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I'd have thought there would be scope to say "König's theory was X Y and Z, here's an obviously modern representation of what that basically looks like", but the blunt negativity on display here is hard to engage with. I'll just take this article off my watchlist and leave you to it, apologies for trying to help. --Lord Belbury (talk) 18:59, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Late to the party, but I’m with User:SpinningSpark. Doug Weller  talk 19:23, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Pinging might be unproductive and I don't know if you have unwatched already, but this isn't blunt negativity. It's a good faith effort at following the guidance at WP:NOR and WP:FRINGE. I certainly appreciate your willingness to help, and I'm sure everyone else does here, too. VQuakr (talk) 19:33, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baghdad Battery


text:
User talk:Mperkins

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Also, please do not create any pages that simply say this is a stub. In order for an article to be a stub, it must contain at least some basic information. See Perfect stub article for more information

Dori | Talk 07:39, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks much for the comments Dori. You'll see no more stubs-of-emptiness from me!  --Mperkins 10:52, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi! Thanks for all the editing and new biology articles you and your students have been contributing it's good to see Wikipedia's biology section coming along nicely especially in the areas of physiology and organismal biology, which has a tendency to be neglected relative to molecular biology topics. If you get a chance it would be great if you could add any entries that you've worked on (or even one's that you haven't) that are missing to the alphabetical List of biology topics. Having a link there means that you can get an instant snapshot of all the work going on in biology simply by clicking the Related changes link and helps us keep track of all the entries. Keep up the great work! --Lexor 11:10, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"Muscle fiber" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Muscle fiber. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 30 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. MB 18:28, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mperkins