text:
IMCA

IMCA may refer to:
 * International Marine Contractors Association, a trade association for offshore, marine and underwater engineering companies
 * International Management Centres Association, an unaccredited institution of higher education based in Buckingham, UK.
 * International Motor Contest Association, a United States racing sanctioning body
 * Islamic Movement of Central Asia, a guerrilla organization
 * Investment Management Consultants Association (IMCA), the organization that confers the financial certifications of Certified Investment Management Analyst (CIMA) and Certified Private Wealth Advisor (CPWA)

title: IMCA


text:
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation

The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (東京都交通局), also known as Toei (都営), is a bureau of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government which operates public transport services in Tokyo. Among its services, the Toei Subway is one of two rapid transit systems which make up the Tokyo subway system, the other being Tokyo Metro.

Light rail lines
In addition to the subways, Toei also operates the Toden Arakawa Line streetcar and the Nippori-Toneri Liner automated guideway transit. It also operated the Ueno Zoo Monorail until its operation was suspended on October 31, 2019.

Bus lines
Toei operates local bus service in central Tokyo, generally to fill in the gaps unserved by the Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway networks.

Most routes are designated by a kanji character followed by a two-digit route number. The initial character usually indicates the main railway station where the line terminates: for instance, 渋66 (Shibu 66) is a suburban route from Shibuya Station. Some routes replace the initial character with Latin letters, one prominent example being the RH01 service between Roppongi Hills and Shibuya. Others use a special character derived from the route, such as 虹01 (Niji [Rainbow] 01) which crosses the Rainbow Bridge. Some cross-town routes begin with the character 都 (to "metropolitan").

Other services
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation also maintains a large fiber-optic cable network in the city, as well as several electric power generators.

Establishment
Tokyo City purchased the Tokyo Railway Company, a streetcar operator, in 1911, and placed its lines under the authority of the Tokyo Municipal Electric Bureau (東京市電気局). The TMEB began bus service in 1924 as an emergency measure after the Great Kantō earthquake knocked out streetcar service in the city. (The TMEB was also responsible for providing electric power to Tokyo, but this service was privatized in 1942 as Tokyo Electric).

In 1942, the Japanese government forced a number of private transit businesses in Tokyo to merge into the TMEB. These included the bus lines of the Tokyo Underground Railway (whose Ginza Line remained independent), the Keio Electric Railway and the Tokyu Corporation, as well as the Oji Electric Tramway (operator of the Arakawa Line) and several smaller bus companies.

In 1943, Tokyo City was abolished and the TMEB's operations were transferred to the new TMBT.

Trolley buses
TMBT operated electric trolley buses between 1952 and 1968 on four routes:

 * Route 101: Imai - Kameido - Oshiage - Asakusa - Ueno
 * Route 102: Ikebukuro - Shibuya - Naka-meguro - Gotanda - Shinagawa
 * Route 103: Ikebukuro - Oji - San'ya - Kameido
 * Route 104: Ikebukuro - Oji - Asakusa

The trolley buses were short-lived, however, mostly owing to their vulnerability to weather: rain caused problems with the overhead power supply, and snow required tire chains to be installed on vehicles in order to maintain traction.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Khadaffy Janjalani

Khadaffy Abubakar Janjalani (also transliterated as Khadafy Janjalani, Khadafi Janjalani and Khaddafi Janjalani; March 3, 1975 – September 4, 2006) was a Filipino Islamist militant who was the leader of the Moro militant group known as Abu Sayyaf and the leader of one of its factions. He was a staunch Wahhabi follower.

Janjalani was also known as Daf or Pek. He was a citizen of the Philippines, of Tau Sūg and Ilonggo parentage, and spoke both Tausug and Tagalog, as well as some Arabic. According to the FBI, he was quiet, reserved, indecisive and overconfident.

Janjalani was indicted in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, for his alleged involvement in terrorist acts, including hostage kidnapping and murder, against United States nationals and other foreign nationals in and around the Republic of the Philippines. Janjalani allegedly served as the Amir or spiritual leader of Abu Sayyaf Group, which allegedly took the foreign nationals hostage.

For that indictment, on February 24, 2006, Janjalani was among six fugitives in the second and most recent group of indicted fugitives to be added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list along with two fellow members of Abu Sayyaf.

The United States government offered a 5 million US Dollar (216,000,000 PHP) reward for Janjalani's capture.

On December 27, 2006, the Philippine military reported that what appeared to be Janjalani's remains had been recovered near Patikul, on Sulu Island in the southern Philippines, and that DNA tests had been ordered to confirm the discovery. As related by fellow fighters taken prisoner, he was shot in the neck in an encounter with government troops in September on Luba Hills, Patikul town, Sulu Island. On January 20, 2007, Military Chief General Hermogenes Esperon Jr. announced the identity of the corpse was confirmed, through a DNA comparison with a brother of the militant conducted by the American FBI.

Background on Basilan birthplace
Khadafi Abubakar Janjalani was born in 1975 in Isabela City, currently one of the smallest 4th income class cities of the Philippines. Located on the north of the island of Basilan, Isabela is also the capital of Basilan province, across the Basilan Strait from Zamboanga City. But Isabela City is administered under the Zamboanga Peninsula political region north of the island of Basilan, while the rest of the island province of Basilan is now (since 1996) governed as part of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to the east. Consequently, being on the social or political division line, Isabela City and Basilan island have seen some of the fiercest fighting between government troops and the Muslim separatist group Abu Sayyaf through the early 2000s.

Before Khadafi Janjalani was born, in the early 1970s, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was the main Muslim rebel group fighting in the Basilan region of the southern Philippines.

In the late 70s, Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani, Khadaffy Janjalani's older brother, was a former teacher from Basilan, who had studied theology and Arabic in Libya, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Abdurajik then became a veteran of the war against the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War. During that time, he allegedly met Osama bin Laden, and was given $6 million to establish his own offshoot group in the southern Philippines, out of members of the extant MNLF.

By then, as a political solution in the southern Philippines, ARMM had been created, in 1989, when the younger Janjalani was thirteen years old, growing up on Basilan.

Abu Sayyaf Group under Abdurajik Janjalani
His older brother Abdurajik then returned home to Basilan island in 1990, where he gathered radical members of the old MNLF, to found Abu Sayyaf Group. It was named after his own alias, which was Abu Sayyaf. MNLF had moderated into an established political party, which eventually became the ruling party of the ARMM, by its full institutionalization in 1996 on the southern Philippines island of Mindanao.

Meanwhile, Abu Sayyaf Group had started out on their own by 1991 under the leadership of the elder Janjalani brother, Abdurajik. By 1995 they had been active in large scale bombings and attacks in the Philippines, and also had become associated with Ramzi Yousef (of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1994 Philippine Airlines Flight 434 bombing, and the foiled 1995 Operation Bojinka), and also with Jemaah Islamiyah (al-Qaeda's southeast Asia associated branch led by Hambali). At some point in the early 1990s, the younger brother Khadaffy Janjalani had also joined Abu Sayyaf, as a teenager, and was eventually imprisoned by the Philippines government.

In 1995, 20-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani escaped from Camp Crame in Manila along with another member named Jovenal Bruno.

On December 18, 1998, the older brother Abdurajik Janjalani was killed in a firefight with the Philippine National Police on Basilan island. He is thought to have been about age 39 at the time of his death.

Abu Sayyaf Group under Khadaffy Janjalani
The 23-year-old Khadaffy Janjalani then took power of one of Abu Sayyaf's factions in an internecine struggle. He then worked to consolidate his power within Abu Sayyaf, causing the group to appear inactive for a period. After Janjalani's supremacy was secured, Abu Sayyaf began a new tactic, as they proceeded to take hostages.

The group's motive for kidnapping became more financial and less religious during the period of Khadaffy's leadership, according to locals in the areas associated with Abu Sayyaf. The hostage money is probably the method of financing of the group.

Khadaffy Janjalani was indicted in the United States for his alleged involvement in terrorist acts, including hostage taking by Abu Sayyaf and murder, against United States nationals and other foreign nationals in and around the Republic of the Philippines.

Consequently, on February 24, 2006, Janjalani was among six fugitives in the second and most recent group of indicted fugitives to be added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list along with two fellow members of Abu Sayyaf, Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and Jainal Antel Sali, Jr.

Janjalani's aliases include Khadafi Abubakar Janjalam, Khaddafy Abubakar Janjalani, Abu Muktar, Amir Khadafi Abubaker Janjalani, Khadafi Abu Muktar, Jimar Manalad Montanio, Khadafi Montanio, Abu Mochtar ("The good-hearted"), "Daf", and Omar Bin Salik.

Death
News organizations in the Philippines came out with reports on December 26, 2006, about a body being dug-up in the area where Janjalani was known to be at large. On January 20, 2007, DNA test results came back confirming the body was his. Despite these results, his family believes that he is still alive and in hiding. In June 2007, the Rewards for Justice Program awarded the Philippines with 5 Million $ for information leading to his death.

title: Khadaffy Janjalani


text:
User:Baaadbart

I'm currently a college student studying computer science and math. I probably won't contribute much to Wiki but to fix syntax and vandalism. I may contribute to something I'm very experienced with, but it seems everyone else has me beat...

title: User:Baaadbart


text:
Battle of Dara

The Battle of Dara was fought between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians in 530 AD. It was one of the battles of the Iberian War.

Procopius's account of this engagement is among the most detailed descriptions of a late Roman battle.

Background
The Byzantine Empire was at war with the Sasanians from 527, supposedly because Kavadh I had tried to force the Iberians to become Zoroastrians. The Iberian king fled from Kavadh, but Kavadh tried to make peace with the Byzantines, and attempted to have Justin I adopt his son Khosrau. Justin agreed, but on the terms that he would do so only in a rite reserved for barbarians. This failed to satisfy Kavadh, who attacked Byzantine allies, so Justin sent his generals Sittas and Belisarius into Persia, where they were initially defeated. In 529, the failed negotiations of Justin's successor Justinian prompted a Sasanian expedition of 40,000 men towards Dara. The next year, Belisarius was sent back to the region alongside Hermogenes and an army; Kavadh answered with another 10,000 troops under the general Perozes, who set up camp about five kilometers away at Ammodius, in the near vicinity of Dara.

Deployment
The Persians, outnumbering the Romans by 15,000 men, deployed around 20 stades away from the town of Daras and drew up their battle lines. Despite being outnumbered, Belisarius decided to give battle. He dug a number of ditches to block the Persian cavalry, leaving gaps between them to allow a counterattack. According to Irfan Shahid, the tactic was adopted from the Persians at the Battle of Thannuris two years earlier. These were pushed forward on either flank of his position, while his center was refused back. Here he placed his unreliable infantry behind the center ditch, being placed close enough to the walls of the fortress to provide supporting fire from the city battlements. On the left and right flanks were the Byzantine cavalry, of questionable quality. Supporting them on their interior flanks were small bodies of Huns: 300 Hun cavalry under Sunicas and Aigan supporting the left; and as many more Huns on the right under Simmas and Ascan. Belisarius also placed a body of Heruli cavalry under Pharas in ambush position off his left flank. A reserve composed of his own bucellarii household cavalry was held behind his center and commanded by John the Armenian, his trusted lieutenant and boyhood friend.

Battle
On the first day, according to Procopius, there was no general engagement, but instead a series of challenge fights between champions of both sides. One particular combat involved a Persian knight, who challenged Belisarius to single combat; but was instead met by a Byzantine bath slave named Andreas. Andreas, who had been secretly training with Belisarius' own household troopers, killed not only this Persian champion, but also a second challenger later in the day. The Persians then withdrew to Ammodius for the night. Some authors, however, have expressed doubt as to the pure historicity of Procopius' account and state that while instances of single combat did likely occur during the course of the battle, Procopius' description is intended to be a narrative device rather than a factual account. Another source, believed to be based on official documents, does indeed reference individual combat, but makes no mention of Andreas and, furthermore, places any single combat engagements at a different stage of the battle.

After the first day of skirmishes, Belisarius sent a letter to the Persian commander. Rather than fight a battle, he believed it was best to avoid conflict and instead insisted that their disputes be settled by discussion. The letter read, "The first blessing is peace, as is agreed by all men who have even a small share of reason. ... The best general, therefore, is that one which is able to bring about peace from war." The letter either fell on deaf ears or Perozes already wanted to negotiate which eventually failed, the battle resumed. The Persians already thought of the Byzantine army as a second-rate army; this letter, along with his numerical superiority, likely made Perozes even more confident of victory. In his book on Belisarius, Brogna merely says that Belisarius sent the letter because of his good moral character. Mahon claims in his book that Belisarius doubted his chance of victory and this is why he sent the letter.

On the second day of the battle, 10,000 more Persian troops arrived from Nisibis. The Sassanid and Byzantine light infantry exchanged fire resulting in minor casualties on each side. As Procopius describes, "At first, then, both sides discharged arrows against each other, and the missiles by their great number made, as it were, a  vast cloud; and many men were falling on both sides,  but the missiles of the barbarians flew much more  thickly. For fresh men were always fighting in turn,  affording to their enemy not the slightest opportunity  to observe what was being done; but even so the  Romans did not have the worst of it. For a steady  wind blew from their side against the barbarians, and  checked to a considerable degree the force of their  arrows." Depending on the source, either the Persians got the best of the Romans, the fight was fairly equal or the Persians suffered more. Then the Persians formed two lines: the right flank under Pityaxes and the left under Baresmanas.

At this time of the day the temperature of the region has been estimated to have been particularly hot, probably around 45 C.

The first wave of the Persian attack was directed against the Byzantine left flank. The Persians forced a crossing of the ditch, pushing back the Byzantine cavalry. But the intervention of Sunicas' Huns attacking from the interior of the Byzantine line, as well as Pharas' Herulians attacking out of ambush from the opposite side, forced the Persians' wing to retreat.

The Persians then attacked the Byzantine right wing, where Perozes sent the Sassanid Zhayedan, also known as the Immortals, who were the elite Persian armored lancers. The Byzantine cavalry and infantry defending the ditch were pushed back here as they had been on the left. But Belisarius counterattacked with his reserve Bucellari cavalry, and split the Persian troops in two. Half the Persians pursued the Byzantine cavalry, but the rest were trapped, and Baresmanas was killed along with 5,000 other men. The Byzantine cavalry also recovered and routed their pursuers. Belisarius allowed a pursuit for a few miles, but let the majority of Persian survivors escape.

Aftermath
Following the defeat, the Sasanians under Spahbod Azarethes together with their client Lakhmids started another invasion, this time, unexpectedly, via Commagene. Belisarius foiled their plan by swift maneuvering and forced the Persians, who were retreating, into a heavy battle at Callinicum in which the Byzantines were defeated, but with heavy casualties on both sides. The Byzantines eventually paid tributes in exchange for a peace treaty.

In 540 and 544 Dara was attacked by Khosrau I, who was unable to take it either time. Khosrau finally captured it in 573; its fall was said to have caused Justin II to go insane. Justin's wife Sophia and his friend Tiberius Constantine took control of the empire until Justin died in 578. Meanwhile, the Persians were able to march further into the empire, but Khosrau died in 579.

Maurice defeated the Persians at Dara in 586 and recaptured the fortress, but the Persians under Khosrau II defeated the Byzantines in 604. This time, the Persians destroyed the city, but the Byzantines later rebuilt it in 628. In 639 the Muslim Arabs captured it, and it remained in their hands until 942 when it was sacked by the Byzantines. It was sacked again by John I Tzimiskes in 958, but the Byzantines never recaptured it.

The battle in literature and media
The Battle of Dara is described in detail in, "Archaeological and Ancient Literary Evidence for a Battle near Dara Gap, Turkey, AD 530: Topography, Texts & Trenches" - see sources below. It was depicted in 2005 in the TV series Time Commanders. The battle is described in detail in the 1938 novel "Count Belisarius" by Robert Graves. It is also mentioned in the 2006 novel Belisarius: The First Shall Be Last. Dara, as well as Callinicum, are scenes in "Immortal: A Novel of Belisarius" by William Havelock. The battle is also featured in Total War: Attila, a strategy game from 2015, as playable battle in The Roman Expedition DLC pack, alongside the battle of Ad Decimum.

title: Battle of Dara


text:
User talk:Cybercavalier

-

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 00:46, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Thank you. :) Cybercavalier 00:47, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Nice work
Hello, nice work at Port! You might want to check out [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port&diff=527991279&oldid=527943433 my edit to your addition]. Graham 87 09:51, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 30
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Far Eastern Republic, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Cedar (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:09, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cybercavalier


text:
User talk:Jsonitsac

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 00:46, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It appears that we're both right concerning the Washington Redskins helmet. They seem to use both. I'll change the page. I hope you're not planning on inserting that helmet picture into the article becuase: RickK 00:01, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * 1) 1-It has a nonsense article name
 * 2) 2-It's probably a copyright violation.

Hello Jsonitsac -- welcome aboard! I see you've been busy creating new articles and adding to existing ones. I did find, however, an lot of typos in many of your edits -- there are a lot of folks who do housekeeping work here, but you're creating so much good content that it will be hard to keep up. Please don't take offense, but perhaps you'll consider editing in WordPerfect or Word (or any other word processor with a spellchecker) and then pasting the checked text into the article. And also, I added a number of wikilinks -- using the "Show preview" button helps, but mostly you'll get a good sense of what people tend to link and what will most likely have an article about it.

Anyway, hope this helps and I look forward to more of your work. Please feel free to ask me any questions you've got!

Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 05:24, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Operation Bernhard
Hi. I'm partly reverting your edit to Operation Bernhard because you said that the leaders of the operation did not want the forgers killed else they would be considered war criminals. This is not the case - the SS guards were ordered to kill the forgers all together at the start of May 1945, it was only the breakdown of the truck which was being used to transport the forgers 1/3rd at a time between camps which delayed the massacre long enough for the camp to be liberated. -- Arwel 23:54, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image:Camdenyards.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 09:46, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jsonitsac


text:
User talk:Mcqueenb

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 00:46, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mcqueenb


text:
User talk:Tanuki Z

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 00:46, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tanuki Z


text:
Tasman Peninsula

The Tasman Peninsula, officially Turrakana / Tasman Peninsula, is a peninsula located in south-east Tasmania, Australia, approximately 75 km by the Arthur Highway, south-east of Hobart.

The Tasman Peninsula lies south and west of Forestier Peninsula, to which it connects via an isthmus called Eaglehawk Neck. This in turn is joined to the rest of Tasmania by an isthmus called East Bay Neck, near the town of Dunalley, approximately 60 km by road from Hobart. The peninsula is surrounded by water; to the north by Norfolk Bay, to the northwest by Frederick Henry Bay, to the west and south by Storm Bay, and to the east by the Tasman Sea.

Description
Many smaller towns are also located on the Tasman Peninsula, the largest of which are Nubeena and Koonya. Smaller centres include Premaydena, Highcroft and Stormlea. The Conservation Park, located on the main highway at Taranna, is a popular local visitor attraction along with the World Heritage Port Arthur Historic Site and a number of beaches.

The local government area is the Tasman Council. The area of the peninsula and of the local government area is 660 km2.

History
The original name for the area is Turrakana. The Aboriginal inhabitants of this area preceding European arrival were the Pydairrerme people. Their territory was what is now known as the Tasman and Forestier peninsulas. The Pydairrerme people were a part of the larger Paredarerme language group, whose territory covered a large area of the east coast of Tasmania. The area was named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman after colonisation but was dual named as of March 2021.

The first European settlement of the peninsula was in the early 1830s. It was selected as a penal settlement because it was geographically isolated from the rest of the colony but more easily reachable by sea than the other place of secondary banishment, Macquarie Harbour on the west coast, which could then be closed down. It also had excellent supplies of timber for shipbuilding and general construction work, and a deep sheltered harbour where visiting British warships could be repaired. Its inaccessibility was enhanced by having Eaglehawk Neck lined with guards and guard dogs, to prevent the escape of any convicts. A small number did escape, including the bushranger Martin Cash.

The Coal Mines Historic Site, located near the north tip west of the peninsula, was originally the site of a convict-operated coal mine.

The penal settlement of Port Arthur is now a tourist attraction. As in most of the rest of the state, tourism is a major industry. Bushwalking is also popular in the often rugged terrain, particularly picturesque spots being Cape Raoul and Cape Pillar at the extreme south-west and south-east ends of the peninsula, separated by the entrance to Port Arthur.

Local industry
In the era between the convict settlement and the rise of the modern tourist industry, people in the area were mostly engaged in the timber industry and fishing. The terrain and soil types impeded large-scale agriculture, although orcharding and general farming was and is conducted in suitable locations. The region remained highly isolated until the introduction of regular river steamer services between it and Hobart in the 1880s - they were further encouraged by the tourist industry to Port Arthur that began when overseas steamships began to call into Hobart, also during the 1880s. During the period 1900-1930s, the main operator servicing the area was the Huon Channel & Peninsula Steamship Company, owners of several vessels including the extant MV Cartela.

Plants
The rare Cape Pillar sheoak is a shrub or small tree found only in the Tasman National Park where it is restricted to the Cape Pillar area of the Tasman Peninsula and to Tasman Island.

Birds
The peninsula forms part of the South-east Tasmania Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of a range of woodland birds, especially the endangered swift parrot and forty-spotted pardalote.

Tasmanian devil
While the region is best known for its convict history it is now the key area in the battle to save the Tasmanian devil from extinction from a new type of contagious cancer called devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). The isolation from the Tasmanian mainland, where DFTD is running unchecked and has killed more than half of all devils, is ideal for maintaining a healthy wild Tasmanian devil population in a project that involves the local Tasmanian Devil Conservation Park at Taranna and government and university scientists.

Coastline
The rugged coastline has been the scene of a number of shipwrecks. Two large seagoing steamers have sunk after hitting the Hippolyte Rocks off its east coast - the Tasman in 1883 and the Nord in 1915. Munroe Bight to the north of Cape Pillar is named after the former American barque James Munroe wrecked there in 1850.

The Tasman Peninsula is well known for its rugged eastern coastline, and much of it is now the Tasman National Park. At Eaglehawk Neck are many strange rock formations, including The Devils Kitchen, Tasman's Arch, Blow Hole and the Tessellated Pavement. Further south are the highest sea cliffs in the Southern Hemisphere, rising 300 m above the Tasman Sea at Cape Pillar.

The peninsula has notable surf spots at Cape Raoul, Roaring Beach and Shipstern Bluff.

A historical survey map is available which outlines the geology and vegetation of the Tasman Peninsula, Forestier Peninsula and south east from the Coal River.

title: Tasman Peninsula


text:
Publius Valerius Laevinus

Publius Valerius Laevinus was commander of the Roman forces at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC, in which he was defeated by Pyrrhus of Epirus. In his Life of Pyrrhus, Plutarch wrote that Gaius Fabricius Luscinus said of this battle that it was not the Epirots who had beaten the Romans, but only Pyrrhus who had beaten Laevinus.

Laevinus was consul, along with Tiberius Coruncanius, in 280 BC.

title: Publius Valerius Laevinus


text: Talk:USS Cole (DDG-67)

title: Talk:USS Cole (DDG-67)


text:
Olavo Bilac

Olavo Brás Martins dos Guimarães Bilac (16 December 1865 – 28 December 1918), known simply as Olavo Bilac, was a Brazilian Parnassian poet, journalist and translator. Alongside Alberto de Oliveira and Raimundo Correia, he was a member of the "Parnassian Triad". He was elected the "Prince of Brazilian Poets" in 1907 by the magazine Fon-Fon. He wrote the lyrics of the Brazilian Flag Anthem.

He founded and occupied the 15th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1918. He is also the patron of the military service in Brazil due to his campaigns in favor of conscription.

Life
Bilac was born in Rio de Janeiro to Brás Martins dos Guimarães Bilac and Delfina Belmira Gomes de Paula. As a young man, he was a brilliant student, enrolling in the school of medicine at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro at the age of 15.

He began studying medicine, but did not finish the course. He also tried to study law at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo but did not finish that course either. Instead, he found pleasure in writing and in journalism.

His first work was the sonnet "Sesta de Nero" ("Nero's Nap") in the newspaper Gazeta de Notícias in 1884, which received praise from Artur Azevedo.

In addition to poetry, Bilac wrote publicity texts, chronicles, schoolbooks, children's poetry and satirical works. In 1891, he was arrested at the Fortaleza da Laje in Rio de Janeiro for opposing the government of Floriano Peixoto.

In 1897, Bilac lost control of his car, crashing it in a tree. He was the first person to suffer a car accident in Brazil.

Bilac never married and never had children. He was engaged to Amélia de Oliveira, the sister of the poet Alberto de Oliveira, but their engagement was short-lived since it was opposed by another brother of Amélia, who said Bilac had no future. He had an even shorter engagement to Maria Selika, daughter of violinist Francisco Pereira da Costa, but a legend says that Amélia was very faithful to Bilac: she never married, and, when Bilac died, she put a lock of her hair in his coffin.

Bilac died in 1918. His last words were "Give me coffee! I'm going to write!"

Popular culture
Bilac was portrayed by Rui Minharro in the 1999 miniseries Chiquinha Gonzaga, and gives his name to a character portrayed by Carlos Alberto Riccelli in the 2006 film Brasília 18%, directed by Nelson Pereira dos Santos.

title: Olavo Bilac


text:
Ibn al-Khattab

Samir Saleh Abdullah al-Suwailim (سامر صالح عبد الله السويلم; 14 April 1963/1969 – 20 March 2002), commonly known as Ibn al-Khattab or Emir Khattab, was a Saudi Arabian pan-Islamic jihadist. Though he fought in many conflicts, he is best known for his involvement in the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War, which he participated in after moving to Chechnya at the invitation of the Akhmadov brothers.

The origins and real identity of Khattab remained a mystery to most until after his death, when his brother gave an interview to the press. His death in 2002 had followed his exposure to a poisoned letter, which had been delivered to him by a personal courier who was secretly recruited by the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation.

According to American scholar Muhammad al-Ubaydi who specializes in the study of militant Islam, Khattab's continued relevance is due to his ideology; a Salafi jihadist born in Saudi Arabia who had taken part in conflicts in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan (allegedly), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chechnya, Dagestan, and Tajikistan, and who in addition to his native Arabic was able to communicate in English, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, and Russian. Compounding this was his charismatic appealing approach towards attracting non-Arab Muslims to fight for his cause and his pioneering use of modern media dissemination techniques to promote jihad, particularly by way of publishing military videos for propaganda purposes.

Early life and education
Khattab's background is a topic of debate, with some sources placing his year of birth as 1963 in Jordan as well as his birth name being Habib Abd al-Rahman Ibn al-Khattab, to a family of Jordanian-Circassian origin. Another claim says Khattab was born in 1969 as Samir bin Salah al-Suwailim in Arar, Saudi Arabia, to a Bedouin father of the Arab Suwaylim tribe, also found in Jordan, and a mother of Syrian Turkmen descent. Regardless of the claims, Khattab self-identified as an Arab and later identified with both Saudi Arabia and Jordan as his countries.

He was described as a brilliant student, scoring 94 percent in the secondary school examination, and initially wanted to continue his higher studies in the United States, even if he was already fond of Islamic periodicals and tapes as opposed to his siblings, to the extent they renamed him after the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. He would retain the title during his militant activities, which began in 1987, by joining the Afghan Arabs against the Afghan Government Forces and the Soviet Army.

Afghanistan
At the age of 17, Khattab left Saudi Arabia to participate in the fight against forces of the Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the following Afghan Civil War. During this time, he lost the majority of his right hand after an accident with IEDs. He never visited the hospital, and he healed it by himself using honey, as per the Prophetic medicine. He would participate in the botched Battle of Jalalabad in 1989.

Khattab, while the leader of Islamic International Brigade, publicly admitted that he spent the period between 1989 and 1994 in Afghanistan and that he had met Osama bin Laden and Zawahiri. In March 1994, Khattab arrived in Afghanistan and toured fighter training camps in Khost province. He returned to Afghanistan with the first group of Chechen militants in May 1994. Khattab underwent training in Afghanistan and had close connections with al-Qaeda. Several hundred Chechens eventually trained in al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan.

Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, and Bosnia–Herzegovina
Armenian sources claim that in 1992 he was one of many Chechen volunteers who aided Azerbaijan in the embattled region of Nagorno-Karabakh, where he allegedly met Shamil Basayev. However, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense denied any involvement by Khattab in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

From 1993 to 1995, Khattab left to fight alongside Islamic opposition in the Tajikistan Civil War. Before leaving for Tajikistan in 1994, al-Khattab gave Abdulkareem Khadr a pet rabbit of his own, which was promptly named Khattab.

In an interview, Khattab once mentioned he had also been involved in the Bosnian War. The fragment of this interview in which he makes this statement can be found in the 2004 BBC documentary The Smell of Paradise, though he did not specify his exact role or the duration of his presence there.

First Chechen War
According to Khattab's brother, he first heard about the Chechen conflict on an Afghan television channel in 1995; that same year, he entered Chechnya, posing as a television reporter. He was credited as being a pioneer in producing video footage of Chechen rebel combat operations in order to aid fundraising efforts as well as international recruitment, and he himself achieved notoriety in 1996 when he himself filmed an ambush he led against a Russian armored column in Shatoy. Not long after his arrival he married an ethnic Lak woman from Dagestan, the sister of Nadyr Khachiliev, an Islamist and leader of the Union of the Muslims of Russia, which has been seen as a way to already internationalize the Chechen struggle.

During the First Chechen War, Khattab participated in fighting Russian federal forces and acted as an intermediary financier between foreign Muslim funding sources and the local fighters. To help secure funding and spread the message of resistance, he was frequently accompanied by at least one cameraman.

His units were credited with several devastating ambushes on Russian columns in the Chechen mountains. His first action was the October 1995 ambush of a Russian convoy which killed 47 soldiers. Khattab gained early fame and a great notoriety in Russia for his April 1996 ambush of a large armored column in a narrow gorge of Yaryshmardy, near Shatoy, which killed up to 100 soldiers and destroyed some two or three dozen vehicles. In another ambush, near Vedeno, at least 28 Russian troops were killed.

In 1996 on the order from Aslan Maskhadov President of Chechnya, Khattab was appointed as the Chief of Military Training Center of the Central Front of the ChRI Armed Forces.

In the course of the war, Shamil Basayev became his closest ally and personal friend. He was also associated with Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, who gave Khattab two of the highest Chechen military awards, the Order of Honor and the Brave Warrior medal, and promoted him to the rank of general in 1997.

A senior Chechen commander by the name of Izmailov told press how Khattab urged restraint, citing the Quran, when at the end of the war the Chechens wanted to shoot those they considered traitors.

Activity in the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
After the conclusion of the war, Khattab, by then wanted by Interpol on Russia's request, became a prominent warlord and commanded the Chechen Mujahideen, his own private army with a group of Arabs, Turks, Chechens, Kurds, and other foreign fighters who had come to participate in the war. He set up a network of paramilitary camps in the mountainous parts of the republic that trained not only Chechens, but also Muslims from the North Caucasian Russian republics and Central Asia.

On 22 December 1997, over a year after the signing of the Khasav-Yurt treaty and the end of the first war in Chechnya, the mujahideen and a group of Dagestani rebels raided the base of the 136th Armoured Brigade of the 58th Division of the Russian Army in Buinaksk, Dagestan.

War in Dagestan
In 1998, along with Shamil Basayev, Khattab created or reorganized the Mazhlis ul Shura of the United Mujahids (Consultative Council of United Holy Warriors), the Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan and Ichkeriya, the Special Purpose Islamic Regiment (SPIR), the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB) (also known as the Islamic Peacekeeping Army) and a group of female suicide bombers, the Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Shahids. In August–September 1999, they led the IIPB's incursions into Dagestan, which resulted in the deaths of at least several hundred people and effectively started the Second Chechen War.

1999 Russian apartment bombings
A Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB) investigation named Khattab as the mastermind behind the September 1999 Russian apartment bombings. However, on 14 September 1999, Khattab told the Russian Interfax news agency in Grozny that he had nothing to do with the Moscow explosions; he was quoted as saying, "We would not like to be akin to those who kill sleeping civilians with bombs and shells."

Some journalists and historians, both western and Russian, have claimed that the bombings were in fact a "false flag" attack perpetrated by the FSB in order to legitimize the resumption of military activities in Chechnya. Among them are Johns Hopkins University scholar David Satter, historians Yuri Felshtinsky, Amy Knight  and Karen Dawisha, and former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko who was believed to be poisoned by Russian agents in London.

However, the invasion of Dagestan in August 1999 was the first and the main casus belli for the Second Chechen War.

Second Chechen War
During the course of the war in 2000, Khattab took over the leadership of the Chechen Mujahideen and participated in leading his militia against Russian forces in Chechnya, as well as managing the influx of foreign fighters and money and also planning of attacks in Russia.

He led or commanded several devastating attacks during this year, such as the mountain battle, which killed at least 67 Russian paratroopers, and the attack on the OMON convoy near Zhani-Vedeno, which killed at least 3 Russian Interior Ministry troops.

Khattab later survived a heavy-calibre bullet wound to the stomach and a landmine explosion.

Death and legacy
Khattab died of poisoning on 20 March 2002, when a Dagestani messenger hired by the Russian FSB gave Khattab a poisoned letter the day before. Chechen sources said that the letter was coated with "a fast-acting nerve agent, possibly sarin or a derivative". The messenger, a Dagestani double agent known as Ibragim Alauri, was turned by the FSB on his routine courier mission. Khattab would receive letters from his mother in Saudi Arabia, and the FSB found this to be the most opportune moment to kill Khattab. It was reported that the operation to recruit and turn Ibragim Alauri to work for the FSB and deliver the poisoned letter took some six months of preparation. Alauri was reportedly tracked down and killed a month later in Baku, Azerbaijan on Shamil Basayev's orders. Ibn Al-Khattab was succeeded by Emir Abu al-Walid.

He was falsely reported dead when Omar Mohammed Ali Al-Rammah, a Yemeni prisoner at Guantanamo Bay, faced the allegations that he witnessed Khattab being killed in an ambush in Duisi, a village in the Pankisi Gorge of Georgia on 28 April 2002.

"Khattabka" (хаттабка) is now a popular Russian and Chechen name for an improvised hand grenade, made from either VOG-17 or VOG-25 grenade.

Due to his fierce opposition and devotion against Russia, he was nicknamed the Lion of Chechnya.

Relationship with Osama bin Laden
According to Fawaz Gerges who cited Saif al-Adel and Abu Walid al Masri's diaries, Ibn al-Khattab and Osama bin Laden operated separate groups, as they defined the enemy differently, but tried to pull each other to their own battle plans. A part of bin Laden's interest was trying to obtain weapons of mass destruction (or at least dirty bombs) from the Russian arsenal through al-Khattab's contacts.

According to Richard A. Clarke, "Bin Laden sent Afghan Arab veterans, money, and arms to fellow Saudi Ibn Khatab in Chechnya, which seemed like a perfect theater for jihad."

Published works
He wrote his memoirs entitled Memories of Amir Khattab: The Experience of the Arab Ansar in Chechnya, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

Video

 * Khattab's video of the Shatoy battle
 * Biography of Khattab Part 1
 * Biography of Khattab Part 2

title: Ibn al-Khattab


text:
Talk:Mont Blanc

Summit ownership - more citations needed
I have attempted to bring together some recent, badly copy-pasted translations from the Italian version of this article, and tried to fix a load of faulty Italian citations which were also pasted in at the same time. This has involved cleaning up irrelevant content and updating dead links. There are still quite a lot of unsupported Italian statements I don't like, so I make no apologies for over-templating this relatively sensitive subtopic with notes in the hope that editors might fill in the gaps with some good reliable sources from both sides of this historic land dispute. Nick Moyes (talk) 10:41, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

What statements?!?!?!? What reliable resources?!?!!? Isn't 1832 Map of the Kingdom of Sardinia reliable? Don't you like it? What about the Sardinian Atlas map of 1869? You also don't like it so that's not reliable? You don't like because you want to assert there is no territorial dispute? Maybe you want to arbitrarily draw the line? Well you wouldn't be the first anyway, but I wonder if that's how things work. I'm waiting for your explanation about what is reliable and what is not — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.249.7.224 (talk) 13:40, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Dear IP editor. There is no reason for you to get so angry. If you actually stopped for a moment and looked at the work I put in to sort out your poorly machine translated, copypasted edits from Italian Wikipedia, you will appreciate that I actually want to see the section on the ownership dispute presented well. I could much more easily have reverted your edits as being in an unacceptable form for English Wikipedia. Instead, I spent a couple of hours cleaning them up, finding replacement live urls, and adding templates to each statement you added that was not supported by a citation to a Reliable Source. (The answer to your question is that each uncited statement has a teeny tiny notice after it saying:) By having supporting links to reliable sources we end up with fewer angry people like you - or you counterparts over on the French side of the mountain - arguing repeatedly over the topic, or inserting unsupported statement. (I personally believe there is no geographical rationale for France to claim ownership of anything other than half the summit crest of Mont Blanc, and none of Mont Blanc de Courmayeur. But my personal feelings or beliefs are irrelevant to Wikipedia editing - and I wish yours would be, too). So please don't throw your silly remarks at me, or suggest I'm trying to assert there's no territorial dispute, when there clearly is one; that really is a foolish thing for you to conclude from my editing. I fully recognise there is a heated dispute over summit ownership - I simply wish to encourage editors to include a citation for every potentially disputable sentence in that section. If you can help out by actually learning how to inserting citations (see this tutorial or this one) - rather than blandly copy/pasting these bad machine translation and useless Italian citation templates over to en-wiki which don't work here - that would be absolutely wonderful. Then you would be on your way to becoming a helpful Wikipedia editor here, and less of a disruptive influence and time-sink. You said "I'm waiting for your explanation about what is reliable and what is not", so my answer is to invite you now to please go and read Reliable sources to help the learning process. Nick Moyes (talk) 20:42, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

"Since 2017 Google Earth has used the maps of the Italian Istituto Geografico Militare and NATO." While I agree that having the border coincide with the watershed makes sense, I am afraid I do not see any link to NATO documents in the preceding statements; I am not even aware of NATO actually publishing maps. As to Google Earth, now (September 2021) the disputed area is marked as... (surprise) disputed, i.e. with a red border. Now, sources: the French Via Michelin at https://www.viamichelin.fr/web/Cartes-plans/Carte_plan-France shows indeed Mont Blanc on the French/Italian border and so does the 1941 U.S. Army Map at https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/italy_250k/; on the other hand, the French government website at https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/carte (official) shows it entirely in France; the French encyclopedia "Larousse" says it is "en France(...)près de la Frontière italienne", and even www.britannica.com says "The summit is in French territory." Please note that, while I am an Italian by birth, it is a matter of supreme indifference to me who owns the summit - and as far as I have been able to ascertain in these days, the same seems to be true of all the people I happen to be acquainted with, be they Italian or French. Most of them had no idea that a dispute ever existed, despite having college education and frequently vacationing on either side of Mont Blanc. Not to put too fine a point on it, we are talking of less than one square kilometer of rather annoyingly cold snow. --2.34.77.226 (talk) 04:18, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

The only objective vision is to accept that there is two visions : one French and one Italian. There is a Committee gathering both parts regularly to talk about this. But everybody knows that the watershed comes with doubts as the Mont Blanc is not a rocky summit or a ridge, but an icy summit. So the argument of watershed also has its limits in this case. But it is not to Wikipedia to decide where is the frontier. And if we want to remain objective the only reality is that there is a conflict and two visions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.173.162.129 (talk) 10:50, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Second-highest mountain in Europe
For more than a year, the article has claimed that Mont Blanc is the second-highest mountain in Europe. By what definition is this correct? I can't see that this is an established fact, in fact, well-known mountaineering lists such as Seven Second Summits and Seven Third Summits list Dykh-Tau and Shkhara as the second and third highest mountains in Europe. The Wikipedia article Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth states that a commonly accepted border between Europe and Asia follows the watershed of the Greater Caucasus, thus placing Dykh-Tau, Koshtan-Tau, Mount Kazbek well within Europe, and Shkhara and Janga on the border, all of which are much higher than Mont Blanc. Wikipedia's own List of European ultra-prominent peaks also list the most prominent of the aforementioned peaks as European. I'm therefore removing "second-highest" from the introduction. Mathias-S (talk) 15:23, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Summit
Summit is different from mountain. 87.20.185.160 (talk) 07:41, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

 * We should all appreciate that fact, IP editor. Please note that I have removed some recent attempts to fill the lead paragraph with too much detail on summit ownership, yet have retained the statement that Ownership of the summit area has long been a subject of historical dispute between the two countries. That is a valid point to make in a lead, and can be teased out further within the relevant section within article itself. Over-focussing on detail ownership of the summit area within the lead is not appropriate, and simply serves to detract from the broad overview that any WP:LEAD should give. Nick Moyes (talk) 08:44, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Youngest person, or just youngest Briton?
There are two sources supporting the following statement: "The record for the youngest person to climb Mont Blanc was set in 2009 by 10-year-old Asher Silver (UK).". One says youngest person; the other says youngest Briton. I suspect the latter is more likely to be correct, especially as this Uk news source also states 'youngest Briton'. I can't find any official mountain-related sources to corroborate or contradict them. Nick Moyes (talk) 09:21, 14 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Let me set my concerns over this statement in context. Many years ago, my English climbing partner (who is now 72) took his young son up the Gouter route on Mont Blanc when the lad was 10 yrs old, and they subsequently did the Brenva together when the lad was 14. Although impressive, it was nothing that special, and certainly not worthy of national media attention back then. So I don't feel the claim in this article is that special either. I propose this claim (to be the youngest person ever) be removed from the article as its probably simply based on poor journalism. As just the youngest Briton, that might well be correct, but is it noteworthy? I don't think so, and so the claim should be removed entirely, I feel. Nick Moyes (talk) 20:51, 18 June 2022 (UTC)
 * As there have been no objection or counter-argument, I have removed the dubious claim completely with this edit. Further discussion is welcome, but I feel we should not stray into adding youngest people from specific named countries to climb the mountain, lest the section becomes filled with trivial achievements from all nationalities. Nick Moyes (talk) 19:15, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

Lead section: ownership
Will editors stop trying to expand the lead of this article to include detailed information on who claims what bits of the summit. I feel this information is overly detailed for the lead, though I appreciate many are wanting to add clarity in good faith. There is a whole section on Ownership, so just a brief mention of the issue being an area of longstanding dispute between France and Italy is all that the lead needs. i.e. Ownership of the summit area has long been a subject of dispute between France and Italy Anyone wanting further details can then read the appropriate section, so please work to improve that, and please don't expand again without further discussion and consensus here on the Talk page. Thanks, Nick Moyes (talk) 19:07, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mont Blanc


text:
Elisabeth Lutyens

Agnes Elisabeth Lutyens, CBE (9 July 1906 – 14 April 1983) was an English composer.

Early life and education
Elisabeth Lutyens was born in London on 9 July 1906. She was one of the five children of Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton (1874–1964), a member of the aristocratic Bulwer-Lytton family, and the prominent English architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. Elisabeth was the elder sister of the writer Mary Lutyens and aunt of the 4th Viscount Ridley and the politician Nicholas Ridley.

Lutyens was involved in the Theosophical Movement. From 1911 the young Jiddu Krishnamurti was living in the Lutyens' London house as a friend of Elisabeth and her sisters. At the age of nine she began to aspire to be a composer. In 1922, Lutyens pursued her musical education in Paris at the École Normale de Musique, which had been established a few years previously, living with the young theosophical composer Marcelle de Manziarly, who had been trained by Nadia Boulanger. During her months in Paris Lutyens showed first signs of depression that later led to several mental breakdowns.

She accompanied her mother to India in 1923. On her return to Europe she studied with John Foulds and subsequently continued her musical education from 1926 to 1930 at the Royal College of Music in London as a pupil of Harold Darke.

Family life
In 1933, Lutyens married baritone Ian Glennie; they had twin daughters, Rose and Tess, and a son, Sebastian. The marriage was not happy, however, and in 1938 she left Glennie. They divorced in 1940.

She then became the partner of Edward Clark, a conductor and former BBC producer who had studied with Schoenberg. Clark and Lutyens had a son, Conrad, in 1941 and married on 9 May 1942. She composed in complete isolation, a process greatly impeded by the drinking and partying at the Clark flat, and the responsibilities of motherhood.

In 1946, pressured by Edward Clark and her mother, she decided to abort her fifth child. Two years later, she had a mental and physical breakdown that forced her to spend several months in a mental health institution. It was not until 1951 that she managed to regain control of her alcohol addiction, having endured days of extreme withdrawal.

Works
In 1945, William Walton was able to repay the service Clark had rendered him in relation to the premiere of his Viola Concerto in 1929. Lutyens approached Walton for an introduction to Muir Mathieson with a view to getting some film music work. He readily agreed to pass on her name, but he went a step further: He invited her to write any work she liked, then dedicate it to him, and he would pay her £100 sight unseen. The work she wrote was The Pit. Edward Clark conducted The Pit at the 1946 ISCM Festival in London, along with her Three Symphonic Preludes.

She found success in 1947 with a cantata setting Arthur Rimbaud's poem Ô saisons, Ô châteaux. The BBC refused to perform it at the time because the soprano range was thought to go beyond the bounds of the possible, but the BBC was nevertheless the organisation that gave first performances to many of her works from the 1940s to the 1950s. Her work in this period included incidental music for a number of poetry readings, such as Esmé Hooton's Zoo in 1956. The BBC began playing her music again when her friend William Glock became Director of Music. Lutyens is remembered for her intolerance of her better-known contemporaries among English composers including Vaughan Williams, Holst, Ireland and Bax. She dismissed them as "the cowpat school" in a lecture she gave at the Dartington International Summer School in the 1950s, disparaging their "folky‐wolky melodies on the cor anglais".

Edward Clark had resigned from the BBC in 1936 amid much ill-feeling. He was still doing contract work for the BBC as well as freelance conducting, but those opportunities dried up and he was essentially unemployed from 1939 until his death in 1962. He was involved with the ISCM and other contemporary music promotional organisations, but always in an unpaid capacity. Lutyens paid the bills by composing film scores for Hammer's horror movies and also for their rivals Amicus Productions. She was the first female British composer to score a feature film, her first foray into the genre being Penny and the Pownall Case (1948). Her other scores included Never Take Sweets from a Stranger (1960), Don't Bother to Knock (1961), Paranoiac (1963), Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965), The Earth Dies Screaming (1965), The Skull (1965) (a suite from this was issued on CD in 2004), Spaceflight IC-1 (1965), The Psychopath (1966), Theatre of Death (1967) and The Terrornauts (1967). Lutyens did not regard her film scores as highly as her concert works, but she still relished being referred to as the "Horror Queen", which went well with the green nail polish she habitually wore. She also wrote music for many documentary films and for BBC radio and TV programmes, as well as incidental music for the stage.

By the late 1960s her music was in greater favour and she received a number of important commissions, including Quincunx for orchestra with soprano and baritone soloists (1959–60), which was premiered at the 1962 Cheltenham Music Festival and uses a quartet of Wagner tubas in the orchestra. The work was well received and recorded at the time, but didn't receive a live performance in London until 1999. Her Symphonies for solo piano, wind, harps and percussion was a commission for the 1961 Promenade Concerts. In 1969 she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). And Suddenly It’s Evening (1966) for tenor and ensemble, setting a translation of words by Salvatore Quasimodo, was commissioned by the BBC in 1967 and performed at the Proms in 1967, 1974 and 1976.

Writing
Her autobiography A Goldfish Bowl, describing life as a female musician in London, was published in 1972. She once said that she hated writing the book and only did so to record her husband Edward Clark's earlier achievements.

Death
Elisabeth Lutyens died in London in 1983, aged 76.

Selected list of works
See also List of compositions by Elisabeth Lutyens.

Chamber music

 * String Quartet I, Op. 5, No. 1 (1937) – withdrawn
 * String Quartet II, Op. 5, No. 5 (1938)
 * String Trio, Op. 5, No. 6 (1939)
 * Chamber Concerto I, Op. 8, No. 1, for 9 instruments (1939–40)
 * String Quartet III, Op. 18 (1949)
 * Concertante for five players, Op. 22 (1950)
 * String Quartet VI, Op. 25 (1952)
 * Valediction, for clarinet and piano, Op. 28 (1953–54) – dedicated to the memory of Dylan Thomas
 * Capriccii, for 2 harps and percussion, Op. 33 (1955)
 * Six Tempi, for 10 instruments, Op. 42 (1957)
 * Wind Quintet, Op. 45 (1960)
 * String Quintet, Op. 51 (1963)
 * Wind Trio, Op. 52 (1963)
 * String Trio, Op. 57 (1963)
 * Music for Wind, for double wind quintet, Op. 60 (1963)
 * Oboe Quartet: Driving out the Death, Op. 81 (1971)
 * Plenum II, for oboe and 13 instruments, Op. 92 (1973)
 * Plenum III, for string quartet, Op. 93 (1973)
 * Clarinet Trio, Op. 135 (1979)

Vocal and choral

 * Ô saisons, Ô châteaux! – cantata after Rimbaud, Op. 13 (1946)
 * Requiem for the Living, for soli, chorus and orchestra, Op. 16 (1948)
 * Stevie Smith Songs, for voice and piano (1948–53)
 * Motet: Excerpta Tractatus-logico-philosophicus, for unaccompanied chorus, Op. 27 (1951) – text by Ludwig Wittgenstein
 * Nativity, for soprano and organ (1951)
 * De Amore for soli, chorus and orchestra, Op. 39 (1957) – text by Geoffrey Chaucer
 * Quincuncx, see full orchestra
 * Motet: The Country of the Stars, Op. 50 (1963) – text by Boethius translated Chaucer
 * Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis (SATB), Op. ?? (February 1965)
 * The Valley of Hatsu-Se, for soprano, flute, clarinet, cello and piano, Op. 62 (1965) – on early Japanese poetry
 * And Suddenly It's Evening, for tenor and 11 Instruments, Op. 66 (1965) – text by Salvatore Quasimodo
 * Epithalamion, for soprano and organ, Op. 67 No.3 (1968)
 * Essence of Our Happinesses, for tenor, chorus and orchestra, Op. 69 (1968) – texts by Abu Yasid, John Donne and Rimbaud
 * In the Direction of the Beginning, for bass and piano, Op. 76 (1970) – text by Dylan Thomas
 * Anerca, for speaker, 10 guitars and percussion, Op. 77 (1970) – on Eskimo poetry
 * Requiescat, for soprano and string trio, in memoriam Igor Stravinsky (1971) – text by William Blake
 * Voice of Quiet Waters, for chorus and orchestra, Op. 84 (1972)

Solo instrumental

 * 5 Intermezzi, for piano, Op. 9 (1941–42)
 * Suite for organ, Op. 17 (1948)
 * Holiday Diary, for piano (1949)
 * Sinfonia for organ, Op. 32 (1955)
 * Piano e Forte, for piano, Op. 43 (1958)
 * Five Bagatelles, for piano, Op. 49 (1962)
 * Helix, for piano, Op. 68 (1967)
 * The Dying of the Sun, for guitar, Op. 73 (1969)
 * Plenum I, for piano, Op. 87 (1972)
 * Temenos, for organ, Op. 72 (1972)
 * Plenum IV, for two organs, Op. 100 (1975)
 * Five Impromptus, for piano, Op. 116 (1977)
 * Seven Preludes, for piano, Op. 126 (1978)
 * The Great Seas, for piano, Op. 132'' (1979)
 * Bagatelles, Books 1, 2 and 3 for piano, Op. 141 (1979)
 * La natura dell'Acqua, for piano, Op. 154 (1981)
 * Echo of the Wind, for solo viola, Op. 157
 * ‘’Encore-Maybe’’, for piano, Op. 159

Small orchestra

 * Chamber Concerto II, for clarinet, tenor sax, piano and strings, Op. 8, No. 2 (1940)
 * Chamber Concerto III, for bassoon and small orchestra, Op. 8, No. 3 (1945)
 * Chamber Concerto IV, for horn and small orchestra, Op. 8, No. 4 (1946)
 * Chamber Concerto V, for string quartet and chamber orchestra, Op. 8, No. 5 (1946)
 * Chamber Concerto VI (1948) was withdrawn
 * Six Bagatelles, Op. 113, for six woodwind, four brass, percussion, harp, piano (doubling celeste) & five solo strings (1976)

Orchestral

 * Three Pieces, Op. 7 (1939)
 * Three Symphonic Preludes (1942)
 * Viola Concerto, Op. 15 (1947)
 * Music for Orchestra I, Op. 31 (1955)
 * Chorale for Orchestra: Hommage a Igor Stravinsky, Op. 36
 * Quincunx, for orchestra with soprano and baritone soli in one movement, Op. 44 (1959–60) – text by Sir Thomas Browne
 * Music for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 59 (1963)
 * Novenaria, Op. 67, No. 1 (1967)

Opera and music theatre

 * Infidelio – seven scenes for soprano and tenor, Op. 29 (1954)
 * The Numbered – opera in a Prologue and four acts after Elias Canetti, Op. 63 (1965–67)
 * Time Off? Not the Ghost of a Chance! – charade in four scenes, Op. 68 (1967–68)
 * Isis and Osiris – lyric drama after Plutarch, Op. 74 (1969)
 * The Linnet from the Leaf – music-theatre for singers and two instrumental groups, Op. 89 (1972)
 * The Waiting Game – scenes for mezzo, baritone, actor and small orchestra, Op. 91 (1973)

title: Elisabeth Lutyens


text:
Ueno Station

Ueno Station (上野駅) is a major railway station in Tokyo's Taitō ward. It is the station used to reach the Ueno district and Ueno Park—which contains Tokyo National Museum, The National Museum of Western Art, Ueno Zoo, Tokyo University of the Arts and other famous cultural facilities. A major commuter hub, it is also the traditional terminus for long-distance trains from northern Japan, although with the extension of the Shinkansen lines to Tokyo Station this role has diminished in recent years. A similar extension of conventional lines extended Takasaki Line, Utsunomiya Line and Jōban Line services to Tokyo Station via the Ueno-Tokyo Line in March 2015, using existing little-used tracks and a new viaduct; the Ueno-Tokyo Line connects these lines with the Tōkaidō Main Line, allowing through services to Shinagawa, Yokohama, Odawara and Atami stations.

Ueno Station is close to Keisei Ueno Station, the Tokyo terminus of the Keisei Main Line to Narita Airport Station.

Lines
This station is served by the following lines:
 * Tokyo Metro
 * East Japan Railway Company
 * Tōhoku Shinkansen
 * Yamagata Shinkansen
 * Akita Shinkansen
 * Jōetsu Shinkansen
 * Hokuriku Shinkansen
 * Hokkaido Shinkansen
 * Utsunomiya Line (Tōhoku Main Line)
 * Takasaki Line
 * Keihin–Tōhoku Line
 * Yamanote Line
 * Jōban Line
 * Yamanote Line
 * Jōban Line

As this station was the traditional point of arrival and departure for journeys to northern Japan, it became the inspiration for many poems and song lyrics, including a famous poem by Ishikawa Takuboku. There is a memorial plate about this poem in the station.

Station layout
Like most major stations in Japan, Ueno Station contains and is surrounded by extensive shopping arcades. The station contains a branch of the Hard Rock Cafe.

JR East platforms
The station has two main levels of tracks and underground platforms for the Tōhoku Shinkansen tracks. Through tracks 1 to 4 on two island platforms on the main level are used by Yamanote Line and Keihin-Tohoku Line trains. Tracks 5 to 9 on two island platforms and one side of a terminal platform lead to the Ueno-Tokyo Line to Tokyo Station and beyond on the Tōkaidō Main Line. Tracks 10 to 12 terminate inside the building, and below these on a lower deck are further terminal tracks 13 to 17 (Track No.18 has been removed). Two subterranean island platforms serve Shinkansen tracks 19 to 22.

Chest-high platform edge doors were installed on the two Yamanote Line platforms (2 and 3) in November 2015, and brought into use from December.

Tokyo Metro platforms
Both the Ginza and Hibiya line station have two tracks; however, unlike in other Tokyo Metro stations, each line's tracks are counted separately.

History
Ueno Station opened on 28 July 1883. After the destruction of the first building in the fires caused by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Japanese Government Railways constructed the current station building. In 1927, Tokyo Underground Railway (now Tokyo Metro) opened Japan's first subway line from here to Asakusa Station. Following World War II, the neighbourhood in front of Ueno Station was a major center of black market activity. Today, many people come to the area to visit Ameya-Yokochō.

In March 1985, the Tōhoku Shinkansen was extended south from Ōmiya to Ueno, with the line extended further south to Tokyo in June 1991.

The station facilities of the Ginza and Hibiya Lines were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.

In March 2010, to promote the release of the Cho-Den-O Trilogy of the Kamen Rider movies, a special marking was used on the trains going to Nakano-fujimichō from Ueno, and Den-O's Rina Akiyama greeted 200 fans who rode on the first of those trains.

Station numbering was introduced to the non-Shinkansen JR East platforms in 2016 with Ueno being assigned station numbers JU02 for the Utsunomiya line, JJ01 for the Jōban Line rapid service, JK31 for the Keihin–Tōhoku Line, and JY05 for the Yamanote line. At the same time, JR East assigned the station a three-letter code to its major transfer stations; Ueno was assigned the code "UEN".

TH Liner services on the Hibiya Line between Ebisu and Kuki commenced on 6 June 2020.

In March 2020, the Park Exit (Ueno Park Exit) was moved to the north and the roadway in front of it was changed to a dead end, allowing pedestrians to enter Ueno Park from the station without crossing the roadway.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by 181,880 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the thirteenth-busiest station operated by JR East. In fiscal 2013, the Tokyo Metro station was used by an average of 211,539 passengers per day (exiting and entering passengers), making it the eighth-busiest station operated by Tokyo Metro.

The daily passenger figures for each operator in previous years are as shown below.

 * Note that JR East figures are for boarding passengers only.

Highway buses

 * Sky / Panda; For Hirosaki, Aomori Station
 * Yuhi; For Tsuruoka Station, Amarume Station, and Sakata Station
 * Tono Kamaishi; For Shin-Hanamaki Station, Tōno Station, Kamaishi Station, and Yamada
 * Tokyo Sunrise; For Yamagata Station, Sagae Station, Sakurambo-Higashine Station, and Shinjō Station
 * Rainbow; Yonezawa Station, Kaminoyama-Onsen Station, and Yamagata Station
 * For Chino, Matsumoto Bus Terminal, and Nagano Station
 * Dream Kanazawa; For Toyama Station, Kanazawa Station, and Kanazawa Institute of Technology
 * Kimasshi; For Kanazawa Station
 * Yamato; For Tenri Station, Nara Station, Kintetsu-Kōriyama Station, Hōryū-ji, Ōji Station, and Goidō Station
 * For Ōtsu Station, Yamashina Station, Sanjō Station, and Kyōto Station
 * Flying Liner; For Kyōto Station, Ōsaka Station, Ōsaka Namba Station, Ōsaka Abenobashi Station, and Fujiidera Station
 * Mamakari Liner; For Okayama Station, Kurashiki Station

In Literature

 * Tokyo Ueno Station, by Yu Miri, English tr. by Morgan Giles (Tilted Axis, 2019. ISBN 978-1911284161 // Penguin Randomhouse, 2020. ISBN 978-0593088029)

title: Ueno Station


text:
Zipf–Mandelbrot law

In probability theory and statistics, the Zipf–Mandelbrot law is a discrete probability distribution. Also known as the Pareto–Zipf law, it is a power-law distribution on ranked data, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who suggested a simpler distribution called Zipf's law, and the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, who subsequently generalized it.

The probability mass function is given by

 * $$f(k; N, q, s) = \frac{1}{H_{N,q,s}} \frac{1}{(k + q)^s},$$

where $$H_{N,q,s}$$ is given by

 * $$H_{N,q,s} = \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{(i + q)^s},$$

which may be thought of as a generalization of a harmonic number. In the formula, $$k$$ is the rank of the data, and $$q$$ and $$s$$ are parameters of the distribution. In the limit as $$N$$ approaches infinity, this becomes the Hurwitz zeta function $$\zeta(s, q)$$. For finite $$N$$ and $$q = 0$$ the Zipf–Mandelbrot law becomes Zipf's law. For infinite $$N$$ and $$q = 0$$ it becomes a zeta distribution.

Applications
The distribution of words ranked by their frequency in a random text corpus is approximated by a power-law distribution, known as Zipf's law.

If one plots the frequency rank of words contained in a moderately sized corpus of text data versus the number of occurrences or actual frequencies, one obtains a power-law distribution, with exponent close to one (but see Powers, 1998 and Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001). Zipf's law implicitly assumes a fixed vocabulary size, but the Harmonic series with s = 1 does not converge, while the Zipf–Mandelbrot generalization with s > 1 does. Furthermore, there is evidence that the closed class of functional words that define a language obeys a Zipf–Mandelbrot distribution with different parameters from the open classes of contentive words that vary by topic, field and register.

In ecological field studies, the relative abundance distribution (i.e. the graph of the number of species observed as a function of their abundance) is often found to conform to a Zipf–Mandelbrot law.

Within music, many metrics of measuring "pleasing" music conform to Zipf–Mandelbrot distributions.

title: Zipf–Mandelbrot law


text:
Talk:United States v. Nixon

Early comments
This page reads as if everyone should automatically know the background to this, and what Nixon did, or even who he was. It was 30 years ago, so do you think a short, explanatory preamble, would help? Moriori 01:28, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)
 * What the heck? It's been two years and this article is still a piece of crap?  There's no background, no supreme court infobox, NOTHING on this page.  I'm adding cleanup tag to this Hbdragon88 04:37, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The info box is a good step. However, in apparent response to these two notes, the following was added:
 * During the 1972 presidential campaign between Republican incumbent Richard Nixon and Democratic challenger George McGovern (D-South Dakota), in what became known as the Watergate Scandal, a group of burglers broke into the Democratic headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Investigations into the break-in turned up evidence that implicated several officials of the Nixon administration, and possibly even President Nixon himself, in the orchestration of the crime and the subsequent coverup.   Nixon was pressured to appoint a special prosecutor to look into the charges.  When the appointed prosecutor, Archibald Cox, filed a subpoena requesting evidence - several audiotapes thought to contain incriminating conversations recorded in the Oval Office - from Nixon, the president refused and fired Cox.  The next special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, obtained a subpoena in April of 1974 ordering Nixon again to release the Watergate tapes.  Hoping to satisfy the public, Nixon turned over edited transcripts of some of the conversations requested by the subpoena.
 * However, Nixon still refused to relinquish the tapes in their entirety, claiming that executive privilege protected the communications in question. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger denied Nixon's claims of executive privilege in the absence of "a claim of need to protect military, diplomatic, or sensitive national security secrets."  The Supreme Court ruled 8-0 that the president's executive privilege was not absolute and, therefore, that the tapes must be released in their entirety.
 * Nixon finally consented and turned over the sixty-four tapes.
 * Whatever the two notes above may have been seeking, this added material may be suitable to a free-standing article on the case, but not to a hyper-lk'd encyclopedia article. If there is anything in there not covered by Watergate scandal, it should be extracted and added to that article but not this one. I've replaced it in this article with material that says about Watergate only what is needed to grasp this topic; users wanting more information than that on Watergate or Nixon can and should refer to their articles. --Jerzy•[[User talk:Jerzy|t]] 08:00, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Edited
On 11/7/05 I did my best to clean p this page. I added some more details, background info, etc. Hope that helps. It still might need a little work. yes it does

ACLU
Why is this in the CLU category? Rich  Farmbrough 19:45 29  November 2006 (UTC).

Links in preference to inline definitions
The article explains what a subpoena is, what "quash" means in a legal context, etc. This should be done with wikilinks to the appropriate articles, not with definitions in this article. I've made corresponding changes to the article. Dr. Sunglasses 02:56, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Why did Rehnquist recuse himself?
Is it known why Rehnquist recused himself? Should be in the article if known. Tempshill (talk) 22:08, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I have added a note and citation on this to the article. NW ( Talk ) ( How am I doing? ) 01:29, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Donald Trump
This case is getting a lot of legwork lately. US v. Nixon has been repeatedly cited by prosecutors in all of Trump's legal troubles, as well as by judges. One recent example is the judge from the Jan 6. trial ruling Trump had no presidential immunity. Worth including on this article? Delukiel (talk) 22:28, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States v. Nixon


text:
Larry Austin

Larry Don Austin (September 12, 1930 – December 30, 2018) was an American composer noted for his electronic and computer music works. He was a co-founder and editor of the avant-garde music periodical Source: Music of the Avant Garde. Austin gained additional international recognition when he realized a completion of Charles Ives's Universe Symphony. Austin served as the president of the International Computer Music Association (ICMA) from 1990 to 1994 and served on the board of directors of the ICMA from 1984 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1998.

Early life
Austin was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. He received a bachelor's (Music Education, 1951) and master's degree (Music, 1952) from University of North Texas College of Music. In 1955 he studied at Mills College, and from 1955 to 1958 he engaged in graduate study at the University of California, Berkeley, leaving to accept a faculty position at the University of California, Davis. Austin studied with Canadian composer Violet Archer at the University of North Texas, French composer Darius Milhaud at Mills College, and with American composer Andrew Imbrie at the University of California, Berkeley.

Teaching career
Austin taught at the University of California, Davis from 1958 till 1972 rising from assistant professor to full professor. While at the University of California, Davis, he founded the improvisational New Music Ensemble. In 1972 he accepted a position at the University of South Florida, where he taught until 1978. In that year he returned to Texas, teaching at his alma mater, the University of North Texas, from 1978 until 1996 when he was named professor emeritus. His notable students include William Basinski, Dary John Mizelle and Rodney Waschka II.

Compositions
Austin received early recognition for his instrumental and orchestral works and of those pieces, Improvisations for Orchestra and Jazz Soloists, was performed and recorded by the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein. Other orchestral works of special note include Charles Ives's Universe Symphony, "as realized and completed by Larry Austin" (1974–93) for large orchestra, and Sinfonia Concertante: A Mozartean Episode (1986) for chamber orchestra and tape. Chamber works with particularly significant computer music/electro-acoustic music aspects include Accidents for electronically prepared piano (1967), written for David Tudor, Canadian Coastlines: Canonic Fractals for Musicians and Computer Band for eight musicians and tape from 1981, and BluesAx for saxophonist and tape (1995), which won the Magisterium Prize, at Bourges in 1996. BluesAx has been recorded by Steve Duke. Later work included John Explains... (2007) for octophonic sound, based on a recording of an interview with John Cage. John Explains... was premiered at the 2008 North Carolina Computer Music Festival. At the CEMI Circles festival, Austin's 2013 piece, Suoni della Bellagio—Sounds and sights of Bellagio, July–August, 1998 for video and two-channel tape was premiered.

The noted critic Tom Johnson has written of Austin's music, "His style is neither uptown nor downtown, nor is it minimal, eclectic, hypnotic, or European. But it works, it is strongly personal, and it has something to say in all these directions.... The real source of Austin's music, however, is clearly Charles Ives, who also liked musical symbols, enjoyed collaging them together as densely as he could, and never had much of a knack for prettiness."

Austin said that "Exploring new concepts, new materials and their interaction is essential to my work as a composer."

Partial discography

 * Leonard Bernstein Conducts Music of Our Time. New York Philharmonic, Columbia Masterworks, MS6733, 1965.
 * Improvisations for Orchestra and Jazz Soloists
 * Robert Floyd Plays New Piano Music by Hans Werner Henze and Larry Austin, Advance Records, FGR10S, 1970.
 * Piano Set in Open Style
 * Piano Variations
 * New Music for Woodwinds, Advance Records, FGR9S, 1974 (performed by Phil Rehfeldt, clarinet and Thomas Warburton, piano).
 * Current
 * Larry Austin Hybrid Musics: Four Compositions, Canton, Texas: IRIDA Records 0022, 1980.
 * Maroon Bells
 * Catalogo Voce
 * Quadrants: Event/Complex No. 1
 * Second Fantasy on Ives' Universe Symphony
 * Volume 1, CDCM Computer Music Series. Baton Rouge: Centaur Records, Inc., (CRC 2029) 1988.
 * Sinfonia Concertante (chamber orchestra conducted by Thomas Clark)
 * Sonata Concertante (performed by pianist Adam Wodicki)
 * The Virtuoso in the Computer Age—I, Volume 10, CDCM Computer Music Series. Centaur Records, Inc., (CRC 2110) 1991.
 * Montage:Themes and Variations for Violin and Computer Music on Tape (1985)
 * The Virtuoso in the Computer Age—III, Vol. 11, CDCM Computer Music Series, Baton Rouge: Centaur Records, 1993
 * La Barbara: The Name/The Sounds/The Music
 * A Chance Operation: The John Cage Tribute. New York: Koch International Classics (KIC-CD-7238) 1993.
 * art is self-alteration is Cage is... (1983/93), performed by Robert Black
 * Charles Ives's Universe Symphony, as realized and completed by Larry Austin (1974–93). Baton Rouge: Centaur Records, CRC 2205, 1994.
 * Charles Ives's Universe Symphony, as realized and completed by Larry Austin (1974–93)
 * Composers in the Computer Age II. Baton Rouge: Centaur Records, CRC 2193, 1994.
 * SoundPoemSet (1990–91), computer music on tape.
 * Tárogató, New York: Romeo Records (7212), 2001. Esther Lamneck, performer.
 * Tárogató
 * UNconventional Trumpet, Camas, Washington: Crystal Records, CD763, 2004.
 * Charley's Cornet

title: Larry Austin


text:
Borges on Martín Fierro

Borges on Martín Fierro concerns Argentine Jorge Luis Borges's comments on José Hernández's nineteenth-century poem Martín Fierro. Like most of his compatriots, Borges was a great admirer of this work, which he often characterized as the one clearly great work in Argentine literature. Because Martín Fierro has been widely considered (beginning with Leopoldo Lugones's El Payador, 1916) the fountainhead or pinnacle of Argentine literature, Argentina's Don Quixote or Divine Comedy, and because Borges was certainly Argentina's greatest twentieth-century writer, Borges's 1953 book of essays about the poem and its critical and popular reception–El "Martín Fierro" (written with Margarita Guerrero)—gives insight into Borges's identity as an Argentine.

The poem's central character, Martín Fierro, is a gaucho, a free, poor, pampas-dweller, who is illegally drafted to serve at a border fort defending against Indian attacks. He eventually deserts, and becomes a gaucho matrero, basically the Argentine equivalent of a North American western outlaw.

In his book of essays, Borges displays his typical concision, evenhandedness, and love of paradox, but he also places himself in the spectrum of views of Martín Fierro and, thus, effectively, gives a clue as to his (Borges's) relation to nationalist myth. Borges has nothing but praise for the aesthetic merit of Martín Fierro, but refuses to project that as indicating moral merit for its protagonist. In particular, he describes it as sad that his countrymen read "with indulgence or admiration", rather than horror, the famous episode in which Fierro provokes a duel of honor with a black gaucho and then kills him in the ensuing knife fight.

Borges on "gauchesque" poetry
Borges emphasizes that "gauchesque" poetry was not poetry written by gauchos, but generally by educated urban writers who adopted the eight-syllable line of the rural payadas (ballads), but often filled them with folksy expressions and with accounts of daily life that had no place in the "serious and even solemn" payadas. He views these works as a successful impersonation, facilitated by the interpenetration of rural and urban cultures, especially in the Argentine military. The author of Martín Fierro was one of the few gauchesque poets who ever actually lived as a gaucho.

Borges has far more respect for the early gauchesque poets than does Lugones, whom Borges sees as reducing them to mere precursors, "sacrificing them to the greater glory of Martín Fierro". In this respect, Borges singles out the "happy and valiant" poetry of Ascasubi, which he contrasts to Hernández's tragic lament. Borges clearly relishes the paradox that Ascasubi, a soldier with extensive experience of combat and whose work sometimes borders on the autobiographical, is at his most vivid in describing the Indian invasion of Buenos Aires province, which Ascasubi did not witness.

Borges is somewhat less impressed with Estanislao del Campo, author of Fausto, whom he characterizes as the most rural of the gauchesque poets in his diction, but the least comprehending of the mindset of the pampas-dweller. In contrast, he points out that Hernández is much closer to the language (if not the subject matter) of the payadas, relying far more on dialect spellings than exotic words to create his atmosphere, and, in the scenes within his poem where payadas are sung, showing his ability to write strictly within the payada form.

Borges on the critics and Martín Fierro
Borges sees Lugones in El Payador (1916) as operating in an explicitly nationalist tradition, seeking a national epic to take the role of Don Quixote or the Divine Comedy and render the Argentines a "people of the book", in a nationalist reflection of religious identity. Borges shows no small sympathy for Lugones, but argues that Martín Fierro is more of a verse novel than an epic, and very much a work of its time (the 1870s). Borges has far less sympathy with those who go beyond Lugones, such as Ricardo Rojas who wants to see in Martín Fierro literal or metaphorical analogues for almost every aspect of Argentine history and moral character, praising the work mostly for aspects that Borges finds "conspicuous by their absence."

Borges is in more sympathy with Calixto Oyuela, who sees Martín Fierro as a tragic lament for the passing of the gaucho life and the fading of the Spanish-descended criollos into the emerging multi-ethnic Argentina. He also speaks briefly, but with praise, of Vicente Rossi, who sees Martín Fierro more as an orillero (hoodlum) than as a gaucho. Borges mildly rebukes Miguel de Unamuno for denying the specifically Argentine character of the work, annexing it to Spanish literature, and is absolutely scathing on the subject of Eleuterio Tiscornia. Tiscornia's excessively academic and Europeanizing approach to Martín Fierro produced a footnoted edition of the poem which Borges finds, at points, laughably misleading. Taking only a few well-aimed swipes at Tiscornia on his own behalf, Borges refers his readers to the work of Ezequiel Martínez Estrada for a proper demolition.

Borges on Martín Fierro
As remarked above, Borges greatly admired Martín Fierro as a work of art, but did not particularly admire its protagonist. In El "Martín Fierro", he dissents from Lugones's nationalist cult of the epic, but professes to admire Martín Fierro all the more in its aspect as a verse novel, concise and full of morally complex characters very much of a particular place and time. He sees in Hernández's work a confluence of two Argentine literary traditions that previous critics had generally not distinguished: the rural payada and a separate and more artificial tradition of gauchesque poetry.

Both in his commentary on Martín Fierro and on its critics, Borges effectively positions himself, like Hernández, at a confluence of two literary traditions with common roots. In Borges's own case, these are an Argentine national tradition and one more European. While clearly standing as a proud Argentine, he refuses to be placed in the position of glorifying even what he sees as flaws in the Argentine character.

title: Borges on Martín Fierro