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Ground spider

Ground spiders comprise Gnaphosidae, the seventh largest spider family with over 2,000 described species in over 100 genera distributed worldwide. There are 105 species known to central Europe, and common genera include Gnaphosa, Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia, Zelotes and many others. They are closely related to Clubionidae. At present, no ground spiders are known to be seriously venomous to humans.

Description
Generally, ground spiders are characterized by having barrel-shaped anterior spinnerets that are one spinneret diameter apart. The main exception to this rule is found in the ant-mimicking genus Micaria. Another characteristic is an indentation in the endites (paired mouthparts anterior and lateral to the labium, or lip). All ground spiders lack a prey-capture web and generally run prey down on the surface. They hunt at night and spend the day in a silken retreat. The genitalia are diverse and are a good model for studying the evolution of genitalia because of their peculiar copulatory mechanism. The thick-walled egg sacs are guarded by the mother until the spiderlings hatch.

Hunting behavior
Ground spiders hunt by active foraging, chasing down and subduing individual prey items. They are adapted to hunting large and potentially dangerous prey, including other spiders, which they subdue by using their silk. When hunting, ground spiders produce thick, gluey silk from their enlarged spinnerets and attempt to use it to entangle their prey in swathing attacks, often applying their webbing to their prey's legs and mouths. By immobilizing potential prey in this manner, ground spiders can subdue proportionally large creatures while reducing risk of injury to themselves from their prey's attempts to fight back.

Genera
, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:

 * Allomicythus Ono, 2009 — Vietnam
 * Allozelotes Yin & Peng, 1998 — China
 * Almafuerte Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia, Argentina, Uruguay
 * Amazoromus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994 — Brazil
 * Ammoxenus Simon, 1893
 * Amusia Tullgren, 1910 — South Africa, East Africa
 * Anagraphis Simon, 1893 — Africa, Asia, Europe
 * Anagrina Berland, 1920 — Niger
 * Aneplasa Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Angola
 * Anzacia Dalmas, 1919 — Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
 * Aphantaulax Simon, 1878 — Asia, Africa, Australia, France
 * Apodrassodes Vellard, 1924 — South America, Mexico, India
 * Apodrassus Chamberlin, 1916 — Peru
 * Aponetius Kamura, 2020 — Ryukyu Is.
 * Apopyllus Platnick & Shadab, 1984 — South America, Mexico
 * Arauchemus Ott & Brescovit, 2012 — Brazil
 * Asemesthes Simon, 1887 — Africa
 * Asiabadus Roewer, 1961 — Afghanistan
 * Australoechemus Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 — Cape Verde Is.
 * Austrammo Platnick, 2002
 * Avstroneulanda Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022
 * Barrowammo Platnick, 2002
 * Benoitodes Platnick, 1993 — St. Helena
 * Berinda Roewer, 1928 — Greece, Turkey, Cyprus
 * Berlandina Dalmas, 1922 — Asia, Africa, Europe
 * Cabanadrassus Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina
 * Callilepis Westring, 1874 — Asia, North America, Europe
 * Callipelis Zamani & Marusik, 2017 — Iran
 * Camillina Berland, 1919 — Asia, Central America, South America, Africa, North America, Italy, Caribbean
 * Canariognapha Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is.
 * Ceryerda Simon, 1909 — Australia
 * Cesonia Simon, 1893 — Greece, Turkey, North America, Central America, Caribbean
 * Chatzakia Lissner & Bosmans, 2016 — Spain
 * Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 — Asia, Morocco, Europe
 * Cladothela Kishida, 1928 — Japan, China, Korea
 * Coillina Yin & Peng, 1998 — China
 * Coreodrassus Paik, 1984 — Asia
 * Cryptodrassus Miller, 1943 — Europe, Asia
 * Cryptoerithus Rainbow, 1915 — Australia
 * Cubanopyllus Alayón & Platnick, 1993 — Cuba
 * Diaphractus Purcell, 1907 — South Africa, Namibia
 * Drassodes Westring, 1851 — Africa, South America, Asia, Europe, North America
 * Drassodex Murphy, 2007 — Spain, France, Switzerland
 * Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, Asia, Europe
 * Echemella Strand, 1906 — Congo, Ethiopia
 * Echemographis Caporiacco, 1955 — Venezuela
 * Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 — South America
 * Echemus Simon, 1878 — Sweden, Asia, Australia, Africa, Brazil
 * Eilica Keyserling, 1891 — Australia, South America, United States, Central America, Caribbean, Africa, India
 * Encoptarthria Main, 1954 — Australia
 * Epicharitus Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
 * Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 — Mongolia, Iran, Afghanistan
 * Gaviphosa Sankaran, 2021 — India
 * Gertschosa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 — North America, Panama, Jamaica
 * Gnaphosa Latreille, 1804 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, Guatemala, Cuba
 * Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa
 * Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 — Argentina, North America, Asia
 * Heser Tuneva, 2004 — Asia, Spain, Africa, North America
 * Hitobia Kamura, 1992 — Asia
 * Homoeothele Simon, 1908 — Australia
 * Hotwheels Liu & Zhang, 2024 — China
 * Hongkongia Song & Zhu, 1998 — Indonesia, China, Hong Kong
 * Hypodrassodes Dalmas, 1919 — New Zealand, Australia
 * Ibala Fitzpatrick, 2009 — Africa
 * Intruda Forster, 1979 — Australia, New Zealand
 * Iranotricha Zamani & Marusik, 2018 — Iran
 * Kaitawa Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
 * Kikongo Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Congo, Kenya
 * Kishidaia Yaginuma, 1960 — Asia, Italy
 * Kituba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — D.R. Congo
 * Ladissa Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone, India, Benin
 * Laronius Platnick & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Thailand, Indonesia
 * Lasophorus Chatzaki, 2018 — Greece
 * Latica da Silva, Guerrero, Bidegaray-Batista & Simó, 2020 — Uruguay, Argentina
 * Latonigena Simon, 1893 — South America
 * Leptodrassex Murphy, 2007 — Africa, Europe, Asia
 * Leptodrassus Simon, 1878 — Europe, Asia, Africa, Mexico
 * Leptopilos Levy, 2009 — Greece, Asia, Libya
 * Litopyllus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Cuba, Mexico
 * Macarophaeus Wunderlich, 2011 — Canary Is., Madeira
 * Marinarozelotes Ponomarev, 2020 — Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America
 * Marjanus Chatzaki, 2018
 * Matua Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
 * Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834 — Africa, Asia, Australia
 * Micaria Westring, 1851 — Asia, North America, Africa, Europe, Australia
 * Microdrassus Dalmas, 1919 — Seychelles
 * Microsa Platnick & Shadab, 1977 — Cuba
 * Micythus Thorell, 1897 — Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia
 * Minosia Dalmas, 1921 — Africa, Asia, Europe
 * Minosiella Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa
 * Molycria Simon, 1887 — Australia
 * Montebello Hogg, 1914 — Australia
 * Myandra Simon, 1887 — Australia
 * Nauhea Forster, 1979 — New Zealand
 * Neodrassex Ott, 2012 — Brazil, Argentina
 * Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, India
 * Nomindra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
 * Nomisia Dalmas, 1921 — Asia, Africa, Europe
 * Notiodrassus Bryant, 1935 — New Zealand
 * Odontodrassus Jézéquel, 1965 — Africa, Asia, Jamaica
 * Orodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 — United States, Canada
 * Parabonna Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil
 * Parasyrisca Schenkel, 1963 — Europe, Asia, North America
 * Phaeocedus Simon, 1893 — Asia, Europe
 * Poecilochroa Westring, 1874 — Asia, Africa, South America, Europe
 * Pseudodrassus Caporiacco, 1935 — China, Libya, Turkey
 * Pterotricha Kulczyński, 1903 — Africa, Asia, Europe
 * Pterotrichina Dalmas, 1921 — Algeria
 * Rastellus Platnick & Griffin, 1990
 * Sanitubius Kamura, 2001 — China, Korea, Japan
 * Scopoides Platnick, 1989 — North America, Asia
 * Scotocesonia Caporiacco, 1947 — Guyana
 * Scotognapha Dalmas, 1920 — Canary Islands
 * Scotophaeus Simon, 1893 — Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, New Zealand
 * Sergiolus Simon, 1892 — North America, Caribbean, Asia
 * Sernokorba Kamura, 1992 — Asia, Europe
 * Setaphis Simon, 1893 — Spain, Africa, Asia
 * Shaitan Kovblyuk, Kastrygina & Marusik, 2013
 * Shiragaia Paik, 1992 — Korea
 * Sidydrassus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2002 — Asia
 * Smionia Dalmas, 1920 — South Africa
 * Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020 — China
 * Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 — North America, Asia
 * Symphanodes Rainbow, 1916 — Australia
 * Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 — Asia, Africa, North America, Greece
 * Talanites Simon, 1893 — Asia, North America, Ukraine
 * Talanitoides Levy, 2009 — Israel
 * Titus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 — Zimbabwe
 * Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, South America, Samoa
 * Trephopoda Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
 * Trichothyse Tucker, 1923 — South Africa, Namibia
 * Turkozelotes Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 — Greece, Asia
 * Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 — Zambia, Europe, Asia
 * Verita Ramírez & Grismado, 2016 — Argentina
 * Wesmaldra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia
 * Wydundra Platnick & Baehr, 2006 — Australia, Malaysia
 * Xerophaeus Purcell, 1907 — Africa, Yemen
 * Xizangiana Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004 — China
 * Yoruba Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020 — Nigeria, Ivory Coast
 * Zagrotes Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 — Iran
 * Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 — New Zealand
 * Zelominor Snazell & Murphy, 1997 — Portugal, Spain, Algeria
 * Zelotes Gistel, 1848 — Asia, North America, Europe, Africa, South America, Australia, Caribbean
 * Zelotibia Russell-Smith & Murphy, 2005 — Africa
 * Zelowan Murphy & Russell-Smith, 2010 — Congo, Burundi, Namibia
 * Zimiromus Banks, 1914 — Central America, South America, Caribbean, Mexico

title: Ground spider


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King Mob

King Mob was an English radical group based in London during the late 1960s/early 1970s.

It was a cultural mutation of the Situationists and the anarchist group UAW/MF. It sought to emphasise the cultural anarchy and disorder being ignored in Britain, with the ultimate aim of promoting proletarian revolution. It derived its name from Christopher Hibbert's 1958 book on the Gordon Riots of June 1780, in which rioters daubed the slogan "His Majesty King Mob" on the walls of Newgate Prison, after gutting the building.

Actions
King Mob appreciated pop culture and distributed its ideas through various posters and through its publication King Mob Echo, which provoked reaction by celebrating killers like Jack the Ripper, Mary Bell and John Christie. One flyer in particular celebrated Valerie Solanas' 1968 shooting of Andy Warhol and included a hit-list of Yoko Ono, Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Richard Hamilton, Mario Amaya (who was also shot by Solanas), David Hockney, Mary Quant, Twiggy, Marianne Faithfull and the IT editor Barry Miles.

The King Mob group allegedly planned a series of audacious actions, including blowing up a waterfall in the Lake District, painting the poet Wordsworth's house with the words "Coleridge Lives", and hanging peacocks in Holland Park, London. However, none of the aforementioned plans were executed. An action that was carried out, inspired by the New York-based Black Mask's "mill-in at Macy's", involved King Mob appearing at the Selfridges store in London, with one member, dressed as Father Christmas, attempting to distribute all of the store's toys to children. Police subsequently forced the children to return the toys. This action involved Malcolm McLaren who reputedly applied the group's situationist ideas in the promotion of the Sex Pistols.

Graffiti
Graffiti attributed to King Mob was observed in many places, particularly in the Notting Hill area, including, "I don't believe in nothing - I feel like they ought to burn down the world - just let it burn down baby."

The most celebrated graffiti attributed to King Mob was the slogan which was painted along a half-mile section of the wall beside the tube (railway) commuter route into London between Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park tube stations in west London:

 * "Same thing day after day – tube – work – dinner – work – tube – armchair – TV – sleep – tube – work – how much more can you take? – one in ten go mad – one in five cracks up."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: King Mob


text:
User talk:Airwolf (usurped)

Hello Airwolf, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Noldoaran 20:18, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

Request for Usurpation
Hello, Airwolf. A request has been made at Changing username/Usurpations to usurp, or "take over", your username because you have not used it to edit, and another user would like to use it to edit. Changing username/Usurpations says that any unused username may be usurped if the user is given seven days notice to object and does not do so.

If you have an email set in your preferences, you should be getting an email from a bureaucrat or changing username clerk explaining how to consent or object to this process.

If you do not object to being renamed to a new username in order for another user to utilize the name you currently have, please log in and post a reply here saying so (you may also tell us what username you would like to be renamed to, or we will provide you with a generic one).

If you do nothing : the request will be filled after seven days, and your account will be moved to a generic username. You may request that it be moved to a new username of your choice at any time.

If you object to being renamed : please log in and make an edit. You may make an edit here saying "No", you may make an edit to blank this page, or any other edit you like; making any edit at all prevents your username from being usurped, because users with edits cannot have their usernames usurped.

Please note that even if your current username is usurped, you can still edit and your data will not be lost; your preferences, watchlist, and other user settings will be transferred to a new username.

Thank you for your time. Sir Wolf (talk) 14:57, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Airwolf (usurped)


text:
User talk:Airborne~enwiki

Hello Airborne, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Noldoaran 20:18, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Airborne. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Airborne~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:43, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:15, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Airborne~enwiki


text:
Wine cooler

A wine cooler is an alcoholic beverage made from wine and fruit juice, often in combination with a carbonated beverage and sugar.

History
In Germany, wine coolers became popular in 2004, when the German government imposed an extra duty on alcopops (pre-mixed spirits) of 0.80 to 0.90 euro per bottle, effective 1 August 2004. To circumvent higher taxation, some German producers have switched to wine coolers, which are being marketed in the same way as alcopops.

Homemade
Wine (15-17% ABV) contains 2.4-2.7 times more water than 40% distilled spirit. Since wine contains approximately 85% water, it can be mixed with concentrates like a drink mixer, fruit syrup, or squash concentrate. Typically includes 3–7% fruit juice is added to the wine to dilute the ABV, and this solution can be carbonated with a soda machine to make alcopop, after which soft drink syrup is added, which lowers the ABV further.

Commercially-made
Traditionally home-made, wine coolers have been bottled and sold by commercial distributors since the early 1980s, especially in areas where their alcohol content, lower than wine, causes them to come under less restrictive laws than table wines.

Because most of the flavor in the wine is obscured by the fruit and sugar, the wine used in wine coolers tends to be of the cheapest available grade. Since January 1991, when the United States Congress quintupled the excise tax on wine, most producers of wine coolers dropped wine from the mix, substituting it with cheaper malt liquor. These malt-based coolers, while sometimes referred to as "wine coolers", are in a different category of beverage—sometimes called "malt beverage", "malternative", or just "cooler". Bartles & Jaymes refers to its malt beverage as a "flavored malt cooler".

title: Wine cooler


text:
User talk:Tbutzon

Speech recognition
Hi Tbutzon. Your latest edit to the opening paragraph on this article is very welcome. I'm sure similar improvements could be made to the whole of the article. But the statement that ASR "...converts spoken words to text" is not strictly true. I agree in most applications it will, but a visual representation of the output from ASR, including standard graphemes, may or may not be produced, even when the recognition is successful. That’s a system design/ HMI question. But I'm not sure how to improve on your phrasing. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:36, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tbutzon


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The Oval

The Oval, currently named for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, located in the borough of Lambeth, in south London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since it was opened in 1845. It was the first ground in England to host international Test cricket in September 1880. The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there.

In addition to cricket, The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events. In 1870, it staged the first representative football match between England and Scotland, although this is not deemed to be an official international by FIFA. It hosted the first FA Cup final in 1872, as well as those between 1874 and 1892. In 1876, it held both the England v. Wales and England v. Scotland rugby international matches and, in 1877, rugby's first varsity match. It also hosted the finals of the 2004 & 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and the 2023 ICC World Test Championship Final.

History
The Oval is built on part of the former Kennington Common. Cricket matches were played on the common throughout the early 18th century. The earliest recorded match was the London v Dartford match in June 1724. However, as the common was also used regularly for public executions of those convicted at the Surrey Assizes (it was the south London equivalent of Tyburn), cricket matches had moved away to the Artillery Ground by the 1740s. Kennington Common was eventually enclosed in the mid-19th century under a scheme sponsored by the royal family.

In 1844, the site of the Kennington Oval was a cabbage patch and market garden owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. The Duchy was willing to lease the land for the purpose of a cricket ground, and on 10 March 1845 the first lease, which the club later assumed, was issued to Mr. William Houghton (then president of the progenitor Montpelier Cricket Club) by the Otter Trustees who held the land from the Duchy "to convert it into a subscription cricket ground", for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum plus taxes amounting to £20. The original contract for turfing The Oval cost £300; the 10,000 grass turfs came from Tooting Common and were laid in the spring of 1845 allowing for the first cricket match to be played in May 1845. Hence, Surrey County Cricket Club (SCCC) was established in 1845.

The popularity of the ground was immediate and the strength of the SCCC grew. On 3 May 1875 the club acquired the remainder of the leasehold for a further term of 31 years from the Otter Trustees for the sum of £2,800.

In 1868, 20,000 spectators gathered at The Oval for the first game of the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England, the first tour of England by any foreign side. Thanks to C.W. Alcock, the Secretary of Surrey from 1872 to 1907, the first Test match in England was played at The Oval in 1880 between England and Australia. The Oval, thereby, became the second ground to stage a Test, after Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). In 1882, Australia won the Test by seven runs within two days. The Sporting Times printed a mocking obituary notice for English cricket, which led to the creation of the Ashes trophy, which is still contested whenever England plays Australia. The first Test double century was scored at The Oval in 1884 by Australia's Billy Murdoch.

Surrey's ground is noted as having the first artificial lighting at a sports arena, in the form of gas-lamps, dating to 1889. The current pavilion was completed in time for the 1898 season.

In 1907, South Africa became the second visiting Test team to play a Test match at the ground. In 1928, the West Indies played its first Test match at The Oval, followed by New Zealand in 1931. In 1936, India became the fifth foreign visiting Test side to play at The Oval, followed by Pakistan in 1954 and Sri Lanka in 1998. Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Ireland have yet to play a Test match at The Oval.

The Oval is referenced by the poet Philip Larkin in his poem about the First World War, "MCMXIV". During World War II, The Oval was requisitioned, initially housing anti-aircraft searchlights. It was then turned into a prisoner-of-war camp, intended to hold enemy parachutists. However, as they never came, The Oval was never actually used for this purpose.

The first One Day International match at this venue was played on 7 September 1973 between England and West Indies. It hosted matches of the 1975, 1979, 1983, and 1999 World Cups. It also hosted five of the fifteen matches in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, including the final. The Oval once held the record for the largest playing area of any Test venue in the world. That record has since been surpassed by Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan, although The Oval remains the largest in Great Britain.

Billionaire Paul Getty, who had a great affinity for cricket and was at one time SCCC President, built a replica of The Oval on his Wormsley Park estate.

The famous gasholders just outside the ground were built around 1853. With the gasholders long disused, there was much speculation as to whether they should be demolished; however, many believe they are an integral part of The Oval's urban landscape and, therefore, their future looks secure. In 2016 the main gasholder was given official protected status as a historically important industrial structure.

On 20 August 2006, The Oval saw the first time a team forfeited a Test match. Pakistan were upset after umpires Darrell Hair and Billy Doctrove awarded five penalty runs to the opposition and changed the ball after ruling that the team had tampered with it on the fourth day of the final Test against England. Pakistan debated the matter during the tea break and then refused to come out for the final session in protest. By the time they relented and decided to resume, the umpires had already called time on the match and awarded the game to England by default.

The Oval hosted its hundredth Test, against South Africa, on 27 July 2017, becoming the fourth Test venue in the world after Lord's, MCG and SCG to do so. Moeen Ali also became the first player to ever take a Test hat-trick at The Oval, bowling out South Africa in the second innings to win the match.

In Tests, the highest team score at The Oval is 903/7 declared by England against Australia on 20 August 1938. The leading run scorers are Len Hutton (1,521 runs), Alastair Cook (1,217 runs) and Graham Gooch (1,097 runs). The leading wicket takers are Ian Botham (52 wickets), Derek Underwood (45 wickets) and James Anderson (44 wickets).

In ODIs, the highest team score at The Oval is 398/5 by New Zealand against England on 12 June 2015. The leading ODI run scorers are Eoin Morgan (630 runs), Marcus Trescothick (528 runs) and Joe Root (480 runs). The leading ODI wicket takers are James Anderson (30 wickets) and Darren Gough (13 wickets).

In 2021, the Oval Invincibles were formed as a team in the newly-launched The Hundred competition. The initial games in both the men's and women's competition were played on the ground.

End names
The north-western end of The Oval is traditionally known as the Vauxhall End, as it is nearer to the district of Vauxhall and its railway station. The opposite end (south-east) is known as the Pavilion End as it is the location of the Members' Pavilion.

21st-century redevelopment
At the end of the 2002 cricket season, Surrey started redeveloping the Vauxhall End. The development included demolishing the outdated Surridge, Fender, Jardine, and Peter May north stands, and creating in their place a single four-tier grandstand. From completion until 2020 it was known as the OCS stand, as it was sponsored by Outsourced Client Solutions International Facilities Management Services. As of the start of the 2021 season it is now known as the JM Finn stand because of a sponsorship deal with JM Finn  This work was completed in May 2005 and increased ground capacity to around 23,000.

In January 2007, Surrey CCC, announced plans to increase capacity by a further 2,000 seats, this time by redeveloping the Pavilion End. The Lock, Laker, and Peter May south stands were to be replaced by a new stand, which would have a hotel backing on to it. The Surrey Tavern at the entrance to the ground would be demolished, and a new pedestrian plaza would be created in its place, improving access to the ground and opening up views of the historic pavilion. These plans were delayed by objections raised by the Health & Safety Executive as the ground is close to a gasometer. Planning permission was eventually granted, but not before the credit crunch struck, as a result of which this development did not proceed.

In 2009, four masts of semi-permanent telescopic floodlights costing £3.7m were installed for use in late-day through evening matches. The floodlights were especially designed to comply with strict residential planning regulations to lessen their visual impact and any light overspill to residents, as well as to improve the game experience within the ground by reducing excess glare that can affect players, umpires, broadcasters and spectators. Precision reflector systems were fitted for tight beam control to decrease overspill and direct light only where needed. Each mast was made extendable to a maximum height of 47.6 m and, when not in use, retractable to 30 m. At the end of each season, all four masts can be removed and stored away.

After the 2013 season, a new project was started to add 'wings' to either side of the OCS Stand at the Vauxhall End of the ground. The development was finished in time for the start of the 2014 season. Each 'wing' added 500 seats, increasing the capacity from 23,500 to 24,500.

In September 2015, the Peter May and Tony Lock stands were demolished, to be replaced by a single new and much larger stand named after Peter May. May led Surrey to their sixth and seventh consecutive County Championships in 1957 and 1958 and also captained England from 1955 to 1961, winning the Ashes in 1956. Construction of the new stand, which cost around £10m, began in September 2015. It officially opened on 15 May 2016, increasing the capacity of the ground by 1,300 seats to 25,300.

Following the demolition of the Tony Lock stand, the club renamed the Laker Stand as the Lock/Laker Stand, continuing to honour the contribution made by the spin partnership of Tony Lock and Jim Laker, who collectively took 3,108 wickets for the club.

The Lock/Laker stand was itself demolished in September 2019, and work began on the construction of a new development in its place, initially named "One Oval Square". The new structure will include a three-tier stand that will increase the ground's total capacity to almost 28,000, as well as providing state-of-the-art facilities for the Club's hospitality, conference and events businesses, and provide improved facilities for Members. The new stand is due to be completed in mid 2021. The project is part of a planned £50m long-term redevelopment of the ground by Surrey County Cricket Club which will see The Oval transformed into the largest cricket stadium in the western hemisphere, with a capacity of 40,000.

Floodlights were added in the shape of an O for oval on one side of the ground to emulate the e-shaped floodlights at Edgbaston.

Football
The Oval was also an important site in the historical development of football in England. Football had been played in this part of London for many years prior to the inauguration of The Oval: "The Gymnastic Society", arguably the world's first organised football club, met regularly at nearby Kennington Common during the second half of the eighteenth century to play the game.

Between 1950 and 1963, amateur club Corinthian Casuals played their home matches at The Oval, with the pitch at the Vauxhall End.

First international football match
The Oval was the venue for the first representative football match in the world on 5 March 1870, England against Scotland, organised by The Football Association. The game resulted in a 1–1 draw, but is not recognised by FIFA as the first official international match because the Scotland team was selected only from London-based Scottish players. Similar representative international matches between England and Scotland took place at The Oval until February 1872.

On 8 March 1873, the England national team beat Scotland 4–2 in the first officially recognised international match to be played in England. England continued to play occasionally at The Oval until 1889.

First FA Cup final
The Oval was the site of the first FA Cup final, and also both semi-final matches. On 16 March 1872, The Wanderers beat the Royal Engineers 1–0 to win the first FA Cup. This final was notable for the Engineers' then innovative footballing style of teamwork rather than individual play. C. W. Alcock, Secretary of The Football Association, was the prime mover in the creation of the competition. He had also just become Secretary of Surrey CCC, so The Oval was the natural choice of venue for the final. Alcock was also captain of the successful Wanderers side. Apart from 1873, The Oval hosted all subsequent FA Cup finals until 1892.

Rugby
Between 1872 and 1879, The Oval held seven full cap international rugby union matches. The final of the United Hospitals Challenge Cup, the oldest rugby union cup competition in the world, was also first held at The Oval on Wednesday 3 March 1875.

Hockey
From 1935 to 1949 England women's international hockey matches were played at The Oval. One of these matches, in 1938, was the first match in any team sport to be televised by the BBC, as a trial for broadcasting the Oval Test later that year.

Baseball
On 12 March 1889, the Oval hosted an exhibition baseball game between the Chicago Whitestockings and an "All-American" team as part of Albert Spalding's 1888-1889 baseball world tour. The Oval was reported to have been full, and the match was attended by the Prince of Wales who greeted the players following the game.

Conferences and events
As well as being an international sporting venue, The Oval has a conference and events business. The Corinthian Roof Terrace built on the OCS Stand in 2013 features panoramic views of the London skyline.

Other events
The ground has also hosted other sporting events and also music concerts.

On 18 September 1971, a day-long rock concert was held at The Oval to raise funds for famine relief in war-torn Bangladesh. Featuring The Faces and headlined by The Who, a crowd of over 40,000 people attended, with the stage sited at the Vauxhall End. The following year, two more successful concerts were held; the first featuring Frank Zappa and Hawkwind, the second featuring Emerson, Lake and Palmer and Genesis.

The Oval has hosted exhibition matches for Australian rules football. The first such match was held between and a team of All-Stars in 1972. In 1987, the Oval hosted what became known as the Battle of Britain between Carlton and North Melbourne, which included numerous fights and future multiple AFL Premiership coach Alastair Clarkson, at the time only a teenager, breaking Ian Aitken's jaw. In 2005, a record crowd for Australian rules football in England (18,884) saw Fremantle defeat the West Coast Eagles in the Western Derby (thus far, the only edition of the fixture to not be played in Perth). In 2012, approximately 10,000 attended a post-season exhibition match between Port Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs, which Port Adelaide won by 1 point.

In 2011, ahead of an NFL International Series game at Wembley Stadium, the Chicago Bears used The Oval as a practice facility.

Oval gasometer and gasworks
A tall Victorian gasometer, sited less than 50 metres beyond the north-eastern stadium wall, has been a dominating feature of the view from the ground since the mid 1800s. A movement to preserve iconic gasometers across the UK as important and historic monuments of Britain's industrial heritage has emerged in recent years, with the one visible from The Oval often cited as a particularly notable example. The skeletal but decorative wrought iron structure is a landmark in the area and has become an intrinsic part of The Oval's history and urban allure. The cricket commentator Henry Blofeld once said in a broadcast, "As the bowler runs in, it's so quiet you can hear the creak of the gasometer."

Although long unused as a gas holder, the aging structure was only officially decommissioned in 2014, with plans to demolish it being announced in 2013. Blofeld stated: "In comparison, pulling down the Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham Palace would be child's play.". After local public protest at the proposed demolition, in March 2016 the structure was given Grade II listed status to protect its future.

title: The Oval


text:
Guildhall, London

Guildhall is a municipal building in the Moorgate area of the City of London, England. It is off Gresham and Basinghall streets, in the wards of Bassishaw and Cheap. The current building dates from the 15th century; however documentary evidence suggests that a guildhall had existed at the site since at least the early 12th century. The building has been used as a town hall for several hundred years, and is still the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London and its Corporation. It should not be confused with London's City Hall, the administrative centre for Greater London. The term "Guildhall" refers both to the whole building and to its main room, which is a medieval great hall. It is a Grade I-listed building.

Roman, Saxon and Medieval
During the Roman period, the Guildhall was the site of the London Roman Amphitheatre, rediscovered as recently as 1988. It was the largest in Britannia, partial remains of which are on public display in the basement of the Guildhall Art Gallery, and the outline of whose arena is marked with a black circle on the paving of the courtyard in front of the hall. Indeed, the siting of the Saxon Guildhall here was probably due to the amphitheatre's remains. Excavations by Museum of London Archaeology at the entrance to Guildhall Yard exposed remains of the great 13th-century gatehouse built directly over the southern entrance to the Roman amphitheatre, which raises the possibility that enough of the Roman structure survived to influence the siting not only of the gatehouse and Guildhall itself but also of the church of St Lawrence Jewry whose strange alignment may shadow the elliptical form of the amphitheatre beneath.

The first documentary reference to a London Guildhall is dated 1127 or 1128; archaeologists have also discovered foundations dating to around that time. Legend describes the Guildhall site as being the location of the palace of Brutus of Troy, who according to Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) is said to have founded a city on the banks of the River Thames, known as Troia Nova, or New Troy.

The great hall is believed to be on a site of an earlier guildhall (one possible derivation for the word "guildhall" is the Anglo-Saxon "gild", meaning payment, with a "gild-hall" being where citizens would pay their taxes). Possible evidence for this derivation may be in a reference to John Parker, the sergeant of "Camera Guyhalde", London, in 1396.

Current building
Construction began on the current building in 1411 and was completed in 1440 under the supervision of John Croxton.

The Great Hall did not completely escape damage in the Great Fire of London in 1666; it was partially restored (with a flat roof) in 1670. The present grand entrance (the east wing of the south front), in "Hindoostani Gothic", was added in 1788 by George Dance. A more extensive restoration than that in 1670 was completed in 1866 by the City of London architect Sir Horace Jones, who added a new timber roof in close keeping with the original hammerbeam ceiling. This replacement was destroyed during the Second Great Fire of London on the night of 29/30 December 1940, the result of a Luftwaffe fire-raid. It was replaced in 1954 during works designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, though the original hammerbeam design was not retained. The large, seated sculpture of Winston Churchill by Oscar Nemon, which was cast by H.H. Martyn & Co., was unveiled by Churchill in 1955.

Trials at the Guildhall have included those of Anne Askew (the Protestant martyr), Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury) and Lady Jane Grey ("the Nine Days' Queen") as well as Henry Garnet (executed for his complicity in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605).

The 1783 hearing of the infamous Zong case, the outcome of which focused public outrage about the transatlantic slave trade, also took place at Guildhall. On 16 November 1848, the pianist Frédéric Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform there. The marathon route of the 2012 Summer Olympics passed through Guildhall Yard.

Present use
Guildhall continues to serve as the headquarters for the City of London Corporation, with most of its offices housed in modern extensions to the north and west of the original building. The North Wing was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott and was built between 1955 and 1958, facing a new public square between Aldermanbury and Basinghall Street.

The West Wing was designed by Richard Gilbert Scott and built between 1970 and 1975 to a modernist style. The West Wing is separately listed as a grade II listed building. The older part of Guildhall and the adjacent historic interiors are still used for official functions, and it is open to the public during the annual London Open House weekend. Guildhall Art Gallery was added to the complex in the 1990s. Guildhall Library, a public reference library with specialist collections on London, which include material from the 11th century onwards, is also housed in the complex.

Gog and Magog
Two giants, Gog and Magog, are associated with Guildhall. Legend has it that the two giants were defeated by Brutus and chained to the gates of his palace on the site of Guildhall. Early carvings of Gog and Magog were destroyed in Guildhall during the Great Fire of London. They were replaced in 1708 by a large pair of wooden statues carved by Captain Richard Saunders. These giants, on whom the current versions are based, lasted for more than two hundred years before they were destroyed in the Blitz. They, in turn, were replaced by a new pair carved by David Evans in 1953 and given to the City of London by Alderman Sir George Wilkinson, who had been Lord Mayor in 1940 at the time of the destruction of the previous versions.

Functions
Guildhall hosts many events throughout the year, the most notable one being the Lord Mayor's Banquet, which is held in honour of the immediate-past Lord Mayor and is the first to be hosted by the new Lord Mayor of the City of London. In keeping with tradition, it is at this banquet that the Prime Minister makes a major world affairs speech. One of the last acts of the outgoing Lord Mayor is to present prizes at the City of London School prize day at Guildhall. Other events include those of various law firms and award evenings for the Wine and Spirit Education Trust (WSET). The Worshipful Company of Carmen holds its cart-marking ceremony in the courtyard each July.

In 1992 during the Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a lunch was held at Guildhall to mark the 40th year of The Queen's reign. Her Majesty made her famous 'annus horribilis' speech after the 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the separation of two of her children.

Guildhall Bar
The members' bar in the Guildhall is a highly subsidised facility for members of the Court of Common Council and the Court of Aldermen. However, access to the facilities is a privilege for life, even after an individual ceases to be a member of either of these courts. Members can also entertain guests there. It is substantially cheaper than any other bar in the City of London, as it is subsidised from the City's Cash, a sovereign wealth fund.

title: Guildhall, London


text:
Pub crawl

A pub crawl (sometimes called a bar tour, bar crawl or bar-hopping) is the act of visiting multiple pubs or bars in a single session.

Background

Many European cities have public pub crawls that serve as social gatherings for local expatriates and tourists.

In the UK, pub crawls are generally spontaneous nights out in which the participants arrange to meet somewhere and decide over drinks where to drink next. Structured routes with regular stops are rare. Most drinking sessions based around a special occasion such as a birthday or a leaving celebration will involve a pub crawl, often with the group splitting up but agreeing on meeting at the next location. It is a common sight in UK towns to see several groups orbiting the various drinking locations with little apparent coherence or structure.

In the north of Spain, around the Basque Country, the tradition for groups of male friends crawling pubs and drinking a short glass of wine at each pub, and often singing traditional songs, is known as txikiteo or chiquiteo, and can be held at night or day. By the end of the 20th century, it was extended also to women, and when it involves a wider variety of drinks, it is more often called poteo.

United Kingdom
In Glasgow, the Subcrawl is a pub crawl carried out using the circular Glasgow Subway line in the city. It involves having a drink at the nearest pub to each of the 15 stops on the line.

In Leeds, the Otley Run is seen as a rite of passage for students.

In London, the Monopoly board pub crawl is based around having a drink at a pub in each of the places on a British Monopoly board, set in London. Thousands of New Zealanders take part in the annual Waitangi Day pub crawl, which takes place around the Circle Line on the London Underground. Starting at Paddington they work anti-clockwise around the line, ending at Westminster for a haka (traditional New Zealand challenge/dance). While numbers vary depending on the weather, in 2008 there were reported to be around 12,000 people involved. First started by the historian Al Richardson in the 1960s, the Karl Marx pub crawl is based around various pubs the communist philosopher is reputed to have drunk at in and around Soho.

In York, there is an annual charity event known as the Assize of Ale. It is based on the medieval Assize of Bread and Ale and led by the Guild of Scriveners and Sheriff and of the City.

The 2013 film The World's End starring Simon Pegg and Nick Frost is plotted around a group of friends embarking on a pub crawl in their home town.

Australia
In Adelaide, a pub crawl is run annually by The Adelaide University Engineering Society (AUES). The event attracts students from all over South Australia to as many as 34 local pubs and clubs. In 2015 the event had 6,000 participants while 2014 and 2013 both had 5,000 participants.

In Brisbane, the Mining and Metallurgy Association (MAMA) at the University of Queensland have been awarded the Brisbane City Council (BCC) and University of Queensland Union (UQU) Award for Social Activities of the Year due to their well-known Pub Crawl.

A pub crawl held annually in Maryborough, Queensland, Australia, attracted 4,718 participants on 14 June 2009. Since the early 1990s disability advocate Des Ryan OAM has organised an annual Accessible Pub Crawl in Rockhampton during which groups of up to 40 people travel by bus from venue to venue. After visiting each pub questionnaires are filled out rating positives and negatives in terms of accessibility and information is later given to hotel management and shared in the media.

Ireland
A pub crawl in December is called the "12 pubs of Christmas" in which participants try to drink one drink in 12 pubs while wearing Christmas clothes.

Japan
In Japan, pub crawls are called hashigozake (はしご酒, literally "Ladder Alcohol") and are a part of the night-life. Events of organized pub crawls are also common in the country.

Belgium
The city of Antwerp has a tradition called "elfkroegentocht" or "eleven bars walk" where a company, often friends or work relatives, will celebrate by walking from one bar to the next and have a "bolleke" of De Koninck beer at each. The figure of "11" may refer to carnival festivities.

Finland
In Finland, Pub Crawls are a common student event, usually by the name of Appro. The best known Appro events attract students from all over the country: Hämeenkadun Appro in Tampere has roughly 10,000 participants every year, Kauppakadun Appro in Jyväskylä has c. 8000.

Often the participants of the event receive a jacket patch, which is then sewn onto the student boilersuits worn by many in the Appro events. Normally, the colour of the patch depends on how many drinks one has had during the pub crawl; for example, in Kauppakadun Appro, getting the golden patch requires 17 drinks from women and 19 drinks from men.

New Zealand
The annual Talk Like a Pirate Day pubcrawl is run in New Plymouth every year. It started in 2005 with only three pirates and over the years has grown to hundreds.

United States
The Running A Tab Pub Run takes place monthly in San Antonio, Texas, and is hosted by WeRunSanAntonio. The original Running A Tab Pub Run covered 5 miles in downtown San Antonio. The starting point was the historic Sunset Station and finished at the Blue Star Brewery and Art Complex. The event is held in conjunction with San Antonio's First Friday Art Walk. In 2009 the route was modified to accommodate the more than 500 participants every month. Running A Tab now consists of a 3-mile downtown loop and 5 bars/restaurants. A theme is selected every month and participants dress in costume in accordance with the theme. The event is free and open to the public.

In Charlotte, North Carolina, there is a yearly pub crawl on the Saturday nearest to Saint Patrick's Day sponsored by Rich and Bennett. According to the Rich and Bennett website it is billed as the World's Largest Pub Crawl with over 20,000 participants all wearing the event t-shirts. In 2020 it was postponed due to the coronavirus Pandemic. It was rescheduled for 27 June.

An annual Saint Patrick's Day bar crawl, LepreCon, takes place in Hoboken, New Jersey. The 2016 event, held in the evening 5–6 March, degenerated into a violent brawl. Fifteen people were arrested and 35 hospitalized, including two police officers. The officers were injured when one of the participants was seeking to flee the scene. Hoboken police responded to 432 calls from service during the event and issued 54 tickets, mostly for public drinking. The 2015 event resulted in 93 summonses and 11 arrests. The 2016 LepreCont cost the City of Hoboken $110,000 in police overtime. Two hundred officers were deployed for the event. Hoboken's police chief, Ken Ferrante, said he was "disturbed by the repeated behavior that is occurring on these types of themed events," and said he "will not tolerate having any of our officers injured, for the purposes of a few to make a financial profit at the expense of our residents."

In Louisville, Kentucky, the "Bambi Walk" has been underway since the 1980s.

In Minneapolis, Minnesota, a zombie-themed pub crawl commenced in 2005 and had grown to over 30,000 participants in 2012.

At Epcot in Walt Disney World, guests often do a form of bar crawl known as Drink Around the World, where visitors attempt to drink at all eleven countries of World Showcase.

Santa-themed pub crawls

The SantaCon pub crawl originated in San Francisco in 1994 and has since spread to 300 cities in 44 countries, including New York City. London, Vancouver, Belfast and Moscow. The New York SantaCon is the largest, with an estimated 30,000 people participating in 2012. Other events were much smaller and more subdued, with 30 participating in Spokane, Washington.

In New York City, where it has taken place since 1997, it has come under widespread criticism for rowdiness by participants, with drunken behavior that has disrupted parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn, and led to calls for the event to be ended and for participant misbehavior to be curbed. Former Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly said that despite "some rowdy actions by a small handful of people in the past," SantaCon was "an event that we support. It's what makes New York New York." During the New York City SantaCon in 2012, participants "left a trail of trouble" through Hell's Kitchen, Midtown Manhattan, the East Village and Williamsburg. Residents complained revelers vomited and urinated in the street and fought with each other.

In London, the London Santa Pub Crawl has been held each December since 2004. The event sees participants dress up as Santa Claus, and visit a selection of London pubs along a pre-planned route. From just 25 participants in its first year, the event now sees more than 300 Santas take to the streets to enjoy the festivities. Participants are asked to donate to support the event's nominated charity, and more than £5,000 has been raised over the years for the British Red Cross and St Christopher's Hospice. The 2014 London Santa Pub Crawl took place on Saturday 13 December 2014.

In Brisbane, Australia, the Christmas Pub Crawl runs each year on the first Saturday following the end of the school year in December. This event has been running annually since 1982 and is now "the world's longest running pub crawl". Santa-themed pub crawls also take place each December in the towns of Wollongong and Grafton, with proceeds donated to charity. In 2015 local police announced cancellation of the Grafton event, but were opposed by the mayor.

title: Pub crawl


text:
User talk:Emyth

Hello Emyth, a very warm welcome to Wikipedia! If you need editing help, visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. You can sign posts on talk pages by entering four tildes. If you have any other questions about the project, check out Help, add a question to the Village pump, or leave a message on my Talk page. Enjoy, -- Viajero 20:36, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

NPOV Dispute Notice Placement
Hello Cvaneg... Regarding the placement of the NPOV Dispute Notice at the bottom of the Ramakrishna Paramahamsa article, did you read the talk? I explained that I placed it at the bottom because when it was at the top it had be removed by User:Ramashray (who is very definsive of his (her?) article.) I am trying to engage in a careful working through of these issues with a very partisan person. Comments and additions by two other wikipedians have bolstered my case, and Ramashray has participated in the addition of information about the disputes regarding Ramakrishna. We have a teaching moment here...but it's explosive (c.f. the wildly negative and defamatory comments by Ramakrishnan partisans about Jeffrey Kripal and Wendy Doniger...)

I have searched the Wikipedia for some indication of a required placement for the notice, but do not find it. If it is all the same to you, I would prefer to put it back where I had it... Unless, of course, I've overlooked the set, agreed upon convention, in which case I'd appreciate your pointing me to the chapter & verse. Thanks, Emyth 00:50, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you are correct, there does not seem to be a set policy for placement of NPOV dispute tags. That having been said, the general convention seems to be putting them on top, or if there is a specifically disputed section, to mark that section with the {NPOV-section} tag.  My general opinion is that they should be put on top for reasons of clarity.  If an article is having an NPOV dispute, then it should be clear to all the readers.  If it is at the bottom, than the reader may miss it and have an erroneous asumption on the quality of the article.  Regarding the specific article, I have no particular knowledge of the subject, rather I was going through pages with NPOV disputes and trying to fix them up. --CVaneg 16:32, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

God
Unless he provides evidence to the contrary, his addition to God was original research and, as such, isn't allowed on Wikipedia. Also, you don't have to post your reply on my talk page, just his. -- brian0918 ™  16:57, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Good research! Will come back to you on this over the weekend

Kevin Baas

 * Well if the theologians don't know latin, then they shouldn't use latin words. Kevin Baastalk 15:49, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

(copied from my talk page)

Whoa, now, calm down Kevin Baas... Latin? Who's using Latin? Every word I wrote is good English. Perhaps some have Latin roots, but it is English. It is a linguistic fact that loan words from Latin may develope and take additional, even different meanings once they are accepted into English. It is sophmoric to restrict English usage based on Latin lexicology. Etymologies, while fascinating, instructive, interesting and informative, are NOT the answer... The Meaning of Life, the Universe and all that is not so simple.

 * It is important that the interpretations of theological statements do not become distorted by historical shifts, such as changes in etymology regarding "omni-" or "virgin". that is the point that i was trying to make.  the point is that the original meaning of these things are what is in question, and it is important to preserve them so that a person or a gropu of people (such as an institution or an establishment) cannot change an argument, premise, or assertion that has been shown to be flawed to avoid acknowledging that flaw. Kevin Baastalk 18:20, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

Your "allusion" calling God a "pimp" doesn't work if you have to write a paragraph of jargon and two-bit words to explain it... No one will know what you are talking about and merely dismiss you as a bore (if they don't revert your work and go on to ban you...) That sort of provocation does not produce thoughtful work on the Wikipedia. I was merely asking you in good faith if that was really what you wanted to do. But you go on and continue in that vein, making apparent your POV.

 * I am not discussing my POV. I am making a point that avoiding topic areas because they are stigmatized or taboo, is an obstacle to critical thinking and getting at the truth of the matter. The taboo-ness or lack of taboo-ness regarding a pattern of sexual behavior does not affect the antropological probabilities, and so neither should it affect the references to such possibilities in a discussion. So, neither, does the degree to which a particular interpretation of a word such as "omni-" supports or does not support a given argument, affect the validity of that interpretation. Kevin Baastalk 18:21, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

No, I don't know that Mary the mother of Jesus of Nazareth was a "slut"... I do know that that is one of many divergent theories about her and I recognize  your explanation of "Virgin" as just one of the trendy and popular fads going around about Mary  - and it doesn't particularly bother me. Scholars know that there is something odd about Jesus' birth/parentage and so your calling him a "bastard" doesn't upset me either. Do you know the theories about Mary being raped by a Roman soldier? That's a real old one... But it's neither here nor there as far as the God article goes. There could be an appropriate spot to go into that stuff...could be interesting...But it's really tangential our discussion.

 * Actually, the most trendy and popular fad is also the wildest theory: immaculate conception. I won't call scholarly research "fad" insofar as it is scholarly research; records and historical evidence are not ephemereal.

I really thought that you might have had some good ideas that would be useful in the God article: See how I interpreted your thought in neo-classical, process theological terms...  However, you have shown that you have an ax to grind against traditional Christianity. I am not a Christian myself, and am interested in the God article from a post-Christian perspective. Your particularizing of God to merely a Christian concept does not interest me and seems to be derailing the discussion. Please reconsider the direction in which this seems to be going. All the best, Emyth 17:06, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that you are reading too much of your own suspicions into what I say, and I do not appreciate being a straw man and a victim of bad faith. Kevin Baastalk 18:21, 2005 Apr 19 (UTC)

You really didn't have to put this all here, I've read it all on your talk page already. Since you don't seriously address the points I've brought up. Since you are determined to make this nasty. Since you are dodging taking responsibility for your POV. Since you do not recognize scholarly citations, nor give any for your assertions. Why should I continue to talk with you? Strike one... Emyth 22:55, Apr 19, 2005 (UTC)

SDA Article Improvement
Hey Emyth, I am quite keen to make the SDA article more scholarly and balanced and would like to work with you to achieve this, send me an email (reverse): ua.moc.oohay(AT)nosobsggib Cheers, --Fermion 00:15, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pandeism
If there's only 38 original hits in Google (and most of them are mirrors of Wikipedia), then it's probably original (or made-up) research and doesn't belong on Wikipedia. Please place vfd on Pandeism and explain on the VFD page your findings in detail about who has been spreading "pandeism" throughout Wikipedia. I'll read your comments there and help remove this nonsense from other articles. You must clearly explain that "pandeism" is an extreme minority (of 1 person?) viewpoint, original research, and doesn't belong within 10 miles of Wikipedia. -- brian0918 ™  19:30, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If you search google for: pandeism -wikipedia, you only get 29 results, and nearly all of those seem to be based completely on Wikipedia content as well. (several of these dont seem to have been filtered out by the -wikipedia though they should have been) -- brian0918 ™  19:38, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Alright, see Votes for deletion/Pandeism and please add your vote. -- brian0918 ™  21:04, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Pandeism article is now fully rewritten based on verifiable sources. -- 8^D gab 15:08, 2005 Apr 29 (UTC)

Hi, in response to your query, I've decrypted and moved the Pandeism discussion to its own page, User:2412/Archive - Pandeism discussion. I don't what possessed me to encrypt it in the first place - I was thinking that anyone who really wanted to see it could look on the page history anyway. -- 8^D gab 20:07, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC)
 * Frankly, I'm not exactly sure who Orlando Alcántara Fernández is ("Orlando Alcántara" gets about 150 unique Google hits; strangely enough, "Orlando Alcantara" without the accent gets about 200, but they're completely different; Cristorly gets about 130, mostly in Christian discussion forums). The important thing, to me, is his comment about Spinoza. You see, almost a decade ago, my humanities professor said that Giordano Bruno and Baruch Spinoza were properly classified as pandeists, not as pantheists. Now, I don't know how many people are very familiar with Spinoza, but this Orlando Alcántara stated in a webpost that "Pantheism is right, because we are speaking about a personal, individual, trascendent God. Pandeism (like Spinoza's) is not right, due to the fact that is not a trascendent God, a God beyond Creation.". In January of 2004, one Roncelin de Fos posted a discussion which states that "The labeling of Spinoza's philosophy as "pantheism" by the Church was meant more as an invective and indictment than a true analysis of his writings. It was really a variant of Deism -- a "pandeism," if I may." Now, granted the second guy sounded like he was "coining" the word, but since I'd heard it used before in exactly that context, I can't help thinking that he got it from somewhere - kind of like if someone came up to me and said, "I've invented a device with four legs supporting a flat level surface -- a "table" if I may." There are no references saying "Thomas Jefferson was really a pandeist" or "Augustine was really a pandeist" or "Socrates was really a pandeist" - but I have three (these two and my professor) who have specifically identified Spinoza as a pandeist, and I find that a bit tight for a coincidence. -- BD 24 12  thimk 00:12, 2005 May 2 (UTC)
 * Hi. You mentioned going to the Harvard library to look up the Anacalypsis? While you're there, could you have a look at Madame Blavatsky's The Secret Doctrine? My bet is that she discusses pandeism as well. What did you have in mind, with respect to a comparison to the Flat Earth Society? -- BD 24 12 thi m k 08:17, 2005 May 3 (UTC)

Ramakrishna
dear emyth, sorry for i could not make much contribution to the said article. I agree that the article has not yet become encyclopedic. People are raising many questions in the talk pages, but are remaining anonymous. Sincerely speaking, as far as kali's child is concerned, one should read Tyagananda's book and then see what Kripal has written in its reponse. It is difficult to translate original bengali and the connotation that they carry into english. For example Sri Ramakrishna used, "kamini-kanchan" literally, women and gold as obstactles for god realisation. For reasons, Swami Nikhilananda has translated them into English as women and gold, but has put them under quotes. But in India, if you ask, religious people will say that it implies "lust and greed". There are several such ambiguities based on which kripal seems to have written his thesis.

As far as other content is concerned, even that is not concise and clear. If somebody says sri ramakrishna was "a man of God" (if it means saint) i dont know how it can be termed blatant. So how do i prove/disprove it ? Article on Jesus or Muhammad likewise will say "the son of the God" and "the messanger of the God" ...

Could you request User: Swami Vimokshananda to write an article and replace it. I will also request him. Sri Ramakrishna and Vivekananda are considered as great luminaries of indian renaissance etc. As somebody mentioned, there is no mention of Sri Sarada Devi which is also very ridiculous. I really appreciate your endevour Ramashray

Celestial Marriage
Great stub! We could use your participation in the thriving, mature, and vibrant WP:LDS project! Tom Haws 07:05, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Genesis 1
Something about this article strikes me as not quite right. Any thoughts? -- BD2412 talk 01:31, August 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just a note, I've delinked the above, as it redirects to an unrelated article. See  instead. --  Huntster  T • @ • C 06:49, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
The only problem I have with your reference for Walter Martin is that you put in a 1985 book when the text refers to the 1950's.

The other reference however is not really valid as a source for Wikipedia. It seems heavily like Original Research. Its claims are based on selective quotes. It doesnt' portray the entire position of the church at the time it was written, ie. most of the quotes are from the 1800's. I do not see it as being a prominent resource that still claims the church is a cult. Maybe it has to be there for a POV to oppose the other view, but due to its lack of depth, and the OR possibilities, it seems to be ready to go. Ans e  ll  22:39, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Hello Ansell...  The Kingdom of the Cults is Walter Martin's great book on this subject and the issue of SDA cult/non-cult status. It went through several editions (including the present one further edited by Ravi Zacharias) and the only edition I could find in the Harvard Divinity School library was the 1985 edition... That's the only citation I could provide. I'll try to check it out and see if it indeed contains the judgements that Martin made re: SDAsm. Regarding the second citation... It's really a link to a website that illustrates the criticism being refered to in our article. Of course it's "original research" ...but that is appropriate when it's outside the Wikipedia. It's the Wikipedia that's not supposed to be original research, not our sources (unless I'm thoroughly confused...but that wouldn't make sense... Somebody has to do original research and publish it. We report on their work and point to it...that's the point of an encyclopedia.)  I think that we need to point to something if we refer to it in our article. Something available on the web is even better. Emyth 23:04, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Timotheus (musician)
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Ramakrishna
Hey, have you seen Ramakrishna lately? I have been blocked from editing it by the edit warring of the devotees, who have successfully removed the academic perspective from the article. Most amazingly, Wikipedia administration supports the fantasies of the religious devotees. — goethean ॐ 13:02, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Not true. Do not slander my decision please. I suggest you bring your continued bitterness to WP:ANI. Scarian  Call me Pat!  09:23, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello Goethean, Please hold a moment while I deal with Scarian...

 * Scarian/"Call me Pat!"... Please do NOT use my User talk:Emyth page to justify yourself and scold other members of the community as they try to contact/communicate with me.   It's RUDE, crude, out-of-line, uncivil and indecent...and should be against Wikipedia policy.  Shame on you!!   Your psudo-legalese and specious accusations "slander" point out that you are NOT trust worthy in whatever guardianship you have taken upon yourself for this project.

 * I was quite involved in the early editing of the Ramakrishna article... I added the original Jeffrey Kripal references to the article in what I consider a scholarly attempt to engage truthfully with the subject matter.  I was extremely dismayed at the Ramakrisna Missionaries and their biased, hagiographic, parochial actions/editing/censoring of what I had in good faith added to Wikipedia...  They obviously have a deeply religious agenda - and they do NOT understand scholarly detachment and honesty...they are completely disingenuous "True Believers" of the best/worst kind.

 * I gave up because people like you, "Just Call Me Pat!", in your sophomoric "know-just-enough-to-be-dangerous" states of mind, set yourself up as arbiters and destroy what I used to value about Wikipedia... Because of people like you, I don't trust Wikipedia to be a serious source of unbiased data and information.  I know first-hand how absolutely and corruptly biased it is.  Instead of calling up Wikipedia, I bike over to the Harvard University Libraries to do my research...  I know better than to trust you and your work on Wikipedia. [NOTE: Now that I've read more of your engagements with Goethean, I see where you're coming from - an extremely "pragmatic", "let's just get along...", totally relativistic misunderstanding of the nature of truth, bias, perspective and reality...  Classic comic book, Philosophy/Sociology 100-style undergrad thinking... It's a real pity you have this soapbox... It would NEVER make the cut at the Encyclopedia Britannica...]

 * Now perhaps you Scarian, are actually one of the "good hats" and your insertion of a rude comment into Goethean and my conversation happened on a bad day when you were tired. If so, I will accept your apology and let bygones be bygones.  But if not, just know that I think and feel that you owe me an apology for butting your nose in where it doesn't belong...

 * Goethean... It's been a long time since I actively involved myself in Ramakrisha article editing...  I lost heart and gave up...  It still stings and irritates me, but I don't have the energy to continue fighting the missionaries and their lies...  For they are "lies" to me...Untruths meant to make people think what the missionaries want them to think.  Truths speak for themselves and don't need to be defended...  Lies take constant bolstering to maintain their efficacy...  (Wishful thinking here, no?)  At this point I am so far out of the loop as to be "medieval" with respect to the article.  I haven't the time to pay enough attention to sort the truths from the lies (obviously I am NOT a "Paramahamsa"...lol... :-D ) I am terribly sorry and deeply grieved that the missionaries have "won"...  But in order to survive I must "shake the dust off my sandals and move on.  I am too full of piss and vinegar at this point to deal with sophomoric thinking and the kids who do it.

 * At this point I can't say what would be good for you... Has the long "fight" done something to you that can't be fixed?  Have the "turkeys gotten you down"?  It's hard to "lose", particularly when it happens on such false grounds...  But perhaps it's time to cut your losses and move on to something more rewarding...

 * Perhaps there's another way to kill a cat... Could a "Ramakrishna Controversy" article work?  Links from "Ramakrishna" to it, if destroyed would prove bias...  Vicious editing by missionaries might be made clear...   Perhaps this has already been done... I don't know...

 * Anyway, sorry it took so long to see your comment. All the best... —  Emyth (talk) 14:27, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Theosophical Society in America_(Hargrove)
Hi Emyth, thanks for your comment about wikifying Hargrove. Actually, the branch in question was not "named" after him, but was only subsequently used by other groups to refer to the group that he was involved in. I don't have time to post a short bio about him now, but will do it later this summer.Jemiljan (talk) 06:35, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello Jemiljan, I used "named" in its loosest and vaguest sense of a word used to refer to something... The manner in which "Hargrove" is parenthesized makes it clear that the particular situation is complicated.  One figures that out from the article...and so I think that the title of the article is fine.  The German(?) Wikipedia has a medium-sized article about Hargrove, but I don't read German ;-)...  I will await your post.  FWIW, I was trying to find out if Hargrove was indeed the author  of the popular Fra Giovanni's Christmas Greeting...  "I salute you!  There is nothing that I can give you that you don't already have..." which goes on to say "Take Peace!" Emyth (talk) 11:50, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi Emyth. I agree that the name in parens is clumsy, but will live with it, given the problems.  The German article was the original basis for this English language one, but I subsequently expanded it, adding the names of certain prominent TS members involved. To answer your question, yes, Hargrove was indeed the actual author of the Fra Giovanni letter.  This was revealed in an article published in the NY Times shortly after his death, in which his close friend Henry Bedinger Mitchell verified this fact.  The book "Heroes and Saints" by Max L. Christensen (see preview on | Google books) mentions that another friend of Hargrove's, G.M.W.  Kobbe also revealed that Hargrove was the true author.  The writer, poet, and artist Christopher Morley beautifully illustrated the original card in medieval style.  Unfortunately, I have not seen an image of that card on the internet.  I suspect that the letter was written to Genevieve Griscom, a.k.a. "Cavé", who was considered by many to be the "inner head" of that group.Jemiljan (talk) 05:48, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Robert V. Gentry
An article that you have been involved in editing, Robert V. Gentry, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Borock (talk) 06:16, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

GA reassessment of Seventh-day Adventist Church
I have conducted a reassessment of the above article as part of the GA Sweeps process. You are being notified as you have made a number of contributions to the article. I have found some concerns which you can see at Jezhotwells (talk) 01:45, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

April 2015

 * OK. So please explain your relationship to RJR3333.--Anthony Bradbury"talk" 15:54, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Anthony Bradbury, I mentioned to Tiptoety before that I don't think that Emyth is RJR3333/FDR (well, I essentially stated that); see User talk:Tiptoety/Archive 37. RJR3333/FDR has recently responded to the matter. Given that WP:CheckUsers can get different results (see an example in this section), I think that you should get another WP:CheckUser to look into this. Flyer22 (talk) 00:04, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I did not impose the block, I have not refused unblock, and I have accused nobody of sockpuppetry. I have asked a simple question, which has gone unanswered by the editor to whom I addressed it. I do not see why it is assumed that I either can or should ask for checkuser input. --Anthony Bradbury"talk" 09:38, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Anthony Bradbury, you are a WP:Administrator and you asked Emyth, "OK. So please explain your relationship to RJR3333." I assumed that you are considering unblocking Emyth, but that you first want to make sure that you are not unblocking a WP:Sockpuppet; and that if you do, the WP:Sockpuppeting will not continue. Therefore, I provided you with information on this matter and a suggestion above. And if you are not interested in unblocking Emyth, maybe another WP:Administrator will be; so that information and suggestion I provided above is for any other WP:Administrator as well. Flyer22 (talk) 10:12, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

For information, I would like it noted that I have been e-mailed several times by PaulBustian88, who according to the published checkuser evidence is also a sockpuppet of RJR3333.--Anthony Bradbury"talk" 09:43, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Correction; PaulBustion88. --<b style="color:red;">Anthony Bradbury</b><sup style="color:black;">"talk" 09:47, 12 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Flyer22, please do not make assumptions about what I intend to do. You know, or should know, that an ordinary admin is very unlikely to overturn a checkuser block. But attempting to clarify the situation is wholly acceptable. I note that Emyth has still not answered my question. --<b style="color:red;">Anthony Bradbury</b><sup style="color:black;">"talk" 16:43, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Anthony Bradbury, I commonly make assumptions, and, obviously, so do other people when interacting with others; it is human nature, and Wikipedia is no different. Making assumptions is one way that I often work well with other Wikipedia editors or catch WP:Sockpuppets. I did not think that you were going to overturn the block without first weighing the matter at hand; I know that WP:Administrators consult with the blocking WP:CheckUser and/or another WP:CheckUser first in the case of a WP:CheckUser block, but, considering your question to Emyth, I do not see how it was wrong of me to assume that you were considering whether or not the block is justified. I cannot stop my mind from jumping to a conclusion based on something that is stated or seen. That stated, since you took offense to one or more aspects of my comments above, I apologize. I am done here. But I think it is very unlikely that Emyth is RJR3333/FDR; and I'm speaking as someone very familiar with RJR3333/FDR's editing style/who has caught his WP:Socks time and time again. Flyer22 (talk) 00:39, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

Re: April 2015
I have NO RELATION to RJR3333 other than I would have to any other random Wikipedia user.

As I explained, I only visit Wikipedia periodically... Your insistence on a short turn-around before ignoring my messages is unfortunate. Your rush to judgment is "cruel and unusual"...as well as unhelpful. If that's NOT an explanation and enough to finish off this problem, I have no idea what to do...  I have neither the time, nor energy to go in further...  I have real work in real universities to do...

As a professor of Composition and Writing at universities in Indianapolis I teach first year students in their introductory courses... I have been sympathetic to Wikipedia and open to its use in the Academy.

If you persist in this false accusation and byzantine requirements for clearing it up... I will simply wash my hands of you and leave Wikipedia behind. If you persist in this silliness, I shall keep it as an example of the short-comings and failings of Wikipedia and FORBID my studenta at University from using Wikipedia as a source...

Your trumped up sense of authority and judgment are uncivil and macho... These are NOT qualities of humane critical thinking. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emyth (talk • contribs).

 * Hello, Emyth. I have taken the matter to WP:AN. I am sorry that you have gotten caught up in this and have been treated unfairly. Flyer22 (talk) 12:42, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

Thank you... I will continue to use and periodically contribute to Wikipedia...  And I will teach my students to use Wikipedia responsibly... Emyth (talk) 17:03, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

Unblocked
Following the discussion at WP:AN, I have unblocked your account. Apologies for the inconvenience, but this is a common occurrence where many people edit from one institution. Thank you, Black Kite (talk) 11:30, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

Here is a WP:Permalink version of the discussion. Flyer22 (talk) 00:34, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emyth


text:
MP3.com

MP3.com was a website operated by Paramount Global publishing tabloid-style news items about digital music and artists, songs, services, and technologies. It is better known for its original incarnation as a legal, free music-sharing service, named after the popular music file format MP3, popular with independent musicians for promoting their work. That service was shut down on December 2, 2003, by CNET, which, after purchasing the domain name (but not MP3.com's technology or music assets), established the current MP3.com site.

Around April 2024, MP3.com's domain was quietly taken offline with no redirect in place.

History
MP3.com was co-founded in December 1997 by Michael Robertson and Greg Flores, as part of Z Company. Z Company ran a variety of websites: filez.com, websitez.com, and sharepaper.com, purchased from Lars Matthiassen.

The idea to purchase the MP3.com domain arose when Flores was monitoring search traffic on filez.com, a FTP search site whose first incarnation provided an easy-to-use graphical interface for searching for various types of files including software, graphics, video, and audio. The first version of files utilized an existing free search engine developed by graduate students (led by Tor Egge, who later founded Fast Search and Transfer based on this search engine) at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Flores noticed in his review of the search logs that people were searching for "mp3".

Robertson told Flores to search for a site that was working with legitimate MP3 information and see if that company would be interested in working with them. Robertson e-mailed the then-owner of MP3.com, Martin Paul, to purchase the URL. The business plan was to use MP3.com to drive more search queries to Filez.com, the source of most of the company revenue at the time. Filez.com's free search results contained pay-for-placement click-through results. MP3.com received over 18,000 unique users in the first 24 hours of making the URL live, and Flores received his first advertising purchase call within 18 hours of launch. The resulting advertising purchase and traffic caused the team to re-direct focus to MP3.com.

In 1998, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS) refused to run an ad that MP3.com had purchased for inclusion in NARAS's Grammy Magazine. The ad said, "What the whole world listens to…Future Grammy winners found here". NARAS's reason for pulling the ad was "the limited number of advertising positions available in the magazine in conjunction with the somewhat controversial nature of your product."

Cox Interactive Media invested $45 million and acquired 10% of MP3.com in June 1999. A few months later, the two companies launched mp3radio.com, a joint project intended to create mini-websites to offer MP3 downloads, concert tickets, and, eventually, CD sales to listeners of Cox's terrestrial radio stations.

MP3.com went public on July 21, 1999, and raised over $370 million, at the time, the single largest technology IPO to date. The stock was offered at $28 per share, rose to $105 per share during the day, and closed at $63.3125.

In its heyday, MP3.com was the Internet home to many independent musicians, each of whom had an individual web presence at the URL www.mp3.com/*name-of-act*. At the end of 1999, MP3.com launched a promotion that allowed these artists to monetize their content on the site. Called "Pay for Play" or P4P, it used an algorithm to pay each MP3.com artist based on the number of streams and downloads of their songs.

Artists provided 96 hours of audio content per day from the summer of 1999 to the summer of 2003: about one song per minute or 16 listening years of audio content over four years. A staff of trained music experts reviewed all content before publication to prevent uploads of unlicensed materials.

Alanis Morissette was an early investor in the site after it sponsored one of her tours. She owned nearly 400,000 shares in the company which she sold off through a series of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings in late 1999 and early 2000. Her holdings and profit from the venture were $3.4 million at her exit.

At its peak, MP3.com delivered over 4 million MP3 formatted audio files per day to over 800,000 unique users on a customer base of 25 million registered users – about 4 terabytes of data delivery per month from three data centers. Engineers at MP3.com designed and built the Pressplay infrastructure, later purchased by Roxio on May 19, 2003, which they used as a base to relaunch Napster. MP3.com also managed eMusic, Rollingstone.com and Vivendi Universal music properties. MP3.com engineering developed their own content delivery network and data warehousing technologies handling seven terabytes of customer profile information.

Infrastructure
The technology infrastructure at MP3.com consisted of over 1500 simple Intel-based servers running Red Hat Linux (versions 5.2–7.2) in load-balanced clusters in data centers run by AT&T, Worldcom and the now defunct Exodus Communications. It was one of the first massively scalable Internet architectures for media delivery. The software of choice was C, Perl, Apache, Squid, MySQL some Oracle and Sybase. This architecture routinely pushed 1.2 Gbit/s total traffic globally.

My.MP3.com
On January 12, 2000, MP3.com launched the "My.MP3.com" service which enabled users to securely register their CDs and then stream digital copies online from the My.MP3.com service. Since consumers could only listen online to music they already proved they owned the company saw this as a great opportunity for revenue by allowing fans to access their music online. The record industry did not see it that way and sued MP3.com claiming that the service constituted unauthorized duplication and promoted copyright infringement.

Judge Jed S. Rakoff, in the case UMG v. MP3.com, ruled in favor of the record labels against MP3.com and the service on the copyright law provision of "making mechanical copies for commercial use without permission from the copyright owner." Before damage was awarded, MP3.com settled with the plaintiff, UMG Recordings, for $53.4 million, in exchange for the latter's permission to use its entire music collection. Later, the firm no longer had sufficient funds to weather the technology downturn. MP3.com was subsequently bought and the new owner did not continue the same service.

MP3.com sold
Weakened financially, MP3.com was eventually acquired by Vivendi Universal, the then-owner of Universal Studios, Sierra Entertainment, Blizzard Entertainment and Knowledge Adventure in May 2001 at $5 per share ($23 below the IPO share price) or approximately $372 million in cash and stock. Jean-Marie Messier, then-CEO of Vivendi Universal, stated "The acquisition of MP3.com was an extremely important step in our strategy to create both a distribution platform and acquire state-of-the-art technology. MP3.com will be a great asset to Vivendi Universal in meeting our goal of becoming the leading online provider of music and related services."

Vivendi Universal had difficulties growing the service and eventually dismantled the original site, selling off all of its assets including the URL and logo to CNET in 2003.

E-mails to MP3.com artists and a placeholder message at MP3.com announced that CNET would be coming up with replacement services in the future, based on its current download.com facilities.

A business unit of MP3.com, Trusonic, which provides background music and messaging services to retailers, acquired licenses with 250,000 artists representing 1.7 million songs. Trusonic partnered with GarageBand.com to revive these artist accounts. Trusonic retained most of the software technology developed at MP3.com and exists today as part of the Mood Media organization.

On March 25, 2009, MP3.com announced in an editor blog entry that they would begin redirecting all of their artist pages and categories to Last.fm.

title: MP3.com