text:
Dennis Skinner

Dennis Edward Skinner (born 11 February 1932) is a British former politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolsover for 49 years, from 1970 to 2019. A member of the Labour Party, he is known for his left-wing views and republican sentiments. Before entering Parliament, he worked for more than 20 years as a coal miner.

Nicknamed the "Beast of Bolsover", Skinner belonged to the Socialist Campaign Group of Labour MPs. He was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party, with brief breaks, for 30 years, and was the committee's chairman from 1988 to 1989. He was one of the longest serving members of the House of Commons and the longest continuously serving Labour MP. A lifelong Eurosceptic, Skinner voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum. Skinner lost his seat to Mark Fletcher of the Conservative Party, and was succeeded as the Labour candidate for Bolsover by Natalie Fleet.

During his parliamentary career, Skinner was suspended from Parliament on at least ten occasions, usually for unparliamentary language when attacking opponents. Perhaps the most notable example of this occurred in 2016, when he referred to David Cameron as 'Dodgy Dave' during a parliamentary debate about the Panama Papers. He was also known for regularly heckling upon the arrival of Black Rod in the House of Commons chamber during the State Opening of Parliament. During most of his tenure in the Commons (in the years where the Labour Party were in opposition), Skinner would usually sit on the first seat of the front bench below the gangway in the Commons in a tweed jacket and signature red tie. During the New Labour government from 1997 to 2010, Skinner sat in the equivalent spot on the government benches.

Early life and career
Born in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, Skinner is the third of nine children. His father Edward Skinner was a coal miner who was sacked after the 1926 general strike, and his mother Lucy was a cleaner. In June 1942, at the age of 10, Skinner won a scholarship to attend Tupton Hall Grammar School after passing the eleven-plus a year early. In 1949, he went on to work as a coal miner at Parkhouse colliery, working there until its closure in 1962. He then worked at Glapwell colliery near Bolsover. In 1956 Skinner entered the Sheffield Star Walk, an amateur walking race, and finished second.

In 1966, Skinner became the youngest-ever president of the Derbyshire region of the National Union of Mineworkers. After working for 20 years as a miner, he became a member of Derbyshire County Council and a Clay Cross councillor in the 1960s. As chairman of the Clay Cross Council, Skinner was noted for his decision not to wear the traditional council dress and gold chain, stating, 'My conscience would not permit me to wear it, because I believe... all the pomp and ceremony attached to local government [and] Parliament is outdated and a waste of time'. In 1967, he attended Ruskin College, after completing a course run by the National Union of Mineworkers at the University of Sheffield. Skinner resigned from the colliery and the Derbyshire Miners' Union shortly after his election to parliament in June 1970.

Parliamentary career (1970–2019)
In 1956, Skinner joined the Labour Party. He was chosen as Parliamentary Prospective candidate for Bolsover on 5 June 1969. Skinner was elected as MP for the then safe Labour seat of Bolsover at the 1970 general election, succeeding Harold Neal. He retained the seat for 49 years (receiving his highest vote share in 1970, whilst achieving his highest majority at the 1997 general election), until he lost it at the 2019 general election to Mark Fletcher of the Conservative Party.

Due to his aggressive rhetoric, Skinner became known as the "Beast of Bolsover". Skinner recalls that he earned the nickname for his behaviour in a tribute debate in the Commons following the death of former Conservative Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden in 1977: "They were making speeches about the wonder of Anthony Eden, so I got up and talked about miners and people seriously injured and dead in the pits and the £200 given to the widow. There was booing and then all the Tories left and the papers had a go, some serious ones".

During most of his tenure in the Commons (in the years where the Labour Party were in opposition), Skinner would usually sit on the first seat of the front bench below the gangway in the Commons (known as the 'Awkward Squad Bench' because it is where rebel Labour Party MPs have traditionally sat) in a tweed jacket (whilst most other MPs wear suits) and signature red tie. During the New Labour government from 1997 to 2010, Skinner sat in the equivalent spot on the government benches.

In 1979, Skinner played a role in publicly exposing Anthony Blunt as a spy for the Soviet Union. On 15 November 1979, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher revealed Blunt's wartime role in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in reply to questions put to her by Ted Leadbitter, the MP for Hartlepool, and Skinner. Thatcher made a full statement to the Commons on the matter the following week:"Mr. Leadbitter and Mr. Skinner: asked the Prime Minister if she will make a statement on recent evidence concerning the actions of an individual, whose name has been supplied to her, in relation to the security of the United Kingdom.Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher: The name which the hon. Member for Hartlepool (Mr. Leadbitter) has given me is that of Sir Anthony Blunt."

On 7 June 1985, Skinner talked out a bill by Enoch Powell which would have banned stem cell research by moving the writ for the by-election in Brecon and Radnor;  Skinner later described this as his proudest political moment. On 20 January 1989, he talked out a move to reduce the number of weeks at which an abortion can be legally performed in Britain by moving the writ for the Richmond by-election.

In 2003, Skinner was among the quarter of Labour MPs who voted against the Iraq War; he later rebelled against the party line when he voted against government policy to allow terror suspects to be detained without trial for up to 90 days. In 2007, Skinner and 88 other Labour MPs voted against the Labour Government's policy of renewing the Trident Nuclear Missile System.

In January 2012, Skinner was referred to as "a dinosaur" in a controversial jibe by David Cameron, who said "I often say to my children 'No need to go to the Natural History Museum to see a dinosaur, come to the House of Commons at about half past twelve'". Cameron received criticism for the remark, and was accused of ageism. Labour MPs complained at the time that Cameron's words amounted to "a gratuitous and entirely offensive insult to a greatly respected honourable Member, made entirely because of his age." House Speaker John Bercow replied at the time: "I'm always in favour of humour but just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, humour is a matter of subjective judgment. Sometimes people are funny. Sometimes they think they are funny. Sometimes they think they are funny deliberately when they are not. Sometimes they don't realise they are funny when they are." In July 2015, Cameron referenced the dinosaur remark in another jibe in which he said "It's always very good to see the Labour Party in full voice, cheering on 'Jurassic Park'. I would stick to the movie".

In May 2014, Skinner was the principal guest speaker at the Kent Miners Rally at the Aylesham & District Social Club to commemorate 30 years since the Miners Strike 1984/1985.

Following the retirement of Peter Tapsell in 2015, Skinner was one of the four longest-serving MPs, but did not become Father of the House, as two other MPs, who were also first elected in 1970, had been sworn in earlier on the same day and consecutively both held that position: Gerald Kaufman (2015–2017) and Kenneth Clarke (2017–2019). Skinner, the oldest sitting MP since 2017, stated that in any case he would not accept the honorific title. In 2019, with Clarke's impending retirement, the issue of Skinner becoming Father of the House resurfaced but was rendered moot, when Skinner lost his seat at the 2019 general election to Mark Fletcher of the Conservative Party.

In 2017, upon Kaufman's death, 85-year old Skinner became the oldest member of the House of Commons. When Skinner was first elected Bolsover was one of the safest Labour seats in the country, when the town still had a large mining community, but over the following half century with socioeconomic changes in the constituency Skinner's vote share dropped from 77% in 1970, still holding a high vote share of 65% in 2005, to only 36% in 2019, with the result that he lost the seat to the Conservatives by a margin of 11%. He was succeeded as the Labour candidate for Bolsover by Natalie Fleet, who became MP for the seat in the 2024 general election.

Views
Skinner was a strong supporter of the National Union of Mineworkers and their leader Arthur Scargill in the 1984–85 miners' strike. Skinner refused to accept a parliamentary salary in excess of miners' wages, and during the miners' strike he donated his wages to the NUM.

Skinner voted for equalisation of the age of consent, civil partnerships, adoption rights for same-sex couples, to outlaw discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, and for same-sex couples to marry, and has a strongly pro-choice stance on abortion.

Following the sudden death of John Smith in 1994, Skinner was among the MPs to pay tribute to him, saying that despite coming from a different wing of the Labour Party, he and Smith "never had words in anger", and said that he would have become Prime Minister and praised Smith for "dragging the Labour Party from the depths of despair to the pinnacles of power." Skinner concluded his tribute by saying that the best tribute to Smith would be to pass the Disabled Person's Act in his memory.

In 2000, Skinner denounced former ally Ken Livingstone, then serving as a Labour MP. Livingstone had failed to win the party's nomination to be a candidate for Mayor of London, and had then decided to run as an independent candidate instead, urging his supporters to help Green Party candidates get elected. Skinner said that Livingstone had betrayed Labour Party activists in his Brent East constituency, whom he described as having fought for him "like tigers" when his majority had been small: "He tells them he's going to be the Labour candidate, then he lies to them. To me that's as low as you can get". He contrasted Livingstone with the official Labour candidate, Frank Dobson, saying that Dobson was "a bloke and a half... not a prima donna ... not someone with an ego as big as a house". Skinner said Livingstone would "hit the headlines, but you'll never be able to trust him because he's broken his pledge and his loyalty to his party. The personality cult of the ego does not work down a coal mine and it does not work in the Labour Party".

Conversely, despite his renowned left-wing views, Skinner for a long time had a positive relationship with Prime Minister Tony Blair, a leading figure on the right-wing of the party, stemming from advice that Skinner gave Blair regarding public speaking. As recently as 2018, he described the Tony Blair and Gordon Brown ministries as a "golden period" for the NHS. However, Skinner strongly criticised Blair in 2019, after the former Prime Minister had advised pro-Remain Labour supporters who felt that the party's line on Brexit was too ambiguous to vote for explicitly pro-Remain parties in the 2019 European Parliament election; in the Morning Star, Skinner described Blair as a "destructive force" who was "try(ing) to destroy the Labour Party so people keep talking about his reign" and stating that he "went into Iraq and destroyed himself. He helped David Cameron and Theresa May into power. You're talking about a man who made a mess of it."

Skinner supported David Miliband in the 2010 Labour leadership election, which was won by his brother Ed Miliband. In March 2011, he was one of 15 MPs who voted against British participation in NATO's Libya intervention.

Skinner was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. Shortly after Corbyn was elected as leader, Skinner was elected to Labour's National Executive Committee, on which he remained until October 2016. Skinner supported Corbyn, alongside the majority of Labour MPs, in voting against the extension of RAF airstrikes against ISIS in Syria in December 2015.

Skinner has stated that he voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum.

Skinner favours outright abolition of the House of Lords.

Suspensions
Skinner was suspended from Parliament on at least 10 occasions, usually for unparliamentary language when attacking opponents. Notable infractions included:
 * In 1980, he attempted to raise points of order during question time, against parliamentary practice, which led to a prolonged altercation with Speaker of the House of Commons George Thomas.
 * In 1981, accusing Speaker Thomas (a former Labour MP) of attending functions to raise funds for the governing Conservative Party.
 * Twice in 1984, once for accusing Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of "bribing judges" in relation to a court case the government had won relating to banning GCHQ employees from trade union membership; and the second time for calling SDP leader David Owen a "pompous sod" (and only agreeing to withdraw "pompous").
 * In 1987, for accusing former cabinet minister Norman Tebbit of 'lining his pockets' and being 'dishonourable' as a result of his directorship and large shareholdings of British Telecom, a company he had privatised as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, which Labour MPs perceived as a conflict of interest.
 * In 1992, referring to the Minister of Agriculture John Gummer as "a little squirt of a Minister" and "a slimy wart on Margaret Thatcher's nose".
 * In 1995, accusing the Major government of a "crooked deal" to sell off Britain's coal mines.
 * In 2005, when referring to the economic record of the Conservatives in the 1980s, making the remark, "The only thing that was growing then were the lines of coke in front of 'Boy George' and the rest of the Tories", a reference to allegations originally published in the Sunday Mirror of cocaine use by the newly appointed Shadow Chancellor, George Osborne (though, in the Commons, Skinner referred to the News of the World).
 * In 2006, accusing Deputy Speaker Alan Haselhurst of leniency towards remarks made by opposition frontbencher and future Prime Minister Theresa May "because she's a Tory".
 * In 2016, for referring to Prime Minister David Cameron as "Dodgy Dave" (related to Skinner's contention of Cameron's dishonesty) in a parliamentary debate about the Panama Papers. Skinner was asked by House Speaker John Bercow to withdraw the word "dodgy". When Skinner refused, he was ordered to leave parliament for the remainder of that day's session. In July 2016, Skinner once again referred to Cameron as 'Dodgy Dave' in parliament, however this time he was not reprimanded, or asked to leave. "Dodgy Dave" has gained usage in the media, and on social media, when Cameron is being referred to disparagingly. Skinner's remarks resurfaced online after Cameron was appointed foreign secretary by Rishi Sunak in November 2023.

Queen's Speech quips
Known for his republican sentiments, Skinner regularly heckled during the annual Queen's Speech ceremony. He did this upon the arrival of Black Rod (the symbol of royal authority in the House of Lords) to summon MPs to hear the Queen's speech in the Lords' chamber. The best known, according to the New Statesman and other sources, are listed as follows:

After parliament (2019–present)
During the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election which was won by Angela Rayner, Skinner endorsed Richard Burgon for Deputy Leader of the Labour Party, saying "I'm backing Richard to be Deputy Leader of the Labour Party. Richard is a socialist who never gives in and never gives up. He gives me hope for the future of our Party. I urge CLPs & unions to nominate Richard and members to vote for him."

On 6 May 2020, Skinner was named honorary president of the Socialist Campaign Group.

Nature of the Beast documentary
A documentary about Skinner sanctioned by him, Nature of the Beast, was completed in 2017 by production company Shut Out The Light. The documentary traces Skinner's rise to political icon status and covers his working-class upbringing, his family influences and his hobbies away from "The Palace of Varieties". Skinner's four surviving brothers and several of his Bolsover constituents are interviewed in the documentary.

Stage play
Derby Theatre commissioned Kevin Fegan to write a play inspired by Skinner, titled The Palace of Varieties – life and times of Dennis Skinner, which was performed at the theatre in early 2022.

Tony Skinner's Lad
In September 2020, Robb Johnson's song about Skinner, Tony Skinner's Lad, topped the Amazon download chart.

Personal life
In 1960, Skinner married Mary Parker, from whom he separated in 1989. He has three children and four grandchildren. Since the 1990s, his partner has been former researcher Lois Blasenheim.

In 2014, Skinner released his autobiography Sailing Close to the Wind: Reminiscences. In an interview he gave later in the year, Skinner stated that he had never sent an email and did not have a Twitter account, and when asked what he considered Cameron's biggest achievement to be, Skinner said "I can't trust him as far as I can throw him."

In 1999, Skinner was diagnosed with advanced bladder cancer and subsequently had surgery to remove a malignant tumour. In 2003, he underwent a double heart bypass operation. He underwent hip surgery in 2019. He was too ill to campaign in the 2019 general election after he was hospitalised with a dangerous infection following the hip operation. He was not present at the count when he lost his seat.

Skinner's mother was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease prior to her death in the 1980s. Skinner sang to his late mother when she was diagnosed with the disease and was inspired by her ability to recall old songs. Since 2008, he has visited care homes in Derbyshire to sing to elderly patients with dementia.

Skinner is a supporter of Derby County Football Club and Derbyshire County Cricket Club.

title: Dennis Skinner


text:
Bill Rogers

Bill Rogers may refer to:

Sports

 * Bill Rogers (footballer) (1893–1918), Australian rules footballer
 * Bill Rogers (quarterback), college football and basketball player
 * Bill Rogers (speedway rider) (1911–1992), Australian speedway rider
 * Bill Rogers (tackle) (1913–1977), American football player
 * Bill Rogers (golfer) (born 1951), American golfer
 * Bill Rogers (athlete) (born 1985), Liberian runner

Others

 * Bill Rogers (educationalist), Australian educationalist
 * Bill Rogers (Michigan politician) (born 1954), member of the Michigan House of Representatives (2009–2012)
 * Bill Rogers (New Zealand politician) (1887–1971), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council (1940–1950)
 * Bill Rogers (voice actor), New York-based voice actor
 * Bill Rogers (musician) (1906–1984), Guyanese musician, born Augustus Hinds

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bill Rogers


text:
Tyson Research Center

Tyson Research Center is a 2,000 acre environmental field station owned and operated by Washington University in St. Louis in the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area east of Eureka. It is part of the Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor which consists of over 8,000 acre of protected lands. It is a member of the Organization of Biological Field Stations (OBFS).

Tyson provides opportunities for environmental research and education for students and faculty from Washington University and beyond. Infrastructure and programs facilitate multi-scale research and teaching opportunities and collaboration across disciplines, institutions, and levels of academic training.

Tyson Research Center was originally part of the Tyson Valley Powder Plant in World War II. It is bordered to the east by Lone Elk County Park, to the west by West Tyson County Park, to the north by Castlewood State Park, and to the south by Interstate 44.

Tyson Research Center hosts the Endangered Wolf Center.

Tyson also has a weather station and monitors acid rain as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program.

title: Tyson Research Center


text:
Talk:Queen Mary 2

"undefaced" flag?
One of the photos is captioned as an "undefaced Red Ensign" flown in July 2014. Why is it important to note that the flag is "undefaced"? Did I miss something in the article? Elsquared (talk) 08:16, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It's explained in the "Defaced_red_ensign" section in the Red Ensign article, which links to Defacement_(flag). --Northernhenge (talk) 09:31, 16 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It's worth noting that 'defaced' has no pejorative meaning when it comes to flags - it just means that something has been added. In this case, the flag of Bermuda on land is a Red Ensign defaced with the Bermudian coat of arms, but it turns out that the same isn't true at sea, so the QM2 flies the same plain Red Ensign as when it was registered in the UK. David Arthur (talk) 14:23, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

ocean liner vs cruise ship
The article states that QM2 is, quote, "the only purpose built passenger ship designed as an ocean liner, as opposed to a cruise ship". From a design perspective, what's the difference between the two - ocean liner vs cruise ship? Elsquared (talk) 08:04, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2011 Royal Rendezvous
This section says "Two years" after the first Royal Rendezvous, but it's actually three years - 2008 to 2011. I'm going to correct it. Elsquared (talk) 08:06, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Pandemic
In this section, it says she will resume service 18APR21. This did not happen, and she remains hove to off Torquay. The article should be updated. 2A00:23C7:E284:CF00:AD81:83:46A2:1B65 (talk) 21:50, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Done. And by that, I mean I have edited the article so the suspension date reads "November 2021", and the cited source is updated, but without including any information about the Torquay location. Not sure why my previous comment here was deleted, but if you decide to revert again, Palmiped, an edit summary or similar explanation would be appreciated. Meticulo (talk) 12:47, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry didn’t realise I had accidentally touched the revert button on my Ipad Regards   palmiped Talk  14:30, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Phew! That's a relief. I thought I might have breached some obscure policy against one-word comments on talk pages. Cheers, Meticulo (talk) 15:05, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

2003 dry dock accident
What was the cause of the 2003 dry dock accident that killed 16? Valetude (talk) 09:00, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

The 32nd citation in this article leads to a 404 page
I dont know what it was meant to lead to but it dosent lead anywhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.244.121.46 (talk) 13:36, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I believe you're referring to the "Deck Plans" link? I've updated the link. Thanks! pburka (talk) 14:12, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Section needed: 16 people died on the Queen Mary II on new wider gangway in 2021
Plus 32 people were hurt. It was an overloaded gangway. Ton of articles out there, the death toll kept rising for a while. Lowest number I saw was 11, so probably 11 people died instantly. This first link is the highest number I saw, and the BBC article has some details some of the other articles don't cover.

https://www.smh.com.au/world/sixteen-die-in-queen-mary-ii-ship-accident-20031117-gdhsmk.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3280451.stm 24.130.46.152 (talk) 06:27, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

covid19 section update
Dropped off 10 people in NYC in December 2021 because they had covid.

https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/30/business/queen-mary-2-cruise-covid/index.html example article on this. 24.130.46.152 (talk) 06:34, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Stop before going to Australia
A small correction to article re Covid QM2 stopped briefly at Port Klang Malaysia where people could disembark but not return to the ship. Some fuel was taken aboard but insufficient for the voyage to Australia. The ship moored in the Straights of Malaca to wait for a fuel barge to come from Singapore before proceeding to Australia The ship never went to Singapore Regards David Chalk (Passenger) 73.126.248.74 (talk) 02:51, 3 November 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 December 2023
{{subst:trim|1=

Construction was completed on schedule. On 22 December 2003, Queen Mary 2''

==== under the command of Captain R W Warwick'

left Saint-Nazaire and arrived in Southampton, England, on 26 December 2003. {{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/photo_gallery/3349657.stm|title=In pictures: Queen Mary 2 arrives|date=26 December 2003|work=BBC News|access-date=23 December 2018|archive-

}} 82.153.127.144 (talk) 11:46, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Delta  space 42 (talk • contribs) 14:55, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

title: Talk:Queen Mary 2


text:
Bank of America Plaza

Bank of America Plaza may refer to:

 * Bank of America Plaza (Los Angeles), California
 * Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta), Georgia
 * Bank of America Plaza (Charlotte), North Carolina
 * Bank of America Plaza (Chicago), Illinois
 * Bank of America Plaza (Dallas), Texas
 * Bank of America Plaza (Fort Lauderdale), Florida
 * Bank of America Plaza (Nashville), Tennessee
 * Bank of America Plaza (New York City), New York (now known as 335 Madison Avenue)
 * Bank of America Plaza (St. Louis), Missouri
 * Bank of America Plaza (San Antonio), Texas
 * Bank of America Plaza (Tampa), Florida
 * Bank of America Plaza (Tucson), Arizona

title: Bank of America Plaza


text:
The Tin Woodman of Oz

The Tin Woodman of Oz: A Faithful Story of the Astonishing Adventure Undertaken by the Tin Woodman, Assisted by Woot the Wanderer, the Scarecrow of Oz, and Polychrome, the Rainbow's Daughter is the twelfth book in the Oz series written by L. Frank Baum and was originally published on May 13, 1918. The Tin Woodman is reunited with his Munchkin sweetheart Nimmie Amee from the days when he was flesh and blood. This was a back-story from Baum's 1900 novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was followed by The Magic of Oz (1919).

The book was dedicated to the author's grandson Frank Alden Baum.

Plot summary
The Tin Woodman and the Scarecrow are regaling each other with tales at the Woodman's palace in the Winkie Country when a Gillikin boy named Woot wanders in. After he is fed and rested, Woot asks the Woodman how he came to be made of tin.

He relates how the Wicked Witch of the East enchanted his axe and caused him to chop his body parts off limb by limb, because he was in love with her ward, Nimmie Amee. Each chopped limb was replaced by the tinsmith Ku-Klip with a counterpart made of tin. Without a heart, the Tin Woodman felt he could no longer love Nimmie Amee and he left her. Woot suggests that his new heart may have made him kind, but it did not make him loving, or he would have returned to Nimmie Amee. This shames the Tin Woodman and inspires him to journey to the Munchkin Country and find her.

The Tin Woodman, the Scarecrow, and Woot journey into the Gillikin Country and encounter the inflatable Loons of Loonville, whom they escape by popping several of them. They descend into Yoop Valley, where the giantess Mrs. Yoop dwells, who transforms the travelers into animals for her amusement, just as she has already done to Polychrome, the Rainbow's Daughter. The group escape, still in their animal forms.

They arrive at the farm of Jinjur, who renews her acquaintance with them and sends to the Emerald City for help. Dorothy and Ozma arrive and Ozma restores the travelers to their rightful forms.

The group resumes their quest and come upon the spot where the Tin Woodman had rusted and find another tin man there. After they oil his joints, he identifies himself as Captain Fyter, a soldier who courted Nimmie Amee after the Woodman had left her. The Wicked Witch of the East had made Fyter's sword do what the Woodman's axe had done—cut off his limbs, which Ku-Klip replaced with tin limbs. He does not have a heart either, but this does not bother him. However, he can rust, which he did one day during a rainstorm. Both woodmen now seek the heart of Nimmie Amee, agreeing to let her choose between them.

The five come to the dwelling of the tinsmith Ku-Klip where the Tin Woodman talks to himself—that is, to the head of the man (Nick Chopper) he once was. The Tin Woodman and the Tin Soldier also find a barrel of assorted body parts that once belonged to each of them, but some, like Captain Fyter's head, are conspicuously missing. Ku-Klip reveals that he used Fyter's head and many body parts from each of them (which never decayed) to create his assistant Chopfyt. Chopfyt complained about missing an arm until Ku-Klip made him a tin one, and he departed for the east.

The companions leave Ku-Klip and continue east themselves to find Nimmie Amee at the foot of Mount Munch. At its summit is a cottage where a rabbit tells them Nimmie Amee now lives happily. The Tin Woodman and Tin Soldier find that Nimmie Amee is now married to Chopfyt. She refuses to leave her domestic life, even to become Empress of the Winkies. The four return to the Emerald City and relate their adventures.

Context and reception
The Tin Woodman of Oz provides backstory for Oz itself; it was not always a fairyland, and became one by being enchanted by the Fairy Queen Lurline, who left a fairy behind to rule it. In Glinda of Oz Ozma says that she herself was that fairy, though in The Marvelous Land of Oz we are told of her restoration to a throne long held by her ancestors.

In any event, this novel marks a clear maturation of Ozma's character, now said to appear significantly older than Dorothy (in Ozma of Oz they appeared the same age) and a fairy working her own innate magic.

Baum's Oz books had entered a trend of declining sales after 1910. The Tin Woodman of Oz reversed this trend; its first-year sales of 18,600 were enough to make it a "bestselling success." Significantly, the sales of earlier Oz titles also rebounded from previous declines, many selling 3000 copies that year, and two, The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904) and the previous year's The Lost Princess of Oz (1917), selling 4000 copies. Baum earned $6,742.52 from his Oz books that year. (In 1918 the average annual salary of a clerical worker was $940.) Even Baum's non-Oz-related early works were affected by the upsurge: John Dough and the Cherub (1906) sold 1,562 copies in 1918.

The reason for this reversal of fortune is harder to specify. The psychological shock of the trench-warfare carnage of World War I may have inspired a wave of nostalgia for a simpler time, with Baum's books representing a lost "age of innocence".

A new edition of the book was illustrated by Dale Ulrey in 1955. She illustrated a new edition of The Wizard of Oz for Reilly & Lee the following year, but sales did not warrant her continuing to provide new illustrations.

title: The Tin Woodman of Oz


text:
John Holmes

John or Jon Holmes may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * John Holmes (actor) (1944–1988), American pornographic actor and murder suspect
 * John Holmes (composer) (died 1629), English musician and composer
 * John Holmes (poet) (1904–1962), American poet
 * John Clellon Holmes (1926–1988), American Beat poet, novelist and essayist
 * John Eric Holmes (1930–2010), American author and promoter of fantasy role-playing games
 * John W. Holmes (film editor) (1917–2001), American film editor
 * Jon Holmes (born 1969), British comedy writer and broadcaster

Diplomacy

 * John Holmes (British diplomat) (born 1951), British diplomat
 * John T. Holmes, Canadian ambassador to Indonesia and East Timor
 * John Wendell Holmes (1910–1988), Canadian diplomat and academic

Education

 * John Holmes (geographer), Australian professor of geography
 * John Holmes (schoolmaster) (1703–1760), English schoolmaster
 * John Clough Holmes (1809–1887), American merchant; Agricultural College of the State of Michigan progenitor

Military or mercenary service

 * John Holmes (British Army officer) (born 1949), British general
 * John Holmes (mercenary), 19th century Anglo-Indian mercenary
 * John Holmes (Royal Navy officer) (1640?–1683), English naval officer

Politics

 * John Holmes (by 1529 – 1583), MP for Ripon and Boroughbridge
 * John Holmes (died 1556 or later), MP for Rye
 * John Holmes (Maine politician) (1773–1843), member of U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives
 * John Holmes (New Zealand politician) (1831–1910), New Zealand Member of Parliament
 * John Holmes (Nova Scotia politician) (1789–1876), Canadian Senator
 * John Holmes (Ontario politician) (1828–1879), Canadian MP
 * John Bee Holmes (1760–1827), intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina
 * John Edwin Holmes (1809–1863), first Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
 * John Robert Holmes (1927–2011), Canadian MP
 * John Holmes (Jamaican politician), planter, slave-owner and member of the House of Assembly of Jamaica

Religion

 * John Holmes (bishop) (died 1904), Anglican colonial bishop
 * John Haynes Holmes (1879–1964), American churchman and pacifist
 * John McClellan Holmes (1834–1911), Christian minister and author

Sports

 * John Holmes (footballer) (1869–?), English footballer
 * John Holmes (cricketer) (Rodney Holmes, 1924–1980), English cricketer
 * Johnny Holmes, American baseball player of the 1940s
 * John Holmes (rugby league) (1952–2009), English former rugby league footballer
 * John Holmes (rugby league, born 1904)
 * John Holmes (golfer) (JB Holmes, born 1982), American golfer
 * John Holmes (American football)

Other fields

 * John Holmes (essayist) (1815–1894), radical campaigner
 * John Holmes (Messenger of the Plymouth Court) (1603–?), Plymouth Colony settler and official
 * John Henry Holmes (1857–1935), English electrical engineer, inventor and Quaker
 * John Dalrymple Edgar Holmes, British veterinary scientist and bacteriologist

Fictional characters

 * John Hamish Adler Holme or Auguste Lupa, a fictional character in novels by John Lescroart

title: John Holmes


text:
Antipodal point

In mathematics, two points of a sphere (or n-sphere, including a circle) are called antipodal or diametrically opposite if they are the endpoints of a diameter, a straight line segment between two points on a sphere and passing through its center.

Given any point on a sphere, its antipodal point is the unique point at greatest distance, whether measured intrinsically (great-circle distance on the surface of the sphere) or extrinsically (chordal distance through the sphere's interior). Every great circle on a sphere passing through a point also passes through its antipodal point, and there are infinitely many great circles passing through a pair of antipodal points (unlike the situation for any non-antipodal pair of points, which have a unique great circle passing through both). Many results in spherical geometry depend on choosing non-antipodal points, and degenerate if antipodal points are allowed; for example, a spherical triangle degenerates to an underspecified lune if two of the vertices are antipodal.

The point antipodal to a given point is called its antipodes, from the Greek ἀντίποδες meaning "opposite feet"; see. Sometimes the s is dropped, and this is rendered antipode, a back-formation.

Higher mathematics
The concept of antipodal points is generalized to spheres of any dimension: two points on the sphere are antipodal if they are opposite through the centre. Each line through the centre intersects the sphere in two points, one for each ray emanating from the centre, and these two points are antipodal.

The Borsuk–Ulam theorem is a result from algebraic topology dealing with such pairs of points. It says that any continuous function from $$S^n$$ to $$\R^n$$ maps some pair of antipodal points in $$S^n$$ to the same point in $$\R^n.$$ Here, $$S^n$$ denotes the $n$-dimensional sphere and $$\R^n$$ is $n$-dimensional real coordinate space.

The antipodal map $$A : S^n \to S^n$$ sends every point on the sphere to its antipodal point. If points on the $n$-sphere are represented as displacement vectors from the sphere's center in Euclidean $(n+1)$-space, then two antipodal points are represented by additive inverses $$\mathbf{v}$$ and $$-\mathbf{v},$$ and the antipodal map can be defined as $$A(\mathbf{x}) = -\mathbf{x}.$$ The antipodal map preserves orientation (is homotopic to the identity map) when $$n$$ is odd, and reverses it when $$n$$ is even. Its degree is $$(-1)^{n+1}.$$

If antipodal points are identified (considered equivalent), the sphere becomes a model of real projective space.

title: Antipodal point


text:
Wizzard

Wizzard were an English rock band formed by Roy Wood, former member of the Move and co-founder of the Electric Light Orchestra. The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits states, "Wizzard was Roy Wood just as much as Wings was Paul McCartney." They are most famous for their 1973 Christmas single "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday".

Beginnings
Not long after the release of Electric Light Orchestra's first album, Wood found himself in political disagreements with the band's manager Don Arden. Following a difference of opinion during recording of the band's second album, ELO 2, Wood walked out of the session, went down the road to a studio where the Birmingham group Mongrel (which included his former Move bandmate Rick Price, as well as drummers Charlie Grima and Keith Smart) were recording, and asked them if they would be interested in putting a band together.

Wood left ELO, taking band members Bill Hunt (keyboards and french horn) and Hugh McDowell (cello) with him, as well as ELO's sound engineer, Trevor Smith. Despite press reporting a fallout between Wood and co-founder/leader Jeff Lynne, Wood denies that he and Lynne ever had a real row, blaming it on press fabrication and insisting that "We never had a real row and we're still mates now." In fact, Wood claimed that he left the group because he foresaw a fallout between him and Lynne due to their increasing differences of opinion (which he felt were caused, indirectly, by the band's management) and wanted to avoid it.

Also in the line-up were saxophone players Mike Burney and Nick Pentelow (the son of actor Arthur Pentelow). Prior to the recording of the band's second album, Introducing Eddy and the Falcons, McDowell left and was not replaced (he returned to ELO), and during the recording of the album Bill Hunt also departed and was replaced by Bob Brady (also from Mongrel). Prior to the 1975 recording of the band's final album, Main Street (released 2000), drummer Keith Smart departed the band and was not replaced.

Chart success and tours
The band made their live debut at The London Rock and Roll Show at Wembley Stadium on 5 August 1972. Wizzard's second appearance was at the Reading Festival later that month. With Wood's distinctive warpaint make-up and colourful costume, not to mention regular appearances on BBC Television's Top of the Pops in which members and friends, including Wood's girl friend, singer Ayshea Brough, variously appeared in pantomime horses, gorilla costumes or as roller-skating angels, often wielding custard pies for good measure, Wizzard were one of the most picturesque groups of the British glam rock era. In 1973 they scored their first Top 10 hit with "Ball Park Incident", which made No. 6 for three weeks from 13 January. Their biggest hit was with their second single. "See My Baby Jive", Wood's faithful and affectionate tribute to the Phil Spector-generated 'Wall of Sound', made No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It sold over one million copies globally, and was awarded gold disc status. The follow-up, "Angel Fingers", also topped the charts for one week. Wizzard's songs often included lengthy instrumental improvisations.

The band's 1973 Christmas single "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" became an annual fixture on British (and Irish) radio and television. It was reissued in 1981, and a 12" re-recording appeared in 1984.

During 1973 Harvest Records released the Roy Wood solo album Boulders, which he had recorded and mixed years before forming Wizzard, and which produced a Top 20 hit in "Dear Elaine". Wood said he was bored with Boulders by the time of its release and he wanted to focus on his new music with Wizzard. The subsequent heavy working schedule and strain led to health problems, and several cancelled or postponed live dates on a spring 1974 tour of the UK. One highlight of 1974 was a return to the Top 10 with "Rock 'n' Roll Winter (Loony's Tune)". Release was delayed for several weeks until the end of March, so the words 'Sorry, the word 'Spring' wouldn't fit. R.W.' were added on the label after the title. Unusually for the time, this song and the B-side, "Dream of Unwin", were both recorded and released in mono. The song was dedicated to Wood's girlfriend at the time, Lynsey de Paul, who repaid the honour by recording a Wizzard-style song, "Ooh I Do", a few months later.

A tour of the US later that year failed to bring them any commercial success there, but after meeting Brian Wilson some members guested on a Beach Boys session, which resulted in the eventual release of the latter group's single "It's OK" in 1976. According to Wood, the record label neglected to make a substantial push to make Wizzard a success in the U.S., preferring to focus promotion on England since the band were already very popular there.

Financial difficulties
Wizzard was an expensive band to maintain, both because of the large line-up, in terms of recording costs, and Bill Hunt's propensity to smash the pianos of the venues they were playing at. Studio time was an even greater drain on the band's finances. According to Price in a radio interview, "When we finished recording 'Angel Fingers' it was rumoured that we had spent more time in the studio than Paul McCartney had with the whole of the Band on the Run album." Whether it was true or not, this meant that most of the record company's money was spent in studio time and that the members of the band had to rely on live touring work for their income. A couple of tours in the UK and one tour of the US were not enough to ensure regular wages for the band. One by one the band members found other, more lucrative, things to occupy their time.

Disbanding
By autumn 1975 they had split, leaving a farewell single, "Rattlesnake Roll", which failed to chart, and a third album, Main Street, which their record label did not release as they deemed it insufficiently commercial. Wizzard had initially intended their second album to be a double, with one disc a set of rock and roll pastiches and the other disc jazz-rock. The label heard the rock and roll set and decided to release that as a single album, which appeared in 1974 as Introducing Eddy & The Falcons. Main Street, the jazz-rock set, languished in the vaults and was for some time presumed lost, but was finally released in 2000.

Post-Wizzard
Following the band's split in 1975, Wood and Price formed the short-lived Wizzo Band, after which Wood reverted to a solo career in addition to producing records for other acts, notably a 1979 Top 10 cover version of "Duke of Earl" for British doo-wop revivalists Darts.

On 13 November 2014, saxophonist Mike Burney died, aged 76, after a long battle with cancer. Hugh McDowell died on 6 November 2018 following a long illness, at the age of 65. On 17 May 2022, bassist Rick Price died aged 77.

Personnel

 * Roy Wood - vocals, guitars, saxophone, woodwinds, strings, keyboards, percussion (1972-1975)
 * Mike Burney - saxophone, clarinet, flute (1972-1975; died 2014)
 * Charlie Grima - drums, percussion, vocals (1972-1975)
 * Bill Hunt - keyboards, French horn (1972-1973)
 * Hugh McDowell - cello, synthesisers (1972-1973; died 2018)
 * Nick Pentelow - saxophone, clarinet, flute (1972-1975)
 * Rick Price - bass, vocals (1972-1975; died 2022)
 * Keith Smart - drums (1972-1975)
 * Bob Brady - keyboards, vocals (1974-1975)

title: Wizzard


text:
Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)

Bank of America Plaza is a 72-story, 280.7 m late-modernist skyscraper located in the Main Street District in the city's downtown core in Dallas, Texas, United States. It is the tallest skyscraper in the city, the 3rd tallest in Texas and the 45th tallest in the United States. It contains 1900000 sqft of office space.

History
The building was designed by JPJ Architects and developed by Bramalea Limited of Brampton, Ontario. Canada. The original owner was a joint venture arrangement including Prudential Insurance, Bramalea Limited, and First National Bank of Dallas under parent company InterFirst Corporation. Construction commenced in 1983 and the tower was completed in 1985.

The development was originally called the Dallas Main Center, but has taken many names over its short history. Upon opening the tower was called InterFirst Bank Plaza and has been renamed several times because of the mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. In 1986 the tower was renamed First Republic Bank Plaza after InterFirst Corporation's merger with Republic Bank Corporation. First Republic Corporation later failed and was sold in 1988 to Charlotte-based North Carolina National Bank by the Resolution Trust Corporation becoming NCNB Texas. The tower was renamed NCNB Plaza. In 1991, in order to reflect its growing national portfolio NCNB rebranded themselves and the tower took the name NationsBank Plaza, and finally the building was renamed Bank of America Plaza in 1998 after NationsBank acquired San Francisco-based Bank of America and taking their name and operating under their charter.

Architecture
Original plans for the development, initially called Dallas Main Center, called for two 72-story towers, a 600-room hotel, and a parking garage. Original designs for the tower were capped with stepped pyramid crowns and were initially intended to be clad in a silver glazing with gold accent band curtain wall. In order to gain FAA approval to build the tower, the stepped pyramid was removed. Another design change altered the curtain wall materials, which were replaced with blue glazing and grey marble accent bands.

As a result of the collapse of the price for oil, real estate, and banking industry in Texas in the mid-eighties, the twin tower and hotel were never completed. The hotel site remains a surface parking lot, and the site of the second 72-story tower was purchased by the City of Dallas after a 2006 bond election. The surface parking lot was converted into Belo Garden Park.

Lighting
The building's facetted facade was first accented at night by nearly 2 mile of green argon lighting running primarily at the edges and corners of the tower. The lighting design concept was by Theo Kondos Associates, lighting design firm in New York, NY. Due to the green lighting, the building is often referred to as "The Pickle." Green was chosen over red or blue because it is more visible from a distance. It has also been reported that the second tower, if built would have been accented with purple lighting (often called “The Eggplant”).

Several months later, many of the argon tubes had burnt out due to a combination of several high voltage phenomena—one of which is referred to as the "corona effect" that discharges high voltage at the ends of the tube connections burning them out. After an intensive study, the developer shut down the entire lighting system and replaced it with a "mid-point grounded" system and larger, 18 mm tubes. Cold temperatures continued to plague the replacement system's performance.

In a renovation project that began in May 2013, the original green argon lighting was replaced with multi-colored LED tubes. The renovations were 90 percent complete by November 14, 2013, when the LED outline was showcased at the re-lighting ceremony. This was made possible by Innovative Lighting in Irving, and Turner Construction.

Art
Alexander Liberman's sculpture "Venture" (1985) was located in the front plaza of the building until April 2013. The 38 ft tall sculpture is composed of twelve wide steel tubes of approximately 1” thickness cut into various lengths and stacked end-to-end and painted red. The current building owners removed the sculpture to make room for a valet parking entry to the building. The sculpture was donated to the City of Dallas. It was refurbished and installed near Garage C at Dallas Love Field Airport.

During the 2013 renovation of the building's lighting, the nearby OMNI Hotel's LED system was host to the 2nd edition of the Video Association of Dallas' EXPANDED CINEMA video exhibition. One work in the program, "Ar City" by Dallas-based artist Michael A. Morris, poetically addressed the transition from the argon lighting to the new LED system, drawing attention to the absence of the green light on the skyline by reproducing the color with the OMNI's lights and musing on the uses of liquid argon. Many artists have been exhibited inside OMNI hotel such as Mona Kasra.

Broadcast and communications center
The top two floors function as a broadcast communications tower using the building itself as a broadcast tower structure. ABC, CBS, NBC, FOX and The CW operate television transmission facilities on the 72nd floor and 74th level roof as well as most federal law enforcement agencies. All point-to-point microwave and fixed-service antennas are concealed within a specifically designed glass communications parapet on the top floor. The base of the 73rd floor parapet opens to the 72nd floor data and communications center below allowing for easy and safe access during installation and servicing of wireless devices. It also protects the hardware from weather. The building operates a sophisticated in-building distributed antenna system as well as a shared tenant data center. James Chiles designed this facility in 1985 one year prior to his rooftop antenna design of Renaissance Tower in 1986.

Amateur radio operators also install repeater systems on this building.

Floor directory
The 72nd-73rd floors contain mechanical space and telecommunications equipment for the broadcast antennas on the roof. Two rooftop balconies on the 72nd floor are closed to the public and store the building's window washing equipment.

The lower level contains retail such as shops and restaurants which connect to the Dallas Pedestrian Network.

In popular culture
Exterior shots of the building were used as the home of JRE Industries in Season 11 of the 1980s television series Dallas.

title: Bank of America Plaza (Dallas)


text:
Amelita Galli-Curci

Amelita Galli-Curci (18 November 1882 – 26 November 1963) was an Italian lyric coloratura soprano. She was one of the most famous operatic singers of the 20th century and a popular recording artist, with her records selling in large numbers.

Early life
She was born as Amelita Galli into an upper-middle-class Italian family of Spanish heritage in Milan, where she studied piano at the Milan Conservatory, winning a gold medal for piano performance, and at the age of 16 was offered a professorship. She was inspired to sing by her grandmother. Operatic composer Pietro Mascagni also encouraged Galli-Curci's singing ambitions. By her own choice, Galli-Curci's voice was largely self-trained at the beginning of her career. She honed her technique by listening to other sopranos, reading old singing-method books, and doing piano exercises with her voice instead of using a keyboard. During the 1920s and '30s, she was coached by Estelle Liebling in New York City.

Career
Galli-Curci made her operatic debut in 1906 at Trani as Gilda in Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto, and she rapidly became acclaimed throughout Italy for the sweetness and agility of her voice and her captivating musical interpretations. She was seen by many critics as an antidote to the host of squally, verismo-oriented sopranos then populating Italian opera houses.

She toured widely in Europe, Russia and South America. In 1915, she sang two performances of Lucia di Lammermoor with Enrico Caruso in Buenos Aires. These were to be her only operatic appearances with the great tenor, though they later appeared in concert and made a few recordings together. Galli-Curci and Caruso also acted as godparents for the son of the Sicilian tenor Giulio Crimi.

Galli-Curci toured extensively throughout her career, including a 1924 Great Britain concert tour (she never sang in an opera there), where she appeared in 20 cities and a tour of Australia a year later.

United States
Galli-Curci first arrived in the United States in the autumn of 1916 as a virtual unknown. Her stay in the US was intended to be brief, but the acclaim she received for her historic American debut as Gilda in Rigoletto in Chicago on 18 November 1916 (her 34th birthday) was so wildly enthusiastic that she accepted an offer to extend her association with the Chicago Opera Association, where she appeared until the end of the 1924 season. Also in 1916, Galli-Curci signed a recording contract with the Victor Talking Machine Company and made her first records a few weeks before her American debut. She recorded exclusively for Victor until 1930.

On 14 November 1921, while still under contract with the Chicago Opera, Galli-Curci made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York as Violetta in La Traviata, opposite tenor Beniamino Gigli as Alfredo. She was one of the few singers of that era who were contracted to both opera companies simultaneously. Galli-Curci remained at the Met until her retirement from the operatic stage nine years later. In 1922, Galli-Curci built a country estate in Highmount, New York, which she called "Sul Monte". She summered there for several years until she sold the property in 1937. A theater erected in the nearby village of Margaretville was named in her honor. She returned the favor by performing there on its opening night. Sul Monte was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Vocal decline and retirement from opera
Weary of opera house politics and convinced that opera was a dying art form, Galli-Curci retired from the operatic stage in January, 1930 to concentrate instead on concert performances. Throat problems and the uncertain pitching of top notes had plagued her for several years, and she underwent surgery in 1935 for the removal of a thyroid goiter. Great care was taken during her surgery, which was performed under local anesthesia; however, it was thought her voice suffered following the surgery, specifically, a nerve to her larynx, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, was thought to have been damaged, resulting in the loss of her ability to sing high pitches. This nerve has since become known as the "nerve of Galli-Curci."

In 2001, researchers Crookes and Recaberen "examined contemporary press reviews after surgery, conducted interviews with colleagues and relatives of the surgeon, and compared the career of Galli-Curci with that of other singers" and determined that her vocal decline was most likely not caused by a surgical injury.

Other researchers (Marchese-Ragona et al.) have argued that tracheal compression caused by a goiter put an early end to Galli-Curci's career as a coloratura soprano, but it was nerve damage caused during surgery that prevented her from prolonging her career as lyric or dramatic soprano.

Personal life
In 1908, Amelita Galli wed an Italian nobleman and painter, the Marchese Luigi Curci, attaching his surname to hers. They divorced in 1920. The Marchese Curci petitioned the papal council in Rome for an annulment of the marriage in 1922. In 1921, Galli-Curci married Homer Samuels, her accompanist. Their marriage lasted until Samuels' death in 1956.

Galli-Curci was a student of the Indian meditation and yoga teacher Paramahansa Yogananda. She wrote the foreword to Yogananda's 1929 book Whispers from Eternity.

Return to opera, death and legacy
On 24 November 1936, Galli-Curci, aged 54, made an ill-advised return to opera, appearing in a single performance as Mimi in La bohème in Chicago. It was painfully clear that her best singing days were behind her and after another year of recitals she went into complete retirement, living in California. She lived in Los Angeles and took up painting. She taught singing privately until shortly before her death from emphysema in La Jolla, California, on 26 November 1963, at the age of 81. Among her students was soprano Jean Fenn.

Galli-Curci's voice can still be heard on original 78-rpm records and their LP and CD reissues. Based on her recorded legacy and contemporary assessments of Galli-Curci's performances in England and America, the opera commentator Michael Scott, writing in volume 2 of The Record of Singing (Duckworth, London, 1979), compares her unfavourably as a vocal technician with coloratura sopranos of an earlier generation, such as Nellie Melba and Luisa Tetrazzini, but he acknowledges the unique beauty of her voice and the ongoing lyrical appeal of her charming singing.

Galli-Curci is honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording, with a star located at 6121 Hollywood Boulevard.

In Studio Ghibli's film Grave of the Fireflies, her recording of "Home! Sweet Home!" is played at the end.

In the film Wake in Fright (1971), Galli-Curci's recording of "Caro nome" from Rigoletto can be heard playing as 'Doc' Tydon, portrayed by Donald Pleasence remarks "What a doll... Galli-Curci".

Select LP and CD collections
LP:
 * The Art of Galli-Curci RCA Camden CAL-410
 * The Art of Galli-Curci Vol. 2 Bellini/Donizetti RCA Camden CAL-525
 * Galli-Curci: Golden Age Coloratura RCA Victrola VIC-1518
 * Golden Age Rigoletto (With Schipa, De Luca, Caruso) RCA Victrola VIC-1633

CD:
 * Amelita Galli-Curci RCA Victor Vocal Series 61413-2-RG
 * Amelita Galli-Curci The Complete Acoustic Recordings Volume 1 Romophone 81003-2
 * Amelita Galli-Curci The Complete Acoustic Recordings Volume 2 Romophone 81004-2
 * Amelita Galli-Curci The Victor Recordings (1925–28) Romophone 81020-2
 * Amelita Galli-Curci The Victor Recordings (1930) Romophone 81021-2

title: Amelita Galli-Curci


text:
Talk:Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal

Ethnic groups/cultures belong at Demographics of Senegal. The rest should go to Kingdoms of Senegal. --Jiang 19:36, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Carmarthen

Carmarthen (, local: ; Caerfyrddin, "Merlin's fort" or "Sea-town fort") is the county town of Carmarthenshire and a community in Wales, lying on the River Towy 8 mi north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay. The population was 14,185 in 2011, down from 15,854 in 2001, but gauged at 16,285 in 2019. It has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales – Old Carmarthen and New Carmarthen became one borough in 1546. It was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th–18th centuries, described by William Camden as "chief citie of the country". Growth stagnated by the mid-19th century as new settlements developed in the South Wales Coalfield.

Early history
When Britannia was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas capital of the Demetae tribe, known as Moridunum ("Sea Fort"). It is possibly the oldest town in Wales, recorded by Ptolemy and in the Antonine Itinerary. The Roman fort is believed to date from about AD 75. A Roman coin hoard was found nearby in 2006. Near the fort is one of seven surviving Roman amphitheatres in Britain and only two in Roman Wales (the other being at Isca Augusta, Roman Caerleon). Excavated in 1968, the Carmarthen fort has an arena of 50 by 30 yards (about 46 by 27 metres); the cavea (seating area) is 100 by 73 yards (92 by 67 metres). Veprauskas has argued for identifying it as the Cair Guorthigirn ("Fort Vortigern") listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britons. Evidence of the early Roman town has been investigated for several years, revealing urban sites likely to date from the 2nd century.

During the Middle Ages, the settlement then known as Llanteulyddog ('St Teulyddog's) accounted one of the seven principal sees (Cantrefi) in Dyfed. The strategic importance of Carmarthen caused the Norman William fitz Baldwin to build a castle there, probably about 1094. The current castle site is known to have been occupied since 1105. The castle itself was destroyed by Llywelyn the Great in 1215, but rebuilt in 1223, when permission was given for a town wall and crenellations, making it one of the first medieval walled towns in Wales. In 1405, the town was captured and the castle sacked by Owain Glyndŵr. The Black Book of Carmarthen of about 1250 is associated with the town's Priory of SS John the Evangelist and Teulyddog.

The Black Death of 1347–1349 arrived in Carmarthen with the thriving river trade. It destroyed and devastated villages such as Llanllwch. Local historians cite the plague pit for the mass burial of the dead in the graveyard that adjoins the Maes-yr-Ysgol and Llys Model housing at the rear of St Catherine Street.

Priory
In 1110, the ancient Clas church of Llandeulyddog, an independent, pre-Norman religious community, became the Benedictine Priory of St Peter, only to be replaced 15 years later by the Augustinian Priory of St John the Evangelist and St Teulyddog. This stood near the river, at what is now Priory Street (51.8601°N, -4.2975°W, SN418204). The site is now a scheduled monument.

Grey Friars
Franciscan Friars (Grey Friars, or Friars minor) became established in the town in the 13th century, and by 1284 had their own Friary buildings in Lammas Street (51.85579°N, -4.30908°W), on a site now holding a shopping centre. The Franciscan emphasis on poverty and simplicity meant the church was smaller (some "70 to 80 feet long and 30 feet broad" – 21/24 by 9 m) and more austere than the older foundations, but this did not prevent an accumulation of treasures, as it became a sought-after location for burial. In 1456 Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond died of plague in Carmarthen, three months before the birth of his son, the future King Henry VII. Edmund was buried in a prominent tomb in the centre of the choir of the Grey Friars Church. Other notables buried there were Rhys ap Thomas and Tudur Aled.

The Friary was dissolved in 1538, and many unsuccessful plans were made for the building. Even before the friars had left in 1536, William Barlow campaigned to have the cathedral moved into it from St David's, where the tomb and remains of Edmund Tudor were moved after the Carmarthen buildings were deconsecrated. There were repeated attempts to turn the buildings into a grammar school. Gradually they became ruined, although the church walls were still recognisable in the mid-18th century. By 1900 all the stonework had been stripped off and there were no traces above ground. The site remained undeveloped until the 1980s and 1990s, after extensive archaeological excavations of first the monastic buildings and then the nave and chancel of the church. These confirmed that the former presence of a church, a chapter house and a large cloister, with a smaller cloister and infirmary added later. Over 200 graves were found in the churchyard and 60 around the friars' choir.

Arthurian legend
Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing in 1188, began the legend that Merlin was born in a cave outside Carmarthen. The town's Welsh name, Caerfyrddin, is widely claimed to mean "Merlin's fort", but a reverse etymology is also suggested: the name Merlin may have originated from the town's name in the anglicised form of Myrddin. (See ). An alternative explanation is that Myrddin is a corruption of the town's Roman name, Moridunum, meaning "sea fort."

Legend also had it that if a certain tree called Merlin's Oak fell, it would bring the downfall of the town. Translated from Welsh, it reads: "When Merlin's Oak comes tumbling down/Down shall fall Carmarthen Town." To obstruct this, the tree was dug up when it died; pieces of it remain in the town museum.

The Black Book of Carmarthen includes poems that refer to Myrddin (Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin, "Conversation of Merlin and Taliesin") and possibly to Arthur (Pa ŵr yw'r Porthor?, "What man is the porter?"). Interpretation of these is difficult, as the Arthurian legends were known by this time and details of the modern form had been described by Geoffrey of Monmouth before the book was written. Some historians suggest that Vortigern along with his army from Powys may have invaded the Ystrad Tywi in order to gain control of it but had to retreat either due to local rebels fighting back or being defeated by Dyfed, but in the process may have kidnapped a young Merlin from Carmarthen hence why the character is legendary within the town.

Early modern
One of the earliest recorded Eisteddfodau took place at Carmarthen in about 1451, presided over by Gruffudd ap Nicolas.

The Book of Ordinances (1569–1606) is one of the earliest surviving minute books of a town in Wales. It gives a unique picture of an Elizabethan town.

After the incorporation of Wales into the legal system of England, Carmarthen became judicial headquarters of the Court of Great Sessions for south-west Wales. The town's dominant pursuits in the 16th and 17th centuries were still agriculture and related trades, including woollen manufacture. Carmarthen was made a county corporate by a charter of James I in 1604. This decreed that Carmarthen should be known as the 'County of the Borough of Carmarthen' and have two sheriffs. This was reduced to one sheriff in 1835 and the ceremonial post continues to this day.

The Priory and the Friary were abandoned after the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII. The chapels of St Catherine and St Barbara were lost. The Church of St Peter's survived as the main religious establishment. During the Marian persecutions of the 1550s, Bishop Ferrar of St David's was burnt at the stake in the market square – now Nott Square. His life and death as a Protestant martyr are recorded in Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

In 1689, John Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby, was created 1st Marquess of Carmarthen by William III. He was then created Duke of Leeds in 1694, and Marquess of Carmarthen became the courtesy title for the Duke's heir apparent until the Dukedom became extinct on the death of the 12th Duke in 1964.

18th century to present
In the mid-18th century, the Morgan family founded a small ironworks at the east end of the town. In 1786 lead smelting was established to process the ore carried from Lord Cawdor's mines at Nantyrmwyn, in the north-east of Carmarthenshire. Neither of these firms survived for long. The lead smelting moved to Llanelli in 1811. The ironworks evolved into a tinplate works that had failed by about 1900. The borough corporation was reformed by a 1764 charter and again by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

In the late 18th century John Spurrell, an auctioneer from Bath, settled in Carmarthen. He was the grandson of Robert Spurrell, a Bath schoolmaster, who printed the city's first book, The Elements of Chronology in 1730. In 1840, a printing press was set up in Carmarthen by William Spurrell (1813–1889), who wrote a history of the town and compiled and published an 1848 Welsh-English dictionary and an 1850 English–Welsh dictionary. Today's Collins Welsh dictionary is known as the "Collins Spurrell". A local housing authority in Carmarthen is named Heol Spurrell in honour of the family.

The origins of Chartism in Wales can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.

Carmarthen gaol, designed by John Nash, was in use from about the year 1789 until its demolition in 1922. The site is now taken by County Hall, designed by Sir Percy Thomas. The gaol's "Felons' Register" of 1843–1871 contains some of the earliest photographs of criminals in Britain. In 1843, the workhouse in Carmarthen was attacked by the Rebecca Rioters.

The revival of the Eisteddfod as an institution took place in Carmarthen in 1819. The town hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1867, 1911 and 1974, although at least in 1974, the Maes was at Abergwili.

Carmarthen Grammar School was founded in 1587 on a site now occupied by the old hospital in Priory Street. The school moved in the 1840s to Priory Row, before relocating to Richmond Terrace. At the turn of the 20th century, a local travelling circus buried one of its elephants that fell sick and died. The grave is under what was the rugby pitch.

The population in 1841 was 9,526.

World War II prisoner-of-war camps were placed in Johnstown (where the Davies Estate now stands) and at Glangwilli — the huts being used as part of the hospital since its inception. To the west of the town was the "Carmarthen Stop Line", one of a network of defensive lines created in 1940–1941 in case of invasion, with a series of ditches and pill boxes running north and south. Most have since been removed or filled in, but two remain.

The Carmarthen community is bordered by those of Bronwydd, Abergwili, Llangunnor, Llandyfaelog, Llangain, Llangynog and Newchurch and Merthyr, all in Carmarthenshire.

Carmarthen was named as one of the best places to live in Wales in 2017.

Politics and governance
From 1536 until 1832, Carmarthen, as the borough town of Carmarthenshire was a parliamentary constituency, electing its own MP to the House of Commons. By the late 18th century, Carmarthen, as one of the largest towns in Wales at the time, was the scene of a succession of hotly contested electoral contests between the Blues (Whigs) and Reds (Tories). These reached a climax in 1831 with the general election fought in the midst of the Reform Crisis. The contest was characterised by riots and disturbances, described as "exceptional because of their intensity and duration".

From 1832, Carmarthen shared the borough member with Llanelli, which ultimately became dominant due to its larger population. The borough constituency was abolished in 1918. In 1966, Carmarthen attracted widespread attention following the by-election in Carmarthenshire which led to the election of Gwynfor Evans as the first Plaid Cymru MP.

Carmarthen Town Council, established in 1974, and replacing the former Carmarthen Borough Council, consists of 18 town councillors elected from the three wards of the town. Its responsibilities include maintenance of the town's five parks and the town cemetery.

There are two county electoral wards, Carmarthen Town North and South (formerly Carmarthen Town North and Carmarthen Town South) electing three councillors and Carmarthen Town West, electing two councillors to Carmarthenshire County Council.

Anglicanism
The Anglican Church in Wales (Eglwys yng Nghymru) has six dioceses. St Peter's is the largest parish church in the Diocese of St David's and has the longest nave: 200' (60 metres) from west porch to east window and 50' (15 metres) across the nave and south aisle. In 1954, St Peter's became a Grade I listed building. It consists of a west tower, nave, chancel, south aisle and a Consistory Court, built of local red sandstone and grey shale. The tower contains eight bells, of which the heaviest, tuned to E, weighs 15 cwt 18 lb (783 kg).

By the early 19th century, St Peter's was too small to accommodate the congregation, which had grown in line with the town's population. After several false starts a new church, St David's, was consecrated in 1841. Another church in the same western part of the town, Christ Church, opened in 1869 to serve the English-speaking congregation.

Catholicism
St Mary's, Carmarthen is part of the Carmarthen Deanery.

Nonconformity
Carmarthen has several notable nonconformist chapels, some of which date back to the 18th century or earlier.

A Baptist chapel was founded in Dark Gate in 1762 and then moved in 1812 to Waterloo Terrace under the ministry of Titus Lewis. The new chapel became known as the Tabernacle. Another Baptist chapel, Penuel dates from 1786, with the present building erected in 1872. The English Baptist Church in Lammas Street dates from 1870. All three chapels remained open in 2024.

Lammas Street Chapel is the town's oldest Congregational or Independent chapel, traceable back to 1726, with the present building erected a century later. Union Street Chapel, now closed, was formed after a split among the Lammas Street congregation. Priory Chapel in Priory Street, was founded in 1872 as a branch of Ebenezer, Abergwili.

The earliest Calvinistic Methodist Chapel was Water Street Chapel, which is now closed. It had ties with Peter Williams, who produced a celebrated Welsh-language version of the Bible in the 18th century. Bethania Chapel in Priory Street, dating from 1909, closed shortly after celebrating its centenary.

Carmarthen Castle
Little remains of the medieval castle at Carmarthen, but the old Gatehouse still dominates Nott Square. The motte is also accessible to the public. Castle House, within the old walls, is a museum and Tourist Information Centre.

Carmarthen Bridge
The concrete A484 road bridge across the River Tywi designed by the Welsh architect Clough Williams-Ellis was completed in 1937. It was Grade II listed in 2003. The loss of the original medieval bridge that it replaced caused controversy.

Pont King Morgan
To create better pedestrian access across the River Tywi from the town's railway station to the town centre, a cable-stayed bridge was constructed in 2005 linking to the foot of Blue Street. The cost was £2.8 million. The bridge was commended in 2007 by the British Constructional Steelwork Association's Structural Steel Design Awards for its high-quality detailing. Previously, access was across Carmarthen Bridge some 700 ft to the east.

Picton's monument
In 1828, a monument was erected at the west end of the town to honour Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton, from Haverfordwest, who had died at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The pillar, which was about 75 ft, was designed to echo Trajan's column in Rome. A statue of Picton, wrapped in a cloak and supported by a baluster above emblems of spears surmounted the column.

Within a few years, the monument became dilapidated. The entire pillar was taken down in 1846. In the 1970s, the replacement sculptures were rediscovered in Johnstown and are now displayed in Carmarthenshire County Museum.

After demolition of the first monument, a new structure honouring Picton was commissioned from the architect Frances Fowler. The foundation stone was laid on Monument Hill in 1847. In 1984, the top section was declared unsafe and taken down. Four years later, the whole monument was rebuilt stone-by-stone on stronger foundations.

A campaign to remove the monument due to Picton's treatment of slaves arose in the wake of the removal of the Statue of Edward Colston in Bristol on 6 June 2020.

The Nott statue and plaque to Ferrar
A statue of General Nott was erected in 1851. According to the PMSA, "The bronze statue was cast from cannon captured at the battle of Maharajpur. Queen Victoria gave 200 guineas to the memorial fund. The statue occupies the site of the market cross, which was dismantled when the market was resited and Nott Square created in 1846."

The Market Square was where Bishop Robert Ferrar of St Davids was executed in March 1555. A small plaque below the statue of General Nott commemorates the place where he was burned at the stake during the Marian Persecutions.

Listed buildings
The many listed buildings include Carmarthen Guildhall, Capel Heol Awst, Capel Heol Dŵr, Carmarthen Cemetery Chapel, Elim Independent Chapel, English Baptist Church, English Congregational Church, Penuel Baptist Chapel, Christ Church, Eglwys Dewi Sant, Church of St Mary and Eglwys Sant Ioan.

Amenities
Dyfed–Powys Police headquarters, Glangwili General Hospital and a campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David are located in Carmarthen.

The former cattle market in the heart of the town became a new shopping centre, which opened in 2010. It includes a multi-screen cinema, a market hall, restaurants and a multi-storey car park. A new market hall opened in 2009.

Roads
The A40, A48, A484 and A485 converge on Carmarthen. The M4 motorway, which links South Wales with London, terminates at junction 49, the Pont Abraham services; the route continues north-west as the dual carriageway A48 and finishes at its junction with the A40 in Carmarthen.

Railway
Carmarthen railway station is a stop on the West Wales Line and opened in 1852. The town has rail links to Cardiff Central via Swansea to the east and Fishguard Harbour, Milford Haven, Tenby, Pembroke and Pembroke Dock to the west; these services are operated by Transport for Wales. There are daily direct inter-city trains to London, operated by Great Western Railway.

The area suffered a number of railway line closures in the 1960s under the Beeching Axe: one route to Llandeilo, which was closed in 1963, and one to Lampeter and Aberystwyth in 1965.

Buses
Local bus services are operated by several companies, including First Cymru and Morris Travel; routes connect the town with Aberystwyth, Cardiff, Llandeilo and Llanelli.

There is a Park and Ride service running daily from Monday to Saturday from 7.00 to 19.00 between Nantyci, to the west of Carmarthen town, and the town centre.

National Express operate two long-distance coach routes with stops in Carmarthen. Route 112 runs from Birmingham to Haverfordwest and the 508 links London with Haverfordwest.

Sport
The town has two rugby union teams: Carmarthen Quins and Carmarthen Athletic. Quins currently plays in the Welsh Premier Division league, after promotion to the Premiership in the 2008/2009 season. CPC Bears, a rugby league club based in Carmarthen and the regional side for Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion, plays in the Welsh Premier Division of the Rugby League Conference.

The town's semi-professional football team, Carmarthen Town F.C., plays in the Cymru South. Founded in 1948, it plays its home games at Richmond Park. The club colours, reflected in its crest and kit, are gold and black. The town also has a youth football team Carmarthen Stars that plays in the local Carmarthenshire Junior Leagues from the under-12s age group to the under-16s age group.

The town has two golf courses, a leisure centre with an eight-lane, 25-metre swimming pool (where the Carmarthen district swimming club is based), a synthetic athletics track and an outdoor velodrome it also has an athletics team, Carmarthen Harriers. A cycle track opened in about 1900 and remains in use. Motorcycle speedway racing was staged in the early 2000s at a track built on the western outskirts of the town; the team raced in the Conference League.

Picton Barracks
Picton Barracks is a military installation, based in the west part of the town, and is used by the Ministry of Defence. Two major units currently reside there:

British Army
 * 224 (Pembroke Yeomanry) Transport Squadron, 157th (Welsh) Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps (Army Reserve)
 * Detached (Carmarthen) Platoon, 160 Theatre Support Company, 103rd Battalion Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (Army Reserve)

Royal Air Force
 * 621 (Carmarthen) Squadron, Air Training Corps, No. 3 Welsh Wing

Notable people

 * See Category:People from Carmarthen
 * See Category:People from Carmarthenshire

 * Joe Allen (born 1990), Wales and Swansea City FC midfielder
 * Dorothea Bate (1878–1951), archaeo-zoologist
 * Charles Brigstocke (1876–1951), civil servant
 * Dale Buggins (1961–1981), motorcycle stunt rider
 * Fflur Dafydd (born 1978), writer and musician
 * Barry Davies (born 1981), Ospreys full-back
 * Gareth Davies (born 1990), Scarlets scrum-half
 * Mark Delaney (born 1976), former Wales and Aston Villa football defender
 * Mark Drakeford (born 1954), Welsh politician, former leader of Welsh Labour and First Minister of Wales
 * Wynne Evans (born 1972), opera singer, broadcaster and actor
 * Emma Finucane (born 2002), cyclist
 * Rhod Gilbert (born 1968), television host and comedian
 * Rhodri Gomer-Davies (born 1983) rugby union Scarlets centre
 * Gorky's Zygotic Mynci (formed 1991), folk/rock band
 * Geraint Griffiths (born 1949), singer, songwriter and actor
 * Elis James (born 1980), comedian
 * Charles William Jones (1836–1908), Welsh politician and magistrate
 * Stephen Jones (born 1977), Wales rugby captain
 * Helen Lederer (born 1954), actress and comedian
 * Manon Lloyd (born 1996), cyclist, Global Cycling Network (GCN) presenter
 * Kate McGill (born 1990), singer/songwriter
 * Daniel Mulloy (born 1977), screenwriter and director
 * John Nash (1752–1835), architect living in Carmarthen from 1784
 * Daniel Newton (born 1989), Scarlets Centre full back
 * William Norton (1862–1898), Wales international rugby union player
 * Joshua T. Owen (1822-1887), American military officer and politician
 * Ken Owens (born 1987), rugby union Scarlets Centre hooker
 * Adam Price (born 1968) Welsh politician, current leader of Plaid Cymru
 * Rhys Priestland (born 1987), rugby union Scarlets fullback
 * Iwan Rheon (born 1985), actor (famous for role in Game of Thrones) and singer/songwriter
 * Byron Rogers (born 1942), journalist, historian and biographer
 * Matthew Stevens (born 1977), snooker pro
 * Nicky Stevens (born 1949), member of pop group Brotherhood of Man, European Song Contest winner
 * Terence Thomas, Baron Thomas of Macclesfield (1937–2018), Labour Party (UK) politician and banker
 * Nik Turner (1940–2022), jazz musician
 * Tudur Aled (c. 1465–1525), poet buried in Carmarthen's Franciscan graveyard
 * Philip Vaughan (died 1824), ironmaster and inventor of the ball bearing
 * Mary Wynne Warner (1932–1998), mathematician
 * John Weathers (born 1947), rock drummer
 * Barry Williams (born 1974), British and Irish Lions rugby union hooker
 * Ifan Williams (1889–1957), violinist, conductor, and music educator
 * Scott Williams, Scarlets Centre and Wales rugby union player
 * David Glyndwr Tudor Williams (1930–2009), first full-time Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge

Twin towns

 * Lesneven, Brittany, France
 * 🇮🇹 Santa Marinella, Italy
 * As Pontes, Galicia, Spain

title: Carmarthen


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Teaser trailer

A teaser trailer (or simply a teaser) is a short trailer and a form of teaser campaign advertising that focuses on film and television programming. It is a videography pre-release film or television show advertisement. Short in length, teaser trailers contain little material from the advertised content to be released.

Frequently, they contain hinted, cryptic, curiosity-inducing messages. Methods of this nature are designed to pique audience interest and anticipation, as well as increase the hype of the advertised content before release of its trailer. The length of a teaser trailer is usually only around 20–30 seconds, noticeably shorter than the 2014 National Association of Theatre Owners guideline of two minutes for standard trailers. It is generally created during the shooting of the film or program and released before the completion of shooting.

For films
A teaser trailer is a short video segment related to an upcoming film, television program, video game, or similar, that is usually released long in advance of the product, so as to "tease" the audience; an early example of the teaser trailer was the one for the 1978 Superman film by Richard Donner, which was designed to re-invigorate interest on the part of potential movie-goers, for a film whose release had been delayed.

Film teasers are usually made for big-budget and popularly themed movies. Their purpose is less to tell the audience about a movie's content than simply to let them know that the movie is coming up in the near future, and to add to the hype of the upcoming release. Teaser trailers are often made while the film is still in production or being edited, and as a result they may feature scenes or alternate versions of scenes that are not in the finished film. Often they contain no dialogue and some — notably Pixar films — have scenes made for use in the trailer only. Some teaser trailers show a quick montage of scenes from the film. The average length of a teaser is less than a minute.

Later examples of major motion picture events that used teaser trailers to gain hype are The Lord of the Rings trilogy, the Star Wars prequels, and the Spider-Man films. The Da Vinci Code teaser trailer was released even before a single frame of the movie had been shot. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince's teaser debuted three months before its intended release date, but its delay to July 15, 2009, expanded the gap to a year.

When the first teaser for Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace was attached to the films The Siege, A Bug's Life and Meet Joe Black, it was reported that many people had paid for admission to the film just to watch the trailer and subsequently walked out after the trailer had been screened. Similarly, teasers for Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith were shown before the Pixar films Monsters, Inc. and The Incredibles, respectively. The teaser trailer for Cloverfield was first publicly shown attached to the film Transformers; at that point, nothing about the former was known, and the one-and-a-half-minute teaser did not include the movie title; only the producer's name, J. J. Abrams, and a release date, 1.18.08, were shown. The teaser trailer for another film directed by Abrams, Star Trek, was attached to Cloverfield itself, depicting the starship USS Enterprise being constructed on Earth, and again showing no title, instead just showing the Starfleet Insignia; the Star Trek teaser trailer originally announced the release date as Christmas 2008, but the movie was eventually delayed to May 8, 2009, making the wait between the teaser trailer and the movie itself 16 months. Other teasers also do not explicitly display the film's title, but reveal it in the URL for the website.

Teasers often create hype in media to such extent that they get leaked. Avengers: Infinity War, 2.0 and KGF: Chapter 2 prove to be such examples. The teaser (the director's version) of 2.0 was released weeks before it was officially released on YouTube.

DVD and Blu-ray releases of movies will usually contain both their teaser and theatrical trailers as special features. One exception to this rule is Spider-Man, whose teaser trailer featured an unrelated plot of bank robbers escaping in a helicopter, getting caught from behind and propelled backward into what at first appears to be a net, then is shown to be a gigantic spider web spun between the two towers at the World Trade Center. This teaser was pulled from theaters following the September 11, 2001 attacks, but it can be viewed on YouTube.

title: Teaser trailer


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Thomas Sutpen

Thomas Sutpen is a focal character of William Faulkner's 1936 novel Absalom, Absalom! Sutpen arrives in Faulkner's imaginary Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, in the 1830s and establishes a 64,000-acre (100-square-mile) plantation, Sutpen's Hundred, in an attempt to create his own dynasty. It is eventually revealed that Sutpen was born to a poor white family in what became West Virginia before moving to the Tidewater region of Virginia, where he was the first privy to the aristocratic plantation culture of the Antebellum South.

When he was fourteen, running errands for his father, Sutpen was instructed by a black servant to use the back door of the plantation house. This led him to renounce his family and social position. He traveled to the West Indies to build his own plantation and start a lineage, in accordance with his "design". The discovery that his wife was part black, making his son Charles Bon part black, caused him to leave them behind and relocate to Yoknapatawpha County, where he built a new plantation. The sins of his past and his indiscriminate sexual practices eventually cause the downfall of his empire in the early 20th century.

The short story "Wash", which was later incorporated into the seventh chapter of Absalom, Absalom!, focuses on Sutpen's death.

title: Thomas Sutpen


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Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor

The Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor is a long string of adjoining conservation areas in the US state of Missouri, running 24 mi along Interstate 44 and 40 mi along the Meramec River. The corridor is named after Henry Shaw, founder of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

The Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Foundation is an organization founded officially in 1994 to preserve the Ozark foothills along Interstate 44 and promote maintenance and expansion of the Ozark Corridor series of parks.

Protected areas in the Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor include:

 * Allenton Access
 * Antire Valley County Park
 * Beaumont Scout Reservation
 * Buder Park
 * Castlewood State Park
 * Catawissa Conservation Area
 * Emmenegger Nature Park
 * Forest 44 Conservation Area
 * Forest Staley County Park
 * George Winter Park
 * Greensfelder County Park
 * Greentree Park
 * LaBarque Creek Conservation Area
 * Lone Elk County Park
 * Myron and Sonya Glassberg Family Conservation Area
 * Pacific Palisades Conservation Area
 * Packwood Park
 * Possum Woods Conservation Area
 * Powder Valley Conservation Nature Center
 * Riverside Park
 * Robertsville State Park
 * Rockwoods Range Conservation Area
 * Rockwoods Reservation
 * Route 66 State Park
 * Simpson Park
 * Shaw Nature Reserve
 * Tyson Research Center
 * Unger Park
 * West Tyson County Park
 * Young Conservation Area

title: Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor


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Duane Gish

Duane Tolbert Gish (February 17, 1921 – March 5, 2013 ) was an American biochemist and a prominent member of the creationist movement. A young Earth creationist, Gish was a former vice-president of the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) and the author of numerous publications about creation science.

Gish was called "creationism's T. H. Huxley" for the way he "relished the confrontations" of formal debates with prominent evolutionary biologists, usually held on university campuses, while abandoning formal debating principles. A creationist publication noted in his obituary that "it was perhaps his personal presentation that carried the day. In short, the audiences liked him."

Early life and education
Gish, a twin, was born in White City, Kansas, the youngest of nine children. He served in World War II, attaining the rank of captain, and was awarded the Bronze Star. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from University of California, Los Angeles, in 1949, and he obtained his biochemistry Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1953. He worked as an assistant research associate at Berkeley, and as an assistant professor at Cornell University Medical College for eighteen years, joining the Upjohn Company as a research associate in 1960.

Creationism
A Methodist from age ten, and later a fundamentalist Baptist, Gish believed that the Genesis creation narrative was historical fact. After reading the booklet Evolution, "Science Falsely So-called" in the late 1950s, Gish became persuaded that science had produced falsifiable evidence against evolutionary theory, particularly the origin of life, and that various fields of science offered corroborating evidence in support of the Genesis creation narrative. He joined the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA), an association of Christian scientists, mistakenly assuming the group supported creationism. Through his affiliation at the ASA, Gish met geneticist and creationist William J. Tinkle, who in 1961 invited Gish to join a newly formed anti-evolution caucus within the ASA.

In 1971, Gish became a member of the faculty at San Diego Christian College, working in its research division before accepting a position at the Institute for Creation Research (independent since 1981). He was the author of several books and articles espousing creationism. His best-known work, Evolution: The Fossils Say No!, published in 1972, has been widely accepted by creationists as an authoritative reference. Gish initially "assigned low priority to the question of [the] age [of the Earth]".

At his death on March 5, 2013, Gish held the position of Senior Vice-President Emeritus at the ICR.

Debates
Gish's debating opponents said that he used a rapid-fire approach during a debate, presenting arguments and changing topics quickly. Eugenie Scott, executive director of the National Center for Science Education, dubbed this approach the "Gish gallop", describing it as "where the creationist is allowed to run on for 45 minutes or an hour, spewing forth torrents of error that the evolutionist hasn't a prayer of refuting in the format of a debate". She also criticized Gish for failing to answer objections raised by his opponents. The phrase has also come to be used as a pejorative to describe similar debate styles employed by proponents of other, usually fringe beliefs, such as homeopathy or the Moon landing hoax.

However, Gish said a similar thing about his debate opponents, especially Kenneth Miller. Gish accused Miller of using spread debating, i.e. speaking very fast and bringing up so many points that there was no chance to answer them all.

Gish was also criticized for using a standardized presentation during debates. While undertaking research for a debate with Gish, Michael Shermer noted that Gish re-used similar openings, assumptions about his opponent, slides, and even jokes. For example, during the debate, Gish attempted to prove that Shermer was indeed an atheist and therefore immoral, even though Shermer said he was not an atheist and was willing to accept the existence of a divine creator. Massimo Pigliucci, who debated Gish five times, said that Gish ignored evidence contrary to his religious beliefs. Robert Schadewald accused Gish of stonewalling arguments with fabricated data.

title: Duane Gish


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Howler

Howler may refer to:
 * Howler (band), a band from Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * The Howler, a 1982 song by British rock band King Crimson
 * The Howler, a roller coaster at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana
 * The Howler (video game)
 * Howler (mascot), the mascot of the Arizona Coyotes
 * Howler (Animorphs), a fictional alien species from the Animorphs setting
 * Howler (Harry Potter), a magical object in the Harry Potter setting
 * HOWLER, a fictional infrastructure development company in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure's ninth part, The JOJOLands
 * Howlers, a type of mathematical fallacy
 * Howlers, creatures in Resistance: Fall of Man
 * Howlers, creatures in Metro 2033

title: Howler