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Georg Herwegh

Georg Friedrich Rudolph Theodor Herwegh (31 May 1817 – 7 April 1875) was a German poet, who is considered part of the Young Germany movement.

Biography
He was born in Stuttgart on 31 May 1817, the son of an innkeeper. He was educated at the Gymnasium Illustre of Stuttgart, and in 1835 proceeded to the University of Tübingen as a theological student, where, with a view to entering the ministry, he entered the Protestant theological seminary. However, he found the strict discipline distasteful; he broke the rules and was expelled in 1836. He studied law for a short time, but decided to return to Stuttgart, and became editor of August Lewald's periodical Europa. Called out for military service, he had hardly joined his regiment when he became embroiled with a military officer with an act of insubordination, and had to flee to Emmishofen, Switzerland in 1839.

His Gedichte eines Lebendigen ("Poems of a living man" ) were published in Zürich between 1841–1843 and immediately banned in Prussia. The lyrics combined revolutionary sentiment with a popular style and soon placed him at the forefront of the Vormärz revolutionary movement. The fervent effusions of his poems became immensely popular, so that when, after a short trip to Paris, Herwegh journeyed through Germany in 1842, he was greeted with enthusiasm everywhere.

King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. gave him an audience, and assured him that he liked nothing better than an energetic opposition. But Herwegh overstepped all the bounds of conventionality in a letter to the King, and was hurried out of Prussia. At Zürich, he found no pleasant reception. But the king of Württemberg pardoned him for desertion from military service, and in the canton of Basel, of which he now became a citizen, he married Emma Siegmund, daughter of a Jewish merchant at Berlin. He next took up his abode in Paris, and wrote a second volume of Gedichte eines Lebendigen (1844). He also translated all of Lamartine into German (1843–1844).

During the failed German revolution of 1848, together with a group of German emigrants, he led the German Democratic Legion in a military mission to Baden as part of the Hecker Uprising; with its defeat at Kadern, he had to flee to Switzerland once again. He lived in Zürich; after an amnesty he moved to Baden-Baden, Germany. Herwegh wrote songs for Lassalle's Worker's Society and the Social Democratic Worker's Party. In 1877, Neue Gedichte was published. The most important work of his later years was the translation of many of Shakespeare's plays. He died in Lichtental.

While other poets such as Ferdinand Freiligrath gave up their radical politics later on, Herwegh never changed his radical outlook and his commitment to radical democracy. He was disappointed by and criticised Prussian nationalism and Bismarck's war against France and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1870–71. In Herwegh's mind, poetry is a first step towards political action, it should however not be artless. Consequently, he—like Heinrich Heine—defended Goethe.

title: Georg Herwegh


text:
Talk:Hells Angels

Vague
Talk about a moral panic is too vague to be included in an article like this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.171.217.176 (talk) 13:22, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Karen Katz is behind the talk about a moral panic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.7.192.143 (talk) 16:04, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * My mom is marcia sipe Steven j sipes wife going April first to rogers park be on the look out for her she’s blonde keep her and girls safe younger daughter briefer tall Michelle sipe eldest daughter Melanie also known as Madonna a veterans family near chase street and Ashland rogers park Chicago beware of son Jason ex heroin attic abuses mother and girls e while wife is divorced and children girls because of him the son domestic violence and drug abuse all over Europe in band mock salvation Jason David sipe repeat dangerous to women 2600:1008:B063:84CE:809:A89:F053:5244 (talk) 04:01, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

It is also a mater of opinion, and if it is to be included an explanation is needed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Howardhugest (talk • contribs) 19:59, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm glad to see that you decided to discuss (although you did delete the content again. Convention is that you leave the article as it was until consensus is reached. So what is vauge and opinionated about the statement? It seems quite clear to me. --Biker Biker (talk) 20:03, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I changed it to specifically say the source was criminologist Karen Katz, and that her assertions were specifically about the Hells Angels drug crimes in Canada. It is a well sourced opinion by a recognized expert in a reliable publication. There are numerous other sources who note that the reaction to biker crimes is out of proportion to their actual impact and frequency, and consider it a classic example of moral panic. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 21:07, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Wrong. It is biased, suggesting public reaction to well known crimes committed by the Hell's Angels are not just. The term "moral panic" is controversial in itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Howardhugest (talk • contribs) 21:51, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The appropriate response would be to cite your sources for this controversy. Even if you establish the fact that it is controversial is no reason to keep deleting it. Wikipedia articles are supposed to include significant points of view, even if they are not universally accepted.It's very clear your edits are not intended to make a better Wikipedia article and if you persist you will very likely be blocked from editing. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 22:18, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

First of all the club did not launch, Hunter Thompson's career. Secondly, the so called "moral panic" is not unjustifiable. HA are the largest criminal organization in Canada. Ignorance of this fact is not an excuse. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Howardhugest (talk • contribs) 22:38, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Well, that was fun, and for his efforts has now gained a permanent exclusion from Wikipedia. I suspect he will be back, that type always is. In the meantime an article has gained a bit of attention from other editors so perhaps we can look forward to some constructive editing and some new sources on the article. Thanks everyone. --Biker Biker (talk) 22:50, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

The name
But it doesn't say why Hells Angels isn't called "Hell's Angels"?... I'm curious about that. :-) --95.34.149.128 (talk) 19:16, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Their website has some information on that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.185.13.91 (talk) 10:43, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Maybe they just don't know the difference?

 * The latest edition of their web-site speaks on the subject.

 * They say this is important to you but not to them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.109.117 (talk) 16:01, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Specifically, at the bottom of the FAQ: "Missing apostrophe in Hells Angels?  Yes, we know that there is an apostrophe missing but it is you who miss it. We don’t." Chaheel Riens (talk) 16:37, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It's like when your cat falls of the couch and bangs his head into the bookshelf and then calmly licks his paw to say "I meant to do that!"

 * I have read that the missing apostrophe is deliberate, with a claim that there are multiple Hells and the Hells Angels represents all of them. I tried to find that claim again and could not.  Anyone else hear or read that?
 * Perhaps but then it would be possessive plural and the apostrophe would go after the S. Either way they don't know or don't care about correct punctuation. And it's been that way for so long it would be embarrassing to fix it.Dennis Bratland (talk) 20:45, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I was told they spell it that way to rebel against social normalities such as using proper spelling, punctuation or grammer. 173.189.165.213 (talk) 02:12, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

Contradictions in membership section
This section says: "To become a full member, the Prospect must be voted on unanimously by the rest of the full club members." But then later seems to contradict that saying "Successful admission usually requires more than a simple majority, and some clubs may reject a Prospect for a single dissenting vote." Either it is unanimity or it isn't. Which? Valenciano (talk) 18:42, 15 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Wow. You live in a black and white world. Some of the rest of us can appreciate shades of gray; many of my brothers and I see the world in Technicolor. Let me try to answer in a way that might make a bit of sense for you. It depends on which club; in this case we are talking Hells Angels, it depends on which chapter, and it depends on which time period. Some outlaw clubs used to just require a majority vote, others had/have different rules. People always make the mistake of looking at clubs the way they do a large corporation with a top down hierarchical structure, i.e. a National President being the equivalent of a CEO or corporate President. In actuality, most clubs started out, and some remain, more like an Assembly of First Nations, where they as a larger entity have many common goals and purposes, but each chapter has a certain degree of regional autonomy, again, depending on which club you are talking about (i.e. Hells Angels in this case), and what time period. Compare, for example, Hells Angels club structure of the mid-fifties where, for example, Frisco and Oakland operated quite differently from each other, to now, when, after several decades of influence from leaders such as Sonny Barger, power has been concentrated somewhat more as the club has grown in size, and as the club moved from relatively independent chapters sharing a logo and brotherhood, with some involvement in what one might refer to as disorganized crime, into a large, global, well organized criminal organization, but still with great regional autonomy, especially when looking at charters in different cities, states, provinces, nations. Take Quebec, for example. Please. Garth of the Forest (talk) 06:13, 27 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Barger himself was puzzled to see photos of girl members of the Hells Angels in the late 1940's or early 1950's. There has always been a certain amount of variation in membership requirements and the like. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.150.158.53 (talk) 12:57, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Well then it ought to say "some clubs require a unanimous vote, while others have less stringent requirements", not "it requires a unanimous vote to get into Hells Angels", followed a little while later by a contradictory statement about how SOME clubs require a unanimous vote, while others don't. Typical Wikipedia article. But I guess inconsistency isn't too much of a surprise from an organization who claims to be "outlaw" and to reject the mores of society, yet who files a trademark registration on their logo with the US copyright office and files lawsuits in the US courts to protect their "rights". The whole "we don't believe in your damn laws and regulations...unless they are in our behalf!" business.

64.223.160.117 (talk) 11:08, 27 December 2018 (UTC)

The Chosen Few MC
When reference was made to the Chosen Few MC, when they were offered to patch over to the Angels, it wasn't the black Chosen Few that offer was made to, but an unrelated white club with the same name. Hells Angels have always had a ''no blacks' policy, so they wouldn't offer to patch over a black club. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.51.198.170 (talk) 16:40, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Also, it's a joke to quote an article from Ebony magazine in 1966 on the topic of blacks joining, during the height of racial segregation in the US. Ridiculous! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:A:1280:24EC:BD47:13C1:2371:EE1F (talk) 00:36, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Regarding the racial policy it has to be noted that this is restricted to the US only as in countries like the Netherlands there is no such policy being that the former of HA Holland, Daniel Uneputty, is of Molukkan origin. Runlevel0 08:10, 14 June 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Runlevel0 (talk • contribs)

Cossacks
The Cossacks are a Hells Angels "farm team". Should they have a mention here or their own article? Jbottero (talk) 01:29, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I am not sure that they have an article of their own in Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by D1arouet (talk • contribs) 17:39, 10 November 2015 (UTC)
 * A Google search on "Hells Angels Cossacks" will provide a great deal of information about the Cossacks in Texas. As they say in America, you have just volunteered as a writer of a Wikipedia article on the Cossacks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by D1arouet (talk • contribs) 17:47, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Karen or Kare?
(I see there is already some discussion here about "Karen Katz", in re: the matter of a "moral panic", but this does not concern that issue per se)

However, I don't think the click-through reference to "Karen Katz" is correct. Clicking on Karen Katz brings up a children's book author who, as far as I can tell, is not a criminologist. Furthermore, in the references section at the bottom of this (HAMC) page, it refers to her as "Kare", not "Karen". So, I'm guessing, not the same person.

 * The Wikipedia article on Karen Katz certainly refers to another. The name "Katz" is common, in certain circles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by D1arouet (talk • contribs) 17:53, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The spelling "Kare" itself seems to be a mistake. There seem to be two with the same name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by D1arouet (talk • contribs) 17:56, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

'Charter'?
Chapters have always been the local groups. What are the 'charters' that have infiltrated this article.

For years, HAs have referred to chapters. E.g. in this documentary about HAs in England https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng8Ll7x08Vk

 * Their website uses "charter". The subject crops up repeatedly.

Female membership
The club seems to be exclusively male (with women playing supportive roles) but it's not mentioned anywhere in the article. Seems odd and sexist, treating male as the default and female as irrelevant. 142.169.80.41 (talk) 00:04, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hells Angels


text:
Talk:Bobo Ashanti

Untitled
"Many Bobos see Idi Amin as a second coming of Garvey."

Is this sentence at least somehow true? --XJamRastafire 23:01, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

yes — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.230.33.160 (talk) 22:35, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bobo Ashanti


text:
Talk:Chemical reaction

Distinguish "synthesis" from "reaction" and avoid list of reactions
This text was removed, as it does not belong in the main text, but rather in Talk about this topic:
 * Note: a enumeration of the types of chemical reactions is needed Edited by D.C.

We're going to have problems with some editors, because it seems they have no practical experience with what real chemists, in real usage, call a chemical synthesis. This corruption of use, which started in the chemical synthesis article, seems to be migrating to this article as well, and it will be stopped :). The next point is that this article should not be ended with a brainless enumeration of kinds of chemical reactions, but it could be well served by a series of links to Wikipedia articles on types of chemical reactions, articles which already exist within the Wikipedia. For example there already are articles on hydrolysis and one on the hydration reaction. Other articles on chemical reactions are embedded in the article on the compound itself (e.g. soap and saponification). Dwmyers 23:05, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

From PNA/Chemistry

 * Chemical reaction - This page needs a lot of work by someone with more chemistry knowledge than I have. The energetics of reactions need to be cleared up, and links made to pages like reaction coordinates, transition states, reactive intermediate, and such. There is a list of the "6 types of reactions", which other people have added to, with reactions that don't seem to fit into those six categories. The reaction rate section is almost nonexistent, the "Law of mass action" section is just one line (how about some history, or a more detailed explanation?). Finally, the "See also" list needs serious expansion.

 * This page could become a central point for articles dealing with chemical reactions, but as it stands, it is orphaned from a lot of them, and quite incomplete. --Kieran 12:04, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More
This article was not written by a person with much knowledge about chemical reactions. Chemist is needed to rewright it. stone 6 Apr 2005

 * It's a tough job, even for a chemist! Physchim62 21:25, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Especially since what at least I think is needed is a rather extensive restructuring of wikipedia articles (plural!). It is probably difficult to reach a consensus on such a structure (different fields of chemistry have a somehwat different way to look at these things). I'm a newbie in the wiki-world so such a task is way over my head, but maybe there could be a discussion somewhere on how to best structure information about chemical reactions, rate law, mass balance, chemical equilibrium etc. Other connected articles are Reversible reaction, Chemical kinetics, Exothermic reaction, Endothermic reaction, Gibbs free energy, Thermodynamics just to mention a few. The current structure seems to me as a bit waste of many peoples hard effort. By the way, there is a wiki book project on chemical engineering. Much of what's in the wikipedia (mentioned above) would be needed there too. Saittam 12 Aug 2005

Six types of chemical reaction?
Is this correct? Where do the additional reactions that have been added under this section fit in? I would like to fix that section, so the entries at the bottom of the list look like the rest of them, but I'm holding back because of the "six types" statement. --Kieran 11:10, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) There is always Category:Chemical reactions which this article could (and should) refer to... Yes, it's a big job, but... Physchim62 21:23, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems like a useful thing to fix but I think more pressing would be the fact that there are so many pages scattered around that this article links to. Some of these pages would be the types of chemical reactions. These could easily be put into this same article so that it is easier to access. Aznph8playa 00:44, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Level we're aiming at
The trouble with this stuff is that it's hard to aim it at the right level -as a degree chemist it's fairly hard to think back to when I didn't know anything about chemical reactions. Maybe I should borrow some chem textbooks for 13-year olds and see what they write?

Also why does 'compound' not occur in the introduction? argh! It really needs a full rewrite of the intro but not really sure what.

Excession 5 July 2005 08:23 (UTC)

 * I don't think we should be aiming at a 13-year old level: in France, the reaction formalism is introduced at about age 16 (class of Seconde), although we talk about chemical transformations before then. Thanks to all those who are trying to do something with this article, it seems beyond me to improve it for the moment however much it needs it! Physchim62 5 July 2005 08:41 (UTC)

13-year-old is a good level anywhere
Why can't we aim at a 13-year-old level? It would be valuable, for example, in the discussion of thermodynamics, to state simply how combustion creates heat. Where does heat come from? Just saying that there is a reduction of mass is not an explanation. We cannot assume that our readers have the same level of understanding or literacy as we do. The simpler the language, the bigger the audience. Bdubay (talk) 04:36, 24 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Why 13 and not 10 yo or 19 yo? Maybe http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction is a better venue for simplified articles. Materialscientist (talk) 04:58, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

E = mc^2 and chemical energy?
consider the reaction H + H -> H2 + Q

E = mc^2 is independent of the form of matter. and the energy contained on both sides of chemical reaction formula is equal. so is it right to assume the mass of H2 is slightly less than 2 H atoms?
 * Yes, indeed! Any transformation that involves a change in energy also involves a change in mass.--Nevermore78 01:20, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Not so quick! Liberated energy in a bond-forming process like this comes from electron stabilization (that is, reduction of potential energy) due to, in a common way of describing it, the formation of more stable bonding molecular orbitals. There is no significant mass-energy coversion contribution on that. --Duplode 01:37, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

No, e=mc^2 applies to the actual energy of mass itself, not a chemical bond. Chemical reactions release chemical energy but only a nuclear reaction releases nuclear energy. In a nuclear reactor you actually get a little less fuel out then you put in.--Crucible Guardian 03:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Chemical equilibrium
The phasing of the concept of an irreversible reaction seems oddly stif.
 * "This phrase means that nearly all of the reactants are used to form products. These reactions are very difficult to reverse even under extreme conditions."

'Used'? Would 'expended' fit better? And could we perhaps add an example of such a reaction? Combustion of methane or hydrogen seem to be less than ideal examples, but surely we can find an informative example. -- Ec5618 18:34, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Example combustion reaction

 * C10H8 (g) + 12O2 (g) → 10CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)

Does not combustion normally produce water vapour (gas, not a liquid)? Shouldn't the last element be 4H2O (g)? - Mike Rosoft 14:34, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are using the equation to describe the process of measuring the heat of combustion at a temperature of 25C, then you give the reactants and products in their natural state at that temperature. Think of it starting at 25C, it burns and then everything cools back to 25C. The water condenses. The equation is correct. --Bduke 21:49, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's "correct", sort of, but describes a different process. This process doesn't involve only a chemical reaction, but also a heat transfer after the reaction has taken place. So, it's two processes bundled up for no good reason. --Vuo 01:13, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It is not normal to put "+ heat" in a chemical equation. That is out of date useage. You might add the heat or rather enthalpy of reaction after the equation (ΔH = xx kJ/mol). It is clear that heat is given out because it is a combustion reaction. Your last edit is wrong. The states should be all at standard temperature or specifically 25C. What we want here is an exact correct balanced chemical equation. I'm going to leave it for now and see what others think. --Bduke 02:27, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * In fact, in that section, the phases are irrelevant. --Vuo 20:30, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Thermodynamics section
As much of this article, the thermochemistry discussion here is unecessarly confusing and ambiguous. Why to discuss kinetics with two whole paragraphs on thermochemistry's lead? Or why presenting the general criteria of spontaniety (Gibbs Free Energy/Global Entropy) almost as an exception? Applying high school assumptions here won't make the topic that much amiable. I am thinking on a way of rephrasing things on that section, but I have not quite a solid formulation ATM. In the meantime, I invite fellow editos to clarify things - particularly if one knows some Physical Chemistry...--Duplode 05:26, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Well....feel free to fix it! --Crucible Guardian 03:46, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Phase Change
is a phase change 9i.e. evaporation or condensation) a chemical reaction? --Crucible Guardian 03:46, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No, it's usually considered to be just a physical process in simple cases like water boiling or freezing. There are many cases where it could be considered as a chemical reaction - for example, solid sulfur is mainly S8, sulfur vapor is S2, so clearly some covalent bonds are broken in going from solid to vapor. Walkerma 07:01, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

By-product
Shoudn't there be a link to this page that allready links here ? samusz 12:22, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

reaction types
someone needs to reword the first sentence of this subheading, someone's idea of a sick joke.72.137.252.165 23:06, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

State Functions
I think we should edit the example equations to include state functions (g, aq, l, s) to help with understanding.71.111.98.144 03:26, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Repeated vandalism
I tried to correct the current vandalism but couldn't see the original sentence (that was changed) at the beginning of the article. Also, looking back at previous revisions, there has been a fair amount of vandalism in the past. Aboyall 19:58, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

"Thermodynamically favored"
I reverted the recent change, back to "thermodynamically favored." This is a standard term in chemistry, and it gets over 83,000 hits in Google. By contrast, "favored in a thermodynamical way" gets no hits. Walkerma 05:27, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Still not quite sharp...
It seems this particular article, by the pursue of simplicity in explanation and sharpness in classification, always has its focus, breadth and accuracy at stake. I have attempted to clarify some wordings and, more importantly, performed a number of deletions, which I put up for discussion:

''On the classical definition, therefore, there are only two types of chemical reaction: redox reactions and acid-base reactions. The former involve the motion of lone electrons and the latter of an electron pair.''

Overtly restrictive. Think of cis-trans isometization: one might argue the reaction can be mechanistically be described in terms of homo/heterolytic bond cleavage/forming, but it is doubtful whether saying the reaction as a whole is redox or acid-base is relevant or even viable. Or even better, think of pericyclic reactions.

Chemical reactions are also divided into organic reactions and inorganic reactions.

So people really think classification is important enough to go on the lead. Not to mention organometalic chemistry.

''The collision of more than two particles into the ordered structure necessary to perform chemical transformations is extremely unlikely; which is why ternary reactions in practice are not observed. A chemical reaction may require three or more reagents, but the process can generally be decomposed into a stepwise series or a set of stepwise reactions of the above.''

Although I have not removed this, it feels completely misplaced under the "Reaction Types" heading. And if "the above" refered to the list of types two paragraphs before, it was plain catastrophic constraining -hence, the rewording.

    * Petrochemical reactions are often distinguished from other organic reactions.

So are biochemical reactions, or drug syntheses, or polymerizations, or...

Online Chemical Equation Balancer Balances equation of any chemical reaction (full or half-cell) in one click.

This looked like improper in regards to WP external link policy.

Finally a reminder: Going too far into adapting content to junior textbooks results in dellusion, even more so for those very juniors.

--Duplode 03:54, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Standardized use of (s) (aq) etc. symbols is needed
Wikipedia must make up its mind which way to do things.

 * Ag2O(s)
 * Ag2O(s)
 * Ag2O(s)

67.171.43.170 (talk) 05:01, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge chemical change here?
Is there really any difference between chemical change and chemical reaction? I suggest merging the two articles. --Itub (talk) 12:02, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * As far as I can tell, "chemical change" and "physical change" are terms that we traditionally teach to junior high students because we traditionally teach them to junior high school students. The term "chemical change" is almost always used in contrast to "physical change." The comparisons are frequently confusing, poorly documented in textbooks, and poorly taught. The chemical change article focuses mostly on the contrast, and is written at an elementary level.

 * It seems to me that people very rarely use the term "chemical change" when they are discussing a particular reaction. Then they use "chemical reaction." The "chemical reaction" article is suited for that purpose. It is written at a scholarly level.

 * I monitor both the physical change and chemical change articles. They get vandalised by junior high students because the terms are only used for junior high students, and only junior high students visit the articles. The vandals are sufficiently frustrated by the simple words and examples in those articles - they will be much nastier if they are forced to try to figure out the chemical reaction page.

 * I would keep the chemical change article separate from the chemical reaction article, but would recommend that the introductory paragraph for the change article be given some strong "see also chemical reaction" wording. Ronstew (talk) 15:05, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, that sounds like a good option. Let's just wait a few days and see if anyone else wants to comment. --Itub (talk) 14:09, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

"Defined in opposition to inorganic reactions"?
Under Organic Reactions is this sentence fragment: "Defined in opposition to inorganic reactions."

I would think that inorganic reactions are defined in opposition to organic reactions, if anything. Somebody more knowledgeable than me should either delete the fragment or write it as a complete sentence and expand it a bit. Ronstew (talk) 05:59, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Equation Section
To the best of my knowledge, the mechanism for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation in the equation section is wrong. For one, the protonation of the tetrahedral intermediate cannot be concerted with the attack and moreover there is good evidence that it never occurs, with collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate occuring without proton transfer from the peroxy group to the carbonyl oxygen.

Thoughts? Mdlevin (talk) 04:41, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Oxidation state or number
The article currently says: Oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number. Looking at oxidation number I get the impression that this expression is used for a rather constrained range of phenomena and that oxidation state fits better to the context in this article. --Ettrig (talk) 16:13, 18 March 2011 (UTC)

Redirect?
Is a "Men in Trees" episode significant enough relative to "chemical reactions" as they are understood here to warrant a redirect at the top of the page? I can't imagine anyone who'd say it was. Maybe if the television show itself was called "Chemical Reactions," but an episode? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.5.27.225 (talk) 09:50, 3 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree that it is unnecessary and have removed it. -- Ed (Edgar181) 11:41, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Chemical Equilibrium
I changed the last sentence of this section to more accurately state the situation. It is based on the college text by Zumdahl & Zumdahl covering this subject. They carefully distinguish between the equilibrium condition, and the equilibrium position. Thermbal (talk) 04:20, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

Thermodynamics
In reference to the Boudouard reaction of CO2 + C to form 2CO, this reaction is ENDOTHERMIC at ALL temperatures. Easy to check this out by going to the FACT-web site, using their Reaction tool-- http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/reacweb.htm. It's heat of reaction is +172.47 kJ at 298.15 K, and +158.98 at 2000 K. Also, authors shouldn't cite a heat of reaction without referring specifically to the temperature of the reaction. Thermbal (talk) 04:41, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I removed the reference to the Boudouard reaction, and replaced it with 2 different reactions. With temperature, one has a reversal in the enthalpy, the other has a reversal in the sign of log Keq, which is equivalent to a change in the sign of the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction.

Suggestion: article editors/writers are urged to include, for each chemical reaction, wherever written in Wikipedia, phase descriptors. Subscripts like (g) and (s) tell the reader whether the species in a reaction is a gas, a solid, or what. Thermbal (talk) 19:38, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Metal-acid reaction
If metal-acid reaction redirects here (and it does) there really ought to be a clear, easy-to-find subsection on this particular kind of reaction. Maybe I'm missing it, but on a quick scan (with the help of Ctrl-f) I can't actually find anything here about what happens when metals react with acids. --Oolong (talk) 11:46, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 October 2018
197.157.244.227 (talk) 13:08, 13 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. L293D (☎ • ✎) 13:10, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2018
Laxusgajeel (talk) 05:55, 13 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. DannyS712 (talk) 06:25, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Chemical reactions section lists the wrong number of reactions
I am not a science expert but the section for types has a header that says "four basic types" then lists synthesis, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, and combustionm which are five types. Not sure if the number of types of reactions is wrong or the list of types is wrong but this is confusing. AaronY (talk) 11:15, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 August 2021
Please add an another characteristic of chemical reaction "Change on colour" 114.134.20.99 (talk) 16:35, 21 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 17:40, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

Natural sciences
Photosynthesis 41.114.128.75 (talk) 15:39, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

 * The article does have a section on Photochemical reactions. Dirac66 (talk) 18:41, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Chemical reactions, composition and decomposition
Vh 2A03:2880:30FF:16:0:0:FACE:B00C (talk) 15:30, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Chemistry
Oxidation and reduction reaction 197.215.29.102 (talk) 20:43, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Forward and backward reactions
In this, you reverted my addition of forward reactions and backward reactions, which are important types of reactions.

I just want to make sure that it would be okay when I add this content again by citing reliable sources, which I will do when time suffices. — CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 03:47, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I could not find a chemical equation for "charging a normal DC battery (consisting of electrolytic cells) from an external electrical power source". Can anyone help? — CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 18:07, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Chemical change into Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction and a chemical change is the same thing. Since chemical change has very small amount of content, merging it with chemical reaction won't put undue weight (WP:UNDUE) or overload the target article, but any redundancy in text should be reduced as much as possible per WP: REDUNDANCY. — CrafterNova  [ TALK ] [ CONT ] 07:27, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't agree with it,they are same with a little difference.chemical changes means change in chemical structure of a substance while chemical reaction is a process by which this change happens.So merging a change with a process with ideology that they are same isn't a wise decision AryanpateI (talk) 05:37, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not agree with the above. Chemical change is widely used to be more than just change in chemical structure of a substance. It used to be that but it is also frequently used to mean the same as chemical reaction, so merge. --Bduke (talk) 06:51, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * A chemical reaction is an effect: something that happens. A chemical change is an affect: the RESULT of an effect. They are distinctly different, albeit related. Regardless, they're different enough that separate pages can be warranted. 2600:6C40:5F00:B1:DF2:5317:6E75:5D1 (talk) 05:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Support merge, on the grounds of short text and context. That is, Chemical change is short, and better discussed in the context of the better-developed chemical reaction page. It's of course accepted that these are different thing (transition and final state), but they are so closely related that they are best described in one place. There is already overlap - for example, the Chemical change mostly discussed reactions. Klbrain (talk) 14:54, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. Yes, they're not the same, but it's similar and short enough for separate articles to be redundant. Queen of Hearts 21:28, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 December 2023
An change in color 112.120.127.168 (talk) 12:08, 4 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. RudolfRed (talk) 17:06, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chemical reaction


text:
Mage Knight

Mage Knight is a miniatures wargame using collectible figures, created by WizKids, Inc, and is the earliest example of what is now known as a collectible miniatures game (or CMG). The game was designed by founder Jordan Weisman along with Kevin Barrett. The game is the first to use WizKids' Clix system, combining roleplaying and wargaming elements with aspects of collectible card games. Mage Knight achieved success after it was introduced in 2000.

In October 2010 Wizkids relaunched the Mage Knight brand with Mage Knight Board Game, a cooperative board game designed by Vlaada Chvátil. In February 2013, WizKids announced that it would release Mage Knight: Resurrection, which utilizes its SwitchClix bases to be compatible with both Mage Knight 2.0 and HeroClix rules. The release date was Fall 2013.

Design
Unlike many other miniatures war-games, Mage Knight eliminates the need for reference to rule books and tables by integrating a dial into each figure that contains its current combat statistics - movement rate, attack and defense values, combat damage, and special abilities. While this system lacks the versatility of other miniatures games, mainly because players cannot customize their figures, it makes up for this by facilitating rapid gameplay and by having a large number of distinctive figures. The system, called the combat dial, has proved to be highly popular and is used in WizKids's other games, including HeroClix and MechWarrior. The dial allows a figure's displayed statistics to change as it takes damage.

All miniatures, called warriors, come pre-painted and are pre-assigned point costs based on their abilities. These costs range from 3 points (only the limited edition goblin volunteer Podo has achieved a point value this low) to over 500 points (for the tanks and the Apocalypse Dragon). To play a game, players will generally agree upon a point cost total, and then design their armies to maximize their strategic capabilities within the specified point cost total. Each player is allowed to take a number of actions per turn equal to the point cost total divided by 100. These actions include movement, combat, or the use of special abilities such as Regeneration and Necromancy. Game play is typically rapid, but often highly strategic, both in terms of traditional maneuvering and combat common to miniatures games and because of the unusual combinations of unit special abilities that make every army unique.

Each Mage Knight figure belongs to a specific faction. The factions in the initial release included the Atlantis Guild, the Elemental League, the Black Powder Rebels, the Draconum, The Knights Immortal, the Orc Raiders, and the Necropolis Sect. Other factions were added later. Each faction had its own strengths and weaknesses; for example the Atlantis Guild had many figures with powerful ranged attacks, but it lacked healers. A player could combine figures of different factions in their army at will, but only figures of the same faction could move in a formation together. Using formation rules, a player could move three to five adjacent figures while using only one action. A formation combat action could also be taken, in which multiple adjacent figures of the same faction attack and increase the chances of successfully hitting the target. Since the limited number of actions per turn is one of the most important strategic considerations in the game, a player making his army would have to balance the advantages of formation movement and formation combat against the desire to have the versatility of figures from different factions.

Distribution
Mage Knight figures were sold in Starter Packs (which historically contained eight or nine figures along with rules and dice) and Booster Packs (four or five figures). Figures were sold in base sets, as well as expansion sets, and distributed with seven rarity levels. Levels 1 through 5 were assigned to the standard "infantry" figures, each of which was available in 3 power levels: Weak, Standard and Tough. Low power and cost figure were of 1-2-3 rarity, middle range figures were 2-3-4, and stronger army figures were 3-4-5. Level 6 figures were Uniques, which carried the stipulation that only one of any individual Unique could appear in a player's army. In addition, WizKids gave away limited edition, Unique versions of the non-Unique figures in the sets as prizes for tournaments in comic and game shops. These figures are not generally available for retail sale, and have different statistics and point costs than the regular figures. This novel prize policy was in part responsible for Mage Knight's success. Some expansions had ultra-rare "chase" figures, listed as rarity level 7, which were produced in limited quantities and found randomly in boosters, such as the Apocalypse Horsemen in Sinister or the glow-in-the-dark variants from Minions. Finally, Wiz Kids also sold larger figures individually. The figures, which included dragons, chariots, war machines and giants, had multiple combat dials that applied to each side of the figure to make them harder to kill and allow them multiple attacks. Some of these larger, individual figures cost so many points that they could be utilized only in large armies.

In 2002, the Dungeons expansion was released in starters and boosters, which featured a new type of gameplay more akin to traditional RPG "dungeon-crawl" adventures. Instead of players each amassing armies to go head-to-head, Dungeons had players select a team of Hero characters, and enter a dungeon map filled with wandering monsters and treasure chests. During each player's turn, the opponent controlled any monsters encountered, and the goal was to defeat the monsters and escape with the most gold from the treasure chests. Adventures could be played individually or as a collective campaign, with the Hero figures having 5 "levels" that were attained with experience from adventuring. All figures (Heroes and Mage Spawn monsters) were still fully compatible with regular Mage Knight rules. The Dungeons format featured two expansions of its own, Pyramid and Dragon's Gate, and two fixed 5-figure sets with special characters, maps and scenarios titled Heroic Quests. In addition, WizKids released 3-dimensional plastic floor tiles, walls, doors, and objects which could purchased to build a full scale dungeon.

In November 2003, WizKids released a new "base" set (their third, after Rebellion and Unlimited), colloquially referred to as "Mage Knight 2.0," with many rules overhauled or expanded, which introduced new strategic possibilities to the game, including capabilities to customize Unique warriors and battles via styrene cards called Items, Domains, and Constructed Terrain. Later expansions introduced more options via Spellbooks, Spells, and Adventuring Companies. The two "versions" can be distinguished by their logos; the original Mage Knight sets feature a straight short sword through the logo while "2.0" and its subsequent expansions have a curved scimitar. This change also made all original series character redundant as they were no longer tournament legal, this meant that loyal followers abandon the game and sales and popularity plummeted. As a matter of interest the current owners of the D&D franchise also own Mage Knights and current proposed changes to D&D by these owners seems to show they learnt nothing from the disastrous Mage Knight 2.0 experience.

Mage Knight saw a total of 14 expansions in booster packs, as well as prepackaged sets of figures in the Heroic Quests, Conquest, and Titans supplements, and special holiday-themed figures ("Santa Claus" and "Frosty the Snow-Minion") released in 2001 and 2003. The Conquest version had a number of large castle wall and fortification pieces, including 2 unique figures. Several Army Packs were released, with one random figure and 8 fixed figures from a specific faction. In addition, the Unlimited set released a special "Painter's Edition" which featured miniatures which were unpainted and removed from the bases for customizing purposes.

Expansions
The expansions are (in order of release):

 * Rebellion - The original Mage Knight release from November, 2000.
 * Lancers - Released in May 2001, this first expansion introduced cavalry figures, with double the base size of regular figures and unique rules regarding their use. The expansion also introduced the first figures using the 'charge' and 'bound' special abilities which allowed figures to move and attack in the same action.
 * Whirlwind - Released in October 2001, the 2nd Mage Knight expansion introduced the Shyft, a faction that allows the Mage Spawn (monster) faction to use formations and new figures with special abilities such as 'venom' and 'ram', which allows the infliction of automatic damage if one moved into contact with an opposing figure.
 * Dungeons - Released in 2002, Mage Knight Dungeons is a complete, stand alone game as opposed to being a mere expansion to the Mage Knight system. Players take on the role of heroes fighting monsters in a dungeon and collecting treasure. Dungeons starter sets included a map, as well as two heroes, six mage spawn (monsters), and two chests, while boosters contained half as many of each. Dungeon kits with new maps and terrain were also available as part of the release. Though many of the Dungeons rules differ from Mage Knight rules, all Mage Knight Dungeons figures are fully compatible with regular Mage Knight.
 * Unlimited - This 2002 expansion was actually the re-release of a base (introductory) set. Unlimited took 160 figures from Rebellion and Lancers, some of which featured new sculpts.
 * Conquest - Released in June 2002, Mage Knight Conquest was not a true expansion but a rules set for large scale, high point-total Mage Knight battles to be played in a reasonable period of time. Conquest came with a 96-page rulebook, 3 unique figures, and several pieces of new siege equipment. Also, several connectable castle fortifications were released, including a castle keep and gatehouse which each came with a unique figure, a round tower, and 2 sets of walls.
 * Sinister - This expansion, released in 2002, featured a new faction, the Solonavi, that featured powerful, high point cost figures with unique clear plastic sculpts. The expansion also featured 'dual faction' figures, figures that count as being members of two different factions. This set also featured the four ultra-rare Riders of the Apocalypse as chase figures, randomly inserted in boosters.
 * Minions - Released in September 2002, Minions featured more Solonavi and Draconum figures, including the first non-unique Solonavi figures and the first dual faction Draconum unique figures. In addition, the Tough versions of the first 10 figures in the set were made in limited edition glow-in-the-dark plastic variants, randomly inserted in boosters.
 * Heroic Quests - Also released in September 2002. Another supplement for Dungeons, Heroic Quests consisted of 2 fixed 5-figure scenario-based boxed sets, Magestone Mines and The Citadel, each of which included 4 unique Heroes, a powerful Master Adversary figure, a unique double-sided map, and special scenario rules and monster tokens.
 * Pyramid - Released in January 2003, Pyramid was not a true expansion but a new starter set for the Mage Knight Dungeons game. Like Dungeons, all figures are compatible with regular Mage Knight play.
 * Uprising - Released in April 2003, Uprising was a relatively small expansion, with 96 figures released.
 * Dragon's Gate - This expansion was another addition to the Mage Knight Dungeons game, with all figures again being compatible with standard Mage Knight rules.
 * Mage Knight - Commonly known as "Mage Knight 2.0", this Base Set was released in November 2003 and represented a major revision to the Mage Knight ruleset. Figures from prior sets remained compatible with this ruleset.  Figures from the prior sets were phased out from tournament play.  Figures released with Mage Knight 2.0 and later also included more features that enabled them to be more versatile and customizable on the battlefield, such as a wider variety of special abilities, subfactions giving units a more "permanent" ability, and proficiencies which gave warriors abilities based on their combat value types. One of the major enhancements with Mage Knight 2.0 was the introduction of styrene cards which influenced gameplay in various ways.
 * Dark Riders - Released in April 2004, Dark Riders introduces the "mount" and "rider" units. Certain warriors are removable from their bases, and can be placed in slots on the front of larger "mount" units to create a "cavalry" unit, and gain significant benefits from doing so. Certain relics are only equipable by riders. Dark Riders also introduces Faith and Catastrophe Domain cards, new Item cards, the Dark Riders and Wylden Host subfactions, and four ultra-rare "chase" figures: the Avatars of Apocalypse (whose subfaction the set is named after).
 * Sorcery - Released in September 2004, Sorcery introduced a new rules mechanic for spellcasting and a new proficiency for blocking spells cast by opposing players. Associated with this new ruleset were two new types of styrene cards - Spellbooks and Spells. Sorcery also was the first 2.0 expansion to have non-unique warriors with Item slots, allowing for even greater versatility in army building. Although no new factions were introduced with Sorcery, 10 new subfactions were introduced to give even more variety to the types of armies players could build.
 * Omens - Released in April 2005, Omens introduced two new rules mechanics: Adventuring Companies, which allowed an army to have a universal ability, and could be made cheaper by choosing specific characters; and Champions, figures with a removable base that allowed the player to choose from a set of 5 increasingly powerful combat dials, depending on the number of points the player wished to spend on it. Also reintroduced with the Omens expansion was the Shyft faction, as well as the first 2.0 non-unique Mage Spawn figures. Associated with the release, though not part of the release itself, was the introduction of a convention-exclusive figure known as the Apocalypse Dragon.
 * Nexus - Released on August 24, 2005, and featured previously released figures from the Unlimited, Sinister, Minions, Uprising, Pyramid, and Dragon's Gate sets. These figures use the same sculpts as the original figures, but are painted to 2.0 standards, and have combat dials and stats updated to reflect gameplay in the Mage Knight 2.0 ruleset.  The set is unique in that unlike other sets, where "common" units had three levels of relative power (Weak, Standard, and Tough), Nexus had only Unique and Standard figures; no Weak or Tough versions were included in the set. Presumably this was to give a greater variety of figure sculpts, while keeping the amount of distinct figures on par with other Mage Knight expansion sets. On June 30, 2005, Wizkids announced the Nexus expansion would be the last in the current series and that after November 2005 all tournament support would cease. Neither Wizkids or Topps gave any official reason. However, WizKids was acquired in 2009 by NECA, and in February 2013 announced a new expansion appropriately titled Resurrection.
 * Resurrection - Was released in Fall 2013 and utilizes WizKids' SwitchClix dials. SwitchClix allows the player to remove the figure from one base and attach it to another, so the same figure can be used on two different types of dials. Each of the 25 miniatures in the line will include two dials: one for Mage Knight 2.0 rules, and one that's compatible with the main HeroClix line. The figures will be available through starter sets and booster packs. There is no word as to whether the company will support possible Mage Knight tournaments as it had in the past.

Video games
Mage Knight: Apocalypse
 * A full PC game title, Mage Knight: Apocalypse was published in September 2006 by Namco Bandai Games America and developed by Interserv International. A handful of new figurines, now amongst the rarest, were released as tie-ins to help promote the PC game.

Mage Knight: Destiny's Soldier
 * A title for the Nintendo DS, Mage Knight: Destiny's Soldier was released in the same month as Mage Knight: Apocalypse.

Novels
There are five novels listed by Del Rey/Ballantine books. However, there is only evidence of the publication of the first two books. Books 3 to 5 have never been made available to the public in either physical or eBook format.

 * Mage Knight 1: Rebel Thunder by Bill McCay
 * Mage Knight 2: Dark Debt by Doranna Durgin
 * Mage Knight 3: Stolen Prophecy by Christopher Stasheff
 * Mage Knight 4: The Black Thorn Gambit by Josepha Sherman
 * Mage Knight 5: Khamsin's Heir by Doranna Durgin

Comic book series
Published by IDW beginning in 2002, the Mage Knight comic book series was written by Todd Dezago based on a story by Jordan Weisman. The covers were illustrated by J. Scott Campbell and Alex Garner (Danger Girl) and the interiors were illustrated by Dave Cabrera. Issue #1, released in October 2002, came with a certificate that could be redeemed for an exclusive figure of Maren'Kar, one of the characters in the comic book.

Board game
The Mage Knight Board Game was designed by Vlaada Chvátil and released in December 2011. There were also three distinct expansions and one collection released for Mage Knight Board Game.

Factions
The land of Mage Knight is split among several factions. Several of these factions split from Tezla's original empire, and others have organized and grown since Tezla's death. Based on the outcomes of various official storyline tournaments held at comics and gaming shops and major gaming conventions, when 2.0 was released most of the major factions were renamed, and also further divided into one or more subfactions, each of which possesses its own unique ability.

 * Atlantis Guild/Atlantean Empire - This is the core remains of Tezla's original empire. Upon his death, the Atlantis Guild leaders focused mostly on Technomantic magic, and their armies often consist of mixes between mages, troops, and magically-infused golems. Nujarek later further organized the Guild into the Atlantean Empire in an effort to regain the former glory of Atlantis. Their 2.0 subfactions are the Imperial Legion, Golemkore and Delphana.
 * Apocalypse - First introduced in the Sinister set as the four ultra-rare Riders of the Apocalypse, this cult, also known as the Tur'aj, was dormant for many years. As chaos grew in the land, the Apocalypse gained power. At first, the heralds of the Apocalypse rode forth in the Land, and later several Avatars were created to build up the cult again.  They sought to sow discord and death in the land, and brought about the rebirth of the terrible Apocalypse Dragon. They have one 2.0 subfaction, the Minions of the Apocalypse.
 * Black Powder Rebels/Black Powder Revolutionaries - This faction began as a rag-tag group of dissidents to the Atlantis Guild who saw the injustice that the Guild inflicted upon many of the denizens of the land. This was especially due to the treatment of the Dwarves, who, due to their strong resistance to Magestone (a major source of magical power, used heavily in Technomancy), were conscripted into working in the various Magestone mines, often until they were worked to death. The Rebels became a major player after the assassination of Karrudan, and later grew in strength to become the Black Powder Revolutionaries. Their 2.0 subfactions are the Bloody Thorns, Northlanders and Forgemasters.
 * Draconum - Not particularly allied with any faction, though opposed to the Apocalypse and tried to prevent the Apocalypse from claiming the egg of the Apocalypse Dragon. Mostly, however, they act as pseudo-mercenaries, who have a common quest to better themselves, as they continue to evolve into higher and more potent forms of Draconum. They have one 2.0 subfaction, the Dragon Mystics.
 * Elemental League/Elemental Freeholds - A splinter faction from Tezla's original empire, the Elemental League focuses mostly on Elemental magic, or magic of life. Opposed primarily to the Necropolis Sect/Dark Crusaders, they lost much ground and many troops to the latter faction. Eventually, they came to be more scattered, and fought to keep from being wiped out completely. As 2.0's story begins, they retreated to an Elven castle in the forest and became the Elemental Freeholds. Distantly related to the Elven Lords, they are neither strong allies nor bitter enemies with them. Their 2.0 subfactions are the Wylden Host and Storm Druids.
 * Heroes - Introduced primarily for Dungeons-style games, this faction represents individuals who seek glory in the Land. Many of the Hero faction are dual-aligned with another faction, though some are not.  They are not in any 2.0 sets and have no subfactions.
 * Knights Immortal/Elven Lords - An ancient race of elves that live in the Rivvenheim Mountains in the easternmost regions of the known Land. Their overarching goal is to eliminate chaos from the land, and often do so without mercy to those they consider unworthy.  Allied with the Atlantis Guild for a time against the Orcs, they were eventually betrayed and left to fend for themselves, and have since sworn vengeance as the Elven Lords.  Their 2.0 subfactions are the Free Armies, Temple Masters and Order of Sorcery.
 * Mage Spawn - Not truly an organized "faction", but in the game are figures without any faction. In the early sets, these represented various creatures, often twisted through magic (hence their name) that were of various levels of intelligence, but not organized into any formal faction.  In later 2.0 sets, some mercenary-type figures were also included, and their subfaction, Order of the Ninth Circle, had a gameplay ability that let them bond more fully to any faction by assuming the faction of any and all figures in the army they are with.
 * Necropolis Sect/Dark Crusaders. A split-off faction from Tezla's empire, the Necropolis sect focused on Necromantic magic, or magic of death. Primarily opposed to the Elementals, they took much of their territory and did much damage.  Later, they began the Dark Crusade to continue taking over the Land and convert all to the worship of the Dark Tezla.  Their 2.0 subfactions are the Deathspeakers, the Order of Vladd and the Blood Cultists.
 * Orc Raiders/Orc Khans - The Orc Raiders were a semi-organized group of nomadic raiders from the north, in a land called The Fist. They attacked and plundered, but eventually became hungrier for more spoils, and became more organized. The lowly goblin Podo stole a powerful Elven shield relic, and rose to a tenuous position of power among his larger cousins. As the various Orc Khans united, they became an even greater force in the land to reckon with. Their 2.0 subfactions are the Broken Tusk, the Shadow Khans and the Chaos Shamans.
 * Shyft - Introduced in the Whirlwind expansion, these strange reptilian creatures seemed to have a strange psychic bond with the various Mage Spawn found in the Land. Originally relatively weak, they relied on this bond with more powerful Mage Spawn to help fight.  Eventually, they withdrew from the Land, and were largely unknown.  In the Omens set, they reemerged in a new, more powerful warrior form.  While they maintained their affinity with the Mage Spawn, they became powerful warriors in their own right.  They seem to have somewhat of an alliance with the Apocalypse faction, though the full connection between the two is unknown.  They have a single 2.0 subfaction, the Darkmarch, and have the faction ability to grant Mage Spawn the Shyft faction for formation purposes.
 * Solonavi - Originally introduced in the Sinister expansion as extremely powerful figures, they remain a fairly enigmatic race of energy creatures. They offer favors to various groups and individuals, in exchange for favors in return to be named later.  At the beginning of the Mage Knight 2.0 timeline, they revealed themselves more fully as being aligned with the Oracles of Rokos, and offered their services to the Atlantis Guild to become the most powerful empire in the land.  When the offer was refused, they were outraged, and began claiming their own territory in the land.  Consisting of beings of light and various "oathsworn" servants, they seem to be strongly dedicated to protecting the Land against the rise of the Apocalypse.  However, it is strongly hinted they might have ulterior motives, and many still do not trust them.  They cast a spell which reawakened many dormant magics in the Land.  Their single 2.0 subfaction is the Oracle of Rokos.

Reviews

 * Envoyer (German) (Issue 50 - Dec 2000)

title: Mage Knight


text:
Brown ale

Brown ale is a style of beer with a dark amber or brown colour. The term was first used by London brewers in the late 17th century to describe a lightly hopped ale brewed from 100% brown malt.

Today brown ales are made in England, Belgium and America. Beers termed brown ale include sweet, low alcohol beers such as Manns Original Brown Ale, medium strength amber beers of moderate bitterness such as Newcastle Brown Ale, and malty but hoppy beers such as Sierra Nevada Brown Ale.

History
In the 18th century, British brown ales were brewed to a variety of strengths, with original gravities (OG) ranging from around 1.060 to 1.090. Around 1800, brewers stopped producing these types of beers as they moved away from using brown malt as a base. Pale malt, being cheaper because of its higher yield, was used as a base for all beers, including Porter and Stout. The term "brown ale" was revived at the end of the 19th century when London brewer Mann introduced a beer with that name. However, the style only became widely brewed in the 1920s. The brown ales of this period were considerably stronger than most modern English versions. In 1926, Manns Brown Ale had an original gravity of 1.043 and an ABV of around 4%. Whitbread Double Brown was even stronger, an OG of 1.054 and more than 5% ABV. The introduction of these beers coincided with a big increase in demand for bottled beer in the UK. In the 1930s some breweries, such as Whitbread, introduced a second weaker and cheaper brown ale that was sometimes just a sweetened version of dark Mild. These beers had an original gravity of around 1.037. After World War II, most breweries stopped producing these stronger brown ales, with the exception of some breweries in the northeast of England. The majority had an OG in the range 1.030–1.035, or around 3% ABV, much like Manns Brown Ale today.

North American brown ales trace their heritage to American home brewing adaptations of certain northern English beers, and the English influence on American Colonial Ales.

Description
English brown ales range from beers such as Manns Original Brown Ale, which is quite sweet and low in alcohol, to northeastern brown ale such as Newcastle Brown Ale, Double Maxim and Samuel Smith's Nut Brown Ale. North American examples include Sam Adams Brown Ale and Brooklyn Brown Ale.

They range from deep amber to brown in colour. Caramel and chocolate flavours are evident. Brown ales from northeastern England tend to be strong and malty, often nutty, while those from southern England are usually darker, sweeter and lower in alcohol. North American brown ales are usually drier than their English counterparts, with a slight citrus accent and an aroma, bitterness, and medium body due to American hop varieties. Fruitiness from esters are subdued. When chilled to cold temperatures, some haziness may be noticed.

title: Brown ale


text:
John Gunther

John Gunther (August 30, 1901 – May 29, 1970) was an American journalist and writer.

His success came primarily by a series of popular sociopolitical works, known as the "Inside" books (1936–1972), including the best-selling Inside U.S.A. in 1947. However, he is now best known for his memoir Death Be Not Proud (1949), on the death of his teenage son, Johnny Gunther, from a brain tumor.

Life
Gunther was born in 1901 in the Lakeview district of Chicago and grew up on the North Side of the city. He was the first child of a German-American family: his father was Eugene Guenther, a traveling salesman; his mother Lizette Schoeninger Guenther.

During World War I, the family changed the spelling of its name from Guenther to Gunther to avoid having an obviously-German name.

In 1922, he was awarded a Bachelor of Philosophy from the University of Chicago, where he was literary editor of the student paper.

He worked briefly in the city as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News, but he soon moved to Europe to be a correspondent with the Daily News London bureau, where he covered Europe, the Balkans, and the Middle East.

Gunther met Frances Fineman in London in 1925 and the two were married in 1927. Until 1936, they worked together (Frances as a foreign correspondent for London's News Chronicle) throughout Europe. Gunther wrote, "I was at one time or another in charge of Daily News offices in London, Berlin, Vienna, Moscow, Rome, and Paris, and I also visited Poland, Spain, the Balkans, and Scandinavia. I have worked in every European country except Portugal. I saw at first hand the whole extraordinary panorama of Europe from 1924 to 1936." In Vienna, Gunther worked alongside a group of English-speaking central European correspondents that included Marcel Fodor, Dorothy Thompson, Robert Best, and George Eric Rowe Gedye.

Gunther later described those years as

"the bubbling, blazing days of American foreign correspondence in Europe. ... Most of us traveled steadily, met constantly, exchanged information, caroused, took in each other's washing, and, even when most fiercely competitive, were devoted friends. ... We were scavengers, buzzards, out to get the news, no matter whose wings got clipped."

According to Michael Bloch, Gunther enjoyed a same-sex relationship in the 1930s in Vienna with the future Leader of the British Labour Party, Hugh Gaitskell.

Gunther's experiences as a journalist in interwar Vienna formed the basis for his novel The Lost City.

His research and the contacts that Gunther developed as a reporter also led directly to the first of the Inside books, Inside Europe, which was intended by Gunther to summarize the European political situation for the general reader. With the success of the Inside books starting in the late 1930s, Gunther resigned his position to devote his full-time to the books. During World War II, he worked as a war correspondent in Europe.

The Gunthers had two children: Judy, who died in 1929 before the age of 1, and John Jr. (Johnny), who was born in 1929 and died in 1947 of a brain tumor. The Gunthers divorced in 1944.

Gunther married Jane Perry Vandercook in 1948; the two adopted a son. Jane P. Gunther, a devoted student of the arts who accompanied her husband on his voyages and contributed to his books, was born in August 1916. She died in New York City, on May 22, 2020, at the age of 103. She had been widowed for a week shy of half a century.

Gunther died of liver cancer in 1970.

Inside series
The books that made Gunther famous in his time were the "Inside" series of continental surveys. For each book, Gunther traveled extensively through the area the book covered, interviewed political, social, and business leaders; talked with average people; reviewed area statistics; and then wrote a lengthy overview of what he had learned and how he interpreted it.

About Inside Europe (published in 1936), Gunther wrote, "This book has had a striking success all over the world. I was fortunate in that it appeared at just the right time, when the three totalitarian dictators took the stage and people began to be vitally interested in them."

In 1947, Gunther tackled Inside U.S.A., visiting all 48 states. On the 50th anniversary of the book's publication, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., appraised the book and its impact:

"This book, now half a century old, is an astonishing tour de force. It presents a shrewd, fast-moving, sparkling panorama of the United States at this historic moment of apparent triumph. Sinclair Lewis called it 'the richest treasure-house of facts about America that has ever been published, and probably the most spirited and interesting.' At the same time, in its preoccupations and insights Inside U.S.A. foresaw dilemmas and paradoxes that were to harass and frustrate Americans for the rest of the century."

The Inside series grew to include volumes covering all populated continents: Inside Europe, Inside U.S.A., Inside Asia, Inside Latin America, Inside Africa, Inside Russia Today, and, finally, Inside Australia and New Zealand (with W. H. Forbis). Several of the volumes were issued multiple times in updated and revised editions over the years, as world events demanded. Inside Africa proved particularly well-timed as a historical record. During 1952–53 Gunther and his wife visited nearly all forty-four African political entities then in existence during what was to prove the final stage of mainly colonial rule.

Other nonfiction and fiction works
In addition to the "Inside" series and related volumes, Gunther wrote eight novels and three biographies. The most notable of them are Bright Nemesis, The Troubled Midnight, Roosevelt in Retrospect (published in 1950) and Eisenhower, a biography of the famous general released in 1952, the year that Dwight Eisenhower was elected President. In addition, Gunther published several books for young readers, including a biography of Alexander the Great in 1953, and Meet Soviet Russia, a two-volume adaptation of Inside Russia Today in 1962.

Death Be Not Proud
The book for which Gunther is best remembered today, however, does not deal with politics. Death Be Not Proud is the story of his son, Johnny, who died of a brain tumor at the age of 17. In the book, "a restrained and moving work intended for family and friends," the elder Gunther details the struggles that he and his ex-wife, Frances Fineman, had gone through in attempting to save their son's life, the many treatments pursued (everything from radical surgery to strictly-controlled diet), the ups and downs of apparent remission and eventual relapse, and the strain that it placed on all three of them. Gunther portrays his son as a remarkable young man, who had corresponded intelligently with Albert Einstein about physics. The book became a bestseller, and in 1975, it was made into an Emmy-nominated television movie, starring Arthur Hill as John Gunther, Jane Alexander as his wife, and Robby Benson as Johnny. It remains a staple of many high-school curricula.

Broadway: Inside U.S.A.
Inside U.S.A. was made into a Broadway revue, also titled Inside U.S.A., in 1948, with songs by Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz. The production starred, among others, Beatrice Lillie and Jack Haley and played for 399 performances.

Television – High Road
From September 7, 1959, until September 17, 1960, Gunther was host and narrator of a television program on the ABC network entitled John Gunther's High Road. It originally aired Monday nights at 8:30, but soon switched to Saturday night at 8 p.m., immediately following the Dick Clark variety show. The High Road program consisted of travelogues of various nations around the world. Some of the films were produced especially for this program and others were obtained from other sources. The common thread of all episodes was Gunther's narration, although he had little or nothing to do with the actual content.

Nonfiction

 * (1932) Not To Be Repeated: Merry-Go-Round of Europe by Anonymous
 * (1934) Habsburgs Again?
 * (1936) Inside Europe
 * (1938 ed) Inside Europe (includes minor updates)
 * (1939 ed) Inside Europe (includes minor updates)
 * (1939) The High Cost of Hitler
 * (1939) Inside Asia
 * (1940 ed) Inside Europe (includes major additions and changes due to the geopolitical impacts of Hitler and Nazi Germany)
 * (1941) Inside Latin America
 * (1944) D-Day
 * (1947) Inside U.S.A.
 * (1949) Death Be Not Proud, memoir
 * (1949) Behind the Curtain (published in the UK as Behind Europe's Curtain)
 * (1950) Roosevelt in Retrospect: A Profile in History, biography
 * (1951) The Riddle of MacArthur: Japan, Korea, and the Far East
 * (1952) Eisenhower, the Man and the Symbol, biography
 * (1953) Alexander the Great, biography
 * (1955) Inside Africa
 * (1956) Days to Remember: America 1945-1955 (with Bernard Quint)
 * (1958) Inside Russia Today
 * (1959) Julius Caesar
 * (1960) Taken at the Flood: The Story of Albert D. Lasker, biography
 * (1961) Inside Europe Today
 * (1961) A Fragment of Autobiography: The Fun of Writing the Inside Books
 * (1962) Meet Soviet Russia (2 volumes)
 * (1965) Procession
 * (1967) Inside South America
 * (1969) Twelve Cities
 * (1972) John Gunther's Inside Australia and New Zealand (with W. H. Forbis) ISBN 0-241-02180-4

Novels

 * (1926) The Red Pavilion
 * (1927) Peter Lancelot: An Amusement (published in the U.S. as Eden for One: An Amusement)
 * (1929) The Golden Fleece
 * (1932) Bright Nemesis
 * (1945) The Troubled Midnight
 * (1964) The Lost City
 * (1970) The Indian Sign (published in the UK as Quatrain)

title: John Gunther


text:
WizKids

NECA/WizKids, LLC (commonly known as simply WizKids) is an American company based in New Jersey that produces tabletop games. WizKids is best known for its collectible miniatures games (CMGs) Mage Knight, HeroClix, MechWarrior, and HorrorClix, all of which make use of the company's Clix system, in which the changing combat statistics and abilities of each figure were indicated by a turnable dial inside the base underneath the figure. The company was founded in 2000 by Jordan Weisman, a veteran of the game company FASA. It was purchased by sports-card manufacturer Topps, Inc. in 2003.

WizKids was acquired by NECA in September 2009.

History
WizKids was founded in 2000 by Jordan Weisman, previously of FASA, to publish Mage Knight. Mage Knight was the first collectible miniatures game. Early employees joining Jordan in this endeavor were his wife Dawne, who led the company's graphic design; his father Mort, who ran international sales; his brother-in-law Ray Wehrs, who ran domestic sales; and Jenny (Trisko) Berg, previously of Bungie, who was in charge of marketing.

In 2001 the company went from being "virtual" to having its own office in Bellevue, Washington. Employees had previously been spread through Washington, Illinois, and Missouri. Mage Knight was selling as fast as it could be made, and the company moved into the hobby's list of 10 largest publishers. The employee count went up to over 30, including Don Gorski, COO; Tom Virgin, CFO; Martin A. Stever, Executive V.P; and Marc Sachnoff, President of WizKids Licensing and Media, who made the innovative deals bringing together the Marvel and DC comics character universes into the HeroClix line.

Though they proved less successful, WizKids also produced the short-lived CMGs Crimson Skies, Shadowrun Duels, and Creepy Freaks, as well as a baseball-themed CMG called MLB SportsClix. A CMG called ToonClix was announced in March 2006, but canceled before it was released.

In July 2004, WizKids created a new product category with the release of their first constructible strategy game (or CSG), Pirates of the Spanish Main, featuring miniature ships assembled from pieces punched out of styrene cards. Their next CSG was a science fiction game called Rocketmen, released in the summer of 2005, followed by a NASCAR CSG called RaceDay later that year, though these last two games were discontinued shortly after. By 2007, WizKids was also calling some of their releases involving CSG elements "PocketModel" games, beginning with the Star Wars PocketModel game.

In 2005, WizKids released their first collectible card game, High Stakes Drifter, which was discontinued after its initial set. In May 2006, they released their second CCG, a licensed game based on the reimagined Battlestar Galactica TV series.

WizKids entered the board game market with a board game called Tsuro in 2005, followed in 2006 by Oshi and Pirates: Quest For Davy Jones' Gold, a board game based on the Pirates constructible strategy game.

The company also owned the rights to the role-playing games Shadowrun and Classic Battletech, which they licensed to FanPro in 2001. A game created by the company called Zypods, with a physical structure similar to Matryoshka dolls, had a limited release, but was never distributed nationwide.

The Topps Company announced on November 10, 2008, that it intended to close WizKids and discontinue product lines including HeroClix. In the statement announcing the close of WizKids, Topps also indicated that it was pursuing alternatives to discontinuing brands so that brands such as HeroClix could continue on without any noticeable disruption in future product offerings.

Sale to NECA
At the July 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, National Entertainment Collectibles Association (NECA) displayed a Thor figure for Heroclix, indicating that they might be the new parent company for WizKids. On September 14, 2009, NECA announced that they had purchased the assets of WizKids from The Topps Company and will continue the HeroClix family of games under the WizKids brand. The WizKids assets sold did not include Shadowrun and Battletech, which were retained by Topps Inc.

The "Buy It By the Brick" retail promotion returned with the Marvel HeroClix: Hammer of Thor set. Unlike previous offerings, the promotional figure (Ragnarok Surtur) was available with the 10-pack brick purchase at retail locations, rather than through mail-in redemption. With the following set DC HeroClix: Brave and the Bold the promotional figure (a Batman and Catwoman duo-figure) returned to redemption through WizKids/NECA, though this time done online.

Storyline Organized Play
Beginning with The Infinity Gauntlet in 2012, WizKids began to implement Storyline Organized Play programs. These programs would let gamers go to their local store once a month to play in an event that built up to a grand finale. Players are typically rewarded for attending multiple events before the finale. Storyline Organized Play themes have included No Man's Land for DC, Fear Itself for Marvel, The Dominion War for Star Trek, and others. WizKids continues to implement tweaks to their Storyline Organized Play programs.

Production
WizKids produces both licensed and first-party games. Many of the games WizKids utilize include patented elements like the Combat Dial System. WizKids produces both physical items, like HeroClix, as well as digital transliterations, like Quarriors! for IOS.

Board Games

 * Justice League
 * Freddy Vs Jason Forest of Fear
 * Gremlins
 * The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
 * Mage Knight Board Game
 * Oshi
 * Pirates: Quest For Davy Jones' Gold
 * Sidereal Confluence: Trading and Negotiation in the Elysian Quadrant
 * Star Trek: Expeditions
 * Star Trek: Frontiers
 * Star Trek: Fleet Captains
 * Trains and Stations
 * Tsuro* (2004)
 * Mage Knight Board Game
 * Dungeons & Dragons Onslaught
 * Dungeons & Dragons Trials of Tempus

Books

 * MechWarrior: Dark Age (Novels)
 * Mage Knight (Novels and collectors' guides)

Collectible Card Games

 * Battlestar Galactica
 * High Stakes Drifter

Dice Building Games

 * Quarriors!
 * The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game
 * Dice Masters
 * Marvel Dice Masters
 * Avengers vs X-Men
 * Uncanny X-Men
 * Age of Ultron
 * The Amazing Spider-Man
 * Civil War
 * Doctor Strange Team Pack
 * Deadpool
 * Iron Man and War Machine
 * Defenders Team Pack
 * Guardians of the Galaxy
 * Spider-man Maximum Carnage
 * X-Men First Class
 * The Mighty Thor
 * Kree Invasion
 * Avengers Infinity
 * Justice Like Lightning
 * X-Men Forever
 * Uncanny X-Force
 * DC Comics Dice Masters
 * Justice League
 * War of Light
 * World's Finest (originally Superman/Batman)
 * Green Arrow and The Flash
 * Batman
 * Superman and Wonder Woman
 * Harley Quinn Team Pack
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! Dice Masters
 * Series 1
 * Dungeons & Dragons Dice Masters
 * Battle for Faerûn
 * Faerun Under Siege
 * Tomb of Annihilation
 * Trouble in Waterdeep Campaign Box
 * Adventures in Waterdeep Team Pack
 * The Zhentarim Team Pack
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Dice Masters
 * TMNT Dice Masters: Heroes in a Half Shell
 * WWE Dice Masters
 * WWE Dice Masters: Campaign Box
 * WWE Dice Masters: Bitter Rivals Team Pack
 * WWE Dice Masters: Tag Teams Team Pack

Collectible miniatures games

 * Clix games
 * Creepy Freaks
 * Crimson Skies
 * Halo ActionClix
 * HeroClix
 * DC HeroClix
 * Marvel HeroClix
 * Indy HeroClix
 * The BPRD and Hellboy HeroClix
 * City of Heroes HeroClix
 * City of Villains HeroClix
 * Invincible HeroClix
 * Gears of War HeroClix
 * Iron Maiden HeroClix
 * The Lord of the Rings HeroClix
 * Street Fighter HeroClix
 * Star Trek HeroClix
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles HeroClix
 * Yu-Gi-Oh! HeroClix
 * HorrorClix
 * Mage Knight
 * Mage Knight: Dungeons
 * MechWarrior
 * MechWarrior: Dark Age
 * MechWarrior: Age of Destruction
 * Shadowrun Duels
 * SportsClix
 * Star Trek: Attack Wing
 * MLB SportsClix
 * Zypods

Constructible Strategy Games

 * Pirates Constructible Strategy Game
 * Rocketmen
 * NASCAR Race Day
 * The Lord of the Rings CSG (Unreleased)

Pocketmodel Games

 * Star Wars PocketModel Trading Card Game
 * Pirates of the Caribbean PocketModels

Board Game Geek

 * 2012 Golden Geek Best Thematic Game: Mage Knight Board Game

Diamond Comic Distributors Gem Award

 * 2010 Game Product of the Year for DC HeroClix Blackest Night Starter Set

Origins Awards

 * 2010 Best Miniature Figure or Line of Miniature Figures of the Year for Marvel HeroClix Hammer of Thor Expansion
 * 2011 Best Miniatures Game Rules of the Year for DC HeroClix Blackest Night Starter Game
 * 2013 Best Miniature Figure Line of the Year for Marvel HeroClix: Galactic Guardians
 * 2013 Best Family, Party, or Children’s Game of the Year for Quarriors! Dice Building Game
 * 2013 Best Miniature Rules of the Year for The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey – Campaign Starter Set
 * 2016 Best Collectible Game for DC Comics Dice Masters: War of Light by Mike Elliot and Eric M. Lang

title: WizKids


text:
Route 66 State Park

Route 66 State Park is a public recreation area located on the Meramec River at the site of the former town of Times Beach, Missouri. The state park encompasses 419 acre 1 mi east of Eureka.

History
Times Beach was bought, dismantled, and decontaminated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency following the discovery of widespread dioxin contamination in the 1980s. Fields of wild grass and brush now grow where the homes of evacuated residents formerly stood. Deserted streets line the park and hint at what once was a community in west Saint Louis County.

Activities and amenities
The park has a boat ramp providing access to the river as well as a picnic area and trails for hiking, cycling, and equestrian use. The visitor center exhibits photos and memorabilia of structures along Route 66 in the Saint Louis area which have been torn down and replaced by modern shopping centers and strip malls. Displays include the first historic Route 66 marker, originally erected on the highway in Springfield, Missouri, as well as an interpretation of the ecological disaster and 20-year cleanup of the area.

Route 66 bridge
The visitor center, located in the old Bridgehead Inn on the east side of the Meramec River, was joined to the park on the west side by the old Route 66 bridge, which has been closed due to safety concerns. The park itself is accessible only from east-bound Interstate 44 at exit 265. The visitor center is accessed from either direction at exit 266 and is cut off from the park it serves.

A plan to restore the bridge to usability is projected to be complete in 2026.

title: Route 66 State Park


text:
Death Be Not Proud (book)

Death Be Not Proud is a 1949 memoir by American journalist John Gunther. The book describes the decline and death of Gunther's son, Johnny, due to a brain tumor. The title comes from Holy Sonnet X by John Donne, also known from its first line as the poem Death Be Not Proud.

At the time the book was published in the late 1940s, memoirs about illness and grief were uncommon.

Synopsis
The book is an account of Johnny Gunther's experience with a brain tumor, and ends with his death at age 17.

The book consists of two parts. Part 1 contains the primary narrative of the book, while Part 2 contains additional letters written by Johnny, excerpts from his diary, and a short essay by his mother, Frances Gunther.

The primary narrative consists of five chapters, and an Aftermath section.

Chapter 1 begins with Johnny's diagnosis with a brain tumor in the spring of 1946. It describes the first operation that Johnny underwent, at the Neurological Institute of New York. The surgery confirmed the existence of the tumor. One of his doctors, Tracy Putnam, said, "It was about the size of an orange. I got half of it." Johnny recovered from the surgery, while the nature of the tumor was assessed: it was described as an "astroblastoma undergoing transformation".

Chapter 2 begins in June 1946 when Johnny underwent daily X-ray treatment of his tumor until June 20. Johnny's vision was impaired to varying degrees because of papilledema (pressure on the nerves to the eyes) caused by the tumor. Johnny's parents, John and Frances, sought help from many sources. Between August 1 and 5, 1946, Johnny was treated with chlormethine, described by the author as mustard. Dr. Max Gerson was consulted, and Johnny began a special, highly regimented program of diet and enemas on September 7, 1946, visiting Dr. Gerson's nursing home for the first time.

Chapter 3 describes Johnny's initial ill state, and then seeming recovery, within a week of beginning the Gerson diet. His papilledema diminished, and his blood counts improved. Johnny began to be tutored in this period in an attempt to make up for lost classwork, with the hope of graduating with his class at Deerfield Academy the following spring. In December 1946, Johnny's condition worsened, leading to a second operation. Dr. Lester Mount reporting that "he had successfully drained an abscess that went five centimeters into the brain beyond the table of the skull, and had got out a full cup of pus and fluid." Johnny was discharged from the hospital on January 12, 1947, and his parents were hopeful at this time.

Chapter 4 begins with Johnny's apparent recovery, and then, starting in late February, his decline. He began having episodes of amnesia and shivering. Through March and April, he continued studying in an effort to graduate and be admitted to Harvard University for the fall. The bump on Johnny's skull, caused by the tumor, began growing, and Dr. Mount attempted to drain it of fluid. However, the bump was "like stone again, and Mount had scarcely been able to drain a drop."

On May 1, 1947, Johnny underwent another major operation. Dr. Mount reported that "the mass was even invading his scalp and that, despite the depth he had reached, 11 cm., he had never penetrated to the healthy brain tissue at all."

Chapter 5 describes Johnny's graduation from high school and his death, on June 30, 1947.

The Aftermath section describes Johnny's funeral and the reaction of people to Johnny's death.

Publication
Gunther wrote the book in the months after his son's death, originally with the idea of printing some copies to distribute privately, as some parents had done in remembrance of soldiers who were killed in action. After writing it, however, he changed his mind and sought to have it published. Although Gunther was an experienced and extremely popular author, his publisher, Harper & Brothers, was reluctant to take on this book. They were concerned that it was too private a subject for the general public. To forestall criticism for profiting off of his death, both the author and the publisher agreed to donate all profits to children's cancer research.

Reception
Soon after the book's release, Dorothy Thompson wrote But had [Johnny] lived to be 90 and had his achievements filled encyclopedias, he could have made no greater achievement than this, transmitted by his father: To show us what, on its highest levels of courage, serenity, truth and beauty, a human life can be; to show us that as we live we die, and life and death are one.

Katharine Graham, writing for the Washington Post, wrote "Without doubt, the outstanding work of the week is John Gunther's Death Be Not Proud, in the Ladies Home Journal. But it is only for the strong-minded or the very strong-hearted...Harper's is publishing the book, of which this is a condensed version."

A reviewer in the Washington Post wrote that "It is this memory [of Johnny] which John Gunther has attempted to preserve in a memoir heart-breaking in its quiet simplicity and restraint."

Vogue magazine described Death Be Not Proud as "a poignant, factual account of [Gunther's] son's death."

Albin Krebs, in his obituary for John Gunther, wrote The vignette, “Death Be Not Proud,” the profits from which went to children's cancer research, was probably Mr. Gunther's most vividly memorable work.

Adaptations
The story was made into a television movie in 1975, starring Robby Benson as Johnny Gunther, and Arthur Hill as his father.

Publication data

 * John Gunther, Death Be Not Proud (1949). Harper Perennial edition 1998: ISBN 0-06-092989-8

title: Death Be Not Proud (book)


text:
Christian Dietrich Grabbe

Christian Dietrich Grabbe (11 December 1801 – 12 September 1836) was a German dramatist of the Vormärz era. He wrote many historical plays conceiving a disillusioned and pessimistic world view, with some shrill scenes. Heinrich Heine saw him as one of Germany's foremost dramatists, calling him "a drunken Shakespeare" and Sigmund Freud described Grabbe as "an original and rather peculiar poet."

Life
Born in Detmold, the son of a prison officer, he began to write plays in the age of sixteen, while attending the Gymnasium. A scholarship awarded by Princess Pauline enabled him to study law at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin, where he became acquainted with Heinrich Heine. After graduating in 1823, he unsuccessfully applied as a theatre director.

Grabbe returned to Detmold, he passed the final Staatsexamen and tried to find an employment as a legal officer, though also to no avail. Finally in 1826 he was appointed to act as a military legal advisor, initially without remuneration. From 1831 he increasingly suffered from alcoholism. After his fiancée turned away from him, he married his beloved Louise Christina Clostermeier in 1833, but the marriage quickly turned out to be unhappy. The next year Grabbe quit and left Detmold for Frankfurt, where he also fell out with his publisher.

He proceeded to Düsseldorf, where he temporarily worked at the Altes Theater with Karl Leberecht Immermann. Grabbe returned to Detmold in 1836 as a broken man, his wife filed for divorce. He died from general paresis in the same year.

Legacy
With Georg Büchner, Grabbe was one of the principal German dramatists of his time. His debut Herzog Theodor von Gothland overtaxed contemporary critics by its all-pervasive nihilism. Influenced by Shakespeare and the Sturm und Drang movement, his plays were very ambitious, with crowd scenes and rapid scene changes that challenged the technical capacity of the theaters of the time. He resolved the strict forms of the classical drama in a loose series of scenes that were a precursor of the realist drama. His plays Napoleon oder Die hundert Tage or Hannibal reveal a realistic, heterogeneous concept of history.

After his death, he was at first forgotten, but his work was rediscovered by the Naturalist and Expressionist dramatists. He was honored by the Nazis as a great national poet, based on occasional antisemitic statements (particularly in Aschenbrödel), and on his nationalistic portrayal of German history, like Die Hermannsschlacht on the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. In the 1930s, numerous streets were named after him.

The city of Detmold awards the Christian-Dietrich-Grabbe Prize for new dramatic literature since 1994 in association with the Grabbe-Gesellschaft literary society and the Landesverband Lippe municipal association.

Works

 * Herzog Theodor von Gothland, tragedy (1822); first performance 1892, Vienna
 * Scherz, Satire, Ironie und tiefere Bedeutung, comedy, (1822/27); first performance 1907, Munich
 * Nannette und Maria, melodrama (1823); first performance 1914, Kettwig (Essen)
 * Marius und Sulla, fragment (1823–27); first performance 1936, Detmold
 * Über die Shakspearo-Manie, theatre mémoire (1827)
 * Don Juan und Faust, tragedy (1828), first performance 1829, Detmold
 * Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa, drama (1829), part I of the Hohenstaufen cycle; first performance 1875, Schwerin
 * Kaiser Heinrich VI., drama (1829), part II of the Hohenstaufen cycle; first performance 1875, Schwerin
 * Etwas über den Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe, literary mémoire (1830); partly published in 1835
 * Napoleon oder Die hundert Tage, drama (1831); first performance 1895, Frankfurt
 * Kosciuzko, drama fragment (1835); first performance 1941, Gelsenkirchen
 * Aschenbrödel, comedy (1829/35); first performance 1937, Detmold
 * Hannibal, tragedy (1835); first performance 1918, Munich
 * Der Cid, libretto of a planned opera by Norbert Burgmüller (1835); first performance 2002, Isen
 * Die Hermannsschlacht, drama (1835–36); first performance 1936, Detmold

title: Christian Dietrich Grabbe