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Daniyal Akhmetov

Daniyal Kenjetaiuly Akhmetov (Даниал Кенжетайұлы Ахметов, Danial Kenjetaiūly Ahmetov; born 15 June 1954) is a Kazakh politician who was the 6th Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 13 June 2003 to 9 January 2007.

Critics refer to him as "The Terminator", a nickname he gained as the akim of Pavlodar Region for his actions in suppressing supporters of Galymzhan Zhakiyanov, the previous äkim. On 8 January 2007, he resigned as Prime Minister. He did not say why, but President Nursultan Nazarbayev had criticized him in 2006 for overspending and other administrative errors. Nazarbayev accepted his resignation, and immediately appointed him acting Prime Minister.

Akhmetov was included as Minister of Defense in the government that took office on 10 January 2007. He was dismissed from that post in June 2009. From November 11, 2014 to June 16, 2023, he was äkim of the East Kazakhstan Region.

Early life and career
Akhmetov was born in the city of Pavlodar in the Kazakh SSR. In 1976, he graduated from the Pavlodar State University with a degree in civil engineering.

After graduating, Akhmetov began his career as a foreman, then worked as a foreman at the housebuilding plant of the Pavlodarzhilstroy trust. In 1981, he became the deputy chief engineer at the construction site of the Ekibastuzshakhtastroy Combine. From 1983, he served as a deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Ekibastuz City Council of People's Deputies. In 1991, Akhmetov became the manager of the EkibastuzEnergoZhilPromStroy trust.

Early political career
From 1992, Akhmetov was head of the Ekibastuz City Administration and on 19 January 1993, he was appointed as the äkim of Pavlodar Region. He served that position before becoming the äkim of North Kazakhstan Region on 19 December 1997.

On 12 October 1999, Akhmetov was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan under Tokayev's cabinet and from 21 December 2000, he served as the First Deputy Prime Minister. There, Akhmetov was in charge of industry, agriculture, transport and communications, migration and demographic policy. He was reappointed again as the äkim of Pavlodar region on 21 November 2001 after his predecessor Galymzhan Zhakiyanov was dismissed after joining the opposition by helping to form the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan.

Appointment
President Nursultan Nazarbayev nominated Akhmetov as Prime Minister at a joint session of parliament on 13 June 2003. Nazarbayev gave a speech saying the PM needed to have experience in provincial government because the nation needed to speed up the pace of social and economic development. Akmetov was approved by 36 of 39 senators and 73 of 77 members of the Mazhilis to form the 28th government of Kazakhstan.

Akhmetov told the parliament he wanted continuity in policy despite the change in government, and said that Kazakhstan is "building a state governed by the rule of law where everyone has the right to freedom of conscience and expression, but that everyone should work within the law." He said there should not be dissidence, only constructive dialogue and mutual understanding, and called for everyone to engage in presidential economic programs.

Petroleum law changes
Akhmetov worked to change Kazakhstan's petroleum laws despite strong opposition from foreign companies. In May 2004, he received a letter from 47 foreign oil companies, including ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, Shell, the BG Group, and ENI, complaining that the proposed changes would negatively affect future investment. The companies specifically took issue with local content requirements, which were described as "unnecessarily burdensome" and that a requirement for KMG to own at least 50% of any development "may not be advisable in all circumstances."

Kazakhstan-South Korea relations
Akhmetov met with South Korean Prime Minister Han Myeong Sook on 23 September 2006 in Astana and signed several bilateral agreements enhancing economic ties. The Government of South Korea agreed to invest an additional $2 billion in joint projects in the energy, uranium-extraction, construction, transportation, and banking sectors. Akhmetov offered South Korea the option of participating in developing a new type of nuclear reactor. South Korean investors have stakes in more than 300 Kazakhstan-based companies. Han invited Nazarbayev to visit South Korea in 2007. Han was in Kazakhstan until 24 September. She then traveled to Uzbekistan.

Kazakhstan-Tatarstan relations
Akhmetov met with Rustam Minnikhanov, the Prime Minister of the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan, in Astana on 13 October 2006. They discussed creating a joint venture that would build helicopters, Kazakh government investment in petrochemical businesses in Tatarstan, and constructing a highway to western China that would connect St. Petersburg to Moscow, Kazan, Orenburg, Kyzylorda, Shymkent, and Korgas in Xinjiang, China. Akhmetov called the proposed highway "the shortest road link between Europe and China." Iskender Muflikhanov, aide to Prime Minister Minnikhanov, said the Tatar government had "great hopes with regard to the shipping, or the assembling [in Kazakhstan] of KamAZ trucks. Work in under way on this West-South highway project in Kazakhstan and, as a rule, our KamAZ trucks are irreplaceable for projects of that magnitude."

2007 political shakeup
Nazarbayev nominated Karim Massimov, who at the time served as Deputy PM, to succeed Akhmetov as PM on 9 January 2007. Akhmetov resigned on 8 January without explanation. Analysts attributed Akhmetov's political downfall to the President's criticism of his administrative oversight of the economy. The Parliament confirmed the nomination on 10 January. Akhmetov was appointed as Defense Minister, replacing Mukhtar Altynbayev.

Post-Premiership
Akhmetov continued to serve as the Defense Minister under Massimov's government until being relieved from his post on 17 June 2009. In December 2010, it was revealed that Akhmetov headed a company in the field of ecological energy and did not want to return to politics, KazTAG reported. According to the agency, Akhmetov was pleased with such changes in his life, since he began to spend more time with his family and friends. He also led a healthy lifestyle and was engaged in cycling. Akhmetov also denied rumors that he allegedly wanted to shoot himself after resignation.

On 21 December 2011, he was appointed a member of the Board for Energy and Infrastructure of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

From November 11, 2014 to June 16, 2023, he was äkim of the East Kazakhstan Region.

March 3, 2022 — took first place in the ranking of regional akims. Danial Akhmetov's figure is 86%.

title: Daniyal Akhmetov


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Patrick Manning

Patrick Augustus Mervyn Manning (17 August 1946 – 2 July 2016) was a Trinidadian politician who was the fourth prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago; his terms ran from 17 December 1991 to 9 November 1995 and from 24 December 2001 to 26 May 2010. He was also the political leader of the People's National Movement (PNM) from 1987 to 2010. A geologist by training, Manning served as Member of Parliament for the San Fernando East constituency from 1971 until 2015 when he was replaced by Randall Mitchell, but with the seat in 2020 being won by his son Brian Manning. Patrick Manning was the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives. He was the Leader of the Opposition from 1986 to 1990 and again from 1995 to 2001.

Manning was born in San Fernando and received his secondary education at Presentation College, San Fernando, and his bachelor's degree from the University of the West Indies at Mona, in 1969. After graduation, he returned to Trinidad, where he worked as a geologist for Texaco. Trinidadian historian Dr Bridget Brereton published his biography in May 2024 titled, Manning.

Early career
After graduating from the University of the West Indies, Manning worked as a geologist with Texaco Trinidad Ltd., until he ran for Parliament in 1971. Between 1971 and 1978 he served as Parliamentary Secretary in various Ministries before being appointed junior Minister in the Ministry of Finance in the government of Eric Williams. In 1979 he was given the additional position of junior Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister. In 1981 he was given a full Cabinet position of Minister of Information and Minister of Industry and Commerce. Between 1981 and 1986 he served as Minister of Energy and Natural Resources.

The 1986 general elections saw the ruling PNM suffer an almost total defeat. Only three candidates won their seats; the prime minister, George Chambers, was among the losing candidates. As one of the three successful PNM candidates, Manning was appointed Leader of the Opposition. In 1987, he was elected political leader of the PNM, the youngest the party has seen at only 40 years old. A split in the ruling National Alliance for Reconstruction in 1988 left the PNM as the minority Opposition party, and, in 1990, Basdeo Panday requested that he be appointed Leader of the Opposition.

Second term as prime minister
In 1995, Manning called a general election one full year before it was constitutionally due. In this election both the PNM and the UNC won 17 seats each and the NAR won 2 seats. The UNC and the NAR united in a coalition and formed the government; Basdeo Panday replaced Manning as prime minister. Manning served as Leader of the Opposition once again, also losing the 2000 elections. The 2001 elections ended in a tie, with both the Opposition PNM and the governing United National Congress winning 18 seats. President A. N. R. Robinson appointed Manning as prime minister. In addition to prime ministership, Manning was also Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2007.

Unable to elect a Speaker of the House of Representatives, Manning proceeded to rule without Parliament until the need to pass a Budget forced him to call elections in October 2002. His party won this election with 20 seats to 16 for the UNC and formed the new government.

Under the PNM administration, income taxes were substantially reduced and the Corporation Tax was reduced from 35% to 25% of profits for most companies. The Government also instituted free university education. The economy grew a pace, primarily due to high natural gas and oil prices and to significant increases in natural gas production. In September 2007, Manning received an honorary doctorate from Medgar Evers College, CUNY.

Third term as prime minister
In 2007, Manning called for a general election to be held on 4 November. The PNM won this election with 26 of the 41 seats and Manning began his third term as prime minister.

Subsequently, the country experienced a slow down in the economy. Despite this the economic ratings of the country came in for high praises mainly from the Standards and Poor report on 15 August 2008 which raised Trinidad and Tobago from an "A−" to an "A". The Government of Trinidad and Tobago also hosted King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain on 30 November to 2 December 2008. The purpose of the visit was to strengthen the economic ties between Spain, Latin America and the Caribbean and also to open new markets and possibility for increase trading and the opening of new markets. The country also hosted two world summits in 2009: the 5th Summit of the Americas on 17 to 19 April 2009 as well as The Commonwealth Heads of Government on 27 to 29 November 2009.

The Chilean president Michelle Bachelet paid Prime Minister Manning and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago a visit in 2010. The purpose was to strengthen bilateral ties between the two countries and as a result a formal agreement was signed in an effort to unite the two countries.

Despite economic growth, crime was considered a serious problem. The number of murders increased sharply from 93 in 1999 to 509 in 2009. Additionally, 2008 saw the country's highest number of murders with 550. The Prime Minister's explanation was that the crime problem was a result of the illegal drug and arms trade. His speech at the 5th summit of the Americas points to the fact that the Caribbean is situated between the narcotic producing South American continent and the narcotic consuming North American continent. Some of his crime detection and prevention methods included the introduction of the Special Anti-Crime Unit of Trinidad and Tobago (SAUTT), two surveillance airships (commonly referred to as blimps), and the inclusion of six high speed off-shore patrol vessels for better control of the country's maritime borders and coastlines on 15 February 2010. Manning was quoted as saying that the country could expect to see a 50% decrease in crime because of this effort.

2010 elections
On 9 April 2010 Prime Minister Manning advised President George Maxwell Richards to dissolve Parliament resulting in a general election to be held two years sooner than was constitutionally mandated. Manning later announced 24 May 2010 as the date for general elections. Manning and the PNM lost the election to The People's Partnership (UNC, COP, TOP, NJAC, MSJ). Following the defeat, Manning officially resigned as Political Leader of the Party on 27 May 2010 but remained as the Parliamentary Representative for San Fernando East.

Manning was sent to the Privileges Committee following statements he made in Parliament on 19 November 2010, during a debate on the Interception of Communications Bill. Manning had made certain allegations about the private residence of Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar on the San Fernando/Siparia/Erin Road. On 24 November 2010, Speaker of the House Wade Mark ruled that a prima facie case of contempt or breach of privilege had been made out against Manning and referred the matter to the committee for consideration. Manning was accordingly suspended from the service of the House of Representatives with immediate effect on 16 May 2011, as declared by House Speaker Wade Mark. During this period, Manning wouldn't be able to represent his San Fernando East constituency in Parliament. Manning is the second Prime Minister to be suspended from the House of Representatives in Trinidad and Tobago.

Illness and death
On 24 September 2007, Manning went to Cuba for a routine medical evaluation. For many years, he had engaged in a regular exercise program. On 23 January 2012, Manning suffered a stroke. Diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed on 30 June 2016 and he died at 8:15 AM on 2 July 2016 at the San Fernando General Hospital, at age 69.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patrick Manning


text:
User:Fear-X-

Um, I live in Texas?

title: User:Fear-X-


text:
Talk:Endorphins

(I added the properties section and mechanism of action section to replace the action section. I deleted the depersonalization section due to poor references. I added to the types section and moved the history section above types.)--Nsaunder (talk) 14:34, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 17 January 2019 and 20 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nsaunder. Peer reviewers: Jameschem.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:43, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vrwclemson. Peer reviewers: Gbgaski, SSalley2022.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:36, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Grammar
The text below seems to have been written by a person who speaks some other language than English as a first language:

 * How endorphins/enkephalins work in human body.

 * Endorphins are a type of inhibitory nerve that reduces the cell voltage of the excitory nerve, causing the signal to weaken. It is a type of presynaptic inhibition.  How it works is that it acts as a secondary nerve that changes the calcium influx of another nerve, therefore reducing the signal.  Endorphins work to lessen the pain in humans.

 * Several types of drugs that is related to endorphins that acts as an inhibitory nerve are morphine, heroin, and codeine.

Can anyone fact-check this and convert it into grammatical English?

I don't think the person is foreign, I just think they either can't write well, or don't know the proper term. Maybe they mean "never inhibitor" instead of "inhibitory nerve."?

The discussion above has been pretty much rendered moot by subsequent changes to the page. --Dcfleck 15:17, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

This and most other articles describing hormones, neuro-transmitters, etc. are written using medical jargon that is vague and confusing to the average reader. Can't these articles be written so that they use or at least explain in normal terms what is being said? If the subject was thermodynamics someone would complain that it was too technical but biology seems to get a pass on clarity. RDXelectric (talk) 00:45, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Endophines are just some of the many chemicals that contribute to the runner's high
There are many chemicles in the bloodstream that contribute to runners high, including adrenaline,noradrenalin dopamine, serotonin and more, so I think this is not relevant. Therefore I'm removing, if someone's going to add something on runner's high, make a new page for it and make sure you know ALL the chemicles involved. --92.6.232.214 (talk) 15:29, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

So-called "runner's high"

 * " their research possibly demonstrating the high comes from completing a challenge rather than as a result of exertion"

Is this widely considered to be a possibility, and should it be in the article? I don't know much about this, but I often experience this 'runner's high' after exercise without having any feeling of accomplishment... and when I do feel accomplishment, it isn't nearly enough to explain the feeling for me personally. So from an outsider's view, this comment in the article quickly made me wonder how many scientists "some scientists" was supposed to mean, and how widely agreed apon the various explanations are... as this article might give the impression that the view of "runner's high" = "accomplishment" is a widely agreed scientific fact. Peoplesunionpro 00:37, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Runner's high is also the object of various other stray items in this discussion page: Mechanism demystified, Disambiguation needed, Talk:Endorphin, This can't be right can it?.

It's not a good idea that "Runner's high" redirects to "Endorphin", since 1° that makes up too great a part of the article, 2° the role of endorphins in that phenomenon is still controversial (are they the main factor or not?). Ideally, "Runner's high" should be a separate article, and the discussion items named above should be moved to the discussion page of that article.

By the way, in its current state the section on Runner's high is more a bit of a patchwork of different scientific opinions that are not clearly differenciated or organized (not to speak of synthetized, which might be premature).

--Zxly (talk) 14:35, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Wouldn't this section be better as a separate article? Clearly it is related, but it feels a bit off topic. Esspecially given that the section discusses a range of other explanations for the 'runner's high'. --81.227.236.252 (talk) 16:16, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Video games
"Research has also shown that video game playing can release endorphins." This assertion needs a reference to back it up. Karl Stas 22:22, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

COPULATION ELEVATES PLASMA ß-ENDORPHIN IN THE MALE HAMSTER
Are you not interested in making the strong dependency between (hamster) sexual behaviour and hypophyseal ß-endorphin incretions into the brain vessels obvious? vk

I'd like to remind you to sign your posts and please don't write in all-caps.

Thank you for your understanding.

Regards,

DarkestMoonlight (talk) 13:45, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

removing more sex claims
Karl Stas took out a bunch of the unreferenced sex claims over a month ago, and no one has produced a citation, so I'm taking out the one remaining quantitative sentence, and leaving only the general statement that some claim sex involves endorphins. It's equally unreferenced, but it's gotta be true. --Allen 04:56, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Although a bit funny to read, what is the relevance to Working out gives you endorphines. Endorphines make you happy. Happy people just don't kill their husbands. Fr0 01:30, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Disambiguation needed
A search for "runners high" (without an apostrophe) goes straight to an alt. rock album by the pillows. Searching "runner's high" goes to this page. Can someone make a disambiguation page?

References still needed?
The [Endorphin#Activity|Activity section] is still listed as needing references, but it certainly seems like there are plenty there (although I'd say the citations need to be cleaned up). Is there any reason this is still there? Can anyone offer any specifics as to why it was first added? Andrewski 17:37, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Chocolate
What in chocolate causes endorphines to be released? Theobromine is an alkaloid belonging to the methylxanthines. The structure of theobromine is similar to that of caffeine.

Chocolate also contains Phenethylamine - a precursor to many neurotransmitters - this is also thought to increase the release of acetylcholine, another powerful brain chemical which is r responsible for improving mood.

Theobromine in chocolate is thought to be a mimic molecule which lowers the trigger threshold of the pineal gland and can cause a cascade effect. Initially the mimic action will cause increased arousal in the pleasure centers, and reaction begins. It is short lived however. 104.32.252.213 (talk) 21:03, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

Mechanism demystified, Runners High explained
New to this so be merciful. Mechanism: The individual writing that jargon-loaded text is -in fact- quite a little more knowledgable but I think I am smart enough to understand and dumb enough to translate (no offense intended). As for the first paragraph it basically states that the chemical does not eliminate your brain's ability to perceive pain but stops (inhibits) your receptors (nerves) from being able to transmit the pain by blocking the ability of certain nerves to receive voltage input (the calcium is either a voltage transmitter compound or generator in that scenario, I am unsure). Nerves are graduated binary on/off sensors right? So it blocks the pain nerves from being turned on effectively reducing or eliminating the perceived pain based on the number of nerves blocked (amount of chemical in your system-more Vicadin = more blockage) and the amount of stimulus received (just how far in the fire did you stick your hand?). K?

"Runners' high": I've seen this in action and yes, it's physical as much as psychological. You run far enough your body depletes its energy reserves, consumes straight oxygen and assumes you are fighting for your life so it releases a "don't worry, keep going" chemical (endorphin) to keep you moving so the T-rex doesn't eat you. Boxers don't get it. Why? Because they aren't pushed hard enough to consume all reserves..they are holding back and they know they have a definite number of rounds to endure. Video gamer's don't get the absolutely wasted runners' high effect for the same reason. They are experiencing a muted "OK sex, but not great" version stimulated by the mind and not backed up by the body. An accomplishment based stimulus without physical stimulus. Working out in a gym works in reverse. When you go through the motions and follow the same routine you feel good but not GRRREAT! You KNOW there is an end in sight and you see yourself approaching it with each completed exercise. So your body is spent, but your brain is comfy in the knowledge that it will end soon enough. A physical based stimulus without mental stimulus. Intuitively it would seem that there has to be BOTH a "no end in sight" subliminal message reinforced by the body being totally spent but unable to stop for the brain to go all out in its endorphin release. Standard sports and video games and the like just don't push you hard enough in both categories.

In Reply: I don't think that's quite the way it works, I mean, if these chemicals are produced when the body depletes it's reserves, then what's a 'running block?' -you know,when you 'hit the wall' - your running and then all of a sudden you can't run anymore becuase your tired?

glycogen vs. oxygen
"This also corresponds with the time that muscles use up their stored glycogen and begin functioning with only oxygen."

This sentence is not factually accurate, it confuses the fuel type with aerobic vs. anaerobic consumption. Glycogen is the muscular store of glucose, mobilized when ever the muscle starts to do work. Glucose is run through the glycolysis process to produce ATP. If oxygen is present (aerobic exercise), the products of glycolysis continue into the Krebs cycle to produce more energy. If no oxygen (anaerobic exercise) is present, the products glycolysis are made into lactic acid. Anaerobic processes are much less efficient. When the glycogen supplies run out, the muscle moves to fat metabolism, which has a much higher oxygen requirement. Oxygen is never a fuel in and of itself as this sentence seems to imply. The sentence should probably read:

"This also corresponds with the time that muscles use up their stored glycogen and begin functioning with only fatty acids."

However, I'm not sure that the statement itself is true. Is there support for the idea that endorphin release corresponds to glycogen exhaustion? I found this article (pdf) from The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism which shows caffeine lowering the threshold of exercise related endorphin release, and shows endorphin release after sprints, which generally are far too short to exhaust glycogen.

Added citation needed
I added Fact tags at the bottom, as the reference only named three of the examples mentioned. As far as I know, there are alternative ways of getting "well-being" than just the endorphine-based way (dopamine and adrenaline rushes are two examples), so in my opinion every positive stimuli cannot be listed without citation as now. Narssarssuaq 19:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

How Much Capsaicin, Cocoa, and Poppyseeds does it take to trigger endorphin release?
This is an actual question, and it isn't a druggy one, either (judging from "answers" to similar questions on a question asking website, a lot of people will think that upon reading the above question).  Chiss Boy 23:31, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Poppy seeds don't trigger an endorphin release. They contain small amounts of morphine. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.113.123.1 (talk) 13:11, 8 March 2007 (UTC).

can you get addicted to exercise
can you get addicted to exercise?The Right Honourable 06:49, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes, you can because of the endorphins.

DarkestMoonlight (talk) 13:46, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

There's plenty of other chemicals involved too, and yes, once you know howto gt make youself high you can get addicted, dangerously so if you're not careful --92.6.232.214 (talk) 15:46, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Reverted edit
I'm not entirely sure if the edit I reverted was vandalism or not, but punctuation had been removed, the article's structure had been removed...the article appeared to be reformatted into simplified class notes (in particular, before "runner's high"), for lack of better words. Shatteredshards] 05:16, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

could synthetic endorphins be used as drugs?
could synthetic endorphins be used as drugs?
 * I am no expert at all but I think that some drugs are analouges of endorphins. Since these work and are easier to manufacture (and in some cases maybe more potent) than actual synthetic endorphins there is probably little point in producing true synthetic endorphins. That's a layman's 2 cents anyway.

I'm an expert. many many endorphin analogues have been synthesized, and a few tested as drugs. firstly, they don't cross the blood-brain barrier, and secondly, they are rapidly broken down by various proteases. they are not, in fact as good as the other opiods like morphine et al. years ago R guillimen tested some during childbirth in Japan: it actually worked, but they had to be injected with the epidural, and were no better than conventional drugs. Nice idear though —Preceding unsigned comment added by Saleemsan (talk • contribs) 22:49, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Very vague phrase
In the introduction it says: "Using drugs may increase the effects of the endorphins". Which drugs? I'm assuming street drugs, but which kind? Opioids? If you have the info, maybe you should get a source to back it up. It's my first attempted edit so, whatever. --Hecajoda (talk) 09:28, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

Drugs as in medical substances i suppose. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.53.96.175 (talk) 13:38, 2 January 2009 (UTC) 145.53.96.175 (talk) 15:05, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Evidence indicating endocannabinoid causes runners high is weak.
After reading the article referred to in the New York Times article, (Sparling, P.(2003) "Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system".NeuroReport.14:2209-2211.) I decided to make corrections. The New York Times sometimes can stretch facts or in this case fabricate them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.195.242.74 (talk) 17:15, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

The anandamide hypothesis remains plausible but far from proven, in my opinion; nonetheless, the fact that naloxone/naltrexone do not antagonize runner's high is pretty much a nail in the coffin of the endorphin hypothesis. Certainly the Neuroreport article has been overhyped, but I fail to see any overt fabrication, and I have tried to make the article a bit more NPOV, accordingly. St3vo (talk) 04:31, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
 * For a better overview of the supporting evidence, look at Dietrich A, McDaniel WF. "Endocannabinoids and exercise." Br J Sports Med. 2004 Oct;38(5):536-41. . I'll try to work it into the article tomorrow. St3vo (talk) 04:53, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

was not endorphine sth released as a result of fear and which just blocks the movements and thoughts of man and animals? If not, what was that? Apart for this, if a remark can be made, very rarely in these articles the function is stated, and I think that it is the most important. So: this is it, its structure is this, its mechanism is this, it is synthesised as this, but what does it do? what is its effect? It is rarely stated, and I think the most easily to be understood and the most needed to common people is precisely that. With respect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.185.161.27 (talk) 23:21, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Danger?
"brought on by pain, danger, or other forms of stress", I could be wrong but it was my understanding that adrenaline could be triggered by fear or danger, but endorphins were released in response to physical catalysts? Max Rebo Band (talk) 08:09, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

" and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being. "

I don't know, but this hasn't been proofed yet, though? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.53.96.175 (talk) 13:43, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

"morphine produced naturally in the body".[citation needed]
here you are

Goldstein A., 1976, Opioid peptides endorphins in pituitary and brain, science 193 (4258): 1081-1086. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.53.96.175 (talk) 14:27, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

145.53.96.175 (talk) 14:30, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Why is this listed as a morphine effect? Endorphins are the original effect. Morphine and other opioids are the over exaggeration of this effect. It was likely only discovered because of the effects of opioids. The current state is on par with East India Company propaganda. --KillerQ13 (talk) 08:09, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

proove
"and they resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being."

has this been prooved yet? all the article over, it is said that endorphine causes a feeling of happiness but this has not been prooved yet!!! it is only said by most of the people...

145.53.96.175 (talk) 14:30, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

false?
"They are produced by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus in vertebrates during strenuous exercise,[1] excitement, and climax, "

climax, i don't think so..:

Avram Goldstein, MD; Ralph W. Hansteen, PhD Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34(10):1179-1180.

and &

Author(s): Kruger T, Exton MS, Pawlak C, von zur Muhlen A, Hartmann U, Schedlowski M Source: PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY   Volume: 23    Issue: 4    Pages: 401-411    Published: MAY 1998

what kind of wikipedia site is this, all untrue facts?

145.53.96.175 (talk) 15:04, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

This can't be right can it?
In the section on runner's high there is this phrase: "Anandamide is similar to the active endocannabinoid anandamide."

As a non-expert on this subject this seems to be non-sense, comparing one chemical to itself.--Derek Andrews (talk) 15:14, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Moderators of nerve conduction...
Endorphins, like any other neurotransmitters, are very complex, and to write text like: "endorphins act continuously as moderators of nerve conduction, perception and the nervous system's many modes; shock, fatigue, hunger, nervous, sexual and etc..." is just too broad and simplified. Please discuss here first before adding this or similar content to the article. Lova Falk  talk  13:30, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * i can'nt disagree more strongly

 * it makes it much more definite and awesome

 * ever notice how loud things seam when one wakes with a hangover?this is because of the lack of endorphins in your cranial nerves!

 * u should consider-Endorphins are moderators of the nervous system. They control nerve transmission like a volume knob on a radio or the gain control on a guitar amp or the input levels on a mic. Their levels change in a regular cycle threw the day to make sure your senses only occupy the required amount of your consciousness and no nerve impulses become excessive. This avoids "clipping" (like in a bad audio recording) of the information transmitted threw the nerve. They can also change the nervous systems mode to adapt to its environment.

 * gives a much better over view of endorphins. I really don't think you see the forest for all the trees! I can..:)

 * Pharmacies wont tell you how they mess up your nervous system and make you suffer and beg for many different medications for relief from your raw nervous system, that now becomes exhausted from over stimulation and makes mountains out of mole hills from every sensation!(like Purdue with its Monkey Wrench Oxycodone, or is it more like a vise grip that strips the nut?)

 * (edit conflict) Hi Ron, we are several editors who all undo your edits. You don't provide sources, and the information is rather dubious. For example, from your last edit: "they are grossly imitated by opiates." However, opiates are "any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plant" - so it is not like opiates are made in order to imitate endorphins. Like the article says, endorphins resemble opiates. And this is just an example... Lova Falk   talk  16:57, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

 * When you write that endorphins are moderators of the nervous system, it sounds like you mean that they function as neuromodulators. Please take a look at the article neuromodulation. You see that there are several neurotransmitters taht regulate diverse populations of central nervous system neurons. The most important ones that are mentioned in this article are noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine. So to say that endorphins are the moderators of the nervous system is way and way too simplified. Lova Falk  talk  17:03, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Endorphins do full time macro moderation and are not neurotransmitters like you stated!

Yes plants do make opiates to imitate animal endorphins and provide human biological needs.

I did state my source. APRIORI

 * Did you read the page I mentioned? And what is your source that says that plants make opiates to provide and imitate human biological needs? Lova Falk   talk  17:16, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

I would agree that they are more like neuromodulaters than neurotransmitters. Where they dont transmit anything at all. They dont cause an action potential in the nerve. they act at a distance, they are not pumped back in to the nerve super fast. They are usualy found at a second pseudo synapse that is before the presynapse and after the postsynapse. They are mostly produced by glands. They dont need synapses at all. Its receptors are also found at transmitting end of the nerve. But i think it would be better to say neuromodulators are neurotransmitters acting as endorphins. Technically thinking, perhaps epinephrine should also be thought of as a endorphin. "I am not your rolling wheels, I am the Highway"

 * Endorphins, like any other neurotransmitters, are very complex. Could you please provide any refs to textbooks or peer reviewed publications telling that any opioid peptides act as neurotransmitters across the synapse (this is a very specific terminology). I am not familiar with anything except something like this: "These findings suggest the possibility that the beta -endorphin-producing neurons in the ventrobasal hypothalamus could influence GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus directly by synaptic relationships." Biophys (talk) 19:48, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Here come some textbooks: What is psychology?, Competition science vision, Functional neuroscience. Furthermore, take a look at Neurotransmitters. This table lists endorphin as a common neurotransmitter. Note that I never specifically wrote that they act across the synapse. I'm not a neuroscientist, but I did do a specialist course in clinical neuropsychology, and I have learned that endorphin is a neurotransmitter. Now this might be a simplification, but I have been fighting simplifications the whole time, so please correct me if I am wrong! (And please explain why so many sources state that endorphins are neurotransmitters). Lova Falk   talk  20:13, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I thought neurotransmitters are substances that are transported in synaptic vesicles to produce the action potential at the another side of the synapse. Do you mean that any substances that affect activity of neurons can be called neurotransmitters? Biophys (talk) 05:53, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * As I said, I am not an expert. I am not the one who wrote these books or who created the table with Common neurotransmitters. As I said before, if endorphins are not neurostransmitters, please explain to me why not (with a good source). And please explain why they are in the common neurotransmitters table. I checked the talk page of Neurotransmitters, but there is not a single comment or question about the table. Lova Falk   talk  08:21, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * All right then. I thought about them as modulators of transmission, but they can be considered transmitters themselves, except they are not transported by the synaptic vesicles but simply secreted. Still, they are mostly known as endogenous anesthetics and should be mentioned as such in the first phrase (that was actually my suggestion ).Biophys (talk) 12:39, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

definition of 'high'?
I thought 'high' is defined as being a state of intoxication from consuming mind-alterating substances, therefore the sense of joy people get from having sex, eating and other instinctive activities, like exercise, is not defined as 'high'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.220.208.123 (talk) 11:47, 28 July 2012 (UTC)

Runners high
Given that this phenomenon is only putatively caused by endorphins and has potential refutations in medical literature, this section really should not be on this page or redirect to this page from Runners High. Nearly the entire section lacks wp:medrs-quality sources as well. It really needs attention if anyone is willing to take the time to do a rewrite.Seppi333 (talk) 20:24, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

Acupuncture research history
I think this was the first paper that identified the link between acupuncture and endorphin / enkephalin release in humans: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/89447 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drmike001 (talk • contribs) 18:55, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

I should also add a further reference by the same authors published the following year, this time in patients with chronic pain, demonstrating a rise in CSF beta-endorphin after electroacupuncture: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6107591 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drmike001 (talk • contribs) 11:10, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Source 2
Source 2 is offline. We might need a new source for this information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.35.221.218 (talk) 07:55, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

"Endorphins make you depressed"
Aside from being untrue, having no source, and screwing up the formatting of the text, I can't find this sentence when editing the page, even though it appears in plain text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.229.38.233 (talk) 20:24, 8 March 2014 (UTC)

Partial deletions and merge to beta-endorphin completed.
The merge discussion in a prior revision was held at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Pharmacology. I deleted a fair amount of content that failed WP:MEDRS and moved other pieces of this article to beta-endorphin. This article is about the endorphin class (α-endorphin, β-endorphin, γ-endorphin, α-neo-endorphin, and β-neo-endorphin), so content added here should be relevant to all of them. Moreover, references in medical articles must satisfy WP:MEDRS; this policy is much stricter than WP:RS, so please familiarize yourself with this policy before adding new material to the article. Thanks,  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 00:55, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

Addiction effect
'Just like morphine itself, "endorphins has a similar effect, by exercising or laughter.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.64.39.16 (talk) 20:02, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

What about morphine?
This article makes NO mention of the fact that morphine itself IS an endogenous chemical. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521124/ Please someone correct this? I can, but I don't wanna mess it up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.128.157.49 (talk) 15:08, 10 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It says that in Endorphins.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 15:20, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I have checked that review, but as far as I can see, there is no conclusive evidence that morphine is indeed endogenously produced in the brain. This is a review in an obscure journal that cites 30 year old publications that, at least partially, used inadequate methods (e.g. antibody staining that always shows non-selective cross-reactivity). Unless they provide data from modern methods (e.g. MALDI-TOF, MS/MS) and exclude environmental contamination (e.g. plant metabolites in bovine serum for cell culture), this hypothesis is dead. I will remove it from the article. Cacycle (talk) 14:10, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I was originally fine with your removal of this note when I first saw the edit; however, while working on the opioid peptide article today, I came across a concrete statement made by IUPHAR about this: "Morphine occurs endogenously [117]". Since they're the most authoritative source for pharmacology information that I know of, I've restored the note and added this reference.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 21:24, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * FWIW, the study they cited used GC–MS/MS.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢) 21:45, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

Synthesis expansion
Hi! I am a student Wikipedia editor and have expanded on synthesis of endorphins. I have found multiple sources confirming that peptide convertase 1/2 are responsible for cleaving POMC into [beta]-endorphin within budding vesicles from the Golgi apparatus and reflected that here. I saw in a previous Talk page post that the information needs to be relevant to all of the endorphins in this class—and I feel as though this information is relevant to [alpha]- and [gamma]-endorphins as well because they are cleaved from [beta]-endorphin. I have added this information under the first paragraph. Vrwclemson (talk) 22:57, 8 November 2020 (UTC)vrwclemson — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vrwclemson (talk • contribs) 22:49, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endorphins


text:
Vasile Tarlev

Vasile Tarlev (born 6 October 1963) is a Moldovan politician.

Background and earlier life
He studied engineering at the Technical University of Moldova and became a member of assorted economic councils. After 2001 Moldovan parliamentary election, He was appointed Prime Minister on April 19, 2001. This is the first time since 1990 that the Communists won a parliamentary election.

Tarlev is ethnically a Bessarabian Bulgarian and was born in Bașcalia, Basarabeasca district.

Prime Minister of Moldova
Tarlev served as Prime Minister of Moldova from 2001 until 2008, until 2017 he was the only prime minister to win two consecutive terms.

He resigned on March 19, 2008 in an unexpected move, saying that he wanted to make way for "new people." Parliament approved his resignation on March 20, and President Vladimir Voronin proposed Zinaida Greceanîi as his successor; she was approved by Moldovan Parliament on 31 March 2008.

title: Vasile Tarlev


text:
Tupou VI

Tupou VI ('Aho‘eitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho; born 12 July 1959) is King of Tonga. He is the younger brother and successor of the late King George Tupou V. He was officially confirmed by his brother on 27 September 2006 as the heir presumptive to the Throne of Tonga, as his brother had no legitimate children. He served as Prime Minister of Tonga from 2000 to 2006 and as Tonga's High Commissioner to Australia, and resided in Canberra from 2008, until the death of King George Tupou V on 18 March 2012, when he became King of Tonga, with the regnal name Tupou VI. He also served as the Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific from 2013 to 2014. He was crowned in 2015 by the Reverend D'Arcy Wood.

Early life and education
ʻAhoʻeitu was born in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, as the third son and youngest child of King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV. He attended The Leys School in Cambridge from 1973 to 1977, followed by enrollment at the University of East Anglia, where he studied Development Studies between 1977 and 1980.

Military career
He joined the naval arm of the Tonga Defence Services in 1982, achieving the rank of Lieutenant-Commander by 1987. He graduated from the US Naval War College as part of Class 33 in 1988.

His military service included commanding the Pacific-class patrol boat VOEA Pangai from 1990 to 1995, during which he participated in peacekeeping operations in Bougainville. Then, he obtained a master's degree in defence studies from the University of New South Wales in 1997 and another master's degree in international relations from Bond University in 1999.

Governmental career
In 1998, ʻAhoʻeitu transitioned from his military career to government service, assuming dual roles as defence minister and foreign minister until August 2004. These roles were previously held by his elder brother Tupoutoʻa, who was then the crown prince and later became King Siaosi Tupou V. He was appointed as Prime Minister on 3 January 2000, a role he held until his unexpected resignation on 11 February 2006. While the specific reasons for his resignation remain unclear, it is speculated to be connected to pro-democracy protests that had been ongoing since mid-2005, advocating for a reduced role of the royal family in government, eventually leading to the 2006 Nukuʻalofa riots.

Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific
King Tupou VI served as the 20th Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific from July 2013 to June 2014. He was installed as Chancellor during the USP Tonga Graduation ceremony in July 2013.

Prime Minister of Tonga
He assumed the role of prime minister on 3 January 2000, and held this position until his resignation on 11 February 2006. His departure coincided with a period of heightened civic unrest, as pro-democracy protests gained traction from mid-2005 onward.

In 2004, several Members of Parliament advocated for his resignation as Prime Minister following their decision to boycott the inauguration of the Tonga Legislative Assembly. Among the MPs was Fred Sevele, who cited the closure of Royal Tongan Airlines as one of several adverse events associated with the Prime Minister's tenure. Sevele questioned the Prime Minister's ability to govern Tonga, asserting that an inability to manage an airline raised doubts about his capacity to govern the country effectively.

In 2006, the Nukuʻalofa riots underscored a growing dissatisfaction with the existing political structure, calls for increased political representation and a more equal distribution of power.

Diplomatic career
He took on the position of the chief of mission for Tonga's High Commission in Canberra when it was inaugurated in 2008, a position he held until his succession to the Tongan throne in 2012. This move represented a notable development in Tonga's diplomatic relations with Australia, highlighting the establishment of a formal diplomatic presence.

Concurrently, he served as a non-resident Ambassador to Japan from 15 January 2010 until his succession in 2012.

Marriage and family
ʻAhoʻeitu is married to Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho, daughter of Baron Vaea. They have three children and four grandchildren. Their eldest child, Princess Lātūfuipeka Tukuʻaho (Angelika Lātūfuipeka Halaevalu Mataʻaho Napua-o-kalani Tukuʻaho), born on November 17, 1983, has been the High Commissioner to Australia since August 22, 2012.

Their second child, Crown Prince Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala (Siaosi Manumataongo ʻAlaivahamamaʻo ʻAhoʻeitu Konstantin Tukuʻaho), born on September 17, 1985, married his second cousin, Sinaitakala Fakafanua, on July 12, 2012. They have four children: Prince Taufaʻahau Manumataongo (born May 10, 2013), Princess Halaevalu Mataʻaho (born July 12, 2015), Princess Nanasipauʻu (born March 20, 2018), and Princess Salote Mafile’o Pilolevu (born February 25, 2021).

Their third child is Prince Ata (Viliami ʻUnuaki-ʻo-Tonga Mumui Lalaka-Mo-e-ʻEiki Tukuʻaho), born on April 27, 1988.

Upon his confirmation as heir presumptive, he acquired the traditional title of Tupoutoʻa, reserved for crown princes, a position his older brother relinquished due to marrying a commoner. Prior to ascending the throne, he was known as Tupoutoʻa Lavaka. His elder son, Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala, holds the title of ʻUlukālala of Fangatongo, while his second son, Prince Ata, was bestowed with the title ʻAta of Hihifo.

Coronation
King Tupou VI and Queen Nanasipau’u were crowned in a ceremony conducted at Centenary Church in Nukuʻalofa on 4 July 2015 by the Reverend D'Arcy Wood, a retired Uniting Church in Australia minister who was born in Tonga. He was assisted by the Reverend 'Ahio and the Reverend Tevita Havea, the president and the secretary general of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga. About 15,000 guests attended the celebration.

During the ceremony, Tupou VI was anointed with holy oil, adorned with a ring, and presented with a sceptre. The crown was then placed on his head by Wood, who performed the anointing and crowning as a matter of circumventing the taboo on native Tongans touching the King's head. The celebrations ran for a total of eleven days, beginning a week before the ceremony.

Reign
On 25 August 2017, Tupou VI dismissed Prime Minister ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, dissolved the Legislative Assembly, and ordered early elections to be held by mid-November. Following the king's dissolution of the government, the speaker, Lord Tuʻivakanō, issued a statement explaining his advice to the King that led him to dismiss the Prime Minister. Lord Tuʻivakanō stated that Pōhiva had made unconstitutional moves, including signing international agreements without the King's consent. On 15 January 2022, he was temporarily relocated from the Royal Palace following the eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai and the ensuing tsunami.

Loss of confidence in ministers
On 2 February 2024, Prime Minister Siaosi Sovaleni was absent from Tonga, receiving medical treatment in New Zealand. During this time, King Tupou VI purportedly revoked the appointment of Siaosi Sovaleni as the armed forces minister and Fekitamoeloa ʻUtoikamanu as the minister of foreign affairs and tourism, with the nine noble MPs urging them to resign from their ministerial positions. The Attorney-General of Tonga, Linda Folaumoetu'i, advised the Cabinet that the King's action was unconstitutional.

In response to the revocation of their appointments, Siaosi Sovaleni and Fekitamoeloa ʻUtoikamanu publicly announced their resignation from their respective ministerial positions in April 2024.

title: Tupou VI


text:
Koffi Sama

Koffi Sama (born 1944 ) was the Prime Minister of Togo from 29 June 2002 to 9 June 2005.

Biography
Sama was born at Amoutchou in Ogou Prefecture. He was Minister of Youth, Sports, and Culture from 1981 to 1984, Regional Director of Rural and Maritime Region Development from 1986 to 1990, and Director-General of the Togolese Cotton Company from 1990 to 1996, before re-entering the government as Minister of Health, in which position he served from 1996 to 1999.

In the March 1999 parliamentary election, Sama was elected to the National Assembly as the candidate of the ruling Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) in the Third Constituency of Ogou Prefecture; he ran unopposed and won the seat with 100% of the vote. He then served as Minister of National Education and Research from 1999 to 2002. On 7 December 2000, he also became the Secretary-General of the RPT.

President Gnassingbé Eyadéma appointed Sama as Prime Minister on 27 June 2002, replacing Agbeyome Kodjo; this move was said to have been done as part of preparations for the parliamentary election that was held later in the year. Following the death of Eyadéma on 5 February 2005, Sama, as Prime Minister, announced the news, calling it a "national catastrophe". Sama left office on 9 June 2005, when he was succeeded by Edem Kodjo.

After serving as Prime Minister, Sama became a Special Advisor to President Faure Gnassingbé, with the rank of Minister; he remains in that post as of 2008. He was the head of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) observer mission in the Malian April 2007 presidential election.

Sama was a member of the RPT College of Sages.

title: Koffi Sama


text:
Jean-Claude Juncker

Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a Luxembourgish politician who was the 23rd prime minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013 and 12th president of the European Commission from 2014 to 2019. He also was Finance Minister from 1989 to 2009 and President of the Eurogroup from 2005 to 2013.

By the time Juncker left office as prime minister in 2013, he was the longest-serving head of any national government in the EU and one of the longest-serving democratically elected leaders in the world, with his tenure encompassing the height of the European financial and sovereign debt crisis. In 2005, he became the first permanent President of the Eurogroup.

In 2014, the European People's Party (EPP) had Juncker as its lead candidate, or Spitzenkandidat, for the presidency of the Commission in the 2014 elections. This marked the first time that the Spitzenkandidat process was employed. Juncker is the first president to have campaigned as a candidate for the position prior to the election, a process introduced with the Treaty of Lisbon. The EPP won 220 out of 751 seats in the Parliament. On 27 June 2014, the European Council officially nominated Juncker for the position,  and the European Parliament elected him on 15 July 2014 with 422 votes out of the 729 cast. He took office on 1 November 2014 and served until 30 November 2019, when he was succeeded by Ursula von der Leyen.

Juncker has stated that his priorities would be the creation of a digital single market, the development of an EU Energy Union, the negotiation of the Transatlantic Trade Agreement, the continued reform of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union—with the social dimension in mind, a "targeted fiscal capacity" for the Eurozone, and the 2015–2016 British EU membership renegotiations.

Early life
Juncker was born in Redange and spent the majority of his childhood in Belvaux. His father, Joseph, was a steel worker and Christian trade unionist who was forcibly conscripted into the German Wehrmacht during World War II, following the Nazi occupation of Luxembourg. Juncker has often remarked that the horrors of war he heard from his father's experiences had a profound influence in shaping his views on the need for European reconciliation and integration. His mother was born Marguerite Hecker. He studied at the Roman Catholic école apostolique (secondary school) at Clairefontaine on the edge of Arlon in Belgium, before returning to Luxembourg to study for his Baccalaureate at Lycée Michel Rodange. He joined the Christian Social People's Party in 1974. He studied law at the University of Strasbourg, graduating with a master's degree in 1979; although he was sworn into the Luxembourg Bar Council in 1980, he never practised as a lawyer.

Juncker grew up in Belvaux, in the commune of Sanem in the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette in the south of Luxembourg. Dominated by coal and steel manufacturing, the neighbourhood was home to a multicultural workforce of Italian and Portuguese immigrants. This social environment influenced Juncker's way of thinking and his ideology of integration and togetherness. He visits his hometown as often as he can.

Juncker's father was heavily wounded during his service in the Wehrmacht at the Eastern Front, which left him visibly scarred. Throughout his life Joseph Juncker was also a member of the Christian Labour union, and he took his son to several union and party meetings, which impacted his son's political views even in his early days. Having come from a poor family, he made central to his political ideology the fight against social inequalities, and for equal opportunities and fairness for all people. Jean-Claude went to a Jesuit Boarding school close to the border of Belgium; as a schoolboy, Juncker negotiated and debated with the school's administrators on behalf of his classmates. Juncker was one of twelve children in a large household, where money was tight; he learned from a young age the importance of saving. This experience proved useful during his later role as Minister of Finance.

Early years
Following Juncker's graduation from the University of Strasbourg, he was appointed as a Parliamentary Secretary. He later won election to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 1984 and was immediately appointed to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jacques Santer as Minister of Labour. In the second half of 1985, Luxembourg held the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Communities, permitting Juncker to develop his European leadership qualities as chair of the Social Affairs and Budget Councils. It was here that Juncker's pro-Europe credentials first emerged.

Shortly before the 1989 election Juncker was seriously injured in a road accident, spending two weeks in a coma. He has stated that the accident has caused him difficulty with balancing since. He nonetheless recovered in time to be returned to the Chamber of Deputies once more, after which he was promoted to become Minister for Finance, a post traditionally seen as a rite of passage to the country's premiership. His eventual promotion to prime minister seemed at this time inevitable, with political commentators concluding that Santer was grooming Juncker as his successor. Juncker at this time also accepted the position of Luxembourg's representative on the 188-member Board of Governors of the World Bank.

Juncker's second election to Parliament, in 1989, saw him gain prominence within the European Union; Juncker chaired the Council of Economic and Financial Affairs (ECOFIN), during Luxembourg's 1991 presidency of the Council of the European Communities, becoming a key architect of the Maastricht Treaty. Juncker was largely responsible for clauses on Economic and Monetary Union, the process that would eventually give rise to the euro, as well as in particular is credited with devising the "opt-out" principle for the UK to assuage its concerns. Juncker was himself a signatory to the Treaty in 1992, having, by that time taken over as parliamentary leader of the Christian Social People's Party.

Juncker was re-elected to the Chamber in 1994, maintaining his ministerial role. With Santer ready to be nominated as the next President of the European Commission, it was only six months later that Grand Duke Jean approved the appointment of Juncker as Prime Minister on 20 January 1995, as part of a coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. Juncker relinquished his post at the World Bank at this time, but maintained his position as Minister for Finance.

Premiership (1995–2013)

Juncker's first term as prime minister was focused on an economic platform of international bilateral ties to improve Luxembourg's profile abroad, which included a number of official visits abroad. During one such visit, to Dublin in December 1996, Juncker successfully mediated a dispute over his own EU Economic and Monetary Union policy between French President Jacques Chirac and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. The press dubbed Juncker the "Hero of Dublin" for achieving an unlikely consensus between the two.

1997 brought the rotating Presidency of the European Council to Luxembourg, during which time Juncker championed the cause of social integration in Europe, along with constituting the so-called "Luxembourg Process" for integrated European policy against unemployment. He also instigated the "Euro 11", an informal group of European finance ministers for matters regarding his Economic and Monetary Union ideals. For all of these initiatives, he was honoured with the Vision for Europe Award in 1998.

Juncker succeeded in winning another term as prime minister in the 1999 election, although the coalition with the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party was broken in favour of one with the Democratic Party. After the 2004 election, the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party became the second largest party again, and Juncker again formed a coalition with them.

In 2005, Juncker inherited a second term as President of the European Council. Shortly after the expiration of his term came Luxembourg's referendum on ratification, and Juncker staked his political career on its success, promising to resign if the referendum failed. The final result was a 56.5% Yes vote on an 88% turnout. His continued allegiance to European ideals earned him the 2006 Karlspreis. In 2009, he denounced the lifting of the excommunication of controversial Bishop Richard Williamson, a member of the Society of Saint Pius X.

Juncker supported the 2011 military intervention in Libya. Juncker added that he wanted NATO to take control of coalition military efforts in Libya as soon as possible.

On 19 November 2012, RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg aired a story alleging that the former head of the State Intelligence Service (SREL), Marco Mille, had used a wristwatch to covertly record a confidential conversation with Juncker in 2008. According to the report, although Juncker had later found out about the recording, he took no action against Mille and allowed him to leave the service in 2010 for a position with Siemens. A transcript of the conversation was published by D'Lëtzebuerger Land, which highlighted the disorganised state of the secret service, mentioned links between Grand Duke Henri and MI6 and referred to the "Bommeleeër" scandal. On 4 December 2012, the Chamber of Deputies voted to set up a Parliamentary Inquiry into allegations of SREL misconduct including the illegal bugging of politicians, purchase of cars for private use and allegations of taking payments and favours in exchange for access to officials. The inquiry heard from witnesses who claimed that SREL had conducted six or seven illegal wiretapping operations between 2007 and 2009, as well as covert operations in Iraq, Cuba and Libya. The report concluded that Juncker had to bear political responsibility for SREL's activities, that he had been deficient in his control over the service and that he had failed to report all of the service's irregularities to the enquiry commission. Juncker himself denied wrongdoing. After a seven-hour debate in the Chamber of Deputies on 10 July, the withdrawal of support from the Christian Social People's Party's coalition partner, the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP), forced Juncker to agree to new elections. Alex Bodry, President of LSAP and Chair of the Parliamentary Inquiry into SREL, declared his lack of confidence in Juncker, saying: "We invite the prime minister to take full political responsibility in this context and ask the government to intervene with the head of state to clear the path for new elections." Juncker tendered his resignation to the Grand Duke on 11 July. After the election, Juncker was succeeded on 4 December 2013 by Xavier Bettel.

Presidency of the Eurogroup
In 2004, the Eurogroup of eurozone finance ministers decided to replace the rotating chairmanship with a permanent president. Juncker was appointed as the first permanent president and assumed the chair on 1 January 2005. He was re-appointed for a second term in September 2006. Under the Lisbon Treaty, this system was formalised and Juncker was confirmed for another term. Juncker stepped down on 21 January 2013, when he was succeeded by Dutch Finance Minister Jeroen Dijsselbloem.

During his period as "Mr. Euro", the group was instrumental in negotiating and supervising bailout packages for the countries that faced bankruptcy: Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Cyprus.

Juncker was also an outspoken proponent of enhanced internal co-operation and increased international representation of the group.

In a debate in 2011, during the height of the eurozone crisis, Juncker responded to a conference-goer's suggestion to increase the openness of the strategy discussions in the eurogroup, by stating: "When it becomes serious you have to lie". Scholars of financial markets have remarked that the quote is often taken out of context by critics; best practice amongst monetary policy committees in most states is to keep negotiations on decisions confidential to prevent markets from betting against troubled countries until they are finalised. This need is complicated by the Eurozone's arrangements, in which policy negotiations are held in high-profile international summits of eurozone finance ministers, where leaks of ongoing negotiations may potentially put "millions of people at risk". Indeed, the quote continues;

"Monetary policy is a serious issue. We should discuss this in secret, in the Eurogroup. ... The same applies to economic and monetary policies in the Union. If we indicate possible decisions, we are fuelling speculations on the financial markets and we are throwing in misery mainly the people we are trying to safeguard from this. ... I'm ready to be insulted as being insufficiently democratic, but I want to be serious, ... I am for secret, dark debates."

He further stated that when asked by a journalist to comment on those meetings he had had to lie, making clear it went against his personal moral conviction as a Catholic.

Presidency of the European Commission (2014–2019)
For the first time in 2014, the President of the European Commission was appointed under the new provisions established with the Treaty of Lisbon, which had entered into force after the 2009 Elections to the European Parliament, on 1 December 2009. Juncker's aide Martin Selmayr played a central role in his campaign and later during his presidency as Juncker's campaign director, head of Juncker's transition team and finally as Juncker's head of cabinet (chief of staff).

Primary election

Almost all major European political parties, put forward a lead candidate, or spitzenkandidat for their respective election campaign. At the election Congress of the European People's Party (EPP), held in Dublin on 6–7 March, Jean-Claude Juncker was elected the party's lead candidate for President of the commission, defeating Michel Barnier. The congress also adopted the EPP election manifesto, which was used by Juncker during his campaign.

Election campaign
In the main debate between the candidates, transmitted live throughout Europe on 16 May via the European Broadcasting Union, all candidates agreed that it would be unacceptable if the European Council would propose someone as Commission President who had not publicly campaigned for the position ahead of the election.

In the elections, held 22–25 May, the EPP won the most parliamentary seats of all parties (221 of 751), but short of a majority in its own right.

Institutional approval
On 27 May, the leaders of five of the seven political groups of the parliament issued a statement that Jean-Claude Juncker, being the lead candidate of the party which won a plurality of the seats, should be given the first attempt to form the required majority to be elected Commission President. Only the ECR and EFD disagreed to this process.

Later on 27 May, the European Council gave its president, Herman van Rompuy, the mandate to start consultations with the group leaders in the European Parliament to identify the best possible candidate. Having less influence over the appointment than under pre-Lisbon law, the Council instead made use of its right to set the strategic priorities, and included discussions with Parliament leaders and Council members alike for a strategic agenda for the upcoming period in Rompuy's mandate.

During the consultations, Juncker and the EPP agreed to cooperation with the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the second largest group in the new parliament, as well as secured the backing of all but two member state leaders. In return for their support, the centre-left group and state leaders secured promises of a shift in focus away from austerity towards growth and job creation for the coming period, as well as promises of some of the top jobs. The European Council officially proposed Juncker to Parliament as candidate for the Presidency on 27 June, together with a strategic agenda setting out policy priorities for the upcoming Commission mandate period.

For the first time the nomination was not by consensus, but the European Council voted 26–2 to propose Juncker for the position. Voting against were British PM David Cameron (Conservative Party / AECR) and Hungarian PM Viktor Orbán (Fidesz / EPP), both of whom had frequently opposed Juncker during the election process. Prior to the vote, various media had reported the heads of government of Sweden, Netherlands and Germany were also having similar concerns regarding either the candidate himself, or the way the nomination process was conducted. This was however never confirmed by the politicians in question.

Once Juncker had been nominated by the Council he started visiting all of the political groups of the European Parliament in order to explain his visions as well as gain their support in order to get appointed as Commission President. The purpose was also to show that he had understood some criticism levelled by Eurosceptics in Brussels. This was demonstrated when the former prime minister of Luxembourg told the ECR lawmakers that "[d]espite what you may read in the British press, I do not want a United States of Europe," as well as "I do not believe that Europe can be constructed against the nation state."

On 15 July, Juncker presented his political programme to the European Parliament in plenary. Following a debate, the MEPs appointed Juncker to the position of Commission President with 422 votes in favour, well over the 376 required, and 250 votes against.

Controversies
In early November 2014, just days after becoming head of the commission, Juncker was hit by media disclosures—derived from a document leak known as LuxLeaks—that Luxembourg under his premiership had turned into a major European centre of corporate tax avoidance. With the aid of the Luxembourg government, companies transferred tax liability for many billions of euros to Luxembourg, where the income was taxed at a fraction of 1%. Juncker, who in a speech in Brussels in July 2014 promised to "try to put some morality, some ethics, into the European tax landscape", was sharply criticised following the leaks. A subsequent motion of censure in the European Parliament was brought against Juncker over his role in the tax avoidance schemes. The motion was defeated by a large majority. During his tenure, Juncker also oversaw the 2014 opening of the Luxembourg Freeport, which former German Member of European Parliament Wolf Klinz dubbed "fertile ground for money laundering and tax evasion".

In January 2017, leaked diplomatic cables show Juncker, as Luxembourg's prime minister from 1995 until the end of 2013, blocked EU efforts to fight tax avoidance by multinational corporations. Luxembourg agreed to multinational businesses on an individualised deal basis, often at an effective rate of less than 1%.

In July 2017, Juncker described the European Parliament as "ridiculous" after only a few dozen MEPs came to attend a debate dedicated to evaluating Malta's time holding the 6-month term rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU, accusing MEPs of showing a lack of respect for smaller EU countries. Although rebuked for his remark by the Parliament's president, Antonio Tajani, Juncker responded, "I will never again attend a meeting of this kind." Jaume Duch Guillot, chief spokesman for the Parliament, later said on Twitter that Juncker "regretted" the incident and that Tajani considered the case closed. However, it is not known whether Juncker apologised for his outburst.

Personal life
In addition to his native Luxembourgish, Juncker is fluent in English, French, German and Latin.

Juncker suffers from sciatica attacks following a 1989 car accident, which cause him occasional unsteadiness while walking. A video of Juncker stumbling and receiving assistance from several EU politicians at a NATO leaders' event in July 2018 prompted comments about his health, though his spokesman dismissed the concerns.

Speculations about alcoholism surrounded Juncker for several years and have been discussed by several high-profile EU politicians. In 2014, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, at the time Dutch Minister of Finance, described Juncker in an interview as a "heavy smoker and drinker", but later apologized for his comments. Juncker himself has always denied these allegations in interviews.

Juncker is married to Christiane Frising. The couple have no children.

title: Jean-Claude Juncker


text:
Frederick Sumaye

Frederick Tluway Sumaye (born 29 May 1950) is a Tanzanian politician who was Prime Minister of Tanzania from 28 November 1995 to 30 December 2005.

Life and career
As a member of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), Sumaye was a Member of Parliament for Hanang Constituency from 1983 to 2005 and served in the Cabinet as the Minister for Agriculture, Livestock and Cooperatives. He was the Prime Minister from 1995 to 2005.

After leaving office, Sumaye was a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization; subsequently, in 2006, he enrolled for a year as a mid-career student in the Edward S. Mason Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, earning a Master of Public Administration.

Sumaye unsuccessfully sought the ruling CCM's nomination as its presidential candidate in 2015. Thereafter, he joined one of the opposition parties (CHADEMA) which was among the opposition parties that formed the opposition movement UKAWA on 22 August 2015. In a speech that he gave shortly after announcing that he was joining the opposition, Sumaye said he was doing so in order to strengthen the opposition.

On 4 December 2019, Sumaye announced that he was leaving CHADEMA following his defeat in an internal party election for the Coast Zone CHADEMA chairman position. That came less than a week after the election where he was the only contestant for the position.

title: Frederick Sumaye


text:
Einars Repše

Einars Repše (born 9 December 1961) is a Latvian physicist, financier and politician, chairman of the Association for Latvian Development.

Biography
Einars Repše graduated from Latvia State University (now known as University of Latvia) in 1986 with a degree in physics (specialisation – radio electronics). He first entered politics in 1988 as one of the founders of the Latvian National Independence Movement (LNNK), a political organization promoting Latvia's independence from the Soviet Union. He was elected to the parliament of Latvia in 1990.

From 1991 to 2001, Repše was the president of the Bank of Latvia (Latvia's central bank). During this period, he oversaw the introduction of the Latvian rouble, Latvia's temporary transition currency and the Lats, independent Latvia's new currency. Under Repše, the Bank of Latvia pursued a tight monetary policy, implementing a de facto currency board for the Lats. As a result, the exchange rate of the lat has been stable since the early 1990s till now. Inflation was brought down from almost 1000% initially to low single digits within a few years. The success of the Lats made Repše very popular in Latvia.

In 2001, Repše resigned from the Bank of Latvia to return to politics. He founded the New Era Party, a Populist anti-corruption party. After the 2002 elections, Repše became the Prime Minister of Latvia in November 2002. He led a coalition of his own New Era Party, the Latvia's First Party, the Union of Greens and Farmers and For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK. Repše's government became known for an outspoken fight against corruption and tax evasion. Several high-ranked government officials, including the head of Latvia's state revenue service, were fired or resigned. The anti-corruption measures resulted in some success, as the revenues from the gasoline tax, previously notorious for tax evasion, increased by 30% in one year. The revenues from other taxes, however, were not significantly different, compared to the previous governments, and some of the anti-corruption measures backfired (for example, some of the fired officials successfully sued the Latvian government for wrongful dismissal). Repše's government also implemented a tight control on budget expenses, reducing the budget deficit from 3% of GDP in 2002 to 1.8% in 2003.

Starting in September 2003, a conflict between Repše and the Latvia First Party, one of his coalition partners, became apparent. Repše blamed the conflict on vested interests resisting his anti-corruption plans. The coalition partners mentioned Repše's authoritarian management style and unofficially delegating many of his powers as prime minister to his chief of staff Dans Titavs as the main reason for the conflict. Repše's government became a minority administration in January 2004 after the Latvia First Party left the government. He and his cabinet resigned in February 2004. After being in opposition during Indulis Emsis government, the New Era Party joined the Aigars Kalvītis coalition government in December 2004, with Repše becoming the minister of defence. During his service, however, he at times was portrayed by the press as more involved in his hobbies and business, than in governmental activities, losing popularity among the electorate.

In 2003, Repše bought real estate at various locations in rural Latvia for a total of 323 718 lats (approx. 500 000 euros). His real estate purchases were funded by loans from two Latvian banks, Hansabanka and Nord/LB Latvia. Repše's opponents immediately questioned his real estate deals, claiming that Repše has used his position to obtain loans on conditions better than those available to the general public. His deals were investigated by a special committee of the Latvian parliament. In December 2005, a criminal probe was started by the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau (KNAB). Due to this investigation, Repše resigned from his position as the minister of defence, even though he was never officially declared a suspect under the case. On 12 October 2007 KNAB closed the criminal probe – no wrongdoing was discovered.

Repše's real estate deals, confrontational management style and somewhat flamboyant lifestyle led to a major decline in his popularity. In 1999 and 2000, Repše was one of the most trusted politicians in Latvia, with 75%–80% Latvians having a positive opinion of him. By the time of his resignation in 2005, he was the least popular minister in the Latvian government.

Repše was Minister of Finance of Latvia from 12 March 2009 to 3 November 2010, during the toughest time right after the world credit crisis. He brought down the deficits ruthlessly, put the state finances in order, and paved the way for Latvia to join the euro which was accomplished during the next government.

In 2013 Repše returned to active politics and founded society, later transformed into political party "For Latvia's Development". After unsuccessful parliamentary elections in October 2014, Repše completely retired from politics.

As to his hobbies, he is known to be interested in flying, aircraft building, painting and mountaineering.

title: Einars Repše


text:
Oqil Oqilov

Oqil Ghaybulloyevich Oqilov (Оқил Ғайбуллоевич Оқилов, Oqil Ghaybulloyevich Oqilov; Окил Гайбуллаевич Окилов; born 2 February 1944), alternatively transliterated as Akil Akilov, is a Tajikistani politician. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Tajikistan from 20 December 1999 to 23 November 2013. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan.

Biography
Oqilov was born in Khujand in 1944. He began working in the Sughd veloyat in 1960. He attended the Moscow Institute for Engineering and Construction, graduating in 1967. He left the Sughd veloyat in 1976 to work for the Communist Party of Tajikistan, with which he remained involved until 1993. He was appointed Minister of Construction in 1993. The following year, he was made vice premier of Tajikistan. He served in that position until 1996, when he returned to the Sughd veloyat as first deputy chair in June. He was appointed Prime Minister of Tajikistan in December 1999.

title: Oqil Oqilov


text:
Gurye County

Gurye (Gurye-gun) is a county in the province of Jeollanam-do, South Korea. Gurye is a small, picturesque farming town situated between Jirisan and the Seomjin River. In the northeastern part of unwavering efforts at the Mt. Jiri. Gurye is the sole designated special tourism and leisure zone in all of Jeollanam-do. The total size of Gurye County is 443.02 square km, with a modest population of approximately 30,000.

Gurye County is a hiking destination during the spring and autumn seasons. The county hosts a number of yearly festivals such as Sansuyu Flower Festival, the Royal Azalea Festival and the Piagol Valley Maple Festival. Gurye is also home to Korea's first national state park, which houses some of Korea's most important temples such as Hwaeomsa, Cheoneunsa, and Yeongoksa.

Location
Gurye is located in the southwest portion of Korea, and is easily accessible from Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, as well as other major cities.

History
During the Samhan period, Gurye was part of Gorap, one of the 54 statelets of the Mahan confederacy. As the domain of Baekje Kingdom expanded during the Three Kingdoms period, Gurye was absorbed as one of the kingdom's counties, where it was known as Gucharye (or Guchaji). During the reign of King Gyeongdeok (r. 742–65), the region was part of Gokseong County, when it also attained its current name.

Symbols

 * Flower : Royal Azaleas
 * Tree : Sansuyu tree
 * Bird : Pigeon

Bus
Although Gurye is a small county, it is a tourist designated zone and often visited by Koreans year round. The Gurye Bus Terminal located in the center of Gurye-Eup, offers 7 daily bus routes to and from Seoul Nambu Bus Terminal. Each bus departs every 2 hours, with the earliest bus departing at 7:00 a.m. and the latest at 7:00 p.m. The duration of the trip is 3 hours and 35 minutes, which includes a short concession stop midway.

There are numerous buses that depart to Suncheon, the closest city with theaters and large department stores (approx 30 mins away) and to Gwangju, the closest metropolitan city which is 1.5 hours away.

Train
There is a train station at the opposite end of the Bus Terminal operated by Korail. The Guryegu Station is part of the Jeolla line and is located near Sinwol-ri, approximately 10 minutes by car from the Gurye Bus Terminal. Please refer to the Korail website for bus routes, times, and fares.

Car
Suncheon is the nearest city and it takes about 20 minutes by car. Gwangju is the closest metropolitan city, which is approximately 1 hour by car.

Festival
Gurye is known for the Sansuyu (Cornus Fruit) Flower Festival. Sansuyu is the fruit of the Cornus officinalis (산수유) which has yellow flowers in early spring. The Sansuyu Flower Festival is held every mid-March and takes place at the hot springs tourist site at the foot of Mount Jiri. The festival features a wide variety of programs including an exhibition of local products made from sansuyu (cornus fruit), performances, hands-on events and fireworks. Sansuyu blossoms produce a uniquely favored tea and fine liquor.

In 2007, more than 500,000 tourists visited during the four-day festival. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism of South Korea chose Gurye's festival as an excellent culture-tour event for the first time.

Products
Sansuyu is a well-known medicinal item from early Korean history. The Dongui Bogam, a Joseon Dynasty medical book, said it has several effects such as protecting liver and skin.

The flowers are effective in curing inflammations of the liver, diabetes, high blood pressure, cold hands and feet, and can help enhance the immune system.

Education
Several elementary, middle schools, and high schools are located in Gurye county.
 * Gurye Girls' Middle School (구례여자중학교)
 * Gurye Boys' Middle School (구례중학교)
 * Gurye East Middle School (구례동중학교)
 * Gurye North Middle School (구례북중학교)
 * Gurye Sandong Middle School (구례산동중학교)

Sister cities

 * 🇰🇷 Geoje, South Korea Since Dec 10, 1998
 * 🇰🇷 Suyeong-gu, Busan, South Korea Since Feb 9th of 1999.
 * 🇰🇷 Guro, Seoul, South Korea
 * 🇨🇳 Chizhou, China
 * 🇯🇵 Unzen, Nagasaki

title: Gurye County


text:
Torrent salamander

The torrent salamanders or Cascade salamanders are a family of salamanders (Rhyacotritonidae) with only one genus, Rhyacotriton. The torrent salamanders have highly reduced lungs and are endemic to the United States in the Pacific Northwest (including northwestern California).

Description
Maximum adult snout-vent length is 6 cm. They have complete metamorphosis, but a few neotenic traits have been found, like the presence of conical teeth and reduced or absent nasal bones. Nasal bones have never been seen in R. olympicus. but are present in some specimens of the other species, and occurs most often in R. variegatus. The lungs are minute; in R. olympicus they are 5 to 7 mm in length, but highly vascular and filled with air. They are very sensitive to desiccation and warm temperatures. More than 83 °F (28 °C) can be fatal, and they can only tolerate a water loss of 19.4 percent of initial body weight at most (compared to 29.0 to 32.9 percent for other species). Because of this, they are rarely found more than a meter away from free-running water. On rare occasions adults can be found under objects a few meters from water after heavy rain. Males have a unique vent gland.

Reproduction
Courtship is terrestrial. The male will deposit a spermatophore on the ground, which is then picked up by the female. The eggs have a pale yellow-white ova, and are deposited separately and haphazardly in slow-flowing water. Sometimes communal oviposition occurs. They are attached neither to each other or to the substrate, which is unique in salamanders. Parental care is absent.

Species
The genus Rhyacotriton includes four species:
 * Cascade torrent salamander (R. cascadae)
 * Columbia torrent salamander (R. kezeri)
 * Olympic torrent salamander (R. olympicus)
 * Southern torrent salamander (R. variegatus)

Taxonomy
Originally the genus Rhyacotriton was placed in the family Ambystomatidae, later in the family Dicamptodontidae, and finally in 1992 it was placed into a family of its own. At the same time the only species Rhyacotriton olympicus was split into four species due to genetic analysis.

title: Torrent salamander


text:
Rex Barnes

Rex Barnes (born June 4, 1959) is a Canadian politician.

Born in Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland and Labrador, Barnes was a member of the Progressive Conservative caucus in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Gander—Grand Falls. Elected in a by-election in 2002, he lost his seat in the 2004 election to Liberal candidate Scott Simms, running as the member for Bonavista—Exploits.

Barnes has been a paramedic, and a volunteer worker. Barnes was the Progressive Conservative critic for Public Works and Government Services, and Transport. He served as a city councillor in Grand Falls-Windsor for 9 years.

Barnes served as mayor of Grand Falls-Windsor from September 2005 to September 2009.

In February 2011, he announced plans to challenge incumbent MHA Ray Hunter for the Progressive Conservative party nomination in Grand Falls-Windsor-Green Bay South for the 2011 provincial election. Barnes lost the nomination receiving 327 votes to Hunter's 533.

Barnes ran as an independent candidate in Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans in the 2015 provincial election. He finished in third place with 19.6% of the vote.

title: Rex Barnes


text:
Haenam County

Haenam (Haenam-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea. The capital of Haenam-gun is Haenam-eup (Haenam town).

The economy of the county is based mainly on agriculture, with rice and radish being the two most common crops.

History
Haenam County has been inhabited since the Neolithic. Relics of the Bronze Age, such as dolmens and shell mounds, were discovered here. The term Haenam appeared during the Goryeo dynasty but a definite record does not exist. After 1895 (32nd year of King Gojong in the Joseon dynasty) it came to be called as Haenam-gun, and became the biggest county in Jeonnam.

Birth promotion policy
Haenam is attracting attention with its birth rate more than double the average in South Korea. In '2014 Birth Statistics', its total fertility rate was 2.4 per person, making it the nation's first birth rate. This is the result of various childbirth policies implemented by the birth policy team. Some of these policies are introduced.

 * 1) It is the settlement of worry about housing arrangement. The sale price of apartments in Jeollanamdo, which Haenam County belongs to, is less than half the national average. To get a 99 square meters apartment, you need 152 million won (Korean currency unit). This is not only a quarter of the Seoul apartment sale price, but also less than the private rent price.
 * 2) It is an extraordinary birth grant. In Haenam County, if you give birth to the first child, 3 million won will be paid. If you give birth to a second child, you will receive 3.5 million won. If you give birth to a third child, you will receive 6 million won. If you have a fourth child, you will receive 7,200,000 won.
 * 3) It is a witty birth related program. Haenam notifies the birth of the baby through the local newspaper and plans harmony of local residents. In addition, there are many interesting programs such as 'Dad Camp for the Land', which encourages dad to take part in housekeeping and housework, a 'stroller marching concert' that all residents can enjoy, and 'escape trip to the end of the earth' for unmarried men and women.
 * 4) Finally, job creation is through agricultural and marine products and food-specific complexes. Haenam is actively working on building a wealthy farming and fishing village, focusing on the issue of jobs and cultivating processed sweet potatoes and eco-friendly items. The 'Haenam Food Specialization Complex', a food manufacturing and agro-industrial complex based on eco-friendly farming, aquatic and livestock products, is currently sold under the guidance of the military.

Economy
The county has large farmland and reclaimed land. As of 2019, there are about 20,000 agricultural workers. Since the total population is about 65,000, the proportion of agricultural workers is high. The total length of the county's coastline is 302km, and there are a total of 65 manned and uninhabited islands. The population engaged in fishing is 9,403, about half of the agricultural workers.

Geography
Haenam faces Gangjin to the east, Yeongam to the north, Jindo and Wando to the west and south across the sea.

Additionally, Haenam is located below Taebaek Mountains and goes through an oceanic climate. It is quite a warm area even among southern region of South Korea. There is rias coast around Hwawon peninsula.

Products
Thanks to its large-scale farming, Haenam has been the main source of crops from sweet potatoes to cabbages. The cabbage is specially produced in wintertime and Haenam occupies 70% of production.

A special type of orange, the hallabong, is also grown in Haenam county. Before, Jeju was the only place to grow hallabong but many counties in Jeonnam started to cultivate this breed, which is largely owing to the greenhouse effect.

Education

 * Global Academy in Haenam town.

Enterprise city
Haenam is the enterprise city in Jeonnam with Muan and Yeongam county. Three counties are going to take important status as moving point for growth.

The next term president, Lee Myung-bak designated three areas as the huge triangle region of Honam.

Famous people

 * Yoon Seon Do : one of the most famous Korean painters and writers during mid-Joseon dynasty.
 * Kim Nam Ju : Korean poet (1946.10.16. ~ 1994.2.13.)
 * Goh Jung Hee : Goh, Jung-Hee (1948~1991) was born in Haenam. In 1975 she made her debut in the Korean literary world on the recommendation of poet Park Nam-Su. She contributed the poems “Resurrection, Hereafter,” “A Love Song,” and others to the magazine “Modern Poetics.” From her debut until she died, during her short period of writing lasting about 15 years, she wrote 12 collections of poetry, which included her collection of poems and posthumous manuscripts. She also attracted attention in the world of poetry for showing various and strong experimental attitudes through each poem.
 * Hwang Ji Wu : Korean poet and artistic critic.
 * Park Jin-hee: South Korean actress
 * Lee Jin Woo : Produce X 101 trainee. He is currently a member of GHOST9, a 7-member boy group under Maru Entertainment that debuted in 2020.
 * Oh Gitaek : South Korean singer

Twin towns – sister cities
Haenam is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇷 Ansan, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Jungnang-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Seocho-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Yeongdeok, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Haeundae-gu, South Korea

title: Haenam County


text:
Hampyeong County

Hampyeong County (Hampyeong-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.

History
Hampyeong used to be called Jinguk(진국) in prehistoric times, and Mahan in the Samhan age. Mahan consisted of 54 smaller counties, and it is estimated that one or two of these counties were part of present-day Hampyeong County according to the evidence of dolmens in the area.

Hampyeong was divided into two hyeon, Gulrae-hyeon and Daji-hyeon during the reign of Baekje Kingdom(18 B.C ~ 660 A.D.). Gulrea-hyeon was called Hampyeong-hyeon during the reign of the Silla Kingdom and in the Goryeo Kingdom. Today it covers Hampyeong-eub, Sonbul-myeon, Singwang-myeon, and Dadong-myeon.

In the 9th year of King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty, Hampyeong-hyeon and Mopyeong-hyeon were fused into Hampyeong-hyeon, and consisted of 14 myeon; Donghyeonrae-myeon, Suhyeonrae-myeon, Yongpung-myeon, Haejae-myeon, Dagyeong-myeon, Dadong-myeon, Sonbul-myeon, Singwang-myeon, pyeongreung-myeon, Sinji-myeon, Haebo-myeon, Wolak-myeon, Modong-myeon, Daeya-myeon.

On May 26, 1989, Hampyeong-hyeon changed its name to Hampyeong county. On November 11, 1932, Sikji-myeon and pyeongreung-myeon were annexed, and Nasan-myeon was added. On January 1, 1963, Hampyeong-myeon became Hampyeong-eub and it consisted of one eup and 8 myeons.

On July 1, 1973, Sang-ok, Wolsong, Geumgok, and Baekho were annexed into Dadong-myeon.

Symbol

 * County Flower : Crape myrtle
 * County Tree : Ginkgo tree
 * County Bird : Pigeon
 * County Butterfly : Swallowtail butterfly

Brand Slogan
Hampyeong has wide idea for development. Its slogan is "ECO HAMPYEONG" which represents green color of its land and creativity. Also, it tries to consider many residents are farmers doing eco-friendly work.

Hampyeong Butterfly Festival
Hampyeong is famous for its annual butterfly festival which is the only one of its kind in South Korea. The county officially has upbrought tens of thousands of butterflies and other facilities like greenhouses for insects for the festival. Annually Hampyeong attracts more than 1 million people which, considering its size and scale is quite a large number.

Twin towns – sister cities
Hampyeong is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇷 Seongdong-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Nam-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Dong-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Namhae, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Goseong, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Goryeong, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Jecheon, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Anyang, South Korea
 * Angeles City, Philippines

title: Hampyeong County


text:
User talk:Benc

Category:English dialects has been nominated for speedy rename
Category:English dialects has been nominated for speedy rename. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  18:22, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

Nomination for merger of Template:R from category navigation
Template:R from category navigation has been nominated for merging with Template:Category redirect. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. House Blaster talk 14:53, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benc